What is the White Staining on My Chimney?
Many homeowners just assume that this white discoloration is simply a sign of aging on a chimney. Nothing could be farther from the truth the white residue called efflorescence is actually a symptom of water leaking into your chimney system. This condition if left unchecked will cause premature aging and deterioration of the chimney structure for sure. Water and moisture are the biggest enemies of the structural integrity of your chimney.
What is Efflorescence?
Efflorescence forms from soluble-solutions moving through masonry material and evaporating on the other side, leaving behind the salt residue. It then becomes a white crystallized or powdery substance found on the exterior of stone, block, or brick masonry. The substance forms as a result of excess water in the structure that after crystallizing takes on a fluffy or fuzzy form and coats the exterior of the stone over time.
The efflorescence is formed when problems occur with the chimney masonry which lets in excess water to the structure. This could include chimney material cracks, a chimney that has not been properly sealed or is missing a cap or other sealant. This defect allows rain water to seep into the brick or stone walls. As water moves through the wall, it dissolves salt particles naturally present in the masonry along the way. The water will then evaporate through the outside wall and leave behind the salt residue on the surface. These salt deposits create the white residue left on the chimney surface. While the salt deposits themselves are mostly an aesthetic problem and will not cause structural damage, they are a tell tale sign of excess water present within the structure. The visible salt residue is a sure sign of water leaking into the stone structure and if left alone, can cause serious damage to the structure. While the white salt on the surface is relatively easy to remove compared to other stains, further investigation must be done to stop the water leak at the origin before substantial damage to the structure is done.
3 Conditions Needed for Efflorescence to Exist
Without each of the following conditions, efflorescence will not occur.
1. Soluble-salts present within the masonry structure
2. Enough moisture to create a soluble-solution from the salts
3. A means for the salt to travel through the structure in order to evaporate on the exterior and leave behind the resulting crystallized efflorescence
Brown, Green, or Yellow Efflorescence
The most common form of efflorescence is the white powdery residue, but it can come in brown, green or yellow as well. The color of the stains depends on the types of salt found within the structure wall. Crystalline deposits from over twenty different compounds have been found on masonry walls. Efflorescence producing salts typically come from sulfates of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sometimes iron. The various colors come from different minerals. For example, molybdenum, magnesium compounds, and vanadium sometimes create a greenish colored stain. Manganese compounds can also create a brownish stain at times.
Protect Your Home from Efflorescence before it Appears
The best way to take care of efflorescence is to never get it! It is difficult to guarantee efflorescence will not later develop when building a chimney, but there are ways to lessen the chances of its occurrence. By taking away any one of the 3 conditions listed above, efflorescence will likely not take place. The most straight forward way to reduce the appearance of efflorescence is to use materials in the building process that do not contain large amounts of soluble salts, or those that contain low alkali. Proper drainage away from the structure will also serve to prevent efflorescence from occurring. Eliminating the source of the moisture will not allow the soluble-solution to form in the first place. Otherwise, brick sealants in the building process and before efflorescence has begun will prevent the deposits as well.
The Dangers Associated with Efflorescence
If you see white stains on the outside of your chimney above the roof, you can be sure this condition is flowing down into the attic as well. Adding moisture into the attic where the wood meets the brick creates mold and rot.
Efflorescence is not mold, although it is often mistaken for it. But the two household pests do have some common traits; both are caused by excess water. The wet conditions associated with efflorescence mean that the ideal climate for mold and other moisture related problems are present. Therefore, mold is commonly found along with efflorescence on the interior of the structure. Along with the removal of the white composites left behind from the efflorescence, the building where efflorescence is found should also be inspected for problem mold, allergens, and bacteria. Surfaces that contain organic material should also be closely examined. These include materials such as wood, painted surfaces, carpet, insulation and padding.
Most of the time harsh rain and winds will remove outdoor efflorescence on its own with normal weathering. And if this is not the case, or if the efflorescence is indoors, these deposits are relatively easy to wash off by hand (see the DIY guide below), but the problem will continue to reappear if the leak is not fixed at the source. The crack or missing part that let the water into the structure must be found and if there is not a place like this, the brick must be sealed so that moisture does not continue to permeate the stone.
To find the source of the excess moisture being let in, begin at the top of the chimney working your way down while looking for missing mortar, cracks, missing caps, bad flashing and anything else that looks in need of repair. If there are no obvious problems, then the excess moisture is most likely seeping in through the brick and the brick will then have to be sealed once the current efflorescence has been removed. Brick does not act like a wall against moisture, the material acts like a sponge so further protection may be necessary.
DIY Efflorescence Cleaning
When the weather outdoors does not take care of much of the unsightly white residue of the efflorescence, the underlying problem is still present and the stains will reoccur. If you have a severe case of efflorescence deposits on your hands, there are DIY instructions on several websites detailing the use of muriatic acid (very harsh chemical) diluted with water to remove the white stain coating from your chimney walls. There are also premixed solutions available for do-it-yourselfers to clean stained brick.
A chimney professional should inspect any chimney that has efflorescence to determine the extent of damage caused from the moisture that has been allowed to enter the brick and mortar. If the damage is minimal, the chimney may be able to be cleaned and then coated with a water resistant sealant to the protect the chimney. These waterproofing sealants provide an increased barrier against moisture, but are not a permanent solution especially if the condition has already damaged the brick and mortar.
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Opening the Library painter
To open the Library painter:
 - Click the Library button in the PowerBar or select Tools>Library Painter.
What you can do in the Library painter
In the Library painter, you can:
 - Create a new library
 - Create new objects in targets in your current workspace
 - Copy, move, and delete objects in any library
 - Open objects in libraries that are on a library list in the current Workspace to edit them in the appropriate painters
 - Migrate, rebuild, and regenerate libraries in the current Workspace
 - Control modifications to library objects by using check-out and check-in or use version control systems
 - Create a runtime library that includes objects in the current library and related resource objects
What you cannot do in the Library painter
You cannot migrate or open objects in PowerBuilder libraries that are not on the library list. You also cannot rename a library.


text:
Passive resistance is strategic form of defense that avoids violence. It can include civil disobedience, hunger strikes, and other non-aggressive methods.
In 2364, several children aboard the USS Enterprise-D were kidnapped. Their kidnappers were from the hidden planet of Aldea, whose people had lost the ability to reproduce. The eldest child, Wesley Crusher, realized that since the Aldeans did not wish to harm the children, and violent struggle would be futile, the only effective resistance could be passive. He gathered the kidnapped children and instructed them not to take part in Aldean activities or training, to speak with the Aldeans, or even to eat the food they provided. While the resistance itself failed to free the children, they were released by their captors upon the discovery that the population's sterility was caused by radiation that would eventually affect the children as well. (TNG: "When The Bough Breaks")

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
What is the population of Arizona? The U.S. Census Bureau provides population statistics. The actual census only takes place every ten years, in dates ending in a zero. In between, they often provide updated estimates.
The 2008 estimate for the population of Arizona was 6,500,180.
Population of Arizona, 2010
AZ Population Growth since 2000 census: 24.6%
Arizona ranks 16th in state population in the United States. It was 14th at the 2008 estimate, and 20th at the 2000 census.


text:
The production space is located in the parish of Ramalde, near the metro station Francos.
With its 42 000 inhabitants, Ramalde is the only parish in Porto whose population remains stable or is even slightly increasing as to the general decreasing tendency of the city.
It used to be a rural area and lived mainly from agriculture. In the 18th and 19th century many farms and mansions were built, some of them still exist up to this day, like the Casa de Ramalde and the Quinta do Rio, as part of the cultural heritage of this parish.
From the end of the 19th century its landscape took an irreversible turn, as many industries arose, making it necessary to build on farmland. Textile manufactures were predominant but also metal or tanning industries, as well as a rubber factory near our future production space. As a result many workers were moving closer to the factories and Ramalde lost its rural aspect.
Map of Ramalde from 1892
As the industry slowly disappeared, the parish turned into a residential area. From the 1960s the construction of social housing, which replaced the ilhas – a typical kind of social housing from the 19th century, contradicted the new wealthy structures. Population continued to grow and Ramalde is now a quiet residential area with a combination of social housing and traditional portuguese constructions, which remain a significant part of the parish, and some more modern and luxurious buildings. Still, as rooted in the local community for centuries, some vegetable gardens surface here and there.
This contrast implies a diversity in its population. The constant demographic growth also demonstrates its vitality and capacity of transformation and adaptation.
For more information about Ramalde have a look to this links:

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: _URL_
Citations
Scopus Web of Science® Altmetric
?
?
Type: Journal article
Title: Maximum metabolic rate, relative lift, wingbeat frequency and stroke amplitude during tethered flight in the adult locust Locusta migratoria
Author: Snelling, E.
Seymour, R.
Matthews, P.
White, C.
Citation: Journal of Experimental Biology, 2012; 215(18):3317-3323
Publisher: Company of Biologists Ltd
Issue Date: 2012
ISSN: 0022-0949
_PHONE_
Statement of
Responsibility:
Edward P. Snelling, Roger S. Seymour, Philip G. D. Matthews and Craig R. White
Abstract: Flying insects achieve the highest mass-specific aerobic metabolic rates of all animals. However, few studies attempt to maximise the metabolic cost of flight and so many estimates could be sub-maximal, especially where insects have been tethered. To address this issue, oxygen consumption was measured during tethered flight in adult locusts Locusta migratoria, some of which had a weight attached to each wing (totalling 30-45% of body mass). Mass-specific metabolic rate increased from 28±2 μmol O(2) g(-1) h(-1) at rest to 896±101 μmol O(2)g(-1) h(-1) during flight in weighted locusts, and to 1032±69 μmol O(2) g(-1) h(-1) in unweighted locusts. Maximum metabolic rate of locusts during tethered flight (m(O(2)); μmol O(2) h(-1)) increased with body mass (M(b); g) according to the allometric equation m(O(2))=994M(b)(0.75±0.19), whereas published metabolic rates of moths and orchid bees during hovering free flight (h(O(2))) are approximately 2.8-fold higher, h(O(2))=2767M(b)(0.72±0.08). The modest flight metabolic rate of locusts is unlikely to be an artefact of individuals failing to exert themselves, because mean maximum lift was not significantly different from that required to support body mass (95±8%), mean wingbeat frequency was 23.7±0.6 Hz, and mean stroke amplitude was 105±5 deg in the forewing and 96±5 deg in the hindwing - all of which are close to free-flight values. Instead, the low cost of flight could reflect the relatively small size and relatively modest anatomical power density of the locust flight motor, which is a likely evolutionary trade-off between flight muscle maintenance costs and aerial performance.
Keywords: Wing; Animals; Locusta migratoria; Body Weight; Basal Metabolism; Oxygen Consumption; Aging; Movement; Flight, Animal; Rest
Rights: © 2012. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd
RMID: _PHONE_
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.069799
Grant ID: _URL_
Appears in Collections:Earth and Environmental Sciences publications
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text:
Join Maryland Philanthropy Network's Green Funders Affinity Group to learn more about two recent action-oriented reports on climate change efforts in Maryland. Participants will also have an opportunity to discuss with grantmaking colleagues what are they are doing and can do in the climate mitigation and climate justice space. Through the conversation, we'll lift up issues for further learning and potential collaboration in the environmental grantmaking space.
Please join us for a meet and greet with MPN Member, Erin Robertson, the Chief Programs Officer for Nature Sacred. This program will include an overview of Nature Sacred, its vision for health in Maryland and evidence of the healing power of nature with Teresia Hazen, M.Ed., HTR, QMHP and award-winning Firesoul. Katie Lautar, Executive Director of Baltimore Green Space will share how they are working at the intersection of community care of green spaces, advocacy, and scientific research that promotes the health of communities and equitable access to sustainable green spaces.
Please join Maryland Philanthropy Network and Mission Investors Exchange for a discussion about place-based impact investing practices in Maryland. Several case studies will be shared and discussed to understand what it looks like for foundations to elevate community priorities by investing in place.
This session will now be virtual out of precaution related to COVID-19. We apologize for any inconvenience.
Community Science is a research technique that encourages scientific democracy, accessibility, and accuracy through crowdsourced data collection.
As the concept of social equity becomes a more visible focus in our policies and practices, it is critical to understand the ways inequities manifest in the environmental sector.
Please join us for a conversation with Chris Ryer, Director of Baltimore City Department of Planning.
Please join us for a conversation with Reginald Moore, Director of Baltimore City Department of Recreation and Parks. Director Moore will discuss his vision and strategies for the Department of Recreation and Parks, as well as its priorities, assets, and challenges. Time will be allotted to engage in questions and discussion of ways Maryland Philanthropy Network members can collaborate or align with the Department's initiatives.


BEA Logo BEA MessageQ Release 5.0
 MessageQ Doc Home | LU6.2 Services for OpenVMS User's Guide | Previous Topic | Next Topic | Contents | Index
Introducing BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Services
The BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Services for OpenVMS product allows users to communicate with IBM application programs using Advanced Program-to-Program Communications (APPC) over System Network Architecture (SNA) LU6.2 sessions. APPC/LU6.2 communications are connection-oriented and half-duplex. This means that before two partners can exchange messages, they must first establish a connection (connection-oriented), and that one partner is sending when the other is receiving (half-duplex).
This chapter includes the following topics:
Basic Terms and Concepts
This section provides general information about BEA MessageQ applications, APPC, the Port Server, and other application components.
The BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Services Product
The BEA MessageQ system is a connectionless, stateless communications system. This means that a connection need not be established before programs can communicate with each other. It also means that communicating programs do not care what state their partner is in.
Using BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Services is like using the postal mail system-you can send a letter to anyone whose address you know, whether or not the addressee is home and regardless of the addressee's desire to speak to you. Addressees can check their mailboxes at their convenience.
The BEA MessageQ system supports network-independent addressing and makes use of an application programming interface (API) common to all platforms that support the MessageQ system.
SNA LU6.2 Sessions
SNA is connection-oriented systems networking architecture. Connections are established between network-addressable units. Applications are interested in logical units (LUs) that are the "end users" of a network. The connection between LUs is an SNA session.
The LU that requests a session is called the primary logical unit or PLU. The LU that accepts the session is called the secondary logical unit or SLU. The capabilities of an LU are defined by the LU type. Only one type of LU supports APPC: LU type 6.2 (also known as LU6.2).
An LU6.2 session is the type of SNA connection used by APPC applications for communications with each other. The session is like the telephone connection received when you dial another number-if the other number does not answer, you cannot speak.
Without an SNA session, APPC conversations cannot take place. An LU is the software equivalent of a telephone-it has a specific address in the network, and other LUs have to know that address in order to establish sessions with it.
Advanced Program-to-Program Communications (APPC)
A program that wants to communicate with other programs must first establish a connection to each potential partner, and the communicating programs must be aware of each other's state (for example, ready to receive, ready to send, and shutting down). This requirement is similar to the requirements of the telephone system: before you can talk to someone, you must call someone up; the call recipient must answer the phone, and agree to listen to you; after you have finished speaking, the other party can speak to you; and so on.
BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Services for OpenVMS applications use Advanced Program-to-Program Communications (APPC) to establish connections to partners and communicate state information before initiating conversations. APPC is a connection-oriented, half-duplex, state-oriented communications system. It uses the following concepts:
BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Services Application Components
Figure 1-1 shows the components of a typical BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Services application.
Figure 1-1 BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Components
The components are:
SNA APPC/LU6.2 Fundamentals
The information that follows is a short summary of SNA APPC LU6.2 fundamentals. For more detailed information, refer to SNA Transaction Programmer's Reference Manual for LU Type 6.2.
Logical Unit Type 6.2 Overview
LU6.2 is a general-purpose architecture that enables IBM products to communicate with each other. The LU6.2 architecture defines a set of protocols. To communicate with each other, products must implement LU6.2 according to these protocols. There are two general implementations of LU6.2:
Transaction programs (TPs) are programs that can process a specific set of input data, trigger specific job executions, or produce specific output data. Distributed transactions within an SNA network communicate by exchanging information during a conversation, which is a temporary logical path established between two cooperating TPs. This path is treated as a shared resource between TPs.
IBM's architectural definition for LU6.2 provides a set of procedures called verbs that is used to design distributed transactions. CICS ISC implements the verb functions with EXEC CICS commands and OpenVMS TPs implement the verb functions with OpenVMS procedures.
The APPC verb set consists of function verbs that are implemented as BEA MessageQ messages. The logic of how these verbs are used (verb flow) is the same regardless of whether you are programming in an OpenVMS environment or an IBM environment. Refer to LU6.2 User Callback Services, for detailed information on User Callback Services and APPC verbs.
Inbound and Outbound Conversations
Conversation allocations may be initiated either by the OpenVMS TP (inbound) or by the IBM TP (outbound). Figure 1-2 illustrates a typical SNA conversation session. The LU6.2 type of SNA LUs can be configured as independent or dependent. The BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Services for OpenVMS product uses dependent LUs.
Figure 1-2 SNA Session for Dependent LUs
Inbound allocation causes the gateway to transmit an INIT SELF to the IBM SSCP that builds a suggested BIND and passes it to the application subsystem (which may modify it). The application passes the BIND back to the gateway. If the gateway accepts the BIND, the session is established and the OpenVMS and IBM TPs are in a "session."
Outbound allocation causes the gateway to wait in the active-listening mode for the IBM TP to send a BIND followed by an ATTACH. If the gateway accepts this ATTACH, the session is established and the OpenVMS and IBM TPs are in a session. They are also in a state of conversation (also called "between brackets").
Contention for session resources occurs when both partners attempt to begin conversation simultaneously on the same session. The contention is resolved according to the polarity agreed upon when the session was established. The contention winner (first speaker) always receives the session resources, and the contention loser (bidder) always has to wait. The contention winner/loser is negotiated in the BIND.
Using the LU6.2 Port Server for Applications Connections
Exchanging information between the connectionless, stateless environment of the BEA MessageQ system and the connection-oriented, state-oriented environment of APPC (a task similar to that of connecting systems as different as the postal mail and the telephone) requires the services of an intermediary that understands both. The intermediary provided by BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Services is the LU6.2 Port Server.
The LU6.2 Port Server understands how to:
In addition, the LU6.2 Port Server performs numerous "housekeeping" tasks (such as error recovery, automatic restart of communication links, and error and trace logging) that are desirable in distributed applications.
Refer to Configuring the LU6.2 Port Server, for more information on the LU6.2 Port Server.
The BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Services product uses the Stream Output Facility for logging and tracing. This facility provides time stamps on both the logging and tracing output as well as dynamic tracing. See the BEA MessageQ Installation and Configuration Guide for OpenVMS for more information on dynamic tracing and the BEA MessageQ for OpenVMS Event Logger Utility.
Writing Your Own Port Server
When installed, the BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Services software provides a typical LU6.2 Port Server that uses seven predefined messages to simplify setting and managing the application connections of the BEA MessageQ clients to remote partners.
However, if the standard LU6.2 Port Server programming interface does not meet the needs of an application, does not offer a function required by all client applications, or does not meet some other unusual requirements, a specialized Port Server may be developed using the LU6.2 User Callback Services.
The BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Services provide you with the option of writing your own Port Server using 21 BEA MessageQ messages that map to the APPC verb set.
Note: Refer to Configuring the LU6.2 Port Server, and Port Server Messages, for LU6.2 Port Server information. Refer to LU6.2 User Callback Services, for LU6.2 user callback information.


of an ant or a grain of sand can't be zero. In fact any length that you can measure is not zero. In book terms we could have written the change in y as δy and change in x as δx.
Then δy/δx = ((x+ δx)2-x2)/ δx
and we get δy/δx = 2x + δx
Then we could say that when δx approaches zero, he limit of δy/δx becomes dy/dx = 2x.
That 's how we define the slope of a continuous function in Calculus and you call it a differential or a derivative of y with respect to x or dy/dx. That's what Calculus is all about; rise divided by fall which is the slope of any variable with respect to another.
Johnny: But we said that McLinton Road followed the function y = x2/10, not y = x2.
Sara: We could do the calculation for y = x2 times a constant and see what happens. I could write δy/δx = ((x+ δx)2-x2)/ δx x c and then get the slope to be (2x + δx) x c and dy/dx to be 2x x c.
Here c =1/10 so the slope would be 2x/10. This is what I drew for dy/dx at different values of x. Its instantaneous slope at any given value of x is 2x/10 or x/5.
Johnny: This is getting confusing. This graph is a straight line.
Sara: Yes. It is a straight line in which the North/West slope increases with the increasing distance towards West. It is what I said before," Look at how McLinton Road goes more West than North at the start but at the end it goes mostly North without going much towards West." The function describing McLinton Road was y = x2/10, its first derivative was x/5. The slope of this line at any given point is x/5. That's the same value you got when you did the calculation for dy/dx.
The second derivative
Johnny: So we are done with the derivate of y = x2/10. Okay. I suppose, we could also get the derivative of y = x/5.
Sara: Remember that y = x/5 graph is a straight line. The slope of a straight line does not change with x. It's constant. In this case you can see that it will be 1/5.
Johnny: What do you call the slope of a slope of a function?
Sara: It is called the second derivative or d2y/d2x.
Johnny: That means d2y/d2x = 1/5 which is a line without any slope or you can say with a slope of zero. Does that mean for the McLinton Road curve y = x2/10, the slope of the slope of the slope or third derivative d3y/d3x will be zero? Wow, that's neat.
Johnny paused for a while as if to digest it all but then fired more questions.
Johnny: What if the function was a sum of expressions, how would you determine the derivatives? Like in Algebra we learned the quadratic equation y = ax2 + bx + c.
Sara: That's simple. We can take the derivative of each part and then sum them. dy/dx for ax2 is 2ax, for bx it is b and dy/dx for c is zero. We can sum up the derivatives of each of the three components to get dy/dx = 2ax + b + 0.
Johnny: What is the derivative of y = x3?
Sara looked in the book and said: For any value of n, the derivative of y = xis nxn-1. Here is a interesting one, the book says that dex/dx = ex.
Johnny: What, is e the Eurler's constant here?
Sara: We could prove it using e as an the sum of an infinite series but let us leave it for now.
Sara thought that Johnny was impressed but seemed somewhat lost about the meaning of all the derivatives. She thought for a few minutes before saying anything.
What do the derivatives mean?
Sara: Remember when we go in a car, we read the distance traveled on the odometer. Then we also talk about the speed of the car which is the distance traveled per hour or the first derivative of the distance traveled with respect to time. The second derivative is acceleration which is the rate at which your speed increases. Some car companies advertise how fast they can increase their acceleration. That would be the third derivative.
Johnny: Now, that makes sense. Otherwise, you had me lost.
Sara: Here is a joke I read on the internet about derivatives.
"U.S. President Richard Nixon, when campaigning for a second term in office, announced that the rate of increase of inflation was decreasing, which has been noted as "the first time a sitting president used the third derivative to advance his case for re-election."
Johnny: That's funny. The guy was a crook. Now that you mentioned the third derivative, I read in the newspaper today, "The decline in the pace of home sales in the Vancouver region appears to have sped up significantly…".
 Johnny's car is parked. When he starts it and pushes on the gas paddle, after time t it would have covered the distance (d) given by d = 0.5 at2 where a is 3 meters/sec2. The speed of the car after time t is given by the first derivative (ds/dt). How fast will the car be moving 10 sec after it is started?
Solution: d = 0.5 at2Therefore, ds/dt = 0.5 a x 2 t = at
With a = 3 meters/sec2 and t = 10 sec, ds/dt = 30 meters/sec which is 108 km/hour.
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text:
Care and Repair of Violins or Violas: When to Call the Repair Shop
Become a more knowledgeable instrument owner with this helpful guide.
In the step-by-step video tutorial (five minutes), luthier Joan Balter demonstrates that an opened seam can be detected by tapping lightly on the top of the violin or viola.
In the written guide (two pages of instruction), you'll learn:
- How to recognize a major problem
- How to prevent accidental damage
- What to do when a problem occurs while on the road
By James N. McKean

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Arthur and the Golden Rope by Joe Todd-Stanton
Arthur and the Golden Rope is the first of a series from Brownstone's Mythical Collection. As I browsed the bookshop, I was drawn to the book by the style of the cover. It felt like I had stumbled upon an unfolding story that sucked me into its world of mythical beasts and unlikely heroes. I love this book.
Just taking in the delicious imagery in the book is a familiar pleasure. The colours are vivid and scenes so alive my brain automatically imagines the motion. The layers of endearing quirky detail tell their own little subplots. Each scene feels like a paused frame of an animation reminiscent of Miyazaki's films.
The illustrations are so full of life I can see them move.
The hero on the cover looks like an ordinary child and I know my children will see themselves in the unlikely hero and play out his adventures in their own imaginary play. In his thought provoking talk on How Movies Teach Manhood, Colin Stokes compares movies for children today with The Wizard of Oz and observes that instead of just having one dimensional characters that predominantly fight to succeed, Dorothy makes friends with everybody and is a leader. Stokes asks, "Why is there so much Force — capital F, Force — in the movies we have for our kids, and so little yellow brick road?"
An adventure of pushing your mind and body to the limit, rather than a fight.
Our hero Arthur's adventures aren't about fighting. Arthur spends his time exploring the forest and getting to know the strange creatures who live there. He does a lot of problem solving, helping others and building relationships. He also tests his physical limits. He seems to spend a lot of time scaling great heights. By the time the story presents fighting as an option, you as the reader have already come to the conclusion that fighting is an incredibly limiting option and all the colour, humour and thrilling adventure happened because Arthur used his body and mind to follow his curiosity.
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What is the most efficient way to read a bit at a particular position in a byte?
Re: Most efficient way to read a bit from a byte? 80 80
By definition the byte is the smallest size object that can be addressed, so you have to read the whole byte and work with that.
Off the top of my head, I can't think of anything likely to be faster than the simple and obvious approach, particularly if the compiler can identify and optimise.
if (byte & 8) \\ i.e. if (byte & b00001000) - testing for bit marked one
Maybe someone has some super-fast cleverness, though.
Re: Most efficient way to read a bit from a byte? 80 80
Here is a sample of code to test for a set bit. Adapt as necessary.
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
 unsigned char target_byte = 0x81;
 unsigned int i = 0; /* Always initialize variables - much safer! */
 for (i = 0x01; i <= 0x80; i = (i << 1))
 {
 fprintf(stdout, "Reading bit %.02x\n", (unsigned char) i);
 if ((unsigned char)i & target_byte)
 {
 fprintf(stdout, "Bit %.02x is set\n", (unsigned char)i);
 }
 }
 return 0;
}
Re: Most efficient way to read a bit from a byte? 80 80
What is the most efficient way to read a bit at a particular position in a byte?
Amazingly enough, it depends on the bit in question. A general approach to reading any bit neglects tricks for reading specific bits more concisely (ie. using fewer instructions), and thus "faster".
Re: Most efficient way to read a bit from a byte? 80 80
Using the right shift (>>) operator is the quicker, if not the quickest, method.
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How To Adjust To Living In Australia As An International Student
How To Adjust To Living In Australia As An International Student
Australia has many great world-ranked universities that welcome international students. Many students are excited to study in Australia. But some may find themselves homesick or dour once they are in Australia. This is natural for everyone who moves to a different country, particularly to one that is considerably different from yours. If you are having trouble adjusting to the Australian life as a student, here are several tips that may improve your situation:
Improve Your Language Skills
Is speaking the main local language giving you a headache? Aussies are known for their unique slang and accents. For some international students, this can create communication issues. If that's the case with you, take up an extra English course in Melbourne if none are available at your uni. Learn the local variant of the language and familiarise yourself with the accent. You might even be able to learn some local slang. It will help you in your studies later as well.
Find Local Friends
Locals may seem strange at first, but once you get to know them, the differences disappear. So get out of your comfort zone and find a local friend or two you can hang out with. It would be a different experience. They can help you navigate the new country and learn local customs and norms. You can also teach them things about your country. International education is largely about meeting new people from other cultures. So, be brave and strike up a conversation with locals to find new friends.
Go Exploring on the Weekends
There's a whole new country out there outside of your campus grounds. So go out there and explore it for yourself. When you go to cool new places, Australia would seem less strange and more exciting. You can ask another student or a local friend to escort you to new places. Or you can just do an online search and travel solo. Spend your less busy weekends travelling to instantly improve your sour mood.
Allow Yourself Time to Adjust
Expect that you won't get used to Australia right away. It will take some time for you to adjust to the new environment. Therefore, don't hesitate to allow yourself time to get used to everything. The time may differ depending on your personality. Generally speaking, take things slow and don't overwhelm yourself. You will soon start to feel better.
Distract or Busy Yourself
If you can't fix your mood, then distract yourself. Take up a new hobby or a sport that will keep your mind occupied. The uni studies could also be a source of stress that making your temperament worse. Learning a new sport or getting a new hobby may relieve all that stress.
Hang Out with Expats from Your Own Country
No one understands your situation better than other students or expats from your own country or culture. So meet up with some of them and ask for help in adjusting. Most will more than willing to help. There are possibly international student organizations inside the campus to ask education help from as well.
Use the above suggestions to learn to navigate Australia better. Taking up uni studies can make the stress of a new country even worse. So pace yourself and learn to relax. Find friends and get a hobby as recommended above to feel better soon.


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Cultural Competency
To help students develop cultural competency, a CITE co-curricular learning activity can include reflection on the students' cultural worldview and their understanding of other worldviews and may encourage students to examine how different cultural perspectives are valuable to the development of community. It may teach and require students to demonstrate specific skills necessary to successfully navigate cultural contexts that are unfamiliar to them. Here are some practical ways to incorporate this student learning outcome:
 - Before planning a health fair for a local community, students are required to talk to community members about their attitudes and awareness of specific health issues and about health challenges that are unique to their community.
 - While on a learning abroad trip, students are given opportunities to proactively engage with natives of the community and are required to incorporate these interactions in a final paper that discusses art and culture in the region.
CITE has developed the Cultural Competency Rubric Templatebased on the AAC&U's Problem Solving VALUE Rubric, to assist program leaders in developing their own rubrics for this learning outcome. You are welcome to draw on the linked editable file while designing a rubric for your program.


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An enigmatic house in the Coast River of Buenos Aires
Have you ever wondered what that little house that can be seen in the waters of the river from the North Boardwalk of Buenos Aires is? What's its purpose? Why is it there?
The idea of building this house emerged after the epidemics of cholera and yellow fever 140 years ago. By that time the risk of drinking contaminated water or being in contact with it was high as this favored the spread of the two epidemics that left behind14,000 fatalities. That was the reason for the building of what is now seen in the distance as an enigmatic house. It was part of a project in 1874, aimed at providing drinking water to 400,000 people.
The original intention was to take water from the river and send it to the treatment plant. The idea had a short life due to the expansion of the population in Buenos Aires. Currently this building can be seen 900 yards offshore.


text:
Industry Insights webinar to highlight irrigation and water management
The Irrigation Association (IA) will host an Industry Insights webinar June 20 (2-3 p.m. EST) titled "From Irrigation to Water Management."
This session, worth 1 CEU, will be hosted by DJ Seeger, president of Seeger Water. Seeger will provide a picture of the future of the irrigation and green industries. As water resources become scarcer and more expensive, homeowners and property managers are relying on irrigation professionals to keep their landscapes healthy, while reducing consumption. Through new technologies such as flow sensors and central control, irrigators are taking control of water usage and are critical in the future of water conservation. Attendees will learn about the technology, industry best practices and business strategies to lead the industry paradigm shift from irrigation to water management.
Seeger is an authority on water management and conservation, and works with regulatory authorities, professional associations, water purveyors and competitors to promote environmental sustainability and water conservation.


text:
Forest Fire Management Victoria (FFMVic) has a fuel reduction burn planned for 2020 in the Cabbage Tree Palms Flora Reserve, two kilometres southwest of Cabbage Tree Creek.
FFMVic says this burn is important to protect the town, surrounding private land and the reserve's environmental values from summer bushfires.
"The felling of hazardous trees along a section of the perimeter on one side of the reserve is part of FFMVic's standard burn preparation work that has been carried out to detailed specifications," FFMVic Snowy District manager, Craig Chapman, said.
"This work was done to create a safe working platform for crews to conduct the planned burn. It involves the removal of trees that could fall on firefighters during the burning operation and the creation of a buffer zone on the edge of the burn area for firefighters to work from.
"All the relevant permits have been obtained for this work, and biodiversity and cultural heritage values assessments have been made. There are mitigations and strategies in place to protect the identified values such as the Cabbage Fan-palms and other native flora and fauna. The Flora Reserve rainforest areas will not be burnt." Gippsland Environment Group
(GEG) has described the planned burn as an excessive and extremely environmentally damaging operation. reparable damage" to the roadsides into the Cabbage Tree Palms Flora Reserve near Cape Conran, and into the old Mitchell River Weir and Billygoat Bend in the Mitchell River National Park.
"Visitirs to East Gippsland's favourite holiday destinations over the Queen's Birthday long weekend discovered to their horror that their favourite bush haunts had been transformed into a virtual logging coupe," Louise Crisp, secretary of GEG, said.
"DELWP and Parks Victoria have permitted hundreds, possibly thousands, of trees to be felled in protected areas in what is clearly an excessive and extremely environmentally damaging operation.
"The Cabbage Tree Palms Reserve has now been partially destroyed by DELWP contractors. The Cabbage Fan-palm is one of the earliest flowering plants to appear on earth.
"The stand at Cabbage Tree Creek is the southernmost stand in Australia. The Fan-palms were observed by government botanist Ferdinand Von Meuller in 1854. In 1886 the Tambo Shire reserved 100 acres along the Cabbage Tree Creek to protect the palms and the surrounding warm temperate rainforest."
Ms Crisp said the vital protective vegetation buffer has been eliminated and bulldozers driven straight through damp gullies at the edge of the wetland.
"The Minister for Environment, Lily D'Ambrosio, must intervene immediately to put a stop to the carnage and investigate DELWP's assault on nature in East Gippsland." Ms Crisp said.
FFMVic said local residents and relevant stakeholders have been informed and consulted about the planned burn, which is planned for autumn 2020 if/when weather conditions allow.
IMAGE: Trees felled at the Cabbage Tree Palms Flora Reserve in preparation for a 2020 Forest Fire Management planned burn. (PS)


How to Remove Asbestos From Air
Posted on
How to Remove Asbestos From Air Conditioner Filters, asbestosdefinition.com | How to remove asbestos from the air is the subject of heated discussion. A simple method is to stop breathing in the fibers, while a more thorough and extensive approach is to chemically dissolve the particles.
The process of air drying is the basic and most frequently employed method for how to remove asbestos from the air. Though this method has its share of advantages, it is not necessarily the best. That distinction belongs to another method, called "thermal degradation".
How to Remove Asbestos From Air
By _URL_
If you want to know how to remove asbestos from the air, you must understand the way the procedure of cooling air in your home works. This will help you understand how this process can be used to effectively remove the material. Understanding how this works is important for several reasons.
One reason to understand how to remove asbestos from the air is to prevent this dangerous material from spreading throughout your house. As you may already know, there are many factors that can affect the quality of the air that you breathe. Even if the atmosphere inside your home is clean, an uncontaminated room is never safe to breathe.
All types of asbestos, whether naturally occurring or manufactured, can cause health problems. Workers who have come into contact with the material have had different reports about how to remove asbestos from the air. Some workers claim that they developed lung diseases because of their exposure, while others have been able to breathe in as much of the material as they wanted to.
Another reason to know how to remove asbestos from the air is to avoid damage to your home. For instance, some people try to use commercially manufactured filters when they have an air conditioner and heating system in their homes. This is to save money on maintenance costs, but what they do not realize is that these filters can contain this material.
Asbestos Definition and How It Affects Your Life Entirely
What exactly is the best way to remove asbestos from the air? In essence, it depends on the level of contamination. For some households, the best way to accomplish this is to purchase the equipment and the chemical necessary to make the process possible. For other households, the only realistic way to get rid of the material is to install a system that will do the job without adding chemicals that are harmful to you and your family.
Many of the solutions available to control the spread of asbestos from air can include very harsh chemicals. If you are interested in keeping the dust and debris from settling around your home, you must be willing to accept these chemicals. When you combine these chemicals with some very large machines, the result can be downright dangerous.
However, if you want to learn how to remove asbestos from the air, it is necessary to understand how the particles actually work their way through the filter of the air conditioning system. Simply put, they bond to a particular surface of the filter, and then the fibers are pulled out of the filter as well. This process is called matrix bonding.
The problem is that some types of asbestos, such as the so-called brown asbestos, do not like to bond with this type of material. They will attach to the very surface of the filter rather than the inner fibers. The only way to effectively remove these fibers from your system is to replace the filters every three to five years.
Although using the same filter for every air conditioner system or heater will add some expense to your annual budget, it is still necessary to replace the filters every few years. Many homeowners believe that they do not need to replace them on a regular basis, but your system will be far less efficient when the filters become worn out. This is a waste of your time and money.
Once you learn how to remove asbestos from the air with an air conditioner filter, you can feel good about continuing to use your system. If the particles ever become lodged in your air ducts, the only option you have is to contact a professional. call an HVAC technician to remove the materials and replace them with new ones.
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The Radius Blog
International Employment Q&A
Last week's webinar Beyond At-Will: International Employment Best Practices encouraged a lot of discussion.There were several interesting questions from attendees for HSP's human resources expert Chris Davies; here are some of the highlights, and answers:
We employ sales people around the world. What are the considerations which would trigger the need to establish a formal local presence (representative office, branch or subsidiary) vs. an independent contractor agreement (current practice)?
You need to determine whether or not you have triggered permanent establishment in country. This will depend on what business activities are being conducted. Generally speaking, contracts are being concluded in-country and activities are generating taxable revenue, you will probably trigger permanent establishment and require an entity. For more on PE triggers, see here. Some general information on common entity types is available here.
Should I be concerned about an audit once I do set up an entity and move my "contractors" to employee status?
If authorities are already knocking on your door and beginning the audit process, it may be too later to make the transfer from contractor to employee. The audit could result in your company paying the relevant back taxes, interest and penalties. Additionally, those former contractors may have the right to be reimbursed for their employment rights reverting back to their start dates.
Which countries in EMEA require documentation (except contracts of employment) in local languages?
France is one example. Belgium and the Netherlands have a number of language options based on location. There are many more countries where it is not mandated, but using local language is still considered a best practice. The reason is that if there is fallout with an employee, that worker cannot go to a labor court and claim that the documents were misunderstood due to a language difference.
Do local rules and regulations apply to expats in some countries?
By definition, an expatriate retains home employment status and is merely in another country to perform certain business activities. Hence, they are not typically subject to local rules and regulations. However, it can depend on the assignment itself. If it's short term, the answer is likely no. But if the expatriate agreement is written to be indefinite and habitually works in another country, it could mean that the local authorities would consider and treat the worker as a local employee, governed by local rules.
We are looking to hire a contractor in Brazil, where is the best place to go find all of the information we need to understand the appropriate compensation, compensation in lieu of benefits, and statutory requirements?
It all depends on your company's specific circumstances, industry and intended geography. One place to start seeking more information on Brazil would be our recent webinar covering doing business there; slides and recording are available here. However, to get specific details, we would be happy to discuss this further with you and work with our local partners to get the most up to date data for you.
If we included a statement that certain benefits would be provided in the labor contract and have since determined it is not in our best interest to offer all items. How do we rectify the situation? Additionally, if we want to update contracts with the flexibility language what do you recommend?
It depends on the specific situation. If you have specific benefits that the employee is contractually entitled to and which you would like to change, communication is the key here. You may be surprised by how employees are willing to support their employer for the right reasons. The company may reserve the right to modify or withdraw the plan, but again, you want to keep employees in the know.
If we only have 1 or 2 EEs that we are hiring in the U.K. and don't want to have a local bank account can we still get some U.K. insurers to provide "social welfare benefits"?
Social welfare benefits are automatic and are not contingent upon whether you have a U.K. bank account.
What are the best resources to keep up with international benefits/laws? and the HSP newsletter are great places to start. There are a plethora of additional legal resources available, but it is the interpretation and how you apply the knowledge and updates to your business that really counts. To ensure you have the correct tailored advice and guidance for all of your international locations, you will want to work with an experienced international business services firm. We're happy to setup some time to discuss your specific needs.


Surgical experience and different glove wearing conditions affect tactile sensibility
Tanita Man, Jun Jiang, Manuela Schulz, Haydar Kükrek, Julia Betzl, Hans Günther Machens, Holger C. Erne, Philipp Moog
Publikation: Beitrag in FachzeitschriftArtikelBegutachtung
Abstract
Background: The fingers' tactile sensibility is essential in surgery, especially in microsurgery. Therefore, surgeons seeking to improve their performance often prefer certain glove brands and wearing habits. There is the need of objectively testing these glove wearing conditions and determine the effect of surgical experience with regard to tactile sensibility by comparing surgeons with non-surgeons. Methods: This cross-sectional single-center pilot-study was conducted between June and August 2021. Two groups of 27 surgeons and 27 non-surgeons underwent two-point-discrimination (2PD) and Semmes-Weinstein monofilament testing (SWMT) of both index fingers with bare hands and with wearing six different brands of surgical gloves. Different wearing conditions, such as single-gloving, double-gloving, well-fitted, under- and oversized gloves, were evaluated within and between the groups. Results: Most glove types decreased tactile sensibility (2PD and SWMT) of surgeons and non-surgeons. Interestingly, the thinnest gloves showed similar 2PD values to bare hands in both groups. Double-gloving negatively impacted SWMT, without influencing 2PD. Undersized gloves showed better 2PD and SWMT than well-fitted gloves, while oversized gloves showed no tactile drawbacks. With bare hands and certain glove conditions, the surgeons' 2PD and SWMT was significantly better than the non-surgeons', indicating a positive effect of surgical experience on tactile sensibility. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated the positive impact of surgical experience on tactile sensibility, as demonstrated by the surgeons. The sensibility of the gloved hand varies on the surgical glove type, but favors thinner gloves, single gloving (rather than double gloving) and undersized or well-fitted gloves.
OriginalspracheEnglisch
Aufsatznummere12550
FachzeitschriftHeliyon
Jahrgang8
Ausgabenummer12
DOIs
PublikationsstatusVeröffentlicht - Dez. 2022
Extern publiziertJa
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text: Treacherous Faith offers a new and ambitious cross-disciplinary account of the ways writers from the early English Reformation to the Restoration generated, sustained, or questioned cultural anxieties about heresy and heretics. This book examines the dark, often brutal story of defining,constructing, and punishing heretics in early modern England, and especially the ways writers themselves contributed to or interrogated the politics of religious fear-mongering and demonizing. It illuminates the terrors and anxieties early modern writers articulated and the fantasies theyconstructed about pernicious heretics and pestilent heresies in response to the Reformation's shattering of Western Christendom. Treacherous Faith analyzes early modern writers who contributed to cultural fears about the contagion of heresy and engaged in the making of heretics, as well as writerswho challenged the constructions of heretics and the culture of religious fear-mongering.The responses of early modern writers in English to the specter of heresy and the making of heretics were varied, complex, and contradictory, depending on their religious and political alignments. Some writers (for example, Thomas More, Richard Bancroft, and Thomas Edwards) used their rhetoricalresourcefulness and inventiveness to contribute to the politics of heresy-making and the specter of cunning, diabolical heretics ravaging the Church, the state, and thousands of souls; others (for example, John Foxe) questioned within certain cultural limitations heresy-making processes and theviolence and savagery that religious demonizing provoked; and some writers (for example, Anne Askew, John Milton, and William Walwyn) interrogated with great daring and inventiveness the politics of religious demonizing, heresy-making, and the cultural constructions of heretics. Treacherous Faith examines the complexities and paradoxes of the heresy-making imagination in early modern England: the dark fantasies, anxieties, terrors, and violence it was capable of generating, but also the ways the dreaded specter of heresy could stimulate the literary creativity of earlymodern authors engaging with it from diverse religious and political perspectives. Treacherous Faith is a major interdisciplinary study of the ways the literary imagination, religious fears, and demonizing interacted in the early modern world. This study of the early modern specter of heresy contributes to work in the humanities seeking to illuminate the changing dynamics ofreligious fear, the rhetoric of religious demonization, and the powerful ways the literary imagination represents and constructs religious difference.


, error message is to be copied to PImgLoadFileInstance-> errbuf, which is char[256]. On an extreme severe error codec may call croak(), which jumps to the closest G_EVAL block. If there is no G_EVAL blocks then program aborts. This condition could also happen if codec calls some Prima code that issues croak(). This condition is untrappable, - at least without calling perl functions. Understanding that that behavior is not acceptable, it is still under design.
Multiple-frame load
In order to indicate that a codec is ready to read multiframe images, it must set PImgCodecInfo-> canLoadMultiple flag to true. This only means, that codec should respond to the PImgLoadFileInstance-> frame field, which is integer that can be in range from 0 to PImgLoadFileInstance-> frameCount - 1. It is advised that codec should change the frameCount from its original value -1 to actual one, to help Prima filter range requests before they go down to the codec. The only real problem that may happen to the codec which it strongly unwilling to initialize frameCount, is as follows. If a loadAll request was made ( corresponding boolean PImgLoadFileInstance-> loadAll flag is set for codec's information) and frameCount is not initialized, then Prima starts loading all frames, incrementing frame index until it receives an error. Assuming the first error it gets is an EOF, it reports no error, so there's no way for a high-level code to tell whether there was an loading error or an end-of-file condition. Codec may initialize frameCount at any time during open_load() or load(), even together with false return value.
Saving
Approach for handling saving requests is very similar to a load ones. For the same reason and with same restrictions functions save_defaults() open_save(), save() and close_save() are defined. Below shown a typical saving code and highlighted differences from load. As an example we'll take existing codec_X11.c, which defines extra hot spot coordinates, x and y.
 static HV *
 save_defaults( PImgCodec c)
 {
 HV * profile = newHV();
 pset_i( hotSpotX, 0);
 pset_i( hotSpotY, 0);
 return profile;
 }
 static void *
 open_save( PImgCodec instance, PImgSaveFileInstance fi)
 {
 return (void*)1;
 }
 static Bool
 save( PImgCodec instance, PImgSaveFileInstance fi)
 {
 PImage i = ( PImage) fi-> object;
 Byte * l;
 ...
 fprintf( fi-> f, "#define %s_width %d\n", name, i-> w);
 fprintf( fi-> f, "#define %s_height %d\n", name, i-> h);
 if ( pexist( hotSpotX))
 fprintf( fi-> f, "#define %s_x_hot %d\n", name, (int)pget_i( hotSpotX));
 if ( pexist( hotSpotY))
 fprintf( fi-> f, "#define %s_y_hot %d\n", name, (int)pget_i( hotSpotY));
 fprintf( fi-> f, "static char %s_bits[] = {\n ", name);
 ...
 // printing of data bytes is omitted
 }
 static void
 close_save( PImgCodec instance, PImgSaveFileInstance fi)
 {
 }
Save request takes into account defined supported types, that are defined in PImgCodecInfo-> saveTypes. Prima converts image to be saved into one of these formats, before actual save() call takes place. Another boolean flag, PImgSaveFileInstance-> append is summoned to govern appending to or rewriting a file, but this functionality is under design. Its current value is a hint, if true, for a codec not to rewrite but rather append the frames to an existing file. Due to increased complexity of the code, that should respond to the append hint, this behavior is not required.
Codec may set two of PImgCodecInfo flags, canSave and canSaveMultiple. Save requests will never be called if canSave is false, and append requests along with multiframe save requests would be never invoked for a codec with canSaveMultiple set to false. Scenario for a multiframe save request is the same as for a load one. All the issues concerning palette, data converting and saving extra information are actual, however there's no corresponding flag like loadExtras - codec is expected to save all information what it can extract from PImgSaveFileInstance-> objectExtras hash.
Registering with image subsystem
Finally, the code have to be registered. It is not as illustrative but this part better not to be oversimplified. A codec's callback functions are set into ImgCodecVMT structure. Those function slots that are unused should not be defined as dummies - those are already defined and gathered under struct CNullImgCodecVMT. That's why all functions in the illustration code were defined as static. A codec have to provide some information that Prima uses to decide what codec should load this particular file. If no explicit directions given, Prima asks those codecs whose file extensions match to file's. init() should return pointer to the filled struct, that describes codec's capabilities:
 // extensions to file - might be several, of course, thanks to dos...
 static char * myext[] = { "duf", "duff", nil };
 // we can work only with 1-bit/pixel
 static int mybpp[] = {
 imbpp1 | imGrayScale, // 1st item is a default type
 imbpp1,
 0 }; // Zero means end-of-list. No type has zero value.
 // main structure
 static ImgCodecInfo codec_info = {
 "DUFF", // codec name
 "Numb & Number, Inc.", // vendor
 _LIBDUFF_VERS_MAJ, _LIBDUFF_VERS_MIN, // version
 myext, // extension
 "DUmb Format", // file type
 "DUFF", // file short type
 nil, // features
 "", // module
 true, // canLoad
 false, // canLoadMultiple
 false, // canSave
 false, // canSaveMultiple
 mybpp, // save types
 nil, // load output
 };
 static void *
 init( PImgCodecInfo * info, void * param)
 {
 *info = &codec_info;
 return (void*)1; // just non-null, to indicate success
 }
The result of init() is stored into PImgCodec-> instance, and info into PImgCodec-> info. If dynamic memory was allocated for these structs, it can be freed on done() invocation. Finally, the function that is invoked from Prima, is the only that required to be exported, is responsible for registering a codec:
 void
 apc_img_codec_duff( void )
 {
 struct ImgCodecVMT vmt;
 memcpy( &vmt, &CNullImgCodecVMT, sizeof( CNullImgCodecVMT));
 vmt. init = init;
 vmt. open_load = open_load;
 vmt. load = load;
 vmt. close_load = close_load;
 apc_img_register( &vmt, nil);
 }
This procedure can register as many codecs as it wants to, but currently Prima is designed so that one codec_XX.c file should be connected to one library only.
The name of the procedure is apc_img_codec_ plus library name, that is required for a compilation with Prima. File with the codec should be called codec_duff.c ( is our case) and put into img directory in Prima source tree. Following these rules, Prima will be assembled with libduff.a ( or duff.lib, or whatever, the actual library name is system dependent) - if the library is present.
AUTHOR
Dmitry Karasik, <_EMAIL_>.
SEE ALSO
Prima, Prima::Image, Prima::internals, Prima::image-load


text:
Our Mission, Vision, and Beliefs/Values
The Flynn Center for the Performing Arts fosters the enjoyment, understanding, and development of the performing arts in Vermont through diverse and engaging artistic experiences.
The Flynn is Vermont's premier home for diverse performing arts programming and education, collaborating with artists, organizations, schools and the community to encourage the creation, appreciation, and understanding of the arts. We seek to nurture a vibrant arts community, foster artistic excellence, and bring people together for powerful shared experiences that inspire a creative exchange of ideas.
The arts touch people's lives in profound ways: in their understanding of themselves, their connection to local and world communities and cultures, and in their understanding of their own creativity. The arts provide these qualities to the greater public for the social and economic benefits that the shared performance experience provides. The Flynn's belief in these sustaining principles manifests in the following forms:
- Providing quality, diverse opportunities for shared artistic experiences for all, inspiring participation in the creation, understanding, and appreciation of the arts.
- Fostering artistic development of established, emerging, and aspiring regional, national, and international artists.
- Collaborating with artists and arts organizations, community partners, and businesses in pursuit of mutual goals and richer cultural experiences.
- Appreciating the value of our audiences, the talent of our artists, the generosity of our funders, the dedication of our staff, board, and volunteers, and the integrity of our communities.
- Creating a dynamic learning organization.
- Responding to demographic shifts in our community.
- Embracing an internal staff culture that values innovation and cooperation, utilizes talent and skills, and provides opportunities for growth and learning.
- Providing excellent customer service with a constant focus on patron/participant experience at every contact point.
- Staying current with technological advances.
- Preserving our historic facilities within an environmentally responsible framework whenever possible.
- Maintaining prudent financial planning and management to secure future viability and sustainability.


text:
How can I delete a task?
You can delete a task from the List View of Tasks or the Summary View of the record provided you are an Admin user or have delete permissions.
- To delete a task from the List View, go to Essentials > Tasks. Select the task and click the Delete icon displayed above the list view records.
- To delete a task from its Summary View, open the task, click the More icon located beside the task name and click the Delete icon.
© Copyright 2021 Vtiger. All rights reserved.


text:
Iloilo City is undergoing a significant transformation in its public transportation network with a focus on modernization and sustainability. The city is implementing the Local Public Transport Route Plan (LPTRP), launched in June 2022, to improve public transport services.
Under the LPTRP, Iloilo City is introducing 1,782 modernized jeepneys to replace older models, with 500 units already operating within the city limits. These modernized vehicles are set to follow 17 existing routes, 7 new routes, and 1 enhanced new/developmental route. Restrictions have been placed on traditional jeepneys, limiting their operation to designated terminals in the city to streamline traffic and reduce congestion.
In February 2023, the Western Visayas Transportation Cooperative deployed 95 new modern jeepneys across 13 routes in Iloilo City. These jeepneys offer a host of amenities including air-conditioning, CCTV systems, Wi-Fi, GPS, and a cashless payment system, all while adhering to European emission standards for reduced environmental impact.
Future projects are underway to further revolutionize transportation in Iloilo. The city is in the process of reviewing a proposal for a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system, envisioned to significantly improve the efficiency of public transportation. The BRT system aims to reduce traffic congestion and provide a fast, reliable, and eco-friendly mode of travel for residents.
In an effort to further modernize the city's transport system, a mobile app-based bike-sharing system is being explored. This initiative will promote a healthy lifestyle and provide a sustainable alternative to motorized transport, potentially alleviating traffic congestion.
The move towards electrification of public transport is gaining momentum with plans to introduce a fleet of electric buses. These buses are expected to be integrated with the proposed BRT system, representing a leap forward in the city's commitment to sustainable and green transport solutions.
The ambitious PHP189 billion Panay-Guimaras-Negros Bridge project is set to significantly reduce travel times, cutting the current four-hour journey (via ferries/RORO) between Panay and Negros islands to approximately one hour by land. This monumental infrastructure is anticipated to be a catalyst for economic growth and enhanced inter-island connectivity.
A significant upgrade is also on the horizon for the Iloilo International Airport, with Transportation Secretary Jaime Bautista advocating for its privatization. The goal is to expand the airport's capacity to handle 10 million passengers annually, thereby boosting tourism and spurring economic development in the region.
However, these developments are not without their challenges. The phase-out of traditional jeepneys in favor of modernized alternatives has met with some resistance from drivers and operators.
The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) and the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) are actively supporting displaced drivers through the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP). TESDA Director General, Tonisito Umali, announced that 900 scholarship grants have been provided to aid drivers and their beneficiaries, aiming to ensure that the transition to modern vehicles is both fair and inclusive.
Infrastructure limitations also pose a hurdle, with concerns that the current infrastructure may not adequately support a fully modernized system, particularly the proposed BRT.
Moreover, public awareness is a critical aspect of these changes. Ensuring that the public is well-informed about new routes and system upgrades is essential for a smooth transition. The city is therefore investing in public information campaigns to facilitate understanding and cooperation from all stakeholders.
As Iloilo City navigates through these transformations, the collective efforts of government agencies, transport operators, and the public will be paramount in realizing a modern, efficient, and sustainable transportation network for the future.


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Background/purpose: To better define the indications for peritoneal drainage (PD) in premature babies with intestinal perforation, the authors reviewed their experience with this procedure in a tertiary neonatal intensive care setting.
Methods: The charts of all neonates who underwent PD as initial treatment for intestinal perforation between 1996 and 1999 were reviewed. Those patients with pneumatosis intestinalis on abdominal radiograph had perforated necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) diagnosed; whereas, those infants with no pneumatosis had isolated intestinal perforation diagnosed. The clinical characteristics and outcomes of these 2 groups were compared.
Results: Twenty-one premature neonates had primary PD between 1996 and 1999, 10 for isolated intestinal perforation and 11 for perforated NEC. Patients with isolated intestinal perforation had lower birth weights (708 v 949 g; P <.05), were less likely to have started feedings (30% v 91%, P <.05), and the perforation developed at an earlier age (10.6 v 28.0 d, P <.05) compared with the patients who had perforated NEC. Only 2 of 10 infants with isolated perforation required subsequent laparotomy (at 10 weeks for stricture and 12 weeks for a persistent fistula). For these patients, the long-term survival rate was 90%. In contrast, 8 of 11 infants with perforated NEC required laparotomy, and although the 30-day survival rate was 64%, the long-term survival rate was only 27%.
Conclusions: Peritoneal drainage provides successful and definitive treatment for most premature babies with isolated intestinal perforation. For neonates with perforation caused by NEC, peritoneal drainage may provide temporary stabilization, but most of these infants require subsequent laparotomy, and few survive.


Roman Republic, Semuncia
This Roman semuncia shows the head of Bellona, the goddess of war, on the obverse. The reverse depicts the typical motif on Roman bronze coins, the prora, a prow.
When the coin was issued, Rome was just waging the Second Punic War (218-201 BC) against the Carthaginians, whom the Romans also called Punici. The two parties had already fought a long and bloody war some decades earlier, the First Punic War (264-241 BC). It would take yet another war, the Third Punic War (149-146 BC), to settle the power balance in the Mediterranean once and for all. The Roman Republic would remain victorious, the Carthaginian state would perish.
Signet Sunflower Foundation


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Yes, using the same concept used in Junos would make things much easier.
On top of this, when I change the primary IP, it takes about 500ms to
see the change applied which is critical for real time applications.
Using more than one primary IP would solve this as well.
Also it seems that if I have a primary address and a secondary one
(alias), even though I make the primary address invalid (trying to force
the kernel to use the secondary first), the kernel still tries the
primary first regardless of its validity (I set the primary IP to 0.0.0.0).
Anybody has any comments about this?
Can anyone point out to me where is the code for primary/secondary IPs
in the kernel?
Thanks a lot,
Hasso Tepper wrote:
Henrik Nordstrom wrote:
On Thu, 16 Dec 2004, Hasso Tepper wrote:
And why I can't even choose which address is primary?
It is the first you add in a subnet.
Yes, but to change the primary I have remove old primary (and therefore all
secondaries) and assign new primary to the interface and then all
secondaries etc. I can't just tell "make this address which is secondary at
the moment, primary".
Configure this address to be the primary address of the protocol on
the interface. If the logical unit has more than one address, the
primary address is used by default as the source address when packets
originate from the interface and the destination does not indicate
the subnet (ie. multicast destination for example).
This is what the primary addresses is used for, indirectly via the
automatically created route entries.
No. There is only one primary address per interface and it is used if
destination address doesn't indicate which source address to use. Ie. if
packet is sent over eth1 to the address 188.8.131.52 and eth1 has addresses
192.168.0.1/24 and 10.10.10.1/24 which one choose for source address?
Configure this address to be the preferred address on the interface.
If you configure more than one address on the same subnet, the
preferred source address is chosen by default as the source address
when you originate packets to destinations on the subnet.
What is the difference from primary here?
This has same meaning as primary in the Linux. There is as many preferred
addresses on the interfaces as there is subnets - every subnet has one
preferred address. Preferred aadress is used if next hop indicates subnet -
if packet is sent to the 192.168.0.2, 192.168.0.1 is used as source; if
packet is sent to the 10.10.10.28, 10.10.10.1 is used as source.


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Try This at Home: Fish Out of Water
A persistence of vision illusion occurs when several discrete images are quickly flashed before the eye. These individual images are melded together by the eye and the brain to form a continuous image. This is the same sort of illusion that makes movies and cartoons appear as moving images.
What You Need
- 2 index cards
- Crayons or markers
- Clear tape
- 1 pencil
What To Do
Make sure you have an adult with you to supervise this experiment.
Draw and color a fishbowl, without any fish in it, on one index card.
Draw and color a fish, without a fishbowl or water, on the other index card. Make sure that the fish is the right size, and in the right place on the index card, to fit inside of the fishbowl.
Place the index cards back to back, so that both drawings are showing and are right-side up, and tape the top and sides of the cards together.
Stick the pencil in between the cards so that it is perpendicular to the bottom of the cards. Tape the pencil to the cards in this position.
Make a hypothesis! The fish and the bowl are not together. By spinning them quickly, do you think the fish will ever appear in the bowl?
Spin the cards by rolling the pencil in between both hands quickly. Do you see the fish in the bowl?
As you spin the pencil, each index card will flash before your eyes. The cells in the back of your eye, on the retina, will retain this image for just a little longer than you actually see it. The next image will flash so your cells will see this image as well. Your brain helps to combine the two images into one image; the fish looks like itís inside the fishbowl! You can also do this experiment using two different images, such as a bird in a tree or a puppy in a window. Similarly, many discrete images flash before your eyes when you watch television or go to a movie. The combination of your eyes and your brain work to form the images into one continuous image.
All humans are born colorblind–our color-seeing cells don't start working until we are 4 months old.


Issues with benefit plans and pension payments arise both upon hiring an employee and when they leave the job. There are also laws that allow employees who lose their jobs to continue the health coverage they had with their employer while they look for new work.
In addition, the employer in Olyphant is required to make sure the employee receives any benefits that were guaranteed in a contract when the employee started their work. Sometimes benefits are paid directly by the employer, while other instances of benefits require voluntary contributions from the worker. Also note that there can be a required minimum amount of time spent working for the employer in order for the employee to receive benefits.
What Employee Benefits are Protected by Pennsylvania law?
Under Pennsylvania law, employers who provide employees with medical plans owe them particular legal duties. For example, they must disclose important health plan information, and employees must be provided with a fair process when reviewing their claims according to the plan. For employees who lost their jobs, there are some laws that allow them to continue the health care plan they had with their previous employer while they actively look for a new job.
Employers in the city of Olyphant also owe their employees legal duties with regard to pension plans. First, the law requires that they provide any benefits that were promised to their employee in any given benefit agreement. Second, employers bear the risk of any investments that are made on behalf of an employee according to a matched contribution plan
How can a Olyphant, Pennsylvania Pension and Benefits Attorney Help?


Aggregate Design: Using Invariants as a Guide
How do you compose an aggregate? For me, aggregate design involves understanding the invariants. Invariants are business rules that must always be consistent. Understanding the invariants will guide your aggregate design. Everything I seemingly post ends up being about defining boundaries! Aggregates are yet another example of defining boundaries based on invariants and consistency.
YouTube
Check out my YouTube channel where I post all kinds of content that accompanies my posts including this video showing everything that is in this post.
Shipment
The example I'm going to use is the concept of a Shipment. You could think of this as a food delivery service. You have food that gets picked up at a restaurant and delivered to your house. The shipment consists of 2 stops. The Pickup, which is the restaurant, and the Delivery which is your house.
Aggregate Design: Using Invariants as a Guide
The important aspect about a stop is they have to go through a state transition. The initial state of a stop is In Transit. Once the delivery person arrives at the restaurant to pick up the food, the stop then enters the Arrived state. Once the delivery person leaves the restaurant with the food and on their way to your house, the stop is now in a Departed state.
Invariants
There are a couple of invariants within our shipment.
 1. A stop must progress through its state transitions in the exact order outlined above.
 2. The delivery stop cannot arrive until the pickup stop has departed
The first invariant is fairly easy to control as we can have that logic within the stop itself.
The second invariant that the delivery stop cannot arrive until the pickup start is departed is a bit more difficult.
The issue is that an individual stop does not know about the other stops. Meaning the pickup stop object has no access to the delivery stop object. This is where an aggregate comes in.
Aggregates
An aggregate is a collection of domain objects that form a consistency boundary.
Our aggregate consists of the Shipment and Pickup and Delivery Stops. The Shipment is what is called the Aggregate Root.
The aggregate root is the gateway to all interactions within the aggregate. In other words, you only expose the aggregate root. The calling code cannot access Stops directly. Because of this, you can enforce invariants for the entire aggregate.
In the Arrive() method, we confirming that all prior Stops have been departed. This enforces that the Stops are done in the correct order. Meaning that the Pickup stop is going through its full state progression before we can start the state progression of the Delivery.
Aggregate Design: Invariants
Use invariants as the guide to designing your aggregates. Invariants are business rules that must always be consistent. If you have invariants and are not using an aggregate, I recommend modeling it to try it out for yourself. You'll have fewer wonders about how the state changed because all interactions must go through the aggregate root. There's only one-way state can change.
Source Code
Developer-level members of my CodeOpinion YouTube channel get access to the full source for the working demo application available in a git repo. Check out the membership for more info.
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Model 8280-141 is the low-voltage version of the Woodward 723PLUS Analog Load Sharing Digital Speed Control. This digital speed control is used to control the load and speed of reciprocating engines that are in generator set service.
This includes those with flexible couplings, as the speed signal inputs on the 8280-414 support the use of either proximity switches (speed signal frequencies below 1000 Hz) or magnetic pickups (minimum 400 Hz magnetic pickup frequency). Other control options include tandem actuator outputs, 0–1 or 4–20 mA analog outputs, or 4–20 or 0–200 mA actuator outputs.
The 723PLUS part 8280-414 is CSA Certified (Class I, Division 2, Groups A, B, C, & D). According to Woodward Governor, when this controller is put into service per the instructions outlined in the product manual, the controller complies with the requirements of EN50081- 2 and EN50082-2.
The low voltage model 8280-414 has a 40 W nominal power consumption and requires an 18 to 40 Vdc voltage source. High voltage models (8280-415, 8280-481) require a voltage source of 90 to 150 Vdc. Models 8280-480 and 8280-481 are the low-speed versions for engines rated at 130 rpm or less. Aside from these voltage and engine speed rating differences, these three other models are identical to the 8280-414.


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Deputy Associate Administrator Alice C. Williams
Chairman Wynn, Ranking Member Shimkus, and Members of the Subcommittee, thank you for the opportunity to discuss the Department of Energy's (DOE) management of its stockpile of mercury located at the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) Y-12 National Security Complex in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. NNSA was established in 2000 as a separate organized agency within the U.S. Department of Energy responsible for enhancing national security through the military application of nuclear energy. NNSA maintains and enhances the safety, security, reliability and performance of the U.S. nuclear weapons stockpile; works to reduce global danger from weapons of mass destruction; provides the U.S. Navy with safe and effective nuclear propulsion; and responds to nuclear and radiological emergencies in the United States and abroad.
Presently, the stockpile of surplus mercury owned by NNSA is in safe, secure storage at the Y-12 National Security Complex and the Department has no plans to sell it. The mercury in storage was originally acquired by the Atomic Energy Commission in the 1950's and 1960's for the separation of lithium isotopes. The Cold War production of enriched lithium required millions of pounds of mercury. In 1963, the Y-12 lithium separation and enrichment program was shut down, and over the next several years the production process was dismantled and mercury was recovered. The mercury, some owned by the Department of Defense (DOD) and some by the Department of Energy, was placed in storage at Y-12. Over time, a significant quantity of the mercury was sold leaving 1,206 metric tons of the NNSA-owned mercury still in storage; the last time DOE sold mercury was in 1994. This is the single largest inventory of mercury in the DOE complex. The DOD-owned mercury stored at Y-12 was transferred to a DOD storage facility in 2005.
In the 1970's the NNSA mercury inventory was transferred from existing seamed flasks to new seamless flasks, each of which can hold about 76 pounds of mercury. Approximately 35,000 flasks, which are made of 3-L carbon steel and sealed with a threaded pipe plug, are stored in groups of 45 on wooden pallets. The pallets are stored up to three high in a single-story, solid block wall construction building that is used only for mercury storage. The building is approximately 150 feet by 90 feet and has a concrete floor that is sealed with a leak-proof coating. A 6 to 8-inch dike exists around the outer edge of the building to contain any material that could be released in the event of a spill. In other words, the building is constructed to be environmentally protective. In addition, the building is equipped with an automatic dry-pipe (water supply) fire suppression system and portable fire extinguishers. The building is located within security fences and boundaries as well as within the Perimeter Intrusion, Detection, and Assessment System at Y-12.
Continuous air monitoring and periodic visual inspections of the storage building are performed on a routine basis. The air monitoring is conducted at two locations near the storage building and includes monitoring airborne mercury vapor--measured concentrations are well below the current environmental and occupational health standards for inhalation exposure to mercury vapor. The visual inspections are performed on a quarterly basis for fire safety and to observe for leaks or abnormal conditions. There is no history of a flask that has leaked and the condition of the flasks appears good at this time.
Providing for long-term storage of mercury at the Y-12 National Security Complex will be costly. It has been estimated that storing the mercury for the next 40 years at Y-12 could cost about $42 million. The costs are related to maintenance of the building such as installing a new roof; reflasking if it is determined that the flasks storing the mercury have deteriorated significantly; air monitoring; visual inspections; security of the building; and facility management.
Following the decision by the Defense Nuclear Stockpile Center in 1994 to halt the sale of mercury, NNSA began to explore its options for the disposition of the surplus mercury at Y-12. One of these options was to sell the surplus mercury which resulted in the preparation of a draft Environmental Assessment (EA). The EA, which tiered from DOD's Final Mercury Management Environmental Impact Statement, analyzed the environmental impacts of several alternatives related to the management of mercury. Before the draft EA was finalized, NNSA decided in December 2006 to continue to store the surplus stockpile of mercury at the Y-12 site. This decision was based on several factors which included:
At this time we believe that continuing to store NNSA's stockpile of mercury at our Y-12 National Security Complex or identifying an alternate storage location is the right thing to do. It ensures that the mercury will not be released to the global environment thereby minimizing mercury emissions and reducing contamination levels in the environment of this toxic chemical.
This concludes my statement. I will be pleased to respond to your questions.


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Title of Work
Date of Work
35mm slide, digitized 2020
James Smith Pierce Collection: Folk and Outsider Image Collection
UND Art Collections Repository
Born in Brooklyn, New York, James Smith Pierce received his PhD in art history from Harvard University. During his career as a professor, Pierce also became an accomplished artist, whose artworks were included in important exhibitions (including a show on land art at the Hirshhorn Museum in Washington, DC) and books on contemporary earthworks and site-specific sculpture. Pierce was also a photographer, exhibition curator, and art collector.
Paul & his wife Mathilda originally emigrated to LaCrosse, Wisconsin from Germany in 1885. They raised five children on their farm and later left the farm's operations to one of their sons. In 1929, the couple decided to begin their own "retirement project". Building continued from _PHONE_, primarily in the summer months. Sculptures on the property included ships, fences, religious structures, and many other buildings. Many of the pieces on the property made of concrete and are covered in shattered glass and crockery. The Wegner Grotto is now owned by the Kohler Foundation which has preserved the pieces and added structural stabilization to the area.
The "Home" arch sculpture depicted in the photograph leads to the house on the farm property. This structure is covered in mostly crockery which is old, broken dishes. Connected to the arch is more fencing which is also decorated. This is just one of the many places where the couple's fencing can be seen.
Image is provided for educational purposes only. © University of North Dakota. All rights reserved.
35 mm slide in excellent condition.


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EOSCpilot has drafted a first governance framework to be discussed and further improved with the involvement of research communities research institutions, research infrastructures and research funding bodies to shape and oversee future development of the EOSC.
EOSC Resources Model
The EOSC Resources cover the range of services and facilities needed to support Open Science and Research in terms of technical, middleware, knowledge, access and facilitation services.
EOSC Stakeholder Forum
The structure of the Stakeholder Forum in the Steering layer is key for the Governance Decision Flow Model to be effective, to allow participation from all stakeholders both large and small, and to be open and transparent.


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The GS-4s were designed for high-speed passenger service and capable of 110 mph (180 km/h). (Timetable speed limit never exceeded 75 mph.) Southern Pacific's premier passenger trains were pulled by GS-4s, the Coast Daylight, San Joaquin Daylight, Lark, Cascade, Golden State and Sunset Limited, as well as many other Southern Pacific name trains. During wartime and in the first years after the war some of the GS-4 locomotives were painted entirely black; by 1948 all had been repainted into Daylight colors. Starting in March 1950 they were painted black again and had their side skirts removed for easier maintenance, and were re-assigned to the San Jose-San Francisco commute trains, freight service and the occasional San Joaquin Daylight (the GS-4 locomotives remained on that train as late as 1956 which made the San Joaquin Daylight the last streamliner train to be pulled by steam on the Southern Pacific) until new diesels arrived and they were retired. The last GS-4 engines were deskirted and painted black in 1956, and after a GS-4 pulled its passenger train in 1957 the GS-4s spent the last year on freight trains on the coast and valley routes and finally were retired in 1958. GS-4 number 4443 pulled one of the final movements of steam on the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1957.
PreservationEditSouthern Pacific 4449 is the only surviving GS-4 locomotive. Arguably, it is one of the most recognizable locomotives of all time. 4449 was donated to the City of Portland (in Oregon), in 1958 and moved to Oaks Amusement Park for static display. In December 1974, the locomotive was removed from Oaks Park to undergo restoration. From August 1975 to December 1976, 4449 shared duties with several other steam locomotives pulling the American Freedom Train throughout the U.S. The 4449 is still operational, and since mid-2012 it resides at the Oregon Rail Heritage Center in Portland along with other preserved locomotives and rolling stock.
The tender of SP 4444 (the last GS-4 to be scrapped) was kept and rebuilt by SP and was used as a "hammer car" to test impacts on hydracushion boxcars, but was scrapped in the early 1970s.


Good vibrations: Assessing the stability of snake venom composition after researcher-induced disturbance in the laboratory
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Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity contributes to intraspecific variation in traits of many animal species. Venom is an integral trait to the success and survival of many snake species, and potential plasticity in venom composition is important to account for in the context of basic research as well as in human medicine for treating the various symptoms of snakebite and producing effective anti-venoms. Researchers may unknowingly induce changes in venom variation by subjecting snakes to novel disturbances and potential stressors. We explored phenotypic plasticity in snake venom composition over time in captive Pacific rattlesnakes (Crotalus oreganus) exposed to vibration treatment, compared to an undisturbed control group. Venom composition did not change significantly in response to vibration, nor was there a detectable effect of overall time in captivity, even though snakes re-synthesized venom stores while subjected to novel disturbance in the laboratory. This result indicates that venom composition is a highly repeatable phenotype over short time spans and that the composition of venom within adult individuals may be resistant to or unaffected by researcher-induced disturbance. On the other hand, the change in venom composition, measured as movement along the first principle component of venom phenotype space, was associated with baseline corticosterone (CORT) levels in the snakes. While differential forms of researcher-induced disturbance may not affect venom composition, significant changes in baseline CORT, or chronic stress, may affect the venom phenotype, and further investigations will be necessary to assess the nature of the relationship between CORT and venom protein expression.
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