text:
Inspiring steel value chain collaboration between architects, designers, engineers and construction companies delivering world-class projects across the African continent was the highlight of the 2023 Steel Awards, presented by the Southern African Institute for Steel Construction (SAISC).
This red carpet event, commonly referred to as the 'Oscars of the steel industry' was held at Emperor's Palace, Gauteng on October 19 and themed Game of Thrones: not only to celebrate the proud legacy of steel through the ages and its pivotal contribution to civilisation, but also the significant achievements of the South African steel sector.
Every year, the SAISC-hosted Steel Awards provide an opportunity for stakeholders across the industry and steel value chain – including designers, architects, engineers, processors, merchants and fabricators – to present their work and be honoured for their outstanding achievements.
Forging head in Africa
Of particular interest to the judges this year was that many of the notable projects nominated were not confined to South Africa, but exported – and in some cases executed – across the continent. This was reflected in the number of Pan-African projects which won awards, and indicated that one of the SAISC's long-held goals – is being realised.
"Fabricators and manufacturers have really forged ahead and made a big leap into Africa! They have built structures in a way that has never been done before, delivering products and innovations which have never been seen before – not only locally but across the continent," says SAISC Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Amanuel Gebremeskel.
"For over a decade, we have been encouraging our industry not only to be a centre of manufacturing excellence, but also to get involved in more advanced projects – producing products and innovations which have not been used before in the world. You would expect this in first-world economies like Europe, the US, South Korea or Japan. The fact that we can achieve this standard in South Africa is impressive! We always hear that many large African projects are being created by Chinese, Indian or even American contractors. That does not have to be the case. We have the capacity and the engineering capability to do this and that is what the Steel Awards are all about," Gebremeskel enthuses.
He adds that many of the projects showcased at the SAISC 2023 Awards are iconic structures, which have made a lasting contribution to the built environment – and will be a testament to South African steel sector skill for many years.
Gebremeskel highlighted the following three projects in particular:
Fresh and fabulous as the overall winner – and more
The Mpumalanga International Fresh Produce Market is not only the Steel Awards 2023 overall winner – but also garnered several other awards as winner of the Factory and Warehouse category, the Tubular category and recipient of the Best Project Mpumalanga Award.
Nominated by Tass Engineering, the project was designed by Orbic Architects and constructed by (amongst several others) the main contractor Enza Construction and steelwork contractor Tass Engineering.
This so-called 'market of the future' was constructed for the Mpumalanga Economic Growth Agency to act as a regional catalyst for growth, creating jobs and improving food security. Serving the local and international food industry, it is more effective and efficient than existing, traditional fresh produce markets.
The steelwork roof covers a 29,000m2 floor and is designed to provide maximum usable floor space with minimal support columns. The building was also designed to accommodate future alterations and expansion.
The main challenge was the sheer size of the roof structure and its structural framing system, which posed a significant logistical challenge to transport – from the Kempton Park fabrication site to the market site over 300km away in Mbombela. To address this challenge, modular components were transported in smaller sections and then erected on site.
"Fitting all the pieces of this Meccano-like construction in a seamless and cohesive manner was a huge achievement. These challenges were overcome by carefully-designed jigging systems used for the fabrication of the components, and then trial assembling the major structural components and interfaces between them.
Also impressive is the fact that the engineer who designed the structure came up with a very elegant solution for the problem posed: the need for a lot of column-free space. To solve this, an arched roof was used along the entire 220 metre length – supported at each end using a structural framing system. The aesthetics and project execution – including the engineering, connections used, the seamlessness thereof and how the structure was erected – is quite amazing and a testament to the power of structural steel as a material of construction," Gebremeskel comments.
A record-breaking distribution centre
Structural steel also played a pivotal role in the Pick 'n Pay Distribution Centre East Port project, joint winner of the Factory and Warehouse category, winner of the Innovation and Sustainability category and recipient of the Best Project Gauteng Award.
One of the stand-out features of this exceptional project is the use of extremely long roofing sheets, ranging from 68 metres to a staggering 280 metres. These unprecedented roof sheeting lengths required innovative solutions for handling and installation – ultimately earning the project a place in the Guinness World Records.
The roof design features a distinctive curved profile with a radius of approximately 600 metres. This unique curvature required the use of the 'sky-forming' method to roll and shape the roofing sheets accurately. The success of the project hinged on close collaboration between various teams, including structural engineers, steel fabricators, material suppliers and roofing contractors. This teamwork was essential for problem-solving and adapting the design and construction to the very specific challenges posed by this challenging project.
"This is a phenomenal innovation, and a lot of work went into it. It is very nice to see one of our established, older steel companies showing a lot of vigour and energy. We have really achieved world leadership in sky-rolling capabilities. This is not only a notable project in South Africa, but globally," Gebremeskel comments.
A praiseworthy achievement in Chad
The third project Gebremeskel highlighted is the Our Lady of Peace Cathedral in N'Djamena in Chad, which is the winner of the Light Steel Frame Building category.
Conceptual design to restore the cathedral started in March 2014, and addressed wind-load considerations through the implementation of a specialised shell structure design employing custom-made brackets to securely anchor the light-weight steel to the concrete structure.
This remote Central African project location required on-site fabrication. A number of logistical challenges had to be overcome due to the absence of nearby ports and limited road infrastructure suitable for container transport. The entire project also had to be successfully delivered during a period of political instability in the region.
"South African steel companies are not only doing incredible work in very complicated environments administratively, politically and security-wise – but are creating structures that are also very noteworthy – as demonstrated by this and other Pan-African projects this year," advises Gebremeskel.
In summary, the Steel Awards 2023 category winners are as follows (information either in press release / links to additional project information and images will be provided):
Mining and Industrial:
Winner: Azmet Reactors – this bold pan-African mining project entailed fabrication and transport to the DRC of 6 reactor tanks, with detailed design of complex geometry featuring FEM (finite element method) modelling and an integrated support frame and platform
Factory and Warehouse Category / Metal Cladding
Winners: Mpumulanga International Fresh Produce Market and Pick 'n Pay Distribution Centre East Port (see above)
Winner: Mpumulanga International Fresh Produce Market (see above)
Light Steel Frame Building
Winner: Our Lady of Peace Cathedral – Chad (see above)
Architecturally Exposed Steelwork
Winner: NMU Ocean Sciences Campus Extensions – this project's innovative use of steel succeeds in showcasing the university as a world-class tertiary education institution of choice
Innovation and Sustainability
Winner: Pick 'n Pay Distribution Centre East Port (see above)
Best Export Project
Winner: Azmet Reactors (see above)
- Best Project Gauteng – Pick 'n Pay Distribution Centre East Port (see above)
- Best Project Western Cape – Hasso Plattner d-school Afrika – this innovative use of space expresses and celebrates the building's unusual geometry, overcoming the challenges of a highly congested site and construction during the Covid-19 pandemic
- Best Project Eastern Cape – NMU Ocean Sciences Campus Extensions (see above)
- Best Project Mpumalanga – Mpumulanga International Fresh Produce Market (see above)
- Best Project KwaZulu-Natal – Pepkor Warehouse, Hammarsdale – this retailer warehouse was completed against a background of severe socio-political unrest and also extreme weather. The cost-effective design and interactive project coordination and implementation are key highlights of this project
Although the SAISC does not judge project nominations according to budget and size, Gebremeskel acknowledged that many nominated this year were far greater in size and financial value than previously. Although mining projects – and especially those in remote locations – are inevitably the largest, he observes that large retail distribution centres have also grown tremendously in size, and also aesthetically.
"Projects such as the Pick and Pay distribution centre – winner in several categories – and the KwaZulu-Natal category winner, the Pepkor Warehouse, Hammarsdale – both point to this. Our retailers are looking for greater efficiency, so these buildings are getting larger every year. South Africa is becoming the vanguard for the construction of distribution centres throughout the region. These are the kinds of buildings that many other countries in Africa require moving forward, so we need to develop local steel sector expertise to deliver similar projects cross-border in the future," he says.
He adds that there were also a lot of architecturally-driven projects this year. Winner of the Architecturally Exposed Steelwork and Best Project Eastern Cape categories, the Ocean Sciences


specific properties on one or more files, directories, and/or other filesystem objects based on metadata returned by the Linux/Unix stat command. Each option specifies a test which is applied to each of the filename(s) in order. The check fails if any of the comparisons does not match. Options to this check are as follows:
Check Option Purpose
-Dnum Specifies that the device ID for filename(s) should be num (decimal or hex)
-Gname Specifies that filename(s) should be owned by group name
-Mmode Specifies that the permissions for filename(s) should include at LEAST the bits set in mode
-Nsecs Specifies that the ctime (i.e., inode change time) of filename(s) should be newer than secs seconds ago
-Osecs Specifies that the ctime (i.e., inode change time) of filename(s) should be older than secs seconds ago
-Tnum Specifies that the minor device number for filename(s) be num
-Uname Specifies that filename(s) should be owned by user name
-dnum Specifies that the device ID for filename(s) should be num (decimal or hex)
-ggid Specifies that filename(s) should be owned by group id gid
-mmode Specifies that the permissions for filename(s) should include at LEAST the bits set in mode
-nsecs Specifies that the mtime (i.e., modification time) of filename(s) should be newer than secs seconds ago
-osecs Specifies that the mtime (i.e., modification time) of filename(s) should be older than secs seconds ago
-tnum Specifies that the major device number for filename(s) be num
-uuid Specifies that filename(s) should be owned by uid uid
Example (Assert correct uid, gid, owner, group, & major/minor device numbers for /dev/null): check_file_stat -u 0 -g 0 -U root -G root -t 1 -T 3 /dev/null
check_file_test
check_file_test [-a] [-b] [-c] [-d] [-e] [-f] [-g] [-h] [-k] [-p] [-r] [-s] [-t] [-u] [-w] [-x] [-O] [-G] [-L] [-S] [-N] filename(s)
check_file_test allows the user to assert very simple attributes on one or more files, directories, and/or other filesystem objects based on tests which can be performed via the shell's built-in test command. Each option specifies a test which is applied to each of the filename(s) in order. NHC internally evaluates the shell expression testoption filename for each option given for each filename specified. (In other words, passing 2 options and 3 filenames will evaluate 6 test expressions in total.) The check fails if any of the test command evaluations returns false. For efficiency, this check should be used in preference to check_file_stat whenever possible as it does not require calling out to the stat command. Options to this check are as follows:
Check Option Purpose
-a Evaluates to true if the filename being tested exists (same as -e).
-b Evaluates to true if the filename being tested exists and is block special.
-c Evaluates to true if the filename being tested exists and is character special.
-d Evaluates to true if the filename being tested exists and is a directory.
-e Evaluates to true if the filename being tested exists.
-f Evaluates to true if the filename being tested exists and is a regular file.
-g Evaluates to true if the filename being tested exists and is setgid.
-h Evaluates to true if the filename being tested exists and is a symbolic link.
-k Evaluates to true if the filename being tested exists and has its sticky bit set.
-p Evaluates to true if the filename being tested exists and is a named pipe.
-r Evaluates to true if the filename being tested exists and is readable.
-s Evaluates to true if the filename being tested exists and is not empty.
-t Evaluates to true if the filename being tested is a numeric file descriptor which references a valid tty.
-u Evaluates to true if the filename being tested exists and is setuid.
-w Evaluates to true if the filename being tested exists and is writable.
-x Evaluates to true if the filename being tested exists and is executable.
-O Evaluates to true if the filename being tested exists and is owned by NHC's EUID.
-G Evaluates to true if the filename being tested exists and is owned by NHC's EGID.
-L Evaluates to true if the filename being tested exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h).
-S Evaluates to true if the filename being tested exists and is a socket.
-N Evaluates to true if the filename being tested exists and has been modified since it was last read.
Example (Assert correct ownerships and permissions on /dev/null similar to above, assuming NHC runs as root): check_file_test -O -G -c -r -w /dev/null
check_fs_inodes
check_fs_inodes mountpoint [min] [max]
Ensures that the specified mountpoint has at least min but no more than max total inodes. Either may be blank.
WARNING: Use of this check requires execution of the /usr/bin/df command which may HANG in cases of NFS failure! If you use this check, consider also using Detached Mode!
Example (make sure /tmp has at least 1000 inodes): check_fs_inodes /tmp 1k
check_fs_ifree
check_fs_ifree mountpoint min
Ensures that the specified mountpoint has at least min free inodes.
WARNING: Use of this check requires execution of the /usr/bin/df command which may HANG in cases of NFS failure! If you use this check, consider also using Detached Mode!
Example (make sure /local has at least 100 inodes free): check_fs_ifree /local 100
check_fs_iused
check_fs_iused mountpoint max
Ensures that the specified mountpoint has no more than max used inodes.
WARNING: Use of this check requires execution of the /usr/bin/df command which may HANG in cases of NFS failure! If you use this check, consider also using Detached Mode!
Example (make sure /tmp has no more than 1 million used inodes): check_fs_iused /tmp 1M
check_fs_mount
check_fs_mount [-0] [-r] [-t fstype] [-s source] [-o options] [-O remount_options] [-e missing_action] [-E found_action] {-f|-F} mountpoint [...]
-OR- (deprecated)
check_fs_mount mountpoint [source] [fstype] [options]
check_fs_mount examines the list of mounted filesystems on the local machine to verify that the specified entry is present. mountpoint specifies the directory on the node where the filesystem should be mounted. source is a match string which is compared against the device, whatever that may be (e.g., server:/path for NFS or /dev/sda1 for local). fstype is a match string for the filesystem type (e.g., nfs, ext4, tmpfs). options is a match string for the mount options. Any number (zero or more) of these 3 items (i.e., sources, types, and/or options) may be specified; additionally, one or more mountpoints may be specified. Use -f for normal filesystems and -F for auto-mounted filesystems (to trigger them to be mounted prior to performing the check).
Unless the -0 (non-fatal) option is given, this check will fail if any of the specified filesystems is not found or does not match the type(s)/source(s)/option(s) specified. The -r (remount) option will cause NHC to attempt to re-mount missing filesystem(s) by issuing the system command "mount -oremount_optionsfilesystem" in the background as root. This is "best effort," so success or failure of the mount attempt is not taken into account. If specified, missing_action is executed if a filesystem is not found. Also, if specified, found_action is executed for each filesystem which is found and correctly mounted.
Example (check for NFS hard-mounted /home from bluearc1:/global/home and mount if missing): check_fs_mount -r -s bluearc


Where does the name Eileen come from?
By: Guest
Date: Sat-Sep-12-2009-
Eileen is an Anglicised form of the older Irish Gaelic names Eilin and Aibhilin. (Such names were often Anglicised with an "een" ending.) Both these derive from Norman French, and are probably versions of Ava or Aveline. Ava itself is of Germanic origin and uncertain meaning. There was a St Ava in France in the 9th century, but the name was rarely used until the 20th, when the fame of Hollywood actress Ava Gardner made it a popular choice for girls.
Eileen was better known in Ireland than anywhere else until the early 20th century, when it became popular all over the English-speaking world. It was especially well known in the 1980s when Dexy's Midnight Runners produced their hit song "Come on Eileen."
There is a less widespread Scottish variant, Aileen, and there is no masculine.EQUIV.alent.
[d] By: Guest
Date: Sat-Sep-12-2009
What is 1 + 100
Just Updated::


Laowai Comics: And What Do You Do?
Laowai Comics
Laowai Comics is a periodic webcomic. Beijing Cream is proud to debut its Thursday comic every week. Our intrepid artist is taking the rest of the summer off, so enjoy this one for a while! Full archives here.
Click to enlarge
 6 Responses to "Laowai Comics: And What Do You Do?"
 1. mike
 the real joke is that they're all English teachers… they just do the 'interesting/cool' thing in their spare time. You honestly think a "Life Coach" can get a 签证 in China? That's rich.
 2. Claus Rasmussen
 How come being English teacher in China is such a low status job?
 I don't hold (Western) teachers in high regard, but I would say that working in China is a step up compared to working in a public school.
 3. Gar
 Anyone I know who is a trained English teacher, always qualifies it:
 "I'm an English teacher…. English literature"
 "Oh, I teach English language"
 And anyone who's a non-English teacher equally qualifies it: "I'm a teacher"
 "But I teach maths"
 Leave a Reply
 - (will not be published)
 + 2 = five


text:
0.1 Organismic Set Theory and Relational Biology
Organismic sets () were defined by Nicolas Rashevsky as simple set-theoretical models of organization in living organisms at discrete integer or zero levels by means of sets of several distinct types or order beginning at the zeroth order, and having an upper limit as the fifth or sixth order of roganization. Thus, in the case of organismic sets of zero-th order,, the elements correspond to genes, and a concrete is defined as the set of all genes of a specific organism or organism type (understood as a stable biological species).
Alternatively, can be defined as a set representation of any organismic genome,, consisting of the complete set of active, functional genes of an organism together with controlling genes/operons. The latter are then also considered together with inputs from the environment, as well as their activities and relations among organismic set elements (genes in the case of ), where are indices in a countable, index set. Thus, Rashevsky's organismic set (OS) theory is part of abstract relational biology (_URL_ but unlike organismic networks, metabolic-replication systems and organismic supercategories, Rashevsky's OS are only endowed with the discrete topology, and are thus the simplest model whose only connectivities to organization are through the hierarchical lattice structure of the different types of OS, from to (), with. At the next level of biological organization, cells are considered as first order organismic sets,, whereas multi-cellular organisms are modeled by organismic sets of second order,, whose 'elements' are the first order organismic sets, or cells,. Attempts were then made by Rashevsky to expand his theory of organismic sets to organizational models of human societies. Results from such studies of relations between sets were considered to be far more important than the numerical or quantitative aspects that play such important roles in physics and chemistry. A number of interesting results were obtained by means of standard (Boolean) logic predicates applied to organismic sets and their relations. Further details can be found in the publications listed below and the references cited therein. Subsequently, autopoietic theories have enlarged upon, and also extended, the application of organismic sets to biological and ecological systems.
- 1 Rashevsky, N.: 1965, The Representation of Organisms in Terms of Predicates, Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 27: 477-491.
- 2 Rashevsky, N.: 1969, Outline of a Unified Approach to Physics, Biology and Sociology., Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 31: 159–198.
|Date of creation||2013-03-22 18:11:20|
|Last modified on||2013-03-22 18:11:20|
|Last modified by||bci1 (20947)|
|Synonym||lattices or sets of organismic structures|

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The Beginnings of Baptist Hospital - 1920s
- Old Main (1923)
- Progressive Care (1928) - Originally built as the Blanche Barrus Nurses' Home
Old Main (1923)
Old Main was the original Baptist Hospital building. The five story, 80 bed facility was officially dedicated on May 28, 1923. On October 24, 1978 the building was demolished to make room for Watlington Hall. In 1920 the Baptist State Convention appointed a committee to select a site for the hospital. The four largest cities in North Carolina were possible options: Charlotte, Winston-Salem, Greensboro and Raleigh. The winning site was of course Winston-Salem. Construction began in 1921.
For a history of NCBH and the School of Nursing, read Ms. Heinzerling's 1960 manuscript.
Although this photograph has "30" in the upper right corner, this picture most likely is not from 1930. Rather, this photograph is probably from around 1923 when the building was completed, as there are no grown trees or bushes in the front.
The site the Baptist State Convention building committee chose was an 11.2 acre, undeveloped piece of land in the Ardmore section of Winston-Salem. The land was heavily wooded with a small brook. It has been written that the tract of land was known as the "wilds of Ardmore." Ardmore as a whole was not fully developed at this time. Only two houses faced the hospital, and there were two paved roads: Hawthorne and Queen Street.
This is another photograph of Old Main. Here small trees and bushes are apparent, so it must be later than the previous picture but earlier than 1941, as the medical school building is not visible.
When the hospital first opened, the first floor was made up of offices, a sitting room, x-ray department, nurses' dining room, switch-board and kitchens. The Director of Nurses also lived on the first floor in her own suite. During the first year of operation, the hospital only used two floors for patients, the third and fourth floors. The third floor was for obstetrical patients while the fourth floor was for medicine and surgery for adults and children. The fifth floor was used as living facilities for the nurses of the Nursing School. During the first week of operation, twenty five patients were admitted to the new hospital.
Another photograph of Old Main with its original entrance and no medical school building to be seen. Once again, the small trees and bushes lead one to believe the date is sometime after 1923 but before 1941. One source lists the date as 1928.
In 1978 the demolition of Old Main began, much to the reluctance of Medical Center staff. It was necessary to tear down the historic building because it was not fire-proof, thus making it unusable for patient care, and renovating it for office space was not economically feasible.
A funeral of sorts was held for the building on October 11,1978 before demolition began. Many people involved in the Medical Center's growth spoke about Old Main during a memorial service for the building.
This photograph has "1923" labeled in the lower left corner, but this too is unlikely the photograph's date as there are mature trees and bushes around the building. The photograph was taken by Dr. W.H. Sprunt, an employee at the hospital.
In 1948 the hospital underwent some construction that changed Old Main's entrance.
This undated photograph shows Old Main's new entrance (1948) as well as the first medical school building (right).
Progressive Care Building (Blanche Barrus Nurses' Home) 1928
What is now known as the Progressive Care Building, was once the Blanche Barrus Nurses' Home. Completed in 1928, makes Progressive Care the oldest standing building at the Medical Center. This facility is easily noticeable on the corner of Hawthorne Road and Medical Center Boulevard.
North Carolina Baptist Hospital was home to a Nursing School, and it was customary for the students to live in the hospital. Soon enough, the nursing program outgrew its residences on the fifth floor of the hospital making the construction of a new home necessary.
The home was dedicated to Blanche Barrus, the first paid, full-time secretary of the Woman's Missionary Union (WMU). Blanche Barrus traveled the state spreading her missionary goals, and then worked on obtaining her medical degree in order to become a medical missionary. Just before completing her internship, Blanche Barrus became ill and died.
Two nursing students shared each bedroom with a full bathroom between every two rooms. There was even a classroom in the basement. In 1936 an additional eighteen bedrooms were built as well as a front porch.
The nurse in the right photograph is Lucille Cain Hartman, class of 1932.
In 1959 renovations began on the Nurses' home to convert it to a progressive care center. The nurses moved into the Twin Castles Apartments, adjacent to the hospital.
The Progressive Care Center opened in 1961 and provided seventy-nine hotel type patient rooms, bringing the hospital's bed count to almost 500. The center also had a beauty shop, barber, cafeteria, snack bar, and recreation room.
Such an idea was unique and received national attention. The PCC primarily served out of town patients who did not need close nursing supervision, thus reducing the costs of the patient's stay. In 1974 a new twenty-six bed psychiatric inpatient department opened on the third floor.
This photograph was not dated, however it is sometime after the 1961 opening of the PCC. The exterior of building today has not changed much since it was built in 1928. Currently the PC Building is home to several departments such as facility services and the life support education program.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
When economists say that something is "linear", rather than "non-linear", they normally mean it is a straight line, rather than curved. Y=a+bX is linear; Y=a+bX2 is non-linear.
That is NOT what I am going to mean by "linear" in this post.
Instead, I am going to use the words "linear" and "non-linear" in the way Artsies use those words. A "linear" plot is one that starts at the beginning, then continues with day causing following day, until it gets to the end. A "non-linear" plot curves back on itself, with simultaneity, flashbacks and flashforwards, and self-referential asides where the characters wonder if they are in a story and how it's going to end.
Economics is now, and has been for hundreds of years, a non-linear discipline, in the Artsie sense of the word.
[Update: anyone who doesn't get my point, or who wants to see the point explained by someone who understands math modelling better than me, or who wants to see it from the perspective of a real scientist (not an economist) who studies predator-prey dynamics, should read Jeremy Fox.]
The very simple story of demand and supply, as we teach it in ECON1000, is a fundamentally non-linear story. If you try to tell the demand and supply story as a linear story, you always get into deep trouble. "Bad weather causes a decrease in supply, which causes an increase in price, which causes a decrease in demand, which causes a decrease in price, which causes a decrease in supply, which causes an increase in price...."
Explaining demand and supply to first year students is difficult, precisely because it is a non-linear story. They want to know whether a change in quantity causes a change in price, or whether a change in price causes a change in quantity? And in which direction will price change if quantity changes, or will quantity change if price changes? And you can't answer that question, because it doesn't make sense. We can only answer "both".
And so we draw a supply and demand curve diagram, point to the intersection of the two curves, and say that price and quantity are co-determined simultaneously in equilibrium by the supply and demand curves. Where the supply curve is the whole relationship between price and quantity supplied; and the demand curve is the whole relationship between price and quantity demanded. And explain that supply, quantity supplied, and quantity sold are three different concepts. And explain how demand, quantity demanded, and quantity bought, are also three different concepts. And tell a story of the disequilibrium sub-plot in which an excess supply causes price to fall to the equilibrium, and excess demand causes price to rise to the equilibrium. And distinguish that disequilibrium sub-plot from the main equilibrium plot in which shifts in supply or demand curves cause the equilibrium price to rise or fall.
"Equilibrium" is economists' code-word for "this is a non-linear story".
The very simple standard story of demand and supply is a non-linear story. That's what makes it so hard to teach properly. Students really really want to hear a linear story. They like linear stories, because linear stories are so much easier to understand, remember, and explain. You can even write linear stories in point-form. "S up arrow P down arrow D up arrow Q up" would say it all, if the plot were linear. The "arrows" indicate "precedence", in both the causal and temporal sense. If the plot were linear, we could easily lay out the concrete steps through which an increase in supply caused a decrease in price and an increase in quantity, taking one causal step at a time. But it's not linear.
My car has a linear transmission. The engine turns the main shaft, which turns a cog, which turns another cog, which turns the auxilliary shaft,..which turns the axles, which turn the wheels, which make the car go forward. The monetary policy transmission mechanism, even in the very simplest and crudest version of that story, is non-linear. Even calling it the "monetary policy transmission mechanism" is a highly misleading metaphor, because it leads people to expect a linear story.
The simple story of monetary policy I teach in ECON1000 is non-linear like the demand and supply story, only more so. That's because there are more goods, more supply and demand curves, more endogenous variables that get determined simultaneously, and almost everything depends on almost everything else.
I have a shameful admission to make. A couple of times, after some students still didn't get it, I broke down. I told them that this wasn't exactly right, and then wrote down: "M up arrow r down arrow I up arrow Y up arrow P up". And the students loved it. Yes! This they could really understand! They all wrote it down in their notes, memorised it, and regurgitated it on the exam.
What I did was wrong. I linearised a non-linear story. But that's not the point of this post.
The point is that the students really really wanted a linear story of the monetary transmission mechanism. And when I gave them a linear story they thought they understood it. They didn't. They misunderstood it. They misunderstood it just as badly as a student who thinks "an increase in supply causes a decrease in price causes an increase in demand causes an increase in quantity" misunderstands demand and supply.
My students were like the people from the concrete steppes. The people from the concrete steppes want a linear story of the monetary policy transmission mechanism. Sorry, but you can't have it. If you think you understand monetary policy through a linear story, you don't understand it. The true story is non-linear. There is simultaneous causation, so endogenous variables are co-determined in equilibrium. Expectations matter, so the story has flashforwards and flashbacks, where the future affects the present. Those expectations are self-referential, because the characters in the story know the author who works at the central bank, and can anticipate the future plot he plans to write, which affects their actions today. That means a loosening of monetary policy could mean that interest rates rise, not fall. You cannot reason from an interest rate change (Scott Sumner), because interest rates are endogenous variables.
The people from the concrete steppes find this all very frustrating. They want a story with a linear plot, because a linear plot is what they understand. And if they think the linear plot cannot work at the Zero Lower Bound on nominal interest rates, they conclude there must be no plot in which monetary policy works. And they think that any non-linear story is just handwaving and mystification.
Here is a very simple non-linear story, which the people from the concrete steppes won't like. We know that for any equilibrium time-path there exists a second equilibrium time-path along which all nominal variables (like NGDP, and the money supply) are higher or lower. This means that a permanent loosening of monetary policy will eventually move the economy towards one of those time-paths along which all nominal variables are higher. This means that the expectation of a permanent loosening of monetary policy will mean the expectation of an eventual permanent increase in all nominal variables like NGDP. (This is how monetary policy always works, regardless of the ZLB, because interest rate changes are an endogenous symptom of monetary policy changes, not an integral step in a linear causal chain.) An increase in expected future NGDP will increase demand today, and increase current NGDP. It would really help people to expect a permanent loosening of monetary policy and a permanent increase in future NGDP if the central bank announced a commitment to a higher future NGDG target, because hitting that target would require the central bank to loosen monetary policy permanently.
Not very linear, is it? But then economics isn't a linear subject, and hasn't been for hundreds of years. So what did you expect?


text: Bulliform cells are large, bubble-shaped epidermal cells that occur in groups on the upper surface of the leaves of many grasses. Loss of turgor pressure in these cells causes leaves to "roll up" during water stress. During drought, the loss of moisture through vacuoles induces bulliform cells to cause the leaves of many grass species to close as the two edges of the grass blade fold up toward each other. Once adequate water is available, these cells enlarge and the leaves open again. Folded leaves offer less exposure to sunlight, so they are heated less thus reducing evaporation and conserving the remaining water in the plant and occur on the leaves of many monocotyledons but are probably best known in grasses. They are thought to play a role in the unfolding of developing leaves and in the rolling and unrolling of mature leaves in response to alternating wet and dry periods.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Conventional Oil and Gas
Conventional Oil and Gas Provides Value with Stability and Maturity
Our conventional assets have been instrumental to our success. As we evolve, we will continue to rely on our conventional assets to:
- Provide large accumulations of oil and gas
- Generate cash flow
- Provide development opportunities that complement our thermal development
Primary Conventional Assets
Our principal conventional operations include:
- Greater Olds / Garrington Area
We hold a large, continuous land base in the area with over 500 gross sections of Cardium rights, extensive infrastructure and significant operatorship.
- Swan Hills Trend
This is a significant conventional light oil resource which provides long term, low decline production and cash flow. The Swan Hills area provides us with opportunities to put our technical experience of carbonate reservoirs to work on our operated interests in Judy Creek, Carson Creek, Deer Mountain and Sawn Lake, where we have extensive control of the infrastructure.
- Groundbirch / Bernadet Montney
The Montney formation is one of the most economic gas resources plays in North America. We have greater than 50 gross sections of Montney land with liquids content (C3+) ranging from 0-75 bbl/MMcf.


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The normal spectral emissivity of niobium strip specimen is measured using a new pulse-heating reflectometric technique. The hemispherical spectral reflectivity of the surface of a strip tangent to an integrating sphere is determined by a high-speed lock-in technique. At the same time, the radiance temperature of the strip is measured by the multi-wavelength high-speed pyrometer from approximately 1000 K to the melting point. Details of the measurement method and of the related calibration techniques are reported. Results of the normal spectral emissivity of niobium at 633, 753, 827, and 905 nm from room temperature to its melting point are presented. The accuracy of spectral emissivities is estimated better than 5%.
© 2006 Chinese Optics Letters
(_PHONE_) General : Thermodynamics
(_PHONE_) Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology : Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology
(_PHONE_) Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology : Optical design of instruments
(_PHONE_) Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology : Temperature
(_PHONE_) Spectroscopy : Emission
Qingwei Wang, Peng Xiao, Jintao Yu, and Jingmin Dai, "Measuring normal spectral emissivities of niobium by a pulse-heating technique: 1000 K to the melting point," Chin. Opt. Lett. 4, 701-704 (2006)


Deepomatic Platform
v2.3.7
Search…
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Upload images via a text file
Uploading images with a text file is the recommended solution if you need to add a large number of images.
However, this option can be used in 2 ways:
 - If your images are reachable via public URLs, you can fill your text file with a correct format and upload the file to the platform; you can follow this page as a manual for performing the steps.
 - Otherwise, if you have images stored locally you can go with the Deepomatic CLI add image option for importing your data instead.
Prerequisite:
In order to import images using a text file, those images need to be reachable via a public URL. If this is not the case, you need to find ways to upload images to a remote server:
or you can use the Deepomatic command line interface instead to import images from local directories:
Import file format:
When all the images are publicly reachable, we need to tell Deepomatic Studio where to find the images, as well as add any useful information associated with images. For this purpose, you need to follow the platform's expected structure in your import text file as explained in detail in the:
Upload & Progress report
You can start the import process by dragging & dropping or browsing your well-formatted import text file into the Add images tab of each project.
Right after, the import process will be launched and provides you with the step-by-step checks and updates as shown in the followings:
Uploading file: In this step, your import text file is getting uploaded to the platform
Checking views: After your text file has been successfully uploaded, in this step, the header line is read, and accordingly, the views are getting created.
If the header line format contains errors, the platform can not create the views, therefore an error message will pop up accordingly to notify you of the raised error and the import process will be aborted.
Uploading images: When the creation of the views succeeds, the platform starts reading each line of data existing in your import file and proceeds with importing each of them.
If a data line contains errors, the platform skips the data, proceeds with the next data line, and at the end of the import process throws a warning and logs the error in the provided error log file.
Building report: When all the data lines are read, a final report about the number of successfully imported images gets created. In case of the occurrence of errors in data, an error log will be created which contains the details about each error, in related specific lines of data.
When the import successfully finishes without any raised error in the process, and all data lines get imported, you will get notified of the success in the final report.


HomeAdvice Centre Ford Models Ford Focus Ford Focus Road Costs Ford Focus ST-Line and ST Fuel Consumption
Ford Focus ST-Line and ST Fuel Consumption
There are multiple factors to consider when buying a new or used car that will likely affect its initial price point as well as any other costs that may be incurred later in its lifetime. Fuel cost is one recurring cost that is often subject to change and is often dependent on the car and its fuel consumption, it can also have an impact on the CO2 emissions of your car so it's an important factor to consider.
Whether you're buying a used or new Ford Focus, being aware of the ongoing costs may have an impact on the model you choose to buy.
This guide is intended to provide an overview of the Ford Focus ST and ST-Line, with the aim being to provide an informed decision when comparing these models to other vehicles on the market.
In this guide:
Learn more about the impact that fuel consumption can have on the ongoing running costs of your new or used car.
Find out more about the fuel consumption rates for the Ford Focus ST range.
Find out more about the fuel consumption rates for the Ford Focus ST-Line range.
Learn more about the key differences between the Ford Focus ST and Ford Focus ST-Line
Fuel consumption impact on running costs
Fuel consumption makes up a large portion of the running costs for a vehicle. In most cases, it will be the largest ongoing running cost, especially for older models. The average UK household spends 14% of its total budget on fuel, totalling up to around £1,100.
The amount of fuel that a car uses, whether diesel or petrol, is known as its fuel consumption. Many different variables contribute to a given car's fuel consumption from the design of the vehicle chassis to the size of its engine and your driving style. The more energy a vehicle can utilise from its fuel, the more fuel efficient it is.
This is then measured in terms of how far the car can travel in miles for every gallon in the tank, often written as MPG (miles per gallon). The higher the MPG, the better, as it means fewer refuelling stops and more money saved.
Ford Focus ST fuel consumption
The Ford Focus ST is a hatchback that comes with increased performance with a top speed of 155mph, as well as a sport mode. There are two options available for the engine in the form of a 2.3 litre petrol or 2.0 litre diesel engine.
The turbocharged petrol engine can be extremely thirsty when really put to the test and driven fast. However, when driven normally, it achieves an average of 34 MPG, bringing it to the same level as the UK average. This is, in part, due to the EcoBoost Ford engine technology which only injects the right amount of fuel into the engine when it is needed.
The 2.0 litre diesel ST model does manage to squeeze more out of the tank than its petrol-fuelled counterpart. This comes in at around 50 MPG which is close to 20% above the average for a modern diesel car.
Fuel consumption for Ford Focus ST-Line
The Ford Focus ST-Line is a less powerful version of the ST but still comes with all the sporty exterior trim and details. Due to the smaller engine, the ST-Line can be pushed further in terms of fuel consumption and efficiency at the cost of a top speed of 130mph compared to 150mph for the ST.
The petrol version is, again, powered by Ford's EcoBoost petrol engine and can produce around 50-54 MPG. The much smaller 1.0 litre engine is the reason for this dramatic increase when compared to the sportier Ford Focus ST.
As can be expected, the diesel-fuelled ST-Line squeezes yet more MPG from the engine, with an official rating of 54-58 MPG for the 1.5L. and 57-60 MPG for the 2.0L versions. This makes it the most fuel-efficient of the entire new Ford Focus range, making it a popular choice.
Differences between Ford Focus ST/ST-Line
The differences between a used or new Focus ST and ST-Line in terms of MPG are clear, with a near doubling of mileage gains from the fuel that's put into the tank, whether it's petrol or diesel.
For those wanting the additional power and performance, then the Ford Focus ST is a reliable and easily maintained choice. However, for those who are looking to reduce fuel costs but keep the same reliability, the ST-Line will provide more value. The Ford Focus ST-Line is the best choice when it comes to fuel efficiency so if you want a Ford Focus model with lower ongoing costs, this is the car for you.
These differences are not only important for fuel economy but also for vehicle taxation. The ST-Line will incur a higher tax cost simply due to the fuel type, larger engine size and increased CO2 output, all of which are a factor when calculating standing vehicle tax.
In summary
As we have already mentioned, fuel cost is the most significant of all the standing costs of a vehicle over the course of its lifetime. As the car depreciates over time, the efficiency of its engine will reduce.
By buying a car with an efficient engine, that depreciation will be mitigated and the value gained from owning a vehicle that can travel further for less will be maintained. This means that initial cost benefit calculations from fuel savings will stay true for longer when factoring in time and use wearing the engine out.
To talk to our team of experts about your options when it comes to the Ford Focus ST and ST-Line or to find your nearest TC Harrison Ford dealer, please contact us today.


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Audio Sensing - 2
Using Max to sense audio and communicate with Arduino to control speed of a stepper motor:
In this example we use the same Max MSP patch as last week. Again, we are using it as a way to sense audio, smooth it and boost it with real time controls. The app then communicates with Arduino via serial, but this time we are using it to control the speed of a stepper motor via the Adafruit motor shield V2 and the 'AccelStepper' library. The Arduino sketch uses a couple of extra libraries you will need, so make sure you read the notes at the top.


Keep Jasmine Plant in Your Room. It Reduces Anxiety, Panic Attacks and Depression
Plants are an excellent way to increase oxygen levels in the room and improve air quality. There are also beneficial plants that will help you improve mood, and fight anxiety, depression, and prevent panic attacks.
Researchers have found that there is a direct link between stress and oxygen levels and showed that high levels of toxins in the air lead to anxiety and stress. Therefore, you can drastically improve your mood and relieve stress and anxiety.
Scientists have conducted studies on mice and discovered that the aroma of jasmine plant and jasmine essential oil significantly calmed them, and made them stop all activity and sit quietly in a corner.
Their brain scans showed that jasmine fragrance boosts the effects of a chemical called GABA on nerve cells, and thus relieves anxiety and encourages rest.
According to Professor Hanns Hatt, these findings published online in the Journal of Biological Chemistry can be regarded as evidence of a scientific basis for aromatherapy.
Prof Hatt, of the Ruhr University in Bochum, Germany, stated that their studies discovered a new class of GABA receptor modulator which can be administered parentally and through the respiratory air, and it can have possible applications in sedation, anxiety, excitement, and aggression relieving treatment and sleep induction therapy.
Researchers found that jasmine is much more effective than sleeping pills, anti-anxiety medications, and sedatives, as it increased the GABA effect by more than five times.
Researchers at the Wheeling Jesuit University, led by Dr. Bryan Raudenbush, assistant professor of psychology, found that dispensing jasmine odor into a room where participants were sleeping "led to greater sleep efficiency and reduced sleep movement."
Subjects who breathed jasmine in the air rated their level of anxiety and vigor lower, and performed cognitive tests faster, while the alertness level in the jasmine odor condition was greater during the afternoon hours, which helped maintain students' focus on academic work throughout the day.
Jasmine essential oil is an effective natural way to improve sleep, boost happiness, regulate hormones, and treat anxiety and fatigue. It can be used to improve concentration, soothe spasms, and ease mild depression, since it:
 - Reduces anxiety and nervous tension
 - Boosts mood
 - Improves cognitive performance and alertness
 - Improves sleep quality
 - Balances hormones
 - Treats hot flashes and mood swings
 - Increases libido
Therefore, keep a jasmine in your bedroom, and you will reap all the benefits of this amazing plant!
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Js Remove Space Before String With Code Examples
This article will exhibit through examples how one can resolve the Js Remove Space Before String error.
newString = string.substitute(/s+/g,' ').trim();
To remedy the identical downside as Js Remove Space Before String, you can too utilise the strategy that's mentioned additional down this web page, together with a number of code samples.
const take awaySpaces = str => str.substitute(/s/g, ''); // Example take awaySpaces('hel lo wor ld'); // 'helloworld'
var str = " Some textual content "; str.trim(); // str = "Some textual content"
var str = " Hello World! "; alert(str.trim());
var puzzle1=myTrim($("_TAG_").val()); perform myTrim(x) s+$/gm,'');
We have been in a position to comprehend how one can right the Js Remove Space Before String difficulty because of the various examples.
How do I take away an area in entrance of a string?
String end result = str. trim(); The trim() methodology will take away each main and trailing whitespace from a string and return the end result.19-Jan-2007
How do you take away whitespace from the start and finish of a string?
Use the. lstrip() methodology to take away whitespace and characters solely from the start of a string. Use the. rstrip() methodology to take away whitespace and characters solely from the top of a string.12-Jan-2022
How do you trim strings?
The trim() methodology in Java String is a built-in perform that eliminates main and trailing areas. The Unicode worth of area character is 'u0020'. The trim() methodology in java checks this Unicode worth earlier than and after the string, if it exists then removes the areas and returns the omitted string.25-Sept-2021
How do you take away areas in entrance of information?
Trim Spaces for Excel – take away further areas in a click on
- Select the cell(s) the place you wish to delete areas.
- Click the Trim Spaces button on the ribbon.
- Choose one or all the following choices: Trim main and trailing areas. Trim further areas between phrases, apart from a single area.
- Click Trim.
How do I eliminate undesirable areas?
Remove all areas between numbers
- Press Ctrl + Space to pick out all cells in a column.
- Press Ctrl + H to open the "Find & Replace" dialog field.
- Press Space bar within the Find What discipline and ensure the "Replace with" discipline is empty.
- Click on the "Replace all" button, after which press Ok. Voila! All areas are eliminated.
What is trim () in JS?
The trim() methodology removes whitespace from each ends of a string and returns a brand new string, with out modifying the unique string. Whitespace on this context is all of the whitespace characters (area, tab, no-break area, and so forth.)13-Sept-2022
Which perform removes whitespace from string?
trim() methodology in Java This is the commonest methodology to take away white areas current at first and finish of the string.20-Apr-2022
Which perform take away whitespace from the string?
Using break up() and be a part of() perform We can use the break up() and be a part of() capabilities to get rid of all of the whitespaces from the string.18-Apr-2022


Water Hemlock
Water Hemlock
Alternate names
Cowbane, Poison parsley, poison parsnip
Toxicity to pets
Water hemlock, which is also called Cowbane, poison parsnip, or poison parsley, is often referred to as the most violently toxic plant in the United States. Water hemlock is considered a natural wildflower and prefers wet areas, such as irrigation ditches, marshes, damp areas in pastures, and riverbanks. Water hemlock contains the toxins cicutoxin and cicutol, which affect the neurons in the brain and central nervous system. All parts of the plant are poisonous, with the roots containing the highest concentration of the toxin. It is highly poisonous to horses, and only takes about 0.2 to 2 lbs hemlock root per 1,000 lbs of a horse's body weight to cause death. Clinical signs include drooling, dilated pupils, weakness, agitation, nervousness, twitching, seizures, cardiac abnormalities, difficult breathing, and death from respiratory paralysis.
Content written by: Dr. Lynn Hovda, DVM, RPH, MS, DACVIM, Pet Poison Helpline
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Can You Fly A Drone Without WIFI?
Can You Fly A Drone Without WIFI?
We rely on wireless internet connections so much these days, but when it comes to our new favorite hobby of flying drones, is it really necessary to have Wi-Fi to make them work?
Drones use many different types of technology to operate and with thousands of different manufacturers and thousands of models out there, no two are the same.
So, can you fly a drone without Wi-Fi or is it an absolute necessity to be connected?
The short answer is yes, you can absolutely fly a drone without Wi-Fi, but it does offer some benefits that might make it a more attractive option. Drones and their controllers communicate using radio waves, so a wireless connection doesn't need to be present, but some drones transmit these waves using Wi-Fi.
How you connect the controller to the drone will be especially important in the grand scheme of things, so it's essential to know the options and what's actually required to get them off the ground.
Your controller will help you take off, land, and guide your copter through the air, so this communication is key to a successful flight.
Does Drone Work Without Wifi?
Drone Flying
Modern drones come in all shapes and sizes with different specifications and capabilities, so you have plenty of options when shopping around.
There are many drones that operate without Wi-Fi, so it's not always necessary to have a connection present, but it does offer some other benefits.
Most drones will come with a dedicated app that lets you set them up and sometimes offers a way to view the camera or alternative to using the controller.
When you purchase a drone, it will tell you exactly what's required to get it flying, and you may need an internet connection just for the initial setup stage.
However, when it comes to flying the drone out in the field, this is done with radio waves and therefore no internet connection is needed.
Smartphone apps that are used with drones don't connect to the drone themselves during a flight, but instead to the controller.
If you have a camera connected to the drone and are using your phone as the FPV viewer, you might need a wireless connection to make this happen.
Otherwise, you can be completely offline and away from the internet to fly a drone, so it's not required.
Do Drones Need An Internet Connection To Fly?
Drone Connected With Smartphone
Drones don't need an internet connection to fly but they must be able to send a signal from the controller to the copter in order to operate.
These signals are sent wireless using radio waves and the capacity to do so will be built into the system controller that comes with your drone, as well as the drone itself.
The transmitter or controller must be able to send messages to the drone, and this allows you to control steering, altitude, and all other features that the copter is capable of.
Radio waves can't be seen but are sent through an electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are measured in hertz (Hz) and you'll probably notice when you purchase a drone what frequency it works on.
The two most common frequency is 2.4 GHz or 5.8 GHz, and the transmitter and drone both need to be tuned to the same frequency.
To prevent your drone being controlled by someone else, these copters usually come with their own identification code that is unique to just that device and what transmission they'll receive.
This means you'll only ever be in control of your drone and the signals from two drones that are flying close to each other won't be mixed up.
Working on lower frequencies usually gives you a further range and they work better in dense areas where they might be trees or other obstacles.
For this reason, most drones operate on a lower frequency when being operated by radio waves. When looking at Wi-Fi controlled devices, they tend to work better on higher frequencies, but the range will be limited when compared to the radio.
Can You Fly A Drone Without A Smartphone?
Using Drone With Bluetooth Game Controller
When you open up your brand new drone and take a look at all the gear that comes with it, you might notice one thing missing.
A smartphone can be a valuable tool when it comes to piloting a drone and acting as a display center, but it can absolutely be done without it.
Your smartphone should only be seen as an additional accessory to use with a drone, and it's by no means a necessity.
You'll get everything you need to fly with the drone but could be given the option to download an app to your tablet or smartphone that can make the experience a lot more enjoyable.
A smartphone is usually used as a viewing platform for the drone which means if there's a camera attached to your copter, you'll get a first-person view by looking at the dedicated smartphone app that it was synced with.
Some drones also allow for remote control through the app itself, so there's no need to use the controller if you don't wish.
Do All Drones Work Have GPS?
Flying a drone isn't always as predictable as we'd like, and things can occur that send your copter off course.
GPS was introduced as a feature on some modern drones as a way to keep a track of your craft in the air, and to help you locate it if it flies off course, crashes, or needs to be remotely controlled without your assistance.
Cheaper models won't usually have GPS but will rely on the pilot to keep a visual check on the drone and navigate using that method.
The more expensive models that have GPS receivers included come with additional features that some people might find worth spending the extra money on.
 - Return to Home: With the push of a button, your drone can return back to the home base where you're standing and does so automatically without your help.
 - Position Hold: This button will cause your drone to stop and hover in its exact position, maintaining location and altitude.
 - Autonomous Flight: Just like autopilot, a drone with this feature will be able to go to a specific location set on a map without you having to direct it.
Related Questions
Drone Remote Controller With Cellphone
The technical aspects of drones can make them seem overwhelming, but getting a basic understanding of how they're controlled and how messages are sent and received will make you a better pilot.
Here are some frequently asked questions about drones and how they operate, to give you some basic knowledge of their design:
Can Drones Be Hacked?
Some models of drone have been found to have issues where control can be taken over by a third party or hacker, usually in the case of a Wi-Fi controlled device.
This isn't a security concern that most hobby pilots have to be concerned about though, but it is something that manufacturers are working to prevent in the future.
How Do I Attach A Camera To My Drone?
If you want to see what the drone is seeing, you can either purchase a drone with a camera attached or the capabilities to attach one.
These can be view with FPV (first person view) goggles made specifically for drones, or with the help of a smartphone app.
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How Can I Improve The Video Quality Of Iriun Webcam
IRIUN Webcam video communication has become integral to our personal and professional lives. Whether you're attending virtual meetings, conducting online interviews, or connecting with loved ones, the quality of your webcam plays a crucial role in delivering a seamless and engaging experience.
If you're using the IRIUN Webcam, optimizing its performance can significantly enhance the quality of your video output. In this article, we'll explore various techniques and tips to help you improve the video quality of your IRIUN Webcam.
Understanding the IRIUN Webcam
Before delving into optimization strategies, let's briefly examine the IRIUN Webcam software. Developed for both Windows and macOS platforms, IRIUN transforms your smartphone into a high-definition webcam, offering versatility and convenience. Using your smartphone's superior camera capabilities, IRIUN delivers impressive video quality for online meetings, live streams, and recordings.
Ensure Proper Lighting
One of the most critical factors influencing video quality is lighting. Sufficient or harsh lighting conditions can result in grainy, washed-out footage, diminishing the overall visual appeal. To optimize your IRIUN Webcam's performance, ensure adequate lighting in your workspace. Natural light is ideal, so position yourself facing a window. Alternatively, invest in soft, diffused lighting sources to minimize shadows and create a flattering appearance.
Adjust Camera Settings
The IRIUN Webcam app offers various settings and adjustments to fine-tune your video output. Use features such as exposure, white balance, and contrast to customize the look of your footage. Experiment with different settings to find the optimal configuration that suits your environment and preferences. Additionally, ensure your smartphone's camera is clean and free from smudges or debris to maintain crisp image quality.
Optimize Internet Connection
A stable internet connection is essential for smooth video streaming and real-time communication. Poor connectivity can lead to buffering, pixelation, and dropped frames, degrading the viewing experience. To enhance the performance of your IRIUN Webcam, connect to a high-speed Wi-Fi network whenever possible. Avoid bandwidth-intensive activities and close unnecessary applications to prioritize network resources for video calls or streams.
Upgrade Hardware Components
While the IRIUN Webcam leverages your smartphone's camera, upgrading specific hardware components can further enhance its performance. Consider investing in a tripod or mount to stabilize your smartphone, minimizing shaky footage and ensuring a steady frame. Additionally, external microphones can improve audio quality, complementing the enhanced video output for a complete multimedia experience.
Opt for High-Quality Video Resolutions
IRIUN Webcam offers various video resolution options to accommodate different preferences and requirements. Higher resolutions typically result in sharper, more detailed footage, especially when visual clarity is paramount. Experiment with varying resolution settings to balance video quality and bandwidth consumption, ensuring a smooth streaming experience without sacrificing image fidelity.
Enhance Webcam Resolution and Quality with FineCam
If the previously mentioned methods fail to address your resolution concerns, an alternative option is to utilize FineCam. This software facilitates the adjustment of video resolutions and supports four different options, depending on the webcam linked to your computer.
Moreover, FineCam offers additional functionalities, allowing users to fine-tune webcam attributes such as colors, brightness, orientation, and background settings.
Furthermore, if you find the performance of your laptop camera unsatisfactory, FineCam offers the capability to transform your iPhone into a webcam. This feature enables users to generate higher-quality live videos for production purposes or during virtual calls on their computers.
Utilize Background Effects
To add a professional touch to your video presentations or virtual meetings, take advantage of the background effects offered by the IRIUN Webcam app. Whether you prefer a virtual backdrop or a blurred background to minimize distractions, these features can enhance the visual appeal of your video feed. Experiment with different backgrounds to find the perfect setting that suits your style and enhances your overall presentation.
Frequently ask Questions
How can I improve the video quality of my IRIUN Webcam?
Several methods can enhance the video quality of your IRIUN Webcam. These include optimizing lighting conditions, adjusting camera settings, ensuring a stable internet connection, and upgrading hardware components.
What role does lighting play in improving video quality?
Lighting plays a crucial role in enhancing video quality. Adequate lighting helps reduce graininess and improves clarity. Ensure sufficient, diffused lighting to avoid shadows and create a flattering appearance.
How do I adjust camera settings for optimal video quality?
Use the settings available in the IRIUN Webcam app to adjust exposure, white balance, and contrast. Experiment with different configurations to find the best settings for your environment and preferences.
Why is a stable internet connection meaningful for video quality?
A stable internet connection ensures smooth video streaming and real-time communication. Poor connectivity can lead to buffering, pixelation, and dropped frames, degrading the viewing experience.
Are there any hardware upgrades that can improve video quality?
Upgrading hardware components such as tripods or mounts can stabilize your smartphone, reducing shaky footage. Additionally, external microphones can enhance audio quality, complementing the improved video output.
What video resolutions does the IRIUN Webcam support?
A6: IRIUN Webcam supports various video resolutions, allowing users to choose the best option. Higher resolutions typically result in sharper, more detailed footage.
Conclusion
Achieving optimal video quality with your IRIUN Webcam involves a combination of technical adjustments, environmental considerations, and hardware optimizations. By following the tips outlined in this article, you can unlock the full potential of your smartphone-based webcam, delivering crisp, high-definition video output for your online interactions.
Whether you're attending virtual meetings, hosting live streams, or connecting with friends and family, optimizing your IRIUN Webcam's performance ensures a seamless and engaging visual experience, making every interaction memorable and impactful.
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Conservation Delivery Application
In 2018, The Nature Conservancy was awarded a Conservation Innovation Grant (CIG) from The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) to produce a web-based tool that would aid NRCS staff in making planning and assessment decisions about the application of agricultural conservation practices in Louisiana. The objective was to create a tool that allows for the estimation of change in sediment and nutrient loadings delivered to a local stream reach when implementing an individual or set of conservation practices (also called Best Management Practices or BMPs). The working science behind this tool is the concept that crops, and other land uses have predicted nutrient and sediment runoff rates and that those rates can be improved by either changing the land use or by applying BMPs within the agricultural fields.
The backbone of this tool is RTI's WaterFALL® hydrologic model which uses slope, elevation, soil type, and climate patterns among other factors to accurately model rainfall runoff. For this project, the model was enhanced with the important addition of water chemistry modeling. This makes the model capable of estimating current nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment loads based on the most recent available land cover data. This tool incorporates known reduction efficiency rates for various BMPs to estimate the load mitigating effect of BMPs applied to a certain acreage of a particular crop. This tool makes it possible to simulate a conservation practice (BMP) and calculate the reduction in nutrients and sediment that is delivered to the stream. The Conservation Delivery Application (CDA) will be used by NRCS staff to support the planning and implementation of the application of BMPs to agricultural lands in Louisiana.
Photo credits this page ~ Main image: Doug Blodgett/TNC


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In-flight catering logistics
Lödige has developed a compact storage, transportation and control system for airport kitchens where space is at premium. The Lödige SPACE TOWER improves catering logistics and reduces space requirements by using encased centralised storage with integrated vertical transport. It combines storage and transport functions in an ambient or temperature controlled environment and plays a central role in the flow and tracking of goods and trolleys. Increased transparency and process excellence are the result.
- Increases available floor space by up to 80%
- Centralises storage enabling connectivity across production levels
- Removes the need for interfloor goods hoists
- Creates a controlled, secure, hygienic environment
- Saves energy by reducing the temperature controlled space


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Is there a possibility to factorize a parametric polynomial expression - meaning that the coefficients are defined as parameters, and not as specific numbers?
My example - a polynomial in s, with R1,..., R5 and C1,..., C2 being parameters:
LP2nTfDen = R1 R4 + R4 R5 + C2 R1 R2 R4 s + C1 R1 R3 R5 s + C2 R2 R4 R5 s -
 C1 C2 R1 R2 R4 R5 s^2
I'd like Mathematica to transform the expression in the form (A + s) (B + s)..., A, B, etc. being expressions of R1,..., R5, C1, C2. Is this possible?
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1 Answer 1
It looks like your resulting expression will have a unit coefficient for the highest power. In this case you can do :
expr = Times @@ (s - Solve[LP2nTfDen/Last@CoefficientList[LP2nTfDen, {s}] == 0, s][[All,1, 2]]) ;
expr == LP2nTfDen/Last@CoefficientList[LP2nTfDen, {s}] // Simplify
(* True *)
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Here is your class.
OT 234 - History of Ancient Israel 2
An exegetical study of the Old Testament historical books Judges through Esther, plus related readings from the Old Testament poetic and prophetic books. Includes summaries and introductions to the various books, questions over the text, and information about the redemptive plan of God to save the world. Students will learn the facts of the text through lecture, discussions, and assigned reading and projects.
- OT 134 History of Ancient Israel 1


An annotation that designates that an annottee should not be referred to after type checking (which includes macro expansion).
Examples of potential use: 1) The annottee can only appear in the arguments of some other macro that will eliminate it from the AST during expansion. 2) The annottee is a macro and should have been expanded away, so if hasn't, something wrong has happened. (Comes in handy to provide better support for new macro flavors, e.g. macro annotations, that can't be expanded by the vanilla compiler).
Value Params
the error message to print during compilation if a reference remains after type checking
class Object
trait Matchable
class Any


Please ensure Javascript is enabled for purposes of website accessibility Legend Brands Cleaning | Resist temptation: concentrate on the correct concentrations
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Resist temptation: concentrate on the correct concentrations
Most detergent products are designed to work at a specific concentration. The formulation, concentration and pH are a good measure of the strength of the solution. The temptation is to use more chemical in order to achieve better cleaning or faster results.
When cleaning carpet, resist this temptation! First, excess detergent will likely leave excess residue on the carpet, which can attract soils. Plus, using extra product will start to cost you serious money. Just calculate the cost of repeatedly using even one extra ounce per gallon of concentrate over a period of days or weeks!
Most importantly, many detergent systems need a specific amount of water to function properly. Making and using stronger-than-recommended concentrations may not actually clean as well.
Adapted from Restoration Science Academy's The Complete Guide to Restorative Drying


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The Geological Survey of India during it's 62nd Central Geological Programming Board (CGPB) meeting declared that 5.0 million tonnes of lithium reserves has been discovered in Salal-Haimana area of the Reasi district of J&K. Lithium is a non-ferrous metal and one of the key components in lithium-ion batteries, the type of energy storage used most widely in various gadgets right from laptops, digital phones, to electric vehicles. The discovery of lithium is the first for India and it has opened avenues for India for not only being less dependent on lithium imports but also developing it's own source for India's clean energy goals by cutting carbon emissions to tackle global warming.Up till now there was no lithium presence in India which makes the country entirely dependent on countries like Australia, U.S., Argentina, Chile, etc., which have huge lithium reserves. According to experts this discovery will help India's push to increase the number of private electric cars by 30% by 2030 and India will be surpassing some of these countries as per indicative report. However, experts have also said that the process of mining lithium is not environment friendly as it requires a lot of water.
Jammu and Kashmir mining secretary Amit Sharma said, "Finally, Jammu and Kashmir has made history in the mining sector as we have for the first time the discovered critical mineral lithium used in mobile batteries and electric vehicles. Congrats to all J&K residents as it has finally brought us on the global map in this ongoing G20 Presidency year", . The quality of lithium found is reported to be of good quality (500+ppm).The residents of Salal are in jubilation that the lithium deposits will surely put their Reasi district up on the global map.


Name: Bullockornis (Ox bird).
Phonetic: Bul-lock-or-niss.
Named By: P. Rich - 1979.
Classification: Chordata, Aves, Anseriformes, Dromornithidae.
Species: B. planei (type).
Diet: Probably carnivorous.
Size: Up to 2.5 meters tall. Estimated weight of 250 kg.
Known locations: Australia, Northern Territory, Bullock Creek - Camfield Beds Formation.
Time period: Langhian of the Miocene.
Fossil representation: Skull.
 Although the name actually means 'ox bird', Bullockornis is better known in popular culture as the 'Demon duck of doom'. This is in part because Bullockornis is thought to be more closely related to ducks and geese than any other group of birds. Although Bullockornis was without doubt a large bird, it was not named for being the size of an ox but instead for being discovered in Bullock Creek.
 Bullockornis is thought to have been a carnivore, an idea that is based upon the sharp beak that could have easily sliced through flesh. No one is certain what kind of animals Bullockornis preferred, but its large size meant that only the largest of animals could avoid being off the menu. Conversely however the group that Bullockornis belongs too, the Dromornithidae, all have sharp shearing beaks, but may have actually used these beaks for cropping vegetation. Another depiction of the group is that they may have been opportunistic omnivores that had no preference for either meat or plants.
 Bullockornis is a good example of the Australian megafauna of the Miocene period, but it was not the only large bird from Australia with Dromornis and Genyornis also being quite well known.
Further reading
- The Dromornithidae, an extinct family of large ground birds endemic to Australia - Bureau of National Resources, Geology and Geophysics Bulletin 184: 1–196. - Patricia Vickers-Rich - 1979.
More Australian megafauna


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Dr. Charles Perry reveals how 3D Imaging software can help to improve the patient experience, enhance aesthetic outcome, and reduce revision rates when utilized during the consultation process.
Sacramento, CA—Most plastic surgeons encourage patients to review before-and-after photos of the cosmetic procedure they are considering to develop an idea of the potential results, states Sacramento plastic surgeon Charles Perry, MD. While this method can be helpful, discrepancies in face and body shape can mean that what looks aesthetically pleasing on one person may not appeal to another, he notes. As a result, he says he often utilizes an advanced computer imaging system called Axis Three during his consultations to enhance doctor-patient communication and optimize the outcome.
Axis Three, Dr. Perry explains, is a state-of-the-art 3D imaging platform that uses highly precise image capture and modeling software to reproduce the potential results of a cosmetic procedure, such as breast augmentation, breast lift, rhinoplasty (nose surgery), or facial implants. He indicates that the technology is designed to accurately show changes in tissue volume, shape, and movement so patients can have a visual representation of how an operation could affect their unique anatomy. Particularly effective at improving the breast augmentation experience, the Sacramento plastic surgeon says, "It is very helpful to see what an implant will look like before surgery so that there are no surprises. We have seen a decreased need for revisional surgery with the pre-operative use of Axis Three." He also notes that the computer program allows him to further customize the treatment plan to suit the individual, as he can analyze his approach and refine his technique to provide the best results possible.
Ultimately, Dr. Perry believes Axis Three 3D imaging technology enhances several aspects of the cosmetic surgery process, most notably patient confidence with regard to the outcome. By having a clearer idea of what to expect, he says individuals can feel reassured about their decision and provide more specific information about their aesthetic goals. "It is like trying on an implant and seeing how it fits the body and helps expectations."
About Charles Perry, MD, FACS
A graduate of the University of Puget Sound and the University of Washington, Dr. Perry is a board-certified plastic surgeon based in Sacramento, California. After earning his medical degree, he completed a general surgery internship at Maricopa County Medical Center, a general surgery residency at the University of Arizona, and a plastic surgery residency at the University of Massachusetts before settling in Northern California. He is the recipient of numerous awards, a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons, and an active member of several prestigious medical organizations, including the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS). Dr. Perry is available for interview upon request.
For more information about Dr. Perry and his practice, please visit sacramentoplastics.com and facebook.com/ChrysalisCosmetics.
785 University Ave.
Sacramento, CA 95816


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Design and development of pic microcontroller based 3 phase voltage and current signals based on is measured in software and corrected for measurement. Microcontroller based system which gives accurate dc voltage of series connected load and frequency of the voltage measurement the output of frequency measurement is. Microcontroller based v-i curve tracer the measurement of voltage and current "a new application of duty cycle sweep based on microcontroller to ob.
Shunt feedback method of power consumption measurement for microcontroller based applications voltage fall is compatible. Here we describe a simple temperature measurement and display system based on lm35 of pic16f877a-based the supply voltage to the microcontroller,. Microcontroller-based temperature monitoring and control is an essential and practical guide for all engineers involved in the use of microcontrollers in measurement and control systems. This article describes about ac power measurement using pic microcontroller to measure ac power it is essential to measure voltage, current, power factor.
Gps based projects embedded the result of digital voltmeter using pic microcontroller and lcd and its working in dc voltage measurement with pic microcontroller. Voltage measurement with a pic microcontroller ryan popa 03/30/2012 design team 3 abstract the purpose of this application note is to explain how to measure a voltage using a pic18f4520. Three phase voltage measurement using pic microcontroller code and simulation in proteus.
Best microcontroller based mini projects ideas microcontroller based digital over voltage protection real time water quality measurement system based. Microcontroller based this measurement is simply half of we can see the resonant frequency of the lc input voltage at this point, the microcontroller is. Indian journal of pure & applied physics vol 42, march 2004, pp 182-188 design and development of microcontroller based conductivity measurement system. Solar energy measurement is the microcontroller the ripples are removed using a capacitive filter and it is then regulated to +5v using a voltage.
This free engineering essay on essay: dc voltage measurement using the pic microcontroller and pwm is perfect for engineering students to. 3 phase voltage measurement using atmel before giving the voltage to the ic and atmega8 microcontroller, check the output voltage arduino based digital. The present paper describes the development of a low cost, microcontroller-based variable voltage variable frequency sinusoidal power source, which is the demand of the day for various applications.
The potential or voltage of thermocouples varies almost linearly with temperature however, almost isn't usually good enough – in most microcontroller-based temperature measurement applications the deviations from linearity must be modeled to measure temperature accurately. Voltmeter and ammeter can be easily made using pic microcontroller having data and it has software selectable high and low voltage reference input to. • input offset voltage (v os) based on the desired accuracy, input frequency, measurement rate and the microcontroller clock frequency. Phase angle between voltage and current using a on microcontroller based phase angle measurement and correcting phase angle using voltage controlled capacitor.
Table of contents ac voltage measurement using atmel avr micro-controllerscomponents neededstep1: step down the ac voltagewhat about voltage ratingstep 2: convert the ac voltage into dcwhy are we converting the voltagestep 3: give it to microcontroller/ atmega8 ac voltage measurement using atmel avr micro. Pic based car battery voltage monitoring system the pcb also has the option to use it as voltage measurement tool or pin of microcontroller through a voltage.
International journal of scientific & technology research volume 4, uses of the pic microcontroller, voltage international journal of scientific & technology. The design is based on microcontroller 16f877a/18f452that voltage measurement: remote microcontroller based monitoring of substation and control system. Low cost microcontroller based decay measurement microcontroller vcc supply voltage, which shifts the reference of adc as aref or vcc voltage reference with.


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The Path to Validation
The developers shortlisted the optical PTFE from Berghof Fluoroplastics very early on due to its unique bidirectional reflection behaviour. The first examinations showed that the version with the lowest reflectivity would be particularly suitable for the requirements of this mission. In order to be validated as "space flight material", however, it had to go through further comprehensive tests, among others regarding long-term resilience under vacuum in various thermal scenarios, abrasion behaviour, electrical conductivity and influences of high-energy particle radiation.
"The Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function of black PTFE is fantastic. It meets our mission requirements."
In the end, black optical PTFE by Berghof Fluoroplastics convinced the NASA developers and engineers. Applied on a large part of the surface of the optical instruments and other surface parts of the satellite, it now enables the measuring systems to work without interferences so that the satellite will be able to land safely on the asteroid.
The recorded images will be impressive, as has been proven even before the actual mission target, when the optical instruments recorded the Earth and moon together in one photograph for the first time. The result can be seen here:
The Next Steps
In August 2018, the satellite will catch up with asteroid "Bennu" on its orbit and start surveying. The latest updates on the mission will be published on:


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In kinship terminology, a cousin is a relative with whom one shares a common ancestor. In modern usage, the term is rarely used when referring to a relative in one's own line of descent, or where there is a more specific term to describe the relationship: e.g., brother, sister, aunt, uncle. The term blood relative can be used synonymously, and underlines the existence of a genetic link.
A system of degrees and removes is used to describe the relationship between the two cousins and the ancestor they have in common. The degree (first, second, third cousin, etc.) indicates one less than the minimum number ofgenerations between either cousin and the nearest common ancestor; the remove (once removed, twice removed,etc.) indicates the number of generations, if any, separating the two cousins from each other.
For example, a person with whom you share a grandparent (but not a parent) is a first cousin; someone with whom you share a great-grandparent (but not a grandparent) is a second cousin; and someone with whom you share a great-great-grandparent (but not a great-grandparent) is a third cousin; and so on. The child of your first cousin is yourfirst cousin once removed because the one generation separating you and the child (the cousin) represents oneremove. You and the child are still considered first cousins, as your own grandparent (this child's great-grandparent), as the most recent common ancestor, represents one degree.
Non-genealogical usage often eliminates the degrees and removes, and refers to people with common ancestors merely as cousins or distant cousins. Alternatively, the terms'second cousin' and 'first cousin once removed' are often incorrectly used interchangeably.The system can handle kinships going back any number of generations (subject to the genealogical information being available).


Can we help?
If you need some help choosing a mentor, let us know.
Posted by Joe Wood on 14th September 2020
What Impact Does Culture Have on a Business and Workplace?
A big thank you to Donna Dibbert from Hayoka for this guest-blog. Check Hayoka out here!
The power of culture is what separates progressive workplaces from those riddled with despair and makes some businesses bold instead of boring.
Do people leave their brains at the door and collect on your way out? How crazy is this?
Culture is the glue that holds people together. Knowing what your culture is, is important so that it is in service of the bigger picture of growth and meaningful work.
Is it clear why your business exists in the world? What is your purpose? What culture do you have?
The easiest way to get some understanding is to ask some people in your business.
If you get a variety of answers then you are not being clear.
So why is it important to be clear?
Having purpose and meaning gives people the energy, passion and motivation to get out of bed in the morning.
It also fosters communities of like-minded employees, customers, suppliers and others. They come together with shared ideals. As a result, inspiring work cuts through bureaucracies, silos, and egos to unleash the potential of an organization.
Knowing what your culture is and then deciding if this supports the business goals and objectives is the first step.
Recommendation – Hire for your culture and provide training for the skills.
Donna Dibbert


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Scandinavian art and architecture
The Renaissance and Baroque Period
Foreign stylistic influence persisted through the Renaissance and baroque periods, the North German school of Lübeck becoming more and more the chief source for Scandinavian styles. Castles such as Gripsholm exemplify this borrowing habit. Great castle-building activity was instigated by the Danish and Swedish rulers of the 16th to 18th cent.; outstanding examples include Kronborg (c.1570–1590) and Fredriksborg (c.1560–1620) castles and the rebuilt castle of Stockholm (1690–1708; 1727–53).
Sections in this article:
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on Scandinavian art and architecture The Renaissance and Baroque Period from Fact Monster:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: European Art to 1599


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Many Sick Cows Need Fluid Therapy
Many Sick Cows Need Fluid Therapy
By Geof Smith, D.V.M.
The author is at the College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh.
Whether you are treating a cow for mastitis, uterine infection, diarrhea, or a number of other diseases, fluid therapy frequently is recommended. Many of these "sick" cows become dehydrated — meaning they have lost more water and fluids than they should.
Dairy cattle in particular are prone to rapid dehydration because they lose a large amount of their body water to milk production every day. Some people tend to avoid fluid therapy in cows because it can be more difficult compared to calves. (Larger fluid volumes are needed, the cow must be restrained, and proper fluid therapy can be time consuming.) However, in many sick cows, either oral or intravenous fluids are necessary and cannot be avoided.
How do you know?
The most accurate way of detecting dehydration in cattle is by looking at the position of the eyeballs. Normally, the eye should be right up against the bottom eyelid.
With the cow's head restrained, take your thumb and roll down the bottom eyelid. Normally, there should not be any gap or "space" between the eyelid and the eyeball. Dehydrated cows develop eyeball recession... their eyes begin to "sink" back into their head some. When you roll the bottom eyelid down with your thumb, you will notice a gap between the eyelid and the eyeball. Generally, the more sunken the eyes, the more severe the dehydration.
Another way to assess dehydration in cattle is to pinch the skin over the neck, twist it about 90 degrees, and let it go. In a normal cow, the skin should snap right back in place, while in dehydrated cows the skin returns much more slowly.
Here are some general guidelines for assessing dehydration in cattle
Slight eyeball recession, skin tent slightly prolonged (2 to 4 seconds).
Eyes obviously sunken, skin tent obviously prolonged (4 to 8 seconds).
Eyes severely sunken into orbit, skin remains tented indefinitely.
Oral fluids classically have been used to replace fluid losses in cows because they are cheap and easy to administer on-farm. One important point is that calves and cows should be receiving different electrolyte products. The blood in virtually all calves with diarrhea becomes more acidic. Therefore, we should be using oral electrolyte products that have alkalinizing agents such as bicarbonate or acetate in calves. These function to raise the pH of the blood, correcting the acidosis.
This does not happen in cows. In fact, most "sick" adult cattle either have a normal blood pH or a rise in pH (called an alkalosis). Therefore, they should not be receiving electrolytes that contain alkalinizing agents. It's a good idea to look at the ingredient list of the electrolyte powder you are using for your cows, and make sure you don't see bicarbonate on the list.
Cows generally need large amounts of water with sodium, chloride, and potassium. Therefore, we use electrolyte products that are basically salt with some potassium mixed with water. Ask your veterinarian next time he or she is at the farm if the product you have on hand is appropriate for adult cows.
Another option is to make your own oral fluids. It requires a little investment to get started, but in the end it can be very economical. You will need a digital laboratory scale that will weigh in grams and some feed grade salts which can be purchased from chemical supply companies or, sometimes, from feed stores. You need salt (sodium chloride), potassium chloride, and calcium chloride.
I weigh out 140 grams of salt, 25 grams potassium chloride, and 10 grams of calcium chloride. These can be combined together and stored in sealable individual plastic bags until you are ready to use them. Then they can be mixed with 5 gallons of water and pumped into a cow once or twice a day.
There are several different fluid delivery systems available. Two that I recommend are the Magrath pump (available from several on-line livestock supply companies) and the Nasco flexible cattle pump (available from Nasco). Both of these are designed to be used by a single person. They involve inserting a metal tube in the cow's mouth which can then be secured to the nose with a clamp. That way, the tube cannot slide in or out of the cow's mouth. The person can then let go of the tube and pump the 5 gallons of water into the cow before removing the nose clamp and taking the tube out. With either of these systems, one person can deliver 5 gallons of fluids within 2 to 3 minutes.
Administration of very large volumes of intravenous fluids is not common in adult cattle. Again... the cow must be restrained for an extended period of time, and the large volume of fluids necessary to correct the dehydration is expensive. However, among cows with moderate to severe dehydration, we can use hypertonic saline with better results than with oral fluids alone.
Hypertonic saline basically is salt water that is extremely concentrated. All solutions have what is referred to as an "osmolality." Osmolality simply refers to the concentration of particles dissolved into a particular solution. The osmolality of blood and regular fluids given intravenously to animals or humans is about 300, whereas hypertonic saline is 2,400. This means that hypertonic saline has sodium and chloride levels that are 7 to 8 times higher than what normally is found in blood.
How IVs work...
When we give this solution directly in the jugular vein of cattle — it dramatically increases the blood osmolality. The body really wants to maintain normal osmolality (300), so what happens is that water is sucked from the rumen and intestines into the blood. This works to rapidly rehydrate the cow.
Cows are very good candidates for hypertonic saline because they have a large water reservoir (rumen). So basically, we are raising the osmolality of blood (by giving hypertonic saline) and lowering the osmolality of the rumen (by pumping it with water). The two treatments together will cause a large movement of water from the rumen into other parts of the body.
You can purchase hypertonic saline commercially in1-liter bottles. It should be given to cattle at a dose of 2 milliliters (ml) per pound over a 4- to 5-minute period. This means that a 1,000-pound cow would need 2,000 ml (2 liters) of hypertonic saline given into the jugular vein over a 5-minute period.
After the fluid administration is complete, you should give the cow a supply of fresh water immediately. Most cows will drink 5 to 10 gallons over the next 10 minutes. Cows that do not drink water within 10 minutes of hypertonic saline should have 5 gallons of water pumped into their rumen.
Never give hypertonic saline alone without providing the cow fresh water to drink or pumping the rumen with water. This protocol has been shown to be very safe and is effective for the correcting dehydration in adult cattle. If necessary, it can be repeated for 2 to 3 days in a row.
In summary, fluid therapy should be an important part of your "sick cow" treatment protocols. Just administering antibiotics or other medications without fluids is not fully addressing the cow's problems. If you are not already administering oral fluids and hypertonic saline on a regular basis, work with your veterinarian to become more comfortable in assessing which cows are dehydrated and would benefit from fluid therapy.