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The world's oldest Auschwitz survivor, Antoni Dobrowolski defied the Nazis to teach Polish children.
The world's oldest survivor of the Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland is dead at 108.
More from GlobalPost: Auschwitz documents surface, then vanish
A teacher by trade, he was imprisoned at the death camp for giving lessons to Polish children in defiance of his Nazi occupiers.
After the Germans invaded Poland, sparking World War II, the Nazis banned Poles from anything beyond four years of elementary education in a bid to crush the country's people and its culture, according to the AP.
More from GlobalPost: Auschwitz survivor and museum director dies on 60th anniversary of liberation
But an underground movement known as the Secret Teaching Organization sought to keep the country's education system alive and well.
Dobrowolski and other Polish teachers engaged in the effort were arrested by the Gestapo and sent to Auschwitz in June 1942, according to Poland's Gazeta Wyborcza.
Dobrowolski later spent time at the concentration camps of Gross-Rosen and then Sachsenhausen, where he was liberated in 1945 at the war's end, the AP reported.


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Private Residence Relief (PRR) – Why is it so important?
Private Residence Relief (PRR) is an extremely important relief. It is the reason that when individuals sell their home that they can receive 100% tax relief and therefore pay no capital gains tax, assuming they lived in the property the whole time, have not lived elsewhere or used the property for business purposes.
For properties with large gardens and grounds, it should be noted that PRR only covers a permitted area of 0.5 hectares and therefore PRR may not cover the whole gardens and grounds of the property.
Periods of absence
Periods of absence can restrict amounts of PRR available, where the property is not being used as a main residence, but there are periods which can still be exempt if you are away from the property for one of the reasons below:
- The final 9 months is treated as deemed occupation. This is extended to 36 months if the owner moves to a care home or is disabled.
- If there is a gap of less than two years between buying a property and moving in, then PRR can be claimed provided it was due to construction, decoration, renovation or due to a delay in selling your previous home and no one else lived in the property during that period.
- If you intended on living in the home but were prevented from doing so due to living in job related accommodation (for example, armed forces, living in vicarage, etc), PRR can be claimed for the period of intention.
There are also periods that can be claimed provided you live in the property both before and after the following:
- Any period of absence less than 3 years (or less than 3 years when combined)
- Periods working abroad.
- Prevented from residing in home due to place of work or any condition imposed by employer.
For individuals with second residences, only one property can be treated as the main residence. It is possible to make an election to nominate one of the properties as your main residence and therefore this will be the property that receives PRR. If no election is made the main residence will be based on facts relating to the properties.
Married couples can only have one main residence, but there is a useful spousal exemption which enables changes in ownership without triggering CGT. However, Stamp Duty Land Tax (SDLT) may be triggered in transferring from sole to joint ownership and it's always best to seek advice before making these changes.
As can be seen in the above, there are key areas that should be factored into any decision to sell a property. If selling a former residence which doesn't qualify for full PRR and there is CGT to pay, then a CGT return and payment of the CGT liability will both be due within 60 days of completion.
For more information, please contact your local Perrys branch.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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SINGAPORE (July 17) — With energy security and climate change emerging as two very real challenges to economic growth, Japan has contributed JPY 120,000,000 (approximately USD 1.3 million) to promote energy efficiency activities throughout the APEC region.
According to the Japanese Senior APEC Official, Makoto Shiotoa, "This sum is specifically directed toward the development and implementation of energy efficiency policies, goals and action plans in APEC economies."
Such activities could include but would not be limited to: research of policies, practices and potential for energy efficiency improvement in APEC; vehicles for disseminating project outcomes; and the APEC Peer Review on Energy Efficiency, whereby efficiency policies are reviewed and compiled as a means of information-sharing.
"This fund is a very practical way to assist members to meet their commitments and maximise efficiency," explains APEC Executive Director, Michael Tay.
"The implementation of energy efficiency measures effectively pays for itself, through long-term reductions in energy costs. Many APEC economies would therefore benefit by developing clear goals and action plans toward optimum energy efficiency."
While the existing global crisis underlines the urgency of addressing climate change, initiatives are the result of commitments made by APEC Leaders in 2007. The Sydney APEC Leaders' Declaration on Climate Change, Energy Security and Clean Development states that "economic growth, energy security and climate change are fundamental and interlinked challenges" to the APEC region and emphasizes "the importance of improving energy efficiency by working towards achieving an APEC-wide regional aspirational goal of a reduction in energy intensity of at least 25 per cent by 2030 (with 2005 as the base year)."
Japan's contribution will be distributed through the APEC Support Fund, designated to enhance capacity-building activities.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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- Is Salt matter Yes or no?
- What happens to smoke in a jar?
- Is water matter Yes or no?
- Is air a material?
- Why the air is invisible?
- Do humans only breathe oxygen?
- Is ball solid or gas?
- Is air really there?
- How will you show that matter is composed of tiny particles?
- Is flour a solid liquid or gas?
- In what ways air can be considered as matter?
- Why is fire smoking?
- Can you recall few things that are not made of matter?
- What are three liquids?
- What air is made of?
- Is Smoke matter Yes or no?
- Does air matter for Kids?
- What liquids dont contain water?
- What are 20 uses of air?
- Why is air a matter?
Is Salt matter Yes or no?
Ordinary table salt is called sodium chloride.
It is considered a pure substance because it has a uniform and definite composition.
All samples of sodium chloride are chemically identical.
Salt easily dissolves in water, but salt water cannot be classified as a pure substance because its composition can vary..
What happens to smoke in a jar?
Smoke is a lot of very small particles that fly(are suspended in air), and everything that flies, has to fall down. When you collect smoke in a jar, it is slowly, by lack of air currents and by gravity, being forced to land on the bottom of the jar… It don't run away, it falls down…
Is water matter Yes or no?
On earth, solid, liquid, and gas are the most common states of matter. Not only is water the most common substance on earth, but it is also the only substance that commonly appears as a solid, a liquid, and a gas within the normal range of earth's temperatures. … Water is a unique substance because its molecules a.
Is air a material?
Material: "the matter from which a thing is or can be made." So, yes, air is a material. Air is also a source from which other materials may be made: nitrogen, oxygen, neon, argon, carbon dioxide, etc. Dry ice, liquid nitrogen, pure oxygen, and neon signs depend on air.
Why the air is invisible?
Air looks invisible because it sends very little color to our eyes. … Objects appear to be the color they reflect to our eyes. Air is a mixture of gases, mainly nitrogen and oxygen, with small molecules that are far apart. Wavelengths of light may pass by these molecules without hitting them.
Do humans only breathe oxygen?
We breathe air that is 21 percent oxygen, and we require oxygen to live. … When you inhale, the alveoli fill with this air. Because the oxygen concentration is high in the alveoli and low in the blood entering the pulmonary capillaries, oxygen diffuses from the air into the blood.
Is ball solid or gas?
Basketballs, tennis balls and footballs are filled with a gas. Golf balls are filled with a rubber solid or a liquid.
Is air really there?
Since air is invisible we easily forget that it is all around us. When we blow air in a balloon, we can feel the air pushing on the balloon. It's the same with a tire or basketball. When we sit in front of a fan, we can actually feel the air molecules moving in the same direction.
How will you show that matter is composed of tiny particles?
Answer. We can show that matter consists of tiny particles called molecule. Molecule consists of tiny particles called atoms.
Is flour a solid liquid or gas?
Although flour can be poured and takes the shape of a container you put it in, flour is in fact a solid. Flour is a powdered version of it's original state, raw grains.
In what ways air can be considered as matter?
air is considered as a matter because it have its own physical state and it occupy space and it have mass and it is made up of atoms. air can be considered a matter as it has it's own mass and it occupies space.
Why is fire smoking?
A fireplace that kicks up smoke is a classic sign of a weak draft, which can result in a fire that quickly dies out or fire by-products "back-puffing"—getting backed up in the firebox or flue and issuing into the room as smoke and harmful vapors, including carbon monoxide.
Can you recall few things that are not made of matter?
Not everything is made of matter. Non-matter includes the light from a torch, the heat from a fire, and the sound of a police siren. You cannot hold, taste, or smell these things. They are not types of matter, but forms of energy.
What are three liquids?
Examples of LiquidsWater.Milk.Blood.Urine.Gasoline.Mercury (an element)Bromine (an element)Wine.More items…•Jan 24, 2020
What air is made of?
nitrogenEarth's atmosphere is composed of about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and one percent other gases. These gases are found in layers (troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere) defined by unique features such as temperature and pressure.
Is Smoke matter Yes or no?
Smoke, smog, and laughing gas are matter. Energy, light, and sound, however, are not matter; ideas and emotions are also not matter. The mass of an object is the quantity of matter it contains.
Does air matter for Kids?
Matter is physical material, and it is the fundamental element in all of us, all of life, and all of the universe. But… air? Yes, air does have mass and does take up physical space, so, yes, air is made of matter.
What liquids dont contain water?
Bromine and mercury are liquids are room temperature and, when pure, have no water in them. Pure solvents and compounds (other than water) have no water. Gasoline does not (or should not) have water in it, however, ethanol, which can be in gas, absorbs and holds water.
What are 20 uses of air?
Important Uses of AirSustain life and growth.Combustion.Maintaining Temperature.Supplier of Energy.Photosynthesis.
Why is air a matter?
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. So, in order to prove that air is matter, we need to prove that air has mass and takes up space. … Although air has mass, a small volume of air, such as the air in the balloons, doesn't have too much. Air just isn't very dense.


of science, medicine, law and literature it implies that there was significant academic progress also. Anyway, the important French words borrowed during the period are-history, index, intellect, legal, summary, magnify, temperature etc.
Together with the loss of infection the Great Vowel Shift was another linguistic development.' Between Middle and Modem English there is the important difference in vowel system. For instance, the long vowels have virtually disappeared and the short vowels have hardly altered. The change in long vowels is known as the Great Vowel Shift.
Bihar Board Class 12th English Important Questions
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||Cut out the main section of the arch and glue it into the shape of a box. Note that the corner where the walls meet is marked on the tab with an asterisk.
Next cut out the inside of the arch. Roll the curved section over a round object to match the curvature of the arch. Before gluing it in place, test to make sure it fits correctly inside the walls of the main section. When you are ready to glue it in place, you can use a tweezers to push the inside piece perfectly into place before the glue sets.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Canon discussion / Essays
What is Magical Power in the Potterverse?
Essay: Pre-DH Canon Alert: This essay was written before book 7 was published.
What is Magical Power in the Potterverse?
We are just two years or less from reaching the end of the Harry Potter series and many essential questions have been answered, either by the books themselves, by J.K. Rowling, or by cunning readers who have racked their brains to work out even the finest details of the universe she has created.
But there is an ongoing debate that rather annoys me and I thought I could add something to settle the discussion. Ever since Mr. Bartemius Crouch Senior was described by Sirius Black as "powerfully magical" in Goblet of Fire (GF27), people have speculated whether some wizards are born intrinsically more powerful than others (Stan Shunpike being often used as an example of less impressive magical ability). I do not think this is the case because these books are about choice and effort rather than inherent gifts or predestination (CS18). Moreover, JKR herself carved her niche in contemporary literature through hard work above all. This argument is not mere assertion; it can and indeed must be substantiated by consistent pieces of evidence from canon if it is to be regarded as more than just a philosophical, rather ethereal argument.
I believe much of the discussion about inherent magical ability comes from modern theories about IQ and other forms of measuring intelligence in the Muggle world (which by no means is a good parallel to the Potterverse). The debate often centers on whether people are born with inherent skills that give them an intellectual advantage over, or disadvantage with respect to others. Perhaps this is true to a certain extent, but whether this intellectual head start will cause this person to be successful in studies or work is arguable. Even scholars in psychology and theory of cognition agree that hard work and a stimulating environment are much more decisive on a person's ultimate role in society. IQ and other measurements indicate a statistical advantage that a gifted person has to achieve high intellectual goals, but nothing more than that. It is an oversimplification in that we are not perfectly able to measure intelligence (Einstein only learned to speak at the age of six).
In the wizarding world, Rowling seems to be even stricter on innate abilities. She says one is "magical or not." When Crouch Sr. is described by Sirius Black as a powerfully magical man, Black is referring to an ambitious wizard who speaks more than two hundred languages and clearly has worked like fury his whole life not only to reach his position in the Ministry of Magic but to acquire a command of magic above the average. At nine years old Crouch was probably just as powerful, or not, as the young Rubeus Hagrid (I chose him because they were probably contemporary to each other) and his other nine-year-old peers.
JKR's description of the boy Voldemort is even more telling: Dumbledore states that his powers were incredibly "well-developed" at age eleven (HBP13); he does not say that his powers were immense or beyond the usual. As a loner with a lot of time to experiment on fellow orphans, Tom Riddle, Jr. was bound to achieve such a degree of control over his own abilities, but this by no means implies that his abilities were greater than anyone else's.
The most accomplished wizards in the Potterverse are often described as elderly or hard-working. Voldemort began his reign of terror by the age of 40, but he had spent the previous twenty years working harder than anyone to become powerful. Horace Slughorn was already a teacher at Hogwarts in the late Thirties (and perhaps before), and he is described as an extremely able wizard who evaded Voldemort for one year (HBP4). Dumbledore is 150 years old and has spent most of his life studying. These wizards are powerful because they refined their abilities and amassed an extensive knowledge of magic, and because they had a lot of time to do it.
Clearly, time is not enough, as Cornelius Fudge and Madam Marchbanks are also elderly and their powers are never praised. This is quite similar to Muggle world, where age is no indicator of wisdom. Actually, wisdom is a better word than intelligence to draw a parallel with magical power. Just as the former can be described as a high level of intimacy with the ways of people and the functioning of the world, the latter describes the level of intimacy with magic a wizard has reached. This is clearly true when we compare two teenage witches with distinct learning techniques: Hermione Granger and young Lily Evans.
Hermione is brilliant in a way quite unlike Lily's: she memorises a lot, gives undivided attention to instructions and likes to read. Lily, conversely, liked to experiment independently and had a vivacious mind, as Slughorn so fondly stated (HBP4). She and young Snape performed much better than Hermione at Potions, so I think JKR is making a point of working creatively here. Does anyone have any doubts as to who is more powerful: young Lily or Hermione? Or for that matter, who was more powerful, James (who used Levicorpus) or Snape (who invented Levicorpus)? Successful creativity is a marker of a high level of intimacy with magic.
Stan Shunpike could be just as powerful, if he were so inclined, as Dumbledore (well, it would take some time, naturally). But not everyone has as their primary goal climbing the ladder of knowledge. As George and Fred said, there are a lot of Ministry employees who cannot cast a Shield Charm, and that does not stop them being functional, professionally accomplished officers (HBP6). Just as ignoring the principles of quantum physics or Shakespeare's sonnet number 18 does not stop anyone from working in the Muggle world. If I were to predict, from the trio, who would become more powerful, I would say in this order: Hermione, Harry and Ron, from what we see of their interest in learning—which by no means reflects upon their performance in specific tasks such as duelling.
A wonderful world JKR has indeed created, where hard work and creativity are more important than ancestry and innate skill.
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Tags: magical ability magical theory


Not all buoyancy barbells or water weights are created equal. To add to the confusion, aqua equipment companies call their buoyancy barbells by different names. Hydro-Fit calls them hand buoys, Sprint Aquatics calls them bells, and other companies call them dumbbells or weights. There are also many non-aquatic companies that may sell them, and I am not sure what they call them! Unlike your weights or barbells in a gym setting, it is not written on the equipment if it is 5 lbs, 10 lbs, etc. As far as I have been able to tell, there is not an exact metric for how much the equipment weighs due to buoyancy.
Take the time to find out which buoyancy equipment is denser (or has more foam), which typically makes it more challenging. And find out which is easier for your students to use so that you can offer that option/modification to those with shoulder issues or who need to take it easy. As the instructor, it is important for you to know which equipment is best for which students. Next, you'll want to view all your students for shoulder impingement. Are they shrugging their shoulders or are the shoulders too close to their ears? Is the student tensing or is there unevenness of the shoulders? You'll also want to monitor hand position and possible arthritis in the hands. Is it too painful? If so, changing the hand positions, easing grip, getting a lighter weight, OR not using any equipment are all viable options. Be sure the student can perform the full range of motion that you are asking them to do but perform it safely.
I recommend starting out with stationary strength training, rather than adding "weights" to the cardio portion of the class so that you can monitor everyone more closely. It IS acceptable to use buoyancy equipment during an aquatic cardio workout; however, there are some rules to that as well.
Here are some basic rules regarding buoyancy weights in a water aerobics class:
 1. Fifteen repetitions in a row are about the maximum for the weights.
 2. Do not place and use the weights under the armpits.
 3. Do not suspend using the weights unless you have a buoyancy belt on. This is the job of a noodle in most cases.
 4. Do not grip the handle tightly. Once this starts to happen, it is time to rest.
This video shows standing core work with the buoys. It was very challenging for these ladies to get the buoy down where I wanted it. That is something for them to strive for. This particular exercise takes tremendous core work and upper body strength. In particular, the anterior (front) deltoid and some tricep as well.
Lastly, it is very important that your students are in the right depth of water and that they are not hyperextending their backs. Try all exercises yourself before bringing them to your students!


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This work aims at predicting the seismic response of soil and pile using artificial neural network (ANN) as a tool of function approximation.The seismic response of soil is a function of characteristics of earthquake source, the distance traversed by seismic waves through the earth body, and the local site geology below the ground surface. In addition, the presence of pile in soil alters the seismic waves and the pile in turn is stressed. Two important phenomena are modeled in this research: (i) the prediction of seismic response of ground surface in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity(PGV), and peak ground displacement(PGD), and (ii) the kinematic response of piles which includes pile bending moments and the foundation input motion to the superstructure.
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Books have historically been constrained by the limitations of print medium, and even digital books are usually just electronic replicas of bound volumes. Stanford University's Spatial History Project has partnered with developers at Open Sourcery to create an online augmentation to Richard White's latest publication, Railroaded, that provides an interactive medium for readers to access and explore the collection of over 2,000 footnotes, sources, visualizations, and downloadable data files.
This format holds the potential to give readers a way to access and manipulate the material in the footnotes and to give longer life to the book itself. The dynamic nature of the site will allow White and his team to continue to annotate footnote discourse and develop visualizations as analyses and insights evolve.
In addition to its direct benefit to Railroaded, we believe that this site represents a new genre of hybrid digital publishing and are excited to share this Drupal installation profile with the open source and scholarly communities, for free. By doing so we hope that other authors — of monographs, dissertations, theses, and of purely digital publications — can implement this unique infrastructure of modules to present their own scholarship.Click here to visit railroaded.stanford.edu.
Station Construction Data, _PHONE_
How to Run a Transcontinental Railroad


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Aron Asked: When does the South Pacific start to light up and the water start to warm up? I froze my ass off today and welcome warmer waters and warmer swell.
Adam Wright – Solspot Forecaster:
You ask a good question…but it actually needs two answers.
It definitely seems like Southern Hemi swells and warmer water are linked (and to be totally honest they do have some slight influence on each other) but our local water temps are much more influenced by our local winds and weather than swell moving in from several thousand miles away.
The Southern California Coastal Eddy, (aka: The Catalina Eddy, Eddy conditions,…) is actually the main source for warm water in Southern California, which is sort of ironic since it is also one of our biggest pains in the butt from a "conditions" standpoint. In a nutshell "the eddy" causes winds to swirl up from the S-SW forcing the ocean surface toward our beaches and starts to induce a process called down-welling, which is one of the main ways that warmer water that is usually sitting just a few hundred miles off our coast is pushed up into our beaches.
If you are interested in the science and the process of down-welling and its cold bitchy sister upwelling you can check out this post.
At any rate, from a water temp perspective…as the eddy starts to grind to life, sometimes as early as March, warmer water starts to move up with it. The eddy usually sticks around through at least early July finally settling into a better (for surf conditions) Fall wind pattern by late July and on into August.
The South Pacific actually has a much wider "active" window than our more fragile "warm water" window. In fact since it is one of the largest, uninterrupted bodies of water on Earth, and it borders Antarctica which happens to have the most unforgiving climate on the planet…it is possible, and not even all that uncommon, to have a significant storm move off the ice and into a swell making position at any point during the year (I remember surfing a couple of fairly healthy S-SSW swells in the middle of December).
Naturally the Southern Hemisphere winter is when the odds of getting bigger storms forming in the mid-lower latitudes are greatly increased…with the Southern Hemi Fall and Spring also seeing a good if slightly less consistent chance of increased storm activity. Generally I consider the South Pacific in an "active phase" starting in March and continuing through to early October…but because it is such a dynamic region I keep an eye on that storm track pretty much year round.
Check out this chart…you can see the annual average water temps for Orange County broken out month by month.
I also overlaid the seasons where we are most likely to see the Socal Eddy form…as well as the "active" period for the South Pacific. You can see pretty quickly that the water temps are more reflective of the eddy winds, while we continue to see plenty of Southern Hemi swell even when we have relatively cool ocean temps.


text: PROCESS ENGINEERING PIPING ENGINEERING PIPELINE ENGINEERING RAY ALVARADO, P.E. Member, Mapua Alumni Association Alberta Chapter Presentation Breakdown INTRODUCTION PROCESS ENGINEERING PIPING ENGINEERING PIPELINE ENGINEERING Acronyms CAE – Computer Aided Engineering CAD – Computer Aided Design HMB – Heat and Mass Balance, a Process activity CFD – Computational Fluid Dynamics FEA – Finite Element Analysis PFD – Process Flow Diagram P&ID – Piping and Instrumentation Diagram LDT – Line Designation Table ROW – Right of Way, for pipeline routing HDD – Horizontal Directional Drilling, for pipeline crossing HVAC/R – Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning & Refrigeration PROCESS ENGINEERING PROCESS ENGINEERING PROCESS ENGINEERING - an early project activity for analysis of physical separation or chemical conversion. It follows project definition and early financial studies. System-wide Process simulation nowadays is computer-aided e.g. heatand-mass balances, logical block flows, control philosophies, and equipment selection. Important Deliverables: Process Flow Diagrams(PFDs) - schematic showing major process equipment, main fluid flows, and basic stream characteristics (pressure, level, temp., flow). Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams(P&IDs) - schematics with much more detail and confirmed data. Shown here are process condition limitations, major machinery specifications, minor equipment data, pipe size/details, instrumentation types, and more precise controls/automation. Line Designation Tables (LDTs) - spreadsheet report showing details of every piping section e.g. start-end point, process variables, and other mechanical data. PROCESS ENGINEERING Usual entry-level positions: Chemical Process Engineer Mechanical Process Engineer Process Simulation Specialist Minimum Skill Sets for a Junior Process Engineer: Undergraduate degree in Chemical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, or Chemistry-related academic programs. Basic knowledge of Fluid Statics/Dynamics, Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Chemical Unit Operations. Supplemental knowledge in Process Equipment Design, Distillation Theory, Stoichiometry, and Chemical Reactions. PROCESS ENGINEERING CHEMCAD Process Simulation, Screen Images PROCESS ENGINEERING Heat and Mass Balance (HMB) Study, Selexol Process PROCESS ENGINEERING Early concept of an oil refinery PROCESS ENGINEERING Example of Process Flow Diagram (PFD) PROCESS ENGINEERING Example of Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) PROCESS ENGINEERING Process Engineering and Beyond: Next-Generation Process Simulators…..higher processing speeds, capable of more simultaneous calculations, broader chemical database. Multi-Physics Tools to the Mainstream……these software can now be fully integrated with existing Process Simulators. Intelligent 2D Diagrams……embedded data on PFDs and P&IDs will pop up once a particular element is clicked or highlighted on the drawing. PIPING ENGINEERING PIPING ENGINEERING Screen shots of CAEPIPE, a widely-used pipe stress analysis software, showing the Input Geometry: Piping layout imported from CAD 3D Model, or manually re-created PIPING ENGINEERING Stress Output…….watch for the "Reds"! RED areas have higher calculated stresses (needs re-work) PIPING ENGINEERING Animation features…...it moves! Shows areas of excessive movement, direction of thermal growth, lift-off at support points, etc. PIPING ENGINEERING If not analysed properly, pipes may….. …deform and collapse ….or lift-off from supports PIPING ENGINEERING PIPING ENGINEERING - a Mechanical sub-discipline mainly to validate Piping Design's pipe-fittings layout, inside enclosed industrial areas, by computational analysis or technical reasoning. Such activities follow right after critical and major piping are completely laid out and supported. PIPE - a closed cylindrical conduit for moving fluid (liquid, gas, solid particles) from one location to another, either by gravity or applied pressure. FITTINGS - are transition elements for connecting pipes into an assembly or conduit network. Elbows, tees, flanges, reducers, and couplings are examples. PIPING - logical assembly of pipes, fittings, valves, and supports. PIPING ENGINEERING Important Deliverables: Static & Dynamic Pipe Stress Analysis, Reports - computeraided, hand calculations, and "by-inspection" judgement. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) - on equipment nozzles, header branches, and support attachments. General Pressure Calculations – wall thickness, branch reinforcement, leak-strength testing, and hot-tap calculations. Sizing of Engineered Restraints - for spring supports, rollers, sway braces, sway struts, seismic snubbers, etc. Detailing of Special Pipe Supports - as required by stress analysis results or vendor special requests. PIPING ENGINEERING Plant Piping 3D layout of piping and pressure vessels Offshore platform piping and equipment PIPING ENGINEERING Usual entry-level positions: Piping Design Engineer Pipe Stress Engineer Piping Materials Engineer Minimum Skill Sets for a Junior Piping Engineer: Undergraduate degree in Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, or related sub-discipline. Basic knowledge of Structural Mechanics, Strength of Materials, Fluid Dynamics, Machine Elements Design, Materials Science, and Welding Technology. Supplemental knowledge in Chemical Processes, Heat Transfer, Thermodynamics, and Stationary/Rotating Mechanical Equipment. PIPING ENGINEERING Examples of Engineered Restraints Variable spring hangers Constant spring can Sway strut assembly Seismic snubber Sway brace assembly PIPING ENGINEERING Example of Custom-Ordered Supports Rigid hanger clamp, for pre-insulated line Support clamp with fabric lining, for vibrating lines Pipe clamp and shoe, for pre-insulated cold line PIPING ENGINEERING Piping Engineering and Beyond: Full Integration of computational Analysis Software with 3D CAD Model……seamless and bi-directional compatibility of both CAD and CAE activities, thus substantial savings of time and resources. FEA/CFD Multi-Physics to the Mainstream……complex analysis and engineering calculations can now be simultaneously performed e.g. structural mechanics, fluid flow, vibration, and heat transfer. Opportunities in Oilfield Frontier Areas…….more complex piping needs for fixed offshore platforms, floating FPSOs, marine tanker, and Arctic process modules. PIPING ENGINEERING FEA & Multi-Physics Analysis Tools FEA of stab-in branch FEA of crimped pipe Multi-Physics Analysis (thermal + structural) of vessel PIPING ENGINEERING CFD & Multi-Physics Analysis Tools ABAQUS 2D Multi-Physics (fluid flow + thermal) ANSYS 3D Multi-Physics (wind + thermal + struct.) around reactors COMSOL 3D Multi-Physics (fluid flow + thermal) through elbow PIPELINE ENGINEERING PIPELINE ENGINEERING PIPELINE ENGINEERING - a Mechanical sub-discipline mainly to validate Pipeline Design's overland or seafloor routing, by computational analysis or technical reasoning, outside the fenced industrial area. Such activities usually start after initial project development, geodetic (land) or bathymetric (ocean) surveys, and preliminary right-of-way routing. Pipelines are generally classified into: Land Pipelines, Underground (Buried) Land Pipelines, Aboveground Underwater Pipelines Important Deliverables/Involvement: Hydraulic Analysis, Steady-State and/or Transient (Surge) Pipeline Stress Analysis HDD (Horizontal Directional Drilling) and Crossing Studies Lateral and Upheaval Buckling Analysis PIPELINE ENGINEERING Usual entry-level positions: Pipeline Design Engineer Pipeline Stress Engineer Pipeline Hydraulics Engineer Minimum Skill Sets for a Junior Pipeline Engineer: Undergraduate degree in Mechanical or Civil Engineering. Basic knowledge of Engineering Surveying, Structural Mechanics, Strength of Materials, Fluid Dynamics, Machine Elements Design, Materials Science, and Welding Technology. Supplemental knowledge of Heat Transfer, Thermodynamics, and Stationary-Rotating Mechanical Equipment. PIPELINE ENGINEERING Land Pipeline Routing Natural gas pipeline right-of-way Routing Study taken from terrain survey Plan-and-Profile Drawing, with data from routing study and terrain survey PIPELINE ENGINEERING Pipeline Analysis Seismic analysis….and mitigation measures for Trans-Alaska Pipeline while crossing the Denali fault line River crossing…..suspension bridge and cable stay details for Trans-Alaska Pipeline PIPELINE ENGINEERING Engineered Pipeline Supports Detail of H-Support and side bumpers Trans-Alaska Pipeline ammonia-filled H-Support, with cooling fins, pile driven through permafrost PIPELINE ENGINEERING Underwater Pipelines Underwater gas pipeline on uneven seafloor, with free-spanned sections Underwater pipelines, for oiland-gas production gathering PIPELINE ENGINEERING Seafloor Routing Study of underwater oil pipeline PIPELINE ENGINEERING Pipeline Stability Analysis & FEA Overstress at seabed touchdown area, due to excessive bending from pipelay surface vessel PIPELINE ENGINEERING Pipeline Engineering and Beyond: Integration of Pipeline Surveys with Routing Selection……in intelligent 3D format, these related activities will be fully synchronized for accuracy and cost savings. Pipeline 3D Models Imported Into Multi-Physics Simulation…..like stress analysis, hydraulic surge, flow assurance, global buckling, or ice gouging hazards. Deeper, Colder……in search for oil and gas, the industry is pushing the limits of pipeline technology beyond the world's Continental Shelf and in harsher Arctic environments. PIPELINE ENGINEERING Arctic Pipelines, Ice Gouge Hazard Analysis & FEA Burial depth is critical, to prevent pipeline damage Berg gouging Gouged seafloor imaging Sea ice gouging PIPELINE ENGINEERING CFD & Multi-Physics Analysis Tools (ANSYS) 3D CFD (fluid flow + structural) through valve 3D CFD (fluid flow only) through blades 3D CFD (fluid flow + thermal) at junction Trivia Question: What's the difference between "PIPING" and "PIPELINES"? Other than spelling, of course. Answers: PIPING


Binghamton University has two major HPC clusters. However, they both run SLURM in user space. If an organization needs to quickly, temporarily, run a heavy computation on the fly, significant setup is required.
What it does
Searches the local network for nodes that one can log in to; built authorization on top of SSH. Commands are distributed via sockets + protobuf, state is kept sane as the network is meant to have the same NFS.
How I built it
TCP Socket server plus rudimentary python
Challenges I ran into
Socket pipe kept breaking. Just try catched it.
Accomplishments that I'm proud of
Nodes are matched via regex, allowing significant clusters
What I learned
Synchronization across multiple processes/nodes, how to get a process to run on a remote server without keeping an active session
What's next for User Cluster
Implement arguments that alias to utilities such as ulimit, for memory and CPU usage. Proper algorithm for choosing nodes rather than just cycling each command. Detaching the manager from the shell, for p
Built With
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Apex Contruct
Apex Construct
Number of Players: 1
Length: Longer than your session
Difficulty: Easy to Hard
Ages: All Ages
Activity Level: Average to Moderate
Additional Notes: This has puzzles and action, the initial tutorial phase takes about 10 or so minutes.
Apex Construct is a story-driven, single player action/adventure made exclusively for VR. Wield an upgradable cyber bow & shield combination to battle enemy robots while exploring a shattered world, gradually realizing what led to the extinction of mankind.
Don't copy text!


A study of the selfie phenomenon
The project investigates the seemingly mundane topic of selfies with a mix of techniques, ranging from theory over quantitive analysis to visualization and artistic expression. In this highly interdisciplinary project, I had the creative lead for design, data visualization and data analysis.
Produced in collaboration with Lev Manovich, Dominikus Baur, Daniel Goddemeyer, Daniel Mehrdad et al.
Exploring selfies as a cultural phenomenon
Selfiecity investigates how people photograph themselves with mobile phones in five cities around the world. The project analyzes 3200 Instagram selfies shared in New York, Moscow, Berlin, Bangkok, and Sao Paulo (640 from each city).
Selfies were already subject of many discussions in popular media. However, if we simply scan images tagged as selfie on Instagram, or observe people around us taking self-portraits, it's hard to quantify patterns, or systematically compare selfies from multiple cities taken by people who differ in age and gender. Are all selfies taken by young people? Do men take many selfies? Are we all trying to copy celebrities in choosing how we represent ourselves? Are there any significant differences between selfies shared in New York and Moscow, or Berlin and Bangkok? Selfiecity is the first project which investigates such questions systematically, using carefully assembled large sample of selfies photos and tools of statistics, data science and data visualization.
The selfexploratory
The interactive selfiexploratory allows you to navigate the whole set of 3200 photos from five cities from around the world.
Rich media visualizations (imageplots) assemble thousands of photos to reveal interesting patterns.
We also present new findings about the demographics of people taking selfies, their poses and expressions.
Video montages
Video montages assemble hundreds of images into a dynamic, morphing "aggregate city face".
Read a few more of my thoughts on the projects over at well-formed data


Inc.
Advanced DVG-2101SP User Manual
 Warm Line* Check the checkbox and enter a specific number to be dialed
 automatically by the VoIP Adapter when the user goes off-hook
 on the line and does not input any digits after a configurable
 timeout has elapsed. For example, this feature can be used for
 emergency or operator dialing if you do not input any dialing
 information after a certain time.
 Hot Line* Check the checkbox and enter a specific number to be dialed
 right away automatically by the VoIP Adapter when the user
 goes off-hook on the line.
 Do Not Check this checkbox to reject incoming calls as busy or divert
 Disturb incoming calls to a voice mail server when configured to do so.
 Call Waiting Check the checkbox to receive a second call when a call is
 already ongoing on the same phone port.
 Consultation Check the checkbox to let you to place a call on hold, and then
 Hold call another party to consult privately, and afterward, return to
 the original call.
 Conference Check the checkbox to enable making conference calls.
 Call Back Check the checkbox to enable call back on busy when the
 On Busy number you dialed is busy.
 PSTN Fail Check the checkbox to enable PSTN fail over relay when the
 Over Relay Internet connection is not available.
 *You can only activate either Warm Line or Hot Line. If you check both of them,
 Hot Line's priority is always prior to Warm Line.
 Examples of Making a Conference Call
 Scenario 1:
 1. The first person dials the second person and asks the second person to wait.
 2. The first person presses Flash then calls the third person (and keeps the
 second person on hold).
 3. The third person answers the call. The first person dials *61 and then
 presses Flash to start the conference call.
 Scenario 2:
 1. The first person dials the second person and the second person answers
 the call.
 2. The third person dials the first person (call waiting) and the first person
 presses Flash to pick up the second call and talk to the third person.
 3. The first person dials *61 and then presses Flash to start the conference call.
 Note: The availability of conference calls varies depending on your VoIP
 network. Please check with your ITSP for this service.
 21
DVG-2101SP User Manual Advanced
 SIP Setting
 This page allows you to configure the settings related to the SIP service
 provider. You need to configure your VoIP Adapter to communicate with the
 devices that will send and receive telephone calls over the Internet.
 If you are behind a NAT modem or router, you may have to use a STUN server.
 Signaling Enter the signaling port to send and receive SIP message for
 Port building a session. The default value is 5060 and this must
 match with the peer Registrar when making VoIP calls.
 RTP Start Specifies the start port for RTP stream. The default value is
 40000.
 RTP End Specifies the end port for RTP stream. The default value is
 50000.
 STUN Enable or disable STUN server feature.
 Server Enter the STUN server IP address if you enabled the STUN
 Address server feature.
 NAT Keep Check the checkbox and enter the time period for the NAT to
 Alive Time keep alive.
 Rport Check this checkbox to use rport. Rport, or symmetric
 signaling, is critical for operations behind some classifications
 of NATs. If enabled, the SIP stack will send outbound SIP
 messages on the same port that it listens on. Unless you are
 familiar with single SIP port, it is better to use rport.
 T.38 Fax Check the checkbox if the remote end also supports FAX
 Protocol function.
22 D-Link Systems, Inc.
Advanced DVG-2101SP User Manual
 P_Assert Check the checkbox to enable P_Assert to hide the client name
 when sending messages to the SIP proxy server.
 E.164 ENUM Check the checkbox to enable E.164 ENUM (Number Mapping)
 feature. E.164 is a mechanism to transform an E.164 number
 into a list of URIs (Uniform Resource Identifiers) so that the IP
 users and available services can be identified by a public
 telephone number.
 Session Check the checkbox to enable this function. If there is no
 Timer response, the connecting call will be closed automatically after
 the time limit that you set in this field.
 Anonymous Check the checkbox to reject the all anonymous calls.
 Call Rejection
 DTMF Info Check this checkbox to use DTMF (Dual Tone Multi-Frequency)
 Type to send out the Caller ID.
 Digit Plan
 This page enables you to set up rules for the digit waiting time and the digit
 plan. A digit plan is also known as a dial plan. A digit plan is a string of
 characters that governs the way the VoIP Adapter processes inputs received
 from the telephone keypad. This includes country codes, access codes, area
 codes, and all combinations of digits dialed. Digit plans must comply with the
 telephone networks to which they connect.
 First Digit Enter the first digit waiting time before the connection is
 Waiting Time canceled by the VoIP Adapter.
 Interval Digit Enter the interval waiting time between two digits before the
 Waiting Time connection is canceled by the VoIP Adapter.
 Digit Plan Enter the strings for the digit plan.
 23
DVG-2101SP User Manual Advanced
 Digit Plan Syntex
 To specify a Enter the following Result
 Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 * Identifies a specific digit (do not use #)
 Range [digit-digit] Identifies any digit dialed that is included in
 the range
 Range [digit-digit, digit] Specifies a range as a comma separated
 list
 Wildcard x x matches any single digit that is dialed
 Wildcard . . matches an arbitrary number of digits
 Time T Indicates that an additional time out period
 of 4 seconds should take place before
 automatic dialing starts
 For example, let's look at the following digit plan:
 <:1780>[2-4]xxxxxx|*xx|<911:_PHONE_>|011[2-9]x.T|1[2-9]xx[2-9]xxxxxx|1900xxxxxxx!
 A digit plan is the combination of one or more dialing rules. The above digit plan
 includes six dialing rules and is separated by five "|" characters. The VoIP
 Adapter interprets the digit plan (strings) in order from left to right. That is, if you
 dial a set of numbers that fits to more than one section of the digit plan, the
 VoIP Adapter will use the first numerical sequence that fits to process your
 inputs.
 Component Description
 <> A pair of < > brackets is used to enclose digit and character for
 special usage such as add prefix to the following digit(s) or
 replace the digits you dialed. For example, <:111>*123 means
 that when you press 123 on the keypad, the VoIP Adapter will
 send out 111*123. <*123:#911> means when you dial *123, the
 VoIP Adapter will send out #911.
 : The ":" means replace any digits within the < > brackets before
 the ":" with the digits written after the ":"
 For example: <:1780> means the system prefixes all numbers
 that match with the remainder of the dial plan string with "1780".
 <911:_PHONE_> means the system will send out the call with
 _PHONE_ whenever you dial 911. If you live in Australia and
 your VoIP provider resides in North America, your may change
 this dial plan to <000:011612131444>.
 [] A pair of [ ] brackets is used to enclose one digit (the digits on
 telephone keypad *, # and 0-9). For example, [*#2-9] means the
 digit can be either *, #, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9. [*1-3579] mean the
 digit can be either *, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 or 9.
 x The x represents any digit from 0 to 9. x means one 0-9 digit, xx
 means two 0-9 digits and xxx means three 0-9 digits, etc.
 For example, [2-4]xxxxxx means you are allow to dial either 2,3
 or 4 followed by any six digits from 0 to 9.
 | The "|" in a digit plan is merely used to separate the different
 dialing rules.
24 D-Link Systems, Inc.
Advanced DVG-2101SP User Manual
 * The "*" represents the * (star key) on your telephone keypad. For
 example, *xx means press * key followed by any two digits from
 0-9, such as *69 or *55.
 . The "." (dot) means repeat the previously listed digit zero or more
 times. For example, x. means zero or more digits and xx. means
 at least one or more digits.
 T The "T" represents that an additional timeout period should take
 place before automatic send out the dialing.
 ! The "!" in a digit plan means the digit or number is restricted. For
 example, 11[0, 2, 4, 9]! means the system will block the numbers
 110, 112, 114 and 119. 00886! means that the dial out number
 beginning with 00886 is restricted. Note that the "!" can only be
 placed at the end of a dialing rule.
 The VoIP Adapter processes call features and the digit plan in the


text:
The goal of this ultrasound hands-on workshop is to demonstrate advancements in high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and to demonstrate quality control (QC) testing in diagnostic ultrasound.
HIFU is a therapeutic modality that uses ultrasound waves as carriers of energy. HIFU is used to focus a beam of ultrasound energy into a small volume at specific target locations within the body. The focused beam causes localized high temperatures and produces a well-defined regions of necrosis. This completely non-invasive technology has great potential for tumor ablation and targeted drug delivery. At the workshop, attendees will see configurations, applications, and hands-on demonstrations with on-site instructors at separate stations.
The involvement of medical physicists in diagnostic ultrasound imaging service is increasing due to QC and accreditation requirements. At the workshop, an array of ultrasound testing phantoms and ultrasound scanners will be provided for attendees to learn diagnostic ultrasound QC in a hands-on environment with live demonstrations of the techniques.
Target audience: Medical physicists and other medical professionals in diagnostic imaging and radiation oncology with interest in high-intensity focused ultrasound and in diagnostic ultrasound QC.
- 1.Learn ultrasound physics and safety for HIFU applications through live demonstrations
- 2.Get an overview of the state-of-the art in HIFU technologies and equipment
- 3.Gain familiarity with common elements of a quality control program for diagnostic ultrasound imaging
- 4.Identify QC tools available for testing diagnostic ultrasound systems and learn how to use these tools
List of supporting vendors for HIFU and diagnostic ultrasound QC hands-on workshop:
- 1.Philips Healthcare
- 2.Alpinion Medical Systems
- 3.Verasonics, Inc
- 4.Zonare Medical Systems, Inc
- 5.Computerized Imaging Reference Systems (CIRS), Inc.
- 6.GAMMEX, Inc.,
- 7.Cablon Medical BV
Steffen Sammet: NIH/NCI grant 5R25CA132822, NIH/NINDS grant 5R25NS080949 and Philips Healthcare research grant C32


text: Stepped fishways are the most popular solutions to enable the free movement of fish fauna through weirs and dams. Given the flow variation of rivers throughout the year, successful fish migration through stepped fishways relies on the accurate discharge calculation and their modeling under variable scenarios. This study aims to propose a general method for flow and water level calculation of stepped fishways, unifying different findings in specialized literature. To achieve this purpose, the relation defined by Villemonte is used and tested under laboratory and field case studies. This study shows that the hydraulic behavior of a wide range of stepped fishway typologies can be explained based on a single equation, as well as the need of calibration of the coefficients involved in this equation for different subtypes. Furthermore, the proposed method enables the water level modeling under variable boundary conditions, which in turns allows the analysis of stepped fishways hydraulic performance under different river scenarios. The comparison of the hydraulic parameters in the fishways with the physical capacities and preferences of fish will contribute to the fulfillment of their main objective: allow free movement of fish fauna.


text:
Aerial Robotic Fire Defender Drone (ARFiDD)
Name of the provider (company name or main contact name), or FIRE IN ID? Unisystems
Scope, rationale, context: general description. Precise here if this technology is currently use (eg. company name or contact info) ARFiDD is an innovative fire protection system against fires in open and forest areas, aiming to the detection of fire outbreaks and the support of firefighting, with emphasis on the initial fire intervention. The objective of ARFiDD is: a) The surveillance, in real-time, of large areas with a high level of risk and increased incidence of fire. b) The prompt and timely notification of first responders and services for fire ignition detected by the drones in the surveillance areas. c) A firefighting drone with a mission to extinguish and control fires detected by monitoring drones, with the use of special equipment, preventing the spread of the fire. This technology is a proposal submitted to the Greek General Secretariat for R&D and currently is under evaluation. The pilot area for ARFiDD is the Ainos National Park at Kephalonia island, where forest fires are very common and dangerous during summer. The system is designed to be delivered in the form of an Emergency Management Support Service, also an innovative approach, so that operators who use it are relieved of the cost of purchasing and maintaining specialized equipment and software, as well as qualified personnel. A monitoring, coordination and communication platform will be developed to standardize the ARFiDD system, which will make it applicable to different areas.
If applicable, choose the relevant working group (Ctrl touch to select more than one) Search & Rescue Emergency Response
Please select the relevant item 291
Short description of the solution. Technical details if relevant. Keywords.
detection of fire outbreaks and the support of firefighting, with emphasis on the initial fire intervention. The ARFiDD integrated solution will consist of two types of drone (rotorcrafts), respectively A and B. Type A will be patrol drones with the task of monitoring, detecting and locating fire outbreaks in forests and open spaces and type B will be the drones of initial intervention. A-type will be equipped with a high-resolution camera for monitoring open areas, an infrared camera to create a spatial temperature profile and the detection of thermal differences in their field of view, atmospheric measurement sensors, distance measuring systems from ground targets (points of interest), and a communication system for real-time data transmission. B-type drones will also have a high-resolution camera, an infrared camera for hot spot detection, fire detection and temperature measurement, target approach control system, transfer and release system, on the perimeter of the fire, and dry foam spheres for immediate intervention and extinction. Both types will have an autonomous scheduled flight function and additional remote control from the ground station, if required during their mission.
TRL of the proposed solution - Innovation stage (if applicable) Not applicable
Expected/scheduled future developments


text:
short courses to a more sustained effort at capacity building.
The GCI—long active in promoting emergency preparedness in the cultural field—has sought to develop education models that appropriately address the learning needs of professionals. Most recently, through an innovative teaching approach, the GCI has focused on museum personnel training in emergency preparedness. Over the past year and a half, the Institute has partnered with ICOM (International Council of Museums) and ICCROM on an initiative that is part of ICOM's Museums Emergency Program (MEP), a multiyear project to assist museum and other heritage professionals to prepare for and respond to natural and human-made threats. The GCI and its project partners developed a three-phase pilot course, Teamwork for Integrated Emergency Management, which combined a classroom-based workshop with a seven-month period of practical work. Teams from eight national museums and two museum studies programs in Asia attended the workshop phase of the course in Bangkok in August 2005. The workshop was followed by the second phase, which ran from September 2005 through March 2006. Over seven months of practical work, each team, via e-mail, regularly reported its progress to course mentors who commented on the achievements and, if necessary, provided advice or information. In addition, there was a course Web site that contained teaching materials along with links to emergency management Web sites and course contact information. During this period, course participants began implementing practical changes with colleagues at their institutions. The mentoring phase also helped to reinforce the bonds among the institutions and to provide the basis for a regional network.
The third and final phase of the course was a meeting in Seoul, in June 2006, to review the achievements of each museum team. The teams discussed the substantial progress they had made over the course of the year: undertaking risk assessments, re-examining or revising institutional emergency plans, reviewing security protocols, and conducting staff drills and training.
The learning model used in Teamwork for Integrated Emergency Management—traditional classroom-based workshop and extended mentored practice—may be adapted to other GCI training efforts. Facilitated by new communication technologies, it extends the classroom into the workplace and aids the growth of a sense of community among practitioners, essential to the development of the field.
The following GCI staff contributed to this article:
James Druzik, senior project specialist
Herant Khanjian, assistant scientist
Neville Agnew, principal project specialist
Martha Demas, senior project specialist
Leslie Rainer, senior project specialist
Francesca Piqué, former GCI project specialist
Kathleen Dardes, senior project specialist


text:
The lawmaker representing Ojo Federal Constituency in the lower legislative chamber, Hon. Tajudeen Obasa has urged every Nigerian Parent to do the needful and use all available strength in educating their children/wards.
The Children's Day is recognized on various days in different places around the world, in celebration of every child. It was first proclaimed by the World Conference for the Well-being of Children in 1925 and then established universally in 1954 to protect children working long hours in dangerous circumstances and allow all children access to an education.
In a statement released by his media aide, Mr Opeyemi Ahmed, the lawmaker described education as the only means to cure ignorance, tackle social vices and build an independent individual in the future.
"It is well stated in the holy books " Educate your child so that he or she will give you rest" The current trend of security challenges facing the nation can only be tackled with proper education. Many commit crime without knowing the negative effects of such to the society"
"For a nation to be great, the standard of education must be high both formally and informally. For Nigeria, all hands must be on deck to transform the educational sector"


text:
A collection of examples from the Prosthetic Knowledge Tumblr archive on the subject of Slitscanning, a photographic effect that creates distortions and occasionally insightful images based on time.
The slitscan effect has, of-late, had something of a renaissance over the past year thanks to digital technology. Once a time consuming and expensive technique, coders have created their own solutions (either personally or commercially in the mobile app market). For the uninitiated, it has been defined by Golan Levin thus:
Slitscan imaging techniques are used to create static images of time-based phenomena. In traditional film photography, slit scan images are created by exposing film as it slides past a slit-shaped aperture. In the digital realm, thin slices are extracted from a sequence of video frames, and concatenated into a new image.
Below are some examples of creative coding with the slitscan technique:
Volumetric Slitscan Experiments by Memo Akten
The slitscan technique is a well-explored method in photography and video, but this is the first time I have seen it using a Kinect camera feed, where depth plays an additional factor. Two short videos are embedded above, and they are made more fun by the music (dancing to Nina Simone's "My Baby Just Cares For Me").
Work-in-progress prototype for an upcoming project involving volumetric slitscanning using kinect (should it be called surface-scanning?). Similar to traditional slitscanning... but instead of working with 2D images + time, this technique uses spatial + temporal data stored in a 4D Space-Time Continuum, and 3 dimensional temporal gradients (i.e. not just slitscanning on the depth/rgb images, but surface-scanning on the animated 3D point cloud).
Slitscan 3D Test by Ryan Suits
A slitscan experiment in anaglyph vision, worth digging out those red/blue 3D glasses!
Bookmarklet can turn HTML5 videos on Youtube and Vimeo into slitscan-like images:
… Just hit the bookmarklet on any YouTube or Vimeo video page with an HTML5 player, and it will start drawing onto a canvas in the browser. You can modify the speed with the slider (the default value draws the entire video to the width of the browser). You can also download the code and modify it as you wish.
2001 A Space Odyssey: Unwrapping The Slitscan Sequence
A visual investigation using code to 'unroll' the famous psychedelic sequence from the film, itself a slitscan:
While watching Kubrick's "2001 A Space Odyssey", I thought it would be fun to write some software to unravel the slit scan artwork in the psychedelic sequences of 2001, to see what they were. The results of this experiment are below..
The technique used to unravel the sequences involved using an SGI's real time video hardware, with a hacked version of 'videoin.c' (from the SGI example programs) to accumulate scanlines from the DVD and concatenate them back into the original artwork. So as the film played, the program ran, unrolling the scanlines in realtime; it was really fun to see the first results..!
You can see more here.
An Informal Catalogue of Slit-Scan Video Artworks and Research: An extensive collection of examples of slitscan works.
Vimeo'slitscan 3d' search: Plenty of examples of contemporary experimentation.


text:
LANCASTER, Pa. – Employee expectations of post-pandemic indoor workspaces go beyond a "return to normal" and demonstrate a desire for spaces that put people in a better place, with an eye toward spaces that are more responsive to an ever-adapting world, according to a new survey conducted by Armstrong World Industries, Inc. (AWI).
The survey "Making Space for A Resilient Future" revealed six trends that point to a need, and an opportunity, to approach the design of indoor workspaces more holistically, beyond merely fixing pandemic-related health and safety concerns.
Among the findings:
- 86% of respondents expect to feel very or somewhat safe in their workspace when they return to work.
- 83% of respondents expect to feel that their workspace will be prepared and adaptable for future events such as another pandemic or the changing climate.
- 84% of respondents expect to feel that their workspace will be an environment which is supportive of the well-being of people.
The survey comes as companies across the country, including Amazon, Duke Energy, Facebook, and Microsoft have announced total or hybrid returns to work in the coming months and into the Fall.
Armstrong, a leader in the design and manufacture of innovative commercial and residential ceiling, wall and suspension system solutions, conducted the online survey of 1,000 U.S. workers who typically work in indoor environments in February 2021. It explored employee feelings about and perceptions of work environments at offices, schools, and healthcare facilities as a result of what has been experienced due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The findings are reflective of the pandemic's influence in heightening awareness and understanding of the importance and interconnectivity of healthy environments and one's own personal environment. These themes are echoed in new 2030 commitments from AWI to cultivate thriving environments for employees and communities, more actively meet demands for healthier, circular products, and do more with less to preserve and protect the planet's resources.
"Attitudes of returning workers are clearly at an important inflection point," said Mark Hershey, senior vice-president, and executive sponsor for sustainability at AWI. "As we work with leaders in architecture and design, we can see an opportunity for all workplace sponsors to prepare space in a way that restores trust by providing workspaces that are safe and healthy, supportive of well-being, and prepared and adaptable for the future," he added.
The six pulse point trends show that:
- Preparing indoor workspaces for returning workers isn't just about COVID-related safety improvements.
- Employees are "giving permission" to landlords and employers to prepare workspace, not just for a "return to normal," but for something that puts people in a better place, with an eye toward the future...and being responsive to what is now being realized as an ever-adapting world.
- Addressing indoor workspace should move beyond just fixing pandemic-related concerns toward approaches that are more holistic in nature and embrace resilience and well-being.
- Indoor workspace must be invested in as an asset for attracting and retaining talent, and replicating the themes of comfort and well-being employees have experienced as they have worked from home.
- Volatility and ongoing changes to spaces caused by pandemics, climate change and more, are here to stay, but working safely and comfortably within indoor environments is possible. Workspaces can and should be created to serve as environments in which people feel all together better.
- What makes a workspace safer can also make it healthier, more sustainable, and better for total well-being.
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text: Geo-energy is a resource available widely on Earth that consist in using the first 10-100 meters bellow surface where the temperature is low and constant during the year. This 12 to 15°C is ideal for heat pumps to provide heat and cold with an excellent coefficient of performance. Despite a very high potential, this resource is not often integrated in France. One of the main reasons is the lack of knowledge of rocks capacity to deliver sufficient power on surface. More than 2 millions of scanned documents are available on the french geological survey. We propose a way to classify and analyze them in order to quantify the underground resource.


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DISABILITY AS A CAUSE OF POVERTY
Disability contributes to and deepens poverty on an individual, family and community level due to discrimination and institutional and attitudinal barriers. So a person with a disability and their family are less likely to have access to rehabilitation, education, skills training and employment opportunities - opportunities which could otherwise reduce poverty.
DISABILITY AS A CONSEQUENCE OF POVERTY
Extreme poverty causes disability through many causes including lack of access to adequate nutrition, preventative and curative health care, clean water and sanitation, and unsafe working conditions.
This is why it is so important to include people with a disability across all sectors of international development. Empowering people with a disability to receive a worthwhile education, access health and rehabilitation services, gain a livelihood and participate fully in society is essential to End the Cycle of disability and poverty.
Not only is inclusion of people with disabilities essential to End the Cycle of poverty and disability, it is also important to help make international aid more effective. When spending on aid and development includes people with disabilities, it can then reach the poorest and most marginalised people.
Do you want to know even more about the cycle of poverty and disability? Good, because we've got a lot to read. Have a look at some of our more specific resources full of details or learn about our approach to solving the issues at hand.


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AOH :: FRPS.TXT|
About FRPS - Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor
The Fuel rail pressure sensor (FRPS) is In recent years the
return-less fuel system has gained wide acceptance. With this type of
system, the return fuel hose is eliminated in favor of a different type
of fuel pump module, using a built-in fuel pressure regulator. In an in
tank return-less fuel pump module system, the fuel is returned to the
fuel tank right at the fuel pump itself without ever leaving the fuel
tank. The reason for all this is to prevent an unnecessary amount of
fuel from reaching the engine bay, where it will heat-up and cause
excessive fuel vapors at the fuel tank. In other words, this system
addresses the never-ending struggle to stop excessive EVAP emissions.
Another high-tech approach to the fuel vapor problem is the use of a
fuel rail pressure sensor in conjunction with a variable-speed electric
fuel pump. Ford, among others, has adopted this approach in a wide
variety of their newer model vehicles. With the electronic return-less
system, the ECM relies on the FRP (fuel rail pressure) sensor for fuel
pressure input right at the fuel injectors. By monitoring the fuel
pressure, the ECM can then adjust the fuel pump's rotational speed and
maintain a stable pressure. Once a stable fuel pressure is attained, the
formation of fuel vapors in the fuel line itself is greatly reduced. The
whole process happens very fast since it is electronically controlled.
The FRP sensor is a three-wire piezoelectric electronic pressure sensor.
This means that the sensor's resistance varies as pressure changes. The
FRP sensor is also connected in line with an internal ECM voltage
divider resistor network. So that as the sensor's resistance changes
with pressure the overall current flow varies as well. The higher the
sensor's resistance the less current flow and the higher the voltage.
The higher voltage across the FRP sensor will cause a lower overall
voltage across the ECM's internal resistor and vise-versa. A typical FRP
sensor voltage-to-pressure chart is shown next.
FRP sensor voltage chart.
0.50 volts - 0 PSI 1.2 volts - 10 PSI 1.65 volts - 20 PSI 2.2 volts - 30
PSI 2.75 volts - 40 PSI 3.45 volts - 50 PSI 3.9 volts - 60 PSI 4.6 volts
- 70 PSI
In some FRP sensor applications, the sensor is also connected to the
intake manifold side. In this arrangement the sensor's signal output is
a differential signal of fuel pressure to intake manifold, which the ECM
uses to control the fuel pump speed. Therefore, maintaining the fuel in
the rail in a liquid state and preventing fuel vapors.
CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT OPERATION
The FRP sensor is connected directly to the injector fuel rail, which
makes it susceptible to the same temperature variations as the
injectors. A clogged fuel filter, a defective in-tank fuel pump module,
dirty fuel lines, etc could also cause an erroneous signal reading. It
is important to determine if the faulty signal reading is caused by the
FRP sensor itself or some condition that is affecting it. Do not condemn
the FRP sensor until all the necessary testing have been performed.
The FRP sensor is a three-wire type sensor. The ECM provides a reference
voltage as well as a signal ground to the sensor. The sensor then sends
a pressure signal back to the ECM thought the signal wire. It is also
good to know that the FRP sensor may shares the reference and ground
wires with other sensors and any electrical conditions that affect the
other shared sensors will also affect it. Follow the steps bellow to
determine the root of the problem.
First determine if there is actual fuel pressure in the system. This
will eliminate a faulty reading condition caused by a mechanical fuel
system problem. Using a fuel pressure/volume gauge, ascertain that the
system is working properly. Disconnect the FRP sensor and open the
ignition switch. Using a voltmeter, probe between the FRP reference
voltage wire and battery ground. Reference voltage (usually 5.00 volts)
should be seen at the meter (tests for proper reference voltage). With a
voltmeter, measure the voltage across the FRP sensor ground wire and
battery positive. Battery voltage should be seen (tests the integrity of
the FRP sensor ground circuit). With a voltmeter, measure the voltage
across the reference and ground wires of the FRP sensor (double-checks
the reference voltage and ground leads of the FRP sensor). Jump the FRP
sensor signal wire to the ground wire at the connector. Using a scan
tool, monitor the fuel rail pressure PID (with engine off). About 0.00
volts should be seen. Jump the FRP sensor signal wire to the reference
voltage wire at the connector. Using a scan tool monitor the fuel rail
pressure PID (with engine off). A reference voltage reading should be
seen (usually 5.00 volts). Make certain that the vacuum hose going to
the FRP sensor is not clogged or broken. The engine vacuum is taken into
consideration by the ECM when adjusting the actual fuel pressure. The
FRP sensor will actually output a differential signal, which takes into
account the amount of vacuum at the tip of the injectors.
If these steps check out OK and there is no fuel system mechanical
problems, the fault is probably at the FRP sensor itself. Take extreme
caution when replacing the FRP sensor, since you will be dealing with
flammable fuel. Always be aware of the fire extinguisher's location and
avoid any open flames while working on the fuel rail. Follow the
manufacturer's replacement procedures.
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The state institution "Department of entrepreneurship and industrial and innovative development of the Kostanay region akimat" is a state body of the Republic of Kazakhstan that implements state regulation in the field of entrepreneurial, industrial and innovative and tourist activities.
Mission of the Department: participation in the formation and implementation of state policy aimed at the development of priority sectors of the economy, ensuring its diversification and growth of competitiveness in the territory of Kostanay region within its competence.
1) ensuring effective interaction between the state and business in the development of priority sectors of the economy (industry, small and medium-sized businesses, tourism);
2) promoting an enabling environment for industrialization;
3) assistance in the development and implementation of investment projects;
4) promoting innovation;
5) promote the development of foreign economic relations;
6) promotion of tourism activities;
6-1) formation of works on local content in the region;
6-2) analysis of the state of work on the local content of the region
7) implementation of other tasks stipulated by the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan.


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ICT4Life took part in a workshop untitled "Artificial Intelligence and Chronic disease management" organised by Mattone Internazionale Salute Programme – ProMIS on 18 – 19 June 2018 in Trento, Italy. The event fostered comparison on the use of artificial intelligence in the context of the management of chronic diseases through the presentation of strategies and policies both at European and national level.
The first day session addressed European and national policies and strategies and presented good practices and experiences at European level. The second day was dedicated to specific interventions that tried to clarify and identify which are the main issues (economic, security, empowerment of patients, privacy etc.) to discuss in relation to the use of Artificial Intelligence in healthcare.
ICT4Life coordinator, Alejandro Sánchez-Rico de las Heras, presented ICT4Life platform and features. He explained that the motivation behind ICT4Life arose from the need to find solutions aimed at developing the concepts of self-care, active patients and integrated care. To achieve this goal, ICT4Life is developing through technological and social research a radically new approach of integrated care that is materialized in the ICT4Life platform.
The ICT4Life platform is designed to:
- integrate patients through a tailored app, offering services aimed at increasing the quality of life and the autonomy of the elderly in their homes, in nursing homes, in day care centers and in hospitals;
- support professionals involved in the patient's care through a web access;
- allow designated caregivers to access selected patient's personal or health information


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Anne of Denmark was the wife of James I, the first of the Stuart monarchs. Anne was born on October 14th, 1574 at Skanderborg Castle in Denmark. She married James by proxy in August 1589 though the actual marriage took place in Oslo on November 23rd, 1589.
James thought of himself as an intellectual and academic. It is said that he found Anne frivolous and less than academic. With little to bond them, James preferred the company of his favourites though he always ensured that Anne lived the life as befitted a queen. Anne shared her husband's view that monarchy should live the lifestyle of monarchy. She spent large sums of money on clothes and jewels. Anne also ensured that her eldest son, Henry, heir to the throne, was equally lavished with gifts and symbols of what James called'magnificence'. Anne spent large sums of money on Somerset House (her residence in London) and re-named it Denmark House. Neither Anne nor James had any real understanding of finance - both believed that if they needed something, they should have it.
The early death of Henry in 1612 meant that Anne's second son, Charles, became the heir to the throne.
Anne died on March 4th, 1619 aged 44. She was buried in Westminster Abbey.


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Which seed is best for Rosemary?
For a fragrant and robust Rosemary plant, choose a seed variety that is well-suited to your climate and soil conditions, and ensure that you provide ample sunlight, water, and nutrients for optimal growth.
Which month do you plant a Rosemary?
While Rosemary can be grown year-round in some regions, planting in the spring when the soil is warm and the days are longer can give your herbs the best chance to flourish.
How long does Rosemary take to grow?
Growing Rosemary requires patience as it can take anywhere from 180 to 365 days to reach maturity, depending on various factors such as soil quality, weather conditions, and care provided.
Does Rosemary need a lot of water to grow?
While Rosemary prefers well-draining soil and does not tolerate waterlogged conditions. However, it's important to strike a balance and avoid overwatering, which can lead to root rot and other problems.
How much Rosemary seed is required per acre?
The amount of Rosemary seed needed per acre can vary depending on various factors such as soil quality, climate, and desired plant density.
How much Rosemary can be produced from one acre by planting a Rosemary?
With proper care and optimal growing conditions, it's possible to produce an impressive yield of 12 to 13 tonnes of Rosemary per hectare.
How much do Rosemary seeds cost?
The cost of Rosemary seeds can vary depending on the quantity and quality of the seeds, as well as local market conditions. On average, a packet of Rosemary seeds may cost around 500-700 rupees.
What is the height of the Rosemary plant?
Rosemary is a woody herb that can grow up to 3 to 4 feet tall, featuring needle-like leaves.


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In knitting, the word gauge is used both in hand knitting and machine knitting; the latter, technical abbreviation GG, refers to "Knitting Machines" fineness size. In both cases, the term refers to the number of stitches per inch, not the size of the finished garment. In both cases, the gauge is measured by counting the number of stitches (in hand knitting) or the number of needles (on a knitting machine bed) over several inches then dividing by the number of inches in the width of the sample.
Gauge on knitting machines
There are two types of classification of Knitting Gauges or Unit of Measure:
- A – Used for Cotton Fully fashion flat machines (Bentley – Monk, Textima, Sheller etc..) where "Gauge" is measured in 1,5" Inches (2,54 cm x 1,5) and the machine's gauge is expressed by the number of needles needed to achieve that gauge.
- B – Used for hand, mechanical or modern Electronic Flat Machines (Stoll, Shima, Protti etc..), where gauge is measured in 1 inch increments (or 2,5 cm) and the machine's gauge is similarly measured by the number of needles required to achieve that number.
Compared graduation scale Gauge (GG) A versus B system: A 30 GG (A) Cotton Fully fashion flat machine (30 needles in 1,5") is comparable to a 20 GG (B) Electronic Flat machine, a 27 GG (A) is an 18 GG (B), an 18 GG (A) is a 12 GG (B), a 12 GG (A) is an 8 GG (B), a 7,5 GG (A) is a 5 GG (B) and a 4,5 GG (A) is a 3 GG (B).
Factors that affect knitting gauge
The gauge of a knitted fabric depends on the pattern of stitches in the fabric, the kind of yarn, the size of knitting needles, and the tension of the individual knitter (i.e., how much yarn he or she allows between stitches).
- For example, ribbing and cable patterns tend to "pull in," giving more stitches over an identical width than stockinette, garter, or seed stitch. Even the same stitch produced in two different ways may produce a different gauge.
- Thicker yarns with less loft generally produce larger stitches than thinner yarns (reducing the number of stitches per width and length).
- Larger knitting needles also produce larger stitches, giving fewer stitches and rows per inch; changing needle size is the best way to control one's own gauge for a given pattern and yarn.
- Finally, the knitter's tension, or how tightly one knits, can affect the gauge significantly. The gauge can even vary within a single garment, typically with beginning knitters; as knitters become more familiar with a stitch pattern, they become more relaxed and make the stitch differently, producing a different gauge.
Sometimes the gauge is deliberately altered within a garment, usually by changing needle size; for example, smaller stitches are often made at the collar, sleeve cuffs, hemline ribbing or pocket edges.
Uneven knitting is a knitting technique in which two knitting needles of different sizes are used. The method is sometimes used when the knitter has a significantly different gauge on knit and purl stitches. It is also useful for producing elongated stitches and certain specialty patterns.
Knitting gauge in patterns
To produce a knitted garment of given dimensions, whether from one's own design or from a published pattern, the gauge should match as closely as possible; significant differences in gauge will lead to a deformed garment. Patterns for knitting projects almost always include a suggested gauge for the project.
For illustration, suppose that a sweater is designed to measure 40" around the bustline with a gauge of 5 st/inch in the chosen stitch. Therefore, the pattern should call for 200 stitches (5 st/inch x 40") at the bustline. If the knitter follows the pattern with a gauge of 4 st/inch, the sweater will measure 50" around the bustline (200 st / 4st/in) -- too baggy! Conversely, if the knitter follows the pattern with a gauge of 6 st/inch, the sweater will measure ~33" around the bustline (200 st / 6st/inch) -- too tight! Generally, the gauge should match to better than 5%, corresponding to 1" of ease in a 20" width. Similar concerns apply to the number of rows per inch.
Luckily, the gauge can be adjusted by changing needle size, without changing the pattern, stitch, yarn, or habits of the knitter. Larger needles produce a smaller gauge (fewer stitches per inch) and smaller needles produce a larger gauge (more stitches per inch). If necessary, further adjustments can be made by subtly altering the pattern dimensions, e.g., shortening a vertically aligned pattern. Ribbing can also be used to "draw in" the fabric to the proper gauge.
Measuring knitting gauge
To check one's gauge before starting a project, a sample of knitting (a swatch) is made, ideally in the stitch pattern used in the garment. The swatch edges affect the reading of the gauge, so it's best that the swatch be at least 4" square and more safely 6–8" square. Dividing the number of stitches used by the actual size of the sample gives the stitch gauge of that sample. Similarly, the row gauge is calculated by dividing the number of rows knitted by the length of the sample. Making a swatch also helps familiarize the knitter with the stitch pattern and yarn, which will lead to a more uniform gauge in the final garment.
||This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (July 2010)|
- June Hemmons Hiatt (1988) The Principles of Knitting, Simon and Schuster, pp. 415–432. ISBN 0-671-55233-3
- knitty.com article on gauge
- Measuring Gauge
- Needle Conversion Chart Shows conversion between current and past US and European knitting needle sizes.
- Yarn Weight and Gauge Chart Recommended needle and crochet hook sizes used to achieve gauge with various yarns.


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Pages that link here:
John Ross was a British explorer who sailed toward North Sea more than 70 years before brave heroes of polar discovery started their journeys toward North and South Pole. Today he is remembered for this several trips into Northwestern Passage and for being first man who reached North Magnetic Pole.
Sir John Hawkins is today remembered as a famous military commander and slave trader that had great impact in the defense of the England against powerful Spanish Armada in 1588, and the numerous fights against Spanish forces throughout his entire life.
Sir George Back is remembered today as one of the most distinguished explorers of the Canadian waters, mapping of unexplored lands and nature. Here you can learn much more about his life and exploits on the sea.
Simon Fraser is today remembered as one of the important figures in the 19th history of Canada, whose exploits as explorer and cartographer formed the modern borders of British Columbia.


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The formation of Antarctic Bottom Water—the cold, dense water that occupies the abyssal layer of the global ocean—is a key process in global ocean circulation. This water mass is formed as dense shelf water sinks to depth. Three regions around Antarctica where this process takes place have been previously documented. The presence of another source has been identified in hydrographic and tracer data, although the site of formation is not well constrained. Here we document the formation of dense shelf water in the Cape Darnley polynya (65°–69° E) and its subsequent transformation into bottom water using data from moorings and instrumented elephant seals (Mirounga leonina). Unlike the previously identified sources of Antarctic Bottom Water, which require the presence of an ice shelf or a large storage volume, bottom water production at the Cape Darnley polynya is driven primarily by the flux of salt released by sea-ice formation. We estimate that about 0.3–0.7×106 m3 s−1 of dense shelf water produced by the Cape Darnley polynya is transformed into Antarctic Bottom Water. The transformation of this water mass, which we term Cape Darnley Bottom Water, accounts for 6–13% of the circumpolar total.
Kay I. Ohshima Yasushi Fukamachi, Guy D. Williams, Sohey Nihashi, Fabien Roquet, Yujiro Kitade, Takeshi Tamura, Daisuke Hirano, Laura Herraiz-Borreguero, Iain Field, Mark Hindell, Shigeru Aoki & Masaaki Wakatsuchi Project:


Uniqueness in Interchange
In order to process message flows in a coherent and predictable manner, Interchange enforces the uniqueness of object names.
Unique object names
In order to configure Interchange, you create objects and assign values to attributes of these objects.
As a general rule, each object that you create in the Interchange interface must have a unique name.
Object creation: If you try to create an object with a name that already exists, Interchange displays a message informing you of the naming conflict and instructing you to enter a unique name.
Object importing: If you import an object or set of objects with a name that is already used in a configuration, the importer executes one of the following actions to insure uniqueness:
 - ignore - ignores the imported object and conserves the existing object
 - replace - replaces the existing object with the imported version of the object
 - update - modifies the existing object by adding, deleting or revaluing attributes from the imported object
Upgrades: If you upgrade from a previous version, the upgrade logic never deletes previous data. When the upgrade logic detects or must generate a potentially duplicated object, it automatically renames the duplicates with unique names. In some cases it may also have to disable the renamed object to conserve the functional uniqueness of the configuration.
Related topics
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- Article by Online Editor
- Photography by Trevor Mein
- Architect H2o
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This article was originally published in Architectural Review Asia-Pacific magazine #128: New Civic Realms.
Sports stadia are quite particular animals, highly evolved spatial types usually deliberately separated from the outside world by layers of circulation contained within an external shell. H2o's Lakeside Stadium takes a similar approach to Renzo Piano's Stadio San Nicola in Bari, Italy, albeit at a much smaller scale. As with its larger Italian cousin, the white, pre-cast concrete forms of the Lakeside Stadium in Albert Park, in Melbourne's innersouth, emerge from the earth as a kind of permeable fortress. The porosity of the outer shell allows a direct connection to be made between the auditorium seating and the world outside. The spectator is not separated, but suspended between the spectacle inside the stadium and the events of everyday life outside.
The redevelopment of these historic grounds was part of a state government initiative to reinvent the complex as a major sporting centre within Victoria. The project had to meet the requirements of multiple stakeholders, including Major Projects Victoria, the Victorian Institute of Sport, Athletics Victoria and Parks Victoria, as well as those of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) and the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA).
A series of existing and new buildings define the stadium complex, including the existing 1926 grandstand and refurbished Bob Jane Stand, a new athletics administration building, a new north stand and pavilion and other major additions. According to H2o's Tim Hurburgh, the key design challenge was to create built forms that would successfully anchor and define an otherwise daunting expanse of open space, serving as both a backdrop to the action and shelter for spectators. H2o responded to this challenge with two distinct but causally connected strategies. The first involved the dispersal of functionally distinct elements – a new stand, gymnasium and offices – to create a permeable boundary around the playing field and running track. The second involved the unification of these disparate built forms through the use of a shared material palette and motif.
Experienced as a series of distinct interventions, partially determined by the limitations of existing heritage structures, the campus of buildings forms a space that is both open and closed. The original stand is bookended by two new structures, while fenced earth banks between the old and new stands, remnants of the previous stadium, hint at the existence of an event space and the terraced seating inside. A hexagonal motif recurs throughout the complex – in the timber-clad grandstand insert, across areas of concrete paving, and, most notably, in the precast concrete external cladding and glazing of the athletics administration building. This motif, which apparently reflects the patterned surfaces of nets and balls, was intended to unite buildings of differing scales, functions and eras. Apart from the symbolic value, the purpose of material repetition is worth broader consideration as the tessellated surface is on the verge of ubiquity in contemporary Melbourne architecture.
From LAB's Federation Square, ARM's Melbourne Recital Centre, Lyons' Swanston Academic Building and Sean Godsell's recently completed Design Hub, the playfulness of these serial investigations is apparent, but what of their mindfulness?
Sandra Kaji O'Grady has argued that serialism is not a stylistic category but a technique, first devised in musical composition, 'in which rules are given at the outset of making a work of art to regulate the permutation, combination, frequency, repetition and internal relations of multiple identifiable elements'. In the visual arts, the technique is commonly used in the organisation of independent formal or graphic elements, where the sequence and relationship between elements is both a determining factor and an outcome. The value of these investigations is the revelation of symbiotically connected, but potentially conflicting forces within the system. Without such purpose, serialism is reduced to repetitive pattern, an applied decoration that dominates to the point where architectural expression is overwhelmed by monotony. Ground eliminates figure and tension ceases to exist.
As the critical theorist Arthur Wortmann argues, the generic must always go hand in hand with the specific; the mass-produced has to be individualised – a procedure which Kenneth Frampton referred to as 'different repetitions'. In the context of H2o's Lakeside Stadium a unified individualisation has been achieved through the careful consideration of new interventions in relation to the parkland context and the existing architectural elements. The success of the first strategy potentially negates the need for the second. United by functional and spatial relationships, it is possible that a repetitive material language becomes surplus to requirement – at least as a generative organising system.
Overall, H2o's Lakeside Stadium is a fine example of what can be achieved when architects and stakeholders persevere with complex programmatic ambitions. When closed institutions are open to public access, walls become permeable, form and space intertwine and the Colosseum becomes the piazza. We are left to wonder though what might happen when, one day, the cultures of art and sport
are co-located once again.