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Anders Dahlgren
About Anders Dahlgren
Anders Dahlgren is an art historian and an architect, and a PhD candidate in Art History and Visual Studies since September 2011. Dahlgren's PhD project is about the art, architectural and urban historical project Svensk stad (Swedish Towns), published in two volumes in 1950 and 1953. The project was conducted by the Art History Professor Gregor Paulsson (_PHONE_), but was a collective endeavour that included professionals from various academic disciplines. In the preface 15 people are mentioned as co-authors.
The PhD project investigates the historical and theoretical context of Svensk stad, how the project was carried out (the practice of research), how it has been received (the reception) and how it has influenced following architectural research and practice.


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||This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2010)|
Opacity is the measure of impenetrability to electromagnetic or other kinds of radiation, especially visible light. In radiative transfer, it describes the absorption and scattering of radiation in a medium, such as a plasma, dielectric, shielding material, glass, etc. An opaque object is neither transparent (allowing all light to pass through) nor translucent (allowing some light to pass through). When light strikes an interface between two substances, in general some may be reflected, some absorbed, some scattered, and the rest transmitted (also see refraction). Reflection can be diffuse, for example light reflecting off a white wall, or specular, for example light reflecting off a mirror. An opaque substance transmits no light, and therefore reflects, scatters, or absorbs all of it. Both mirrors and carbon black are opaque. Opacity depends on the frequency of the light being considered. For instance, some kinds of glass, while transparent in the visual range, are largely opaque to ultraviolet light. More extreme frequency-dependence is visible in the absorption lines of cold gases. Opacity can be quantified in many ways; for example, see the article mathematical descriptions of opacity.
Quantitative definition
The words "opacity" and "opaque" are often used as colloquial terms for objects or media with the properties described above. However, there is also a specific, quantitative definition of "opacity", used in astronomy, plasma physics, and other fields, given here.
In this use, "opacity" is another term for the mass attenuation coefficient (or, depending on context, mass absorption coefficient, the difference is described here) at a particular frequency of electromagnetic radiation.
More specifically, if a beam of light with frequency travels through a medium with opacity and mass density, both constant, then the intensity will be reduced with distance x according to the formula
- x is the distance the light has traveled through the medium
- is the intensity of light remaining at distance x
- is the initial intensity of light, at
For a given medium at a given frequency, the opacity has a numerical value that may range between 0 and infinity, with units of length2/mass.
Planck and Rosseland opacity
It is customary to define the average opacity, calculated using a certain weighting scheme. Planck opacity uses normalized Planck black body radiation energy density distribution as the weighting function, and averages directly. Rosseland opacity (after Svein Rosseland), on the other hand, uses a temperature derivative of Planck distribution (normalized) as the weighting function, and averages,
The photon mean free path is. The Rosseland opacity is derived in the diffusion approximation to the radiative transport equation. It is valid whenever the radiation field is isotropic over distances comparable to or less than a radiation mean free path, such as in local thermal equilibrium. In practice, the mean opacity for Thomson electron scattering is:
where is the hydrogen mass fraction. For nonrelativistic thermal bremsstrahlung, or free-free transitions, it is:
The Rosseland mean absorption coefficient including both scattering and absorption (also called the extinction coefficient) is:
See also
- Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)
- Mathematical descriptions of opacity
- Molar absorptivity
- Reflection (physics)
- Scattering theory

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Archive for February, 2010
Optimizing parameters
I came across a fun problem recently that gave me a good opportunity to exercise my approximation muscles.
Problem: Compute \displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{n + \sqrt{n} + \sqrt[3]{n} +... + \sqrt[n]{n}}{n}, if it exists.
The basic approach to such sums is that the first few terms contribute to the sum because they are large and the rest of the terms contribute to the sum because there are a lot of them, so it makes sense to approximate the two parts of the sum separately. This is an important idea, for example, in certain estimates in functional analysis.
Since \sqrt[k]{n} \ge 1, k \ge 2 it follows that the limit, if it exists, is at least \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{2n-1}{n} = 2. In fact, this is the precise value of the limit. We'll show this by giving progressively sharper estimates of the quantity
\displaystyle E_n = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{k=2}^{n} \left( \sqrt[k]{n} - 1 \right).
In the discussion that follows I'm going to ignore a lot of error terms to simplify the computations.
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Now that you know how to script a menu command, and you know how variables work, you are ready to combine the two.
Suppose you have selected a Sound in the object list. One of the commands available in the Query menu is Get power.... When you choose it, you will see the following settings window:
When you click OK, something like the following will appear in the Info window:
This is the mean power of the whole Sound.
In a script, you want to use the value of this power in the script itself, not in the Info window, perhaps because you want to do computations with it or because you want to report the value with a nice text around it. This is how you do the latter:
power = Get power: 0.0, 0.0
writeInfoLine: "The power of this sound is ", power, " Pascal-squared."
The first line of this script executes the menu command Get power..., but puts the value 0.1350605005239421 into the variable
power instead of into the Info window (the variable can have any name you like, as long as it starts with a lower-case letter and consists of letters and digits; see Scripting 5.1. Variables).
The second line then reports the value in the Info window, this time with a nice text around it:
© ppgb, January 11, 2014

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Definition of zorils
plural of zoril 1
The word "zorils" uses 6 letters: I L O R S Z.
No direct anagrams for zorils found in this word list.
Adding one letter to zorils does not form any other word in this word list.
Shorter words found within zorils:
is li lis lo loris oil oils or ors os roil roils si silo sir so soil sol soli sori sri zori zoril zoris
List shorter words within zorils, sorted by length
Words formed from any letters in zorils, plus an optional blank or existing letter
List all words starting with zorils, words containing zorils or words ending with zorils
All words formed from zorils by changing one letter
Other words with the same letter pairs: zo or ri il ls
Browse words starting with zorils by next letter
Previous word in list: zorillos
Next word in list: zoris
Some random words: el


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How ocean water vapor may be an answer to a climate change issue
DWANE BROWN, HOST:
Of all the water on Earth, only about 2 1/2 percent is fresh water, and it's also vanishing fast due to climate change.
LEILA FADEL, HOST:
But researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign say climate change is also creating fresh water in the form of ocean vapor.
PRAVEEN KUMAR: And if we could tap into that resource, we could supply fresh water without the need to desalinate.
BROWN: Praveen Kumar is a professor who specializes in climate-driven changes in the water cycle. Kumar says existing methods to meet freshwater demands, like seeding clouds to make rain or removing salt from seawater, are inadequate and unsustainable.
FADEL: So as global temperatures keep rising, his research team set out to find a long-term solution.
KUMAR: Warmer air holds more moisture. We're also looking at warming of the ocean's surfaces. And as a result, evaporation will increase. So essentially, more evaporation and more moisture in the air and, therefore, more water.
BROWN: Now, the study focused on 14 water-stressed cities around the world. The objective - to see whether it would be feasible to capture ocean vapor and turn it into fresh water.
KUMAR: What we envision for this work is a capture surface. So if you think about putting something, say, in the ocean west of Los Angeles, with about 9 to 10 such structures meeting the entire drinking needs of the Los Angeles population.
FADEL: The researchers say what they need next is some kind of apparatus to make this happen.
KUMAR: It is now feasible to approach it from an infrastructure and a large-scale investment perspective and solve the problem.
BROWN: Kumar says capturing moisture from over the oceans could provide a sustainable fresh water supply and solve one of the planet's great challenges. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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Editor's note: This is the eighth of a nine-part series that follows the European tour of one of the Smithsonian's most treasured coins, the 1933 Double Eagle, affectionately known as "Our Girl."
Reaching the end of the tour, curator Karen Lee and "Our Girl" have arrived at the last stop for the historic 1993 Double Eagle traveling display in Helsinki, Finland. The Finnish language comes from a rare Uralic group that is most closely related to Estonian and distantly related to Hungarian. "Our Girl" has certainly heard many different languages spoken during this trip, but rarest of all is Finnish.
Lots of press covered the opening of the show in Helsinki and the news of our arrival even reached the Arctic Circle.
With "Our Girl" in Helsinki, the interns went searching for Finnish coins in the National Numismatic Collection, and found this exciting tidbit.
The Finland 500 markkaa, commemorating the 1952 Helsinki Olympics. "Suomi," inscribed on the reverse, is actually Finnish for "Finland." The markkaa was the first unit of Finnish currency. As part of the Russian empire, they had used the Russian ruble before 1860.
The Olympics! The running of the torch! The ceremonies! The gold medals! Doesn't it just make you want to jump on a set of parallel bars, or run a marathon, or learn to bobsled? "Smithsonian, we have a bobsled team!" Ahem. Sorry about that.
In 1952, Helsinki finally got its chance to host the Olympics. The city was slated to host the Olympics in 1940, but the games were canceled when World War II broke out, and Finland soon had its hands full fighting off a Russian invasion. In 1939, the Soviet Union invaded Finland, seeking to reclaim its former province and gain some Finnish territory. After the two countries made peace, Germany sent troops to help defend Finland when the Soviet Union attacked again in 1941. The Finns found themselves fighting to force out their former allies after a second treaty with the Soviets, and the last German troops left in April 1945.
The 500 markkaa commemorative coin was the first coin minted in honor of an Olympic event since the rebirth of the Olypics in 1896-and there were a lot of other firsts at these games. The USSR and Israel participated for the first time in the 1952 Helsinki games. New rules allowed women to enter and compete alongside men in a number of "mixed" equestrian competitions. And did we mention that more world records were broken at the 1952 Olympics than at any previous games (until the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, that is)? That's a lot of firsts!
In 2002, Finland minted this 10 Euro coin to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the 1952 Helsinki games, keeping the memory alive.
On the front, or "obverse," is the Olympic Flame above the globe. On the back, or "reverse," is the Helsinki Olympic Stadium and the 1952 markkaa coin.
Would it be too much to ask the Smithsonian to create a commemorative coin in honor of the 1933 Double Eagle Tour? Or at least a plaque? Maybe a tee-shirt?
It seems like so long ago that "Our Girl's" tour began! Making stops in London, Dublin, Brussels, Prague, Warsaw, and Oslo, Lee and "Our Girl" have criss-crossed Europe, charming new audiences, seeing beautiful cities, taking amazing pictures, and sharing an iconic piece of American history with the rest of the world.
Karen Lee and "Our Girl" reached more than 50 million people through TV, radio, and newspaper coverage, and any thousands of exhibit visitors. Once they are back in the National Numismatic Collection, safe and sound, we will wrap up with an "Our Favorite Memories" post, sharing how far this project has come.
We're sad that the excitement is over, but we'll be glad to welcome them home!
"Our Girl's" tour:
- London: March 1-4
- Dublin: March 6-7
- Brussels: March 9-10
- Prague: March 12-14
- Warsaw: March 16-17
- Oslo: March 19-23
- Helsinki: March 25-29
Karen Lee is an associate curator and Samantha DesRochers and Betsy Franz are interns in the National Numismatic Collection at the National Museum of American History.


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Distribution of cicular peptides in plants: Large scale mapping of cyclotides in the Violaceae
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
During last decade there has been increased interest in the small, cysteine-rich cyclotide proteins found in plant species of the violet family (Violaceae). These cyclotides consist of a circular chain of approximately 30 amino acids, including six cysteines that form three disulfide bonds, arranged in a cyclic cystine knot motif. In this study we map the occurrence and distribution of cyclotides in the Violaceae. Plant material was obtained from herbarium sheets containing samples up to 200 years old. Even the oldest specimens exhibited a remarkable stability of cyclotides in the preserved leaves, with no degradation products observable, making them one of the most stable proteins in nature. We analyzed the cyclotide content in over 200 samples covering 17 of the 23 genera, and positively identified cyclotides in almost 150 of approximately 900 known species in the Violaceae. Each species contained a unique set of between one and 25 cyclotides, of which many were exclusive to individual species. The estimated number of different cyclotides in the Violaceae is 5,000-25,000. We conclude that the Violaceae is an extremely rich source of cyclotides, and we propose that cyclotides are ubiquitous among all Violaceae species.
IdentifiersURN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-131137OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-131137DiVA: diva2:353444

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Where can I translate the 'Waiting for Customer' popup or other prompt message?
Here is how to translate a prompt:
1. Log into the AdminUI
2. Expand Organizational Profile
3. Click on Languages
4. Click on Translation Tool
5. Set the Name to: Incidents
6. Set the Area to: Quick Actions
7. Set the To to your chosen language e.g. French
8. Set Quick Actions to the appropriate Quick Action, e.g. StopClock
9. Click on Search
10. Add the translation for the $(Prompt("Enter Notes for Customer",""))
Now if they are using the appropriate Locale it will display that prompt in that language based off of what you typed in. English will still display English. You can do this for any supported language.


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Easy Earth Day marshmallows using food writers.
Earth Day marshmallows
For a more hasty tribute to Earth: grab your edible pens and sketch away on a marshmallow to make Earth Day marshmallows. These couldn't be easier to make so you can hurry up and get outside and enjoy nature and stuff. For everything you need to know about creating marshmallow art with food coloring pens, click HERE.
how to draw Earth
how to draw a tree
how to draw the sun
Looking for Earth Day food ideas?


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Rename Your amp
1. To rename your Amp press the MENU button, scroll to "BLUETOOTH" and press the Encoder to select.
2. Press the lower soft-key to select the Edit "*" cog to enter the "NAME screen.
3. "NAME" will appear in the screen.
4. Press the Encoder and you will see Mustang GT. You may enter a new name, or, to leave the default "Mustang GT" name in place, press the soft-key next to "DONE".
5. To enter a new name, scroll with Encoder to select a letter to edit, then press the Encoder and scroll to select letters, numbers or characters.
After renaming your amp you must search for your Amp on your Bluetooth device using the new name you've given. If no changes have been made, it will default to "MUSTANG GT".


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A trust deed is a legal document that creates a security interest in real estate. It transfers legal title to the property from the owner to a trustee, who holds the property as collateral for a loan. It is one of the most common types of deeds in the United States.
In most states, trust deeds are used for purchasing real estate. A borrower transfers the title to a trustee, usually a title company. The trustee holds title to the property as security for a loan, and the borrower regains ownership when the loan is paid off. However, unlike a conventional mortgage, the trustee is not involved in the arrangement unless the borrower defaults on the loan and the trustee is able to sell the property in a nonjudicial foreclosure.
Investing in trust deeds generally offers an attractive yield, with low risk and a long payback period. The loan is typically issued to borrowers who may not qualify for bank lending, and the investor receives a fixed, monthly return on the investment. The loan will mature when the investment is repaid, so it can be a good way to earn passive income.
A trust deed has several key parts, including the initial loan amount that the lender and trust beneficiary agree to use as collateral. The loan amount is generally the agreed-upon purchase price of the home, minus any down payment. Because this amount must be paid back, the borrower has a clear idea of how much money they will be able to borrow.
Besides using a loan as collateral, trust deeds are also used to secure real estate loans. While they are still not legal in every state, trust deeds are often used as an alternative to mortgages. They are still used in 20 states. They are a legal way to protect both the lender and the borrower.
A trust deed is similar to a mortgage, in that they create liens on landed properties. The differences between the two types of deeds are largely in their terms. Talkov Law is well versed in the intricacies of both. The difference between a mortgage and a trust deed is the trustee. If a borrower defaults on their payments, the trustee will take possession of the property and sell it to cover the loan balance.
A trust deed is similar to a mortgage but adds a neutral third party. The Trustee will hold the title to the property until the loan is fully paid. The loan will be recorded as a public record in the county clerk's office. In some states, a trust deed may be used instead of a mortgage.
What is a Trust Deed? was first seen on Pathway IT


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Economic Terms
The reward for providing labour.
The desires that encourage the consumption of goods and services.
The amount of assets, valuable items and resources owned by an individual, firm or any country or group. Wealth is usually applied to generate an income for the owners.
Below highglights some of the basic features of wealth. For instance wealth is the accumlation of value of assets and as a result very little of a person's wealth is spent, with the main reason being because it is less liquid and primarily income is used for day to day transactions.
Wealth effect
Any change in consumption that occurs due to an increase in personal wealth e.g. if the value of the stock market doubles this should encourage households to increase consumption.
Wealth of Nations
A famous economics book written by Adam Smith, widely renowned as one of the founding fathers of modern economics. the book considered the nature and causes of wealth and aspects of production and free markets.
Is a statistical technique that allows the emphasis given to different data items to be varied e.g. the goods and services covered by the CPI are weighted to reflect the expenditure of a typical household.
Welfare benefits
Benefits paid by a government to help ensure everyone receives a mimimum standard of living.
Wholesale banking
When banks provide services to firms and other banks.
Windfall tax
A sudden and one off tax that a Government might impose on the profits of suppliers if they are manipulating a market to increase profits at the expense of consumers. The purpose of this type of tax is to curb uncompetitive behaviour.
Actions that reduce the value circulating in the circular flow. This falls into 3 categories - taxes collected by government, money set aside as savings and any money spent on imported goods and services.
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What are cone and rod cells?
Asked by Philosopher Speusippus, 04 Sep '12 08:19 pm
Earn 10 points for answering
The retina contains two types of photoreceptors, rods and cones. The rods are more numerous, some 120 million, and are more sensitive than the cones. However, they are not sensitive to color. The 6 to 7 million cones provide the eye's color sensitivity and they are much more concentrated in the central yellow spot known as the macula. In the center of that region is the " fovea centralis ", a 0.3 mm diameter rod-free area with very thin, densely packed cones.Answered by jakir hussain, 04 Sep '12 08:26 pm
Your vote on this answer has already been received


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SciPost Phys. Proc. 8, 130 (2022) ·
published 13 July 2022
The Pierre Auger Observatory is the largest extensive air shower detector. Based on a hybrid system, this experiment measures the longitudinal shower development and the particles at the ground. This detection system allows the extraction of the p-air cross-section at energies much higher than the ones accessible by current colliders. It is also possible to test hadronic interaction models using correlations between different air shower observables, like the depth of shower maximum and the muon number at the ground and their fluctuations. Thanks to the low energy extension of the Pierre Auger Observatory, the muon deficit in air shower simulations can be addressed over almost three decades at the highest energies.


Feral Dragon (CR +Varies)
 *Editor's Note
 The challenge rating adjustment for this template is very approximate. Losing spellcasting and all abilities other than breath weapons will have a much greater impact on older dragons and ones that rely more on spellcasting so consider this carefully when applying this template.
 Seemingly all scales, wings, fangs, and claws, feral dragons exist as pale reflections of true dragons. Some are actually cousins of true dragons, in the same way that apes are cousins to humankind. Others are degenerate descendents of dragons as they existed in an older age. Rapacious and voracious, feral dragons are awful carnivores that hunt beasts and sentient creatures alike. They love bright, shiny objects and often devastate caravans and entire settlements to steal even small amounts of treasure.
 Like true dragons, feral dragons come in several hues, both chromatic and metallic, and can breathe great gouts of fire, ice, acid, or other energy. Though they are fully as perceptive as true dragons, they lack the intelligence and spellcasting ability of their more advanced cousins.
 Creating a Feral Dragon
 "Feral dragon" is an inherited template that can be added to any true dragon (referred to hereafter as the base creature). A feral dragon uses all the base creature's statistics and special abilities except as noted here.
 Challenge Rating*: A feral dragon's challenge rating equals its racial Hit Dice divided by 2 or the base creature's CR –4, whichever is greater.
 Alignment: Usually neutral, but feral dragons often grow closer to the base creature's alignment as they age and gain Intelligence.
 Armor Class: The feral dragon's natural armor bonus is equal to the base creature's –2 (minimum +0). If the base creature had no natural armor bonus, this feature of the template causes no change.
 Special Attacks: The feral dragon loses all the base creature's supernatural and spell-like special attacks except its breath weapons. It also loses the ability to cast spells. It retains all the base creature's other special attacks.
 Special Qualities: The feral dragon loses the base creature's damage reduction and spell resistance (if any), and all its supernatural and spell-like special qualities. It retains all other special qualities the base creature had.
 Abilities: Str +4, Dex –4 (minimum 1), Con +4, Int –15 (minimum 1), Wis –4 (minimum 1).
 Skills: Recalculate the feral dragon's skill points for its racial Hit Dice according to the following formula (6 + new Int modifier) x HD. Then spend its skill points afresh, using Dragon type guidelines for class skills.
 Feats: A feral dragon has the same number of feats as the base creature does, though they should be chosen with an eye toward which ones are most useful with its diminished abilities.
 Treasure: Double standard.
 Using the Feral Dragon Template
 The feral dragon template was designed to give players the chance to fight big dragons at lower levels than normal. Both players and GMs can use these creatures to enjoy dragon slayer scenarios akin to those in European myth and popular culture. Feral dragons are still tough monsters for their CRs, but characters facing them can worry more about how dangerous a combatant their foe is and less about whether or not it uses scrying to learn their plans and prepares to use spells against them.


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Definition of buttered
imp. & p. p. - of Butter 2
The word "buttered" uses 8 letters: B D E E R T T U.
Direct anagrams of buttered:
Adding one letter to buttered does not form any other word in this word list.Words within buttered not shown as it has more than seven letters.
All words formed from buttered by changing one letter
Browse words starting with buttered by next letter


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Can anything be said about the measure of the topological boundary of a Cacciopoli set in $R^n$? Of course, the reduced boundary has finite (n-1)-dimensional Hausdorff measure, but this does not say anything about the topological boundary, for instance, points with density 0 or 1 can still be part of the boundary.
My precise question: if $E$ is a Caccioppoli set, does there exist a measurable Cacciopoli set $F$, such that $E\triangle F$ and $\partial F$ are both Lebesgue null sets?
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 4 down vote accepted
The answer is no. Take countably many disjoint closed balls $B_i$ contained in the square $Q=[0,1]\times [0,1]$ and such that:
(i) Sum of areas of $B_i$ is less than 1
(ii) Sum of perimeters of $B_i$ is finite
(iii) $\bigcup B_i$ is dense in $Q$
Since the series $\sum \chi_{B_i}$ converges in BV norm, the set $E=Q\setminus \bigcup B_i$ has finite perimeter. It also has positive measure and empty interior. Any representative $F$ of the set $E$ also has empty interior and therefore $\partial F$ is not Lebesgue null.
By the way, any Lebesgue measurable set E has a representative F with the property
(*) $0<|F\cap B(x,r)|<|B(x,r)|$ for all $x\in\partial F$ and all $r>0$.
The proof is straightforward: add the points x for which $|E\cap B(x,r)|=|B(x,r)|$ for some r, and throw out all points x such that $|E\cap B(x,r)|=0$ for some $r$. (See Prop. 3.1 in "Minimal surfaces and functions of bounded variation" by E. Giusti.) By virtue of (*) the set $F$ has the smallest (w.r.t inclusion) topological boundary among all representatives of $E$, so if this representative doesn't help you, nothing does.
share|improve this answer
Thanks! This was the kind of answer I was looking for. My question actually came from the result of E. Giusti you mention. I was hoping to sharpen it, but clearly this is not possible. – Martijn Jan 8 '10 at 11:45
Your Answer


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Military meteorological satellite
The SM-65E Atlas, or Atlas-E, was an operational variant of the Atlas missile. It first flew on 11 October 1960, and was deployed as an operational ICBM from September 1961 until April 1966. Following retirement as an ICBM, the Atlas-E, along with the Atlas-F, was refurbished for orbital launches as the Atlas E/F.
Convair, previously Consolidated Vultee, was an American aircraft manufacturing company that later expanded into rockets and spacecraft. The company was formed in 1943 by the merger of Consolidated Aircraft and Vultee Aircraft. In 1953 it was purchased by General Dynamics, and operated as their Convair Division for most of its corporate history.WIKI


How far would you go for a gameshow host?
Gameshow hosts are powerful people.
Photo / Thinkstock
Gameshow hosts are powerful people. Photo / Thinkstock
Gameshow hosts have so much power over people that contestants are willing to do anything they're told, including torture each other to death, research suggests.
Psychologists from the University of Paris simulated the recording of a new programme in a real TV studio with an audience and a well-known weather girl as the host.
Recruiters found 80 contestants to take part in what they thought was a show called Zone Xtreme. They were introduced to another contestant called 'Jean Paul', played by an actor, who was sent to a separate part of the studio where he could be heard but not seen.
Each of the contestants was told by the host to ask 'Jean Paul' a series of 27 questions and apply what they thought was an electric shock of increasing strength for each wrong answer.
More than eight in ten - 64 contestants - administered the maximum 460 volts, which could cause death, despite hearing 'Jean Paul' cry out, scream and beg to stop the game.
If they wavered, Miss Young intervened with lines such as "Don't let yourself get upset" and "Go on, we are taking all the responsibility for this".
Only 16 of the 80 contestants refused to continue with the programme.
The experiment was broadcast as part of a documentary entitled Game of Death for French network, France 2, in 2010, but the analysis and findings have just been published in the European Review of Applied Psychology.
"It has long been known that television and television hosts had influence on viewers," the researchers said.
"We suspected they could also have prescriptive powers to [influence] people's behaviour, including cruel and immoral behaviours. Until now this had never been shown."
The experiment was a twist on the 1960s research by US academic Stanley Milgram, who examined why ordinary people were prepared to commit horrific atrocities in Nazi Germany.
He found 80 per cent of his subjects inflicted pain on a stranger when ordered to do so by a figure in authority such as a scientist.
The French experiment reveals that this "authority figure" is far broader than previously realised.
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HONOLULU (HawaiiNewsNow) - Dr. V stopped by with a new experiment that turns flowers green.
Things you need:
Please do this and all experiments with adult supervision. First, fill a flower vase with one cup of warm water. Next, add about 60-80 drops of green food coloring into the water in the vase. For the next step, have an adult cut the stem of the flower at an angle and place the cut flower into the vase (For best results, cut the flower underwater so that air bubbles don't enter the stem). Within a few hours, you should start to see the petals of the flower turn green. Wait one day and the flower should be completely green! Perfect for St. Patrick's Day!
How does it work?
The leaves of plants contain many small holes, called stomata. Moisture evaporates through these pores and as the plant loses this water, it needs to replace it with more. Usually a plant does this through its root system from the soil in which it is planted, but the stems of cut flowers can also "drink" water. This process is called transpiration. The flower will draw the water up through the stem in tiny tubes called xylem and into the leaves and petals of the flower. The food coloring in the water allows us to see this as it occurs.
How long did it take your flower to start to turn green?
How long did it take to turn completely green?
What would happen if you didn't place your flower into water?
Do you think pollution could move up into the flower just as quickly as the food coloring did?
Do other colors work well, or even better?
Hawaii News Now
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Honolulu, HI 96817
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- Cellario Connect
- LIMS Integration
- Device Drivers
Exceptionally Dynamic Scheduling Software
A protocol is an abstract automated experiment. Use a protocol to build an order, a single instance of that process with associated labware quantities, types, and storage positions. Cellario's distinction between process (protocol) and day-to-day practice (orders) gives you more freedom to experiment.
Cellario ensures you'll never put plates in the wrong incubator or send two plates to the same storage position. Cellario's Order Designer unambiguously displays all of your storage utilization at the start of each run so you can manage your carousels, incubators, freezers, and stackers visually. You can create an order, start it, and walk away knowing your samples will be stored properly and taken care of.Define labware type, quantity, and storage locations for each run of a protocol
With a few clicks of your mouse, you can tell your system where to find hundreds of plates and tipboxes and where to put them after the experiment is over. Because a protocol doesn't rigidly define labware quantities and locations, you can use different plates and storage resources every time you run it.


text:
Tensitron is pleased to announce its 5th generation of digital aircraft cable tension meters, using the latest technology, software, and design improvements providing unsurpassed accuracy and resolution for numerous material sizes and tension ranges.
The Model ACX-1 series of Aircraft Cable Tension Meters are designed to precisely measure static tensions in aircraft cables. Indicate values in Lbs, daN or KG in flexible cables with diameters from 1/16" up to 1/4", CWT cable sizes from 5 to 25 and metric cables from 2.0mm to 4.0mm. Calibrations for 7/32" and other cable sizes can be added to the cable selection menu upon request.
First select the cable size from the instrument's menu. Next separate the instrument's outer cable contact guides by rotating the engagement lever open and inserting the instrument onto your tensioned cable. Then rotate the lever closed to engage the instrument onto the cable. Your cable will drop automatically into place and readings will appear on the display once the lever is engaged.
- Large, easy to read backlit, color display with adjustable backlighting.
- Display shows tension, description of cable selected, dynamic color bar graph indicating changing tensions (Amber = tension too low, Green = correct tension range and red= over range), the previous 5 tension readings along with their average and the battery charge level
- Select tension values to display in Lbs., daN or KG
- Depress the 'Store" button to record and average your previous five readings along with their average
- Data Logging Feature: Record tension values to the instrument's memory.
- Data Statistics: Monitor your process by viewing count, average and standard deviation values of your logged data.
- Data Averaging: Use this feature to adjust the stability of your displayed, tension readings. This feature allows the user to select the duration the instrument takes tension readings over and posting that average to the display. Options are: 1, 2, 5 and 10 seconds. This is a rolling average, meaning that only the readings taken in the last 1, 2, 5 or 10 seconds (your choice) will be averaged and displayed.
- Up to 10 additional custom calibrations may be programmed into the instrument
- Extremely accurate custom calibration procedure employing up to a 10-point multilinearization procedure.
- All calibrations are password protected
- Adjustable LCD refresh rates allowing for stable, digital readouts
- Automatic shutoff after several minutes of non-use
- Instruments may be operated continuously while connected to power supply
- Set-Point feature allowing user to define high and low point specifications which are then shown on the main display as an active, color changing bar graph.
- Rechargeable NiMH batteries with power supply provided. Approximately 12 hours of continuous use depending upon backlighting intensity.
- Power supply operates with input voltages from 100 – 240V and includes several, interchangeable adapters allowing use with European, Australian, US, English and other plug configurations.
- Optional features including: Analog Output and Serial Output
- All models typically available from stock
- Includes easy to use, cable diameter gage to accurately determine correct cable size
- Numerous application specific models available
- Durable, lightweight carrying case with protective foam inserts
- All instruments factory-calibrated and ready for use. Calibration certificate included and all calibration values traceable to National Standards


text:
What is Climate Resiliency?
Resiliency is our ability to cope with change. Climate resiliency is how well we adapt in response to climate conditions now and in the future. These conditions may include extreme weather such as heavy rains or windstorms and gradual shifts in temperature, rain and snow.
Climate resiliency is different from climate change mitigation which refers to our efforts to limit climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Find out more about our mitigation strategy: Energy Evolution.
Changing weather patterns and extreme weather impact our health and safety, infrastructure, the economy and the environment. While everyone will be touched by climate change, some people are more vulnerable including young children, older adults, those with a lower income, those with pre-existing health conditions and people who spend a lot of time outdoors. Ottawa must adapt to the changes we're already experiencing, prepare for further change to come and take particular care of our most vulnerable.
The City has already taken steps to protect our community and our city's infrastructure from extreme weather due to climate change conditions. As part of the Climate Change Master Plan, the City will develop a Climate Resiliency Strategy to build resiliency to the impacts of climate change here in Ottawa. The development of the Climate Resiliency Strategy is split into three phases:
- Climate Projections (complete)
- Climate Vulnerability and Risk Assessment (complete)
- Climate Resiliency Strategy
Visit the Climate Resiliency Strategy page on Engage Ottawa to find out more about the development of the strategy and opportunities to have your say.
How is Ottawa's climate changing?
Ottawa is experiencing warmer, wetter and more unpredictable weather. On average, summers are getting hotter and winters less cold. While average total annual precipitation (rain and snow) has increased, it varies greatly both in terms of where and when it falls. Overall, Ottawa's weather is becoming more variable and unpredictable, and we have experienced extreme heat, wind, rain and snow in recent years.
Some examples of extreme weather events in Ottawa include:
- Five successive ice storms in January 1998, which caused massive damage to trees and electrical infrastructure causing widespread power outages and a shutdown of activities across Ottawa and the region for several weeks. The ice storms was the second most expensive natural disaster in Canadian history.
- Over 50 cm of snow in February 2016, which caused closures throughout the city and set a new record for the biggest snowfall in a single day
- Significant flooding along the Ottawa River in the spring of 2017 and 2019 resulted in extensive property damage and health concerns
- Tornadoes in 2018 and 2019 caused extensive damage to property and power outages.
- A prolonged extreme heat event that lasted six days in July 2018. On Canada Day, at the hottest time of the day, humidex levels made it feel like 47 degrees Celsius.
- The Ontario-Quebec derecho in May 2022 that killed 10 people, caused widespread property damage and left hundreds of thousands of people in Ottawa without power for several days. The storm is the sixth most expensive natural disaster in Canadian history.
Climate science tells us that these trends will continue in the next decades. The City, in partnership with the National Capital Commission and Environment and Climate Change Canada, worked with climate scientists to develop climate projections for the National Capital Region. Climate projections use climate science and modelling to predict future changes in temperature, precipitation, wind and extreme weather. The study looked at projected changes until the year 2100.
What will Ottawa's climate look like in the future?
By the 2050s, under a high-emission scenario, the National Capital Region is projected to change in the following ways:
- Average annual temperature will increase by 3.2 degrees Celsius
- There will be four times as many very hot days over 30 degrees Celsius – that's an increase to 43 days per year from the current 11
- The number of days below -10 degrees Celsius will decrease by 35 per cent
- Spring will start two weeks earlier
- Fall will start three weeks later
- Winter will be shorter by five weeks
- Winter freeze-thaw events will increase by 33 per cent
- Precipitation will increase in spring, winter and fall by eight per cent
- The maximum daily precipitation will increase by 14 per cent
- Annual snowfall will decrease by 20 per cent
- Possible increases in freezing rain
- Warming favours the conditions for storms, tornadoes and wildfires
The rate and extent of climate change will depend on future global greenhouse gas emissions. Significant global action is required to reduce emissions below the high emission scenario.
You can find more details of what to expect in the 2030s and 2080s in the Summary of Future Climate in Canada's Capital Region.
Climate Projections for the National Capital Region report
The Climate Projections for the National Capital Region study was developed in partnership with the National Capital Commission and Environment and Climate Change Canada. It uses advanced climate science modeling to predict changes in temperature, precipitation, wind and extreme weather until the year 2100.
- Executive Summary – provides a summary of the study and its key findings
- Volume 1 – provides an overview of the project methodology, findings and implications. It includes results and interpretation for key climate indices.
- Volume 2 – provides plots and tabular data for all the climate indices.
A complete and updated version of the datasets presented in this report is available at Open Ottawa:
- Appendix G – Table of Climate Indices
- Table 2.1 Projections for Extreme Precipitation Based on Multiple Methods
- NetCDF files for the climate indices
The online dataset includes Excel versions of the results in Appendix G and Table 2.1 as well as NetCDF files with more detail than the report (for example, indices calculated for each model and cell). Additional details on the data are also provided on Open Data (for example, model names for each index). Any minor updates to the data sets will be added to Open Ottawa. Please note there may be minor discrepancies between Open Ottawa and the report. If this occurs, the Open Ottawa version should be used.
Impacts of a changing climate
Climate change will impact us all in our daily lives in several ways. For example, more heat waves will increase heat related illnesses, especially for the most vulnerable. Shorter, warmer winters will negatively impact winter recreation. With increased extreme weather events we could see more damage to homes, power outages and strain on emergency services.
It will also impact the way the City operates and plans. Shifting freeze-thaw cycles can damage roads and other infrastructure and more intense rainfall can overwhelm sewer systems and increase the risk of flooding.
There will likely be some positive impacts too. Longer warmer seasons could benefit agriculture and construction. However, warmer weather and changing precipitation patterns will affect ecosystems and may increase conditions for diseases such as Lyme's disease and West Nile virus.
The impacts of climate change will be looked at in further detail as a part of the climate vulnerability assessment.
Ottawa's climate risks
The City undertook a Climate Vulnerability and Risk Assessment to identify the top climate risks facing Ottawa. This is the second phase of the Climate Resiliency Strategy development.
The Climate Vulnerability and Risk Assessment draws on the climate projections as well as input and expertise from City staff, community partners and the public. It assessed how vulnerable Ottawa is to changing climate conditions and prioritized where action is most needed.
The City assessed close to 150 potential climate impacts on the City and the community, including impacts on health, community well-being, infrastructure, natural environment and the economy. Of these potential climate impacts, 40 priority risks were identified that require action in the next one to three years. These include risks related to higher temperatures and more precipitation, as well as more extreme weather like flooding, tornadoes and heat waves.
Some of the priority risks include, but are not limited to:
Increased heat-related illnesses
Increased building cooling demands and inadequate air conditioning (especially in community buildings like schools, low-income housing, private long-term care facilities etc.)
More invasive species, pests and diseases harming trees, greenspaces, and agricultural production
New or intensified disease vectors (for example ticks that carry Lyme disease, or mosquitoes that carry West Nile virus)
Increased winter freeze-thaw damage to infrastructure
Flood damage to infrastructure and property
Reduced ability to respond to simultaneous or repeated extreme weather events
Reduced access to essential services during extreme weather
Increased pressures on people experiencing poverty or in precarious economic situations (mental, physical and financial health)
More information about the climate impacts is available in the Climate Vulnerability and Risk Assessment report and Appendix D (Climate Vulnerabilities and Risks by Focus Area). A summary of the priority risks is also available.
Visit the Climate Resiliency Strategy page on Engage Ottawa to find out more about the development of the strategy and opportunities to have your say.
What is the City doing to adapt to climate change?
City departments work together to understand and reduce the impacts of climate change. Current climate resiliency initiatives include:
- Environmental health warning and response programs to reduce illnesses and deaths associated with extreme heat and humidity, cold weather, and poor air quality.
- An Emergency Management Plan to prepare and respond to the needs of the community during a major emergency, while still ensuring continuation of essential services
- Applying a climate lens to the New Official Plan and its supporting documents to build energy and climate resiliency into future growth and development. The preliminary policy directions recommend climate change mitigation and adaptation policies throughout the plan.
- Using urban heat island maps to better understand what areas are impacted by hot weather, and to inform policies that will reduce the urban heat island effects to better protect public health.
- Applying a climate lens to asset management and capital projects to build resiliency of existing infrastructure.
- Building our infrastructure to be resilient in future climate conditions such as extreme weather, greater rainfall and higher temperatures. For example, the City's wastewater treatment plant


text:
The Theatres That Never Closed - article by Victoria Shaskan
Friday 17 July 2020
Victoria Shaskan, Lewisham Youth Theatre's Executive Director, has written an article for Medium about their work across the lockdown with young people aged 8-24.
"These young artists come to our free youth theatre activities each week to work together with people from different areas and backgrounds, different experiences and needs; to express themselves and to create live performances that are often moving, inspirational and push the boundaries of artistic form. Like many of our colleagues who use the arts to empower the most vulnerable in our society, there was never the thought in our minds that we had the option to let them down"


I am looking for some help on rk4 and coulomb repulsion.
It is a technical question but one has to go through the story to understand what I am tyring to achieve. Thank you already.
I am trying to simulate the Coulomb repulsion between charged particles. I am using RK4 to do this which requires a function. The physics formula of the function is:
dx/dt = k*qi*(xi-xj)/sqrt((xi-xj)^2+(yi-yj)^2+(zi-zj)^2)
where qi is the charge of the i-th particle, xi, yi, zi are the
coordinates of the i-th particle and xj, yj,zj are the coordinates of the j-th
As an input for the initial values of the positions and charge for each particle, I am using arrays (currently only for 4 particles):
q[4] = { 1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0 } charge
x0[4] = { 1.0, 2.3, 3.2, 4.0 } init posn x
y0[4] = { 1.0, 2.4, 3.0, 4.0 } init posn y
z0[4] = { 1.0, 2.5, 3.3, 4.2 } init posn z
and by using two "for" loops I can loop through each particle and compute the value of the total effect of all the particles on eachother. My question is: since there are two values for each coordinate (i and j), how can I write the function in an acceptable form for RK4?
I did try the following:
int func (double t, const double y[], double f[], void *params){
 double mu = *(double *)params;
 double dx = (y[0]-y[1])/r;
 double dy = (y[2]-y[3])/r;
 double dz = (y[4]-y[5])/r;
 f[0] = mu*y[6]*dx/(r*r);
 f[1] = mu*y[6]*dy/(r*r);
 f[2] = mu*y[6]*dz/(r*r);
 return GSL_SUCCESS;
however, I am not convinced this is correct (at all).
I would appreciate any feedback.


text:
Master of Education (M.Ed.) – Teaching and Learning Early Childhood Education
Liberty University's Master of Education in Teaching and Learning with a specialization in Early Childhood Education is designed to train individuals in planning and implementing appropriate curriculum for younger children.
- $540 per credit hour (based on full-time enrollment)
Program Delivery Format
- 36 total credit hours
- Up to 6 credit hours can be transferred in from an accredited and unconferred degree
- The Education Department will verify that students have completed one of Liberty's Virginia state-approved licensure programs.
- Students should verify any additional licensure requirements with their home state.
- Students pursuing this concentration for licensure must already hold an initial teaching license in elementary education.
Potential Career Fields
- Preschool Teacher
- Day Care Operator
Want to learn more?


UTHM Institutional Repository
Physicochemical study of absorption of CO2 into electric arc furnace slag
Muhd Nor, Nik Hisyamudin (2011) Physicochemical study of absorption of CO2 into electric arc furnace slag. PhD thesis, Toyohashi University of Technology.
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Abstract
Increase in the COz concentration in atmosphere due to the combustion of fossil fuels has caused serious global warming. In dealing with this issue, the absorption of COz into EAF steelmaking slag was experimentally studied by the utilization of mechanical grinding method. The final objective of this research is to develop a new mineral carbonation process that has a high efficiency in the capture and storage of C02 with low energy consumption and at the same time has some value added features that leads to the feasibility of the overall carbonation system. In the first stage of this study, the absorption behavior of C02 into metal powders and CaO contained material was studied by dry grinding in a centrifugal ball mill. It was found that COz was not decomposed during the grinding, but the sorption of it occurred on the ground sample. In both cases of CaO and waste concrete, formation of CaC03 was confirmed. While, in the case of metal powders, the COz absorption into ground powders was firstly occurred, thereafter, it decomposed to form metal oxides and carbon. COz sorption into the samples depended on the newly exposed surface area that was formed by grinding. It was found that the newly exposed surface area increased linearly with the increase in the grinding time. However, the dry grinding resulted to the agglomeration of particles in the latter stage of grinding. The agglomeration of particles has then led to the limitation of the COz absorption. In the next stage, the behavior of C02 absorption into EAF normal and stainless steel reducing slag was investigated with wet grinding method. The slag was wet ground under COz atmosphere by a vibrating ball mill which has larger capacity than the centrifugal ball mill. The amount and the initial rate of C02 absorption for the wet grinding were higher than those for the dry grinding. The optimum ratio of fillings to vessel's volume was found to be aboct 112. C02 was stored into the slag mainly as CaC03 and EO desorption of C02 was observed. Thus, this indicates that the C02 can be stored permanently inside the slag with this method. This study also revealed that the increase in the interfacial area between COz and the slurry of water and slag was necessary to enhance COz absorption. It was found that the absorption capacity of C02 into the normal and stainless steel reducing slag using this method on the most optimum grinding condition was 0.21 and 0.3 1 kg CO~lkgsl ag respectively. To profoundly investigate the mechanism of COz absorption, study on the absorption behavior of C02 into EAF normal and stainless steel oxidizing slag with wet grinding method was also conducted. The results showed that the conversion ratio of CaO to CaC03 was not solely affected by the CaO content in the slag, but by the CaO/A1203 ratio in the slag. The conversion ratio linearly increased with the increase in the Ca01A1203 ratio. The rate of CO2 absorption in the slag with wet grinding method was highly depended on the dissolution behavior of ca2+ ion from the slag into water and the interfacial area between the COz gas and water. The rate increased with the increase in the both factors. The dissolution behavior of 2+ . Ca d.~ fferedb etween each slags depended on the main phases reaction in the slag. Thus, the main phases in each slags affected the overall reaction of the C02 absorption. The 2Ca0.A1203.Si02 was found to hinder the absorption of CO2 into the slag. While CaO.Si02 and 2Ca0.Si02 phases in the slag were favorable for the CO2 absorption. It was found that the absorption quantity of CO2 into the stainless steel oxidizing slag with low A1203 content on the most optimum grinding condition was about 0.26 kg CO&g slag. Comparison between the amount of C02 absorption in this study and the amount of CO2 emitted from various power plants, which was estimated by the energy consumption of the vibrating mill, revealed that the former was not always higher than the latter. Reduction amount of 1% from overall C02 emission from steel industry can be expected by this method. Use of other possible materials will lead to the increase in the potential reduction amount. The overall cost for the system is expected to be very low and this also indicates that this method is economically feasible. Along with the absorption of C02, Zn could be removed by using this method with high removal ratio. The dissolutions of Cr were low for all conditions and the pH of the sluny were within the environmental quality standard. It was also found that even though the mortar made from the ground carbonated slag can't be used to concrete, however, it can still be used as normal mortar.
Item Type: Thesis (PhD)
Subjects: T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD881-890 Air pollution and its control
Depositing User: Normajihan Abd. Rahman
Date Deposited: 07 Dec 2012 02:05
Last Modified: 07 Dec 2012 02:05
URI: _URL_
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text:
Wind down and loosen up
What's the difference between "wind down" and "loosen up"?
Dictionary says: wind down - to rest or relax after a period of activity or excitement, and, loosen up - to relax and stop worrying.
So, for example, if you're nervous about something at work, or before an exam, you must "loosen up", and if you have been working hard, mm, digging ground, or playing football, and you want to relax, you should "wind down"?
Wind down isn't related to "nervous", when "loosen up" like a.. "calm down"?
And what is the past form of loosen up, loosened up?
Thanks in advance
Lets see the difference if any:
Wind down:Become quiet or calm, especially after a state of agitation.
Wind loose:Become less tense, less formal, or less restrained, and assume a friendlier manner.
I think they are different.
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text: Boundary layer and trailing edge flow activities were recorded using hydrogen bubble flow visualization techniques on an oscillating lifting surface in a two-dimensional water tunnel. Simultaneous with flow documentation, unsteady lift was measured over a range of reduced frequencies from 0.5 to 10. Unsteady loads using classical, inviscid theories were predicted for the experimental conditions investigated. Reduced frequency bands exhibiting poor agreement between experiment and theory were identified and a correlation to observed flow phenomena was accomplished. The results support the use of a separate viscous model near the trailing edge coupled with an inviscid flow field model to predict unsteady loads. The results further show that for certain reduced frequency bands, classical inviscid solutions may be applicable and adequate.


update the code so that the test passes, and then add another test, and so on.
 When your users change their requirements, disable the tests that are no longer correct. Write new tests and make them work one at a time, in the same incremental manner.
 2. Build the solution, and then in Test Explorer, choose Run All.
 The new test fails.
 The RangeTest fails
 Tip
 Verify that each test fails immediately after you have written it. This helps you avoid the easy mistake of writing a test that never fails.
 3. Enhance the code under test so that the new test passes:
 #include <math.h>
 ...
 double CRootFinder::SquareRoot(double v)
 {
 double result = v;
 double diff = v;
 while (diff > result/1000)
 {
 double oldResult = result;
 result = result - (result*result - v)/(2*result);
 diff = abs (oldResult - result);
 }
 return result;
 }

 4. Build the solution and then in Test Explorer, choose Run All.
 Both tests pass.
 Unit Test Explorer - Range Test passed
 Tip
 Develop code by adding tests one at a time. Make sure that all the tests pass after each iteration.
Debug a failing test
 1. Add another test:

 #include <stdexcept>
 ...
 // Verify that negative inputs throw an exception.
 TEST_METHOD(NegativeRangeTest)
 {
 wchar_t message[200];
 CRootFinder rooter;
 for (double v = -0.1; v > -3.0; v = v - 0.5)
 {
 try
 {
 // Should raise an exception:
 double result = rooter.SquareRoot(v);

 _swprintf(message, L"No exception for input %g", v);
 Assert::Fail(message, LINE_INFO());
 }
 catch (std::out_of_range ex)
 {
 continue; // Correct exception.
 }
 catch (...)
 {
 _swprintf(message, L"Incorrect exception for %g", v);
 Assert::Fail(message, LINE_INFO());
 }
 }
 }

 2. Build the solution and choose Run All.
 3. Open (or double-click) the failed test.
 The failed assertion is highlighted. The failure message is visible in the detail pane of Test Explorer.
 NegativeRangeTests failed
 4. To see why the test fails, step through the function:
 1. Set a breakpoint at the start of the SquareRoot function.
 2. On the shortcut menu of the failed test, choose Debug Selected Tests.
 When the run stops at the breakpoint, step through the code.
 5. Insert code in the function that you are developing:

 #include <stdexcept>
 ...
 double CRootFinder::SquareRoot(double v)
 {
 // Validate parameter:
 if (v < 0.0)
 {
 throw std::out_of_range("Can't do square roots of negatives");
 }

 6. All tests now pass.
 All tests pass
Tip
If individual tests have no dependencies that prevent them from being run in any order, turn on parallel test execution with the UTE_parallelicon-small toggle button on the toolbar. This can noticeably reduce the time taken to run all the tests.
Refactor the code without changing tests
 1. Simplify the central calculation in the SquareRoot function:
 // old code:
 // result = result - (result*result - v)/(2*result);
 // new code:
 result = (result + v/result)/2.0;

 2. Build the solution and choose Run All, to make sure that you have not introduced an error.
 Tip
 A good set of unit tests gives confidence that you have not introduced bugs when you change the code.
 Keep refactoring separate from other changes.
Next steps
 - Isolation. Most DLLs are dependent on other subsystems such as databases and other DLLs. These other components are often developed in parallel. To allow unit testing to be performed while the other components are not yet available, you have to substitute mock or
 - Build Verification Tests. You can have tests performed on your team's build server at set intervals. This ensures that bugs are not introduced when the work of several team members is integrated.
 - Checkin tests. You can mandate that some tests are performed before each team member checks code into source control. Typically this is a subset of the complete set of build verification tests.
 You can also mandate a minimum level of code coverage.
See Also
Adding unit tests to existing C++ applications
Using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.CppUnitTestFramework
An Overview of Managed/Unmanaged Code Interoperability
Debugging Native Code
Walkthrough: Creating and Using a Dynamic Link Library (C++)
Importing and Exporting


the number
of events that can be monitored simultaneously. timer is used as the processor type if the processor
does not have supported performance monitoring hardware.
If timer is used, events can not be set for any processor because the hardware does not have support
for hardware performance counters. Instead, the timer interrupt is used for profiling.
If timer is not used as the processor type, the events monitored can be changed, and counter 0 for
the processor is set to a time-based event by default. If more than one counter exists on the processor,
304 Chapter 43. OProfile
the counters other than counter 0 are not set to an event by default. The default events monitored are
shown in Table 43-3.
Processor Default Event for Counter Description
0
Pentium Pro, Pentium CPU_CLK_UNHALTED The processors clock is not halted
II, Pentium III, Athlon,
AMD64
Pentium 4 (HT and GLOBAL_POWER_EVENTS The time during which the processor is
non-HT), Intel not stopped
EM64T
Itanium 2 CPU_CYCLES CPU Cycles
TIMER_INT (none) Sample for each timer interrupt
Table 43-3. Default Events
The number of events that can be monitored at one time is determined by the number of counters for
the processor. However, it is not a one-to-one correlation; on some processors, certain events must be
mapped to specific counters. To determine the number of counters available, execute the following
command:
cat /dev/oprofile/cpu_type
The events available vary depending on the processor type. To determine the events available for
profiling, execute the following command as root (the list is specific to the systems processor type):
op_help
The events for each counter can be configured via the command line or with a graphical interface. If
the counter can not be set to a specific event, an error message is displayed.
To set the event for each configurable counter via the command line, use opcontrol:
opcontrol --ctrlN -event=<event-name>
Replace N with the counter number (starting with 0), and replace <event-name> with the exact
name of the event from op_help.
43.2.2.1. Sampling Rate
By default, a time-based event set is selected. It creates approximately 2000 samples per second per
processor. If the timer interrupt is used, the timer is set to whatever the jiffy rate is and is not user-
settable. If the cpu_type is not timer, each event can have a sampling rate set for it. The sampling
rate is the number of events between each sample snapshot.
When setting the event for the counter, a sample rate can also be specified:
opcontrol --ctrN -event=<event-name> --ctrN -count=<sample-rate>
Replace <sample-rate> with the number of events to wait before sampling again. The smaller
the count, the more frequent the samples. For events that do not happen frequently, a lower count may
be needed to capture the event instances.
Chapter 43. OProfile 305
Caution
Be extremely careful when setting sampling rates. Sampling too frequently can overload the system,
causing the system to appear as if it is frozen or causing the system to actually freeze.
43.2.2.2. Unit Masks
If the cpu_type is not timer, unit masks may also be required to further define the event.
Unit masks for each event are listed with the op_help command. The values for each unit mask are
listed in hexadecimal format. To specify more than one unit mask, the hexadecimal values must be
combined using a bitwise or operation.
opcontrol --ctrN -event=<event-name> --ctrN -count=<sample-rate> --ctrN -unit-mask=<value>
43.2.3. Separating Kernel and User-space Profiles
By default, kernel mode and user mode information is gathered for each event. To configure OProfile
not to count events in kernel mode for a specific counter, execute the following command (where N is
the counter number):
opcontrol --ctrN -kernel=0
Execute the following command to start profiling kernel mode for the counter again:
opcontrol --ctrN -kernel=1
To configure OProfile not to count events in user mode for a specific counter, execute the following
command (where N is the counter number):
opcontrol --ctrN -user=0
Execute the following command to start profiling user mode for the counter again:
opcontrol --ctrN -user=1
When the OProfile daemon writes the profile data to sample files, it can separate the kernel and library
profile data into separate sample files. To configure how the daemon writes to sample files, execute
the following command as root:
opcontrol --separate=<choice>
<choice> can be one of the following:
none do not separate the profiles (default)
library generate per-application profiles for libraries
kernel generate per-application profiles for the kernel and kernel modules
all generate per-application profiles for libraries and per-application profiles for the kernel and
kernel modules
306 Chapter 43. OProfile
If --separate=library is used, the sample file name includes the name of the executable as well
as the name of the library.
43.3. Starting and Stopping OProfile
To start monitoring the system with OProfile, execute the following command as root:
opcontrol --start
Output similar to the following is displayed:
Using log file /var/lib/oprofile/oprofiled.log
Daemon started.
Profiler running.
The settings in /root/.oprofile/daemonrc are used.
The OProfile daemon, oprofiled, is started; it periodically writes the sample data to the
/var/lib/oprofile/samples/ directory. The log file for the daemon is located at
/var/lib/oprofile/oprofiled.log.
If OProfile is restarted with different configuration options, the sample files for the previous session
are automatically backed up in the directory /var/lib/oprofile/samples/session-N , where N
is the number of the previously backed-up session plus 1.
Backing up samples file to directory /var/lib/oprofile/samples//session-1
Using log file /var/lib/oprofile/oprofiled.log
Daemon started.
Profiler running.
To stop the profiler, executing the following command as root:
opcontrol --shutdown
43.4. Saving Data
Sometimes it is useful to save samples at a specific time. For example, when profiling an executable,
it may be useful to gather different samples based on different input data sets. If the number of events
to be monitored exceeds the number of counters available for the processor, multiple runs of OProfile
can be used to collect data, saving the sample data to different files each time.
To save the current set of sample files, execute the following command, replacing <name> with a
unique descriptive name for the current session.
opcontrol --save=<name>
The directory /var/lib/oprofile/samples/name/ is created and the current sample files are
copied to it.
43.5. Analyzing the Data
Periodically, the OProfile daemon, oprofiled collects the samples and writes them to the
/var/lib/oprofile/samples/ directory. Before reading the data, make sure all data has been
written to this directory by executing the following command as root:
Chapter 43. OProfile 307
opcontrol --dump
Each sample file name is based on the name of the executable, with a closing curly bracket (}) re-
placing each forward slash (/). The file name ends with a hash mark (#), followed by the counter
number used for that sample file. For example, the following file includes the sample data for the
/sbin/syslogd executable collected with counter 0:
}sbin}syslogd#0
The following tools are available to profile the sample data once it has been collected:
op_time
oprofpp
op_to_source
op_merge
Use these tools, along with the binaries profiled, to generate reports that can be further analyzed.
Warning
The executable being profiled must be used with these tools to analyze the data. If it must change
after the data is collected, backup the executable used to create the samples as well as the sample
files.
Samples for each executable are written to a single sample file. Samples from each dynamically linked
library are also written to a single sample file. While OProfile is running, if the executable being
monitored changes and a sample file for the executable exists, the existing sample file is automatically
deleted. Thus, if the existing sample file is needed, it must be backed up, along with the executable
used to create it before replacing the executable with a new version. Refer to Section 43.4 Saving Data
for details on how to backup the sample file.
43.5.1. Using op_time
The op_time tool provides an overview of all the executables being profile


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NSW rivers, lakes and lagoons warming twice as fast as ocean, finds 12-year study
Dominic Boyton stands in front of the ocean
Dominic Boyton is questioning whether to pass on his oyster farm to his children.(
ABC News: Claire Wheaton
Dominic Boyton's Merimbula oyster farm in southern NSW has been in the family for four decades.
His father passed it onto him seven years ago but he's worried about its future viability given the latest findings from the University of Sydney (USYD).
Researchers discovered the state's coastal rivers, lakes and lagoons were warming twice as fast as the ocean.
The average temperatures in those marine ecosystems were up 2.16 degrees Celsius, making breeding harder for some aquatic life.
"Warmer waters could mean we'll see oysters disappearing up the coast or a new outbreak of algae blooms and disease we haven't seen before," Mr Boyton said.
Oysters, he said, were sensitive to heat and because they were difficult to relocate it put growers like him in a vulnerable position.
The world-first study also posed a big problem for the state's multi-million-dollar fishing and aquaculture industry, which underpinned the economies of many coastal towns.
man raking oysters in a box
Oysters are sensitive to environmental changes and difficult to relocate for farmers.(
ABC News: Selby Stewart
Marine biologist Elliot Scanes analysed 12 years of data from 166 NSW estuaries and found the composition of those waterways was shifting.
"We didn't expect it to be so fast," he said.
Acidity also rose in all waterways and at the same time creeks and lagoons were becoming less salty.
"This study is the first major evidence we have to show estuaries are changing on this scale," Dr Scanes said.
The marine biologists said coastal ecosystems were being forced to adapt and there would be winners and losers.
While some species of fish and prawns are likely to be more resilient, shellfish like oysters could be badly affected.
Narooma's Wagonga Inlet with bridge leading over bright blue water, as seen from the air.
Fishing and aquaculture underpins the economy of many coastal towns in NSW.(
ABC Illawarra: Justin Huntsdale
A spokesperson from the Department of Primary Industries (DPI) said the NSW government had several other research projects underway.
They were "examining how expected changes in estuarine water quality associated with climate change may affect species that support NSW fisheries".
Mary Howard from the NSW Wild Caught Fishers Coalition said warmer waters would likely see species begin to migrate.
"It may well be that squid would become more prolific upstream if temperatures were to rise further, and the same with blue swimmer crab," she said.
But for oyster farmers like Dominic, who can't shift location, he's questioning whether it's worth passing the family trade on to the next generation.
"We're trying to do everything we can to stay here but it's scary for my kids," he said.
"If they want to become oyster farmers, I don't know."
Just In


text:
posted by mZ. YoU.
How do you find Absolute error and how do you find relative error?
Absolute error is the difference between the experimental value and the actual value. Relative error, usually expressed as a percent, is the error relative to the correct value. For example,
We perform an analysis on a sample for Na. We find 34.0%. We turn in the results and the instructor tell us she made the samples and they were 36.0% Na. Absolute error is xexp - xtrue = 34.0-36.0= -2.0%.
Same values as above.
relative error = [(34.0-36.0)/36.0]x100=5.56%


text: This study highlights the corporate governance potential of debt maturity structure for Turkish firms through investigating its association with ownership and control structure. We model leverage and debt maturity as jointly endogenous under simultaneous equations framework. Firstly, we find that both concentrated ownership structure and presence of a large shareholder is directly but moderately related to corporate debt maturity. We also document that it is important for Turkish firms to match maturity of their assets with maturity of their liabilities. Our findings lend considerable support to the prediction that as firms get financially strong or have more growth opportunities they shorten their corporate debt maturity structure. Moreover, despite having a controlling large shareholder or a concentrated ownership structure, firms with growth opportunities still prefer shorter maturities in order to solve the underinvestment problems. Finally, firm size is positively associated with long-term debt and our empirical analysis provides no evidence that taxes affect debt maturity structure.


text:
Progress indicators are a powerful tool to help your customers complete their form-filling journey. They inform, reassure and encourage users when completing a longer online form spread over multiple steps.
Above we can see Apple's checkout. Ever the contrarians, Apple does not have any sort of progress bar in the checkout. How many steps are there? Do I have to pay in full, or will I be able to choose to finance my purchase? Can I amend previous information by jumping back to a previous step? Am I almost there? No idea.
Progress bars play an important role in reducing the anxiety many users feel when faced with a long form: how long is this going to take me? Will I manage to finish it before I need to go out? Is it just going to be a waste of my precious time?
There are several ways of showing progress within a form, including progress bars and inline validation, and they both have valuable benefits:
Progress bars can appear either inside or outside the form. There are three main types:
Percentage bar – this displays how far a user has progressed through the form in percentage terms. Starting fast and ending at a slower pace will reduce drop-off rates as satisfaction levels spike quickly. The perception is that most of the work has already been done.
Steps left bar – this option indicates how many steps have been completed and how many are left. Again, this is a numerically-pleasing method of showing progress which is often designed to look like a path to completion.\
Checklist bar – similar to the steps left approach but the fields don't need to be completed in a specific order. This gives the customer the freedom to move through the form in their preferred way, for example completing the most complicated fields first to get them out of the way.
All of these options provide feedback on the users' actions. What they're inputting is being taken on board, the interface reassures them that the system is working: the computer says yes.
Informative and honest guidance like this reduces uncertainty and creates the impression of speed, progression and achievement. It humanises the process, harnessing the emotional rather than the technical journey a user is on and making it a positive experience.
Taige Zhang, senior product manager at online grocery delivery service Shipt, states in his blog The Power of The Progress Bar: "If I had to pick out the most effective tool for onboarding a user, it would be the progress bar."
But why are they so effective?
It's all down to psychology. Specifically, gamification.
Incorporating game design elements in non-game contexts – in this case, points that take the form of the stages in a progress indicator – can dramatically improve user engagement.
Described by Peep Laja, Chief Conversion Officer at conversion marketing agency Markitekt, as a "path to mastery", gamification encourages users to engage in desired behaviours via reward-based methods.
The technique taps into several psychological phenomena:
Incomplete tasks – and an incomplete progress bar – can stay stuck in your customer's memory. Focusing on it, and only being able to imagine completion, can lead to tension: when can I finish it? Will the information I've already inputted still be there? Can I remember the password I used?
Doing something to resolve this tension – returning to the form to finish it – is a form of negative reinforcement. You've silenced the nagging voice and can enjoy the bonus of positive reinforcement: form is filled in, tick is made on to-do list.
We inherently feel good when we achieve something and this is backed up by neuroscience. Zhang quotes an article written by Dr Hugo Liu from MIT and hunch.com in which he says: "It turns out that when you finish a complex task, your brain releases massive quantities of endorphins."
The reward for this "need to complete" is powerful: you know that when you complete a project, your spirits will be lifted. This knowledge spurs you on to keep going.
Harness this effect within your forms and you're much more likely to be successfully cheering your customers over the finish line.
There's also another important reason why progress bars are a good idea - they make for a more open, transparent and honest user interface. They allow users to judge the effort required to complete the journey on your site and decide if it is worth their time.
If a progress bar decreases your conversion rate, it's likely that your form was too long to begin with. By removing it, you're essentially hiding the fact that your form is so long you don't think users will complete it and relying on them sticking with it after spending time on the first few steps. Essentially, you're exploiting the sunk cost of users.
Each of the different steps of your form have probably been crafted to ask for a different type of information at each step (rather than including a random number of unordered questions on each).
You may there want to consider some combination of numbered steps and section titles for each.
Here are forms with only section titles:
Here's one with only numbers:
And here a selection with a combination:
Which should you choose?
Well, if you're looking beyond the benefits of a progress bar to incentivise your users to complete, you'll recall that the progress bar adds clarity and openness to your UX. It goes some way to setting expectations about the journey ahead and prepares users for the information they may need to enter.
Having numbers only therefore does add some clarity but does not prepare users for what kind of information they are going to be asked for at each stage - what exactly is Step 4? Order confirmation, bank details, my life history? Similarly, having section titles only sets expectations but doesn't indicate clearly how many different stages there are going to be.
For example, this form has one or two questions on a series of mini-steps, across 5 sections:
A user only realises that there are actually lots of small steps after starting, and the larger section titles are actually not an indication of how many steps still lie ahead.
So if you're aiming for maximum clarity for users, include both Section Titles and either Numbers or a Percentage indicator. This prepares users both for the kind of information they're going to be asked for, and gives an indication of the number of steps completed and ahead of them.
Another advantage of progress bars is that it may allow a user to skip back to a previous step to review or amend information, like in the below:
If your journey requires a lot of complex, detailed information and there's an important product or service at stake, users will be tempted to review, go back, amend, and change information on previous steps before attempting a submit.
A progress bar allows them to easily access previously entered but no longer visible information. If you do not allow for this skipping about, a user will either press a back button in your form multiple times (unnecessary friction) or worse use the Back button in their browser. Sometimes this will cause the form to be wiped, setting the user back to the start.
If you suspect your users do want to review or amend information, you should support this, rather than force them in one direction and risk abandonment.
Zuko is the most powerful form analytics platform available on the market. Find out how to improve your form and checkout conversion by taking a product tour.PRODUCT TOUR


Debugging
Note: This documentation is based on Kedro 0.16.4, if you spot anything that is incorrect then please create an issue or pull request.
Introduction
If you're running your Kedro pipeline from the CLI or you can't/don't want to run Kedro from within your IDE debugging framework, it can be hard to debug your Kedro pipeline or nodes. This is particularly frustrating because:
 - If you have long running nodes or pipelines, inserting print statements and running them multiple times quickly becomes a time-consuming procedure.
 - Debugging nodes outside the run session isn't very helpful because getting access to the local scope within the node can be hard, especially if you're dealing with large data or memory datasets, where you need to chain a few nodes together or re-run your pipeline to produce the data for debugging purposes.
This guide provides examples on how to instantiate a post-mortem debugging session with pdb using Hooks when an uncaught error occurs during a pipeline run. Note that ipdb could be integrated in the same manner.
If you are looking for guides on how to setup debugging with IDEs, please visit the guide for VSCode and PyCharm.
Debugging Node
To start a debugging session when an uncaught error is raised within your node, implement the on_node_error Hook specification:
import pdb
import sys
import traceback
from kedro.framework.hooks import hook_impl
class PDBNodeDebugHook:
 """A hook class for creating a post mortem debugging with the PDB debugger
 whenever an error is triggered within a node. The local scope from when the
 exception occured is available within this debugging session.
 """
 @hook_impl
 def on_node_error(self):
 _, _, traceback_object = sys.exc_info()
 # Print the traceback information for debugging ease
 traceback.print_tb(traceback_object)
 # Drop you into a post mortem debugging session
 pdb.post_mortem(traceback_object)
You can then register this PDBNodeDebugHook with your ProjectContext in your project's run.py:
class ProjectContext(KedroContext):
 hooks = (PDBNodeDebugHook(),)
Debugging Pipeline
To start a debugging session when an uncaught error is raised within your pipeline, implement the on_pipeline_error Hook specification:
import pdb
import sys
import traceback
from kedro.framework.hooks import hook_impl
class PDBPipelineDebugHook:
 """A hook class for creating a post mortem debugging with the PDB debugger
 whenever an error is triggered within a pipeline. The local scope from when the
 exception occured is available within this debugging session.
 """
 @hook_impl
 def on_pipeline_error(self):
 # We don't need the actual exception since it is within this stack frame
 _, _, traceback_object = sys.exc_info()
 # Print the traceback information for debugging ease
 traceback.print_tb(traceback_object)
 # Drop you into a post mortem debugging session
 pdb.post_mortem(traceback_object)
You can then register this PDBPipelineDebugHook with your ProjectContext in your project's run.py:
class ProjectContext(KedroContext):
 hooks = (PDBPipelineDebugHook(),)


Posts tagged 'TV'
Climate "Disruption" and Publication Bias
Quite a while ago I wrote an article about climate publication bias called Summer of the Shark.
The point is that it is easy for people to mistake the frequency of publication about a certain phenomenon for the frequency of occurrence of the phenomenon itself. Here is a good example I saw the other day:
An emaciated polar bear was spotted in a Russian industrial city this week, just the latest account of polar bears wandering far from their hunting grounds to look for food.
Officials in the Russian city of Norilsk warned residents about the bear Tuesday. They added that it was the first spotted in the area in over 40 years.
I am willing to bet my entire bourbon collection that a) hungry polar bears occasionally invaded Siberian towns in previous decades and b) news of such polar bear activity from towns like Norilsk did NOT make the American news. But readers (even the author of the article) are left to believe there is a trend here because they remember seeing similar stories recently but don't remember seeing such stories earlier in their life.
America's Soft Power We Don't Even Realize We Have
A while back I took at Teaching Company course on Victorian Great Britain. The professor said something about the Victorians that really stuck with me -- he said that the British never understood the soft power they had in the world. The world wanted to dress British and emulate British manners. They read British authors. They desperately wanted to send their children to British schools. Even the native revolutionaries in their colonies sometimes revolted in very British ways. Sure the leaders of the Indian National Congress harbored enormous resentments against the arrogance of British power, but all their leaders were British-schooled and cast many of their arguments in terms from the British enlightenment.
I was thinking about this a while back when I was in France and attended a show of local French artists. As with much modern art, much of it incorporated bits of pop culture. And about 98% of that was American and to a lesser extent British pop culture. Sure, some of it was used ironically, but American culture is consumed everywhere in the world. I must have seen 5 or 6 artists using Captain America imagery alone in their art in a not-at-all hostile or ironic way.. America in the 20th and 21st century is in the same position as the British in the 19th century, and we are probably just as unaware of that soft power and pissing it away just as surely with our slamming around the world like a bull in a china shop.
And speaking of China, it is simply insane in my mind to turn them into our enemies. Whatever the top Chinese officials are after, much of the population wants to be like Americans. They want to come to our schools and wear our fashions and watch our movies and TV. We have had several exchange students from China live with us and they treat getting to spend time living in America like having hit the lottery. We have watched one woman who goes by "Cat" in the US all the way from high school to college in America to getting a good banking job. She first showed up at our house looking exactly like Ching "Honey" Huan from Doonesbury -- the hair, glasses, clothes, everything. She now looks, dresses, and talks like any young American. For a while her Instagram was dominated by pictures of her and her friends at Big 10 football games.
I have been consumed of late with other things in my life, and really have not had the chance to address the increasingly insane extent of the Trump Administration's economic nationalism. But go to Don Boudreax's and Mark Perry's blogs and scroll through them -- they do a much more eloquent job of defending free trade than I can.
TV Recomendation -- Wolf Hall
I do truly think we are living in the Golden Age of TV. There are so many great shows -- Game of Thrones, the Crown, Counterpart, even a few guilty pleasures like Outlander. I wanted to recommend one I just watched and I have not heard a lot about before -- Wolf Hall, a retelling (yes, yet again) of the Henry the VIII era from the perspective of Thomas Cromwell. I thought it was really terrific, with Mark Rylance's quirky take on Thomas Cromwell and Clare Foy as Anne Boleyn and Damien Lewis as Henry (best casting ever as Henry, but I really like Damien Lewis). Plus a great supporting cast including folks like Jonathon Pryce and Mark Gatiss. Only 6 episodes and it seems like the logical season 2 is missing, but I really enjoyed it. The acting is great, but I must confess I liked Natalie Dormer as Anne Boleyn in the Tudors better, probably because I have a thing for Natalie Dormer (which my wife does NOT understand). The Wolf Hall take on the protagonists is quirky -- it is probably the most sympathetic take on Wolsey you will ever see and the least sympathetic take on Moore you will see. Very intelligent and avoids (for good and for bad) the Skinemax aspects of the Tudors series.
It starts with this tweet:
Mentions of the "Social Security Trust Fund" Like It is A Real Thing Make Me Crazy
From Market Watch, but you see the same article everywhere:
This year, like last year, Social Security's trustees said the program's two trust funds would be depleted in 2034.
This is like sticking a knitting needle in my eye every time I read it. Repeat after me: There is no trust fund. If it ever existed, it is gone.
OK, I will admit that it does technically exist -- there is a government account for it. But the trust fund is full of just one asset: government IOU's to itself. When Social Security was collecting more money in taxes than it spent on benefits, the extra cash flowed into the trust fund. Then Congress immediately took the cash out and spent it on... whatever, and left behind an IOU. I suppose the government pays interest to itself on this debt, but this interest just goes back around in a circle to cover the interest that was just paid out.
Imagine you had a piggy bank where you collected money for a rainy day. Then one day you wanted a new TV and you took $1000 out of the piggy bank to pay for it, leaving an IOU in the piggy bank for $1000. I guess you could technically say to yourself that you still had $1000 in assets in the bank, but what good is an IOU to yourself? I suppose you could even pay yourself interest. You could take $20 out and then put it back in as interest. Wouldn't that feel like progress!
This is what the government has done. You can read numerous articles online that will say that in the case of the trust fund these IOU's are somehow different and really have value. Here is the simplest way to think about it: Imagine to cover benefits in a particular year the Social Security Administration needs $1 billion above and beyond Social Security taxes. If the trust fund exists, the government takes a billion dollars of government bonds out and sells them to private buyers on the open market. If the trust fund didn't exist, the government would.... issue a billion dollars in bonds and sell them to private buyers on the open market. In either case, the government's indebtedness to the outside world goes up by a billion dollars. I will confess there are some technical issues that might differ in the two cases -- perhaps there are different implications for the two approaches on the government debt limit. But that is just a procedural issue -- in reality there is no economic difference between the two cases. If there is no economic difference between the trust fund existing and not existing, then in my mind is effectively does not exist.
US Trade Deficit: Foreigners Are Consuming US Goods, But Consuming Them in the US (So They Don't "Count" As An Export)
Via Don Boudreaux:
Greg Ip writes that "The U.S. runs a trade deficit because it consumes more than it produces while its trading partners, collectively, do the opposite" ("How the Tax Cut President Trump Loves Will Deepen Trade Deficits He Hates," April 19).
Here is how I like to explain why this is wrong. The trade deficit exists in large part because foreigners are more likely to consume the American-made goods and services they buy right here in the US, rather than take them back to their home country, while US consumers tend to bring foreign goods back to America to consume them. Let me unpack this.
First, over any reasonable length of time, payments between countries are going to balance. If this were not true, there would be some mattress in China that has trillions of dollar bills stuffed in it, and no reasonable person nowadays just lets money sit around lying fallow. There are some payments between countries for each others' goods. And there are some payments for each others' services. And there are some payments for various investments. All these ultimately balance, which makes fixating on just one part of this circular flow, the payments for physical goods, sort of insane. If we have a trade "deficit" in physical goods, then we must have a trade surplus in services (which we do) and in investments (which we do) to balance things out.
But what do we


text:
Deep frying foods are hard to say no. Even if anyone says they do not like deep dried food, I will not believe them. But as we all know, it's unfortunately not the healthiest option.
The best way you can make it healthy is to make it at home. And you are lucky if you have a deep fryer.
The most important thing to look for in a healthier frying option is oil. We get many questions like what oil do you use to deep fry? Can you use vegetable oil in a deep fryer? etc. So, here's everything you need to know about frying oils.
- What is Vegetable Oil?
- Things You Should Know Before Frying with Vegetable Oil
- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What is Vegetable Oil?
Before we jump into the question, can you use vegetable oil in a deep fryer, we need to know what vegetable oil actually is.
Basically, any type of oil extracted from plants, seed, or fruits is called vegetable oil. But by vegetable oil, we generally mean a mixer of different plants based oil so that it can be cost-effective for you. It does not have any flavor, so it's great for deep frying.
You May Also Like: What Happens If You Put Ice in a Deep Fryer?
Things You Should Know Before Frying with Vegetable Oil
There are some reasons why vegetable oil is good for deep frying. But mainly these three things you need to keep in mind before you go for deep fry anything.
What is the Smoke Point of the Oil?
Every kind of oil has a different smoking point. It means at a certain temperature; they start to break down. If the temperature further increases, it gets on fire. At this point, oils lose their nutritional value as well as their taste. Vegetable oil frying temp of breaking down is usually between 440° to 450°.
If you compare it with other oils, you will know that this temperature is quite high. Even most of the deep fryer does not get at that high heat. In that case, there is no chance of getting the oil burnt. This is one of the main reasons you need to use vegetable oil for frying in your deep fryer.
Does Oil Affect the Flavor?
The added flavor from oil may increase the taste of many foods but not for deep-fried ones. Because the purpose of deep frying with vegetable oil is to cook the food thoroughly and make it crispy with its flavor.
Vegetable oil is another win here because it does not have any strong flavor to it like olive oil or any other oil has. Vegetable oil is neutral in case of flavor and does not disturb the flavor of the food at all. Which keeps the fried food's taste and smell pure.
You May Also Like: How to Deep Fry Hot Dogs Perfectly Within Less Time
You must have noticed that it takes a lot of cooking oil for deep frying any food. Because the food needs to be submerged in the oil fully. And obviously, oil costs money. If you tend to use olive oil, canola oil, etc. for deep frying, we assume you are very rich. Because honestly, it will cost a lot of money.
But deep frying with vegetable oil is the most cost-friendly you will find in the market. As we talked before, vegetable oil is a mixture of various oils. Its main purpose is to decrease the cost.
And the other noticeable point is, as vegetable oil has a high smoking point, you can reuse it. It can save you a lot of money.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
By now, you must have a conclusion of can you use vegetable oil in a deep fryer or not. The thing is, if you want everything manageable while frying vegetable oil is the best option. No matter if you are using a deep fryer or a pan, it's always the goof option.