Ecology Compare And Contrast
Analysis of a climograph showing the relationship between temperature, rainfall and the type of ecosystem AND Comparison of pyramids of energy from different.
Then they create a hypothetical marine ecosystem and describe the adaptive, Areas on an interactive map and compare and contrast three case studies.
Answer to: Contrast the fields of conservation biology and ecology. When comparing conservation biology and ecology, their scope of action is a significant.
Sep 24, 2018 · The compare/contrast essay is an excellent opportunity to help students develop their critical thinking and writing skills. A compare and contrast essay examines two or more subjects by comparing their similarities and contrasting their differences.
Jun 15, 2019 · Ecology and environmental science are closely related disciplines, and familiarity with the principles of one is essential to fully understanding the other. The main difference between the two is that the latter is a more overarching field that incorporates many elements of Earth and life sciences to understand various natural processes.
Haematology Pathologist Near Me "It definitely makes me. therapy is a fairly common practice at universities nationwide. In Minnesota, for example, students at St.
Nov 30, 2015 · Compare and contrast the following ecology terms. Think about how they are related and how they differ. , add an example of each term or use them together in a coherent sentence.
In your essay, compare and contrast "a", "b" and "c" as depicted in the diagram, and explain why the situation depicted in "b" is impossible. Which part of the diagram shows the greatest level of social justice? Explain. Explain what must happen to achieve "c"?. The post Need help with 1 human ecology question ( refer to.
Cats conquered the (ancient) world long before they conquered the internet, reports a paper published this week in Nature Ecology & Evolution. Cats were domesticated relatively late in comparison.
I can compare and contrast predator/prey relationships. I can define and give examples of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) things within an ecosystem.
In ecology, two parameters are used to measure changes in ecosystems: resistance. Compare and contrast conceptual, analytical, and simulation models of.
May 23, 2019 · Compare and contrast essays are taught in school for many reasons. For one thing, they are relatively easy to teach, understand, and format. Students can typically understand the structure with just a short amount of instruction.
Answer to Compare and contrast environmental science and ecology.
providing a perfect comparison site to study the effects of the eruptions over time. Read more: How Dangerous Is It to Be Taking Video of Kilauea's Fountains of Lava Erupting in Hawaii? Even more,
Dobson is in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. although residual effects may last for several years. In contrast, the impacts of long-term habitat conversion may occur over a much.
Get an answer for 'what is the difference between community and ecosystem please explain?' and find homework help for other Science questions at eNotes
Dec 23, 2013. Comparing and contrasting biodiversities with a Venn diagram. Materials: Ecosystem books (wetlands and oceans), revisit Internet web-sites.
The distribution of all animals on earth has been shaped by a combination of changing temperature, the rise of mountains, and shifting plate tectonics, reports a paper published online this week in.
Entomologist France D Ivoy Three of Africa's World Cup teams – Ivory Coast, Cameroon and Ghana – will perch tent in a Paris suburb
Apr 1, 2018. Ecology – the branch of science that deals with the relationship of organisms with their surroundings. So, the study of various ecosystems may.
Compare and contrast definition is – to note what is similar and different about (two or more things). How to use compare and contrast in a sentence.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Secondary succession differs from primary succession in that it begins after a major disturbance—such as a devastating flood, wildfire, landslide, lava flow, or human activity (farming, road or building construction, or the like)—wipes away part of a landscape. The stages of secondary succession are similar to those of primary succession: insects and weedy.
We compare philosophy to science. But it separated itself when it began to develop serious answers and systems beyond the merely philosophical. In contrast, the questions philosophy poses are ones.
Compare and Contrast Transition Words. What are compare and contrast transition words? Before you can understand what they are, you should know the use of transition words and phrases first. Fundamentally, those words and phrases help on making essays easier to read. In addition, they allow the readers to transition from one topic or point to.
Comparing Ecosystems Mini-Project. Introduction: There are many different types of biomes on the planet that are characterized by a certain weather pattern, dominant plants and dominant animals. These areas are also called ecosystems.
Jun 23, 2011 · The key difference between ecology and ecosystem is that the ecology is the study of ecosystems and the environment while the ecosystem is a unit of ecology that addresses both biotic and abiotic components of a community. Living organisms interact with each other for various reasons including foods, habitats, resources, etc. These interactions are interesting phenomena of Mother.
Ivanova is a PhD candidate at NTNU's Industrial Ecology Programme. The researchers also conducted. which have the highest footprint differences across each country's different regions. In contrast,
Jun 30, 2006. Matthew Kurtz examines 'economy' and 'ecology' and encounters their entwined entymologies.
3 Compare and contrast two of the ecosystems you studied How is the. to an ecological pyramid of numbers in a forest ecosystem if most of the deer were.
Ecology focus on the interactions between organisms and their environment ( including other organisms). Thus it focuses on the inter.
Chapter 55 Community Ecology study guide by AmandaGrunder includes 51 questions covering vocabulary, terms and more. Quizlet flashcards, activities and games help you improve your grades.
Start studying Conformers vs. Regulators. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
Jun 5, 2019. Ecology is the study of the interactions of living organisms with their. Compare and contrast ocean upwelling and spring and fall turnovers.
In contrast to open ocean bacterioplankton. (Moraxellaceae Family) on these reefs was striking but not unexpected. For comparison, reef microbes collected between 2009 and 2016 from 22 Pacific.
Compare and Contrast Essay Topics on Matters Touching On Sports and Leisure. If you are a student, then you know the importance of co-curricular activities. By looking at various compare and contrast essay topics, we'll give you an added insight into this fantastic world.
Ecology is the branch of biology which studies the interactions among organisms and their. In contrast, a K-selected species has low rates of fecundity, high levels of parental investment in. "Clocks, clades, and cospeciation: Comparing rates of evolution and timing of cospeciation events in host-parasite assemblages".
Second, a comparison of habitat suitability maps to field sighting. are found in warmer waters peaking at about 16 °C and 20 °C, respectively. In contrast, Risso's dolphins are found most often in.
Mariangela Girlanda and Silvia Perotto, from the University of Turin, Italy, whose main areas of research include the biodiversity, phylogeny, and ecology of. Journal of Botany. "Orchids and fungi:.
In contrast, only the 69% of the metabolic potential. is one of the most important and challenging tasks in microbial ecology. Here, we have carried out a genome-scale comparison of two.
Botany What Is A Potato Aug 28, 2016. Make: Apple; Model: iPhone 4S; Shutter Speed: 1/40 second; Aperture: F/2.4; Focal Length: 4 mm; ISO Speed:
Jun 23, 2011 · The key difference between ecology and ecosystem is that the ecology is the study of ecosystems and the environment while the ecosystem is a unit of ecology that addresses both biotic and abiotic components of a community. Living organisms interact with each other for various reasons including foods, habitats, resources, etc. These interactions are interesting phenomena of Mother.
Population Ecology. Objectives: 1. Define the following: carrying capacity, environmental impact, biotic potential, ecology, biosphere. 2. Describe the difference between population growth in MDC's and LDC's. 3. List several examples of biotic and abiotic resources that a population would need. Compare and contrast exponential and logistic.
Many studies also do not compare marine protected areas with comparable control. Our understanding of the impacts of marine protected areas on marine ecology, however, is skewed towards certain.
Cats conquered the (ancient) world long before they conquered the internet, reports a paper published this week in Nature Ecology & Evolution. Cats were domesticated relatively late in comparison.
Evolution System Greg Mannarino Scam 8/11/2012 · Kurt Nimmo Infowars.com August 10, 2012. It is said that as California goes, so goes the nation. The Golden
But the cetacean brain is very different Unfortunately for the pride of humankind, this simple comparison is elementary compared. cc are the paragons of brain evolution on the Earth. By contrast,
Feb 8, 2009. Ecology is the study of the distribution and abundance of life and. Compare and contrast the ecological impact of sustainable and non-.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Secondary succession differs from primary succession in that it begins after a major disturbance—such as a devastating flood, wildfire, landslide, lava flow, or human activity (farming, road or building construction, or the


text: While Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)-based passive radar can achieve high detection resolution in both the range and Doppler domain, it is difficult to extract the reference signal because of the complexities of its signal format and application scenarios. In this study, we analyze a typical application of WiFi-based passive radar and discuss different methods for reference signal extraction. Based on the format and features of WiFi signals, we propose a method for reference signal reconstruction, and analyze the influence of the reconstructed reference signal's performance on detection. The results show that higher reference SNRs generate lower decoding bit rate errors and better clutter suppression with the reconstructed reference signal. Moreover, we propose a method for removing irrelevant signals to avoid the impact on target detection of a non-direct path signal in the receiving signal. The experimental results validate the efficacy of the proposed signal processing method.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
A Comparison Between CFD Predictions and Measurements of Inlet Port Discharge Coefficient and Flow Characteristics
Predictions of the volume flow rate through an inlet port were produced by four different commercially available CFD programs suitable for use in a steady flow simulation. These predictions were compared with experimental measurements of an inlet port's discharge coefficients. The experiment performed was a typical steady state flow bench test for an inlet port. Volume flow rates were measured at five different valve lifts. The largest valve lift tested (12.24mm) was the maximum value of lift under actual operation. The smallest valve lift was typical of early valve opening. The tests were performed at two different pressure differences across the inlet port and valve at each of the five different valve lifts. All predictions were made using an RNG k-ε turbulence model. Standard wall functions were used to predict wall friction effects and the energy equation was included to account for compressibility effects.


text:
LORDSTOWN - The General Motors Lordstown Complex is one of 54 facilities to meet a voluntary energy-reduction challenge set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, cutting its energy intensity by 33 percent, plant officials said.
The energy reduction came over a two-year period in response to the EPA's Energy Star Challenge for industry. The goal was to reduce energy intensity by 10 percent over five years.
According to information released by the plant, Lordstown's reduction avoided 93,579 metric tons of carbon dioxide from entering the atmosphere or the equivalent of electricity use by 10,574 U.S. homes annually.
"Our employees are committed to helping increase our global operations' energy efficiency," said Mike Robinson, GM vice president of sustainability and global regulatory affairs. "Energy efficiency reduces our emissions and improves our bottom line, so we are driven to make improvements wherever we can."
Between 2005 and 2010, GM reduced energy use in its global facilities by 28 percent and has since set a new to reduce energy intensity globally 20 percent by 2020.
Locally, GM's Lordstown Complex saved more than $7.5 million in energy costs annually through its efforts. GM leads all companies worldwide in meeting the challenge. Total companywide savings in energy costs total $90 million.
Greener Lordstown GM
Waste reductions since 2010:
Scrap metal: 35,993 tons
Wood pallets: 5267 tons
Lead acid batteries: 11 tons
Concrete: 930 tons
Purge solvent: 251 tons
Cardboard: 8084 tons
Plastic: 87 tons
Miscellaneous wood: 963 tons
Other renewable energy and efficiency efforts:
Construction of a 12-vehicle solar-powered electric charging station;
Scheduled installation of a solar panel array in 2013 to generate 750 kw of electricity;
Third largest Great Blue Heron rookery in Ohio certified by the Wildlife Habitat Council on complex property; and
Continuous monitoring of the process water level adjustments used in paint and reusing water drainage resulting in reduced water usage from 180 to 60 gallons per minute.
Eco-friendly employee involvement:
Volunteering as judges in local and regional science fairs;
Partners with the Youngstown State University and Earth Force in the GM Global Rivers Environmental Education Network to mentor students on water quality and their impact on watersheds; and
Collected 3.1 tons of electronic equipment recycling with proceeds donated to Down Syndrome Association and local United Way.
Source: GM Lordstown
Lordstown's energy-saving projects include demolition of obsolete buildings and efficiency improvements to vehicle paint and complex lighting processes.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Nuremberg Turnierbuch (MS 22.229)
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Nuremberg Turnierbuch
MS 22.229, Metropolitan Museum of Art
New York City, New York
MS 22.229 002r.jpg
Type Tournament book
Date mid 1500s - mid 1600s
Place of origin Nuremberg
Language(s) Early New High German
Illustrated by Unknown
Material Paper
Size 120 folia (356 mm x 264 mm)
External data Museum catalog entry
Treatise scans Digital scans
The Nuremberg Turnierbuch (or Album of Tournaments and Parades in Nuremberg; MS 22.229) is a German tournament book covering various periods between the mid 16th and mid 17th centuries. The original currently rests in the holdings of Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, NY. The Met divides this manuscript into five separate parts; the first is a copy of the tournament book of Hans Burgkmair der Jüngere, while the other four describe various tournaments and parades held in the city of Nuremberg. It may have been created for the Volckamer family, given the prominence of the exploits of Berthold Volckamer on, e.g., folio 22r.
The known provenance of the Nuremberg Turnierbuch is:
 - Created in several stages during the 16th and 17th centuries, possibly copied from older records; the paper dates to the 1530s, while the fourth section describes a parade that occured in 1640. The current binding is typical of the late 16th to mid 17th centuries, and all contents seem to have been bound at the same time.
 - 19th century - binding rebacked.
 - before 1890 - owned by Frédéric Spitzer (1815–1890)
 - 1922-present - held by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, New York
The Met has only released the illustrated pages, but the following contents are derived from the numbers assigned to illustrations.
1r - 18r Tournament figures by Hans Burgkmair der Jüngere
21r - 32r Costumed Parade for a Carousel Course
32v - 45v Gesellenstechen (Bachelors' Jousts) of 1446
46r - 49v Gesellenstechen of 1539 and 1546
50r - 51v Gesellenstechen of 1561
53r - 78r Pageant Sleighs
79v - 110r Sleigh Parade of Winter 1640
Folio 1r
Folio 1v
Folio 2r
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Folio 2v
Folio 3r
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Folio 3v
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Folio 4v
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Folio 6v
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Folio 7r
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Folio 7v
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Folio 8r
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Folio 9r
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Folio


text:
A woman who is aiming to become Ireland's first astronaut is launching a book for children in Dublin.
Dr Norah Patten from Mayo will be at the Explorium in Sandyford tomorrow, September 21 at 2pm to reveal details about her new book 'Shooting for the Stars'.
And if you have any budding space explorers in the family, they'll love this event to meet Norah and take pictures with her.
Shooting for the Stars follows Norah as she brings us on a journey high above the earth and into space. Learn about the wonders of space travel, astronaut training and life without gravity.
The book tells young readers all about Norah, space and what the life of an astronaut is like.
Norah said: "Since I was eleven years old, I've been obsessed with space and exploration and rockets. I want to go to space, and I am doing everything I can to make that happen.
"Come with me on a journey to the stars!"
Dr Norah Patten is an aeronautical engineer, a faculty member at the International Space University and a citizen scientist-astronaut candidate with Project PoSSUM (Polar Suborbital Science in the Upper Mesosphere).
She has participated in several citizen-science campaigns including microgravity research flights, spacesuit testing and evaluation, and spacecraft egress.
Norah was 11 years of age when she visited NASA on a family trip to the United States. From that moment on she was hooked on all things space.


text:
BROKEN HILL, THE HERITAGE CITY
Broken Hill is a fascinating city, and we warmly encourage you to get to know it whilst enjoying your stay at our Broken Hill hotel and Broken Hill caravan park. In 2015 it became the very first city in Australia to have the honour of being added to the National Heritage List.
In addition to its rich and colourful history, Broken Hill also has a bold and energetic art scene, famous festivals and delicious Outback pub fare in beautiful heritage buildings. Broken Hill is often considered the quintessential outback town with its warm hospitality, rich heritage, wide streets and remarkable aesthetic. It is a unique and remote city that offers a charming combination of grand, historical buildings and ramshackle miners' huts.
Broken Hill is the largest regional outback centre in western New South Wales. The city has often been described as the 'Capital of the Outback' or 'The Silver City' – the latter for its long association with mining, specifically silver and mineral deposits. Mining in Broken Hill has been essential to Australia's development as a nation and the natural geographic significance of the region cannot be understated. It is home to a rare volume of minerals with close to 300 mineral varieties and remains one of the world's richest deposits in silver, lead and zinc.
Broken Hill Australia is well known for its mining history and as the birthplace of BHP (1885). But while the mining industry still plays an integral role in the city's life, tourism and hospitality are becoming increasingly important. The Out of the Ordinary Outback Group are proud of the part we are playing in the growth of tourism in the Outback jewel that is the far-west of New South Wales, particularly with our accommodation in Broken Hill.
THINGS TO DO IN AND AROUND BROKEN HILL, AUSTRALIA
With so much to do in the region, the Broken Hill Tourism Information Centre is a great place to start. It's open 364 days a year (closed Christmas Day) and located on the corner of Blende and Bromide streets. Whilst you're there, be sure pick up a map too.
A wander through the city on foot is also worthwhile. Walk along the wide streets and view the architecture reflective of the prosperity of the 19th century. Check out some of the Broken Hill restaurants and shops, too.
The vast red, rocky landscapes surrounding Broken Hill have long inspired artists and the city is home to a vibrant artistic community. The richness and diversity of the outback has influenced many an artist, photographer and filmmaker and Broken Hill is home to more than 30 art galleries and numerous museums too.
Here are just a few suggestions:
The Broken Hill Regional Art Gallery is the oldest regional art gallery in New South Wales. Even the historic building (Sully's Emporium) in which the gallery is housed has won numerous heritage awards for restoration and refurbishment.
Wynam Street's Pro Hart Gallery is home to a broad selection of Pro Hart paintings as well as hundreds of works from other well-known Australian artists such as Sir William Dobell, Arthur Boyd and Albert Tucker. The gallery was designed by Hart artist himself and in true artistic fashion, the art has been arranged in an unconventional manner around the gallery.
Bruce Langford Visitor Centre at the RFDS Base
The centre is located at the Royal Flying Doctor Service base. Kids and grown-ups alike will get a real kick from the interactive museum, located within a working RFDS base and airport. The centre offers a terrific insight into the history of the RFDS and visitors can tour the base and view the aircraft.
While a must for anyone with a passion for aviation, a tour also showcases an incredible service. The dedicated pilots, doctors and nurses of the RFDS offer medical assistance to people spread across a staggering seven million square kilometres. Admission and merchandising proceeds go toward aircraft and medical equipment.
Broken Hill Sculpture and Living Desert Sanctuary
Viewing fabulous sculptures in the desert as the sun sets across a majestic backdrop is far from an everyday experience but a visit to the Broken Hill Sculpture and Living Desert Sanctuary makes it possible. Located in the Barrier Ranges about 10 minutes from Broken Hill, 12 sandstone sculptures from worldwide artists adorn the landscape. The 2400- hectare reserve in Broken Hill Australia is the perfect spot to soak up the magnificent scenery. The reserve is also home to a flora and fauna sanctuary and offers several walking trails.


text:
A few days ago, I saw a report that many women in Shanghai expressed their minds of marrying foreign men, and some clever people started to do the business of introducing Chinese ladies to foreign men. Why these Chinese women are proud of marrying foreign men and consider it as a fashion. I think there are several reasons:
1. In Chinerse women's mind, foreign men are richer, so marrying foreign men means a lot of money. At present, China is still a developing country and not rich, so finding a foreign husband is like marrying a purse. Many Chinese women try to marry foreigners, if they can not go abroad, at least they want to marry men from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.
2. Marrying a foreign man means good social status. China now is always trying to attract foreign investors and many Chinese worship all foreign things; So marrying foreign man is naturally followed by the rise in status.
3. Marrying foreign man can meet Chinese woman's vanity. All Chinese women have vanity, marrying foreign men can achieve their own goals and please their vanity.
4. Marrying foreign man is a springboard to achieve their purpose of going abroad. Many Chinese people want to go abroad, but have few opportunities, so some marrying a foreign man can achieve their purpose of living abroad easily.
5. Chinese women think foreign men are more gentlemanly. They often learn from movies that foreign men are very polite and gentle; naturally these gentlemen attract a large number of Chinese women.
6. Marrying foreign men can meet their own freshness and curiosity. They already get used to Chinese men and are too familiar with their style, so they want to make some changes.
7. Some Chinese women build up relationships in their daily life, naturally they will marry foreign men. Some Chinese women study abroad or work in foreign-funded enterprises, so they often have chance to communicate with foreign men. Of course, women will marry foreign men after they have affections.
8. They like foreigners' living habits and customs; they want to pursue foreign life ways through international marriage. Some Chinese women begin to like foreign life style from childhood through literature or media, so they would like to achieve their purpose through marrying foreign men.
9. Chinese women think foreign countries can achieve the equality between men and women, and Chinese always have concept that men are superior to women, so they marry foreign men and hope to have equal life and work opportunities.
10. Some foreign countries put forward preferential policies to attract Chinese talents; naturally some talented Chinese women also have chances. If they move and work abroad, usually their first choice is to marry foreign men.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


marketing professionals Tag
By Mark Rose
Content creation + distribution = PR for lasting impact
Most finance companies by their nature produce steady streams of valuable content – market research, investment analysis, economic forecasts, etc. This is valuable intelligence that advisors, investors and asset managers crave. How do you get it to them? In the old days (5 years ago) you might send a letter or an email. These days finance companies have myriad opportunities through the web to distribute content that precisely targets their audience. The impact is immediate and long-lasting. Content that lives on the web increases in value over time as it is cross-referenced, searched, and accessed by a growing audience. Most of the time, these distribution channels are free. You need to know how to identify them, access them, and track the benefits.
Welcome to the new financial PR
In this equation (content creation + distribution = PR for lasting impact) the first part, content creation is the most difficult. Can you add value to the conversation about the markets, investing, the economy? If so, it's valuable to content that could be of interest to the media and your target audience. Then it becomes a matter of packaging and distributing that valuable content.


text:
4 x 2 3/4 inches (10.2 x 7 cm)
The MFAH, The Rienzi Collection, bequest of Caroline A. Ross
An inscription on a slip of paper found behind J. T. Mitchell's sweet portrait of two young children identifies the sitters as the twins Elizabeth Mary and Augustus William Hillary.
As was typical for the time, the twins are depicted wearing almost identical clothing--long muslin dresses with blue ribbon sashes. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, both boys and girls wore skirts until male children were "breeched," or given trousers to wear, at some point between the ages of 4 and 6. The artist has taken care to distinguish their genders: Elizabeth, her head covered by a lace bonnet, cradles a fluffy lapdog in her arms while Augustus gathers his sister in a protective embrace. The miniature's excellent state preserves the original coloration of the children's rosy cheeks and dramatic blue background.


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I've been trying to revise the structural design of the C#.NET-based system I'm currently working on. Sorry, this came rather lengthy, but I cannot describe it shorter - it's a bit complex.
The system has two primary functions:
1)Retrieve rows from an SQL disk-based database, then serve them up using [DataContract]-marked objects via ASP to a web-based client, as well as receive UPDATEs to those and reroute them to the database.
2)Read off and serve the same kinds of objects to server-side / distributed modules which work with these, generate some result, and push it back to the database.
The results (some might ask: "why're you storing generated data?") of module computation do have to be stored in the database due to both size and length of computation required to obtain them, only to be retrieved in parts by the web-client through the (1) function.
Currently, all row-representing objects are defined as separate C# classes with a common trend but little to no inheritance, and no common base class. I want to completely break this pattern, and instigate more extensive inheritance based on a tree of abstract classes and possibly interfaces.
I've whipped up a "due-for-test" implementation in the past few days, but I'm concerned about the sanity of this design. Obviously, there is the object-relational impedance mismatch, which I deal with by only initializing the database-column-backed fields unless the other encapsulated objects are provided to the constructor. I'm not so concerned about that, and it's an issue for the old system design as well.
Here's what I have so far:
A DatabaseColumnAttribute class, which targets fields, and defines
 - name of the column where the data for the field resides.
 - database type (enum-backed locally) for this column. There's a fixed set of database types this system is designed to support, so be it.
 - whether or not the column is nullable.
 - read phrase(i.e. how do we represent this column in a SELECT query within an sql statement): this is generated automatically based on column type. There's a fixed number of types the data can be accessed in, so if there's a conversion involved when reading data from a column this will include it. Otherwise, just the column name.
 - write wrapper (i.e. database function that converts the data sent into the column from C# to the appropriate representation) - also generated based on column type.
All this is used within a DatabaseFieldColumnWrapper object, which contains all the methods required to transfer the data from the column to the field or vice-verse.
The DatabaseFieldColumnWrapper is constructed for each location in the code where a DatabaseColumnAttribute is used, meaning it's not quite "static", but rather class-based, since it modifies fields of derived classes. The fields can back properties, there's a BackedByFieldAttribute class as well, I'll skip it for brevity.
All of these are used within an abstract DataElement class, root of hierarchy. It defines the following abstract members: function that provides the backing-table's name for this class of objects, a read-only public Id property, a private function to set the Id (which corresponds to the primary key of the row in the table).
It also provides a protected static helper function to retrieve the DatabaseFieldColumnWrapper objects for specific fields based on Linq Expressions (to avoid "magic strings"). This can be used in derived types to easily synch the database representation for specific fields/columns.
It provides a Delete() method, which is (not a destructor, but a function) responsible for only deleting the database representation. The whole system is designed to allow asynchrony and multiple memory representations unless otherwise specified.
Here is the "less sane" part:
There is a DataElementAttribute class, which is designed to modify non-abstract derived types. It is not fully constructed completely right away where it's defined, instead filled-in in a thread-safe manner upon the construction of the first object of a derived type. It not inherited, and contains only data specific to the derived class required to speed up construction (i.e. construct all the necessary DatabaseFieldColumnWrapper objects before-hand and associate them with the fields).
This basically violates the C# OO model, since it's "static only with respect to current class in the hierarchy", not static to the whole chain. Basically, it makes the DataElmentAttribute object associate with a particular Type object. Each instance has a reference to it.
I don't know how to circumvent this issue, it seems to be best in terms of "code reuse", but it also seems like I'm violating a lot of things I shouldn't be when I do it. Any ideas, sugguestions?
share|improve this question
closed as off topic by Chris Lively, Ryan, Book Of Zeus, casperOne Feb 16 '12 at 23:02
You might do better with a more specific question rather than just "I think I'm doing something wrong." SO is specifically for Q&A type questions and this seems more like an extended discussion. – cadrell0 Feb 15 '12 at 19:22
are you sure you can't leverage an existing c# orm like linq to sql or entity framwork, or even data sets, to form a sane design basis? – Aaron Anodide Feb 15 '12 at 19:23
Okay, here's a more "question form"-type: how do I mimic class-based, although non-inherited (therefore not static), data [which I can use within the objects themselves] with C# OO model? I'm not looking for a "you don't" kind of answer here. – Greg Kramida Feb 15 '12 at 19:26
Along with cadrell0's remark, this belongs on programmers.se – Chris Lively Feb 15 '12 at 19:27
Alright, thanks, will try there. – Greg Kramida Feb 15 '12 at 19:29


The short answer is yes, but as with my most short answers, there should be a closer look to truly understand the answer.
The question above is purposely vague and so my short answer is a yes, but of course it all depends. It depends on what the expected impact is for the shrubbery. If a business were to have the expectation that a row of shrubbery around the front of the property would stop an angry customer from attacking the building…well you know the answer is no longer yes.
If the expectation is that nobody would dare walk through or hop over the shrubbery to commit a property or violent crime, then again the answer would no longer be yes.
So what good could a row of shrubbery be?
We turn to a concept first made popular in the 1970's, although it didn't take off until much later. The concept is called Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). This concept covers everything from designing buildings to eliminate blind spots where crimes can occur outside the view of the building tenants, all the way to…yes the placement of shrubbery.
Essentially, placing shrubbery around the perimeter of your property makes it clear to everyone where the public belongs and where they don't.
It reminds me of waste high turnstiles. Somebody once challenged our security team how a criminal could simply hop over the recently installed turnstiles. Our response was that somebody hopping over a turnstile would draw the attention of the dozens of employees sitting in view of the turnstiles. The person hopping the turnstile would have no explanation if confronted, as it would be obvious to everyone the turnstile hopping person was up to no good.
More importantly, the turnstiles were used to track badge scans, which is important information for emergencies and even investigations. So, just like the turnstiles, a row of shrubbery can be a great security investment if your intention is to set your space apart from the public's. Anybody on the wrong side of the shrubbery would clearly be trespassing and should be confronted appropriately.
The extra bonus: a row of beautifully manicured shrubbery is more pleasing for employees than a metal fence.
If you grew up in the 80's and 90's, I am sure you had your share of Stranger Danger talks from parents and schools. "Don't talk to strangers." "Don't take candy from strangers." Kids were taught to scream "Stranger Danger" when any adult male they didn't know spoke to them out in public.
Why did we have these campaigns? The answer really goes back to the 1960's when news agencies began reporting on child kidnappings. By the 1980's these stories were everywhere. I am not trying to blame the media, but let's face the fact that people develop worry and anxiety over things they see in the news because it feels like these bad things happen everywhere all the time.
Communities had to do something, and so out of love for our children, we taught them not to talk to strangers. It does seem to make sense based upon the notion that strangers are kidnapping our children all the time.
In today's world, we don't hear this message coming from our schools and community agencies any more (although I still hear parents having focused conversations with their kids about not talking to strangers). Why don't we teach this in our schools anymore, you might ask?
Because not only doesn't it work, it can be unhealthy.
First, let's think about why it doesn't work. How many times have you seen Stranger Danger tested to a parent's dismay? A parent tells his 6 year old over and over not to talk to strangers. Then the parent tests the 6 year old by having a fake "stranger" talk to them and the 6 year old walks off with the "stranger." The parent is frustrated and embarrassed at failing as a parent. Sorry parents, your kids just aren't going to be great at ignoring and avoiding strangers 100% of the time. To confuse kids more, we encourage them to talk to some strangers and not others. They see us talking to strangers. We tell them to be nice to people. Oh, but if a scary looking "dangerous" man approaches your kid, they need to scream and run away. Wait, what makes a man scary looking or dangerous? What if the man is nice? You get the point – teaching your kids not to talk to strangers is too complicated for us, let alone them.
The reality is Stranger Danger doesn't work because it does not put people and situations into context. I often talk about how context is everything. Strangers are not dangerous. People who commit violent crime are dangerous. How do we know the difference? You need context.
Speaking of context, here is some for you parents. The US Department of Justice tells us 99% of kidnappings are from known persons – not strangers. The vast majority of missing children are runaways, not victims of kidnapping. The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children does not teach Stranger Danger anymore by the way.
My second point is how Stranger Danger is actually unhealthy. There are almost just as many stories of kids avoiding rescue workers out of fear as there are stories of kids being kidnapped. That's right, the flip side of Stranger Danger is your child is so scared to talk to strangers, they don't talk to the ones who are sent to save them. Talk about adding trauma to a lost child at the amusement park. Not only would they be scared they are lost, they are scared of all those strangers just swarming around them. Further, they have nobody to turn to for help.
Do we really want our children to think strangers are bad? Do you think strangers are bad? I sure don't. Strangers not only aren't bad, they can be the people who come to our rescue in times of need. Strangers become our new friends. Strangers change our lives for the better all the time. I say strangers are good.
If you want to give your kids tools to stay safe, please first put some thought into what their actual risks are. If your only focus is on a stranger abducting your child, you are statistically focused on the least likely risk for your child. With that said, you can have rules about having to get your permission before they go anywhere with someone. Or that they have to tell you if someone asks them to keep a secret. Educate them on who to talk to when they need help – police officers, teachers, people working at a store, nurses, doctors, etc.
I know it feels like we just can't win as parents: Save our kids from kidnapping – teach them Stranger Danger. Oh no, Stranger Danger is actually bad? You just can't win.
I am not trying to make parents feel like failures. To the contrary, I want you to be more effective. Avoiding danger and violence simply needs to start with first understanding what your risks are. And I'm sorry, your view on risk will be skewed if you get your understanding from the scariest news stories of the day. To get started, try searching some trusted sites to get the facts. Put some thought into what are the actual risks, not your anxiety about risk.
I am confident once you know the risks, you will do an amazing job at giving your children the right tools to stay safe.
I believe it is essential to understand how your instincts work for 3 reasons:
 1. First, understanding your instincts helps you to TRUST your instincts
 2. Secondly, you can train yourself to AVOID INTERFERRING with your instinct process
 3. Finally, you can apply practices to AMPLIFY your instincts
There is a common expression in the Information Technology business of "garbage in, garbage out." Perhaps you have heard this expression, or even used it many times yourself. Essentially it means if the data coming into a system or process is of low quality, then it is a guarantee the output of that system or process is also going to also be of low quality.
This is also true of your instinct process. The lower the quality of information coming into our instinct process, the lower the quality of the output, which is designed to protect us. And as the author of "The Gift of Fear," Gavin de Becker writes, the instinct process always has our best interests at heart.
Obviously I am oversimplifying how our brains work, but I found this explanation serves the purpose for this topic. Just as a computer requires data input, so do our brains. We obtain real-time data input through our 5 senses. What we see, hear, smell, taste, and touch gives our brains data.
The amazing part is what our brains are able to do with that inputted data. We know our brains are phenomenal at making associations. Additionally, our brains keep tons of old data files. All of our life experiences are stored in our brain. When we intake new information, our brains begin to make associations using our past experiences. When our brains make an association that it doesn't like, such as that we are in danger of some kind, it then generates an output. It is our brain trying to influence our behavior in order to keep us safe.
Here is an example. We see a man with a gun (data input from our eyes), our brain looks at old files and determines


text:
Mass and Energy Balance in Fire Ventilation
Milestone! As I was preparing to upload this post, I realized that this is the 200th CFBT-US Blog Post since its inception in August of 2008. Quite a lot has happened since then. In 2008 there were few people in the fire service focused on the importance of fire dynamics to firefighting operations. Today it is a significant research focus and an ongoing topic of discussion throughout the US fire service. Progress is being made, but much remains to be done.
This post focuses on questions posed by firefighters in Europe and North America. Art Arnalich, a Fire Officer from Spain recently sent me a message asking for clarification and further explanation of the application of conservation of mass as it relates to fire ventilation. As always, questions form an excellent basis to examine what we think we know and how it applies in a practical context.
In my previous post, Large Vertical Vents are Good, But…, I stated:
Conservation of Mass: The mass of air entering a compartment (single compartment or building) must equal the mass of smoke and air exiting the building. This means that other than in the extremely short term, if smoke is exiting the building, air must be entering. This may be through one or more openings functioning solely as inlets or openings may be functioning as both inlets and outlets (with either a bi-directional flow or alternating (pulsating) flow). However, the mass of the inflow must equal that of the outflow.
Art writes: The first condition for the Principle of Conservation of Mass to be applied is that the physical system must be closed to all transfers of matter and energy. While a closed compartment could be considered as a nearly "closed system", a venting structure suffers important transfers of matter and energy. If we were to consider a bigger system (let's say the 100x100x100m cube in which the house and all of its fire gases are included) the PCM [principle of conservation of mass] applies… Being the structure volume constant, any exiting gases will create an interior drop of pressure that will instantly drag an equal volume of gases to enter. Inlets with the bigger pressure differentials (lower side) will observe the larger flows. Outflow volume must equal inflow volume unless significant pressure changes can take place (not likely). Since there is an important difference between inflow/outflow temperatures (and densities), inflow mass (mass=density x volume) does not equal outflow mass.
The amount of gases coming out of combustion as a result of the new oxygen flow has been disregarded. In an actual fire, outflow volume should be larger than inflow volume because combustion of products generates new gases in within the interior.
But that doesn't mean that mass in = mass out if we just consider the house. Total mass of unburned air + mass of fuel + mass of all combustion products = constant. But to measure this we can't consider the volume of the structure itself but the volume that contains all fire gases, unburned gases and the house.
Art Asks: Could you please explain the implications of Principle of Conservation of Mass applies at a molecular level…If Mass-in=Mass-out then there is no mass variation over time (dm/dt=0). This would mean that the total mass of the house before the fire equals its mass after the fire. That doesn't make sense.
Conservation of Mass and Energy
Mass is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions. The mass of any one element at the beginning of a reaction will equal the mass of that element at the end of the reaction. If we account for all reactants and products in a chemical reaction, the total mass will be the same at any point in time in any closed system.
In combustion, if you consider the mass of the fuel and atmospheric oxygen before combustion, this must be the same as the mass of unburned fuel, unused oxygen, plus the products of combustion (this leaves out nitrogen and other thermal ballast that are not part of the combustion reaction). This is a bit different than the balance of the mass of smoke exiting the compartment and the mass of air entering.
I posed a similar question to Dr. Stefan Svensson from Lund University concerning the difference in the volume of products of combustion discharged and air intake from a single opening with a bi-directional air track. I discussed Art's question with Stefan to ensure that my answer was clear and as accurate as possible (while maintaining a practical context).
In actuality, I should have stated that mass and energy must be balanced. Application of the principle of conservation of mass and energy in practical fire dynamics is an estimate and it applies on the molecular level (i.e. molecular mass). Usually we look at the building as a system in which the principle of conservation of mass and energy works as a rough estimate. If you define the system as a large cube that contains the building, the cube becomes the system.
In considering mass balance in a compartment fire it is important to keep in mind that solid fuel in the compartment is undergoing pyrolysis; thermally decomposing into gas phase fuel. Some of the fuel burns producing a range of combustion products and some remains unburned. Smoke is comprised of air, products of combustion, and unburned pyrolizate.
As air, products of combustion, and pyrolizate are heated, the volume increases (but mass stays the same), cooler outside air flowing into the building is more dense (smaller volume, but the same mass). This results in approximate balance between of the mass of hot air and products of combustion exiting the building and the mass of cooler external air entering the building.
Density of Dry Air at 20o C: 1.205 kg/m3 (at Sea Level)
Density of Dry Air at 300o C: 0.616 kg/m3 (at Sea Level)
The implications of this difference in density is that if 1 m3 of hot air and products of combustion exit the building at 300o C, they will be replaced by approximately 0.5 m3 of cooler air (which will have the same mass as the exiting smoke and hot air. This differential will increase further if the temperature of the smoke is higher (resulting in lower density). It is important to note that the volume of air is not the same as the products of combustion and air that exit the compartment, but the mass is the same.
Pressure Differential and Flow
Smoke movement is due to both pressure and differences in density (gravity current). However, in general, the pressure differential between the interior of the building and the exterior is what causes smoke discharge. However, this pressure differential is not uniform and will be higher in the hot upper layer than in cooler air below (if a two layer environment exists inside the building). This is fairly simple to visualize when considering a single compartment. As shown in the following four photographs, hot smoke exits at the top of the door (above the neutral plane) and air enters at the bottom of the door (below the neutral plane). Movement of smoke in this case is the result of both the pressure resulting from increased temperature of the gases in the upper layer and the difference in density between the hot smoke (less dense) and the cooler air (more dense).
Mike Sullivan from Canada posed several related questions, focusing on a video included in the Large Vertical Vents are Good, But… post. Just to get everyone back up to speed on the video, this test was conducted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Bensenville, IL. The building is a wood frame townhouse with a fire ignited on the first floor. The door on Floor 1, Side Alpha is closed and the window on Side 1, Alpha is open. The door to the second floor room where the open window is located is also open, providing a flow path between the window and the first floor fire.
Mike Asks: Although the Law of Conservation of Mass can be used to explain that for a mass of smoke to exit an equal amount of mass of oxygen must enter. But in reality is the mass of smoke inside the townhouse not an artificial mass—meaning—-typically all things in life are trying to reach an equilibrium. In this case I would think that the interior mass of smoke also elevates interior pressures and should continue exiting until an equilibrium with the exterior is met.
In the video the smoke does exit the window for quite a while. In this case if we were to discuss the Law of Conservation of Mass, would it be the mass of oxygen entering the lower part of the window that allows the smoke to exit OR with the fire burning in the living room is the mass of smoke being produced by the fire acting as a replacement for the mass of smoke exiting the window?
Both good questions! As previously discussed, smoke discharge (as well as movement on the interior) is the result of both differences in pressure and density. If considered simply from the perspective of higher pressure on the interior, smoke would discharge from the building until pressure equilibrium is reached (with the same pressure inside the building as outside). This is related to exchange of mass and energy, but only indirectly. If you opened a cylinder of compressed air, air would be discharged out of the cylinder into the atmosphere (no exchange). However, with a fire burning in the building, air must flow inward to sustain release of thermal energy, which in turn maintains (or increases) the temperature that causes the pressure increase.
Mike also had a question related to cooling of the upper layer with a solid stream, but that will be the focus of another post.
UL/NIST Video Series
Have a look at the seven part video series of Battalion Chief Derik Alkonis, LA County Fire Department; Steve Kerber, Underwriters Laboratories


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 Relative Velocity
 The relative velocity is the velocity of an object or observer in the rest frame of another object or observer. If it is constant
 In the Newtonian limit where the Galilean transformation is approximately:
 This holds true and is identical with the vector difference between the velocities A and B as evaluated in terms of a single coordinate system:
 v_AB= v_Bv_A
 Due to Einstein's Special Relativity, this does not hold true in general. The expression "the velocity of A relative to B" is shorthand for "the velocity of A in the coordinate system where B is always at rest.
 To obtain vAB from vA and vB in an arbitrary reerence frame, the Lorentz transformation is necessary. If vA and vB are collinear, the formula is:
 v_AB= (v_Bv_A)/(1- (v_A v_B)/c^2 )
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TTyped
From Esolang
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TTyped is a simple typed language, consisting of only function definitions. It is loosely based on System F. It consists entirely of a series of function definitions. Each definition has the general form of
name args : type = expr ;
Notes
 - Every symbol in a function type is assumed to be polymorphic.
 - All functions are curried.
 - -> and →, are both parsed the same.
Examples
id x : a -> a = x ;
const x y : a -> b -> a = x ;
one f x : (a -> a) -> a -> a = f x ;
add m n f x : ((a -> a) -> a -> a)
 -> ((a -> a) -> a -> a)
 -> (a -> a) -> a -> a
 = m f (n f x)
EBNF
fundec = sym , {sym} , ":" , type , "=" , expr , ";" ;
expr = expr' , { expr' } ;
expr' = sym
 | "(" , expr , ")" ;
type = type' , { "->" , type' } ;
type' = sym
 | "(" , type , ")" ;
sym = alpha , {alpha | digit} ;
External resources


text:
New Zealand's most comprehensive farm nutrient management tool, OverseerFM, has improved the software's crop modelling capabilities.
The extensive crop changes incorporate new information available from New Zealand cropping specialists at Plant & Food Research. The update includes the addition of new crops, adjustments to enable a better representation of what is happening in a farm system and software updates to make it easier for growers to enter farm information.
Alastair Taylor, business development manager for OverseerFM, said the upgrade removed the 'seasonal' variations of crops to describe and estimate the impact of how crops are farmed more appropriately.
"Previously, one of the issues was that the growth of a crop was fixed in the model. The growth time was set at a national average value.
"If you grew a crop for only three months when the national value was six months, the model would go through a six-month process, which would limit the accuracy of the model.
"Under the new model, crops now have a farm-specific growth curve and are more representative of what is actually happening in the farm system.
"Users can now also specify product loss occurring in the field. For instance, a broccoli crop might have five to ten per cent of spoiled heads left in the paddock. These have grown and taken up nutrients. The model can now allow for field loss of damaged crops, which will be incorporated into the results."
The update has also added four new crops, chickpea grain, pak choi, rape green manure and turnip green manure, and now allows for further additional crops to be more easily added.
An issue around the modelling of fodder beet has been resolved and modelling has been reviewed for crops of broad beans, green beans, cauliflower (winter/spring), cabbage (winter spring), spinach, oats and rye, broccoli (summer), turnips (leafy) cabbage (summer) and radish.
Overseer Limited and independent scientists have been assessing the award-winning tool's reliability in a range of areas including deep-rooted plants, the effects of different climate data sets, multi-layer soil and sensitivity and uncertainty.
The work to update the crop model began in 2020 with Overseer Limited working with Plant & Food Research. The first outcomes of that programme, updating crop parameters for some existing crops and significantly extending the number of crops that could be modelled, were added to OverseerFM in late 2021.
"We knew there were some 'quick gains' to be made in adding new crops and some cropping changes," said Mr Taylor.
"We then went on to do the longer-term work, with support from the Ministry for Primary Industries. The work took into account the findings of an independent science review of the OverseerFM model, released in August 2021. It has taken some time, as it was complex work and difficult to incorporate into the model. However, as a result we now have something better for farmers and growers.
"Farmers may notice their numbers change but the main difference will be that the way crops are modelled should be more representative of what is actually happening in the farming system."
The updates also mean it is now much easier to collect data for incorporating new crops into the model. The update of the crop coefficients table enables easier of crop coefficients by botanical relatedness and/or similar crop end use.
The 'end N uptake crop' function and the end use and/or planting time crop variations (seasonal variations) have both been removed, and the data entry required for crop selection updated. The changes do not include any update to how pasture or pasture crops are modelled.


text:
This Self-Powered Thermostatic Vent is used to regulate airflow into an electronics cabinet to maintain a stable temperature. Requires no batteries or external power source.
As the air temperature inside the enclosure rises to within the actuation temperature of the device the thermal material contained within the thermal actuator changes phase from a solid to a liquid increasing in volume. This causes the actuator piston to extend outward against the push rod lifting the vent lid off the mounting plate allowing the hot air to escape. As the enclosure cools to within the contraction temperature of the thermal material it reverses phase back into a solid contracting in volume retracting the actuator piston with the aid of the return spring closing the vent lid. Typical temperature span between open and close is 15°F.


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Brassicoraphanus is any intergeneric hybrid between the genera Brassica (cabbages, etc.) and Raphanus (radish). The name comes from the combination of the genus names. Both diploid hybrids and allopolyploid hybrids are known and share this name.
Early experimental crosses between species of these two genera had been sterile or nearly sterile, but large-scale experiments by Soviet agronomist Georgi Dmitrievich Karpechenko using Raphanus sativus and Brassica oleracea were remarkable because some of the plants produced hundreds of seeds. The second generation were allopolyploids, the result of gametes with doubled chromosome numbers. As Karpechenko realized, this process had created a new species, and it could justifiably be called a new genus, and proposed the name Raphanobrassica for them, but the earlier name Brassicoraphanus has priority. Plants of this parentage are now known as radicole.
Two other fertile forms of Brassicoraphanus are known by the following informal names:
- The Raparadish group are allopolyploid hybrids between Raphanus sativus and Brassica rapa, used as fodder crops
- Raphanofortii is the allopolyploid hybrid between Brassica tournefortii and Raphanus caudatus
- Karpechenko, G.D. 1927, Polyploid hybrids of Raphanus sativus X Brassica oleracea L. Bulletin of Applied Botany 17: 305-408.
- Karpechenko, G.D. 1928/1989. Polyploid hybrids of Raphanus sativus L. X Brassica oleracea L. In Classic papers in horticultural science. Edited by J. Janick. The Blackburn Press pp. 442–525.
- Karpechenko, G.D. 1918. Polyploid hybrids of Raphanus sativus L. X Brassica oleracea L. Zeitschrift für induktive Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre 48 :1–85.
- L.W. Shemilt, Chemistry and world food supplies: the new frontiers, p 573
- Choudhary, B.R., Joshi, P., and Singh, K. 2000. Synthesis, morphology and cytogenetics of Raphanofortii (TTRR, 2n = 38): a new amphidiploid of hybrid Brassica tournefortii (TT, 2n = 20) × Raphanus caudatus (RR, 2n=18). TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics 101(5): 990-999. 10.1007/s001220051572.
- Otto, S.P., and Whitton, J. 2000. Polyploidy: incidence and evolution. Annual Review of Genetics 34: 401–437.
- Terasawa, Y. 1933. Crossing between Brassico-raphanus and B. chinensis and Raphanus sativus. Japanese Journal of Genetics 8(4): 229–230.
- Lee, S. S., Lee, S. A., Yang, J. & Kim, J. Developing stable progenies of xBrassicoraphanus, an intergeneric allopolyploid between Brassica rapa and Raphanus sativus, through induced mutation using microspore culture. TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik 122, 885-891, doi:10.1007/s00122-_PHONE_-3 (2011).


splines (version 3.6.2)
ns: Generate a Basis Matrix for Natural Cubic Splines
Description
Generate the B-spline basis matrix for a natural cubic spline.
Usage
ns(x, df = NULL, knots = NULL, intercept = FALSE,
 Boundary.knots = range(x))
Arguments
x
the predictor variable. Missing values are allowed.
df
degrees of freedom. One can supply df rather than knots; ns() then chooses df - 1 - intercept knots at suitably chosen quantiles of x (which will ignore missing values). The default, df = NULL, sets the number of inner knots as length(knots).
knots
breakpoints that define the spline. The default is no knots; together with the natural boundary conditions this results in a basis for linear regression on x. Typical values are the mean or median for one knot, quantiles for more knots. See also Boundary.knots.
intercept
if TRUE, an intercept is included in the basis; default is FALSE.
Boundary.knots
boundary points at which to impose the natural boundary conditions and anchor the B-spline basis (default the range of the data). If both knots and Boundary.knots are supplied, the basis parameters do not depend on x. Data can extend beyond Boundary.knots
Value
A matrix of dimension length(x) * df where either df was supplied or if knots were supplied, df = length(knots) + 1 + intercept. Attributes are returned that correspond to the arguments to ns, and explicitly give the knots, Boundary.knots etc for use by predict.ns().
Details
ns is based on the function splineDesign. It generates a basis matrix for representing the family of piecewise-cubic splines with the specified sequence of interior knots, and the natural boundary conditions. These enforce the constraint that the function is linear beyond the boundary knots, which can either be supplied or default to the extremes of the data.
A primary use is in modeling formula to directly specify a natural spline term in a model: see the examples.
References
Hastie, T. J. (1992) Generalized additive models. Chapter 7 of Statistical Models in S eds J. M. Chambers and T. J. Hastie, Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
See Also
bs, predict.ns, SafePrediction
Examples
Run this code
# NOT RUN {
require(stats); require(graphics)
ns(women$height, df = 5)
summary(fm1 <- lm(weight ~ ns(height, df = 5), data = women))
## To see what knots were selected
attr(terms(fm1), "predvars")
## example of safe prediction
plot(women, xlab = "Height (in)", ylab = "Weight (lb)")
ht <- seq(57, 73, length.out = 200) ; nD <- data.frame(height = ht)
lines(ht, p1 <- predict(fm1, nD))
stopifnot(all.equal(p1, predict(update(fm1, . ~
 splines::ns(height, df=5)), nD)))
 # not true in R < 3.5.0
# }
Run the code above in your browser using DataLab


Micctfdetermine
Program to determine CTF parameters from a set of micrographs using CTFFIND and CTFTILT (Mindell and Grigorieff JSB, 2003)
tree
tree
Input: Micrographs
Output: Diagnostic plot pattern
Parameters
Parameter
Example (default)
Description
Micrographs
cs_scan034.tif
Input micrographs: accepted file formats (tif, .mrc, .mrcs, .spi, .hdf, .img, .hed).
Diagnostic plot pattern
micctfdetermine_diag.pdf
If single input micrograph: name of diagnostic plot file. In case of multiple input micrographs suffix to be attached to corresponding input micrograph. Output: accepted file formats (pdf, .png, .bmp, .emf, .eps, .gif, .jpeg, .jpg, .ps, .raw, .rgba, .svg, .svgz, .tif, .tiff).
Spherical aberration
2.0
Spherical aberration - property of your electron microscope (accepted values min=0, max=10).
Electron voltage in kV
200
Electron beam voltage of your microscope in kV (accepted values min=0, max=1000).
Pixel size in Angstrom
1.163
Pixel size is an imaging parameter (accepted values min=0.001, max=100).
Sample parameter file
You may run the program in the command line by providing the parameters via a text file:
micctfdetermine --f parameterfile.txt
Where the format of the parameters is:
Micrographs = cs_scan034.tif
Diagnostic plot pattern = micctfdetermine_diag.pdf
Spherical aberration = 2.0
Electron voltage in kV = 200
Pixel size in Angstrom = 1.163
Additional parameters (intermediate level)
Parameter
Example (default)
Description
Range of defocus in Angstrom
(10000, 45000)
Images were taken at this defocus range in Angstrom. Positive values for underfocus. FEI microscopes tend to have an offset to the theoretical values of 6000 Angstrom (accepted values min=0, max=100000).
Resolution search range in Angstrom
(30.0, 6.0)
Maximum and minimum resolution rings to be included in CTF determination (accepted values min=1, max=100).
Binning option
True
Micrograph is reduced in size by binning.
Binning factor
2
Micrograph is reduced in size by binning factor (accepted values min=1, max=20).
MPI option
True
OpenMPI installed (mpirun).
Number of CPUs
2
Number of processors to be used. Maximum number corresponds directly to number of input scans, i.e. no gain in performance if single input micrograph chosen (accepted values min=1, max=300).
Temporary directory
/tmp
Temporary directory should have fast read and write access.
Sample parameter file (intermediate level)
You may run the program in the command line by providing the parameters via a text file:
micctfdetermine --f parameterfile.txt
Where the format of the parameters is:
Micrographs = cs_scan034.tif
Diagnostic plot pattern = micctfdetermine_diag.pdf
Spherical aberration = 2.0
Electron voltage in kV = 200
Pixel size in Angstrom = 1.163
Range of defocus in Angstrom = (10000, 45000)
Resolution search range in Angstrom = (30.0, 6.0)
Binning option = True
Binning factor = 2
MPI option = True
Number of CPUs = 2
Temporary directory = /tmp
Additional parameters (expert level)
Parameter
Example (default)
Description
Spring database option
False
If checked will read previous spring.db (Sqlite-compatible database) otherwise will create new one.
spring.db file
spring.db
Program requires a previously generated spring.db and writes an updated spring.db database in the working directory.
Continue spring.db option
False
Continue spring.db without re-computing previously determined CTF of micrographs. Do not tick in case you want to update the Ctf results of the micrographs in the provided database.
Amplitude contrast
0.1
Amplitude contrast (between 0 and 1). For cryo data ranges from 0.07 to 0.14 and negative stain from 0.1 - 0.4 have been reported (accepted values min=0, max=1).
Defocus search step size
300
Choose defocus search step size. Smaller step size will result in slower search (accepted values min=0, max=5000).
Astigmatism search restraint in Angstrom
2000
Astigmatism in Angstrom. This is useful in case Thon rings are not well visible (accepted values min=0, max=50000).
Tile size power spectrum in Angstrom
600
Tile size to be used for analysis. It will be internally converted to nearest power-of-two pixel dimensions (accepted values min=1, max=10000).
CTFTILT refine option
False
Use CTFTILT to refine defocus only in case you tilted the stage.
Local defocus search range
3000
Using the given search range for CTFTILT to refine locally around CTFFIND maximum (accepted values min=0, max=20000).
Expected tilt and tilt search range in degrees
(0, 8)
Minimum and maximum micrograph tilt to be searched in CTFTILT determination (accepted values min=0, max=80).
Sample parameter file (expert level)
You may run the program in the command line by providing the parameters via a text file:
micctfdetermine --f parameterfile.txt
Where the format of the parameters is:
Micrographs = cs_scan034.tif
Diagnostic plot pattern = micctfdetermine_diag.pdf
Spring database option = False
spring.db file = spring.db
Continue spring.db option = False
Spherical aberration = 2.0
Electron voltage in kV = 200
Amplitude contrast = 0.1
Pixel size in Angstrom = 1.163
Range of defocus in Angstrom = (10000, 45000)
Defocus search step size = 300
Astigmatism search restraint in Angstrom = 2000
Tile size power spectrum in Angstrom = 600
Resolution search range in Angstrom = (30.0, 6.0)
CTFTILT refine option = False
Local defocus search range = 3000
Expected tilt and tilt search range in degrees = (0, 8)
Binning option = True
Binning factor = 2
MPI option = True
Number of CPUs = 2
Temporary directory = /tmp
Command line options
When invoking micctfdetermine, you may specify any of these options:
usage: micctfdetermine [-h] [--g] [--p] [--f FILENAME] [--c] [--l LOGFILENAME] [--d DIRECTORY_NAME] [--version] [--spring_database_option]
 [--continue_spring.db_option] [--ctftilt_refine_option] [--binning_option] [--mpi_option]
 [input_output [input_output ...]]
Program to determine CTF parameters from a set of micrographs using CTFFIND and CTFTILT (Mindell and Grigorieff JSB, 2003)
positional arguments:
 input_output Input and output files
optional arguments:
 -h, --help show this help message and exit
 --g, --GUI GUI option: read input parameters from GUI
 --p, --promptuser Prompt user option: read input parameters from prompt
 --f FILENAME, --parameterfile FILENAME
 File option: read input parameters from FILENAME
 --c, --cmd Command line parameter option: read only boolean input parameters from command line and all other parameters will be assigned
 from other sources
 --l LOGFILENAME, --logfile LOGFILENAME
 Output logfile name as specified
 --d DIRECTORY_NAME, --directory DIRECTORY_NAME
 Output directory name as specified
 --version show program's version number and exit
 --spring_database_option, --spr
 If checked will read previous spring.db (Sqlite-compatible database) otherwise will create new one. (default: False)
 --continue_spring.db_option, --con
 Continue spring.db without re-computing previously determined CTF of micrographs. Do not tick in case you want to update the
 Ctf results of the micrographs in the provided database. (default: False)
 --ctftilt_refine_option, --ctf
 Use CTFTILT to refine defocus only in case you tilted the stage. (default: False)
 --binning_option, --bin
 Micrograph is reduced in size by binning. (default: False)
 --mpi_option, --mpi OpenMPI installed (mpirun). (default: False)
Program flow
 1. prepare_micrograph_for_ctffind: Prepare micrographs for CTFFIND.
 2. run_ctffind_for_first_defocus_estimation: Runs CTFFIND on micrographs to determine defocus
 3. run_ctftilt_to_refine_defocus


Tag Archives: Kompromat meaning
Kompromat, and polezni durak
The Kremlin / Wikimedia Commons
The Kremlin / Wikimedia Commons
Kompromat (Russian: компромат; short for компрометирующий материал, literally "compromising material") is the Russian term for compromising materials about a politician or other public figure. Such materials can be used to create negative publicity, for blackmail, or for ensuring loyalty.
Will kompromat be 2017's word of the year?
And while we're on the subject of Russian turns-of-phrase: a "polezni durak" is how Michael Hayden, a former head of both the CIA and NSA, has described President-elect Donald Trump. Translation: a "useful fool." This term (полезный дурак, tr. polezni durak) has been attributed to Lenin by some Russian writers (e.g. Vladimir Bukovsky in 1984) and Western commentators. However, in 1987 American journalist William Safire noted that a Library of Congress librarian hadn't been able to find the phrase in Lenin's works. The book They Never Said It also suggests the attribution is false.


text:
The study, conducted by researchers at Johns Hopkins University, examined medical records from over 20,000 transplant patients identified as black, white, Hispanic or Asian and found that survival rates were the same for race-matched and mismatched donors up to one year after the procedure.
This evidence suggests that donor–recipient race matching will not improve transplant success in the short term, but it fails to explain long term differences in survival of African-American transplant recipients. Five years after heart transplant surgery African-American patients have a survival rate of 65% compared with nearly 72% for Hispanics and 75% for whites.
The same gap exists when patients were followed for 10 years after a heart transplant. The likelihood that an African-American transplant recipient will survive for 10 years after surgery is 10.8% and 11.4% lower than rates seen in Hispanics and whites respectively.
While race-matching was ruled out as a root cause for short-term survival differences, other factors including health insurance, education, hypertension, gender mismatch and donor tissue antigen mismatch may play a role.
Great article on health disparities at Newsweek.com
For more info see:
|I HEART DONORS.mp3||1.3 MB|


text:
Pick a pattern and choose your colors. I'll do a simple chevron. You're going to want to make the color of your first string longer than the others. In this tutorial, purple is the first string.
Fold your strings in half and find the middle. At the middle, put your strings under a clipboard, or pin them, and make sure your first string is first.
Repeat doing forward and backward knots until you get the length you desire. Make sure your string ends back on the left side when you're done.
Once you're done with that side, turn your strings upside down so you can work on the other side. The starting position of your first string should be on the right. Repeat doing forward and backward knots with this string until you get the length you want. Instead of starting with a forward knot like on the other side, you will start with a backward knot. Make sure your string ends back on the right side when you're done.
When finished, fold your loop so the ends meet and make sure your strings are in the correct position. If they aren't, just move them until they are.
I made each side of the buckle 1/2in long. My longer string was 18in, folded in half that's 9in (I didn't make it long because this is just a tutorial) and at the end, it was 6in on both sides. Doing 1/2in worth of knots takes up 3in. Take this into account when measuring and cutting your strings.


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Storage Capacity / Energy Density
The useable energy content of floating hydraulic energy storage is dependent upon its mass (structure, technical equipment, additional loads) and the size of its cavity (water reservoir). To estimate the energy stored one must consider an idealized system, wherein the total mass is concentrated in additional loads and the cavity has a cylindrical shape. In this case, the storable energy content reaches its maximum, if at maximum immersion depth h, the cavity is half full with water (see diagram).
Schematic diagram of an ideal system
The energy content or storage capacity E of an idealized hydraulic energy storage is calculated using the following formula:
in which m is the mass of the hydraulic energy storage, including all additional loads, g is the gravitational acceleration, ? Fluid is the density of water, h is the maximum immersion depth and A is the base area.
In such an idealized system the mass m of the hydraulic energy storage is proportional to its energy content E. The following diagram illustrates the relationship between the base area A and the immersion depth h for various energy contents E.
Energy storage capacity as a function of maximum immersion depth h and the base area A
The energy density is comparatively low. However, due to the "unlimited" number of load cycles, the short response time and the high operation efficiency, significant advantages are expected when compared to other energy storage concepts. The gravimetric energy density of an idealized hydraulic energy storage system is
The volumetric energy density of an idealized hydraulic energy storage system is


Browse Publications Technical Papers 2019-01-2254
Measurements and modeling of ozone enhanced compression ignition in a rapid compression machine and optically-accessible engine 2019-01-2254
For the present study, an ultraviolet light absorption diagnostic was used to measure O3 concentration during the compression stroke of a rapid compression machine and an optically-accessible research engine. Charge oxygen concentration, initial temperature, and equivalence ratio were varied; neat iso-octane was used for fueled experiments. Measurements were compared to single-zone chemical kinetic simulation results. Rapid thermally induced O3 decomposition was observed near top dead center. Ozone decomposition advanced when the charge temperature was increased, oxygen concentration was reduced, or fuel was added. While the model well-captures the experimental trends, for unfueled conditions the temporal prediction of O3 decomposition is generally too far retarded.
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text:
The Pre-Allied Health degree at Lackawanna College is designed to provide the necessary foundation for a future as an Allied Health professional. In this major, students must maintain a 2.5 GPA and must not require developmental or bridge courses. Science courses include biology, chemistry, microbiology, and anatomy and physiology.
Students entering this program should have successfully completed two to three years of mathematics and three years of science in high school. They should also be familiar with computers and their uses.
Primarily a transfer-related program, this curriculum provides intensive hands-on laboratory experience that will prepare students for additional study at four-year institutions.
This major prepares students for transfer into baccalaureate degree programs in allied health fields. These may include, but not limited to: nursing, occupational therapy, physical therapy, respiratory therapy, or medical technology.
Students successfully completing the A.S. degree program in Pre-Allied Health will:
- Recognize the interdisciplinary nature of scientific inquiry and apply analytical thinking and analysis to explain various scientific phenomena as they develop skill in using the scientific method.
- Demonstrate a working knowledge of biology, basic chemistry, and anatomy and physiology sufficient for entry into higher-level science courses at a transfer institution.
- Develop the qualitative and quantitative skills, through the use of technology, necessary for a career in health sciences.
- Appreciate the diverse and dynamic nature of the human condition through the study of humanities, global studies, and math/science electives.
- Be able to communicate effectively, both orally and through the written word, and be able to work with others in a professional setting.
The Pre-Allied Health degree is offered at the Scranton campus and will come to the Towanda Center in Fall 2016.


text:
of the population are aged 40 and over, what would be the value of?The above table shows the percentage of citizens in a given country that are in a certain age group. If
The above table shows the percentage of citizens in a given country that are in a certain age group. What percentage of the population is aged 30 and above?
In the above table, students recorded down the number of peapods which had a certain number of peas in them. It was discovered that no pea pod had 5 or more peas. How many of the peapods had 2 or fewer peas in them?
The above table represents the number of days that workers in a company drive to work in the past 5 work days.
How many workers are there in the company?
Stella polled her class of 43 students and asked them for the time that they spent watching television each day.
How many students spent 2 to 3 hours watching television?


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ABSTRACT: Ensuring the quality of multiple-choice exams administered to small cohorts: A cautionary tale
INTRODUCTION:Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are a cornerstone of assessment in medical education. Monitoring item properties (difficulty and discrimination) are important means of investigating examination quality. However, most item property guidelines were developed for use on large cohorts of examinees; little empirical work has investigated the suitability of applying guidelines to item difficulty and discrimination coefficients estimated for small cohorts, such as those in medical education. We investigated the extent to which item properties vary across multiple clerkship cohorts to better understand the appropriateness of using such guidelines with small cohorts.METHODS:Exam results for 32 items from an MCQ exam were used. Item discrimination and difficulty coefficients were calculated for 22 cohorts (n = 10-15 students). Discrimination coefficients were categorized according to Ebel and Frisbie (1991). Difficulty coefficients were categorized according to three guidelines by Laveault and Grégoire (2014). Descriptive analyses examined variance in item properties across cohorts.RESULTS:A large amount of variance in item properties was found across cohorts. Discrimination coefficients for items varied greatly across cohorts, with 29/32 (91%) of items occurring in both Ebel and Frisbie's 'poor' and 'excellent' categories and 19/32 (59%) of items occurring in all five categories. For item difficulty coefficients, the application of different guidelines resulted in large variations in examination length (number of items removed ranged from 0 to 22).DISCUSSION:While the psychometric properties of items can provide information on item and exam quality, they vary greatly in small cohorts. The application of guidelines with small exam cohorts should be approached with caution.


text:
Blue and White Tea Cups, porcelain,
China: late Qing Dynasty (late18th century)
Tea has had a major influence on Chinese culture because it is linked with Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism and is an important aspect of self-cultivation. Originally, tea-drinking was associated with the elite or those people that were highly respected by society. In its early days, drinking tea would come to represent a show of education, personal morality, and status. Tea ceremonies, also called the Chinese Way of Tea, became common. Tea ceremonies, still frequent today, focus on the preparation and presentation of tealeaves.
Furthermore, as tea-drinking became more widespread, there was an increase in its accompanying porcelain culture. Today, virtually every Chinese resident owns the appropriate equipment needed to make a hot cup of tea. In modern-day China, tea is consumed for a variety of reasons, whether it is medicinal, a sign of respect to elders, or to connect with guests at a wedding.
Q: How is a Chinese Tea Ceremony conducted?