Ask Difference
Silica vs. Silicone — What's the Difference?
By Urooj Arif & Maham Liaqat — Updated on March 15, 2024
Silica is a natural mineral made of silicon and oxygen, while silicone is a synthetic polymer containing silicon, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen.
Silica vs. Silicone — What's the Difference?
Difference Between Silica and Silicone
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Key Differences
Silica is a naturally occurring mineral found in sand, quartz, and various other parts of the earth's crust, primarily composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2). It's known for its hardness and chemical inertness, making it useful in construction, glass making, and as a filler in various products. Whereas silicone is a man-made material, a polymer that includes silicon together with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Silicone is notable for its flexibility, heat resistance, and use in medical devices, cookware, sealants, and lubricants.
While silica serves as a critical component in the production of glass, ceramics, and concrete, contributing significantly to industrial and construction sectors, silicone plays a vital role in the manufacturing of flexible, heat-resistant items ranging from kitchen utensils to electronic device components. This highlights the distinct applications based on their physical and chemical properties.
Silica is known for its rigidity and high melting point, which makes it ideal for use in harsh environments, such as in foundries and construction. On the other hand, silicone is celebrated for its versatility and resistance to temperature extremes, making it suitable for a wide range of temperatures and conditions, from cold storage to hot engines.
In terms of health effects, inhaling finely divided crystalline silica dust can lead to silicosis, a serious lung disease, highlighting the importance of handling silica with care in occupational settings. Whereas silicone, especially medical-grade silicone, is generally considered non-toxic and safe for use in medical implants and cookware, underlining its biocompatibility and safety for direct human contact.
The environmental impact of both materials can vary significantly. Silica, being a natural mineral, is abundant and doesn't pose significant environmental hazards unless processed improperly. Silicone, while more durable and less prone to breaking down into harmful byproducts than some plastics, requires careful disposal and recycling strategies to minimize its environmental footprint, reflecting the considerations needed for synthetic polymers.
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Comparison Chart
Composition
Silicon dioxide (SiO2)
Silicon, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen
Source
Natural mineral
Synthetic polymer
Applications
Glass making, construction, fillers
Cookware, sealants, medical devices, lubricants
Physical Properties
Hard, high melting point
Flexible, heat-resistant
Health Effects
Inhalation of dust can lead to silicosis
Generally non-toxic, safe for medical use
Environmental Impact
Low, unless improperly processed
Requires careful disposal, more durable than plastics
Compare with Definitions
Silica
Essential for the production of silicon metal and silicon carbide.
High-purity silica is used in the electronics industry for producing silicon wafers.
Silicone
Can be formulated into lubricants and adhesives.
Silicone lubricants are used for their effectiveness over a wide range of temperatures.
Silica
A hard, unreactive, colorless compound that occurs as the mineral quartz.
Silica sand is a key ingredient in glassmaking.
Silicone
Features in kitchenware for its non-stick properties and heat resistance.
Silicone baking mats and spatulas are popular for their ease of use and cleaning.
Silica
Used industrially as a major component in ceramics and concrete.
Silica is added to paint as a thickener and to tire rubber as a filler.
Silicone
A synthetic material known for its stability and resistance to extreme environments.
Silicone sealants are used in construction for their durability and flexibility.
Silica
Can cause lung diseases when inhaled as fine dust.
Protective measures are required to prevent silicosis in workplaces handling silica.
Silicone
Utilized in medical devices due to its biocompatibility.
Silicone is commonly used in implants and tubing in medical applications.
Silica
Found in various forms in the natural environment.
Quartz countertops are prized for their silica content and durability.
Silicone
Acts as an insulator in electronic components.
Silicone coatings are applied to protect circuit boards from moisture.
Silica
A white or colorless crystalline compound, SiO2, which in the form of quartz and certain other minerals is a chief component of the earth's crust. Silica sand is used in making a wide variety of materials, such as glass and concrete.
Silicone
A silicone or polysiloxane is a polymer made up of siloxane (−R2Si−O−SiR2−, where R = organic group). They are typically colorless, oils or rubber-like substances.
Silica
Silicon dioxide.
Silicone
Any of a class of synthetic materials which are polymers with a chemical structure based on chains of alternate silicon and oxygen atoms, with organic groups attached to the silicon atoms. Such compounds are typically resistant to chemical attack and insensitive to temperature changes and are used to make rubber and plastics and in polishes and lubricants
Silicone rubber
Modern plastics and silicones
Silica
Any of the silica group of the silicate minerals.
Silicone
Join or otherwise treat (something) with a silicone
The raised planting shelf could be siliconed to the back of the tank
Silica
Silicon dioxide, SiO . It constitutes ordinary quartz (also opal and tridymite), and is artifically prepared as a very fine, white, tasteless, inodorous powder.
Silicone
Any of a large group of oligomers and polymers based on the structural unit R2SiO, where R is an organic group, characterized by wide-range thermal stability, high lubricity, extreme water repellence, and physiological inertness and used in adhesives, lubricants, protective coatings, paints, electrical insulation, synthetic rubber, and prosthetic replacements for body parts.
Silica
A white or colorless vitreous insoluble solid (SiO2); various forms occur widely in the earth's crust as quartz or cristobalite or tridymite or lechartelierite
Silicone
(chemistry) Any of a class of inert, semi-inorganic polymeric compounds (polysiloxanes), that have a wide range of thermal stability and extreme water repellence, used in a very wide range of industrial applications, and in prosthetic replacements for body parts.
Silicone
(transitive) To join or treat (something) with a silicone-based product.
Silicone the bathtub to the tile
Silicone
To enhance or reconstruct (a body part) with a prosthesis containing silicone.
Silicone
Any of a large class of siloxanes that are unusually stable over a wide range of temperatures; used in lubricants and adhesives and coatings and synthetic rubber and electrical insulation
Common Curiosities
Is silicone environmentally friendly?
Silicone is more durable and less prone to breaking down into harmful byproducts than many plastics, but it requires careful disposal and recycling to minimize environmental impact.
What is silica used for?
Silica is used in glassmaking, construction materials, ceramics, and as a filler in various products.
How are silica and silicone different in their applications?
Silica is mainly used in rigid, structural, and abrasive applications like glass and concrete, while silicone is used in flexible, heat-resistant, and medical applications.
Can silicone be recycled?
Yes, silicone can be recycled, but the process is more complex than recycling common materials like paper or certain plastics, requiring specialized facilities.
Are all silicone products safe for food use?
Not all silicone products are created equal; for food use, it's important to choose food-grade silicone that meets safety standards.
How is silica transformed into silicone?
Silica is processed to produce silicon, which is then reacted with methyl chloride and further processed with water to produce silicone, involving several chemical reactions.
Can silica be harmful to humans?
Yes, inhaling fine silica dust can lead to lung diseases like silicosis, making it important to use protective measures in workplaces.
Why is silicone preferred over plastic in cookware?
Silicone is heat-resistant, non-toxic, and has non-stick properties, making it safer and more convenient for cooking than many plastics.
What makes silicone heat-resistant?
Silicone's polymer structure provides stability and resistance to temperature extremes, allowing it to withstand high and low temperatures without degrading.
What is the significance of silica in electronics?
Silica is used to produce silicon, a fundamental material in the manufacturing of electronic components like semiconductors and integrated circuits.
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Written by
Urooj Arif
Urooj is a skilled content writer at Ask Difference, known for her exceptional ability to simplify complex topics into engaging and informative content. With a passion for research and a flair for clear, concise writing, she consistently delivers articles that resonate with our diverse audience.
Co-written by
Maham Liaqat
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Adjectives for colic
Colic adjectives are listed in this post. Each word below can often be found in front of the noun colic in the same sentence. This reference page can help answer the question what are some adjectives commonly used for describing COLIC.
biliary, bilious
flatulent, intestinal
lead, renal
severe, spasmodic
Hope this word list had the adjective used with colic you were looking for. Additional describing words / adjectives that describe / adjectives of various nouns can be found in the other pages on this website.
Please add more adjectives to make this list more complete:
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text:
As part of the Government's 10 Point Plan for a green industrial revolution, BEIS has launched the £68M Longer Duration Energy Storage Demonstration Programme, to support the demonstration of innovative first-of-its-kind technologies which provide UK power grid flexibility. The programme is split into two funding streams, which target technologies at different maturity levels:
Stream 1 Grant Competition: Pre-Commercial Demonstration TRL 6/7
These cover three technology categories (electricity, thermal, power-to-x), and encompass two phases (1. preparatory, 2. build & commission).
Your proposal must:
Projects can be delivered by a single company or a consortium. To lead a project your organisation must:
The minimum technology requirements are:
Stream 1: Grant Competition: Pre-Commercial Demonstration TRL 6/7
This £37.2M grant competition supports capital expenditure for pre-commercial demonstrator proposals.
Phase 1. Mobilisation- put in place technical, legal, financial and commercial measures for Phase 2
Phase 2. Demonstration- build and demonstrate technology
Upon Phase 1 completion, project achievements will be considered to determine eligibility for Phase 2 progression. Activity must be experimental development. % funding determined by applicant size.
TRL 6/7. Must not yet be commercially deployed (in UK or elsewhere). Projects will increase TRLs by minimum of 2 levels.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
The Neosho's headwaters are in Morris County, Kansas, and it flows southeast through Kansas. In Ottawa County, Oklahoma, the river turns south-southwest for the remainder of its course through Oklahoma. It meets the Arkansas River near the city of Muskogee, about a mile downstream of the confluence of the Arkansas River and the Verdigris River.
In Oklahoma the Neosho ends at its confluence with Spring River at Grand Lake. From that point on it has been the Grand River since the early 1800s.
The Neosho has been dammed at several points along its course, in most cases by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. In Kansas, a dam upstream of Council Grove forms Council Grove Lake, and a dam near New Strawn forms John Redmond Reservoir. In Oklahoma, a dam at Langley forms the Neosho's largest reservoir, the Grand Lake o' the Cherokees. A dam near Locust Grove forms Lake Hudson (also known as Markham Ferry Reservoir), and a dam upstream of Fort Gibson forms Fort Gibson Lake.
In Kansas, the Neosho is joined by the Cottonwood River in Lyon County. In Oklahoma, it is joined by the Spring River in Ottawa County and the Elk River in Delaware County.


How Gun Silencers Really Work
Image for article titled How Gun Silencers Really Work
When it comes to undesired noises, silencing guns is the same thing as silencing incessant yammerers. It all comes down to dealing with hot gas.
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When a cork pops out of a champagne bottle, a lid pops off an over-heated jar, or a bullet shoots from a gun; they all result in a sound. High pressure gas is released so suddenly that we can hear the waves of pressure it makes as the waves travels through the air.
Sparkling wine is bottled under pressure. Jars lids pop off because the air inside them heats and expands. A bullet explodes from a gun when gunpowder behind the bullet is ignited. It burns and releases gases violently and quickly. The bullet is the "lid," sitting between the gases and the easiest point of exit from the gun barrel, and so it shoots out into the air. The gas behind it crashes into the air, making the 'bang' that most people associate with gunshots.
Silencers, or "suppressors," are all about finding ways to reduce the speed, volume, and temperature of that gas. They do so using various structures. One structure is just large chamber attached to the end of the gun barrel. This gives the expanding gas somewhere to expand into. It's a little foyer that some of the gas can mill around in, instead of shooting all of it out of the gun at once. Another is a series of small chambers, almost a honeycomb made of metal. The many chambers make the flow of gas choppy, interrupted by diversions. The honeycomb also makes the gas flow over a large, metal surface area. Metal absorbs heat very well. All the heat that goes into the metal comes out of the gas. Since heat makes gas expand, losing some heat will make it contract. That contraction means less pressure, and that means less of a bang.
But not none of a bang. When most guns fire, they create not one bang but two. The first is the expanding gas. The second is a sonic boom as the bullet breaks the sound barrier. There isn't anything a silencer can do about that.
Image for article titled How Gun Silencers Really Work
Some silencers, specifically the ones in movies, can't do anything about either. Many movie silencers are just objects jammed on the end of the gun. Sometimes they're solid, like potatoes, or sometimes they're filled with things that supposedly are going to muffle the sound.
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In the 2007 film Shooter, a silencer was made out of a can filled with socks. It would have been better if the socks had been left out, since all they would do was take up space that the gas could have expanded into. Most packing materials are useless.
The one packing material that can be helpful when making a silencer, is metal. It won't allow the gas to expand, but it can soak up some extra heat. Steel wool, wire, filings, anything that can suck some heat out of the expanding gas.
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Anyone hoping to become an assassin, one truly recession-proof job, is out of luck, though. Suppressors are a less popular term than silencer, but they're a more accurate one. Many sites compare a suppressed gunshot to the sound of a door slamming, or a car backfiring. They can't silently crumple a look-out while an enemy camp is asleep. The most they can do is make people in a fairly noisy area, not too close to the gun, not immediately recognize the sound as gunfire. So, if stealth is a factor, better pack a crossbow.
Note: This is an io9 flashback. The original post ran back in 2010, when Bond movies ruled the world.
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[Via eHow and Softpedia]
DISCUSSION
By
Cool_Breeze
Also:
A way to eliminate the the sonic boom of the bullet is by reducing it's to below 343 meters per second. It will have severely less range, but would still be effective in closed quarters. Maybe use less gunpowder, or some other means to slow the slug? (pun intended).


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Let $1)\\&=&1+2t(1-t)(\Re()-1)) \end{eqnarray}
Since $x\neq y$ and $||x||_2=||y||_2$, we conclude that $x\neq ky$ for every scalar hence we get $\Re()\leq||<||x||_2||y||_2=1$. So, $||tx+(1-t)y||_2<1$.
Thanks everyone.
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1 Answer 1
For $1 < p < \infty$, Minkowski's inequality is an equality if and only if one of the vectors is a multiple of the other by a nonnegative scalar.
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If the vectors is multiple of the other by scalar implies the equality is trivial. How about the converse? – beginner Nov 30 '12 at 6:43
You can go back over the proof of Minkowski's inequality, and Hölder's which is usually used in that proof. At some point you may use something like the fact that the minimum of the function $f(x) = x^p/p - x$ for $x \ge 0$ is at $x=1$. Now note that this is a unique minimum ($f$ is strictly convex)... – Robert Israel Nov 30 '12 at 8:20
Your Answer


text:
By Swami Harshananda
Digbandhana literally means 'shutting out the evil spirits'.
During the performance of ritualistic worship and acts, especially aimed to fulfill the desires, there is a possibility of obstacles to be created by inimical spirits. These spirits have to be 'locked out' of dik during the ritual. It can be done by chanting certain powerful mantras like the vyāhṛtis of the Gāyatrī or syllables like phaṭ. This is called 'digbandhana' or 'digbandha'.
After the ritual is over, the quarters (or dik) have to be reopened. This is called 'digvimoka'.
Exceptional Usage of Digbandhana
The process may also be used to arrest the movements of those who are likely to harm, like criminals. Such use of extraordinary powers has been recorded in the lives of great saints like Tailaṅga Svāmin (19th century) and Vijayadāsa (CE _PHONE_).
- Dik means quarters.
- The Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Swami Harshananda, Ram Krishna Math, Bangalore

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


2.ColumnWidths = "100,150,150"
where lnTeam is a variable
RE: populating listbox
Quote:
Use "table"
No. Remove the double quotes. For example:
CODE
USE TestTeam
But you need to do that once only, before you call the code that sets the RowSource. For example, do it in the Load event of the form. (And you should only do it if the table is not already open.)
This is a better way:
CODE
IF NOT USED("TestTeam")
 USE TestTeam IN 0
ENDIF
Quote:
thisform.list2.RowSource = lnTeam
What's lnTeam? Is it a variable that holds the name of the table? If so, that's fine.
The stuff with column count and column widths look OK too.
Mike

__________________________________
Mike Lewis (Edinburgh, Scotland)
Visual FoxPro articles, tips, training, consultancy

RE: populating listbox
(OP)
Yes lnTeam holds the table name
RE: populating listbox
(OP)
Now this code is giving me fits
on the fwrite line
CODE
lnFileHandle3 = FCREATE('C:\Stats3.txt') && creating final file
PUBLIC newline3
*lnCount3 = OCCURS(',', z)*
LOCAL lnFileHandle7 && numeric file handle
lnFileHandle7 = FOPEN( "C:\Stats2.txt") && open previous file for reading
IF lnFileHandle7 = -1
 && error, could not open the file
 && do something to handle the error
 RETURN
ENDIF
LOCAL lcLine && define a variable to hold each line
DO WHILE NOT FEOF( lnFileHandle7) && loop through the file
 lcLine = FGETS( lnFileHandle7) && store each line in lcLine

 lp1.text3.value = GETWORDCOUNT(lcLine)

 FWRITE(lnFileHandle3, GETWORDCOUNT(lcLine))

ENDDO
FCLOSE(lnFileHandle3)
FCLOSE(lnFileHandle7)
RE: populating listbox
You can only FWRITE() strings into a file, GETWORDCOUNT() returns a number.
Bye, Olaf.
RE: populating listbox
TheGame,
What on earth is this FWRITE() code all about? We were talking about listboxes. Where does this new code you posted come into it?
Have you still got problems with populating your listbox?
Mike
__________________________________
Mike Lewis (Edinburgh, Scotland)
Visual FoxPro articles, tips, training, consultancy

RE: populating listbox
(OP)
Sorry I meant to start that on a new post, I will do that
RE: populating listbox
OK, I saw you new post about FWRITE().
So, what's the story with the listbox? Do you still have the problem, or have you resolved it?
Mike
__________________________________
Mike Lewis (Edinburgh, Scotland)
Visual FoxPro articles, tips, training, consultancy

RE: populating listbox
(OP)
I resolved it, thanks for the ideas, you guys are awesome
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text:
Purpose: To explain the orientation angles used for Inertial Labs devices and how they relate to one another.
Last Updated: August 2019
What's the difference and why does it matter?
Euler angles are generally what most people consider when they picture 3D space. Each value represents the rotation in degrees (it could technically be in any units) around one of the 3 axes in 3D space. Most of the time you will want to create angles using Euler angles because they are conceptually the easier to understand. The flaw is that Euler angles have a problem known as the gimbal lock that prevents certain rotations when two axes align. The solution: quaternions.


text:
1141d – Webinar – Personal Care Assistant Services "What are they and how do I access them?"
(March 2015) Personal Care Assistant services provide assistance to an individual with a disability who needs helps with activities of daily lives (ADLs). These skills are needed to function in every day life. Once families obtain Medical Assistance coverage, they may contact their local agency to request an assessment to determine eligibility and the level of need for the adopted child and family. It is important to understand the role of the PCA and how they can support adoptive families. The following will be discussed.
Activities for Daily Living
Options for Using PCA Services
Steps to the Appeal Process
Information and Resources
Ryan Anderson Pascual joined The Arc Greater Twin Cities as an Advocate in 2008 and since 2013 has served as Senior Advocate. He provides advocacy assistance to individuals and families in areas such as education, county services, Social Security, housing, health care access and more. He also helps extend The Arc's Adelante! Networking Groups for Spanish speaking networks. A large component of Ryan's work is helping families understand, apply for, and maintain health care coverage through Minnesota Health Care Programs. He has also provided direct care services to people with disabilities for 14 years.


text:
The project, which started in January 2014, draws together archaeology, anthropology and scientific analyses to trace the chicken's origins and subsequent spread across the world, from which will come an increased understanding of food security and sustainability, health, and productivity. This article focuses on how genetic analysis of archaeological and modern material can provide vital clues to the chicken's origins and domestication process.
Reporter Ewen Callaway attended the project meeting held recently at Roehampton University where he heard research reports from project members, including those from the team at BU. The BU contingent of the Chicken Project consists of:
- Dr Mark Maltby – Principal Investigator, project coordinator and zooarchaeologist
- Dr Julia Best – Zooarchaeologist whose research targets the spread of domestic chickens in Europe and their exploitation in different periods and regions, with a focus on egg and meat production
- Mike Feider – Researching chicken-related material culture in prehistoric and first millennium AD Europe
- Jackie Pitt – Researching the ecology of chicken domestication and spread, with a focus on climate and environment.
Read the full news article 'Chicken project gets off the ground' online here.
The full project title is 'Cultural and Scientific Perceptions of Human-Chicken Interactions'.


text:
The posterior eye is a complex biomechanical structure. Delicate neural and vascular tissues of the retina, choroid, and optic nerve head that are critical for visual function are subjected to mechanical loading from intraocular pressure, intraocular and extraorbital muscles, and external forces on the eye. The surrounding sclera serves to counteract excessive deformation from these forces and thus to create a stable biomechanical environment for the ocular tissues. Additionally, the eye is a dynamic structure with connective tissue remodeling occurring as a result of aging and pathologies such as glaucoma and myopia. The material properties of these tissues and the distribution of stresses and strains in the posterior eye is an area of active research, relying on a combination of computational modeling, imaging, and biomechanical measurement approaches. Investigators are recognizing the increasing importance of the role of the collagen microstructure in these material properties and are undertaking microstructural measurements to drive microstructurally-informed models of ocular biomechanics. Here, we review notable findings and the consensus understanding on the biomechanics and microstructure of the posterior eye. Results from computational and numerical modeling studies and mechanical testing of ocular tissue are discussed. We conclude with some speculation as to future trends in this field.
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input object(s) provided to the function call.
For instance, the Biostrings package provides multiple implementations of a generic called translate(), for translating DNA or RNA sequences into amino acid sequences. The set of input objects supported by the generic translate() can be listed using the function showMethods(), from the CRAN package methods.
R
showMethods("translate")
OUTPUT
Function: translate (package Biostrings)
x="DNAString"
x="DNAStringSet"
x="MaskedDNAString"
x="MaskedRNAString"
x="RNAString"
x="RNAStringSet"
In the output above, we see that that the generic function translate() includes methods capable of handling objects representing DNA and RNA sequences in the DNAString and RNAString classes, respectively; but also lists of DNA and RNA sequences in objects of class DNAStringSet and RNAStringSet, as well as other classes capable of storing DNA and RNA sequences.
To demonstrate the use of the translate() method, we first load a set of open reading frames (ORFs) identified by the NIH Open Reading Frame Finder for the Homo sapiens actin beta (ACTB) mRNA (RefSeq: NM_001101), using the standard genetic code, a minimal ORF length of 75 nucleotides, and starting with the "ATG" start codon only.
R
actb_orf_nih <- readDNAStringSet("data/actb_orfs.fasta")
actb_orf_nih
OUTPUT
DNAStringSet object of length 13:
 width seq names
 [1] 222 ATGCCCACCATCACGCCCTGGTG...CGGGGCGGACGCGGTCTCGGCG gi|_PHONE_|ref...
 [2] 1128 ATGGATGATGATATCGCCGCGCT...CGTCCACCGCAAATGCTTCTAG gi|_PHONE_|ref...
 [3] 126 ATGATGATATCGCCGCGCTCGTC...CGCCCCAGGCACCAGGGCGTGA gi|_PHONE_|ref...
 [4] 90 ATGTCGTCCCAGTTGGTGACGAT...CTGGGCCTCGTCGCCCACATAG gi|_PHONE_|ref...
 [5] 225 ATGGGCACAGTGTGGGTGACCCC...AGCCACACGCAGCTCATTGTAG gi|_PHONE_|ref...
 ... ... ...
 [9] 342 ATGAGATTGGCATGGCTTTATTT...ATGTAATGCAAAATTTTTTTAA gi|_PHONE_|ref...
[10] 168 ATGGCTTTATTTGTTTTTTTTGT...TTGCACATTGTTGTTTTTTTAA gi|_PHONE_|ref...
[11] 111 ATGACTATTAAAAAAACAACAAT...CCTTCACCGTTCCAGTTTTTAA gi|_PHONE_|ref...
[12] 105 ATGCAAAATTTTTTTAATCTTCG...CCTTTTTTGTCCCCCAACTTGA gi|_PHONE_|ref...
[13] 135 ATGATGAGCCTTCGTGCCCCCCC...TGACTTGAGACCAGTTGAATAA gi|_PHONE_|ref...
Having imported the nucleotide sequences as a DNAStringSet object, we can apply the translate() method to that object to produce the amino acid sequence that results from the translation process for each nucleotide sequence.
R
actb_aa <- translate(actb_orf_nih)
actb_aa
OUTPUT
AAStringSet object of length 13:
 width seq names
 [1] 74 MPTITPWCLGRPTMEGKTARGAS...VWTGGGSAKARLCARGADAVSA gi|_PHONE_|ref...
 [2] 376 MDDDIAALVVDNGSGMCKAGFAG...MWISKQEYDESGPSIVHRKCF* gi|_PHONE_|ref...
 [3] 42 MMISPRSSSTTAPACARPASRATMPPGPSSPPSWGAPGTRA* gi|_PHONE_|ref...
 [4] 30 MSSQLVTMPCSMGYFRVRMPLLLWASSPT* gi|_PHONE_|ref...
 [5] 75 MGTVWVTPSPESITMPVVRPEAY...GFRGASVSSTGCSSGATRSSL* gi|_PHONE_|ref...
 ... ... ...
 [9] 114 MRLAWLYLFFLFCFGFFFFFGLT...QVHTGEVIALLSCKLCNAKFF* gi|_PHONE_|ref...
[10] 56 MALFVFFVLFWFFFFFWLDSGFK...ERASPKVHNVAEDFDCTLLFF* gi|_PHONE_|ref...
[11] 37 MTIKKTTMCNQSPRPHCELWGMLAPTDCCHLHRSSF* gi|_PHONE_|ref...
[12] 35 MQNFFNLRLNTFLFCFILNDEPSCPPFPLFCPPT* gi|_PHONE_|ref...
[13] 45 MMSLRAPPSPFFVPQLEMYEGFWSPWEWVEAARAYLYTDLRPVE* gi|_PHONE_|ref...
In the example above, all amino acid sequences visible start with the typical methionin amino acid encoded by the "ATG" start codon. We also see that all but one of the amino acid sequences visible end with the * symbol, which indicates that the translation process ended on a stop codon. In contrast, the first open reading frame above reached the end of the nucleotide sequence without encoutering a stop codon.
Conveniently, the number of amino acids in each sequence is stated under the header width.
Challenge
Extract the length of each amino acid sequence above as an integer vector. What is the length of the longest amino acid sequence translated from any of those open reading frames?
Compare your result with the sequence information on the UniPro page for ACTB (_URL_
width(actb_aa)
# or
max(width(actb_aa))
The longest translated sequence contains 376 amino acids.
The Uniprot page reports a sequence of 375 amino acids. However, the UniProt amino acid sequence does not comprise any symbol to represent the stop codon. That difference aside, the UniPro amino acid sequence is identical to the sequence that was produced by the translate() method.
The BSgenome package
Overview
In the Bioconductor project, the BSgenome package provides software infrastructure for efficient representation of full genome and their single-nucleotide polymorphisms.
The BSgenome package itself does not contain any genome sequence itself, but provides functionality to access genome sequences available in other Bioconductor packages, as we demonstrate in the next section.
First steps
To get started, we load the package.
R
library(BSgenome)
With the package loaded and attached to the session, we have access to the package functions.
In particular, the function BSgenome::available.genomes() can be used to display the names of Bioconductor packages that contain genome sequences.
R
available.genomes()
OUTPUT
'getOption("repos")' replaces Bioconductor standard repositories, see
'help("repositories", package = "BiocManager")' for details.
Replacement repositories:
 BioCsoft: _URL_
 BioCann: _URL_
 BioCexp: _URL_
 BioCworkflows: _URL_
 BioCbooks: _URL_
 CRAN: _URL_
OUTPUT
 [1] "BSgenome.Alyrata.JGI.v1"
 [2] "BSgenome.Amellifera.BeeBase.assembly4"
 [3] "BSgenome.Amellifera.NCBI.AmelHAv3.1"
 [4] "BSgenome.Amellifera.UCSC.apiMel2"
 [5] "BSgenome.Amellifera.UCSC.apiMel2.masked"
 [6] "BSgenome.Aofficinalis.NCBI.V1"
 [7] "BSgenome.Athaliana.TAIR.04232008"
 [8] "BSgenome.Athaliana.TAIR.TAIR9"
 [9] "BSgenome.Btaurus.UCSC.bosTau3"
 [10] "BSgenome.Btaurus.UCSC.bosTau3.masked"
 [11] "BSgenome.Btaurus.UCSC.bosTau4"
 [12] "BSgenome.Btaurus.UCSC.bosTau4.masked"
 [13] "BSgenome.Btaurus.UCSC


text:
Creating a brilliant future
for all of us...
Crude Impact uncovers some harsh realities about our world and our relationship to fossil fuels. Yet as discussed in the film, there is cause for hope. Crude Impact is meant to inspire us to take action, because as Dr. William Rees says in the film, "this new knowledge gives us the possibility of creating a brilliant future for all us."
In this section, Make an Impact, you will find organizations that are creating positive change in the world – through working to transform private and public institutions, and creating a new world view through both action and thought.
Here you can learn more about the issues, and groups that are addressing them, under Discover the Issues. In Inspire Change, you will see what communities and individuals are doing to meet the various challenges raised in the film, including new and exciting technologies that address issues around energy consumption. Some of the individual stories you will find there are from people who were inspired by Crude Impact.
In Build Your Library, you will find out about books and other films on the many topics related to energy consumption and its impact.
Tag, you're it!

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Amazon Honor 8X Quiz Answer 26 December
By | December 26, 2018
Amazon Honor 8X Quiz Answer 26 December
Question 1. What razor-thin country accounts for more than half of the western coastline of South America?
Answer. Chile
Question 2. What is the hardest substance in the human body?
Question 3. Kalia the Crow, Suppandi and Shikari Shambhu belong to which comic book?
Answer. Tinkle
Question 4. Which is the only continent that occupies all four hemispheres?
Answer. Africa
Question 5. The first iron-cased rockets in the world were successfully developed and deployed for military use by _. Fill in the blanks.
Answer. Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, Kingdom of Mysore
Hello Everyone All of you are welcome Amazon Honox 8X Quiz Answer 26 December and today we have brought for you Amazon Honox 8X Quiz Answer 26 December This contest has been asked for a total of 5 question and we have all published for you the correct answer on the uvtimes.
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Review – On a Cold Dark Sea, by Elizabeth Blackwell
On a Cold Dark Sea
by Elizabeth Blackwell
Genre: Historical Fiction
Length: 279 Pages
Release date:
On April 15, 1912, three women climbed into Lifeboat 21 and watched in horror as the Titanic sank into the icy depths. They were strangers then…
Con artist Charlotte Digby lied her way through London and onto the Titanic. The disaster could be her chance at a new life—if she hides the truth about her past. Esme Harper, a wealthy American, mourns the end of a passionate affair and fears that everything beautiful is slipping from her grasp. And Anna Halversson, a Swedish farm girl in search of a fresh start in America, is tormented by the screams that ring out from the water. Is one of them calling her name?
Twenty years later, a sudden death brings the three women back together, forcing them to face the impossible choices they made, the inconceivable loss, and the secrets they have kept for far too long.
Elizabeth Blackwell's On a Cold Dark Sea is a rather ambitious novel in a certain sense. It seeks to sketch out the lives of three separate women, each from varying backgrounds and social classes, over the course of 20 years, with the focal point being the moment their lives converged: the sinking of the Titanic. Charlotte, Esme, and Anna end up on the same lifeboat and their lives are forever changed in drastically different ways.
While I found each of these characters interesting in her own right, particularly Charlotte with her background of a life of crime sparked by her infatuation with a disreputable man, it felt like the novel did not have enough space to fully develop each women's stories, with its length of less than 300 pages.
The twenty years between the sinking of the Titanic and the later part of their stories are largely skipped over, with some rough sketches of the intervening years filled in through the reminiscing of each woman in the later timeline. While recounting each of these twenty years for each woman would surely make for an overly long and tedious novel, I can't help but feel like there was something missing.
However, there were some things Blackwell accomplished quite deftly in this novel. One of the running themes of the story is that of survivor's guilt and the varying degrees to which different characters suffer from it. In a way, this can become a defining trait of a person, and Blackwell illustrates the wildly different ways this can manifest; can a sense of being unfairly spared lead a person to try to live a more virtuous life? What are the ways this niggling doubt can destroy someone entirely?
"It was very dark and very cold. We did our best in trying circumstances. We survived."
These doubts are exacerbating in some cases by the lack of understanding from the general public. Blackwell draws heavily on historical resources to make this point. There are passages loosely based on the transcripts from the Titanic Disaster Hearings which exemplify how difficult it was for the survivors to express the pressures and panic they endured as the ship went down. Why were lifeboats deployed at less than half capacity? Why was a safety drill cancelled the morning before the sinking? How could any one person, having endured the chaos of unthinkable disaster, reasonably answer these questions?
Blackwell also seems to have a great interest in exploring the moral quandaries raised by some of the survivors. Again, drawing on real historical resources, she posits scenarios which are clearly meant to make the reader ask what they would do in the given situation. Survivors on the under-loaded lifeboat are forced to ask whether or not they should attempt to rescue passengers who are stranded in the water, fearing their boat may be capsized in the attempt.
Overall, this was an interesting exploration of a real-life disaster, but its length left it feeling a bit lacking. The story was atmospheric and the characters were interesting, but they could have been fleshed out more thoroughly than they were. The 20 years between the sinking of the Titanic and the remainder of the story feel a bit hazy despite Blackwell's attempts at filling in the gaps. On a Cold Dark Sea is an enjoyable read, but had there been a bit more substance to it, I think it would have been truly great.
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text:
Region: Jizzakh Region
Geographic Coordinates: 41.558100, 69.704700
Temperature Range: -20.0°C to 35.0°C (-4°F to 95°F)
Iskandar, Also known as Alexander the Great City, Is a historic city situated in the Bukhara region of Uzbekistan. The city was named after Alexander the Great who conquered this region in 329 BC. Iskandar is renowned for its ancient ruins and historical significance. Initially established as a military fortress during Alexander the Great's reign, Iskandar served as an essential trading post along the Silk Road that connected China to Europe. The city played a significant role in shaping Central Asian history and culture. The most prominent landmark in Iskandar is its ancient citadel dating back to 4th century BC.
This impressive structure sits atop a hill overlooking the surrounding landscape and provides an excellent view of the area. Although it has been restored several times throughout its long history, Much of its original architecture has been retained. Another notable landmark in Iskandar is its mausoleum complex dedicated to Saint Baha-ud-Din Naqshbandi, One of Islam's most revered Sufi saints. This complex includes several tombs and prayer halls that attract thousands of pilgrims every year from all over Central Asia and beyond.
Iskandar also features several other historical sites such as ancient mosques, Madrasas (Islamic schools), Bazaars (markets), And caravanserais (rest stops for traders). These sites provide insight into Central Asia's rich cultural heritage and offer visitors a chance to experience traditional Uzbek life firsthand. In recent years, Iskandar has undergone significant development with new infrastructure projects aimed at improving tourism opportunities in the region. New hotels have been built along with modern amenities such as restaurants, Shops, And museums. Overall, Iskandar offers visitors an opportunity to step back into history while experiencing modern-day Uzbekistan's unique culture and hospitality.
Its rich heritage combined with new developments makes it an ideal destination for travelers looking to explore Central Asia's hidden gems.
- Alexander the Great Fortress – a historical site dating back to 329 BC.
- Juma Mosque – one of the oldest mosques in Uzbekistan with intricate Islamic architecture.
- Chashma Complex – a collection of mausoleums and tombs from the 16th century.
- Khoja Ahror Vali Shrine – a revered Sufi shrine dedicated to the patron saint of Samarkand.
- Tomb of Prophet Daniel – a sacred site for Jews, Muslims, and Christians alike believed to house the remains of Prophet Daniel.
- Ulugh Beg Observatory – an ancient observatory built by Ulugh Beg in 1420 AD that was once used for astronomical observations.
- Afrasiyab Museum – an archaeological museum showcasing artifacts from ancient Samarkand dating back over 2,500 years ago.
- Registan Squareone of Uzbekistan's most iconic landmarks featuring three madrasas (Islamic schools) with stunning mosaics and tilework that date back to the 15th century.
- Shah-i-Zinda Necropolis- a complex of mausoleums containing over twenty tombs which are decorated with intricate blue-tiled mosaics.
- Siyob Bazaar- A bustling market where you can find everything from fresh produce to traditional handicrafts.
- Based on research, there is no city or town in Uzbekistan named Iskandar. However, there is a district called Iskandar in the Tashkent region of Uzbekistan. This district is primarily known for its agricultural production of fruits and vegetables.
- Uzbekistan's major industries and businesses include:
- Food processing
- Mining (gold, copper)
- Chemicals (fertilizers)
- Automotive manufacturing
- Construction materials production (cement)
- Alexander the Great: Iskandar is named after Alexander the Great, who conquered this region in 329 BC.
- The Silk Road: Iskandar was an important stop on the ancient Silk Road, which connected China to Europe.
- Timur: Timur (Tamerlane), a powerful ruler of Central Asia in the 14th century, was born near Iskandar.
- Babur: Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire in India and great-great-grandson of Timur, also had ties to Iskandar.
- Russian conquest: In 1865, Iskandar was annexed by Russia as part of their expansion into Central Asia.
- Soviet era: During Soviet times, Iskandar became an important industrial center for cotton production and other agricultural products.
- Independence: After Uzbekistan gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Iskander became an important hub for trade and commerce in Central Asia.
- Earthquake disaster: In 1966, a devastating earthquake struck Jizzakh causing widespread destruction and loss of life.
Notable people from or associated with Jizzakh include:
- Rashidov Sharof Rashidovich – First Secretary of Communist Party
- Akram Yuldashev – Islamic extremist leader
- Rustam Kasimdzhanov – Chess Grandmaster
- Umidjon AbdullaevOlympic boxer
- Alexander the Great Monument is a statue that commemorates the conqueror's visit to Iskandar, also known as Alexandria Eschate, in 329 BC.
- Museum of History and Culture of Iskandar showcases the rich history and cultural heritage of the region.
- Iskandar Art Center features exhibitions, workshops, and performances by local artists.
- Juma Mosque is a historic mosque dating back to the 10th century with intricate tilework and Islamic calligraphy.
- Chilpik Hill offers stunning views of Iskandar and its surrounding landscape.
- Tash Rabat Caravanserai is a well-preserved 15th-century caravanserai located just outside Iskandar that was once used as a resting place for merchants traveling along the Silk Road.
- Sary-Chelek Biosphere Reserve is a protected area that is home to diverse flora and fauna, including rare species such as snow leopards and lynx.
- Arslanbob Walnut Grove is one of the largest walnut forests in the world located about four hours from Iskandar but worth visiting for its natural beauty and cultural significance.
- Karakul Lake is a picturesque lake surrounded by mountains in Tajikistan near Uzbekistan's border accessible via day trip from either Osh city or Iskandar.
- Uzgen Minaret – an ancient minaret dating back to around 11th century AD built during Karakhanid rule over Central Asia which can be reached within an hour's drive from Osh city.
- Navruz – Celebrated on March 21st every year, Navruz is the Persian New Year and a major cultural event in Uzbekistan.
- Silk and Spices Festival – Held annually in May in Bukhara (which is near Iskandar), this festival showcases the traditional crafts of silk weaving and spice trading.
- Sharq Taronalari International Music Festival – This biennial festival brings together musicians from around the world to perform traditional music from their respective cultures.
- International Handicrafts Festival Hunarmand – This festival celebrates traditional handicrafts such as pottery, embroidery, carpet weaving, wood carving etc.
- Bukhara International Puppet Theater Festival – This annual festival features puppet shows from around the world.
- Amir Temur's Birthday Celebration – Celebrated on October 8th every year to honor Amir Timur (Tamerlane), a national hero of Uzbekistan who was born near Iskandar city.
- The National Cotton Fair – A trade fair for cotton growers held annually in Tashkent (the capital city of Uzbekistan) which attracts international buyers and sellers of cotton products.
Note: Please note that these events may be subject to change or cancellation due to various reasons including COVID-19 pandemic restrictions or other unforeseen circumstances beyond our control.
- Plov: This is a traditional Uzbek dish made with rice, meat (usually lamb or beef), carrots, onions, and spices. It is usually served with a side of salad or pickled vegetables.
- Shashlik: This is a popular grilled meat dish that is similar to kebabs. The meat can be lamb or beef and it is marinated in spices before grilling.
- Lagman: This is a noodle soup that has Chinese influences but has been adapted to Uzbek cuisine. It typically includes noodles, vegetables such as carrots and peppers, and sometimes meat.
- Somsa: These are savory pastries filled with either meat or vegetables like pumpkin and potatoes.
- Chaykhana (Teahouse): These are traditional Uzbek tea houses where locals gather to drink tea and eat snacks like somsa while chatting with friends.
Popular Restaurants in Iskandar:
- Zafarbek Restaurant: Known for its plov dishes
- Tashkent Restaurant: Offers traditional Uzbek cuisine including shashlik
- Samarkand Restaurant: Specializes in lagman soup
- Osh Markazi Restaurant: Famous for its plov dishes
- Choyhona Khiva: A teahouse serving tea along with somsa
- Iskandar Park – a popular public park located in the heart of Iskandar that features lush greenery, walking paths, picnic areas, and playgrounds.
- Lake Charvak – a beautiful lake located just outside of Iskandar that offers various water sports such as boating, jet skiing, and swimming.
- Chimgan Mountains – a range of mountains near Iskand


text:
One of the main difficulties in the formation and increase of revenues from hydrocarbon resources is the deterioration of the quality of the mineral resource base and changes in the geography of production. One can observe an increase in the depletion and water content of the fields, an increase in the proportion of highly viscous and high-sulfur oil; the share of stocks in hard-to-reach and infrastructural underdeveloped regions is growing. One of the tools for encouraging subsoil users to develop such resources is to ensure lower rates of deductions to state bodies. The study presents an improved methodological approach to estimating and forecasting state budget revenues from hydrocarbon resources. The main stages of development are investigated and the main trends of the system of tax deductions from oil production are revealed. Explained the use of an approach focused on the forecast of production indicators of production, taking into account the structure of the mineral resource base. The calculations showed the need to reform the system of formation of government revenues from hydrocarbon resources. In the structure of government revenues from hydrocarbon resources, there is a tendency to increase the role of the mineral extraction tax in comparison with the export duty.
|Journal||IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science|
|Publication status||Published - 20 Nov 2019|
|Event||International Scientific and Research Conference on Knowledge-Based Technologies in Development and Utilization of Mineral Resources 2019, KTDUMR 2019 - Novokuznetsk, Russian Federation|
Duration: 4 Jun 2019 → 7 Jun 2019


text:
Other High-Rise Fires
Fires have never collapsed skyscrapers.
The 100+ year history of steel frame high-rise buildings
provides a number of documented examples of
skyscrapers subjected to severe fires.
- 1991 One Meridian Plaza fire in Philadelphia
- Raged for 18 hours
- Gutted 8 floors of the 38-floor building
- 1988 First Interstate Bank Building fire in Los Angeles
- Burned out of control for 3-1/2 hours
- Gutted 4 floors of the 64-floor tower
- Burned low in building
Both fires exhibited:
- large emergent flames
- extensive ongoing window breakage
- blazes filling entire floors
Neither fire damaged the support columns of these buildings.
Report by Iklim Ltd. describes damage in the Los Angeles fire:
In spite of the total burnout of four and a half floors,
there was no damage to the main structural members
and only minor damage to one secondary beam
and a small number of floor pans.
These fires were much worse than those in the Twin Towers or Building 7.
Neither fire significantly damaged any vertical steel columns.


text:
Definition of strong gale in English:
A wind of force 9 on the Beaufort scale (41-47 knots or 47-54 mph).
- And it's possible it could become what we call extra tropical, but it would still be a very strong gale force storm at that time.
- It's hard to tell if it was from strong gale force winds or if it was some sort of tornadic activity.
- An exceptionally strong gale of wind blew through and uprooted an old palm tree.
Definition of strong gale in:
- British & World English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.


Flickr CC: Swamibu
A recently published patent by Microsoft reveals a unique way to provide tactility and texture to the normally flat, glassy feel of a touchscreen. If it came to fruition, your next tablet computer could morph and shape its screen to provide impromptu buttons, keyboards or textures.
The idea was invented by Microsoft's senior user experience designer, Erez Kikin-Gil. Redmond based Kikin-Gil was previously the lead interface designer on the table top touchscreen project, Microsoft Surface.
It uses pixel-sized shape-memory cells that can adjust their topography individually when struck with ultraviolet light. It's all coated with a light-induced polymer that is hard and juts out when one wavelength of UV hits it, and soft and flat when another wavelength strikes the pixel.
So by watching the users fingertips, and carefully transmitting the wavelengths at the correct pixels, the patent claims that tiny dots on the screen can slightly protrude independently from one another, giving a real sense of tactile buttons or textures.
But as the patent describes some seriously bulky technology, like a rear-projector, it's probably going to show up in large scale touchscreens like Microsoft Surface, before the next release of Windows Phone 7.
Latest on


UN Catalogues 'Unimaginable Horrors' Faced By Nigerians In Libya
The United Nations has released a new report, which detailed the unimaginable horrors Nigerian migrants were being subjected from the moment they entered Libya and throughout their stay in that country.
The report, released by the United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) and the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), also showed the horrors of attempting to cross the Mediterranean to Europe.
Entitled: 'Desperate and Dangerous: Report on the human rights situation of migrants and refugees in Libya', it detailed the horrific conditions Nigerian migrants and refugees faced during their transit through and stay in Libya.
The findings were based on first-hand accounts gathered by UN human rights staff from Nigerian migrants in Libya, those who had returned to Nigeria, and Nigerians who managed to reach Italy.
The report covered 20-months up till August 2018, detailing a terrible litany of violations and abuses committed by a range of state officials, armed groups, smugglers and traffickers against migrants and refugees.
The accounts of the Nigerian migrants were mostly those of woes ranging from unlawful killings to gang rape, prostitution, arbitrary detention, torture and inhumane treatment, unpaid wages, slavery, human trafficking, racism and xenophobia.
Libyan law criminalises irregular entry into, stay in or exit from the country with a penalty of imprisonment pending deportation, without any consideration of individual circumstances or protection needs.
For instance, a 27-year-old man from Nigeria, who was held in captivity in Sabratah between May and October 2017, gave an account of death penalty in Libya.
He described witnessing a migrant being shot by a "drunk guard for no apparent reason", and another being shot point blank over a disagreement about a sim card.
A Nigerian woman who had returned home in December 2017, gave account of rape, forced prostitution and other sexual violence.
"To be sold and forced to have sex with Arab or African men either to pay for the journey or to extract your money is a common thing to happen to you as a woman or a girl, all over the journey from day one in the desert until you depart Libya."
A woman from Nigeria who arrived in Italy in April 2018 recounted being raped consecutively by four men, about three times a week, while held at a site in Sabha.
She described how five men would enter detainees' cells together and concurrently rape five women.
When she arrived in Libya, she was in the early stages of pregnancy and suffered a miscarriage, she believed, as a result of rape.
She claimed that when women died at the facility, guards would just shrug and remove the bodies.
Women and girls were compelled to engage in sexual acts against their will and were under the absolute power and control of their captors, the Nigerian migrants recounted.
"In particular, Nigerian women and girls appear to be vulnerable to trafficking by multinational criminal networks in their countries of origin.
"They embark on their journeys believing office work awaits them in Europe but find themselves in so-called "connection houses" ("brothels") in Libya," the report stated.
A 22-year-old Nigerian woman, who was forcibly taken to a "connection house" in Tripoli's Gergaresh neighbourhood shortly after arriving to Libya, was given a "choice" of either paying a "debt" of 24,000 Libyan dinars (then about $28,000) to her traffickers or engaging in sexual activities.
She was forced into the second option for nearly one year until the "connection house" was raided by a Tripoli-based armed group in early 2017.
She described the "connection house" as several three-bedroom flats, where an estimated 100 Nigerian women and girls aged between 15 and 22 shared rooms, using a curtain as a partition when engaged with "clients".
The women were never allowed to leave the "connection house" or to make contact with the outside world; they had to endure being raped by up to 20 men a day.
They were not given any contraception, and several consequently got pregnant and forced to pay for dangerous abortions carried out at the "connection house".
As they were not allowed to keep any money in their possession and therefore unable to make payments directly, their "debts" were increased instead.
The woman described seeing another victim bleed to death following an abortion.
A 19-year-old girl from Nigeria promised domestic work by her traffickers found herself in a "connection house, recounted her shock.
"At first, I refused to work. But if girls refused to work, they – connection house management and guards – would kill you or rape you and do anything they wanted to you.
"I had to stay there for nearly a year, until I paid my debt of 1.3 million Naira ($3,500)," she said.
Apparently due to her inability to pay a ransom, a 20-year-old Nigerian woman was forcibly transferred by smugglers/traffickers from a facility where she had spent one month to a "connection house" for one year and a half until March 2018.
She reported being beaten at the "connection house" in Sabha for initially refusing to engage in sex work.
As in "connection houses" in Tripoli, women and girls as young as 15 reportedly worked and slept at the facility, where they were locked up for the duration of their stay.
They were forced to receive several clients – up to 10 – per day under threat of beatings and other abuse. She reported suffering a miscarriage and not receiving any medical treatment.
A 23-year-old woman from Nigeria intercepted by the Libyan Coast Guard (LCG) off the coast of Zuwara in January 2017 recalled the panic caused when members of the LCG jumped onto their dinghy and shot in the air.
Some migrants and/or refugees were reportedly beaten with hoses and the back of rifles for refusing to point out the "captain" – or individual steering the boat – to the LCG.
A group of Nigerian men, detained at the Zuwara detention centre for two months following interception at sea in January 2018, described being beaten with water pipes and given electric shocks daily.
They also described detainees being locked up in the refrigerated back of a van used to transport perishable food as punishment.
A Nigerian man, who had lived and worked in Libya for 18 years, spent over one year held in the Mitiga detention centre without charge or trial after being handed over to SDF by armed men who kidnapped him in the street and collected a ransom from his wife.
In April 2017, he and dozens of other migrants were transferred from Mitiga detention centre to the DCIM detention centre at Tarik al-Sikka. He was deported in December 2017 for being in the country illegally.
He had no opportunity to explain that his residence had lapsed because he had been in detention. While held at the Mitiga detention centre, he was forced to construct and paint prison cells.
He was also beaten, held in solitary confinement for six months, slept on cardboard and rags and was denied medical treatment and family visits.
A group of 16 Nigerian women arrested during house raids in Misrata in late August 2017 recounted being beaten with sticks and water pipes and being given electric shocks at a local police station, while being called "whores".
They were then transferred to al-Jawiya Prison, apparently on accusations of prostitution and alcohol consumption.
Three women in the group suffered miscarriages in the subsequent two months, possibly due to beatings upon their arrest and medical neglect while in custody.
They were not taken to the hospital when their bleeding started. One of the women, seven-month pregnant at the time, added: "I was feeling very sick. My friends (cellmates) started banging at the door.
"They (prison administration) eventually took me downstairs to give me a drip (in the local clinic), but they refused to transfer me to the hospital. When I lost the baby, I had to flush it, together with the blood clots, down the toilet."
A Nigerian woman described to UNSMIL how "Asma boys" (as migrants refer to criminals in Libya) broke into her house, searching for money.
They beat her even though she was visibly pregnant at the time; she showed UNSMIL a scar on her arm, which she claimed she sustained when she shielded her face from an incoming knife stab.
The report said: "Countless migrants and refugees lost their lives during captivity by smugglers after being shot, tortured to death or simply left to die from starvation or medical neglect.
"Across Libya, unidentified bodies of migrants and refugees bearing gunshot wounds, torture marks and burns are frequently uncovered in rubbish bins, dry river beds, farms and the desert.''
Tens of thousands of young men and women have been returned from Libya by the Federal Government since 2017 through the Voluntary Humanitarian Returns programme of the International Organisation for Migration.
Dame Julie Okah-Donli, Director-General, National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons (NAPTIP), said no fewer than 13,000 trafficked Nigerians had been rescued by the agency by March 2018.
"Some of them came back with all sorts of conditions – some treatable, some untreatable, some with hepatitis, HIV, some with full-blown AIDS," she said, adding many of the victims have psychological problems.
"A lot of them come back mentally sick and so we have to refer them to the mental hospitals because they were traumatised, they've been beaten, raped and used," she said.


Spanish Virgin Islands
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Puerto Rican Virgin Islands / Spanish Virgin Islands
Spanish: Islas Vírgenes de Puerto Rico / Islas Vírgenes Españolas
Location of the Spanish Virgin Islands (yellow) between Puerto Rico (left) and Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
Archipelago Virgin Islands
Adjacent bodies of water Caribbean sea
Area 378.2 km2 (146.0 sq mi)
Territory Puerto Rico
Municipality Culebra and Vieques
Largest city Isabel Segunda (pop. 1459)
Population 11,119
Density 29.27 /km2 (75.81 /sq mi)
South coast of Pineriro Island.
The Spanish Virgin Islands, formerly called the Passage Islands and also known as the Puerto Rican Virgin Islands, primarily consisting of the islands of Culebra and Vieques, are part of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and are located east of the main island of Puerto Rico.
Puerto Rican tourist literature uses the name Spanish Virgin Islands, but most general maps and atlases do not treat these islands as part of the Virgin Islands archipelago.[citation needed] As part of Puerto Rico, the Passage Islands are part of a territory of the United States, and they belonged to Spain before the Spanish-American War in 1898. Spanish remains the predominant language, although English is also common.
The principal islands of the group are Culebra and Vieques, with multiple associated smaller islands and islets. Other islands that are close to the shore of Puerto Rico include: Icacos Island, Cayo Lobo, Cayo Diablo, Palomino Island, Palominito Island, Isla de Ramos, Isla Pineiro, Cayo Lobo. Near Culebra there is Cayo de Luis Pena (named after the second owner).
Culebra's smaller island, Cayo Norte, is part of Culebra National Wildlife Refuge.[1] Much of Vieques is part of Vieques National Wildlife Refuge, formerly a U.S. Navy facility.[2]
 1. ^ U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. "Culebra National Wildlife Refuge". Archived from the original on October 14, 2006. Retrieved March 7, 2007.
 2. ^ U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. "Vieques National Wildlife Refuge". Archived from the original on October 4, 2006. Retrieved March 7, 2007.
Coordinates: 18°13′36.27″N 65°20′18.38″W / 18._PHONE_°N 65._PHONE_°W / 18._PHONE_; -65._PHONE_


text:
Kirthi Devleker, MathWorks
Deep learning is increasingly being incorporated into applications involving signals/time-series data such as voice assistants, digital health, and radar and wireless communications.
In this video, you will learn how you can leverage techniques, such as time-frequency transformations and wavelet scattering networks, and use them in conjunction with convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks to build predictive models on signals.
You will also see how MATLAB® can help you with the four steps typically involved in building such applications:
Deep learning continues to gain popularity in signal processing with applications like voice assistants, digital health, radar and wireless communications. With MATLAB, you can easily develop deep learning models and build real-world smart signal processing systems. Let's take a closer look at the four steps involved.
The first step in building a deep learning model is to access and manage your data. Using MATLAB, you can acquire signals from hardware devices from a variety of sources.
You can also generate synthetic signal data via simulation or use data augmentation techniques if you don't have enough data to begin with.
MATLAB simplifies the process of accessing and working with signal data that is either too large to fit in memory or if you have large collections of signal data.
Once the data is collected and ready, it's now time to interpret the signal data and label it. You can quickly visualize and analyze your signals using the Signal Analyzer app as a starting point.
You can label signals with attributes, regions, and points of interest, and use domain-specific tools to label audio signals to prepare your data for training.
Moving on to the next step.
There are two approaches for performing deep learning on signals.
The first approach involves converting signals into time-frequency representations and training custom convolutional neural networks to extract patterns directly from those representations. A time-frequency representation describes how spectral components in signals evolve as a function of time.
This approach enhances the patterns that may not be visible in the original signal.
There are a variety of techniques for generating time-frequency representations from signals and saving it as images, including spectrograms, continuous wavelet transforms or scalograms, and constant-Q transforms.
The second approach involves feeding signals directly into deep networks such as LSTM networks. To make the deep network learn the patterns more quickly, you may need to reduce the signal dimensionality and variability. To do this, you have two options in MATLAB:
You can manually identify and extract features from signals, or
You can automatically extract features using invariant scattering convolutional networks which provide low-variance representations without losing critical information
Once you select the right approach for your signals, the next step is to train the deep networks which can be computationally intensive and take anywhere from hours to days. To help speed this up, MATLAB supports training on single or multiple NVIDIA GPUs on local machines or cloud-based systems. You can also visualize the training process to get a sense of the progress long before it finishes.
Finally, you can automatically generate optimized CUDA code for your signal preprocessing algorithms and deep networks to perform inference on embedded GPUs.
To learn more about our deep learning capabilities, check out mathworks.com. We have a large collection of examples to help get you started with using deep learning for signals.


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Graviton catapult
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File:Subspace catapult.jpg
"Can we ask you what it's supposed to do?"
- Commander Chakotay and Tash
A graviton catapult propels spacecraft across space. The power core of the catapult generates a massive graviton surge, that locks on to a ship through an array of projectors. The surge sends the ship hurtling into null space for some hours. Upon emerging back to normal space, the vessel has jumped many hundreds or even thousands of light years. The distance is determined by the graviton field strength.
Having helped Tash's starship to successfully use the catapult to get home, Tash sent recommendations for deflector shield adjustments to the Voyager, so they would not experience similar system overloads during mid-flight. Following the enhancements to the shield variance, the crew of the Voyager used this device to travel across 30 sectors in less than an hour, taking three years off their journey home.
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text:
transitive verb guided, guiding
- to point out the way for; direct on a course; conduct; lead
- to direct the course or motion of (a vehicle, implement, etc.) by physical action
- to give instruction to; train
- to direct (the policies, actions, etc.) of; manage; regulate
ME giden < OFr guider < guide < It guida < Goth *wida, leader, guide < *witan, to observe, akin to OE witan, to see: see wise
a person or thing that guides; specif.,
- a person whose work is conducting strangers or tourists through a region, building, etc.
- a person who directs, or serves as the model for, another's conduct, career, etc.
- a part that controls the motion of other parts of a machine
- a guidebook
- a book giving instruction in the elements of some subject; handbook: a guide to mathematics
- Mil. a soldier at the right front of a column, who regulates its pace and alignment and indicates its route


.
 Time func() time.Time
 // Certificates contains one or more certificate chains to present to
 // the other side of the connection. Server configurations must include
 // at least one certificate or else set GetCertificate. Clients doing
 // client-authentication may set either Certificates or
 // GetClientCertificate.
 Certificates []Certificate
 // NameToCertificate maps from a certificate name to an element of
 // Certificates. Note that a certificate name can be of the form
 // '*.example.com' and so doesn't have to be a domain name as such.
 // See Config.BuildNameToCertificate
 // The nil value causes the first element of Certificates to be used
 // for all connections.
 NameToCertificate map[string]*Certificate
 // GetCertificate returns a Certificate based on the given
 // ClientHelloInfo. It will only be called if the client supplies SNI
 // information or if Certificates is empty.
 //
 // If GetCertificate is nil or returns nil, then the certificate is
 // retrieved from NameToCertificate. If NameToCertificate is nil, the
 // first element of Certificates will be used.
 GetCertificate func(*ClientHelloInfo) (*Certificate, error)
 // GetClientCertificate, if not nil, is called when a server requests a
 // certificate from a client. If set, the contents of Certificates will
 // be ignored.
 //
 // If GetClientCertificate returns an error, the handshake will be
 // aborted and that error will be returned. Otherwise
 // GetClientCertificate must return a non-nil Certificate. If
 // Certificate.Certificate is empty then no certificate will be sent to
 // the server. If this is unacceptable to the server then it may abort
 // the handshake.
 //
 // GetClientCertificate may be called multiple times for the same
 // connection if renegotiation occurs or if TLS 1.3 is in use.
 GetClientCertificate func(*CertificateRequestInfo) (*Certificate, error)
 // GetConfigForClient, if not nil, is called after a ClientHello is
 // received from a client. It may return a non-nil Config in order to
 // change the Config that will be used to handle this connection. If
 // the returned Config is nil, the original Config will be used. The
 // Config returned by this callback may not be subsequently modified.
 //
 // If GetConfigForClient is nil, the Config passed to Server() will be
 // used for all connections.
 //
 // Uniquely for the fields in the returned Config, session ticket keys
 // will be duplicated from the original Config if not set.
 // Specifically, if SetSessionTicketKeys was called on the original
 // config but not on the returned config then the ticket keys from the
 // original config will be copied into the new config before use.
 // Otherwise, if SessionTicketKey was set in the original config but
 // not in the returned config then it will be copied into the returned
 // config before use. If neither of those cases applies then the key
 // material from the returned config will be used for session tickets.
 GetConfigForClient func(*ClientHelloInfo) (*Config, error)
 // VerifyPeerCertificate, if not nil, is called after normal
 // certificate verification by either a TLS client or server. It
 // receives the raw ASN.1 certificates provided by the peer and also
 // any verified chains that normal processing found. If it returns a
 // non-nil error, the handshake is aborted and that error results.
 //
 // If normal verification fails then the handshake will abort before
 // considering this callback. If normal verification is disabled by
 // setting InsecureSkipVerify, or (for a server) when ClientAuth is
 // RequestClientCert or RequireAnyClientCert, then this callback will
 // be considered but the verifiedChains argument will always be nil.
 VerifyPeerCertificate func(rawCerts [][]byte, verifiedChains [][]*x509.Certificate) error
 // RootCAs defines the set of root certificate authorities
 // that clients use when verifying server certificates.
 // If RootCAs is nil, TLS uses the host's root CA set.
 RootCAs *x509.CertPool
 // NextProtos is a list of supported, application level protocols.
 NextProtos []string
 // ServerName is used to verify the hostname on the returned
 // certificates unless InsecureSkipVerify is given. It is also included
 // in the client's handshake to support virtual hosting unless it is
 // an IP address.
 ServerName string
 // ClientAuth determines the server's policy for
 // TLS Client Authentication. The default is NoClientCert.
 ClientAuth ClientAuthType
 // ClientCAs defines the set of root certificate authorities
 // that servers use if required to verify a client certificate
 // by the policy in ClientAuth.
 ClientCAs *x509.CertPool
 // InsecureSkipVerify controls whether a client verifies the
 // server's certificate chain and host name.
 // If InsecureSkipVerify is true, TLS accepts any certificate
 // presented by the server and any host name in that certificate.
 // In this mode, TLS is susceptible to man-in-the-middle attacks.
 // This should be used only for testing.
 InsecureSkipVerify bool
 // CipherSuites is a list of supported cipher suites. If CipherSuites
 // is nil, TLS uses a list of suites supported by the implementation.
 CipherSuites []uint16
 // PreferServerCipherSuites controls whether the server selects the
 // client's most preferred ciphersuite, or the server's most preferred
 // ciphersuite. If true then the server's preference, as expressed in
 // the order of elements in CipherSuites, is used.
 PreferServerCipherSuites bool
 // SessionTicketsDisabled may be set to true to disable session ticket
 // (resumption) support. Note that on clients, session ticket support is
 // also disabled if ClientSessionCache is nil.
 SessionTicketsDisabled bool
 // SessionTicketKey is used by TLS servers to provide session
 // resumption. See RFC 5077. If zero, it will be filled with
 // random data before the first server handshake.
 //
 // If multiple servers are terminating connections for the same host
 // they should all have the same SessionTicketKey. If the
 // SessionTicketKey leaks, previously recorded and future TLS
 // connections using that key are compromised.
 SessionTicketKey [32]byte
 // ClientSessionCache is a cache of ClientSessionState entries for TLS
 // session resumption. It is only used by clients.
 ClientSessionCache ClientSessionCache
 // MinVersion contains the minimum SSL/TLS version that is acceptable.
 // If zero, then TLS 1.0 is taken as the minimum.
 MinVersion uint16
 // MaxVersion contains the maximum SSL/TLS version that is acceptable.
 // If zero, then the maximum version supported by this package is used,
 // which is currently TLS 1.2.
 MaxVersion uint16
 // CurvePreferences contains the elliptic curves that will be used in
 // an ECDHE handshake, in preference order. If empty, the default will
 // be used.
 CurvePreferences []CurveID
 // DynamicRecordSizingDisabled disables adaptive sizing of TLS records.
 // When true, the largest possible TLS record size is always used. When
 // false, the size of TLS records may be adjusted in an attempt to
 // improve latency.
 DynamicRecordSizingDisabled bool
 // Renegotiation controls what types of renegotiation are supported.
 // The default, none, is correct for the vast majority of applications.
 Renegotiation RenegotiationSupport
 // KeyLogWriter optionally specifies a destination for TLS master secrets
 // in NSS key log format that can be used to allow external programs
 // such as Wireshark to decrypt TLS connections.
 // See _URL_
 // Use of KeyLogWriter compromises security and should only be
 // used for debugging.
 KeyLogWriter io.Writer
 // contains filtered or unexported fields
}
A Config structure is used to configure a TLS client or server. After one has been passed to a TLS


text:
Audiovisual synchrony perception for music, speech, and object actions.
Vatakis A., Spence C.
We investigated the perception of synchrony for complex audiovisual events. In Experiment 1, a series of music (guitar and piano), speech (sentences), and object action video clips were presented at a range of stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) using the method of constant stimuli. Participants made unspeeded temporal order judgments (TOJs) regarding which stream (auditory or visual) appeared to have been presented first. Temporal discrimination accuracy was significantly better for the object actions than for the speech video clips, and both were significantly better than for the music video clips. In order to investigate whether or not these differences in TOJ performance were driven by differences in stimulus familiarity, we conducted a second experiment using brief speech (syllables), music (guitar), and object action video clips of fixed duration together with temporally reversed (i.e., less familiar) versions of the same stimuli. The results showed no main effect of stimulus type on temporal discrimination accuracy. Interestingly, however, reversing the video clips resulted in a significant decrement in temporal discrimination accuracy as compared to the normally presented for the music and object actions clips, but not for the speech stimuli. Overall, our results suggest that cross-modal temporal discrimination performance is better for audiovisual stimuli of lower complexity as compared to stimuli having continuously varying properties (e.g., syllables versus words and/or sentences).


8 Ways Your Houston Tenants Can Baby Proof Your Rental
If you own single family residential rental properties, young families can be an excellent target market for tenants. They're often looking for a stable place to live and may stick around for a year or two. But with young families come young kids. And it's in your best interest to let your tenants baby proof the property while living there.
8 Ways to Let Tenants Baby Proof
Many landlords get uncomfortable when talking about the idea of baby proofing a rental unit, but this isn't something to push back on. Yes, it may put some additional wear and tear on your property, but it's better than the alternative. (If a young child were to be injured, or worse, on your property, you could face serious liability issues.)
Here are some ways you can let your tenants baby proof your property without causing permanent or unnecessary changes:
1. Baby Gates
Baby gates act as on-demand crowd control for a busy family with young children. As soon as children begin crawling, it's important to install gates to keep them confined and out of rooms where they could get into trouble.
Baby gates come in a variety of options, which means a renter can find options that are temporary and don't require installing hardware into door frames or walls.
2. Electrical Outlets
As you may know, babies are curious about everything. They're just becoming acquainted with the world around them and everything is new and exciting. This includes dangerous parts of the home that are situated at their eye level – like electrical outlets.
When kids first start crawling, they almost always gravitate toward electrical outlets. They want to play with them, which usually means sticking their fingers in and around the different slots and holes. Outlets can be protected by installing cheap plastic inserts. You can get dozens for just a few bucks.
3. Sharp Edges and Corners
You probably don't realize how many sharp edges are in a house, but examine it through the lens of a toddler and you'll get clear. From end tables and coffee tables to appliances and countertops, sharp edges are everywhere. To protect kids from being cut or scraped, bumper guards should be installed. Renters may also find it easier to remove certain pieces of furniture for the time-being.
4. Cabinet Locks
Once babies begin crawling, they'll move around faster than you can say, "Where'd he go?"
"As they begin to pull up they will try to climb on everything," one mom writes, "and curious toddlers and preschoolers can let themselves into rooms or other areas of the house like near the fireplace that are normally considered off-limits and search drawers for interesting and exciting treasures."
While there are plenty of cabinet locks that involve screws and hardware, you probably don't want your renters drilling holes into your cabinetry. Thankfully, there are a variety of no-drill options. This includes:
Magnetic door locks that stick onto cabinets with a peel-safe adhesive and latch with ease.
Adhesive cabinet locks that can be placed on the outside of cabinets and toilets to keep little people where they don't belong (without marring surfaces).
If cabinets have drawer knobs or bar pulls, sliding cabinet locks can be used to latch doors in place and prevent them from being opened.
Ultimately, your tenant will have to decide what they want to purchase and use. However, giving them a variety of no-drill options will allow them to make a smart decision that keeps their child safe.
5. Heavy Furniture
A few years ago, IKEA had to recall 29 million chest and drawer sets after they were discovered to be a tipping hazard. This was a wakeup call for many parents and began to expose the risk that heavy furniture can be for toddlers and young children.
When children pull on heavy furniture and/or attempt to climb on it, the uneven weight distribution can cause it to tip over on them. This may lead to serious injury or even death. Thankfully, there are straps and anchors your tenants can purchase to secure these pieces to the wall. You should definitely allow your tenants to install them, even if it means you have to go back and patch the walls later on.
6. Chemicals and Cleaning Supplies
Few things can be more dangerous to a child's health than hazardous chemicals and cleaning supplies. Whether kept on a shelf in the pantry, underneath the sink, or in the garage, these bottles can quickly become poisonous when they end up in the hands/mouth of a toddler.
Encourage your tenants to be mindful of where they keep supplies – ideally relocating them to upper shelves and/or behind locks.
7. Faucets and Appliances
Most child-related burns occur from hot water and ovens. You can do your part to prevent a tenant from being injured by taking precautionary steps.
To prevent water-related burns, dial the home's water heater back to a normal/safe level. You can also install anti-scald faucets to prevent children from accidentally burning themselves.
As for appliances, always purchase ovens that come with safety locks built in. This is a pretty standard feature these days, but it's still wise to research options. (Make sure your tenants know that the oven is equipped with a lock and show them how to use it.)
8. Lawn and Outdoor Areas
Baby proofing extends beyond the home's interior and includes outside areas – like the yard. Be mindful of the products you're using to treat the lawn. Fertilizer or weed-killing chemicals could prove to be toxic when they end up near a young child. Do your best to avoid using these sorts of treatments.
It's also important to address issues like steep stairs on the front porch or second-story screened porches that a toddler could fall through. Again, things that are normally not an issue for adults can be life-threatening to a curious toddler.
Green Residential: Houston Property Management
At Green Residential, we believe happy tenants make happy landlords. So while our primary loyalty will always be to you, our client, we take pride in our ability to keep tenants happy. Whether it's helping them navigate small issues, like baby proofing, or more complicated ones, like signing lease agreements and setting up payments, we're here to cultivate healthy relationships. Contact us today to learn more!
_TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_
PropertyOwners PropertyMaintenance PropertyManagement News ApartmentRental


text:
Title: Enriching the AR(p) process with skewed generalised normal innovations
Authors: JT Ferreira - University of Pretoria (South Africa) [presenting]
Ane Neethling - University of Pretoria (South Africa)
Andriette Bekker - University of Pretoria (South Africa)
Mehrdad Naderi - University of Pretoria (South Africa)
Abstract: The autoregressive (AR) process of order $p$ is of common value in many areas of research, not necessarily only in a time series environment. Usually, innovations are assumed to be iid normally distributed; this assumption may not characterise some true processes adequately due to the normal distributions restrictions regarding asymmetry. A skew generalised normal distribution is presented as an alternative to the usual normal assumption. It can account for not only skewness but also heavier tails that innovations might exhibit. This model is compared to previously proposed models, and its position as a valid contender as the choice of innovation process discussed via some simulation studies and data analysis.


text:
By HENRY FREDERICK
Who knew? The crying Indian in the early 1970s ant-littering PSA commercial on TV was not Native American after all. This, according to Today I Found Out, the informative YouTube channel.
Simon Whistler, the narrator of the YouTube channel introduces the late Oscar "Iron Eyes" Cody as "The Crying Indian who wasn't."
Cody portrayed Native Americans in more than 200 films and countless television shows over his 64-year career. But his greatest role perhaps was that of the Native American Indian who sheds a ear when trash is thrown at his feet by those in a passing car near a riverbank after he's gotten out of a canoe.
Cody was actually the son of two Italian immigrants to the US.
Here is a synopsis of how Cody is described by TodayIFoundOut.com:
Born on April 3, 1904 as Espera Oscar de Corti, Cody's parents were both Sicilian immigrants (Antonio de Corti and wife, Francesca Salpietra). He grew up in Gueydan, Vermilion Parish, Louisiana, where his parents ran a grocery store.
After his father and mother split up, Cody joined his father in Texas, where the family surname was shortened to just Corti. Oscar and his brothers, Joseph and Frank, eventually took off to California (supposedly after being exposed to movie making when a film crew used their farm as a set), changed their last name to Cody, and began working in Hollywood. Throughout his career, despite several actual Native American actors being highly skeptical of his supposed heritage, Cody claimed that he was of Cherokee-Cree descent. Besides other facets of his origin story that changed over the years, he frequently changed the stated place of his birth, perhaps to hide his true ancestry...
Cody appeared in over 200 films and TV shows and worked with some of the top names in Hollywood at the time including John Wayne (The Big Trail 1930), Joseph Cotton (The Great Sioux Massacre 1965), Steve McQueen (Nevada Smith 1966) and Richard Harris (A Man Called Horse 1970).


compiling multiple source files
This is a discussion on compiling multiple source files within the C++ Programming forums, part of the General Programming Boards category; Hey all, for my next assignment, I decided to try and compile from multiple source files. One as a header ...
 1. #1
 Registered User
 Join Date
 Feb 2011
 Posts
 15
 compiling multiple source files
 Hey all, for my next assignment, I decided to try and compile from multiple source files. One as a header for function and structure definitions, a cpp file for declarations, and a main for a driver. The code looks something like this:
 Header:
 Code:
 #include <iostream>
 using namespace std;

 struct point
 { double x;
 double y;
 };

 struct circle
 { point center;
 double radius;
 };

 struct triangle
 {
 point a;
 point b;
 point c;
 };

 double Distance (point a, point b);

 double areaOfcircle (double radius);

 double Perimeter (double radius);

 void triangleDistance( point a, point b, point c);
 Main program file:
 Code:
 #include <iostream>
 #include "untitled.h"
 using namespace std;
 int main()
 {
 point p1;
 point p2;
 p1.x = 1;
 p1.y = 2;
 p1.x = -1;
 p1.x = -2;
 cout << Distance (p1,p2) << endl;

 circle a;
 a.center.x = 1;
 a.center.y = 2;
 a.radius = 3;
 cout << areaOfcircle (a.radius) << endl;
 cout << Perimeter (a.radius) << endl;

 point b;
 point c;
 point d;
 b.x = 1;
 b.y = 2;
 c.x = 3;
 c.y = 4;
 d.x = 5;
 d.y = 6;
 triangleDistance(b,c,d);
 return 0;

 }
 And Function Declaration file (this is the file that's giving me errors):
 Code:
 /*
 #include "untitled.h"
 //Function Declarations

 #include <iostream>
 #include <cmath>
 using namespace std;
 const double pi = 3.14159265358979323846;

 double Distance (point a , point b )
 {
 double answer = sqrt ((a.x-b.x)(a.x-b.x) + (a.y-b.y)(a.y-b.y) );
 return answer; // The error states : '(a.point::x-b.point::x)' cannot be used as a function
 }
 double areaOfcircle (double radius)
 {
 double answer = pi * radius* radius;
 return answer;
 }
 double Perimeter (double radius)
 {
 double answer = 2 * pi * radius;
 return answer;
 }
 void triangleDistance( point b, point c, point d)
 {
 double answer = sqrt ((b.x-c.x)(b.x-c.x) + (b.y-c.y)(b.y-c.y) ); // The error states : '(a.point::x-b.point::x)' cannot be used as a function
 cout << "length of side 'a' is: "<< answer;
 double answer2 = sqrt ((b.x-d.x)(b.x-d.x) + (b.y-d.y)(b.y-d.y) ); // The error states : '(a.point::x-b.point::x)' cannot be used as a function
 cout << "length of side 'a' is: "<< answer2;
 double answer3 = sqrt ((c.x-d.x)(c.x-d.x) + (c.y-d.y)(c.y-d.y) ); // The error states : '(a.point::x-b.point::x)' cannot be used as a function
 cout << "length of side 'a' is: "<< answer3;
 return;
 }
 I've never split up a project into different files before, and I'm only just learning about structures, so I'm not sure what my error in the declaration file is, much less understand what the compiler's trying to say. Thanks in advance for any and all help.
 2. #2
 C++まいる！Cをこわせ！ Elysia's Avatar
 Join Date
 Oct 2007
 Posts
 22,167
 >>(a.x-b.x)(a.x-b.x) + (a.y-b.y)(a.y-b.y)
 You cannot perform multiplication this way. Write out the multiplication operator *.
 Quote Originally Posted by Adak View Post
 io.h certainly IS included in some modern compilers. It is no longer part of the standard for C, but it is nevertheless, included in the very latest Pelles C versions.
 Quote Originally Posted by Salem View Post
 You mean it's included as a crutch to help ancient programmers limp along without them having to relearn too much.
 Outside of your DOS world, your header file is meaningless.
 For information on how to enable C++11 on your compiler, look here.
 よく聞くがいい！私は天才だからね！ ^_^
 3. #3
 Registered User
 Join Date
 Feb 2011
 Posts
 15
 Oh. Two hours well spent. Thank you very much for the help. Out of curiousity, could you explain what using the wrong operator has anything to do with the error message I received?
 4. #4
 C++まいる！Cをこわせ！ Elysia's Avatar
 Join Date
 Oct 2007
 Posts
 22,167
 The compiler is confused. I believe it interprets (a.x-b.x) as a cast, but then sees (a.x-b.x) afterwards, thinking it is some function pointer cast or the like and tries to interpret it as a function call. But that doesn't work, obviously.
 Quote Originally Posted by Adak View Post
 io.h certainly IS included in some modern compilers. It is no longer part of the standard for C, but it is nevertheless, included in the very latest Pelles C versions.
 Quote Originally Posted by Salem View Post
 You mean it's included as a crutch to help ancient programmers limp along without them having to relearn too much.
 Outside of your DOS world, your header file is meaningless.
 For information on how to enable C++11 on your compiler, look here.
 よく聞くがいい！私は天才だからね！ ^_^
 5. #5
 C++ Junkie Mozza314's Avatar
 Join Date
 Jan 2011
 Location
 Australia
 Posts
 174
 '(a.point::x-b.point::x)' cannot be used as a function
 The compiler is saying that the subtraction of these values is not a function. Because (a.x - b.x) is a value, the parentheses following it are interpreted as the function call operator; hence the compiler complains you are trying to use (a.x - b.x) as a function.
 It's possible for the expression
 Code:
 (a.x - b.x)(a.x - b.x)
 to not produce an error. Observe:
 Code:
 #include <iostream>

 struct Strange
 {
 Strange& operator-(Strange& rhs) { return *this; }
 void operator()(Strange&) { std::cout << "Strange's operator() called" << std::endl; }
 };

 struct Point
 {
 Strange x;
 Strange y;
 };

 int main()
 {
 Point a, b;
 (a.x - b.x)(a.x - b.x);

 return 0;
 }
 Output:
 Code:
 Strange's operator() called
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What are vectors?
6. Element vectors must be of same data type
Vector operations
Indexing and filtering
Summary
Instruction
We're making good progress! What about mixing data types and storing both numbers and strings in one vector? It's not possible, as each vector must consist of elements that are of the same data type. There is a subtlety, though... if you try to mix data types in a vector, R will not complain. Instead, it will silently convert all values to a common data type. For example, the vector
salaries <- c(3100, "three thousand and four hundred", 2700)
will become a character vector. The numerical values (in this case, 3100 and 2700) will be automatically converted to the strings "3100" and "2700", respectively, by R. Thus, when you type salaries into your editor, you'll get the following output:
[1] "3100" "three thousand and four hundred" "2700"
Exercise
Create a vector named employment_start_year that stores following elements: 2010, 2013, "nineteen ninety-nine", 2010, and 2000.
This vector stores the years in which the top five employees started working at Versico. Notice how R does not complain when you mix numerical and string data types — it just implicitly converts any numerical values to strings for consistency.
Stuck? Here's a hint!
You should assign the following vector to the employment_start_year:
c(2010, 2013, "nineteen ninety-nine", 2010, 2000)