text:
CHALLENGES FACED" BY REGULAR TEACHERS, IN TEACHING WITH SPELLING PROBLEMS IN SOME SELECTED SCHOOLS IN TOMBEL
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This research investigated "Challenges faced by regular teachers in some selected schools in Tombel." The main research question of the study was, do regular teachers face problems in teaching children with spelling problems? The research design used in the work was the descriptive survey research design while the study consisted of only pupils with spelling problems from Government school Tombel Group One and Two, catholic school Tombel, Government School Ngapand Presbyterian School Tombel. The population size of teachers who answered the questionnaires concerning the pupils was 50.10 per school. The closed ended questionnaire was used and the major findings revealed that teachers face challenges in teaching children with spelling problems as/ home background is a major cause of spelling problems, likewise teachers teaching methods also is a cause of spelling problems again, children are also unable to discriminate certain sound and words. Inattentiveness is also a cause of spelling problems in pupils.
Education process develops an individual intellectually, emotionally, spiritual and physically so that all may become fully participating members of the community (Tambo 2003). Children face spelling problems at the elementary level which makes them unable to read and spell at the upper level. We shall also discuss some of the challenges faced by regular teachers in teaching children with spelling problems in the write up accordingly.
1.1 Background To The Study
A teacher is on who impacts knowledge to a learner. If they do not enjoy what they are doing, the students will be able to tell. They also must enjoy being around their students. A teacher who cares for their students is going to help that individual succeed in their life in the future. Teachers are of various categories namely regular teachers and special teachers. The former are the normal teachers while the latter are those who have been trained to handle special needs. As for the regular teachers they teach using didactic materials, teaching methods and try to solve problems of special needs children even though they have not had a training on special education. Therefore, they would obviously face problems in teaching children with spelling problems which would be seen in the write up. And the sound is straight forward as each letter or letter combination almost always represents one certain sound. The way in which letters are arranged in sequence to produce the pronunciation of a word is referred as spelling or orthography. In some languages, the correspondence between the letter.
White Smoke (2002), the way in which letters are arranged in sequence to produce the pronunciation of a word is referred to as spelling or orthography. In some languages, such as Spanish, the correspondence between the letter and the sound is fairly straight forward as each letter or letter combination almost always represents one certain sound. For example, compare the Spanish maleta with its English equivalent suitcase. The pronunciation of the vowels a and e in the former remains relatively constant across words, whereas that of u, i, a, and e in the latter is far from being stable across the English vocabulary, the largest and richest of all languages.
During the rather complex history of English, the language has been subjected to numerous influences that resulted in it actually becoming a mixture of other languages, benefiting from abundant contributions to its vocabulary, but also blending different spelling systems. These contribute to the irregular and sometimes incredibly inconsistent and confusing spelling of the written language, which in turn interacts with a varied and sometimes unpredictable pronunciation. In order to master English spelling, one needs to learn a great many spelling rules and be aware of the numerous possible letter combinations.
One of the most notorious inconsistencies among letter-sound correspondences is represented in the various sounds of the letter combination ough. Robert A. Heinlein in his novel The Door into summer came up with the following sentence to demonstrate this: "Though the tough cough and hiccough plough him through." Though is pronounced as slow, tough as huff, and cough rhymes with off. Hiccough is pronounced as cup, plough as how, and through rhymes with you. Such spelling inconsistencies were ridiculed by playwright George Bernard Shaw, who suggested that the word fish should be spelled ghoti, as gh would stand for f (laugh), o for i (woman in the plural as pronounced /wimin/) and ti would replace sh (as in nation).
However still, despite the bad reputation English spelling suffers from, hundreds of millions of English learners all over the world have managed to overcome it as they strive to improve their knowledge of the undisputed international language, used daily on millions of Internet sites – all in English. A perfect tool to help you in the process of mastering English spelling is the White Smoke online grammar and English writing software, which relies on cutting edge artificial intelligence algorithms that provide contextual proofreading any text you write in any application.
When the Anglo-Saxons started arriving at the British Isles around the 5th century AD, the Germanic roots of their language gradually created the core of Old English vocabulary, similar to modern German words, such as father, mother, daughter, son, under, hand, house, and cow. These were originally spelled and pronounced differently, but were transformed due to later linguistic changes. Additional contact with the language of the indigenous Celts and ongoing word borrowing from Latin speaking merchants, Roman conquerors and Christian monks have resulted in more words that integrated different spelling systems (street, plant, altar, kitchen, butter, wine).
The Viking invasions of the 9th century brought an influx of spelling conventions from Old Norse, which in addition to contributing words such as want, take and sky also caused the Old English word schirt to be written as both shirt and skirt, with the meaning of the two later diverging to denote two different pieces of clothing. Middle English saw a dramatic influence on English spelling with a torrent of Norman-French words coming into use starting from the 11th century. It is estimated that about 40% of currently used English words are derived from French, which has obviously brought with it yet additional spelling conventions (not changed for reasons of prestige), and word roots and suffixes that formed longer English words than before (parliament, justice, ornament, pleasure, establishment, foundation etc.)
Printing was at its early stages and there was still no set spelling standard, which would only later be canonized in dictionaries and language manuals. Divergent spellings for the same word occurred very often, sometimes even in the same sentence. This resulted, for instance, in the letter o bearing three different pronunciations in l ove, grove, and prove; the consonant digraph th replacing older letters; and o sounding like u in come, son and love.
From the 15th century onwards, the phonological phenomenon known as the Great Vowel Shift caused numerous vowel pronunciations to change into those more familiar to us today and thus marked the transition into Early Modern English. The spelling, however, remained as it was and still represented the Middle English pronunciation, adding another dimension to the bewildering English spelling saga.
Instead of initiating a full realignment of English spelling according to commonly accepted conventions, the expansion of printing has actually fossilized both old and new irregularities with remnants from all the language sources, which by then had been contributing to the ever-growing English vocabulary. The additional silent "magic" e, common to many words in English, followed these developments, in addition to the ough conundrum, illustrated above.
The English Renaissance of the 16th century boosted a renewed interest in classical Greek and Latin, bringing in a new wave of borrowed words, either with their original spelling (a now silent b in debt to resemble the Latin debitum, s in island as in Latin insula instead of Norse igland) or anglicised along the lines of the new spelling practices. This again amounted to yet further spelling diversity in words such as democracy, theory, physics, and rhythm from Greek (y in the middle of a word indicates Greek origin); medicine, library, recipe, conviction, and index from Latin.
The rise in education, printing and reading; English replacing Latin in church services; upward social mobility, and increased communication among the different parts of English society were some of the initial steps to finally start bringing order to the English spelling chaos, which by now had been set in print.
The publication of the first significant English dictionary by Samuel Johnson in 1755 and others that followed, the publication of the King James Bible in 1611, and the literary works of William Shakespeare mark the onset of Modern English. As written communication was becoming more prevalent, there was less leeway for spelling deviance. The British economy and naval trade prospered, allowing for culture and science to flourish, ever contributing to the development and enrichment of the printed lexicon. The 19th century revolutionized science and technology and gave rise to even more words, prefixes and suffixes from classical languages (cholesterol, telegraph, telephone, cyanide, and philanthropist).
The British colonization of America and other imperialist ventures around the globe allowed English to literally usurp a great deal of languages for more and more words that still keep spicing up English orthography with spelling irregularities. A major development following the global expansion of English is the spelling differences between British and American English, initially instigated by the publication of Noah Webster's American Dictionary in 1828.
Words are constantly being added to the English language and are transcribed using the Roman alphabet (mustang, algebra, bungalow, samurai, and voodoo, to


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Idris FizzBuzz Part II: Maybes, Infix Notation, and Idris Holes
Let's conntinue on our journey of writing FizzBuzz in the Idris programming language. If you haven't already, I encourage you to read Part I for an introduction to the problem as well as some basic syntax, and, importantly, information on totality checking.
Setting up the problem: calling modulo
In the previous post, we wrote a modulo function that takes two Natnumbers and returns a Maybe monad of the remainder. We defined it as follows:
src/Division.idr
module Division
||| Returns a 'Just of the remainder of two numbers, or 'Nothing' if the
||| divisor is zero.
total
modulo : Nat -> Nat -> Maybe Nat
modulo _ Z = Nothing --can't divide by zero, so Nothing
modulo Z _ = Just 0
modulo dividend divisor =
 if dividend >= divisor
 then modulo (assert_smaller dividend (minus dividend divisor)) divisor
 else Just dividend
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Recall the reason why we needed this: because for FizzBuzz, we need to define whether or not a number is divisible by three, five, or both, so in this article, we will write a divides function that tells us just that by calling our modulo function.
Consistent with Idris's type-driven development, let's start by thinking about types. Whenever we call on a function that uses a Maybe monad, we have to decide: will we also return a monad, or will we handle the conditional internally to our new function?
For the purposes of FizzBuzz, I'm going to make a simplifying assumption aboutdivides, which is that divides is defined where the divisor is zero, and the answer is just False. Mathematicians, feel free to get in my mentions, but I'm going to say that zero doesn't evenly divide anything because division isn't defined there at all.
Type Signatures and Holes in Idris
Since I'm saying that divides is defined (as False) for zero (Z), this simplifies our type signature. The type signature for divides will be aNat divisor and a Nat dividend, returning a Bool. This is written asNat -> Nat -> Bool.
Let's start to write our function with an Idris ?hole. Holes are an Idris feature I haven't mentioned yet, but they are useful in development. They're a feature of the syntax that serve as placeholders for logic that hasn't been written yet. This means that we can write:
module Division
||| Returns a 'Just of the remainder of two numbers, or 'Nothing' if the
||| divisor is zero.
total
modulo : Nat -> Nat -> Maybe Nat
modulo _ Z = Nothing --can't divide by zero, so Nothing
modulo Z _ = Just 0
modulo dividend divisor =
 if dividend >= divisor
 then modulo (assert_smaller dividend (minus dividend divisor)) divisor
 else Just dividend
||| Returns 'True' if the first number divides the second evenly, otherwise
||| returns 'False'. Also returns 'False' if the divisor is zero.
divides : Nat -> Nat -> Bool
divides divisor dividend = ?thisIsAHole
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...and it type checks. (Though, clearly, this isn't a total function.)
Handling Maybes with case / of syntax in Idris
We know we'll be calling our modulo function and getting back our Maybemonad. Then we need to determine whether or not our Maybe actually contains a value (Just) or whether it returned Nothing
We can handle union types like Maybe using a special Idris syntax using case and of keywords. Let's fill in a little with that syntax now.
src/Division.idr
module Division
||| Returns a 'Just of the remainder of two numbers, or 'Nothing' if the
||| divisor is zero.
total
modulo : Nat -> Nat -> Maybe Nat
modulo _ Z = Nothing --can't divide by zero, so Nothing
modulo Z _ = Just 0
modulo dividend divisor =
 if dividend >= divisor
 then modulo (assert_smaller dividend (minus dividend divisor)) divisor
 else Just dividend
||| Returns 'True' if the first number divides the second evenly, otherwise
||| returns 'False'. Also returns 'False' if the divisor is zero.
divides : Nat -> Nat -> Bool
divides divisor dividend =
 case modulo dividend divisor of
 Nothing => ?nothingCase
 Just remainder => ?somethingCase
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Did you catch all that? We're calling modulo on dividend and divisor(sort of like modulo(dividend, divisor) in some other languages) and then wrapping that function call in case ... of. Then we see the possible cases listed below, sort of like a switch statement in languages that supportswitch. In the Just case, we get access to a value we've namedremainder that we can access on the other side of the arrow.
Infix notation in Idris
Idris allows functions to be called by infix notation, meaning we can put the function call after the first argument by using backticks.
A good example of such a function call is the modulo function. We could say, "modulo of dividend and divisor" but that's awkward. In a mathematics class, it would feel more natural to say "dividend modulo divisor." Let's rearrange our modulo call accordingly:
src/Division.idr
module Division
||| Returns a 'Just of the remainder of two numbers, or 'Nothing' if the
||| divisor is zero.
total
modulo : Nat -> Nat -> Maybe Nat
modulo _ Z = Nothing --can't divide by zero, so Nothing
modulo Z _ = Just 0
modulo dividend divisor =
 if dividend >= divisor
 then modulo (assert_smaller dividend (minus dividend divisor)) divisor
 else Just dividend
||| Returns 'True' if the first number divides the second evenly, otherwise
||| returns 'False'. Also returns 'False' if the divisor is zero.
total
divides : Nat -> Nat -> Bool
divides divisor dividend =
 case dividend 'modulo' divisor of
 Nothing => ?nothingCase
 Just remainder => ?somethingCase
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Most of the time, I'm not crazy about this syntax, but for arithmetic it does make sense.
Replacing the last Idris holes
Both cases in our case expression should evaluate to our return type. Since we're saying that divides is False where modulo is not defined, we can say that the first case is False, and the second depends on whether or not the remainder is 0.
src/Division.idr
module Division
||| Returns a 'Just of the remainder of two numbers, or 'Nothing' if the
||| divisor is zero.
total
modulo : Nat -> Nat -> Maybe Nat
modulo _ Z = Nothing --can't divide by zero, so Nothing
modulo Z _ = Just 0
modulo dividend divisor =
 if dividend >= divisor
 then modulo (assert_smaller dividend (minus dividend divisor)) divisor
 else Just dividend
||| Returns 'True' if the first number divides the second evenly, otherwise
||| returns 'False'. Also returns 'False' if the divisor is zero.
total
divides : Nat -> Nat -> Bool
divides divisor dividend =
 case dividend 'modulo' divisor of
 Nothing => False
 Just remainder => remainder == 0
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As you can see above, I also took the liberty of labeling this a totalfunction because for all possible values of divisor and dividend, this program will terminate with an answer of True or False in finite time, and the compiler knows this.
Wrapping up Maybe monads, infix notation, and holes
At this point, I'm starting to read and write Idris a little easier, and I hope you are, too. Hopefully, you're also starting to see the value constructs like monads, which are like succinct, generically-typed null-object design patterns that make sure you're accounting for potential missing data (without introducing "NullPointerExceptions" or some such horror). If you're struggling to follow, let me know! Again, my goal is to make Idris accessible to non-Haskellers. If you're still excited about total programming, get ready! In our next example, we're going to create our own FizzBuzz-specific type.
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text:
Restore and prepare ancient textiles and lace materials for display.
What does a Lace and Textiles Restorer do?
Restores and prepares ancient textile and lace materials for display in textile museum: Cleans fabric, using cleaning compounds and techniques based on historical knowledge of fabric manufacture and effect of cleaning upon fabric. Develops new cleaning compounds and methods when available means are inadequate or tend to harm fabric. Repairs and reweaves worn, torn, and decayed fabrics, using techniques based on knowledge of weaving and lace methods. Mounts fabric in frame or other suitable background.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Create a specific type of bid strategy
Specify constraints
Constraints make the Search Ads 360 bid strategy less efficient, but may be needed to account for other business goals.
In the Constraints section of the Search Ads 360 bid strategy editor:
 1. Enter the default minimum and maximum bids for the Search Ads 360 bid strategy.
 Maximum/minimum bids are the best way of ensuring that bid-strategy bids are always within a range you are comfortable paying.
 After you create the bid strategy, you can also set minimum/maximum bids for specific keywords. Minimum/maximum bids that you set for keywords override the bid strategy's Minimum/maximum settings.
 2. Optional. If you selected a CPA goal, you can set additional constraints by clicking More constraints. You can save the bid strategy without setting additional constraints which will allow Search Ads 360 more freedom to optimize against the primary settings.
 If you want to set constraints, choose one of the following additional constraints:
 - Select a position constraint: Combines a position goal with the CPA goal to help your program meet multiple objectives. Search Ads 360 will first ensure that the bid is within the minimum/maximum bid range, then bid to stay within the position range, and finally bid toward the CPA target. Enter a top and a bottom position for keywords.
 A position constraint doesn't apply to the Google Ads campaigns that are managed by the bid strategy.
 - Select a max CPA constraint. Set a max CPA that is more than the target CPA to allow Search Ads 360 to occasionally bid more to achieve the bid strategy's goal.
 3. Click Save bid strategy or optionally click Next to see the advanced configuration options.
Max CPA constraint
We suggest that the value of the max CPA constraint is set to at least 1.5 times the target CPA to allow the Search Ads 360 bid strategy some room to continue to optimize bids for the portfolio. However, this is not a requirement because you may also be able to improve profitability with a lower max CPA.
 - max CPA ≥ (1.5 * target CPA)
For example, you sell light fixtures for $40 each. You set your target CPA at $30 because you want to make a $10 profit per fixture after advertising costs.
Your campaign portfolio contains the keywords brand name, lighting fixtures, hanging lights, and bulbs.
To achieve the target CPA of approximately $30 (actual CPA is $31.25), without a max CPA constraint, the bid strategy adjusts bids on the specific keywords as follows:
 - $5 for the brand name keyword because it's at position one. You're probably the only one bidding on your brand name and because it's at position one, the bids cannot be any higher.
 - $60 for lighting fixtures because the lighting fixtures keyword is popular
 - $30 for hanging lights
 - $30 for bulbs
While the overall bid strategy is profitable, the $60 bid for lighting fixtures is well beyond the $30 target CPA and is unprofitable. To reduce overspending on keywords, you might set the max CPA to $35.
Note: Even though you set a max CPA that allows more room for optimization, it still limits the optimization performance of the bid strategy and may cause Search Ads 360 to bid more on lower performing keywords.
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Into The Biome
Into The Biome
Ngwenya Lodge sits comfortably along the winding Crocodile River on the South-Eastern boundary of the Kruger National Park. Being located at prime river-frontage, a major water source for Kruger wildlife makes Ngwenya well-positioned for year-round game-viewing. However, exploring the Kruger National Park on a self-drive or guided tour make for some incredible sightings; even more so when we delve into the biome of the Park and use it to our advantage for spectacular wildlife finds.
The Kruger National Park is classified as a majority Savanna biome. This biome is characterised by grass-dominant ground coverage and woody vegetation as its upper layer; it also makes up approximately a third of South Africa's overall biome. The upper layer of woody plants and trees almost never dominates the ground cover; this is attributed to the annual rainfall being relatively low in the area, recorded by 15 rainfall stations throughout the Kruger daily with a mean of 500mm each year. The region experiences its rainy season during the summer months; December, January and February with earth-shattering thunderstorms which are a sight to behold and often studied by international and national students. Wild grasses and shrubs make up the majority of the ground cover and provide an ample grazing ground for a range of antelope, while Acacia trees can be spotted in clusters or alone, and provide an excellent food source for larger game such as giraffe and elephant.
The Kruger National Park can be broken down into eight overlapping ecosystems, all forming a part of the greater Savanna biome, with the Central Grasslands providing the best example of the Savanna. The Northern Sandlands, Mopaneveld and Lebombo ecosystems fall further away from Ngwenya Lodge, but all make for interesting and unique game-viewing drives, should visitors wish to travel further into the Park.
Closer to home however, lies a multitude of ecosystems, each overlapping the next and providing a home to varied species, these are the; Riverine Bush, Thorn Thickets to the East, South Western Foothills, Mixed Broadleaf Woodlands and the Savanna Grasslands heading North.
 - Riverine Bush areas populate the River edges and can thus be found looking from an Ngwenya Lodge chalet patio, or lookout point. The foliage has near year-round access to water, creating a dense cover for species in the area. Commonly found on the floodplains are; elephant, waterbuck, crocodile and occasionally big cats and other game during the drier seasons when water is scarce.
 - Thorn Thickets are located towards the east along the Crocodile and Sabie Rivers and are characterised by large Acacia trees. During the summer months this thicket provides excellent cover for game seeking to wait out the heat of the day, and giraffe can often be found grazing from their favoured food source; the Acacia tree.
 - South Western Foothills make up the area enveloping Pretoriuskop and Berg-en-Dal to the West of Ngwenya Lodge. This area receives the highest rainfall within the Kruger Park and features incredible granite outcrops perfect for looking out over the Lowveld for a refreshment stop.
Nkumbe Lookout Point, Lower Sabie
 - Mixed Broadleaf Woodlands cover Skukuza and surrounds moving west into the National Park. The Woodlands are characterised by a range of Bushwillow trees and provide an excellent opportunity for guests wanting to spot predators. Regular sightings of lion, leopard and hyena are reported in this region.
 - Savanna Grasslands start north of the Sabie River and are a typical example of the Savanna biome; large open spaces covered in wild grasses and the occasional cluster of Acacia trees mark the area. This ample grassy vegetation means that large herds of antelope can be sighted here; zebra, wildebeest and rooibok cover the plains. The area also attracts many predators and cheetah put their speed to good use on the grasslands.
The Kruger National Park offers a wide range of ecosystems to explore and even more species to be sighted; a treasure trove of wildlife experiences. Journey into the biome and discover all this South African landscape has to offer.
Posted by Ngwenya Marketing in Wildlife, 2 comments
A Tribute to Elephants
A Tribute to Elephants
If you have ever found yourself seated on the Restaurant Deck, on a private patio or at one of the game-viewing hides along the Crocodile River at Ngwenya Lodge, then you know that this is elephant country. Herds can often be seen grazing along the river bank and sometimes wander so close to our hides that you can see the colour of their eyes. So how then, could we possibly resist this tribute to elephants? Elephants are such magnificent creatures and Ngwenya visitors are often awe-struck by their incredibly humble presence; Ngwenya takes a closer look with a few unexpected and interesting facts about Loxodonta africana:
 - Anatomy
Loxodonta Africana, more commonly known as the African Bush Elephant, is recognised as the largest land animal in the world. When a bull wanders close to the Lodge, crossing the River and heading up the embankments, guests come up-close-and-personal with these sentient beings and start to notice a number of fascinating attributes. For one, elephants most distinguishing feature: their trunks, are made up of over 40 000 larger muscles, all working together to provide the elephant with a flexible, multi-purpose appendage. These muscles can then be broken down into 150 000 fascicles; tiny internal muscles which could be likened with spokes or villi. To put this into perspective, humans have approximately 750 muscles in their entire bodies.
The trunk consists of muscle groups, nerves, and connective tissue but no bone. The elephant's skeleton starts at the tail and ends with the skull. It is most fascinating to discover, and no real surprise, that an elephant's leg bones consist of mostly bone; the bone marrow is subsequently replaced with a spongy, denser bone material. This allows the skeletal structure of the elephant to carry the heavy weight of its muscular structure; bone marrow is lighter and would not provide the necessary support for the animal. An elephant's red blood cell production thus occurs, not in its bone marrow as with humans, but predominantly in the pelvis.
 - Talents
An elephant's anatomy lends itself to a range of "talents". For example, elephants have been recorded using their trunks for a number of incredible tasks; elephants most commonly make use of the proboscides, small finger-like extensions on the tip of the trunk, to grip and snatch foliage, much like a human would use their fingers to pick objects up. The trunk is not only used for feeding, or drinking water, but has an innate ability to smell. An elephant's olfactory system works through the millions of receptor cells found inside the trunk; the message is relayed to the olfactory cortex found in the ventral lateral brain. This ability means the elephant is even better than a bloodhound and can smell water kilometres away!
Further use of the trunk has been documented as elephants "snorkel" across rivers or bodies of water; the animal will hold its trunk above the water level and wade along the river bottom so that it may continue to breathe.
The trunk is not the only interesting talent an elephant possesses. An elephant's tusks are incisor teeth which protrude from the skull and grow to lengths of 2 metres. Fun fact: elephants are known to favour one tusk over another, similarly to that of humans being leftor right-hand dominant. Tusks are used for a number of tasks including; stripping bark off trees as a food source for fibre and defending themselves against predators or competition
 - Epidermis
The average elephant's total skin mass is 900 kilogrammes and can be an inch thick in certain areas. The upper dermis of an elephant is supple and not rough as it may seem; it folds and creases across the mammals body, retaining moisture and keeping the elephant cool. This wrinkling is no accident; researchers at the University of Geneva and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics presented new findings which suggest that the creases in an elephant's skin are purposefully created. The tiny crevices and cracks are interconnected and offer higher water retention for evaporative cooling, and can hold more mud, in an effort to dissuade insects from biting and irritating these incredible creatures, than non-wrinkly skin. It has also recently been uncovered that elephant skin is not the same density or thickness across the board, but rather thins out in certain areas or "hotspots" such as the inner leg or over their ears. These locations are used to assist in cooling their blood; elephants are believed to have a certain degree of control over pumping their blood throughout their body and will push blood through the blood vessels near the surface of these "hotspots" to cool down.
 - Extremities
One such "hotspot" is an elephant's ear; the skin over their ears is approximately a 10th of an inch. But this isn't the only incredible feature of their ears; elephants have extraordinary hearing, too! The average elephant's hearing range is between 12 hertz (hz) and 12 000 hz, nearly double the range of a human. In conjunction with their hearing, elephants also make use of their feet to receive communications from elephants further away. Through various studies, scientists have found that elephants communicate at a low-frequency level, much lower than the human ear can pick up, and that their communication pathways can


text:
Here's some more interesting work from Joel Anderson: an examination of recent hazardous liquid spill volumes, from the PHMSA reporting databases.
Analyses like these not only help us with basic understanding of pipeline releases, but also provide useful input into risk assessments. In many cases, our estimates of location-specific loss potential are based on plausible scenarios taken from history. This analyses shows us that history.
Furthermore, since we usually need more than P90+ (worst case) scenarios, the distributions of historical 'behavior' shown here help us produce P50 or any other conservatism-dictated values.


How Do You Fold A Document That Has Been Laminated?
1 Answers
Arjun Mitra Profile
Arjun Mitra answered
The answer to this question depends on how hard the laminated surface is. If the laminated surface is hard enough for the document to not fold, you have no choice left. You will just have to go about not folding the document or go ahead remove the lamination. Some laminations are soft in texture and can be easily folded. But once they are folded the folds will leave a permanent mark on them which will never go away.
So if you are looking to fold a laminated document then it is advisable not to do so as you could cause harm to it. What you could do is get files or folders or envelops that are bigger in size of the document and you will not have to fold the. Just avoid the idea of folding a document especially if it is an important one.
Answer Question


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Denotes the xml files used to define the block hierarchy which eventually renders the template files.
The layout includes the XML files used to render the template files. Both adminhtml and frontend use the layout files. Layout files are usually used to relate the block and template files so that the template files can access the related functions from their block files.
All module layout files are merged before the layout is processed. Which declarations are used, is determined with layout handles. There are layout handles for each route, for different product types, for "logged in" and "logged out" and others.
The layout handles then define a hierarchy of blocks that are rendered with their toHtml() method, usually with a phtml template.
There are two possible ways to customize the page layout in Magento:
 - Changing layout files.
 - Altering templates.
To change the page wireframe, modify the page layout files; all other customizations are performed in the page configuration or generic layout files.


text:
Today is the day to no longer fear the word "zest." Why? It's simple. To zest a fruit means to scrape off the outer layer of fruits and use the scrapings to enhance the overall flavor of the dish.
The peels from fruits such as lemons, limes and oranges contain a very high amount of flavorful oils that, when used in small amounts, go a long way to add hints of citrus to a dish or baked good. By only using the colorful part (the zest) of the peel instead of the white bitter part (the pith), an intense citrus flavor will be added instead of bitterness.
Prior to zesting a citrus fruit, it is important that you scrub the fruit with soap and water and then pat it dry with a paper towel. Once these steps are completed, it's time to choose your zesting weapon. There are many tools that can be used to achieve a zest that incorporates beautifully into a dish to add amazing flavor. Typically, the tools listed below are most often used when a recipe calls for zest:
- Box Grater: When using a box grater, there are four different sides of the grater to choose from when deciding on how large of zest pieces you desire. It is usually best to add fine pieces of zest to recipes so be sure to use the side with the smallest holes.
- Microplane: When zesting with a microplane, rub the fruit in one direction against the blades. Be sure to turn the fruit as you zest so that the colored part (the zest) is removed and not the white part (the pith).
- Vegetable Peeler: This tool will result in strips of the zest instead of very fine pieces of zest.
- Zester: This tool makes long, thin strands of threadlike zest. When using this tool, simply scrape the blade along the outer side of the fruit and remove only the color part (the zest) and not the white part (the pith). Sometimes, it's a good idea to chop the strands with a knife to achieve finer portions of zest.
What tool do you usually use when a recipe calls for citrus zest?

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
- 0151 _PHONE_
A number of Alsop students have had their creative writing published in a volume called Stranger Sagas.
The students entered a contest from Young Writers, an organisation which works with schools across the UK to encourage young people to engage in creative writing. The challenge for students was to write a mini-saga; a story written in 100 words or less.
The competition was run through the English Department, who incorporated Stranger Sagas into English lessons centred around narrative writing in both Key Stage 3 and 4.
Director of English Caroline Hart comments:
"The skill of learning to write with concision is essential to any aspiring young writer and is also is vital to the Imaginative Writing element of the English GCSE. Students became very focused on being selective in the way they expressed their ideas and reduced and redrafted them to achieve a complete piece."
We are delighted to be running a Young Writers after-school club in English this term and look forward to another successful year for our students.


Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Cultural Beliefs, Values and Economics: A Survey
Download (328kB) | Preview
The present work reviews the relation between culture and economics; in doing so, we often distinguish between the historical component of culture (i.e. inherited values) and its contemporaneous component (i.e. social interactions). First, the paper emphasizes which cultural traits are relevant in economics, reviews situations where culture affects economic outcomes and addresses the relevance of culture across time and space. Then, it explains the theoretical framework of reference for the transmission of both contemporaneous and inherited culture. Finally, it presents econometric techniques available to the researchers and suitable to investigate the impact of culture on economic outcomes, providing suggestions for future research.
MPRA is a RePEc service hosted by
the Munich University Library in Germany.


text:
The CG635 2 GHz Synthesized Clock Generator generates extremely stable square wave clocks between 1 µHz and 2.05 GHz. The instrument's high frequency resolution, low jitter, fast transition times, and flexible output levels make it ideal for use in the development and testing of virtually any digital component, system or network.
Clean clocks are critical in systems that use high-speed ADCs or DACs. Spurious clock modulation and jitter create artifacts and noise in acquired signals and in reconstructed waveforms.
Please see Datasheet for complete details and specifications.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Trade‐offs in the exploration of Sustainable Livelihoods: experience from a micro‐credit intervention in Nigeria
The paper discusses the Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA) as implemented by a Catholic Church development organisation (Diocesan Development Services; DDS) in Nigeria, including the trade‐offs involved and the meaning of 'success' with this process. SLA sets out to assess the ability of a social unit to enhance its assets and capabilities in the face of shocks and stresses over time and could be said to be a practical framework for evidence‐based intervention. DDS implemented an SLA to help provide the basis for changes planned to an existing intervention, namely micro‐credit. Given the challenges involved in SLA, DDS decided upon a number of trade‐offs to balance the significant cost in resource against what it was looking for from the process. The first driver was a perceived need from DDS to provide quality evidence to help plan changes to its micro‐credit scheme. The evidence gained from the SLA was also intended to help provide credibility when approaching major donors for support with the scheme. Secondly there was a desire to use the SLA as a means to identify and work with a group of households in an area where DDS had little prior experience on the assumption that these households could form the basis for a wider involvement with the community.
No Supplementary Data
No Article Media


You could use a system call to get the results of that or presumably access a library somewhere that does the same thing.
If you use a system call, be careful to quote it properly. This is where a space (or worse, a semicolon) could be problematic. Test with at least "test.txt'; echo 'Oops' '" as an argument.
auto int i, place, arg = false;
You never have to use the auto keyword in C. All variables are declared auto by default (unless explicitly declared static or extern). If you have some weird corner case where this matters, you should comment here.
if (string[0] == '-' && string[1] == '-' && isalpha(string[2]))
{
 for (i = 0; string[i]; i++) //count alpha based chars
 if (isalpha(string[i]))
 ++place;
 if (!strncmp((string + 2),"help",place))
Again, I think place is unnecessary. Note that if there is one or more non-alpha characters at the end of the string, that this will match if the rest matches. Unless you want that behavior, you can skip the place calculation. Also, it's unclear why you keep going if you encounter a non-alpha character. You could just return at that point, since the string will never match.
You might want to look into how Getopt works. That could help save you writing your own scaffolding in cases like this.
 if (!opt && (ext = fext(argv[1]))) //if a file was provided with no opt
Rather than checking the extension, why not check if the file exists? If it does, then you can print the file if it is text based. If not, then you can print the entry as a string.
return 0;
You don't need to return 0 at the end of main. If you let it fall through, the compiler will add this for you.
\$\endgroup\$
3
 - 2
 \$\begingroup\$ // comments are part of the C99 standard. For new code being written in 2014 (almost 2015!), I think it's fair to use. \$\endgroup\$ Commented Dec 8, 2014 at 7:46
 - \$\begingroup\$ you made some great points. i'll add more spacing in my code, but not too much, in the future. i had completely forgotten about the EXIT_FAILURE macro even though i had thrown in the exit() function in there for that purpose. strrchr( string, '.' ) is cleaner and requires less code on my part, same with strlen(). i should have done that, i was just so caught up in making the program do what i wanted. \$\endgroup\$
 – user52380
 Commented Dec 8, 2014 at 22:34
 - \$\begingroup\$ as for GetOpt. that's very advanced for me right now seeing that my experience with either Linux or Windows CLI is very limited and elementary. i barely know how to use GCC and GDB. i'm mainly focused on grasping the concepts within the modern C language itself. as interesting as it is, because i did end up reading some of the documentation (a lot of it actually), GNU isn't the easiest documentation to read (it takes some time getting use to the density of all its documentation), but it does always get its message across. GNU docs have saved me many times. \$\endgroup\$
 – user52380
 Commented Dec 8, 2014 at 22:40
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text:
DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Research and Markets (_URL_ has announced the addition of the "Global EMC Shielding Market 2014-2018" report to their offering.
The Global Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Shielding market to grow at a CAGR of 8.49% over the period 2013-2018.
Electromagnetic compatibility is the ability of electrical equipment to perform efficiently in an electromagnetic environment without being affected or influenced by other devices present in its proximity. Electromagnetic compatibility shielding is a protection provided to electrical and electronic devices protecting them from electromagnetic interference (EMI). EMI refers to the phenomenon where electromagnetic radiation affects the performance of electrical and electronic equipment. Electromagnetic compatibility shielding is used across many industries because of its capability to effectively neutralize the effects of EMI.
One key trend in this market is increased adoption of wireless computing devices. Consumers want to be connected to the internet at all times for numerous purposes. The mobility factor and advances in wireless connectivity infrastructure have increased the demand for wireless computing devices.
According to the report, one major factor driving market growth is the increased compliance with EMC legislation. Increased environmental issues and health hazardousness because of EMI resulting from electrical and electronics devices has compelled the regulatory bodies to set effective EMC standards worldwide. Thus, for electronics equipment manufacturers to legally ship their products into their country or other countries, they have to comply with the EMC standards.
Further, the report states that the increased complexity of devices is one of the major challenges in this market. The miniaturization of electronic devices tends to increase the complexity in the production of EMC shielding products driving the need for custom shielding solutions.
The Global Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Shielding market can be divided into six application segments including:
- Aerospace and Defense
- Consumer Electronics
- Chomerics Parker
- Comtest Engineering
- Laird Technologies
Key Topics Covered:
- Executive Summary
- List of Abbreviations
- Scope of the Report
- Market Research Methodology
- Market Landscape
- Market Segmentation by Application
- Market Segmentation by Product Type
- Geographical Segmentation
- Buying Criteria
- Market Growth Drivers
- Drivers and their Impact
- Market Challenges
- Impact of Drivers and Challenges
- Market Trends
- Trends and their Impact
- Vendor Landscape
- Key Vendor Analysis
For more information visit _URL_


What is the WINSXS directory in Windows 2008 and Windows Vista and why is it so large?
What is the WINSXS directory in Windows 2008 and Windows Vista and why is it so large?
 - Comments 98
 - Likes
A commonly asked question among people looking at a Windows Vista or Windows Server 2008 installation is "why is the WinSxS folder so big?!" To answer that question I need to first describe componentization, and how components are managed in Windows Vista.
One of the largest changes between previous versions of Windows and Windows Vista was a move from an INF described OS to componentization. A component in Windows is one or more binaries, a catalog file, and an XML file that describes everything about how the files should be installed. From associated registry keys and services to what kind security permissions the files should have. Components are grouped into logical units, and these units are used to build the different Windows editions.
All of the components in the operating system are found in the WinSxS folder – in fact we call this location the component store. Each component has a unique name that includes the version, language, and processor architecture that it was built for. The WinSxS folder is the only location that the component is found on the system, all other instances of the files that you see on the system are "projected" by hard linking from the component store. Let me repeat that last point – there is only one instance (or full data copy) of each version of each file in the OS, and that instance is located in the WinSxS folder. So looked at from that perspective, the WinSxS folder is really the entirety of the whole OS, referred to as a "flat" in down-level operating systems. This also accounts for why you will no longer be prompted for media when running operations such as System File Checker (SFC), or when installing additional features and roles.
That explains why the folder starts off big, but not why it gets larger over time – the answer to that question is servicing. In previous versions of Windows the atomic unit of servicing was the file, in Windows Vista it's the component. When we update a particular binary we release a new version of the whole component, and that new version is stored alongside the original one in the component store. The higher version of the component is projected onto the system, but the older version in the store isn't touched. The reason for that is the third part of why the component store gets so large.
Not every component in the component store is applicable, meaning that not every component should be projected onto the system. For example, on systems where IIS is available but has not been installed, the IIS components are present in the store, but not projected into any location on the system where they might be used. If you're familiar with how multi-branch servicing works in previous versions of Windows then it'll make sense to you that we have a different version of the component for each distribution branch and service pack level, and that all these different versions are also stored in the WinSxS folder, even if they're not immediately applicable. So a single Post SP1 GDR package that contains an update to one component will end up installing four versions of that component in the WinSxS folder – double that on a 64 bit operating system for some components.
Now that you know why the store can grow to be so large, your next question is probably to ask why we don't remove the older versions of the components. The short answer to that is reliability. The component store, along with other information on the system, allows us to determine at any given time what the best version of a component to project is. That means that if you uninstall a security update we can install the next highest version on the system – we no longer have an "out of order uninstall" problem. It also means that if you decide to install an optional feature, we don't just choose the RTM version of the component, we'll look to see what the highest available version on the system is. As each component on the system changes state that may in turn trigger changes in other components, and because the relationships between all the components are described on the system we can respond to those requirements in ways that we couldn't in previous OS versions.
The only way to safely reduce the size of the WinSxS folder is to reduce the set of possible actions that the system can take – the easiest way to do that is to remove the packages that installed the components in the first place. This can be done by uninstalling superseded versions of packages that are on your system. Service Pack 1 contains a binary called VSP1CLN.EXE, a tool that will make the Service Pack package permanent (not removable) on your system, and remove the RTM versions of all superseded components. This can only be done because by making the Service Pack permanent we can guarantee that we won't ever need the RTM versions.
So yes, the WinSXS folder is very large, and it will continue to grow as the OS ages. I hope that this clears up some of the questions about why that is, and what you can do about it. Note that the Windows servicing structure and the layout of the store is subject to change.
Joseph Conway
Senior Support Escalation Engineer
Microsoft Enterprise Platforms Support
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Leave a Comment
 - PingBack from _URL_
 - Thanks for the additional inputs. I will definately update my _URL_ article and link back to this one :)
 - There is one more option to permanently remove the binaries for components that are not (and will never be) in use. It was described in the Server Core blog (_URL_ So I guess it is also supported (thouh may be not recommended) action.
 - No wonder servicing is so slow and Windows needs to "configure updates". This has already become a nightmare for people who download 1 least one or two QFE/support hotfix, besides the monthly security updates.
 And yes as long as Windows 7 inherits this change, I am going to stick with XP and eventually switch to non-Windows OSes. Software architecture/design should have some sensible balance between wasted disk space, impacted performance and reliability. I'm better off reinstalling Windows 2000/XP once maybe in 6 months due to an out of order uninstall and damaged files, I'm happy the way System File Protection works in pre-Vista OSes.
 I have lots of questions regarding WinSxS but for now I would also like to know similar information about the DriverStore folder which is the next bloated "part" of the OS.
 - A commonly asked question among people looking at a Windows Vista or Windows Server 2008 installation
 - No wonder servicing is so slow and Windows needs to "configure updates". This has already become a nightmare for people who download 1 least one or two QFE/support hotfix, besides the monthly security updates.
 And yes as long as Windows 7 inherits this change, I am going to stick with XP and eventually switch to non-Windows OSes. Software architecture/design should have some sensible balance between wasted disk space, impacted performance and reliability. I'm better off reinstalling Windows 2000/XP once maybe in 6 months due to an out of order uninstall and damaged files, I'm happy the way System File Protection works in pre-Vista OSes.
 I have lots of questions regarding WinSxS but for now I would also like to know similar information about the DriverStore folder which is the next bloated "part" of Vista.
 P.S.Please don't moderate this comment.
 - Hi Joseph, Thanks for the posting. It will be sure to get thousands of hits, since the 10 forum posting is long overdue to be summarized like this blog posting.
 As a laptop user with a measley 30GB hard drive, this design really hurts me, WinSxs taking about 5GB, or 16% of my storage, on Vista x86, and getting worse as Windows Update pushes out more GDRs.
 Has the Windows product group looked into improvements to help with the size requirements? Is this a concern which is on their radar? It seems to be causing dissat with so many of us customers with two year old hardware, since Microsoft of course wants us to keep the latest patches installed, we can't help the ballooning size of WinSxS, since there is absolutely no workaround except uninstall apps. One could argue, what's the point of an OS without the business apps on top.
 Few suggestions we could hope for:
 1. auto compress these folders. Seems like compression on these folders is not suggested and is against the rules?
 2. do a differential of the files in these folders to reduce the footprint, rather than save the whole file.
 3. Store these redundant files in a central repository on windows update, and let us all delete the local copies, and choose to download them only on demand should I need to uninstall/change my Windows components. If Windows Update installed them the first time, Windows Update should install them the second time only when needed.
 4. Upon hitting low disk space - prompt user to automatically run VSP1CLN.EXE as part of disk cleanup utility. I saved quite a bit of space running that, but still WinSxs is almost 5 GB.
 I do have a couple of question
 - Since the largest folders (about 500 MB sum


text:
The University Record, March 18, 1998
To help environment, limit number of children
The Feb. 18 article "Take Part in Environmental Theme Semester by conserving paper, energy" listed some nice ideas like use smaller font sizes, print on both sides, etc., but forgot the most important contribution we can make to the environmentăto limit the number of children we produce to no more than two.
Consumption and pollution are directly proportional to the size of the human population. Everything in the list is trivial compared to the benefit we can cause to the environment by each of us limiting the number of children we produce to at most two.
In our country now-a-days most couples are going for three, four kids; some are even having seven kids in one pregnancy and winning huge prizes. This trend is not helpful to the environment.
If you run this item again later on, I hope the fact that limiting the number of children to at most two is the most beneficial thing to the environment that we can do, will be highlighted prominently.
Katta Murty, professor of industrial and operations engineering


text:
Systems Identification for Embedded Drive Systems
This lecture is intended to provide the necessary mathematical tools needed for the identification of linear dynamic systems for supporting the design of real-time controllers with particular attention to motor drive applications. Moreover, an insight to parameter identification of dynamic systems will be provided. Finally, both multilayer perceptron and radial basis neural networks will be introduced together with the basis of genetic algorithms as support for system identification. Practical exercises based on real applications will be proposed along with the lecture time.
- Overview on Linear Time-Invariant Systems (LTIs)
- AR(X)/ARMA(X) Systems
- Normalized Least Mean-Squares and Recursive Least Mean-Squares Algorithms
- Problem of Identification and Solutions for LTIs
- Identification of Linear Systems Parameters
- Applications of System Identification to Control of Electrical-Drives
- Multilayer Perceptron and Radial Basis Neural Networks
- Introduction to Genetic Algorithms
- Implementation of System Identification Algorithms to Embedded Drive Systems
MS Teams Zugangscode
Dates by arrangement
Building E2.9, R. 2.12
Preliminary meeting: Sat. 28.10.23, 10:00 a.m.
Prof. habil. Dr.-Ing. Emanuele Grasso
Building E2.9 / Room 2.12
Dates by Arrangement
Niklas König, M.Sc.
Anmeldung zur Lehrveranstaltung
Bitte melden Sie sich zur Veranstaltung mithilfe unseres Anmeldeformulars an.


What are LoadRunner parameter and parameterization?
What are LoadRunner parameter and parameterization?
This is a simple question - what is LoadRunner parameter?
I've reread LoadRunner VuGen User's Guide v9, trying to find the exact definition of LoadRunner parameter. That's strange, but LoadRunner Help does not contain the exact answer on this question.
In this article, I will answer basic questions, connected to LoadRunner parameters.
I think, LR beginners should study this article carefully :)
So, I recommend to read it, if you want to know:
 - the definition of LoadRunner parameter
 - LoadRunner parameter functions
 - how to create parameter in LoadRunner VuGen script
 - which types of LoadRunner parameter are available
 - how LoadRunner processes parameters - gets and sets their values
 - other key concepts, connected to LR parameters
OK, let's start.
I've recorded Web (HTTP/HTML) simple script on Web Tours demo web application. There are two first steps:
Please, notice that we use the following hard-coded username & password - jojo and jojo:
 1. "Name=username", "Value=jojo", ENDITEM,
 2. "Name=password", "Value=bean", ENDITEM,
They are hard-coded in the script! This is important.
What should we do, if we want to execute our script sequentially for different users, for example for jojo/bean, then for bob/lcdm, dm/psswrd, and so on?
There are several solutions:
 - The simplest one is to record our script for each user.
 In this case, our pseudocode will look like:
 1. Login as jojo/bean
 2. Perform other actions under jojo/bean
 3. Login as bob/lcdm
 4. Perform other actions under bob/lcdm
 5. Login as dm/psswrd
 6. Perform other actions under dm/psswrd
 7. so on...
As you can see, our code is duplicated. Actually, this is not good idea (read this article to find out why it is).
 - We can remake our code:
 1. Loop - perform next actions for each user name and password
 2. Read user name and password into {UserName} and {Password} variables
 3. Login as {UserName} and {Password}
 4. Perform other actions under {UserName} and {Password}
So, what have I done?
I do not use hard-coded values (jojo/bean, bob/lcdm, dm/psswrd, and so on). Instead, we use special variables - {UserName} and {Password}. They are parameters.
The source code will look like:
So, now we can answer:
Question: What is LoadRunner parameter?
The simple answer is:
LoadRunner parameter is a
special variable.
Note: We will investigate parameters and I will provide more exact definition later.
Since LoadRunner parameter is a variable, then I compare it with standard stack-based variable from C language (for example - int i).
 - Declaration
 To declare stack variable you can just write:
 1. int i;
 This means, that name of variable is 'i', and its type is int. It's easy, isn't it?
 To declare LoadRunner parameter you have to:
 1. select string, to be replaced with a parameter
 2. right-click on the selected text
 3. 'Replace with a parameter'
 'Select or Create Parameter' dialog opens.
 4. Here, you can enter name of your parameter:
 Note, that you can see an original value as well ('jojo' in our case).
 5. Specify type of parameter
 Parameter type is determined by the source of parameter data:
 Once you specified name and type of parameter, you declared LoadRunner parameter.
 The above declaration of parameter uses GUI ('Select or Create Parameter' dialog).
 This is not the only approach. We can declare parameter and assign value with lr_save_ functions (lr_save_string, lr_save_int, lr_save_searched_string, lr_save_var, and lr_save_datetime).
 See these examples:
 1. lr_save_string function
 1. lr_save_string("abCDEfgID", "prmProductID");
 2. lr_output_message("ID is: %s", lr_eval_string("{prmProductID}"));
 Here, I define new parameter ("prmProductID") and assign a value ("abCDEfgID") to it. So, the parameter contains this value.
 To make sure that the parameter contains correct value, please see the result of execution:
 Please, note that we can write analogous code using a stack variable:
 1. char *pszProductID = "abCDEfgID";
 2. lr_output_message("ID is: %s", pszProductID);
 The result will be the same:
 So, as you see, LR parameter is similar to standard variables.
 2. lr_save_int function
 1. lr_save_int(144, "prmCounter");
 2. lr_output_message("Counter: %s", lr_eval_string("{prmCounter}"));
 3. lr_save_int(-18, "prmCounter");
 Result is:
 Again, we can write analogous code using stack variables:
 1. int i;
 2. char pszCounter[12];
 3. i = 144;
 4. itoa(i, pszCounter, 10);
 5. lr_output_message("Counter: %s", pszCounter);
 6. i = -18;
 7. itoa(i, pszCounter, 10);
 8. lr_output_message("Counter: %s", pszCounter);
 The result will be the same too:
I think, you've received evidence, that LR parameter is similar to a variable. So,
So, now you can ask:
Question: What's the difference between LR parameter and stack-based variables?
// That is the question (C) W. Shakespeare :)
OK, I will answer - the LoadRunner parameters simplify:
 - Working with memory
 That is, you don't have to know, how many bytes allocate for a current value of parameter.
 You just use lr_save_string (for example) function, and LR allocates required number automatically.
 - Working with data sources
 For example, you can indicate, that values of parameters will be stored in a file:
 In this case, you don't have to write additional code for file processing. LoadRunner takes all routine procedures upon himself. For example - when and how update values from file, what is the current delimiter, and so on.
 Actually, these features (working with memory and data sources) are very comfortable from user's side. That's why LoadRunner parameter is used so extensively.
My article, describing LoadRunner parameter and parameterization, is up.
I hope, it was helpful :) Please, let me know...
In the next part, I will describe operations you can perform with parameters.
After that, I will explain - how LoadRunner parameterization is connected with correlation (this question was asked by Anonymous in his comment).
And, as usual, I'm waiting for your opinions.
If you have some questions or doubts - feel free to ask me.
Yours faithfully,
Dmitry Motevich, living in LoadRunner-city :)
Related articles:
Anonymous said...
Thanks for the Article. Another tutorial describing the usage of various options available for the Paramters i.e the following will be helpful.
a. Next row selection(sequential,Unique)
b.update method(i.e each iteration,once)
c.Option for When Out of Values( i.e - Continue in Cyclic manner,Abort Vuser,continue with LAST value)
An example of how these will be used when there is only one single user and when there are multiple users will be helpful.
Anonymous said...
Hi Dmitry,
What I want is to paramaterize my script using the parameterization feature of LR but don't want to hard code the location of the dat files.I want the code to be portable. Is there a way to relatively locate a dat file during runtime?
Anonymous said...
Thank you very much. All your tutorials are very useful. Can you post more about how each parameter type(especially the iteration number) is used?
Anonymous said...
Thanks a load.
gr said...
Can you please post an example of using the web_eval_java_script function?
Anonymous said...
Thanks but could u please let me know the purpose of having columns in datafile. IF i have login nad password in same file, how can i use them in my script. explain with eg
sivaramakoteswararao said...
1.what is caching? when will we use caching?
2. How to report the scenario analysis. Give me the brief explanation?
sivaramakoteswararao said...
1.what is caching? when will we use caching?
pranav said...
its a great help for entry level ppl,dude you are the best,thanx and i really really appreciate the way you like to share your in depth knowloadge
once again thnx buddy
Anonymous said...
Simple and easy to understand! thanks a ton!
Anonymous said...
I found out your blog site today and was going through your articles. They have been beautifully written and explained well. I have been working with automation tools (WR


Developer
Additional Logging and Tracing Code Samples
These examples illustrate how to include code in your apps for uploading logs and traces for Store apps and .NET applications.
These examples illustrate basic implementations, and as a result the upload process cannot be canceled. To cancel the upload, create a CancellationTokenSource and pass its CancellationToken as the last parameter of the SendAsync method of the netclient's instance. Then you can show a button, for example "Cancel" and then you can signal the CancellationToken. The cancellation of the upload process is then handled by the Networking and Supportability libraries.
Windows Store app uploader example code
class UploadResult : SAP.Supportability.IUploadResult {
 public int ResponseStatusCode { get; set; }
 public string Hint { get; set; }
}
class SupportabilityUploader : SAP.Supportability.IUploader {
 SAP.Net.Http.HttpClient clientRef = null;
 Uri serverUri= null;
 public SupportabilityUploader(SAP.Net.Http.HttpClient client, Uri host, bool uploadBtx = true) {
 if (client == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("client");
 if (host == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("host");
 this.serverUri = new UriBuilder(host.Scheme, host.Host, host.Port, (uploadBtx ? "btx" : "clientlogs")).Uri;
 this.clientRef = client;
 }
public IAsyncOperation<SAP.Supportability.IUploadResult> SendAsync(IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> headers, Windows.Storage.Streams.IInputStream payload) {
 return Task.Run<SAP.Supportability.IUploadResult>(async () => {
 var result = await this.clientRef.SendAsync(() => {
 var request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, this.serverUri) {
 Content = new StreamContent(payload.AsStreamForRead())
 };
 foreach (var header in headers) {
 request.Content.Headers.TryAddWithoutValidation(header.Key, header.Value);
 }
 return request;
 });
 return new UploadResult() { ResponseStatusCode = (int)result.StatusCode,
 Hint = await result.Content.ReadAsStringAsync() };
 }).AsAsyncOperation();
 }
}
Windows .NET application uploader example code (only the method which is different from the Store app)
public async Task<SAP.Supportability.IUploadResult> SendAsync(IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> headers, System.IO.Stream payload) {
 var result = await this.clientRef.SendAsync(() => {
 var request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, this.serverUri) {
 Content = new StreamContent(payload)
 };
 foreach (var header in headers) {
 request.Content.Headers.TryAddWithoutValidation(header.Key, header.Value);
 }
 return request;
 });
 return new UploadResult() { ResponseStatusCode = (int)result.StatusCode,
 Hint = await result.Content.ReadAsStringAsync() };
}
Log creation upload example code for Store Apps and .Net applications
var logManager = SAP.Supportability.SupportabilityFacade.Instance.ClientLogManager;
logManager.SetLogLevel(SAP.Supportability.Logging.ClientLogLevel.Info);
logManager.SetLogDestination(SAP.Supportability.Logging.ClientLogDestinations.FileSystem | SAP.Supportability.Logging.ClientLogDestinations.Console);
var logger = logManager.GetLogger("testLogger");
logger.LogWarning("sample");
logger.LogError("sample error message");
logger.LogError("sample log 2");
string message = null;
try {
 await SAP.Supportability.SupportabilityFacade.Instance.ClientLogManager.UploadClientLogsAsync(new SupportabilityUploader(httpClient, serverUri, false));
} catch (Exception ex) {
 var supportabilityException = ex as SAP.Supportability.ISupportabilityException;
 message = ex.Message + ((supportabilityException != null) ? ("(" + supportabilityException.UploadResult.ResponseStatusCode + ")") : "");
}
BTX generation and upload example for Store apps and .Net applications
var traceManager = (SAP.Supportability.Tracing.E2ETraceManager)SAP.Supportability.SupportabilityFacade.Instance.E2ETraceManager;
traceManager.ClientHost = "WinDemo-Client";
traceManager.TraceLevel = SAP.Supportability.Tracing.E2ETraceLevel.Low;
var transaction = await traceManager.StartTransactionAsync("NewTransactionWin");
var step = transaction.StartStep();
var request = step.StartRequest();
request.SetRequestLine("GET _URL_ HTTP/1.1");
request.SetRequestHeaders(new Dictionary<string, string> {
 {"SAP-PASSPORT",request.PassportHttpHeader} ,
 {"X-CorrelationID","correlationID0101"}
});
request.SetByteCountSent(100);
request.EndRequest();
step.EndStep();
transaction.EndTransaction();
string message = null;
try {
 await SAP.Supportability.SupportabilityFacade.Instance.E2ETraceManager.UploadBtxAsync(new SupportabilityUploader(httpClient, serverUri));
} catch (Exception ex) {
 var supportabilityException = ex as SAP.Supportability.ISupportabilityException;
 message = ex.Message + ((supportabilityException != null) ? ("(" + supportabilityException.UploadResult.ResponseStatusCode + ")") : "");
}


text:
Timetable and preparations
|Six-five months prior to conference||1. Theme|
3. List of keynote speech & invitation letter
4. Call for paper
6. Organizing committee
|May 30 ~ June 1|
|Five months prior to conference||1. Decided subareas and panels|
2. Roughly know how many people will participate
3. Topics of keynote speeches
4. Acceptance letter for those presenters
5. Set up official website
|July 10 ~ July 15|
|Two months prior to conference||1. Deadline of submission of pull paper|
2. Acceptance letter for those presenters
3. Draft agenda
4. Assign moderators, presenters, and discussants in panels.
|One month prior to conference||1. Continuously check the keynote speakers¡¦ name, articles, or ppt slides.|
2. Continuously push those presenters submitting their final paper.
3. Check accommodation, meal, and transportations of those presenters.
4. Check how many people will participate in some official visitations.
5. Post official schedule and agenda on website and email a notification to all participants and members.
|One week prior to conference||1. Email a letter (note) including the accommodation, transportation and other notifications (e.g, registration) to those VIPs and presenters.|
2. Assign staff and arrange how to charge registration fees.
3. Double check the date, flight numbers and arrival time of those participants.
4. Make sure the proceedings are correct and have been sent to be published.


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Engineer your first step to a four-year degree at Edmonds Community College
Engineers Make a Difference
Engineering is the art of applying scientific and mathematical principles, experience, judgment, and common sense to make things that benefit people. Engineers solve problems. They improve and develop products to meet consumer and societal needs. They find ways for existing products to work better, last longer, operate more safely and cost less.
They also look for innovative solutions to global problems. Engineers design bridges and important medical equipment as well as processes for cleaning up toxic spills and systems for mass transit.
It's a Fact
Engineering professions requiring a four-year degree are among the highest paying jobs in Washington State according to the office of Labor Market and Economic Analysis. Source: _URL_


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The Oslon Black Flat is the new LED from Osram Opto Semiconductors for automotive frontlighting systems.
Equipped with a ceramic converter, the new LED contains a UX:3 chip that delivers high light output even at high currents, according to Osram. With a power draw of 2.3W and an operating current of 700mA, the Oslon Black Flat achieves a typical luminous flux of 200 lm (at 25 degrees C). If operated at 1.2A it can achieve up to 270 lumen - despite an application temperature of 100 degrees C in the chip.
The Oslon Black Flat was developed in Regensburg and has been designed to function without a lens. Its light can therefore be injected very close to light guides or lenses, said Osram. Its luminance, in other words what the human eye perceives as the brightness of a particular surface, is 2-5 times higher than comparable LEDs in its class at 70 -100 Mcd/m2 (million candelas per square meter).


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Guardians in the Space Force are now officially eligible to receive honors such as the Good Conduct Medal, the Air Medal, the Bronze Star Award, and more, after President Joe Biden issued an executive order Oct. 3.
The order amends previous ones establishing various military awards by adding the Space Force to the list of services eligible to receive them. The full list of awards, many given for actions in a combat zone, that members of the Space Force can now receive include the:
- Air Medal
- Air Force Cross
- Good Conduct Medal
- Bronze Star Award
- Silver Star Award
- Presidential Unit Citation
- Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
- Defense Distinguished Service Medal
The change comes nearly three years after the Space Force was established in December 2019, and the executive order includes language for the Good Conduct Medal and Presidential Unit Citation specifically covering all actions and time since then.
That puts many Guardians in line for the Good Conduct Medal, which typically requires three consecutive years without disciplinary action, in the near future.
The Space Force has already finalized a design for its Good Conduct Medal, which leaked online in February and was confirmed by Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force Roger A. Towberman. At the time, however, Towberman noted that the medal couldn't be awarded until the President amended the existing executive order.
On the front, the medal shows a modified version of the Space Force seal, with the service's trademark Delta in front of a Globe, encircled by an Elliptical Orbit and with the Polaris Star to its upper left. The seal is surrounded by "United States Space Force" and the motto "Semper Supra."
The back has the same three words in a ring—Efficiency, Honor, Fidelity—that are on the Army and Air Force's versions of the medal. It also contains the phrase "For Good Conduct."
The ribbon is tan on its outer edges, with parallel stripes of black, dark blue, and light blue around a single white stripe in the middle.
"The expansion of military awards and medals eligibility to the U.S. Space Force and its Guardians is a big step toward legitimizing the essential role the service plays in National Defense and the hard work Guardians put into executing their missions each day," Department of the Air Force spokesperson Capt. Tanya N. Downsworth told Air & Space Forces Magazine in a statement.
The introduction of the first service-specific award comes as the Space Force builds out its identity and culture on several fronts. The service's dress uniforms continue to progress toward a rollout; Chief of Space Operations Gen. John W. "Jay" Raymond recently unveiled the new Space Force song; and transfers from other services continue to migrate into USSF.
Guardians can also still wear ribbons they've earned while serving in other services.


text:
Next-Level Training for HVAC Installers & TechniciansThe Need for HVAC Installers and Technicians In many ways, HVAC is in the same boat as every other industrial sector. Like other trades, the world of heating, ventilation,...
Inspire tomorrow's engineers with engaging curriculum and practical learning designed specifically for students in elementary and middle school. Our engineering products for K-8 focus heavily on engineering concepts through interactive eLearning, technology, hands-on projects, and career exploration for a variety of STEM fields.
Students will be introduced to engineering concepts like materials science, engineering design, physics, computer science and coding, applied math and technology, data science, autonomous vehicles, control systems, mechatronics, and more.
Solutions are available turn-key or fully customized to the needs of your classroom. Message us to get started today.


Skip to content
Trump talk: The secrets behind the president's language
Trump body language composite
Why you can trust Sky News
"Tremendous", "loser", "Sloppy Steve" and "Crooked Hillary" - but what does Mr Trump's use of language reveal about the man?
Ahead of the UK visit, psychologist Dr Peter Collett examines what his chaotic "word salad" might say about the president's intellect.
Donald Trump visits the UK this week
Image: Donald Trump visits the UK this week
The first thing we notice is that Donald Trump's speaking style is casual and informal.
He frequently resorts to familiar words like "folks" and "hombres" in order to buddy-up to his listeners and show that he does not stand on ceremony.
There are two main theories as to why he favours an informal register.
More on Donald Trump
One is a "deficit theory", which points out that Mr Trump's verbal output is often rambling and disjointed.
It consists of a "word salad", where the words are just tossed together.
Exponents of this theory argue that his unruly speech patterns are the product of an unruly mind, and that they show him to be incapable of complex thinking.
A number of studies have confirmed the president's speech is restricted. He tends, for example, to use single-syllable words, and tests reveal that his verbal output is similar to that of a nine or 10-year-old.
However, this only appears to be the case when he is speaking off the cuff.
When he's giving a scripted speech, his verbal fluency is comparable to that of any articulate politician.
Please use Chrome browser for a more accessible video player
Trump Talk: punchy attacks on PC culture
The second explanation is a "difference theory".
Here it is proposed that Mr Trump's casual way of speaking is simply his way of connecting with his audience - in other words, showing his listeners that he is unpretentious and therefore more genuine.
His word choice provides a fascinating window into his thinking.
For example, the range of words he uses to signal his approval is unusually narrow - typically, people or things are either "beautiful" or "tremendous".
In contrast, his lexicon of disapproval is rich and varied.
It includes famous descriptions like "Crooked Hillary", "Lyin' Ted", "low-energy Jeb" and "Sloppy Steve", not to mention his all-purpose put-down - "loser".
Please use Chrome browser for a more accessible video player
Trump Talk: Using sales spin to win you over
President Trump's linguistic focus is therefore very much on people's negative, rather than their positive qualities.
The fact that he uses extreme language when describing people and things has encouraged the idea that he is susceptible to what psychologists call "dichotomous thinking".
In other words, that he sees the world in black or white, good or bad, us versus them; that there is no shading in between and no subtlety.
In fact, this is not entirely the case, because Trump will often use expressions like "good man" or "good guy" when he is referring to someone from whom he is trying to distance himself, or whom he does not rate highly.
It is his way of appearing to be supportive, while damning the person with faint praise.
Mr Trump's verbal output also includes other coded messages. He frequently attacks "political correctness", for example.
This pretends to champion the cause of free speech, but its real purpose is to inform his followers that it is quite in order to entertain racist, sexist or antisocial attitudes.
The most important clue to his speech style is the fact that that he loves striking deals.
Whether he's at a rally, being interviewed, or talking to the press, he is constantly pitching to his customers.
He parades his credentials, he recounts the glowing endorsements he has received, he slags off his competitors, and he never fails to produce an entertaining and engaging spectacle.
For President Trump, politics is all about the art of the deal, and, in his case, the art of the big deal.


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Experiment With Pneumatic-Hydraulic Engines
The laws of physics come to life in this creative construction kit. Build vehicles powered by air and water as you learn about water and air proplusion and hydro-pneumo systems that use a self-contained air-and-water turbine system as a motor.
A colorful instruction book illustrates step-by-step assembly for a truck, excavator, radar car, tank, antique car, helicopter, motorbike, backhoe, rocket car, forklift, roadster, propeller plane, grinder, and cutting machine. Once built you can compete with your friends to see whose water-jet propelled car and hydro-pneumo car goes the fastest.
This unique kit allows you to build two different air-and-water-powered systems: water-jet propelled cars and hydro-pneumo (which simply means air pressure and water pressure) powered engines. The hydro-pneumo system uses a self-contained air-and-water turbine system as a motor.
The 165 building pieces included in this set are compatible with those in all Thames and Kosmos Construction Series kits, Physics Series kits, Wind Power, and Hydropower kits.
Recommended for Ages 8 and up.
WARNING: Choking Hazard - Contains small parts. Not for children under 3 years.


text:
Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Prytanée National Militaire
The Prytanée National Militaire is a French school managed by the military, offering regular high-school education as well as special preparatory school classes, equivalent in level to the first years of university, for students who wish to enter French military academies. The school is located in western France in the city of La Flèche.
René Descartes was one of the first and most illustrious students of the school from 1607 to 1615, and introduced the school in his Discourse on Method under the phrase "I was in one of the most famous schools of Europe".
In 1808, Napoléon renamed the school "Prytanée Militaire", in a classic reference to the Greek prytaneis (literally "Presidents"), an executive body acting as the religious and political heart of ancient Greek cities.
Today the Prytanée starts from the high school level, and has "Classes préparatoires ", that is, preparatory classes to the entrance examinations of the French elite Grandes Écoles, such as École polytechnique, the Navy École Navale, the Army École de Saint-Cyr, the École de l'Air and various civilian engineering or commercial graduate schools.
Besides René Descartes, the Prytanée has trained various military and non-military celebrities, including Claude Chappe, inventor of the optical telegraph, Marshalls of France such as Bertrand and Gallieni or Pélissier, actors such as Jean-Claude Brialy, and recently spationautes such as Patrick Baudry and Jean-Francois Clervoy.
The school's students are nicknamed "Brutions", as a classic reference to the inhabitants of the Bruttium region of Roman Italy, who had a reputation for their roughness and fighting spirit.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


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Although sledding is a popular winter pastime, it can unfortunately lead to serious injury. A new study conducted by the Center for Injury Research and Policy of The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital found that from _PHONE_, an estimated 229,023 children and adolescents younger than 19 years were treated in U.S. hospital emergency departments for sledding-related injuries - an average of more than 20,000 cases each year.
According to the study, being released online August 23 and appearing in the September issue of Pediatrics, the most common injuries were fractures (26 percent), followed by cuts and bruises (25 percent). The study also revealed that the majority of injuries occurred during a collision (51 percent), and that collisions were more likely to result in a traumatic brain injury (TBI) than other mechanisms of injury. Overall, the head was the most commonly injured body part (34 percent). While the majority of injuries occurred at a place of sports or recreation (52 percent) or on private property (31 percent), patients that were injured while sledding on a street or highway were more likely to sustain injuries to the head, diagnosed with a TBI and hospitalized than were patients injured in other locations.
"Two of the main factors that contribute to sledding-related injuries are the environment and locale," said study co-author, Lara McKenzie, PhD, principal investigator in the Center for Injury Research and Policy at Nationwide Children's Hospital. "To reduce the risk of injury, sledding areas should be clear of trees and other obstacles and should have sufficient run-out areas away from streets. In addition, sledding on streets and highways should be avoided to prevent collisions with motor vehicles and other traffic."
The use of motorized vehicles to pull sleds was another finding of particular concern. More than one-third of the injuries sustained while being pulled by a vehicle were fractures.
"Our findings indicate that the prevalence of this activity may be much greater and the practice more common than previously thought," said McKenzie, also a faculty member at The Ohio State University College of Medicine. "Given the potential for serious injury, children should never ride a sled that is being pulled by a motorized vehicle of any type including all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), snowmobiles, cars, trucks, tractors, motorcycles, dirt bikes and lawn mowers."
Explore further: Lawn mower injuries often caused by distraction


2021. 01. 28. | Online | 15:00-16:30 CET
Science communication with a Gender Perspective
Mentoring, role models, networking, gender-inclusive programmes, are all measures that have been put in practice to foster and support the presence, inclusion and career development of women in science and technology. For the last 20 years, we have been moving and achieving milestones regarding women in science, gender equality, gender biases, and lately, gendered innovation.
In a social endeavour as science, considered as based on merits, competences and creativity, it's imperative to reflect, talk and take action in order to tackle the equality distortions and injustice. The way we communicate science plays a key role in this.
Save the date: January 28,2021- 15:00-16:30 CET
Register here!: Fill in the form
Helena González and Oriol Marimón, Big Van Ciencia, Barcelona, Spain: Breaking scientific stereotypes in representations through scenic arts
Marianne Achiam, Carmen Fenollosa: What we know so far about communicating STEM with a Gender perspective
Janire Salazar, ICM, Spain: Learnings from the last 5 years of implementing structural changes
Moderator: Annette Klinkert, EUSEA Executive Director


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This is the dataset associated with the article titled 'Monitoring crystal breakage in wet milling processes using inline imaging and chord length distribution measurements'. The dataset consists of images obtained with the Mettler Toledo Particle Vision and Measurement (V819) sensor, as well the Malvern Morphologi G3 instrument. It also contains the chord length distribution data obtained with the Mettler Toledo focused beam reflectance measurement (G400) sensor. Various particle statistics obtained from the Morphologi G3 instrument are also contained in the dataset.
The data were collected at various stages of different wet milling processes using the following crystalline materials:
1. Benzoic acid
3. Metformin hydrochloride
The data from the Morphologi G3 instrument were obtained before and at the end of each wet milling process. The MagicLab rotor stator wet mill was employed in all the processes. The file 'Read me' contains more details of this dataset.


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ALPS - Analyzing and Modeling Transitions of Common Property Pastures in the Swiss Alps
The common property pastures in the Swiss Alps provide significant services to the mountainous regions, such as income sources for farmers and tourism industry, protection from soil erosion, water-run-off, landslides, and high biodiversity. These services are highly dependent on continuous management of the alpine pastures. In Switzerland, most alpine summer pastures are common property and have been managed by local governance systems since the Middle Ages in order to avoid over-use of the scarce resources. Societal changes, like industrialization, rapid economic growth, and new agricultural policies, induced major transitions of the pasture management system, which led to abandonment of marginal land or intensification of productive areas ensuing reduction of biodiversity on the long-term.


old dictionary from last millenium (1980's heh heh) does not list "synergy".
It does show "synecdoche" with the definition as "figure of speech by which whole of thing is put for part or part for whole. eg sail for ship"
Am no linguist but i wonder what the source/root of "synergy" is?.
It would appear "synergy" itself is a metaphor!?
Other words/definitions which have not been listed yet-
 - compellingwhich may indicate there are other forces other than what is observed
 - coersive - as in coersive bond (chem)
 Another tangent could be the meaning of "threefold cord" being stronger than a two or one fold cord in the Bible. (Ec 4:12) It may take much research to get the meaningtry Watch Tower Library; but the gist is using the same elements to create a far superior strength and symbiotic relationship.
share|improve this answer
A quick Google search away: _URL_.php?term=synergy - it was probably just left out of that dictionary – Izkata Aug 4 '13 at 5:52
You are looking for the equivalent of "the whole is greater than the sum of the parts", often referred to as synergy and Gestalt theory.
share|improve this answer
protected by tchrist Feb 22 at 3:58
Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead?


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To the archaeologist who excavated her remains, she's Burial XXII. To the staff at the museum where she will be displayed, she's known as the "Seated Woman" (for now, at least, though they're open to other suggestions). And to the artist who reconstructed her life-size image and imagined her piercing stare, she's the "Shaman."
Her real name was likely last uttered some 7,000 years ago in the fertile marshes and forests of what is now southwest Sweden. But while that name is forgotten to history, a team led by archaeologist and artist Oscar Nilsson was able to breathe life into her remarkable burial with a reconstruction that will be unveiled at Sweden's Trelleborg Museum on November 17.
The woman was buried upright, seated cross-legged on a bed of antlers. A belt fashioned from more than 100 animal teeth hung from her waist and a large slate pendant from her neck. A short cape of feathers covered her shoulders.
From her bones, archaeologists were able to determine that she stood a bit under five feet tall and was between 30 and 40 years old when she died. DNA extracted from other individuals in the burial ground where she was found confirmed what we know about Mesolithic peoples in Europe—that they were dark skinned and pale eyed.
The advent of agriculture
Lars Larsson recalls excavating Burial XXII at the archaeological site of Skateholm, near Trelleborg, in the early 1980s. It was one of more than 80 ancient graves recorded at Skateholm, which ranged in dates from roughly 5,500 to 4,600 B.C. and included a variety of burial types, including people interred in pairs or with dogs, and individual dogs buried with rich grave offerings. Burial XXII was one of only a handful of seated interments, however, and archaeologists decided to excavate the burial as a single block that would to be transported to a lab for further investigation.
"That may have been the most difficult grave we excavated at Skateholm," says Larsson, a professor emeritus of archaeology at Lund University.
Skateholm and other late Mesolithic burial sites in the region along the southern Scandinavian coastline hold particular interest to archaeologists as they reveal communities of hunter-gatherers that continued to flourish for nearly a thousand years after Neolithic farmers brought agriculture into mainland Europe.
It appears that geographical isolation wasn't the reason for the late arrival of farming in Scandinavia, says Larsson, pointing to grave goods found at Skateholm that suggest trade contacts with agricultural communities on the European mainland. Rather, it was a choice.
"People tend to think of hunter-gathers as uncivilized humans," Larsson says, "but why would they transition to agriculture when they had a great situation with hunting and gathering and fishing?"
A gateway between worlds
While researchers relied on human bones and DNA to create the physical reconstruction of the woman, Larsson is reluctant to imagine her role in society apart from saying it was "distinctive."
Ingela Jacobsson, director of the Trelleborg Museum, agrees. "She had some sort of special position in society considering everything that she was buried with, but beyond that we cannot make any sort of determinations."
The artist in Oscar Nilsson, however, zeroed in on what he thought he saw. "You can interpret the evidence in many ways, but in my eyes she is definitely a shaman. She's buried sitting up on the horns. It's very striking and she very obviously was a person of great importance and dignity," he says.
Nilsson's forensic technique starts with an exact 3D replica of the original skull, scanned, printed, and then modeled by hand to reflect bone structure and tissue thickness based on the individual's origin, sex, and estimated age at death.
For the body, he recruited an acquaintance with a similar height and build to pose cross legged. Nilsson and his colleagues Eline Kumlander and Cathrine Abrahamson took plaster molds of the body model that were later cast in silicone. The clothes and adornments—including the belt fashioned from 130 animal teeth—were sourced locally and crafted by Helena Gjaerum.
But what draws the most attention is the woman's riveting, intense expression.
"I seldom make reconstructions that have so much character," says Nilsson, "but she is a character. As we came to the conclusion that she was a shaman, it was easier to create her facial expression. She's not moving her facial muscles much, but it feels like she is communicating."
"She's like a gateway between our world and the other world," he adds, "and that has to be recognized in her face."
Museum director Jacobsson says that she got goose bumps the first time she saw the reconstruction. "There was a special look in her eyes; it was really something."
Maria Jiborn, an educator at the Trelleborg Museum, says she felt a strange sense of déjà vu when she looked into the face of the Mesolithic woman. "I remember thinking, hmm, haven't we met before? Like she was familiar in some funny way. She probably looks like some distant acquaintance."
"We are all humans through time and space," she adds.


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We use for to say how long:
We have been waiting for twenty minutes.
They lived in Manchester for fifteen years.
We use since with the present perfect or the past perfect to say when something started:
I have worked here since December.
They had been watching since seven o'clock in the morning.
We use from …to/until to say when something starts and finishes:
They stayed with us from Monday to Friday.
We will be on holiday from the sixteenth until the twentieth.
- Determiners and quantifiers
- Clause, phrase and sentence
Tags for teachers
A - Z of Content
- 1 de 6


text:
John Rose Macduff
Dictionary of Burning Words of Brilliant Writers (1895)
Quotes reported in Josiah Hotchkiss Gilbert, Dictionary of Burning Words of Brilliant Writers (1895).
- Character is the product of daily, hourly actions, and words, and thoughts; daily forgivenesses, unselfishness, kindnesses, sympathies, charities, sacrifices for the good of others, struggles against temptation, submissiveness under trial. Oh, it is these, like the blending colors in a picture, or the blending notes of music, which constitute the man.
- P. 46.
- All Christ's public acts were consecrated by prayer, — His baptism, His transfiguration, His miracles, His agony, His death. He breathed away His spirit in prayer. " His last breath," says Philip Henry, "was praying breath."
- P. 66.
- Faith does not first ask what the bread is made of, but eats it. It does not analyze the components of the living stream, but with joy draws water from the " wells of salvation."
- P. 230.
- Seek to mingle gentleness in all your rebukes; bear with the infirmities of others; make allowance for constitutional frailties; never say harsh things, if kind things will do as well.
- P. 256.
- Even when the shadows of trial are falling around us, let us "pass through the cloud" with the sustaining motive— "All my wish, O God, is to please and glorify Thee!"
- P. 283.
- If, like Jacob, you trust God in little things, He may answer you by great things.
- P. 601.