text:
Original Research ARTICLE
Synchrotron Time-Lapse Imaging of Lignocellulosic Biomass Hydrolysis: Tracking Enzyme Localization by Protein Autofluorescence and Biochemical Modification of Cell Walls by Microfluidic Infrared Microspectroscopy.
- 1INRA, France
- 2Synchrotron SOLEIL, France
Tracking enzyme localization and following the local biochemical modification of the substrate should help explaining the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic plant cell walls to enzymatic degradation. Time-lapse studies using conventional imaging requires enzyme labelling and following the biochemical modifications of biopolymers found in plant cell walls, which cannot be easily achieved revealed. In the present work, synchrotron facilities have been investigated forused to imageing theof enzymatic degradation of lignocellulosic biomass without labelling the enzyme or the cell walls. Multichannel autofluorescence imaging of the protein and phenolic compounds after excitation at 275 nm highlighted the presence or absence of enzymes on cell walls and made it possible toallowed tracking them during the reaction. Image analysis was achieved used to quantify the fluorescence intensity variations. Consistent variations in theof enzyme concentration were found locally for cell cavities and their surrounding cell walls. Microfluidic FT-IR microspectroscopy allowed for time-lapse tracking of local changes in the polysaccharides in cell walls during degradation. Hemicellulose degradation was found to occur prior to cellulose degradation using a Celluclast® preparation. Combining the fluorescence and FT-IR information yieldedlead the following conclusion that: enzymes did not bind to lignified cell walls, which that were consequently not degraded. Fluorescence multiscale imaging and FT-IR microspectroscopy showed an unexpected variability both in the initial biochemical composition and the degradation pattern, highlighting micro-domains in the cell wall of a given cell. Fluorescence intensity quantifications showed that the enzymes were not evenly distributed, and their amount increased progressively on degradable cell walls. During degradation, adjacent cells were separated and the cell wall fragmented until full complete degradation.
Keywords: spectral imaging, maize stem cells, cellulose and hemicellulose degradation, Lignin, image analysis
Received: 27 Jun 2017;
Accepted: 02 Feb 2018.
Edited by:Basil J. Nikolau, Iowa State University, United States
Copyright: © 2018 Devaux, Jamme, André, Bouchet, Alvarado, Durand, Robert, Saulnier, Bonnin and Guillon. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Dr. Marie-Françoise Devaux, INRA, Nantes, 44316, France, _EMAIL_


text:
The forthcoming OpenSciEd High School chemistry course combines physical science and Earth and space science NGSS performance expectations as a way to engage students in developing understandings around energy and matter. Learn about the focus of the five units that make up this course and their associated performance expectation bundles to see how the three dimensions are used as a way to authentically engage students in making sense of both physical science and earth and space science related phenomena and design solutions. In the session, we will highlight how anchoring phenomena of the first unit, typically associated with earth and space science, helps students make sense of the particulate nature of matter, energy transfers in earth systems, feedback loops, and human interactions with their environment. An in-depth examination of the performance expectation bundles for the following four units will help illustrate the learning progressions students will follow to develop progressively more complex models of the particle nature of matter, its properties, and its interactions using the lenses of all crosscutting concepts, in particular, patterns, energy and matter, structure and function, and stability and change.
Incorporation of earth and space science NGSS performance expectations within a chemistry curriculum supports student engagement in and sensemaking of chemistry concepts around properties and interactions of matter and energy.
Nicole Vick (Northwestern University: No City, No State), Dan Voss (Northwestern University: Evanston, IL), Michael Novak (Northwestern University: Evanston, IL), Tara McGill (Northwestern University: Evanston, IL)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Film looks at Italian Catholics' conversion to Judaism
Can a people's history be lost over time or can it live on in the soil of the land and the blood of the people?
This is the question that the documentary film The Mystery of San Nicandro, airing Nov. 18 at 8 p.m. on CBC's documentary channel, attempts to answer.
The "mystery" in question is the fairly well documented story of a group of Italian Catholic peasants in a small, isolated community in southern Italy who converted to Judaism in the 1920s without ever having laid eyes on a Jew.
These converts were under the spell of a Rasputin-like charismatic healer, Donato Manduzio. Returning home to San Nicandro crippled after World War 1, Manduzio claimed to have visions from God and that he had been called like Moses to revive a faith that had long since disappeared.
Manduzio introduced dietary laws and worship of the Sabbath to his community. At the time, because of its isolation, they weren't even aware that other Jews existed anywhere else in the world. And other Jews weren't aware of them.
When Manduzio did eventually make contact with the rabbis in Rome, they considered him a crank and his community essentially rogue Catholics.
But Manduzio persisted, and in 1946, 80 people were formally converted to Judaism. A couple of years later, most of them immigrated to the new State of Israel, but not Manduzio, who had just died.
Several hundred Jews in Israel today are there because of Manduzio's visions.
The San Nicandro story is an interesting enough one for a documentary, but this film takes it a step further by connecting this to the history of southern Italy's Jewish conversos.
The film implies that the reason San Nicandro's Jews were so quick to convert is that, perhaps without knowing it, they were Spanish Jews whose ancestors had converted to Catholicism during the Inquisition. Judaism was in their blood.
One person who makes this claim is Hamilton, Ont.'s Laura Cattari. A Canadian of Italian descent, Laura was educated in a Catholic school but never made a spiritual connection to those roots.
She also believes that Judaism was in her blood. One day when she entered a synagogue, she felt as though she had returned home and started to search out her family's origins.
The documentary follows her journey to her ancestral hometown in Sicily, where a historian admits that her family surnames are of Jewish origin.
In a somewhat humorous scene, she takes this knowledge to distant relatives in the town whom she'd never seen before. These old Catholics don't take too kindly to her wild assertions. There never were any Jews there, they claim.
The Mystery of San Nicandro is not just about the San Nicandro Jews, but also about the renaissance of Judaism in southern Italy. Directed by Roger Pyke, it is a documentary well worth watching.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
New Work: Clock for an Architect
Privately commissioned to create a gift for an architect, Daniel Weil created a one-of-a-kind clock that is both simple and complex. Reducing objects to their component parts has long fascinated Weil. The Radio in a Bag he created for his degree show at the Royal College of Art three decades ago is an icon of 20th century industrial design. This clock is the latest demonstration of his interest in investigating not just how objects look, but how they work.
Constructed in ash and nickel-plated brass and silver, the clock is built of five separate elements. The numbers, both hours and minutes, are inscribed on the face and interior of a 9 3/4-inches diameter ring. The mechanism for setting the time connects with the central mechanism with visible rubber belts. A single AA battery provides power to the clock through visible power strips that are recessed in the assembly's base. (Note the different screws that support the battery stand, keyed to the positive and negative poles of the power source.) And, befitting the object's recipient, the housing for the central mechanism takes the form of, literally, a house.
"Objects like clocks are both prosaic and profound," says Weil. "Prosiac because of their ubiquity in everyday life, profound because of the mysterious nature of time itself. Time can be reduced to hours, minutes and seconds, just as a clock can be reduced to its component parts. This doesn't explain time, but in a way simply exposes its mysterious essence."


text:
Gas exchange system for extended in situ benthic chamber flux measurements under controlled oxygen conditions: First application - Sea bed methane emission measurements at Captain Arutyunov mud volcano
Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 6:23-33 (2008) | DOI: 10.4319/lom.2008.6.23
ABSTRACT: Mass transfer rates of many gases, nutrients, and trace metals across the sediment water interface are dependent on environmental oxygen conditions. In this article, a novel gas exchange system for extended in situ flux and respiration measurements in benthic chambers under defined oxygen conditions is described. Integrated within a GEOMAR modular lander, the gas exchange system was used to perform in situ measurements of the total oxygen uptake and sea bed methane emission rates under constant oxygen conditions at Captain Arutyunov mud volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) in a water depth of 1320 m. During two separate lander deployments, the oxygen concentration within the benthic chambers was kept constant for 37 and 47 h, respectively. Under these conditions total oxygen uptake rate remained constant at 4.4 and 13.2 mmol m2 d1. Seabed methane emission was low, in the range 0 to 0.2 mmol m2 d1. The system is suited for prolonged (days) in situ flux determinations under natural background oxygen conditions and offers a wide range of experimental applications.


text:
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) as a Simple Tool to Aid Modeling of Particulate Waste Distribution at Marine Fish Cage Sites
From the amount of farmed raised fish that flow in and out of grocery stores and restaurants, there must be one that causes food poisoning? Well this could be due to high levels of organic matter within the large pools that the fish come from. In this article, carbon settling at the bottom of the large tanks in the form of uneaten food and fecal matter is brought to the forefront of the conversation through using GIS technology.
This interesting article from O. M. Perez, brings in old formulas that help calculate carbon distribution within and around the tanks. Perez uses these formulas to calculate the numbers that are then applied with GIS to come up with some highly informative graphs and diagrams.
These two graphs show the distribution of carbon within one tank on the property of a fishery. These graphs help fishery owners begin to realize why some of their fish are losing them money and then harm the buyer with possibly contaminated fish.
By using the formulas that are presented in the article these graphs are formed and help environmentalists to change the ways of filtering and help them begin to theorize about new ways to grow the farm raised fishery business. At the end of this article however Perez brings us back to reality and tells us how this technology is still not sufficient enough to change the world with just a few examples. This lack of using technology especially GIS technology is holding new ways of production back and should be changed just how Perez is emphasizing.
O.M. Perez, T.C. Telfer, M.C.M. Beveridge, L.G. Ross (20 November 2000). Geographical Information Systems (GIS) as a Simple Tool to Aid Modelling of Particulate Waste Distribution at Marine Fish Cage Sites. Retrieved from: _URL_


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Exhibiting the Moving Image
Edited by François Bovier & Adeena Mey
Since the 1990s, a "cinematographic turn" has supposedly taken place in contemporary art paralleled by the emergence of a "cinema of exhibition" during the same period. This collection of new essays investigates the relationships between the "white cube" and the "black box," focusing mainly on the 1970s, a decade in which film practices and moving images were integrated into museums and art spaces.
In order to define what constitutes a "film exhibition," the authors in this volume analyze multiple modalities of presenting the moving image through historical case studies: the anatomy of video art, expanded cinema, artists' films and installations, and the moving image in the public sphere. Going back from the 1930s to the present, these contributions address commercial spectacular or advertising forms of moving images, artists' performative practices, installations in large museums, exhibitions devoted to projections, festivals of experimental films, and the likes. The challenge of this volume is to articulate historical case studies alongside wider questions that shape contemporary forms of artists' film and the moving image with their exhibition contexts.


Docs Menu
Docs HomeDevelop ApplicationsMongoDB Manual
Convert a Replica Set to a Sharded Cluster
On this page
 - About This Task
 - Server Architecture
 - Before You Begin
 - Steps
 - 1. Deploy the Config Server Replica Set
 - 2. Deploy the mongos
 - 3. Create an Administrative User for the Sharded Cluster
 - 4. Migrate the admin Database from the Initial Replica Set
 - 5. Restart the Initial Replica Set as a Shard
 - 6. Add the Initial Replica Set as a Shard
 - 7. Update Your Application Connection String
 - 8. Deploy a Second Replica Set
 - 9. Add the Second Replica Set to the Cluster as a Shard
 - 10. Shard a Collection
 - Learn More
Sharded clusters partition data across multiple servers based on a shard key. A sharded cluster scales better than a replica set for deployments with large data sets and high throughput operations.
This tutorial converts a single three-member replica set to a sharded cluster with two shards. Each shard in the new cluster is an independent three-member replica set.
You can convert to a sharded cluster in the UI for deployments hosted in MongoDB Atlas.
This tutorial uses the following servers:
Hostname
Port
Description
mongodb0.example.net
27017
Member of the initial data-bearing shard, rs0.
mongodb1.example.net
27017
Member of the initial data-bearing shard, rs0.
mongodb2.example.net
27017
Member of the initial data-bearing shard, rs0.
mongodb3.example.net
27018
Member of the second data-bearing shard, rs1.
mongodb4.example.net
27018
Member of the second data-bearing shard, rs1.
mongodb5.example.net
27018
Member of the second data-bearing shard, rs1.
mongodb6.example.net
27017
The mongos, used to connect to the sharded cluster.
mongodb7.example.net
27019
Member of the config server replica set.
mongodb8.example.net
27019
Member of the config server replica set.
mongodb9.example.net
27019
Member of the config server replica set.
The hostnames used in this tutorial are examples. Replace the hostnames used in the example commands with the hostnames used in your deployments.
Important
To avoid configuration updates due to IP address changes, use DNS hostnames instead of IP addresses. It is particularly important to use a DNS hostname instead of an IP address when configuring replica set members or sharded cluster members.
Use hostnames instead of IP addresses to configure clusters across a split network horizon. Starting in MongoDB 5.0, nodes that are only configured with an IP address fail startup validation and do not start.
To convert a replica set to a sharded cluster:
 1. Deploy the config server replica set.
 2. Deploy a mongos.
 3. Create an administrative user for the sharded cluster.
 4. Migrate the admin database from the initial replica set to the sharded cluster.
 5. Restart the members of the initial replica set as shard servers.
 6. Add the initial replica set as a shard.
 7. Update your application connection string.
 8. Create a second shard and add it to the cluster.
 9. Shard a collection.
Deploy a three-member replica set for the config servers. In this example, the config servers use the following hosts:
 - mongodb7.example.net
 - mongodb8.example.net
 - mongodb9.example.net
1
Select the tab for your authentication mechanism:
Deploy the mongod with your specified configuration:
mongod --config <PATH_TO_CONFIG_FILE>
The config servers use the default data directory /data/configdb and the default port 27019.
2
3
To initiate the replica set, run rs.initiate():
rs.initiate( {
_id: "configReplSet",
configsvr: true,
members: [
{ _id: 0, host: "mongodb7.example.net:27019" },
{ _id: 1, host: "mongodb8.example.net:27019" },
{ _id: 2, host: "mongodb9.example.net:27019" }
]
} )
The preceding command uses the localhost exception to perform administrative actions without authentication.
Important
Run rs.initiate() on just one and only one mongod instance for the replica set.
The mongos provides the interface between the client applications and the sharded cluster.
1
2
Deploy the mongos with your specified configuration:
mongos --config <PATH_TO_CONFIG_FILE>
After you deploy the mongos, use the localhost exception to create the first user on the cluster.
1
Use mongosh to connect to the mongos.
2
Tip
Specify a different username for your sharded cluster administrative user than the usernames in your initial replica set.
Using different names avoids conflicts when restoring the users from the initial replica set to the sharded cluster.
The following db.createUser() method creates a user named admin01 with the clusterManager and restore roles:
use admin
db.createUser(
{
user: "admin01",
pwd: passwordPrompt(),
roles: [
{ role: "clusterManager", db: "admin" },
{ role: "restore", db: "admin" }
]
}
)
After you run the command, the database prompts you to enter a password for the admin01 user.
The admin database contains user and system information. To migrate the admin database from your initial replica set to the sharded cluster, perform the following steps.
In this example, your initial replica set is a three-member replica set. This step updates the initial replica set so that it can be added as a shard to your sharded cluster.
The replica set runs on these hosts:
 - mongodb0.example.net:27017
 - mongodb1.example.net:27017
 - mongodb2.example.net:27017
For sharded clusters, you must set the role for each mongod instance in the shard to shardsvr. To specify the server role, set the sharding.clusterRole setting in the mongod configuration file.
Note
The default port for mongod instances with the shardsvr role is 27018. To use a different port, specify the net.port setting.
1
Use mongosh to connect to one of the members of your initial replica set.
2
Run rs.status() to determine the primary and secondaries:
rs.status()
In the command output, the replSetGetStatus.members[n].stateStr field indicates which member is the primary and which members are secondaries.
3
Warning
This step requires some downtime for applications connected to the replica set secondaries.
After you restart a secondary, any applications that are connected to that secondary return a CannotVerifyAndSignLogicalTime error until you perform the steps in 6. Add the Initial Replica Set as a Shard.
You can also restart your application to stop it from receiving CannotVerifyAndSignLogicalTime errors.
4
Warning
This step requires some downtime for applications connected to the primary of the replica set.
After you restart the primary, any applications that are connected to the primary return a CannotVerifyAndSignLogicalTime error until you perform the steps in 6. Add the Initial Replica Set as a Shard.
You can also restart your application to stop it from receiving CannotVerifyAndSignLogicalTime errors.
After you convert the initial replica set (rs0) to a shard, add it to the sharded cluster.
1
The mongos instance is running on host mongodb6.example.net.
This command authenticates you as the admin01 user you created on the sharded cluster. After you enter the command, enter your user's password.
2
To add a shard to the cluster, run the sh.addShard() method:
sh.addShard( "rs0/mongodb0.example.net:27017,mongodb1.example.net:27017,mongodb2.example.net:27017" )
Warning
Once the new shard is active, mongosh and other clients must always connect to the mongos instance. Do not connect directly to the mongod instances. If your clients connect to shards directly, you may create data or metadata inconsistencies.
After you add the first shard to your cluster, update the connection string used by your applications to the connection string for your sharded cluster. Then, restart your applications.
Deploy a new replica set called rs1. The members of replica set rs1 are on the following hosts:
 - mongodb3.example.net
 - mongodb4.example.net
 - mongodb5.example.net
1
Deploy the mongod with your specified configuration:
mongod --config <PATH_TO_CONFIG_FILE>
Note
When you specify the --shardsvr option for a mongod instance, the instance runs on port 270


Third Army Traffic Map. June 1918.
The logistical complexity behind the front line is visualised in this Third Army road traffic map of 1918.
Bold lines highlight the main roads for the use of motor vehicles and animals, whilst dotted lines denote single track roads, arrows giving the direction of travel. Exceptions are provided for officers and messengers, and animals are prohibited from being exercised on any roads.
Supply lines had failed during the Somme offensive of 1916, and a civilian, Sir Eric Geddes, was drafted in to improve British Expeditionary Force transport arrangements. By 1918 an efficient system of moving supplies, men and ammunition as quickly as possible to the front, and casualties and information away from it, had developed.
At the time of this map, the German Spring Offensive struck at the front in the bottom right corner of the map. In such circumstances the speed of logistics could be the difference between success and failure.
Full title
Third Army Traffic Map. June 1918.
Held by
British Library
Usage terms
Public Domain
Maps C.14.g.36.
Mapping the First World War
Mapping the First World War
The Great War: _PHONE_
The Great War 1914 to 1918


HARD-UP Huddersfield students are forking out high rents for their new homes - yet still getting potential death trap accommodation.
That was the warning today from British Gas officials, anxious to hammer home the safety message.
Research from British Gas and the National Union of Students has shown that, despite landlords demanding rents on a par with those paid by better-off tenants, many students get a raw deal in houses where basic gas safety and other life-saving measures are overlooked.
With students arriving at Huddersfield University this week and many others moving all over the country, safety experts are warning partygoers in privately-rented accommodation to make sure their hangover is from the night before and not the first symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
British Gas is urging all students and their families to follow a simple five-point checklist as soon as they move in.
The latest figures show that student rents have now risen to an average of £206 per month for rooms in shared houses - but higher rents have not led to higher standards of safety or quality.
Chris Bielby, British Gas's head of quality and standards, said: "Despite in many cases paying top-level prices, too many students are still getting bottom-end houses for their money.
"The law on safety checks is there to help save lives. It's unacceptable that they still aren't getting the standard of homes everyone else takes for granted."
Accommodation offices at most universities, including Huddersfield, already carry out checks on the properties they include on their housing lists. But British Gas and the NUS are urging all students to carry out simple checks of their own just to be sure.
1. Check with your landlord that the gas appliances in the property were professionally installed by a CORGI registered installer.
2. Check the property has functional smoke detectors and carbon monoxide detectors.
3. Check with your landlord that the furniture is fire resistant.
4. Check that all electrical appliances have been properly wired and check electrical sockets and switches for signs of burning or scorching.
5. Check that the property seems secure - do the ground floor windows have safety catches? Do the external doors seem solid, for instance?


What Predators Eat Zebras?
Zebra in KenyaZebras have several predators they must fend against, including lions, tigers, cheetahs, hyenas and crocodiles. Since zebras are sociable animals, they live in packs called harems, which helps fend off would-be attackers.
If a zebra sees a predator attempting to attack the harem, it will stand its ground and alert others using a high-pitched noise, similar to that of a snort. While the rest of the pack flees, the zebra will sometimes attempt to make a stand against the predator. It will lower its head and present itself in a stance where it can bite the attacker. However, the usual case results in the zebra fleeing with the rest of the pack when given an opportunity.
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Files in this item
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application/pdf
application/pdf9011091.pdf (6MB)Restricted to U of Illinois
(no description provided)PDF
Description
Title:Hyperfinite transversal theory
Author(s):Zivaljevic, Bosko T.
Department / Program:Mathematics
Discipline:Mathematics
Degree Granting Institution:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Degree:Ph.D.
Genre:Dissertation
Subject(s):Mathematics
Abstract:A famous theorem of P. Hall gives a necessary and sufficient condition for a bipartite graph $\Gamma$ to possess a matching f. (A bipartite graph $\Gamma$ is a subset of the cartesian product of two finite sets X and Y. A matching f of $\Gamma$ is a 1-1 function f which is a subset of $\Gamma$ and which has the same domain as $\Gamma$.) The graph $\Gamma$ can be thought of as a finite family of finite sets $\{\Gamma(x) : {x}{\in}{X})\}$. Thus, the existence of a matching of $\Gamma$ is equivalent to the existence of a system of distinct representatives of the corresponding family of finite sets, i.e., to the existence of an injective choice function of the family $\{\Gamma(x) : {x}{\in}{X})\}$. The part of Graph Theory which deals with refinements and variants of P. Hall's theorem is called Transversal Theory.
In our setting Hall's type result are proved in the case when the sets X and Y are considered to be Loeb measurable sets with respect to some uniformly distributed hyperfinite counting measure. Hall's condition is replaced by its measure theoretic analogue and for the graph $\Gamma$ we use sets of different "complexity" (in the sense of Descriptive Set Theory). At the same time the choice function, i.e., the matching in the statement of Hall's theorem, is required to be of "nice" structure, that is we ask that the function be internal. The terminology is likewise adjusted to the measure case situation. Accordingly, a matching need not have its domain equal to the domain of the graph, as was asked in the conclusion of the discrete case of Hall's theorem, but, rather, the domain of the matching should be of full measure in the domain of the graph.
Issue Date:1989
Type:Text
Language:English
URI:_URL_
Rights Information:Copyright 1989 Zivaljevic, Bosko T.
Date Available in IDEALS:2011-05-07
Identifier in Online Catalog:AAI9011091
OCLC Identifier:(UMI)AAI9011091
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text:
In Georgia, a defendant in a personal injury case arising from a car accident may argue what is known as the "sudden emergency" defense. Put simply, this means the defendant alleges he or she was presented with a sudden emergency and had insufficient time to react. If this was the case, the sudden emergency relieves the defendant of any and all liability for any accident arising from the sudden emergency.
Woodard v. Dempsey
The key to this defense is that the defendant could not have reasonably foreseen the emergency—otherwise it is not really a "sudden" emergency. An ongoing federal lawsuit in Atlanta illustrates how factual disputes over whether a defendant has alleged an actual emergency may arise.


Dashboard > OverDrive > Home > Gist
Gist
Added by Ted Husted, last edited by Ted Husted on Nov 04, 2005 (view change)
Labels:
(None)
The OverDrive project is constructing a set of realistic "best practice" applications for the Nexus framework.
Nexus Framework
At a Glance
Presentation Layer ASP.Net Spring.Web Nexus ViewControl Nexus ViewHelper (View)
Application Layer Spring.Net Nexus Catalog Nexus Commands Nexus Contexts (Controller)
Persistence Layer iBATIS.Net DataMaps Database Web Services (Model)
The Nexus framework exposes the application layer to the presentation layer through one or more Helper objects. The Helpers are a facade. A ViewControl base class works with the Helpers to read values from the controls, invoke the application logic, and determine the result. The result may include error messages, a set of values, or a list of values – all ready to display.
By "ready to display", we mean that all the type conversions, text formatting, and localizations have already been done. The UI controls can wrap the text in markup without additional post-processing. Providing ready-to-display text is an essential feature, since Nexus is designed to be used with multiple presentation layers. And, yes, we do consider unit tests to be a presentation layer!
Nexus does not replace presentation frameworks like ASP.NET or Struts. Nexus provides the missing link between presentation frameworks and the business logic that drives your application.
The Nexus back-end is an extended version of the Commons Chain of Responsibility (CoRe). Our Agility product is a port of the original Jakarta Commons CoRe codebase. The Nexus product is our extension to Agility. Nexus adds the features we need to use a Chain of Responsiblity as a business facade.
"Chain of Responsibility pattern"
"Avoid coupling the sender of a request to its receivere by giving more than one object a chance to handle the request. Chain the receiving objects and pass the request along the chain until an object handles it."
Design Patterns by Gamma, Helm, Johnson, and Vlissides (ISBN _PHONE_).
The Nexus extensions to Agility feature an advanced Context with attributes common to most applications. There are attributes for storing an Exception, lists of Errors, and lists of generic Messages (Fault, Alerts, and Hints). A convenient "IsNominal" property tells us if there are Alerts or a Fault to display.
Nexus Catalog
The Nexus Catalog makes it easy to retrieve a Context and Command in one call. The caller can pass a Command ID and get back a Context with the Command embedded as an attribute. After filling the Context with values, we can "execute" the Context. The Catalog retrieves the Command, and then passes the Context to its Command. For populating a page, we can also ask for a Command ID, and get back the Context after the Command has executed, in a single call.
Nexus Context
The Context provides a "Criteria" attribute, which is used like a sandbox to store input and output values. The Helpers utilize the Criteria rather than the Context. Other framework Commands automatically convert or format the values between the Criteria and Context.
Request Processing
The Nexus Catalog is extended so that we can execute any given Command as part of a larger Chain of Commands. At runtime, the Catalog creates a Chain and wraps "pre-opt" and "post-op" chains around the instant Command (which could also be a Chain). The pre-op and post-opt chains are configured along with other Commands in the Catalog. In effect, the Catalog creates a "Back Controller" to ensure certain things always happen on each request (Command invocation). The pre-opt Chain, instant Command (or Chain), and post-op Chain work as a request processor.
The standard pre-op Chain converts input, and the standard post-op Chain formats output. But we can also do things like link a logger into the post-op Chain. It's very much like the way Subversion uses pre-commit and post-commit triggers, except that the "commit" is a Command.
Nexus Processors
Pluggable Processors handle the conversion and/or formatting for a kind of field. The "kind" might be a data type, like "integer", or a formatting type, like "telephone number", a combination of both, or even a calculated attribute.
The Processors are linked to a Field Table. Each field that needs special handling can be listed in the Field Table and associated with a Processor. The Field Table and Processors also contain the message templates that are used to create validation errors. For lists returned from a database, a special Processor can iterate over each row of the list, and call the Processor for each column, to create a formatted version in the Critiera.
Input and Output
When listing a Command in the Catalog, we can also list the input and output values the command expects. Input can be specified as "required" or as "related". A Chain automatically aggregates the input field list from its Commands, to insure that all required input is provided. We can also specify a command's output values, and the Chain will consider the output from one command valid input to a subsequent command.
The Helpers use the Command's list of input fields to to automatically read or bind values to the controls. The standard pre-op Chain also uses the field list and Field Table to generate validation errors.
Form Binding and Reading
Most often, you can read or bind an entire form with a single line of code. A complete block, including error checking, may take four or five lines.
Binding
Here is a typical idiom for populating a form:
IViewHelper helper = ExecuteBind(FIND_COMMAND);
 bool okay = helper.IsNominal;
 if (!okay) Page_Alert = helper;
Reading
Here is a typical idiom for reading input from a form:
IViewHelper helper = ReadExecute(SAVE_COMMAND);
 bool okay = helper.IsNominal;
 if (!okay) Page_Alert = helper;
For more about Nexus, see the WhitePaper page and PhoneBook application.
OVR-2@OVR-JIRA
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In evolutionary game theory, it is typical to model organisms as having a base fitness that is modified slightly by the game interaction. The ratio of the game effect versus the base fitness determines the strength of selection, with weak selection meaning the game modifies overall fitness only slightly, and strong selection meaning that the game payoff is a big part of the overall fitness of the organism.
Most analytic models like to assume weak selection because it allows the authors to Taylor expand the selection function and linearize it by dropping terms that are higher order in the stength of selection. However, it is unclear that results derived for weak selection would necessarily hold under strong selection. Are there mathematical (or computational) models where weak and strong selection produce qualitatively different results? If not, is there an argument as to why weak and strong selection should produce the same results?
I've also seen this discussion come up outside of evolutionary game theory, in a more general biological setting. In particular, with respect to inclusive fitness. The take away message I got was that in the regime of weak selection relatedness means what you expect it to mean, but for strong selection the concept becomes very slippery and counter-intuitive. What does inclusive fitness theory tell us about going from weak to strong selection? Again, I prefer arguments supported by clean mathematical or computational models over ones based on intuition and words alone.
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I haven't had time to look closely at it, but you might find this paper interesting: Wu et al. 2010. Universality of weak selection. ArXiv. It seems like they try to bend the rules and study differences between models. – fileunderwater Jan 9 at 21:33
_USER_ thanks, I found that paper shortly after I asked the question and it is extremely relevant, I've been meaning to give a self-answer based on it but have been too busy with other things. – Artem Kaznatcheev Jan 9 at 22:52
1 Answer 1
It has been shown that predictions based on weak selection can be different from that on strong selection. In fact, for rare mutations, each strategy has stationary distribution at the mutation selection equilibrium. The rank of the component depicts the relative prevalence of the available strategies. Yet the rank of the components of this distribution can change with the selection intensity. Thus results obtained under weak selection can not generally carry over to strong selection.
For more details, please refer to Fig. 1 in [1] and Fig. 2 in the supplementary information of [2].
1 Julián García and Arne Traulsen, (2012), Journal of Theoretical Biology, Leaving the loners alone: Evolution of cooperation in the presence of antisocial punishment
2 Christoph Hauert, Arne Traulsen, Hannelore Brandt, Martin A. Nowak and Karl Sigmund, (2007), Science, Via freedom to coercion: the emergence of costly punishment
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text:
Old landfill sites promote biodiversity, study shows
Brownfield sites are often promoted as suitable locations for development on the perception that protecting the 'green belt' limits damage to biodiversity.
Yet a new study shows that such sites are in fact of great importance to wildlife, providing scarce and species-rich habitats with little or no disturbance.
The research, led by Callum Macgregor and colleagues at the University of Hull, UKCEH and Butterfly Conservation, investigated the species richness of birds, plants and insects in relation to historical landfill sites, combining data from three national-scale UK biological monitoring schemes, including the UK Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.
Brownfield land harbours a rich array of bird, insect and plant species, with its biodiversity often under-appreciated (Richard Croft / commons.wikimedia.org).
The results demonstrate that species richness is higher for all three groups in landscapes containing ex-landfill sites, with these figures increasing as the area of ex-landfill increases.
The team found that for birds and insects, the species richness declines over time once landfill sites have closed, while for plants species richness increases.
The research provides evidence that the repurposing or development of brownfield sites may have unintended negative consequences for biodiversity,and that this should only occur on smaller sites, or those in areas where a high density of such brownfield sites exists.
Macgregor C J, Bunting M J, Deutz P, Bourn N A, Roy D B & Mayes W M. 2022. Brownfield sites promote biodiversity at a landscape scale. Science of The Total Environment 804: 150162. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150162


Identical subchondral bone microarchitecture pattern with increasedbone resorption in rheumatoid arthritis as compared to osteoarthritis
G. Li, Y. Ma, Tak Sum Cheng, Euphemie Landao-Bassonga, A. Qin, Nathan Pavlos, C. Zhang, Q. Zheng, Minghao Zheng
Research output: Contribution to journalArticle
12 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
© 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Objectives: To analyze the differences in microarchitecture and bone remodeling of subchondral bone in femoral heads from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). Designs: Peri-articular bone samples, including subchondral trabecular bone (STB) and deeper trabecular bone (DTB) were extracted from the load-bearing region of femoral heads from 20 patients with RA and 40 patients with OA during hip replacement surgery. Micro-CT, histomorphometry and backscatter scanning electron microscopy (BSEM) were performed to assess microarchitecture and bone histology parameters. Results: In both RA and OA, STB showed more sclerotic microarchitecture and more active bone remodeling, compared to DTB. RA and OA showed similar microarchitecture characteristics in both STB and DTB, despite STB in RA exhibiting higher bone resorption. In addition, there was no difference in the frequency of bone cysts in STB between RA and OA. In STB, the trabecular bone surrounding subchondral bone cysts (Cys-Tb) was more sclerotic than the trabecular bone found distant to cysts (Peri-Tb), with a higher level of bone remodeling. Both Cys-Tb region and Peri-Tb region were detected to have similar microarchitectural and bone remodeling characteristics in RA and OA. Conclusions: Apart from higher bone resorption in the general subchondral bone of RA samples, the peri-articular bone exhibited similar microarchitectural and bone remodeling characteristics in RA and OA.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)2083-2092
JournalOsteoarthritis and Cartilage
Volume22
Issue number12
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2014
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Identical subchondral bone microarchitecture pattern with increasedbone resorption in rheumatoid arthritis as compared to osteoarthritis'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
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text:
DAB A2-Divertron 1200 Submersible Pump Mains Switch Over
DAB DIVERTRON1200 pressure system pump with auto restart controller. Acquasaver A2 ¾" solid brass with dual check valve tank-2-mains switch device. Watermark approved for connections to all Town Water supplies. Safe against waterborne bacteria, dezincification and lead poisoning. Australian Owned and designed. The pump regulates flow and pressure and protects itself against voltage fluctuations and loss of water. The Acquasaver A2 can operate without power and can be located any distance from the pump, and even inside the rain water tank. AS/NZS4020 Drinking Water Approved.
How does the AcquaSaver Work?
The AcquaSaver® Valve will always prioritize the use of rainwater over mains water when rainwater is available and will automatically switch over to mains water in the event of the rainwater tank running low or electrical failure
When rainwater has been replenished or power has been restored to the pump, the AcquaSaver valve will automatically prioritize back to rainwater.
The pump is only active when rainwater is being drawn from the water tank, it does not operate when the AcquaSaver Valve has switched to mains position.
The pump controller starts and stops the pump when it detects a demand – for example flushing a toilet or using a washing machine.
The operating mechanism of the AcquaSaver Valve is a unique patent design, it works by hydraulic water pressure created by the pump to close one inlet fully before opening the other inlet. This ensures an extremely reliable mechanism using few moving parts and no electronic components and no energy consumption.
|Product Type||Pressure System|
|Suitable For||Clean Water|
|Approval||Approved For Drinking Water|
|Flow Range Category||a. 0 – 99 L/min|
|Flow Rate (L/min)||95 L/min|
|Kilo Watts||0.75 kW|
|Head Range Category||b. 40 – 59 m|
|Max Head (m)||48 m|
|Port Size Outlet||1″ BSPF outlet|
|Warranty (months)||24 Months|

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
PCA8565 Application Circuit
Created: Dec 09, 2014
No description available.
The PCA8565 plays a very important role in the real time systems like digital clock, attendance system and tariff switching. In applications where timestamp is needed, PCA8565 real time clock is a good option. It provides the following benefits: low power consumption, allows the main system for time-critical tasks, and more accurate than other methods.
The PCA8565 is a CMOS real time clock and calendar optimized for low power consumption. A programmable clock output, interrupt output and voltage-low detector are also provided. All address and data are transferred serially via a two-line bidirectional I2C-bus with a maximum bus speed of 400kbps. The built-in word address register is incremented automatically after each written or read data byte. It provides a year, month, day, weekday, hours, minutes and seconds based on a 32.768kHz quartz crystal. It features alarm and timer functions, low current, and extended operating temperature range of -40 degrees Celsius to +125 degrees Celsius. It further contains an 8-bit year register that can hold values from 00 to 99 in BCD format, which also compensates for leap years, thus leap year is automatically corrected.
From the application circuit, the PCA8565 can be used to perform standard RTC functions, such as tracking the actual time and date, or acting as a reference timer. To support power management, the PCA8565 can be used to wake the microcontroller from hibernation mode. In systems that use a PLL, it can serve as a system reference clock for the PLL input. The PCA8565 can also be used as a watchdog timer, or as an activation timer to start measurements or initiate other functions.


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problem icon
problem icon
Tiles on a Patio
problem icon
Stage: 2 Challenge Level: Challenge Level:1
Chetan sent in this solution.
The total area of each one of the square shaped patio (3 X 3, 4 X 4, 5 X 5) is 9, 16 and 25 respectively.
Hence, with the available size of 1 X 1, 2 X 2, 3 X 3 and 4 X 4, we just need to find the tile values that total the area of the square.
example: for 4 X 4 = 16. Hence, the sum of the tiles areas should add up to 16.
no. of 4 X 4 = 1 (area 16)
no. of 1 X 1 = 16 (area 16)
no. of 2 X 2 = 4 (area 16)
no. of 3 X 3 = 1; 1 X 1 = 7 (area 16)
Hence, with respect to the total area of the square we will need to calculate the factors that sum up to the total number.
However, Paul from Brentside High School said:
So with a 5x5 square you could assume that: 1 tile of 3x3 = 9 and 4 tiles of 2x2 =16.
As 9+16 = 25 therefore you could use 5 tiles.
But in fact you can't as there is no configuration that will fit (without cutting the tiles which is not allowed).
So to say that we just need to find tile values that total the area of the square is not correct.
You are absolutely right, Paul. Paul goes on to wonder whether there is a purely numerical solution to the problem. I am not sure that there is, as you would have to take into account the spatial aspect too. What do you think?


Assignment 3 ------------ Erratum corrected 11PM Sun 3 Oct: the following line let tb = (make_list t12 (make_list t3 empty)) in originally read let tb = (make_list t12 t3) in This has been corrected below, and in the preloaded evaluator for working on assignment 3, available here: [[assignment 3 evaluator]].
Once again, the lambda evaluator will make working through this assignment much faster and more secure. _TAG_ recursive functions on version 1 style lists# Recall that version 1 style lists are constructed like this (see [[lists and numbers]]): ; booleans let true = \x y. x in let false = \x y. y in let and = \l r. l (r true false) false in let make_pair = \f s g. g f s in let get_fst = true in let get_snd = false in let empty = make_pair true junk in let isempty = \x. x get_fst in let make_list = \h t. make_pair false (make_pair h t) in let head = \l. isempty l err (l get_snd get_fst) in let tail = \l. isempty l err (l get_snd get_snd) in ; a list of numbers to experiment on let mylist = make_list 1 (make_list 2 (make_list 3 empty)) in ; church numerals let iszero = \n. n (\x. false) true in let succ = \n s z. s (n s z) in let add = \l r. l succ r in let mul = \m n s. m (n s) in let pred = (\shift n. n shift (make\_pair 0 0) get\_snd) (\p. p (\x y. make\_pair (succ x) x)) in let leq = \m n. iszero(n pred m) in let eq = \m n. and (leq m n)(leq n m) in ; a fixed-point combinator for defining recursive functions let Y = \f. (\h. f (h h)) (\h. f (h h)) in let length = Y (\length l. isempty l 0 (succ (length (tail l)))) in let fold = Y (\f l g z. isempty l z (g (head l)(f (tail l) g z))) in eq 2 2 yes no Then 'length mylist' evaluates to 3. 1. What does 'head (tail (tail mylist))' evaluate to? 2. Using the 'length' function as a model, and using the predecessor function, write a function that computes factorials. (Recall that n!, the factorial of n, is n times the factorial of n-1.) Warning: it takes a long time for my browser to compute factorials larger than 4! 3. (Easy) Write a function 'equal_length' that returns true just in case two lists have the same length. That is, equal_length mylist (make_list junk (make_list junk (make_list junk empty))) ~~> true equal_length mylist (make_list junk (make_list junk empty))) ~~> false 4. (Still easy) Now write the same function, but don't use the length function. 5. In assignment 2, we discovered that version 3-type lists (the ones that work like Church numerals) made it much easier to define operations like 'map' and 'filter'. But now that we have recursion in our toolbox, reasonable map and filter functions for version 1 lists are within our reach. Give definitions for 'map' and a 'filter' for verson 1 type lists. _TAG_ with trees# Linguists analyze natural language expressions into trees. We'll need trees in future weeks, and tree structures provide good opportunities for learning how to write recursive functions. Making use of the resources we have at the moment, we can approximate trees as follows: instead of words, we'll use Church numerals. Then a tree will be a (version 1 type) list in which each element is itself a tree. For simplicity, we'll adopt the convention that a tree of length 1 must contain a number as its only element. Then we have the following representations:
 (a) (b) (c)
 /|\ /\ /\
 / | \ /\ 3 1 /\
 1 2 3 1 2 2 3
[[1];[2];[3]] [[[1];[2]];[3]] [[1];[[2];[3]]]
Limitations of this scheme include the following: there is no easy way to label a constituent with a syntactic category (S or NP or VP, etc.), and there is no way to represent a tree in which a mother has a single daughter. When processing a tree, you can test for whether the tree contains only a numeral (in which case the tree is leaf node) by testing for whether the length of the list is less than or equal to 1. This will be your base case for your recursive functions that operate on these trees.
 1. Write a function that sums the values at the leaves in a tree. Expected behavior: let t1 = (make_list 1 empty) in let t2 = (make_list 2 empty) in let t3 = (make_list 3 empty) in let t12 = (make_list t1 (make_list t2 empty)) in let t23 = (make_list t2 (make_list t3 empty)) in let ta = (make_list t1 t23) in let tb = (make_list t12 (make_list t3 empty)) in let tc = (make_list t1 (make_list t23 empty)) in sum-leaves t1 ~~> 1 sum-leaves t2 ~~> 2 sum-leaves t3 ~~> 3 sum-leaves t12 ~~> 3 sum-leaves t23 ~~> 5 sum-leaves ta ~~> 6 sum-leaves tb ~~> 6 sum-leaves tc ~~> 6
 2. Write a function that counts the number of leaves.


text:
Moisture Analysis in the Baking Industry
Providing a quality product is a complex problem that bakers must solve to be successful in a competitive market. Concerns about the taste, texture, appearance and freshness are just a few of the riddles, and at the heart of these is moisture. Too much water in a baker's product can lead to problems with shaping, a soggy texture, and mold and spore formations in packaging. Too little water creates stale, brittle and hard goods.
Along with the obstacles associated with water content, determining the moisture level has proved to be just as complicated. Deciding when to test, what parts of the product to test and where to test are all difficult choices that need to be made, and changes in these decisions will affect the results obtained from testing. For instance, does the baker test the loaf of bread immediately after it is removed from the oven, before water migration is complete and estimate the moisture of the product; or does the baker wait until the migration has occurred and then test for moisture? Additionally, the historical methods used for moisture determination are lengthy processes that hinder the flow of information needed to decide if a product is ready for release or if there is a problem in the baking process.
While the decision when to test is still left up to the baker, advances in moisture analyses have dramatically reshaped the antiquated methods of the past. Arizona Instrument LLC has led the way on this front, developing rapid loss on drying instrumentation that provides reliable results in minutes instead of hours. These versatile instruments improve process efficiency which will allow for an increase in production, as well as provide vital information which can be used to make adjustments and optimize the quality of the baked goods that are produced.
The application of traditional test methods of moisture determination is considered to be elementary by bakers and scientists alike. Often the procedure involves taking a small random sample from a product, measuring its mass, placing it in an oven for a specified time at a specified temperature, removing it and letting it cool to ambient temperature, then reweighing the sample. The % moisture is determined using the following equation:
%M=((initial mass-final mass))/(initial mass)*100
Where the initial mass is determined prior to oven treatment and the final mass is determined after the sample has been in the oven and cooled to room temperature. Ease of use is certainly helps make this a desirable method, but it also has drawbacks. These methods frequently take hours to conduct, which can slow production down. Also, there are no in-situ¬ measurements being taken to optimize the procedure. These types of measurements would help reduce cost and improve energy management and efficiency.
Rapid Loss on Drying
Rapid loss on drying instruments operate using the same principle as traditional oven methods, but are able to address the drawbacks associated to them without changing the ease of use. Users of these instruments place a prescribed amount of material onto a pan that is sitting on a balance. Once the correct amount of material is on the pan the instrument heats up to a specified temperature and the water is evolved off of the sample. Multiple criteria can be used to end the test, but frequently tests are ended when the change in mass is determined to be negligible. These tests provide the user with real time measurements and often tests take a few minutes instead of hours.
Rapid loss on drying instrumentation has proven to provide a more desirable method of moisture measurement when compared to traditional loss on drying techniques. It addresses the drawbacks associated with conventional loss on drying and while maintaining the ease of use application. The reduction in test times increases manufacturing efficiency while simultaneously reducing energy costs. Additionally, this instrumentation is able to provide real time moisture measurements to help users optimize moisture measurement methods.
James Moore, Chemist
Arizona Instrument LLC


text: A micro computer based multi-axis motion controller for servo control of d.c. motors for robotic applications is presented in this paper. The motion controller interface uses LM628 precision motion controller chips. The design presented in this paper facilitates control of four motors from a single PC board consisting of four LM628 chips. The motion controller board has provisions to issue commands to all or some chips simultaneously. The presence of LM628 chips relieves the host computer of the responsibility of feedback control and it is free to perform other tasks once the necessary commands are downloaded to the motion controller board. The motion controller chips perform the closed loop control to drive the motors to the desired positions and/or to run at the desired velocity. The motion controller board also has safety features to stop the motors in case of problems and provide self diagnostics. This motion controller is used to control a prototype Automatic Guided Vehicle (AGV) and a five axis robot. The performance of the motion controller board is observed to be satisfactory.


text:
|Stage Navigation for ver3.0||Next:|
| Martian Base |
| Seabed (1,2,3,4,5,6) |
| Dust Ground (1,2,3) |
Rocky Road (1,2,3)
| Crater (1,2) |
- This is the second stage in the Martian Series.
- This stage was implemented in ver1.1
- Unlike the first stage, all enemies in this stage are mobile.
- The effect of the low gravity on enemies can be seen in this stage, where the Snakes jump twice as high as compared to Snakes on Earth.
- Seabed, the stage type


text:
Skip to Main Content
Considered from the test structure, test time, test power, the paper based on the IEEEstd1500 standards, the first reference in the test circuit is to build a structure of SOC testing, including test cases and test shell test controller., SOCd695 were completed by SOC test scheduling TAM through Optimization of neural network after simulation. In order to achieve optimal low-power SOC design of the tcu test control unit, use the adoption of innovative parity algorithm in descending order before test scheduling, to to reduce the testing of all nodes in the transition activities to reduce the power consumption of SOC test structure. Experimental results show that this method is better to reduce power consumption, lower the cost of test.
Strategic Technology (IFOST), 2011 6th International Forum on (Volume:2 )
Date of Conference: 22-24 Aug. 2011


text:
The Sky is for Everyone - Outreach and Educaction with the Virtual Observatory
"The Virtual Observatory (VO) is an international attempt to collect astronomical data (images, simulation, mission-logs, etc), organize it and develop tools that let astronomers access this huge amount of information. The VO not only simplifies the work of professional astronomers, it is also a valuable tool for education and public outreach. For teachers and astronomers who actively promote astronomy to the public the VO is an great opportunity to access real astronomical data, use them and have a taste of the workaday life of astronomers." Full paper - More information.


text:
are behind a network address translator (NAT). This means that several PCs will share a public IP address. Furthermore, some systems, such as Tor, are designed to retain Internet anonymity, rendering tracking by IP address impractical, impossible, or a security risk.
URL (query string)
A more precise technique is based on embedding information into URLs. The query string part of the URL is the one that is typically used for this purpose, but other parts can be used as well. The Java Servlet and PHP session mechanisms both use this method if cookies are not enabled.
This method consists of the Web server appending query strings to the links of a Web page it holds when sending it to a browser. When the user follows a link, the browser returns the attached query string to the server.
Query strings used in this way and cookies are very similar, both being arbitrary pieces of information chosen by the server and sent back by the browser. However, there are some differences: since a query string is part of a URL, if that URL is later reused, the same attached piece of information is sent to the server. For example, if the preferences of a user are encoded in the query string of a URL and the user sends this URL to another user by e-mail, those preferences will be used for that other user as well.
Moreover, even if the same user accesses the same page two times, there is no guarantee that the same query string is used in both views. For example, if the same user arrives to the same page but coming from a page internal to the site the first time and from an external search engine the second time, the relative query strings are typically different while the cookies would be the same. For more details, see query string.
Other drawbacks of query strings are related to security: storing data that identifies a session in a query string enables or simplifies session fixation attacks, referrer logging attacks and other security exploits. Transferring session identifiers as HTTP cookies is more secure.
Hidden form fields
Another form of session tracking is to use web forms with hidden fields. This technique is very similar to using URL query strings to hold the information and has many of the same advantages and drawbacks; and if the form is handled with the HTTP GET method, the fields actually become part of the URL the browser will send upon form submission. But most forms are handled with HTTP POST, which causes the form information, including the hidden fields, to be appended as extra input that is neither part of the URL, nor of a cookie.
This approach presents two advantages from the point of view of the tracker: first, having the tracking information placed in the HTML source and POST input rather than in the URL means it will not be noticed by the average user; second, the session information is not copied when the user copies the URL (to save the page on disk or send it via email, for example).
This method can be easily used with any framework that supports web forms.
The downside is that every separate window or tab will initially have an empty window.name; in times of tabbed browsing this means that individually opened tabs (initiation by user) will not have a window name. Furthermore window.name can be used for tracking visitors across different websites, making it of concern for Internet privacy.
In some respects this can be more secure than cookies due to not involving the server, so it is not vulnerable to network cookie sniffing attacks. However if special measures are not taken to protect the data, it is vulnerable to other attacks because the data is available across different websites opened in the same window or tab.
HTTP authentication
The HTTP protocol includes the basic access authentication and the digest access authentication protocols, which allow access to a Web page only when the user has provided the correct username and password. If the server requires such credentials for granting access to a web page, the browser requests them from the user and, once obtained, the browser stores and sends them in every subsequent page request. This information can be used to track the user.
See also
- Dynamic HTML
- Local Shared Object – Flash Cookies
- Session Beans
- Session (computer science)
- Session ID
- Web server session management
- Web Storage and DOM Storage
- Web visitor tracking
- Zombie cookie
- "HTTP State Management Mechanism – Overview". IETF. April 2011.
- Penenberg, Adam; Cookie Monsters, Slate, November 7, 2005. "Cookies are not software. They can't be programmed, can't carry viruses, and can't unleash malware to go wilding through your hard drive."
- "New net rules set to make cookies crumble". BBC. 2011-03-08.
- "Sen. Rockefeller: Get Ready for a Real Do-Not-Track Bill for Online Advertising". Adage.com. 2011-05-06.
- Peng, Weihong; Cisna, Jennifer (2000). "HTTP cookies - a promising technology". Proquest. Online Information Review. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
- Vamosi, Robert (2008-04-14). "Gmail cookie stolen via Google Spreadsheets".
- Schwartz, John (2001-09-04). "Giving Web a Memory Cost Its Users Privacy". The New York Times.
- Kesan, Jey; and Shah, Rajiv ; Deconstructing Code, SSRN.com, chapter II.B (Netscape's cookies), Yale Journal of Law and Technology, 6, 277–389
- Kristol, David; HTTP Cookies: Standards, privacy, and politics, ACM Transactions on Internet Technology, 1(2), 151–198, 2001 doi:10.1145/502152.502153 (an expanded version is freely available at arXiv:cs/0105018v1 [cs.SE])
- "Press Release: Netscape Communications Offers New Network Navigator Free On The Internet". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 2006-12-07. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- "Usenet Post by Marc Andreessen: Here it is, world!". Groups.google.com. 1994-10-13. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- Hardmeier, Sandi (2005-08-25). "The history of Internet Explorer". Microsoft. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- Jackson, T (1996-02-12). "This Bug in Your PC is a Smart Cookie". Financial Times.
- "Maintaining session state with cookies". Microsoft Developer Network. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
- Rouse, Margaret (September 2005). "Transient cookie (session cookie)". SearchSOA. TechTarget. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
- OWASP Browsers Supporting HttpOnly
- IETF HTTP State Management Mechanism – Apr, 2011 Obsoletes RFC 2965
- Böttiger, Arvid (2011). "HTTP-Only cookies - Brought to you by Internet Explorer 6".
- Mayer, Jonathan. "Tracking the Trackers: Microsoft Advertising". The Center for Internet and Society. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- Burt, David. "Update on the issue of 'supercookies' used on MSN". Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- Jim Manico quoting Daniel Stenberg, Real world cookie length limits
- "Persistent client state HTTP cookies: Preliminary specification". Netscape. c1999. Archived from the original on 2007-08-05.
- RFC 2965 – HTTP State Management Mechanism (IETF)
- "Cookie Property". MSDN. Microsoft. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- Shannon, Ross (2007-02-26). "Cookies — set and retrieve information about your readers". HTMLSource. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- Innovative, Php (2011-09-02). "Sharing Cookies Between Multiple Domains". InnovativePhp. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
- RFC 2616 - Hypertext Transfer Protocol - HTTP/1.1
- Symantec Internet Security Threat Report: Trends for July–December 2007 (Executive Summary) (PDF) XIII. Symantec Corp. April 2008. pp. 1–3. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
- Whalen, David (June 8, 2002). "The Unofficial Cookie FAQ v2.6". Cookie Central. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- "3rd-Party Cookies, DOM Storage and Privacy". grack.com: Matt Mastracci's blog. January 6, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
- "How to Manage Cookies in Internet Explorer 6". Microsoft. December 18, 2007. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- "Clearing private data". Firefox Support Knowledge base. Mozilla. 16 September 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- "Clear Personal Information : Clear browsing data". Google Chrome Help. Google. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- "Clear Personal Information: Delete cookies". Google Chrome Help. Google. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- "Site Compatibility for Firefox 22", Mozilla Developer Network, 2013-04-11
- Miyazaki, Anthony D. (2008), "Online Privacy and the Disclosure of Cookie Use: Effects on Consumer Trust and Anticipated Patronage," Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 23 (Spring), 19–33
- "CIA Caught Sneaking Cookies". CBS News. 2002-03-20.
- "Spy


text:
Assessment of a Non Invasive Brain Oximeter in Volunteers Undergoing Acute Hypoxia.
Barry Dixon, David B MacLeod
Med Devices (Auckl) | Published : 2020
Introduction: Research in traumatic brain injury suggests better patient outcomes when invasive oxygen monitoring is used to detect and correct episodes of brain hypoxia. Invasive brain oxygen monitoring is, however, not routinely used due to the risks, costs and technical challengers. We are developing a non-invasive brain oximeter to address these limitations. The monitor uses the principles of pulse oximetry to record a brain photoplethysmographic waveform and oxygen saturations. We undertook a study in volunteers to assess the new monitor. Patients and Methods: We compared the temporal changes in the brain and skin oxygen saturations in six volunteers undergoing progressive hypoxia to re..View full abstract


text:
April 16, 2004
MEMORANDUM FOR INDUSTRY DIRECTORS, LMSB
DIRECTOR, FIELD SPECIALISTS, LMSB
DIRECTOR, PREFILING AND TECHNICAL
DIVISION COUNSEL, LMSB
DIRECTOR, COMPLIANCE, SBSE
FROM: Bobby E. Scott /s/ Bobby E. Scott
Natural Resources and Construction
SUBJECT: Field Directive on Timber Casualty Losses
This memorandum is intended to provide direction to effectively utilize resources in the classification and examination of a Forestry Industry taxpayer. This LMSB Directive is not an official pronouncement of the law or the Service's position and cannot be used, cited, or relied upon as such.
The compliance risk associated with the valuation of timber casualty losses is significant. This risk is currently estimated at $2.5 billion to $5 billion for open return years, and represents the number one issue in the Forest Products industry. A Timber Casualty Loss Issue Guidance Team was formed to identify avenues through which this compliance risk may be reduced, including the development of pre-filing guidelines as well as post-filing audit and issue resolution tools.
The current issue involves the proper approach to valuation of the Single Identifiable Property (SIP) damaged or destroyed by the casualty event. Taxpayers generally identify the SIP as the entire depletion block (as allowed by Rev. Rul. 99-56) to maximize the basis limitation. However, they often fail to comply with regulations and case law requiring the valuation of the SIP, both before and after the casualty event, in order to determine the diminution in fair market value of the SIP as a whole. Instead, many taxpayers utilize an additive approach, whereby they determine the volume of timber damaged or destroyed and multiply that quantity by current unit rates. By using the "additive" approach, taxpayers frequently place a value on the loss that is much greater than the diminution in value of the entire block on a before and after basis.
IRS examiners face significant obstacles in determining the correctness of reported casualty loss claims. First, since Revenue Ruling 99-56 accepted the depletion block as the SIP, there has been little guidance describing the legal requirements for the valuation of timber casualty losses. In addition, since taxpayers rarely perform an appraisal of the SIP, IRS examiners must determine the accuracy of the short-cut valuation and frequently perform an appraisal of the SIP themselves--all with limited access to comparable sales data, time constraints, and a lack of clear guidance as to what must be valued.
To address this audit issue and improve consistency and quality of timber casualty loss examinations, the Timber Casualty Loss Guidance Team has developed examination guidelines (Exhibit A) and an Issue Paper on the Valuation of a Single Identifiable Property (Exhibit B). The purpose of the Director's guidance is to provide a simplified method for assessing whether IRS resource allocation is feasible when determining the issue of timber casualty losses. When reviewing the taxpayer data, if the values claimed by the Taxpayer are below the values computed under this simplified method, resources would not need to be expended. When the claimed loss is greater that the amount computed under the simplified method, the examiner should perform the necessary risk analysis to determine if a valuation of the loss is required. The assessment of the valuation of a casualty loss under the Director's guidance consists of three steps.
First, a gross timber loss is calculated. This consists of the total value of the, dereproduction, premerchantable, and merchantable timber that is damaged or destroyed. The respective values are computed as described below using published third-party sources for merchantable timber and capitalization of establishment costs for reproduction.
Next, the allowable loss is determined, by applying a size adjustment, if appropriate, to the gross timber loss.
Finally, the ductible loss is computed, which is the lesser of the allowable loss, or the adjusted timber basis in the depletion block.
Four factors determine the value of the loss under the Director's guidance:
1) The volume of timber damaged or destroyed;
2) The published unit stumpage rates chosen for the merchantable timber;
3) The valuation procedures specified for the, reproduction and premerchantable timber, and
4) The size adjustment, if appropriate, for the timber block.
Factors 2 through 4 affect valuation as follows:
A.) Unit timber values under the Director's guidance method must be determined in a readily verifiable procedure. Average timber values from widely accepted timber price reporting services must be utilized in determining the unit timber values. Examples of acceptable services include Timber Mart South or the Pennsylvania Timber Price Report. Other potential sources include severance tax schedules published by state taxing or forestry authorities. The selection of the reporting service values must be consistent with the time period, the location of the timber casualty, and also the product class of the timber must correspond with the appropriate value claimed (i.e. pulpwood prices must be used for pulpwood).
B.) The reproduction values, on a per acre basis, must be determined by using the establishment cost of new plantations for the year in which the loss occurred and capitalizing this cost at the corresponding Farm Credit Bank District Rate for each year equal to the age of plantation which is the subject of the loss. This rate is published annually in Revenue Rulings, such as Revenue Ruling 2002-26. The Farm Credit Bank District rates chosen must correspond with the affected block location.
C.) It is generally accepted in forestry literature as well as in valuation studies that large blocks sell for lower per unit values than smaller blocks. For application of the Director's guidance, therefore, the gross timber value for large blocks must be reduced as follows:
Block Size in Acres
Size Adjustment (Reduction)
100,000 – 300,000
300,000 – 500,000
These size reductions must be applied both to the merchantable and the premerchantable timber values, on a block by block basis. No "reengineering" of original depletion block sizes will be permitted allowing the taxpayer to take advantage of the lower size reductions outlined above. Any change in block sizes will require approval as an accounting method change.
The following examples illustrate the application of the Director's guidance.
Example 1: A fire destroyed 30 acres of taxpayer X's pine plantation. X's total ownership consisted of 2,000 acres with a total basis of $400,000. The entire property was treated as one depletion block. At the time of the fire, each acre contained 30 cords of pine saw timber. The Timber Mart South price per cord for the applicable timber is $90. X's loss is (30 acres x 30 cords/acre x $90 / cord) $81,000. No size adjustment is applied since the depletion block is less than 100,000 acres.
Example 2: A hurricane destroyed 13,000 acres of Y's plantation located in South Carolina on September 28, 2003. The destroyed acres consisted of 3,000 acres of 5 year old reproduction (generally < 15 years of age) with a plantation establishment cost in 2003 of $200 per acre and 10,000 acres of merchantable timber containing an average of 25 cords per acre. The plantation was part of Y's Southeast U.S. depletion block, which contained 250,000 acres with a total timber basis of $45,000,000. The applicable five-year farm credit rates are as follows: (1998 – 9.32%, 1999 – 9.65%, 2000 – 9.82%, 2001 – 9.90%, and 2002 – 9.68%). The reproduction is valued at $200 capitalized at the appropriate rate for 5 years which equals $317.35 per acre. In addition to the reproduction, merchantable pine pulpwood was destroyed. According to Timber Mart South the average pulpwood timber price is valued at $20 per cord. Y's loss is calculated as follows. The taxpayer lost 250,000 cords of pine pulpwood (follow procedures for volume verification in Exhibit A). The gross timber loss is the 250,000 cords x $20/cord + 3,000 acres of reproduction x $317.35/ acre or $5,952,050. Because the destroyed timber was in a block that is greater than 100,000 but less than 300,000 acres the gross timber loss must be reduced by fifteen percent (15%) to determine the allowable loss. The calculated loss is $5,952,050 – ($5,952,050 x 0.15) or $5,059,242. The adjusted basis of the depletion block, (45,000,000) is sufficient to absorb the calculated loss of $5,059,242, so the entire $5,059,242 is deductible as a casualty loss.
Example 3: Taxpayer Z owns timber properties throughout the United States. During the taxable year, Z's timber properties suffered two casualties. A wild fire destroyed 4,500 acres of its timber in the Northwest. The average volume per acre for the destroyed property was 6,000 board feet (Mbf). The applicable published state severance tax schedules show a value of $250/Mbf. A hurricane destroyed 1250 acres of Z's timber in the South. The average cords per acre for the Southern timber was 18 and the applicable price per cord per Timber Mart South was $22. Z's timber properties are depleted in two blocks, the Northwestern block which contains 1,200,000 acres with a total basis of $300,000,000 and a Southern block which contains 200,000 acres with a total basis of $38,000,000. Z's gross timber loss is computed as follows: Northwest


Education World: Wire Side Chats: Linking Mentors, Students Via the Internet
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Linking Mentors, Students Via the Internet
Support from a mentor can help women studying engineering and science remain in the field. Distance and schedule conflicts can make personal mentoring meetings difficult, but MentorNet allows students and mentors to communicate via e-mail. Executive director Carol Muller talks about how the program benefits students and mentors. Included: A description of how MentorNet connects mentors and students.
Carol Muller
MentorNet, founded in 1997 by Dr. Carol Muller, is a nonprofit e-mentoring organization that pairs college women studying engineering or science with professionals working in those fields. The goal of the program is to provide the young women with support that will encourage them to continue studying engineering and science. More than 115 academic institutions now participate in the MentorNet program, which received the 2001 Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Mentoring.
Muller, now the executive director of MentorNet, based the program on experience she gained as co-founder of an organization to help retain female undergraduate engineering students at Dartmouth College in the early 1990s. Muller conducted additional research to learn how other campuses in the United States were dealing with the under representation of women in technical fields, and to find out what was being done to address the problem.
Education World: Why is there a need for MentorNet, particularly for female engineering students?
Carol B. Muller: Mentoring has been shown to be an effective strategy to enhance the retention of women studying engineering and science. Only 10 percent of the engineering work force in the United States is female, and just 20 percent of students enrolled in engineering degree programs are women. On average, women who leave the study of engineering have higher grade point averages than men who stay in the program.
A number of studies clearly show that women are fully capable of high levels of achievement in science and math and that they have the ability to be great engineers and scientists. So there is interest in keeping in the field those women who start college considering a career in engineering. Not enough mentors are available to meet the demand, however. In addition, students benefit most from multiple mentors and from being exposed to the unique perspective that professionals working in the industry can provide. MentorNet taps the power of Internet communication technology to provide a large-scale program through e-mail-based mentoring. The Internet component allows many students and mentors who would otherwise face severe time and location constraints to participate in the program.
EW: How do you recruit mentors?
Muller: MentorNet mentors are men and women professionals employed in industry or government. We reach them with information about the opportunity to mentor women studying engineering or related sciences in a number of ways:
 - Each MentorNet partnering organization, including corporations, professional societies, government labs, and agencies, has an identified volunteer representative who helps get the word out to prospective mentors. MentorNet supplies volunteers with posters, brochures, and/or e-mail draft text to assist those efforts.
 - We post a "Call for Mentors" on relevant electronic mailing lists.
 - A "Call for Mentors" is broadcast through informal partnerships and/or networking with professional societies.
 - We directly recruit mentors by setting up exhibit space at professional/technical conferences.
 - Some participating universities and colleges encourage alumni to sign up as mentors.
 - Prospective mentors hear about the opportunity from newspaper or magazine articles or other media coverage.
 - About 40 to 50 percent of our mentors sign up for another year.
 - Prospective mentors frequently hear about MentorNet through friends and colleagues.
EW: What are some of the students' questions or concerns?
Muller: Students frequently wonder whether it's possible to combine a scientific or technical career with raising a family. They're interested in knowing what the day-to-day life of a working professional consists of. They wonder what kinds of work are possible given a degree in a specific scientific or technical field. They sometimes want to know how what they're learning in the classroom can be applied to real-world situations. They are interested in knowing if the scientific and technical professionals like their work.
EW: What type of feedback do you get from participants?
Muller: On the whole, our participants are quite enthusiastic about MentorNet. More than 90 percent of students and more than 90 percent of mentors who respond to our year-end surveys say they would recommend the program to a colleague or friend.
The students say participating in MentorNet helps increase their self-confidence, understanding of engineering and science fields, and their likelihood of remaining in an engineering or science program. They also say the experience increases the likelihood they will seek mentors in the future.
Mentors indicate that they particularly appreciate the opportunity to interact with the next generation of professionals and that they like "giving back" to their professions -- being able to reciprocate, or improve upon, the mentoring they received as emerging professionals. Many mentors say they gain managerial, communication, and mentoring skills from the experience of serving as mentors; some report a recommitment to their chosen careers as a result of serving as mentors.


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DIMO Plantseeds introduces Veera to further uplift Dairy Industry
Veera produces healthy plants that can be fed to dairy cows to improve their milk production and is an ideal solution for the shortage of animal feed in the industry. Plantseeds is a provider of hybrid seeds in the local market. Plantseeds is the market leader in the watermelon hybrid seeds category and the second largest seed paddy supplier to the nation.
This new maize variety will assist dairy farmers in providing a healthy diet for their animals and improving the quality of the milk production, as dairy cows require a diet that supplies the adequate nutritional requirement to yield a higher output. As an economical solution, Veera will assist the farmers to reach the maximum milk production potential of their animals.
Sri Lanka's dairy industry has tremendous potential to contribute to the country's economic development. "We believe that the industry needs to focus more on nutritional animal feed and increase the supply base to improve the productivity of the dairy sector in Sri Lanka. Identifying this dire need, DIMO Plantseeds took the initiative to introduce Veera to the local market", stated Priyanga Dematawa, the Chief Operating Officer of DIMO Agribusinesses.
Companies who are concentrating on silage production are able to easily cultivate Veera variety, targeting Sri Lanka's dairy farmers on a mass scale.
Hemal Atapattu, the Deputy General Manager of DIMO Plantseeds stated, "plant of this variety is used as cattle feed and with its high resistance to any weather condition, entrepreneurs who seek new income avenues can grow this variety in dry zone areas where one can find an ample number of lands for farming, to successfully meet the animal feed demand in the dairy industry. Plantseeds also expects to collaborate with these entrepreneurs to facilitate them with the technical know-how on cultivating Veera for commercial silage production".
Veera is a high yielding forage maize variety which provides 80 ton/ha and can be harvested within 75-80 days after seeding at milk ripening stage. Veera is also the only maize seed variety that has been approved by Veterinary Research Institute in Sri Lanka.


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The United States Fish and Wildlife Service will end its effort to restore Atlantic salmon to the Connecticut River basin because the program has not worked well enough to justify the cost. A similar program in the Merrimack River could meet the same fate.
The program, which began in 1967, stocked six million tiny fry and 75,000-90,000 larger salmon smolts throughout the Connecticut River estuary in 2010, at the cost of $2 million. Despite these efforts, only 50 adult salmon returned to the river to spawn this spring. In order to build a self-sustaining population, at least 1,000 salmon would need to return each year, according to Bill Archambault, Fish and Wildlife Regional Assistant Director for Fisheries.
The USFWS will begin a three year evaluation of the Merrimack River program before making a final decision.


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Deleting all Data from a SQL Server Database (Part 2)
In part 2 of a series, On VB columnist Joe Kunk provides a Visual Basic program to generate a SQL script that clears all the data from a SQL Server database.
In part one of this article
, I described a scenario in which I needed to empty all the data from a copy of a large database on a remote server, in order to download a minimal backup and populate it with test data for a demonstration on my laptop in a location without a reliable Internet connection. I could have scripted the existing database to create a new one, but that required trust that the new database is an identical copy of the existing database. Creating a copy of the database and then deleting all the data gives me a much higher confidence that I have an empty database structurally identical to the original.
As promised in part one, I developed a Visual Basic program to generate a SQL script that clears all the data from a SQL Server database (See Code Download for full source code and executable). The program only generates a T-SQL script; it does not make any changes to the database structure or data directly when run. Print statements are included throughout the script to display a log of actions taken by the script when run. The script has been tested on SQL Server 2005 and SQL Server 2008 R2. The program is compiled against the x86 CPU and the.NET Framework 3.5 Client Profile so it will run on a standard Windows 7 computer without the need to install the.NET Framework 4. No other assemblies are needed.
The basic approach is to TRUNCATE each table, dropping and re-creating foreign key constraints and associated extended properties if needed. If not truncated, the table is cleared with a DELETE FROM statement and the identity seed field is explicitly reset to the original seed value. The order in which the tables are processed is determined based on the foreign key dependencies. The application generates the SQL script quickly since it is simply reading schema information to generate text for a script.
The choice of how to clear the table is made in part on the security permissions of the user's database connection. This utility is meant to be used by a developer or database administrator with access to SQL Server Management Studio, not an application user. The script assumes that the user has at least the permission to read and write all tables. See Listing 1 for the generated script to clear the Microsoft sample AdventureWorks database with the ALTER permission on the tables. See Listing 2 for the generated script to clear the same database but without the ALTER permission, as would be the case with only the DataReader and DataWriter database roles.
The T-SQL script to determine if the user has ALTER permissions must be called for each table. 'mytablename' is the name of the specific table being checked.
SELECT permission_name FROM fn_my_permissions('mytablename', 'OBJECT')
WHERE permission_name = 'ALTER' and subentity_name = ''
Running the Application
To run the application, copy the three files in the bin\Debug\ folder to the location of your choice, modify the connDatabase connection string value to specify the desired database, and run ClearDatabaseScriptUtiity.exe. The.config file has a sample connection string for both integrated security and SQL Login modes. For the AdventureWorks database with integrated security, the connection string would be similar to:
Data Source=(local);Initial Catalog=AdventureWorks;Integrated Security=True
Figure 1 shows the main application form. The drop down in the upper left corner allows you to specify which of the available databases on the server that you would like to use. The first four buttons display informational grids that can be used to validate the generated script. Click the "Copy to Clipboard" button to place the grid contents on the clipboard to be pasted into other applications such as Excel.
[Click on image for larger view.]
|Figure 1. The main application form.
The Table Counts button generates an alphabetical list of all tables by schema and table name, along with the current count of records in each table (see Figure 2). This grid provides a way to validate the record counts before and after the ClearDatabase script has been run. The list of tables is generated from the "connSQL.GetSchema(SqlClient.SqlClientMetaDataCollectionNames.Tables)" statement where connSQL is the SqlClient.SqlConnection object.
Foreign keys affecting a table must be dropped in order to TRUNCATE the table. The Foreign Key button generates an alphabetical listing of foreign key information sorted by the foreign key name and field index, as shown in Figure 3. This grid pulls together all the information needed to generate the scripts to both drop the foreign key constraints and re-create them after the table is truncated, including any extended properties attached to the foreign key constraints. These must be re-created as well if the foreign key constraint is dropped. This is the most complex query in the application. See Listing 3.
Indexed views must be schema bound to the referenced tables using the WITH SCHEMABINDING attribute. T-SQL User defined functions may optionally be schema bound to improve performance. Tables referenced in these situations cannot be altered to drop the foreign key constraints without dropping and re-creating the schema bound view or function. To avoid that, any schema bound tables use the DELETE FROM option. The Schema Bound button generates an alphabetical listing of tables affected by schema binding. See Figure 4 below.
The script to determine which tables are affected by schema binding is shown here:
SELECT DISTINCT db_name() as DatabaseName, SC.name as SchemaName, SY.Name as TableName
FROM sys.sql_expression_dependencies SD
INNER JOIN Sys.objects SY on SD.referenced_id = SY.Object_id
INNER JOIN Sys.schemas SC on SY.schema_id = SC.schema_id
INNER JOIN syscomments CM on CM.id = SD.referencing_id
WHERE is_schema_bound_reference=1 AND CM.text like '%schemabinding%'
ORDER BY SC.Name, SY.Name
Truncating a table is much faster than DELETE FROM when clearing a table, primarily because log transactions are not generated for each row. Truncating a table automatically resets any identity seed field to its original value. If the DELETE FROM is used, the script must explicitly reset the identity seed value to reflect the same behavior. The Identity Seed button generates an alphabetical listing of tables with identity seed values and the T-SQL command needed to reset it, as shown in Figure 5.
The script to determine the identity seed values is:
'[' + TABLE_SCHEMA + '].[' + TABLE_NAME + ']' as SchemaTable,
IDENT_SEED('['+TABLE_SCHEMA + '].[' + TABLE_NAME+']') AS Seed,
IDENT_CURRENT('['+TABLE_SCHEMA + '].[' + TABLE_NAME+']') AS [Current],
'DBCC CHECKIDENT (''[' + TABLE_SCHEMA + '].[' +
TABLE_NAME + ']'',RESEED,' +
CAST(IDENT_SEED('['+TABLE_SCHEMA + '].[' + TABLE_NAME+']') as VarChar(8)) + ')'
WHERE IDENT_SEED('['+TABLE_SCHEMA + '].[' + TABLE_NAME+']') IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY TABLE_SCHEMA,TABLE_NAME
The Show Script button generates the actual T-SQL script to be used in SQL Server Management Studio to clear the database. See Figure 6. This button can be the first one clicked after selecting the database in the drop down. The four buttons to the left are informational and do not need to be clicked in order to generate the final script. Click the "Copy to Clipboard" button and then paste the text into a SQL Server Management Studio query window.
The Application Code
The Visual Basic solution to generate the script in Listings 1 and 2 is shown in Figure 7. The Data Access Layer (DAL) project interacts with the database and contains most of the application logic. The LibADO.vb file provides two general functions to easily return dynamic query results based on just the connection string, the query string, and an empty DataTable or integer. The ClearDatabaseScriptUtility project serves as the graphical user interface and has minimal code.
SQLServer.CreateClearDatabaseScript is the main method in the DAL project. It uses a list of ClearTableAction objects to represent each table and the pre-processing and post-processing script needed to clear the tables. CreateClearDatabaseScript follows the logic:
- Creates a StringBuilder initialized with 10K of string space to hold the final script but can grow larger.
- Gets the table names for the selected database and initializes the List(Of ClearTableAction).
- Sets each ClearTableAction to a TRUNCATE command, but then changes to a DELETE FROM command for any table that is schema bound.
- If the user has ALTER permission, adds script to disable any triggers prior to the table clear action and enables them after it is completed. See Listing 4 for the script to list the triggers on all tables.
- Gets the list of foreign key constraints.
- Multiple field foreign key constraints are combined into a single row.
- Any extended properties such as comments are combined and kept to be created with the constraint.
- Sort them by dependency so that all tables using a particular key are cleared before the key itself.
- If the user has ALTER permission, script to drop the foreign key constraint, truncate the table, and then recreate the foreign key constraint and any foreign key constraint extended properties.
- Loops through the List(Of ClearTableAction) and scripts the pre-processing and clear action for each table.
- Loops through the List(Of ClearTableAction) and scripts the post-processing for each table.
I used several coding techniques in the DAL that I would like to point out.
For an object that was returning the result of a SQL query, if I needed a field that could be derived from the existing query data


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|Title:||ETYMO - An Interpreter to Simulate Historical Sound Change|
|Description:||ETYMO is an IBM-compatible program which simulates regular historical sound change. ETYMO works as an interpreter which first reads a set of linguistical rules that describe the diachronical evolution of a language. It then applies those rules to ancestor words (which can be single words or corpora containing an unlimited number of words) and calculates its descendency line or lines (the program can handle ''single'' and ''multiple'' evolutions - in the latter case, the different possibilities are represented in an evolution tree). For each evolution step, ETYMO can give detailed information about the transformation. All evolutions can be saved and printed out. When used for corpus calculations, ETYMO can give statistical information about the regularity of the evolution. A set of linguistical rules describing the evolution from latin to spanish is available.
The program has been developped as a diploma work (''ETYMO - un interpr?teur linguistique dans le domaine de la linguistique diachronique. Avec une application? l'?volution du latin? l'espagnol'') at the University of Fribourg (Switzerland).
The program, it's source code, the linguistical data (a corpus with 600 spanish words) and the written diploma work can be downloaded a _URL_


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Alexandria, City of
Town Incorporated: 1779
City Incorporated: 1852
Formed From: Fairfax County
Previous Names: Hunting Creek Warehouse, Belhaven
Alexandria County (extinct) was named for the town of Alexandria. It was formed from a portion of Fairfax County that had been ceded by Virginia in 1789 to the federal government for use as the site of the national capital. In 1801, the area officially became part of the District of Columbia, although Congress named it Alexandria County. The county was returned to Virginia in 1846, and in 1847 the General Assembly extended the commonwealth's jurisdiction over the locality. In 1920, the county name was changed to Arlington County.
Original Records at The Library of Virginia: Yes


题库> 逻辑 CR> CR-742wsh
Large national budget deficits do not cause large trade deficits.If they did, countries with the largest budget deficits would also have the largest trade deficits.In fact, when deficit figures are adjusted so that different countries are reliably comparable to each other, there is no such correlation.
If the statements above are all true, which of the following can properly be inferred on the basis of them?
【选项】When countries are ordered from largest to smallest in terms of population, the smallest countries generally have the smallest budget and trade deficits.
 - 所属科目：逻辑CR
 - 题目来源1：PREP07 Test 2-60
 - 题目来源2：OG18-语文分册-126