Petrified Wood Stone | A Fascinating Mineral
petrified wood mineral resembling a small tree trunk
What is Petrified Wood?
Petrified wood is a type of fossil in which the organic material has been replaced by natural minerals but the original cell structure has remained largely intact. The process known as petrifaction takes place when fallen plants and trees become buried under volcanic ash or sediment and are initially preserved due to lack of oxygen. As groundwater rich in minerals such as quartz, calcite, pyrite and occasionally opal flows over the organic matter it fills pores, spaces and other cavities. When the water dries up the minerals crystallize creating an internal cast. Whilst most of the organic matter decomposes, the cell walls often remain in tact and surround the newly formed crystals.
What's actually taking place to form petrified wood or fossilised wood as it's also sometimes known, is a process called permineralization and although different processes may vary slightly, the final outcome is pretty much the same. Permineralization is extremely slow and is believed to take at least 10,000 years from start to finish but there is some research to suggest that under the right conditions it may take place over a much shorter period of time. What is known for sure however is that the slower the process the more precise the replication and in some cases the petrified wood can be an almost exact replica of the original organic matter right down to microscopic levels. It's not unknown for ring patterns, bark and wood grain of the original tree to be clearly seen and in some cases the replication is so precise that the specific variety of tree can even be identified. It's sometimes believed that petrified wood is the original organic matter which has turned into stone but that is not the case, the organic matter is always replaced by natural minerals.
three slice of petrified wood in a line
Petrified Wood Stone Slices. Photo: Stone Mania ©
Petrified Wood or Fossilised Wood?
The word petrifaction comes from Ancient Greek and literally means "wood turned into stone". Fossil comes from the Latin fossus meaning "dug up" or "buried". In English the word petrified is used to describe a situation where someone is paralysed with fear and were so scared that they froze. Petrified literally means to convert or change something into stone and comes from the Latin word "petra" meaning rock or stone. The origins of "fied" which is the latter part of the word is believed to have come from the Latin "facere" meaning to "make".
The terms fossilized and petrified wood are often used interchangeably and deciphering the difference between the two minerals is not easy. If this is something that interests you this forum discussion although from 2012 is well worth reading. Petrifaction is a form of fossilization but for purpose of simplicity the word fossilization is often used instead. What is clear is that not all fossils are reinforced or replaced with minerals but those which are do seem to be classified as petrified instead of fossilized. The definition of "fossil" according to the Oxford dictionary is "the remains or impression of a prehistoric plant or animal embedded in rock and preserved in petrified form". It defines "petrifaction" as "the process by which organic matter exposed to minerals over a long period is turned into a stony substance". Although any organism can be petrified, wood, bone and shell are the most common.
petrified ammonite mineralPetrified Ammonite | Photo: Stone Mania ©
Peanut Wood Type of Petrified Wood
Peanut wood is a distinctive and unusual type of petrified wood that few people are familiar with. It's around 120 million years old and most of the world's current supply started life as conifer trees in Western Australia. As they died they were carried away by water ending up in the sea as driftwood where they were subsequently attacked by the teredo navalis. Also known as the naval ship worm, this species of saltwater clam has an appetite for boring through wood and has been an extremely destructive pest for as long as there has been wood in salt water. Once full of boreholes the driftwood sank to the ocean floor and the process of petrifaction began.
Peanut wood gets its name from the distinctive round to oval shaped markings which can sometimes resemble peanuts.
 large oval shaped peanut wood secured upright on a small stand
Peanut Wood
Buy Petrified Wood
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Further Reading:
Wikipedia Facts and Photos


text:
Stochastic thermodynamic cycles of a mesoscopic thermoelectric engine
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2021
We analyze a steady-state thermoelectric engine, whose working substance consists of two capacitively coupled quantum dots. One dot is tunnel-coupled to a hot reservoir serving as a heat source, the other one to two electrically biased reservoirs at a colder temperature, such that work is extracted under the form of a steady-state current against the bias. In single realizations of the dynamics of this steady-state engine autonomous, four-stroke cycles can be identified. The cycles are purely stochastic, in contrast to mechanical autonomous engines which exhibit self-oscillations. In particular, these cycles fluctuate in direction and duration and occur in competition with other spurious cycles. Using a stochastic thermodynamic approach, we quantify the cycle fluctuations and relate them to the entropy produced during individual cycles. We identify the cycle mainly responsible for the engine performance and quantify its statistics with tools from graph theory. We show that such stochastic cycles are made possible because the work extraction mechanism is itself stochastic instead of the periodic time dependence in the working-substance Hamiltonian which can be found in conventional mechanical engines. Our investigation brings new perspectives about the connection between cyclic and steady-state engines.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Celestis will fly as a secondary payload on board the SpaceLoft® XL. The launch vehicle's primary payload will be a number of student experiments from New Mexico universities, community colleges, and high schools, as well as part of a robot built by students in Texas.
The New Mexico Space Grant Consortium (NMSGC) at New Mexico State University is the primary payload sponsor. Quoting from the NMSGC Web site, NMSGC, "developed the program that currently works with one high school, 5 community college, and 2 universities in New Mexico to build electronic experiments. The purpose of the program is to develop New Mexico's workforce by providing students access to space annually from Spaceport America."
The New Mexico payloads include:
- An "Inertial Measurement Unit" from New Mexico State University. The device is designed to record the SpaceLoft® XL's trajectory. If successful, this device could be used in future SpaceLoft® XL flights.
- Miniature electrical connectors from the University of New Mexico. This experiment will test the reliability of electrical connectors to be used in future missions that will be sponsored by the University of New Mexico, the Air Force Research Laboratory, and COSMIAC, which is a congressionally supported space electronics center established at the University of New Mexico.
- RocketSat, a set of New Mexico high school payloads including a pressure sensor, accelerometers, temperature sensor, and Geiger counter.
In addition, Celestis is flying part of an award-winning robot designed and built by students at Lamar High School in Houston, Texas.
"We are pleased to be working with the primary sponsor of the mission, the New Mexico Space Grant Consortium, by providing matching funds that assist students to launch their experiments into space," said Charles Chafer, CEO of Celestis. "We're also helping science and technology students in our own community by launching part of an award-winning robot students at Houston's Lamar High School have built. Including the robot part – called an 'encoder' – in the spacecraft is our way of further encouraging these outstanding young people to become the pioneers of the final frontier."

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
There's no doubt that becoming a self-employed tradesperson in an attractive career option in the UK, with the average person operating in this niche earning between £30,000 and £40,000 a year.
At the same time, self-employed plumbers on these shores reported a 1.9% increase in earnings during January 2022, which an appealing trend when you consider the cost-of-living crisis in the UK and its impact.
Of course, this trend also applies to most skilled tradespeople who are self-employed. But what steps can you take to make this endeavour a success during a challenging economic climate?
1 Understand Your Tax Burden and How to Manage Your Books
Becoming self-employed makes you liable to manage your own finances and tax affairs, and understanding this is crucial if you're to operate successfully.
This also enables you to identify any tax allowances that you're entitled to and the items or costs that you're able to claim back as expenses, which can minimise your overall burden over time.
2 Invest in the Right Tools
Typically, self-employment requires a minimal capital investment, making it an accessible way of working and generating income outside of full-time employment.
However, tradespeople will need to invest some capital into buying the right tools, ensuring that they're able to operate efficiently and never have to turn away work (or invest in costly hire tools).
Of course, the precise toolkit that you need will vary depending on your precise trade, but universal tools such as Milwaukee drill drivers should be included as staples.
The same can be said for hammers, pliers, and screwdriver kits, while you may also need to procure relevant personal protective equipment (PPE) to ensure that you work safely at all times.
3 Get Licensed and Insured
If you are going to work in profitable and in-demand trades such as plumbing or electrics, you'll need to ensure that your industry accredited in line with national building laws and guidelines.
This will also enable you to successfully apply for the relevant licenses and insurance, which will help to protect against instances against any claims that may be brought against your workmanship.
This not only affords you peace of mind, but it also puts customers at ease and makes them more likely to hire you to complete work on their behalf.
4 Consider the Importance of Marketing
If you're a qualified tradesperson with knowledge of your craft, one of the most daunting elements of self-employment can be the need to market and promote your service.
After all, this requires a completely different and specialist skillset, while the cost of hiring qualified agencies is prohibitive to say the least.
The good news is that word-of-mouth and customer testimonials hosted on your website (alongside positive consumer reviews) are the most effective marketing tools for tradespeople. These are entirely organic and cost-free, enabling you to build a renowned and successful personal brand that sustains success in your marketplace.


can be reproduced running this NCL script on the output produced by following the above steps (the whole default period of simulation is used, it isn't shortened to 1000 timesteps with the example xmlchange command in Step 2.
Figure 1: Time averaged cloud fraction, cloud liquid amount (g/kg) and cloud ice amount (g/kg) for the arm95 case, using the default settings
More on SCAM namelist settings
Aside from the namelist parameters described in Step 2, the additional namelist parameters below can be used to control SCAM:
 - scm_cambfb_mode: Used for internal testing of CESM/SCAM
 - scm_crm_mode: Column Radiation Mode (CRM) - all parameterizations but radiation disabled - used for radiative equilibrium experiments.
 - scm_iop_tg: If TRUE then use surface properties specified in the IOP file
 - scm_clubb_iop_name: enables Clubb tuned parameters for an IOP case.
 - scm_relax_tau_sec: used in place of scm_relax_tau_bot_sec and scm_relax_tau_top_sec if a constant relaxation timescale is to be used
 - scm_use_obs_T: analogous to scm_use_obs_uv in the above example, if set to TRUE then the temperature from the IOP file is prescribed
 - scm_use_obs_qv: as above but to specify water vapor at each timestep from the IOP file
 - scm_zadv_T: specify the type of vertical advection to be used on T
 - scm_zadv_uv: as above but for u and v
 - scm_zadv_q: as above but for moisture (q)
 - scm_iop_lhflxshflxTg: if TRUE then instead of using model computed values, the surface latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, friction velocity and ground temperature from the IOP file are used
 - scm_force_latlon: if TRUE then forces SCAM to use the lat lon fields specified in the namelist, not what is closest to that in the IOP file
See $CESM/components/cam/bld/namelist_files/namelist_definition.xml for defaults and valid values for each of these parameters.
Making your own IOP file from a CAM simulation
Detailed instructions on how to generate your own IOP file from a cam simulation are provided in section of the CAM6 users guide.


HttpRequest.HttpMethod HttpRequest.HttpMethod HttpRequest.HttpMethod HttpRequest.HttpMethod Property
定义
获取客户端使用的 HTTP 数据传输方法（如 GETPOSTHEAD）。Gets the HTTP data transfer method (such as GET, POST, or HEAD) used by the client.
public:
 property System::String ^ HttpMethod { System::String ^ get(); };
public string HttpMethod { get; }
member this.HttpMethod : string
Public ReadOnly Property HttpMethod As String
属性值
客户端使用的 HTTP 数据传输方法。The HTTP data transfer method used by the client.
示例
下面的代码示例使用HtmlEncode方法对HttpMethod属性的值进行 HTML 编码，并WriteLine使用方法将编码的值写入文件。The following code example uses the HtmlEncode method to HTML-encode the value of the HttpMethod property and the WriteLine method to write the encoded value to the file. 此代码示例是为HttpRequest类提供的更大示例的一部分。This code example is part of a larger example provided for the HttpRequest class.
// Write request information to the file with HTML encoding.
sw.WriteLine(Server.HtmlEncode(Request.RequestType));
sw.WriteLine(Server.HtmlEncode(Request.UserHostAddress));
sw.WriteLine(Server.HtmlEncode(Request.UserHostName));
sw.WriteLine(Server.HtmlEncode(Request.HttpMethod));
' Write request information to the file with HTML encoding.
sw.WriteLine(Server.HtmlEncode(Request.RequestType))
sw.WriteLine(Server.HtmlEncode(Request.UserHostAddress))
sw.WriteLine(Server.HtmlEncode(Request.UserHostName))
sw.WriteLine(Server.HtmlEncode(Request.HttpMethod))
下面的示例演示了此代码生成的输出。The following example shows output that is produced by this code.
GET
127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1
GET
适用于


text:
Fusel alcohols, also sometimes called fusel oils, or potato oil in Europe, are a mixture of several alcohols (chiefly amyl alcohol) produced as a by-product of alcoholic fermentation. The word Fusel is German for "bad liquor".
Hazardous alcohols
- Methanol (methyl alcohol) itself, while poisonous (LD50 5628 mg/kg, oral, rat), has a much weaker sedative effect than ethanol.
- Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol) is oxidized to form acetone by alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver but have occasionally been abused by alcoholics, leading to a range of adverse health effects.
Alcohol faults
- Mannitol, a wine fault
Aroma alcohols
Excessive concentrations of some alcohols other than ethanol may cause off-flavors, sometimes described as "spicy", "hot", or "solvent-like". Some beverages, such as rum, whisky (especially Bourbon), incompletely rectified vodka (e.g. Siwucha), and traditional ales and ciders, are expected to have relatively high concentrations of non-hazardous alcohols as part of their flavor profile. However, in other beverages, such as Korn, vodka, and lagers, the presence of other alcohols than ethanol is considered a fault.
The compounds involved are chiefly:
- 2-methyl-1-butanol - sometimes called "active" amyl alcohol
- isoamyl alcohol - also known as isopentyl alcohol
- isobutyl alcohol - one of the least toxic of the butanols.
- n-propyl alcohol
Formation and removal
- at higher temperatures
- at lower pH
- when yeast activity is limited by low nitrogen content
During distillation, fusel alcohols are concentrated in the feints or "tails" at the end of the distillation run. They have an oily consistency, which is noticeable to the distiller, hence the other name "fusel oil". If desired, these heavier alcohols can be almost completely separated in a reflux still. Freeze distillation, on the other hand, does not remove fusel alcohols.
Health effects
There is a popular belief that fusel alcohol contributes to hangover symptoms. However, these effects are under scientific debate. A Japanese study in 2003 concluded, "The fusel oil in whiskey had no effect on the ethanol-induced emetic response" in Suncus murinus. Additionally, consumption of fusel oils with ethanol suppressed subjects' subsequent taste aversion to alcohol, which suggested subjects' hangover symptoms were lessened.
See also
- Hazelwood, Lucie A.; Daran, Jean-Marc; van Maris, Antonius J. A.; Pronk, Jack T.; Dickinson, J. Richard (2008). "The Ehrlich pathway for fusel alcohol production: a century of research on Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolism". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74 (8): 2259–66. doi:10.1128/AEM.02625-07. PMC _PHONE_. PMID _PHONE_..
- Wiernikowski, A, Piekoszewski, W, Krzyzanowska-Kierepka, E, Gomułka, E (1997). "Acute oral poisoning with isopropyl alcohol in alcoholics". Przeglad lekarski 54 (6): 459–63. PMID _PHONE_.
- Mańkowski, W, Klimaszyk, D, Krupiński, B (2000). "How to differentiate acute isopropanol poisoning from ethanol intoxication? -- a case report". Przeglad lekarski 57 (10): 588–90. PMID _PHONE_.
- Aroma of Beer, Wine and Distilled Alcoholic Beverages
- MERCK INDEX 10th Ed. 1983
- Hori H, Fujii W, Hatanaka Y, Suwa Y. (Aug 27, 2003). "Effects of fusel oil on animal hangover models.". Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 27 (8 Suppl): 37S–41S. doi:10.1097/01.ALC._PHONE_.49740.48. PMID _PHONE_.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


China wholesale Basketball Training Equipment - Basketball Training Machine DL2 – DKsportbot
Parameters: * Color: Light Green * Net weight: 123kg * Power: 180W * Frequency: 2.6-4.5s/ball * Voltage: AC 110V/220V Function: * Can practice shooting posture, holding skills, two-point and three-point shooting. Fixed-point shots, shooting on the move, jump shots, hollow shots etc. * 17 points in different modes of programming * Fixed-point, horizontal ball, spin, speed adjustment, frequency adjustment * Circulation net system, which can be used for 1-3 balls * Fixed point or horizontal shooting with 180 degree * The distance between two service wheels can be adjusted according to personal preference or habits, to control the intensity and speed of the ball * Practice physical strength and reaction speed * Fastest: 2.6 sec/ball, Slowest: 4.5 sec/ball


text:
For immediate release
Media release: Small scale solar passes 11,000 connections in New Zealand
20 December 2016
New Zealand has recently passed the milestone of over 11,000 small scale solar connections, with over 2,000
installations in the last 10 months.
The total electricity generated by small scale solar connections has increased by 30% this year. The current capacity is
around 40 megawatts of power, which is roughly equivalent to 13 wind turbines.
Carl Hansen, Chief Executive of the Electricity Authority says, "Small scale solar offers residential consumers another
option for their electricity supply. We are committed to removing unwarranted barriers to the connection of small scale
"We are also working to encourage distributors and retailers to provide accurate price information for consumers that
are in the initial stages of considering whether to adopt new technologies, such as electric vehicles, batteries, solar
power and energy management apps. These technologies offer exciting opportunities for consumers and we are working to
remove unwarranted barriers to innovation. The Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (EECA) has also developed a
tool to help consumers access whether solar could be right for their household (_URL_
"The Authority promotes competition in the electricity market, and believes all participants and technologies should be
treated equally under the Code administered by the Authority. We are technology neutral but are working to reduce
operational cost and barriers to new technologies entering the market."
In January 2015 there were 4,796 small scale solar connections in New Zealand. These are installed on individual
households. This rose to 11,117 in October 2016, which is a 132% increase in installed connections. Small-scale
generation is generation that has a capacity of less than 10 kW.
— ends —


text:
Flojet 115 VAC and 12 VDC Demand Pumps
Questions & Answers
- What Flojet Pumps are recommended for potable water?
- Only pumps with Santoprene / EPDM elastomers are recommended for potable water
- Can Flojet Pumps run continuously?
- The Flojet manual states Intermittent duty. Can be run continuously for short periods of time. The higher the duty cycle the shorter the expected life of the pump.
- What does short periods of time mean?
- Up 60 minutes with discharge pressure of up to 20 PSI. Up to 20 minutes when the discharge pressure is over 20 PSI. The off-time should be the same or more than the run time.
- What is meant by demand operation?
- Demand Operation is considered an "intermittent duty" application.
- What is an intermittent duty cycle?
- The maximum intermittent duty cycle is that which will cause the motor to reach its maximum thermal limits. Once the maximum thermal limit is reached, the motor must be allowed to settle to a lower temperature ideally being ambient before resuming operation. Running the pump at or near the maximum thermal limit for extended period of time will shorten the life of the pump and may result in immediate pump failure.
- What diaphragm and valve materials are recommended by Flojet for potable water?
- Only pumps with Santoprene / EPDM elastomers are recommended for potable water.
- Are Flojet pumps recommended for permanent residential domestic water applications?
- Units are NOT designed for permanent residential domestic water applications.
- Can I connect rigid pipe to the pump?
- FLOJET does not recommend the use of rigid pipe and fittings. Use flexible hose of the correct pressure rating that is compatible with the fluid to be pumped. Tubing should be at least 20 inches in length to avoid excess stress on the pump ports.
- Should I use a check valve on the pump suction line?
- The use of check valves in the plumbing system could interfere with the priming ability of the pump. If a check valve is installed in the plumbing it must have a cracking pressure of no more than 2 PSI
- Should I use a strainer on the pump inlet?
- Flojet recommends the use of a minimum 40-mesh strainer or filter in the pump inlet line will prevent foreign debris from entering the system. Failures due to foreign debris entering the pump will not be covered under the limited warranty.
- Can Flojet pumps be used (intermittent duty) for hydraulic oil and water-glycol?
- For petroleum based products such as hydraulic oil use Buna diaphragm and check valves, the same with Glycol use Buna diaphragm and check valves.
Ask a question about Flojet. Click here


text: Students in High Road at Denton Elementary School practiced using coping skills by creating "Calming Critters" when participating in a group counseling session with High Road Social Worker, Ileana Hoffman, LGSW. Group session focused on identifying feelings and exploring new coping tools. Ms. Ileana and students engaged in discussion about different feelings and knowing the signs your body gives you about what you're feeling. For example, when a student feels worried, his stomach may feel upset or when he is angry he may feel like his face is red. Students identified coping tools that help them manage their feelings at school such as asking for a self time-out or communicating with staff. Ms. Ileana introduced "Calming Critter" while emphasizing the goal for students to have a variety of skills they can use to manage their feelings. Students created their own "Calming Critter" by utilizing a variety of yarn colors and other craft supplies. Students displayed creativity by giving their critters unique hair cuts, creating eyes, feet, antennae, mouths, etc. When Calming Critters were finished, students learned how they can use their Calming Critters as a coping tool. Students practiced using their Calming Critters in a variety of ways such as whispering worries to the critter, holding it when angry or upset, and using it as a fidget tool when overexcited or when listening to their teacher read. Students were excited to have a Calming Critter to add to their coping skills tool box!


passing out of cards. ;) Actually, that would probably get a LOT more interest than just passing out the cards in the usual manner and then beginning the exercise. $\endgroup$ – Wildcard Jan 10 '18 at 5:37
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ When you noted base case I was expecting to see a follow-up with induction which didn't occur. So now I have to ask, when you say base case are alluding to induction or it is just a coincidence of words? $\endgroup$ – Guy Coder Jan 10 '18 at 13:40
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ Recursion and induction are related, of course. So the use of base case seems pretty natural to me. You need a base case to avoid infinite recursion, just as you need a base case to avoid infinitely recursive definitions when using induction. $\endgroup$ – Buffy Jan 10 '18 at 13:52
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ I don't agree that studying the base case, winding phase and unwinding phase is motivating at all! It feels like overly-abstract gibberish. The point is not to study how recursion works abstractly, the point is to demonstrate how it's useful. Passing cards around also feels too artificial to be a meaningful demonstration. $\endgroup$ – user253751 Jan 10 '18 at 23:57
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ I think you missed the point. The phases and the base case are essential to know and understand. You need a set of tailored exercises that solidify the knowledge of all those parts to be sure the student gets it. The instructor also needs to be explicit about how each exercise uses the parts. With an incomplete understanding it is harder to be an effective program designer. This is especially true in languages that do effective tail recursion elimination. $\endgroup$ – Buffy Jan 11 '18 at 0:10
Operating on the key word, motivate, I do believe that Andrew T. had the best choice with Tower of Hanoi. Yes, it's an old one, and it does not lead to anything useful once it's done, (the code is not reusable for some other "real world" problem.) Yet it remains a classic for some reason. I'm going to speculate that the reason is that when presented properly it motivates the students to think about using recursion for other purposes. As to what the motivation is - simple: less work! AKA - unmitigated self-interest. Who doesn't like the idea of getting something done fast and easy, preferring instead to do it the long and hard way while getting the exact same results? That suggests that the motivation comes from the presentation, not from the example used.
With the Tower of Hanoi example, adding in the "legend" of the back story can help with interest, but it can also be a waste of classroom time. Using the legend, or not, is a judgment call for your class and your style. (I have encountered at least three versions of the legend, and I am partial to the version that mentions the walls of the temple crumbling into dust and the world vanishing.)
The key to the presentation is to begin with solving it using an iterative approach. Preferably even before you raise the idea of recursion, leaving the alternative as a way out of the maze later. In a comment, Eric Lippert states that it is easier to solve with an iterative algorithm using these steps and rules: "number the disks in order of size; never move a larger disk onto a smaller disk, never move an odd disk onto an odd disk or an even disk onto an even disk, and never move the same disk twice in a row." That sounds good, and you can present it, just as given, in the classroom. Before trying to code it, however, give it a try physically. Using that rule-set with 5 disks I get the following:
 - Only disk available is 1, move 1 from A to B.
 - Disks 1 and 2 are available, just moved 1 so only 2 is left. It cannot go on top of 1 (reverse sizes) so move 2 from A to C.
 - Disks 1, 2, and 3 are now available. 2 just moved, and 3 cannot go on top of 1 (reverse sizes) or 2 (reverse sizes), so 1 must move. 1 cannot go on 3 (odd on odd), so move 1 from B to C.
 - Disks 1 and 3 are available. Disk 1 just moved so we must move 3. It cannot go on 1 (reverse sizes) so move 3 from A to B.
 - Disks 1, 3 and 4 are available. Disk 3 just moved, so only 1 and 4 can move. 4 cannot go anywhere (reverse sizes) so 1 moves. 1 cannot go on 3 (odd on odd), so move 1 from C to A.
 - Disks 1, 2, and 3 are available. 1 just moved, 3 cannot go anywhere (reverse sizes) so 2 moves. 2 cannot go on 1 (reverse sizes), so move 2 from C to B.
 - Disks 1 and 2 are available. 2 just moved, so 1 is next. 1 Can go on top of 2, OR to the empty post.
The given rules offer no guidance for the next move, and computers must have rules to follow.
There is another iterative approach, which does work for creating an algorithm. It has a setup rule, a movement rule and a cycle to repeat. The puzzle usually does not give the arrangement of the posts, only that there are three of them. It is commonly displayed, or presented, with the posts being in a straight line. It can, however, be presented as an arrangement of three posts in a triangular formation, like the image below. In either case, working this iterative approach needs to treat the set of posts as a wrap-around collection, being able to move between the posts infinitely in either direction. The triangular formation makes that easier to visualize than the linear formation.
triangular Hanoi puzzle
If we consider the top-left as post "A" (the source post), the top-right as post "B" (the target post), and the bottom-center as post "C" (the working post), then the setup rule is:
For an odd number of disks, the smallest disk moves clockwise, and for an even number of disks the smallest disk moves counter-clockwise.
The movement rule is:
With the disks numbered from smallest, as zero, to largest, disks with an even parity always move the same direction as the smallest disk, and disks with an odd parity always move in the reverse direction.
Finally, the cycle for the moves is:
 1. Move the smallest disk. 2. Move the only other "legal" move.
Using that two-move cycle, following the movement rule, will solve the puzzle in the smallest possible set of moves. Performing that in class with a 6-disk set shouldn't take very long (about 90 seconds without commentary, 2 or 3 minutes with decision commentary). Especially true if you have previously labeled the disks with their numbers, and marked them in some fashion to show which way they move so that you don't get confused during the demonstration. (Overheads, projector, or animation on screen works as well, but physical objects may have an enhanced long-term effect.)
Now, you have the students primed to learn the power of recursion. The rules for the iterative solution are oh, so simple. Turning those rules into an actual no-fail algorithm, with decisions mapped out, is not so simple after all. As humans, we can see, instantly, where the smallest disk is, which disks are able to move, and almost instantly reject the illegal moves when there are two open disks at the same time. Setting all that human ability into formal codified logic that can be followed blindly and achieve the desired result turns out to be much more difficult than it sounds.
Having not dealt with Hanoi since the middle 1980s, I think I can consider myself as having an almost fresh perspective on the problem. Trying to codify the algorithm for the above rules took up quite a bit of my spare time. I cannot put an amount of clock time to it since it was a "between-times" progress when other issues weren't pressing. Still, it took me the better part of a day to be confident in my algorithm and put it into code. With that in mind, I'm not sure if you should task the students with converting the above rules into a formal algorithm or not. Perhaps you can walk the class through developing one or two of the decisions within the algorithm to give them a sense of the work involved.
The main objective of the presentation up to this point is to help them to see, or experience, how much effort goes into creating the solution using the coding skills they have. Then they are ready to see the power that recursion can give them when the situation is right. Re-address the Hanoi puzzle to show that is can be reduced to a collection of smaller sub-problems that are the same as the original problem, except for size. Any solution that works for the main problem also works for the smaller sub-problems, and any solution that works for the smaller sub-problems also works for the main problem. Use that recognition to design a recursive approach to the solution. Hopefully, the amount of


MicrasWiki:Nouvelle Alexandrie
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File:NAF States 1693AN.png
Map of Nouvelle Alexandrie down to the state level.
The Federation of Nouvelle Alexandrie is a nation located in the world of Micras, with its metropole based on the continents of Eura and Keltia. It was formed in 1685 AN, after years of integration talks between the nations of Alduria and the Wechua Nation through the Committee for Alduro-Wechu Integration. The Federation's capital is the city of Cárdenas.
Nouvelle Alexandrie is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy. Its monarch and head of state is King Manco Cápac I. The Council of State, led by a President of the Government, is the collective head of government of the Federation. The Proclamation of Punta Santiago is the Federation's founding document and the cornerstone of the nascent Federation's unified legal code.
The Federation is home to many different peoples and cultures. Through Alduria, the cultures of Eura are represented through its Alexandrian, Caputian, Natopian, Babkhi, and Ladino heritage. The Wechua Nation in Keltia is home to one of its indigenous people, the Wechua people, along with the Alexandrian and Caputian peoples. Nouvelle Alexandrie is the intersection of these cultures, leading to the development of rich and complicated history and culture, with its own customs and pecularities.
The World of Micras
A map of the Alduro-Wechua Federation, lands in purple.
If you want to explore the world of Micras, please check out the following links:
The world of Micras is the fictional conworld that Alduria-Wechua is located on. The Federation has land on two continents, Eura and Keltia. The Micronational Cartography Society (commonly known as the MCS) is the central cartographic authority in Micras. The Society maps all the nations in Micras, large or small, providing they meet a basic set of criteria for age and activity. The MCS keeps the map up to date and provides other services for its members like the use of the Hub.MN message board.
You can find the latest MCS maps here: _URL_
Important Micras Links: Hub.MN Community Forums · Micras.org · Bastion Union
Micras Discord Server · Micras Cartographic Society
Did you know...? (Nouvelle Alexandrie edition)
Template:Did you know Portal


text:
How do you turn waves into pin curl ringlets? Follow these simple steps:
- When your hair is clean and damp, comb through a curl enhancing styling product.
- Wrap three-inch pieces of hair around your finger as if it were a curling iron.
- Slide finger out and pin the curls flat to your head with bobby pins.
- Let hair air dry until completely dry.
- Remove pins and shake out.


text:
Turning Raw Data Into a Competitive Advantage
Product innovation, continual improvement of operational performance, and steadily growing profit margins are essential to the success of competitive manufacturers today. These organizations face intense pressure to increase margins while working with unpredictable global supply chains, ensure compliance in an aggressive and complicated regulatory environment, and mitigate all types of risks from labor shortages to IT security.
CaseWare IDEA® data analytics software, manufacturers can transform their raw data into a true competitive advantage. Audimation helps forward-thinking manufacturers leverage their immense quantities of data, unlocking a wealth of valuable insight. Supporting more informed forecasting, demand planning, sourcing, production and distribution, this new understanding empowers organizations to clearly see and intelligently respond to their opportunities and challenges. Success Story
Lehigh Hanson Uses IDEA Server to Support Global Auditors & Directors See how they did it! Analytics for Manufacturing Professionals Competitive Advantage Analytics Applications With CaseWare IDEA data analytics software, Audimation enables manufacturers to:
Gather raw data from disparate systems and source types and import it into a single platform
Gain greater understanding of all available data, while ensuring data accuracy and security
More efficiently manage workload, time and resources
Analyze financial records, statements, transactions and expenditures, operations information and internal controls from the beginning to end of the manufacturing process
Apply analytic techniques to predict and identify fraud, waste and abuse in the supply chain
Ensure accurate purchasing practices by setting up tests to monitor critical data fields
Track and analyze sales, warranty and inventory data to ensure accuracy, track trends and identify anomalies
Use data visualization to depict important information about key findings
Automate repeatable processes to increase efficiency, streamline processes and flag unusual transactions
Ensure accountability and regulatory compliance
Analyses Age stock by date of receipt. Compute the number of months of stock for each item held based on either sales or purchases. Produce a summary of this information. Stratify balances by value bands Analyze usage and ordering to improve turnover Summarize products by group, location, and type Create a report of products in order of profitability Reconcile physical counts to computed amounts Calculations Cast (or total) the file, providing sub-totals of the categories of inventory Re-perform any calculations involved in arriving at the final stock quantities and values Re-perform material and labor cost calculations on assembled items Gaps and Duplicates Test for missing stock ticket numbers Test for missing transaction numbers Identify duplicate stock items Exception Tests Identify and total stock held in excess of maximum and minimum stock levels Identify and total obsolete or damaged stock Identify any items with excessive or negligible selling or cost prices Identify differences arising from physical stock counts Test for movements with dates or reference numbers not in the correct period (cut off) Identify balances which include unusual items (e.g., adjustments) Identify work in progress which has been open for an unreasonable period Identify stocks acquired from group companies Isolate products with costs greater than retail price, with zero quantities, or with zero prices Matching and Comparing Compare files at two dates to identify new or deleted stock lines or to identify significant fluctuations in cost or selling price Compare cost and selling price and identify items where cost exceeds net realizable value Compare the value of physical counts to General Ledger amounts Check work orders for accuracy against original sales orders Cash Disbursements Reconcile inter-company transfers Summarize cash disbursements by account, bank, group, and vendor Generate vendor cash activity summaries for contract negotiations Works-in-Progress Merge products on work orders and sale as orders for new demand analysis Use net demand analysis against inventory and purchase orders to generate a quick material requirement planning report Check work orders by size, priority, and for lease to shop floor Produce shop floor activity reports by any item Generate comparison of planned versus actual labor, materials, and time Reconcile job tickets or time cards to work order line items Let's Put Data Analytics to Work for You!
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frac-
 tional part.
 Time fields:
 H hour (00..23)
 I hour (01..12)
 k hour ( 0..23)
 l hour ( 1..12)
 M minute (00..59)
 p locale's AM or PM
 r time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss [AP]M)
 S Second (00.00 .. 61.00). There is a fractional
 part.
 T time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss)
 + Date and time, separated by '+', for example
 '2004-04-28+22:22:05.0'. This is a GNU extension.
 The time is given in the current timezone (which
 may be affected by setting the TZ environment
 variable). The seconds field includes a frac-
 tional part.
 X locale's time representation (H:M:S)
 Z time zone (e.g., EDT), or nothing if no time zone
 is determinable
 Date fields:
 a locale's abbreviated weekday name (Sun..Sat)
 A locale's full weekday name, variable length (Sun-
 day..Saturday)
 b locale's abbreviated month name (Jan..Dec)
 B locale's full month name, variable length (Janu-
 ary..December)
 c locale's date and time (Sat Nov 04 12:02:33 EST
 1989). The format is the same as for ctime(3) and
 so to preserve compatibility with that format,
 there is no fractional part in the seconds field.
 d day of month (01..31)
 D date (mm/dd/yy)
 h same as b
 j day of year (001..366)
 m month (01..12)
 U week number of year with Sunday as first day of
 week (00..53)
 w day of week (0..6)
 W week number of year with Monday as first day of
 week (00..53)
 x locale's date representation (mm/dd/yy)
 y last two digits of year (00..99)
 Y year (1970...)
 %b The amount of disk space used for this file in 512-byte
 blocks. Since disk space is allocated in multiples of the
 filesystem block size this is usually greater than
 %s/512, but it can also be smaller if the file is a
 sparse file.
 %c File's last status change time in the format returned by
 the C 'ctime' function.
 %Ck File's last status change time in the format specified by
 k, which is the same as for %A.
 %d File's depth in the directory tree; 0 means the file is a
 command line argument.
 %D The device number on which the file exists (the st_dev
 field of struct stat), in decimal.
 %f File's name with any leading directories removed (only
 the last element).
 %F Type of the filesystem the file is on; this value can be
 used for -fstype.
 %g File's group name, or numeric group ID if the group has
 no name.
 %G File's numeric group ID.
 %h Leading directories of file's name (all but the last ele-
 ment). If the file name contains no slashes (since it is
 in the current directory) the %h specifier expands to
 ".".
 %H Command line argument under which file was found.
 %i File's inode number (in decimal).
 %k The amount of disk space used for this file in 1K blocks.
 Since disk space is allocated in multiples of the
 filesystem block size this is usually greater than
 %s/1024, but it can also be smaller if the file is a
 sparse file.
 %l Object of symbolic link (empty string if file is not a
 symbolic link).
 %m File's permission bits (in octal). This option uses the
 'traditional' numbers which most Unix implementations
 use, but if your particular implementation uses an un-
 usual ordering of octal permissions bits, you will see a
 difference between the actual value of the file's mode
 and the output of %m. Normally you will want to have a
 leading zero on this number, and to do this, you should
 use the # flag (as in, for example, '%#m').
 %M File's permissions (in symbolic form, as for ls). This
 directive is supported in findutils 4.2.5 and later.
 %n Number of hard links to file.
 %p File's name.
 %P File's name with the name of the command line argument
 under which it was found removed.
 %s File's size in bytes.
 %S File's sparseness. This is calculated as (BLOCK-
 SIZE*st_blocks / st_size). The exact value you will get
 for an ordinary file of a certain length is system-depen-
 dent. However, normally sparse files will have values
 less than 1.0, and files which use indirect blocks may
 have a value which is greater than 1.0. The value used
 for BLOCKSIZE is system-dependent, but is usually 512
 bytes. If the file size is zero, the value printed is
 undefined. On systems which lack support for st_blocks,
 a file's sparseness is assumed to be 1.0.
 %t File's last modification time in the format returned by
 the C 'ctime' function.
 %Tk File's last modification time in the format specified by
 k, which is the same as for %A.
 %u File's user name, or numeric user ID if the user has no
 name.
 %U File's numeric user ID.
 %y File's type (like in ls -l), U=unknown type (shouldn't
 happen)
 %Y File's type (like %y), plus follow symlinks: L=loop,
 N=nonexistent
 A '%' character followed by any other character is discarded,
 but the other character is printed (don't rely on this, as fur-
 ther format characters may be introduced). A '%' at the end of
 the format argument causes undefined behaviour since there is no
 following character. In some locales, it may hide your door
 keys, while in others it may remove the final page from the
 novel you are reading.
 The %m and %d directives support the # , 0 and + flags, but the
 other directives do not, even if they print numbers. Numeric
 directives that do not support these flags include G, U, b, D, k
 and n. The '-' format flag is supported and changes the align-
 ment of a field from right-justified (which is the default) to
 left-justified.
 See the UNUSUAL FILENAMES section for information about how un-
 usual characters in filenames are handled.
 -prune True; if the file is a directory, do not descend into it. If
 -depth is given, false; no effect. Because -delete implies
 -depth, you cannot usefully use -prune and -delete together.
 -quit Exit immediately. No child processes will be left running, but
 no more paths specified on the command line will be processed.
 For example, find /tmp/foo /tmp/bar -print -quit will print only
 /tmp/foo. Any command lines which have been built up with -ex-
 ecdir ... {} + will be invoked before find exits. The exit
 status may or may not be zero, depending on whether an error has
 already occurred.
 UNUSUAL FILENAMES
 Many of the actions of find result in the printing of data which is un-
 der the control of other users. This includes file names, sizes, modi-
 fication times and so forth. File names are a potential problem since
 they can contain any character except '\0' and '/'. Unusual characters
 in file names can do unexpected and often undesirable things to your
 terminal (for example, changing the settings of your function keys on
 some terminals). Unusual characters are handled differently by various
 actions, as described below.
 -print0, -fprint0
 Always print the exact filename, unchanged, even if the output
 is going to a terminal.
 -ls, -fls
 Unusual characters are always escaped. White space, backslash,
 and double quote characters are printed using C-style escaping
 (for example '\f', '\"'). Other unusual characters are printed
 using an octal escape. Other printable characters (for -ls and
 -fls these are the characters between octal 041 and 0176) are
 printed as-is.
 -printf, -fprintf
 If the output is not going to a terminal, it is printed as-is.
 Otherwise, the result depends on which directive is in use. The
 directives %D, %F, %g, %G, %H, %Y, and %y expand to values which
 are not under control of files' owners, and so are printed as-
 is. The directives %a, %b, %c, %d, %i, %k, %m, %M, %n, %s, %t,
 %u and %U have values which are under the control of files' own-
 ers


text:
The International Islamic Food Processors Association (IFPA), a subsidiary of the International Organisation for Islamic Food Security (IOFS) established by the founding members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in December 2020, has moved its global headquarters from Astana to Dubai.
Mariam bint Mohammed Almheiri, Minister of Climate Change and Environment, inaugurated the office at Al Etihad Museum in the presence of Oussama Abdel Rahman Kaissi, CEO of the Islamic Corporation for Investment and Export Credit Insurance (ICIEC), and other dignitaries on Monday.
Almheiri said cooperation is what "we should work towards to improve our collective food security on sustainable foundations, which will also help address climate change. This can be done through the adoption of innovative technologies and solutions throughout the food value chain."
As part of the UAE's Year of Sustainability, and in view of the COP28 to be held later this year, she said the UAE aims to accelerate work on adopting modern solutions for agriculture and nutrition at the local and global levels.
"Transforming food systems has become self-evident to secure sustainable food supply and fight climate change by reducing emissions from traditional agriculture and food systems. Not only do we play a pivotal role as a regional centre for food trade, but we are committed to strengthening cooperation and capacity building among OIC countries to enhance member states' capacities in food security and climate change."
Despite the fact that more than 25 per cent of the world's consumers come from OIC countries and spend around 15 per cent of the $8 trillion on food in 2021, there is a significant trade deficit in exports as many of them depend on imports from non-OIC countries for staple foods.
The new headquarters is formed under the Dubai Association Centre located at One Central.
Prof. Yerlan A. Baidaulet, Director General of the IOFS and Chairman of IFPA, said: "Dubai being the hub for trade, especially for the food sector, we intend to support the intra-OIC market and address the challenges that exist from the new headquarters. While the Muslim population is growing worldwide, the halal food market globally is still dominated by non-OIC countries. There are several Member States that are experiencing large trade deficits in many staple foods and many that have food shortages."
Saleh Lootah, CEO of IFPA and chairman of the UAE F&B Manufacturing Group, said, "As the world grapples with the challenges of a rapidly changing global food landscape, IFPA's headquarters in the UAE, which is a hub for food security, sends a strong message of solidarity and cooperation.
Under the guidance of IOFS, we will strive to create synergies among the OIC food sector to promote intra-OIC trade to ensure food security for all members and the global community. By pooling resources and expertise, the international community of food producers can realise its full potential and ensure the production and distribution of safe, high-quality halal foods that meet the needs of consumers worldwide."
Copyright © 2022 Khaleej Times. All Rights Reserved. Provided by SyndiGate Media Inc. (Syndigate.info).
A Staff Reporter


text:
CRUISE 2017 SHOW
31 MAY 2016 – BLENHEIM PALACE – 18H00 (GMT+02)
The journey from Paris to Blenheim Palace where the Cruise Collection was shown in the presence of the fashion community is the point of departure for Lucie Meier and Serge Ruffieux, leading the Christian Dior creative team.
The inspiration was not only the post-war high society's wardrobes, but also the restlessness and wanderlust that characterized the period: the urge to travel, to discover the new. English country life is expressed via the tradition of the hunt – its reflection in the decorative arts, rather than its reality. Shots of red are evocative of the hunting pink, rustic tweeds and crisp poplin of country attire, while nineteenth-century equestrian scenes are knitted into intricate pictorial jacquards or fused into English country florals. Those intermingle with rich devoré velvets and silks in Asian and African prints, patterns and embroideries, underscoring a mood of exploration, a curiosity about the world, and a fundamentally English eccentricity in dress – a story told through the cloth on your back.
These inspirations from across the Channel meet the silhouettes and decorative details drawn from Parisian haute couture. The curvilinear form of the Bar jacket is tailored close to the body, and abbreviated at the hip or echoed in grand gestures of cloth – a full sleeve, a gathered peplum or pocket on generous coats. Their volume is Dior, their referent is British, while their spirit is contemporary. The Bar is sometimes bisected, the basque wrapping the hips; other times the shape is transposed to draped tea dresses. Each detail is drawn from the oeuvre of Monsieur Dior, a reflection of the House's storied past. Dior's signature bow is pulled undone, passed through the décolleté or reverse like a foulard, to close and simultaneously embellish, adding a dynamic movement to strict shapes. The conversation between France and England echoes a dialogue between the past and the present, creative exchanges between the two countries. In the eighteenth century, France adopted English fashions in a craze dubbed Anglomania; in the twentieth, the exchange reversed, and French fashions were exported for fevered consumption in Great Britain, none more so than Christian Dior's New Look. Monsieur Dior frequently turned to the UK for inspiration: his own suits were tailored on Savile Row, and he used the masculinity of fabrics like English wools, Scottish tweeds and Prince of Wales check to underscore the femininity of his creations. Male meeting female, France joining England.
Almost seventy years later, the house of Dior pays homage to that ongoing creative and cultural exchange, staging the runway show of the 2017 Cruise Collection in the heart of the English countryside. The setting is Blenheim Palace, a symbol of quintessential Englishness, in the style the French dubbed Baroque. The birthplace of Winston Churchill, the seat of the dukes of Marlborough, and twice the backdrop for Dior haute couture presentations, in 1954 and 1958, each to a royal audience, Blenheim is steeped in history. Then as now, curiosity about the world leads you on a voyage of discovery, one that is symbolic of looking for the new.


text:
The Lou-Lan state
Buddhism in Mongolia (4th to 6th century)
From: Buddhism in Mongolia (Historical Survey), Ulaanbaatar 1981 By: Section of Studies of Gandantegchenlin Monastery
The Lou-Lan state the Mongol origin existed on the present-day territory of the Mongolia. Its original name was "Mongol" or "Tatar", and it adopted Buddhism as a state religion. A monk named Dharmapriya (Za Ai), who lived in the Western part of the present Kansu in 420-450 and who possessed a profound knowledge of religious sutras, shastras and astrology was promoted to the post of the state teacher (in Sanskrit Purohita). Ordinary people too, for example, the bestowed people of Dharmapriya, began to believe in Buddhism, and the ancient Indian principles of unity of the state and religion, dating back to the time of Asoka of India and Kaniska of Kusan, began to be recognized among the nomads.
Chounu, the Khan of Lou-Lan, in 511 sent to the emperor of the Toba Dynasty a pearl statue of Buddha by a shraman named Hung Hsuan. It appears that the statue had come from Central Asia, namely from Khotan. In 475, a monk Shih-Fa-hsian (died in 494), came to Khotan through Lou-Lan, and from where he brought a Buddha's tooth (in Sanskrit deladi) and other relics. A fragment of "Saddharmapundarika sutra" (White Lotus of the Good Lord), was dated by the 5th year of "Young Kang" (468) of the Lou-Lan state. At that time Turfan was ruled by the Lou-Lan state, and the sutra was dated this way.
Buddhism spread to Lou-Lan from the Tarim River basin, Khotan (Yutien), Karashahr (Yanchi), and the Sulei states. The spread of Buddhism was promoted by contacts between people from Lou-Lan and India, which also promoted the spread of secular culture from India to Mongolia. In 552, Narenda-Yasa, a monk from Northern India, together with his 6 friends travelled to the territory of Lou-Lan, Ratanamanti (Lenamanti) a shraman from India, lived in the Yunning temple of Loyang town, the capital of Toba. He was well familiar with the five Indian sciences (Panca vidya sthana) and art (Silpasthana vidiya). A Lou-Lan pilgrim, who got acquainted with that Indian shraman when he lived in Central Asia, in Loyang, met him every day and talked with him all day long, laughing and clapping his hands. A Chinese official, who did not know what language they were talking in, asked the shraman why he was talking to this northern barbarian with such respect, the shraman answered: "You would not be able to defeat this Lou-Lan, although you've read thousands of books". The arrogant Chinese official betted to give the Lou-Lan his horse if the Lou-Lan could give the exact number of ripe fruits on a plum-tree. The Lou-Lan took out a tool with five colours of thread and measured the tree from all sides, calculating the exact number of ripe fruits. The Chinese lost the bet and he had to part with his horse.
No monuments of Lou-Lan Buddhism have been found yet on the territory of the Mongolia. However, scholars believe that brahma monuments (stone inscriptions) found on the territory of Mongolia may belong to the time of the Lou-Lan state.


text:
This coin is a continuation of the Silver Taku series from the New Zealand Mint that has grown tremendously in popularity in its brief existence. With a sleek design and low mintages for bullion, these coins move very quickly.
- Contains 5 oz of .999 fine Silver.
- Coins come packaged in protective capsules.
- Strict limited mintage of 50,000 coins.
- Obverse: New stylized design of a Hawksbill turtle , also known as the Taku, swimming in shallow waters amidst tiny bubbles.
- Reverse: Likeness of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and the date.
- Produced by the New Zealand Mint.
Protect your Hawksbill Turtle by adding an attractive presentation box to your order.
Add this 2015 Hawksbill Turtle to your cart today!
Hawksbill turtles are found throughout the tropical waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Named for their narrow, pointed beak, they are also recognizable by a distinctive pattern of overlapping scales on their exquisitely colored and patterned shells. This species typically avoids deep waters, preferring coastlines and coral reefs where they can find sponges, a primary food source for these omnivores.
Beautiful creatures, they make incredible migrations in order to move from feeding sites to tropical beaches that often serve as nesting grounds. Hawksbill turtles come to New Zealand every year from Fiji, although they've been sighted as far south as Cook Strait, they are mostly seen in the upper North Island of New Zealand in the clear, shallow waters of the island shelve.
Like many sea turtles, hawksbills are a critically endangered species due mostly to human impact. Hawksbill eggs are still eaten around the world despite the turtle's international protected status, and they are often killed for their flesh and their stunning shells that are highly valuable in some marketplaces.


text: Over the past few years, nonvolatile memory has actively been researched and developed. Therefore, studying operating system (OS) designs predicated on the main memory in the form of a nonvolatile memory and studying methods to manage persistent data in a virtual memory are crucial to encourage the widespread use of nonvolatile memory in the future. However, the main memory in most computers today is volatile, and replacing highcapacity main memory with nonvolatile memory is extremely cost-prohibitive. This paper proposes an OS structure for nonvolatile main memory. The proposed OS structure consists of three functions to study and develop OSs for nonvolatile main memory computers. First, a structure, which is called plate, is proposed whereby persistent data are managed assuming that nonvolatile main memory is present in a computer. Second, we propose a persistent-data mechanism to make a volatile memory function as nonvolatile main memory, which serves as a basis for the development of OSs for computers with nonvolatile main memory. Third, we propose a continuous operation control using the persistent-data mechanism and plates. This paper describes the design and implementation of the OS structure based on the three functions on The ENduring operating system for Distributed EnviRonment and describes the evaluation results of the proposed functions.


text: The village is located in the beautiful fertile valley of Knežopolje, surrounded by the slopes of the mountain Kozara. It has a unique cultural and historical heritage, especially from the Second World War, since the place was the center of the liberated territory under the partisan movement. For a long time, it was recognizable for its successful agricultural production and cooperation practice (the first cooperative founded in BiH), which is stagnating today. The new infrastructure of Smart Village takes care to preserve its authenticity, but make it more interesting with its infrastructure – trails, gardens, demo grounds and buildings. In terms of telecommunication infrastructure, an optical cable passes through the village of Knezica.


_size=world_size,
 rank=rank,
 backend="nccl")
 def allreduce(self):
 col.allreduce(self.gradients)
 return self.gradients
setup_rets = ray.get([w.setup(16, i) for i, w in enumerate(workers)])
Once the collective group is created, we can perform collective communication using the primitives. In this case, we want to "allreduce'" the gradients, so:
1
results = ray.get([w.allreduce.remote() for w in workers])
Using a simple collective allreduce call, we have managed to reduce the gradients across all 16 workers and store them in the self.gradients buffer in-place.
Performance
In the above example, we choose the NCCL backend as the collective allreduce backend, which is extremely advantageous to communicate contents between distributed GPU compared to Ray's gRPC based implementations, since NCCL is optimized to achieve high bandwidth and low latency over PCIe and NVLink high-speed interconnects within a node and over NVIDIA Mellanox Network across nodes.
See the two microbenchmarks below comparing the performance of AllReduce using Ray on two setups with and without the NCCL backend (ray.util.collective).
Figure 5 shows a node with 2 GPUs, each worker is spawned on 1 GPU with NVLink enabled. Note the values corresponding to the Y-axis are in log-scale.
2GPU
Figure 5
Figure 6 shows a cluster with 7 nodes, each node with 2 GPUs; each worker is spawned on 1 GPU (hence 14 workers in total). Note the values corresponding to the Y-axis are in log-scale.
7 Node Collective Communication
Figure 6
In short, these graphs show ray.col.collective.allreduce can be 10 - 1000x faster than the assembled allreduce function via ray.get and ray.put.
Next Steps
Besides collective communication and NCCL backends, the ray primitives APIs also support fast point-to-point communication between distributed GPUs, as well as the GLOO backend, optimized for collective communication between distributed CPUs. You can check out this documentation for a full description of the collective primitives in Ray.
On top of these collective primitives, we are building Ray-native distributed ML training systems, such as parameter servers. A key advantage is that they can be used to distribute very arbitrary Python-based ML code beyond TensorFlow and PyTorch, such as Spacy/Thinc, JAX, or even numpy code.
As a side product, we have also generated a Python version of the Facebook GLOO library, and continuously maintain it under ray-projects/pygloo. You might find it useful for your application! If you have any questions or thoughts about Ray, please feel free to join the Ray Discourse or Slack. Finally, if you're interested in helping to improve Ray and its user experience, Anyscale is hiring!
Credits
Thanks to the following Ray team members and open source contributors: Dacheng Li, Lianmin Zheng, Xiwen Zhang, and Ion Stoica.
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text:
Animal Species:Cotton Harlequin Bug
The Cotton Harlequin Bug is a member of the Jewel Bug family named for their bright metallic colouration.
The males and females of the Cotton Harlequin Bug are different colours, with the females mostly orange and the males mostly blue-red.
The Cotton Harlequin Bug is found in eastern Australia.
The Cotton Harlequin Bug lives in urban, agricultural and coastal areas.
The Cotton Harlequin Bug is common during summer in Sydney gardens and among ornamental trees in parks.
Feeding and Diet
The Cotton Harlequin Bug feeds on many species belonging to the hibiscus plant family (Malvaceae), including ornamental hibiscus species and cotton. It feeds mostly on young shoots, piercing the stems and sucking the sugar-rich juices intended for shoot growth.
Cotton Harlequin Bugs are sometimes a minor pest of cotton and have been known to cause the introduction of a fungus, which rots the cotton boll. In gardens, they cause flower buds to drop prematurely.


Why Isn't Nitrous Oxide Widely Available for Labor Pain Relief in the U.S.?
By Rachel Walden |
I was recently pointed to an editorial in the March 2007 issue of the journal Birth which asks, "Nitrous Oxide for Pain in Labor–Why Not in the United States?" You may be familiar with nitrous oxide ("laughing gas") as it is sometimes used during dental procedures, but the gas is often used in other countries as a means to control pain during labor. As the Birth editorial explains, nitrous oxide is self-administered by a woman in labor (primarily for safety reasons), allowing her to obtain a short burst of relief only when needed as an alternative to an epidural.
There isn't a tremendous amount of research on nitrous oxide during birth, but a 2002 systematic review highlights some basic information about this technique. The authors note that the gas does not appear to affect the fetus or newborn or depress uterine contractions, although women may experience some lightheadedness and may have a slight delay in pain relief as the gas takes ~50 seconds to achieve its full analgesic effect. They also note that the gas can be both administered and stopped quickly.
Most interesting, perhaps, is this assessment of how widely use of nitrous oxide varies from country to country – "By the 1980s, use of nitrous oxide had almost disappeared in the United States. In the United Kingdom, it has been estimated that nitrous oxide is used by approximately 50% to 75% of women and in Finland by approximately 60%. Nitrous oxide is used and widely considered to be safe in many parts of the world including Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, supervised by physicians, nurses, or midwives."
It is not entirely clear why this option isn't more readily available in the United States. I'd be interested in hearing from readers as to whether nitrous oxide was available to you in labor – let us know in the comments! If you're in the UK or elsewhere with common use of this option, please share your thoughts as well.
Citations for further reading:
 - Rooks JP. Nitrous oxide for pain in labor–why not in the United States? Birth. 2007 Mar;34(1):3-5.
 - Rosen MA. Nitrous oxide for relief of labor pain: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 May;186(5 Suppl Nature):S110-26.
Leave a Reply
 1. Rachel says:
 Penny, you raise an interesting point, as there does seem to be a fair bit of debate in the literature about the occupational safety of the gas, and interest in using scavenging systems in dental office and hospitals that would reduce occupational exposure. Those discussions don't seem to address the lack of availability for obstetrics patients in the first place, though.
 2. Hilary says:
 Great post! I have wondered that myself. Two midwifery students from England did a short stint at the birth center where i trained, and they were very surprised that we didn't use it. As far as we can figure out, there is no state health code against it, and the midwives briefly toyed with the idea of bringing it in. But, the state health code does prohibit birth centers for providing certain types of labor analgesia, so that may prohibit nitrous oxide, also. They didn't want to push it.
 3. Jacqueline says:
 Based on how I felt when laughing gas was used at the dentist's, I felt too "loopy", for lack of better word, not exactly the state of mind I want to be when I meet my child for the first time. I agree, though, let's see some more research on this.
 4. msh says:
 An anesthesiologist I know has this response:
 In a study in the 1970s, chair-side dental assistants in offices where N2O was used had higher rates of spontaneous abortion than assistants in dental
 offices where N20 was not used. That was probably why N2O disappeared in the US by the end of that decade.
 while the same inhaled concentration could render others unconscious. Disinhibition regularly occurs (it was described in the demonstration that gave W.T.G. Morton, one of the founders of surgical anesthesia, the idea) and can lead to dangerous behavior, such as excitation and pulling out IVs. People can have
 amnesia from N2O; while receiving it they can be screaming in pain, but later not remember. The patients and nurses at my hospital would not accept what N2O
 has to offer.
 A properly done labor epidural allows the mother to be fully sentient with well controlled pain and the ability to cooperate. N2O has some analgesic properties, but they only come with a clouding of the sensorium and risks such as combativeness, loss of consciousness, and pulmonary aspiration.
 5. Heather says:
 Rachel: Occupational question here.
 Do you have any idea if it's being used in Europe for abortions, and if so, know of anywhere I can look for studies/info on that one?
 Mind, all of the %$#@!! laws flopped on providers here to make it difficult for us to provide them may still mean we can't use it for that, but it seems like it'd be a pretty excellent option, if not, and if it's worked elsewhere.
 6. Rachel says:
 Heather, that's a great question, and one I don't know the answer to off the top of my head, although I'll see what I can find. I would normally recommend EMBASE as a starting point and some double-checking in PubMed for this question, but EMBASE is subscription-only. I'll take a look.
 7. Jessica says:
 I am an American nurse who has lived and worked, and given birth to two children in the UK. I have recently moved back to the States, and am very interested in why Nitrous (or 'gas and air' as we call it in the UK) isn't available in the US. During my first pregnancy I planned on, and was relying on an epidural to be my pain relief method of choice. During my induction I had two epidurals fail, with no explanation as to why. The placement and removals of the failed epidurals made me EVEN MORE uncomfortable and frightened. I ended up relying on diamorphine and gas and air. The morphine knocked me out and allowed me to rest, but it was the gas and air that kept me calm and saw me through until my baby was finally born. During my second labor, I relied soley on nitrous. I was able to move and to walk, the gas kept me calm, and after the birth I was able to move around and bathe immediatly. In the UK gas is considered very safe..like not having pain relief at all. It certainly worked for me, and I would very interested in any future research studies, or possibly an authoritive expalnation of exactly why it's not used if such an explanation already exsist. It seems that any occupational risks could be recognized and minimized, for the sake of an effective alternative to epidural and opiod analgsia which have been proven to have multitudes of serious side effects.


text: After learning the postmodern lesson that every point of view is partial, we remember how to appreciate what's also true. We graduate from irony. Which performs an essential critical function, and then mostly outlives its usefulness. In a post-ironic worldspace, a sincerely positive conversation is possible. We can speak without a "but," without signaling always that we are cool and hip. Our language can become post-ironic. And then we are freed to say it simply, to speak the most fruitful, sincere and meaningful words we can. A post-ironic worldspace dares to hope, almost as if naive, something like I did on inauguration day in "Obama Consciousness".


text:
Freshwater Mussels and the Connecticut River Watershed
by Ethan Jay Nedeau
The Connecticut River Watershed Council is pleased to publish this exhaustively researched and beautifully illustrated guide to mussels found in the Connecticut River basin. It is a welcome tool for resource agencies, conservation commissions, biologists, and schools with active ecological studies programs.
"Connecticut River Watershed Council is proud to partner with Ethan on this publication," stated Executive Director Chelsea Gwyther. "I hope this guide leads to better understanding and identification of these interesting creatures and better protections for the land and water that sustains all of us."
Twelve species of freshwater mussels occur in the watershed, and eight of them receive state or federal protection due to their rarity. The first half of the book focuses on the biology and ecology of freshwater mussels, the status of each species and relevant threats, and steps we can all take to protect and restore mussels and the Connecticut River itself. The second half of the book profiles each mussel species—including how to identify them, specifics of their biology and ecology, their range within the watershed, and specific conservation concerns. There are crisp pictures of each mussel's shell, as well as habitat photos, river maps showing the reach of known habitats, and beautiful photographs of live mussels.
Ethan Nedeau is the principal of Biodrawversity LLC, an environmental consulting and communications company based in Amherst, MA. He has conducted freshwater mussel studies throughout the Connecticut River watershed and New England. He conceived of this book as a way to introduce people of all backgrounds to an important piece of the aquatic biodiversity of the Connecticut River basin. Ethan wrote, "The vitality of freshwater mussel populations is inextricably linked to decisions of individual landowners, citizens, town governments, and other people who may not even be aware that freshwater mussels exist." Nedeau hopes it will bring more attention to protecting aquatic habitats and educate people about the link between a healthy landscape and healthy lakes and rivers.
The Connecticut River Watershed Council is offering single copies of Freshwater Mussels of the Connecticut River Watershed for free to anyone willing to pick up their copy at the Greenfield (MA) or Middletown (CT) offices. A shipping fee of $5.00 per book is charged for any mailed copies.
Due to the expense of publishing the book, the funders asked us to be cautious about large orders. If you want more than 3 copies of the book, please contact store(at)ctriver.org to explain your situation and make shipping arrangements.
Thanks to . . .
The book was published with financial assistance from the following river interests and organizations: New Hampshire Fish and Game; Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation; The Nature Conservancy; Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife; New Hampshire Charitable Foundation; Connecticut River Joint Commissions; Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection; Tighe & Bond; The Connecticut Light & Power Company, Northeast Utilities Transmission, Public Service of New Hampshire; and The Emily Hall Tremaine Foundation.
©2008 Ethan Jay Nedeau
Produced cooperatively by the Connecticut River Watershed Council and Biodrawversity LLC
Paperback, xviii + 132 pp, 10 x 7″, Price: Free
Shipping & Handling $5.00 to US addresses


text:
A Correct, Precise and Efficient Integration of Set-Sharing, Freeness and Linearity for the Analysis of Finite and Rational Tree Languages (TR)
Patricia M. Hill
Abstract:It is well-known that freeness and linearity information positively interact with aliasing information, therefore allowing both the precision and the efficiency of the sharing analysis of logic programs to be improved. In this paper we present a novel combination of set-sharing with freeness and linearity information, which is characterized by an improved abstract unification operator. We provide a new abstraction function and prove the correctness of the analysis for both the finite tree and the rational tree cases. Moreover, we show that the same notion of redundant information as identified in also applies to this abstract domain combination: this allows for the implementation of an abstract unification operator running in polynomial time and achieving the same precision on all the considered observable properties.
Available: PDF, 300 DPI, 600 DPI, and 1200 DPI PostScript, DVI, BibTeX entry.
[Page last updated on February 28, 2003, 17:44:23.]
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text:
AET's compliance specialists are up to date with new and upcoming regulations to support all business sectors with environmental compliance and reporting requirements from industrial, manufacturing, healthcare and institutional, to printing, transportation and waste disposal.
As part of AET's core environmental compliance services, AET auditors conduct regulatory environmental compliance audits to review an organization's operations and conditions with a comparison to environmental regulatory requirements. Environmental compliance auditing is a valuable tool for reviewing and assessing an organization's compliance against federal, provincial and local environmental regulations.
With decades of experience, coupled with an extensive in-depth knowledge, AET professionals help organizations to understand and effectively comply with complex regulations, such as CEPA, NPRI, TRA, EPA and more. We can help prepare the necessary documentation for permit and license applications including the verification of organizations documentation to verify requirements have been met.
- Regulatory Compliance Audits
- NPRI, CHEMTRAC, TRA Reporting
- Transportation of Dangerous Goods Training
- Hazardous / Subject Waste Classification
- Government Reporting and Permitting
- Regulatory Awareness Training
- Environmental Compliance Approvals (ECAs)
- Environmental Activity Sector Registry (EASRs)


Beach Sand 1 Chinese jīn weight to Chinese cuō converter
All content site-map> Oven photos> Building plans> Food nutrients> Building details> Cooking> Firing ovens> Flour measures>
Category: main menubeach sand menuChinese jīn
beach sand conversion
Amount: 1 Chinese jīn (市斤) of weight
Equals: 326.97 Chinese cuō (撮) in volume
Converting Chinese jīn to Chinese cuō value in the beach sand units scale.
TOGGLE : from Chinese cuō into Chinese jīn in the other way around.
beach sand from Chinese jīn to Chinese cuō Conversion Results:
Enter a New Chinese jīn Amount of beach sand to Convert From
* Whole numbers, decimals or fractions (ie: 6, 5.33, 17 3/8)
* Precision is how many numbers after decimal point (1 - 9)
Enter Amount :
Decimal Precision :
CONVERT : between other beach sand measuring units - complete list.
Conversion calculator for webmasters.
Beach sand weight vs. volume units
Beach sand has quite high density, it's heavy and it easily leaks into even tiny gaps or other opened spaces. No wonder it absorbs and conducts heat energy from the sun so well. However, this sand does not have the heat conductivity as high as glass does, or fireclay and firebricks, or dense concrete. A fine beach sand in dry form was used for taking these measurements.
Fine beach sand.
Beach sand grains.
Convert beach sand measuring units between Chinese jīn (市斤) and Chinese cuō (撮) but in the other reverse direction from Chinese cuō into Chinese jīn.
conversion result for beach sand:
FromSymbolEqualsResultToSymbol
1 Chinese jīn 市斤 = 326.97 Chinese cuō
Converter type: beach sand measurements
This online beach sand from 市斤 into 撮 converter is a handy tool not just for certified or experienced professionals.
First unit: Chinese jīn (市斤) is used for measuring weight.
Second: Chinese cuō (撮) is unit of volume.
beach sand per 326.97 撮 is equivalent to 1 what?
The Chinese cuō amount 326.97 撮 converts into 1 市斤, one Chinese jīn. It is the EQUAL beach sand weight value of 1 Chinese jīn but in the Chinese cuō volume unit alternative.
How to convert 2 Chinese jīn (市斤) of beach sand into Chinese cuō (撮)? Is there a calculation formula?
First divide the two units variables. Then multiply the result by 2 - for example:
326.968349464 * 2 (or divide it by / 0.5)
QUESTION:
1 市斤 of beach sand = ? 撮
ANSWER:
1 市斤 = 326.97 撮 of beach sand
Other applications for beach sand units calculator ...
With the above mentioned two-units calculating service it provides, this beach sand converter proved to be useful also as an online tool for:
1. practicing Chinese jīn and Chinese cuō of beach sand ( 市斤 vs. 撮 ) measuring values exchange.
2. beach sand amounts conversion factors - between numerous unit pairs variations.
3. working with mass density - how heavy is a volume of beach sand - values and properties.
International unit symbols for these two beach sand measurements are:
Abbreviation or prefix ( abbr. short brevis ), unit symbol, for Chinese jīn is:
市斤
Abbreviation or prefix ( abbr. ) brevis - short unit symbol for Chinese cuō is:
One Chinese jīn of beach sand converted to Chinese cuō equals to 326.97 撮
How many Chinese cuō of beach sand are in 1 Chinese jīn? The answer is: The change of 1 市斤 ( Chinese jīn ) weight unit of beach sand measure equals = to volume 326.97 撮 ( Chinese cuō ) as the equivalent measure within the same beach sand substance type.
In principle with any measuring task, switched on professional people always ensure, and their success depends on, they get the most precise conversion results everywhere and every-time. Not only whenever possible, it's always so. Often having only a good idea ( or more ideas ) might not be perfect nor good enough solution. If there is an exact known measure in 市斤 - Chinese jīn for beach sand amount, the rule is that the Chinese jīn number gets converted into 撮 - Chinese cuō or any other beach sand unit absolutely exactly.
Conversion for how many Chinese cuō ( 撮 ) of beach sand are contained in a Chinese jīn ( 1 市斤 ). Or, how much in Chinese cuō of beach sand is in 1 Chinese jīn? To link to this beach sand Chinese jīn to Chinese cuō online converter simply cut and paste the following.
The link to this tool will appear as: beach sand from Chinese jīn (市斤) to Chinese cuō (撮) conversion.
I've done my best to build this site for you- Please send feedback to let me know how you enjoyed visiting.


Enhanced red blood cell distribution width to platelet ratio is a predictor of mortality in patients with sepsis: a propensity score matching analysis based on the MIMIC-IV database
database[Title] 2022-09-25
BMJ Open. 2022 Sep 23;12(9):e062245. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062245.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between dynamic changes in red blood cell distribution width to platelet count ratio (RPR) during hospitalisation and short-term mortality in patients with sepsis.
DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study using propensity score matching.
SETTING: Intensive care units (ICUs) of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.
PARTICIPANTS: A total of 8731 adult patients with sepsis were included in the study. The patients were identified from the ICU of the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care database. The observed group included patients who experienced an increase in RPR of more than 30% during the first week of ICU admission, whereas the control group included the rest.
MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE: Using propensity score matching, a matched control group was created. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality, and the length of hospital stay and in-hospital mortality were the secondary outcomes.
RESULTS: The difference was evident in 28-day mortality between the two groups (85.8% vs 74.5%, p<0.001, Kaplan-Meier analysis, and HR=1.896, 95% CI=1.659 to 2.168, p<0.001, Cox regression). In the secondary outcomes, there was a significant difference in in-hospital mortality (p<0.001). In addition, the study discovered that the observed groups had a significantly longer hospital stay (p<0.001). Meanwhile, the results of subgroup analyses were consistent with those of the primary analyses.
CONCLUSIONS: In patients with sepsis, a significantly increased RPR is positively associated with the short-term death rate. Continuous RPR monitoring could be a valuable measure for predicting short-term mortality in patients with sepsis.
PMID:36153009 | DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062245


Robinson Brothers has been involved in the creation of speciality and fine chemicals since our inception, but we ventured into the high impact aroma chemicals in 2008 with our acquisition of Endeavour Speciality Chemicals.
The firm, founded in 1991, specialises in manufacturing high impact aroma chemicals and supplies its products and services to companies located across the globe. They are used to provide 'top notes' to flavours, which hit the nose quickly and then dissipate. These chemicals are supplied to flavour houses - which are similar to fragrance houses that develop perfumes - to create the odours and tastes found in and associated with specific products.
High impact aroma chemicals can be combined to create a range of different aromas, each with their own unique top notes to create an instant impact, such as the strong cheese and onion tang an individual experiences when they open a packet of their favourite crisps.
The chemicals developed by Endeavour Speciality Chemicals are highly concentrated, meaning only a tiny amount is used in a flavour application. In fact, if a single drop of one of our most powerful high impact aroma chemicals fell into an Olympic-sized swimming pool, the aroma could still be detected.
Emerging markets, such as the Far East and Latin America, means that newer combinations are being explored, due to the fact that people living in these areas have different tastes compared to the already established markets.
High impact aroma chemicals can be used in countless ways and are only limited in their use, by the imaginations of the flavorists, trying to excite us with even more tantalising tastes and flavours. Contact us for more information.


text: Engineering problem solving requires both domain knowledge and an understanding of how to apply that knowledge. While much of the recent work in qualitative physics has focused on building reusable domain theories, there has been little attention paid to representing the control knowledge necessary for applying these models. This paper shows how qualitative representations and compositional modeling can be used to create control knowledge for solving engineering problems. This control knowledge includes modeling assumptions, plans and preferences. We describe an implemented system, called TPS (Thermodynamics Problem Solver) that illustrates the utility of these ideas in the domain of engineering thermodynamics. TPS to date has solved over 30 problems, and its solutions are similar to those of experts. We argue that our control vocabulary can be extended to most engineering problem solving domains, and employed in a wide variety of problem solving architectures.


Telegram Account
There are two ways to delete your Telegram account: using the app's self-destruct feature or doing so manually. We'll discuss both options below.
Note: As far as we can tell, the browser version of Telegram doesn't allow you to delete your account. Also, there are slight differences between the layout and features of Telegram's desktop and smartphone apps. However, don't let this throw you off; the steps are the same.
Delete Telegram account using self-destruction
Telegram allows you to specify a period of inactivity, after which your account will be deleted automatically. This is useful if, for instance, you're not in a hurry to delete your account.
The standard time period is six months, but you can change this by following the steps below:
1. Open your Telegram app. Click on the three lines in the top left corner and go to "Settings."
2. Click on "Privacy and Security."
3. Scroll down and click on "Delete my account."
4. Now, click on "If away for."
5. You can now choose to have your account automatically deleted after one, three, six, or 12 months of inactivity. All you have to do is wait until the specified time elapses and your account will be automatically deleted.
Delete Telegram manually
If you don't want to wait for your Telegram account to be deleted automatically, you can choose to delete it manually.
Note: There is no way to do this from the Telegram app. You can only delete your Telegram account from your web browser.
Follow the steps down below to delete your Telegram account:
1. Go to the Telegram deactivation page and enter your phone number with your country code. If you're unsure about your country code, you can easily Google it.
2. Fill in the confirmation code sent to your Telegram app.
3. You'll be directed to a page explaining the consequences of deleting your account. We recommend reading this information carefully. You can provide a reason for deleting your Telegram account if you want to. When you're done, click on the blue "Delete My Account" button.
4. You have to confirm you want to delete your Telegram account by clicking "Yes, delete my account. " This is the final step. Once you click on this button, your account will be deleted permanently.
5. You have now deleted your Telegram account permanently. If you want to sign up for another account with the same phone number, you'll have to wait a few days before you can do so.
Why Delete Telegram?
Telegram was launched in 2013, but its popularity has skyrocketed in the past few years as millions of people seek alternatives to WhatsApp and Facebook. There are many reasons to choose Telegram over WhatsApp, but there are also reasons to stop using Telegram. Here are the main ones.
No end-to-end encryption by default
While it has some unique features, critics have since lamented the fact that Telegram doesn't provide end-to-end encryption by default. You need to activate "Secret Chat" before you get this level of encryption. This is different from other messaging apps, like WhatsApp, which has standard end-to-end encryption on all chats.
There's also the fact that Telegram uses its own, relatively unknown encryption protocol—MTProto—rather than a well-recognized one.
Extremism and conspiracy theorists
Due to its lax approach to content moderation, Telegram has become a meeting place for right-wing extremists and conspiracy theorists.
At the height of the COVID pandemic, while social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram took measures to stop the spread of misinformation, Telegram didn't. This made the messaging app a fertile ground for the growth of extremist ideologies.
A study published in 2021 by the Institute for Strategic Dialogue revealed that far-right groups spread COVID-19 conspiracy theories on Telegram as a way to radicalize and recruit new members. The study also found that these groups peddle extreme misogyny, anti-Semitism, and Islamophobia on the messaging app.
Data collection practices
To provide its service and further its "legitimate interests," Telegram may collect and store metadata from users' devices for up to a year. The company collects some personal information about users, including your name, username, phone number, email address, contact list, and location data (when you share your location).
Telegram also stores users' chat messages, photos, videos, and shared documents. According to the company, this data is "stored heavily encrypted." Nonetheless, Telegram may be compelled to turn over user data by the government.
Telegram claims it has never had to release user information to the authorities. However, in June 2022, German news magazine Der Spiegel reported that Telegram had presented user data to the German police as part of a criminal investigation into terrorism and child abuse.
How to Keep Your Data Safe on Telegram
If you're concerned about your privacy, deleting your Telegram account is not your only option. You can hang on to your Telegram account and secure your data by using a VPN. A VPN is a useful privacy solution that encrypts your internet traffic and routes your traffic through a server.
The top VPNs offer military-grade encryption. So, if you don't trust Telegram's encryption protocol, you can take matters into your hands and use a VPN to encrypt your traffic.
A VPN also changes your IP address and hides your real IP. This allows you to access geo-restricted content and bypass censorship blocks without any difficulties.
NordVPN is one of the top VPNs we recommend. It has a wide server network, excellent security and privacy tools, and it doesn't store any user data.
If you've just deleted Telegram, and you're looking for a great, privacy-oriented messaging app to replace it, there are several options to choose from. Check out our article on the best encrypted messaging apps.
If you're interested in deleting your social media accounts, we have articles on how to delete your Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Reddit, and LinkedIn accounts.
How to Delete Your Telegram Account: Frequently Asked Questions
Do you have a specific question about deleting Telegram? Check out our FAQ down below to see if we've answered your question. If you can't find your question below, read the full article above or leave us a comment, and we'll get back to you as soon as possible.
How can I delete Telegram?
You can delete Telegram automatically using the self-destruct option, or manually. To delete your account manually, go to the Telegram deactivation page, fill in your full phone number (with your country code) and follow the steps. Our article on how to delete your Telegram account contains step-by-step instructions to guide you through the process.
What happens when you delete Telegram?
Deleting your Telegram account is permanent and irreversible. You will lose all of your chat messages and media if you haven't saved them elsewhere. That's why we strongly recommend making a backup of your data beforehand.
How can I delete my Telegram account from an iPhone?
Deleting your Telegram account from your iPhone is easy. You've got two options: using the app's self-destruct feature, or deleting your account manually. For more information, check out our article on deleting Telegram.
Nathan Daniels Author
Tech journalist
Nathan is an internationally trained journalist and has a special interest in the prevention of cybercrime, especially where vulnerable groups are concerned. For VPNoverview.com he conducts research in the field of cybersecurity, internet censorship, and online privacy. He also contributed to developing our rigorous VPN testing and reviewing procedures using evidence-based best practices.
How to enable or disable the sound in Telegram
Many experts and ordinary users consider the Telegram messenger to be one of the best solutions on the market. The application works very fast, it is very light, does not load the device, it is multi-platform, and also equipped with many great features. One of these features are group conversations, as well as channels. Surely you have come across a situation, especially if you are an active participant in group conversations, when there are too many notifications, and they simply annoy you with their calls every couple of seconds. If they annoy you, you can easily turn them off.
Sound notifications can be managed in Telegram.
In today's material, we will analyze how to turn off the sound of notifications in the "Telegram" on your phone or computer. We will tell you how to remove it for a single correspondence, as well as how to turn off any signals.
How to turn off all notifications
Android
 1. Expand the Telegram side menu by swiping from the left side of the screen or by tapping the three horizontal bars in the upper left corner.
 2. Go to "Settings" - "Notifications and Sound". Here you will see individual settings for messages, groups, and the entire application.
 3. If you want to remove the ringtone of incoming messages, in the corresponding section, tap the "Sound" tab, and then select "Silent" in the list of available melodies. If you need to change the settings for groups, follow the same action in the corresponding section.
 4. If you want to get rid of all signals at the program level, in the "In