Precision Time Protocol (PTP) hardware is a Technology Preview feature only. Technology Preview features are not supported with Red Hat production service level agreements (SLAs) and might not be functionally complete. Red Hat does not recommend using them in production. These features provide early access to upcoming product features, enabling customers to test functionality and provide feedback during the development process.
For more information about the support scope of Red Hat Technology Preview features, see _URL_
About PTP hardware on OKD
OKD includes the capability to use Precision Time Protocol (PTP)hardware on your nodes. You can configure linuxptp services on nodes with PTP capable hardware.
You can use the OKD console to install PTP by deploying the PTP Operator. The PTP Operator creates and manages the linuxptp services. The Operator provides following features:
 - Discover the PTP capable devices in cluster.
 - Manage configuration of linuxptp services.
Installing the PTP Operator
As a cluster administrator, you can install the PTP Operator using the OKD CLI or the web console.
Installing the Operator using the CLI
As a cluster administrator, you can install the Operator using the CLI.
Prerequisites
 - A cluster installed on bare-metal hardware with nodes that have hardware that supports PTP.
 - Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
 - Log in as a user with cluster-admin privileges.
Procedure
 1. Create a namespace for the PTP Operator by completing the following actions:
 1. Create the following Namespace Custom Resource (CR) that defines the openshift-ptp namespace, and then save the YAML in the ptp-namespace.yaml file:
 apiVersion: v1
 kind: Namespace
 metadata:
 name: openshift-ptp
 labels:
 name: openshift-ptp
 _URL_-monitoring: "true"
 2. Create the namespace by running the following command:
 $ oc create -f ptp-namespace.yaml
 2. Install the PTP Operator in the namespace you created in the previous step by creating the following objects:
 1. Create the following OperatorGroup CR and save the YAML in the ptp-operatorgroup.yaml file:
 apiVersion: _URL_
 kind: OperatorGroup
 metadata:
 name: ptp-operators
 namespace: openshift-ptp
 spec:
 targetNamespaces:
 - openshift-ptp
 2. Create the OperatorGroup CR by running the following command:
 $ oc create -f ptp-operatorgroup.yaml
 3. Run the following command to get the channel value required for the next step.
 $ oc get packagemanifest ptp-operator -n openshift-marketplace -o jsonpath='{.status.defaultChannel}'
 4. Create the following Subscription CR and save the YAML in the ptp-sub.yaml file:
 Example Subscription
 apiVersion: _URL_
 kind: Subscription
 metadata:
 name: ptp-operator-subscription
 namespace: openshift-ptp
 spec:
 channel: <channel> (1)
 name: ptp-operator
 source: redhat-operators (2)
 sourceNamespace: openshift-marketplace
 1 Specify the value from you obtained in the previous step for the .status.defaultChannel parameter.
 2 You must specify the redhat-operators value.
 5. Create the Subscription object by running the following command:
 $ oc create -f ptp-sub.yaml
 6. Change to the openshift-ptp project:
 $ oc project openshift-ptp
 Example output
 Now using project "openshift-ptp"
Installing the Operator using the web console
As a cluster administrator, you can install the Operator using the web console.
You have to create the Namespace CR and OperatorGroup CR as mentioned in the previous section.
Procedure
 1. Install the PTP Operator using the OKD web console:
 1. In the OKD web console, click OperatorsOperatorHub.
 2. Choose PTP Operator from the list of available Operators, and then click Install.
 3. On the Create Operator Subscription page, under A specific namespace on the cluster select openshift-ptp. Then, click Subscribe.
 2. Optional: Verify that the PTP Operator installed successfully:
 1. Switch to the OperatorsInstalled Operators page.
 2. Ensure that PTP Operator is listed in the openshift-ptp project with a Status of InstallSucceeded.
 During installation an Operator might display a Failed status. If the installation later succeeds with an InstallSucceeded message, you can ignore the Failed message.
 If the operator does not appear as installed, to troubleshoot further:
 - Go to the OperatorsInstalled Operators page and inspect the Operator Subscriptions and Install Plans tabs for any failure or errors under Status.
 - Go to the WorkloadsPods page and check the logs for Pods in the openshift-ptp project.
Automated discovery of PTP network devices
The PTP Operator adds the NodePtpDevice.ptp.openshift.io Custom Resource Definition (CRD) to OKD. The PTP Operator will search your cluster for PTP capable network devices on each node. The Operator creates and updates a NodePtpDevice Custom Resource (CR) for each node that provides a compatible PTP device.
One CR is created for each node, and shares the same name as the node. The .status.devices list provides information about the PTP devices on a node.
The following is an example of a NodePtpDevice CR created by the PTP Operator:
apiVersion: _URL_
kind: NodePtpDevice
metadata:
 creationTimestamp: "2019-11-15T08:57:11Z"
 generation: 1
 name: dev-worker-0 (1)
 namespace: openshift-ptp (2)
 resourceVersion: "487462"
 selfLink: /apis/ptp.openshift.io/v1/namespaces/openshift-ptp/nodeptpdevices/dev-worker-0
 uid: 08d133f7-aae2-403f-84ad-1fe624e5ab3f
spec: {}
status:
 devices: (3)
 - name: eno1
 - name: eno2
 - name: ens787f0
 - name: ens787f1
 - name: ens801f0
 - name: ens801f1
 - name: ens802f0
 - name: ens802f1
 - name: ens803
1 The value for the name parameter is the same as the name of the node.
2 The CR is created in openshift-ptp namespace by PTP Operator.
3 The devices collection includes a list of all of the PTP capable devices discovered by the Operator on the node.
Configuring Linuxptp services
The PTP Operator adds the PtpConfig.ptp.openshift.io Custom Resource Definition (CRD) to OKD. You can configure the Linuxptp services (ptp4l, phc2sys) by creating a PtpConfig Custom Resource (CR).
Prerequisites
 - Install the OpenShift CLI (oc).
 - Log in as a user with cluster-admin privileges.
 - You must have installed the PTP Operator.
Procedure
 1. Create the following PtpConfig CR, and then save the YAML in the <name>-ptp-config.yaml file. Replace <name> with the name for this configuration.
 apiVersion: _URL_
 kind: PtpConfig
 metadata:
 name: <name> (1)
 namespace: openshift-ptp (2)
 spec:
 profile: (3)
 - name: "profile1" (4)
 interface: "ens787f1" (5)
 ptp4lOpts: "-s -2" (6)
 phc2sysOpts: "-a -r" (7)
 recommend: (8)
 - profile: "profile1" (9)
 priority: 10 (10)
 match: (11)
 - nodeLabel: "_URL_" (12)
 nodeName: "dev-worker-0" (13)
 1 Specify a name for the PtpConfig CR.
 2 Specify the namespace where the PTP Operator is installed.
 3 Specify an array of one or more profile objects.
 4 Specify the name of a profile object which is used to uniquely identify a profile object.
 5 Specify the network interface name to use by the ptp4l service, for example ens787f1.
 6 Specify system config options for the ptp4l service, for example -s -2. This should not include the interface name -i <interface> and service config file -f /etc/ptp4l.conf because these will be automatically appended.
 7 Specify system config options for the phc2sys service, for example -a -r.
 8 Specify an array of one or more recommend objects which define rules on how the profile should be applied to nodes.
 9 Specify the profile object name defined in the profile section.
 10 Specify the priority with an integer value between 0 and 99. A larger number gets lower priority, so a priority of 99 is lower than


text:
I had the opportunity to compare the same build of Debian Linux running on two different NB10s. Both were otherwise identical (same RAM, disk, installation). The quad-core (N3510) unit arrived with BIOS 1.00, so it was possible to gather statistics on this unit with both the original BIOS, and the latest version at time of testing (1.20).
The full table of results is available in a Google Docs spreadsheet.
Summary of results:
- The quad-core unit uses no extra power at idle.
- BIOS version 1.20 uses approximately 200mW less power than BIOS version 1.00 in all states.
- With two CPU cores fully utilised and two idle, the dual- and quad- core units' power consumption is almost identical.
- With a greater CPU load, the quad-core unit can use more power than the dual-core.
This in itself does not mean that, for a given use case, that the quad-core unit will have a shorter battery life. More CPU power can allow a given operation to complete, and the system (CPUs and disks) to return to idle state, more quickly.
- The difference between minimum and maximum screen brightness is 1.4W.
- These results are with all powertop suggestions enabled. These in total save about a watt – highly significant on a 5W computer.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
The clean oven is also called a dust-free oven. It is mainly used to purify the environment through an air filter to prevent fine particles in the air from entering the box. The air inside the box is closed and self-circulating, and is repeatedly filtered by a high-temperature and high-efficiency air filter of 100 levels, so that the working room is in a dust-free state. The dust-free oven is suitable for pre-treatment baking of silicon wafers, gallium arsenide, lithium niobate, glass and other materials in semiconductor manufacturing, high-temperature baking after hard coating and curing after coating; also applicable to electronics Liquid crystal display, LCD, CMOS, IS, pharmaceutical, laboratory and other production and scientific research departments; dust-free industrial oven can also be used for drying, heat treatment, aging and other high temperature tests of non-volatile and non-flammable and explosive materials.
[Clean oven product features]:
1. Structure: It is assembled from the box part, electrical control cabinet, electric heating and air duct circulation system, and the structure is reasonable.
2, sealing design: full-circumferential argon welding, high temperature resistant silicone rubber dust-free sealing strip insulation to ensure sealing and cleanliness;
3, external dust-proof treatment: the outer material is SPCC steel plate through powder spray, wear-resistant without dust;
4, high-efficiency filter: HEPA filter structure clean room, 99.99% effective filtration, cleanliness level 100;
5, energy saving: insulation material is high-density fiber, heat preservation and energy saving;
6. Hierarchical structure design: the inner box laminate is adjustable in height and can be taken out freely;
7. Temperature control instrument: automatic control of temperature, constant temperature and time control, with over-temperature automatic power-off and alarm circuit, reliable control and safe use.
8, electrical accessories: all use the first-line brand, PID calculation of the temperature control system and over-temperature protection device, intelligent constant temperature, small temperature difference, suitable for long and short baking of different products.
1, temperature range: normal temperature -250 ° C, adjustable thermostat
2. External dimensions: H1660*W770*D920mm Internal dimensions: H900*W600*D600mm
3, heating rate: from room temperature to 200 ° C in about 30 minutes
4, thermal insulation performance: the outer wall temperature does not exceed 45 ° C (when the furnace temperature reaches 200 ° C)
5, temperature control accuracy: ± 1 ° C
6, temperature uniformity: ± 3 ° C%
7, the use of power: 380V/50HZ (three-phase five-wire)
Yihe Xing main oven products include: aging oven, large oven, hot air circulation oven, etc.; more oven parameters, prices and other details are welcome to consult.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
As discussed previously (13), there are several different techniques for injecting RNA into Xenopus eggs, and it is not possible to describe them all. We therefore describe the methods used in our own laboratory.
1. Microinjection needles are prepared from capillary tubing, such as GC120F-15 made by Clark Electromedical Instruments (Reading, England). We have used two types of needle puller. One consists of nothing more than a heated platinum coil. The capillary is clamped at its top, passed down through the coil, and a piece of modeling clay (about 7 g) is attached to the bottom. The current is then switched on. The shape of the needle and the diameter of the tip depend on the amount of current passed through the coil, the exact weight of the modeling clay, and on whether the investigator is able to catch the tubing before it hits the bench.
The second option is to use more expensive pullers, such as those made by Campden Instruments or Kopf. Whatever kind of puller is used, the diameter of the needle tip should not exceed 15 |im. Needles should be heated to 180°C to destroy RNAase activity, and they should be stored in a dust-free atmosphere.
2. Singer Instrument Company Micromanipulator, Mark I.
3. Inject + Matic air-driven injector (Supplied by Micro Instruments Ltd., Long Hanborough, Oxford, UK).
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text:
The PHOTON Projects
In 1994, the National Science Foundation (NSF) awarded the first Advanced Technology Education (ATE) grants with the goal of improving technician education at two-year colleges and forming partnerships between academic institutions and industry. In 1995, the New England Board of Higher Education (NEBHE) in Boston, Massachusetts received its first ATE grant, a project to prepare teachers to introduce fiber optic technology to secondary and postsecondary students in the six New England states. The work of the first grant was adapted and expanded by three subsequent ATE grants. The impact of these projects has grown in technical breadth and geographical extent to include all of photonics technology and teachers and faculty from Maine to Hawaii. Through our work with the optics/photonics societies OSA and SPIE, our impact has spread throughout the globe.
Fiber Optic Technology Education Project (FOTEP) 1995 – 1998
The first of the NEBHE photonics-related ATE projects increased the number of secondary schools and colleges (primarily two-year community colleges) prepared to introduce fiber optics technology to their students. Over a period of 30 months, FOTEP worked with teachers and faculty from more than 40 schools in a series of workshops, providing curriculum, materials, technical assistance and a unique opportunity to network with other educators and fiber optic industry personnel.
Key FOTEP Outcomes:
- Modules, courses and programs in fiber optic technology were developed at New England high schools and colleges
- Over 60% of FOTEP faculty participants built contacts and partnerships with local fiber optics businesses.
- Strong collaboration between high school and college level instructors promoted.
- A lab kit was developed for fiber optic laboratory experiments and a set of fiber optics instructional materials was developed.
PHOTON 2000 – 2003
PHOTON addressed photonics education on a number of fronts. Of primary importance was increasing the number of teachers who had the knowledge and skills to teach photonics technology. Although ATE programs are focused on two-year colleges, PHOTON recognized that the pipeline of college students starts well before college admission, perhaps even before secondary school. For this reason, project PHOTON included middle and high school teachers as well as college faculty. This cross-grades collaboration resulted in the development of educational pathways in science education to help students achieve as they progressed through the educational system. Project PHOTON also included guidance counselors in the professional development workshops. Counselors gained new knowledge on available career options and provided outreach to students interested in math, science and technology careers.
Key PHOTON Outcomes:
- 39 New England schools participated, with teachers from middle schools, high schools and community colleges.
- A mentored email Listserv was established that is still active today with more than 100 education and industry members.
- The FOTEP lab kit was expanded to include components for experiments with lasers and 25 laboratory experiments in basic & applied optics were developed and field-tested.
- A series of 13 optics-focused "Explorations" suitable for middle school science labs were developed.
- High schools, community colleges and local industry created stronger bonds leading to joint activities such as field trips, job
PHOTON2 Project (2003-2006)
PHOTON2 gave educators the necessary skills and resources to implement and teach photonics courses by producing an introductory textbook and other materials and a distance-learning program for educators. Like PHOTON, PHOTON2 established Alliances between local high schools and colleges to provide seamless integration between their STEM curricula. Educators from eight geographic locations were brought together to facilitate photonics technology education in their local institutions to develop educational pathways for students.
Key PHOTON2 Outcomes:
- Web-based professional development course, "Introduction to Photonics."
- Instructional materials, including a 15 chapter textbook, Light – Introduction to Optics and Photonics. _URL_
- A field-tested, industry-quality laboratory equipment kit, with 25 exercises and lab demo videos.
- Support by local industry for instructors and students.
Local,paid summer internships in the photonics industry during 2005 and 2006 for teachers and counselors.
- A capstone "Showcase" workshop in 2006 held in collaboration with SPIE.
This project developed materials for teaching optics/photonics through Problem-Based Learning, a student-centered pedagogy that teaches structured problem-solving at the same time as content.
Find out more about PHOTON PBL and Problem Based Learning here PHOTON PBL


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Home arrow Computer Science arrow A Practical Guide to TPM 2.0
Password Authorization: The Simplest Authorization
Password authorizations are the simplest authorizations, so I will describe them first. This section presents the password authorization lifecycle: how to create a password authorized entity, how to alter the authorization for an existing entity, and how to use a password authorization to authorize an action.
Password Authorization Lifecycle
A password authorization has a very simple lifecycle: create an entity using a password as the authorization, and then authorize actions on the entity. In more detail, the high-level steps required to create and use a password authorization are as follows:
1. Create an entity that will use an authorization value, or change the authorization value for an existing entity. This step is typically performed once per entity.
2. Authorize actions using the password authorized entity. This step can be performed multiple times for a particular entity and can occur any time after the entity's password has been set, whether by creating the entity or by changing its authorization.
First let's look at step 1, creating an entity to use a password authorization or altering the password for an existing entity.
Creating a Password Authorized Entity
To create an entity, use the following commands: TPM2_CreatePrimary, TPM2_Create, and TPM2_NV_DefineSpace.6 Each of these has a parameter field for passing in the authValue that will be used to authorize actions on the entity. This authValue can be used either as a simple plaintext password or as an input to an HMAC authorization, but since this section is describing a password session, it just describes its use as a password. HMAC authorizations are described after we finish with passwords.
Here are some more details about the three TPM commands used to create entities:
- TPM2_CreatePrimary is used to create primary objects (objects directly under the primary seed) in a hierarchy. The USER authorization can be a password authorization if the
inPublic parameter's userWithAuth attribute is set; this means authorization for actions that require the USER role can be performed by a password or HMAC. The authValue, a password in this case, is passed in by setting the userAuth field of the inSensitive parameter to the password.
- TPM2_Create is used to create objects that can be loaded into the TPM. The authorization type, userWithAuth, and the authValue are configured by setting the same fields used by TPM2_CreatePrimary.
- TPM2_NV_DefineSpace is used to define an NV index. A password authorization can be used if the attributes TPMA_NV_AUTHREAD and/or TPMA_NV_AUTHWRITE are set. The input parameter, authValue (the password), is passed in as the auth parameter of the TPM2_NV_DefineSpace command.
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text:
Study reveals how construction workers remain physically fit as they age
Canadian researchers have uncovered a mysterious 'physical wisdom' used by skilled trades that enables them to work fast and safely to minimise physical strain.
The University of Waterloo, in Ontario, fitted construction workers with motion sensors and used artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to assess the impact of physical work on their bodies.
Researchers found that skilled bricklayers used previously unidentified techniques to limit loads on their joints, and master masons did not follow standard ergonomic rules taught to novices.
Instead, they had developed their own ways of working quickly and safely, for example 'swinging' blocks more often than lifting them and bending their backs less.
Carl Haas, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of Waterloo, who led the research with colleague Eihab Abdel-Rahman, told RIBAJ: 'It's fascinating that for about 100 years we have been studying how masons do their work and how to make work more efficient and safe, but only now do we have the tools to dive in and figure out how some can keep working safely and productively when they are 65. It's as if skilled trades learn or acquire a kind of physical wisdom that they can't even articulate.'
Researchers first analysed the performance of bricklayers of various levels of experience wearing sensor suits while building a wall of concrete blocks. The data showed that expert workers put less stress on their bodies, but were able to do much more work.
A follow up study was carried out to determine how master masons manage to work so efficiently. Sensors were used to record their movements and AI programs identified common patterns for body positions.
'I believe the techniques are learned, or discovered by workers over time,' said Haas. 'It's very different from the classic taught ergonomic techniques which are safe if you try to follow them, but make you slow and unproductive if you want to work dynamically. This is like a highly developed skill, akin to those of professional sports players.'
It is hoped that insights gleaned here can be passed on to apprentices in training programmes to help reduce wear-and-tear injuries and boost productivity.
The researchers are now planning a more in-depth study to shed further light on the physical mechanisms at play. A system is being developed so that sensor suits can give trainees immediate feedback so they can modify movements to reduce stress on their bodies.
Musculoskeletal injuries are a significant problem in bricklaying that have caused many workers and apprentices to drop out of the industry prematurely.


text: To dissociate the influence of host age from length of exposure on acquisition of filarial infection, we examined the development of microfilaraemia and anti-filarial IgG4 in all ages of a naive population that became suddenly exposed to Brugia malayi as a result of transmigration. Responses in 247 transmigrants, who had settled for periods of several months up to 6 years in their new homesteads, were compared with those of 133 life-long residents. As shown in earlier studies, anti-filarial IgG4 increased with age in the indigenous population, whose age is equivalent to length of exposure. However, by examining transmigrants, it became clear that development of specific IgG4 was influenced by age, since levels of this antibody were consistently higher in transmigrant adults than in transmigrant children, despite an equal length of exposure to filarial infection. Examining microfilaraemia, it was confirmed that infection establishes more rapidly in adults than in children.


text:
Radiology is a crucial and intricate field of medicine that plays a pivotal role in accurate diagnosis and patient care. As a radiologist, your expertise in interpreting medical images is indispensable. However, like any medical profession, radiology is not without its risks. That's where malpractice insurance comes into play.
1. What specific risks are associated with radiology practice that malpractice insurance should cover?
Malpractice insurance for radiologists should cover specific risks such as errors in image interpretation, procedural complications, failure to recommend appropriate tests, failure to communicate results in a timely manner, and harm due to radiation exposure.
2. Does the malpractice insurance cover interventional radiology procedures?
While most malpractice insurance plans should cover interventional radiology, it is essential to confirm this with your insurance provider, as these procedures are often riskier and could require additional coverage.
3. How is the coverage limit determined for radiologists?
Coverage limits for radiologists can depend on several factors, including the type and volume of procedures performed, the risk profile of the practice (e.g., whether you're involved in interventional radiology), and the state or region's litigation history.
4. Are teleradiology services covered?
Most modern medical malpractice insurance policies cover teleradiology services. However, it's important to confirm this with your provider, as there may be specific stipulations or limitations, especially if you are providing services across state lines or internationally.
5. Does the policy cover me for lawsuits related to radiation exposure?
Most comprehensive malpractice insurance policies should cover lawsuits related to radiation exposure. However, there may be exceptions, limits, or specific conditions, so it's essential to clarify this with your provider.
6. What does 'consent to settle' mean in my policy?
'Consent to settle' means that the insurance company cannot settle a claim without your agreement. This clause can be important for healthcare providers, including radiologists, who may be concerned about their reputation and professional record.
7. Is coverage provided for cases related to incorrect interpretation of images?
Yes, malpractice insurance typically covers cases related to incorrect interpretation of images, as this falls under the standard professional liability that a radiologist would be expected to have.
8. What happens if I switch to a different sub-specialty within radiology?
If you switch to a different sub-specialty within radiology, you should inform your insurance provider as it may impact your coverage. Some specialties may carry different levels of risk and therefore require different coverage levels.
9. Does the insurance cover legal defense costs?
Typically, malpractice insurance policies do cover legal defense costs, which can include lawyer fees, court costs, and even settlement or judgment costs. However, policies can vary, and it's essential to confirm this with your provider.
10. What is "tail" coverage, and do I need it?
Tail coverage, or Extended Reporting Period (ERP) coverage, protects you from claims made after your policy ends but stems from care provided while the policy was active. Depending on your situation and the terms of your policy, tail coverage may be advisable, as claims can sometimes be filed months or even years after an incident.
11. Is coverage provided for the use of AI diagnostic tools?
As AI diagnostic tools become more prevalent in radiology, many insurance providers are adapting their policies to include related risks. However, this isn't standard across the board, so it's crucial to ask your provider about this coverage.
Remember to always consult with an insurance professional or legal advisor to understand the nuances of your specific policy and coverage.
Contact SelectFirst Insurance today for help with your Medmal insurance. Call (888) 966-3881or Email us at _EMAIL_.


text:
Incident Response Satellite Depots Project
The Department of Transport and Main Roads is now operating Queensland's first Incident Response Satellite Depots (IRSD) in order to respond to traffic incidents faster and reduce congestion on state-controlled roads (as part of the government's "congestion busting" initiatives).
There are 7 satellite depots that service the motorways and major arterials throughout south-east Queensland. The satellite depots provide storage facilities for signage and recovery equipment for emergency response crews. This allows incident response crews to clear traffic incidents faster and more efficiently, making our state-controlled roads safer and reduce traffic congestion.
The Incident Response Satellite Depots are an important part of the Queensland Government's plan to manage and oversee the delivery of a safe, efficient and integrated transport system that supports sustainable economic, social and environmental outcomes in Queensland.
The project involved the planning, design and construction of the satellite depots. cobodo provided consultancy services to TMR Road Operations, Metropolitan Region on the Congestion Busting Initiatives with a project budget of $11 million. Margie's role included:
project management of the design, construction and commissioning of the satellite depots
documentation of business requirements
development of business cases
preparation of the tender documentation
development and documentation of policies and procedures
workshop facilitation and presentation.


LimitsLSN; // least-significant nybbles of start and end channel
 byte OversampleCount; // configures how many extra conversions per reading
 byte ScanLimitsMSN; // most-significant nybbles of start and end channel
}
A configuration of all zero is close to an "ordinary" use; you'll likely want to set timer or external trigger, and start and end channels.
Config Bytes 00-0Fh: Range Codes
Valid range codes are:
Range Code01234567
ADC Input RangeUnipolar 0-10VBipolar ±10VUnipolar 0-5VBipolar ±5VUnipolar 0-2VBipolar ±2VUnipolar 0-1VBipolar ±1V
When using 16-channel USB-AIx family boards, you can acquire differential data by adding 8 to some or all range codes for channels 0-7. Any channel (0-7) configured for differential causes the corresponding "+8" channel's range code to be ignored.
DAQ-PACK devices, and USB-AIx family devices with 32+ channels, include sub-multiplexer boards. This increases the number of channels, and can provide elaborate and flexible signal-conditioning options.
For example, a DAQ-PACK may have ×100 gain on most channels. If those channels are acquired using range code 7, then the effective range is ±.01V i.e. ±10mV. This is suitable for acquiring thermocouples within a few hundred degrees of the CJC temperature.
Regardless of the number of channels, there are 16 range code entries (bytes 00h-0Fh in the array). Each controls the input range/gain on one or more channels, as follows:
16-Channel Boards
Config Byte00h01h07h08h0Eh0Fh
Sets Range On Channels01781415
"64M" Boards (64-channel)
Config Byte00h01h07h08h0Eh0Fh
Sets Range On Channels0-34-_PHONE_-5960-63
Other Boards (32-, 64-, 96-, or 128-channel)
Config Byte00h01h07h08h0Eh0Fh
Sets Range On Channels0-78-_PHONE_-119120-127
Config Byte 10h: Calibration Code
This byte is simply zero for normal use. Nonzero values replace the normal input with an onboard calibration constant, for boards that have them.
Calibration CodeBehaviorExpected
00hThe ADC will acquire data from the external pins, as normally expected.user input
01hThe ADC will acquire the onboard Unipolar Ground reference.0V
03hThe ADC will acquire the onboard Unipolar Full-Scale voltage reference..90909V @ 0-10V unipolar range
05hThe ADC will acquire the onboard Bipolar Zero reference.0V
07hThe ADC will acquire the onboard Bipolar Full-Scale voltage reference..90909V @ ±10V bipolar range
Config Byte 11h: Trigger & Counter
BitD7D6D5D4D3D2D1D0
ValueReserved, use 0CTR0 EXTFalling EdgeScanExternal TriggerTimer Trigger
 - If CTR0 EXT is set, counter 0 is externally-clocked; otherwise, counter 0 is clocked by the onboard 10MHz clock.
 - If Falling Edge is set, A/D acquisition is triggered by the falling edge of its trigger source; otherwise, A/D acquisition is triggered by the rising edge of its trigger source.
 - If Scan is set, a single A/D trigger will acquire all channels from start channel to end channel, with oversampling (if so configured), at maximum speed. Otherwise, a single A/D trigger will cause a single conversion, iterating through oversamples and channels.
 - If External Trigger is set, the external A/D trigger pin is an A/D trigger source. Otherwise, this pin is ignored. Please note: the trigger pin can trigger a Scan, or a single Conversion. It is not used to start a sequence of Scans or Conversions.
 - If Timer Trigger is set an onboard pacing clock circuit is used as an A/D trigger source. Otherwise, the output of the pacing clock circuit is ignored.
Config Bytes 12h & 14h: Start & End Channel
Bits4-70-3
Config Byte 12hEnd Channel bits 0-3Start Channel bits 0-3
Config Byte 14hEnd Channel bits 4-7Start Channel bits 4-7
For example, to start at 0 and end at 63 (3Fh), set config byte 12h to F0h and config byte 14h to 30h. To start at 7 and end at 107 (6Bh), set config byte 12h to B7h and config byte 14h to 60h. In any case, if the end channel is less than the start channel, then the board's behavior is unspecified.
Note that it may be more convenient to set these bytes by calling ADC_SetScanLimits.
Config Byte 13h: Oversample
Oversample is the number of extra samples to be acquired from each channel before moving on to the next. In a noisy environment, the samples can be averaged together by software to effectively reduce noise. The number set here is in addition to the single acquisition of every channel that happens normally. Therefore, an oversample of 0 results in one conversion per channel, an oversample of 1 results in two conversions per channel, and an oversample of 255 results in a total of 256 conversions per channel being taken.
ADC_GetFastScanV()
APPLIES TO
Digital
Inputs
Digital
Outputs
Analog
Inputs
Analog
Outputs
Buffered
DI, DO, DIO
Counter
Timers

Purpose:
Takes a scan, similar to ADC_GetScanV, but without the intro and outro code. It's thus faster, but it requires the caller to call the intro and (optionally) outro.
Call ADC_InitFastScanV first. You can then call this function repeatedly. Optionally, call ADC_ResetFastScanV when you're done using this function.
Delphi function ADC_GetFastScanV(DeviceIndex: LongWord; pBuf: PDouble): LongWord; cdecl;
Visual C unsigned long ADC_GetFastScanV(unsigned long DeviceIndex, double *pBuf);
C# UInt32 ADC_GetFastScanV(UInt32 DeviceIndex, [Out] Double[] pBuf);
Arguments:
DeviceIndex
The index of the device to query; generally either diOnly or a specific device's device index.
pBuf
Pointer to the first of an array of double-precision IEEE floating point numbers. Each element in the array will receive the value read from the corresponding A/D input channel. The array must be at least as large as the number of A/D input channels your product contains (16, 32, 64, 96, or 128) — but it is safe to always pass a pointer to an array of 128.
Only elements in the array corresponding to A/D channels actually acquired during the scan will be updated: start-channel through end-channel, inclusive. Other values will remain unchanged.
Returns:
Windows standard "Win32" error codes. ERROR_SUCCESS (0) means "Success".
ADC_ResetFastScanV()
APPLIES TO
Digital
Inputs
Digital
Outputs
Analog
Inputs
Analog
Outputs
Buffered
DI, DO, DIO
Counter
Timers

Purpose:
Puts the ADC configuration back after ADC_GetFastScanV calls. This function is optional, because the configuration for ADC_GetFastScanV is still valid.
If you do call this function, then you'll need to call ADC_InitFastScanV again before you can resume calling ADC_GetFastScanV.
Delphi function ADC_ResetFastScanV(DeviceIndex: LongWord): LongWord; cdecl;
Visual C unsigned long ADC_ResetFastScanV(unsigned long DeviceIndex);
C# UInt32 ADC_ResetFastScanV(UInt32 DeviceIndex);
Arguments:
DeviceIndex
The index of the device to control; generally either diOnly or a specific device's device index.
Returns:
Windows standard "Win32" error codes. ERROR_SUCCESS (0) means "Success".
ADC_InitFastScanV()
APPLIES TO
Digital
Inputs
Digital
Outputs
Analog
Inputs
Analog
Outputs
Buffered
DI, DO, DIO
Counter
Timers

Purpose:
Prepares the ADC configuration for repeated ADC_GetFastScanV calls.
Delphi function ADC_InitFastScanV(DeviceIndex: LongWord): LongWord; cdecl;
Visual C unsigned long ADC_InitFastScanV(unsigned long DeviceIndex);
C# UInt32 ADC_InitFastScanV(UInt32 DeviceIndex);
Arguments:
DeviceIndex
The index of the device to control; generally either diOnly or a specific device's device index.
Returns:
Windows standard "Win32" error codes. ERROR_SUCCESS (0) means "Success".
Digital To Analog (DAC)
Overview
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(University of Michigan) Researchers at the University of Michigan Life Sciences Institute have identified a new type of rapid-response defense mechanism that helps protect cells from environmental stress while giving slower, well-known protection systems time to act.NEXT ARTICLE
Stress is caused by your perception of situations around you and then the reaction of your body to them. The automatic stress response to unexpected events is known as 'fight or flight'. Discovered by Walter Cannon in 1932, it is the release of h...


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Correlation between collagen solubility and skin optical clearing using sugars.
- Author(s): Hirshburg, Jason;
- Choi, Bernard;
- Nelson, J Stuart;
- Yeh, Alvin T
- et al.
Published Web Locationhttps://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20417
Background and objectiveLight scattering from collagen within skin limits light-based therapeutics while increasing the risk of epidermal thermal injury. Specific chemicals show the ability to reduce light scattering by reversibly altering the optical properties of skin. This study examines the correlation between collagen solubility and the optical clearing potential (OCP) of sugars and sugar-alcohols using in vitro rodent skin.
Materials and methodsCollagen solubility in dextrose, fructose, sucrose, and sorbitol was measured using near-UV spectroscopy. Light transmittance, reflectance, and rodent skin thickness were measured (giving skin reduced scattering coefficient) before and after exposure of the dermal surface to sugars and sugar-alcohols. OCP was calculated as the ratio of reduced scattering coefficients before and after exposures.
ResultsDextrose, fructose, sucrose, and sorbitol had at least twice the collagen solubility and twice the OCP as compared to glycerol. In general, collagen solubility correlated with each agent's ability to optically clear rodent skin.
ConclusionThese results demonstrate that sugar and sugar-alcohol interaction with collagen are a primary event in tissue optical clearing.
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Blitz3D Docs -> 2D - Category -> File -> OpenFile
Parameters:filename$ = any valid path and filename. The returned value is the filehandle which is used by other file handling commands.
Description:This command opens the designated file and prepares it to be updated. The file must exists since this function will not create a new file.
By using FilePos and SeekFile the position within the file that is being read or written can be determined and also changed. This allows a file to be read and updated without having to make a new copy of the file or working through the whole file sequentially. This could be useful if you have created a database file and you want to find and update just a few records within it.
The file handle that is returned is an integer value that the operating system uses to identify which file is to be read and written to and must be passed to the functions such as ReadInt() and WriteInt().
Note extreme care needs to be exercised when updating files that contain strings since these are not fixed in length.
See also: ReadFile, WriteFile, CloseFile, SeekFile.
; Changing part of a file using OpenFile, SeekFile and WriteInt ; Open/create a file to Write fileout = WriteFile("mydata.dat") ; Write the information to the file WriteInt( fileout, 1 ) WriteInt( fileout, 2 ) WriteInt( fileout, 3 ) WriteInt( fileout, 4 ) WriteInt( fileout, 5 ) ; Close the file CloseFile( fileout ) DisplayFile( "The file as originally written", "mydata.dat" ) ; Open the file and change the Third Integer file = OpenFile("mydata.dat") SeekFile( file, 8 ) ; Move to the third integer in the file WriteInt( file, 9999 ) ; Replace the original value with 9999 CloseFile( file ) DisplayFile( "The file after being midified", "mydata.dat" ) WaitKey() ; **** Function Definitions follow **** ; Read the file and print it Function DisplayFile( Tittle$, Filename$ ) Print tittle$ filein = ReadFile( Filename$ ) While Not Eof( filein ) Number = ReadInt( filein ) Print Number Wend CloseFile( filein ) Print End Function
| On OpenFile, it's very important to realize that it opens a file in as well read, as write mode. Therefore it will not work (and thus return 0) when you use it on files from a read-only environment (like CD-ROMS for example).|
If you are going to write a CD-ROM game, then your installer will require to install all files you are about to open with the OpenFile command on your harddrive. All files that are read by "ReadFile" or "LoadImage" or whatever, anything other than "OpenFile" should be loaded fine.
Blitz3D Manual Forum
BlitzPlus Equivalent Command

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


About Cardiology Federal University of São Paulo
Cardiology Federal University of São Paulo
Articles by Cardiology Federal University of São Paulo
Finite element method in equine orthopedics
Published on: 31st May, 2021
OCLC Number/Unique Identifier: _PHONE_
The finite element method (FEM) is an engineering resource used to predict the stresses in structures that have complex geometries, specific material properties and are subject to complex loading patterns, being widely used in medical and biological research. It has the advantage of being a noninvasive and accurate method, which provides quantitative and detailed data about the physiological reactions that can occur in the tissues [1-5].
Cite this ArticleCrossMarkPublonsHarvard Library HOLLISGrowKudosResearchGateBase SearchOAI PMHAcademic MicrosoftScilitSemantic ScholarUniversite de ParisUW LibrariesSJSU King LibrarySJSU King LibraryNUS LibraryMcGillDET KGL BIBLiOTEKJCU DiscoveryUniversidad De LimaWorldCatVU on WorldCat


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A new series of analog MEMS accelerometers from Murata, the SCA720, are aimed specifically at electrically controlled suspension (ECS) and engine anti-vibration applications. Measuring 7.0 x 8.6 z 3.3 mm and constructed from a single crystal silicon, the sensor is mechanically robust and has no deformation up to 70,000 g. The accelerometer's 3D structure employs capacitive sensing techniques that boast extremely sensitive measurement characteristics and excellent offset stability. Internal inert gas damping of the MEMS sensing element provides a mechanical low-pass filter that cuts off above 115 Hz and provide a stable amplitude output and noise filtering. By using an analog output, the device can be placed a good distance away from the controlling unit without any interference to the sensors output, allowing sensors to be placed wherever required. The sensor is earth gravity compensated with a +1 g offset where Vout is +2.5 Vdc. Measurement range is 2.11 g in both directions, providing a Vout in the range from 0 to +5 Vdc. The SCA720 series analog MEMS accelerometers are validated to the automotive component qualification standard AEC-Q100.
Analog MEMS Accelerometers Aimed At ECS And Anti-Vibration
Accelerometer's 3D structure employs capacitive sensing techniques boasting extremely sensitive measurement characteristics and excellent offset stability.


It is 1885 during the reign of Queen Victoria and two ships from the British Empire set sail on the high seas for the imaginary kingdom of Rundoon.
On one ship, The Neverland, three orphan boys encounter a smart and witty girl named Molly Aster, the daughter of an English lord and minister to the queen. Also on board is a trunk full of precious starstuff that Molly has promised to protect. One of the orphans, known only as Boy, is bitter and unpleasant. Once he meets Molly, his lonely and miserable world is turned upside down.
On the other ship, The Wasp, Molly's father, the famous starcatcher Lord Aster, guards a decoy trunk from pirates who are in search of treasure. The pirate captain, Black Stache, discovers the ruse and goes after The Neverland.
A violent storm ensues, and Molly and the orphans find themselves trying to save the valuable trunk from Black Stache, his men, and the both of the ships' crews. The Neverland is torn asunder in the storm.
In the midst of all the upheaval, Boy meets Black Stache who gives him the name of Peter while trying to convince him to become a pirate. The trunk is almost in secure hands, when in order to save himself from drowning, Peter rides it through the waves to a nearby island.
And the adventures have only begun! What becomes of Molly, Peter, and the other lost boys? Why is everyone after the starstuff and what does it do? Does anyone—or anything—ever stop Black Stache and the pirates? Discover more than ever about these classic characters you thought you knew.


SIMATIC
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
SIMATIC is the name of an automation system which was developed by the German company Siemens. The automation system controls machines used for industrial production. This system makes it possible for machines to run automatically. Depending on the needed function of the machine you have to upload the right program on your Simatic unit. This unit is kept in a control cabinet near the machine.
Function[change | change source]
Simatic is similar to a digital computer which can store and run programs. The Simatic also has some inputs and outputs. The running program on the Simatic controls these inputs and outputs. Both are connected by electrical wires with the machine. That makes a communication between the Simatic and any machine possible. As the case may be the inputs and outputs are set on a "High" signal or on a "Low" signal by the program. These are different electrical definitions. Finally these signals are important if an action in the machine happens or not.
Example for different signals at the output to a motor:
 - "High" signal: motor is starting
 - "Low" signal: motor is stopping
Example for different signals at the input coming from a thermometer in the machine:
 - "High" signal: temperature exceeded the limit
 - "Low" signal: temperature is still allowed
Communication[change | change source]
There are basically two ways of communication:
From the machine to the Simatic[change | change source]
In the machine, there are sensors. A sensor gives information about different situations in the machine. For example, how fast the motor rotates, what the temperature is or when the current action is completed. All this information is necessary for the program. The sensors give out an electrical signal, each signal goes by wire on an input of the Simatic unit. So the program knows what's going on in the machine. This is very important, because now the program can perform the next correct step in its sequence. For example, if the temperature of the motor is too high, the program has to know it. Now the program will switch off the motor.
From the Simatic to the machine[change | change source]
In the machine, there are actuators. They cause a wanted motion, action or forming. Examples for actuators are a motor, a heater or a light. If the program says that it's time to switch on the light in the machine, the right output of the Simatic unit will be set. That means that an electrical signal at the output goes by wire to the machine and switches on the light.
The name Simatic[change | change source]
The name Simatic is a registered trademark of the company Siemens, since 1958. Simatic connects "Siemens" and "Automatic" in one word.
Product lines[change | change source]
Siemens developed four different product lines so far:
 - 1958 Simatic Version G
 - 1973 Simatic S3
 - 1979 Simatic S5
 - 1995 Simatic S7
Used Software[change | change source]
Every automation system needs a program to control a machine. To create a program you need a software. Siemens created their own software for their products.
 - The Simatic S5 product line is programmed by the software Step5.
 - The Simatic S7 product line is programmed by the software Step7 or in TIA Portal (totally integrated automation).
References[change | change source]
_URL_
_URL_ Archived 2008-12-30 at the Wayback Machine


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An automatic accompaniment generator for infinite melodies, applied to a simple mapping of the decimal digits of π to an A–harmonic-minor scale.
module PiMelody where
import Data.List
data MelodyNote = Gs | A | B | C' | D' | E' | F' | Gs' | A' | B'
deriving (Eq, Show, Enum)
type Melody = [MelodyNote] -- Assume simple all-quavers rythm.
piMelody :: Melody
piMelody = map toEnum piDigits
data Chord = Am | Dm | C | G7 | E
deriving (Eq, Show, Enum)
type Composition = [(Melody, Chord)]
-- (Infinite) list of pairs: a melody chunk, and what chord to go with it.
chordMNotes :: Chord -> [MelodyNote] -- Without suspensions.
chordMNotes Am = [A, C', E', A']
chordMNotes Dm = [A, D', F', A']
chordMNotes E = [Gs, B, D', E', Gs', B', F'] -- Minor dominant may also be diminished-7th.
chordMNotes C = [C', E']
chordMNotes G7 = [B, D', F', B']
resolves :: Chord -> [Chord]
resolves E = [Am, E] -- Dominants should resolve to their tonic, if at all.
resolves G7 = [C, G7, Am, E] -- For major dominant, allow also resolving to minor parallels.
resolves _ = [Am.. E] -- Non-dominant chord can resolve to anything.
accompany :: Melody -> Composition -- Choose suitable chords for a melody.
accompany melody = acc Am melody
where acc :: Chord -> Melody -> Composition
acc lastChord (n1:n2:ml) -- Try to find a chord that fits over two melody notes
| (Just nextChord) -- and works with the previous (possibly dominant) chord.
<- find (\ch -> all('elem' chordMNotes ch) [n1,n2]) $ resolves lastChord
= ([n1,n2], nextChord) : acc nextChord ml
-- If two melody notes don't fit in one chord, use two.
| (Just c1) <- find ((n1'elem'). chordMNotes) $ resolves lastChord
, (Just c2) <- find ((n2'elem'). chordMNotes) $ resolves c1
= ([n1], c1) : ([n2], c2) : acc c2 ml
piDigits :: [Int] -- Infinite list of decimal digits of π. Algorithm taken from:
-- Jeremy Gibbons, "Unbounded Spigot Algorithms for the Digits of Pi";
-- The Mathematical Association of America 2005.
piDigits = map fromInteger $ g(1,0,1,1,3,3)
where g(q,r,t,k,n,l) = if 4*q+r-t


The La Brea Tar Pits Are Full Of Bones
1 of 4
The La Brea Tar Pits Are Full Of Bones
Between 11,000 and 50,000 years ago, thousands of animals became trapped in natural asphalt in the area that is now Los Angeles. Many died of hunger, thirst, or exhaustion after days of being stuck; others were preyed upon by dire wolves or saber-toothed cats, which often became stuck as well. Dire wolves, saber-toothed cats, and coyotes are the three most common animals that scientists have found in the tar, but the bones of more than 200 vertebrate species in total have been recovered, as well as several plants and invertebrates. The discovery of new asphalt deposits means that the collections at the La Brea Tar Pits & Museum will only keep growing in the near future.
05:41
from SciFri
Key Facts to Know
 - 1
 Thousands of years ago, animals became caught in the natural asphalt of the La Brea Tar Pits, and eventually died from exhaustion, hunger, or predation. 0:40
 - 2
 Evidence of healed injuries on dire wolf skeletons suggest that the wolves ran in packs. 2:07
 - 3
 Marks left by flesh-eating beetles on bones found in tar pits can help scientists determine how long the bones were above the tar. 4:34
The Sedlec Ossuary Is Decorated With Human Skeletons
2 of 4
The Sedlec Ossuary Is Decorated With Human Skeletons
The Sedlec Ossuary is located beneath the Cemetery Church of All Saints in the Czech Republic. Its origin story is a long one, beginning with an abbot in 1278 who sprinkled dirt from the Holy Land over the Sedlec cemetery. This act prompted a huge influx of people who wanted to be laid to rest there. The cemetery's popularity, as well as factors such as wars and the Black Plague, caused an excess of bodies to be delivered and buried. Skeletons were exhumed and stacked over time in the chapel beneath the church. In 1870, a woodcarver named František Rint was hired to organize the skeletons, and he created the macabre designs that now make up the ossuary.
05:59
Key Facts to Know
 - 1
 The Sedlec Ossuary contains the remains of 40,000+ people, arranged into macabre decorations. 0:33
 - 2
 The chandelier at Sedlec Ossuary is said to contain at least one of every bone in the human body. 2:41
 - 3
 The coat of arms at Sedlec Ossuary features a raven made from human bones. 4:40
The Bones of the Hands and Feet
3 of 4
The Bones of the Hands and Feet
The bones in the fingers and toes are called phalanges. They're connected to the metacarpals in your hands, and the metatarsals in your feet. The wrist is made up of carpals, while the back of the foot is made up of tarsals. Just two of these tarsals—the calcaneus and the talus—bear most of the body's weight.
13:11
Key Facts to Know
 - 1
 Humans have endoskeletons, which allow us to grow larger and have greater mobility than animals with exoskeletons. 2:06
 - 2
 Andreas Vaselius is credited with introducing human dissection to medical studies, and would dismember corpses in front of his students. 5:10
 - 3
 Each year, 10% of your skeleton is broken down and rebuilt in a process called bone remodeling. 10:02
Why Don't Sharks Have Bones?
4 of 4
Why Don't Sharks Have Bones?
Sharks are completely boneless. Instead of bones, sharks have skeletons made up of cartilage. A cartilage skeleton has its advantages: it is flexible, durable and light, and also heals faster than bone. That said, once a shark is out of water, the cartilage skeleton works against them. They can easily be crushed by their own body weight on land -- because sharks lack rib cages, their weight isn't supported out of water, and their bodies would collapse over time.


30th September 2021: PostgreSQL 14 Released!
Supported Versions: Current (14) / 13 / 12 / 11 / 10 / 9.6
Development Versions: devel
Unsupported versions: 9.5 / 9.4 / 9.3 / 9.2 / 9.1 / 9.0 / 8.4 / 8.3 / 8.2
19.1. Setting Parameters
19.1.1. Parameter Names and Values
All parameter names are case-insensitive. Every parameter takes a value of one of five types: boolean, string, integer, floating point, or enumerated (enum). The type determines the syntax for setting the parameter:
 - Boolean: Values can be written as on, off, true, false, yes, no, 1, 0 (all case-insensitive) or any unambiguous prefix of one of these.
 - String: In general, enclose the value in single quotes, doubling any single quotes within the value. Quotes can usually be omitted if the value is a simple number or identifier, however.
 - Numeric (integer and floating point): A decimal point is permitted only for floating-point parameters. Do not use thousands separators. Quotes are not required.
 - Numeric with Unit: Some numeric parameters have an implicit unit, because they describe quantities of memory or time. The unit might be kilobytes, blocks (typically eight kilobytes), milliseconds, seconds, or minutes. An unadorned numeric value for one of these settings will use the setting's default unit, which can be learned from pg_settings.unit. For convenience, settings can be given with a unit specified explicitly, for example '120 ms' for a time value, and they will be converted to whatever the parameter's actual unit is. Note that the value must be written as a string (with quotes) to use this feature. The unit name is case-sensitive, and there can be whitespace between the numeric value and the unit.
 - Valid memory units are kB (kilobytes), MB (megabytes), GB (gigabytes), and TB (terabytes). The multiplier for memory units is 1024, not 1000.
 - Valid time units are ms (milliseconds), s (seconds), min (minutes), h (hours), and d (days).
 - Enumerated: Enumerated-type parameters are written in the same way as string parameters, but are restricted to have one of a limited set of values. The values allowable for such a parameter can be found from pg_settings.enumvals. Enum parameter values are case-insensitive.
19.1.2. Parameter Interaction via the Configuration File
The most fundamental way to set these parameters is to edit the file postgresql.conf, which is normally kept in the data directory. A default copy is installed when the database cluster directory is initialized. An example of what this file might look like is:
# This is a comment
log_connections = yes
log_destination = 'syslog'
search_path = '"$user", public'
shared_buffers = 128MB
One parameter is specified per line. The equal sign between name and value is optional. Whitespace is insignificant (except within a quoted parameter value) and blank lines are ignored. Hash marks (#) designate the remainder of the line as a comment. Parameter values that are not simple identifiers or numbers must be single-quoted. To embed a single quote in a parameter value, write either two quotes (preferred) or backslash-quote. If the file contains multiple entries for the same parameter, all but the last one are ignored.
Parameters set in this way provide default values for the cluster. The settings seen by active sessions will be these values unless they are overridden. The following sections describe ways in which the administrator or user can override these defaults.
The configuration file is reread whenever the main server process receives a SIGHUP signal; this signal is most easily sent by running pg_ctl reload from the command line or by calling the SQL function pg_reload_conf(). The main server process also propagates this signal to all currently running server processes, so that existing sessions also adopt the new values (this will happen after they complete any currently-executing client command). Alternatively, you can send the signal to a single server process directly. Some parameters can only be set at server start; any changes to their entries in the configuration file will be ignored until the server is restarted. Invalid parameter settings in the configuration file are likewise ignored (but logged) during SIGHUP processing.
In addition to postgresql.conf, a PostgreSQL data directory contains a file postgresql.auto.conf, which has the same format as postgresql.conf but is intended to be edited automatically not manually. This file holds settings provided through the ALTER SYSTEM command. This file is read whenever postgresql.conf is, and its settings take effect in the same way. Settings in postgresql.auto.conf override those in postgresql.conf.
External tools may also modify postgresql.auto.conf. It is not recommended to do this while the server is running, since a concurrent ALTER SYSTEM command could overwrite such changes. Such tools might simply append new settings to the end, or they might choose to remove duplicate settings and/or comments (as ALTER SYSTEM will).
The system view pg_file_settings can be helpful for pre-testing changes to the configuration files, or for diagnosing problems if a SIGHUP signal did not have the desired effects.
19.1.3. Parameter Interaction via SQL
PostgreSQL provides three SQL commands to establish configuration defaults. The already-mentioned ALTER SYSTEM command provides a SQL-accessible means of changing global defaults; it is functionally equivalent to editing postgresql.conf. In addition, there are two commands that allow setting of defaults on a per-database or per-role basis:
 - The ALTER DATABASE command allows global settings to be overridden on a per-database basis.
 - The ALTER ROLE command allows both global and per-database settings to be overridden with user-specific values.
Values set with ALTER DATABASE and ALTER ROLE are applied only when starting a fresh database session. They override values obtained from the configuration files or server command line, and constitute defaults for the rest of the session. Note that some settings cannot be changed after server start, and so cannot be set with these commands (or the ones listed below).
Once a client is connected to the database, PostgreSQL provides two additional SQL commands (and equivalent functions) to interact with session-local configuration settings:
 - The SHOW command allows inspection of the current value of all parameters. The corresponding function is current_setting(setting_name text).
 - The SET command allows modification of the current value of those parameters that can be set locally to a session; it has no effect on other sessions. The corresponding function is set_config(setting_name, new_value, is_local).
In addition, the system view pg_settings can be used to view and change session-local values:
 - Querying this view is similar to using SHOW ALL but provides more detail. It is also more flexible, since it's possible to specify filter conditions or join against other relations.
 - Using UPDATE on this view, specifically updating the setting column, is the equivalent of issuing SET commands. For example, the equivalent of
 SET configuration_parameter TO DEFAULT;
 is:
 UPDATE pg_settings SET setting = reset_val WHERE name = 'configuration_parameter';
19.1.4. Parameter Interaction via the Shell
In addition to setting global defaults or attaching overrides at the database or role level, you can pass settings to PostgreSQL via shell facilities. Both the server and libpq client library accept parameter values via the shell.
 - During server startup, parameter settings can be passed to the postgres command via the -c command-line parameter. For example,
 postgres -c log_connections=yes -c log_destination='syslog'
 Settings provided in this way override those set via postgresql.conf or ALTER SYSTEM, so they cannot be changed globally without restarting the server.
 - When starting a client session via libpq, parameter settings can be specified using the PGOPTIONS environment variable. Settings established in this way constitute defaults for the life of the session, but do not affect other sessions. For historical reasons, the format of PGOPTIONS is similar to that used when launching the postgres command; specifically, the -c flag must be specified. For example,
 env PGOPTIONS="-c geqo=off -c statement_timeout=5min" psql
 Other clients and libraries might provide their own mechanisms, via the shell or otherwise, that allow the user to alter session settings without direct use of SQL commands.
19.1.5. Managing Configuration File Contents
PostgreSQL provides several features for breaking down complex postgresql.conf files into sub-files. These features are especially useful when managing multiple servers with related, but not identical, configurations.
In addition to individual parameter settings, the


text:
Bonneville Flood Walters Bar Area
suggested grade levels: 9-12
view Idaho achievement standards for this lesson
View the map and answer the following questions:
1. Determine the maximum water level height of the Bonneville Flood at high water stand.
2. Locate the pendant bar on Walters Bar. How did the pendant bar form and the resulting Jensen Lake?
3. Provide an explanation for the thick deposits of sand on the north side of Walters Bar.
4. Use the following photographs: * wb#4wabu.jpg * wb#5wabu.jpg * wb#9wabu.jpg
to determine the height of the boulders that were deposited on Walters bar by the Bonneville Flood. (Use Sara for scale, height = 5'5" Note you will need to convert feet to meters.) Click here for some useful conversion tables.
5. Use Hjulströms diagram to determine velocity of water needed to move boulders that were deposited on Walters Bar. Note: You may have to extrapolate on the Hjulströms diagram to determine the velocity.
6. Conduct a survey of boulder size on Walters Bar demonstrating water velocity decreased from proximal to distal portion of bar. (note: may want to incorporate the boulder size database).
7. Measure the width of the canyon at the Can-Ada Counties border. Measure the width of the canyon on the western most portion of the map near Walters Ferry. What is the difference between these two measurements? How did the canyon width control flood water flow and how does this relate to the production of the resultant features?
8. See figures wb#2wabu and wb#3wabu. Define festoon crossbedding. How are festoon cross stratification formed? Determine the relative thickness of the entire gravel unit and also the thickness of one cross bed. (You can use Sara once again for scale) Describe the flood mechanism that formed this deposit. Determine the velocity of the flood water that deposited such a thick series of cross stratification.


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Does anyone care what happens to women prisoners in jails?
Locked up behind iron bars, stuffed into the darkest corners of prison complexes, women prisoners in India face discrimination every day. From something as simple as recreation to something as complex as harassment and assault, many women prisoners live a life that is oppressive in most Indian jails.
Does anyone care what happens to women prisoners at jails?
The death of an inmate in Mumbai's Byculla prison raises many questions on whether anyone really cares what happens to women prisoners within the walls of Indian prisons. As in the case of Manjula Shetye, what if the jail staff are the perpetrators? Who do the women go to? We tried to find out.
"Any concerns that the women prisoners have should immediately be conveyed to warders. They are constable-like hail staff. Next level of escalation in head warder. If issues are not resolved then jailers and assistant superintendents may be approached. Senior jail officials go on routine visits. I make it a point to interact with the inmates to understand their concern and they can voice it out," said Roopa D, DIG, Prisons, Karnataka.
The senior IPS officer also added that social workers, NGO staff and members of missionaries and institutions like the Art of Living also visit jails. "We get information from social workers who visit jail as well," she said.
What if protectors are predators?
The protocol demands that prisoners raise any concern with jail authorities or inform senior police officers when they visit for inspection. But is it too little too late? Especially like in the case of Manjula Shetye where the perpetrators were none other than jail staff? There are no complaint boxes that allow women prisoners to fearlessly voice out their concerns.
"Women prisoners are not safe from harassment or assault in jails, be it physical or sexual. Where will they go? Some of the inmates are hand in glove with the prison authorities and allow exploitation. If anyone speaks up, they are threatened with consequences. They are denied food, clothes. We have heard from inmates stories of how they are stripped naked and are paraded, simply because other inmates want to have'some fun'," said a woman activist attached with an NGO that visits the prisoners. She requested for her identity to be protected to ensure that the NGO does not face problems visiting prisons.
Their living conditions
The rules are well defined, unfortunately, they are in the books. "Incidentally, even in prisons, the first priority is given to male prisoners. Women have a smaller place, perhaps because they are also small in number but the place accorded to them is generally in one corner of the prison complex. Naturally, it is darker and there are lesser air and sunlight. Women prisoners run a higher risk of health problems," said IPS officer, Roopa D, DIG, Prisons, Karnataka.
She also highlighted how undertrial inmates in male prisons are allowed to play cricket every evening but women have little or no recreational facility. "Women prisoners play no cricket or volleyball. Most times there is no space to engage in physical activity. Some prisons do not have simple board games like Ludo and Snake and Ladder. Some prisons give women chess and carrom but these are skill games and not everyone can play," she added.
With practically nothing to keep their minds preoccupied with, the women, most who are victims of harassment themselves, are allowed to get further depressed.
Health is a concern too
Prevalence of HIV among some women prisoners and lack of medicines in prison hospitals is also a concern. While prisons doctors are appointed on a permanent basis and are expected to be on call like in any other hospital, the reality is different. In most prison hospitals, at least 3 or 4 doctors are appointed on a permanent basis. However, may prisoners have complained about how they work in shifts and abuse the system.
"Medicines are not available at times in the prison hospital. They are supposed to maintain a stock at any given point in time but much like any government office, loopholes exist," said a prison official.
Correctional attitude is missing
Yoga, reading, handloom weaving, basket weaving gardening, baking, ornament making, tailoring and beautician courses are prescribed for women inmates in jails across the country. However, most jails lack facilities to train these women in basket and handloom weaving. The tailoring and beautician courses serve no purpose since there are no clients who avail their services. While most prisons have no space for gardening, the library is underutilised since most convicts either have no habit or reading or the educational qualification is a limitation.
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Compartmentation of enzymes: ATP citrate lyase in hepatocytes from fed or fasted rats.
Abstract
Compared with traditional techniques of tissue homogenization, digitonin fractionation of isolated hepatocytes provides a much more rapid and, in some instances, more accurate determination of enzyme compartmentation. Results with ATP citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8) illustrate the information that uniquely can be obtained. Although the enzyme was previously thought to be entirely cytosolic, digitonin fractionation has shown that a portion of total cellular ATP citrate lyase is bound to mitochondria or some other structure, and the amount bound varies with the animal's nutritional state. In hepatocytes from rats that were starved for 2 days, fed NIH stock diet ab libitum, or starved for 2 days and then refed a fat-free diet for 2 days, the noncytosolic activity was, respectively, 52, 21, or 24% of total cellular lyase. However, because starvation/refeeding greatly induces lipogenic enzymes, the amount of bound lyase activity in this dietary state was 10-12 times greater than that in rats that were starved or fed ad libitum. The association of citrate lyase with a subcellular organelle is also influenced by CoA. Addition of 20 microM CoA to the digitonin fractionation medium caused all of the lyase to be released from cells like a cytosolic enzyme. Conversely, when cellular free CoA was decreased by incubating hepatocytes with the hypolipidemic agent 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid, the amount of bound lyase was increased. These results suggest the possibility that the noncytosolic ATP citrate lyase may have a special role in lipogenesis.
Cite this paper
@article{Cornell1985CompartmentationOE, title={Compartmentation of enzymes: ATP citrate lyase in hepatocytes from fed or fasted rats.}, author={Neal W. Cornell and Alvin M. Janski and Armando Rendon}, journal={Federation proceedings}, year={1985}, volume={44 8}, pages={2448-52} }


text: Changes of thermal diffusivity inside femtosecond laser-structured volumes as small as few percent were reliably determined (with standard deviation less than 1%) with miniaturized sensors. An increase of thermal diffusivity of a crystalline high-density polyethylene (HDPE) inflation films by 10–20% from the measured (1.16 ± 0.01) × 10−7 m2 s−1 value in regions not structured by femtosecond laser pulses is considerably larger than that of non-crystalline polymers, 0–3%. The origin of the change of thermal diffusivity are interplay between the laser induced disordering, voids' formation, compaction, and changes in molecular orientation. It is shown that laser structuring can be used to modify thermal and optical properties. The birefringence and infrared spectroscopy with thermal imaging of CH2 vibrations are confirming inter-relation between structural, optical, and thermal properties of the laser-structured crystalline HDPE inflation films. Birefringence modulation as high as Δn ± 1 × 10−3 is achieved with grating structures.


text:
1) Why did Maria jump through the window? a) Boy was chasing her. b) She saw Boy and was terrified. c) Boy pushed her through the window. 2) How did Boy know something was wrong in Grade 2? a) The students were shouting. b) The students touched him. c) A student jumped through the window. 3) The entire school was alerted because: a) Mrs Redmond fainted b) the Grade 2 students screamed c) the principal was angry and shouted 4) Why did Josh tell the principal that Boy was not a cow? a) Josh did not want to get punished. b) Josh was a male. c) Boy was a male. 5) What literary device is used in the following: Mrs Redmond was as pale as a chalky blackboard? a) simile b) metaphor c) personification 6) Where did Maria go after jumping through the window? a) Under the school b) Home c) Into her classroom 7) When Josh passed his teacher on the way out of the office, why couldn't he face her? a) He was the reason she was called to the office. b) He didn't want her to see the tears in his eyes. c) She had sent him to the office. 8) What literary device is used in the following: she was in the frying pan? a) onomatopoeia b) metaphor c) idiom 9) Why did Mrs Bernard come to the school? a) There was a PTA meeting. b) The principal sent for her. c) Her daughter was injured at school. 10) Whom did the principal blame for what had happened in the school? a) Josh Mahon b) Mrs Anthony c) Maria Bernard
A Cow Called Boy - Chapter 3 (There's a Cow in the School)
Forms 1 -3
A Cow Called Boy
Редактиране на съдържание
Това табло е в момента частна. Щракнете върху
да я направи публична.
Тази класация е забранено от собственика на ресурса.
Тази класация е забранено, като опциите са различни за собственика на ресурса.
Влезте в изисква
Влезте в изисква
Шаблон за превключване
Повече формати ще се появи, докато играете дейността.
Възстановяване на авто-записаната:


Abstract
The application of managed pressure drilling (MPD) is becoming more widely spread throughout the world. It is well known that MPD has less hydrostatic head during drilling therefore the rate of penetration (ROP) is increased. This is due to the reduced rock confinement and chip hold down effects. By simulating the conventional drilling and MPD of a well in advance the benefits of MPD can be quantified in terms of increase in ROP and therefore the economical benefits. Applying a commercially available drilling simulator (1)meter by meter drilling performance is analyzed, first simulating and optimizing a conventional drilling operation and then performing the same procedure for a MPD operation in Western Canada. The additional costs of the MPD operation are integrated into the economical analysis. The analysis shows that the ROP during MPD in the higher mud weight regime of the well is improved from 60 to 80 percent. In addition to the faster drilling during MPD the drill bits last longer due to the lesser hardness of the rock being less confined and therefore also reducing the amount of bit wear and the number of bits required and tripping time. Overall the results indicate that the MPD operation reduce the drilling cost of gas wells in Central Alberta more then 20 percent and due to the reduced time at the location less environmental impact is seen.
Introduction
The first objective of this exercise was to develop a "base case" drilling simulation from which subsequent optimization simulations could be run. An apparent rock strength log (ARSL) was developed based on actual drilling data and formed the backbone of all subsequent calculations. The second objective of the exercise was to compare the non-optimized base case (as above) with an optimized base case. Based on previous experience, drilling economics should improve by approximately 25%. The third and primary objective of this exercise was to compare the optimized base case with an optimized Managed Pressure drilling (MPD) case and, if possible, to justify the additional cost of implementing MPD technology.
This content is only available via PDF.
You can access this article if you purchase or spend a download.


, using OLE:
1. Open a document in edit mode and put the cursor in a rich text field (if this is an e-mail, anywhere in the body will do)
2. Choose the menu option Create - Object
3. Choose the "object from a file" option, browse to the wave file, and click OK
4. [OPTIONAL] Right-click the attached file (which should have an icon like a stereo speaker), and choose the option "Object Properties". Give the object a descriptive name.
5. Add a space after the attached file icon and choose the menu option Create - Hotspot - Button
6. Give the button a meaningful label, like "Play Sound"
7. The formula editor for the button should be visible on the bottom part of the screen (if it's not, right click the button and choose the option "Edit Button"). Change the language type to LotusScript, and enter the following piece of script:
Dim ws As New NotesUIWorkspace
Dim doc As NotesDocument
Set doc = ws.CurrentDocument.Document
Forall obj In doc.EmbeddedObjects
 '** this will attempt to play all Sound Recorder objects
 If (obj.Class = "SoundRec") Then
 Call obj.DoVerb("&Play")
 End If
 '** this will attempt to play a specific object (use
 '** whatever name you used in step 4 above)
 'If (obj.Name = "MySound") Then
 ' Call obj.DoVerb("&Play")
 'End If
End Forall
8. Click somewhere else on the document to get out of the script editor, and either save the document, or (if this is an e-mail) send the mail message
As far as I know, this will only work on Windows machines, and I'm not sure what happens if you have another application registered to edit WAV files. This technique should also work if you embed a WAV file onto a form (as opposed to attaching it to a rich text field on a document). And as a general technique, it's a common way to access and make calls to embedded OLE objects on a form. If you want to see all the "verbs" associated with an embedded object, you can use the Verbs property of the NotesEmbeddedObject class (as described in the Notes Designer Help).
Output Your Notes Calendar As A Web Page
July 24, 2004
This is a LotusScript agent you can drop in your Notes e-mail file that allows you to send your calendar to a web page, like this:
In this way, you can use it as an Active Desktop component or a part of a web page. See this blog entry for more details.
=> MiniWebCal.lss <=
Convert CSV Files To XML
August 8, 2004 (updated August 9)
This is a LotusScript class that converts CSV files to XML. You can also use it as a basis for parsing CSV (or other types of delimited files) directly.
=> CSVtoXMLv1_2.lss <=
Update: if you just want some basic parsing of a comma-delimited file, here's a simple reader class you can use:
=> CSVReader.lss <=
Check For Valid XML Characters
August 9, 2004
Here's a class that produces strings of valid character types, as defined in several places in the official XML spec. You can use these strings to check the validity of the characters in a string that you might be processing.
=> XMLChars.lss <=
LotusScript StringBuffer Class
August 9, 2004
This is a class that provides minimum StringBuffer functionality in LotusScript. It's much more efficient to use this technique when concatenating a large number of strings than it is to simply combine them all together.
=> StringBuffer.lss <=
Lotus Notes Web Datepicker
September 4, 2004 (updated December 4, 2005)
This is a database that contains a JavaScript library (DatePicker.js) and an associated style sheet (DatePicker.css) that allow you to easily add drop-down date picker functionality to your forms when they're used on the web, without having to rely on a Java applet. All you have to do is include the script library and style sheet with your forms, and add a small bit of computed text next to each date field. There's an example form in the database (DatePickerTest) that demonstrates how this works.
The database is in Notes 6 format, because it's a lot easier to use and share JavaScript libraries and CSS files in Notes 6 and later. If you're stuck on an older version of the client and can't open the database, you can see a working example of the code at the other link below (I'll leave it up to you to determine the best way to include the code in your pre-Notes 6 databases).
I've lightly tested the code in Internet Explorer 6 and Mozilla Firefox. I have no idea how well it works on other browsers.
=> DatePicker.zip <=
=> DatePickerTest.htm <=
Setting Up Repeating Dates In Notes
October 17, 2004
Have you ever set up a repeating event on your calendar in Notes and thought to yourself, "I sure would like to use that functionality in my custom applications"? I have, and I spent a lot of time trying to figure out how it all works.
Essentially, there's a hidden LotusScript class called NotesCSEventOwnerDocument that generates the list of repeating dates, based on rules that are specified in the dialog box that allows you to choose your repeat rules. This class is undocumented and probably completely unsupported outside of the standard Notes calendar, but it's such nice functionality that I did a lot of experimentation to try to understand it.
The database below is the result of my "hacking" efforts. It has a modified copy of the (RepeatForm) subform from the Notes 6.5 iNotes.ntf template, free of dependencies on external script libraries and with example usage; a slightly more modified copy of the (RepeatForm) subform that you can use inline directly on your forms (instead of as a dialog box), also free of dependencies on external script libraries and with example usage; and a script library and two agents that describe how you can use the NotesCSEventOwnerDocument class in your backend agents, completely separate from any forms or documents in the UI.
I will warn you again that this is undocumented and unsupported functionality, so please test first and use at your own risk.
=> RepeatDates.zip <=
Converting Winmail.dat Files In Your Mail
October 20, 2004
At times, e-mails you receive from users of Outlook/Exchange will be plain-text messages with a large attachment at the end called either "Winmail.dat" or "ATT0001.dat". The reason why this happens is described fairly well in Microsoft Technote 241538.
However, you as a Notes user must now do something with that .dat file, especially if there are file attachments trapped inside. While there are stand-alone freeware and shareware applications that will read those files for you (as long as you save the file to your hard drive), I wrote a Notes agent that you can use to extract the information from the .dat files right from your mail file. You just add it as an agent that runs against "selected docs" in your mail database, and it will convert the .dat file and make a new copy of the message in your Inbox with the extracted files attached at the bottom. You can download the agent code below. Instructions for setting up the agent are in the code comments.
=> ExtractWinmail.java <=
I have also made this code available in a mail-in database, which is often a lot easier to implement in a corporate setting. You just copy the database to your server, set it up as a mail-in database, and when users forward their e-mails with Winmail.dat attachments to it the files inside are extracted and mailed back to the sender. The database is available as a project on the OpenNTF site, at:
=> The WinmailExtractor Database <=
Please note that this agent makes use of the open-source and GPLed JTNEF library by Amichai Rothman. Please visit his site if you have any questions about the underlying TNEF conversion code, or the licensing of his library.
Also, this code was tested using the 1.2.2 version of the jTNEF library. If you have issues compiling the agent, you might want to try using that version, as it seems that version 1.2.3 might be making at least one call to a method that's not available until Java 1.4 (which is Notes 7 to me and you). The older version is available at:
_URL_
LS2J Examples Database
November 19, 2004 (updated December 6)
This is a database with a few agents and script libraries that demonstrate some interesting ways to use the LS2J technology that was introduced in Notes 6. LS2J allows you to call Java classes and methods from LotusScript. The examples in this database include:
=> LS2JExamples


1. Forum
 2. >
 3. Topic: Duolingo
 4. >
 5. Greek Lesson 5
Greek Lesson 5
Hello everybody!!! This is the fifth Greek lesson of my series of Greek lessons (see the link for the Greek discussions directory in the end of the lesson). Remember that I don't write how words are pronounced because you've already learnt it in Greek Lesson 1.
In this lesson you'll learn food words and articles (definitive and indefinitive in nominative case). Here's the vocabulary :
 - το φαγητό = the food
 - το γάλα = the milk
 - το γιαούρτι = the yoghurt
 - το βούτυρο = the butter
 - το τυρί = the cheese
 - το ρύζι = the rice
 - τα ζυμαρικά = the pasta
 - τα μακαρόνια = the spaghetti
 - το ψωμί = the bread
 - το κρέας = the meat
 - το κοτόπουλο = the chicken
 - το λουκάνικο = the sausage
 - το ψάρι = the fish
 - τα λαχανικά = the vegetables
 - η σαλάτα = the salad
 - η ντομάτα = the tomato (you can also hear it as τομάτα, but the most often is ντομάτα)
 - το αγγούρι = the cucumber
 - το καρότο = the carrot
 - το λάχανο = the cabbage
 - τα φρούτα = the fruit (plural, the singular form is το φρούτο)
 - η μπανάνα = the banana
 - το καρπούζι = the watermelon
 - το μήλο = the apple
 - το ροδάκινο = the peach
 - η φράουλα = the strawberry
 - το πορτοκάλι = the orange
 - το κεράσι = the cherry
 - το μέλι = the honey
 - η μαρμελάδα = the jam
 - η σοκολάτα = the chocolate
 - το παγωτό = the ice cream
 - το γλυκό = the gâteau (it is actually the neuter form of the adjective γλυκός-γλυκιά-γλυκό which mans sweet, but it is used as a noun too)
 - η τούρτα = the cake* (see below)
 - το κέικ = the cake* (see below)
 - το αλάτι = the salt
 - το πιπέρι = the pepper
 - το νερό = the water
 - το κρασί = the wine
 - η μπύρα = the beer
 - ο χυμός = the juice
 - ο καφές = the coffee
 - το τσάι = the tea
 - η (ζεστή/κρύα) σοκολάτα = the (hot/cold) chocolate
 - το γεύμα = the meal
 - το πρωινό = the breakfast
 - το μεσημεριανό = the lunch
 - το βραδινό = the dinner
 - το δείπνο= the dinner (syn.)
And now the difference between το κέικ and η τούρτα!!! I can't explain it, so let's let the pictures talk!!!
So, this was the vocabulary. :) Also, don't forget to see the discussion with traditional Greek food, that I'll upload later!!!! :)
Now, let's see the grammar.
Well, in Greek there are two kinds of articles : the definitive and the indefinitive. The definitive article is used to talk about things that we know, for example if you say "the apple", it means that you know for which apple you are talking, while if you say "an apple", it means that you are talking about apples in general, or about an apple but you don't know which one. In a text, you can use the indefinitive article and then, after having already mentioned the object/person that goes with the article, then you can change it to the definitive article. For example you can say "a thief broke into my house by the window", and then change a to the if you continue, for example "the thief stole....".
Now, let's see these articles in Greek.
First the definitive article ο, η, το (=the). Ο is for masculin words, η is for feminin words and το is for neuter words. In plural, they become οι, οι, τα. Οι is the plural for both ο and η, while τα is the plural form of το.
Then the indefinitive article ένας, μία, ένα (=a/an). Ένας is for masculin words, μία (or μια) is for feminin words, while ένα is for neuter words. The indefinitive article has no plural!!!
Now that you know the articles, you can guess the genders of the words above!
Χαιρετίσματα από τη Θεσσαλονίκη, Παναγιώτης :)
Greek discussions directory
December 28, 2014
Greek is a really cool language, I love the sound of the words.


Herb Gardening
Herbs Spices and Seasonings
What herb can you substitute for chives?
Top Answer
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Wiki User
Answered 2011-06-13 16:53:10
Depending on their use, green onion or also known as scallion will be your most ideal trade out. It is a bit bigger, but still conical shaped and slices into rings nicely, and although it has a stronger onion taste and scent, it is still less than actually using an onion.
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Related Questions
What food group is chives in?
Chives are generally considered to be an herb.
Is a chive a herb?
yes, chives are indeed a herb
What spice can you to substitute chives?
I can't think of a spice to substitute chives, but you should be able to substitute chives with spring onions or small and very finely diced shallots.
What is an alternative spice for chives?
You can substitute green onion for chives.
What is the Latin name for the herb known as 'chives'?
the latin name for chives is Allium Schoenoprasum. There are 5 typeschives, fine-leaved, white chives, pink chives and garlic chives(chinese chives)
Which herb enhances the fragrance of roses?
What is the Tamil name for chives herb?
Type your answer here...
What sort of plants do chives come from?
the chive herb plant...
Chives fruit or vegetable?
chives is fruit or vegetable? Chives (Allium Schoenoprasum) is a member of the onion family, so is therefore a vegetable. It is sometimes listed in cookbooks as a herb.
What can be used in place of chives?
Parsley is a great substitute.
Can green onions be substituted for chives in recipes?
Chives ARE the top of green onions. Chives are an herb, yes they are botanically related to onions and have a simliar flavor profile but they are NOT green onions. Green onions/Scallions are a immature regular onion. Sometimes also called spring onions. Depending on the recipe yes, you can substitute green onions for chives, but please make sure to taste, taste, taste as you go. Green onions have a much stronger flavor than chives and you will probably not need the entire amount asked of for chives.
What country did chives originally come from?
Chives can be used for many different applications in cooking. The herb originally comes from Europe, Asia, and parts of North America.
Substitute for dill?
Well dill is a strong herb, and a substitution could really be any other herb such as chives- a milder onion flavour, or parsley- a fresher more citrus flavour or even the greens on top of the fennel plant which has a mild licorice flavour. It really depends on the food you are pairing with.
Is there a herb that start with a c?
There are many herbs that start with a letter C. Chives, coriander, celery, are just three examples of many.
What spice can you subsitute for marjoram?
Marjoram is a herb, you can substitute another herb called Oregano. Thyme is another good substitute, not as strong as oregano.
How can you substitute herb and lemon soup mix?
I have used McCormick lemon and herb seasoning.
What is the Scientific name of kutchay?
Kutchay is an Ilocano term used to refer to garlic chives - an herb. The scientific name or botanical name for this herb is Allium tuberosum.
What herb can you substitute for savory?
For Savory substitute thyme (stroner flavor) or thyme with a little sage or mint
Which herbs is said to enhance the fragrance of the rose?
It is said that chives are an herb that will enhance the fragrance of a rose flower. A rose is a woody perennial.
What are some herbs and spices?
Here a short list of my most popular used herbs in my home: sage, majoram (oregano substitute), rosemary, parsley, and chamomille. Now is a list of spices: anise, basil, ginger root, cloves, chives, tarragon, and cinnamon. Now the way I can tell the difference between the herb and the spice is the aroma in the air; herb is nice sometimes, however the spice has an UMPH!
How much dried thyme do you substitute for fresh chopped thyme?
The rule of thumb is: 1 teaspoon dried herb = 1 tablespoon fresh herb
What herb can be substituted for thyme in navy bean soup?
I substitute Basil if I don't have thyme.
What herb can you use to substitute mint?
There isn't really one but theres many types of mint.
How do you grow chives?
Chives grow everywhere!!
How do you kill chives?
To kill chives, you will have to dig them out of the soil. Be sure that you get the entire bulb or the chives will grow back.