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Wind around Buildings - CFD Simulation SimFlow Tutorial
1. Introduction
In this tutorial we will present the simulation of wind flow around the buildings. Aerodynamic of the building is a growing challenge in today's construction industry. Here we will present one of the possible way of analysing the wind flow through the urbanized areas.
An important aspect of this problem is the proper modeling of the boundary conditions. We will use specially dedicated boundary condition for the inlet - Atmospheric Inlet. It defines the flow profiles of mean wind speed and turbulence quantities that are applied in the inlet plane. These profiles model fully developed and representative of the terrain characteristics of the upstream part that is not include in the computational domain.
Finally, we will read the wind velocity which may affect pedestrians between the building. We will display the pressures on buildings that may affect their construction.
2. Download SimFlow
SimFlow is a general purpose CFD Software
To follow this tutorial, you will need SimFlow free version, you may download it via the following link:
Download SimFlow
3. Create Case
Open SimFlow and create a new case named buildings
 1. Go to New panel
 2. Provide name buildings
 3. Click Create Case
simflow-launcher
4. Import Geometry
Firstly, we need to Download GeometryBuildings
The geometry will be imported in the same units as it was exported to the STEP format.
 1. Click Import Geometry
 2. Select geometry file buildings.step
 3. Click Open
Geometry Import
5. Import Geometry II
In some cases, the imported external geometry may contain multiple parts. SimFlow will ask you whether you want to join all geometries into a single component. If not, each part will be put into separate items.
For the purposes of this tutorial, we will combine all parts into a single geometry.
 1. Press Yes button
b 03 import notice
6. Geometry - Buildings
After importing geometry, it will appear in the 3D window.
 1. Click Fit View to zoom in on the geometry
b 04 geometry buildings
7. Create Geometry - Refinement
To be able to better resolve flow around the buildings, we will create an area with a higher mesh resolution. To do this, we will add box geometry.
 1. Select Create Box
 2. Change geometry name from box_1 to refinement
 3. Set the origin and box dimensions
 Origin \({\sf [m]}\)-20-800
 Dimensions \({\sf [m]}\)25016085
b 05 refinement
8. Meshing Properties - Buildings
After geometry is ready, we can proceed to define meshing properties. To better resolve the flow around the buildings, we want to refine mesh near the buildings geometries by specifying minimum and maximum refinement levels.
 1. Go to Hex Meshing panel
 2. Select buildings geometry
 3. Enable Meshing Geometry
 4. Set the minimum and maximum refinement level
 Refinement Min 2 Max 4
b 06 hex meshing
9. Meshing Parameters - Refinement
The refinement geometry should be used only for marking refinement zones. Set the proper parameters for the refinement regions.
 1. Click on the refinement geometry
 2. Enable Refine Geometry
 3. Set the refinement Level to 1
b 07 refinement
10. Base Mesh
Base Mesh is a domain mesh of our simulation from which the final mesh will be created by carving out the geometry of the buildings.
 1. Go to Base tab
 2. Define base mesh parameters accordingly
 Min \({\sf [m]}\)-_PHONE_
 Max \({\sf [m]}\)500300400
 3. Set the division of the base mesh and its grading
 Division322418
 Grading113
b 08 base mesh
11. Base Mesh Boundaries
We need to assign individual names to each side of the base mesh in order to be later able to define different conditions on each side. To achieve simplified slip condition on side and top boundaries we will use symmetry as a boundary type.
 1. Define boundary names accordingly
 X- inlet
 X+ outlet
 Y- right
 Y+ left
 Z- bottom
 Z+ top
 2. Define boundary types accordingly
 Y- Symmetry
 Y+ Symmetry
 Z- Wall
 Z+ Symmetry
b 09 base mesh boundaries
12. Material Point
Material Point tells the meshing algorithm on which side of the geometry the mesh is to be retained. We are simulating flow around the buildings so our material point needs to be located inside the base mesh but outside the buildings.
 1. Go to Point tab
 2. Specify location inside base mesh but outside buildings geometries
 Material Point00160
b 10 material pointpng
13. Start Meshing
Everything is now set up for meshing.
 1. Go to Mesh tab
 2. Press the Mesh button to start meshing process
b 11 meshing
14. Mesh
The new mesh will be displayed in the graphics window. To show the mesh of the buildings we can use the Graphics Object List to hide some boundaries.
 1. Click Graphics Object List icon
 2. Select Mesh to show meshes list
b 17 mesh
15. Mesh - Toggle Visibility
You can hide domain boundaries to inspect the mesh on the buildings.
 1. Hide the following objects
 inlet
 left
 outlet
 right
 top
b 18 mesh hide
16. Select Solver - SIMPLE
We want to analyze incompressible turbulent flow around the buildings. For this purpose, we will use the SIMPLE (simpleFoam) solver.
 1. Go to Setup panel
 2. Enable Steady State filter
 3. Enable Incompressible filter
 4. Select SIMPLE (simpleFoam) solver
 5. Select solver
b 19 select solver
17. Turbulence
We are going to use the \(RNG \; k{-}\epsilon\) model to handle turbulence.
 1. Go to Turbulence panel
 2. Select turbulence model
 Turbulence Modelling RANS
 3. Change default turbulence model
 Model \(RNG \; k{-}\epsilon\)
b 20 turbulence
18. Boundary Conditions - Inlet
On the inlet boundary, we are going to apply Atmospheric Inlet boundary condition. It is dedicated condition for atmospheric airflow. The Atmospheric Inlet provides log-law type ground-normal inlet boundary conditions for wind velocity and turbulence quantities. It is applied for homogeneous, two-dimensional, dry-air equilibrium and neutral atmospheric boundary layer modelling. More about Atmospheric Inlet boundary condition you can find here.
 1. Go to Boundary Conditions panel
 2. Select inlet boundary
 3. Change boundary character to Atmospheric Inlet
 4. Set the velocity
 \(U_{ref}\) \({\sf [m/s]}\)5
b 21 bc inlet
19. Monitors - Sampling (I)
During the calculation, we can observe intermediate results on a section plane. To add sampling data on a plane we need to define plane properties and also select fields that will be sampled. We will monitor the pressure and velocity at a height of 2 metres from the ground. Note that runtime post-processing can only be defined before starting calculations and can not be changed later on.
 1. Go to Monitors panel
 2. Switch to Sampling tab
 3. Select Create Slice
 4. Set slice plane location
 Point \({\sf [m]}\)002
b 23 monitors slice
20. Monitors - Sampling (II)
Now, create a vertical slice.
 1. Select Create Slice
 2. Set slice normal vector
 Normal \({\sf [-]}\)010
b 24 monitors slice2
21. Monitors - Sampling (II)
Now, specify which results should be sampled on the section planes.
 1. Expand Fields list
 2. Select pressure p and velocity U
b 25 monitors fields
22. Run - Time Control
Finally, we can start our computation.
 1. Go to RUN panel
 2. Set the maximum Number of Iteration to 500
b 26 run
23. Run - CPU
To speed up the calculation process increase the number of CPUs basing on your PC capability. The free version allows you to use only 2 processors in parallel mode. To get the full version, you can use the contact form to Request 30-day Trial
Estimated computation time for 2 processors: 4 minutes
 1. Switch to CPU tab
 2. Use parallel mode
 3. Increase the Number of processors
 4. Click Run Simulation button
b 27 run cpu
24. Residuals
When the calculation is finished we should see a similar residual plot.
b 28 residuals
25. Slice - Velocity Field
Slices tab appears next to the Residuals tab. Under this tab, we can preview results on the defined section plane.
 1. Change tab to Slices
 2. Select the velocity U
 3. Click Adjust range to data
 4. Click Graphics Object List icon
 5. Select GEOMETRIES and show the buildings
b 29 slice
26. Postprocessing - ParaView
After computations are finished, we can do complex visualization of our results with ParaView.
 1. Go to Postprocessing panel
 2. Start ParaView
b 30 postprocessing paraview
27. ParaView - Load Results
Load the results into the program.
 1. Make sure you have your case selected buildings.foam
 2. Click Apply to load results
 3. Select contour coloring variable to U
 4. Click Last Frame to load the final result set
 5. After loading results they will be shown in the 3D graphic window
b 31 pv import
28. ParaView - Clip
To limit the investigation area we will Clip the domain by the box.
 1. Select Clip option
 2. Change the Clip Type to Box
 3. Enter box parameters accordingly
 Position8000
 Rotation000
 Scale0.50.30.1
 4. Click Apply
b 32 pv clip
29. ParaView - Velocity Field
Now we will create velocity magnitude parameter. It will be helpful in scaling and coloring the velocity vector field.
 1. Make sure you have Clip1 field selected
 2. Select Calculator


Citrix ADC
Configure a Citrix ADC VPX instance to use PCI passthrough network interfaces
After you have installed and configured a Citrix ADC VPX instance on the Linux-KVM platform, you can use the Virtual Machine Manager to configure the virtual appliance to use PCI passthrough network interfaces.
Prerequisites
 - The firmware version of the Intel XL710 Network Interface Card (NIC) on the KVM Host is 5.04.
 - The KVM Host supports input–output memory management unit (IOMMU) and Intel VT-d, and they are enabled in the BIOS of the KVM Host. On the KVM Host, to enable IOMMU, add the following entry to the /boot/grub2/grub.cfg file: intel_iommu=1
 - Execute the following command and reboot the KVM Host: Grub2-mkconfig –o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
To configure Citrix ADC VPX instances to use PCI passthrough network interfaces by using the Virtual Machine Manager:
 1. Power off the Citrix ADC VPX instance.
 2. Select the Citrix ADC VPX instance and click Open.
 localized image
 3. In the <virtual_machine on KVM> window, click the i icon.
 localized image
 4. Click Add Hardware.
 5. In the Add New Virtual Hardware dialog box, do the following:
 a. Select PCI Host Device.
 b. In the Host Device section, select the Intel XL710 physical function.
 c. Click Finish.
 localized image
 6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 to add any additional Intel XL710 physical functions.
 7. Power on the Citrix ADC VPX instance.
 8. Once the Citrix ADC VPX instance powers on, you can use the following command to verify the configuration:
 localized image
 The output should show all the interfaces that you configured:
 localized image
Configure a Citrix ADC VPX instance to use PCI passthrough network interfaces


GO:_PHONE_ » Neuromuscular process controlling balance
Gene Ontology biological process » GO:_PHONE_
Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors.
There are 56 proteins involved in this molecular process in the human proteome.
Relevant for


text:
Notoryctemorphia order is represented by 1 family containing
a single genus and species, Notoryctes typhlops;
although some scientists recognize a second species,
Notorcytes caurinus. The fossil history for this
order was unknown until recently when fossils from the
middle Miocene of Queensland were discovered. This new
information suggests a relationship (although distant)
between Notoryctes and Peramelemorphia.
is found in north and east central Western Australia,
southern Northern Territory and western South Australia.
They inhabit dry desert areas along river flats among
scrubby bushes. While they do tunnel and are highly
adapted for this activity, Notoryctemorphia also spends
a fair amount of time on the surface. Their excavations
are usually shallow and collapse easily behind as they
both day and night, Notoryctemorphia is well suited
for digging. They possess fused vertebrae in the neck
and a horny shield over the front of the head which
together allows the animal to bore through the soil.
They push the dirt and gravel out of the way with highly
modified front digits and flattened hind limbs. This
species is blind having only vestigial eyes under the
skin each with a reduced optic nerve. They are marsupials
with the young completing development in a pouch that

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Convertize Autopilot is a responsive Multi-Armed Bandit solution, so you can automate your A/B Tests and receive maximum conversions.
Put your A/B tests on Autopilot
You can now test your website without risking conversions. Convertize manages your traffic with an advanced 'Multi-Armed Bandit' algorithm, called Autopilot. The algorithm monitors your pages to see which is converting best and sends more of your traffic to that page.
- Maximise conversions whilst running A/B tests
- Respond instantly to behaviour trends
- Never miss a conversion
Traditional "Multi-Armed Bandits" direct traffic to the page with the highest conversion rate. But what if something changes? Responding much faster than other tools, Convertize always sends your traffic in the right direction.
Create, Launch, Relax
Because Autopilot maximises your conversions and collects data as efficiently as possible, there is no need to manage your test. Whilst your team is busy producing content and managing campaigns, our A/B testing algorithm ensures your tests get results quickly and safely.
- Use historical data to optimize conversions
- Respond to patterns in visitor behaviour
- Create tests with peace of mind
Most A/B testing tools struggle to balance experimentation and optimization. Convertize solves the 'Explore vs Exploit' dilemma with a responsive A/B testing algorithm.
Why the Autopilot is better than Multi-Armed Bandit algorithm
Most A/B testing solutions divide your traffic 50/50 between page A and B. But testing can take weeks and you need to make every visitor count. Multi-Armed Bandit solutions allocate traffic between page A and B based on historical Conversion Rate data. Autopilot offers a more dynamic approach:
- Phase 1 – Page A performs best – Autopilot gradually increases traffic to A
- Phase 2 – Page B begins to convert more frequently – Traffic is quickly reallocated
- Phase 3 – Page B continues to outperform A – Autopilot maintains traffic allocation
- Phase 4 – Page B is still performing better than A – Your test finishes. Page B wins and has received the majority of your traffic
Without having to do anything, Autopilot optimizes your traffic and conversions.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Why We Can't Help Sticking Our Foot Out of Bed at Night
We've all experienced the grueling struggle to fall asleep, and interestingly enough, keeping your foot bare is what often helps solve the problem.
The mystery behind what makes us do this is the done that the ideal temperature for a good night's sleep is 18°C and our feet are a gateway to this perfect environment. We discovered this strange sleeping habit.
Helps regulate our body temperature
Why we can't help but stick our foot out of bed at night
Our feet are actually the perfect cooling mechanisms. according to a sleep expertthey contain a link between arteries and veins like no other part of our body, "which dilate at high temperatures, allowing more blood to reach the surface of the skin to cool it."
Why we can't help but stick our foot out of bed at night
© depositphotos.com, © depositphotos.com, © depositphotos.com
Also, the feet are hairless, so they stay cool at night. As a result, our body temperature is balanced and we can sleep comfortably.
Putting your foot out helps you fall asleep faster
Why we can't help but stick our foot out of bed at night
© depositphotos.com, © depositphotos.com
To sleep, our body temperature needs to drop 1 to 2 degrees. That's why we struggle to stay awake when it gets too hot; our bodies fight against overheating.
That is why it is essential to stay cool at night, and taking one foot out of the blanket can be enough. The sooner you allow your body to cool down, the sooner you can fall into dreamland.
It is the most comfortable position if you need to sleep under a blanket
Why we can't help but stick our foot out of bed at night
There are several reasons why most of us cannot sleep without a blanket. But the common problem that we all experience is that it is too hot, so we find ourselves in a difficult situation.
Uncovering your feet is the perfect solution to this dilemma and helps us snuggle up under a blanket while keeping our bodies cool at night.
Do you stretch your feet while you sleep? Does it work when you're struggling to fall asleep?
Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *
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ESABASE2 6.0 Release Notes
These release notes include all features, updates, extensions and bug-fixes included in ESABASE2 since release 5.0.
- It is now possible to define a lunar orbit in the Mission Editor.
- It is now possible to generate lunar orbits for the meteoroid analyses.
- Third body perturbation (geo-solar) and the perturbation due to spherical harmonics of the Moon
can be considered for lunar orbit generation.
- A new pointing 'CENTRALBODY' is introduced to point to the centre of motion. (Geometry Editor)
- The pointing 'EARTH' points in the direction of the Earth, it is equal to 'CENTRALBODY' for Earth orbits.
- The Mission Editor was slighly modified for better handling in the course of the provision of the lunar
orbit definition possibility.
- Meteoroid environment analysis can be performed for lunar orbits.
- The Grün meteoroid model can now be used for lunar orbit analyses.
- The LunarMEM meteoroid model is now available for lunar orbit analyses.
- It is now possible to use external trajectory files, describing a mission trajectory,
instead of defining an orbit in the Mission Editor.
- The occurance of runtime problems in special constellations by using child objects has been fixed.
- Problems with loading of some ESABASE2-3.0 geometries in ESABASE2 v5.0 have been fixed.
- Several minor bugs have been fixed.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Have you ever wondered about the biggest and heaviest flying machines....aircrafts. These airplanes actually rule our skies. Below are the world's largest airplanes, by takeoff weight.
1. Antonov An-225
The An-225 has a maximum takeoff weight of over 1.3 million pounds (600,000 kg) and is the world's largest plane. The jet was built in the Ukraine when it was part of the Soviet Union, and is used strictly as a cargo transport.
2. Airbus A380
The Airbus A380 is the world's largest passenger jet, and the second largest airplane with a takeoff weight of just over 1.23 million pounds (560,000 kg).
3. Antonov An-124
The An-124 is the predecessor to the An-225, and has a takeoff weight of approximately 900,000 pounds (405,000 kg). As with the larger An-225, this super cargo jet was intended for Soviet military transport and not commercial use.
4. Boeing 747
Tied with the Soviet An-124, the 747 is the world's fourth largest airplane with a maximum weight of 900,000 pounds.
5. C-5 Galaxy
The C-5 Galaxy has a takeoff weight of 769,000 pounds (348,818 kg), and is the largest airlifter in the American Air Force inventory. The C-5 can carry more than any other American airlifter. It has the ability to carry 36 standard pallets and up to 81 troops simultaneously. The Galaxy also carries all of the US Army's air-transportable combat equipment, including such bulky items as its 74-ton mobile scissors bridge from the United States to any theater of combat on the globe.
Like this Article? Share it with friends or submit to your favorite sites :


Walking Tours
Enter your dates to find available activities
5 Historical Facts about Vienna
Vienna's history is ever-present, and a walking tour through its streets will lead you on a journey from the Roman era to the reign of the Habsburgs, interwoven with classics in music and art.
 - Hoher Markt
 1. Hoher Markt
 It's one of the city's oldest squares and was once the heart of the Roman camp known here as Vindobonna. The Roman Museum houses wonderful artifacts, and it's a must to visit.
 - Jewish Quarter
 2. Jewish Quarter
 Located in the former Jewish ghetto in the Middle Ages, the Holocaust Memorial in Judenplatz reflects a library with stacks of books turned inside out.
 - St. Ruprecht's Church
 3. St. Ruprecht's Church
 Many claim that the Romanesque church, which dates to 740 AD, is the oldest in the city. Two monks from Salzburg founded the church and dedicated it to St. Rupert.
 - Mozart's House
 4. Mozart's House
 Mozart composed his famous comic opera "The Marriage of Figaro" while living in the apartment on the first floor here at Domgasse 5 from _PHONE_.
 - Hofburg Palace
 5. Hofburg Palace
 The former imperial palace on Heldenplatz was the political center of the Habsburg dynasty until 1918. They considered this their winter residence, while Schönbrunn was for summer.
Planning Your Visit
 - How do walking tours work?
 When you sign up for a free tour of the city, local guides will lead you to the top attractions and give you great information about them. Though the service is essentially free of charge, guides live off the tips you give them. Therefore, make sure you have local cash on hand and tip them accordingly for their work at the end of the tour.
 - How long is a walking tour?
 Most free walking tours last about two and a half hours and usually include a break along the way. However, if this seems a bit too much, you can certainly find city tours that focus on specific points of interest, neighborhoods and history. Alternatively, you could follow your own two feet to the sites that interest you.
Other Sightseeing Options in Vienna
What people are saying about Vienna
Overall rating
4.6 / 5
based on 2,900 reviews
Cornelius gave an excellent wine tasting. He was able to combine the history of Vienna with the development of the wine industry. He designed our tasting, based on our preferences. We have lived in Vienna for many years, and he was able to expand our knowledge of Austrian wine. The visit to the historic cellar was self guided.
We had an amazing time when we visited te palace and the gardens! And that was mostly because we had a great tour guide!! We dont know her name anymore but she said we could call her B or Billy. Thank you!
You see things you would never experience as normal tourist. I'm sure all guides are excellent, but ask for Mr Hofer! His own enthusiasm and profound knowledge will overwhelm you!


If you're a content creator, there may be some situations where you need to convert HTML to Markdown. While there are a ton of online HTML to Markdown conversion tools like Turndown, it's much faster to perform the conversion locally on your computer – especially if you have to process a lot of files. In this article, you'll learn how to convert HTML to Markdown in Python.
To convert HTML to Markdown, I recommend using the Markdownify package by Matthew Dapena-Tretter. Use pip to install Markdownify.
pip install markdownify
After installing Markdownify, converting HTML to Markdown is super easy. Here's a simple example with a
"Hello, World!"
 HTML string.
from markdownify import markdownify
html = markdownify("
Hello, World!
")
print(html)
## Hello World
## ===========
Markdownify supports a number of options including HTML tag stripping, HTML tag conversion, Markdown heading styles, and more. Here's an example of an HTML to Markdown conversion using the ATX Markdown header style.
from markdownify import markdownify
html = markdownify("
Hello, World!
", heading_style="ATX")
print(html)
## ## Hello, World!
You can also use Markdownify to convert HTML in a file. This method is useful if you're bulk converting a bunch of HTML files into Markdown – just iterate over a list of HTML files and save them to Markdown files.
from markdownify import markdownify
file = open("./hello-world.html", "r").read()
html = markdownify(file, heading_style="ATX")
print(html)
## ## Hello, World!
As you can see, converting HTML to Markdown in Python is very simple. With the excellent Markdownify package, the conversion process only requires a few lines of code. If you have any questions about this article, feel free to reach out to me on Twitter or send me an email.


text:
Application tips for hard part turning
In addition to the general recommendations for turning, there are some key factors to consider for hard part turning (if production process includes own preparation of component before hardening):
- Avoid burrs
- Maintain close dimensional tolerances,
- Chamfer and produce radii in the soft stage
- Do not enter or leave cuts abruptly
- Enter or leave by rolling into or out of the cut
Surface measurementsX-axis: Feature lengthY-axis: Diameter deviation
- Good machine stability, clamping and alignment of workpiece are crucial
- As a guideline, a workpiece length-to-diameter ratio of up to 2:1 is normally acceptable for workpieces that are only supported on one end. If there is additional tailstock support, this ratio can be extended
- Note that a thermally symmetrical headstock and tailstock design will add extra dimensional stability
- Use the Coromant Capto® system
- Minimize all overhangs to maximize system rigidity
- Consider carbide shank boring bars and Silent Tools for internal turning
Insert micro geometry
Two typical edge preparations for CBN inserts are S-type and T-type.
- S-type: Has the best edge line strength. Resistant against micro chipping and ensures consistent surface quality.
- T-type: For best surface finishes in continuous cuts, and minimized burr formation in interrupted cuts. Lower cutting forces.
S-typeChamfer with light honing
T-typeChamfer with no honing
Insert corner geometry
- If conditions are stable, always use wiper geometry for best surface finish.
- Use insert with low entering angle approach when productivity demands are high.
- A normal radius insert should be used only when stability is poor (slender workpiece etc.).
Wet or dry machining
Hard part turning without coolant is the ideal situation, and is entirely feasible. Both CBN and ceramic inserts tolerate high cutting temperatures, which eliminate the costs and difficulties associated with coolants.
Some applications may require coolant, for example, to control the thermal stability of the workpiece. In such cases, ensure a continuous flow of coolant throughout the entire turning operation.
Generally, the heat generated when machining is distributed into the chip (80%), workpiece (10%) and insert (10%). This shows the importance to evacuate the chips from the cutting edge zone.
Cutting data and wear
High heat in the cutting edge zone reduces the cutting forces. Therefore a cutting speed that is too low generates less heat and can cause insert breakage.
Crater wear gradually affects the insert strength, but does not affect the surface finish as much. In contrast, flank wear gradually affects the dimensional tolerance.
Share of tool life determining wear
*) Flank wear **) Crater wear
Insert change criteria
Predetermined surface finish (B) is a frequent and practical insert change criterion. Surface finish is automatically measured in a separate station and a value is given to a specified finish quality.
For an optimized and a more stable process, set a predetermined number of components (A) as an insert change criteria. This value should be 10–20% less than the predetermined surface finish, the exact figure is determined on a case-to-case basis.
A: Predetermined number of componentsB: Predetermined surface finishX-axis: Number of componentY-axis: Surface finishBlue line: Insert wearRed line: Maximum
A one-cut "metal removal" strategy is feasible for both external and internal operations. A stable set-up is important and the tool overhang should not exceed the bar diameter in internal turning (1×D). For good machining, we recommend chamfered, lightly-honed inserts and moderate speed and feed.
- Quickest possible machining time
- One tool position
- Difficulties in meeting stringent dimensional tolerances
- Shorter tool life (than two-cut)
- Tolerance deviations due to relatively rapid wear
A two-cut strategy allows unattended machining of high-quality finished surfaces. We recommend roughing inserts with a 1.2 mm (0.047 inch) radius, and the finishing inserts with a chamfer only. Both inserts should have wiper geometry.
- Tooling optimized for roughing and finishing
- Higher security, closer tolerances and potentially longer runs between tool changes
- Two inserts are needed
- Two tool positions
- One extra tool change


text:
Algorithm to access and analyze environmental data from public web images without accessing a database
Rivera-Cruz, Elizabeth M.
Fernandez, Denny S.
MetadataShow full item record
Obtaining environmental data may require to access a database. But, what if we have only images available and not a database? We developed an algorithm, using Python™ programming language, and we could access public web images and obtain information from them. Our interest was to access NEXRAD radar images to obtain precipitation data from Isla de Mona and Humacao, Puerto Rico, but this algorithm is also applicable to any other image that represents an environmental data. Eventually, we will be comparing our data results to precipitation measurements, directly obtained from a pluviometer, and to historical data from the NEXRAD radar database.


February 25, 2016
The Wonderful World of Browser Support
Several windows on the side of a building
While it's important to ensure that content is viewable on as many browsers as possible, supporting archaic browsers often means an increased budget to accommodate a consistently decreasing number of users. At Fuse, working with our clients to outline browser support helps ensure they understand the implications of support levels across a variety of platforms, and prioritizes development of critical project features.
When discussing a project with a client, we find it is important to ensure that all parties involved understand what browsers will be supported, and what happens on those which are not.
Clients may have a general understanding of what browser support entails, but it can lead to incorrect expectations about what a project's supported browsers are. Even if browser support is well understood there are many variables between platforms, features, fallbacks, and more that should be discussed at the outset of a project.
If browser support is not discussed and agreed upon, a number of problematic events could occur through the course of the project:
 - Clients may view the final website on a browser they expected to be supported but was not developed for, leaving us to go through the entire codebase to include fallbacks, alternative techniques, and so on.
 - The decision to support additional browsers after development has started may require backtracking through completed code, which will affect the timeline and potentially the budget as well.
 - The project may be built for browsers which are not relevant to the client's actual user base, leaving the majority of visitors with incomplete or suboptimal functionality.
 - Modern features which include graceful fallbacks for browsers which do not support the feature (ie Backdrop video vs static poster image) may be seen as a bug by the client, prompting a discussion about why a feature was handled in such a manner.
Let's go over some talking points we use when discussing browser support use in client meetings, and then outline some base browser support tiers.
Determining Browser Support
How can we determine what browsers a project should support?
At Fuse, we start with a baseline of support which we feel covers most projects. It doesn't have to fit every project, and probably won't, but having a starting point saves us from recreating browser support tables every time and can be tailored to suit the project specifications.
Some things to keep in mind when discussing browser support with a client:
 - Not all clients understand what browser support is.
 - Some clients may have varying expectations of which browsers, versions, and platforms the project should support.
 - A client may not understand the implications of modifying browser support tiers after development has begun.
Important factors in determining browser support include the following:
Analytics data
When available, be sure to review the analytics data for the client's existing project. As browser usage varies between industries, companies, and individual websites, getting the most accurate data possible about the client's specific project is critical to making informed decisions about browser support.
For example, if less than 1% of the visitors of a current site use an obsolete browser, is it really worth the client's money to support it? Similarly, if the analytics shows that a large percentage users are using an older browser, how should an important modern feature in the project specification be handled?
Project features
Complex or modern features are often difficult and sometimes impossible to implement in some browsers.
What features are present in the project specification? How critical are these features and how many of them are there? Are fallbacks or enhancement features for a technology available and/or appropriate?
If there are not enough resources (time, money, developers) to support a feature set on an older browser then priorities may have to be adjusted based on the project's feature requirements and tempered by realistic application of available analytics data. Inversely, a project with a larger budget will have more room to improve support on older browsers, but may still have to compete with other development requirements for additional resources.
Client Request
Should a client request an outdated or obsolete browser be supported, we should determine why they find support for that browser to be important. Sometimes it is simply that they want to have their site be usable by as many users as possible, but do not understand the amount of resources required to support it.
This is an opportunity to discuss the budget implications and the facts about their users. If the client would still like to support an older or unsupported browser, then we can make modifications to the base browser support tiers (and budget), discussed in the next section.
Browser Support Tiers
Determining a base browser support system allows for a solid starting point during browser support discussions with a client. This base level of support should be used as an outline and can then modified if necessary for each project. This system was inspired by BBC's Browser Support Standards, but modified in order to be a more flexible starting point for use on a per-project basis.
The four support tiers are outlined below. All browsers should be categorized into one tier.
The page should appear and function as outlined in the design documentation, mockups, prototypes, etc.
With some reservations, the page should fully work in this browser. All content is readable, interactive elements work as outlined in the project specification, visual flourishes appear as intended, and so on.
As there are always browser inconsistencies, and because it is possible that specific issues cause problems with one or more features of the site, it is not possible to guarantee a 100% identical experience across all browsers. However, affected browsers in this tier will include a workaround, fallback, or alternative to alleviate issues as much as possible.
Limited Support
The browser is able to render the page in a reasonable manner, but will not likely be able to include all features.
Where necessary, fallbacks are used in place of incompatible effects, cosmetic flourishes, and other elements and effects not critical to the consumption of the page content by the end user. Fallbacks and alterations may range from exactly matching the behaviour of a supported browser to being completely omitted, and depends largely on the feature in question.
This browser is unable to render the page due to one or more technical limitations.
Efforts will be made to provide a visitor using this browser to view content in a reasonable, basic format. Any enhancements past a basic presentation of the content requires a separate audit and estimate.
This browser is not considered at any point during the course of the project.
An obsolete browser is not supported in any capacity. Clients wishing to support an obsolete browser to any degree must inform the developer before project work begins.
Closing Thoughts
It is important to have a game plan for browser support when starting a new project. Clearing up any misconceptions on the subject early on helps to avoid any potential misunderstandings during the development process. The suggestions above are not a hard and fast rule, and should be adjusted to fit your team and client projects.


b)) = ...
In 'f' both 'a' and 'b' are bound by the pattern and scope over the RHS of f.
In 'g' only 'b' is bound by the pattern, whereas 'a' is locally bound in the pattern
and does not scope over the RHS of 'g'.
We track locally bound names in the 'OccSet' in 'TPRnM' monad, and use it to
decide whether occurrences of type variables are usages or bindings.
The check is done in 'rn_ty_pat_var'
Note [Implicit and explicit type variable binders]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Type patterns are renamed differently from ordinary types.
 * Types are renamed by 'rnHsType' where all type variable occurrences are considered usages
 * Type patterns are renamed by 'rnHsTyPat' where some type variable occurrences are usages
 and other are bindings
Here is an example:
 {-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}
 f :: forall b. Proxy _ -> ...
 f (Proxy @(x :: (a, b))) = ...
In the (x :: (a,b)) type pattern
 * 'x' is a type variable explicitly bound by type pattern
 * 'a' is a type variable implicitly bound in a pattern signature
 * 'b' is a usage of type variable bound by the outer forall
This classification is clear to us in 'rnHsTyPat', but it is also useful in later passes, such
as 'collectPatBinders' and 'tcHsTyPat', so we store it in the extension field of 'HsTyPat', namely
'HsTyPatRn'.
To collect lists of those variables efficiently we use 'HsTyPatRnBuilder' which is exactly like
'HsTyPatRn', but uses Bags.
Note [Left-to-right scoping of type patterns]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In term-level patterns, we use continuation passing to implement left-to-right
scoping, see Note [CpsRn monad]. Left-to-right scoping manifests itself when
e.g. view patterns are involved:
 f (x, g x -> Just y) = ...
Here the first occurrence of 'x' is a binder, and the second occurrence is a
use of 'x' in a view pattern. This example does not work if we swap the
components of the tuple:
 f (g x -> Just y, x) = ...
 -- ^^^
 -- Variable not in scope: x
In type patterns there are no view patterns, but there is a different feature
that is served well by left-to-right scoping: kind annotations. Compare:
 f (Proxy @(T k (a :: k))) = ...
 g (Proxy @(T (a :: k) k)) = ...
In 'f', the first occurrence of 'k' is an explicit binder,
 and the second occurrence is a usage. Simple.
In 'g', the first occurrence of 'k' is an implicit binder,
 and then the second occurrence is an explicit binder that shadows it.
So we get two different results after renaming:
 f (Proxy @(T k1 (a :: k1))) = ...
 g (Proxy @(T (a :: k1) k2)) = ...
This makes GHC accept the first example but rejects the second example with an
error about duplicate binders.
One could argue that we don't want order-sensitivity here. Historically, we
used a different principle when renaming types: collect all free variables,
bind them on the outside, and then rename all occurrences as usages.
This approach does not scale to multiple patterns. Consider:
 f' (MkP @k @(a :: k)) = ...
 g' (MkP @(a :: k) @k) = ...
Here a difference in behavior is inevitable, as we rename type patterns
one at a time. Could we perhaps concatenate the free variables from all
type patterns in a ConPat? But then we still get the same problem one level up,
when we have multiple patterns in a function LHS
 f'' (Proxy @k) (Proxy @(a :: k)) = ...
 g'' (Proxy @(a :: k)) (Proxy @k) = ...
And if we tried to avoid order sensitivity at this level, then we'd still be left
with lambdas:
 f''' (Proxy @k) = \(Proxy @(a :: k)) -> ...
 g''' (Proxy @(a :: k)) = \(Proxy @k) -> ...
So we have at least three options where we could do free variable extraction:
HsConPatTyArg, ConPat, or a Match (used to represent a function LHS). And none
of those would be general enough. Rather than make an arbitrary choice, we
embrace left-to-right scoping in types and implement it with CPS, just like
it's done for view patterns in terms.
-}


text:
Fish have blood that is carried through their bodies by their circulatory systems. Fish typically have less blood per gram of their body weight than other animals.
Fish have erythrocyte- and leukocyte-rich blood. Erythrocytes carry oxygen from the gills and distribute it throughout the body from the bloodstream while disposing of carbon dioxide through the opposite pathway. These cells rely on hemoglobin to work effectively. Leukocytes contain a variety of cells that contribute to a fish's bodily defense systems, fighting bacteria or parasites and clotting blood when necessary.
Some fish, such as the icefish, have blood that does not contain hemoglobin. They survive in oxygen-rich water by dissolving gases in their blood plasma. The lack of hemoglobin allows them to conceal themselves from predators.


text:
10 Interesting Facts You Never Knew About Mars
The entire atmosphere of the planet has changed. Radiation from the Sun is thought to have dissipated most of the hydrogen within the upper atmosphere.
When compared to the gravity of the Earth, Mars only has about 37 percent of the gravity that humans are used to experiencing. If you weighed 100kg on Earth, you'd only weigh 37 kg on Mars!


Multiple dynamical time-scales in networks with hierarchically nested modular organization View Full Text
Ontology type: schema:ScholarlyArticle Open Access: True
Article Info
DATE
2011-11-03
AUTHORS
SITABHRA SINHA, SWARUP PORIA
ABSTRACT
Many natural and engineered complex networks have intricate mesoscopic organization, e.g., the clustering of the constituent nodes into several communities or modules. Often, such modularity is manifested at several different hierarchical levels, where the clusters defined at one level appear as elementary entities at the next higher level. Using a simple model of a hierarchical modular network, we show that such a topological structure gives rise to characteristic time-scale separation between dynamics occurring at different levels of the hierarchy. This generalizes our earlier result for simple modular networks, where fast intramodular and slow intermodular processes were clearly distinguished. Investigating the process of synchronization of oscillators in a hierarchical modular network, we show the existence of as many distinct time-scales as there are hierarchical levels in the system. This suggests a possible functional role of such mesoscopic organization principle in natural systems, viz., in the dynamical separation of events occurring at different spatial scales. More... »
PAGES
833-842
Identifiers
URI
_URL_
DOI
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Indexing Status Check whether this publication has been indexed by Scopus and Web Of Science using the SN Indexing Status Tool
Incoming Citations Browse incoming citations for this publication using opencitations.net
JSON-LD is the canonical representation for SciGraph data.
TIP: You can open this SciGraph record using an external JSON-LD service: JSON-LD Playground Google SDTT
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Download the RDF metadata as: j


haveged man page
haveged — Generate random numbers and feed linux random device.
Synopsis
haveged [options]
Description
haveged generates an unpredictable stream of random numbers harvested from the indirect effects of hardware events on hidden processor state (caches, branch predictors, memory translation tables, etc) using the HAVEGE (HArdware Volatile Entropy Gathering and Expansion) algorithm. The algorithm operates in user space, no special privilege is required for file system access to the output stream.
Linux pools randomness for distribution by the /dev/random and /dev/urandom device interfaces. The standard mechanisms of filling the /dev/random pool may not be sufficient to meet demand on systems with high needs or limited user interaction. In those circumstances, haveged may be run as a privileged daemon to fill the /dev/random pool whenever the supply of random bits in /dev/random falls below the low water mark of the device.
haveged tunes itself to its environment and provides the same built-in test suite for the output stream as used on certified hardware security devices. See Notes below for further information.
Options
-b nnn, --buffer=nnn
Set collection buffer size to nnn KW. Default is 128KW (or 512KB).
-d nnn, --data=nnn
Set data cache size to nnn KB. Default is 16 or as determined dynamically.
-f file, --file=file
Set output file path for non-daemon use. Default is "sample", use "-" for stdout.
-F , --Foreground
Run daemon in foreground. Do not fork and detach.
-i nnn, --inst=nnn
Set instruction cache size to nnn KB. Default is 16 or as determined dynamically.
-n nnn, --number=nnn
Set number of bytes written to the output file. The value may be specified using one of the suffixes k, m, g, or t. The upper bound of this value is "16t" (2^44 Bytes = 16TB). A value of 0 indicates unbounded output and forces output to stdout. This argument is required if the daemon interface is not present. If the daemon interface is present, this setting takes precedence over any --run value.
-o <spec>, --onlinetest=<spec>
Specify online tests to run. The <spec> consists of optional "t"ot and "c"ontinuous groups, each group indicates the procedures to be run, using "a<n>" to indicate a AIS-31 procedure A variant, and "b" to indicate AIS procedure B. The specifications are order independent (procedure B always runs first in each group) and case insensitive. The a<n> variations exist to mitigate the a slow autocorrelation test (test5). Normally all procedure A tests, except the first are iterated 257 times. An a<n> option indicates test5 should only be executed every modulo <n> times during the procedure's 257 repetitions. The effect is so noticable that A8 is the usual choice.
The "tot" tests run only at initialization - there are no negative performance consequences except for a slight increase in the time required to initialize. The "tot" tests guarantee haveged has initialized properly. The use of both test procedures in the "tot" test is highly recommended because the two test emphasize different aspects of RNG quality.
In continuous testing, the test sequence is cycled repeatedly. For example, the string "tbca8b" (suitable for an AIS NTG.1 device) would run procedure B for the "tot" test, then cycle between procedure A8 and procedure B continuously for all further output. Continuous testing does not come for free, impacting both throughput and resource consumption. Continual testing also opens up the possibility of a test failure. A strict retry procedure recovers from spurious failure in all but the most extreme circumstances. When the retry fails, operation will terminate unless a "w" has been appended to the test token to make the test advisory only. In our example above, the string "tbca8wbw" would make all continuous tests advisory. For more detailed information on AIS retries see Notes below.
Complete control over the test configuration is provided for flexibility. The defaults (ta8bcb" if run as a daemon and "ta8b" otherwise) are suitable for most circumstances.
-p file, --pidfile=file
Set file path for the daemon pid file. Default is "/var/run/haveged.pid",
-r n, --run=n
Set run level for daemon interface:
n = 0 Run as daemon - must be root. Fills /dev/random when the supply of random bits
falls below the low water mark of the device.
n = 1 Display configuration info and terminate.
n > 1 Write <n> kb of output. Deprecated (use --number instead), only provided for backward compatibility.
If --number is specified, values other than 0,1 are ignored. Default is 0.
-v n, --verbose=n
Set diagnostic bitmap as sum of following options:
1=Show build/tuning summary on termination, summary for online test retries.
2=Show online test retry details
4=Show timing for collections
8=Show collection loop layout
16=Show collection loop code offsets
32=Show all online test completion detail
Default is 0. Use -1 for all diagnostics.
-w nnn, --write=nnn
Set write_wakeup_threshold of daemon interface to nnn bits. Applies only to run level 0.
-?, --help
This summary of program options.
Notes
haveged tunes the HAVEGE algorithm for maximum effectiveness using a hierarchy of defaults, command line options, virtual file system information, and cpuid information where available. Under most circumstances, user input is not required for excellent results.
Run-time testing provides assurance of correct haveged operation. The run-time test suite is modeled upon the AIS-31 specification of the German Common Criteria body, BIS. This specification is typically applied to hardware devices, requiring formal certification and mandated start-up and continuous operational testing. Because haveged runs on many different hardware platforms, certification cannot be a goal, but the AIS-31 test suite provides the means to assess haveged output with the same operational tests applied to certified hardware devices.
AIS test procedure A performs 6 tests to check for statistically inconspicuous behavior. AIS test procedure B performs more theoretical tests such as checking multi-step transition probabilities and making an empirical entropy estimate. Procedure A is the much more resource and compute intensive of the two but is still recommended for the haveged start-up tests. Procedure B is well suited to use of haveged as a daemon because the test entropy estimate confirms the entropy estimate haveged uses when adding entropy to the /dev/random device.
No test is perfect. There is a 10e-4 probability that a perfect generator will fail either of the test procedures. AIS-31 mandates a strict retry policy to filter out false alarms and haveged always logs test procedure failures. Retries are expected but rarely observed except when large data sets are generated with continuous testing. See the libhavege(3) notes for more detailed information.
Files
If running as a daemon, access to the following files is required
/dev/random
/proc/sys/kernel/osrelease
/proc/sys/kernel/random/poolsize
/proc/sys/kernel/random/write_wakeup_threshold
Diagnostics
Haveged returns 0 for success and non-zero for failure. The failure return code is 1 "general failure" unless execution is terminated by signal <n>, in which case the return code will be 128 + <n>. The following diagnostics are issued to stderr upon non-zero termination:
Cannot fork into the background
Call to daemon(3) failed.
Cannot open file <s> for writing.
Could not open sample file <s> for writing.
Cannot write data in file:
Could not write data to the sample file.
Couldn't get pool size.
Unable to read /proc/sys/kernel/random/poolsize
Couldn't initialize HAVEGE rng
Invalid data or instruction cache size.
Couldn't open PID file <s> for writing
Unable to write daemon PID
Couldn't open random device
Could not open /dev/random for read-write.
Couldn't query entropy-level from kernel: error
Call to ioctl(2) failed.
Couldn't open PID file <path> for writing
Error writing /var/run/haveged.pid
Fail:set_watermark()
Unable to write to /proc/sys/kernel/random/write_wakeup_threshold
RNDADDENTROPY failed!
Call to ioctl(2) to add entropy failed
RNG failed
The random number generator failed self-test or encountered a fatal error.
Select error
Call to select(2) failed.
Stopping due to signal <n>
Signal <n> caught.
Unable to setup online tests
Memory unavailable for online test resources.
Examples
Write 1.5MB of random data to the file /tmp/random
haveged -n 1.5M -f /tmp/random
Generate a /tmp/keyfile for disk encryption with LUKS
haveged -n 2048 -f /


text:
Warehouse management has changed through the year with the introduction of automation software that makes every process within the warehouse more efficient. This includes the movement, weighing and storage within the warehouse. For big warehouses that handle huge volumes of packages, advanced automated cubing systems are necessary. Here are some of the best cubing systems for warehouses.
This package scanning cubing system leaves no room for inaccuracies; the laser technology is designed to provide accurate dimensional data, regardless of the speed of the conveyor belt. The scanner allows the warehouse to handle large numbers of packages at a much faster speed thanks to its high-speed lasers.
When it comes to installation costs, this cubing system will save you money because of its relatively small size. The IMPS dimensional system can be integrated into the conveyor configurations without having to alter the existing configurations.
Many warehouse managers have remarked at how efficient the warehouse is running since they installed this dimensional scanner, there is no more need to use tape measures which take a lot of time, such information can be established within seconds, saving time and money. To learn more about the in-motion package scanner, one of the most advanced cubing systems, visit DimensionalWeighing.com.
The most unique and impressive feature of the Walz Cube cubing system is its ability to connect directly to the courier systems like DHL, Fedex, TNT and the like. This makes the recording system and transfer of data seamless as the information is shared directly using the internet.
The advanced technology enables a warehouse to simply connect the PC to the internet and the software will enable the easy exchange of data. The Walz Cube offers the option of using it as a standalone dimension system or it can be integrated into the conveyor belt system for faster processing at busy warehouses.
This static cubing system will provide accurate dimensional weighing and scanning for even the most busy warehouses. Customers who have used it say it has completely changed the way they manage packages for shipment and they did not have to worry a lot about installation since it was very easy.
This conveyor-based cubing system from WalzEQ.com can be used either for cartons or pallets. The warehouse can choose between 3 different dimensions for this cubing system.
For a busy warehouses, the 4010 inline is the best as it is able to handle high-speed in-motion scanning, meaning work will be done faster in with more volumes scanned. The 3000 cubing system is for a budget warehouse with not so much activity. All three cubing systems from WalzEQ.com will provide weight and dimension data for packages. They can also be easily integrated into the existing systems.
All three of these cubing systems will be able to deliver certain general advantages to the warehouse. These include.
These are proven cubing systems that offer the best functionality and performance for all levels of dimensioning, package weighing, and other warehousing automation needs.


text:
Hugo Wallace Weaving (born 4 April 1960) is an Australian film, stage and voice actor. He is best known for his roles in the films The Matrix, The Lord of the Rings, Transformers and V for Vendetta.
Weaving was born in Nigeria to English parents Anne, a tour guide, and Wallace Weaving, a seismologist. He spent his childhood in South Africa and then moved to the United Kingdom in his teens. While in England he attended the independent boarding school Queen Elizabeth's Hospital, commonly known in Bristol as QEH. He moved to Australia in 1976, where he attended another private school, Sydney's Knox Grammar School. He later graduated from Australia's National Institute of Dramatic Art in 1981.
Weaving's first major role was in the 1984 Australian television series Bodyline, as the English cricket captain Douglas Jardine. Weaving appeared in the Australian miniseries The Dirtwater Dynasty in 1988 and starred opposite Nicole Kidman in the 1989 film Bangkok Hilton. In 1991, Weaving received the Australian Film Institute's award for "Best Actor" for his performance in the low-budget Proof. He also appeared as Sir John in the 1993 Yahoo Serious comedy Reckless Kelly, a lampoon of the famous


text:
An arid environment is dry. It has a high deficit of rainfall or snow. So there is much less humidity in the air.
This is often due to a combination of high temperatures and few storms that bring rainfall. However, there are cold deserts at the poles and on some mountains.


text:
Breeding snails in captivity is not an exact science to say the least and at the moment has a lot more to do with luck than anything an owner can control. Understanding the process can only be a good thing, so this part of the care guide will attempt to shed some light on snail breeding from mating to egg rearing, including other issues that may be of importance to someone interested in breeding snails.
The Mating Process
When preparing to mate, snails often go through what may be described as a mating ritual which can involve playful biting and rearing up to one another. One of the most distinct examples of this is Helix pomatia, which rear up as if they are fighting and act as though they are kissing. This can go on for a number of hours. More often than not it is one stimulated snail trying to get another interested and it is not uncommon to see one snail wandering around with its penis hanging out of the genital aperture looking for another snail who is interested in mating.
"We have not yet observed the whole sequence of events in the mating behaviour of Archachatina. Pre-copulatory exploration of one snail by another and excitement (swelling of genital papilla and rapid dorsal body waves) have frequently been observed, normally subsiding when the prospective partner shows no response." 1
Helix aspersa mating
Some species actually inject a calcified dart into the other snail to stimulate copulation. This "love" dart has been shown to actually increase the chance of success by effectively injecting a chemical which retards the sperm-resisting abilities of the receiving female reproductive organ. It has no doubt evolved as part of a sexual arms race. You may see this occurring but it's nothing to worry about. You may also find the darts themselves.
"In a paper that caught the attention of the popular press, Rogers and Chase (McGill University, Montreal) report that a component in the mucus coating the love dart of Helix closes off the partners copulatory bursa which digests foreign sperm, and as a result darted snails retain more of the partners sperm (Behav. Ecol. & Sociobiol. 50, 122-127)." 2
Mating can last from a few minutes to possibly many hours, with owners awaking to them still mating. Whether this is the same coupling or a subsequent one has yet to be determined, though the former is more likely.
"Although the act of intromission has not been seen, snails have been found in coitus. The following description applies to two animals found in this condition one morning. The heads and cervical regions of both snails were much distended, the thick penes (5-8 mm. diameter) having a heavily papillated appearance... Both penes curved round the head of the supine snail to the head of the dorsal snail, the exposed portions being 5-6 cm. in length. Each penis made one slow turn round the other, entering it's partner's genital aperture posterior to the emergent penis. Slow peristaltic waves passed outwards along each penis. A mass of greenish jelly surrounded each genital aperture, extending some distance along each penis, and both snails were busily ingesting this material.
After about 10 minutes the penis of the upper snail (S2) was retracted from the genital aperture of the [lower snail] S1, followed about one minute later by that of S1. The action was a slow pulling apart, followed by a sudden emergence. At this stage the apparent terminal part of the penis was broad and papillated. Each penis was estimated to have had an extended length of 12-14 cm.
Mead (1950) after describing populations of Achatina fulica, stated that he inspected the vas deferens of one of them, finding several white sperm masses but no evidence of spermatophore formation. On the other hand, twice when dissecting fresh Archachatina, we found a structure in the large hermaphrodite duct that we are compelled to suppose was a spermatophore." 1.
|Click pictures above to see large versions. Pictures courtesy of Sarah Fowler|
Gestation & Laying
Snail eggs can be hard-shelled or quite soft and squidgy and differs from genus to genus. In either case, the eggs resemble tiny chicken eggs in shape but contain no yolk.
Snails often hold the eggs inside a special membrane, visible through their pneumostome as shown opposite. In ideal circumstances they don't hold them for very long, laying them when they consider the environmental conditions to be suitable. It is worth noting that it is this ability to retain the eggs that is likely to be responsible for the 24-48 hour hatching times we sometimes experience. It is not that they use any body heat to incubate them, rather they have escaped notice of the owner and so appear to have an abnormally short development time.
Some species like Achatina iredalei actually retain eggs until they are fully hatched. This is known as viviparity and snails that do this are called viviparous as oppose to ovoviviparous which is the egg-laying norm. It has been observed that baby snails born of this method sometimes have slightly dented shells, no doubt caused by the stress of birth.
Some species, such as Achatina zebra actually have the ability to do both, so they can still produce eggs when environmental conditions aren't quite right.
Snails usually form an egg chamber in the soil and then proceed to fill the chamber with eggs. This can sometimes be completed throughout the course of a few nights, with one night dedicated to creating the chamber, with the laying commencing the following night.
"Snails about to form an egg chamber tend to enter the soil with the left side of the shell adjacent to, and the head and foot parallel to, the wall of the vivarium. Thus, since the shell sits eccentrically on the body of the animal, the columellar axis of the shell has an angle of approximately 15° to the wall. With the head retracted the snail forces the lip of the shell into the soil, raising an arc-like mound of thelatter over the body whorl as it penetrates more deeply, the shell thus behaving rather as a plough-share. The depth of the burrow varies with the size of the snail. As a rule it may be 4-6 inches below the surface at the shell lip, the soil at this stage normally covering the shell. The snail constructs a smooth-walled chamber of oval outline that is usually no more than ½ inch from the wall of the vivarium and deposits its eggs in a group only the peripheral members of which are in contact with the soil.
The rate of oviposition can be quite high. It has been observed to completion several times in snails apparently compelled to lay their eggs on the surface. In these conditions it may take from 30 minutes to 2 hours. One snail was observed to lay 6 eggs in 30 minutes. The time from the appearance of the egg in the genital aperture to the final extrusion was approximately 1 minute: 4 minutes later the next egg appeared. The last egg was slower to appear, the total time between its extrusion and that of the penultimate egg being 8 minutes. The head of the snail just protruded from its shell, there was a period of small movements, with contraction waves over the head and with tentacles extending and invaginating. Then the right posterior and anterior tentacles were extended, a bulge in the head grew larger, the genital aperture gaped below and behind the buccal bulge (apparently the buccal mass) and the tip of the egg appeared. The latter was now seen to be causing a more posterior swelling of the head beneath the shell. The was a pause of about 30 seconds, the egg was then forced from the genital aperture which shrank behind it and, simultaneously, the right tentacles were swiftly invaginated." 1.
Picture Courtesy of Liselott Aronsson
No. Days after Oviposition
Hatching & Early Life
Picture Courtesy of Liselott Aronsson Lignus intertinctus hatching
Picture Courtesy of Lorna Mae Wyatt
The eggs will start to hatch from 24 hours onwards in some species but it is genus and possibly species dependent, with additional factors of how long they have been stored internally and the ambient and soil temperature. Eggs do not necessarily hatch uniformly and this is more noticeable in species that have a long gestation period (perhaps 4 weeks). The first (usually an uppermost member) to hatch can be 10 days or more in front of the main group, with some taking noticeably longer.
"The late embryo, having ingested the albumen, continues to rasp at the egg shell, eroding this and weakening the wall. Occasionally a hole can be seen in the egg shell just before the occupant hatches. At this stage, pressure and movement by the embryo cause the egg to split. The embryo continues to rasp the shell, breaking it down and ingesting remarkably large pieces. Examination of the oesophagus of such a baby snail shows this to be distended by relatively huge pieces of shell. At this stage the early hatched animal is a danger to its siblings.
..The ingestion of the egg shell appears to be an important element in the development of the young snail and our records suggest that removal of the egg shell delays early growth. This may not be due only to the need for calcium carbonate because natural chalk us usually present in the propag


text:
ISG has recently performed a Final Evaluation of the 'Regional Mechanisms to Protect the Human Rights of Women and Girls in Southeast Asia' project for UN Women.
This project focused on regional processes and provided targeted support at national levels to the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights, ASEAN Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women and Children (ACWC), representatives and civil society organizations in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia and the Philippines. This evaluation aimed to assess performance, effectiveness and results, and provide broader learning and future directions for UN Women and CIDA in supporting ASEAN human rights mechanisms.
ISG assessed the extent to which the UN Women project contributed to the alignment of women's rights concerns within the ASEAN human rights mechanisms, and provided findings and recommendations that can be used to inform forward-looking strategies and approaches to consolidate an understanding and implementation of CEDAW in the ASEAN region.
As part of this evaluation, data was collected from 10 Southeast Asia countries, both in-country and virtually, to fully assess the program.


text:
Potential Breakthrough in Creating Artificial Retina from Human Embryonic Stem Cells
June 6, 2010
Scientists from the University of California, Irvine have created an eight-layer early-stage retina from human embryonic stem cells, the first three-dimensional tissue structure to be made from stem cells.
To read more about this dramatic breakthrough, please see my writeup of their news release.
I also have a proof copy of the complete description of how this was accomplished as described in their article: "Three-dimensional early retinal progenitor 3D tissue constructs derived from human embryonic stem cells", about to be published in the Journal of Neuroscience Methods. Please contact me for a pdf.
Jump down to form below to submit your own comments


text:
Tea compared to water for hydration by NHS Knowledge Service
Drinking four to six mugs of tea a day is as good for keeping
you hydrated as a litre of water," reported the Daily
Mail. It said the finding disproves "the idea that regular tea
drinking can dehydrate the body because of its caffeine
The newspaper report is of a trial of 21 volunteers, which
compared hydration levels in people drinking four mugs of tea with
their levels when drinking the same amount of water on two
different days. The study, sponsored by the UK Tea Advisory Panel,
which in turn is sponsored by the UK tea industry, found no
difference in hydration levels when tea or water was drunk.
It is perhaps unsurprising that in terms of hydration there was
little difference in the two experimental conditions. The important
question is whether caffeine is a diuretic, but this study did not
measure the caffeine in the tea. It also cannot comment on which of
the two drinks - tea or water - are healthier overall.
Where did the story come from?
The study was carried out by researchers from Fife and Reading.
It is available on the website of the Tea Advisory Panel, which
also funded the research. The Daily Mail says the research
was or is due to be published by a journal, but this publication
was not available at time of writing.
There is limited information about the methods used in the
study. The newspaper appears to have based its conclusion that tea
is as good as water on the finding that they both led to similar
levels of hydration. It also stated that the study is 'a
high-quality clinical trial'. This may be true, although there is
limited methodological detail on which to base this conclusion and
the study was small, including only 21 men.
What kind of research was this?
The Tea Advisory Panel's website reports that this is a
randomised crossover trial. There is limited further detail
provided about the study's methods. Twenty-one healthy males aged
20 to 55 years old were enrolled. The study excluded people taking
medication that may impact on markers of hydration, those who may
be allergic to test ingredients, smokers and those with excessive
caffeine intake (more than 10 cups of coffee per day). The same
group of men were assessed during a 24-hour period of tea drinking,
then a 24-hour period of water drinking. Measures of hydration were
compared between the two experimental conditions.
What did the research involve?
Before the study began, baseline measures of hydration were
taken. This included a blood and a urine sample to measure total
urine volume and other markers of hydration, including creatinine
concentration, osmolality of urine and the concentration of certain
electrolytes. The blood sample was used to measure levels of
electrolytes along with total protein concentration, urea,
creatinine and osmolality.
In a crossover trial, the expected methodology is to randomise
the participants to their starting condition, i.e. some will start
with the tea drinking while the others start with the water
drinking. The groups are then swapped over with a period in between
to negate the effects of the initial treatment. There isn't enough
detail in the publication of this study to determine whether or how
this crossover was done. However, the website describes that on the
first study day, volunteers were presented with four cups of tea
four hours apart, drinking a total of 960ml of black tea. Blood
tests were taken at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 hours, and urine was
collected at 24 hours. Standard meals were provided.
After day one, the participants fasted for 10 hours, although
they were allowed water. They also abstained from caffeine, alcohol
and vigorous exercise for 24 hours. They were then offered four
cups of hot water on day two in a set up similar to the previous
day's experimental conditions. Presumably, those who started with
tea then crossed over to the water condition, although this aspect
of the methods is not discussed.
At the end of the study, hydration levels were compared between
test days one and two to determine whether there was a difference
between tea and water drinking.
What were the basic results?
Nineteen of the 21 participants completed the study and were
available for analysis. There was no difference in measures of
hydration between the two study days in terms of 24-hour urine
volume, blood osmolality or other measures.
How did the researchers interpret the
The researchers conclude that their study agrees with others
which have found that moderate consumption of caffeine from
caffeinated drinks has no adverse effect on hydration. They note
that they did not measure caffeine levels in this current study but
expect them to be about 200mg/day. They say that they are going to
examine the effects of six cups of tea on hydration in a separate
This is a small study and it has not been possible to appraise
the research fully given the limited details presented in the Tea
Advisory Panels website. It suggests that, at least in terms of
hydration, consumption of equivalent amounts of water and tea over
the course of a day deliver the same level of hydration. Of
- The report says that the level of caffeine in the tea was not
measured, so it is not possible to say whether all participants
received the same dose or what the exact dose was.
- The authors say they used black, i.e. regular tea. The results
may not apply to other teas.
- It is possible that the diuretic effect of tea is evident at
higher doses of caffeine. The researchers aim to conduct further
studies of people drinking more tea. If these are conducted, it
seems reasonable to include women in the trial too.
The finding that water and moderate tea consumption are equally
hydrating are perhaps unsurprising.
The important question here is whether caffeine is a diuretic.
However, this study did not measure the caffeine in the tea that
was given. It also cannot comment on which of the two drinks - tea
or water - is healthier overall.
Source: NHS Choices (_URL_) - NHS
Back to Health


1
I would like to count number of layers in a stack with value equal to raster pixel value. Here is my current try:
r1 <- calc(s, fun=function(x){sum(x == r)})
I get two errors
Error in FUN(newX[, i], ...) : unused argument (na.rm = TRUE)
and
Error: cannot allocate vector of size 1.9 Mb
Where I'm going wrong?
2
 - how is r defined?
 – obrl_soil
 Dec 11, 2018 at 9:49
 - r is a raster file while s is a raster stack @obrl_soil
 – jmutua
 Dec 11, 2018 at 11:12
1 Answer 1
1
Yeah ok, raster::calc() only operates on a single object, so your formula is essentially trying to total up all the occasions where one of your stack's cells equals a whole raster, which is never.
Try this: first, stack r and s. This means each pixel in the output stack becomes a vector where element 1 is the reference value and the rest are comparison values. Then run calc on that object, with a function like
function(x) {
 comp <- x[1]
 main <- x[2:length(x)]
 length(main[main == comp])
}
This should return a raster where each cell is a count of how many stack layers equal the overlying reference cell value.
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text:
Happy Halloween! This is a short week, a) because I was broke, and b) because not a whole lot came out. Was any of it good? Let's find out!
Thing Of The Week: Ghosts In Comics
Ghosts have been an integral part of comics ever since the first appearance of a vigilante murderer named Casper the Ghost in the early 20's. Due to a retcon and a more famous reboot brought on by the purchase of the title though, Casper is generally seen as a children's character but stands as the launching point for ghosts in comics.
Many modern heroes follow in the path of Casper the Ghost such as The Deadmens, Jonah Hex, The Specter, and Susan Storm.
The Deadmens was started by Johannes Malkemus, a Russian immigrant who grew up on a dairy farm in South Carolina. Often beset with the vapors, Malkemus wrote and illustrated stories about the Boston Deadmens, a former circus trapeze artist who was killed for getting too close to the truth. With his ability to possess the living and the dead, he fought criminals and the power of the government as Malkemus was a heavily conservative person with little trust in the government. After 2 years of publishing the comic which was sold in a local gas station, Detective Comics purchased the character rights and reinvented the character as Boston Brand, the Deadman. Malkemus went on to drink the $100 he was paid for his character rights in one afternoon and died two days later of alcohol poisoning.
Jonah Hex was created originally as a ghost cowboy during World War 2 when a young man named Stan Ditko began drawing stories of a ghost cowboy who cared so much about justice that he could not allow himself to sleep. Ditko's stories about Jonah Hex mostly focused on Hex floating through prison walls and punching out criminals who were trying to escape. When Ditko grew bored after 3 issues he packed the books away and left them at home where his parents sold them to Neal Adams who brought the character to the attention of DC offices and established Jonah Hex in All-Star Western.
The Specter is like Deadmans but with more blacksploitation. Literally reread the Deadmens article but with stock characters and you get the idea of the Spectre.
Susan Storm was sort of a ghost. What am I, wikipedia? I don't know. Wikipedia stuff. Listen, if you don't know who Susan Storm is, I can't help you. Gosh.


text:
How did Florida get the name Florida?
Florida was named by Spanish conquistador Ponce de León, who was the first European to record its location, on April 2, 1513. He believed it to be a large island. He called it "La Florida" (flowery land) referring to the Easter season, which in Spanish is Pascua Florida.
15 people found this useful
It got its name by the Spanish words "Pascua Florida" meaning flowery easter. Juan Ponce De Leon, the Spanish Explorer named it this. florida received its name from when in 1527 DeVaca came over with Narvaez and they were looking for gold, when they just happened to stumble across this beautiful lan…d that was bountiful with plant-life. The root of this word is the ending two letters 'da' which are Spanish, meaning land of; and' flori' is derived from the word flora meaning plants or flowers. So in conclusion if you put the two together you get land of flowers you are totally wrong. juan ponce de leon named it pascua florida which means flowery easter. and it was in 1513. ( Full Answer )
Florida was named by Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de LeÃ³n, who was the first European to record its location, on April 2, 1513. He believed it to be a large island. He called it "La Florida" (flowery land) referring to the Easter season, which in Spanish is Pascua Florida.
There is Peninsular Christian Church. It is just off of Dale Mabry Hw. S across from the Home Depot. It is a non-denominational Christian church. 3600 W Ballast Point Blvd Tampa, FL 33611 _PHONE_
There are many valleys found in the state of Florida. Some of theseinclude Jones Gully, Sandy Hollow, Big Hollow, as well as SteepHead.
ponce de leon named it Florida because there were pretty flowers along the beaches and othe places
There is not a mayor over the state...that would be the Governor which is Rick Scott.
A Muskogean speaking tribe that lived in the region was responsiblefor giving Pensacola Florida its name. This name can be broken downto mean hair of the head of people.
you can fly, take a boat, drive, swim! depends where you are living. if you want directions, i have no answer because i don't no where u are from. hope this helps.
Juan Ponce de Leon found Florida and thought it was a island andnamed it Florida because of the flowers.
About twenty percent of the population speaks Spanish. Some citiesin Florida that have Spanish words in their names are: BonitaSprings, Cinco Bayou, Esto, Largo.
Yes. Florida was the first place in America to be discovered. It was discovered by the Spaniard Juan Ponce de Leon in 1513 during Easter, known by the Spanish as Pascua Florida or Flowery Easter. Florida means flowery.
Briny Breezes, FL Cadillac, FL Celebration, FL Christmas, FL Day, FL Elfers, FL Frostproof, FL Havana, FL Lorida, Florida Mayo, FL Panacea,FL Picnic, FL Sopchoppy, FL Spuds, FL Two Egg, FL Wacahoota, FL Yeehaw Junction, FL .
Actually The Florida Gators got there name because a men in the late 70s bought several acres of land that he wanted to Make as a College. But when he went to go meet with the landlord there was a whole bunch of alligators and some where laying eggs. SO he called the College " Unviersity of Florida,… HOme of the Gators" THank you I am the #1 fan of the Florida Gators Football team. GOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO GATORSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS CHOMP CHOMP CHOMP CHOmP ( Full Answer )
I am in fifth grade and i had this exact question yesterday it is Juan Ponce de Leon. ya me too i had it today for homework thx for information ya also juan ponce named it la florida but americans arranged it to florida.
the spanish founded it and called it el florid'a no, they called it pascua Florida which means flower Easter
Many types of water activities including canoeing, kayaking, sailing, powerboating, water skiing, fishing, scuba diving, snorkeling. Fresh and salt water. See the Everglades. Visit Disney World and the many other theme parks in the Orlando area. Hike on the Florida trail. Take a cruise. … The weather is mild, and near the ocean even the summers are nice. You can be outdoors in shorts and a t-shirt on all but a few days (today happening to be one of them) per year. ( Full Answer )
There are over 2,500 fields in Flordia, go to _URL_ to see all of them.
Cocoa Beach got its name from the fishermen who founded it around 1860 due to the abundance of Cocoa plants in Florida.
Marriott has a property named "Marriott's Cypress Harbour". The hotel is very beautiful and very close to Sea World. Also there is the peabody. It is a 5 star resort and close to all the theme parks:)
Florida is a state, there are no other states in Florida with only minor exceptions like:. A State of Mind. . A State of Panic. . A State of War. . A State of Oblivion. . A State of Crisis. . A State termed Mellow.
Sarasota got its name because of the spanish explorer that discovered it in the early 1700s
Florida was named by Spanish conquistador Ponce de Leon, who wasthe first European to record its location, on April 2, 1513. Hebelieved it to be a large island. He called it "La Florida"(flowery land) referring to the Easter season, which in Spanish is Pascua Florida.
There are approximately 12 national parks located in Florida. A fewof the national parks are Timucuan, Big Cypress, Canaveral, andCastillo De San Marcos.
The name is derived from the Spanish word "cayo" meaning small island. Cayo Hueso (Spanish pronunciation: [ËkaÊo Ëweso]) is the original Spanish name for the island of Key West. Spanish-speaking people today also use the term Cayo Hueso when referring to Key West. It literally means "th…e Island of Bones". It is said that the island was littered with the remains (bones) from a Native American battlefield or burial ground. The most widely accepted theory of how the name changed to Key West is that it is a false-friend anglicization of the word, on the ground that the word hueso [Ëweso]) sounds like "west" in English. Other theories of how the island was named are that the name indicated that it was the westernmost Key, or that the island was the westernmost Key with a reliable supply of water ( Full Answer )
The origin of the naming of Orlando, Florida has at least four versions. Please access the related link below for more information:
Florida got its name from Ponce De Leon. He went there because he wanted to find the fountain of youth. He saw many flowers. So, he named it Florida which means floral or many flowers.
Florida are the state in the south eastern us that is shaped like a giant wang its full of hookers and old people ^^and that above is total bs
There are a lot of hurricanes that have hit Florida, some of which were centuries ago. I can name some of them, if you like. Andrew (1992) Betsy (1965) Charley (2004) Cleo (1964) David (1979) Dennis (2005) Donna (1960) Dora (1964) Easy (1950) Elena (1985) Eloise (1975) "Flor…ida Keys" Hurricane of 1919 Isbell (1964) Ivan (2004) Jeanne (2004) Katrina (2005) King (1950) Opal (1995) Wilma (2005) 1926 Miami Hurricane 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane 1935 Labor Day Hurricane (aka Long Island Express) ( Full Answer )
A legal name change is obtained through the FL courts. You will first need to go to your local law enforcement agency to get a background check by issuing your fingerprints. Then you will file a name change petition and the County Court Clerk will guide you to the rest of the name change process.
Pensacola got its name in 1559 from the pensacola indians thatgreated the spanish settlers when they landed on pensacola beach
My wife's great-great-grand-somebody named the town Lorida, Florida ... she was the 1st Postmaster General ... the pronunciation was suppose to be "Lord-a, Flor-da" (but everybody pronounces it "Low-re-da").
I really don't know how it got it's name but it's scientific name is puma-concolor-coryi
Davie is a hick name for all the red neck 'decor' in the main town square. It looks completely out of place from all other south Florida architecture. The city officials are morons for coming up with it.
Indian, St. Johns, St. Mary's, St. Lucie, Peace Rivers off the top of my head.
Florida has beaches, the Everglades, big cities, small towns, pretty much everything except mountains and deserts. --hot weather and sunny skies even when it's raining
There are numerous islands: Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, the Bahamas, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands


as much as the size of the home increases.
Of course, it is possible that some or most of the difference depends on lighting of common areas of apartments and the other things you list. But it is also possible that most of the difference depends on the larger square footage per person in houses. Based on these statistics, we just don't know whether there is more energy use per person in houses or apartments.
We really need statistics comparing average per capita building-related energy use in neighborhoods of different densities. It would be interesting to correct the figures for differences in average dwelling unit size in each neighborhood, to see whether someone living in a house would consume more or less energy living in an apartment of equal size. But we should also remember that people who move to denser neighborhoods are often willing to live in smaller units as a trade-off for living where there are more shops and services.
We already have statistics on differences in per capita transportation use at different densities, and it would be easy to derive transportation-related energy use. If we also had figures on differences in per capita home-related energy use at different densities, we could combine that with the figures on transportation and actually come to some conclusion about which urban density is optimum in terms of reducing energy consumption.
Charles Siegel
Energy use and housing types, again
Note that the same website gives statistics on average square footages of the housing types under discussion.
The average single-family detached dwelling is three times as large as the average unit in a building with 5 or more units.
By using these figures, we find that in 2001, single-family attached dwellings used almost 250% as much energy PER UNIT as high-density apartments.
The last figure we would need to get an estimate of per capita energy use would be the average occupancy of the different housing types. Even though SF detached dwellings use the most energy per unit, this would be mitigated because they have more occupants per unit than apartments. However, I suspect they do not average 250% as many occupants, which would be required to relinquish their position as the leading consumers of energy.
Anyone have good stats on average occupancy by housing type that would complete this estimate?
Got Figures on Highrises And Energy
I got this from a local planner:
We researched this fairly extensively. The only metric that we turned up that made a direct comparison between shorter and taller buildings was from the federal Energy Information Administration. In "Consumption and Expenditures in U.S. Households" (1997), the EIA cites the following:
2-5 Floors 68,000 BTU/sf
6-8 Floors 74,000 BTU/sf
8+ Floors 75,000 BTU/sf
Note that a significant part of the energy increase in taller buildings is from having natural ventilation (rather than mechanical... [so taller buildings can be more energy efficient if they are also designed with natural ventilation].
Since he brought up the possibility of natural ventilation, I mentioned the possibility of shading:
With midrise buildings, you can plant deciduous trees to shade the buildings during the summer and expose them to the sun during the winter, reducing the burden of heating and cooling. This doesn't work for highrises, which are much taller than trees. These figures for existing buildings probably don't take into account the possibility of planting more trees to create more shade.
Charles Siegel
Quote: 2-5 Floors 68,000
2-5 Floors 68,000 BTU/sf
6-8 Floors 74,000 BTU/sf
8+ Floors 75,000 BTU/sf
It looks like the cost increase of building higher is negligible, and worth ignoring when you consider how dramatically it is offset by reduced land consumption, VMT, and infrastructure costs.
Two points:
1) Do you have any idea why these numbers are so much lower than the numbers in the original link?
2) Since we still don't know the average occupancy of different housing forms, we cannot calculate energy use per capita, which is the most important figure.
BTU and building type.
Good points, iso.
Allow me to restate something for a different perspective when considering densifying:
The energy savings of a semi-detached over a single-fam detached is 34% (in KWh). Building rowhouses further reduces consumption 26% (savings are in the shared walls). The reduction in internal and solar heat gain from SFD to rowhouse is only ~9% (fig 5.11). Savings from properly sited vegetation was not calculated.
I would also point out that Charles stated that you could put shutters or shades on high-rises to save energy, and you can also have low e- glass and lined/reflective draperies as well. Trees won't help over about the 4th floor, as usu. they don't live that long to attain such heights or affect the urban boundary layer to reduce wind speeds.
Lastly, average occupancy per dwelling type varies by region, so national averages might be a little misleading (our persons/SFD in my city is almost.5 higher than national average).
Re: 2-5 floors, 68,000
I don't know why there is such a big difference, and I will ask.
About reduced land consumption, VMT and infrastructure costs:
Above traditional European densitites, there is not much of a reduction in land consumption: European cities already are down to 1/100 of an acre per person, so highrises can save less than than that, which is a tiny fraction of each person's total ecological footprint.
There is also not much of reduction of VMT, as Kenworthy and Newman's studies show. In fact, you could ban cars completely in a European density city, and it would be easy to get around by walking and transit.
And there is an increased construction cost above 5 stories, which I am sure outweigh's the savings in infrastructure cost. Below 5 stories, you can use cheap wood-frame construction, and at higher densities, you have to use more expensive forms of construction.
Charles Siegel
Americans In Apartments And Houses
A related question: Does anyone have figures on what percentage of Americans live in apartments and houses?
According to an article on the front page of today's NY Times, "A quarter of American households live in apartment buildings housing 50 or more residents, but 40 percent of households headed by Hispanics and African-Americans live in such buildings."
I had no idea it was that high. If one quarter of households live in apartment buildings with over 50 residents, than I suppose that close to half might live in all multi-unit buildings.
Charles Siegel
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In June 2005, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar opened the first clinical skills center (CSC) in the region. Standardized patients (SPs) and simulation models are used in the teaching and assessment of clinical skills. Modalities of teaching and assessment include large group lectures, small group guided practical teaching sessions and workshops, and Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) using SPs, simulation models or a hybrid method.
Simulation-based medical education provides risk-free learning that can encompass many complex elements of critical and rare clinical scenarios. The optimal integration of simulation-based medical education into medical student, resident and fellow education is meant to complement direct bedside clinical instruction.
Our mission is to provide services in a state-of-the-art clinical skills and simulation center that offers simulation-based medical education as an educational and/or assessment modality that can assist/augment purposeful, goal-oriented, skills-based learning and/or offer standardized skills assessments relevant to medical and allied healthcare professionals at various stages of training and practice in Qatar.
To view the Clinical Skills and Simulation Lab page please click here.