text:
The diffusion of single n-butane and n-decane molecules on a model stepped surface, Pt(655), and on a corresponding flat surface, Pt(111), is investigated using molecular-dynamics simulations and anisotropic united atom model. The surface step on Pt(655) causes the alkane molecules to adsorb on the lower terrace in all-trans conformations with their long molecular axes adjacent and parallel to the step edge, and to diffuse anisotropically along the surface step via a constant wiggly motion without rotation or marked deviation from the parallel adsorption configuration. At relatively high temperatures, the alkane molecules can temporarily break away from the step edge but cannot migrate across the step edge in either the downstair or upstair direction. In comparison with the diffusion on Pt(111), the diffusivity of n-decane is reduced by the surface step but its diffusion barrier is hardly affected. In the case of the shorter n-butane, however, the surface step significantly reduces the diffusion energy barrier and gives rise to higher diffusion coefficients at lower temperatures. Important implications of the simulation results are discussed.
S. Subramaniyan and J. Wang, "Anisotropic Diffusion of n-Butane and n-Decane on a Stepped Surface," Journal of Chemical Physics, American Institute of Physics (AIP), Jan 2005.
The definitive version is available at _URL_
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
Missouri Research Board
Keywords and Phrases
Surface Diffusion; Adsorption; Molecular dynamics -- Simulation method; Organic compounds; Platinum
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
Article - Journal
© 2005 American Institute of Physics (AIP), All rights reserved.
01 Jan 2005


text:
A Lesson in Math
Subject(s)/Grade(s): Math Grades 4 and 5 (based on 4th grade NC Objectives)
Related Subject(s): Cultural connection: Art and History of basket-making (Craft Revival Project)
By viewing traditional Cherokee basket designs and creating unique designs, students will incorporate various math concepts including visual imagery, pattern, and spatial reasoning. After finishing "basket pattern," student will calculate fractional, decimal and percentile amounts.
- The learner will recognize Cherokee baskets designs.
- The learner will create a unique basket design incorporating patterns, symmetry, and spatial reasoning.
- The learner will apply concepts of fractions, decimals, and percentages based on their basket designs.
- Time required for lesson: Allow two 50-minute class periods to complete this lesson.
- Teacher preparation involves gathering materials needed to supplement lesson.
- Traditional Cherokee basket designs - _URL_
- Student sample design
- Pictures of Cherokee basket designs
- Graph paper
- Colored pencils (to represent various basket dyes)
Flowing water pattern
Cherokee culture is rich in basketry. There are several known designs woven into the baskets. Patterns woven into baskets are generally continuous and symmetric. Baskets are made from white oak and honeysuckle. Various natural materials are used to dye white oak. Black walnut is used to make a dark brown color. Butternut bark makes a black color. Bloodroot produces a rusty orange color and yellow root provides a golden yellow color.
- View various Cherokee basket designs. _URL_
- Discuss elements of symmetry, pattern, and color
- Mark off a 10" x 10" square grid on graph paper.
- Create a colored pattern design using 2-5 colors.
- Mark off a 20" x 20" square grid on graph paper.
- Repeat design on 10" x 10" grid four times onto the 20" x 20" grid (see attachment 1).
- After design is completed, have students count the number of squares of each color used on the 10" x 10" grid (total should add up to 100).
- After determining the number of squares of each color used, students can represent the number in fraction, decimal, and percentage forms. (ex. 28 squares are bloodroot color, the fraction 28\100, the decimal is.28, and the percentage is 28%).
- Display and share.
- End product graded then displayed
- Conference about symmetrical pattern, use of color, and originality of name
North Carolina Curriculum Alignment
Current K-8 - Grade 4
- Hill, Sarah. Weaving New Worlds: Southeastern Cherokee Women and their Basketry. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.
- Sommer, Robin. Native American Art. New York: Brompton Books Corp., 1994.
- Craft Revival: Shaping Western North Carolina Past and Present craftrevival.wcu.edu
- Craft Revival: Shaping Western North Carolina Past and Present - Basket Pattern Index _URL_
- Museum of the Cherokee Indian _URL_
- Cherokee basket design cards by Shan Goshorn; available for purchase at _EMAIL_
- Submitted by Donna Beck and Jonnie Walkingstick, Cherokee Elementary School, Cherokee, NC 28719

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


IELTS Writing Task 2 Sample 45 - It is better for children to grow up in the countryside than in a big city
IELTS Writing Task 2/ IELTS Essay:
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Do you agree or disagree?
Use specific reasons and examples to develop your essay.
You should write at least 250 words.
Model Answer 1:
Some people believe that it is better for children to grow up in the countryside than in a big city. However, other people think that a big city gives more opportunities and it is good for the long run. Personally, for several reasons I think that it is better for children to grow up in a city that offers numerous advantages.
From the other side, children have some advantages living in a big city. For example, they have more opportunities to choose from what they want to do. They can choose to attend ballet school, school of art, gymnastics, etc. For the long run, it is good for them. They will be better prepared for a life in a "real world" and they will have more chances to make a good career and succeed. Moreover, a big city usually has many entertaining centres with movie theatres and play stations. When I was a child I liked to go to the movie theatre with my parents to watch a premiere.
One more reason to choose a big city for a child is that a city provides better live conditions and services such as medical, dental, etc. My friend lived in the country for a while and one time he and his family had to drive a couple of hours to the nearest medical centre when his child got a heavy cough.
( Approximately 394 words)
Model Answer 2:
Bringing up young generation in a big city is not as good as the countryside. I partially disagree with this statement. In my view, cities are the best place to grow up children and to live. However, cities have some drawbacks which will be discussed in this essay.
Many people opt to live in large cities rather than the countryside because they prefer to live in the metropolitan area than remote areas. Such a good benefit is an employment. People, who are living in a city can easily get a job in different types of professions.
Another reason is the easy availability of transportation services, large complex network maps of buses and trains covering almost all surrounding suburbs of a city, which can save a lot of valuable time spent by travelling with the own vehicle, which is more convenient and economical when your children go to school. And you will know where they are.
However, the cost of living in a city is usually much higher than in the countryside. Inhabitants of cities have to pay higher prices for housing, transport, and even food. Moreover, the big cities have some social problems such as high crime and poverty rates in comparison with the countryside. Furthermore, the air quality in cities is often poor, due to pollution from traffic, and the streets and public transport systems are usually overcrowded. As a result, city life can be unhealthy and stressful to our children.
After analysing the essay, we can conclude that those points are the important factors when considering living either in the urban or rural area. Apart from those, entertainment facilities, well-developed infrastructure and living with latest trends are other reasons for living in cities.
[ by - Ice]
Model Answer 3:
Today children predominantly live in villages and in the countryside, but many others live in big cities. This can be seen in terms of their family, hobbies, interests, and undoubtedly, lifestyle. It is believed that rural children are more skilled than children who live in big cities. This will be proven by analysing of children's lifestyle in both countryside and big city in this essay.
Firstly, it is well-known fact that living in isolated villages can improve children's health, and therefore, their physical development. For instance, if children constantly do house-working and gardening, they will be healthy. This example clearly shows that working hard improves not only health but also diversifies lifestyle. From this, it can be concluded that living in villages accelerates physical developing and improves skills which they need in future life.
Secondly, there is no doubt to say that rural children can adapt and develop in big cities, which are saturated by a variety of places. For example, they can visit and feel a sense of ethnic places, restaurants, stadiums, despite adapting. It is obvious when looking at the example that rural children slowly adapt for boiling city lifestyle. Thus, it would be better to live near big cities.
After analysing the areas of both lifestyles, it can be concluded that rural children are healthier than children of big cities. As has been shown, skills of rural children based on house-working, albeit village is not an ideal place to develop life skills. It is predicted that children will live in villages in the future.
[ by - Mama]
Model Answer 4:
At the present time, people say that children should be grown in the countryside rather than in the big city. I totally disagree with this rubric, because in big cities the quality of education and medicine are better compared with rural areas and huge occupation choice makes the city more convenient place in nourish of the child.
Firstly, children should be educated by qualified teachers but the countryside can't create that kind of condition for education and a large number of their teachers didn't even end up the university education. Good education is the earnest of success in the future. But not only a bright future depends on the education of the children, it also depends on proper medical treatment and facilities of medicine.
Aforesaid medicine, one of the main necessary things in raising children. Without vaccination, young children might get ill or even die from fatal diseases. To prevent this, in cities almost every month child is gone through medicine check and necessary injections are done to him.
In addition to this, currently the development of big cities strongly differs from the development of rural areas and it's another reason to grow children in big cities. Better conditions for children in job selection, they can choose every career they want, for example, to be a pilot, they can realise their dream in the city, but in a lot of countrysides, the airports don't exist.
In conclusion, a countryside is not the best place to raise children and big cities either. But, in my view nourishment of children should take place in the city due to high education and medicine level and the big choice in job selection.
[ by - Akmal Sharipov]
Model Answer 5:
City life has improved significantly with the advancement of technology and it provides state of the art facilities and services to its residents. Some people argue that children are more receptive to new learning experiences that could only be practice in cities. Children can enjoy a high standard of education, modern libraries, parks and many others technological services while spending their lives in cities. However, others claim that countryside is environmentally friendly and provides great physical activities that are mandatory for children health. I strongly believe that life in the city has undeniable positive effects on children.
Education plays a pivotal role in children life. Educational institutions in cities are equipped with modern teaching methods and facilities and have more qualified and trained professionals that help students substantially to improve their knowledge and information about the subject. Furthermore, the internet and mobile phone has become an essential constituent of children daily life and are more prevalent in cities. New technological advancement also helps children to achieve better grades by researching on the internet and by other positive use of these technologies.
However, it is often seen that children in villages are healthier and less susceptible to illness. Some of the reasons are clean environment and absence of pollution in their area and vicinity. In addition to this, they are more interested in physical games and take parts in activities that demand hard work and strength thus help them to remain active and fit.
To sum up, I would like to say that children grown up in cities are more dynamic and intellectual due to finest facilities they had. This also helps them in achieving more success in long run.
[ by - Fahad Sultan]
:D :lol: :-) :roll:
If it is about health, then gymnasiums and other sports clubs are present in cities which prevent people from suffering from obesity and other health related problems.
How can I improve my writing skill?
I am confused about the last paragraph. Please help.
IELTS Mentor
Dear Nanci, you are correct and that was really confusing. We have corrected that and hopefully, no further confusion remains.
Model Answer 1 is a contradiction. In the introduction, it says that he/she thinks that growing up in the country is a better choice. However, in the conclusion, it says it is better if children grow up in a city. It is very very confusing.


text:
Linking Home-Based Child Care And State-Funded Preschool
The Community Connections Preschool Program (Illinois Action for Children)
Publication Date: May 2011
Introduction to the Community Connections Program Model
The Community Connections preschool program (herein referred to as Community Connections) was developed to help prepare children in home-based child care for success in school and in life. It has three goals: (1) to make state prekindergarten classroom experiences available to children in home-based care, (2) to extend classroom learning experiences in the home-based care setting, and (3) to support infant and toddler development in participating providers' homes.
In this model, state prekindergarten (Illinois "Preschool for All") classrooms provide half-day sessions four days per week for 3- and 4-year-old children coming from home-based child care. On the fifth day, the teachers visit children's care providers; delivering books and educational materials, modeling ways to extend curriculum activities, and discussing children's learning in the classroom. While preschoolers are in classrooms away from the home-based care setting, providers have precious time to focus on the needs of infants and toddlers in their care.
Illinois Action for Children (herein referred to as IAFC) created the Community Connections program model in 2005 as Illinois was rapidly expanding its state prekindergarten program, which would ultimately change from serving exclusively at-risk children to become "Preschool for All." As the Preschool for All program grew, it became clear that large numbers of preschoolers in home-based care were being left out.
Home-based care is the only option for many parents in low-wage jobs because those jobs tend to require non-traditional work hours – evenings, weekends, and changing shifts – when child care centers are closed. In Illinois, 67% of low-income single mothers with children under six work non-traditional hours (Illinois Action for Children, 2006). These mothers overwhelmingly choose home-based child care, usually provided by family, friends and neighbors. According to Illinois Child Care Assistance Program data, among families using the Child Care Assistance Program in Cook County, 58% have enrolled their children in home-based child care (22% in licensed homes and 36% in license-exempt Family, Friend and Neighbor care).
While home-based child care is a significant community asset, preschool-age children tend to learn cognitive school readiness skills best in classroom settings (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network, 2002). In 2005, IAFC developed Community Connections to support home-based child care while adding a classroom-based experience to the children's day. This new program represents a third model through which state prekindergarten services are delivered in Illinois. The two most common models are part-day school-based programs and full-day programs delivered in conjunction with child care centers. As a third model, Community Connections has the potential to reach a large population of unserved children.
Community Connections Program Evaluation: Phase I Implementation Study
The Illinois State Board of Education has requested evidence that the Community Connections mixed model works before making funding available for it statewide. Education agencies in other states are expected to ask the same question.
Community Connections is a mixed model, incorporating classroom-based and homeproviderbased elements. As such, it represents a significant departure from the common state prekindergarten models, which are entirely classroom-based. While research conducted on Early Head Start and Parents as Teachers models has suggested that specific mixed models are effective (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2006; Parents as Teachers National Center, 2007), IAFC and its state education agency are seeking evidence specific to the Community Connections model.
In Phase 1 of a two phase evaluation, IAFC asked Child Trends and the National Center for Children in Poverty (NCCP) to conduct a study to examine model clarity, fidelity, and the implementation of Community Connections. Phase 2, to take place after implementation issues are identified and addressed, will be an outcomes study.
This report describes the methodology and presents the findings of Phase 1 of the evaluation of the Community Connections model, the implementation study. Central to the methodology, described in detail below, were comprehensive interviews with members of the five groups participating in, or "connected" through, Community Connections: the complete cadre of Preschool for All coordinators at IAFC, as well as samples of participating center directors, classroom teachers and assistant teachers, home-based care providers, and parents of participating children. In addition to interviews, quality observations were conducted with the home-based providers in their care settings, with each observation focused on a child participating in Community Connections. Review of participation data maintained by IAFC informed selection of the centers for the study, as well as the range of home-based providers affiliated with those centers from which to recruit the sample. As described more fully later, recruitment efforts were successful with licensed providers, all of whom were English-speaking, but not with license-exempt providers, who may have felt uncomfortable being observed.
The results section of the report opens by summarizing the reactions, which were predominately enthusiastic, to participating in Community Connections from the coordinators, center directors, center teachers, home providers, and parents; as well as their impressions, also heavily favorable, of the model and its benefits to them and their children. This section goes on to review interview responses and program documents for insights into how well the model is achieving its first goal: making preschool classroom experiences available to children who would not otherwise have them. Findings follow from the quality observations of the home-based care settings conducted with the Child Care Assessment Tool for Relatives (CCAT-R). Highlights from the observations include good caregiver engagement with the focal child and good-toadequate caregiver and child language factors. Conducted once in the spring, the observations provided a view of Community Connections' home-based care well into the program year, but not an opportunity for comparison with care at the outset of the year.
The results section then discusses respondents' perceptions of benefits/targeted effects of the program and concludes with an analysis of respondents' descriptions of the key activities of the Community Connections model specifically, as well as Preschool for All in general, their sense of challenges facing the model, and ideas for meeting those challenges. Targeted effects of the program discussed by respondents included new or stronger connections among parents, centers, and home-based providers; perceptions of improvements in the center classroom and home-based care setting; perceived improvements in children's learning; and business/personal benefits to participating in the program. There was a high degree of shared understanding of core model components. Nevertheless, responses suggested a need for more specificity about some components. In identifying challenges, teachers and providers expressed the need for more training and support in some areas. For example, teachers wished for additional guidance in scheduling and making the best use of their visits with providers in their homes. Also, parents, providers, and teachers all expressed concerns about the effectiveness of the special occasions and events offered to bring parents and/or providers together at the centers with teachers.
The report concludes with recommendations to IAFC, based on the findings, for strengthening the Community Connections model and its implementation. These recommendations are provided to facilitate readiness of the program for formal evaluation of outcomes, so that the Illinois State Board of Education can extend it throughout Illinois, and so that education agencies in other states can adapt it to their prekindergarten programs.


text:
|an arrangement of five objects, as trees, in a square or rectangle, one at each corner and one in the middle.|
|the offspring of a zebra and a donkey.|
trauma trau·ma (trô'mə, trou'-)
n. pl. trau·mas or trau·ma·ta (-mə-tə)
A serious bodily injury or shock, as from violence or an accident.
An emotional wound or shock that creates substantial lasting damage to one's psychological development, often leading to neurosis.
|trauma (trô'mə, trou'-) Pronunciation Key
Wounds that result from sudden physical injury or violence.
Note: The term is frequently used to describe an emotional shock that causes serious psychological damage.


Victoria amazonica
Victoria amazonica. Photo: Gunvor Larsson
The Victoria house was inaugurated in 1900 and the purpose was, like in many gardens at the time, to cultivate and put on display the fantastic, giant water lily, Victoria. It is designed in the best possible way to meet the water lily's demands for light, heat and space. Today, the house is classified as a historic building and it is unique in its kind, since similar conservatories in Europe have disappeared for various reasons.
The visitor is greeted by rich and moist vegetation. In the pond dominating the conservatory, the giant water lily's stunning leaves are spreading with a diameter reaching 2.6 meters (8.5 feet). When darkness falls, the big, gorgeous flowers unfold, though often it is possible to watch it flowering already in the afternoon. Other tropical water lilies are constantly in bloom, putting on a show of various colours above the surface of the water.
Stretching over the pond are branches covered with epiphytes (plants living on other plants without drawing nutriment from them) like bromeliads, ferns, orchids and cacti. Here you will also find utility plants like rice, sugar cane, papyrus and tropical cucumbers.


text:
February 1961 | Volume 12, Issue 2
At the turn of the century, in 1799 and 1800. Birch and his son Thomas issued a series of engraved views of Philadelphia that provide a remarkable record of the most attractive and the most enterprising of eighteenth-century American cities. At the time the Birches pictured it, the junction of Second and High streets (left) marked the heart of Philadelphia. Distances from the city to other places were measured from this intersection. In another view (above) they recorded the procession commemorating the death of Washington as it passed by the country market place on High Street. The Arch Street Ferry is shown below. In 1797 more than 1,400 vessels berthed at bustling Philadelphia.


text:
Plan International began operating in Laos in 2008 to advance children's rights and equality for girls. We work with vulnerable children, families and communities so they can build the best possible futures for themselves.
We work with communities where there is low school enrolment and completion, poor hygiene, little-to-no access to sanitation, limited safe water and high levels of malnutrition.
Our key areas of work include:
- Providing parents with the facilities and knowledge to give their children a healthy start in life
- Providing access to quality education for all vulnerable children, particularly girls
- Improving the health of children by ensuring good sanitation and hygiene practices and providing sustainable access to clean water.
Toilets improve the health of communities
Plan International Laos is encouraging people to use and maintain hygienic toilets and is helping them understand how it will improve their health and well-being.
Their Time Is Now: Eliminating Child, Early and Forced Marriage
This is the first phase into an extensive research on Child, Early and Forced Marriage (CEFM) in Asia. It provides a snapshot of CEFM in Asia, consolidates and analyses evidence over the past 15 years and outlines actions that must be taken.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Like most grep tools, PowerGREP is primarily designed to work with plain text files. Unlike many grep tools, PowerGREP can convert many popular file formats into plain text for searching. The original software is not needed for any of these formats. You can search through Microsoft Word documents, for example, even if you don't have Word or Office installed.
- Plain text files. Such files include text documents, source code, HTML files, XML files, comma-delimited data files (CSV), SQL queries, etc. PowerGREP supports various text encodings (Windows code pages, ISO-8859, Unicode, ECBDIC, KOI8, etc.) and line break styles (DOS/Windows, UNIX/Linux, Mac).
- Binary files. These files are not human-readable without the proper software. With PowerGREP, you can search through binary files for text or hexadecimal data.
- Adobe Acrobat documents (PDF files)
- Microsoft Word documents (DOC and DOCX files)
- OpenOffice documents, spreadsheets, etc. (.odf and other files)
- Microsoft Write (WRI files)
- WordPerfect documents (WP files)
- XML Paper Specification (XPS and OXPS)
- Microsoft Excel spreadsheets (XLS and XLSX files)
- Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheets (.wks and.wk1 files)
- Quattro Pro spreadsheets (.wq1,.wq2 and.wkq files)
- Audio file meta tags (ID3, APE, FLAC, Vorbis, MP4, WAV, and WMA)
- Image file tags (EXIF in JPEG, TIFF, and PSD files)
- Rich Text Format (RTF files)
- HyperText Markup Language (HTML files)
- Microsoft Outlook email (PST, OST, and MSG files)
- MIME and UUencode email (MBOX and EML files)
- CorelDRAW meta data (CDR files)
- AceText collections (ATC files)
- Windows shell links (shortcuts stored as LNK files)
- HTML Help (CHM files)
- ZIP, 7-zip, RAR, and many other archives are handled transparently. PowerGREP treats them like folders, unless you disable the option to search through archives.
- IFilter support allows PowerGREP to search through any file that Windows Search can handle.
"The first thing I tried [after upgrading to PowerGREP 5] was a find-and-replace within an MS Word document. It worked perfectly in a Hebrew right-to-left document! For me this is the most dramatic, long-awaited achievement, allowing, at last, a decent find-and-replace feature to replace [MS Word's] nonsensical "wild card" built-in feature. Many thanks, again, for a fantastic, must-have product!"
— Motti Teicher
9 September 2016, Israel
"If the only thing I ever did with PowerGREP was grep help PDFs and CHMs, I'd find my PowerGREP license worth the cost. I'll put a folder full of hardlinks to every local resource I have and GREP it for answers—wonderful tool. PowerGREP makes me feel like I can do an SQL query on my personal, unorganized data, wherever it is, and actually find what I need."
— Clay Cundick
31 December 2016, Utah, USA


text:
How Do Dinosaurs Learn to Read?
by Jane Yolen Illustrated by Mark Teague
Reviewed by Thomas W. (age 6)
Thomas W. is a student in Ms. Heller's 1st Grade Class
The book is about how dinosaurs learn to read from other dinosaurs. The story takes place at a dinosaur's house. The story asks you questions about how dinosaurs learn to read.
My favorite part is the end because I learned how dinosaurs learn to read. It makes me remember the first time that I read a chapter book. My favorite character is the dinosaur because he learns to read.
Anybody who is just learning to read would like to read this book.


text:
In this chapter, we have proposed a Luenberger observer linear systems diagnostic technique using the bond graph. Indeed, an observer can reconstruct or estimate the current state of a real system using the available measurements, without prior knowledge of the initial conditions. In addition, it allows to estimate the nonmeasurable states of a system. The design of the observer is carried out using graphical methods from the structural properties of the model bond graph becomes simple and practical to build. We presented the bond graph approach for the construction of a full-order observer and proposed a new BG-based observer diagnostic method. Subsequently, we presented the uncertain parameter systems modeled by the bond graph approach, and we also proposed a new method for diagnosing systems with uncertain parameters by Luenberger observer. In the last part of this chapter, we developed and proposed an observer bench diagnosis technique (BG-DOS/BG-GOS) to detect and locate defects.
Part of the book: Electric Machines for Smart Grids Applications

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
- What is difference between IGST and Cgst?
- Can we adjust Cgst with IGST?
- What is IGST duty?
- How do I get a refund on IGST paid on import?
- Who will pay IGST on import?
- Can we claim IGST on import?
- What is IGST give an example?
- What is IGST?
- What is difference between GST and IGST?
- How do I get IGST refund on import?
- How is IGST calculated on imports?
- How much percentage is IGST?
What is difference between IGST and Cgst?
CGST and IGST are part of GST, Goods and Service Tax.
CGST expands as Central Goods and Service Tax and IGST is the short form of Integrated Goods and Service Tax.
Under IGST, the taxes for movement of goods and services from one state to another are collected..
Can we adjust Cgst with IGST?
With the new rules in place, it is mandatory to utilise the entire IGST available in electronic credit ledger before utilising ITC on CGST or SGST. The order of setting off ITC of IGST can be done in any proportion and any order towards setting off the CGST or SGST output after utilising the same for IGST output.
What is IGST duty?
Integrated Good and Service Tax on Imports For all the imports, an IGST (Integrated Good and Service Tax) is now charged. This IGST is charged on the cumulative value of the product, including the customs duty. However, the importer can claim the input tax credit for the IGST paid.
How do I get a refund on IGST paid on import?
As per Rule 96 of the CGST Rules 2017, dealing with refund of IGST paid on goods exported out of India, the shipping bill filed by an exporter shall be deemed to be an application for refund of integrated tax paid on the goods exported out of India, once both the export general manifest (EGM) and valid return in Form …
Who will pay IGST on import?
Under the GST regime, an importer who is registered can use the IGST levied to them when importing goods as input tax credit. During the outward supply of goods by the importer, the input tax credit could be used to pay taxes such as CGST / SGST / IGST.
Can we claim IGST on import?
ITC of Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST) The importer can claim the credit of the IGST and Compensation Cess paid at the time of imports. Further, he can utilize such a credit to make payment of taxes on his outward supplies.
What is IGST give an example?
IGST is a part of Goods and Service Tax (GST). IGST means Integrated Goods and Service Tax, one of the three categories under Goods and Service Tax (CGST, IGST and SGST) with a concept of one tax one nation. … For example, if goods are moved from Tamil Nadu to Kerala, IGST is levied on such goods.
What is IGST?
IGST stands for Integrated Goods and Services Tax. IGST is one of the three components of Goods and Services Tax. IGS tax is levied when there is an inter-state transfer of goods and services.
What is difference between GST and IGST?
The GST to be levied by the Centre on intra state supply of goods and / or services is Central GST (CGST) and that by the States is State GST (SGST). On supply of goods and services outside the state, Integrated GST (IGST) will be collected by Centre. IGST also applies on imports as well.
How do I get IGST refund on import?
It has been decided to operationalise a refund mechanism of IGST paid on imports by the specialized agencies as under: (i) Section 55 of the CGST Act provides refund of taxes paid on the notified supplies of goods or services or both received by them. In pursuance of this provision, Notification No.
How is IGST calculated on imports?
Calculating GST on Imports GST is applicable on all imports into India in the form of levy of IGST. It is levied on the value of imported goods + any customs duty chargeable on the goods. Hence, IGST must be calculated after adding the applicable customs duty to the value of imported goods.
How much percentage is IGST?
An example for IGST: The GST rate is 18% comprised of 18% IGST. In such case, the dealer has to charge Rs. 18,000 as IGST. This IGST will go to the Centre.


text:
After the heavy rains that ended California's five-year drought, our state's wildflowers have made a comeback. Enjoying last year's superbloom at Death Valley, we visited the Carrizo Plain National Monument, a premier place for California wildflowers. Shown above, coreopsis and fiddleheads bloom above Soda Lake, an alkaline lake ringed by salt. Reflected in Soda Lake, the Temblor Range is painted with swaths of wildflowers. I can see an impressionist painter splashing bold strokes of color on the canvas.
When rain falls, the water dissolves salts from the soil and usually flows to the ocean, already salty from past rain. Like Death Valley, Carrizo Plain has no outlet for rainwater, so water collects in the lowest spots and evaporates, leaving behind salts. Invasive plants struggle with this salty environment, while native plants that evolved here flourish without invasive competition. Consequently, Carrizo Plain has vast fields of California native plants and their spring blooms.
Located in Central California, Carrizo Plain is a valley with Soda Lake at its lowest point. In this satellite image, Soda Lake is dry and white with salt deposits.
We stopped first at the Soda Lake Overlook, a hill with a wonderful overview of Carrizo Plain. From the hill, you can see Soda Lake, the flowers around it, the Temblor Range, and the reflection of the Temblor Range in Soda Lake. The shore of Soda Lake is white with salt. With the abundant rain of the last winter, Soda Lake has water for the first time in eleven years, and flora and fauna are making a comeback, including "plants once though to have gone extinct in the 90s".
As normal levels of rainfall (6-9 in. yearly) returned to the plain, the diversity of plant and animal species appear to be thriving, although researchers are still conducting population surveys. Emblematic of the sudden revival is a super bloom that has blanketed the region in a carpet of wildflowers.
Beyond these fiddlenecks, the opposite side of Soda Lake has an expanse of yellow flowers.
Fiddlenecks and a Byron larkspur are at the bottom of the hill.
The Overlook hill has bands of yellow flowers.
From the Overlook, we drove around Soda Lake to the fields of yellow flowers. The south end of Soda Lake was dry and white with salt. Evidently these tidy tips (layia platyglossa) can tolerate high salt concentrations.
From the lake, we drove to the San Andreas fault at Wallace Creek, covered in a separate post.
Before leaving Carrizo Plain, we stopped in the foothills of the Temblor Range for a closer look. We came to a barb wire fence but didn't cross it, thinking that the land beyond was private. A friend later said that the land is public, so we could have looked for a gate and hiked into the foothills for even better views.
We enjoyed seeing vast fields of mostly-yellow wildflowers on our first trip to Carrizo Plain on April 10. People visiting Carrizo Plain a week or two earlier shared photos with fields of orange and purple flowers, but we missed these. Perhaps next year there'll be lots of rain and wildflowers, and we'll visit Carrizo Plain again.


Attention seeking Asian chokes on cock - attention seeking adults
attention seeking adults - Attention seeking Asian chokes on cock
May 09, · There are many reasons why an adult may exhibit attention-seeking behavior. It could be the result of underlying trauma, neglect that they've experienced, or a reaction to being in stressful situations. It could also be a sign of low self-esteem or depression 87%(29). Attention-seeking can be a part of a personality disorder. Personality disorders that are often associated with attention-seeking include narcissistic personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder.
May 12, · Truth is, attention-seeking behavior is just plain exhausting for your partner, and he or she will eventually find a way to avoid it, and perhaps you as well. A little drama here and there. How excessive attention-seeking evolves in adults. Brains wired to equate lack of attention as dangerous, naturally respond to it as a threat in the amygdala, a subcortical structure, where.


text:
FAQ about stonewool
- Does stone wool remain disease-free during cultivation?
- What is stone wool?
- How is stone wool made?
- People often mention capillary action capacity. What does that mean?
- What do growers gain from the "controllability of the substrate"?
- Why is a water buffer important in the cultivation system?
- Why is full rooting important?
- Are slabs with a high capillary action capacity too wet for Winter cultivation?
- How do I determine the moisture content?
Does stone wool remain disease-free during cultivation?
Stone wool arrives at the greenhouse disease-free. Whether soil diseases are able to penetrate is dependent on the level of hygiene within the company. Naturally, the plant material must also be absolutely disease-free. The careful setting up of the system, the use of ground sheets and properly packaged slabs will limit the risks still further. Should any problems nevertheless arise, they are then relatively simple to resolve. That is the advantage of the small root volume.
What is stone wool?
Stone wool is a mineral wool made of volcanic rock. Stone wool consists of 5% solid material in the form of stone fibres. The remaining 95% is made up of pores.
How is stone wool made?
The basic materials for Grodan stone wool are Basalt and Limestone. These are melted to form lava in an oven with a temperature of 1,500°C. The lava is then poured over a number of fast-rotating discs. Thanks to the centrifugal force, the drops fly off the discs and lengthen to form fibres. The process can be compared with candy floss being made at a fair. The fibres are then compressed to form a sturdy mass, from which the slabs and blocks are then cut.
People often mention capillary action capacity. What does that mean?
Stone wool slabs not only need to absorb sufficient moisture but also need to distribute it over the entire volume of the slab. Grodan stone wool has been specially developed to satisfy these requirements. If the moisture were to sink to the bottom straight away, there would be dry or salty spots in the slab.
The roots would not thrive in such an environment, so the "rootable" volume would be reduced. A good "capillary action capacity" (water distribution) ensures that the entire slab volume can be controlled and thus also fully rooted.
What do growers gain from the "controllability of the substrate"?
With a controllable substrate, the crop has access to whatever it needs at that moment. The plant will therefore respond optimally and thus also be more productive. With Grodan stone wool substrate, the slab volume can be controlled right down to every little corner of the slab volume. Comparable results may be possible with other substrates, but would require around 10 to 15% more water and nutrients.
Why is a water buffer important in the cultivation system?
In the first instance, the water buffer must be able to cushion a temporary disturbance in the nutrient unit. A substrate with a lower "capillary action capacity" is more susceptible to drying out. In addition, the shocks in EC, pH and temperature in a substrate with good capillary action and with a water buffer are less extreme.
Savings in terms of water and nutrients thanks to the controllability of stone wool substrate are of course also important if recirculation is to be applied. With a water buffer, there are far fewer cubic meters of water to be disinfected, so the disinfection costs per square metre are lower.
Why is full rooting important?
Compared with soil, substrate slabs have a smaller volume. However, it is important that that volume can be used fully by the roots. After all, if the weather suddenly changes, a plant needs all its roots in order to be able to cope with the extra transpiration. If the substrate is not fully accessible for root development, there will be risks in the event of changes in the weather leading to a significant difference in evaporation.
Are slabs with a high capillary action capacity too wet for Winter cultivation?
No, since the moisture content of a slab is determined by the evaporation and the watering. Not using trickle irrigation and allowing extreme transpiration in the plant (hot pipes) will automatically lead to the slab drying out.
In other words: the moisture content in the slab is controllable. In principle, we strive for a lower moisture content in the winter. We can achieve this by allowing the crop to transpire sufficiently (minimum pipe temperature, fast ventilation) and through holding long pauses in between the watering sessions.
How do I determine the moisture content?
The water content in the stone wool slab can be assessed with the aid of the Grodan water content meter (WCM). This indicates the current water content of the slabs precisely so that the water content variations can be closely controlled. The WCM also measures the EC and the temperature of the stone wool slab.


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Sridhar Acharya (c. 870, India – c. 930 India) was an Indian mathematician, Sanskrit pundit and philosopher. He was born in Bhurishresti (Bhurisristi or Bhurshut) village in South Radha (at present Hughli) in the 10th Century AD. His father's name was Baladev Acharya and mother's name was Acchoka. His father was also a Sanskrit pundit.
He was known for two treatises: Trisatika (sometimes called the Patiganitasara) and the Patiganita. His major work Patiganitasara was named Trisatika because it was written in three hundred slokas. The book discusses counting of numbers, measures, natural number, multiplication, division, zero, squares, cubes, fraction, rule of three, interest-calculation, joint business or partnership and mensuration.
 - He gave an exposition on zero. He has written, "If 0(zero) is added to any number,the sum is the same number; If 0(zero) is subtracted from any number,the number remains unchanged; If 0(zero) is multiplied by any number,the product is 0(zero)". He has said nothing about division of any number by 0(zero).
 - In the case of dividing a fraction he has found out the method of multiplying the fraction by the reciprocal of the divisor.
 - He wrote on practical applications of algebra separated algebra from arithmetic
 - He was one of the first to give a formula for solving quadratic equations.
 - He found the formula :-
ax^2 + bx + c = 0
 4a^2x^2 + 4abx + 4ac = 0 (Multiply by 4a)
Sridhara is now believed to have lived in the ninth and tenth centuries. However, there has been much dispute over his date and in different works the dates of the life of Sridhara have been placed from the seventh century to the eleventh century. The best present estimate is that he wrote around 900 AD, a date which is deduced from seeing which other pieces of mathematics he was familiar with and also seeing which later mathematicians were familiar with his work. Some historians give Bengal as the place of his birth while other historians believe that Sridhara was born in southern India.
Sridhara is known as the author of two mathematical treatises, namely the Trisatika (sometimes called the Patiganitasara ) and the Patiganita. However at least three other works have been attributed to him, namely the Bijaganita, Navasati, and Brhatpati. Information about these books was given the works of Bhaskara II (writing around 1150), Makkibhatta (writing in 1377), and Raghavabhatta (writing in 1493).
K.S. Shukla examined Sridhara's method for finding rational solutions of Nx^2 \pm\ 1 = y^2, 1 - Nx^2 = y^2, Nx^2 \pm\ C = y^2, C - Nx^2 = y^2which Sridhara gives in the Patiganita. Shukla states that the rules given there are different from those given by other Hindu mathematicians.
Sridhara was one of the first mathematicians to give a rule to solve a quadratic equation. Unfortunately, as indicated above, the original is lost and we have to rely on a quotation of Sridhara's rule from Bhaskara II:-
Multiply both sides of the equation by a known quantity equal to four times the coefficient of the square of the unknown; add to both sides a known quantity equal to the square of the coefficient of the unknown; then take the square root.
Proof of the Sridhar Acharya Formula,
let us consider,
ax^2 + bx + c = 0
 - Multipling both sides by 4a,
4a^2x^2 + 4abx + 4ac = 0
 - Substracting 4ac from both sides,
4a^2x^2 + 4abx = -4ac
 - Then adding b^2 to both sides,
4a^2x^2 + 4abx + b^2= - 4ac + b^2
 - We know that,
 - Using it in the equation,
 - Taking square roots,
 - Hence, dividing by 2a get
x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac\ }}{2a}.
In this way, he found the proof of 2 roots.


text:
If you are an ACPA member, please contact Eric Ferrebee for editing access to the content of this resource.
Bonded concrete overlay
Bonded concrete overlays are a type of concrete overlay that can be used as a strategy for preventive maintenance as well as minor and major rehabilitation of existing pavements in good to fair condition. These overlays are a cost-effective solution to add structural capacity and eliminate surface distresses while still utilizing the existing structural capacity of the pavement below.
Bonded concrete overlays are typically between 2-6 in. and act as one monolithic pavement with the existing surface. For this reason, the bonding between the existing pavement and the overlay is crucial. The existing pavement is still utilized to carry a significant portion of the load. Thus bonded overlay projects are designed to maintain the bond between the overlay and the existing pavement.
There are a number of factors that affect the performance of the new structure and they include the structural integrity of the underlying pavement, the effectiveness of the bond, the ability of the two layers to move monolithically to maintain the bond, and the overlay jointing and curing techniques. (still revise)
REVISE: Bonded concrete overlays are relatively thin (2–6 in. [50–150 mm]). Bonded together, the overlay and the existing pavement perform as one monolithic pavement. Bonding between the overlay and the existing pavement is essential. The bond ensures that the overlay and existing pavement perform as one structure, with the original pavement continuing to carry a significant portion of the load. All bonded overlay projects, therefore, are carefully designed and constructed to achieve and maintain a bond between the overlay and the existing pavement.
Factors that affect the performance of the resurfaced pavement include the structural integrity of the underlying pavement, the effectiveness of the bond, the ability of the two layers to move monolithically to maintain the bond, and overlay jointing and curing techniques.
The key to achieving desired performance is to ensure the two structures—the existing pavement and the overlay—behave as one structure. Therefore, it is important to understand movement-related properties, such as expansion and contraction properties, of both the existing pavement and the overlay. For example, for a bonded concrete overlay of an existing concrete pavement, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the overlay concrete mixture should be similar to or less than that of the existing concrete pavement.
Most bonded overlay projects are more challenging than unbonded overlay projects. Therefore, it is important to pay close attention to details in this guide.


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I have files and portable applications on windows 7 Host Machine. How can I access this from windows 8 Virtual machine which is on VMware workstation.
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
up vote 4 down vote accepted
The procedure works with Windows 8 or any other Windows actually, it's not Windows 8 exclusive:
 1. Once installed the operating system in the virtual machine install VMware Tools (with the VM running click on the VM menu and select to install VMware Tools). It'll mount an image in one of your CD/DVD drivers.
 2. Start the installation program within the virtual machine:
 Starting the installation program
 3. Once installed you'll be prompted to reboot the machine, do so.
 4. After the reboot you'll see that there's a new icon by the clock in the classic desktop, it denotes that VMware Tools (they enhance the performance of the virtual machine's guest operating system and improve its management).
After that you'll be able to transfer files and folder from and to the VM's operating system by drag and drop for example.
A more permanent way is to setup shared folders between both machines. In the Options tab of the virtual machine settings dialog you can setup folder mappings between both OSs, and even specify if they're to be read only:
Shared folder options
Since the guest OS is Windows selecting to map them as network drivers will make them appear in Computer just like any other:
Access to mapped folders
If you don't wish to map them as a network drive you can access your shared folders over network:
\\vmware-host\Shared Folders\shared_folder_name
Access shared folders via network
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You can do it from Settings, Just follow the steps,
 - Go to Edit > Virtual Machine Settings > Options and click Shared folders.
Look at the image for more information,
enter image description here
After setting shared folder, you need start your virtual operating system.
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Your Answer


Chlorine Bleach or Hydrogen Peroxide
2 Comments to Read
First let's look at the optimum parameters necessary for either of these oxidizers to perform it purpose which is to de-stain and whiten fabrics.
Chlorine bleach:
Temperature range: around 150
Ph range: around 10.5
Hydrogen Peroxide:
Temperature range: around 180
Ph range: around 11.0
As you can see from the operating parameters, chlorine bleach requires lower temperatures and a lower ph to effectively perform than compared to hydrogen peroxide. Depending on the environment, this can be an advantage or disadvantage. The parameters can be manipulated for either oxidizer to work in less than optimum conditions. Higher alkalinity and higher ph impedes chlorine bleach's ability to destain and whiten while the converse is true with hydrogen peroxide. Higher alkalinity and higher ph improves hydrogen peroxide's ability to destain and whiten. In lower temperature environments, chlorine bleach can perform but a lower alkalinity and ph will be necessary while for hydrogen peroxide to perform in a lower temperature environment, higher alkalinity and ph will be needed.
In my opinion, chlorine bleach is generally a better destainer and whitener than hydrogen peroxide. It will attack a broader spectrum of stains than will hydrogen peroxide. However, the aggressive nature of chlorine bleach has some disadvantages. In the healthcare market, chlorine bleach reacts adversely with products containing CHG (chlorhexidine gluconate, an anti-microbial) to create a permanent stain. Products containing CHG are being used more extensively in the healthcare market. If the CHG cannot be completely washed from the fabric prior to chlorine bleaching, a permanent tan to pinkish stain will be created. In tunnel environments where short cycle times prevail, it is not always possible to remove CHG prior to chlorine bleaching. Where CHG staining is a problem, hydrogen peroxide has an advantage because hydrogen peroxide does not react adversely with CHG. Chlorine bleach can be corrosive to stainless steel. Again, in tunnel applications where there is a standing bath of chlorine bleach, the potential for corrosion exists. The stainless steel compartments where chlorine is injected might be subjected to the exposure to chlorine bleach 24-7. Hydrogen peroxide is not corrosive to stainless steel. Where corrosion is a concern, hydrogen peroxide has the advantage. Chlorine bleach can also remove color from colored linens. Hydrogen peroxide is less likely to remove color. Sometimes the washing environment might favor one oxidizer over another. Again, this is usually in tunnels. It may be difficult to get down to the temperature and ph range to favor chlorine bleach. The use of hydrogen peroxide might match up better in tunnel conditions.
There are just some stains that hydrogen peroxide will not remove. Hydrogen peroxide does not remove mildew stains nor does so very slowly. In operations that process fabrics used in the food service industry, chlorine bleach is probably the oxidizer of choice. Chlorine bleach is generally more cost effective. 12% chlorine bleach is about half the cost of 35% hydrogen peroxide. As indicated in the operating conditions, chlorine bleach can be used a lower temperature. Therefore, the energy costs might be somewhat lower with chlorine bleach.
Each operation has its own unique conditions. Both chlorine bleach and hydrogen peroxide have their place in the market.
Terry Allen
Manager of Market Development
 - Ricky said,
 I was told by ecolab tech that hydrogen peroxide bleach better in cold water than chlorine bleach,where did you get your facts from is thier any other site that would share more light into this?
 - COG GIRL said,
 In healthcare it's been noted and cited. That time and temperature kills more bacteria in any washed textile the heat temperature is a key ingredient. Look it up in any healthcare infection control and textile.


text:
Working with controls. Using
Properties, Methods and Events
You use controls to
get user input and to display output. Some of the controls you can use
in your applications include text boxes, command buttons, and list
boxes. Other controls let you access other applications and process
data as if the remote application was part of your code. Each control
has its own set of properties, methods, and events that can be
modified from the properties window or from the code
Properties are simple to understand. Here's an example. A human
being, he/she has eyes, legs, arms, etc. They are all properties of
the human being.
A property describes an object, its behavior and its look. If you
wanted to change the color of the eyes you would just do this:
Human.Eyes = Brown
Human.Weight = 156
If you wanted to change any other properties, you could do that too.
As long as the property is available. For example, you cannot
do this: Human.Beak = True. The nice thing about properties is that
you do not have to know what it takes to actually change the human's
eyes or weight. You just indicate that you want it to change.
An example of this is the Label
The label control has an important property, Caption. Without it, it
would be almost useless. The Caption property sets or returns the text
presently contained in the Label control. The only drawback is that
you cannot directly enter text into the label. The text
control is virtually identical except that you can type in text.
Label.Caption = "This is really easy"
In some cases, properties aren't enough to tell an object what it
should do. It would be nice to give the object direct commands as
well. Visual Basic lets you do this. Let's go back to the Human
example. If you wanted the human to move its arm a method is a nice
and easy way of doing that. The human could have a method called
MoveArm, which we could use like an ordinary command:
As you can see, you don't give a method a value, it will execute like
any other Visual Basic command. As far as this is concerned, you
really don't care what the human has to do to move its arm. All you
want it to do is move its arm.
Q:Ok we used the
properties and the methods of an ďhumanĒ object. In the previous
example we have used the MoveArm method now how will we know when the
human has ended the MoveArm method?
A:By using an event
An event procedure is
simple to understand. These procedures are automatically declared by
Visual Basic for each object that we use and are fired when that event
Draw a button on your
form and then double click it, you will now see a procedure that looks
something like this:
This is an event
procedure and itís fired when Command1 is clicked. You can observe
the parts in the subís name:


Configuration Management / Attribute Requestlegacyexternalstorage Set
AndroidMobile App
Description
Attribute requestLegacyExternalStorage set is a Configuration Management vulnerability, which usually occurs in Android and mobile applications. It is defined in the Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) directory as "CWE-732: Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource". This means that the application does not assign the correct permissions to sensitive or critical resources, allowing malicious actors to modify or steal data. The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) Testing Guide also identifies this vulnerability as a key security issue.
Risk
The risk associated with this vulnerability is high due to the potential for malicious actors to gain access to sensitive information. If the incorrect permissions are assigned, attackers could potentially gain access to a user's personal information, such as banking details, passwords, or other sensitive data. This could lead to identity theft, financial losses, or other damages.
Solution
To mitigate the risk associated with the vulnerability, it is important to ensure that the correct permissions are assigned to the application. This can be done by using a secure coding approach and following secure coding best practices. Additionally, it is important to regularly audit the application to ensure that the correct permissions are in place.
Example
Below is an example of code with the incorrect permission assignment for a critical resource, taken from the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) directory:
android:requestLegacyExternalStorage="true"
This code assigns the incorrect permission to a critical resource, allowing malicious actors to potentially access sensitive data.
Curious? Convinced? Interested?
Arrange a no-obligation consultation with one of our product experts today.


Eun-Kyung Cho (조은경), Decomposition of a planar graph into a $d$-degenerate graph and a graph with maximum degree at most $h$
Given a graph $G$, a decomposition of $G$ is a collection of spanning subgraphs $H_1, \ldots, H_t$ of $G$ such that each edge of $G$ is an edge of $H_i$ for exactly one $i \in \{1, \ldots, t\}$. Given a positive integer $d$, a graph is said to be $d$-degenerate if every subgraph of it has a vertex of degree at most $d$. Given a non-negative integer $h$, we say that a graph $G$ is $(d,h)$-decomposable if there is a decomposition of $G$ into two spanning subgraphs, where one is a $d$-degenerate graph, and the other is a graph with maximum degree at most $h$.
It is known that a planar graph is $5$-degenerate, but not always $4$-degenerate. This implies that a planar graph is $(5,0)$-decomposable, but not always $(4,0)$-decomposable. Moreover, by related previous results, it is known that a planar graph is $(3,4)$- and $(2,8)$-decomposable.
In this talk, we improve these results by showing that every planar graph is $(4,1)$-, $(3,2)$-, and $(2,6)$-decomposable. The $(4,1)$- and $(3,2)$-decomposabilities are sharp in the sense that the maximum degree condition cannot be reduced more.
This is joint work with Ilkyoo Choi, Ringi Kim, Boram Park, Tingting Shan, and Xuding Zhu.


steps/mm
Grbl needs to know how far each step will take the tool in reality. To calculate steps/mm for an axis of your machine you need to know:
在实际应用中 Grbl 需要知道每一步将会走多远，为了计算 步数/毫米 你需要知道您机器的轴的螺距：
 - The mm per revolution of the lead screw
 - The full steps per revolution of your steppers (typically 200)
 - The microsteps per step of your controller (typically 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16). Tip: Using high microstep values (e.g 16) can reduce your stepper motor torque, so use the lowest that gives you the desired axes resolution and comfortable running properties.
The steps/mm can then be calculated like this:
steps_per_mm = (steps_per_revolution*microsteps)/mm_per_rev
Compute this value for every axis and write these settings to Grbl.
然后 步数/毫米 可以这样计算：步数 = （360°/步距角） x 细分数 / 丝杠螺距
计算每个轴的数值并将这些设置写入 Grbl。
$3 – Step pulse, microseconds
Stepper drivers are rated for a certain minimum step pulse length. Check the data sheet or just try some numbers. You want as short pulses as the stepper drivers can reliably recognize. If the pulses are too long you might run into trouble running the system at high feed rates. Generally something between 5 and 50 microseconds works fine.
步进驱动器额定范围的最小步进脉冲长度。你想作为短脉冲同样能够被步进驱动器可靠地识别。请检查数据表或尝试一些数字。如果脉冲太长，在高进给率运行时您可能会遇到系统故障。一般介于 5 至 50 微秒工作正常。
$4 and $5 – 默认的进给和寻址率 ， 毫米/分钟
This setting sets the default seek(G0) and feed rates(G1,G2,G3) after Grbl powers on and initializes. The seek rate (aka rapids) is used for moving from point A to point B as quickly as possible, usually for traversing into position. The seek rate should be set at the maximum speed your machine can go in any axes movement. The default feed rate usually does not enter into the picture as feed rates will generally be specified in the g-code program, but if not, this default feed rate will be used.
这个设置是在 Grbl 加电并初始化后设置默认寻址（G0）和进给率（G1，G2。G3）。此寻址率（即急速）用于从 A 点尽可能快地移动到 B 点，通常为寻迹到的位置。在任何轴运动中，都应该以最大速度设置寻址率。默认的进给速率一般会在特定的 G 代码程序中通常不随着进给率进入图形。但如果没有，便将使用默认的进给速率。
NOTE: In future releases, the default feed rate will be removed. G-code standards do not have a default feed rate (G1,G2,G3), but error out if there has been no 'F' feed rate command specified. The seek rate (aka rapids) will be updated so users can specify the maximum speed each axes can move, rather than have just one speed that limits all of them.
注意：在未来的版本中，默认的进给速度将被移除。G 代码标准中没有默认进给速度（G1，G2，G3），如果没有"F"进给速度命令指定，则报错。寻址速度（即急速）将被更新，这样用户可以指定每个轴最大可移动速度。
$6 – Step port invert mask, int:binary
Some cnc-stepper controllers needs its high-low inputs inverted for both direction and steps. Signal lines are normally held high or low to signal direction or held high and goes low for a couple of microseconds to signal a step event. To achieve this, Grbl can invert the output bits to accomodate particular needs. The invert mask value is a byte that is xored with the step and direction data before it is sent down the stepping port. That way you can use this both to invert step pulses or to invert one or more of the directions of the axes. The bits in this byte corresponds to the pins assigned to stepping in config.h. Note that bits 0 and 1 are not used for inversion. Per default bits are assigned like this:
#define X_STEP_BIT 2
#define Y_STEP_BIT 3
#define Z_STEP_BIT 4
#define X_DIRECTION_BIT 5
#define Y_DIRECTION_BIT 6
#define Z_DIRECTION_BIT 7
If you wanted to invert the X and Y direction in this setup you would calculate a value by bitshifting like this (in your favorite calculating environment):
> (1<<X_DIRECTION_BIT)|(1<<Y_DIRECTION_BIT)
Which is equal to 96, so issuing this command would invert them:
$6=96
Now when you view the current settings, you should now see this in your invert mask line with the binary representation of the number (bits 5 and 6 should now show a 1 to indicate inversion.)
$6=96 (step port invert mask. int:_PHONE_)
$7 – 步空闲延迟，毫秒
Every time your steppers complete a motion and come to a stop, Grbl will disable the steppers by default. The stepper idle lock time is the time length Grbl will keep the steppers locked before disabling. Depending on the system, you can set this to zero and disable it. On others, you may need 25-50 milliseconds to make sure your axes come to complete stop before disabling. (My machine tends to drift just slightly if I don't have this enabled.) OR, you can always keep your axes enabled at all times by setting this value to the maximum 255 milliseconds. Again, just to repeat, you can keep all axes always enabled by setting $7=255.
每次你的步进电机完成一个动作，并停下来，Grbl 默认会被禁用步进电机。步进电机空闲锁定时间的时间长短 Grbl 会使步进电机保持锁定之前禁用（这段话逻辑有些乱，还没弄明白什么意思）。根据系统的不同，您可以将此项设置为零，并禁用它。在其他系统上，你可能需要 25-50 毫秒，以确保您的轴在完全停止之前禁用。 （如果我没有启用，我的机器就有可能稍微漂移。）或者，你可以通过将此值设置为最大 255 毫秒，来始终保持你的轴在任何时候为启用状态。再次，只要重复，通过设置 $7=255 你可以保持所有轴始终启用。
$8 – 加速度，mm/sec^2
This is the acceleration in mm/second/second. You don't have to understand what that means, suffice it to say that a lower value gives smooooother acceleration while a higher value yields tighter moves and reach the desired feedrates much quicker. In technical terms, this is the point to point acceleration of your machine, independent of axes. Set this acceleration value as high as your most limiting axes can let you without losing ANY steps. Usually you'd like to give yourself a little buffer, because if you lose steps, Grbl has no idea this has happened (steppers are open-loop control) and will keep going.
$9 – Junction deviation, mm
Cornering junction deviation is used by the acceleration manager to determine how fast it can move through a path. The math is a bit complicated but in general, higher values gives generally faster, possibly jerkier motion. Lower values makes the acceleration manager more careful and will lead to careful and slower cornering. So if you run into problems where your machine tries to take a corner too fast, decrease this value to make it slow down. If you want your machine to move faster through junctions, increase this value to speed it up. For technical people, hit this link to read about Grbl's cornering algorithm, which accounts for both velocity and junction angle with a very simple, efficient, and robust method.
$10 – 弧， mm/segment
Grbl renders circles and arcs by subdividing them into teeny tiny lines. You will probably never need to adjust this value – but


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I need to display some charts in my PyQt application, so I write down these code. It is works, but sometimes, draw a chart will spend a lot of time, it will "freeze" the main window.
I think do it in another thread should resolved it. But how can I do it? Or, there is another way to draw a chart in "non-block" mode?
from PyQt4 import QtGui
from matplotlib.backends.backend_qt4agg import FigureCanvasQTAgg as FigureCanvas
from matplotlib.figure import Figure
class MplCanvas(FigureCanvas):
 def __init__(self):
 self.fig = Figure()
 self.axes = self.fig.add_subplot(111)
 # do something...
 FigureCanvas.__init__(self, self.fig)
 FigureCanvas.setSizePolicy(self, QtGui.QSizePolicy.Expanding, QtGui.QSizePolicy.Expanding)
 # do something...
 def draw(self):
 # do something...
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2 Answers
The basics of Python threading for simple uses like this are really easy.
You'll need to
import threading
and then, instead of just calling x.draw(), create a thread and run it as follows:
draw_thread = threading.Thread(target=x.draw)
That will probably get you 90% of the way at least. You can read the docs to detect things like still-running threads, waiting for threads, and so on. But at heart, it's not difficult and if ti's just simple interactive graphics this might even suffice.
Be aware, though, that if draw() references globals, there is the potential for race conditions to occur,making your program unreliable. This is a further advantage of writing code with good coupling, clean interfaces and no references to mutable globals (unless locking is used to protect those resources).
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You should us QThreads in your Qt application (to make the frame work do all of the hard work for you)
 1. put your time consuming work in a worker class (that is derived from QObject)
 2. In you class that is caling the plotting add something like
 self.thread = QtCore.QThread(parent=self)
 self.worker = Worker(parent=None)
and communicate with your worker via signals/slots. If you call it directly (as in self.worker.do_slow_stuff()), it will run on the thread you call it from, which will block the main event loop making the interface freeze.
A good explanation of how to (and not to) do threading with QThread (read both..the first one now describes the default behaviour)
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#### Sample Implementation This cast implementation assumes a type id layout similar to the one given above. Also this code is definitely in the underlying C. Functions that give this functionality could exist in the standard library but these are meant to be produced by code translation of the virtual cast. bool is_in_subtree(typeid const * root, typeid const * id) { if (root == id) { return true } else if (NULL == id->parent) { return false; } else { return is_in_subtree(root, id->parent); } } void * virtual_cast(typeid const * target, void * value) { return is_in_subtree(target, *(typeid const **)value) ? value : NULL; } The virtual cast function might have to be wrapped with some casts to make it compile without warning. For the implicate target type we may be able to lean on the type resolution system that already exists. If the casting to ancestor type is built into the resolution then the impicate target could be decided by picking an overload, generated for each hierarchial type (here io_error and its root type exception). io_error * virtual_cast(exception * value) { return virtual_cast(io_error_typeid, value); } ### Extension: Inline vtables Since the structures here are usually made to be turned into trait objects it might be worth it to have fields in them to store the virtual table pointer. This would have to be declared on the trait as an assertion (example: 'vtable;' or 'T.vtable;'), but if it is the trait object could be a single pointer. There are also three options for where the pointer to the vtable. It could be anywhere, a fixed location for each trait or always at the front. For the per- trait solution an extension to specify what it is (example 'vtable[0];') which could also be used to combine it with others. So these options can be combined to allow access to all three options. The pointer to virtual table field on structures might implicately added (the types have to declare they are a child here) or created with a declaration, possibly like the one used to create the assertion. ### Extension: Associated Types Use If the 'associated_types.md' proposal is accepted the following trait could be added: trait is_virtual(dtype T) { dtype table; // An example assertion: const table & get_virtual_table(T &); } There may be more assertions but there has to be at least one way to find the (possibly default) virtual table. It is required to construct instances of the type. Without the assotiated type it would look like this: trait is_virtual(dtype T, dtype table) { const table & get_virtual_table(T &); } Which is just a little bit longer to use but becomes more problematic if the user has to explicately provide the table's name as it doesn't really have its own type name. If it does it is probably mangled. ### Virtual Tables as Types Here we consider encoding plus the implementation of functions on it to be a type. Which is to say in the type hierarchy structures aren't concrete types anymore, instead they are parent types to vtables, which combine the encoding and implementation. ### Question: Wrapping Structures One issue is what to do with concrete types at the base of the type tree. When we are working with the concrete type generally it would like them to be regular structures with direct calls. On the other hand for interactions with other types in the hierarchy it is more convenent for the type already to be cast. Which of these two should we use? Should we support both and if so how do we choose which one is being used at any given time. On a related note I have been using pointers two trait types here, as that is how many existing languages handle it. However the generic objects might be only one or two pointers wide passing the objects as a whole would not be very expensive and all operations on the generic objects probably have to be defined anyways. Resolution Scope ---------------- What is the scope of a resolution? When are the functions in a vtable decided and how broadly is this applied? ### Type Level: Each structure has a single resolution for all of the functions in the virtual trait. This is how many languages that implement this or similar features do it. The main thing CFA would need to do it this way is some single point where the type declaration, including the functions that satisfy the trait, are all defined. Currently there are many points where this can happen, not all of them have the same definitions and no way to select one over the other. Some syntax would have to be added to specify the resolution point. To ensure a single instance there may have to be two variants, one forward declaration and one to create the instance. With some compiler magic the forward declaration maybe enough. extern trait combiner(struct summation) vtable; trait combiner(struct summation) vtable; Or (with the same variants): vtable combiner(struct summation); The extern variant promises that the vtable will exist while the normal one is where the resolution actually happens. ### Explicit Resolution Points: Slightly looser than the above, there are explicit points where the vtables are resolved, but there is no limit on the number of resolution points that might be provided. Each time a object is bound to a trait, one of the resolutions is selected. This might be the most flexible option. An syntax would have to be provided as above. There may also be the option to name resolution points so that you can choose between them. This also could come with the ability to forward declare them. Especially if they are not named, these resolution points should be able to appear in functions, where the scoping rules can be used to select one. However this also means that stack-allocated functions can end up in the vtable. extern trait combiner(struct summation) vtable sum; trait combiner(struct summation) vtable sum; extern trait combiner(struct summation) vtable sum default; trait combiner(struct summation) vtable sum default; The extern difference is the same before. The name (sum in the samples) is used at the binding site to say which one is picked. The default keyword can be used in only some of the declarations. trait combiner fee = {summation_instance, sum}; trait combiner foe = summation_instance; (I am not really happy about this syntax, but it kind of works.) The object being bound is required. The name of the vtable is optional if there is exactly one vtable name marked with default. These could also be placed inside functions. In which case both the name and the default keyword might be optional. If the name is omitted in an assignment the closest vtable is chosen (returning to the global default rule if no appropriate local vtable is in scope). ### Site Based Resolution: Every place in code where the binding of a vtable to an object occurs has its own resolution. Syntax-wise this is the simplest as it should be able to use just the existing declarations and the conversion to trait object. It also is very close to the current polymorphic resolution rules. This works as the explicit resolution points except the resolution points are implicit and their would be no selection of which resolution to use. The closest (current) resolution is always selected. This could easily lead to an explosion of vtables as it has the most fine grained resolution the number of bindings in a single scope (that produces the same binding) could be quite high. Merging identical vtables might help reduce that. Vtable Lifetime Issues ---------------------- Vtables interact badly with the thunk issue. Conceptually vtables are static like type/function data they carry, as those decisions are made by the resolver at compile time. Stack allocated functions interact badly with this because they are not static. There are several ways to try to resolve this, however without a general solution most can keep vtables from making the existing thunk problem worse, they don't do anything to solve it. Filling in some fields of a static vtable could cause issues on a recursive call. And then we are still limited by the lifetime of the stack functions, as the vtable with stale pointers is still a problem. Dynamically allocated vtables introduces memory management overhead and requires some way to differentiate between dynamic and statically allocated tables. The stale function pointer problem continues unless those becomes dynamically allocated as well which gives us the same costs again. Stack allocating the vtable seems like the best issue. The vtable's lifetime is now the limiting factor but it should be effectively the same as the shortest lifetime of a function assigned to it. However this still limits the lifetime "implicitly" and returns to the original problem with thunks. Odds And Ends ------------- In addition to the main design there are a few extras that should be considered. They are not part of


text: Learn to use Active Directory to manage user accounts. Excerpt: One of the most common programming activities that most developers will perform against Active Directory and ADAM is user account management. Active Directory user management is fairly straightforward once we know all of the basic rules. However, there are many interesting rules and behaviors concerning how attribute values in Active Directory are used to determine how user objects behave in Windows. In order to get the results we want, it is important to learn these rules and behaviors. We try to demonstrate most of them. To a lesser extent, we also investigate user account management in ADAM. ADAM is very similar to Active Directory in most respects, but it has a few significant differences worth pointing out.


text:
نرخ ارز واقعی، قیمت دارایی ها و شرایط تجارت: تجزیه و تحلیل نظری
|کد مقاله||سال انتشار||مقاله انگلیسی||ترجمه فارسی||تعداد کلمات|
|8800||2010||9 صفحه PDF||سفارش دهید||7306 کلمه|
Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت)
Journal : Economic Modelling, Volume 27, Issue 1, January 2010, Pages 143–151
This paper develops a continuous-time two-country dynamic equilibrium model, in which the real exchange rates, asset prices, and terms of trade are jointly determined in the presence of nontradable goods. The model determines the relation between the financial markets and real goods markets in the world economy and their responses to various shocks under the home bias assumption. A positive domestic supply shock induces a positive return on the domestic asset markets and a deterioration of terms of trade that improves the foreign output and boosts the foreign asset markets. Demand shocks act in the opposite way. This model also analyses the impact of change in the relative price of nontradable to tradable goods on the terms of trade and asset markets. A higher productivity growth in tradable goods than in nontradable goods leads to a higher relative price of nontradable to tradable goods, which appreciates the real exchange rate, deteriorates the terms of trade, and depresses the domestic and foreign asset markets. A lower relative price of nontradable goods depreciates the real exchange rate, improves the terms of trade, and lifts both the domestic and foreign asset markets.


text:
nounMusic, chiefly North American
- Though marked pianissimo and dolce, Piano I intensifies the accompaniment of the bell effects by passing from quadruplet sixteenth to triplet sixteenth to octuplet thirty-second notes at a mezzopiano level before resuming the melody.
- It contains a recurring rhythm of sixteenth, dotted sixteenth and thirty-second notes that is difficult to discern.
- This section, as performed in the aria, is not a traditional cadenza, and the thirty-second notes, which are included exactly as noted in the original score, may disorient young flutists who tend to perform this figure as grace notes.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: thirty-second note
Definition of thirty-second note in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.


text:
Recent precipitation tabulations from the NIDIS Upper Colorado River Regional Drought Early Warning System indicates that northeast Colorado ranges from about 50 percent to 150 percent of average so far for the Water Year (October 2014 to January 2015), with approximately half of that area receiving less than 100 percent of average precipitation. The three-month outlook for precipitation from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) valid on Jan. 15 predicts above normal precipitation looking forward into March. Additionally, the three month seasonal drought outlook predicts that northeast Colorado will be largely free of drought through the end of April. However, the drought in southeast Colorado and areas east of northeast Colorado in Kansas are predicted to remain or intensify.
Based on current water year precipitation and seasonal predictions as of Feb. 18, rangeland production should be near normal for most of northeast Colorado in 2015. Satisfactory soil moisture levels this spring will allow cool season forbs and grasses to resume normal growth, while precipitation levels received in late April and May will determine the production of warm season plants. If precipitation levels remain near normal or above during the growing season, managers can expect the amount of ground cover inhabited by plants to increase during 2015 as the rangelands continue to repair areas of bare ground following the drought of 2012. Managers should remain on alert for influxes of annual weeds, as good growing conditions in 2015 will benefit both desirable and weedy plants alike.
When determining stocking rates for this year, managers should cautiously expect near average forage production and set stocking rates accordingly. For more information on determining stocking rates and estimating available forage, visit _URL_
If you have questions or would like assistance doing range inventory or assessing rangeland conditions, contact me via: email at _EMAIL_ or phone, _PHONE_.


text:
How To Care Calathea Roseopicta Plant:
Calathea roseopicta needs bright indirect light, consistently moist soil, and high humidity. The soil should be well-draining with enough aeration material to never become soggy. Normal room temperatures are suitable; avoid cold below 60ºF (15ºC). Feed lightly during the growing season.
Water. Calatheas like their soil slightly moist for most of the year, but don't overdo it or the roots will rot away. Wait for the top inch of soil to dry out between waterings (especially if you're keeping your Calathea regularly misted).
Calatheas thrive in medium, indirect sunlight but tolerate lower light levels too. Bright direct sunlight can cause the stunning colours on their leaves to fade, with prolonged exposure likely to burn and scorch their leaves. It is a type of plant that prefers indirect lighting, which means makes it perfect for indoor usage and office buildings.
Calathea plants are popular for indoor purposes because they are generally easy to care for and they look great, offering bright green plants to liven up indoor spaces


Monitoring and Evaluation
The Breakdown: How do we monitor and evaluate impact?
Performance management and the evaluation of our effectiveness are critical to AALEAD's success and sustainability. Our programs focus on three outcome areas: Educational Empowerment, Identity, and Leadership. We set goals for each outcome area and track specific activities (outputs) for every youth enrolled in programs to make sure all youth are provided the opportunities and activities that we believe will impact outcomes.
Ways we gather data:
 - Conducting frequent reflection activities with youth to collect youth feedback and learn what worked and what needs improvement
 - Recording program attendance to monitor the number of youth participating in each program activity, workshop, or event and accessing the opportunities we provide to track our progress in reaching AALEAD program goals
 - Collecting youth report cards to monitor academic progress and identify any youth who may be facing academic challenges to provide individualized support
 - Reviewing monthly mentor logs completed by mentors to monitor mentoring pairs' progress toward reaching AALEAD program goals
 - Administering preand post-program surveys for school year programs, as well as administering satisfaction surveys to youth and guardians to measure the outcomes of our programming. Our preand postsurveys use measures from PerformWell, a database of survey tools, that we chose in consultation with staff from Child Trends, a research organization.
The process of collecting and reviewing data is ongoing throughout the year, with staff inputting data into our data management software, Apricot. Data entered into Apricot is reviewed at supervisory 1-on-1 meetings and monthly programs meetings to assess staff progress toward reaching goals, identify any weaknesses in program implementation, and flag any individual youth who may need additional support.
The Build Up: Why do we monitor and evaluate impact?
With the data AALEAD collects each year, we are able to evaluate our process, determine how faithfully we follow our program model and how many youth completed all of the activities that we provided. We are able to examine if there are patterns in activity gaps or in youth who did not participate in specific activities. We also examine youth and parent satisfaction, self-reported outcomes, and with the preand post-program surveys and comparisons to previous years, we look for hints at how our programs may be impacting youth outcomes. Of course, many other factors influence youth outcomes and we are trying to determine AALEAD's specific impact. Currently, data specific to low-income and underserved Asian Pacific American youth is sparse. AALEAD is in a unique position to meet the specific needs of our target youth, including needs bound by cultural differences and language barriers that are going unmet and under the radar. We collect this data now to build a database for future research. In the near future, we hope to have a professional evaluator examine cohorts of our youth, triangulate, and help us to determine what specific activities have the greatest impact on our youth. AALEAD uses performance management results to continuously improve our programs and ensure we are reaching all youth who are in need.
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text:
Western Illinois University: Macomb Campus
Web Tools and Search Bar
School of Agriculture
Pennycress - Thlaspi arvense
Researchers in Illinois at Western Illinois University and the USDA-National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR) in Peoria, have identified the potential new crop, field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense), that can grow slowly over the winter and spring months with harvest in late May to early June. With pennycress's early harvest date, a full season soybean can be grown on the same acreage immediately following harvest. Learn more about the Pennycress Resource Network.
Cuphea - New Oilseed Crop for Western Illinois
One goal of the Alternative Crops Research Program at Western Illinois University is to commercialize Cuphea production in the McDonough County area of Illinois. WIU researchers are collaborating with investigators from Oregon State University, USDA-ARS, and the University of Georgia to adapt Cuphea's unique traits for agronomic cultivation. The first field trials occurred at WIU in the summer of 2001 with continuing experiments to evaluate stand establishment, weed control, planting date, and inter-specific hybridization.
Kenaf - Potential New Fiber Crop
Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is an annual fiber crop related to cotton and okra that researchers at Western Illinois University are evaluating as a cropping alternative for the region. Initial research found kenaf grew rapidly, but the plants were unable to produce seed in this area of Illinois. Research into kenaf's feasiblity is ongoing.
Milkweed - New Cash Crop for Local Farmers
Common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) is a perennial crop traditionally considered a nuisance weed by farmers throughout the Midwest. However, the Alternative Crops Research Program at Western Illinois University is currently seeking to add milkweed to the list of agronomic crops grown in the western counties of Illinois. The production of milkweed for floss and seed could provide local farmers with a new crop option that provides annual returns with minimal maintenance.
Niger - High Value Birdseed for the Midwest
Niger (Guizotia abyssinica) is a new crop alternative with potential for cultivation in the Midwest. Investigators with the Alternative Crops Research Program at Western Illinois University are studying niger as a possible new addition to the current cropping regime in the western part of Illinois. Niger is most known in the United States as a high dollar birdseed for use in finch and other feeders.
Okra - Alternative for Farmers with Severe SCN
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is best known as a vegetable crop in the southern region of the United States. However, current research shows okra's potential as an alternative to soybeans in areas where the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) severely reduces yields. The market for okra could be similar to soybeans, and okra could be grown using the same planting and harvesting equipment.
Alternative Crops Demonstration Plots
In addition to the primary research crops of Cuphea, niger, okra, kenaf and milkweed, WIU is also evaluating other potential new crops for the state of Illinois. Plants grown in the 2004 demonstration plots were: black-eyed peas, canola, crambe, flax, pearl millet, rapeseed, NuSun sunflowers, sesame, and sunn hemp. All plants were direct seeded in mid - late May.
Winthrop Phippen, Professor
Office: Knoblauch Hall 304A
Phone: _PHONE_
Mary Phippen, Research Chemist
Office: Knoblauch Hall 304
Phone: _PHONE_
May 3, 2012
10am - 12pm
WIU Agriculture Field Laboratory
Details at the Pennycress Resource Network


text:
The Rascal is a small, open-source computer designed for connecting sensors, motors, and whatever else you can build to the internet. It's about 5 cm x 10 cm (2 inches by 4 inches).
These are a good place to start if you are new to the Rascal.
If you understand the basic usage of the Rascal, you might want to know how it works inside. The list below contains highly technical documents that are not intended for normal people. If you think you're trying to do something simple with the Rascal, they will likely be useless to you. On the other hand, if you're intending to soar over the mountains, pursuing things unattempted yet in Python or Ruby, we hide nothing from view.
Reference documents are the crack cocaine of documentation-- pure facts flooding directly to your brain.
There are a few hacker types who have written up the details of their experimentation with the Rascal. Many thanks are due to these courageous pioneers. Please let us know if you discover a tutorial or account that we should add here.
David Small on creating a new SD card on OS X
Jacques Fortier on setting up a DHCP server on OS X
All of the Rascal hardware and software is open source. For the code, hardware design files, and some precompiled binaries, check the sources page.


text:
Veset Hayamim (Dates of anticipated menses)
A veset based on calendar dates is called veset hayamim (as opposed to a veset haguf, which is based on physical sensations accompanying menstruation).
Most women observe three types of vestot hayamim, which are calculated from the onset of their previous menses:
1) The same date of the Hebrew month, or yom hachodesh. If, for example, a woman began menstruating on the 15th of Nisan, then she anticipates her next menses on the 15th of Iyar.
2) The interval day, or haflagah. A woman anticipates that she will menstruate after the same interval as that which separated her previous two periods. If, for example, her last menses began 27 days after the beginning of the previous menses, then she anticipates her next menses 27days after the beginning of the last menses.
3) The thirtieth day from the onset of her previous menses, called the onah beinonit, the average interval.
Somewhat different rules apply to a woman with a veset kavua, a completely regular period as defined by halacha.
Each veset lasts for one onah, either daytime or night-time, corresponding to the beginning of the immediately preceding menses. For example, a woman who began menstruating during the day, and whose next period began after a 27-day interval at night, will anticipate her menses after a further 27-day interval at night.
According to some customs, additional periods of separation are required (some such customs are cited in onot perishah, onah beinonit). A custom adopted by a community as a whole is binding upon the entire community. Where there is no local custom, a couple inclined to observe these stringencies should consider the matter carefully and discuss it with a rabbi, as it would be halachically difficult for them to revert to the more lenient custom should they later wish to do so.


text:
István Báthory, King of Poland and Prince of Transylvania in Jan Matejko's painting
More than 60 Hungarian and Polish historians are protesting against the Hungarophobic turn in Polish history education, reported Magyar Jelen.
The Polish government's Ministry of Education has thoroughly rewritten the curriculum, which has removed several key historical events in Hungarian-Polish relations. In a resolution signed by 32 Hungarian and Polish historians each, the Hungarian-Polish Joint Committee of Historians of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences condemned the change.
Since last December, Poland's new left-leaning government has been accused of dismantling Polish society based on traditional foundations. One of the main battlegrounds of this destruction is education, for which Barbara Nowacka is responsible in the Tusk administration.
Polish Minister of Education, Barbara Nowacka. Photo: Facebook / Barbara Nowacka
Among the subjects most affected is history. As a result of the education "reform, Polish primary schools will no longer teach the following:
- the reception of Christianity and its cultural impact on the Polish people
- the European revolutions and liberation struggles of 1848-49
- the creation of independent Poland's borders after World War I and the Silesian Uprising
- the Stalinist terror
- and the life and influence of Pope John Paul II on Polish society.
The changes also cover several key historical events in Hungarian-Polish relations. From the previous curriculum, they have proceeded to remove:
- the Polish-Hungarian relations in the 14th and 15th centuries
- the reign of István Báthory, Prince of Transylvania and King of Poland
- the events linked to the 1956 Hungarian revolution and its Polish connections.
István Báthory. Picture: Wikipedia
These last three topics have, for understandable reasons, been a source of protest for Hungarian and Polish historians who cherish Hungarian-Polish friendship. The resolution issued by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences' Joint Committee of Hungarian-Polish Historians underlines that the new draft treats Hungarian-Polish historical relations negatively on the three points mentioned above. According to the statement, the new framework curriculum is completely contrary to the spirit of traditional Hungarian-Polish friendship, as well as to the aims of history education.
"The Hungarian-Polish Joint Committee of Historians… agrees that Hungarian-Polish historical relations are crucial for the understanding of the history not only of our nations but of our region as a whole, and their removal from the curriculum could cause serious distortions in the development of national and regional consciousness of future generations," reads the resolution, signed by a total of 64 Hungarian and Polish historians.
Via Magyar Jelen; Featured Image: Wikipedia