func(bar + 1);
and not:
while( condition )
func (bar+1);
- Do not explicitly compare an integral value with constant 0 or '\0',
or a pointer value with constant NULL. For instance, to validate that
counted array <ptr, cnt> is initialized but has no elements, write:
if (!ptr || cnt)
BUG("empty array expected");
and not:
if (ptr == NULL || cnt != 0);
BUG("empty array expected");
- We avoid using braces unnecessarily. I.e.
if (bla) {
x = 1;
}
is frowned upon. But there are a few exceptions:
- When the statement extends over a few lines (e.g., a while loop
with an embedded conditional, or a comment). E.g.:
while (foo) {
if (x)
one();
else
two();
}
if (foo) {
/*
* This one requires some explanation,
* so we're better off with braces to make
* it obvious that the indentation is correct.
*/
doit();
}
- When there are multiple arms to a conditional and some of them
require braces, enclose even a single line block in braces for
consistency. E.g.:
if (foo) {
doit();
} else {
one();
two();
three();
}
- We try to avoid assignments in the condition of an "if" statement.
- Try to make your code understandable. You may put comments
in, but comments invariably tend to stale out when the code
they were describing changes. Often splitting a function
into two makes the intention of the code much clearer.
- Multi-line comments include their delimiters on separate lines from
the text. E.g.
/*
* A very long
* multi-line comment.
*/
Note however that a comment that explains a translatable string to
translators uses a convention of starting with a magic token
"TRANSLATORS: ", e.g.
/*
* TRANSLATORS: here is a comment that explains the string to
* be translated, that follows immediately after it.
*/
_("Here is a translatable string explained by the above.");
- Double negation is often harder to understand than no negation
at all.
- There are two schools of thought when it comes to comparison,
especially inside a loop. Some people prefer to have the less stable
value on the left hand side and the more stable value on the right hand
side, e.g. if you have a loop that counts variable i down to the
lower bound,
while (i > lower_bound) {
do something;
i--;
}
Other people prefer to have the textual order of values match the
actual order of values in their comparison, so that they can
mentally draw a number line from left to right and place these
values in order, i.e.
while (lower_bound < i) {
do something;
i--;
}
Both are valid, and we use both. However, the more "stable" the
stable side becomes, the more we tend to prefer the former
(comparison with a constant, "i > 0", is an extreme example).
Just do not mix styles in the same part of the code and mimic
existing styles in the neighbourhood.
- There are two schools of thought when it comes to splitting a long
logical line into multiple lines. Some people push the second and
subsequent lines far enough to the right with tabs and align them:
if (the_beginning_of_a_very_long_expression_that_has_to ||
span_more_than_a_single_line_of ||
the_source_text) {
...
while other people prefer to align the second and the subsequent
lines with the column immediately inside the opening parenthesis,
with tabs and spaces, following our "tabstop is always a multiple
of 8" convention:
if (the_beginning_of_a_very_long_expression_that_has_to ||
span_more_than_a_single_line_of ||
the_source_text) {
...
Both are valid, and we use both. Again, just do not mix styles in
the same part of the code and mimic existing styles in the
neighbourhood.
- When splitting a long logical line, some people change line before
a binary operator, so that the result looks like a parse tree when
you turn your head 90-degrees counterclockwise:
if (the_beginning_of_a_very_long_expression_that_has_to
|| span_more_than_a_single_line_of_the_source_text) {
while other people prefer to leave the operator at the end of the
line:
if (the_beginning_of_a_very_long_expression_that_has_to ||
span_more_than_a_single_line_of_the_source_text) {
Both are valid, but we tend to use the latter more, unless the
expression gets fairly complex, in which case the former tends to
be easier to read. Again, just do not mix styles in the same part
of the code and mimic existing styles in the neighbourhood.
- When splitting a long logical line, with everything else being
equal, it is preferable to split after the operator at higher
level in the parse tree. That is, this is more preferable:
if (a_very_long_variable * that_is_used_in +
a_very_long_expression) {
...
than
if (a_very_long_variable *
that_is_used_in + a_very_long_expression) {
...
- Some clever tricks, like using the !! operator with arithmetic
constructs, can be extremely confusing to others. Avoid them,
unless there is a compelling reason to use them.
- Use the API. No, really. We have a strbuf (variable length
string), several arrays with the ALLOC_GROW() macro, a
string_list for sorted string lists, a hash map (mapping struct
objects) named "struct decorate", amongst other things.
- When you come up with an API, document its functions and structures
in the header file that exposes the API to its callers. Use what is
in "strbuf.h" as a model for the appropriate tone and level of
detail.
- The first #include in C files, except in platform specific compat/
implementations, must be either "git-compat-util.h", "cache.h" or
"builtin.h". You do not have to include more than one of these.
- A C file must directly include the header files that declare the
functions and the types it uses, except for the functions and types
that are made available to it by including one of the header files
it must include by the previous rule.
- If you are planning a new command, consider writing it in shell
or perl first, so that changes in semantics can be easily
changed and discussed. Many Git commands started out like
that, and a few are still scripts.
- Avoid introducing a new dependency into Git. This means you
usually should stay away from scripting languages not already
used in the Git core command set (unless your command is clearly
separate from it, such as an importer to convert random-scm-X
repositories to Git).
- When we pass <string, length> pair to functions, we should try to
pass them in that order.
- Use Git's gettext wrappers to make the user interface
translatable. See "Marking strings for translation" in po/README.
- Variables and functions local to a given source file should be marked
with "static". Variables that are visible to other source files
must be declared with "extern" in header files. However, function
declarations should not use "extern", as that is already the default.
- You can launch gdb around your program using the shorthand GIT_DEBUGGER.
Run 'GIT_DEBUGGER=1 ./bin-wrappers/git foo' to simply use gdb as is, or
run 'GIT_DEBUGGER="<debugger> <debugger-args>" ./bin-wrappers/git foo' to
use your own debugger and arguments. Example: 'GIT_DEBUGGER="ddd --gdb"
./bin-wrappers/git log' (See 'wrap-for-bin.sh'.)
For Perl programs:
- Most of the C guidelines above apply.
- We try to support Perl 5.8 and later ("use Perl 5.008").
- use strict and use warnings are strongly preferred.
- Don't overuse statement modifiers unless using them makes the
result easier to follow.
... do something ...
do_this() unless (condition);
... do something else ...
is more readable than:
... do something ...
unless (condition) {
do_this();
}
... do something else ...
*only* when the condition is so rare that do_this() will be almost
always called.
- We try to avoid assignments inside "if (


ThePipingMart Blog Fasteners What is Flange Bolt and Nut?
What is Flange Bolt and Nut?
Flange Bolt and Nut
Flange bolts and nuts are special types of fasteners that provide a secure connection between two objects. They are instrumental in situations where the link needs to be strong, reliable, and easy to access or dismantle when necessary. In this guide, we'll explore flange bolts and nuts, how they work, and what they can be used for.
What is Flange Bolt and Nut?
Flange bolts are screws with a built-in washer-like flange at the head of the bolt. This design eliminates the need for an additional washer when attaching two components; instead, the flanged head sits flush against the surface for a secure fit. The corresponding nut also features a flat bearing surface on one end that is designed to mate perfectly with the flanged head of the bolt. Together, these two components create a strong connection that can withstand even heavy loads.
Flange Bolt and Nut Uses
The most common use for flange bolts and nuts is in construction projects like decks, patios, fences, or other outdoor structures where strength is paramount. However, these fasteners can also be used in automotive applications such as exhaust systems or suspension components, industrial machines such as conveyors, or even around the home for tasks such as mounting shelves or securing furniture legs. Additionally, they can be used in any situation where regular bolts might be too weak or difficult to access due to their protruding heads.
Conclusion:
Flange bolts and nuts are incredibly versatile fasteners that can be used in almost any situation where strength is paramount. Their unique design allows them to provide a strong connection while eliminating any need for additional washers or spacers—making them perfect for situations where space is limited or difficult to access. Whether constructing a deck or repairing an exhaust pipe on your car, flange bolts, and nuts should definitely be considered part of your project!
Related Post
What is Flange Bolt and Nut?
by Palak Karia time to read: 1 min


Motorcycle Clicking While Starting It: 7 Causes (Explained)
When starting the motorcycle, if the you hear clicking, it can be a very irritating problem for you. I recently encountered this problem and discovered 7 potential causes that could be to responsible. Therefore, if you want to get rid of this, you must not ignore these factors, so carefully read it.
While a situation like this is undoubtedly something no one would expect, it frequently doesn't appear until inconvenient situations.
Here are the most common reasons why your motorcycle clicks instead of starting, along with ways to fix the problem.
Why Is Your Motorcycle Clicking When You Try To Start It?
1. Dead battery
A dead battery is the primary and most likely cause of your motorcycle clicking.
The motorcycle battery is essential to the ignition process as well as the fundamental operation of the electrical, starter, and fuel injection systems on your motorcycle.
Simple battery undercharging may be the problem. Without 12.2 volts in your battery, your bike won't start. 12.2 is currently barely halfway charged because a fully charged battery is 12.6%.
Motorcycle batteries require 12.6 volts to be regarded as completely charged. 12.2 volts is regarded as 50% charged, 12.4 volts as 75% charged, and so on.
For the motorcycle to start, you need to have at least 12.2 volts, or 50% charge. You hear the clicking sound because if it's any lower, you probably won't be able to start it at all.
2. Bike's Starter is Failing
The starter system uses three main components:
The charge from the battery is transferred through the starter relay.
An electromagnetic generator is contained within the solenoid, which is responsible for turning on the starter motor.
The starter motor will then turn the engine flywheel, which will start the process of the piston's movement and bring your bike to life.
In the event that your battery does not have a charge that is sufficient to energize the magnet, the agent's efforts to crank the flywheel into motion will be unsuccessful.
If you have tried all of the troubleshooting methods described in the section that was just above this one, but your bike still won't crank, the problem may lie with the starter itself.
The battery is responsible for charging the magnetization, but the starter is the component that really applies and then gradually transfers the power.
If the execution of even one of the processes that are being performed is flawed, then the entire process will be unsuccessful.
The clicking sound you are hearing is the result of a magnetization problem that prevents the starter gears from turning the flywheel.
A faulty starter solenoid is another possible source of the problem.
Your bike won't start if the pulse from the solenoid isn't powerful enough to engage the starter motor and turn the flywheel over and over again. It won't do anything but create clicking sounds.
3. Seized engine
An engine that has become seized is the third most common cause, but it is far less likely compared to the previous two causes.
When an engine seizes, the parts inside the engine lock together to the point where the crankshaft can't turn the bearings.
This happens when various components, including the pistons, piston rings, rod bearings, and so on, get too hot and effectively weld together as a result.
When an engine seizes, the flywheel is unable to turn, which results in the audible clicking sound.
It's possible that the battery is providing enough power to the magnet for it to polarize the gear and turn the flywheel, but because there is an unbreakable amount of pressure on the flywheel, turning it effectively becomes impossible.
4. Battery losing charge
It is possible for a battery to lose its charge if an electrical component, such as a headlight or a turn signal, is left on when the motorcycle is turned off but not operating.
When the motorcycle is operating, the stator will recharge the battery, but when the motorcycle is not running, the stator will not deliver that charge.
As a result, the battery will continue to lose power even when the motorcycle is running.
5. Parasitic drain
This is typically caused by improperly grounded cables, which cause the battery to gradually lose power over time without alerting you to the fact that it is happening.
Also, if you don't prepare your motorcycle for winter properly, the battery could freeze, which would make it lose most of its functions.
6. Aged motorcycle starter
The typical reason for a faulty motorcycle starter's older age. Every motorcycle will probably need a new starter at some point over the course of its life.
There are a few factors that can shorten its lifespan, such as cranking it for a longer period of time than is necessary.
Because of this, electrical connections have a greater potential to overheat and melt.
7. Lack of lubrication
A motorcycle's engine can seize if it doesn't have enough oil, gets too hot, or hasn't been used for a long time. This can make it hard to start the bike.
How To Fix A Clicking Motorcycle When Trying To Start It
1. Fix Battery issue
In that case, you can try charging the battery to see if that fixes the issue. Charging the battery of a motorcycle might take anything from eight to twenty hours to complete.
It is an easy problem to fix, but doing so will take some time, and you may need to make other arrangements for means of transportation in the meanwhile.
If you have already charged your battery but your motorcycle continues to make that clicking sound when you want to charge it, you can take your battery to an automotive parts store and have them test it.
2. Solving engine problem
If your vehicle has a kick-start engine, one of the telltale signs that the engine is frozen is that the kick pedal will not move at all.
This is because the components within the engine are seized in their current positions, thus the pedal cannot be moved.
If you don't have a kick starter engine, rolling the bike is another straightforward method for diagnosing a seized engine that you might try.
Because of a deficiency in lubrication, a bicycle's engine might seize up, rendering it basically useless and even leading to the starting problems that have been detailed below.
Because of this, it is imperative that the oil be changed and topped off periodically on any bike.
Rust and corrosion can form inside your engine if you don't keep it properly oiled, which can lead to increased flywheel resistance.
Nevertheless, the engine will eventually overheat, which will cause the components of the engine to fuse together and become permanently damaged.
A motor that has seized is almost certainly beyond repair. If this is the case, then I'm afraid you're going to have to get a new motor for your bike because it makes clicking noises when you try to start it.
Put your best foot forward in the event that it isn't, or if it is and you've come to terms with the fact that you have to replace your engine,
Altering your bike's oil and doing inspections should be part of its regular maintenance at regular intervals.
The most important part of maintaining your motorcycle is to change the oil on a regular basis.
The most common reasons for a motorbike engine to seize are not keeping up with the oil levels and condition, using oil of a low quality, or using oil that has been contaminated.
3. Get a new starter
Restoring the connectors is one possible solution for repairing a starter solenoid that is no longer functioning properly.
When corrosion is removed, it can sometimes extend the life of the starter by several years, putting off its replacement for longer.
However, all starts and solenoids will ultimately wear out, which is why it is preferable to replace the starter as a whole rather than the individual components.
If the solenoid on the used starter is worn, it's possible that the motor is also worn.
It may seem like a waste of time and effort to replace your starter's solenoid and then reinstall the old starter, only to have to take everything out again not long after when the rest of the parts stop working.
It is possible to remove the starter, remove the solenoid, and make an attempt to repair or replace it; but, if you want the problem solved as quickly as possible, your best chance is to simply replace the starter itself.
4. Turn Off electrical components when the motorcycle is not running.
When your motorcycle is turned off, you should not use any electric components of it for any longer than is absolutely necessary.
It's fine to turn on the headlight once in a while, but you shouldn't make it a regular part of your routine.
In addition to this, if it is going to be some time before your next ride, you should make sure that your battery is connected to a battery tender.
When you turn off your motorcycle and stop using it, the headlights and blinkers should also be turned off. This will prevent the battery from losing any charge.
5. Prevent your starter from aging
When it comes to your starter, there is not a whole lot that you can do to prevent its natural aging process from occurring.
When you are starting your motorcycle, you will want to be sure that you do not crank the starter for a significantly longer period of time than is necessary. That will result in it going out earlier than it normally would.
6. Routine oil changes are the single most important thing you can do for your engine.
Your engine will seize if you are using old oil or if you do not use enough oil, which will prevent you from starting your motorcycle. Change the oil on your motorcycle on a


text:
Roman Children's Sarcophagi
Why I Taught the Sources
I use images of two Roman marble sarcophagi for topics on children and childhood in undergraduate courses on ancient society, family, gender, representations, and historiography. The sarcophagi can be used to study one period of antiquity or to examine changing notions of childhood over time.
My aim in using the sarcophagi is to increase students' awareness of the rich variety of accessible material sources about Roman society—especially archaeological resources such as art, architecture, inscriptions, and topography—that can supplement traditional literary sources. A careful analysis of images from an unfamiliar society can help students already exposed to visual material in their daily lives become more discriminating in their interpretations.
Students' present-day interest in children and childhood—in daily life and in academic studies—is a good basis on which to build. But there is a danger of applying our own modern, Western attitudes and values to other societies. Studying artifacts and texts from a different society raises questions of cultural differences. One basic question is whether childhood in pre-modern societies was recognized as a separate stage of life and children were valued; this has been debated since Ariès' book of 1962. 1 Roman society of the first two or three centuries (CE) provides material to help students to enter this debate and make their own assessments.
How I Introduce the Sources
After providing a chronological background and introducing issues such as class and status, gender, urban context, and political structure earlier in the semester, I assign: Ariès, Centuries of Childhood, at least the Introduction; and Letter 4.2 of The Letters of Pliny the Younger. My aim is provide students with the evidence to challenge Ariès' claim about the "ignorance of childhood" in pre-modern ages that relied on a small range of literary sources.
In order to do so, I provide an introductory lecture on the history of childhood studies and on available sources (including the nature of the material as well as the hazards of surviving literary, legal, archaeological sources). 2 I also provide images of materials such as epitaphs, sculptures, and wall paintings related to children and Rome to stimulate thinking about the range of representations available. Students then divide into smaller groups of 10 to 15 to examine primary sources.
Reading the Sources
In these smaller groups, we analyze Pliny's apparently unsympathetic comments on the death of Regulus' son in the context of upper-class Roman male expectations of fatherhood, emotions, and Pliny's deep hostility to Regulus. Pliny's letter also shows the independent wealth of a mother and the possibility of a young male coming into independent wealth, either by the death of his father or by the legal technicality of being freed ("sold") from the power (patria potestas) of his father. 3
The comparatively large quantity of funerary commemoration of prematurely-dead children helps put Regulus' grief into perspective. Regulus' son had survived early childhood, so his death, in his early teens, was the more tragic.
I also project images of various funerary items, including the two sarcophagi, on a screen. These raise the question of parental grief and grieving in a society of high mortality, challenging the claim sometimes made of indifference to children's deaths in societies with high rates of infant mortality. Each of the sarcophagi depicts a sequence of life-stages, and each can be dated to the first half of the 2nd century CE. 4
By contrast with simple epitaphs, these are quite expensive artifacts. On the first sarcophagus, the boy's name, M. Cornelius Statius (in the dedicatory form 'M. CORNELIO M. F. PAL. STATIO'), indicates that he is a freeborn Roman citizen.
The epitaph has been dedicated by the boy's parents ('PARENTES'). The family's dress and attributes, and the quality of the artifact, suggest a well-to-do family. The scenes depict the newborn infant, the child at play, and the child with teacher. The mother appears to be breast-feeding which raises the question about whether this was normal (in a society of wet-nurses) or whether the scene was idealized.
The father's role in the nursing scene and in holding the infant often surprises the students. In well-to-do citizen families, with a household of slave retainers, the stereotype is of more distant relationships and limited contact between parents and children in the early rearing years. (Compare, for example, stereotypes of 19th century upper-class English families.)
The scroll in the boy's hand as he recites his lesson to a teacher raises questions about many aspects of education, such as the availability of "books," importance of oral performance and memory, and existence of schools and private tutors. It also sparks discussion of children's modes of play, their engagement with animals (helping put young Regulus' pets in context), and children's place in the family.
The second sarcophagus also depicts an infant (in the arms of one of the parents in the carriage ride on the right-hand side of the stone) and play (as a toddler with a wheeled pusher or scooter, and a little older with a pet goose).
But the last scene is of death, foreshadowed by the torches, often symbols of funerals, at each end of the sarcophagus. The parents again ride in a carriage, with the slightly older child between them, and they are led by a winged Cupid foreshadowing the child's soul ascending to heaven.
At some stage in the discussion, students often raise the issue of the nature of the sarcophagus as an artifact. This leads to some questions about the disposal of the dead and how frequently sarcophagi were used. Epitaphs for children lead to issues of demography. Cremation remained dominant for many centuries, so why the growing popularity of sarcophagi in the 2nd century, well before any real impact of Christianity? Students also discuss the role of fashion and the greater scope of sarcophagi for sculptural decoration.
Close examination of the sarcophagi usually increases students' ability to read art and artifacts, and thus their pleasure in viewing such material. This is partly an aesthetic experience, but also a methodological lesson. Students learn that documents can include all kinds of evidence of the past and realize that there can be more than one reading of a document. They realize the importance of assessing the author, his/her authorial intention, the intended reader or viewer, and the societal context. The importance of contextualization also emerges as students realize that a quick, impressionistic reading of any of these documents in isolation yields less understanding than a comparison and some attention to background.
Moreover, the importance of dating the documents shows the increasing interest in representations of children, women, families, and slaves, whereas most of the sources for Rome before the 2nd century CE revealed a male, upper-class, political and military focus. That realization leads students to wonder about the differences in representations and to speculate about the role of a new political regime: its emphasis on peace and stability; growing affluence and leisure (for many, but not all); and the need of ex-slaves to record their upward mobility in the record of their children.
1 Ariès, Philippe. Centuries of Childhood. New York: Vintage Books, 1962.
2 Bradley, K. Discovering the Roman Family: Studies in Roman Social History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991; Dixon, Suzanne. The Roman Family. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, ©1992; and Rawson, Beryl. Children and Childhood in Roman Italy. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2003.
3 Sherwin-White, A. The Letters of Pliny. A Historical and Social Commentary. Oxford : Oxford University Press, ©1966.
4 Huskinson, Janet. Roman Children's Sarcophagi: Their Decoration and Its Social Significance. Oxford : Clarendon Press ; New York : Oxford University Press, 1996, illustrations 1.23 and 1.29.
How to Cite This Source
Beryl Rawson, "Roman Children's Sarcophagi," in Children and Youth in History, Item #52, _URL_ (accessed May 24, 2013).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The Hawai'i State Department of Health's Tobacco Prevention and Education Program (TPEP) is the official state government program addressing tobacco control in Hawaii. It is funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) through the Comprehensive National Tobacco Control Program.
This Plan serves as the principal guide in the fight to reduce the health and economic burden of tobacco use in Hawai'i over the five-year period of 2011-2016. This Plan identifies and defines priority strategies, recommended community activities and targeted outputs, and provides key outcome indicators to measure progress, see HRS §328L-6 (d).
Click HERE for the full DOH Tobacco Strategic Plan 2011-2016. (PDF file format, approx. 8 Megabytes)
The purpose of the Tobacco Prevention and Education Program is to reduce tobacco consumption through a comprehensive multi-strategy approach that reflects prevention and education approaches, in order to reduce or eliminate the burden of disease and disability caused by its use. (A complete description of the TPEP goals and objectives is available in the Program Narrative). The program's activities are based on four overall goals:
Prevent tobacco use initiation among youth
Promote quitting among adults and youth
Eliminate exposure to environmental tobacco smoke
Identify and eliminate disparities among populations
Community planning supports the four goals of the Tobacco Prevention and Education Program (TPEP). These goals can be best achieved by increasing the number of organizations and individuals involved in planning and conducting community-level education and training programs; placing pro-health messages that inform, educate, and support local tobacco control initiatives and policies; promoting the adoption of public and private tobacco control policies; and measuring outcomes through surveillance and evaluation techniques.
To achieve the individual behavior change that supports the nonuse of tobacco, communities must change the way tobacco is promoted, sold, and used while changing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of young people, tobacco users, and nonusers. Effective community programs involve people in their homes, work sites, schools, places of worship and entertainment, civic organizations, and other places. Read complete article.
Youth Initiation Prevention and Cessation
Prevention of the onset of smoking during the school year is a major focus of the Tobacco Prevention and Control Program (TPEP). Most people who start smoking are younger than 18, and many begin tobacco use before high school. It is critical to provide tobacco prevention education to students in elementary through high school because impressions about tobacco use are formed and developed during this period.
TPEP blends its efforts to prevent youth initiation and promote youth cessation through schoolbased activities, community-based activities, services for teachers with the Department of Education, and tobacco-free policy promotion in the University of Hawai'i system. Read complete article.
Although secondhand smoke (SHS) is classified as a carcinogen that is known to cause cancer, not everyone is fully aware of the risks of exposure. This is particularly worrisome with respect to infants and children, who are at highest risk of SHS exposure in the environment that should be the safest for them – the home. Read complete article.
General Cessation and Youth Access Prevention
Programs that successfully assist smokers, regardless of age, in quitting can produce a quicker and probably greater short-term public health benefit than any other component of a comprehensive tobacco control program. Smokers who quit smoking before age 50 cut in half their risk of dying in the next 15 years. In addition, implementation of moderately-priced, effective smoking cessation interventions would more than pay for these interventions within 3 to 4 years through cost savings from reduced tobacco use. One smoker successfully quitting reduces the anticipated medical cost associated with acute myocardial infarction and smoke, for example, by an estimated $47 in the first year and $853 over the next seven years. Smoking cessation is more cost-effective than other commonly provided clinical preventive services, including mammography, colon cancer screening, PAP tests, treatment of mild to moderate hypertension, and treatment of high cholesterol. Read complete article.
The purpose of the Tobacco Prevention and Education Program is to reduce tobacco consumption through a comprehensive multi-strategy approach that reflects prevention and education strategies. This approach focuses on defining the tobacco use problem, strategic planning, coordination and implementation of tobacco use prevention and control activities among partners, mobilizing communities, programmatic actions addressing legislation policy, media advocacy and counter-marketing, data gathering, surveillance and evaluation. This approach focuses on:
eliminating exposure to secondhand smoke;
preventing tobacco use initiation and promote quitting among youth;
promoting quitting among adults;
identifying and eliminating disparities among populations
counter pro-tobacco influences.
Surveillance & Evaluation
The functions and activities of each component of the Tobacco Prevention and Education Program (TPEP) are supported by data collected and analyzed by the epidemiologist. Established sources of data include several national population-based health surveillance systems which include elements pertaining to tobacco use. Survey tools have also been designed and used by TPEP to collect more detailed or topic-specific data in order to meet program needs with respect to planning and evaluation. Read complete article.
Resources & Data
The Hawaii Department of Health, Tobacco Prevention and Education Program strives to use data to inform the program planning and evaluation process. Hawaii participates in several national population-based health surveillance systems which collect information on tobacco use. To supplement these, TPEP has participated in and commissioned additional surveys to collect more in-depth information about knowledge, attitudes and media exposure. Periodically, information from these various data sources are pooled to create and update fact sheets, and data monographs which are made available to the public for use and reproduction. In addition, this area covers all the printed materials designed and distributed by the Tobacco program including the Law's Brochure, Cessation materials, secondhand smoke materials among many others. Access detailed listing.
2008 Hawaii Tobacco Control Conference
The overall goal of the 2008 Hawaii Tobacco Control Conference "After the Smoke Clears: Facing the Next Challenges in Tobacco Control" was to advance the knowledge of professionals and community members to increase their effectiveness in tobacco control in the context of health, cultural, and economic issues from global, national, and local perspectives. The theme of the 2008 conference focused on the challenges that remain in tobacco control after the smoke clears and our perspectives are sharper. Access link here.
Hawaii's Smoke-Free Law
On November 16, 2006, Hawai'i celebrated becoming the 14th state to go smoke-free and enact a comprehensive law that protects workers throughout the state from exposure to secondhand smoke. In a June 2006 report, U.S. Surgeon General Richard Carmona issued the federal government's scientific report which concludes that there is no risk-free level of exposure to secondhand smoke. Act 295 prohibits smoking in enclosed and partially enclosed areas, within 20 feet of doorways and requires signage upon entry to buildings. Read complete article.
Tobacco Prevention & Education Program
1250 Punchbowl St. Rm 217
Honolulu, HI 96813
Phone: _PHONE_
Fax: _PHONE_


text:
Adegunwa M O
Federal University of Agriculture, Nigeria
Adegunwa M O is working as a Lecturer at Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. She has extended her valuable service for many years and has been a recipient of many award and grants. Her international experience includes various programs, contributions and participation in different countries for diverse fields of study. Her research interests reflect in her wide range of publications in various national and international journals.
The effect of drying methods and varieties on the carotenoid retention, anti-nutritional factors and functional properties of trifoliate yam (Dioscorea dumetorum) flour were investigated. Flour was produced from yellow and white varieties of trifoliate yam using sun drying, solar drying, oven drying (40 oC), cabinet drying (40 oC). The pH, bulk density, dispersibility, water absorption index, oil absorption capacity, emulsion capacity ranged from 5.77 to 6.65; 0.66 to 0.76 g/ ml; 16.67 to 50.33 %, 135.47 to 189.87 %; 118.33 to 136.67 %, and 43.00 to 50.67 %, respectively. The effect of variety and drying method on the functional properties were significantly different (p < 0.05) except water binding capacity and foaming capacity. There were also significant differences in the effect of drying method and variety on the particle size distribution (p < 0.05) on the flours. The anti-nutritional factors showed that, different drying method reduced anti-nutrient compared to the raw tuber with values ranging from 5.83 to 13.15 % for alkaloid and 0.01 to 0.38 % for tannin. There were significant difference on the drying method and variety. The carotenoid content and retention was significantly affected by the drying method and variety with values ranging from 0.94 to 33.48 μg /g and 0.05 % to 0.34 %, respectively. Cabinet dried flour samples retained the highest amount of carotenoids while sun dried flours recorded the highest losses. The study showed that variety and drying had significant effect on the carotenoid retention, functional properties and anti-nutritional factors.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
These boots are made for walking...
Among the items held at the Memorial that were issued to air crew serving in Europe, are two pairs of very interesting 1943 Pattern escape boots. The boots were designed so that an airman downed in Europe could remove a small concealed knife and cut off the top section of the boot to reveal a civilian looking shoe.
The 1943 Pattern escape boot was designed in response to reports received from returned airmen who had baled out over occupied Europe and managed to make their way back to England. The men reported that when on the run from the Germans, their flying boots had a number of problems. The most significant were that they were highly conspicuous when trying to blend in with the local population and that they became heavy and waterlogged if the boots got wet. A prototype escape boot was designed by Clayton Hutton in around 1941 (The boots were one of the pieces of escape and evasion equipment designed by Hutton featured in a February 1942 publication 'Per Ardua Libertas', published for the benefit of visiting American intelligence officers). Hutton worked at MI9 designing escape aids for issue to service personnel, or to be smuggled into prisoner of war camps. Some airmen undertaking missions over Europe in 1942 were issued the prototype boots. The boots were successful and went into production.
Some versions of the 1943 Pattern boot contained gigli saws hidden in the shoe laces. Gigli saws are used by surgeons to cut through bone. They are made from special steel wire, are very pliable and could be hidden inside the laces. Once removed from the lace and held at the right tension, the gigli saw could cut through very hard substances. The boots also had magnetised metal shoe lace ends that could be used as bar compasses. The 1943 Pattern escape boots held by the Memorial have the metal lace ends that were magnetised (they have since lost their magnetic qualities), but I wanted to know if the boots had gigli saws in the laces, as not all the boots issued did. I did not want to damage the laces, so used a voltage/metal stud detector to test if there was steel wire hidden in the laces. The stud detector responded to the metal lace ends, however there was no response in the rest of the laces, indicating there were no steel saws hidden inside. I have to admit it was a little disappointing not to discover a saw! Below is a photograph of the inside of the right boot, showing the wool lining used to help keep airmen warm at high altitudes. The rectangular patch is a small pocket where the knife was hidden. Unfortunately the boots did not come to the Memorial with their knives. In other versions of this boot, the knives were held in the heel. In some boots even more items, such as maps or money, could be hidden in a secret compartment in the heel. A basic inspection of the heels in the Memorial's boots indicated they do not have secret compartments.
One of the original concepts for the boot was that the detachable wool lined sued section of each boot could be joined together to create a 'warm winter waistcoat'. One Australian airman who evaded capture and made it back to England in 1944 who used these pieces under his hip and shoulder when sleeping rough, to help keep his body raised off the ground to help keep him warm. During the day he wrapped them around his chest under his jumper, using the zippers and straps to hold them in place.
Before the introduction of the 1943 Pattern boot, airmen wore a variety of boot designs. The 1936 Pattern boot is shown below. It was replaced by the 1939 Pattern (not pictured), which was similar in style, but had a vulcanised fabric leg. Many airmen must have found the 1936 Pattern boot relatively comfortable as the boots continued to be worn, long after other pattern boots had been issued. However, neither pattern had enough room to eaisly allow the legs of the flying suit to be tucked into the boots. In addition, the vulcanised rubber of the 1939 Pattern boot did not repel dew from grass along runways. This water could then freeze while flying at high altitudes, so a new pattern was designed.
The new design was the 1940 Pattern boot (below) issued in 1941. These boots were looser and allowed for the flying suit legs to be tucked in, however this led to another problem - they often came off when baling out of planes
To alleviate this problem the 1941 Pattern boot was then issued - essentially the 1940 Pattern boot with the addition of a leather strap that could be tightened around the ankle
(below) to help keep the boots on when baling out.
The 1943 Pattern escape boot was the last boot designed and issued during the war. Despite the advantages of this boot when evading capture in occupied Europe, some airmen found them to be uncomfortable when flying and preferred to wear their older issue boots.
In the 1942 photograph above, the airmen are wearing a variety of boots, (from left to right) 1939 Pattern boots, 1940 Pattern boots, 1936 Pattern boots, and the man on the on the far right appears to be wearing the 1943 Pattern escape boots, you can just make out the strap at the top, the zipper down the inner front and the shoe laces on the civilian style shoe section.
Some relevant publications containing information about flying boots / escape and evasion equipment includes: Official Secret: The remarkable story of escape aids - their invention, production - and the sequel by Clayton Hutton Flying Clothing: The story of its development by Louise Greer and Anthony Harold Per Ardua Libertas by MI9 (1942) MI9: The British secret service that fostered escape and evasion _PHONE_ and its American counterpart by MRD Foot and JM Langley The Royal Air Force 1939-45 by Andrew Cormack, illustrations by Ron Volstad (Osprey Men at Arms series) French Leave by Anthony Matthews (Memoirs of an Australian who evade capture in Europe)


text:
The project is a comprehensive update of the bicycle facility portion of the 1995 City of Oceanside General Plan Circulation Element. The state of California requires a bicycle transportation plan as part of the circulation element, and the city's growth necessitated an update to better address not only local bicycle travel needs, but also to better serve regional long-distance travel and promote tourism.
Oceanside's proximity to the coast and mild year-round weather is conducive to outdoor activities like cycling. The flat coastal terrain and existing facilities provide both enjoyable and challenging routes throughout the city. Oceanside is a vacation destination that brings in a large number of tourists, many of whom also bring their own bikes or rent them.
Plan objectives included establishing facility types to be implemented and identifying points where the city's bikeway system could integrate with the existing San Diego County regional bikeway system. The project's scope included documenting and evaluating Oceanside's existing bikeway facility system and its relationship with other systems such as mass transit, and recommending improvements wherever appropriate.
This plan sought to maximize the efficiencies offered by multi-modal connections and to promote a viable alternative to car travel in a climate conducive to bicycle transportation. It also sought to provide a more convenient bikeway system for cyclists who do not have ready access to motor vehicles.
The plan links the bikeway facility system with other transportation modes to enhance the efficiency of bicycle transportation, especially for commuting cyclists. Commuters have greater flexibility when traveling by modes other than the private automobile.
Implementation of the plan should reduce roadway congestion by reducing motor vehicle use, and therefore improve air quality. The plan also creates a series of facilities to better access Oceanside's schools in support of the Safe Routes to School program.
In 2008, Oceanside was awarded a Bicycle Friendly Community designation from the League of American Bicyclists, making it one of only 96 communities nationwide to have earned the distinction. A bicycle master plan contributes significantly to achieving the designation.


The Neocartographer Game
In Neocartographer, two players or teams of players compete, each trying to outperform the opponent in a mapping contest where a player gains an advantage by being the first to contribute a piece of information about a geographic location. The game belongs to the genre of configuration games, where players occupy spatial regions until they reach a winning configuration. In contrast to most of these games, Neocartographer challenges its players by requiring them to reason about spatial distances.
The game has been designed as a playful introduction to geospatial analysis, more specifically, to the concept of Voronoi neighborhood. However, there is also a game variant in which the players do not need to familiarize themselves with that concept. Neocartographer balances reasoning and action in an intricate way and is generally played as a pedestrian game. It takes a few minutes to get acquainted with the rules and the smartphone interface. With the game itself lasting about half an hour, Neocartographer is an ideal choice for applications where temporal constraints are tight such as a tech demo in the context of a scientific conference.
Comments are closed.
Post Navigation


text:
factor is used to encode a vector as a factor (the
terms 'category' and 'enumerated type' are also used for
factors). If argument
TRUE, the factor
levels are assumed to be ordered. For compatibility with S there is
also a function
are the membership and coercion functions for these classes.
factor(x = character(), levels, labels = levels, exclude = NA, ordered = is.ordered(x), nmax = NA) ordered(x,...) is.factor(x) is.ordered(x) as.factor(x) as.ordered(x) addNA(x, ifany = FALSE)
a vector of data, usually taking a small number of distinct values.
an optional vector of the unique values (as character strings)
either an optional character vector of
labels for the levels (in the same order as
a vector of values to be excluded when forming the
set of levels. This may be factor with the same level set as
logical flag to determine if the levels should be regarded as ordered (in the order given).
an upper bound on the number of levels; see 'Details'.
only add an
The type of the vector
x is not restricted; it only must have
as.character method and be sortable (by
Ordered factors differ from factors only in their class, but methods and the model-fitting functions treat the two classes quite differently.
The encoding of the vector happens as follows. First all the values
exclude are removed from
levels[j], then the
i-th element of the result is
j. If no match is found for
(which will happen for excluded values) then the
of the result is set to
Normally the 'levels' used as an attribute of the result are
the reduced set of levels after removing those in
this can be altered by supplying
labels. This should either
be a set of new labels for the levels, or a character string, in
which case the levels are that character string with a sequence
factor(x, exclude = NULL) applied to a factor without
NAs is a no-operation unless there are unused levels: in
that case, a factor with the reduced level set is returned. If
exclude is used, since R version 3.4.0, excluding non-existing
character levels is equivalent to excluding nothing, and when
exclude is a
character vector, that is
applied to the levels of
exclude can be factor with the same level set as
x and will exclude the levels present in
The codes of a factor may contain
NA. For a numeric
exclude = NULL to make
NA an extra
level (prints as
); by default, this is the last level.
NA is a level, the way to set a code to be missing (as
opposed to the code of the missing level) is to
is.na on the left-hand-side of an assignment (as in
is.na(f)[i] <- TRUE; indexing inside
is.na does not work).
Under those circumstances missing values are currently printed as
, i.e., identical to entries of level
is.factor is generic: you can write methods to handle
specific classes of objects, see InternalMethods.
levels is not supplied,
unique is called.
Since factors typically have quite a small number of levels, for large
x it is helpful to supply
nmax as an upper bound
on the number of unique values.
Since R 4.1.0, when using
c to combine a (possibly
ordered) factor with other objects, if all objects are (possibly
ordered) factors, the result will be a factor with levels the union of
the level sets of the elements, in the order the levels occur in the
level sets of the elements (which means that if all the elements have
the same level set, that is the level set of the result), equivalent
unlist operates on a list of factor objects.
factor returns an object of class
"factor" which has a
set of integer codes the length of
x with a
attribute of mode
character and unique
!anyDuplicated(.)) entries. If argument
is true (or
ordered() is used) the result has class
Undocumentedly for a long time,
factor(x) loses all
"names", and resets
factor to an ordered or unordered factor returns a
factor (of the same type) with just the levels which occur: see also
[.factor for a more transparent way to achieve this.
FALSE depending on
whether its argument is of type factor or not. Correspondingly,
TRUE when its argument is an ordered
as.factor coerces its argument to a factor.
It is an abbreviated (sometimes faster) form of
x if this is ordered, and
addNA modifies a factor by turning
NA into an extra
level (so that
NA values are counted in tables, for instance).
.valid.factor(object) checks the validity of a factor,
levels(object), and returns
TRUE if it is
valid, otherwise a string describing the validity problem. This
function is used for
The interpretation of a factor depends on both the codes and the
"levels" attribute. Be careful only to compare factors with
the same set of levels (in the same order). In particular,
as.numeric applied to a factor is meaningless, and may
happen by implicit coercion. To transform a factor
approximately its original numeric values,
as.numeric(levels(f))[f] is recommended and slightly more
The levels of a factor are by default sorted, but the sort order may well depend on the locale at the time of creation, and should not be assumed to be ASCII.
There are some anomalies associated with factors that have
NA as a level. It is suggested to use them sparingly, e.g.,
only for tabulation purposes.
"ordered" methods for the
provide methods for the Comparison operators,
and for the
range generics in
"ordered". (The rest of the groups and the
Math group generate an error as they
are not meaningful for factors.)
!= can be used for factors: a factor can
only be compared to another factor with an identical set of levels
(not necessarily in the same ordering) or to a character vector.
Ordered factors are compared in the same way, but the general dispatch
mechanism precludes comparing ordered and unordered factors.
All the comparison operators are available for ordered factors. Collation is done by the levels of the operands: if both operands are ordered factors they must have the same level set.
In earlier versions of R, storing character data as a factor was more space efficient if there is even a small proportion of repeats. However, identical character strings now share storage, so the difference is small in most cases. (Integer values are stored in 4 bytes whereas each reference to a character string needs a pointer of 4 or 8 bytes.)
Chambers, J. M. and Hastie, T. J. (1992) Statistical Models in S. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
[.factor for subsetting of factors.
gl for construction of balanced factors and
C for factors with specified contrasts.
nlevels for accessing the
unclass to get integer codes.
(ff <- factor(substring("statistics", 1:10, 1:10), levels = letters)) as.integer(ff) # the internal codes (f. <- factor(ff)) # drops the levels that do not occur ff[, drop = TRUE] # the same, more transparently factor(letters[1:20], labels = "letter") class(ordered(4:1)) # "ordered", inheriting from "factor" z <- factor(LETTERS[3:1], ordered = TRUE) ## and "relational" methods work: stopifnot(sort(z)[c(1,3)] == range(z), min(z) < max(z)) ## suppose you want "NA" as a level, and to allow missing values. (x <- factor(c(1, 2, NA), exclude = NULL)) is.na(x) <- TRUE x # 1 is.na(x) # FALSE TRUE FALSE ## More rational, since R 3.4.0 : factor(c(1:2, NA), exclude = "" ) # keeps , as factor(c(1:2, NA), exclude = NULL) # always did ## exclude = z # ordered levels 'A < B < C' factor(z, exclude = "C") # does exclude factor(z, exclude = "B") # ditto ## Now, labels maybe duplicated: ## factor() with duplicated labels allowing to "merge levels" x <- c("Man", "Male", "Man", "Lady", "Female") ## Map from 4 different values to only two levels: (xf <- factor(x, levels = c("Male", "Man", "Lady", "Female"), labels = c("Male", "Male", "Female", "Female"))) #> Male Male Male Female Female #> Levels: Male Female ## Using addNA() Month <- airquality$Month table(addNA(Month)) table(addNA(Month, ifany = TRUE))
Add the following code to your website.
For more information on customizing the embed code, read Embedding Snippets.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
My question is straight forward, how do i programmatically untrim the trimmed control on the Ribbon?
So if this happens:
SPRibbon current = SPRibbon.GetCurrent(this.Page); if (current == null) return; current.TrimById("Ribbon.Read");
How do i untrim it, somewhere in the code?
How do i use method SPRibbon.TrimById(string id, string visibilityContext)?
Why makeTabAvailable() doesn't work?


Return to Headlines
French intern program utilizes technology for continued language connections
Apr. 27, 2021 - Every school year, Edina Public Schools hosts around 25 French Interns in classrooms at Normandale, Valley View, and Edina High School. Working alongside school staff, the interns prepare lessons, assist withFrench intern virtually reads to students using Loom. teaching, and enrich the classroom. This past year, half of the interns were new and hoping for an in-person experience, while the other half were returning from the previous school year. Due to the pandemic, this year's internship was completely virtual. Edina teachers and students connected with French interns over Google Meet throughout the year.
Transitioning an in-person program to an online model comes with many challenges, including a seven hour time difference. Flexibility and patience were important themes throughout the year. The interns had varying schedules and work to complete while in France, requiring staff to adjust their classes as necessary. The Intern Committee, responsible for overseeing the French Intern program, met with the interns on a monthly basis to offer specific strategies for teaching virtually and to check in on the experience.
French intern teaches students using SeesawA more prominent challenge involved technology. Traditionally, training the interns occured face-to-face and covered topics like classroom management, culturally and linguistically responsive teaching, and the incorporation of technology tools. In lieu of these in-person trainings, several "live" orientation sessions via Google Meet helped facilitate the training and onboarding process. It was important that the interns felt comfortable using the technology tools they had available.
"At first it was very complicated, and I was afraid of not being able to master the computer tools because I had almost no basis in technology," said Anna Calipel, a French Intern from the past year. "As a French assistant for a kindergarten class, we use many computer tools such as Seesaw, Loom, Google Meet and Google Slides."
With each Google Meet, interns began to realize the technology capabilities at their disposal. For instance, Calipel could record herself reading a book while the pages were displayed. This allowed students to follow along and actually see how she pronounces the words, an integral step in learning a language.
"Overall, I was very impressed by the interns' dedication to this virtual internship and by the teaching staff's flexibility throughout the year," said Lisa Bekemeyer, the chair of the Intern Committee. "It took everyone working together to foster these meaningful interactions in French for our students."


Comforting Shiitake Mushroom Soup
Recipe From Reader Jen
When you're too busy to whip up a complicated meal or if your pantry runs out of the essentials, a warm bowl of soup never fails. There are numerous ways to prepare soups, and you can use almost any ingredient on hand. Got fresh shiitakes? Then you must try this quick and easy shiitake mushroom soup recipe by reader Jen.
Packed with nutrients that may help boost your immunity, shiitakes give this soup an earthy flavor that can easily be paired with side dishes or main meals. Even your leftover chicken or turkey will be put to good use as you remake it as a broth for a meaty taste.
Shiitake Mushroom Soup
Prep time: 3 minutes Cook time: 10 to 15 minutes Serving Size: 3 cups
 1. Heat oil and butter in a medium stockpot over medium to high heat.
 2. Add onions, carrots and garlic.
 3. Sauté until onions become translucent and the carrots soften.
 4. Add shiitakes and continue to sauté until mushrooms release their juices and the mixture becomes watery.
 5. Add broth and bring to a low simmer for 10 to 15 minutes.
 6. Once the soup has simmered, use an immersion blender or stand blender to puree the soup until no lumps remain. Add salt to taste.
 7. Serve piping hot with desired garnishes.
Help Boost Your Immunity With Shiitake Mushrooms
Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes) are one of the most commonly consumed mushrooms in the world, accounting for 17 percent of global mushroom consumption.1 Shiitakes deliver various health benefits, including an immunity boost when regularly consumed. In a 2011 study, participants who consumed shiitake mushrooms for four weeks were found to demonstrate improvements in their gamma delta T-cells and inflammatory proteins, which not only boosted their immune system, but also lessened their risk of inflammation.2
A 2015 study also found that they help improve cell production and increase secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) production, which may lead to a better and more stable gut immunity.3 Shiitake mushrooms may also help improve your immune system and quality of life as you undergo chemotherapy.4
Additionally, extracts of these fungi contain carbohydrates, protein, phenolic compounds and lignin digest that aid in numerous physiological activities.5 They were found to exhibit antioxidant activity that may help fight against various human diseases6 and alleviate paracetamol-induced liver damage.7 Some of the nutrients found in shiitake mushrooms are:8
When buying mushrooms, choose those that have been organically grown without pesticides, as they absorb and concentrate whatever they grow in, for better or worse. Mushrooms are known to concentrate heavy metals and other pollutants, so organic, pesticide-free growing conditions are important.
If your area's weather conditions permit, you may also grow your own mushrooms to be sure of their safety and freshness. If you keep them as a staple, dried shiitakes may also be an alternative to fresh mushrooms, which may give the soup a deeper flavor. Soak them in hot or boiling water, wait for at least 20 minutes and then gently squeeze out the excess water.9
Whether store-bought or harvested from your garden, unused mushrooms must be placed inside a loosely closed paper bag and refrigerated as soon as possible. Also, remember that they will dry out and lose weight when stored for a long time, so it's best to consume them when they're fresh.10
Why You Should Use Organic Free-Range Chicken or Turkey Broth
Aside from their nutritional benefits, free-range poultry like chicken and turkey can add a rich flavor to dishes even if only their leftover bones, meat and drippings are used. Turkey boasts a number of nutrients including protein, calcium, phosphorus, niacin, vitamin A and vitamin D.11
The gelatin found in the cartilages and bones of turkey may help minimize the effects of osteoarthritis and osteoporosis, as found by a 2000 study. It is generally safe to consume, making it an effective agent for long-term consumption.12 Glycine, an amino acid found in gelatin,13 was also found to have a calming effect that may help you sleep.14
On the other hand, organic chicken contains a higher amount of omega-3 fatty acids15 and is less likely to cause illnesses compared to factory farmed chickens, which can harbor dangerous pathogens like enterococcus, E. coli, campylobacter, klebsiella pneumonia and staphylococcus aureus.16 Instead of buying, you can also make homemade turkey broth, which I highly recommend. You will be able to maximize the benefits mentioned if you use organic turkey or chicken that has the American Grassfed Association's grass fed label.
This ensures that the poultry you purchased went through a healthy and humane treatment, is raised on pasture and fed only grass and forage, meets consumer expectations on grass fed products, is not treated with antibiotics or growth hormones, and is raised on American family farms.17 Organic free-range poultry may also be tastier because of the natural food sources.18
7 Shiitake Mushroom Soup Cooking Tips
Cooking soups may require various techniques depending on your ingredients, but for this mushroom soup recipe, here are a few tricks to make it the best possible:
 - Instead of using regular table salt that is processed and may contain additives, season your dishes with Himalayan salt. It contains naturally occurring trace minerals that are essential for healthy bones, fluid balance and overall health. Because Himalayan salt usually has larger crystals and is saltier, you may use smaller amounts to achieve your desired taste.19
 - To soften carrots, boil them whole with their skins intact to retain most of their nutrients. Chop or slice them once they're cooked.20
 - Choose organic onions instead of the conventionally grown ones because their flavonoid levels and antioxidant activity are higher.21
 - Crush the garlic and wait five to 10 minutes before cooking to delay the loss of its antiplatelet activity.22
 - Dr. Steven Gundry, author of "The Plant Paradox: The Hidden Dangers in 'Healthy' Foods That Cause Disease and Weight Gain," recommends using MCT oil instead of coconut oil if you have a leaky gut to avoid complications due to coconut oil's lauric acid content.
 - If grass fed butter is unavailable or if you are lactose intolerant, you may use organic and grass fed ghee or clarified butter, which is just as healthy and flavorful.
 - To avoid the absorption of excess water, rinse mushrooms before slicing them, and then pat them dry using a paper towel. Do these right before cooking them.23
Sources and References


text:
GJ set record low high temperature Sunday | GJSentinel.com
A cool, rainy Sunday in Grand Junction led to the lowest high temperature on record for the date, according to the National Weather Service.Retreating Alaskan Glacier Reveals Remains Of Medieval Forest | NOT A LOT OF PEOPLE KNOW THAT
Sunday's high topped out at just 70 degrees, breaking the record of 73 for the lowest high on Aug. 25. The previous record was set in 1921, the Weather Service reported.
it is clear that the Exit Glacier began retreating at the end of the LIA, retreated at a much faster pace between 1889 and 1917 than anything seen since, and stopped retreating 40 years ago.THE HOCKEY SCHTICK: New paper finds CO2-sequestering ocean plants thrive better with warmer temperatures & ocean 'acidification'
"At least in this experiment with one coccolithophore strain, when we combined higher levels of CO2 with higher temperatures, they actually did better in terms of calcification."THE HOCKEY SCHTICK: New paper finds a decrease of wind speeds from _PHONE_
A paper published today in the International Journal of Climatology examines wind speeds over Turkey and finds a significant decrease over the period of study from 1975 to 2006.


Meteorite (biome)
From Terraria Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
A Meteorite biome is a location where a Meteorite has crash-landed. When this event occurs, it leaves a crater lined with Meteorite ore somewhere in the World. This event always occurs off-screen, so the player will only see a message and the resulting crash site, but never the impact itself. Meteorite biomes have the same theme music as the Blood Moon, but somewhat different spawned enemies, though there is only one unique enemy type: the Meteor Head.
Meteorite crash sites provide Meteorite, a crafting material that can be crucial to game advancement. Meteorite Ore requires a Gold or Platinum Pickaxe or better to mine. Touching Meteorite blocks causes damage to the player, unless they have the Obsidian Skull, Obsidian Shield, Obsidian Horseshoe or Ankh Shield accessory equipped, or are using an Obsidian Skin Potion.
When a Meteorite crash occurs, the player is notified by a chat message: "A meteorite has landed!". Meteorites can land anywhere, including Floating Islands, inside of a Chasm, or the Dungeon. Meteorites can even land at the bottom of a body of water. The Meteorite replaces dozens of blocks deep with Meteorite in a crater pattern.
Warning: If you have built a skybridge, the meteorite will not land beneath it. If a meteorite strikes your skybridge, only the bridge is converted into Meteorite ore. A meteor's blast radius is ~20 blocks.
[edit] Contents
Meteorite (biome)
Enemies Unique drops
Meteor Head.png Meteor Head
From Meteor Heads/terrain:
From Meteor Heads
[edit] Conditions
A Meteorite crash site has a 50% chance of spawning the next midnight after a Shadow Orb or a Crimson Heart is smashed. (The meteorite, if rolled, will spawn immediately if the Orb is smashed between midnight and dawn.) Additionally, each night has a 2% chance that a Meteorite will fall, if at least one Shadow Orb or Crimson Heart has already been smashed in the World.
Once the conditions are met, multiple Meteorites will land in a World over time. However none will fall if there are already a certain number of Meteorite blocks above 0 depth. The limits are:
 - Small worlds: 400
 - Medium worlds: 600
 - Large worlds: 800
16% of the world centered on your spawn point is protected from falling meteors. Also, meteors won't fall within 25 blocks of a player, NPC or a chest.
[edit] Mining
A player fights off Meteor Heads in a semi-mined meteorite crash-site.
Main article: Meteorite
The Meteorite's primary use is in providing the player with Meteorite ore, allowing them to craft Meteorite Bars at a Furnace to then craft a variety of items.
Meteorite requires a Gold or Platinum Pickaxe or Bombs/Dynamite to mine and an Obsidian Skull, Obsidian Shield, Obsidian Horseshoe, or Obsidian Skin Potion in order to touch its blocks without taking damage. Mining can be achieved without Obsidian equipment, as picking up mined Meteorite Ore does not cause damage, though the player will likely have a harder time without being able to walk on Meteorite blocks. Mining without Obsidian equipment can be done safely by covering the meteor site in a single layer of sand blocks, creating a platform that follows the top layer of Meteorite as it is mined away.
Meteor Heads will continuously spawn and attack as the player is in the vicinity of a Meteorite crash site that hasn't been mined away yet. Meteor Heads fly, follow the player as they move, and can pass through all blocks, so it can be difficult for players without good defenses and weapons to attempt to mine Meteorite.
Once most of the Meteorite has been mined away (less than 50 Meteorite blocks remain unmined; about 10%), the area will cease to be considered a Meteorite biome. The music will change back to normal and Meteor Heads will stop spawning, although the remaining Meteor Heads will still attack. Afterwards, the remainder of the Meteorite can be safely mined or ignored.
[edit] Tips
 - Meteorites impact the highest-altitude blocks they encounter in a given area. If you have built a sky bridge, even one composed of Wood Platforms, the Meteorite has a good chance of landing on that bridge. Having a low density of blocks to replace means you will not obtain the intended yield of Meteorite from the event. It may be advisable to destroy any paths in the sky before destroying a Shadow Orb in order to get the full yield of Meteorite, as it is a valuable resource and the event can be rare. If you have an abundance of Wire and Active Stone Blocks, you could also create a Sky Bridge with these materials, then switch off the Bridge before smashing a Shadow Orb.
 - A pickaxe can be used to knock back Meteor Heads if the player strategically repositions themselves as they spawn.
 - With two players, one player with the Vilethorn can protect the mining player rather easily if they stick together. (The Vilethorn will kill a Meteor Head in one direct hit, and it goes through walls as do the Meteor Heads.
 - If only one player is available, quickly switching between the Vilethorn and a Pickaxe to, respectively, defend yourself from the Meteor Heads and mine the Meteorite will be sufficient to mine the Meteor with relative ease.
 - Even if a meteorite lands on a Floating Island, Harpies and Wyverns will not stop spawning.
 - Console only.pngIn Hardmode, it can be useful to place enough Meteorite Ore in Underground Hallow, Underground Corruption, Underground Crimson, Underground Jungle or Underground Snow to spawn Meteor Heads instead of Hardmode Enemies, enabling an easy way of collecting Souls and Biome Key Molds.
 - NOTE: In the PC version, Meteor Heads no longer drop anything once Hardmode is activated. Although this makes the technique useless for obtaining enemy drops, it remains useful for mining relatively unimpeded.
 - If a piece of Obsidian equipment isn't available, it's worth noting that angled Meteorite blocks can be touched without taking damage. Leaving a brick alone every few rows and angling it with a Hammer will allow you to use it as a platform to dig deeper down.
Bug.png Bug : If a meteorite falls in the Crimson, the Crimson music will still play when near the meteorite. Meteor Heads will still spawn. Corruption biomes appear to act the same way.
Bug.png Bug : A meteorite has an extremely rare chance that it may crash into your world even though no Crimson Hearts or shadow orbs have been broken yet.
[edit] History
Game mechanics


text:
Study reveals common bush medicine links
Common knowledge Sourcing drugs from traditional medicines, known as bioprospecting, has been given a boost by a study showing three geographically-separate cultures using similar plants for similar medicinal purposes.
A team of researchers led by Dr Julie Hawkins of the University of Reading collated information on medicinal plant use from New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, recording what plants were used to treat what conditions, then used genetic data to build up a phylogenetic, or family tree of the samples.
The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, also found that closely-related plants often share medicinal properties.
"Our study is unique in being a phylogenetic analysis of traditionally used plants spanning whole floras and different cultures," the researchers write.
"We demonstrate shared phylogenetic patterns across the floras: related plants from these regions are used to treat medical conditions in the same therapeutic areas."
The phylogenetic analysis revealed 'hot nodes' of plants used in traditional medicine - clusters of closely-related plants all sharing similar medicinal properties.
The findings support the somewhat neglected approach of using traditional medicine to guide the search for new medicinal compounds, and suggests that scientists looking for new medicines might benefit from focusing their search on the relatives of known medicinal plants.
The researchers say the current approach to bioprospecting tends to involve a scattergun approach of random collection and analysis of enormous quantities of samples.
"Automated high-throughput screening has enabled the rapid testing of thousands of samples against specific targets and requires little or no previous knowledge of the medicinal uses of the plant," they write.
"We propose a more sophisticated framework of identifying plants with high medicinal potential based on traditional medicine, combining two criteria: phylogenetic signal and cross-cultural agreement."
Associate Professor Joanna Jamie, co-director of the Indigenous Bioresources Research Group at Macquarie University in Sydney, says the study highlights the benefit of developing strong relationships with custodians of traditional knowledge.
"It's a partnership, capacity-building, and the term 'bioprospecting' doesn't give that justice," says Jamie.
While the pharmaceutical industry has had some success with its large-scale approach to the challenge, Jamie believes there is a shift towards engaging with traditional knowledge.
"There has certainly been a lot of papers that now show that natural products are still where you get the majority of new medicines and traditional medicine is a big part of how we've identified the natural products," Jamie says.


text:
عنوان مقاله [English]
Phreatophytes are the plants that supply their water requirements directly through the development of efficient roots from surface water resources and for optimum growth, the root should be in direct contact with water or a completely moist soil. Considering the importance of roots in the process of water and nutrient uptake from soil, it is necessary to study the mechanism of root adaptation to environmental stresses, including drought stress, especially in woody phreatophyte species, which are more important in forestation. In this research, the weight and length distribution of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh roots as a pharotypophyte species was investigated. The experiment was carried out under lysimetric conditions at different irrigation regimes (irrigation at field capacity as control, 30% and 60% of deficit irrigation). The results of this study indicated that the weight and root length decreased with decreasing plant access to water or deficit irrigation. The weight and length distribution of roots at different depths depended on the amount of plant access to water, so that the root distribution in the deeper soil decreased by increased deficit irrigation stress. Therefore, it can be concluded that, in contrast to xerophyte and mesophyte plants, the root penetration of E. camaldulensis depends thoroughly on the amount of water in the deeper soil depths. In other words, the dried underlying layers of soil inhibit the root growth in the depths, and the plant manages its vegetative growth through adaptation with available water in the soil surface layers.


text:
Chief Software Architect of Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab, Google
Dr. Vasil S. Denchev holds a PhD in Computer Science from Purdue University. Vasil's doctoral research on quantum machine learning is known for giving impetus to the founding in 2013 of the Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab at Google by pioneering several important techniques allowing for the successful application of quantum annealing to statistical machine learning theory and computer vision. Currently Vasil is leading studies of the computational effects of quantum tunneling via experimentation with existing quantum processors as well as large-scale numerical simulations of various quantum and classical computational models. Vasil is also working on designing next-generation quantum annealers whose goal is to be significantly outperforming classical computing machinery on generic optimization problems of widespread practical interest.


Skip to main content
Tables
Tables help you organize data, making it easier to read and understand. You can also use tables to perform calculations using formulas.
Create a Table
To create a new table, go to your notebook, click the + button next to an empty line and select Table from the menu, or you can open the block menu by typing / on an empty paragraph, select Table using the arrow keys, and press enter.
 1. Add Formulas to a Table:
 - You can add formulas to a table by clicking on any cell and starting with the equals sign (=).
 - Alternatively, you can add formulas to a column by clicking on the column and selecting Formula.
 2. Add Quick Calculation Insights:
 - Click the Calculate button at the end of your table to perform quick calculations.
 - Select the desired calculation based on the data type in the column (e.g., sum, count).
 - The available calculations depend on the type of data in your table.
 You can easily drag and drop these calculations results:
 3. Add Units to Table Values:
 - To add units to table values, include them as text in the respective cell.
 - For example, you can enter $10 or 5oz to indicate a currency or measurement.
 - Alternatively, you can format a column to display units by clicking on the column and adding your custom unit.
 4. Add Units to Columns:
 - Click the down triangle button on a column, select Change type, and enter a new unit in the create custom field.
 5. Update Table and Column Names:
 - After creating a table, you can update its default name by replacing it in the top left corner of the table.
 - To update column names, click on the existing name and select a new one.
 6. Add and Delete Columns and Rows:
 - Add new columns by clicking the + button on the right side of the table.
 - Delete a column by clicking the upside-down triangle button on the column and selecting Delete column.
 - Add new rows by clicking the + Add row button at the end of the table.
 - Delete rows or insert new ones by hovering over a row, clicking the button, and selecting the desired action.
 7. Rearrange Table Columns and Rows:
 - You can rearrange table columns and rows by dragging and dropping them within the same table.
 - To move a row, click and hold the button on the left side of the row and drag it to a new position.
 - To move a column, click and hold the button on the left side of the column name and drag it to a new position.
To delete a column, click the button on a column and select Delete column.
 1. Update Column Data Types:
 - Hover over the column header, click the drop-down triangle button on a column, and choose a new column type from the list.
 2. Add Column Series:
 - Create a column series by selecting Series and then Date in the column's Change type menu. Specify the starting point, and subsequent dates will be calculated automatically.
 3. Hide Table Formulas:
 - Click the Hide formulas button on top of the table to hide table formulas. Click the Show formulas button to display them again.
 4. Customizing Table Appearance:
 - Change the color and icon of your table by clicking the grid icon next to the table name.
 - Select a new color and icon from the menu to give your table a unique personality.
Referencing Columns
You can easily reuse and incorporate values from any column in your calculations.
To reference a table column in a calculation, follow these steps:
 1. Type the table name.
 2. Use a dot . to indicate the specific column within the table.
 3. Append the column name after the dot.
For example, if your table is named "Table" and you want to access the "Column" within it, write it as:
Table.Column
Example: Summing a Column
Let's consider an example where you want to sum the values in a sales table.
Assuming you have a table named "SalesData" with a column named "SalesPrice", you can calculate the sum using this syntax: sum(SalesData.SalesPrice). This calculation can be used in a formula block or another column formula.
This syntax can be customized for other calculations as well. For instance, you can calculate the average, minimum, maximum, or apply other mathematical operations to the column values. Learn more about Formulas for Tables→
You can expand on this by incorporating additional calculations, such as calculating the tax for all sales:
sum(SalesData.SalesPrice) + tax
Compact Format: Referencing Columns in the Same Table
Within the same table, it is easy to reference other columns and reuse their values.
Let's continue with the example of a sales table. If you want to calculate the tax per item instead of the tax for all sales, you can add a new formula column and write SalesData.SalesPrice + tax. This calculation will determine the tax for each individual item based on its row.
Since you are working within the same table, you can use the compact format that only requires a reference to the column name: SalesPrice + tax. Decipad will automatically calculate the tax for each row, considering the values from the respective rows in the table.
Code Tables (Legacy)
Code tables are an alternative to low-code tables. They only work with Advanced formula blocks.
Syntax
TableName = {
Column1 = [Value1, Value2, ...]
Column2 = [Value1, Value2, ...]
Column2 = [Value1, Value2, ...]
}
Example
MyTable = {
A = [1, 2, 3]
B = [4, 5, 6]
}


text:
Culture Of Nepal Terai Region
A selection of articles related to culture of nepal terai region.
Original articles from our library related to the Culture Of Nepal Terai Region. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Culture Of Nepal Terai Region.
- The Celtic Vedic Connection, Part I
- Of all the great ancient cultures perhaps no two share more parallels than those of the Celtic and Vedic peoples. A deep rooted affinity runs between them, what is present in one is mirrored in the other. Myths, Gods, Goddesses, even fairy tales bear a...
Religions >> Druidism
- Origins of the Celts
- Two new groups of people emerge in Central Europe during the late Neolithic (New Stone Age) period, one certainly immigrant. Each group may be distinguished archaeologically by characteristic artifacts found in their respective burial sites. One was a Bell...
History & Anthropology >> Celtic & Irish
- Pagan Culture Never Died
- Pagan culture never died. It changed, was hidden, became hushed -- but never died. We can look around and see that many of the Old ways are still part of everyday life. Here's a few examples. What others can you see in your own surroundings? A personal...
Saga of Times Past >> History & Anthropology
- The 'W' Word (Witch), What Does it Mean?
- The other day I sat down and again tried to define what it is that I am doing. We are talking about beginning our church next year, but a church of what? I am the type that is most comfortable with a clear and complete understanding, so I began at the...
Religions >> Paganism & Wicca
- Select Cross-Cultural and Historical Personifications of Death
- This extensive introduction includes some of the more well known, along with some lesser known Death "incarnations", and I use that term loosely, as in many cultures, the Angel of Death can be quite an adept shapeshifter. We have tried to cull...
Mystic Sciences >> Necromantic Studies
Culture Of Nepal Terai Region is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Culture Of Nepal Terai Region books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- Nepal's Terai: Constructing an Ethnic Conflict
- new fighting erupt in the Terai region of southern Nepal..
- EARLY MARRIAGE AND EARLY MOTHERHOOD IN NEPAL
- Nepal consists of three broad ecological regions: Terai, Hill and Mountain.
- Democratising Terai Forestry Governance: Emerging Innovations in
- Innovations in the Western Terai Region of Nepal.
- Stability and outcomes of common property institutions in forestry
- forestry: evidence from the Terai region of Nepal case study of the Terai ( lowlands) region of Nepal.
Suggested Web Resources
- Nepal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- 11 Culture; 12 See also; 13 Footnotes; 14 References; 15 External links.
- Terai - Nepal Home Page Travel Guide: The Most Comprehensive
- And the Terai is recommended to a new visitor to Nepal more in the spirit of both geographic and socio-cultural, of this country than to point out "must-sees".
- Culture Of Nepal Terai Region | RM.com ®
- Culture Of Nepal Terai Region articles, reference materials. Need more on Culture Of Nepal Terai Region?
- Nepal people, culture and information about sherpas, thakali, kumal
- Nepal people and culture page is for those looking information about magar, tamang, thakali, Ethnic Groups of Terai Region and Southern Nepal border.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.


text:
Starting a new business is an exciting journey filled with potential and possibilities. However, it's also a time when entrepreneurs face numerous challenges, including managing their finances and accounts effectively. This is where account outsourcing service come into play, offering a lifeline to start-up businesses.
Why Outsource Account Services?
Outsourcing your accounting functions can provide a range of benefits that can significantly impact your start-up's success. Here are a few reasons why it's crucial for start-up businesses:
1. Focus on Your Core Competencies:
As a start-up owner, your primary focus should be on building your product or service and growing your customer base. Dealing with complex accounting tasks can be distracting and time-consuming. By outsourcing these functions, you can free up your time and concentrate on what you do best.
2. Cost Savings:
Hiring and training in-house accountants can be expensive for a start-up business. Outsourcing allows you to access the expertise of seasoned professionals without the costs associated with full-time employees. You pay only for the services you need.
3. Access to Expertise:
Accounting firms specialize in financial matters, and their professionals are well-versed in the intricacies of tax laws, financial regulations, and best practices. They can provide valuable insights and advice to help your business make informed financial decisions.
Start-ups often experience fluctuations in their financial workload. Account Outsourcing Service can easily adjust to your changing needs, allowing you to scale up or down as required without the complications of hiring or laying off employees.
5. Reduced Risk:
Mistakes in accounting and financial reporting can lead to legal issues and financial penalties. Outsourcing to professionals minimizes the risk of errors and ensures that your financial matters are handled accurately and in compliance with regulations.
6. Time Efficiency:
Outsourcing companies have efficient systems and technologies in place to handle accounting tasks swiftly. This can lead to faster turnaround times for financial reports and statements, giving you access to real-time financial data for better decision-making.
7. Peace of Mind:
Knowing that your financial matters are in capable hands can provide peace of mind. You can focus on growing your business with the assurance that your accounts are well-managed.
How Aristotle Consultancy Can Help
At Aristotle Consultancy, we understand the unique challenges that start-up businesses face. We specialize in providing tailored account outsourcing service that cater to the specific needs of start-ups. Our team of experienced professionals is well-equipped to handle the intricacies of start-up finances, helping you navigate the financial landscape with ease.
Here's how Aristotle Consultancy can assist you:
- Expertise: Our seasoned accountants are well-versed in the financial complexities that start-ups encounter. We offer expert guidance and support to ensure your financial matters are in capable hands.
- Cost-Effective Solutions: We offer flexible pricing models that align with your budget, allowing you to access top-notch accounting services without the overhead costs of hiring in-house staff.
- Scalability: As your start-up grows, we can seamlessly adjust our services to meet your evolving needs, ensuring that you always have the right level of support.
- Reduced Risk: We employ rigorous quality control measures to minimize errors and ensure compliance with financial regulations, reducing the risk of costly mistakes.
- Time Efficiency: Our efficient systems and technology enable us to deliver timely financial reports, giving you access to crucial data for decision-making.
- Peace of Mind: With Aristotle Consultancy, you can concentrate on building your business, knowing that your financial matters are handled with precision and care.
In conclusion, for start-up businesses, account outsourcing services offer a practical solution to the complex world of accounting and financial management. By outsourcing to Aristotle Consultancy, you can streamline your operations, save costs, access expert knowledge, and reduce the risk of errors, ultimately allowing you to focus on what you do best – building a successful business. Contact Aristotle Consultancy today and gain the competitive edge you need to thrive in the dynamic world of start-ups.
Read more related blogs:


accelerometer, gyrometer. We can use PSLab to log the data and show in the form of the graph or maybe export the data in the form of CSV format for future use.
But recording data from the phone sensor imposes a serious problem in the performance of the Android app as it is a costly to process in terms of memory, resources and time. In CS terms there is too much work that has to be done on the single main thread which sometimes leads to lag and compromises the UX.
So as a solution we applied a concept of the Multithreading provided by Java in which we can shift the heavy process to a separate background thread so that the main thread never gets interrupted during fetching the sensor data and the background thread handles all the fetching and updates the UI as soon as it gets the data, till then the Main thread continues to serves the user so to user the application remains always responsive.
For implementing this we used a special class provided by Android Framework called AsyncTask. Which provides below methods:-
 - doInBackground() : This method contains the code which needs to be executed in the background. In this method, we can send results multiple times to the UI thread by publishProgress() method.
 - onPreExecute() : This method contains the code which is executed before the background processing starts.
 - onPostExecute() : This method is called after doInBackground method completes processing. Result from doInBackground is passed to this method.
 - onProgressUpdate() : This method receives progress updates from doInBackground() method, which is published via publishProgress() method, and this method can use this progress update to update the UI thread.
 - onCancelled(): This method is called when the background task has been canceled. Here we can free up resources or write some cleanup code to avoid memory leaks.
We created a class SensorDataFetch and extended this AsyncTask class and override its methods according to our needs.
private class SensorDataFetch extends AsyncTask<Void, Void, Void> implements SensorEventListener {
 private float data;
 private long timeElapsed;
 @Override
 protected Void doInBackground(Void... params) {

 sensorManager.registerListener(this, sensor, updatePeriod);
 return null;
 }
 protected void onPostExecute(Void aVoid) {
 super.onPostExecute(aVoid);
 visualizeData();
 }
 @Override
 protected void onPreExecute() {
 super.onPreExecute();
 //do nothing
 }
 @Override
 protected void onProgressUpdate(Void... values) {
 super.onProgressUpdate(values);
 //do nothing
 }
 @Override
 protected void onCancelled() {
 super.onCancelled();
 //do nothing
 }
In doInBackground() method we implemented the fetching raw data from the sensor by registering the listener and in onPostExecute() method we updated that data on the UI to be viewed by the user.
When this process is being run in the background thread the Main UI thread is free and remains responsive to the user. We can see in Figure 1 below that the UI is responsive to the user swipe action even when the sensor data is updating continuously on the screen.
Figure 1 shows Lux Meter responding to user swipe while fetching sensor data flawlessly.

Resources
_URL_ – Android Developer documentation for Async Task class.
Continue ReadingImplement Sensor Data Fetching Using AsyncTask
Snackbar Implementation in PSLab Android App
In PSLab android app we have developed the functionality of logging sensor data in CSV format. We can start and stop the data recording using the save button in the upper right corner of the menu bar and toast message was shown to notify the user for logging status whether it is started or stopped but it leads to some problem like:-
 - The user doesn't know where the logged file has been created in the external storage.
 - If the user accidentally clicked on the save button the data logging will start the user have to manually go the storage location and delete the recently created unwanted CSV file.
What's the solution?
The solution to both these problem is solved by implementing Snackbar instead of Toast message.
According to Material Design documentation:-
The Snackbar widget provides brief feedback about an operation through a message at the bottom of the screen. Snackbar disappears automatically, either after a timeout or after a user interaction elsewhere on the screen, and can also be swiped off the screen.
Snackbar can also offer the ability to perform an action, such as undoing an action that was just taken or retrying an action that had failed.

Figure 1 shows a Snackbar sample
(Source: – _URL_ )

To implement the Snackbar in our Android app I started by creating a custom snack bar class which contains all the code to create and show the Snackbar on the screen.
public class CustomSnackBar {
 public static void showSnackBar(@NonNull CoordinatorLayout holderLayout,
 @NonNull String displayText,
 String actionText,
 View.OnClickListener clickListener){

 Snackbar snackbar =
 Snackbar.make(holderLayout,displayText,Snackbar.LENGTH_LONG)
 .setAction(actionText, clickListener);
 //do your customization here
}
The custom class contains a static method 'showSnackBar()' having parameters:
Parameter Return Type Description
holderLayout CoordinatorLayout Container layout in which the snack bar will be shown at the bottom (should not be null)
displayText String Text to be displayed in the content of Snackbar (should not be null)
actionText String Clickable text which has some action associated with it
clickListener View.OnClickListener On click listener specifying an action to be performed when actionText is clicked

Inside the method, I called the static make() method provided by the Snackbar class and passed holderlayout, displayText and duration of Snackbar in this case Snackbar.LENGTH_LONG as parameters.
Then I called setAction() and passed in the actionText and the clickListener as parameters in it to set the action text. If we pass in null no action text will be generated.
Then, if we want to changes the action text color we can do that by calling setActionTextColor() and passing in the desired color.
snackbar.setActionTextColor(ContextCompat.getColor(holderLayout.getContext(), R.color.colorPrimary));
And if we want to change the content text color then we need to first get the view then we need to get the instance of TextView containing the content text using findViewById() and passing android.support.design.R.id.snackbar_text which is default ID for context TextView, and then call setTextColor() to set the desired color.
View sbView = snackbar.getView();
 TextView textView =
 sbView.findViewById(android.support.design.R.id.snackbar_text);
 textView.setTextColor(Color.WHITE);
 }
So, now our Snackbar engine is complete now we need to call CustomSnackBar class static method showSnackbar() in our sensor data logger.
For doing this I replaced all the instances of the Toast message with the 'CustomSnackBar' by passing in the desired messages that were being passed in Toast message.
But I still need to find the location of our stored CSV file and a method to delete the current generated CSV file.
For that, I did below modification to the CSVLogger class in PSLab android app.
public class CSVLogger {
 private static final String CSV_DIRECTORY = "PSLab";
 public CSVLogger(String category) {
 this.category = category;
 setupPath();
 }
 /*Below methods are included at the bottom of the class */
 public String getCurrentFilePath() {
 return Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory().getAbsolutePath() +
 File.separator + CSV_DIRECTORY + File.separator + category;
 }
 public void deleteFile() {
 csvFile.delete();
 }
}
Now for passing the location of the stored file and implementing delete option, I called the below method when the CSV logging is stopped by the user:
CustomSnackBar.showSnackBar((CoordinatorLayout) parent.findViewById(R.id.cl),
 "CSV File stored at" + " " +lux_logger.getCurrentFilePath(),

 "DELETE",
 new View.OnClickListener() {
 Override
 public void onClick(View view) {
 lux_logger.deleteFile();
 });
By doing this I get a Snackbar as shown in Figure 2, clicking on the "DELETE" text deletes the current CSV file.
Figure 2 shows snackbar showing file stored location and delete option

So, implementing Snackbar helped to make the app interactive and keeps user notified and control the data logging.
Resources
 1. _URL_ – Android SnackBar example