how does a blender bottle work - best blenders for smoothies
How Does Blender Bottle Work – Working of a Blender
How does a blender work?
Let's have a look at how a relatively simple machine, a blender, and how does blender bottle work? In this complete guide you will get top features of how to use your blender and blender bottle in a way you never have thought before. So let's keep rollin'.
What is a blender?
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What is a Blender – Oster Blender
It is an appliance that is within the range of household appliances. Its function is mixing and liquifying foods that, thanks to the grinding action, they end up merging. The device is used in the kitchen, and there are currently several types of it. The birth of the blender had a significant impact on society. Because, in the past, the work of crushing and blending was slow and complicated.
In the culinary world, the use of implements such as mortar and metate changed to one that was much more sophisticated and faster. The Polish Stephen J. Poplawski invented the blender in 1922. He lived in the United States, and thanks to his obsession with creating functional devices for mixing drinks, he created one that is nowadays essential.
Types of blender:
 1. Centrifugation blender: It is the appliance that is responsible for extracting the juice from vegetables and fruits through the centrifugation process. In Latin America, it as a "juice extractor" and in Spain as an "electric juicer."
 2. Grinding: Contains a motor that rotates blades to crush different types of food. In Spain, it's known as a "glass mixer" and in Latin America as a "blender."
 3. Hand blender: It is a much more modern type of mixer. It is also known as a "mini primer" and is used to mix food directly from the container. Its widely used for making purees, soups, and sauces.
Parts of a blender
 - Electric motor – It is the power source of the appliance, ultimately being what allows the blades to rotate.
 - Housing – It is the frame with which the motor is protected. There are the switches in it.
 - Shaft – It is an element with geometry, which is almost always asymmetric and is used as the support for rotating parts, although it does not transmit any torque. It is the piece with which the blender bottle rotates.
 - Glass – It is a glass or plastic container generally, which will contain food. Inside it the food is crushed.
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How does a blender work?
The operation of the blender depends more than anything on its motor since it is the part in charge of making the blades or blades move and can crush what is inside the glass.
Even though they are convenient, they are elementary devices since they only consist of a container, the leaves, a casing, and inside of it a motor. The motor that they have and which serves to make the blades move and crush everything they find.
Its operation is efficient since the device is elementary. It consists of a glass that adheres to the motor at the time of blending, blades, and a lid. Traditional blenders generally have three speeds (low, medium, and high). All a user must do is put the food to mix in the glass and close it. As soon as the motor starts, it is generally possible for the user to choose between different speeds: slow, medium, and fast so that the rate with which the blades already attached to the mechanism will rotate vary. These different speeds will be useful to prepare different kinds of food, such as if you want to crush ice.
From that moment, the mechanism will start to rotate the blades and, inside the glass, a whirlwind will form thanks to the way they turn. The blending time will depend on the food in question. If they are soft, it will not take long, but if not, they may take more time and liquids to help with the process. On the other hand, due to the way blender works, a kind of eddy will be generated in the container due to the shape and speed of blades. The liquid that is formed will move to the sides and will also return to the middle because its substantial parts will move to the bottom, where the blades are; therefore, everything will undoubtedly get crushed.
Blender works with two energies:
Mechanical energy: which is created or generated when an external energy source feeds the automatic device and makes it rotate, advance, reverse, etc. It manifests itself by pressing the switches that turn the blade and move the jug.
Electric energy: which results from the existence of a potential difference between two points, which allows establishing an electric current between the two. When it is contacted using an electrical conductor and get the work of the blender.
If everything doesn't turn liquid, more power would have to be applied to make the swirl effect more practical.
Delicacies of all kinds can be prepared in the blender, for example, smoothies, creams, soups, sauces, among others. It is also essential for making cocktails in bars and similar places.
In modern times, the principle with which the blender was created, is used in other types of smaller, more powerful, or even more manual devices and without the need to rely on electrical energy. It can be seen, for example, that although there are now models with different sizes or antlers, the shape of these will always create a swirl that will crush and mix whatever is added to it.
How does blender bottle work?
What is a Blender Bottle?
how does a blender bottle work - best blenders for smoothies
A Blender Bottle – How Does a Blender Bottle Work
A blender bottle, as the name suggests, is a plastic or polymer glass cup used for mixing and is an essential part of a blender. It comes with a very tightly sealed and secure lid. The lid contains a round-shaped metallic ball, usually made of steel. Blender bottles are very convenient and low priced and the most important thing is that they are really easy to use.
What can a blender bottle do?
We all associate blenders and blender bottles with juices and smoothies, of course, it is its natural function and to which we are most accustomed. However, it has other services and uses. We will show you some ideas of what can do with a blender.
Today we honor our summer superhero with different fresh and creative ways in how to use your blender bottle.
For those of you who see the blender as just a smoothie machine, you're going to get amazed.
For us who have been using the blender bottle for more than just smoothies since the 20th century, consider this a reminder of all that what a blender (if we know how to use it) can give us.
Smoothies and smoothies
Of course. A blender, regardless of whether it's a lifelong Moulinex Vitae or the professional Clatronic AE 3532, couldn't be complete without a mixed drink. There's nothing like a tremendous frothy smoothie with lots of ice cream or a fruity smoothie with a frozen banana to make you feel like a kid again. Drink your way back to childhood with the shakes!
In our other article we have explained about best blenders for smoothies.
It is time to relax. The list of cocktails that can make in a blender is endless, but margaritas are my favorite with cup aficionados.
Your blender can help you make the sauce smooth, silky and flavorful. Take advantage of those tomatoes that you already have and are very ripe to make a homemade tomato sauce!
A high-quality mixer (especially high-end, professional blenders ) are the secret in making ultra-creamy sauces for the holiday or happy hour. Hummus is a classic to succeed with pita chips, celery, or spread on sandwiches, delicious!
Gazpacho or cold soups
Gazpacho, the classic Spanish tomato soup served cold, is a traditional blender dish. We love cold soups, and they are perfect for summer dinners or hot meals during the day, and they are a super quick and easy way to use fresh produce.
What is the function of a blender bottle?
So let's explain the functions of a blender bottle to get into details of how does blender bottle work. We have explained some detailed recipes that you can make with the help of blenders:
Ice cream
You can make ice creams inside a blender bottle. Ice cream makers are expensive, and making ice cream from scratch takes a long time – but not with your trusted blender! Can you imagine a chocolate and hazelnut ice cream in the mixer? Did you know that a frozen banana is synonymous with banana ice cream?
Mousse or Pudding
Use a food processor to whip the cream, but it's so easy to do it in a blender bottle! It is creamy and delicious. It's very reasonable to make this delightful dairy-free mousse – especially in a blender bottle.
Creams of all kinds, such as mayonnaise
Another of its features is to make creams like mayonnaise. With a blender, you will save time and effort, in addition to achieve different results than when you do it by hand.
Mixes to make omelets
Don't you feel like cooking? Do you contact like you have no energy? Even if you need to make an omelet, you can make use of your blender bottle. Have the mixture ready in a few seconds and enjoy a portion of delicious food.
Baby food
Another of its uses is to create baby food. You can add the ingredient you want to create good food for your baby, healthy as well as nutritious. In addition to saving


marked" this clip as being "good."
P – This means this particular clip has a proxy file attached to it. Proxies can be generated by some of the P2 cameras if the optional AJ-YAX800G Proxy Card is installed. The HPX500 and HVX200 cannot generate proxy files.
T – This means this particular clip has at least one Text Memo marker attached to it. You can view the contents of the Text Memos in P2 Viewer, P2CMS or in a P2HD camcorder by selecting CLIP PROPERTIES for this clip.
E – This means that this particular clip is not camera-original footage, but was either edited on a computer or was created by copying a previous clip. A clip that was created by exporting a portion of a clip between two Text Memo markers (known as Text Memo Subclipping) would also bear this "E" mark.
W – This shows up for standard-definition clips that were recorded in the 16:9 aspect ratio. The "W" stands for Widescreen. This "W" mark doesn't show up on high-definition clips because all high-definition clips are always 16:9.
! – This indicates that the clip you're viewing is part of a multiple-clip "spanned clip," and that the remaining portions aren't currently present. For example, if you recorded one big long clip that spanned across two P2 cards, yet you only loaded one P2 card into your computer, this! indication would be displayed to let you know that the system only has access to part of the full footage. If you loaded the P2 card that contains the rest of this clip, the! indicator would disappear.
X – This indicator means that there's something wrong with your clip. If the "X" appears with a yellow background, you can usually repair the clip (using the "Repair Clip" function in the P2 Thumbnail menu). Usually this X will show up if you eject a P2 card while that card is being recorded to or if the power goes off (battery dies or AC power goes out) while recording. The P2 system is prepared for such issues and automatically saves the recorded files every two seconds, so if an interruption does occur you will usually only lose a few frames (up to the last two seconds). However, if you see a red X, that clip is damaged beyond repair and should be deleted.
? – This indicator means that the system cannot recognize your clip. This might happen if Panasonic introduces a new format, and your existing camera was made before that format was created (for example, if you put a P2 card with an AVC-Intra clip into a AJ-SPX800 camcorder, the SPX800 wouldn't understand what the AVC-Intra clip was and would, therefore, display the? indicator). This doesn't necessarily mean there's anything wrong with your clip, just that your camcorder doesn't understand that clip (a more up-to-date camcorder probably would).
Can I use IEEE 1394 (Firewire) mode with AVC-Intra?
Not for live footage streaming; AVC-Intra is not supported over IEEE 1394 (Firewire) as a live data stream.
I heard that some P2 HD Camcorders have USB or 1394 host mode. What is it and how does it work? What's the difference between these two modes?
The Host Mode allows the P2HD camcorder (or P2HD field recorder such as the P2 Gear or P2 Mobile) to take direct control of an external hard disk. Using Host Mode, you can plug a hard disk directly into your camcorder (or field recorder) and format the hard disk and copy the contents of your P2 cards directly onto the hard disk, all without using a computer.
The AG-HVX200 and AG-HPX500 P2HD camcorder support 1394 Host Mode, and the AJ-HPX3000, AJ-HPX2000, AH-HPG10 P2 Gear and AJ-HPM100 P2 Mobile support USB Host Mode. In 1394 Host Mode, you need to connect to a 1394 ("firewire") hard disk, and you can then copy up to 15 cards onto the hard disk. 1394 Host Mode does not supply bus power, so you'll need a self-powered hard disk.
USB Host Mode provides even more capability. With USB Host Mode, the P2 HD camcorders (HPX2000 or HPX3000) or field recorder can supply bus power to power the hard disk. You can copy up to 23 cards onto the hard drive, assign individual names, partition the drive and review thumbnails.
Does P2 HD support proxies?
Yes, the P2 HD system supports the creation and management of proxy files in three bit rates -- 192Kbps, 768Kbps or 1.5Mbps. Proxy information is low-resolution A/V and time code that is recorded via the optional AJ-YAX800 MPEG4 encoder simultaneously with the high-resolution (DVCPROHD /50/25) that is being recorded to the same P2 card. Proxy video can be recorded to both the P2 card, as well as a separate SD memory card, which allows for quick movement of low-resolution files through internal and web-based networks for quick logging and viewing of dailies or footage before it arrives at the local station. Not all P2 HD camcorders can create or play proxy files; only cameras that can accept the optional AJ-YAX800G proxy card can create or play back proxy files. This includes all AJ-series P2HD camcorders, but doesn't include the AG-HVX200 or AG-HPX500.
What type of metadata files does P2 HD support? Can I customize this metadata for my application?
All P2 camcorders record video with some standard metadata fields, including individual camera type, camera serial number and unique user clip ID. In addition, P2 supports 30 user-definable metadata files, including shooter, reporter, location, scene, text memo and GPS coordinates.
The metadata can be uploaded to the camera after first being composed on the computer. This is done using the free P2 Viewer and P2CMS applications, as well as by the TEP-HD and P2 Log family of products from Imagine Software. The metadata is then saved onto an SD card and inserted into the camera where it can be uploaded into the camera using the metadata upload function under the Thumbnail menu. All P2 cameras allow for incrementing the User Clip Name if you have the camera under the Metadata Type 2 operation. This is also in the Metadata menu in the Thumbnail mode.
What is chromatic aberration compensation (CAC) and what does it do?
Chromatic aberration correction (CAC) can correct chromatic aberrations (color fringing) introduced by the lens optics. Chromatic aberrations are caused when the red, green and blue images do not match up exactly at all points in the image. A camera/lens pair, capable of CAC operation can introduce appropriate offsets to better match red, green and blue images, thus reducing or eliminating any color fringing. Chromatic aberrations are normally only observed at the extreme positions of focus and zoom, with the iris wide open.
CAC will only work when both the camera and lens support the feature. The camera needs to have an offset look-up table stored in memory, and the lens and camera must be able to communicate for CAC to operate properly. Select P2 HD camcorder, including the AG-HPX300, AG-HPX370, AG-HPX500, AJ-HPX3000, VariCam 2700 and VariCam 3700 support CAC, using compatible Canon and Fujinon EFP-style zoom lenses.
As more affordable HD lenses have been designed, CAC has been helpful in reducing chromatic aberrations, which tends to be the most objectionable potential flaw in more affordable lens designs. With CAC, the performance of lower cost lenses approaches that of the top-of-the-line models in terms of color fringing. With the unprecedented resolution of the AJ-HPX3000 and the VariCam 3700, chromatic aberrations can be observed that would not have been visible in earlier cameras (particularly after recording). CAC has shown an effective improvement to the performance of some of the best quality HD zoom lenses on the market. A full list of available CAC lenses can be viewed here.
Do all lenses support CAC?
No, CAC has to be specifically added to each particular lens. Canon and Fujinon each provide a family of CAC lenses, and you can expect that the number of lenses offered in CAC versions will grow.
A list of available CAC lenses can be viewed here.
Where do I go to get the update firmware or software drivers for my P2/P2 HD product?
Panasonic USA has a user-friendly "front end" website for finding the newest and most up-to-date driver software at _URL_
Working in Native Mode
What is 24pn mode?
24PN mode is a special space-saving recording mode designed specifically for use with P2 cards. There is absolutely no loss in quality when using 24PN mode; it's the exact same information, just stored in a more space-efficient way.
Normally, DVCPRO HD 720P is stored at 60 frames per second, and 24P footage is "embedded" in a 60P data stream using 2:3 pull-down. This is a time-tested technique for enabling a "film look" within a normal broadcast


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- 1 How do you heat momos in microwave?
- 2 How do you steam momos in a convection microwave?
- 3 How do you cook frozen momos without a steamer?
- 4 How do you know when momos are cooked?
- 5 Can I microwave dumplings?
- 6 Can you pan fry frozen momos?
- 7 How do you heat momos in the oven?
- 8 How long should frozen momos be steamed?
- 9 How do you steam microwave?
- 10 How can I heat momos without microwave?
- 11 Are momos healthy to eat?
- 12 Why is my Momo so hard?
- 13 Can dumplings be overcooked?
How do you heat momos in microwave?
Microwave: Sprinkle momos with water. Keep lid on, and microwave on full power for 2 minutes. Take care when removing the lid for steam escaping. Ensure momos are piping hot inside.
How do you steam momos in a convection microwave?
Place the momos in a lightly oiled microwave steamer, allowing space between them to prevent touching and sticking. Fill the steamer with water as directed in your steamer's instructions and steam the momos for three minutes in your microwave.
How do you cook frozen momos without a steamer?
* Add some water, bring to a boil, then lower to a medium simmer. * Rub a little sesame oil on the plate, then place momos on top of it. Cover the pot with a lid. * Let them steam for 7-8 minutes or until cooked through.
How do you know when momos are cooked?
- Lift the lid and check the steam, if its dry, momos are done … if its wet then they aren't.
- Take the lid of and touch one of the momos with your fingertips.. if its sticky, it still needs steaming – if its not, then it should be done.
Can I microwave dumplings?
Place frozen dumplings in a microwave safe bowl. Fill the bowl with hot tap water so dumplings are completely covered with water. Cover the bowl and microwave on high for 3-4 minutes for up to 10 dumplings. If the dumplings are floating in the water, they're cooked.
Can you pan fry frozen momos?
Pan frying is another way to get a great texture on your dumplings. Heat a pan on medium-high with a couple tablespoons of oil in it. Once hot, add your frozen dumplings. Cook in oil for about three to four minutes, turning once to sear multiple sides.
How do you heat momos in the oven?
Reheating Dumplings In An Oven
- Step 1: Preheat the Oven to 390 °F. You first need to preheat the oven well before putting dumplings in it.
- Step 2: Arrange the Dumplings in the Oven. It would be best to avoid the pan altogether and place the foil directly on the oven racks.
- Step 3: Heat for about 5 Minutes.
How long should frozen momos be steamed?
Frozen momos should be kept in your freezer at -18C or colder. There is no need to defrost, simply, when the steamer water is boiling, steam the frozen momos by placing them on an oiled steamer tray and steam over full boil for 15 minutes or til steamy hot inside.
How do you steam microwave?
If you're using bigger veggies or a mixture of different types, cut them into manageable pieces of roughly the same size. Place them into a microwave-safe dish. Add 1-2 tablespoons of water (a little more if you're steaming multiple portions). Place in the microwave and pop a lid on top to keep the steam in.
How can I heat momos without microwave?
In brief: you will need a flat-bottomed pan (not a wok) with a lid if sorts to cover. If your pan is non-stick, you will not need to add any oil. If you dont trust it, drop in a little olive oil. Either way, fry the momos on a low-medium heat for 3-4 minutes on each side.
Are momos healthy to eat?
We all love momos, but did you know that they are harmful for our health? These round soft dough balls are filled with juicy veg or non-veg stuffings and are served with a spicy dip. They are the delight of all street food lovers. But momos are dangerous for health and can cause long-term damages to the body.
Why is my Momo so hard?
Momos that are fully cooked will get a glow or a sheen of water on them. The white flour outer covering should not feel sticky and look a little transparent. The filling may actually start to show on the thinner edges. The covering also starts to get hard and rubbery very soon.
Can dumplings be overcooked?
Do not overcook your dumplings. They may disintegrate if left to cook too long.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Combat Water Survival Training
The combat water survival training (CWST) is a requirement of all ROTC cadets. Cadets are required to conduct a 3-meter drop into water, blind folded and carrying a mock M-16 rifle. They are also required to swim 15 meters in uniform with gear while keeping a mock M-16 rifle out of the water. Additionally, cadets must demonstrate removal techniques of their equipment while submerged. For this requirement, cadets must jump into deep water wearing load bearing equipment. While underwater, they must release the equipment, swim to the surface and reach the edge. The last task cadets must perform is creating a floatation device with their BDU or ACU trousers.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Suppose we must design a weighted voting scheme to be used by n voters to choose between two candidates. We want the i-th voter to have a certain prescribed amount of "influence" over the final outcome of the vote -- for example, the voters may correspond to states with different populations, or shareholders who hold different numbers of shares in a company. How can we design a weighted voting scheme that gives each voter the prescribed amount of influence?
Of course, in order to even hope to answer such a question we need a well-defined notion of the influence of a voter in a weighted voting scheme. Many such measures of influence have been studied in the voting theory literature; such measures are sometimes called "power indices". In this talk we'll consider two of the most popular power indices: the "Banzhaf indices" (corresponding to the standard notion of influence in analysis of Boolean functions) and the "Shapley-Shubik indices". These are two quite different natural ways of of quantifying how much power each voter has over the outcome in a given weighted voting scheme.
As our main results, we'll describe algorithms that solve the inverse problem of designing a weighted voting scheme for each of these power indices. Specifically,
(1) Given a vector of desired Banzhaf indices for the n voters, our first algorithm efficiently constructs a weighted voting scheme which has Banzhaf indices very close to the target indices (if any such weighted voting scheme exists). Our result gives an almost doubly exponential (in terms of the closeness parameter) running time improvement over the only previous provably correct solution.
(2) Given a vector of desired Shapley-Shubik indices, our second algorithm efficiently constructs a weighted voting scheme which has Shapley-Shubik indices very close to the target indices (if any such weighted voting scheme exists). This is the first algorithm for this problem with a poly(n) as opposed to exp(n) runtime.
A common algorithmic ingredient underlies these two results, but the structural results used to prove correctness are very different for the two indices. Our results for Banzhaf indices are based on structural properties of linear threshold functions and geometric and linear-algebraic arguments about how hyperplanes interact with the Boolean hypercube. Our results for Shapley-Shubik indices are based on anticoncentration bounds for sums of non-independent random variables.
No background in voting theory is required for the talk.
Based on joint works with Anindya De, Ilias Diakonikolas and Vitaly Feldman.


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News Content Perspective of TV One and Metro TV in Seeing Indonesia Government Policy
In the new order era, media is chained and regarded as a mouthpiece of New Order government. After 17 years the fall of the New Order regime, some of the media in Indonesia still can never escape from the intervention, particularly media owners. This research aims to determine the differences of political perspective of two television media toward the government. The research used qualitative method which relies on secondary data through documentation. The results indicate that the political orientation of the media owners had intervened the media perspective against the government. Media cannot be an objective watchdog of the government, because the news on the televisions is subjective. The media, such as TV One and Metro TV, have different agenda and perspective. The setting of a resource as well as the communications attitude of the TV One host shows its role as a government watchdog. Metro TV has a different attitude; there is tendency to be more cooperative and accommodating with government and the policies of President Joko Widodo.
Margynata Kurnia Putra, Yusa Djuyandi and La Mani


Convert 25 gw to mgw
In this article I will show you how to convert 25 gigawatts into megawatts. Throughout the explanation below I might also call it 25 gw to mgw. They are the same thing!
How to Convert Gigawatts to Megawatts
A gigawatt is greater than a megawatt. I know that a gw is greater than a mgw because of something called conversion factors.
Put very simply, a conversion factor is a number that can be used to change one set of units to another, by multiplying or dividing it. So when we need to convert 25 gigawatts into megawatts, we use a conversion factor to get the answer.
The conversion factor for gw to mgw is:
1 gw = 1000 mgw
Now that we know what the conversion factor is, we can easily calculate the conversion of 25 gw to mgw by multiplying 1000 by the number of gigawatts we have, which is 25.
25 x 1000 = 25000 mgw
So, the answer to the question "what is 25 gigawatts in megawatts?" is 25000 mgw.
Gigawatts to Megawatts Conversion Table
Below is a sample conversion table for gw to mgw:
Gigawatts (gw) Megawatts (mgw)
Best Conversion Unit for 25 gw
I've also calculated what the best unit of measurement is for 25 gw.
The best unit of measurement I have found for 25 gw is gigawatts and the amount is 25 gw.
Link to Us / Reference this Page
 - "Convert 25 gw to mgw". Accessed on September 23, 2021.
 - "Convert 25 gw to mgw"., Accessed 23 September, 2021
 - Convert 25 gw to mgw. Retrieved from


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Error: An unknown error has occurred loading this published map
After creating and publishing a Published Map File (PMF) package, users are unable to open the PMF file in ArcReader. The following error is returned:
"An unknown error has occurred loading this published map."
In other situations, when users attempt to access a published map on ArcReader, the following error message is returned, and nothing is loaded:
"An unknown error has occurred while loading document."
There are several causes of this issue:
- Compatibility issue. This issue occurs due to users using different version of ArcReader and Publisher in ArcMap. For example, ArcGIS 10.1 PMF files are not backwards compatible with ArcGIS 10.0. In addition, ArcReader 10.1 cannot be installed on the same machine as ArcGIS Desktop 10.0, so this explains the error message.
- The location of the PMF files is altered. The end user does not have access to both the PMF and the data. In theory, if users do not have at least read access to the data, users are unable to open the map. Granted, that also depends upon how the map is published.
- PMF files are corrupted.
Solution or Workaround
Follow the suggested solutions below to solve this issue:
Download the right version of ArcReader which is compatible with version of Publisher in ArcMap. The link for downloading different ArcReader releases can be found here.
Ensure the user of the second machine has permission on the PMF and folder.
Create a new map document and publish it using the Publisher extension. To do this, follow the steps below:
1. From the Publisher toolbar, select Publish Map. 2. Create a new folder. The new folder is used to house both the PMF file and the data package. The reason for this is to keep all the elements of the published map together for future distribution to users who have ArcReader. 3. Name the file, and click Save. 4. From the Publisher toolbar, select Create Data Package. 5. Select the PMF file generated in Steps 1 - 3. Click Open. 6. Specify the save location. Use the folder created in Step 2. 7. Ensure that the Data Format is set to File Geodatabase. 8. Ensure that the box under Options is unchecked. 9. Click the Extent tab. 10. Check the boxes next to include all features in the dataset. Click OK. 11. Once the Data Package is created, send the entire folder created in Step 2 to the end user, and they now can access to the PMF as well as all of the published data.


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The Clean Air Act requires large industrial plants to report their total annual emissions of pollutants like sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and smog forming chemicals to state environmental agencies. But a review of Texas data suggests that some companies omit more than eighty percent of their actual emissions in these annual reports. For example, twenty facilities failed to report nearly 16,000 tons of regulated pollutants they released in 2003 in their annual submissions for that year.
According to nearly 800 notifications to the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality in 2003, the twenty plants released a combined total of 19,200 tons of pollutants in 2003 as a result of upsets, maintenance, and startup and shutdown activity, including 7,894 tons of sulfur dioxide, 6,311 tons of carbon monoxide, and 4,947 tons of volatile organic compounds. But when submitting their total annual inventory of emissions to the state for that same year, the facilities admitted releasing only 3,430 tons of pollution. TCEQ currently assesses a fee of $30.90 per ton of emissions reported to the inventory, which means the facilities in question owe the state nearly $500,000 in fees for the unreported pollution.


sysctl Command in Linux with Examples
August 24, 2023
Introduction
Linux administrators use the sysctl command to read or modify kernel parameters at runtime. The option to control and modify networking, I/O operations, and memory management settings in real-time, without performing a reboot, is essential for high-availability systems.
Find out how to use the sysctl command and its options to tweak system performance on the fly.
Linux admin using the sysctl command to manage kernel parameters.
Prerequisites
 - A user account with root or sudo privileges.
 - Access to a command line/terminal window.
Note: Modifying kernel parameters affects system behavior, performance, and security. Always test parameter changes in a controlled environment, like a virtual machine, before applying them to production systems.
sysctl Command Syntax
Linux kernel parameters are in the proc/sys/ directory. The sysctl command allows admins to make structured changes to these parameters and retain the changes on reboots without interacting with /proc/sys/ files directly.
The sysctl command in Linux has the following syntax:
sysctl [options] [variable[=value] ...]
Note: In command-line syntax, square brackets [] typically indicate that a parameter is optional.
 - sysctl - The command name.
 - [options] - The command accepts optional flags to customize the behavior.
 - [variable] - The name of the kernel parameter you want sysctl to read or modify. Enter a variable without a value to read the current value of the variable only.
 - [=value] - If the command contains a variable, you can assign a value to the variable. Entering a value will set the new value for the variable.
 - ... - The three full stops mean it's possible to specify multiple variable=value pairs in a single sysctl command.
The sysctl syntax is flexible and allows users to enter the command with or without options, read existing values, or define new values for specific kernel parameters.
sysctl Command Options
The following table provides a breakdown of the standard sysctl options:
OPTIONDESCRIPTION
-aDisplay all variables and values.
-nDisplay only values for specified variables.
-eDo not display errors for non-existent variables.
-w [parameter]=[value]Change the value for the specified variable.
-p [file]Load values from the specified configuration file. The system loads values from the /etc/sysctl.conf file by default if no file is provided.
-qError messages for stdout kernel parameter values are suppressed.
-fLoad settings from all system configuration files.
-r [pattern]Only list variables that match the defined pattern.
-VDisplay the sysctl version.
sysctl Command Examples
Note: Only a sudo or root user can modify parameter values. Read actions usually do not require sudo or root privileges.
The following commands showcase some of the basic sysctl command functionalities:
1. Show All Kernel Parameters
Review all kernel parameters and their current values using the -a option:
sysctl -a
List all kernel parameters using the sysctl command.
2. Display Parameter Names without Values
Use the following command to display parameter names without their values:
sysctl -a -N
Only display kernel parameter names using sysctl.
3. Search for Specific Parameters
Combine the -a option and the grep utility to search for a specific kernel parameter. The following command searches for all parameters related to IPv6 routing:
sudo sysctl -a | grep net.ipv6.route
Search kernel parameters by name using sysctl.
4. Display a Specific Parameter Value
Use the sysctl command and the kernel parameter name to display its value. The following command displays the swappiness value of the system:
sysctl vm.swappiness
Display swappiness in Linux using sysctl command.
5. Display Value Without Parameter Name
If you need to retrieve the parameter value without its name, for example, for scripting purposes, utilize the -n option:
sysctl -n vm.swappiness
Retrieve only the kernel parameter value using sysctl.
6. Modify a Parameter Value
The -w option enables users to modify an existing kernel parameter value. The following command sets the swappiness value to 30:
sudo sysctl -w vm.swappiness=30
Modify Linux kernel parameter value using the sysctl command.
The system's swappiness level influences the kernel's behavior toward swapping.
7. Load Configuration from Default File
Use the -p option to reload default values from the /etc/sysctl.conf and /etc/sysctl.d/ files:
sysctl -p
There is no output, and the values are reloaded without a reboot.
8. Load Configuration from Custom File
Enter the following command to load settings from a custom config file:
sysctl -p [/path/to/custom-sysctl.conf]
Replace [/path/to/custom-sysctl.conf/] with the actual path to your configuration file.
9. Load All System Configuration Files
The -f option is used to load values from all system configuration locations:
sysctl -f
The system loads settings from the following configuration files: /run/sysctl.d/*.conf, /etc/sysctl.d/*.conf, /usr/local/lib/sysctl.d/*.conf, /usr/lib/sysctl.d/*.conf, /lib/sysctl.d/*.conf, and /etc/sysctl.conf.
10. Suppress Error Messages for Non-Existent Parameters
Omitting errors for non-existent parameters results in a cleaner output and reduces unnecessary noise in logs. Use the -q option to suppress error messages for a specified parameter:
sysctl -q [non_existent_parameter]
Replace [non_existent_parameter] with the actual name of the variable.
Conclusion
You know how the sysctl command works, its syntax, and options, and you have tested several rudimentary commands.
Sysctl is not the only command you can use to manage kernel parameters in Linux. Read our article on using the modprobe command to add or remove kernel modules.
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Vladimir Kaplarevic
Vladimir is a resident Tech Writer at phoenixNAP. He has more than 7 years of experience in implementing e-commerce and online payment solutions with various global IT services providers. His articles aim to instill a passion for innovative technologies in others by providing practical advice and using an engaging writing style.
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Chemical clock
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In an iodine clock reaction, colour changes after a time delay.
A chemical clock (or clock reaction) is a complex mixture of reacting chemical compounds in which the onset of an observable property (discoloration or coloration) occurs after a predictable induction time due to the presence of clock species at a detectable amount.[1] In cases where one of the reagents has a visible color, crossing a concentration threshold can lead to an abrupt color change after a reproducible time lapse.
Types[edit]
Clock reactions may be classified into three or four types:[2]
Substrate-depletive clock reaction[edit]
The simplest clock reaction featuring two reactions:[2]
A → C (rate k1)
B + C → products (rate k2, fast)
When substrate (B) is present, the clock species (C) is quickly consumed in the second reaction. Only when substrate B is all used up or depleted, species C can build up in amount causing the color to change. An example for this clock reaction is the sulfite/iodate reaction or iodine clock reaction, also known as Landolt's reaction.
Sometimes, a clock reaction involves the production of intermediate species in three consecutive reactions.
P + Q → R
R + Q → C
P + C → 2R
Given that Q is in excess, when substrate (P) is depleted, C builds up resulting in the change in color.
Autocatalysis-driven clock reaction[edit]
The basis of the reaction is similar to substrate-depletive clock reaction, except for the fact that rate k2 is very slow leading to the co-existing of substrates and clock species, so there is no need for substrate to be depleted to observe the change in color. The example for this clock is pentathionate/iodate reaction.[2][3]
Pseudoclock behavior[edit]
The reactions in this category behave like a clock reaction, however they are irreproducible, unpredictable and hard to control. Examples are chlorite/thiosulfate and iodide/chlorite reactions.[2]
Crazy clock reaction[edit]
The reaction is irreproducible in each run due to the initial inhomogeneity of the mixture which result from variation in stirring rate, overall volume as well as geometry of the reactors. Repeating the reaction in the statistically meaningful manners leads to the reproducible cumulative probability distribution curve. The example for this clock is iodate/arsenous acid reaction.[4]
One reaction may fall into more than one classification above depending on the circumstance. For example, iodate−arsenous acid reaction can be substrate-depletive clock reaction, autocatalysis-driven clock reaction and crazy clock reaction.
Examples[edit]
One class of example is the iodine clock reactions, in which an iodine species is mixed with redox reagents in the presence of starch. After a delay, a dark blue color suddenly appears due to the formation of a triiodide-starch complex.
Additional reagents can be added to some chemical clocks to build a chemical oscillator. For example, the Briggs–Rauscher reaction is derived from an iodine clock reaction by adding perchloric acid, malonic acid and manganese sulfate.[5]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
 1. ^ Wright, Stephen W. (2002-01-01). "Tick Tock, a Vitamin C Clock". Journal of Chemical Education. 79 (1): 40A. doi:10.1021/ed079p40.
 2. ^ a b c d Horváth, Attila K.; Nagypál, István (23 February 2015). "Classification of Clock Reactions". ChemPhysChem. 16 (3): 588–594. doi:10.1002/cphc.201402806. PMID 25425415.
 3. ^ Xu, L.; Horváth, A.K. (2014). "A Possible Candidate To Be Classified as an Autocatalysis-Driven Clock Reaction: Kinetics of the Pentathionate-Iodate Reaction". Journal of Physical Chemistry. 118 (32): 6171–6180. Bibcode:2014JPCA..118.6171X. doi:10.1021/jp5057573. PMID 25068832.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
 4. ^ Valkai, L.; Csekő, G.; Horváth, A.K. (2015). "Initial inhomogeneity-induced crazy-clock behavior in the iodate-arsenous acid reaction in a buffered medium under stirred batch conditions". Phys Chem Chem Phys. 17 (34): 22187–22194. Bibcode:2015PCCP...1722187V. doi:10.1039/c5cp02572a. PMID 26239390.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
 5. ^ Briggs, Thomas S.; Rauscher, Warren C. (1973-07-01). "An oscillating iodine clock". Journal of Chemical Education. 50 (7): 496. Bibcode:1973JChEd..50..496B. doi:10.1021/ed050p496. ISSN 0021-9584.


Albemarle Sound
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Satellite image of Albemarle Sound
Albemarle Sound (/ˈælbəˌmɑːrl/) is a large estuary on the coast of North Carolina in the United States located at the confluence of a group of rivers, including the Chowan and Roanoke. It is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by the Currituck Banks, a barrier peninsula upon which the town of Kitty Hawk is located, at the eastern edge of the sound, and part of the greater Outer Banks region. Roanoke Island is situated at the southeastern corner of the sound, where it connects to Pamlico Sound. Much of the water in the Albemarle Sound is brackish or fresh, as opposed to the saltwater of the ocean, as a result of river water pouring into the sound.
Some small portions of the Albemarle have been given their own "sound" names to distinguish these bodies of water from other parts of the large estuary. The Croatan Sound, for instance, lies between mainland Dare County and Roanoke Island. The eastern shore of the island to the Outer Banks is commonly referred to as the Roanoke Sound (which is also a historical name for the entire body of water now known as Albemarle Sound[1][2]). The long stretch of water from near the Virginia state line south to around the Currituck County southern boundary is known as the Currituck Sound.
The sound forms part of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. Its coast saw the first permanent settlements in what became North Carolina, the English Albemarle Settlements. Many inland Tidewater communities along the Albemarle today are part of the Inner Banks region of the state.
Norfolk Southern Railroad passenger train crosses the Albemarle Sound trestle in 1918. The trestle was demolished in the late 1980s.
Before Europeans came to the Albemarle Sound, the Algonquian Indians lived in the region. They traveled the sound in dugout canoes, and trapped fish.
In 1586 the first European explorers sailed up the fifty-five-mile (89 km) length of the Albemarle Sound. Half a century later, the first European settlers came south from Virginia, establishing agricultural and trading colonies along the shores of the Sound. The Albemarle Sound soon became a very important thoroughfare, with small trading ships called coasters carrying cargo to and from other colonies, and larger merchant ships bringing spices, silks, and sugars from the West Indies in exchange for products such as tobacco (a major export of the southern colonies), herring, and lumber.
In 1663, Albemarle Sound was made part of the Province of Carolina by King Charles II of England and given to eight Lords Proprietors. One of these royal beneficiaries was George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, for whom the sound is named.[3]
Ferries were a common method of transportation through the swamps surrounding the Albemarle Sound throughout the history of the region. One ferry that linked the towns of Edenton and Mackeys, North Carolina, continued in service from 1734 to 1938, when a bridge was built across the Sound. Another longer bridge of more than 3 miles (4.8 km) in length was built in 1990.
Fishing was a major industry in the Albemarle Sound. In late spring, plantation farmers would fish for shad, striped bass, and herring. Nets used by these fishermen were sometimes enormous, with some more than a mile (1600 m) long, and were frequently staffed 24 hours a day. Herring was cut and salted for export to Europe, while shad was packed in ice and shipped up the Chowan River to be sold in northern colonies. Regional striped bass tournaments attracted sports fishermen to the area, and it was considered by many to be the greatest striped bass fishery in the world.
Pollution and development in recent years have depleted the fisheries of the Albemarle Sound by seventy percent.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ "Albemarle Sound". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
 2. ^ Mcpherson, Elizabeth G.; Paschal, Herbert R. "Batts, Nathaniell". NCpedia. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
 3. ^ "Museum of the Albermarle". Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-19.
External links[edit]
Coordinates: 36°03′55″N 76°03′52″W / 36.06520°N 76.06453°W / 36.06520; -76.06453


GLEP:52
Title:RESTRICT=interactive
Version:1.1
Last-Modified:2005/12/06 03:34:21
Author:Marius Mauch <genone at gentoo.org>,
Status:Draft
Type:Standards Track
Content-Type:text/x-rst
Created:13-Oct-2006
Post-History:14-Oct-2006
Contents
Abstract
This GLEP proposes a new value for the RESTRICT metadata variable in ebuilds to indicate that an ebuild requires interaction by the user.
Motivation
Certain ebuilds in the current tree require certain actions from the user to progress. A popular example are ebuilds that require physical media (cd/dvd-rom) for their distfiles instead of fetching them form the net. However ebuilds are supposed to be non-interactive, so this behavior, while sometimes necessary, violates existing policies. To account for this situation a new RESTRICT value should be added to allow filtering those ebuilds based on metadata and to inform users upfront (when displaying the depgraph) that a certain package will require their attention during the build process.
Specification
Portage (and by extension other package managers) will support a new value for the RESTRICT metadata variable called interactive. This value may be used by the package manager and tools using its API to filter packages that require interactive actions (for example to mask them in automated build environments). How the package manager exactly reacts on the presence of this new flag is beyond this specification, but it's recommended to indicate it's presence to the user whenever relevant.
This new setting should be used in ebuilds if it is known that they _typically_ require user attention during the build process. If an ebuild just has a limited risk of becoming interactive (like using the built_with_use function) it shouldn't be restricted.
Rationale
The new RESTRICT=interactive metadata setting will give us the following benefits:
 1. Enable masking of interactive ebuilds for automated build environments
 2. Metadata based searching for interactive ebuilds (superior to grep)
 3. Less frustrated users caused by hanging build processes
This proposal does not change the existing policy regarding interactive ebuilds (ebuilds still should be non-interactive whenever possible), it merely states a way to identify them.
Backwards Compatibility
Strictly speaking this extension would requires an EAPI bump, however as existing portage ignore unknown RESTRICT values it shouldn't cause any real breakage to introduce it without.
Reference Implementation
TODO
Credits
Thanks to the following persons for their input on or related to this GLEP (even though they might not have known it): Alec Warner, Zac Medico, Simon Stelling
References
[1]_URL_
Copyright
This document has been placed in the public domain.


text:
Junior Landcare celebrated Healthy Waterways on the 29th of May 2014, with 90 students from local schools descending on the Mareeba Wetlands. Students from Mutchilba, Biboorha, Mt Molloy and surrounds had a full day of hands-on environmental activities learning about keeping our water clean from the Creeks to the Coast!
The day was launched with two special guest speakers: Rikki Gun, from Ghost Nets Australia, who spoke about the massive job of cleaning up abandoned fishing nets in the Gulf of Carpentaria, and Del Richards, from Fine Feather Tours, who covered the plight of the endangered Gouldian Finch, showing a map of recent sightings in North Queensland.
Northern Gulf Resource Management Group coordinated the event, which included sessions on looking after water-ways by recycling, preventing erosion, and fishing sustainably. Students also got to know more about wildlife in and around the water-way with a Jabiru Safari Lodge bird-watching boat tour; measured water health by identifying water bugs, and met some weird aquatic creatures with Zoo to You. Fun art activities included turning newspaper into art with the Junk Wave and making a Catchment Mural.
The event was hosted by the Northern Gulf Resource Management Group with support from the Mareeba Shire Council. This is the first of what will become the annual Mitchell River Kids Day on the last Friday in May.


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'Chocolate orange' iced biscuits
Orange flavoured biscuits topped with bright orange icing and a simple chocolate icing. These easy biscuits will make you smile.
For the biscuits
For the icing
Preparation method
 1. For the biscuits, beat the butter and sugar and orange zest together in a bowl until light and fluffy.
 2. Lay out a sheet of cling film on a clean work surface.
 3. Add the egg to the mixture and beat together. Add the flour to bring together as a dough.
 4. Wrap the dough in cling film and refrigerate it for at least 15 minutes.
 5. Preheat the oven to 180C/350F/Gas 4.
 6. Flour the work surface and then roll the dough gently, using a floured rolling pin, until about 0.5cm/¼in thick.
 7. Cut out the biscuits using biscuits cutters of your choice.
 8. Transfer to a baking tray using a palette knife, ensuring the biscuits are well spaced apart. Bake for 10-15 minutes, or until lightly golden-brown.
 9. Remove to a wire rack to cool.
 10. For the icing, sift the icing sugar and divide it between two bowls. Sift the cocoa powder into one of the bowls.
 11. Gradually add the liquid to each bowl, a teaspoon at a time, until the icing is thick but runny. If it is too runny, add more sifted icing sugar.
 12. Add a drop of orange food colouring to the white icing.
 13. Put the icing into two separate piping bags. Pipe orange and brown patterns onto the biscuits. Leave to harden to serve.
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text:
Buy 3 Tilt Sensors and save $10.
How it works
The Tilt Sensor sends a true or false signal when the orientation of the device changes.
How students have used it
- Door handle to set off an alarm
- Shook it to flash a LED Light
How blocks are used in real world
- Step Counter
- Phone Orientation


text:
By Sheila Eldred, Discovery Channel
Want people to be altruistic, tolerant, and open-minded? Expose them to the arts.
Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago report that people who engage in the arts — or even those who see others engaging in the arts — contribute more to society than those who don't.
And, despite earlier studies to the contrary, Generation X respondents in this research were more civically engaged than older people.
Lead researcher Kelly LeRoux, assistant professor of public administration at the University of Illinois at Chicago, got her data from the 2002 General Social Survey, in which a national sample of 2,765 randomly selected adults participated.
The researchers measured participation in neighborhood associations, church and religious organizations, civic and fraternal organizations, sports groups, charitable organizations, political parties, professional associations and trade unions.
To determine social tolerance, the researchers measured both acceptance for gender orientation and race, rating comments on what kind of books would be acceptable in a library, for example. To measure altruistic behavior, the researchers looked at things such as whether people donated blood or gave directions to strangers.
Arts exposure was defined as going to museums or music, opera and theater events; arts expression was defined as making or performing art.
"If policymakers are concerned about a decline in community life, the arts shouldn't be disregarded as a means to promote an active citizenry," said LeRoux, who plans to repeat the study once 2012 data is collected. "Our positive findings could strengthen the case for government support for the arts."
Disclaimer: The views expressed above are solely those of the author and may
not reflect those of
Care2, Inc., its employees or advertisers.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The independent read module is an integral part of the ERICA system. The read module combines a state-of-the-art DICOM image viewer (FDA-approved as a medical device) with an electronic CRF (eCRF). Images are automatically displayed to the reader as defined in the study protocol and/or Imaging Charter. The functionality of the DICOM viewer can be configured to ensure that only required functions can be accessed, and only required information is displayed on the images. If necessary for image interpretation, additional information can be selectively displayed to the reader (e.g., data from the clinical database like laboratory values). The eCRF allows programing of all types of consistency checks. The reading module includes the possibility to display results from assessments of previous images of the same patient, as well as the display of image analyses from different readers (e.g., for adjudication sessions). The available reader functionality allows a broad range of standard and non-standard image analyses, like assessments based RECIST 1.0/1.1, CHOI, lesion volumetry, multi-planar reconstructions, image segmentation, and others. Read results are electronically signed and stored in an electronic database. Read results are transferred to the sponsor in the agreed format (e.g., as SAS files).
pharmtrace's proprietary software for independent reads (ERICA) combines regulatory compliance (21 CFR 11, GAMP 5) with the flexibility of up-to-date image visualization and analysis tools.


text:
709 City Hall
Buffalo, New York 14202
Welcome to the Buffalo Public Schools Budget Department website. Below is a summary of our main responsibilities:
- Manage the annual District Budget process beginning in November of each year and culminating in a Board Approved Balanced Budget during May.
- Administer the Board Approved Budget throughout the fiscal year including:
- Review and process all Budget Transfers.
- Review and process all Unbudgeted Requests.
- Review and process all Staffing changes.
- Monitor all General Fund Projects, including CSP (Community Schools), LEP, MAG and CFE, throughout the year.
- Establish annual amounts of Non Public allocations and monitor spending activity throughout the year.
- Monthly Reporting.
- State Aid and Revenue Maximization including:
- Supervise the processing and submission of all State Aid initial claims, through the SAMS and STAC systems, by September 30th each year.
- Review SIRS data that impacts State Aid prior to August submission deadlines.
- Audit prior year submissions and submit revised claims.
- Obtain reimbursement from other School Districts, Non Publics and Charters for all special education services provided by the District.
- Monitor monthly Medicaid submissions into Kinney System and review data prior to filing year-end report into the PCG system due December 31st.
- Charter Schools:
- There are currently 19 Charter Schools in the District, with over 9,000 Buffalo students attending these schools. The Budget Department is responsible for reviewing the bi-monthly Charter School invoices for accuracy, maintaining these student records in Infinite Campus, and performing annual attendance audits at the Charter Schools. The department is the primary liaison for the Charter Schools and the District.


text:
The Caproni Ca.103 was a biplane twin-engine bomber developed by the Italian company Aeronautica Caproni in the late 1920s.
The Ca.103 had a fuselage, with a rectangular section and made of welded tubes, that integrated the two-seater closed cockpit placed at the wing connection edge and intercommunicating with the three positions for machine guns and pointer. On the rear, it ended up with a single drift fletching equipped with horizontal counter-braced sesquiplane planes, connected to each other by a pair of "V-shaped" uprights, and with the lower plane with adjustable incidence in flight. The wing configuration was sesquiplana inverted with neutral scaling, ie with a higher wing plane with a significantly shorter opening and positioned directly above the lower one, the latter being the only one with a differential slit aileron . The wings, both characterized by a sensitive positive dihedral angle, were connected to each other by a series of riser pairs in Warren truss configuration. The landing gear had a fixed classic tricycle configuration, with a front element with an interrupted axle and an elastic upright, with uncovered wheels equipped with brakes, integrated at the back by a swiveling support wheel which was also elastically cushioned.
Data from Aeroplani Caproni dal 1908 al 1935


Scatterplot legend and fill not working in Octave
The following works for me:
n = 100;
x = randn(n, 1);
y = randn(n, 1);
S = rand(n, 1)*20;
hold on
scatter(x(1:50), y(1:50), S(1:50), "red", "filled")
scatter(x(51:100), y(51:100), S(51:100), "green", "filled")
hold off
print('-depsc', 'bubbleplot.eps');
However, I'm not able to add a legend, and I didn't find any bug report or indication of a missing functionality for this. So, as an alternative, I would suggest adding marker and text to your plot.
How to get the size of tar.gz in (MB) file in python
According to Python on-line docs, you should look at the size attributes of a TarInfo object.
Getting dataset for building association rules with Weka
Apart from the example dataset used in the following class, Association Rule Mining with WEKA, you might want to try the market-basket dataset.
Also, please note that several datasets are listed on Weka website, in the Datasets section, some of them coming from the UCI repository (e.g., the Plants Data Set).
R Using a for() loop to fill one dataframe with another
Not sure I fully understood your question, but you can try this:
df1 <- data.frame(col1=letters[1:26], col2=sample(1:100, 26))
df2 <- with(df1, expand.grid(col1=col1, col2=col1))
df2$col3 <- df1$col2
The last command use recycling (it could be writtent as rep(df1$col2, 26) as well).
The results are shown below:
> head(df1, n=3)
 col1 col2
1 a 68
2 b 73
3 c 45
> tail(df1, n=3)
 col1 col2
24 x 22
25 y 4
26 z 17
> head(df2, n=3)
 col1 col2 col3
1 a a 68
2 b a 73
3 c a 45
> tail(df2, n=3)
 col1 col2 col3
674 x z 22
675 y z 4
676 z z 17
Regarding the approach of displaying a classification/decision tree from the command line?
I'm not sure if you are looking for something very elaborated, but basically decision trees are printed when you use weka.classifiers.trees. There is an illustration with Random Tree in a response of mine , but here is what you would get using the J48 algorithm on the iris dataset:
~/weka/data$ weka weka.classifiers.trees.J48 -t iris.arff -i
J48 pruned tree
------------------
petalwidth <= 0.6: Iris-setosa (50.0)
petalwidth > 0.6
| petalwidth <= 1.7
| | petallength <= 4.9: Iris-versicolor (48.0/1.0)
| | petallength > 4.9
| | | petalwidth <= 1.5: Iris-virginica (3.0)
| | | petalwidth > 1.5: Iris-versicolor (3.0/1.0)
| petalwidth > 1.7: Iris-virginica (46.0/1.0)
Number of Leaves : 5
Size of the tree : 9
Time taken to build model: 0.08 seconds
Time taken to test model on training data: 0.01 seconds
Trying to Install RVM 1.8.7
If you don't have rvm on your system, then follow the instructions here: Installing RVM. Basically, you have to download a shell script that will does the job for you (fetch the latest release and install it). Then, just add
[[ -s "$HOME/.rvm/scripts/rvm" ]] && . "$HOME/.rvm/scripts/rvm"
in your .profile, .bash_profile, or whatever you use.
SQL window function in R Language
You can use aggregate and merge if you are familiar with SQL syntax. Taking one of the example from the PostgreSQL manual, we would use
empsalary <- data.frame(depname=rep(c("develop", "personnel", "sales"), c(5, 2, 3)),
 empno=c(11, 7, 9, 8, 10, 5, 2, 3, 1, 4),
 salary=c(5200, 4200, 4500, 6000, 5200, 3500, 3900, 4800, 5000, 4800))
merge(empsalary, aggregate(salary ~ depname, empsalary, mean), by="depname")
to reproduce the first example (compute average salary by depname).
 depname empno salary.x salary.y
1 develop 11 5200 5020.000
2 develop 7 4200 5020.000
3 develop 9 4500 5020.000
4 develop 8 6000 5020.000
5 develop 10 5200 5020.000
6 personnel 5 3500 3700.000
7 personnel 2 3900 3700.000
8 sales 3 4800 4866.667
9 sales 1 5000 4866.667
10 sales 4 4800 4866.667
You may probably want to look at what plyr has to offer for more elaborated construction.
p-value matrix of x and y variables from anova output
Here is one solution, which consists in generating all combinations of Y- and X-variables to test (we cannot use combn) and run a linear model in each case:
dfrm <- data.frame(y=gl(ncol(yvars), ncol(xvars), labels=names(yvars)),
 x=gl(ncol(xvars), 1, labels=names(xvars)), pval=NA)
## little helper function to create formula on the fly
fm <- function(x) as.formula(paste(unlist(x), collapse="~"))
## merge both datasets
full.df <- cbind.data.frame(yvars, xvars)
## apply our LM row-wise
dfrm$pval <- apply(dfrm[,1:2], 1,
 function(x) anova(lm(fm(x), full.df))$'Pr(>F)'[1])
## arrange everything in a rectangular matrix of p-values
res <- matrix(dfrm$pval, nc=3, dimnames=list(levels(dfrm$x), levels(dfrm$y)))
Sidenote: With high-dimensional datasets, relying on the QR decomposition to compute the p-value of a linear regression is time-consuming. It is easier to compute the matrix of Pearson linear correlation for each pairwise comparisons, and transform the r statistic into a Fisher-Snedecor F using the relation F = νa r2/(1-r2), where degrees of freedom are defined as νa=(n-2)-#{(xi=NA),(yi=NA)} (that is, (n-2) minus the number of pairwise missing values–if there're no missing values, this formula is the usual coefficient R2 in regression).
R multiple file "split and plot"
Assuming you already have your data frame set up correctly, how about using aggregate (or ddply from the plyr package)? Here is a toy example with one such data frame (you will need to embed this in your loop or write a custom function).
L01_001 <- data.frame(Cases=gl(5, 2, 5*2*2, labels=c("AAA","BBB","CCC","DDD","EEE")),
 replicate(3, rnorm(5*2*2)))
mean.by.case <- with(L01_001, aggregate(L01_001[,-1], list(Cases=Cases), mean))
## opar <- par(mfrow=c(nlevels(L01_001$Cases), 1))
## apply(mean.by.case[,-1], 1, function(x) barplot(x))
## par(opar)
library(lattice)
barchart(~ X1 + X2 + X3 | Cases, mean.by.case)
I would not recommend using bar charts for visualizing your


text:
IDAE has considered necessary to develop a Spanish Wind Atlas with enough reliability to enable wind potential evaluations, including interactive access to the results through a Geographical Information System plug-in, whose scope is the whole National territory including inland waters and an additional coastal buffer of 24 nautical miles. The use of uniform criteria facilitates the comparison between the results obtained in different zones of the country.
In the making of the Wind Atlas of Spain, a numerical weather prediction system has been applied to predict the long-term wind resource. Interaction with the topographical characterization of Spain has been taken into account, which has enabled the study without the need to carry out a specific measurement campaign. Beside that, real wind resource information has been used to validate the adopted simulation tool.
Conventional methods to study the wind potential in large extensions need a long and expensive measurement campaign, which involves installing several meteorological towers belonging to a homogeneous prospect network. Also, the conventional wind flow models are seldom precise in highly unstable wind regimes and topographically complex territories.
The modern mesoscale and microscale techniques offer a very effective solution to these problems: they effectively combine the use of a sophisticated atmospheric model, capable of reproducing mesoscale wind patterns, with a microscale wind model that responds to local terrain featuring. In this concern, studies of wind potential in large areas can be carried out at an acceptable resolution. It is necessary to emphasise that real in-situ wind measurements are not strictly necessary to obtain reasonable results, although met mast data is essential to confirm the forecasted wind potential in specific sites. In conclusion, atmospheric mesoscale-microscale modelling remarkably reduces cost and time to identify and evaluate potentially promising zones for developing wind projects.
This project designed by IDAE has been developed by Meteosim Truewind, a world-class leading company in development and research of new wind resource exploration techniques based on the mesoscale-microscale modelling system Mesomap. The first Mesomap was marketed by AWS-Truewind in the year 1999. In the last 10 years, it has been applied successfully in diverse regions belonging to more than 60 countries in five continents.
Following the described technique, the key target of this project has been fulfilled: to create a map of wind resource in Spain providing enough reliability to enable a first evaluation of the available wind potential.


Understanding VI Curves and Their Significance
As each shaker is manufactured, Data Physics gathers Voltage vs. Current (VI) curves for that particular model. The VI curves show the voltage and current output from the amplifier to the AC coil, typically recorded at full force bare table. The original VI curves can later be referred to and compared against current measurements as another health check of the shaker and amplifier assembly. Figure 1 is a recently recorded VI curve for the LE-308/DSA10-20K shaker and amplifier system. You can see the Voltage starts at approximately 100V, which is right at the displacement limit of the shaker. The voltage then gradually increases to approximately 105V, which is the velocity limit of 71 inches per second (1.8 m/s). Since Velocity is directly proportional to Voltage, this constant is maintained until you reach the Velocity to Force crossover frequency, which is approximately 80 Hz, at which point the Voltage drops and Current reaches its maximum. You can see that the Current stays generally constant at approximately 125 Amperes through the entire frequency range of approximately 80-900 Hz, at which time the required current rolls off due to the "free energy" of the system dynamics. Since we have tested this system at maximum force, the maximum current requirement should not change with payload except at the velocity crossover point. In other words, if you were to load a 150 lbs (68 kg) payload or a 250 lbs (113 kg) payload and operate the shaker to its full force output, the required current should remain a constant 125 Amperes.
The only exception to this rule would be at the Velocity to Acceleration cross over point which will shift down significantly due to the payload. However, the curve should look just the same as Figure 1; the only difference would be the point at which the Voltage and Current cross each other.
Understanding VI Curves and Their Significance 1 - Data Physics CorporationFigure 1
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CSS unicode-bidi is used to specify how the bidirectional text is handled in a page.
It must be used with the CSS direction property.
CSS unicode-bidi property values,
- normal : With respect to bidirectional algorithm, no additional level of embedding is added.
- embed : An additional level of embedding is added, if the element is inline.
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ASTM-D4990 › Historical Revision Information
Standard Specification for Coal Tar Glass Felt Used in Roofing and Waterproofing
Show Complete Document History
The following bibliographic material is provided to assist you with your purchasing decision:
1.1 This specification covers glass felt impregnated with coal tar to be used with coal tar pitch conforming to the appropriate requirements of Specification D 450 in construction of built-up roofs and in the construction waterproofing systems.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
built-up roofs; coal tar; glass felt; waterproofing; ICS Number Code 91.100.50 (Binders. Sealing materials)
To find similar documents by ASTM Volume:
To find similar documents by classification:
This document comes with our free Notification Service, good for the life of the document.
This document is available in either Paper or PDF format.
Nov. 10, 1995


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QM16 Ketalization with Tetramethoxysilane: QM Mechanism Investigation
In organic synthesis, ketalization is a very useful strategy for protection of ketones. This is usually accomplished by treatment of the ketone with a diol in the presence of an acid catalyst. Protection of sterically congested ketones could be challenging, usually requires high reaction temperature, long reaction time, yet still stalls at partial conversion. Even though ketalization with tetramethoxysilane was reported in the literature,[1] experimental conditions are lacking. We found that treatment of these ketones in neat tetramethoxysilane in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid could provide almost quantitatively the corresponding dimethoxy ketal (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Synthesis of dimethoxy ketal in Si(OMe)4/TsOH
Plausible Mechanism of Reaction
Since mechanism of this reaction has not been reported so far, we decided to study this with QM calculations. We reasoned that the reaction proceeds with the following mechanism (Figure 2). First, tetramethoxysilane transfers a methoxy group to the carbonyl carbon of ketone via a four-membered ring transition state I, resembling mechanism of a Wittig reaction, to give intermediate II, which is then protonated to provide III. Cleavage of the C-O bond of III generates oxonium intermediate IV and (MeO)3SiOH. Then a second methoxy group is transferred from the silyl reagent to IV to provide the ketal product C and dimethyl silicate D.
Figure 2. Plausible mechanism of ketalization with tetramethoxysilane
Modeling of the First Methoxy Group Transfer
We modeled reaction energy profile of the first methoxy group transfer from tetramethoxysilane to ketone, with Si approaching carbonyl O from 3.6 Å to 1.7 Å and silyl O approaching carbonyl C from 3.3 Å to 1.4 Å, concurrently with a step size of 0.1 Å, via a four-membered ring transition state I as shown in Figure 3 [2]. The energy maximum of the reaction energy profile is approximated as the transition state of the reaction, translating to an activation energy of 20.7 kcal/mol [3, 4].
Figure 3. Transition state I and reaction energy profile of the first methoxy group transfer
Modeling of the Second Methoxy Group Transfer
For the next step, electrostatic potential map calculations showed that (MeO)3SiOH is more acidic than methanol (Figure 4, right), and as such (MeO)3SiO is a better leaving group. This suggests that the reaction will proceed through C-O cleavage of the O-protonated intermediate III (Figure 4, left).[5]
Figure 4. Electrostatic potential maps of (MeO)3SiOH and MeOH
The following step will be the transfer of the second methoxy group (Figure 5). But where does the methanol come from? Could it be from decomposition of (MeO)3SiOH?
Figure 5. Second methoxy transfer.
Reaction energy profile calculation showed that decomposition of (MeO)3SiOH to dimethyl silicate and methanol could have a very high energy barrier of 64 kcal/mol that is not likely to be happening under our reaction conditions (Figure 6).
Figure 6. Transition state and reaction energy profile of (MeO)3SiOH Dissociation
So where could the methanol come from? It becomes obvious that methanol could come from reaction of tetramethoxysilane with water in the hygroscopic p-toluene-sulfonic acid added to the reaction mixture (Figure 7).[1b]
Figure 7. TsOH•H2O hydrolysis of tetramethoxysilane to methanol
With the source of second MeO group settled, we are ready to model the next methoxy transfer step. We reasoned that a concerted mechanism, in which cleavage of the C-O and formation of the C-O bonds proceeds concurrently, are more likely. Indeed, modeling of this reaction shows a relatively low activation energy of 8.93 kcal/mol[3] (Figure 8), a very facile transfer process.
Figure 8. Concerted mechanism: transition state V & reaction energy profile of the second methoxy transfer
Based on the above calculation results, we updated our proposed mechanism as shown on Figure 9. Ketone A and tetramethoxysilane B react, through a four-membered ring transition state I, to give intermediate II, with an activation energy of ∼20 kcal/mol. Reaction of protonated II and methanol via transition state V with a concerted mechanism producing ketal C, with a relatively low activation energy of ∼9 kcal/mol. Hygroscopic p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate catalyzes the second methoxy transfer step and is also the source of methanol, through hydrolysis of tetramethoxysilane.
Figure 9. Mechanism for ketalization with tetramethoxysilane: QM analysis summary
Experimental Procedure
Reaction conditions for ketalization with tetramethoxysilane is not available from the literature, below are conditions we identified:
A mixture of ketone A (1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq.), tetramethoxysilane (2.5 mL), and TsOH • H2O (0.04 mmol, 0.4 eq.) was stirred under an atmosphere of nitrogen for 40 h at 100 °C. The product mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with brine (3 times). The organic layer was dried and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel to provide the ketal product C.
The resultant ketals could be readily hydrolyzed to corresponding ketones under very mild conditions (TFA/CHCl3/H2O, 15/15/1 volume, rt, 1 h).
This article is written and edited by Dong Pan, Zhengquan Zhou, Wenfeng Liu, Guqin Shi, Liting Dong, Tommy Lai, and John S. Wai.
[1] a) Nasarow et al. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii, 1959, 29, 106. b) Sakurai, H. and Love, J.A., "Silicon (IV) methoxide" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, 2009, John Wiley & Sons.
[2] Spartan '18 Tutorial and User's Guide (2019). Irvine, CA, USA: Wavefunction, Inc.
[3] Reactions with activation energies less than 10 kcal/mol can usually proceed at room temperature or lower. For those with activation energies between 10 and 20 kcal/mol, they generally require heating. Reaction with activation energy >20 kcal/mol usually requires higher reaction temperature and longer reaction time.
[4] Attempts to model the first methoxy transfer with ketone carbonyl oxygen protonated were futile.
[5] Since (MeO)3SiO is a better leaving group than MeO, we reasoned that this step proceeds through protonated intermediate III. This is analogous to what we observed with aminal.
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text:
THE UNDERWORLD UNDERFOOT
A Recurring Theme in Historical and Mythological Accounts
Ongoing human habitation on planet Earth may have had to depend on the ability of us to live underground from time to time. Tales of "The Underworld" is a recurring theme in historical and mythological accounts. Perhaps our ancestors were trying to tell us something accurate to the needs of survival that we modern surface-dwellers ignore as myth. What factors may have driven our ancestors to seek shelter within the planet?
In our modern era, conspiracy analysts often speak of underground facilities, that of humans and galactic visitors as well. Ms. Patrick will present a significant list of underground places with "who, what, why" information to round out the bigger picture of what lies under our feet. Presented by Karen Christine Patrick.
THE BIG LIST OF UNDERWORLD PLACES AND SPACES


Amino Acid PET Imaging in Recurrent Brain Cancer (Non-CE)
Amino Acid PET Imaging in Recurrent Brain Cancer (Non-CE)
Organized by the Nuclear Medicine Clinical Trial Group, LLC
Organizers/Moderators
Bonnie Clarke
Amanda Abbott
Speaker
Ali Nabavizadeh, MD
Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
Course Summary
This 60-minute webinar will review data on the investigational use of amino acid PET, including 18F-Fluciclovine, 18F-FDOPA, 18F-FET, and 11C-MET, in patients with gliomas or suspected recurrence of brain metastases. This webinar will also review the amino acid agent's structure, mechanism of action, use, and potential image interpretation methodology.
Course Objectives
1.Review the imaging agents currently investigated for amino acid PET brain imaging.
2. Discuss each agent's structure, mechanism of action, and imaging use.
3. Describe potential image interpretation methodologies for each agent.

When
12/8/2022 6:00 PM - 7:00 PM

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_USER_{(Open Science Index):_URL_
 title = {Numerical Solutions of Boundary Layer Flow over an Exponentially Stretching/Shrinking Sheet with Generalized Slip Velocity},
 author = {Ezad Hafidz Hafidzuddin and Roslinda Nazar and Norihan M. Arifin and Ioan Pop},
 country = {},
 institution = {},
 abstract = {In this paper, the problem of steady laminar boundary
layer flow and heat transfer over a permeable exponentially
stretching/shrinking sheet with generalized slip velocity is
considered. The similarity transformations are used to transform the
governing nonlinear partial differential equations to a system of
nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The transformed equations
are then solved numerically using the bvp4c function in MATLAB.
Dual solutions are found for a certain range of the suction and
stretching/shrinking parameters. The effects of the suction parameter,
stretching/shrinking parameter, velocity slip parameter, critical shear
rate and Prandtl number on the skin friction and heat transfer
coefficients as well as the velocity and temperature profiles are
presented and discussed.
 journal = {International Journal of Mathematical and Computational Sciences},
 volume = {9},
 number = {4},
 year = {2015},
 pages = {244 - 249},
 ee = {_URL_
 url = {_URL_
 bibsource = {_URL_
 issn = {eISSN: _PHONE_},
 index = {Open Science Index 100, 2015},


Silent sounds in the Andes: underwater vocalizatio... - BV FAPESP
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(Reference retrieved automatically from Web of Science through information on FAPESP grant and its corresponding number as mentioned in the publication by the authors.)
Silent sounds in the Andes: underwater vocalizations of three frog species with reduced tympanic middle ears (Anura: Telmatobiidae: Telmatobius)
Full text
Author(s):
Brunetti, A. E. ; Munoz Saravia, A. ; Barrionuevo, J. S. ; Reichle, S.
Total Authors: 4
Document type: Journal article
Source: CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY; v. 95, n. 5, p. 335-343, MAY 2017.
Web of Science Citations: 4
Abstract
Underwater vocalization in anurans is restricted to a few, distantly related species. In some of them, sound is transmitted through tympanic and extra-tympanic pathways. Members of the Andean genus Telmatobius Wiegmann, 1834 lack a tympanic membrane, and earlier reports assumed the absence of vocalizations in the genus. We recorded underwater vocalizations and examined the middle-ear morphology in three species of Telmatobius with different lifestyles: Telmatobius oxycephalus Vellard, 1946 (semiaquatic, riverine); Telmatobius hintoni Parker, 1940 (markedly aquatic, riverine); Telmatobius culeus (Garman 1876) (fully aquatic, lacustrine). Males emit underwater calls, which in the three species are simple and stereotyped; they consist of a repeated train of notes, with a low fundamental frequency (309-941 Hz). In each of the three species, the tympanic membrane is absent and the tympanic cavity is extremely reduced or absent, whereas the opercular system is well developed. Our data, along with prior knowledge in other species of anurans, suggest that the species examined here probably perceived sound through extra-tympanic pathways. Given the limited knowledge about underwater calling in anurans, Telmatobius seems a logical candidate to study the functional and evolutionary bases of underwater hearing and tympanic middle-ear reduction in anurans. (AU)
FAPESP's process: 14/20915-6 - Chemical ecology in anurans: characterization of volatile compounds and peptide pheromones from the skin secretions of frogs
Grantee:Andrés Eduardo Brunetti
Support type: Scholarships in Brazil - Post-Doctorate


Extensions.InDocumentOrder(Of T) Method
Returns a collection of nodes that contains all nodes in the source collection, sorted in document order.
Namespace: System.Xml.Linq
Assembly: System.Xml.Linq (in System.Xml.Linq.dll)
'Declaration
<ExtensionAttribute> _
Public Shared Function InDocumentOrder(Of T As XNode) ( _
 source As IEnumerable(Of T) _
) As IEnumerable(Of T)
Type Parameters
T
The type of the objects in source, constrained to XNode.
Parameters
source
Type: System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable(Of T)
An IEnumerable(Of T) of XNode that contains the source collection.
Return Value
Type: System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable(Of T)
An IEnumerable(Of T) of XNode that contains all nodes in the source collection, sorted in document order.
Usage Note
In Visual Basic and C#, you can call this method as an instance method on any object of type IEnumerable(Of T). When you use instance method syntax to call this method, omit the first parameter.
This axis method uses deferred execution. However, it first enumerates its source collection, the sorts the nodes in document order, and then yields the results.
The following example creates a collection of nodes that are not in document order, and then uses this axis to create a new collection where the nodes are in document order.
Dim output As New StringBuilder
Dim xmlTree As XElement = _
 <Root>
 <Item>
 <aaa>1</aaa>
 <bbb>2</bbb>
 </Item>
 <Item>
 <ccc>3</ccc>
 <aaa>4</aaa>
 </Item>
 <Item>
 <ddd>5</ddd>
 <eee>6</eee>
 </Item>
 </Root>
Dim elementList() As XElement = _
 { _
 xmlTree...<ddd>(0), _
 xmlTree...<ccc>(0), _
 xmlTree...<aaa>(0) _
 }
Dim inDocOrder = elementList.InDocumentOrder
For Each el As XElement In inDocOrder
 output.Append(el)
 output.Append(Environment.NewLine)
Next
OutputTextBlock.Text = output.ToString()
Silverlight
Supported in: 5, 4, 3
Silverlight for Windows Phone
Supported in: Windows Phone OS 7.1, Windows Phone OS 7.0
XNA Framework
Supported in: Xbox 360, Windows Phone OS 7.0
For a list of the operating systems and browsers that are supported by Silverlight, see Supported Operating Systems and Browsers.
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text:
Discover the charm of Cannery Row, a historic waterfront street in Monterey, California.
Once the site of bustling sardine canneries, this iconic locale now boasts a vibrant atmosphere perfect for all ages.
Nestled in the scenic Central Coast, you'll find a delightful blend of history, shopping, dining, and nature experiences awaiting your exploration.
- Monday to Sunday: 10:00 am to 9:00 pm
- Some of the store hours may vary.
- Admission fee: Free
Cannery Row, a charming destination located in Monterey, offers fun and excitement for all ages.
Steeped in history and charm, this place experienced the effects of the Great Depression when it was lined with bustling sardine canneries.
Today, you can take a stroll down Cannery Row, feeling the character engraved in the district inspired by John Steinbeck's novel, published in 1945.
Tracing back to the 1850s, Cannery Row's fishing industry flourished as Chinese fishing families settled around Point Ohlones, now known as China Point.
Over time, the canneries faded away, but Cannery Row has evolved into a captivating destination boasting exciting activities, dining experiences, and shopping spots.
- The world-renowned Monterey Bay Aquarium is not to be missed: You'll see an amazing array of marine life and can learn about their ongoing research and conservation efforts.
- Take a guided walking tour that starts in front of the Monterey Bay Aquarium entrance: You'll learn about John Steinbeck's famous novel and the history of the former sardine canneries.
This Attraction Featured in:
Fun Things to Do in Monterey with Kids


text:
Regular readers will have heard of the Elves of Rocking Forest, with whom Lord Bonkers has a relationship of wary friendliness. ("It's best to keep on the right side of these fellows.")
Back from the Brink is a conservation project that aims to save 20 species from extinction and benefit over 200 more through 19 projects spread across England. And one of those projects is taking place in Rockingham Forest.
The project's Rockingham Roots page lays out its ambitions there:
Rockingham Forest covers more than 200 square miles, and has long been part of the natural and cultural heritage of Northamptonshire. It was designated a hunting forest by William the Conqueror back in 1086.
Much of the once-vast ancient broad-leaved forest remains, but in separate woodland patches, dotted through the arable landscape. These are wonderful places, where nationally rare plants, bats, birds, reptiles and butterflies can still be found.But these fragmented woodlands are under increasing pressure from climate change, nutrient enrichment and a rise in the number of deer.
This Back from the Brink project, led by Butterfly Conservation, will restore and manage a network of woodland sites across the Rockingham Forest area, creating more habitat in which vulnerable species can thrive.
We will introduce more diversity in the woodlands, increasing the complexity of the forest structure and creating more open space and habitat niches, such as dead wood.
We will involve local people, helping them to get closer to the extraordinary wildlife of the forest, and working with volunteers to manage and monitor it.
Once enough suitable habitat is available, we will reintroduce the Chequered Skipper Butterfly, extinct in England since 1976.


text:
The Landfill Communities Fund (LCF) is an innovative tax credit scheme enabling operators of landfill sites to contribute money to organisations enrolled with ENTRUST as Environmental Bodies (EBs). EBs carry out projects that comply with the objectives (Objects) set out in The Landfill Tax Regulations 1996 (Regulations). You can read about these Objects on the projects page of our website.
The Government introduced tax on landfill waste in 1996 to reduce the amount of land-filled waste and to promote more environmentally sustainable methods of waste management. The LCF allows Landfill Operators (LOs) to contribute a portion of their landfill tax liability to community and environmental organisations to 'offset' some of the negative impacts of living in the vicinity of a landfill site.
LOs contributing to the LCF are able to claim a credit (4.2% in 2016/17, 5.3% in 2017/2018) against their landfill tax liability. The percentage is called the diversion rate and is set each year by Government. The credit LOs are entitled to is 90% of the contribution LOs make to EBs. They then either bear the remaining 10% themselves or can ask an independent third party (described as the Contributing Third Party) to make up the difference.
LOs are organisations which are licensed to run landfill sites. LOs may be large private companies, local authority-owned companies, local authorities or even sole traders.
The Landfill Tax Regulations 1996 govern the LCF. These Regulations have been amended over the years, we maintain an updated copy of the Regulations on the Regulations page of our website.


text:
If you needed any more proof New York City breeds freaks and mutants, it's here. Gothamist is reporting the City may have created its very own specie of ant.
(by Alissa Fleck)
A Columbia professor decided, earlier this year, to investigate the wildlife outside his 63rd and Broadway building rather than go on a tropical reconnaissance mission (budget cuts?), when he made a shocking discovery. The ant specie he found on the front sidewalk was new to North America, and likely the entire world, reports Gothamist. The jury's still out on whether he's disappointed about forgoing a tropical vacation to study city ants.
As of now, the new species remains unnamed, though the NY Post has lovingly dubbed it the "ManhattAnt." Thirteen different species of ant already live in the City, but Gothamist reports it's possible this species evolved to live in warmer, drier habitats. It's also possible it literally "jumped ship" from another continent.
The professor who made the discovery is studying the diets of urban ants (urbants?) and has found they contain high levels of carbon due to increased consumption of corn syrup. The more fascinating issue seems to be there is someone out there who studies the stomach contents of City ants.
Add this to the long list of terrifying things squeezing and scurrying out of the Concrete Jungle's crevices.
Trackback from your site.


text: In another thread there have been some interest in the Casimir Effect-Vacuum Force-Surface Tension. In the old forum, there were many detailed discussions, suffice to say that where one does the experiment and enviroment of setup can have conflicting results of observation and prediction. Firstly, you can mimic the Casimir effect over your kitchen Sink, so lets does some basic experimental test. 1)Take two comparable metal plates that have a highly polished surface, 4inches by 4inches would be ok(for those that cannot get two such metal plates, you can use two cosmetic mirror's of the same size,"not cosmic"!) 2)Place one plate on the kitchen worktop, now holding the other plate, bring together by placing the one in your hand on top of the other, while still holding just one plate, try and lift into the air the plate that is on the surface top? Cant do it? 3)Now place a small quantity of water in the center of the plate on worktop, now repeat the process above, and when you bring the plates together, press down the plate in your hand, with enough pressure as to distribute the water all across the surface of both plate's. Now, just holding the one plate by its edge as before,lift into the air,HEY PRESTO! 4)You have now combined Surface Tension-Vacuum Force-Casimir Effect, and you have defied gravity(which did not allow you to lift the worktop plate earlier). You can experiment with different liquids, olive oil for instance. There are a number of things going on here, the attraction of the plates have been increased to such an extent that the plates 'bond', therre are some other interesting experiments, you can try it using custard powder instead of Liquids, this will have a baring, as its seems the Solids, Liquids and Gases of states of matter are most important. There are a number of technical notions, one is that there are Critical Surface interactions between different states of Matter, and there exists a 'Vapor' or 'SEMI-LIQUID' state when compacted surfaces are brought near by, this has been developed into a new inquiry of intermediate states of matter dubbed, Virtual Gas state. But we will leave this for now, but to dwell on the experiment above, lets see what comes.


The International Society for Subterranean Biology (ISSB - SIBIOS) will provide five travel grants worth 500 euros each for attendance at the 25th ICSB. The money is intended to fund student attendance, although other young participants without other sources of funding may be considered.
The criteria for selection are:
 1. Applicants should be currently registered graduate students, recently graduated MSc or PhD students.
 2. Applications should send a letter of application to the organizers of the 25th ICSB (
 3. The application should include:
 1. An explanation of the significance of the applicant's poster or oral talk to the field of subterranean biology
 2. The title and abstract of the applicant's poster or oral talk, in any format, or the format found at
 3. A Curriculum Vitae.
The applications will be reviewed using the following criteria :
 1. Scientific quality of the poster or oral talk as shown by the abstract and the explanation of its significance
 2. Funding situation of the applicant's university or home institution
 3. Balanced geographic representation, with some preference given to more remote applicants.
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affine algebra
Given a field kk an affine algebra is any finitely generated noetherian associative commutative unital kk-algebra without nilpotent elements. This term is limited to a small community of algebraists and may bring confusion if quoted outside of that context. The name is from the fact that the affine algebras are the coordinate rings of affine varieties; equivalently, an affine kk-variety is precisely the maximal spectrum of an affine kk-algebra.
Some people drop the condition of commutativity and talk about noncommutative affine algebras. This is even less standard as in the noncommutative context there is a further hesitation to drop noetherianess as well.
Yet another confusion may arise when people informally say affine algebra for an affine Lie algebra; of course, the latter, full, term is preferred (or "affine Kac-Moody algebra").
Created on November 13, 2012 03:21:43 by Zoran Škoda (


text:
Nonresident Alien Tax
All citizens or residents of another country living, visiting, working, or studying in the U.S. are responsible for compliance with United States laws and regulations.
Under federal law, employers such as universities are responsible for various nonresident alien program requirements. In the CSU Technical Letter HR/Salary 2003-7, issued August 18, 2003, the CSU affirmed that:
Regulations and reporting requirements applicable to individuals with nonresident alien tax status are numerous and complex. Campuses are responsible for ensuring nonresident alien tax compliance requirements are met, regardless of how a payment is generated. In addition to wages and other forms of compensation paid through the state payroll system, other payment sources such as for scholarships, fellowships, consultant payments, prizes, awards, speaker fees, royalties and commissions, are affected.
Payments to Non citizens
The most frequent payee issues regarding payments to non citizens are briefly described as follows.
All citizen and non-citizen employees of the University are signed up by Human Services and must provide documentation that demonstrate identity and eligibility to work in the United States to meet legal requirements of the Immigration and Reform Control Act of 1986.
Independent Contractors, Performers, Scholars, etc.
It is assumed that such non-citizen persons are on campus only for a short duration. The respective campus department must forward copies of the 204 Form Vendor/Payee Data Record and the Foreign National Data Collection Form to the Internal Auditor for review prior to the hiring of such persons. Completion of the Foreign National Data Collection Form is used to help determine the residency status of a potential payee, and possible Federal and State income tax withholding rates. Additional documentation may be necessary to complete the process before payment can be authorized.