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Vaadin Forms: Data Binding and Validation
Learn how to use Binder to bind a data object to input fields and validate input.
In the Creating a Component chapter, you created the input fields and buttons that you need for editing contacts. In this chapter, you bind those inputs to a Contact object to create a fully functional form with validation.
This chapter covers:
 - Creating a Vaadin Binder.
 - Binding input fields.
 - Field validation.
Using Vaadin Binder to Create a Form and Validate Input
A form is a collection of input fields that are connected to a data model, a Contact in this case. Forms validate user input and make it easy to get an object populated with input values from the UI.
It binds UI fields to data object fields by name. For instance, it takes a UI field named firstName and maps it to the firstName field of the data object, and the lastName field to the lastName field, and so on. This is why the field names in Contact and ContactForm are the same. Vaadin uses the Binder class to build forms.
Note
Advanced Binder API
Binder also supports an advanced API where you can configure data conversions and additional validation rules, but for this application, the simple API is sufficient.
Binder can use validation rules that are defined on the data object in the UI. This means you can run the same validations both in the browser and before saving to the database, without duplicating code.
Defining Bean Validation Rules in Java
You can define data validation rules as Java Bean Validation annotations on the Java class.
You can see all the applied validation rules by inspecting Contact.java. The validations are placed above the field declarations like this:
@Email
@NotEmpty
private String email = "";
Creating the Binder
Instantiate a Binder and use it to bind the input fields:
// Other fields omitted
Binder<Contact> binder = new BeanValidationBinder<>(Contact.class); // (1)
public ContactForm(List<Company> companies, List<Status> statuses) {
 addClassName("contact-form");
 binder.bindInstanceFields(this); // (2)
 // Rest of constructor omitted
}
 1. BeanValidationBinder is a Binder that's aware of bean validation annotations. By passing it in the Contact.class, you define the type of object you are binding to.
 2. bindInstanceFields() matches fields in Contact and ContactForm based on their names.
With these two lines of code, you've readied the UI fields to be connected to a contact. That's the next step.
Setting the Contact
Next, you need to create a setter for the contact. Unlike the companies and statuses, it can change over time as a user browses through the contacts.
To do this, add the following in the ContactForm class:
public class ContactForm extends FormLayout {
 private Contact contact;
 // other methods and fields omitted
 public void setContact(Contact contact) {
 this.contact = contact; // (1)
 binder.readBean(contact); // (2)
 }
}
 1. Save a reference to the contact, so you can save the form values back into it later.
 2. Calls binder.readBean() to bind the values from the contact to the UI fields. readBean() copies the values from the contact to an internal model; that way you don't overwrite values if you cancel editing.
Setting Up Component Events
Vaadin comes with an event-handling system for components. You have already used it to listen to value-change events from the filter Text Field in the main view. The form component should have a similar way of informing parent components of events. The events you fire are:
 - SaveEvent
 - DeleteEvent
 - CloseEvent
Add the following code at the end of the ContactForm class to define the new events:
// Events
public static abstract class ContactFormEvent extends ComponentEvent<ContactForm> {
 private Contact contact;
 protected ContactFormEvent(ContactForm source, Contact contact) { // (1)
 super(source, false);
 this.contact = contact;
 }
 public Contact getContact() {
 return contact;
 }
}
public static class SaveEvent extends ContactFormEvent {
 SaveEvent(ContactForm source, Contact contact) {
 super(source, contact);
 }
}
public static class DeleteEvent extends ContactFormEvent {
 DeleteEvent(ContactForm source, Contact contact) {
 super(source, contact);
 }
}
public static class CloseEvent extends ContactFormEvent {
 CloseEvent(ContactForm source) {
 super(source, null);
 }
}
public <T extends ComponentEvent<?>> Registration addListener(Class<T> eventType,
 ComponentEventListener<T> listener) { // (2)
 return getEventBus().addListener(eventType, listener);
}
 1. ContactFormEvent is a common superclass for all the events. It contains the contact that was edited or deleted.
 2. The addListener() method uses Vaadin's event bus to register the custom event types. Select the com.vaadin import for Registration if IntelliJ asks.
Saving, Deleting, and Closing the Form
With the event types defined, you can now inform anyone using ContactForm of relevant events.
To add save, delete, and close event listeners, add the following to the ContactForm class:
private Component createButtonsLayout() {
 save.addThemeVariants(ButtonVariant.LUMO_PRIMARY);
 delete.addThemeVariants(ButtonVariant.LUMO_ERROR);
 close.addThemeVariants(ButtonVariant.LUMO_TERTIARY);
 save.addClickShortcut(Key.ENTER);
 close.addClickShortcut(Key.ESCAPE);
 save.addClickListener(event -> validateAndSave()); // (1)
 delete.addClickListener(event -> fireEvent(new DeleteEvent(this, contact))); // (2)
 close.addClickListener(event -> fireEvent(new CloseEvent(this))); // (3)
 binder.addStatusChangeListener(e -> save.setEnabled(binder.isValid())); // (4)
 return new HorizontalLayout(save, delete, close);
}
private void validateAndSave() {
 try {
 binder.writeBean(contact); // (5)
 fireEvent(new SaveEvent(this, contact)); // (6)
 } catch (ValidationException e) {
 e.printStackTrace();
 }
}
 1. The save button calls the validateAndSave() method.
 2. The delete button fires a delete event and passes the active contact.
 3. The cancel button fires a close event.
 4. Validates the form every time it changes. If it's invalid, it disables the save button to avoid invalid submissions.
 5. Write the form contents back to the original contact.
 6. Fire a save event, so the parent component can handle the action.
Build the project and verify that it compiles. There are no visible changes yet. In the next chapter, you connect the form to the list view to complete the first view.
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export class RenderBanner extends HTMLElement {
 connectedCallback() {
 this.renderBanner();
 }
 renderBanner() {
 let bannerWrapper = document.getElementById('tocBanner');
 if (bannerWrapper) {
 return;
 }
 let tocEl = document.getElementById('toc');
 // Add an empty ToC div in case page doesn't have one.
 if (!tocEl) {
 const pageTitle = document.querySelector(
 'main > article > header[class^=PageHeader-module--pageHeader]'
 );
 tocEl = document.createElement('div');
 tocEl.classList.add('toc');
 pageTitle?.insertAdjacentElement('afterend', tocEl);
 }
 // Prepare banner container
 bannerWrapper = document.createElement('div');
 bannerWrapper.id = 'tocBanner';
 tocEl?.appendChild(bannerWrapper);
 // Banner elements
 const text = document.querySelector('.toc-banner-source-text')?.innerHTML;
 const link = document.querySelector('.toc-banner-source-link')?.textContent;
 const bannerHtml = '<div class='


Top Five Problems with Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer – And they have nothing to do with the nose
Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer is cherished holiday favorite, but the song has several problems that have nothing to do with the nose.
Frankly, the shiny red nose seems plausible to me. If deep sea creatures and fireflies have parts that light up, why couldn't a reindeer?
No, our judges are concerned by several other parts of the song, so they put together this important list of the Top Five Problems With Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer.
First, we have one Honorable Mention:
You'll go down in history – He is not in any history books that I know of, so he definitely didn't go down in history. That part of the song is just wrong. Also, maybe Rudolph doesn't want to go down in history just for his nose. He has a mind, too, you know.
5. The most famous reindeer of all – The song begins, "You know Dasher and Dancer….." and then it gets to, "But do you recall, the most famous reindeer of all, Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer." That makes no sense. If we all know Dasher Dancer and the rest, but the narrator is asking us if we remember Rudolph, then there is no way he could be "The most famous reindeer of all." Dasher, Dancer and the others are clearly more famous than Rudolph, according to the song.
4. The red nose needed to guide the sleigh through fog – I fail to see how someone's glowing or shiny nose is able to make that much of a difference in the fog. Why can't Santa just fly above the fog? What is Santa worried about running into, other flying reindeer? And if the nose really is super bright, wouldn't that be a detriment in the fog? If you are driving in fog, you never use your bright lights because they just make it harder to see.
3. Then all the reindeer loved him – Reindeer sound like jerks. They made fun of Rudolph because he was different, but now they love him just because he saved Christmas? What kind of a message is that? You have to either conform to society or save Christmas? If I were Rudolph's father, I would first get myself tested to find out why my son is glowing, but right after that I would tell Rudolph that those other reindeer aren't really his friends, they just seem like posers. You heard me, Dasher is a poser.
2. How is the fog any different from just flying at night in total darkness? – How did Santa see in the years before the fog? Shouldn't he have had some sort of light for his sleigh since he flies in the dark of night? Why is the fog so much different? Couldn't Santa's elves just build him a light for the sleigh? Who is licensing these sleighs?
1. The song gets stuck in my head – Whenever I hear it, see a commercial for the TV special or just read about Rudolph, that song gets stuck in my head and drives me crazy constantly hearing it over and over in my mind. I often wonder if other people are constantly hearing it, too. At least I finally know I'm not alone because now it's stuck in your head, too. Merry Christmas.
12 thoughts on "Top Five Problems with Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer – And they have nothing to do with the nose
 1. I don't even know who Dancer and Dasher are.
 Great points about the fog!
 The song has been translated into Greek. So I got it stuck in my head in two languages. Dancer and Dasher didn't make it into the translation. Because no one has ever heard of them. History couldn't care less. Ho ho ho!
 Liked by 1 person
 2. Going down in history is overrated. For every Mother Teresa there is a Benito Mussolini, or, even worse, Santa Claus himself, who is viewed by some as the embodiment of goodness and by others as a distraction from the "True meaning of Christmas". Then there's one Linus van Pelt, who shoots it straight from the gospel of Luke at Christmas but only after bowing down to the heathen Great Pumpkin not two months earlier. No thanks. I wouldn't want to be remembered by anyone who didn't know me.
 Now, if the song had verses about bouncing bumbles, elf dentists and Yukon Cornelius, that might be awesome.
 Thanks once again for yet another look beneath the surface of things so often taken for granted. Go Panthers (Just don't go away). Merry Christmas!
 Liked by 1 person
 1. Excellent points Kenny, especially about going down in history. It's not always so great. And I never thought about that with Linus before, that is kind of odd. It's funny, too. And that tv special on Rudolph is fun, but it's a little nuts, too. I do remember that Bumbles Bounce, or something like that from the tv show. Thanks for the comments, and I'll be cheering for your Panthers, too. Merry Christmas.
 3. I'm pretty sure at one point in time almost *all* deer had glowing noses. Due to the advantage that gave hunters these got selected out and the jerk-deer became the dominant deer. True story. You won't see that in the history books, either. *sigh*
 Liked by 1 person
 1. That is awesome Jeff. Great points all around, and it makes perfect sense. Just another example of facts that are not going down in history. Thanks for the comment, too!
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′--up 1100 molecules, with max length of 50 Dim SynthesizedStrand(1100, 51) As Integer Dim HL_Tracker(1100, 51) As Integer Dim PolymerasePointer(1100) As Integer ′--contains the next available position on a given strand Dim StartPointer(1100) As Integer ′pointers for determining run-lengths Dim StopPointer(1100) As Integer Dim Extension(1100) ′records how far each molecule has been extended Dim TargetStrandFrequencyDist(15) As Integer ′--for storing frequency distribution of n-mers of target strand Dim SyntheticStrandFrequencyDist(15) As Integer ′--for storing frequency distribution of n-mers of target strand Dim SecondMolecule(1100) As Boolean ′--------Code---------------------------------------------------- Sub Initialize( ) Dim XX As Integer ′-----clear the array which notes if a molecule is a second molecule For Molecule = 1 To 1100 SecondMolecule(Molecule) = False Next Molecule ′Clear the arrays For Base = 1 To 51 For Molecule = 1 To 1100 TargetStrand(Molecule, Base) = 0 SynthesizedStrand(Molecule, Base) = 0 HL_Tracker(Molecule, Base) = 0 PolymerasePointer(Molecule) = 1 Next Molecule Next Base For XX = 1 To 15 ′--clear the frequency distribution list TargetStrandFrequencyDist(XX) = 0 SyntheticStrandFrequencyDist(XX) = 0 Next XX For XX = 1 To 9 Worksheets("In Out").Cells(5 + XX, 10).Value = "" Next XX With Worksheets("In Out") ′Get the "front panel" input values TempReal = .Range("D4").Value MaxHalfLives = Int(TempReal * 10) WashCyclesMax = .Range("D7").Value RandomMoleculesMax = .Range("D9").Value If RandomMoleculesMax > 1000 Then RandomMoleculesMax = 1000 HomoPolymersMax = .Range("D11").Value If HomoPolymersMax > 100 Then HomoPolymersMax = 100 MoleculesMax = RandomMoleculesMax + HomoPolymersMax SecondMoleculeFactor = .Range("D14").Value Longer_HL = Exp(−0.0693 / SecondMoleculeFactor) ′----Clear the output values .Range("D20").Value = "" .Range("D21").Value = "" .Range("D22").Value = "" .Range("E24").Value = "" .Range("E25").Value = "" .Range("E26").Value = "" End With ′Worksheets("In Out").Range("E2").Value = Longer_HL ′Display the Longer_HL value ′Clear the output area & Fill Row headings With Worksheets("Molecules") .Range("B2:AY4006").ClearContents .Range("B2:AY4006").Interior.ColorIndex = NoColor For XX = 1 To 1100 .Cells(3 + XX * 4, 1).Value = XX ′Add the row headings as running numbers Next XX .Range("B3").Value = "Current Wash Cycle is:" .Range("L3").Value = "Current 'Half-Life' is:" .Range("U3").Value = "Current Base in the reaction is:" End With Randomize ′---Seed the Random Number Generator End Sub Sub DrawSynthesizedStrands( ) Dim TempMolecule, TempBase As Integer With Worksheets("molecules") For TempBase = 1 To 50 For TempMolecule = 1 To MoleculesMax If SynthesizedStrand(TempMolecule, TempBase) = Blue Then .Cells(TempMolecule * 4 + 2, TempBase + 1).Font.ColorIndex = 2 Else .Cells(TempMolecule * 4 + 2, TempBase + 1).Font.ColorIndex = 0 End If .Cells(TempMolecule * 4 + 2, TempBase + 1).Interior.ColorIndex = SynthesizedStrand(TempMolecule, TempBase) If HL_Tracker(TempMolecule, TempBase) > 0 Then .Cells(TempMolecule * 4 + 2, TempBase + 1).Value = HL_Tracker(TempMolecule, TempBase) End If Next TempMolecule Next TempBase End With End Sub Sub CreateTargetStrands( ) Dim TempRand As Integer For Base = 1 To 50 For Molecule = 1 To RandomMoleculesMax TempRand = Int(4 * Rnd + 3) ′random number of value 3,4,5 or 6 ′If TempRand = Blue Then TempRand = Cyan ′turn blue into cyan TargetStrand(Molecule, Base) = TempRand Worksheets("Molecules").Cells(Molecule * 4 + 3, Base + 1).Interior.ColorIndex = TargetStrand(Molecule, Base) Next Molecule Next Base ′--now draw molecules with long stretches of homopolymers For Base = 1 To 50 For Molecule = RandomMoleculesMax + 1 To MoleculesMax TargetStrand(Molecule, Base) = A Worksheets("Molecules").Cells(Molecule * 4 + 3, Base + 1).Interior.ColorIndex = TargetStrand(Molecule, Base) Next Molecule Next Base End Sub Sub Synthesize( ) Dim MoleculeSynthesized As Integer Dim TempPointer As Integer Dim Parameter As Single For Molecule = 1 To 1100 ′clear array which shows if molecule is a second molecule SecondMolecule(Molecule) = False Next Molecule For BaseType = A To C ′Cover each of AGT&C If BaseType = A Then Worksheets("Molecules").Range("AD3").Value = "A" If BaseType = G Then Worksheets("Molecules").Range("AD3").Value = "G" If BaseType = T Then Worksheets("Molecules").Range("AD3").Value = "T" If BaseType = C Then Worksheets("Molecules").Range("AD3").Value = "C" For HalfLives = 1 To MaxHalfLives Worksheets("Molecules").Range("R3").Value = HalfLives / 10 For Molecule = 1 To MoleculesMax If SecondMolecule(Molecule) = False Then Parameter = TENTH_HL Else Parameter = Longer_HL ′-------------If we're flowing in A's, we attempt to polymerize only to T's If BaseType = A And TargetStrand(Molecule, PolymerasePointer(Molecule)) = T Then If Rnd > Parameter Then MoleculeSynthesized = 1 Else MoleculeSynthesized = 0 ′did molecule go? If MoleculeSynthesized = 1 Then SecondMolecule(Molecule) = True SynthesizedStrand(Molecule, PolymerasePointer(Molecule)) = A HL_Tracker(Molecule, PolymerasePointer(Molecule)) = WashCycles PolymerasePointer(Molecule) = PolymerasePointer(Molecule) + 1 If PolymerasePointer(Molecule) > 50 Then PolymerasePointer(Molecule) = 50 End If End If ′-------------If we're flowing in T's, we attempt to polymerize only to A's If BaseType = T And TargetStrand(Molecule, PolymerasePointer(Molecule)) = A Then If Rnd > Parameter Then MoleculeSynthesized = 1 Else MoleculeSynthesized = 0 ′did molecule go? If MoleculeSynthesized = 1 Then SecondMolecule(Molecule) = True SynthesizedStrand(Molecule, PolymerasePointer(Molecule)) = T HL_Tracker(Molecule, PolymerasePointer(Molecule)) = WashCycles PolymerasePointer(Molecule) = PolymerasePointer(Molecule) + 1 If PolymerasePointer(Molecule) > 50 Then PolymerasePointer(Molecule) = 50 End If End If ′-------------If we're flowing in G's, we attempt to polymerize only to C's If BaseType = G And TargetStrand(Molecule, PolymerasePointer(Molecule)) = C Then If Rnd > Parameter Then MoleculeSynthesized = 1 Else MoleculeSynthesized = 0 ′did molecule


text:
Tag: bastille day
This post is part of a series, written by Jim Zeender, devoted to letters written by the Founding Fathers in their own words and often in their own hand. Jim is a senior registrar in Exhibits. On July 14, 1789, the U.S. Ambassador to France, Thomas Jefferson, was a witness to the events of a [...]
Posted by Hilary on July 13, 2012, under Letters in the National Archives.
Tags: bastille day, Benjamin Franklin, Founding Fathers, france, in their own words, John Jay, letters, Marquis de la Fayette, Paris, Thomas Jefferson, Versailles
In 1924, a group of eight Army airmen set out to be the first humans to ever circle the globe by air. On their journey over Arctic mountain passes and vast Indian deserts, they would lose half their planes and set numerous records to become what were dubbed the "Magellans of the Sky." Listen as [...]
Posted by Rob Crotty on August 4, 2010, under - Exploration, - World War I, Rare Videos.
Tags: 1924, aerial circumnavigation of globe, air force history, army air corps, aviation history, bastille day, early aviation, flight history, lowell thomas, magellans of the sky, NARA, national archives, Pieces of History, pilots
Gen. J.J. Pershing at Paris with World Fliers. Left to right: Lieuts. Ogden, Arnold, Smith,Gen. Pershing, Lieuts. Wade, Nelson, Harding (US Air Force Pre-1954 Official Still Photography Collection) In 1924, a group of Americans were welcomed by thousands of Frenchmen in Paris on Bastille Day. There was no war, but General Pershing requested a meeting [...]
Posted by Rob Crotty on July 14, 2010, under - Exploration, - World War I.
Tags: 1924 olympics, aerial flight, bastille day, Circumnavigation of the Globe, douglas world cruiser, first world flight, france, General Pershing, legion of honor, magellans of the sky, NARA, National archives and records administration, Prologue magazine

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Free Temperature Log Sheet Templates
8
total templates
What Is a Temperature Log Sheet?
A Temperature Log Sheet is a typed or handwritten document that registers temperatures in food and medicine storage areas with the intention to make sure the level of temperature is safe and items will remain in proper condition. You have to maintain correct temperature levels in the food industry and health facilities - it will not only save your property but will allow you to avoid legal issues. For instance, if you administer a vaccine that expired due to inadequate storage conditions, you may face serious penalties.
Refrigerator Temperature Logs are handy for the following situations:
 - Recording dates and times when you collected temperature data;
 - Collecting older temperature readings for comparison purposes;
 - Determining if the current temperature is outside the ideal - whether recommended or required - range;
 - Sharing charts with supervisors and auditors for further inspections.
How to Use a Temperature Log?
You can create a Refrigerator Temperature Log for the following industries:
 1. Healthcare. Medical storage areas that have hundreds and thousands of vaccines and medications must have the correct temperature at all times of day and night - otherwise, individuals responsible for this storage may have to deal with drug deterioration, an increase of toxicity, and compromised levels of effectiveness - future users of the vaccines and medicine may be at risk. If you discover a malfunction in your refrigerator that leads to the degradation of pharmaceutical items, you will have to report it and these items will be recalled.
 2. Food. It is required to store and prepare different kinds of food supplies at different temperatures - if you fail to do so, you jeopardize the safety of everyone who eats the food later. Additionally, food items that were not properly stored may lead to the possible closure of your establishment and major financial loss.
 3. Transportation. Whether you have to ship medicine or food, these perishable items must be stored with the proper temperature during their transit. It helps other industries to maintain the integrity of their items.
Types of Temperature Logs
A Refrigeration Temperature Log is indispensable for food workers, healthcare workers, and medical scientists. Once you set the acceptable temperature, you will be able to monitor items in cold storage and write down the date in a chart. See our library of Temperature Log Sheets below to verify temperatures of your items and confirm that your refrigerated equipment works without any issues:
 1. Vaccine Temperature Log (in C and F). Draft this log to record temperatures in the refrigerator and freezer compartments of the vaccine storage unit every day. Also, you can document improper events such as exposure of vaccines to temperatures outside of the recommended ranges and room temperature at the time you discovered the issue.
 2. Food Temperature Log (in C and F). Restaurant managers and food workers can use this chart to control and record the temperature of various food items at their establishments and events.
 3. Refrigerator and Freezer Temperature Log. Maintain this log for all refrigerators and freezers at your facility and take corrective actions for additional maintenance or repair.
Related Templates and Forms:
Documents
8
"Daily Temperature Log Sheet - Refrigerator, Freezer, Pantry"
Rate (4.5 / 5) 21 votes
Size: 20 KB
1 page
This simple one-page form is used for recording everyday temperature in storage facilities. This document is an important part of the documentation accepted in the food, healthcare, and logistics industry.
"Vaccine Storage Temperature Tracker Log"
Rate (4.5 / 5) 16 votes
Size: 73 KB
1 page
"Medication Refrigeration Temperature Log - Rx"
Rate (4.5 / 5) 31 votes
Size: 31 KB
1 page
"Fahrenheit Temperature Log for Refrigerator (Vaccine Storage) - Immunization Action Coalition"
Rate (4.5 / 5) 25 votes
Size: 342 KB
5 pages
"Vaccine Refrigerator/Freezer Temperature Chart Template"
Rate (4.3 / 5) 23 votes
Size: 51 KB
1 page
"CACFP Food Temperature Log Template"
Rate (4.1 / 5) 16 votes
Size: 64 KB
1 page
"Freezer/Refrigeration Unit Temperature Log Sheet Template"
Rate (4.7 / 5) 20 votes
Size: 50 KB
1 page
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"Dry Storage Temperature Log Sheet Template"
Rate (4.8 / 5) 16 votes
Size: 50 KB
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text:
Objectives- To test the hypothesis that there is no significant correlation between miniscrew failure rate and root proximity, insertion angle, bone contact length, and bone density. Setting and Sample Population- This study included 107 patients in whom 190 miniscrews had been placed from April 2008 to October 2009 in Tohoku University Hospital (Sendai, Japan). Materials and Methods- Cone beam computed tomography scans (CBCT) and periapical radiographs were taken before and after miniscrew placement. Differences in root proximity, screw insertion angle, bone contact length, and bone density were statistically compared; comparisons were also made between the CBCT images and periapical radiographs. Results- A significantly higher success rate was observed in the maxilla than in the mandible. The distance between the miniscrew and the root surface was significantly smaller in the failure group. There were no significant differences in the insertion angle, bone contact length, or bone density between the success group and the failure group. The concordance rate between the periapical dental radiographs and CBCT images was 46.5%. Conclusion- While bone contact length, miniscrew angle, and bone density did not exert major effects on miniscrew failure, root proximity was the factor that most affected miniscrew failure, especially for miniscrews placed in the mandible. CBCT was superior to periapical dental X-rays for evaluating the proximity of miniscrews to the root. Correction of the X-ray attenuation coefficient value was necessary for measuring bone density using CBCT.
- Cone beam computed tomography
- Failure analysis
- Orthodontic anchorage procedures
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Oral Surgery

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


3
$\begingroup$
I am reading the paper, Classification in Networked Data: A Toolkit and a Univariate Case Study. And I have a question about the terminology of this paper, on page 938:
enter image description here
Also, see the following equation, on page 947:
enter image description here
Here we have,
 1. $\mathbf{X}$
 2. $X_i$
 3. $x_i$
 4. $\chi$ (not quite the same font with the paper)
I can understand that 1 is the vector of all class labels since it is big and bold. That makes totally sense.
And 2 is an item of (1) on the index $i$, if I understand correctly. However what is the difference between 2 and 3?
4 also makes sense. However, why do we have $c_1, c_2, ...$ etc. instead of basically having $\chi_1$, $\chi_2$, etc.
Is the second equation even correct? Instead of $P(x_i = c~|~N_i)$ don't we need big $X$ like $P(X_i = c~|~N_i)$?
Summary: Can you explain the difference between these 4 X's like explaining to a 10-year-old? (examples are strongly encouraged)
$\endgroup$
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ I think they wanted to represent $X_i$ like a random variable, whose possible values are denoted as $\mathbf{x}_i$. Does anyone agree with this? $\endgroup$ – user13791 Jun 19 '15 at 7:02
 - $\begingroup$ Item 4 should be $\mathcal{X}$, calligraphic X, rather than the Greek letter chi. $\endgroup$ – Yuval Filmus Jun 19 '15 at 20:13
 - $\begingroup$ @YuvalFilmus It is actually not calligraphic X, it is \mathpzc{X} indeed. However, I couldn't use that library on here. Please see: tex.stackexchange.com/questions/250893/… $\endgroup$ – Sait Jun 19 '15 at 20:25
 - $\begingroup$ It is some kind of X, but definitely not a lower case chi. $\endgroup$ – Yuval Filmus Jun 19 '15 at 20:28
3
$\begingroup$
Typically in probability and statistics, capital letters such as $X_i$ are used to denote a random variable, while lower-case letters such as $x_i$ denote realizations of the random variable. Rigorously speaking, you are correct in pointing out that $P(x_i = c|\mathcal{N}_i)$ should have been written as $P(X_i = c|\mathcal{N}_i)$, although this distinction is often overlooked when the underlying random variable is clear from context. For example, the technically correct way of writing $P(x_i|\mathcal{N}_i)$ should be $P(X_i = x_i|\mathcal{N}_i)$, but this slight abuse of notation is often employed and perhaps even preferred for its simplicity.
As for $\mathcal{X}$, careful authors tend to prefer script-letters, such as $X\in\mathcal{X}, Y\in\mathcal{Y}, x\in\mathbb{R}$ for denoting domains/ranges of numbers, random variables, and functions. However, when referring to particular elements of the domain/range, one would still abide by regular typography (lower-case for real numbers and upper-case for random variables) since it would be too much hustle and slightly abusing to use a calligraphic character for a real number.
Keep in mind, however, that these are all typographical conventions used by the community, and different authors may have different preferences depending on the level of exposition and their personal style. For instance, introductory linear algebra textbooks often denote matrices and vectors in bold letters such as $\boldsymbol{A}$ and $\boldsymbol{\beta}$, but this convention is often neglected in higher-level texts and papers$-$it may be unnecessary, not to mention troublesome, to embolden every letter in a book on multivariate analysis or matrix analysis.
$\endgroup$
2
$\begingroup$
The paper is concerned with a graph with attributes. The attributes are $X_1,\ldots,X_n$, and are collectively known as $\mathbf{X}$, which is either the vector $X_1,\ldots,X_n$ or the set $\{X_1,\ldots,X_n\}$.
Each attribute $X_i$ can take a value in the set $\mathcal{X} = \{c_1,\ldots,c_m\}$.
The value of the attribute $X_i$ is denoted $x_i$. There are two possibilities to interpret this distinction:
 1. $X_i$ is the name of the property, and $x_i$ is its value. This seems like a superfluous distinction, since usually we identify the name of a variable with its value.
 2. $X_i$ is a random variable, and $x_i$ is its value in a specific instantiation. This distinction is useful so that we can write expressions of the form $\Pr[X_1 = x_1 | X_2 = x_2]$. There is a difference, however, between $X_i$ and $x_i$: while $X_i$ is the "official" name of the attribute, $x_i$ is just an arbitrary choice for the specific value of $X_i$ in some context.
The equation on page 947 suggests the first interpretation, and that the authors have background in some very formal disciple such as program verification, programming languages or philosophical logic, in which such distinctions are given importance.
$\endgroup$
 - $\begingroup$ What is the difference between $P(X_i=c~|~N_i)$ and $P(x_i=c~|~N_i)$? $\endgroup$ – Sait Jun 19 '15 at 20:41
 - $\begingroup$ The second is either $0$ or $1$, since $x_i$ is a value rather than a random variable, or so one would hope. On the other hand, your example from page 947 suggests that $X_i$ is the name of a property, and $x_i$ is its value, which seems like a superfluous distinction to me. Perhaps this is a programming language paper? $\endgroup$ – Yuval Filmus Jun 19 '15 at 20:42
 - $\begingroup$ If $P(x_i=c~|~N_i)$ either 0 or 1, equation on page 947 do not makes sense. I think the way you interpret the distinction between x's, is not the same with the authors of the paper. $\endgroup$ – Sait Jun 19 '15 at 20:46
 - $\begingroup$ Yes, I agree. I think that the authors make a useless distinction between $X_i$ and $x_i$, which refer to the same quantity. I don't think that "$X_i = c$" is syntactically valid as far as the authors are concerned. But I could be wrong. $\endgroup$ – Yuval Filmus Jun 19 '15 at 20:47
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lambdabotLambdabot is a development tool and advanced IRC bot
Safe HaskellNone
Nickname equality subsystem.
This component is responsible for deciding whether two nicknames refer to the same person, for the purposes of tell et al. Nickname equality must be monadic because it uses mutable state maintained by the link and unlink commands. Also provided is a concept of polynicks (by analogy to polytypes); polynicks can refer to an (open) set of nicknames. For instance 'tell *lambdabot Why does X do Y' could tell a message to anyone who has identified as a lambdabot maintainer. A polynick consists of a bar-separated list of (nicks or open terms); an open term is like a nick but preceded with a star.
data Polynick Source
nickMatches :: LB (Nick -> Polynick -> Bool)Source
Determine if a nick matches a polynick. The state is read at the point of binding.
readPolynick :: Message a => a -> String -> PolynickSource
Parse a read polynick.
showPolynick :: Message a => a -> Polynick -> StringSource
Format a polynick.
lookupMononickMap :: LB (Polynick -> Map Nick a -> [(Nick, a)])Source
Lookup (using a polynick) in a map keyed on mononicks.
mononickToPolynick :: Nick -> PolynickSource
Convert a regular mononick into a polynick.


text:
Over-the-Counter Livestock Antibiotics are moving to Prescription only on June 2023
Starting June, 2023, all currently available over-the-counter antibiotics for livestock will be available only as prescription medications. This new rule will impact all livestock species. Over-the-counter antibiotics are moving to prescription only to provide more veterinary oversight. Similar to the Veterinary Feed Directive, placing antibiotics under the supervision of veterinarians should result in more judicious use and less antibiotic resistance.
This change includes but is not limited to the following: Penicillin, Oxytetracycline, Sulfa antibiotics and Mastitis tubes. Some medications are not considered crucial for human medicine and will remain over-the-counter. This includes the following: Ionophores including Rumensin and Bovatec, Parasiticides, such as Ivermectin, Oral pre/pro/postbiotics, and topical non-antibiotic treatments.
Livestock producers must have a valid Veterinary-Client-Patient Relationship (VCPR) in place before they can be prescribed antibiotics by a veterinarian. A VCPR is a working relationship between a veterinarian (veterinary clinic) and a client. Ideally, a VCPR is a documented agreement between both parties that includes a dedicated visit to the animal location(s) the client operates. This visit and documentation must occur at least once every year to maintain the VCPR.
Source : umn.edu
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. Gorgonum Chaos is named after the Gorgons in ancient Greek mythology. The Gorgons were monstrous sisters with snakes for hair, tusks like boars and lolling tongues who lived in caves. As it turns out this is indeed a fitting name for this region of Mars because it contains a high density of gullies that 'snake' their way down the walls of the troughs located in this region of chaos. Upon closer examination one finds that these gullies and alluvial deposits, initially discovered by Mars Global Surveyor, are visible on the trough walls (best seen near the bottom of the image). These gullies appear to emanate from a specific layer in the walls. The gullies have been proposed to have formed by the subsurface release of water. The Story This fractured, almost spooky-looking surface belongs to a region called Gorgonum Chaos in the southern hemisphere of Mars. Chaos is a term used for regions of Mars with distinctive areas of broken terrain like the one seen above. This area of Martian chaos is named after the Gorgons in ancient Greek mythology. The Gorgons were monstrous sisters with snakes for hair, tusks like boars, and lolling tongues, who lived in caves. The Gorgons, including famous sister Medusa, could turn a person to stone, and their writhing, snakelike locks cause revulsion to this day. Given the afflicted nature of this contorted terrain, with all of its twisted, branching channels and hard, stony-looking hills in the top half of the image, this is indeed a fitting name for this region of Mars. The name also has great appeal, because the area contains a high density of gullies that 'snake' their way down the walls of the troughs located in this region of Martian chaos. Gullies are trenches cut into the land as accelerated streams of water (or another liquid) erode the surface. To see these, click on the
 18. Fascination of chaos
 NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
 Loskutov, Alexander
 2010-12-01
 This review introduces most of the concepts used in the study of chaotic phenomena in nonlinear systems and has as its objective to summarize the current understanding of results from the theory of chaotic dynamical systems and to describe the original ideas underlying the study of deterministic chaos. The presentation relies on informal analysis, with abstract mathematical ideas visualized geometrically or by examples from physics. Hyperbolic dynamics, homoclinic trajectories and tangencies, wild hyperbolic sets, and different types of attractors which appear in dynamical systems are considered. The key aspects of ergodic theory are discussed, and the basic statistical properties of chaotic dynamical systems are described. The fundamental difference between stochastic dynamics and deterministic chaos is explained. The review concludes with an investigation of the possibility of studying complex systems on the basis of the analysis of registered signals, i.e. the generated time series.
 19. Phase chaos in coupled oscillators.
 PubMed
 Popovych, Oleksandr V; Maistrenko, Yuri L; Tass, Peter A
 2005-06-01
 A complex high-dimensional chaotic behavior, phase chaos, is found in the finite-dimensional Kuramoto model of coupled phase oscillators. This type of chaos is characterized by half of the spectrum of Lyapunov exponents being positive and the Lyapunov dimension equaling almost the total system dimension. Intriguingly, the strongest phase chaos occurs for intermediate-size ensembles. Phase chaos is a common property of networks of oscillators of very different natures, such as phase oscillators, limit-cycle oscillators, and chaotic oscillators, e.g., Rössler systems. PMID:_PHONE_
 20. Phase chaos in coupled oscillators
 NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
 Popovych, Oleksandr V.; Maistrenko, Yuri L.; Tass, Peter A.
 2005-06-01
 A complex high-dimensional chaotic behavior, phase chaos, is found in the finite-dimensional Kuramoto model of coupled phase oscillators. This type of chaos is characterized by half of the spectrum of Lyapunov exponents being positive and the Lyapunov dimension equaling almost the total system dimension. Intriguingly, the strongest phase chaos occurs for intermediate-size ensembles. Phase chaos is a common property of networks of oscillators of very different natures, such as phase oscillators, limit-cycle oscillators, and chaotic oscillators, e.g., Rössler systems.
 1. Relativistic chaos is coordinate invariant.
 PubMed
 Motter, Adilson E
 2003-12-01
 The noninvariance of Lyapunov exponents in general relativity has led to the conclusion that chaos depends on the choice of the space-time coordinates. Strikingly, we uncover the transformation laws of Lyapunov exponents under general space-time transformations and we find that chaos, as characterized by positive Lyapunov exponents, is coordinate invariant. As a result, the previous conclusion regarding the noninvariance of chaos in cosmology, a major claim about chaos in general relativity, necessarily involves the violation of hypotheses required for a proper definition of the Lyapunov exponents. PMID:_PHONE_
 2. Noise tolerant spatiotemporal chaos computing
 SciTech Connect
 Kia, Behnam; Kia, Sarvenaz; Ditto, William L.; Lindner, John F.; Sinha, Sudeshna
 2014-12-01
 We introduce and design a noise tolerant chaos computing system based on a coupled map lattice (CML) and the noise reduction capabilities inherent in coupled dynamical systems. The resulting spatiotemporal chaos computing system is more robust to noise than a single map chaos computing system. In this CML based approach to computing, under the coupled dynamics, the local noise from different nodes of the lattice diffuses across the lattice, and it attenuates each other's effects, resulting in a system with less noise content and a more robust chaos computing architecture.
 3. Arsinoes Chaos Landforms
 NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
 2004-01-01
 23 October 2004 This Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) image shows light-toned rock outcrops, possibly sedimentary rocks, in the Arsinoes Chaos region east of the Valles Marineris trough system. These rocky materials were once below the martian surface. These features are located near 7.2oS, 27.9oW. The image covers an area about 3 km (1.9 mi) wide. Sunlight illuminates the scene from the upper left.
 4. Polynomiography and Chaos
 NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
 Kalantari, Bahman
 Polynomiography is the algorithmic visualization of iterative systems for computing roots of a complex polynomial. It is well known that iterations of a rational function in the complex plane result in chaotic behavior near its Julia set. In one scheme of computing polynomiography for a given polynomial p(z), we select an individual member from the Basic Family, an infinite fundamental family of rational iteration functions that in particular include Newton's. Polynomiography is an excellent means for observing, understanding, and comparing chaotic behavior for variety of iterative systems. Other iterative schemes in polynomiography are possible and result in chaotic behavior of different kinds. In another scheme, the Basic Family is collectively applied to p(z) and the iterates for any seed in the Voronoi cell of a root converge to that root. Polynomiography reveals chaotic behavior of another kind near the boundary of the Voronoi diagram of the roots. We also describe a novel Newton-Ellipsoid iterative system with its own chaos and exhibit images demonstrating polynomiographies of chaotic behavior of different kinds. Finally, we consider chaos for the more general case of polynomiography of complex analytic functions. On the one hand polynomiography is a powerful medium capable of demonstrating chaos in different forms, it is educationally instructive to students and researchers, also it gives rise to numerous research problems. On the other hand, it is a medium resulting in images with enormous aesthetic appeal to general audiences.
 5. Quantum Correlations, Chaos and Information
 NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
 Madhok, Vaibhav
 Quantum chaos is the study of quantum systems whose classical description is chaotic. How does chaos manifest itself in the quantum world? In this spirit, we study the dynamical generation of entanglement as a signature of chaos in a system of periodically kicked coupled-tops, where chaos and entanglement arise from the same physical mechanism. The long-time entanglement as a function of the position of an initially localized wave packet very closely correlates with the classical phase space surface of section - it is nearly uniform in the chaotic sea, and reproduces the detailed structure of the regular islands. The uniform value in the chaotic sea is explained by the random state conjecture. As classically chaotic dynamics take localized distributions in phase space to random distributions, quantized versions take localized coherent states to pseudo-random states in Hilbert space. Such random states are highly entangled, with an average value near that of the maximally entangled state. For a map with global chaos, we derive that value based on new analytic results for the entropy of random states. For a mixed phase space, we use the Percival conjecture to identify


text:
1. In a Terminal window in your 4_combine directory, copy the input files that you have created while working on the previous sections, using the following commands:
cp../1_build_cg_model/cg_monomer.pdb.
cp../1_build_cg_model/cg_monomer-2.pdb.
cp../1_build_cg_model/cg_monomer.top.
cp../3_cg_membrane/mixture.pdb.
cp../3_cg_membrane/lipid-ion.top.
The last input files needed is a pdb of ions, ions.pdb, which is located at your current directory 4_combine/example-input.
2. Start VMD and in the VMD Tk Console window, type the following command:
This command calls the script build.tcl, which will replicate six copies of BAR domain dimers and combine the BAR domains, lipids and ions together.
3. The output of the script build.tcl will be a psf file (6bar.psf) and a pdb file 6bar.pdb containing six BAR domain dimers on top of a membrane patch, neutralized by ions.
4. Take a look at the build.tcl.
This script contains the following steps: (1) Load the two monomers of a BAR domain dimer. (2) Move the monomers to appropriate locations, to form a lattice. (3) Call VMD plugin psfgen and input SBCG topology files for BAR domains, lipids and ions. (4) Input coordinates of the six BAR domain dimers, lipid membrane, and ions. (5) Generate psf and pdb files for the combined system. More detailed descriptions of the commands are included in build.tcl as comments beginning with ''#''. You can view the commands and comments in build.tcl using any text editor, or, e.g., using ls command in the VMD Tk Console.
5. Load the output system into VMD using the following command in the Tk Console:
mol load psf 6bar.psf pdb 6bar.pdb
6. Measure the center and dimension of the system by following commands:
set sel [atomselect top all]
measure center $sel
measure minmax $sel
Record the above values for use in the next section.


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4 template how to behave. In our case, this template will cause the generated file to end in ".generated.cs" and imports several namespaces that we will need this template to use.
<#
 string tableName = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(Host.TemplateFile);
 string path = Path.GetDirectoryName(Host.TemplateFile);
 string columnId = tableName + "ID";
 string columnName = "Name";
 string connectionString = "data source=.;initial catalog=DBName;integrated security=SSPI";
#>
Now we start to see the meat of the template. The <# syntax is a boundary that specifies that anything within it is code running within the template (not the output code being generated). In our particular case, we are getting the name of the database table from the name of the file, which implies that each .tt file we want for each generated enum needs to be named the same as the database table.
We're also setting up the common values for the ID column and Name column, and getting our connection string ready. Just a bunch of setup here.
using System;
using System.CodeDom.Compiler;
namespace Services.<#= GetSubNamespace() #>
{
IMO this is the first truly interesting snippet. Given what I know about how T4 templates work (read: nothing) this snippet appears to be outputting actual code into the target file. Specifically, this is outputting two using statements and a namespace.
Since we're here, let's go ahead and examine the GetSubNamespace method:
private string GetSubNamespace()
{
 Regex rx = new Regex(@"(?:.+Services\s)");
 string path = Path.GetDirectoryName(Host.TemplateFile);
 return rx.Replace(path, string.Empty).Replace("\\", ".");
}
Now I'm no regular expressions whiz-kid or anything (it looks like a bunch of gobbeldy-gook to me), but this appears to be using the folder structure where this file is located and transforming that structure into a namespace, which works very well for Visual Studio application since that's pretty much what VS does anyway. I'd be hard-pressed to explain exactly how it does this, though.
Back to the main portion of the code, specifically the first part emitted within the namespace declaration:
/// <summary>
 /// <#= tableName #> auto generated enumeration
 /// </summary>
 [GeneratedCode("TextTemplatingFileGenerator", "10")]
 public enum <#= tableName #>
 {
<#
 SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(connectionString);
 string command = string.Format("select {0}, {1} from {2} order by {0}", columnId, columnName, tableName);
 SqlCommand comm = new SqlCommand(command, conn);
 conn.Open();
 SqlDataReader reader = comm.ExecuteReader();
 bool loop = reader.Read();
 while(loop)
 {
#>
Now we start seeing the <# syntax again. The first time we see it is when it uses the tableName to output some comments about the generated enumeration. After that, we set up a SqlConnection, select from the appropriate table, and use a SqlDataReader to parse the results. What we do with those results is in the next snippet:
 while(loop)
 {
#> /// <summary>
 /// <#= reader[columnName] #> configuration setting.
 /// </summary>
 <#= Pascalize(reader[columnName]) #> = <#= reader[columnId] #><# loop = reader.Read(); #><#= loop ? ",\r\n" : string.Empty #>
<#
 }
#> }
}
For each of the values in the SqlDataReader, we output an enumeration value that uses the name found in the Name column in the table, after that name is run through a method called Pascalize(). Here's the implementation for Pascalize():
private string Pascalize(object value)
{
 Regex rx = new Regex(@"(?:[^a-zA-Z0-9]*)(?<first>[a-zA-Z0-9])(?<reminder>[a-zA-Z0-9]*)(?:[^a-zA-Z0-9]*)");
 return rx.Replace(value.ToString(), m => m.Groups["first"].ToString().ToUpper() + m.Groups["reminder"].ToString().ToLower());
}
Oh goody, regexes again (/sarcasm). I'm inferring somewhat here, but Pascalize() appears to transform strings into Pascal-cased objects. So, if the value of Name was
movie theatre or cinema
Pascalize would transform that string into:
MovieTheatreOrCinema
and this conforms to the naming conventions for enumerations. I do wonder how Pascalize strips out non-alphanumerics (since that is what the "(?:[^a-zA-Z0-9]*)" portion of the regular expression appears to be doing), but that investigation is for a later time.
Summary
When I started writing this post, I knew thismuch about how T4 templates worked. Now I know a little more, and all it took was a bit of intuition, some luck, and some googling.
The point of all this is simple: you learn by discovering, by guessing, by failing, and by succeeding. It is part of my job to understand what the code that my group is using actually does, and when I didn't know enough, I had to stumble around for a bit before understanding came to me. Don't be afraid to admit you don't know something, since you can always learn it!
Regular expressions, though.... not sure I'll ever understand that nonsense.
Happy Coding!
]]>


text:
Plettenberg Bay, nicknamed Plet or Plett is the primary town of the Bitou Local Municipality in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. It was originally named Bahia Formosa ("beautiful bay") by early Portuguese explorers and lies on South Africa's Garden Route 210 km from Port Elizabeth and about 600 km from Cape Town.
Nelson Bay Cave and Matjies River Cave at nearby Keurboomstrand were inhabited for over 100,000 years by Middle Stone Age man and then later by ancestors of the Khoisan, who were possibly the same people who traded with the Portuguese survivors of the San Gonzales shipwreck. Their tools, ornaments and food debris can be viewed in these caves, which are still being excavated.
Long before Jan van Riebeeck landed at the Cape, Portuguese explorers charted the bay in the 15th and 16th centuries, the first being Bartholomew Dias in 1487. Ninety years later Manuel da Perestrello aptly called it Bahia Formosa or the Beautiful Bay. The first European inhabitants were 100 Portuguese sailors marooned here for 9 months when the San Gonzales sank in the bay in 1630. The survivors built two small boats which they used to link with a passing vessel. A stone that they left behind on Beacon Island, known as the Van Plettenberg Stone, is now in the Cape Town museum. In 1763, the first European settlers in the Bay were stock farmers, hunters and frontiersmen from the Western Cape.
A stinkwood navigational beacon was first erected on Beacon Island in 1771. The original was a square block of stinkwood, inscribed with the latitude and longitude of Plettenberg Bay and erected to enable mariners to check their location. It was replaced by a stone one by Captain Sewell in 1881.
The bay housed a barracks for the Dutch East India Company in 1776. The Governor of the Cape, Baron Joachim van Plettenberg, renamed the town Plettenberg Bay in 1779. In 1869 the barracks was bought by St Peters Church and used as a rectory for the next 70 years. Today it is privately owned.
In 1787/88 Johann Jerling erected a timber shed commissioned by the Dutch East India Company; the remains can still be seen and are preserved as a provincial heritage site.
In the 1830's, Plettenberg Bay was a stopping point for ships travelling through during the winter time, heading to India.
As of 1833, the population of Plettenberg Bay was estimated around 400, with half being white, according to diplomat Edmund Roberts who visited the area. Edmund Roberts noted that the bay had a large abundance of cattle and sheep. He also recognized "the excellence of its butter" and a timber industry.
A whaling station on Beacon Island closed down in 1916. Parts of the iron slipway are still visible today. A hotel called The Beacon Isle was built on the site of the whaling station. This was replaced by the iconic Beacon Isle Southern Sun Resort which opened for business in December 1972. This building, designed by André Hoffe, has a layered atrium which pays tribute to the Guggenheim Museum of Frank Lloyd Wright. Between 1960 and 1990 Plettenberg Bay holiday resort expanded dramatically, extending along Robberg Beach ('Millionaire's Row'), and back towards the N2. During the apartheid period property within Plettenberg Bay was designated for whites only, with segregation of the beaches and toilet facilities.
New Horizons, across the N2, was designated as a settlement area for coloured people in 1968. As the 1980s progressed informal settlements of Xhosa migrants grew up around the edges of New Horizons and in the area of KwaNokuthula which became a town.
Although Plettenberg Bay escaped most of the violence associated with the end of apartheid, the assassination of Chris Hani in April 1993 led to a protest march into the town from KwaNokuthula, during which industrial premises on the outskirts of the town were burnt to the ground. Although formal segregation ceased with the repeal of the apartheid laws, the consequences of the previously segregated property ownership remain highly visible to this day.
Local vegetation varies from Cape Fynbos to Knysna-Amatole montane forests further inland.
Plettenberg Bay hosts one of the largest seagull breeding colonies along the South African coast at the mouth of the Keurbooms River, named after the indigenous keurboom tree. There are many pelagic birds in the area as well as the endangered African Oystercatcher which live along the shores.
The Robberg Peninsula is home to a large Cape fur seal colony, seals can often be seen in the surf off Robberg Beach. Great White Sharks, attracted by the seal colony, can also be spotted from the high ground of Robberg Peninsula. Southern Right whales are a common sight in the bay during their breeding season from July to December. Bryde's whales frequent the bay throughout the year being the most sighted during the summer months. Humpback whales migrate past during July and December. Killer whales (Orca) and Sei whales are occasionally sighted. Whales can be viewed from various viewpoints in the town as well as from Robberg Peninsula. Plettenberg Bay also boasts 3 species of dolphins which visit the bay throughout the year, these being the Bottlenosed dolphin, the Common dolphin and the endangered Humpback dolphin.
A distinctive flower-shaped sea shell called a pansy shell is endemic to this part of the coast, and is used as the symbol representing the town. Looking for these shells on the beach at low tide is a popular activity amongst visitors and locals alike. Robberg Peninsula is maintained as a nature reserve, allowing visitors to see many of the area's local plants and animals.
In December 1977, the area was impacted by an oil spill from the Venpet-Venoil collision, which occurred 60 km offshore when two supertankers collided.
Plettenberg Bay is typified by an extremely mild maritime temperate climate with very few rainfall or temperature extremes. It is located within the Knysna Afromontane Forest biome, containing temperate gallery forest, supported by the mild temperatures and high, even distributed rainfall. Here follows the records for the closest climate station just to the east in the Tsitsikamma:
Maximum/minimum temperatures: January: 23°C/17 °C; July: 17 °C/10 °C; rainfall: 945 mm per annum.
The bay is defined on the southern end by Cape Seal at the terminus of the Robberg (Afrikaans for Seal Mountain) Peninsula, separating the bay from the open Indian Ocean. It is one of the southern cape coast's typical "J-shaped" bays, which is formed by wave action eroding the shales of the Bokkeveld Group between the weather-resistant headlands composed of the Table Mountain Group, both of the Cape Supergroup geological sequence of rocks. To the north, the Tsitsikamma and Langkloof Mountains keeps the moisture on the southern slopes of the mountains and prevent the temperature extremes of the interior reaching the bay.


text:
India's Food Habits & Its Water Impact: What the World Needs to Learn
The projected increase in the production and consumption of animal products is likely to put further pressure on the globe's freshwater resources. Let us understand ancient India's eating habits and what it costed, water wise.
Excerpts are from the publication - Mekonnen, M.M. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2010) The green, blue and grey water footprint of farm animals and animal products, Value of Water Research Report Series No. 48, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, the Netherlands.
1. By declaring "Cow as Holy" ancient Indians cleverly reduced beef and hence their water footprint
"The study shows that the water footprint of meat from beef cattle (15400 m3 /ton as a global average) is much larger than the footprints of meat from sheep (10400 m3 /ton), pig (6000 m3 /ton), goat (5500 m3 /ton) or chicken (4300 m3 /ton)". Graph below shows the water footprint (WF) category wise. Clearly, milk is a better utilization of cattle than beef.
They acknowledged the bigger role of cow as growing food for humans, not as human food!
2. Dal or pulses are a staple in every Indian household. They have been water-wise, in choosing their protein.
The statistics show that it takes only 19 litre water to obtain a gram of protein from pulses, whereas it takes 112 litres if we were to obtain the same 1 gram protein from beef!
3. Indians Chose Their Oils wisely - Butter or Oil seeds are water-wise alternatives to vegetable oils or animal fat. Ghee and Ghani (cold pressed oil seeds) are traditional Indian oils, never mind the recent dalda and olive oil fad.
The statistics show that it takes only 11 litre of water to produce 1 gm of fat from oil seeds and only 6.4 litre of water to produce 1 gm of butter! It takes a massive 153 litres of water to produce 1 gm of fat from cattle or vegetables!
4. Indians watched their calories too - Sugars, Cereals, Butter are tasty calories with minimal environmental impact - finds its use in maximum Indian recipes.
More than milk, buttermilk (after churning out butter) was and continues to be a staple in Indian households, across states. Buttermilk is known as Chach, Takra, Mattha, Majigge in different parts of India and is an ancient superfood full of probiotics.
5. The world has a lot to learn and more importantly adopt from the ancient Indian civilization -
This study provides a rich data on the factors that determine how different animal (and food) products put pressure on the global water resources. What the world chooses to eat, surely impacts what is grown/raised for food. Choose your food, water-wisely!


TeX Symbols in SEE
From MoodleDocs
:NOTE Mauno Korpelainen's Super Equation Editor, SEE, is very much in its infancy. It is still in beta testing and should be for a while yet. Using SEE should be confined to test sites for now, later, it can also be used in production sites, but it has a way to go yet.
Caveat
This page relates solely to Super Equation Editor, SEE. Most, if not all, of these commands are used in one release of TeX or another. Originally, the core macros came from an interest in using the TeX notation filter in Moodle. This was quickly followed by MikTeX and then LiveTeX. All these commands are found somewhere in LiveTeX or fonts and style packages downloaded for use in LiveTeX. Most of these commands will work, but some may not depending on your configuration of SEE.
Supported LaTeX commands in SEE
SEE supports a very large range of TeX symbols.
These symbols are divided, essentially, into two parts, the "macro", the command itself, and, where needed, an extension or an attribute that follows. These extensions are usually in braces.
For example:
 \fontbf{This \ is \ a \ bold \ font}
Displays as

For Moodle, it seems that the $$ still plays a role in the construction of TeX commands. What you may enter into SEE would be something like:
 \frac{16 \times \sqrt{36}}{12}
Which will then display in your editor screen as:
 $$ \frac{16 \times \sqrt{36}}{12} $$
When rendered looks like:

Warning
Not all of the commands and sequences included here have been tested in the Moodle environment. There may reason to check the file filter\lib.php for the array $tex_blacklist = array(, for any conflicts - e.g. line
Command Sequences
Most symbols are reserved characters.
NOTE: This table has been garnished over a long period of time and from a lot of different sources. Some font packages have been identified some have not, yet. Most of this is also found in the Using TeX Notation pages.
Symbols
#
$
%
&
^
,
_
{
}
~
'
\ backslash-space
!
:
;
\>
\<
\|
A
\above
\abovewithdelims
\acute
\aleph
\alpha
\amalg
\And
\angle
\approx
\approxeq
\arccos
\arcsin
\arctan
\arg
\array
\Arrowvert
\arrowvert
\ast
\asymp
\atop
\atopwithdelims
spacer01.gif B
Macro Package
\backepsilon AMSsymbols
\backprime AMSsymbols
\backsim AMSsymbols
\backsimeq AMSsymbols
\backslash
\bar
\barwedge AMSsymbols
\Bbb
\Bbbk AMSsymbols
\because AMSsymbols
\begin
\beta
\beth AMSsymbols
\between AMSsymbols
\bf
\Big
\big
\bigcap
\bigcirc
\bigcup
\Bigg
\bigg
\Biggl
\biggl
\Biggm
\biggm
\Biggr
\biggr
\Bigl
\bigl
\Bigm
\bigm
\bigodot
\bigoplus
\bigotimes
\Bigr
\bigr
\bigsqcup
\bigstar AMSsymbols
\bigtriangledown
\bigtriangleup
\biguplus
\bigvee
\bigwedge
\binom AMSmath
\blacklozenge AMSsymbols
\blacksquare AMSsymbols
\blacktriangle AMSsymbols
\blacktriangledown AMSsymbols
\blacktriangleleft AMSsymbols
\blacktriangleright AMSsymbols
\bmod
\boldsymbol [boldsymbol]
\bot
\bowtie
\Box AMSsymbols
\boxdot AMSsymbols
\boxed AMSmath
\boxminus AMSsymbols
\boxplus AMSsymbols
\boxtimes AMSsymbols
\brace
\bracevert
\brack
\breve
\buildrel
\bullet
\Bumpeq AMSsymbols
\bumpeq AMSsymbols
spacer01.gif C
\cal
\cap
\Cap AMSsymbols
\cases
\cdot
\cdotp
\cdots
\centerdot AMSsymbols
\cfrac AMSmath
\check
\checkmark AMSsymbols
\chi
\choose
\circ
\circeq AMSsymbols
\circlearrowleft AMSsymbols
\circlearrowright AMSsymbols
\circledast AMSsymbols
\circledcirc AMSsymbols
\circleddash AMSsymbols
\circledR AMSsymbols
\circledS AMSsymbols
\class [HTML] non-standard
\clubsuit
\colon
\color
\complement AMSsymbols
\cong
\coprod
\cos
\cosh
\cot
\coth
\cr
\csc
\cssId [HTML] non-standard
\cup
\Cup AMSsymbols
\curlyeqprec AMSsymbols
\curlyeqsucc AMSsymbols
\curlyvee AMSsymbols
\curlywedge AMSsymbols
\curvearrowleft AMSsymbols
\curvearrowright AMSsymbols
D
\dagger
\daleth AMSsymbols
\dashleftarrow AMSsymbols
\dashrightarrow AMSsymbols
\dashv
\dbinom AMSmath
\ddagger
\ddddot AMSmath
\dddot AMSmath
\ddot
\ddots
\DeclareMathOperator AMSmath
\def [newcommand]
\deg
\Delta
\delta
\det
\dfrac AMSmath
\diagdown AMSsymbols
\diagup AMSsymbols
\diamond
\Diamond AMSsymbols
\diamondsuit
\digamma AMSsymbols
\dim
spacer01.gif D contd.
\displaylines
\displaystyle
\div
\divideontimes AMSsymbols
\dot
\doteq
\Doteq AMSsymbols
\doteqdot AMSsymbols
\dotplus AMSsymbols
\dots
\dotsb
\dotsc
\dotsi
\dotsm
\dotso
\doublebarwedge AMSsymbols
\doublecap AMSsymbols
\doublecup AMSsymbols
\Downarrow
\downarrow
\downdownarrows AMSsymbols
\downharpoonleft AMSsymbols
\downharpoonright AMSsymbols
E
\ell
\emptyset
\end
\enspace
\epsilon
\eqalign
\eqalignno
\eqcirc AMSsymbols
\eqsim AMSsymbols
\eqslantgtr AMSsymbols
\eqslantless AMSsymbols
\equiv
\eta
\eth AMSsymbols
\exists
\exp
F
\fallingdotseq AMSsymbols
\fbox
\Finv AMSsymbols
\flat
\forall
\frac
\frac AMSmath
\frak
\frown
G
\Game AMSsymbols
\Gamma
\gamma
\gcd
\ge
\genfrac AMSmath
\geq
\geqq AMSsymbols
\geqslant AMSsymbols
\gets
\gg
\ggg AMSsymbols
\gggtr AMSsymbols
\gimel AMSsymbols
\gnapprox AMSsymbols
\gneq AMSsymbols
\gneqq AMSsymbols
\gnsim AMSsymbols
\grave
G contd.
\gt
\gt
\gtrapprox AMSsymbols
\gtrdot AMSsymbols
\gtreqless AMSsymbols
\gtreqqless AMSsymbols
\gtrless AMSsymbols
\gtrsim AMSsymbols
\gvertneqq AMSsymbols
H
\hat
\hbar
\hbox
\hdashline
\heartsuit
\hline
\hom
\hookleftarrow
\hookrightarrow
\hphantom
\hskip
\hslash AMSsymbols
\hspace
\Huge
\huge
I
\idotsint AMSmath
\iff
\iiiint AMSmath
\iiint
\iint
\Im
\imath
\impliedby AMSsymbols
\implies AMSsymbols
\in
\inf
\infty
\injlim AMSmath
\int
\intercal AMSsymbols
\intop
\iota
\it
J
\jmath
\Join AMSsymbols
spacer01.gif
K
here is K
See also


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Polish WWII massacre film causes shockwaves
Polish WWII massacre film causes shockwaves
In partnership with
Polish film Poklosie or Aftermath is a dramatisation of the massacre of more than 340 Polish Jews at Jedwabne in 1941.
It has caused shockwaves and soul searching throughout the country.
It tells the story of a Polish man who returns to his home village and finds himself reluctantly drawn into uncovering what happened there during the Nazi occupation.
He discovers that, at the instigation of the Nazis, local people – including his own father – had herded Jewish villagers into a building, burned them to death, and then taken over their houses.
Opponents of the film argue it discredits Poland by creating the impression that such events were the norm in wartime. Some have accused the actors of slandering their country. One, Maciej Stuhr, has even received death threats.
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Quality of Life Comparison
If you lived in Nicaragua instead of Bermuda, you would:
live 7.5 years less
In Bermuda, the average life expectancy is 82 years (78 years for men, 85 years for women) as of 2020. In Nicaragua, that number is 74 years (72 years for men, 77 years for women) as of 2020.
make 94.1% less money
Bermuda has a GDP per capita of $99,400 as of 2016, while in Nicaragua, the GDP per capita is $5,900 as of 2017.
be 2.7 times more likely to live below the poverty line
In Bermuda, 11.0% live below the poverty line as of 2008. In Nicaragua, however, that number is 29.6% as of 2015.
have 52.7% more children
In Bermuda, there are approximately 11.2 babies per 1,000 people as of 2020. In Nicaragua, there are 17.1 babies per 1,000 people as of 2020.
be 6.6 times more likely to die during infancy
In Bermuda, approximately 2.5 children die before they reach the age of one as of 2020. In Nicaragua, on the other hand, 16.5 children do as of 2020.
Basic Needs
be 18.2% less likely to have access to electricity
In Bermuda, approximately 100% of the population has electricity access as of 2016. In Nicaragua, 82% of the population do as of 2016.
be 71.6% less likely to have internet access
In Bermuda, approximately 98.0% of the population has internet access as of 2016. In Nicaragua, about 27.9% do as of 2018.
be 16.9% less likely to have access to improved drinking water
In Bermuda, approximately 100% of people have improved drinking water access as of 2017. In Nicaragua, 83% of people do as of 2017.
spend 2.9 times more on education
Bermuda spends 1.5% of its total GDP on education as of 2017. Nicaragua spends 4.3% of total GDP on education as of 2017.
see 8.8 times more coastline
Bermuda has a total of 103 km of coastline. In Nicaragua, that number is 910 km.
Nicaragua: At a glance
How big is Nicaragua compared to Bermuda? See an in-depth size comparison.
Join the Elsewhere community and ask a question about Nicaragua. It's a free, question-and-answer based forum to discuss what life is like in countries and cities around the world.
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Sum of all ordered pair-products from a given array
 - Difficulty Level : Easy
 - Last Updated : 05 Oct, 2020
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Given an array arr[] of size N, the task is to find the sum of all products of ordered pairs that can be generated from the given array elements.
Examples:
Input: arr[] ={1, 2, 3}
Output: 36
Explanation:All possible pairs are {(1, 1), {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 1}, {2, 2}, {2, 3}, {3, 1}, {3, 2}, {3, 3}}. Therefore, the sum of product of all pairs is 36.
Input : arr[]={3, 4, 1, 2, 5}
Output: 225
Naive Approach: The simplest approach is to iterate through all possible pairs from the given array calculate the sum of product of all pair-products.
Time Complexity: O(N2)
Auxiliary Space: O(1)
Efficient Approach: The above approach can be optimized based on the following observations:
arr[]={a1, a2, a3, a4 ….., an-1, an}
Now, sum of product of all possible pairs is =
{
(a1 * a1) + (a1 * a2) + (a1 * a3) + …..+ (a1 * an-1) + (a1, an) +
(a2 * a1) + (a2 * a2) + (a2 * a3) + ….. + (a2 * an-1) + (a2 * an) +
(a3 * a1) + (a3 * a2) + (a3 * a3) + ….. + (a3 * an-1) + (a3, an) +
…………………………………………………………………………..
(an, * a1) + (an * a2), +(an * a3) + ….. + (an * an-1) + (an, an)
}
={
(a1 + a2+ a3 + …..+ an-1 + an * (a1 + a2+ a3 + …..+ an-1 + an
}
=(a1 + a2+ a3 + …..+ an-1 + an )2
Follow the steps below to solve the problem:
 1. Initialize the variable, res=0 to store the sum of array elements
 2. Traverse the array, arr[] and add each element of the array to res.
 3. Finally, print the square of the res as the required answer.
Below is the implementation of the above approach:
C++
// C++ program to implement
// the above approach

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

// Function to calculate the
// sum of all pair-products
int sumOfProd(int arr[], int N)
{
 // Stores sum of array
 int sum = 0;

 for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {

 // Update sum of the array
 sum += arr[i];
 }

 return sum * sum;
}

// Driver Code
int main()
{
 int arr[] = { 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 };
 int N = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
 cout << sumOfProd(arr, N);
 return 0;
}
Java
// Java program to implement
// the above approach
import java.util.*;

class GFG{

// Function to calculate the
// sum of all pair-products
static int sumOfProd(int arr[], int N)
{

 // Stores sum of array
 int sum = 0;

 for(int i = 0; i < N; i++)
 {

 // Update sum of the array
 sum += arr[i];
 }
 return sum * sum;
}

// Driver code
public static void main(String[] args)
{
 int arr[] = { 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 };
 int N = arr.length;

 System.out.print(sumOfProd(arr, N));
}
}

// This code is contributed by offbeat
Python3
# Python3 program to implement
# the above approach

# Function to calculate the
# sum of all pair-products
def sumOfProd(arr, N):

 # Stores sum of array
 sum = 0

 for i in range(N):

 # Update sum of the array
 sum += arr[i]

 return sum * sum

# Driver Code
if __name__ == '__main__':

 arr = [ 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 ]
 N = len(arr)

 print(sumOfProd(arr, N))

# This code is contributed by SURENDRA_GANGWAR
C#
// C# program to implement
// the above approach
using System;

class GFG{

// Function to calculate the
// sum of all pair-products
static int sumOfProd(int[] arr, int N)

 // Stores sum of array
 int sum = 0;

 for(int i = 0; i < N; i++)
 {

 // Update sum of the array
 sum += arr[i];

 return sum * sum;
}

// Driver code
static void Main()
{
 int[] arr = { 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 };
 int N = arr.Length;

 Console.WriteLine(sumOfProd(arr, N));
}
}

// This code is contributed by divyeshrabadiya07
Output:
225
Time Complexity: O(N)
Auxiliary Space: O(1)
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text:
What is Folder Protocol? Folder Protocol (FOL) is a decentralized storage network that turns cloud storage into an algorithmic marketplace. Koindeks.com In this article, we answered the questions of what is Folder Protocol, what it offers, what is FOL, what it does, and how to get it. Let's examine this project together, which focuses on dApp creation and technologies such as decentralized storage and IoT.
What is Folder Protocol?
Folder Protocol is a Blockchain protocol that operates in an algorithmic marketplace using cloud storage technology. This protocol runs on the Filecoin network in a decentralized manner. It is basically a layer-2 solution created for the Filecoin network. Hosting a local cryptocurrency called FOL, Folder also reinforces mining. Miners consist of users who provide storage space to the platform. However, the ecosystem also has a number of technologies such as smart contract and dApp creation.
What does the Folder Protocol offer?
With the Web 3.0 focused Folder Protocol, users can rent storage space from miners. The price paid for the rental varies depending on the size of the storage space and the storage deadline. The network creates a peer-to-peer (P2P) distributed document network for each continent and each network connected through Crust. However, the network provides a virtual and fast information processing service. Thus, users can transfer their information to the Blockchain platform very quickly.
However, Folder is a layer-2 network that supports smart contracts. That is, users have the advantage of developing their own Web3-oriented decentralized applications on the platform. The extremely high scalability of the network makes it easier for developers. It also offers high security in addition to scalability. The network automatically detects and repairs replication errors. By duplicating and distributing content, it achieves robustness. In addition, stored content and information is encrypted end-to-end. This further increases security.
What is FOL? What's the use?
FOL is a native cryptocurrency designed for the Folder Protocol network. This cryptocurrency is about the driving engine for the network. Users pay with FOL through the marketplace to rent storage space from miners. Miners, on the other hand, gain the advantage of passively earning income thanks to FOL. However, developers use FOL to run smart contracts within the platform. Developers running smart contracts by paying FOL can build their own dApps.
What is Folder Protocol? How to take FOL?
Investors wishing to purchase Folder Protocol should gain access to cryptocurrency exchanges such as Bittrex and Flybit. Users accessing these exchanges that list FOL must become members and follow their membership verification processes. After doing this, they can buy the cryptocurrency by depositing an asset in their wallets relative to their FOL transaction pair.


text:
Sen Chiao, PhD
Dr. Chiao is the director of the NASA MIRO Center for Applied Atmospheric Research and Education (CAARE) in the Department of Meteorology and Climate Science at San Jose State University. CAARE is a NASA MUREP funded center established in 2015. Partner institutions with CARRE include: Fond du Lac Tribal and Community College (FDLTCC), University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH), Universities Space Research Association (USRA), NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), and Bay Area Environmental Research Institute (BAERI).
The main research thrusts include: Aerosol and its Impacts on Air Quality, Weather and Regional Climate; Urban heat island (UHI) and Climate Variability; Wildfire Impacts on Air Quality; and Public Health linkages to Air Quality, Weather and Climate. Undergrad and grad students will be involved in research activities. Summer short courses, internships and symposium will be held. If you are interested in the center activities, please contact me directly.
Courses I have taught including: Remote Sensing for Meteorology, Atmospheric Remote Sensing, Marine Meteorology, Numerical Weather Prediction, Mesoscale Meteorology, Intro. to Environmental Flow Modeling, and Planetary Boundary Layer Meteorology, Synoptic Meteorology and Weather Briefing.
I am continuously looking for energetic, creative people at all levels (undergraduate, graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and visiting scientists) to join my research group. I am always happy to discuss potential research projects. If you are interested in my research work, please contact me.
- Air Quality
- Urban Heat Island
- Regional Climate Modeling
- Meso Tropical


text:
A copy of this work was available on the public web and has been preserved in the Wayback Machine. The capture dates from 2020; you can also visit the original URL.
The file type is
This research paper focused on the overview of geotourism potentials in managing the menace of insecurity within Mubi region and environs, North Eastern Nigeria. Data collection was carried out by using the primary & secondary data collection methods. The primary data collection involved geological mapping, photograph taken of geosites using Itel phone camera (360 HD cam) and the secondary data collection was gathering literature materials on the research topic. The research revealed that,doi:10.17577/ijertv7is070013 fatcat:cpcwyqfwhfe3vg7fp3morp56ci


text:
The Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre, MBRSC, has announced that the Soyuz MS-15 spacecraft, carrying the first Emirati astronaut Hazza Al Mansoori, along with Oleg Skripochka and Jessica Meir, successfully docked with the International Space Station, ISS. This marks the beginning of the first spaceflight to be undertaken by an Emirati astronaut and first visit by an Arab astronaut to the ISS, UAE News Agency (WAM) reported.
The Soyuz MS-15 successfully docked the ISS, six hours after its launch. After two hours of safety checks inside the spacecraft, the hatch between the Soyuz and the station were opened to receive the astronauts.
The scientific mission includes experiments involving schools in the UAE as part of MBRSC's Science in Space initiative. The first phase of the initiative witnessed the participation of nearly 16 schools from the UAE, in the presence of Al Mansoori. These experiments will be conducted in a microgravity environment aboard the ISS and the results will be compared with those done on earth, as part of supporting the UAE curriculum with new scientific materials.
Hazza Al Mansoori's ISS mission is part of the UAE Astronaut Programme, which is overseen by the Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre. The UAE Astronaut Programme is the first integrated programme in the Arab region to prepare national cadres to participate in human space flights and carry out various scientific missions, in addition to becoming a part of the research carried out by the global scientific community to devise solutions to many challenges facing humanity.


text:
Brock student launches interactive children's book for iPad
Published on February 05 2013
A Brock PhD student's idea for an interactive children's book has grown into reality.
Danielle Beckett, a certified classroom teacher who now studies learning and cognition in the Faculty of Education at the University, created The Gingerbread Man storybook for the iPad through her start-up company GroDigital.
And this is no ordinary touch and flip e-book for children. Beckett's creation also doubles as a reading assessment tool because of groundbreaking voice-recognition technology developed by computer science students from Brock.
"The voice recognition allows for the child to be assessed while reading and providing feedback to improve their reading performance," says Beckett. "With this project, we're spearheading voice recognition technology."
The interactive choose-your-own-adventure e-book is based upon the popular 19th-century fairy tale, The Gingerbread Man, and is designed for children ages 4 to 8.


text:
Realization of La2MnVO6: Search for half-metallic antiferromagnetism?
SourceSolid State Communications
Google Scholar check
MetadataShow full item record
Single-phase polycrystalline La2MnVO6 samples were synthesized by arc-melting and characterized by X-ray diffraction, magnetization and resistivity measurements. We find that the compound has cubic (space group Fm3̄m), partly ordered double perovskite structure. The sample exhibits ferrimagnetic behavior and variable-range hopping conductivity. We conclude based on the magnetic properties that both Mn and V ions are trivalentmoreover, the Mn3+ ions are in a high spin state, which is the reason that the compound is not a half-metallic antiferromagnet. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


annual' rate. For junior players who may play, say, one of the football codes in winter and cricket in summer, it would be important to note that a rate was a 'seasonal' incidence rate (not including injuries from the other sport) rather than an 'annual' incidence rate (which would include injuries sustained while playing other sports).
 2. For a tournament that lasted for, say, 2 months, injury rates could theoretically be multiplied by six to give an 'annual' injury incidence based on the hypothetical situation of a similar tournament being indefinitely played six times per year. However, in reporting tournament injury incidence (eg, for a World Cup, or in a domestic T20 competition), it may be preferable to use match injury incidence rates rather than annual incidence rates.
Definition of cohorts
The cohort to be followed for a given team should be referred to as the 'squad'. A match-day team generally consists of 11 players (11 active players and the 12th man), whereas a squad for a team contains a varied number of players. The squad to be followed can consist of any number of players, which should be recorded for all times of surveillance (ie, for the entire year if annual surveillance is being undertaken).
A squad should be chosen at the start of the surveillance period, determined in advance. Therefore, injury rates will consider those players who become injured as well as those who avoid injury, and it is possible that a squad will contain injured players at the start of the surveillance period. A squad might consist of a team's designated list of contracted or registered players, or a group of players selected for a particular tournament. However, players may need to be added if they are chosen to play for the team from outside the initial squad. Similarly, players who are de-registered, or are dropped from a contracted professional or international squad, should be removed.
The definition of a squad member for a team may be varied, but an example is as follows:
 1. Any player under contract to the team in question (or a 'registered' player at amateur level).
 2. Any other player who plays in the team first XI (not including 12th man or a fielding substitute) or tours overseas with the team, from the time of his/her first game (or the first tour match) until the end of the cricket year or season (when a new round of contracts is awarded).
For tournament injury surveillance, if the cohort is determined to be the selected squad for the tournament, it should be noted that there would be a strong bias towards injured players not being selected (although occasionally they are, in the hope that they may become fit early on during the tournament). Injury prevalence for tournaments with cohorts chosen in this fashion are likely to be lower than injury prevalence for contracted players on an annual basis, as the tournament cohort is biased against players suffering from pre-existing injuries (who make up a high proportion of the injured cohort when considering injury prevalence).
For additional information pertaining to injury surveillance systems, refer to online supplementary appendix II.
This consensus statement has evolved from the original recommendations of 2005. The evolution of this consensus statement is from being prescriptive ('all studies should use the following methods') to descriptive ('all studies should conduct the most complete injury surveillance possible and clearly describe the methodology'), emulating statements such as PRISMA24 and STROBE.25
A greater motivation for an updated consensus statement is to lead to consistency within the sport of cricket as well as between sports, using definitions that may be compared to those used in other sports. There has also been a greater appreciation that it is impossible and unwise to try to formulate a fixed set of definitions to suit all types of studies within a single sport. Given the concession that definitions will therefore need to vary, the focus of this consensus statement has moved to clarity in choosing and reporting methods used.
The difficulty in providing a single injury definition that will suit all purposes with respect to a sport or injury surveillance system within a sport has been discussed.12,13 To illustrate this argument in a cricket context, consider how shoulder injuries might best be defined in the following circumstances:
 1. To determine whether certain countries/teams or years had higher rates of shoulder injuries than others, a 'time-loss' injury definition may be preferable, as it is the most easily captured, objective and reliable indicator of a significant injury;
 2. To determine shoulder injury rates during a cricket tournament, a 'medical presentation' injury definition may be preferable, as all teams will have medical and/or physiotherapy staff who could hopefully keep consistent data over a limited time period during a tournament;
 3. To determine shoulder injury rates in amateur cricketers, a 'player-report' definition based on physical symptoms may be preferable, as amateurs may or may not have presented to any medical staff with their symptoms but should be able to recall symptoms that have occurred within a reasonable time period, for example, the past year;
 4. To study the development of pathology in the shoulder and its relationship to symptom development in cricketers, a study using an 'abnormal imaging' injury definition, based on ultrasound scan or MRI findings performed on cricketers without shoulder symptoms, could be employed.
Although time-loss definitions are preferable to medical attention injuries in many circumstances, there is one emerging injury category of importance where a medical attention definition is preferable: concussion and head impact injuries. Given the long-term concerns relating to concussion, it is recommended that injury surveillance systems keep a record of all head/neck/helmet impacts irrespective of whether or not they meet the threshold for a concussion diagnosis. That is, any impact to the head or neck region which would prompt the medical staff to ask the player whether they had suffered any symptoms (ie, generate medical attention based on the observed event rather than any symptoms), even if the player claims to have not suffered any injury or symptoms.
Injuries per number of player hours is, in theory, most accurate, but its relevance has been lessened by the rise of T20 cricket.4 A day in which a T20 game is scheduled generating the same number of injuries as a day in which a 50-over match is scheduled would appear to have an injury incidence that was 2.5 times higher, because there were fewer overs bowled. Therefore, a unit of injuries (numerator) over player days (denominator, considering 11 players in action per day) could be used, which is simpler and more representative of actual risk (in a given time period).4 This is analogous to comparing injury rates of various Track athletic events in a per event rate (100 m=one event; Marathon=one event) rather than a rate per hour of competition participation, which would make sprint events appear to be far riskier than distance events.
There are other circumstances specific to cricket where standard definitions are problematic. Within the realm of T20 cricket, some countries have moved to a 'franchise' model of T20 teams which are contractually and operationally distinct from the traditional domestic teams, whereas other countries still combine contracts to play T20 and longer forms of cricket for a single team. It would be inappropriate to state that T20 team cohorts should be either distinct from or combined with longer form surveillance cohorts, as the situation in different countries should lead to a different approach.
A somewhat unique cricket problem when assessing availability to play is the requirement of all players to be able to bat, but only some players need to bowl. The player who is fit to bat but not fit to bowl may be available for selection if their batting ability warrants, but not if selection would rely on also being fit to bowl. For some players who are 'part-time' bowlers but are unfit to bowl, it can be difficult and somewhat subjective to determine if they are missing a game whether this is truly due to injury or selector preference. This is particularly the case where a player continues to play as a batsman only and remains unfit to bowl. A guideline from these definitions is that this would equate to being unavailable through injury for a 'regular bowler', but we concede that these determinations may need to be made on a case-by-case basis. The difficulty is increased if a player is available to bowl but with workload limits recommended by medical staff that effectively result in non-selection in the longer forms of the game.
This complexity of role in cricket has led to our recommendation that injury surveillance systems avoid 'training time-loss' definitions, as many players regularly train in partial fashion. This would render the concept of a 'missed training session' to be too difficult to determine on too many occasions. For a 'general time-loss' injury, we have opted to recommend a daily binary status of 'considered fit to play a cricket match/not fit to play a cricket match' with the role and type of match necessarily being player-specific (ie, what type of match and in what role would a player be expected to be next fit for?).
In conclusion, these new consensus definitions are presented to offer greater flexibility to researchers at choosing methods which suit their study type and encouraging greater rigour in reporting to allow comparison between studies within cricket, and between sports.
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 - Twitter John Orchard _USER_, Craig Ranson _USER_, Isabel Moore _USER_, Jon Patricios _USER_, Nicholas Peirce _USER_ and Caroline Finch, _USER_
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This study aimed to examine whether principles of effective teaching constitute essential criteria for a systematic and successful analysis of lessons. After watching a video of a complete lesson, the participants (each of nine experienced and pre-service teachers) were asked to analyse this lesson in terms of effectiveness for pupils' learning in the form of an open dialogue. Their comments were analysed by means of a qualitative content analysis and revealed that the experienced teachers independently used the wide range of principles of effective teaching and differed significantly from the pre-service teachers in this regard. Particularly striking were the large differences in the activation of knowledge about these five principles: goal orientation, relating cognitive activities to prior knowledge, classroom climate/learning atmosphere, clarity, and using appropriate examples. These differences point to specific development tasks, in order to improve the analytical skills of student teachers within teacher education.
& Seifert, A.
Looking in the Heads of Experienced Teachers – Do they use the Wide Range of Principles of Effective Teaching when Analysing Lessons?.
Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 44(1).


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Joining a multi academy trust is an important decision and one that should result from a period of careful consideration and discussions with a range of potential partners. We have found it helpful to be really clear on the things that we consider important in making these decisions, the first of which is by the far the most important.
Things to consider when joining a multi academy trust:
- Vision and values match with an unflinching determination to improve opportunities and outcomes for all children and young people.
- Consideration of why you want to join our Trust, how we can support your school and how you can contribute to the Trust.
- Willingness to undertake a thorough two-way due diligence process.
- Financial robustness.
- A desire to be part of a thriving community of senior and middle leaders.


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Color Categories
November 22, 2006
Despite dramatic differences in the number of categories and color names, people categorize colors in universal ways.
Cross-cultural color categories. I'm Bob Hirshon and this is Science Update.
Gertrude Stein said "a rose is a rose is a rose." Now, psychologists Delwin Lindsey and Angela Brown of Ohio State University have proven that red is red is red. Using the World Color Survey, they found that people universally classify a color according to its position on the rainbow. In other words, Lindsey says any non-English speaker's word for "red" would also include shades like burgundy, brick, and cherry.
DELWIN LINDSEY (The Ohio State University):
But they certainly would not have a color name that would span two entirely different categories.
He says even cultures with only two color names don't lump together clashing colors, but split the spectrum into warm and cool hues, showing that basic color distinctions arise from our brains and not our cultures. I'm Bob Hirshon, for AAAS, the science society.


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The modern dynamic world requires that basic science courses for engineering, including linear algebra, emphasise the development of mathematical abilities primarily associated with modelling and interpreting, which are not exclusively calculus abilities. Considering this, an instructional design was created based on mathematical modelling and emerging heuristic models for the construction of specific linear algebra concepts: span and spanning set. This was applied to first year engineering students. Results suggest that this type of instructional design contributes to the construction of these mathematical concepts and can also improve first year engineering students' understanding of key linear algebra concepts and enhance the development of higher order skills.
|Journal||Journal of Technology and Science Education|
|Publication status||Published - 1 Jan 2016|
- Emerging models
- Instructional design
- Linear algebra
- Mathematical modelling
- Spanning set