What is Samsung LAN Adapter: A Brief Introduction to This Connectivity Solution
Samsung LAN Adapter is a cutting-edge connectivity solution that enhances the network capabilities of Samsung smart devices. With increasing reliance on internet connectivity, this adapter offers a seamless and stable wired connection, enabling smooth data transfer and optimal performance. Designed to meet the demands of modern technology, the Samsung LAN Adapter is a valuable addition for those seeking reliable and high-speed network connectivity. In this article, we will provide a brief introduction to this innovative solution, exploring its features, benefits, and use cases.
Understanding The Basics Of LAN Adapters
A LAN adapter, also known as a network adapter or Ethernet adapter, is a device that allows a computer or other electronic device to connect to a local area network (LAN). It serves as a bridge between the device and the network, enabling data transmission and reception.
Samsung LAN adapters are specifically designed to provide a reliable and high-speed wired internet connection for Samsung devices, such as Smart TVs or gaming consoles. By utilizing Ethernet connectivity, LAN adapters ensure stable and fast internet access, without relying on wireless signals that can be prone to interference or signal loss.
These adapters typically feature an Ethernet port to connect to the LAN network and a USB port to connect to the Samsung device. They are often compact and portable, making them easy to use and carry around.
Understanding the basics of LAN adapters is crucial for individuals seeking a more stable and faster internet connection for their Samsung devices. In the following sections, we will delve deeper into the evolution, benefits, key features, setup procedures, troubleshooting, best practices, and a comparison of Samsung LAN adapters with other connectivity solutions.
The Evolution Of Samsung LAN Adapters
Over the years, Samsung LAN adapters have undergone significant advancements and improvements, keeping up with the evolving demands of connectivity solutions. Initially, LAN adapters were developed to provide a wired connection to devices that lacked built-in Ethernet ports. However, Samsung took this concept further and introduced LAN adapters designed specifically for their own devices, such as smartphones, tablets, and smart TVs.
The first generation of Samsung LAN adapters featured basic functionality, allowing users to connect their devices to the internet using an Ethernet cable. These adapters were compact and easy to use, providing a stable and reliable wired connection for improved internet speed and stability.
As technology advanced, Samsung introduced newer versions of their LAN adapters with additional features and capabilities. For instance, later versions supported Gigabit Ethernet, enabling even faster data transfer rates. Some adapters also incorporated USB ports, allowing users to connect other devices simultaneously.
Moreover, Samsung LAN adapters became more versatile, supporting a wider range of devices beyond just Samsung products. They became compatible with various operating systems and offered seamless integration with different platforms, making them suitable for a diverse range of users.
In conclusion, the evolution of Samsung LAN adapters has brought about improved performance, increased compatibility, and enhanced functionalities, making them an essential connectivity solution for Samsung device users and others seeking reliable wired connections.
Benefits Of Using A Samsung LAN Adapter
Using a Samsung LAN adapter offers several benefits to users. Firstly, it provides a stable and reliable internet connection. LAN adapters enable wired connections, which tend to be faster and more consistent than wireless connections. This is particularly useful for activities that require a high-speed and uninterrupted internet connection, such as online gaming or streaming high-definition videos.
Secondly, Samsung LAN adapters are often compatible with various devices, including computers, gaming consoles, and smart TVs. This versatility allows users to easily connect multiple devices to their network using a single LAN adapter, eliminating the need for separate adapters for each device.
Moreover, LAN adapters can significantly improve network security. Wired connections are generally more secure than wireless connections, as they are less susceptible to interference and hacking attempts. This is especially relevant for users who handle sensitive information or engage in online transactions frequently.
Lastly, Samsung LAN adapters are often compact and portable, making them convenient for travel or use in different locations. Users can easily connect their devices to a wired network, regardless of the availability or reliability of wireless connections in a particular area.
Overall, the benefits of using a Samsung LAN adapter include improved internet stability, compatibility with various devices, enhanced network security, and convenience in different settings.
Key Features Of Samsung LAN Adapters
Samsung LAN Adapters offer a range of key features that make them an essential connectivity solution for users. These adapters are designed to enhance the connectivity options of Samsung devices, providing fast and reliable Ethernet connectivity. Here are some key features of Samsung LAN Adapters:
1. High-Speed Data Transfer: Samsung LAN Adapters support high-speed data transfer rates, allowing users to enjoy seamless browsing, streaming, and downloading experiences. With speeds of up to 1Gbps, these adapters ensure quick and efficient data transfers.
2. Plug-and-Play Convenience: Setting up a Samsung LAN Adapter is hassle-free, thanks to its plug-and-play functionality. Simply connect the adapter to your device's USB port, and you're ready to go. No additional software or drivers are required, making it convenient for both beginners and tech-savvy users.
3. Wide Compatibility: Samsung LAN Adapters are designed to work seamlessly with a wide range of Samsung devices, including laptops, desktops, gaming consoles, and smart TVs. Whether you have an older model or the latest device, these adapters ensure compatibility.
4. Compact and Portable: These LAN adapters are compact and lightweight, making them easy to carry around. Whether you're traveling or working remotely, you can stay connected with ease.
5. Energy Efficient: Samsung LAN Adapters are energy-efficient, consuming minimal power while providing stable Ethernet connectivity. This ensures a longer battery life for your devices.
In conclusion, the key features of Samsung LAN Adapters make them an excellent choice for users looking for a reliable and convenient connectivity solution. With high-speed data transfer, easy setup, wide compatibility, portability, and energy efficiency, these adapters offer an enhanced networking experience.
How To Set Up A Samsung LAN Adapter
Setting up a Samsung LAN Adapter is a straightforward process that can be completed in a few simple steps. First, ensure that your device is compatible with the adapter and that you have all the necessary cables and equipment.
To begin, locate the LAN port on your device and connect one end of an Ethernet cable to it. Next, connect the other end of the cable to the LAN port on the Samsung LAN Adapter. Make sure the adapter is securely connected to your device.
Once the physical connections are made, power on your device and navigate to the network settings. Look for the option to set up a wired connection and select it. From there, follow the on-screen instructions to complete the setup process.
Some Samsung LAN Adapters may require additional software installation or configuration. Refer to the user manual or the manufacturer's website for specific instructions pertaining to your model.
Overall, setting up a Samsung LAN Adapter is a simple process that allows you to enjoy a stable and reliable wired internet connection on your device.
Troubleshooting Common Issues With Samsung LAN Adapters
Troubleshooting Common Issues with Samsung LAN Adapters is an essential aspect of ensuring a seamless and reliable connection. Despite the advanced technology, LAN adapters can encounter several common problems that hinder their performance. This section aims to provide users with troubleshooting techniques to help resolve these issues promptly.
One common problem is a slow or unstable connection. Several factors can contribute to this, including interference from other devices, outdated drivers, or network congestion. Users can try resetting their LAN adapter, updating the adapter's drivers, or relocating their router to improve the signal strength.
Another common issue is the inability to connect to the network. This may be due to incorrect network settings, an incompatible LAN adapter, or network driver issues. Users can troubleshoot by ensuring the LAN adapter is compatible with their device, checking the network settings, or reinstalling the drivers.
Sometimes, LAN adapters may experience intermittent connection or disconnections. This can be caused by signal interference, overheating, or power-saving settings. Users should ensure their LAN adapter is placed away from potential sources of interference, such as other electronic devices, and disable any power-saving features that may interrupt the connection.
By addressing these common problems through effective troubleshooting techniques, users can maximize the performance of their Samsung LAN adapter, ensuring a stable and reliable network connection.
Best Practices For Using A Samsung LAN Adapter
The use of a Samsung LAN adapter can greatly enhance the connectivity and performance of your devices. To ensure optimal usage and seamless functionality, there are certain best practices that you should keep in mind.
1. Choose the Right Adapter: Select a Samsung LAN adapter that is specifically designed for your device and meets your connectivity requirements. This will ensure compatibility and optimal performance.
2. Position the Adapter Correctly: Proper placement of the adapter is crucial for optimal signal strength and stability. Position it in a location where it is not obstructed by walls, furniture, or other electronics that may interfere with the signal.
3. Keep Firmware Updated: Regularly update the firmware of your Samsung LAN adapter to benefit from bug fixes, performance improvements, and new features.
4. Utilize Security Measures: Protect your network by enabling encryption and setting strong passwords. This will prevent unauthorized access and keep your data secure.
5. Avoid Overloading the Network: Be mindful of the number of devices connected to your network through the LAN adapter. Overloading the network can lead to decreased performance.
6


text:
A study conducted in 2016-2017 illustrates how business such as oil palm plantations bear huge costs due to the conflict. It is a study initiated by the Indonesia Business Council for Sustainable Development – Conflict Resolution Unit (IBCSD-CRU) which found some surprising data about the amount of conflict costs borne by the company. Conflict produces tangible costs, which are direct and factual, and intangible costs that are direct and often undocumented. Real costs are estimated at around USD 70,000 to USD 2,500,000 arising from loss of potential income and loss of opportunity. The risks may include loss of profits, staff and legal fees, compensation, or rising production costs. This represents 51 per cent to 88 per cent of plantation operating costs and 102 percent to 177 percent of annual investment per hectare. This percentage comes from the total allocation costs to deal with conflict.
In addition, social conflicts also carry intangible or 'hidden' costs that range from USD 600,000 -to USD 9,000,000. These costs are indirect losses caused by the risk of escalation of conflict, reputation risk, and the risk of violence against property and people. These findings reinforce the notion that social conflicts – including land-based conflicts have produced tremendous impacts for companies as users or land developers.
Regarding this, CRU – IBCSD with other stakeholders worked together in the initiation of publishing this handbook of a practical conflict resolution. This handbook provides some basic concepts for dealing with land and social based conflicts arising from business activities. This book contains several important stages of conflict resolution, starting from the complaints mechanism, resolution, and implementation of the resolution to the way to end it.
The event itself was held on the 29th of November. UK Ambassador Moazzam Malik, alongside with Minister of ATR / BPN, Sofyan A. Djalil, which also present as the keynote speaker, were there to witness the launch. Number of representatives from business people also attended the event, including PT Rimba Makmur Utama, PT RAPP, Sintesa Group and Siam Cement Group Indonesia whom received the Handbook as representatives of the private sectors, from IBCSD President Shinta Kamdani. Hopefully with the better procedures for resolving conflicts, it will assist in reduce the number of land-based conflicts to encourage the growth of a sustainable business climate.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Airbus Helicopters has started in-flight tests onboard its Flightlab, a platform-agnostic flying laboratory exclusively dedicated to maturing new technologies. Airbus Helicopters Flightlab provides an agile and efficient testbed to rapidly test technologies that could later be equipped on Airbus' current range of helicopters, and even more disruptive ones for future fixed-wing aircraft or platforms (e)VTOL.
The company intends to continue testing hybrid and electric propulsion technologies with its Flightlab demonstrator, as well as explore autonomy and other technologies aimed at reducing the noise impact of helicopters or improving flight maintenance and safety.
Flight tests of Flightlab started in April 2020 when the demonstrator was used to measure helicopter sound levels in urban areas and to particularly study how buildings may affect people's perception. In particular, the laboratory plays an important role in masking or amplifying sound levels, and these studies will be instrumental when the time comes for sound modeling and regulation setting, especially for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) initiatives. Flight lab was also used to test the Rotor Strike Alerting System (RSAS), which facilitates piloting in urban areas and mountainous areas by signaling the approach of propellers to obstacles.
In the course of this year, Flightlab will be used to test high-resolution cameras to make navigation at low altitudes safer. The reliability of the Health and Usage Monitoring System (HUMS) will also be investigated as well as the operation of an Engine Back-up System that should enable an emergency landing via an electric motor in the event of a turbine failure.
The testing of the newly designed Flightlab will continue in 2022 in order to evaluate a new ergonomic design of intuitive pilot flight controls intended to further reduce pilot workload. These could later be retrofitted to existing helicopters or Urban Air Mobility (UAM) applications.
The Flightlab is an Airbus-wide initiative, reflecting the company's approach to innovation focused on delivering value to customers. Airbus already has several well-known Flightlabs, such as the A340 MSN1, used to evaluate the feasibility of introducing laminar flow wing technology on a large airliner, and the A350 Airspace Explorer used to evaluate related cabin technologies in flight.


text:
- Canary Islands (1) (remove)
- The evolution of Saharan dust input on Lanzarote (Canary Islands) – influenced by human activity in the Northwest Sahara during the early Holocene? (2009)
- An overall Holocene increase of Saharan dust input to the Canary Islands and to the North Canary Basin is accompanied by a strong coarsening of Saharan dust in loess-like sediments deposited on Lanzarote from ~7–8 ka. No similar coarsening events are indicated in investigations of the sedimentological record for the last 180 ka, a period showing several dramatic climate changes. Therefore a mobilisation of Holocene dust by anthropogenic activity in the northwest Sahara east of the Canary Islands is assumed. Although scarce archaeological data from the coastal area of that region does not point to strong anthropogenic activity during the early Holocene, a high density of unexplored archaeological remains is reported from the coastal hinterlands in the Western Sahara. Thus, the hypothesis of early anthropogenic activity cannot be excluded.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Camphor oil is obtained from the wood and stalks of camphor laurel. It is used in medicine and cosmetology.
It has unique properties. For example, the ability to make the skin of the face younger and more beautiful.
Beauticians use white oil camphor, and doctors – brown. In addition to the benefits, camphor oil for the face has a number of serious contraindications that you should definitely get acquainted with before using.
Camphor oil is of two types: 10-20% solution of camphor in another oil (usually sunflower oil) and pure, 100% camphor oil. The solution is usually used for medical reasons.
A cleanser is used in cosmetology – it is added to masks and creams.
If you do not know which remedy is in the recipe, then judge by dosage: the solution can be measured with teaspoons, and pure camphor can be measured only in drops. This is an unusually useful tool that can cope with many skin problems.
Camphor has a specific, but pleasant spicy flavor. The liquid may be pale yellow or colorless.
It has a number of beneficial properties that have a beneficial effect on the appearance and health of the skin.
Applying camphor oil to the skin, you can solve the following problems:
- acne, acne;
- oily shine, excessive sweating;
- skin irritation and inflammation;
- small and medium wrinkles;
- age spots and freckles;
- scars; scars;
- enlarged pores;
- dull complexion.
The benefits and therapeutic properties of this tool are explained by its unique composition, which includes many active substances. The table below shows the most significant components.
Table – Useful substances in the composition of camphor oil
|Zineol||– Powerful natural antiseptic; |
– It has a mild sedative effect on the skin;
– effectively fights skin rashes
|Camphor (eucalyptol)||– The main active component; |
– heals the skin;
– eliminates irritation
|Safrole||– Regulates metabolism; |
– eliminates excessive sweating
|Camfen||– Heals the skin; |
– enhances the effectiveness of other components
|Bisabolol||– Has an antibacterial effect; |
– effectively relieves inflammation
This tool is most useful for owners of oily or mixed skin types. But they should not rub at once a large amount of substance, forget about the correct dosages.
The result of this "zeal" may be allergies or other adverse reactions.
Manufacturers actively use camphor oil in the composition of various products to care for the skin of the face and body, hair, skin of the lips. Camphor can be found in such cosmetic products:
- moisturizing lotions;
- gels for hands, face and body;
- after-shave skin care products;
- various balms;
- perfumery products.
Today, this cosmetic can be purchased at online stores, beauty salons, cosmetics stores, and pharmacies.
The most correct step would be to find the right oil in pharmacies where it is guaranteed that you can choose the product without any extra additives and unnecessary components. The cost depends on the specific manufacturer, on average – from 90 rubles per 10 ml and above.
Beauticians use camphor oil for the face of pigment spots, as well as during various medical procedures. But it can be used without the participation of experts at home.
The main thing is to follow a few rules and remember the three basic security measures.
- Test Before using camphor oil, an allergic reaction test is performed. To do this, a little money put on the inner fold of the elbow. The result is observed during the day.
- Dosage Oil is taken in a very small amount in order to avoid adverse and allergic reactions. Usually, a portion of a cream or a mask and a maximum of two or three drops of oil for one application are mixed for the skin. If used too often, camphor smell can be addictive. Even with a slight overdose, poisoning, dizziness, nausea are possible.
- Mucous. If the product comes into contact with the mucous membrane of the eyes, immediately rinse them with warm water. Also, the product should not get into the mouth.
If you still do not know how to apply camphor oil for the face from wrinkles, inflammations, blackheads and other skin problems, then the examples of recipes and procedures described below will be useful to you.
Universal cream mask against aging, blemishes and irritations
- Add to the usual one-time portion of your cream two or three drops of camphor essential oil.
- Apply while massaging.
- Best used before bedtime.
White clay mixture for moisturizing, anti-inflammation and gloss
- Combine two teaspoons of white clay and two or three drops of camphor oil.
- Add a tablespoon of kefir, mix.
- Hold for 15-30 minutes.
- Wash with water or herbal decoction.
- Apply daily cream or lotion.
- Since white clay is present in the composition, the mixture should be used no more than twice a week.
- In two tablespoons of honey add two or three drops of oil.
- Add a spoonful of milk, mix.
- Keep on face for 15-30 minutes.
- Wash off with warm water.
Only use diluted oil!
- Take a small piece of clean gauze, bandage, or any breathable fabric.
- Apply a few drops of the oil solution to it.
- Apply tissue to face and leave overnight.
- To get rid of small scars or scars, the procedure must be done several times a week during the month.
Camphor oil for the face has received positive feedback not only from those who got rid of wrinkles, pigmentation and other skin problems with it. The product has won the approval of professional cosmetologists and doctors.
However, with all the benefits of this tool, experts do not recommend the use of camphor oil for the face at home. If you carry out camphor procedures handicraft, the risk of overdose and side effects increases.
In addition, you should consider the individual characteristics of the organism. Only a specialist will be able to correctly determine whether this remedy is right for you, as well as prescribe the correct dosage and procedures that are appropriate for your skin.


text:
Photos of athletes in their moment of victory or defeat usually show faces contorted with intense emotion. But a new study suggests that people actually don't use those kinds of extreme facial expressions to judge how a person is feeling.
Instead, surprisingly, people rely on body cues.
Hillel Aviezer, a psychology researcher at Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel, wanted to see how accurately people can read intense, real-world facial expressions — instead of the standardized, posed images of facial expressions that are usually used in lab tests.
So he and his colleagues decided to do some experiments using images of professional tennis players. That's because, in top tennis matches, the stakes are sky high, and professional players instantly have an intense emotional reaction to winning or losing a critical point. And usually, people have no trouble figuring out what emotions a tennis player is feeling when they see a photo of that player standing on a tennis court, clutching a racket.
"When I look at a sports magazine, and I see the full picture of a person winning a point, and he has his full gesture, the whole picture makes perfect sense to me," says Aviezer. "The face looks like a victorious face, and the body looks victorious; everything together seems to make perfect sense."
But that sense of certainty disappeared, he found, when he took images of tennis winners and losers, and erased everything but the face. When he showed just those isolated faces to people, they couldn't tell if something positive or negative was going on.
"This was really a very striking finding," says Aviezer.
Then he showed people images of tennis players with the faces erased. People had to judge winners from losers based solely on the rest of the body. "And when people saw the body alone, they easily knew if this was a positive or negative emotion," explains Aviezer.
This is counterintuitive, he says, because people usually assume that if they are getting an emotional message, it must come from the facial expression.
In fact, when Aviezer shows people full images of tennis players — the faces plus the body — and asks them to describe how they know what the player is feeling, people usually describe the face. They claim to see tell-tale clues in the player's eyes or mouth. "When in fact it's an illusion," says Aviezer. "They have this false idea of information in the face when really it's coming from the body."
To test this in another way, he manipulated the photographs. He'd take the face of a winner and paste it onto the body of a loser, or vice versa.
What he found was that the exact same face would be interpreted as showing a positive or negative emotion, depending on which body it was on. These results are reported in the journal Science.
"I think that many people will find this very surprising," says Lisa Feldman Barrett, a scientist at Northeastern University who studies emotions.
These studies challenge long-held assumptions about the importance of facial expressions, she says.
"When you and I talk to each other and we look at each other, we're really looking at each other's faces. That's where our attention is. And so the assumption has been that that's where all the information is, too," says Barrett. "But these studies show very clearly that that's not the case."
These findings add to a growing body of evidence that when we're trying to figure out another person's emotional state, we rely on a lot more than just the face.


text:
| WMU News
KALAMAZOO, Mich.—A Western Michigan University researcher has been awarded a $284,833 grant from the National Science Foundation to study negatively charged ions that are potentially damaging to lakes and rivers when found in fertilizers and also are a toxic byproduct in waste from manufacturing and mining.
The grant was awarded to Dr. Gellert Mezei, associate professor of chemistry, who has been studying negatively charged ions, also known as anions, for over 10 years. Mezei's research ultimately could further understanding of how anions can be extracted from industrial and mining waste and removed from enriched bodies of water. Anion removal also has implications for the petroleum, pharmaceutical and nuclear power industries.
What are anions
Anions (pronounced an-ions) are extremely common, Mezei says. They are often found in water, in the human body and the surrounding environment.
"They are ubiquitous," Mezei says. "They are everywhere in nature. Our body functions are based on several anions that are vital. Many anions are part of minerals. They are necessary ingredients in fertilizers."
But they can also cause big problems. Anions in the form of sulfates, nitrates, phosphates and chlorides can be extremely damaging in bodies of water and can contaminate lakes, rivers and streams, leading to excessive growth of algae and lake eutrophication.
"So it's important to monitor them and devise ways of reducing their concentration and also eliminate them from contaminated areas," Mezei says. "For example, our own Asylum Lake has over 10 times more sulfate than what it should normally have. So these anions will lead to excessive growth of algae and ultimately can lead to eutrophication of the lake."
Anions in the form of chlorides from road salt also cause extensive damage to lakes and streams.
"We have these bad winters in Michigan, and we use a lot of sodium chloride, calcium chloride and other chlorides on the roads and these end up in our bodies of water," Mezei says. "And then there are the toxic anions."
Toxic anions are common in industry and mining in the form of chromate, arsenate, selenate and dozens of other substances. These are doubly charged negative ions that have a high affinity for water, are carcinogenic and have been linked to other diseases. In small amounts, they can attack the nervous and reproductive systems, kidneys and blood, and cause birth defects. The permissible levels of toxic anions are continuously being lowered as their harmful effects are more fully understood.
Chromium, for example, is used extensively in industry for plating to produce glittering, sparkling surfaces common on cars and other products. And nuclear waste contains several toxic anions, which interfere with the disposal process.
"They like to stick to water and stay in water, so that makes their extraction difficult," Mezei says.
That's where Mezei's research comes in.
"In general, the idea for all these different applications is that one or more anions of interest have to be removed," Mezei says. "Unfortunately, it is not that easy to remove one problematic anion from a mixture because many anions are very similar to each other. Our project hopes to address this issue."
The problem is not all anions are bad. Removing them all would increase the cost of removal several hundred times.
"These extraction agents we have discovered are very, very efficient in that they bind the anions extremely strongly," Mezei says.
Promising use in oil industry
Mezei and his fellow researchers have discovered that the removal agents also show great promise in preventing and even removing scale in the oil industry. Scale is an unwanted substance that builds up in piping and pumping equipment and comes from seawater that is pumped into wells. Production must be halted regularly to scrape it out. Removal agents can be used to extract anions from the seawater before it is used, reducing scale formation, or simply use them to dissolve the scale itself.
"Scale removal can cost the oil industry a million dollars a day," Mezei says. "It's a huge problem."
The NSF grant does not directly fund Mezei's anion extraction research. What it pays for is basic research into how the extraction method works. Why do the extraction agents remove the anions with the highest affinity for water and leave the anions that have a lower affinity for water? The grant project will try to answer that question and help in designing even more effective and selective anion extraction agents.
"We know it works," Mezei says, "but what no one knows is why and how it works."

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Click to donate today!
The Catholic Encyclopedia
Abbey of Miridite
(MIRIDITARUM, or SANCTI ALEXANDRI DE OROSHI).
The name of an abbatia nullius in Albania, where there formerly stood a Benedictine abbey, now destroyed, dedicated to St. Alexander, martyr. By decree of 25 October, 1888, this abbey with its two affiliated parishes, together with five other parishes in the Diocese of Ljes (Alessio, or Alise) were removed from the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Ljes. In 1890 three parishes from the Diocese of Sappa were added, and in 1894 five from Ljes. The country forms part of the Turkish dominions in Europe and is inhabited by Mohammedans, Greek Schismatics, and Catholics. The Catholics number 16,550 and are under the care of secular and regular clergy. The abbot is chosen from among the secular clergy. The present abbot, Mgr. Primus Docchi, who resides at Oroshi was born at Bulgri, 7 Feb., 1846, and studied at the Propaganda College, Rome. The Franciscans have a parish and a hospital at Gomsice.
ROUKIS, Ethnographische und statistische Mittheilungen uber Albanien in PETERMANN'S Mittheilungen (1884), 367 sqq.; Missiones Catholicae; MIHACEVIC, Serafinski Perivoj, XXIII (Livno-Sarajevo, 1909), 126.
These files are public domain.
Obstat, Nihil. Lafort, Remy, Censor. Entry for 'Abbey of Miridite'. The Catholic Encyclopedia. _URL_ Robert Appleton Company. New York. 1914.
the Week of Christ the King / Proper 29 / Ordinary 34


text:
I have two objects, A and B, and I need help to solve the following problem about the collision resolution order:
A and B are moving with the same speed, and they don't move both at the same time
- A tries to move to where it should be, and I do the collision test
- A collision is detected, and A is moved outside of collision
- Then B moves after this, and a gap appears between then
I tried resolving the collision of A by discouting the velocity of B, but this fails if B collides on it's path, and A moves inside of it.
Are there any algorithm that can solve this problem? And also when working with multiple objects moving in a row just like A and B.
Also, my objects don't have any mass or elasticity, they are supposed to just move and get out of collision using simple AABB.


text:
individual or multiple buildings (e.g. a site or campus) or infrastructure (e.g. roads, railways, pipelines, dams, docks, etc.) built as part of a construction project or where the asset information is held in a digital format
NOTE 1 The built asset may include associated land or water, for example, the catchment area for a water company or the navigation channels for a dock.
NOTE 2 The built asset may comprise a portfolio or network of assets.
[ Source PAS 1192-5:2015, 3.1.7]


text:
Publications [#280342] of David J. Brady
- Brady, DJ; Hagen, N, Multiscale lens design.,
Optics Express, vol. 17 no. 13
pp. 10659-10674 , [doi]
(last updated on 2019/11/21)
While lenses of aperture less than 1000lambda frequently form images with pixel counts approaching the space-bandwidth limit, only heroic designs approach the theoretical information capacity at larger scales. We propose to use the field processing capabilities of small-scale secondary lens arrays to correct aberrations due to larger scale objective lenses, with an ultimate goal of achieving diffraction-limited imaging for apertures greater than 10,000lambda .We present an example optical design using an 8 mm entrance pupil capable of resolving 20 megapixels.


text:
The yellow flag iris bears between four and twelve bright yellow flowers on each of its branching flower stalks. This iris thrives in wet areas and when no flowers appear, this iris is present as a tall clump of grayish green blade-shaped leaves.
The yellow flag iris can be propagated by root division in the late summer, after it has finished flowering. This iris can self propagate easily and is considered invasive in many wetlands around the country.
Iris pseudacorus, or yellow flag iris as it is commonly known, caught my attention because of its ability to survive and actually thrive in standing water. When I installed a fountain in my garden I selected this iris as an accent. I love how the strong vertical lines of the 4 foot tall foliage contrast with the flat surface of the water. My 4 Golden Orff fish spend their days in the roots of the iris and only venture into the open areas of water at dusk and through the night. If you have ever grown the yellow flag, you know that it is a vigorous grower to say the least. I have to divide the plants growing in a 3 gallon plastic bucket in my pool every other year.
Categoriesperennial, sun garden favorite, water garden
Bloom Timemid- to late summer
Height2 to 4 feet


Network Policies
If you want to control traffic flow at the IP address or port level (OSI layer 3 or 4), then you might consider using Kubernetes NetworkPolicies for particular applications in your cluster. NetworkPolicies are an application-centric construct which allow you to specify how a pod is allowed to communicate with various network "entities" (we use the word "entity" here to avoid overloading the more common terms such as "endpoints" and "services", which have specific Kubernetes connotations) over the network.
The entities that a Pod can communicate with are identified through a combination of the following 3 identifiers:
 1. Other pods that are allowed (exception: a pod cannot block access to itself)
 2. Namespaces that are allowed
 3. IP blocks (exception: traffic to and from the node where a Pod is running is always allowed, regardless of the IP address of the Pod or the node)
When defining a pod- or namespace- based NetworkPolicy, you use a selector to specify what traffic is allowed to and from the Pod(s) that match the selector.
Meanwhile, when IP based NetworkPolicies are created, we define policies based on IP blocks (CIDR ranges).
Prerequisites
Network policies are implemented by the network plugin. To use network policies, you must be using a networking solution which supports NetworkPolicy. Creating a NetworkPolicy resource without a controller that implements it will have no effect.
Isolated and Non-isolated Pods
By default, pods are non-isolated; they accept traffic from any source.
Pods become isolated by having a NetworkPolicy that selects them. Once there is any NetworkPolicy in a namespace selecting a particular pod, that pod will reject any connections that are not allowed by any NetworkPolicy. (Other pods in the namespace that are not selected by any NetworkPolicy will continue to accept all traffic.)
Network policies do not conflict; they are additive. If any policy or policies select a pod, the pod is restricted to what is allowed by the union of those policies' ingress/egress rules. Thus, order of evaluation does not affect the policy result.
The NetworkPolicy resource
See the NetworkPolicy reference for a full definition of the resource.
An example NetworkPolicy might look like this:
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
 name: test-network-policy
 namespace: default
spec:
 podSelector:
 matchLabels:
 role: db
 policyTypes:
 - Ingress
 - Egress
 ingress:
 - from:
 - ipBlock:
 cidr: 172.17.0.0/16
 except:
 - 172.17.1.0/24
 - namespaceSelector:
 matchLabels:
 project: myproject
 - podSelector:
 matchLabels:
 role: frontend
 ports:
 - protocol: TCP
 port: 6379
 egress:
 - to:
 - ipBlock:
 cidr: 10.0.0.0/24
 ports:
 - protocol: TCP
 port: 5978
Note: POSTing this to the API server for your cluster will have no effect unless your chosen networking solution supports network policy.
Mandatory Fields: As with all other Kubernetes config, a NetworkPolicy needs apiVersion, kind, and metadata fields. For general information about working with config files, see Configure Containers Using a ConfigMap, and Object Management.
spec: NetworkPolicy spec has all the information needed to define a particular network policy in the given namespace.
podSelector: Each NetworkPolicy includes a podSelector which selects the grouping of pods to which the policy applies. The example policy selects pods with the label "role=db". An empty podSelector selects all pods in the namespace.
policyTypes: Each NetworkPolicy includes a policyTypes list which may include either Ingress, Egress, or both. The policyTypes field indicates whether or not the given policy applies to ingress traffic to selected pod, egress traffic from selected pods, or both. If no policyTypes are specified on a NetworkPolicy then by default Ingress will always be set and Egress will be set if the NetworkPolicy has any egress rules.
ingress: Each NetworkPolicy may include a list of allowed ingress rules. Each rule allows traffic which matches both the from and ports sections. The example policy contains a single rule, which matches traffic on a single port, from one of three sources, the first specified via an ipBlock, the second via a namespaceSelector and the third via a podSelector.
egress: Each NetworkPolicy may include a list of allowed egress rules. Each rule allows traffic which matches both the to and ports sections. The example policy contains a single rule, which matches traffic on a single port to any destination in 10.0.0.0/24.
So, the example NetworkPolicy:
 1. isolates "role=db" pods in the "default" namespace for both ingress and egress traffic (if they weren't already isolated)
 2. (Ingress rules) allows connections to all pods in the "default" namespace with the label "role=db" on TCP port 6379 from:
 - any pod in the "default" namespace with the label "role=frontend"
 - any pod in a namespace with the label "project=myproject"
 - IP addresses in the ranges 172.17.0.0–172.17.0.255 and 172.17.2.0–172.17.255.255 (ie, all of 172.17.0.0/16 except 172.17.1.0/24)
 3. (Egress rules) allows connections from any pod in the "default" namespace with the label "role=db" to CIDR 10.0.0.0/24 on TCP port 5978
See the Declare Network Policy walkthrough for further examples.
Behavior of to and from selectors
There are four kinds of selectors that can be specified in an ingress from section or egress to section:
podSelector: This selects particular Pods in the same namespace as the NetworkPolicy which should be allowed as ingress sources or egress destinations.
namespaceSelector: This selects particular namespaces for which all Pods should be allowed as ingress sources or egress destinations.
namespaceSelector and podSelector: A single to/from entry that specifies both namespaceSelector and podSelector selects particular Pods within particular namespaces. Be careful to use correct YAML syntax; this policy:
 ...
 ingress:
 - from:
 - namespaceSelector:
 matchLabels:
 user: alice
 podSelector:
 matchLabels:
 role: client
 ...
contains a single from element allowing connections from Pods with the label role=client in namespaces with the label user=alice. But this policy:
 ...
 ingress:
 - from:
 - namespaceSelector:
 matchLabels:
 user: alice
 - podSelector:
 matchLabels:
 role: client
 ...
contains two elements in the from array, and allows connections from Pods in the local Namespace with the label role=client, or from any Pod in any namespace with the label user=alice.
When in doubt, use kubectl describe to see how Kubernetes has interpreted the policy.
ipBlock: This selects particular IP CIDR ranges to allow as ingress sources or egress destinations. These should be cluster-external IPs, since Pod IPs are ephemeral and unpredictable.
Cluster ingress and egress mechanisms often require rewriting the source or destination IP of packets. In cases where this happens, it is not defined whether this happens before or after NetworkPolicy processing, and the behavior may be different for different combinations of network plugin, cloud provider, Service implementation, etc.
In the case of ingress, this means that in some cases you may be able to filter incoming packets based on the actual original source IP, while in other cases, the "source IP" that the NetworkPolicy acts on may be the IP of a LoadBalancer or of the Pod's node, etc.
For egress, this means that connections from pods to Service IPs that get rewritten to cluster-external IPs may or may not be subject to ipBlock-based policies.
Default policies
By default, if no policies exist in a namespace, then all ingress and egress traffic is allowed to and from pods in that namespace. The following examples let you change the default behavior in that namespace.
Default deny all ingress traffic
You can create a "default" isolation policy for a namespace by creating a NetworkPolicy that selects all pods but does not allow any ingress traffic to those pods.
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
 name: default-deny-ingress
spec:
 podSelector: {}
 policyTypes:
 - Ingress
This ensures that even pods that aren't selected by any other NetworkPolicy will still be isolated. This policy does not change the default egress isolation behavior.
Default allow all ingress traffic
If you want


text:
The Positive Impacts of Purchasing Fair Trade QuinoaSeptember 16 2022
Plant Power for People and Planet! A legacy product line for Alter Eco dating back to 2008, our Organic and Fair For Life Fair certified heirloom quinoa is part of our mission to grow food in a way that restores ecosystems and the livelihoods of the farmers in Bolivia. Our quinoa is also one of the few Fair Trade options available on the US market as well, making it not just a whole grain superfood for you but also super good for ecosystems and farmer livelihood.
In the spirit of supply chain transparency, we would like to take this opportunity to share the latest updates on fair trade activities currently underway or planned with our quinoa-growing partners in the Southern Highlands of Bolivia. We currently work with 2 different cooperative producer groups: APAQUICTL and ASOPROAGPI. The quinoa is harvested in March/April of each year, threshed and cleaned in the field, and then stored in the producers' warehouses until it is exported to our co-packer here in the United States.
APAQUICTL is an association of small quinoa producers, who complement growing activities with livestock to maintain the health of the soils and as additional income for its producers. Fair Trade premium resources have been (or will be) used for:
- The purchase of quinoa post-harvest machines that facilitate cleaning tasks and reduce labor costs
- The purchase of manure which, when blended together with quinoa saponin (the seed coat that is removed in the cleaning process), becomes a very high-quality fertilizer that has helped increase quinoa yields by 50% compared to traditional methods
- Bio-inputs for pest control, authorized for use as per the organic standard
- The largest purchase that has been made is the acquisition of a combined harvesting machine, which will significantly reduce production costs and improve the quality of the quinoa that is delivered to the processing plant. Currently, it is used only as a thresher until advances in soil and crop improvement are completed.
- Future projects include the provision of drinking water to the farmer community and the construction of a ditch in the river
ASOPROAGPI is the other producer association we source from in Bolivia. Fair Trade premium resources have been (or will be) used for:
- Environmental and soil improvement aspects
- The acquisition of manure and the preparation of an improved fertilizer with quinoa saponin, similar to APAQUICTL
- Bio-inputs for pest control, authorized for use as per the organic standard. This has resulted in fewer pests and increased yields, while improving the conditions of soil life.
- Future projects include building a quinoa warehouse that will improve storage conditions and help traceability in the commercialization of quinoa
So when you purchase and enjoy our Organic and Fair Trade quinoa, you are having a direct positive impact on our Bolivian farmers and supporting the above missions! For more information on our Fair For Life certification, please click here.
To purchase our quinoa online, visit _URL_ Thank you for your continued support!


text:
Graffathon is a three-day computer graphics hackathon aimed for novices. Every participant will create a computer program that produces a non-interactive multimedia presentation also known as demo. The event is targeted at real beginners who have no previous graphics coding and/or demoscene experience. The demos can be made in small groups of two or three people. One can also make the demo by themselves or find a group at the event.
The program consists of helpful presentations and workshops which guide you on how to create your first demo. In addition, we teach you the basics of demoscene and democulture.


What is the mass of half mole of electron?
What is the meaning of 1 mole electron?
One mole is defined as the amount of substance having Avogadro's number of particles. mass of 1 electron 9.1 X 10¯³¹ kg. 1 mole =6.023 X 10²³ So 1 mole of electrons has a mass of 9.1 X 10¯³¹ X 6.023 X 10²³ ≈ 5.481 X 10^-7 kg.
What is the mass of half mole of water?
Mass of 0.5 mole of water is 9g.
How many particles are there in 1 mole of electron?
It is defined as exactly 6.02214076×1023 particles, which may be atoms, molecules, ions, or electrons.
What is the mass and charge of one mole of electron?
The charge of 1 electron is 1.6×10−19C and the mass of 1 electron is 9.1×10−31Kg. -We know that 1 mole of any substance has 6.02×1023 units (Avogadro number) of that substance. Hence we can say that when we say 1 mole of electrons we are referring to 6.02×1023 electrons.
How many moles of electrons are in 1 kg?
6. 023×1023 moles.
What is the weight of 1 mole of electron in grams?
Given mass of electron = 9 × 10^-28 grams Mass of 1 mole electron = 6.022 × 10²³ × 9 × 10^-28 Free online weight conversion.
THIS IS INTERESTING: Should I go to a dermatologist for hormonal acne?
What is the mass in gram of 2 mole of water?
One mole of H2O is made up of 2 moles of Hydrogen atoms and 1 mole of Oxygen atom. Mass of two moles of Hydrogen atoms = 2x 1 g/mol = 2 g/mol.


text:
In questions and answers on this site, I see a great deal of confusion about directions.
I've seen "lower string" refer to strings that are lower in pitch, and to strings that are closer to the floor (therefore, opposites on a conventionally tuned guitar).
I've seen "up" mean:
- away from the fretboard
- towards the nut
- towards the bridge
... so two different directions on the same axis, and a third perpendicular to that.
... and "down" having the complementary three meanings.
In one conversation I saw
Do you mean you are pulling "down" towards the edge of the fretboard or "up" and away from the fretboard?
... where "up" and "down" are not even opposite directions to each other.
Is there a commonly agreed set of meanings for directions; if not, what can be done to communicate our meaning more clearly when talking about fretted instruments?


text:
Press ESC to close
Once every thousand years, the sun and the moon align together. When this happens, the Evil One sends his only son, the Warlock, to Earth to gather six ancient runestones. When assembled, the runestones give the possessor ultimate power to undo the Earth's creation. Using sorcery inherited from his ancestors, a modern druid must travel through time to prevent the Warlock from finding all of the runestones.
CIB – PAL – EUR


Bogie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Bogies)
Jump to: navigation, search
US-style railroad truck with journal bearings in journal boxes.
Bettendorf-style freight car truck displayed at the Illinois Railway Museum. This one uses journal bearings in journal boxes
A bogie (pron.: /ˈbɡi/ BOH-ghee) or truck is a wheeled wagon or trolley. In mechanics terms, a bogie is a chassis or framework carrying wheels, attached to a vehicle, thus serving as a modular subassembly of wheels and axles. Bogies take various forms in various modes of transport. A bogie may remain normally attached (as on a railway carriage/car or locomotive, or on a semi-trailer) or be quickly detachable (as the dolly in a road train); it may contain a suspension within it (as most rail and trucking bogies do), or be solid and in turn be suspended (as most bogies of tracked vehicles are); it may be mounted on a swivel, as on a railway carriage/car or locomotive, or additionally jointed and sprung (as in the landing gear of an airliner).
Contents
Railway [edit]
Archbar type truck with journal bearings as used on some steam locomotive tenders. A version of the archbar truck was at one time also used on US freight cars
Bogie of an SBB Eurocity passenger car, as seen from underneath
A bogie in the UK, or a railroad truck, wheel truck, or simply truck in North America, is a structure underneath a train to which axles (and, hence, wheels) are attached through bearings. In Indian English, bogie may also refer to an entire railway carriage.[1]
The first British railway to build coaches with bogies, instead of rigidly mounted axles, was the Midland Railway in 1874.[2]
Bogies serve a number of purposes:[3]
 - Support of the rail vehicle body.
 - Stability on both straight and curved track.
 - Ensuring ride comfort by absorbing vibration and minimizing the impact of centrifugal forces when the train runs on curves at high speed.
 - Minimizing generation of track irregularities and rail abrasion
Usually, two bogies are fitted to each carriage, wagon or locomotive, one at each end. An alternate configuration often is used in articulated vehicles, which places the bogies (often jacobs bogies) under the connection between the carriages or wagons.
Most bogies have two axles, as this is the simplest design,[3] but some cars designed for extremely heavy loads have been built with up to five axles per bogie. Heavy-duty cars may have more than two bogies using span bolsters to equalize the load and connect the bogies to the cars.
Usually, the train floor is at a level above the bogies, but the floor of the car may be lower between bogies, such as for a double decker train to increase interior space while staying within height restrictions, or in easy-access, stepless-entry, low-floor trains.
Key components of a bogie include:[3]
 - The bogie frame: This can be of inside frame type where the main frame and bearings are between the wheels, or (more commonly) of outside frame type where the main frame and bearings are outside the wheels.
 - Suspension to absorb shocks between the bogie frame and the rail vehicle body: Common types are coil springs, or rubber airbags.
 - At least one wheelset, composed of an axle with a bearings and wheel at each end
 - Axle box suspensions absorb shocks between the axle bearings and the bogie frame. The axle box suspension usually consists of a spring between the bogie frame and axle bearings to permit up-and-down movement, and sliders to prevent lateral movement. A more modern design uses solid rubber springs.
 - Brake equipment: Two main types are used: brake shoes that are pressed against the tread of the wheel, and disc brakes and pads.
 - In powered vehicles, some form of transmission, usually electrically powered traction motors or a hydraulically powered torque converter
The connections of the bogie with the rail vehicle allow a certain degree of rotational movement around a vertical axis pivot (bolster), with side bearers preventing excessive movement. More modern, bolsterless bogie designs omit these features, instead taking advantage of the sideways movement of the suspension to permit rotational movement.[3]
Examples [edit]
BR1 bogie [edit]
The British Railways Mark 1 coach brought into production in 1950 used the BR1 bogie, which was rated to run at 90 mph (145 km/h). The wheels were cast as a one-piece item in a pair with their axle. The simple design involved the bogie resting on four leaf springs (one spring per wheel), which in turn were connected to the axles. The leaf springs were designed to absorb any movement or resonance and to have a damping effect to benefit ride quality.
Each spring was connected to the outermost edge of the axle by a roller bearing contained in oil-filled axle box. The oil had to be topped up at regular maintenance times to avoid the bearing running hot and seizing.
There was also a heavy-duty version designated BR2.
Commonwealth bogie [edit]
Commonwealth bogie as used on BR Mark 1 and CIE Park Royals
The Commonwealth bogie, manufactured by the English Steel Corporation under licence from the Commonwealth Rail Company in America. Fitted with SKF or Timken bearings, it was introduced in the late 1950s for all BR Mark 1 vehicles. It was a heavy, cast-steel design weighing about 6.5 long tons (6.6 t),[4] with sealed roller bearings on the axle ends, avoiding the need to maintain axle box oil levels.
The leaf springs were replaced by coil springs (one per wheel) running vertically rather than horizontally. The advanced design gave a better ride quality than the BR1, being rated for 100 miles per hour (160 km/h).
The side frame of the bogie was usually of bar construction, with simple horn guides attached, allowing the axle boxes vertical movements between them. The axle boxes had a cast-steel equaliser beam or bar resting on them. The bar had two steel coil springs placed on it and the bogie frame rested on the springs. The effect was to allow the bar to act as a compensating lever between the two axles and to use both springs to soften shocks from either axle. The bogie had a conventional bolster suspension with swing links carrying a spring plank.
B4 bogie [edit]
B4 bogie as used on BR Mark 2 and Irish Cravens
The B4 bogie was introduced in 1963. It was a fabricated steel design versus cast iron and was lighter than the Commonwealth, weighing in at 5 long tons (5.08 t).[5] It also had a speed rating of 100 miles per hour (160 km/h).
Axle/spring connection was again with fitted roller bearings. However, now two coil springs rather than one were fitted per wheel.[6]
Only a very small number of Mark 1 stock was fitted with the B4 bogie from new, it being used on the Mark 1 only to replace worn BR1 bogies. The British Rail Mark 2 coach, however, carried the B4 bogies from new. A heavier-duty version, the B5, was standard on Southern Region Mk1-based EMUs from the 1960s onwards. Some Mark 1 catering cars had mixed bogies—a B5 under the kitchen end, and a B4 under the seating end. Some of the B4-fitted Mark 2s, as well as many B4-fitted Mark 1 BGs were allowed to run at 110 miles per hour (180 km/h) with extra maintenance, particularly of the wheel profile, and more frequent exams.
BT10 Bogie [edit]
BT10 high-speed bogie as used on MK3
The BT10 bogie was introduced on the British Rail Mark 3 coach in the 1970s. Each wheel is separately connected to the bogie by a swing-arm axle.
There is dual suspension:
 - primary suspension via a coil spring and damper mounted on each axle
 - secondary suspension via two air springs mounted on the pivot plank, this is connected to the bogie by pendulum links. A constant coach height is maintained by air valves.[7]
Locomotives [edit]
Diesel and electric
Most diesel locomotives and electric locomotives are carried on bogies (trucks - US). Trucks used in the USA include AAR type A switcher truck, Blomberg B, HT-C truck and Flexicoil.[8]
Steam
On a steam locomotive, the leading wheels and trailing wheels may be mounted on bogies. Articulated locomotives (e.g. the Fairlie) have power bogies similar to those on diesel and electric locomotives.
Tramway [edit]
Modern [edit]
Side view of a SEPTA K-Car bogie
Tram bogies are much simpler in design because of their axle load, and the tighter curves found on tramways mean tram bogies almost never have more than two axles. Furthermore, some tramways have steeper gradients and vertical, as well as horizontal, curves, which means tram bogies often need to pivot on the horizontal axis, as well.
Some articulated trams have bogies located under articulations, a setup referred to as a Jacobs bogie. Often, low-floor trams are fitted with nonpivoting bogies and many tramway enthusiasts see this as a retrograde step, as it leads to more wear of both track and wheels and also significantly reduces the speed at


Software Design Patterns by Example: Template Method
Table of Contents* Example Problem: Safe Save
* Analyse & Prepare
* Sub-optimal Design
- Strategy Pattern is not optimal here
* Template Method Pattern
- Python Version
Example Problem: Safe Save
An online editor has a 'Save Project' button, which will save all open files. The rules for our safe save are:
 1. The syntax must be valid for certain plain-text files (e.g. XML, Ruby scripts)
 2. Try to reformat (pretty print) the document, but only if the syntax is valid and feasible
Note: the actual code logic of validation/reformatting is not necessary, just print a line that represents the process.
Here is a sample output of 'Save Project' (files: foo.xml, wise.pdf, bar.rb):
[XmlFile] Validate
[XmlFile] Reformatting ...
{foo.xml} Saving ...
[PdfFile] Skip validate
{wise.pdf} not saved ...
[RubyFile] Validate
[RubyFile] Reformatting ...
{bar.rb} Saving ...
So how can we design the safe 'Save Project' button in an object-oriented language?
Analyse & Prepare
 - A list of project files
 We need a data structure to store a list of project files. A good candidate is std:list from the C++ Standard Template Library (STL).
std::list<std::string> products;
products.push_back("foo");
products.push_back("bar");
products.insert(0, "hello world");
// products => ["hello world", "foo", "bar"]
 - Traverse a list
 The below is a C+11 (and later) way of traversing a list.
for (auto prod : products)
std::cout << prod << "\n"
 - Two save methods
 One save() method does the actual file saving, the other safe_save() validates the file content (and apply reformatting if it is okay) then call save(). The content of two other methods validate() and reformat() are just a single line of printing text.
Sub-optimal Design
Let's look at a typical design from programmers who are new to Object Oriented Programming.
In main.cpp,
std::list<ProjectFile*> project_files;
ProjectFile* xml_file = new ProjectFile("foo.xml")
ProjectFile* pdf_file = new ProjectFile("wise.pdf")
ProjectFile* ruby_file = new ProjectFile("bar.rb")
project_files.push_back(xml_file);
project_files.push_back(pdf_file);
project_files.push_back(ruby_file);
for (auto pf : project_files)
pf->save_save();
In theProjectFile class,
void ProjectFile::safe_save() {
if (validate()) {
reformat();
save();
} else {
std::count << "{" << file_path << "} not saved...\n";
}
}
void ProjectFile::save() {
std::cout << "{" << file_path << "} Saving...\n";
}
bool ProjectFile::validate() {
if (file_path.find(".xml") != std::string::npos) {
std::cout << "[XmlFile] Validate\n";
} else if (file_path.find(".rb) != std::string::npos) {
std::cout << "[RubyFile] Validate\n";
} else if (file_path.find(".pdf") != std::string::npos) {
return false;
}
return true;
}
void ProjectFile::reformat() {
if (file_path.find(".xml) != std::string::npos) {
std::cout << "[XmlFile] Reformatting ...\n";
} else if (file_path.find(".rb") != std::string::npos) {
std::cout << "[RubyFile] Reformatting ... \n";
}
}
It is very easy for novice programmers to write code like the above. The design has the following shortcomings.
 - Too many if statements, which is a sign for 'code horror'
 - Not easy to add support for a new file type
 - Different validation/reformatting code (for different file types) are all in the same file
Strategy pattern not optimal here
Some might use the Strategy pattern to approach this by subclassing project files.
std::list<ProjectFile*> project_files;
ProjectFile* xml_file = new XmlFile("foo.xml");
ProjectFile* pdf_file = new PdfFile("wise.pdf);
ProjectFile* ruby_file = new RubyFile("bar.rb);
project_files.push_back(xml_file);
project_files.push_back(pdf_file);
project_files.push_back(ruby_file);
for (auto pf : project_files)
pf->save_save();
This is a good direction. However, if you make one virtual safe_save method in ProjectFile and add implementations in multiple child classes like below:
class ProjectFile {
public:
virtual void safe_save() = 0;
}
class RubyFile : ProjectFile {
void safe_save() override;
void validate();
void reformat();
};
class XmlFile : ProjectFile {
void safe_save() override;
void validate();
void reformat();
};
In RubyFile and XmlFile, we will see duplications in safe_save():
void RubyFile::safe_save() {
if (validate()) {
reformat();
save();
} else {
std::cout << "{" << file_path << "} not saved ...\n";
}
}
// ...
void XmlFile::safe_save() {
if (validate()) {
reformat();
save();
} else {
std::cout << "{" << file_path << "} not saved ...\n";
}
}
The solution is near: using the Template Method pattern.
Template Method Pattern
The Template Method is a Gang of Four (GoF) design pattern.
Image Credit: _URL_
In ProjectFile.cpp , the methods safe_save() and save() should be implemented (rather than a virtual method), because the logic applies to all project files. As a matter of fact, the code forthese two methods is exactly the same as the first version. Instead, we make the validate() and reformat() methods virtual. This makes sense, as the code logic of validating and reformatting are specific to file types.
class ProjectFile {public:
void safe_save();
protected:
virtual bool validate() = 0;
virtual void reformat() = 0;
};
The implementations are in a sub-class, e.g.RubyFile.
bool RubyFile::validate() {
std::cout << "[RubyFile] Validate\n";
return true;
}
void RubyFile::reformat() {
std::cout << "[RubyFile] Reformatting ...\n";
}
and PdfFile, which does not support validation.
bool PdfFile::validate() {
std::cout << "[PdfFile] Skip validate\n";
return false;
}
The ProjectFile 's safe_save method in the parent class is also of note:
void ProjectFile::safe_save() {
if (validate()) {
reformat();
save();
} else {
std::cout << "{" << file_path << "} not saved ...\n";
}
}
This method calls three other methods:
 - validate() — a virtual method, the implementation provided in child classes
 - reformat() — a virtual method, the implementation provided in child classes
 - save() — an instance method that applies to all project files (including child classes)
The safe_save() method defines the logic, or a template of how this operation shall do at the overall level. While some of the specific implementations are delegated to its child classes. That's why it is called the Template Method pattern.
Python Version
This article's


Children's Medical Services
CMS_LogoWhat is the purpose of the program?
To assure that there is a community-based, coordinated, family-focused, comprehensive system of quality specialty healthcare services available for children with chronic medial conditions in Georgia.
What does the program do?
Children's Medical Services (CMS) directly provides or coordinates specialty medical evaluations and treatment for eligible children (birth to age 21) with chronic medical conditions. CMS provides or pays for comprehensive physical evaluation, diagnostic tests, inpatient/outpatient hospitalization, medications and other medical treatments, durable medical equipment, hearing aids, and dental if related to the child's CMS-eligible condition and not covered by another source. CMS works closely with the primary care provider to coordinate services.
Why is the program important?
CMS provides access to specialty healthcare for children through a long-standing successful public-private partnership including over 400 providers. By providing quality care and assisting with payment for services, the program enable children to receive medically necessary services that prevent further complications from their condition(s) and promote healthy growth and development.
Who is eligible?
A family of four could make up to $55,286/year (236% if the federal poverty level); and children who are Medicaid-enrolled, receive Supplemental Security Income (SS), or are in foster care. NOTE: Special allowances are made for those with no other resources. The range of medically eligible conditions include burn; cardiac conditions; chronic lung disease (including cystic fibrosis); craniofacial anomalies (including cleft lip/palate); diabetes mellitus; gastrointestinal disorders; hearing disorders; spina bifida; neurological and microsurgical conditions, including epilepsy and hydrocephalus; orthopedic and/or neuromuscular disorders (such as scoliosis); congenital or traumatic amputations of limbs; cerebral palsy; vision disorders (including cataracts, glaucoma, amblyopic, and strabismus).
Where are services located?
Please contact the local Child Health Coordinator at your County Health Department for information/referral.
Informational Flyer


Edit Article
Two Methods:With Rubbing AlcoholWith Milk & Vinegar
Finding ink on any fabric can be a frustration. You may be tempted to throw the garment out, but try these methods first -- they're safe on the fabric and effective. Even on ink!
Method 1 of 2: With Rubbing Alcohol
 1. 1
 Quickly soak a cotton ball in rubbing alcohol. If your stain is large, you may want to soak a hand towel or washcloth in the solution. If you don't have rubbing alcohol, try hairspray or hand sanitizer -- both have high concentrations of alcohol in them.
 2. 2
 Place a paper towel underneath the ink stain. The paper towel is there to absorb the ink and alcohol so that it doesn't bleed more into the fabric.
 3. 3
 Rub the cotton ball over the area on which the ink stain has occurred. Be diligent -- the more thorough you are, the better the stain will come out. Be careful of your eyes or any scratches you have on your hands -- rubbing alcohol stings.
 - Apply the cotton ball with a gentle pressure at first, and then use as much pressure as needed (within reason) to remove the stain.
 4. 4
 Wipe the excess alcohol from the fabric. Then, wash the piece of clothing as you normally would. When you take it out of the washer, it should be completely stain-free.
Method 2 of 2: With Milk & Vinegar
 1. 1
 Combine the milk and vinegar into a large bowl. You want just enough to cover your material, while still maintaining a 1:2 ratio of vinegar to milk. The smaller the stain, the less liquid you'll need.
 2. 2
 Soak the fabric in the mixture. Leave it in the kitchen, go watch some TV, and go to bed. Revisit it in the morning to give it adequate time for miracle-working. Keep it at room temperature and only cover it if you're concerned about a smell; it'll work either way.
 3. 3
 Remove from the bowl. Squeeze it out to avoid any mess. Hang the fabric dry and wash as normal. If you see a light silhouette of the stain, don't worry; it'll come out after a washing.
Things You'll Need
Method 1: With Rubbing Alcohol
 - Cotton ball/s
 - Rubbing alcohol (or hairspray or hand sanitizer)
Method 2: With Milk & Vinegar
 - Milk
 - Vinegar
 - Bowl
Article Info
Categories: Pen Ink and Marker Stains
In other languages:
Português: Remover Manchas de Tinta do Tecido, Italiano: Rimuovere le Macchie d'Inchiostro dal Tessuto, Español: quitar manchas de tinta de la tela, Deutsch: Tintenflecken aus Stoff entfernen, Français: faire disparaître des taches d'encre sur du tissu, Русский: удалить чернильные пятна с ткани, 中文: 去除织物上的墨渍, Bahasa Indonesia: Membersihkan Noda Tinta pada Kain
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 32,047 times.
Did this article help you?
Yes No
an Author!
Write an Article


text:
Harvest, Postharvest Handling, Storage and Transport
Contamination that occurs at or after
harvest is of special concern because there is less time for natural processes
to reduce contamination to a safe level before someone eats the produce.
A final "food safety field check" before
harvest identifies situations that suggest a field might be contaminated and
shouldn't be harvested. After harvest, producers must focus on checking the
cleanliness of every surface, implement, container, and spray that touches the
produce, as well as any vehicle or building used to transport, pack, process,
or store the produce.
Practices that maintain postharvest
quality (such as grading out damaged or decayed product and cooling produce to
appropriate temperature) are also recommended to reduce the risk of foodborne
illnesses. There are a number practices to minimize risk during harvest,
postharvest handling, storage, and transport. Growers should:
- Practice good general
- Clean equipment
- Ensure water quality
- Separate hazardous materials
- Control temperature and
The resources below provide detailed
looks at harvest and postharvest concerns. Use the
information to learn about
the risks, assess an operation, and identify changes that will reduce risk.


text:
Families were £15 a week worse off in November compared with the same month last year, according to Asda's latest income tracker research.
The Leeds-based retailer said the average UK household had £161 of weekly disposable income during November, down 8.4 per cent on last year.
The cost of basic goods and deteriorating employment conditions were blamed for the pressure on family spending power.
Annual growth in the cost of basics fell to five per cent in November, the second consecutive slowdown in the cost of living.
Asda said that although the cost of food and clothing has seen an improvement, budgets are being squeezed by the rising costs of running a family home.
In October, gas prices were 25.3 per cent higher than a year ago, while electricity prices grew by 15.5 per cent.
Transport costs continue to put pressure on the inflation rate, with the cost of getting around a large driver of the headline rate of CPI inflation.
Figures from the AA show the cost of unleaded petrol grew by 12.3 per cent over the year to November, while diesel prices increased by 14.6 per cent.
Asda said a weak jobs market is increasing the pressure on family budgets. The unemployment rate remained at 8.3 per cent during the quarter to October.
There are fears that unemployment could rise to 8.7 per cent in 2012 after forecasts indicated that the public sector is likely to lay off more workers than previously thought.
Research consultancy Cebr is predicting that the amount of disposable income available to UK families in 2012 will stabilise.
It predicts a fall of £11 per month in December and £8 a month in January.
Charles Davis, managing economist at Cebr, said: "Difficult times are set to continue for British households, as economic fallout from the on-going debt crisis in the eurozone takes its toll on employment and wage growth prospects in the UK."
Andy Clarke, Asda's chief executive, said: "While November's fall in the cost of living gives us optimism for 2012, fears over job security underline that for some families, times are challeng- ing.
"Business leaders should view this as a call to action by doing what British business does best – finding new ways to remove unnecessary costs."


text:
Errors and any other interruptions are one of the major sources of frustration to viewers. The correlation between technical streaming issues and viewers abandoning playback has been well studied. In essence, there is a real cost to every error that a viewer experiences on your platform. The below models for AVOD and SVOD let you calculate how costly an error is.
In a research paper Krishnan and Sitaraman calculated that "a viewer who experienced failure is 2.32% less likely to revisit the same site within a week". Based on this research we created the following calculator:
Calculate the percentage the customer lifetime value increases by decreasing a particular technical error


text:
Announcement YOSE _PHONE_ CM16 Biologist TERM 7-9 is available on USAJOBS Thursday, June 9 through June 13, 2016. Limited to 100 applicants.
These positions will assist in the implementation of vegetation management and ecological restoration actions for various park projects including but not limited to the Mariposa Grove Restoration Plan, Merced River Management Plan, and Tuolumne River Management Plan. The mixed tour of duty TERM position is located in El Portal, CA. These positions will require working with NPS staff in different divisions throughout the park, other organizations associated with the park, interest groups, and the public.
These positions may require the following skills:
1. Carrying out project management duties by developing work plans and schedules, scopes of work, cost estimates, and proposals and/or grants
2. Designing, developing, creating, and managing GIS projects, statistics, and databases for the long-term maintenance, analysis and dissemination of natural resource-related data sets, working closely with network data managers, park resource managers, scientists, GIS specialists, and cooperating personnel.
3. Designing, developing, testing, and implementing scientific monitoring protocols for restoration, revegetation, or invasive species projects.
4. Designing and implementing meadow or wetland monitoring or restoration.
5. Training, leading, and supervising other NPS staff, volunteer groups or interns, sometimes in a wilderness setting.
6. Organizing and ensuring good coordination and logistics for field crews.
7. Developing, designing, and implementing habitat restoration projects.
8. Controlling invasive plants through integrated pest management (IPM), including the use of fire and herbicides.
9. Using GIS for a complex spatial problem to perform an analysis or develop a solution.
10. Combining numeric fields, calculating statistics, generalizing data, summarizing data and using appropriate statistical methods using R, JMP, or SAS.
11. Preparing project reports, including literature review, description of methods, graphs and charts, results, and conclusions or recommendations.
12. Making presentations in the park, at public gatherings, and professional meetings.


text:
Avoid the "dry lake bed" look
I'm guilty of this one as much as anyone else. We're all tempted to stage dinosaur scenes on featureless dry lake beds. Why? Because it's easier than dealing with foliage. But nature rarely looks like that. Usually every available piece of ground is covered with plant life. Unless you're actually setting the scene on a flat landscape, make the terrain uneven. Toss in a fallen log or some boulders. Give the dinosaur something to step over or to squeeze underneath. By giving your dinosaur something in the scene to interact with, you can convey tremendous realism.
Grab environment photos
Whenever you travel to places with Mesozoic plant types, take photos for future reference. Florida has palmettos and cypress swamps that look a lot like what you would have seen 100 million years ago. In other locales you can find ginkgo, redwoods, low ferns, tree ferns, and Araucaria. Take a variety of angles: closeups of branches, tree bases, rotting trunks, and swampy edges.
Add dino damage
Large animals in Africa are hard on plants, and dinosaurs would be no different. Look at photos of plants in Africa, where animals break off low branches, trample small plants, rub against the bark, or nip off all but the highest leaves. If you add dino damage on the plants and trees, you'll add a level of storytelling that will add naturalism to the whole scene.
Overlap the foreground
Overlap parts of the dinosaur's figure with foreground detail. This almost always happens in real life. The detail might be a branch, a rock, a clump of ferns, or another dinosaur. Don't show the whole pose in crisp detail. Throw parts of it out of focus. If the foreground element is close to the viewer, blur it a bit.
Add dappled light
If your scene is set underneath tall trees, most of the subject will be in shadow, with spots of dappled light filtering down from the canopy. You can use this effect to your artistic advantage by featuring the center of interest in strong light, and disguising the less important parts of the pose with dappled illumination. Remember that the size and blurriness of the dots of light increases as the ray of light travels farther from the source of the cast shadow.
Previous dino art workshop posts: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3
Previous GJ post on dappled light, link.
ImagineFX Magazine, link.
Cassowary image from Picasaweb, link.
Elephant damage, link.
Tomorrow: The last installment on vignetting


text:
Algebra Seminar talk
Antoine Mottet (Univerzita Karlova)
Cores of structures with a Ramsey expansion
A core is a relational structure whose endomorphisms behave locally as automorphisms. Cores are objects that appear naturally in the study of constraint satisfaction problems, and in this context it is an important question to determine which classes of structures can be reduced to the study of the cores inside them. The class of finite structures is a trivial such example, and the class of countably categorical structures is another (Bodirsky, 2003). In this talk, I will show that the same holds for structures admitting a countably categorical Ramsey expansion. This is joint work with Michael Pinsker.


text:
WindTracker and WindLogger comparison / difference
LeWL WindLogger Vs WindTracker
Logic Energy's WindLogger (LeWL) and WindTracker are compact, self-contained and robust loggers both designed for wind data collection and recording. They are used for small scale wind turbine site assessment up to around 15 metres hub height. The devices are broadly similar in function, but differ in terms of:
- Wind data calculation and manipulation
- Wind data recording and presentation
The WindLogger can be configured for different recording intervals and anemometers, and gives a complete timestamped data set for use in analysis software. The WindLogger comes with simple report and analysis software and spreadsheet, but other analysis software can also be used.
The main features are:
- Recording intervals of 1 minute or 10 minutes.
- Records data for 2 anemometers (speed) and 1 wind vane (direction).
- Time-stamped data for each interval includes average, maximum, and standard deviation of wind speed; average wind direction; and internal temperature.
- Data stored on SD memory card in standard CSV data file, suitable for import into spreadsheet or wind analysis software.
- Logger comes with SD card, and contains setup software, user guide and analysis tools.
- Logger can be configured from PC using a setup utility or serial port terminal.
The WindTracker is a simple but effective wind data logger that requires very little setup and allows you to generate a wind data report with minimum effort.
The main features are:
- Measures speed and direction for 1 anemometer and 1 wind vane.
- Continuously samples speed/direction. Updates internal statistics each hour.
- Writes current data to SD memory card on demand (insert the card to get new data). Each wind report contains a summary of the site wind profile for the entire monitoring period.
- Wind data summary is stored in a compact file that can be uploaded to the wind report generator on the Logic Energy website to create a graphical wind report.
- Wind report data includes:
- Average wind speed.
- Wind Speed Frequency Distribution – shows how often the wind speed wind reaches specific values (12 speed bands/bins from 2 to 13+ m/s).
- Average wind direction for each wind speed band (based on 16 direction bins).
- WindTracker comes with SD memory card and contains instructions. SD card is just used to configure the device and collect wind data, and should not be permanently left in the device.
Back to Small wind logging kits
Your Cart is Empty


text:
Can your condom give you cancer? World health chiefs warn chemical found in tyres, gloves and babies' dummies causes diseases
- Chemical found in everything from pacifiers to condoms may cause cancer
- MBT, used in rubber manufacturing, 'probably causes cancer', WHO say
- Footballers who use rubber 3G pitches may be at risk from toxic material
A chemical found in everything from babies' dummies to condoms may cause cancer, global health chiefs say.
The World Health Organisation has concluded that MBT, which is used in rubber manufacturing, 'probably causes cancer'.
It says the chemical is in rubber gloves, condoms, soft playground surfaces made of 'rubber crumb', medical catheters and car tyres. Other potential sources include rubber insoles for shoes, air beds, elastic bands, babies' dummies and swimming caps and goggles.
A chemical found in everything from babies' dummies to condoms may cause cancer, global health chiefs say
Rubber crumb, granules of rubber made from recycled tyres, is also a key component of the 3G football pitches that are springing up around the country. The all-weather surfaces are already at the centre of a cancer scare, with claims that they contain mercury, lead, arsenic and other toxic chemicals.
It is feared that players, and particularly goalkeepers, will accidentally swallow the substance when diving. The rubber could also become lodged in cuts and grazes.
Nigel Maguire, whose 18-year-old son Lewis, a keen goalkeeper, has the immune system cancer Hodgkin lymphoma, said: 'This crumb rubber goes everywhere.'
Mr Maguire, who took early retirement from his job as chief executive of NHS Cumbria to help his son, said: 'Lewis has come in saying, 'I've got it in my eyes, in my ears, in my mouth'. We'd have to scrape it off his kit. The more I look into it, the more horrified I am.'
At a meeting in Lyon, France, 24 experts from eight countries said they were satisfied there was enough evidence to add the chemical – which has long been blamed for skin allergies – to its 'encyclopaedia of carcinogens'.
The rating, as a substance that 'probably causes cancer', puts it alongside red meat and only one rung below cigarettes, asbestos and other substances that definitely cause the disease.
The World Health Organisation has concluded that MBT, which is used in rubber manufacturing including babies' dummies, 'probably causes cancer'
Other potential sources include rubber insoles for shoes, air beds, elastic bands, babies' dummies and swimming caps and goggles
The rating, as a substance that 'probably causes cancer', puts it alongside red meat and only one rung below cigarettes, asbestos and other substances that definitely cause the disease
Professor Hans Kromhout, a member of the committee that reviewed the chemical, said: 'It has been identified in gloves and baby bottle teats and soothers.
'It has recently been identified in inhalable road dust with the wearing of rubber tyres the most likely source of this contamination.'
A leading British expert on chemical exposure urged the public not to worry, saying everyday items were unlikely to pose a threat.
But the WHO admitted that it was unaware of the scale of the risk.
And campaigners urged people to ask retailers if MBT – full name 2-mercaptobenzothiazole – was in products before buying them.
The WHO's International Agency for Research on Cancer reviewed data on the substance, including a study of workers at a Welsh chemical factory. The research, by professor Tom Sorahan, of Birmingham University, linked MBT to bladder cancer, bowel cancer and a type of blood cancer. But because the workers were also exposed to other chemicals, it was hard to be certain MBT was to blame.
Even some types of rubber gloves may have the deadly cancer causing chemical
But, with other research showing the chemical to raise the risk of cancer in animals, the WHO – outlining its decision in the journal Lancet Oncology – ruled there was a strong possibility it was also harmful to people.
A spokesman said: 'MBT is used mainly in manufacturing rubber products. The most important exposures are to workers in the chemical and rubber industries.
'The general public may be exposed to small amounts of MBT by skin contact with some rubber goods, such as gloves and footwear, or by inhaling tyre dust in urban air. Risks to the public at large from these types of exposures have not been studied.'
Professor Sorahan said large amounts of MBT loose in factories could be dangerous but said the small amounts woven into everyday products were not likely to be harmful. He added: 'I doubt whether MBT is a health issue for the general population but workers manufacturing or using the chemical need to be protected.'
But Dr Michael Warhurst, of campaign group CHEM Trust, said: 'We need the regulatory system to work faster to protect us. People would be right to be concerned about this, and to ask retailers whether this chemical is present in products that they have bought.'
Learn more about human mutilations by alleged Extraterrestrials _URL_
Learn about NASA paedophiles being caught downloading child porn and being protected _URL_
Learn more about the Skull & Bones gay Satanic rituals _URL_
Learn about the Nazi origins of the European Union _URL_
Learn about Nazi UFOs _URL_
Learn more about Satanic/Luciferian bisexual paedophile Aleister Crowley _URL_
Learn more about paedophile child snuff rings _URL_
View pictures of paedophiles and the royal family _URL_
Learn more about the British police _URL_
Learn more about people trying to murder you and your family _URL_
Learn more about Freemason paedophile rings _URL_
Learn more about the paedophile ring thats been operating inside the British and American intelligence agencies _URL_


Characterization and calibration of solar radiation sensors (B)
Introduction
There are two principal types of instruments that measure the incident solar radiation, the pyrheliometer to measure the direct normal irradiance (DNI) and the pyranometer to measure the global horizontal irradiance (GHI) and the diffuse horizontal irradiance (DfHI). There are many manufacturers of each type of instrument and there are several novel instruments that measure all three components at once. In addition, there are instruments that measure the circumsolar irradiance (scattered light surrounding the solar disk) and spectroradiometers that measure the spectral distribution of incident DNI, GHI, DfHI, and ground reflected irradiance. Spectroradiometers and other specialized instruments such as ultraviolet sensors and pyrgeometers that measure long-wavelength radiation will not be discussed here. For a more thorough treatment of instruments that measure solar radiation see (Vignola et al., 2019).
Discussion will start with pyrheliometers that measure DNI irradiance, followed by a discussion of instruments being tested that measure the circumsolar irradiance and then pyranometers are reviewed. Multifaceted pyranometers that produce all three irradiance values will then be covered. Not covered are spectroradiometers that monitor the spectral distribution on the incident radiation. Instead of measuring the total or broadband incident solar radiation, spectroradiometers measure the spectral composition of the incident solar radiation.
In the case of measurements characterization, the relevant features for calibration sensors are defined at each calibration standard. Thus, in this case the relevant features for the characterization and calibration of solar radiation sensors at each project stage are the need of one specific type of characterization service.
(B) Feasibility
Ground-based measurements augment satellite-derived values in feasibility studies and are useful in assuring that the values fully characterize the solar resource. Therefore, the instruments should be calibrated to ensure the data accurately reflects the solar resource. In addition, the calibration helps identify biases in the ground-based measurements.
 - Calibration of pyrheliometer: yes.
 - Calibration of pyranometers: yes.
 - Calibration of RSI: yes
 - Maintenance: frequent cleaning; alignment checking (frequency depending on site-specific factors)
TABLE 1. LOOK UP TABLE OF CATEGORIE AND USESGrey cells in Table 1 are later described. Cells width N.A. legend, means that no relevant applications are showed later.
Users
Proyect developers needs at diferent plant stages Other users
Category of product service (A) Pre-feasibility (B) Feasibility & Design (C) Due Diligence Financing (D) Plant Accep-tance Test (E) Systems or Plant Operations (F) Grid operators (G) Policy makers (H) Education / Outreach
CHARACTERIZATION AND CALIBRATION OF SOLAR RADIATION SENSORS
Calibration of pyrheliometer
Pyrheliometers consist of a tube with an aperture at one end of the tube and the sensor is at the other end of the tube. They have baffles to limit the field of view to the solar disk and a small area around the disk and are similar in appearance to small telescopes. Common pyrheliometers have a field of view that range from about 5.0° to 5.7° degrees with a 5.0° field of view now becoming standard.
There are three types of pyrheliometers, and their performance will be compared and contrasted.
 - Absolute Cavity Radiometers:
 - Thermopile-based pyrheliometers:
 - Photodiode-based pyrheliometer:
Calibration of a pyrheliometer is done by comparing the output of the instrument under clear stable atmospheric conditions against the output of an absolute cavity radiometer that has its calibration traceable to the World Radiometric Reference (WRR). Alternatively, the instrument can be calibrated against another pyrheliometer of the same type that has its calibration traceable to the WRR (ASTM E816-05, 2015; ISO 9847:1992, 1992).
_______________________
² The term beam normal irradiance (BNI) is being used more frequently to avoid confusion with direct and diffuse, especially when the components are on horizontal or tilted surface
The uncertainties determined for the instruments in this section are obtained using the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurements (JCGM, 2008). Pyrheliometers are classified into types to help differentiate the uncertainties in irradiance measurements from these instruments.
Calibration of field pyranometers
There are three distinct methods for calibrating pyranometers:
 - Shade/unshade calibration: The most accurate method is the shade/unshade method. The DNI irradiance is calculated by subtracting the unshaded measurement from the shaded measurement and projecting this difference equal to the angle of incidence.
 - Summation method: The second method is to calculate the reference GHI from the combination of DNI projected onto a horizontal surface plus the measured DfHI irradiance (ASTM, 2015; ISO 9847:1992, 1992).
 - Side by side calibration: The third method is method is a side by side comparison with a reference pyranometer that has its calibration traceable to the WRR (ISO 9847:1992, 1992).
The percent uncertainties given for pyranometer are for a limited range of incident angles, typically from 30° to 60°. Therefore, under clear skies when the solar zenith angle is greater than 60° or less than 30° systematic biases in the data can be greater than the stated uncertainty. This is particularly true during the winter months when the latitude is 40° or more from the equator (Wilcox & Myers, 2008). During the middle of winter at these high latitudes, the SZA is always larger than 63° and this is outside the range specified for the pyranometer uncertainty (see Figures 6.a and 6.b).
Calibration of RSBR
Rotating Shadowband Irradiometer (RSI) and SPN1 Sunshine Pyranometers are two instruments that determine all three irradiance component, GHI, DfHI, and DNI irradiance, simultaneously and are often used in regions with where little maintenance is available. The generic name for these instruments is a rotating shadowband irradiometer (RSI), however some use the term Rotating Shadow Band Radiometer (RSBR) because irradiometers typically refer to instruments measuring infrared radiation. A brief description of these instruments is given along with a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of each type.
There are two types of RSI instruments. One uses a thermopile-based pyranometer and the other uses a photodiode-based pyranometer. In general, the RSBR measures GHI and then periodically a shadow band rotates in front of the pyranometer to measure the DfHI irradiance. The direct horizontal irradiance (DrHI) is calculated by subtracting the DfHI from the GHI and the DNI is determined by projecting the DrHI onto the normal surface.
Both instruments require adjustment algorithms to remove systematic effects associated with the problems of the pyranometer used to measure the irradiance (Vignola et al., 2016; Vuilleumier et al., 2017).
Several methods have been used to calibrate RSI instruments. Calibration methods have to consider the adjustment methodology used to remove the systematic biases associated with the instrument. A detailed description on the different methodologies can be found in (Jessen et al., 2016).
The algorithms used to remove the bias from the RSI measurements are different for each calibration methodology. The RSBR instruments are evolving as are the algorithms used to remove the systematic biases.
 1. Deviation from true cosine response, also called Lambertian response. The flux of energy incident on a surface is proportional to the intensity of the energy from a given direction multiplied by the cosine of the angle of incidence. This is called Lambert Law. In practice when one measures the intensity of light on the thermopile, the measurement intensity closely follows Lambert's Law, but the match is not perfect. There can be many causes for this deviation from a true cosine response. These sources of deviation can range from the level of the sensor to the effects of the light passing through the glass dome(s). All pyranometers exhibit some deviation from the Lambert Law, especially at large incident angles.
 1. Thermal offsets
Thermal offsets are caused by radiative losses from the black disc to the sky with the radiation first heating the glass dome(s) before being radiated to the sky. The amount of thermal offset is dependent on the difference between the black disc and the sky temperature. When the sky is cloudy, the sky temperature is close to ambient temperature and the radiative offset is small. When the sky is clear, the sky temperature is typically much less than ambient temperature and the thermal offset can range from a few watt hours/m2 per hour to 10 or even 20 Whr/m2 per hour. Pyranometers that are on tilted surfaces exhibit smaller thermal offsets because the instrument 'sees'