Clickers Not Charging - Pads Do Not Work or Light Up When Buttons Pressed
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This article applies to rechargeable ALL In Learning - ALL In Response (AIR) clicker systems where one or more pads stops charging, will not respond, and will not flash any lights when buttons are pressed.
Because of ALL In Learning's revolutionary charging system, AIR clickers should charge enough to register a response within a couple of minutes. When troubleshooting a possible charging problem, you don't have to wait overnight to see if a solution worked!
Problems with an Individual Clicker or Two?
If a pad will not show any lights when buttons are pressed, but all other pads appear to be charging, it may be defective. However, the rate of defective pads is incredibly low, so there could still be a problem with the charger that is not obvious because the other pads still have some charge left in them and this is simply the first to run down.
Troubleshooting a rechargeable pad:
 1. See the instructions below to be sure your charging base is charging correctly, and try charging the pad again. If it is one of the pads in the add-on side-storage rack, try moving it to the middle inside the charging base to see if it will charge better.
 2. Go to the Settings icon (looks like a gear) at the upper right of your ALL In Learning account, and click AIR Tools. Follow the on-screen prompts to diagnose whether the pad is in fact working and if so, get it responding to your receiver unit again.
Problems with Many Clickers at Once?
If all clickers are losing their charge and not recharging, it's likely caused by an issue with the power, the charger, or the adapter. Here are the troubleshooting steps:
 1. Make sure the pads are placed in the charger right-side-up.
 2. Make sure the electrical outlet on the wall has power. Often, users discover their outlet isn't working or has a switch that wasn't turned on. Plug in a lamp to double check the outlet. Try a different outlet altogether. It's surprising how often this is a problem!
 3. Confirm you are using the correct adapter. If another teacher has a system that is working fine, compare adapters with them. You can read the label on the "black box" section of the adapter, and see that it should say "Triad - Model WSU060-1250" or "V-Infinity Class 2 Power Supply - Model EPS060100." The adapter should have an output of 6.0v, and from 1.0A to 1.25A.
 4. With the adapter plugged in, you can lift up the charging station around the adapter plug and see a blue or red light inside.
 This can be a good sign, though it has happened that this light was shining even though the wrong adapter was being used and the pads wouldn't charge until the correct adapter was used.
 5. Can you try swapping your adapter with another teacher that is known to be working and see if it solves the problem? Adapters fail occasionally.
 6. Can you try swapping your charging station with another teacher that is known to be working and see if it solves the problem? This can show whether yours may be defective.
Note: On a full charge pads should give you 250-300 responses.
Need Further Assistance?
If after these steps your pads are not charging and working, please contact technical support for further assistance at, and please include what steps you tried and what you discovered.
Additional keywords: charged Charger Base Recharge adaptor adapter not working recharged
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The culmination of this particular research intends to analyze U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall's judicial opinions with historical perspectives. Special emphasis is placed upon Marshall's motives for promoting the interests of the national government over the interests of the individual states and their respective governments and the interests ofthe federal judiciary over its fellow branches. Overall, it can be successfully argued that Marshall's influence was not to promote the individual branch of the federal judiciary, but rather promote the necessity of a strong national government. The research utilizes primary and secondary sources including Marshall's judicial opinions, his personal correspondence, and his autobiography. The overall purpose of the research seeks to achieve a sense of Marshall as a historical actor rather than the American iconic figure one generally associates Marshall as being.
Civil Procedure | Constitutional Law | Legal History, Theory and Process
Carver, Mattea C., "The Monumental Ally: Chief Justice John Marshall and the Protection of the United States Constitution" (2008). Honors College Capstone Experience/Thesis Projects. Paper 103.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Nursing leaders today find themselves trying to straddle two worlds…..the world of the now and the world of what is ahead with health reform. There are no clear answers about the right strategies to embrace or initiatives to launch. Bob Johansen describes today's environment using the term VUCA, one characterized by volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity. VUCA environments are stressful and the natural reaction is to challenge ourselves to keep up and work at a grueling pace. But is this always the best approach? In his book, The Pause Principle: Step Back to Lean Forward, Kevin Cashman suggests that the role of the leader is to bring clarity to chaos. He recommends that to do this, leaders have to step back and gain a fresh perspective that transcends the immediate swirl of activity. We have to pause.
Cashman's suggests that fast thinking is the domain of management transaction, while slow thinking is the leadership domain of strategic, innovative transformation. He believes every leader is on a journey from being a transaction-focused manager to an authentic leader that inspires real change. At the core of this transformation is the ability to pause. But for most, slowing down to drive performance is counter to instinct, especially when they have been rewarded for speed and action. But stepping forward to act, particularly in complex situations, without first stepping back for information, clarity, and connection to what is most important can be disastrous. Many nurse leaders have stories about reacting to quickly to situations. To relearn these patterns of behavior, Cashman recommends the following 7 pause practices that leaders should adopt:
- Be On-Purpose – it is the role of the leader to remain of and remind everyone about what is important. In the midst of healthcare reform and a movement toward accountable care organizations, the day to day care of patients matters as does the happiness and satisfaction of staff.
- Question and Listen– Cashman suggests that questions are the language of pause. They allow us as leaders to reframe, reconsider and revisit. Listening is the incubator for growing clarity out of complexity. Questioning and listening are essential to leadership growth.
- Risk Experimentation– although our tendency might be to minimize risk in stressful situations, this is not how growth occurs. He recommends stepping back from long held beliefs to attempt the new.
- Reflect and Synthesize – Cashman observes that with our addiction to speedy decisions, it is easy to become a transactional leader. Great leaders take the time to incubate ideas and develop more strategic and forward thinking solutions.
- Consider Inside-Out and Outside-In Dynamics – to fully think about our leadership, we must not only reflect on what is happening in our environments but also what is happening within us. Transformation and change usually involves inner work as well as outer work. Stop to pause and ask your self – what impact is this having on me – are my beliefs being challenged and how can I change.
- Foster Generativity – generativity is the energy and enthusiasm we receive by developing others to surpass our own accomplishments. It is pausing to make sure that you are doing your own succession planning and leaving your leadership legacy.
- Be Authentic– Cashman observes that there is no greater force than a truly authentic leader. We must pause to reflect on how we can be more authentic and create lasting value.
Although this is a book about leadership, there are also many lessons that can also be applied to our lives outside of work. Many leaders today know that they need to slow down and reduce their stress level because it is unhealthy. Through our nursing careers, we quickly learn how your life can quickly change in an instant with an accident or illness, but we forget this in our day to day work. We sometimes are forced to pause because we cannot ignore what has happened to us. Cashman suggests that there is a better way – we need to integrate the pauses into our life and work.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Restore and Recovery Concepts
In order to better understand how to restore data, it helps to know the terminology and concepts behind the restore process. This section defines terms that are used throughout the chapter and explains the phases of the restore process.
There are three possible phases in a restore operation: the data copy, redo, and undo phases. The term restore is used here in a more specific way to describe the first two phases of a restore operation: the data copy and redo (roll forward) phases. Recovery is the term used to describe the phase that performs undo (roll back) and brings the database online to a recovered state. The following are descriptions of these three phases, which are summarized in Table 15-1:
Data Copy Phase...


Robotic Boats to the Rescue
Imagine sailing a container ship to help with cleanup at the site of a massive oil spill. Now imagine if each container were actually an autonomous robotic boat. Dumped into the ocean, the boats could link up to form an ad-hoc platform for landing a helicopter or operating a crane.
That's the aim of DARPA's Tactically Expandable Maritime Platform, and Engineering professors Vijay Kumar and Mark Yim are leading a Penn team working on the early stages of the project.
Learn More
Video by Kurtis Sensenig, Office of University Communications


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Method for broadband spectroscopy of light transport through opaque scattering media
We present a broadband technique for the measurement of diffuse light transport through opaque scattering media. Using the spectral correlations introduced by a scattering medium onto a white-light supercontinuum spectrum, the diffusion constant of light is determined over a wide spectral range in the visible and the near IR. Independent broadband measurements of both the transport mean free path and the diffusion constant are used to calculate the spectral dependence of the energy velocity in a porous GaP slab. Broadband correlation spectroscopy is found to be an excellent tool for the characterization of random scattering media.


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We propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel interference fading suppression method for phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (φ-OTDR) using space-division multiplexed (SDM) pulse probes in a few-mode fiber. The SDM probes consist of multiple different modes, and three spatial modes (LP01, LP11a, and LP11b) are used in this work for the proof of concept. Firstly, the Rayleigh backscattering light of different modes is experimentally characterized, and it turns out that the waveforms of the φ-OTDR traces for distinct modes are all different and independent. Thanks to the spatial difference of the fading positions for distinct modes, multiple probes from spatially multiplexed modes can be used to suppress the interference fading in φ-OTDR. Then, the performances of the φ-OTDR systems using a single probe and multiple probes are evaluated and compared. Specifically, the statistical analysis shows that the fading probabilities over both the fiber length and the time scale are reduced significantly by using multiple SDM probes, which verifies the significant performance improvement on fading suppression. By introducing the concept of SDM to φ-OTDR, the proposed novel interference fading suppression method avoids the complicated frequency or phase modulation, which has the advantages of simplicity, good effectiveness and high reliability.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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In property management, landlords regularly encounter issues handling partial rent payments. This scenario typically arises when tenants face financial constraints such as unemployment, unforeseen expenditures, or fluctuating incomes, making it difficult to fulfill their entire rental obligation as described in their lease agreements.
Life changes or economic uncertainties may give rise to these situations, necessitating a careful strategy that protects the landlord's financial interests while maintaining positive tenant relations.
For that reason, in light of the tenant's circumstances and in order to fulfill their financial responsibilities, landlords must handle this situation with tact and empathy.
Importance of Clear Rental Agreements
Clear rental agreements are vital for landlords and tenants, mainly when it comes to partial rent payments. Rent payment specifics, late fees, and the procedure for handling partial payments ought to be specified in these agreements. Policies regarding partial payments should be clear, encompassing criteria for exceptions, submission deadlines, and methods for submitting partial payments.
This clarity enables tenants to have clear guidelines and equips landlords with a transparent framework to comprehend actions to take in case of partial payments. Presenting such clarity in rental agreements is critical in avoiding misunderstandings or disputes and creating a positive rental experience for everyone involved.
Communication and Tenant Relations
Ensuring effective management of partial rent payments necessitates the maintenance of robust tenant-landlord relationships and proactive interaction. It is essential to educate tenants on the advantages of early communication, promote open communication, and provide multiple contact methods.
Transparency and efficiency can be enhanced by including a written note that elaborates on the payment amount and justification. This method can make managing partial payment situations easier while establishing trust and mutual respect.
Handling Partial Payments
Legal duties for both landlords and tenants must be thoroughly comprehended to manage partial payments efficiently. Fairness and precision in financial tracking are encouraged through the implementation of these consistent guidelines and thorough documentation. Exploring punishments and justifying the consequences of repeated partial payments promotes positive resolutions. This broad strategy aims to keep truthfulness and equality in the landlord-tenant relationship.
When encountering partial payments, it's critical to consider negotiating payment plans custom-made to the tenants' situations. This approach provides much-needed flexibility in resolving outstanding balances. Landlords may also contemplate temporary rent reductions as long as they are transparently discussed and structured to accommodate the tenants' financial constraints while maintaining a stable income for the landlord.
In fruitless discussions, exploring mediation or alternative dispute-resolution methods can help facilitate peaceful agreements. These approaches provide:
- Organized methods for resolving disagreements outside of formal legal routes.
- Prioritizing collaboration.
- Cultivating positive relationships between landlords and tenants, even during challenging financial times.
Each party can obtain a resolution that satisfies their needs and preserves positive relationships by working together to achieve fair agreements.
The foundation of a stable tenancy is ensuring that the tenants have a solid history of making timely payments. Thorough tenant screening, background checks, and tenants' alignment with lease requirements are all methods by which this can be accomplished.
Delivering workshops or ensuring transparent lease communication are additional useful approaches to educating tenants about monetary management. This can give them the resources they need to manage their finances effectively.
Additionally, the payment process can be streamlined, punctuality increased, and missed payments can be reduced through the implementation of automated payment reminders or systems. These actions aim to choose responsible tenants while empowering them to fulfill their rent obligations, cultivating a more stable tenancy, and minimizing partial payments.
To successfully deal with partial rent payments, landlords and tenants have to maintain a cooperative relationship. One can achieve solutions that are advantageous to all parties involved by placing emphasis on effective communication, legal awareness, and taking initiative. Negotiation, temporary rent adjustments, and alternative solutions to disagreements are all acceptable choices. Fostering a welcoming atmosphere, facilitating amicable resolutions, and increasing stability in property management can be accomplished by encouraging early communication, financial responsibility, and creative problem-solving.
Seeking the counsel of a property management expert? The rental difficulties that the Real Property Management Clarity Team handles in the Findlay area are effortlessly managed by its services. We're dedicated to guaranteeing a seamless landlord-tenant relationship, from legal guidance to proactive alternatives. Connect with us online or call _PHONE_ today to enhance your property management plan and develop an enjoyable rental environment!
We are pledged to the letter and spirit of U.S. policy for the achievement of equal housing opportunity throughout the Nation. See Equal Housing Opportunity Statement for more information.


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Virtual Instrumentation of a Soil Bin for Improved Precision 1999-01-2825
The existing instrumentation of a soil bin was retrofitted with virtual instrumentation techniques to achieve improved repeatability and more precise measurements. Current-loop sensors were added to the prime mover for improved speed control. Soil preparation operations were instrumented to determine penetrometer forces as a function of soil penetration depth, soil surface smoothness, compaction force, and soil surface elevation. Test hitch-points for agricultural implements were instrumented with wheatstone bridge force transducers. Implement depth was found with ratiometric linear transducers. Distance and speed determinations utilized an optical encoder with a resolution of 3.0 × 10-4 m. Temperature measurements were also recorded with solid state current transducers.


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- janitor •
Part of Speech: Noun
Meaning: 1. A door-keeper, porter, ostiary. 2. A caretaker or custodian of a building.
Notes: We think today's word is still a good one despite the fact that it has fallen into the disrepute of political incorrectness. Those of us sensitive to the political whims in language in the US today refer to janitors as custodians. Janitor has an adjective, janitorial, and the position of a janitor is a janitorship. We think this word should never have been carted off to the PC cellar.
In Play: When we replace names that we think have become unrespectable, however, the general result is that the replacement soon acquires the connotation of disrespect. It would be difficult to find a designation for custodians with a more sterling pedigree than janitor, though: not only is it based on the name of a Roman god, beginning in the 17th century Saint Peter himself was sometimes called "the Janitor of Heaven".
Word History: Janitor comes to us directly from Latin ianitor "doorkeeper" based on the word ianus (janus) "archway, gate". The god of doorways and the New Year in ancient Rome was also called Ianus (Janus). Because he was the god of beginnings and endings, he was represented over Roman doorways with two faces looking in opposite directions. The only remains of this association is in Portuguese, where janela means "window". The month of January was also named after him. The name is based on the Proto-Indo-European root ei- "to go", found today in Russian idu "I am going". Latin ire "to go" and iter "journey", visible today in the English borrowings iterate, itinerary, and itinerant, are descendants of the same PIE root.
Come visit our website at for more Good Words and other language resources!


Vellanguli Village Population - Ambasamudram, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu
Vellanguli is a village located in Ambasamudram Taluk of Tirunelveli district in Tamil Nadu. Around 861 families reside in Vellanguli village. Vellanguli village is administered by Sarpanch(Head of village) who is elected every five years.
As per the Census India 2011, Vellanguli village has population of 3073 of which 1523 are males and 1550 are females. The population of children between age 0-6 is 361 which is 11.75% of total population.
The sex-ratio of Vellanguli village is around 1018 compared to 996 which is average of Tamil Nadu state. The literacy rate of Vellanguli village is 59.71% out of which 66.71% males are literate and 52.84% females are literate. There are 29.94% Scheduled Caste (SC) and 0 Scheduled Tribe (ST) of total population in Vellanguli village.
Vellanguli Population Facts
Number of Households861
Male Population1523 (49.56%)
Female Population1550 (50.44%)
Children Population361
Male Literacy66.71%
Female Literacy52.84%
Scheduled Tribes (ST) %0
Scheduled Caste (SC) %29.94%
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Joannicus and Sophronius Likhud
The hieromonks Joannicus and Sophronius Likhud, also Ioannikios and Sophronios Leichoudes, were two learned Greek brothers who in the seventeenth century led the establishment of the Slavo-Greco-Latin Academy, the first higher educational institution in Moscow and predecessor to the Moscow Theological Academy.
Joannes and Spyridon Likhud were born on the Greek Ionian island of Cephalonia, Joannes in 1633 and Spyridon in 1652. They received the names Joannicus and Sophronius when they were tonsured into a monastic life. They received their education in Venice, studying philosophy and theology in Greek-run schools. In 1670, Sophronius received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Padua. Between 1670 and 1683, the brothers worked as teachers and preachers in Cephalonia and in other Greek communities within the Ottoman Empire. In 1683, they arrived in Constantinople and taught and preached in the court of the Patriarch of Constantinople.
In 1682, Patriarch Joachim of Moscow wrote to Patriarch Dositheus of Jerusalem asking him to send to Russia some educated Orthodox scholars to open an academy that would offset the influence of the Latin party in Moscow. Dositheus responded by dispatching the brothers Joannicus and Sophronius. After their arrival in Moscow in 1685, the brothers established the Slavo-Greco-Latin Academy on the premises of the Zaikonospassky Monastery, and became involved in a heated debate concerning reforms in the liturgy known as the Eucharist conflict that had arisen around the Kievan reforms of the monk Sylvester Medvedev.
The brothers taught in the Academy until 1694 when they were discharged for attempted flight after a scandal involving one of their relatives. The following years in Moscow for the brothers proved to be turbulent as they worked as translators in the Moscow Printing Office and as tutors of Italian. Their situation was made worse when they were also accused of heresy by one of their former students. Between 1698 and 1706, they were transferred to various monasteries, both in Moscow and in other towns, where they continued their literary activities.
In 1706, the brothers were sent to Novgorod, where they established a school under the supervision of Metropolitan Job. In 1707, Sophronius was recalled to Moscow where he worked at a Greek school. Joannicus continued to teach in Novgorod until 1716, when he joined his brother in Moscow. Joannicus died in 1717. After his brother's death, Sophronius continued teaching until 1723, when he was elevated to archimandrite of the Solotsinsky monastery in Ryazan, a position he retained until his repose in 1730.
The two brothers authored or coauthored many polemical, philosophical, and theological works, in addition to sermons, panegyrics, and orations. More importantly were the textbooks for their students of which a large part were adaptations of those used in Jesuit colleges. Through their educational activities, the Likhud brothers, though Orthodox, presented to their students the Jesuit interpretation of Aristotelian philosophy and the Baroque culture of contemporary Europe. As such, they contributed to the westernization of the Russian elite and prepared them to accept the reforms of Peter the Great.


Why does LPG suffer price variation? – Panorama Offshore
Why does LPG suffer price variation?
A major concern for the pocket of Brazilians today is the price of cooking gas. In 2019 alone, LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) had five price variations, including four increases and one adjustment.
According to a survey carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), also released in the last year, the variation in the price of canisters has affected the way food is prepared. The analysis shows that more than 3 million Brazilians have chosen to use firewood or charcoal to cook, instead of cooking gas.
One of the reasons for the increase in the cylinder, according to experts, is the change in Petrobras' pricing policy, which leaves the oil market freer. Thus, products derived from petroleum, such as gasoline, diesel and gas depend on the international market price balance. Thus, the Brazilian currency depreciates in comparison to the international quotation, which directly affects the value of the gas cylinder.
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Saturday, August 17, 2013
Interracial relationships around the world – black and white dating free
Eastern culture and interracial dating
Australia is a multicultural continent where dating someone special of a different ethnicity is no longer uncommon. They date people as individuals depending on whether they are great people and how they behave. They don't believe being specific about getting married to one's own racial or religious group, and thus why interracial marriages increased quite lots in past few years in Australia
The demography and the language of the country may contribute a barrier to interracial dating. People with high population of same race and ethnicity with considerably less number of foreigners and even lesser of those who can speak Japanese is a huge factor, why there is so little interracial dating in Japan. There aren't really enough white foreigners to make it a common situation. But there are still evidence of interracial dating between Japanese and some Asian people and African people too.
There are some strict reservations against interracial dating among communities in parts of south Asian countries, the parents of the couple would readily disown their children if they find them to be in such relationships and there is concept of at most cruelty called 'Honour killing', sacrificing their child for the sake of religion or culture still prevailing in suburbs of some south Asian countries. However, interracial relationships do exist around the Asian countries from ancient history until today. Relationships do exist between Asian and African people. The child born between these two races is considered Blasian. The minor population of Asian community in western world are also a part of interracial dating in that part of the world.
The central world
As like any other countries Africa does have some stereotypes about interracial relationships, dating beyond the black community is considered disrespect to their culture and ethnicity, but the history depicts higher population of mulatto throughout Africa mostly the results of interracial relationships between Arab and European men and black women. For the African community in US, due to the painful history of slavery and the taboos that accompanied the institution, most people still think in terms of black and white when it comes to interracial dating. In reality, black white dating and marriage happens less frequently than it does with other ethnic groups.
Europe as a whole is a multicultural place, with immigrant cultures included. The people are more open minded towards interracial acceptance. European countries are few among the top list accepting interracial dating and relationships.
The Western world
Interracial dating in the western world really is not what we expect it to be, there are still those who are opposed to interracial couples and there are communities that reject it entirely. People's strict adherence to their ethnicity and race, fear of accepting a mixture between culture, social and peer pressure and racial ideologies are still part of some western lifestyle that stands a strong barriers for interracial dating, the black and white dating is still a stigmatic issue. Nevertheless, the most common interracial relationships between American exist between Caucasians and Afro-Americans, the EuropeanAmericans and Asians, Afro American's and Spanish Americans, and rarely between AfroAmericans and Asians.
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Why +1 when calculating the ratio of positive divided by negative counts
image
May I ask why +1 is useful here? Is this for smoothing something? Can someone please gives an example of why this would be helpful? Thank you :slight_smile:
Hi @hknguyen20
Yes. Think when neg_words has a value of 0 then +1 helps ratio not be undefined.
1 Like
Oh, that's so simple :))) I should've thought of that thank you!
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O. C. Fisher Lake (Colorado River Basin)
O. C. Fisher Lake (also known as O.C. Fisher Reservoir, formerly known as San Angelo Lake) is located at the northwestern outskirts of San Angelo in Tom Green County, on North Concho River, a tributary of Concho River which is a tributary of the Colorado River. The lake is owned by United State of America and operated by U S Army Corps of Engineers for flood control, water supply and recreational purposes. Originally named San Angelo Lake, the reservoir was renamed in 1975 for local U.S. Congressman O.C. Fisher, to honor his 23 years of service in the United States Congress. Construction was authorized under the flood control acts of August 18, 1941, and December 22, 1944. With the financial support of the Upper Colorado River Authority, construction on the dam to form the reservoir began by the United States Army Corps of Engineers in May 1947. Closure was completed on March 7, 1951 and deliberate impoundment of water began on February 1, 1952. The dam is rolled-earthfill embankment of 40,885 feet long with a maximum height of 128 feet. The top of the dam is at elevation, 1,964 feet above mean sea level. Maximum design water surface may reach to 1,958 feet above mean sea level. The uncontrolled spillway is located to the right of the dam and is a concrete-gravity ogee weir of 1,150 feet in length with a crest at elevation of 1,938.5 feet above mean sea level. According to data dated August 2003 from the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), at this elevation where the top of the flood control pool is defined, the lake has a total storage capacity of 392,717 acre-feet encompassing a surface area of 12,697 acres. At conservation pool elevation of 1,908 feet above mean sea level, the lake has a storage capacity of 115,743 acre-feet encompassing a surface area of 5,400 acres . The drainage area above the dam is about 1,488 square miles.


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And as the snowdrop is one of my favourite flowers, and the mild winter we're having here in the UK mean the snowdrops are are already in flower, Snowdrop is my choice today.
The snowdrop is one of the most beloved of flowers; so delicate — and yet so tough and hardy, often flowering even when blanketed in snow, the simple, pure white flowers, like dainty bells, quivering on their slender stems. Although all around seems cold and dead, still, there she is, a pioneer of the new season of life returning as the Wheel of the Year begins to turn towards the strengthening sun.
Small wonder she stands for so many concepts, from purity, simplicity, and grace to hope and fortitude in the face of adversity. The snowdrop particularly symbolizes hope in the language of flowers.
It has also been suggested that the snowdrop is the real flower behind the mysterious mythical herb moly, used by Odysseus to thwart Circe's potion to turn him into a pig.
Among Pagans, snowdrops are now considered the flower of Imbolc — the cross-quarter festival celebrated on or around February 2, but really, the snowdrop is queen of the whole quarter bwtween the Winter Solstice and the Spring Equinox, often at her peak around the start of February, but frequently in full bloom in January and lingering here and there into March.
Snowdrops are now generally regarded as one of the birth month flowers for January, though as some of their other names include "February's fair maids" and "candlemas bells," the associations with February too run deep.
But, be warned, it has long been considered unlucky to bring snowdrops into the house, picked or growing. The ones we put on our nature table are always ones we've made ourselves!
The plant's name is pure English, simply a combination of "snow" and "drop", just as in "dewdrop" and "raindrop," and it was first recorded in the seventeenth century.
Snowdrop was first used as a given name — along with other "flower names" — in the nineteenth century. Unsurprisingly, many of the little girls called Snowdrop were registered in the first quarter of the year.
No doubt many of them ended up with the delightful fairy-like nicknames of Snowy or Snowie, as well as plain Snow, which, with that fashionable "-o" gives a little Snowdrop plenty of choice as she grows up, not to mention, somewhat amusingly, Poppy, as a rhyming nickname from the "-drop" bit.
It has always been very rare, never featuring in the American published name data, or featuring in the British equivalent in the last fifteen years.
But if Snowdrop itself is too much of a "word-name" for your taste, there's still many a lovely option in other languages:
Eirlys, for instance, the Welsh for "snowdrop," is an established Welsh girl's name, while the beautiful Endzela is a girl's name in the former USSR state of Georgia.
Some of the words for snowdrop in other languages with name potential are:
- Bucaneve — Italian
- Freidolina — Piedmontese
- Galanthus — meaning "milk-flower" in Greek, Galanthus is the flower's botanical name; very similar is Galanthis, the name of a nymph in Greek mythology, who was turned into a weasel
- Galanto — Galician
- Ghiocel — Romanian
- Gul Hesret — Persian
- Hóvirág — Hungarian
- Kardelen – Turkish and Azerbaijani
- Kokiche — Bulgarian
- Lliri de neu – Catalan
- Lulebore — Albanian
- Lumikello — Finnish
- Perce-neige — French
- Praleska — Belorusian
- Sněženka — Czech
- Snežienka — Slovak
- Snieguolė — Lithuanian
- Yarguy — Mongolian
- Zvonček — Slovenian


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About the Maryland Biological Stream Survey
The Maryland Biological Stream Surveyís (MBSS) goal is to provide the best possible information for ensuring the protection and restoration of Marylandís stream resources.
The MBSS was created in 1993 by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources (DNR) as a way to characterize the health of Marylandís 10,000+ miles of freshwater streams. Sites are selected using a rigorous statistical design that allows DNR to estimate stream condition in medium and large watersheds, as well as statewide. Data is collected at each site on the physical, chemical, and biological (fish and insects) characteristics, and then combined into an overall assessment. Since 1995, the MBSS has surveyed 3,405 sites across Maryland. For more details on the program, please visit the MBSS website.
The MBSS program has striven to not only collect high-quality data, but make its findings and results available to the scientific and lay audiences. This website is intended to help in that effort. You can also download MBSS publications at the Publications portion of the website. Data can be accessed on the MBSS Searchable Database.
In the News
Message From the Governor
The health of the Bay is ultimately determined by what we do on the land -- in our cities and towns, on our farms and forests, in our schools and backyards. The 10,000 miles of streams that run through our communities can deliver either clean water or pollutants to the Bay. Itís our Bay and itís our choice.
Thank you for choosing to get involved in improving the health of your stream and our Bay.


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Abigail Mattson
TEL 410
November 13, 2017
Interview Transcription: Ginger Skelton
I chose to interview Ginger Skelton for our TEL 410 project. Ms. Skelton is an English
as a Second Language teacher in the Fayette County Schools near where I live. I have known
her for several years, and have a lot of respect for how much she cares about her students. I had
the opportunity to observe Mrs. Skeltons classroom on November 13, 2017, and then to
interview her about her job. Here are the questions I asked, and her responses:
1. How long have you been an ESL teacher?
Mrs. Skelton: I got my Masters Degree in Bilingual and Bicultural Education 11 years ago, the
same year my oldest son was born. I worked as a Bilingual teacher for several years in
Colorado, and have also worked as a general classroom teacher in a couple different grades.
This is my first year as a pull-out ESL teacher.
2. What is the ESL curriculum in the Fayette County School District like?
Mrs. Skelton: There is no curriculum for ESL in our school district. This means that I have to
choose all of the resources for my students. They do get to spend some time working on an
online literacy program called Lexia Core 5, but there is no set, specific curriculum that I must
use. My students are at very different levels of learning how to read and write English and their
native language, so it would be hard to follow a set curriculum.
3. How many students do you work with every day?
Mrs. Skelton: I pull out students from almost every grade in the elementary school every day,
which is usually between five and ten students per grade. I also push in to a 4th-grade class every
day. I work with an average of 30 40 students every day.
4. What kinds of languages do the students you work with speak?
Mrs. Skelton: Most of the students speak Spanish as their native and home language. I also have
a student who speaks an Indian language, a student from Pakistan, and two Haitian-Creole
5. What kinds of activities do you use with your students?
Mrs. Skelton: With the kindergarteners, I do a lot of phonics and sound or letter recognition
activities. With the third graders, I try to incorporate reading as much as possible we go
through short chapter books together. My fifth graders are really struggling in social studies
right now, so I use short games that are related to their social studies material to help them in
their other classes.
6. How does your school measure your students progress in English?
Mrs. Skelton: My students participate in a test called the AXIS test for English Language
Learners once a year in January. They also take the other tests that students at their grade level
complete for the state and for national education standards. If they improve on their other tests,
that shows that they are improving their English skills. Students who do very well on the AXIS
test may actually test out of ESL services.
7. What is the hardest part about your job?
Mrs. Skelton: I wish I could spend more time with my students. Some of them need more help,
and I am not able to give them the support they need. I have ten kindergarteners at one time, and
they need a lot of help that I cant give to all of them at once. I see that my fifth-grade students
are struggling in their other subjects, but theres only so much I can do.
8. If you could change one thing about your job or about the ESL curriculum, what would
you change?
Mrs. Skelton: I would push in to a different class for 4th-grade. Right now I go to math, because
that was the only time it worked for me to help those students. But math is not a great time to
support them with literacy, and they need more instruction.
9. How much parent involvement is there with your students?
Mrs. Skelton: My students parents are not very involved, and this is one of my personal goals
right now. Im working on ways to involve the parents in their childrens education and to
support them in knowing how they can help their students. I had the chance to translate a parentteacher conference for some of my parents who speak Spanish, and this helped them connect
with their childs general classroom teacher. Those particular parents wanted to help their child,
but felt like they couldnt because they didnt speak English.
10. How do students become a part of ESL services?
Mrs. Skelton: All parents fill out a short language survey at the beginning of the school year. If
the parents indicate that any language other than English is spoken in their home, their children
are screened during the first two weeks of school. Kindergarteners are interviewed, and 1stthrough 5th-graders take a test. Depending on their school, they are identified for ESL services.
The screening process is not always accurate or useful in showing the level that the students are
at, and the way that the school assesses progress is not helpful. It does not use accurate or
effective testing to determine if students are improving at a good rate.
I learned a lot from my interview with Mrs. Skelton and was very impressed by how
much she cared about her students and by how hard she worked. Her entire day was filled with
activities and pull-out sessions with students who need help. Most days she even works through
her lunch hour, because there are students who need extra support. Her students know that she
cares about them, and work hard in her classroom. It definitely inspired me to work hard on my
advocacy project, and to look for ways to help ESL teachers find more effective methods for
assessing their ESL students.


text:
In Denmark, a municipality spent over $ 150,000 a year cleaning up debris from beaches and then dumping it back into the water.
Danmarks Radio posted a video on its website showing a bulldozer in the waters of Stillinge Beach in Slagelse, Denmark. It appears that the dozer blade lifts and dumps a lot of material, including plastic, into the water, before coming back to shore.
Read also | 'I keep forgetting that you are still alive': Elon Musk attacks Bernie Sanders and offers to sell more shares
The bulldozer operator uses the rake and blade to scoop up algae and plastic along the shore of the beach. When the blade is full of debris, the bulldozer will move towards the water again. During the summer months in Denmark, this happens twice a week.
This process has been called "completely silly" by environmental experts.
Professor Torkel Gissel Nielsen, a faculty member at the National Aquatic Resources Institute, called the proposed method "stupid" because it requires scraping the algae with a noisy tractor, then dropping it into the water, then to bring the tractor back to the ground.
Read also | US High School Removes Washroom Doors Over 'Safety Concern': Report
Nielsen explained that this means what you just threw in the water will wash up on the beach immediately after.
Villum Christensen, deputy mayor of Copenhagen, defended the practice, arguing that bulldozers sweep up cigarette butts and other small debris, not plastic.
The cigarettes and other debris will be there anyway, Christensen said. When the water comes in, it accumulates things, and those things then go away.
Read also | Watch: Iceland Tourism pokes fun at metaverse in funny ad, replies Mark Zuckerberg
He said he wanted Stillinge Beach to be "clean and clean".
The use of bulldozers to clean beaches is at least the second time in the past year that environmental experts have condemned Danish authorities for questionable practices. In May, Danish authorities unearthed millions of dead mink despite a warning from Denmark's own environmental agency.


text:
The Rockdale Early Learning Initiative is designed to support the optimal development of young children and their families through provision of a wide range of experiences that promote literacy, social/emotional development, cognitive skills, physical development and creativity in an enriched and supportive learning environment for children ages 0-5. The Early Learning Initiative ensures that parents and early learning providers in Rockdale County are connected to appropriate, available community support and resources, and every child enters school ready to learn.
Early learning programs in Rockdale County strive to ensure that:
- Children will be healthy, well-nourished and meet developmental milestones.
- Children (0-5) will receive developmental screenings for early indicators of school readiness.
- Children (0-5) with identified special needs will be offered appropriate intervention services at an earlier age.
- Children (age 4) will participate in a Pre-K or quality early learning program by September 1 each year.
- Pre-K children will experience seamless transitions from early childhood settings to Rockdale County Public Schools.
- Parents and early learning providers will be knowledgeable of child development stages and positive parenting skills, thus becoming better teachers and advocates for children.
- Children will be in safe and stable families.
For more information contact:
Shauna Miller, Early Learning Center Coordinator
Rockdale Career Academy, 1064 Culpepper Drive, Conyers, GA 30094


.000 e
Writing topology
For the following steps you'll need some input files and pre-calculated data, which can be found in the directory:../tutorial_files
Plain MD simulations in explicit solvent
We are going to run a MD simulation in explicit water using periodic boundary conditions for the efficient treatment of electrostatic interactions [11]. We first need to use the command editconf which will set the dimensions of the box (and center the protein therein) for periodic boundary simulations with explicit water. A triclinic box will be generated (option -bt), and the minimum distance between the solute and the box will be set to 1.2 nm (option -d). To do so, from your current position, type:
cd../MD/plain
gmx_mpi editconf -f../apo_GLUCO.gro -o apo-box.gro -bt triclinic -d 1.2
Next, we fill the box containing our protein with water molecules, and save the corresponding structure and topology files. We will first copy the protein topology file into in order to use the last file for the remaining steps and to keep the as a backup file.
cp../
Now, run the solvate command (we will choose the single point charge SPC water model specified by the file spc216.gro) by typing:
gmx_mpi solvate -cp apo-box.gro -cs spc216.gro -o apo-solv-init.gro -p
You can now check the topology file with your preferred text editor (e.g. vim, and, if not present, manually include the parameters of the water model in the topology file by adding the following lines at the end of the file, before the entry [ system ]:
; Include water topology
_TAG_ "_URL_.itp"
We are now ready to generate the GROMACS input file (tpr extension), a binary file containing all the information needed to perform the requested calculations on the system of interest. This is done with the grompp command, which needs both the structure and the topology files and also an input file (mdp extension) containing the directives to run the simulation (such as simulation type, pressure and temperature control flags, treatment of long-range interaction flags, flags related to the information to be printed and so on). The file em-pbc.mdp (available in the folder tutorial_files/apoMD) sets the typical parameters needed to run a structural relaxation of the system, which allows to (partially) remove the steric hindrance due to clashing contacts between atoms of the protein and/or solvent.
Copy the mdp file
cp../../tutorial_files/apoMD/em-pbc.mdp.
and type the following command to generate the tpr file needed for the relaxation:
gmx_mpi grompp -f em-pbc.mdp -c apo-solv-init.gro -o em-pbc.tpr -p
The tool grompp checks on the fly the values given to the parameters present in the mdp file, and generates possible notes and warnings. By default, the program fails when some warnings are generated, but the user can change this behavior by setting the "-maxwarn" flag to values larger than 0 (clearly after ensuring that all the warnings raised are "safe").
You might remember at this point that the protein has a positive charge of 6e. To neutralize this charge, we can add counterions using the genion command as follows (we report the more general command line to add both positively and negatively charged ions, K+ and Clin this case):
gmx_mpi genion -s em-pbc.tpr -p -o apo-solv-init.gro -pname K -nname CL -nn 6 -np 0
The following output will appear, prompting to select the group of solvent molecules for ions substitution. Six molecules of the selected group will be replaced by chlorine ions.
Reading file em-pbc.tpr, VERSION 2016.4 (single precision)
Will try to add 0 K ions and 6 CL ions.
Select a continuous group of solvent molecules
Group 0 ( System) has 51622 elements
Group 1 ( Protein) has 3721 elements
Group 2 ( Protein-H) has 2870 elements
Group 3 ( C-alpha) has 351 elements
Group 4 ( Backbone) has 1053 elements
Group 5 ( MainChain) has 1405 elements
Group 6 ( MainChain+Cb) has 1743 elements
Group 7 ( MainChain+H) has 1746 elements
Group 8 ( SideChain) has 1975 elements
Group 9 ( SideChain-H) has 1465 elements
Group 10 ( Prot-Masses) has 3721 elements
Group 11 ( non-Protein) has 47901 elements
Group 12 ( Water) has 47901 elements
Group 13 ( SOL) has 47901 elements
Group 14 ( non-Water) has 3721 elements
In this case, we see that there are three identical groups of molecules, 11 to 13, which identify waters. Type one of them in the console, e.g. 13. Note that, as in the case of the solvate command, also with genion you might need to edit a posteriori the file by adding the following lines before the entry [ system ]:
; Include ions
_TAG_ "_URL_.itp"
Run again the grompp command to generate the tpr file including ions:
We can now generate the ndx file, an index file containing groups of molecules and which can be customized according to the user needs. In the following we will only generate the file without changing anything with respect to the default:
echo quit | gmx_mpi make_ndx -f em-pbc.tpr -o apo-solv.ndx
You could have a look to this file with your preferred text editor. It consists of entries starting with [ namegroup ], followed by lines reporting the serial numbers of atoms within that group.
Now we are ready to perform the structural relaxation of our system with the mdrun engine of GROMACS:
nohup gmx_mpi mdrun -v -deffnm em-pbc &
Wait a few seconds and check the output file em-pbc.log to understand if your run was successful.
The next step after structural relaxation is to perform a MD simulation slowly heating the system up to the desired temperature. To save time here we will set the temperature to 300 K quite abruptly. The file equil-pbc.mdp (available in the folder tutorial_files/apoMD) contains the directives on how to perform the MD simulation with explicit water and under periodic boundary conditions.
Generate now the input file (tpr extension) needed to run the actual simulation:
cp../../tutorial_files/apoMD/equil-pbc.mdp.
gmx_mpi grompp -f equil-pbc.mdp -c em-pbc.gro -p -n apo-solv.ndx -o equil-pbc.tpr
Now you can start the simulation by typing the following command:
nohup gmx_mpi mdrun -deffnm equil-pbc &
Let the simulation go or kill the job (kill -9 ; when needed, you could use pre-calculated data).
Metadynamics simulations
We are going to perform metadynamics simulations using GROMACS 2016.5 and PLUMED2.3.5, a plugin facilitating the implementation of different kinds of enhanced sampling techniques (and not only) in several simulation packages, using the same syntax independently of the specific engine used. Briefly, metadynamics is an enhanced-sampling technique, developed by Laio and Parrinello about 15 years ago [1]. It enforces systems to escape free energy minima by means of a history-dependent fictitious potential. The system is thus forced to explore conformations associated to other (meta)stable basins and/or free energy barriers. This is achieved by defining a set of collective variables (CVs, e.g. a distance, an angle, a dihedral angle and the number of contacts between two groups of atoms) which identify the relevant motions to be enhanced in order to steer the sampling of otherwise unreachable conformations. The exploration of the CVs phase space (which "drags" the system towards atomic conformations otherwise rarely visited) is forced through the deposition of "hills", namely Gaussian-like potentials, added every nG steps of the simulation to the CVs space at the point corresponding to the system's state. These Gaussian hills will generate a repulsive force which is transmitted to the real atoms of the system thus enhancing the conformational sampling. Clearly, a good CV should be associated with a "slow" motion of the system (in absence of bias), so that its value at conformations associated with different free energy basins will differ too. The choice of the CVs is indeed crucial to the success of a metadynamics simulation and some rules of thumbs to guide the choice of the height, width and deposition time have been outlined by Laio et al. [12]. It was shown that under proper conditions, metadynamics generates, in the CVs space, a free energy landscape representing an unbiased estimate of the underlying free energy [13]. Since its introduction, many flavors of metadynamics were introduced [14] whose description is out of the scope of this tutorial. Here we will use the so-called "Well Tempered Metadynamics" [15], that represents an improvement over the original algorithm


AR# 52881
Configuration - BitStream Encryption - How to create and program an encrypted bitstream
How do I generate an encrypted bitstream and how do I program the encryption keys into the FPGA?
Xilinx FPGAs support several bitstream encryption methods including AES, HMAC and DNA.
These methods are detailed in the FPGA's respective configuration user guide found on
We strongly urge customers to read the configurations user guide to familiarize themselves with where Xilinx stands on bitstream security and what available options there are as well as information on how to implement them.
You will also need to use external encryption devices to protect your design.
You can read the device to get a key and calculate a verification code.
Here is a reference design that details a similar implementation:
Note that this is all that is available regarding this implementation and you will need to modify the reference design and code provided if you chose to pursue this route.
When selecting BBRAM or eFUSE storage options, it is highly recommended that you consider their use properties and what satisfies your design requirements better.
Please refer to the following tables and notes on each of their use advantages/disadvantages.
More on each of these storage options can be found in the respective devices User guide.
The following is general information about bitstream encryption with Xilinx devices.
Virtex-6 and 7-Series devices support the use of both HMAC and AES keys.
Spartan devices only have the AES key option.
Also compression and encryption together are only supported for Virtex-6 and 7 Series devices.
Refer to (Xilinx Answer 37413).
Only the three largest Spartan-6 devices support bitstream Encryption(XC6SLX75 / 75T, XC6SLX100 / 100T & XC6SLX150 / 150T).
The HMAC key is included in bitstream and does not need to be programmed to FPGA unlike the AES key.
The HMAC key is contained in the same NKY key file as the AES encryption key as well as the BIT file.
Users can perform readback through the ICAP interface even if bitstream encryption is used.
An unencrypted bitstream can be loaded to configure the device even when a device holds an encryption key, given that POR or PROG asserted first clearing out the configuration memory.
Note that once the FUSE_CNTL[0] bit is programmed, only bitstreams encrypted with the eFUSE key can be used to configure the FPGA.
The NKY files can be either supplied to BitGen or created in BitGen by supplying the keys.
If a HMAC key is not supplied, BitGen automatically generates one for you.
However, the key is however not loaded into the FPGA device directly via JTAG like the AES key.
It is contained and protected (wrapped) by the encrypted bitstream.
During the on-chip decryption process, this HMAC key is extracted from the bitstream and used by the authentication algorithm (i.e., no on-chip key storage for the HMAC key is required).
The NKY file format is: KEY HMAC/(0 for AES) (256 bit HMAC/AES key)
The following is an example NKY file:
The StartCBC BitGen setting is an option and not mandatory.
Xilinx AES bitstream encryption uses a technique called Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) with a 256-bit AES key.
CBC ensures that two different parts of the bitstream that have the same actual values (for example, all zeros) encrypt to different patterns.
This prevents an attacker from decrypting xilinx bitstream based on seen patterns.
CBC needs a starting random number (Initialization Vector).
AES/HMAC KEY Flow for BBRAM & EFUSE(ISE/Vivado & IMPACT/HW-Session):
1) Enable the Encryption BitGen setting after implementing the design.
2) Select BBRAM or EFuse for the Encryption scheme, then enter the HMAC and/or AES Key and run BitGen to generate an NKY(key) and/or BIT(config) file.
 - Both HMAC and AES keys are required for Virtex 6 and 7 series devices.
 - If you have the Encryption enabled but do not specify the keys or the AES initial vector, BitGen will randomly generate them.
Note: See (UG908) for more info on Programming and Debugging with the Vivado Flow.
Bitstream options in Vivado are set in the design itself via the design's XDC file.
Follow the below steps to enable and set bitstream encryption for your Vivado design:
1) Open your design post-Synthesis or post-Implementation and open your XDC by double clicking it under the constraints drop down from the project sources window.
2) In your XDC file set the following property to enable bit stream encryption:
set_property BITSTREAM.ENCRYPTION.ENCRYPT Yes [current_design]
3) Reference Table A-1 of "Device Configuration Bitstream Settings" section in (UG908) to similarly set the rest of the encryption options in your XDC or Tcl script.
4) An example would look like below:
Note: These can also be set via Tcl and be reflected in the XDC, either by using the Tcl console or scripting in Tcl.
5) After generating the bitstream you can either launch iMPACT or open a Hardware Session and follow one of the below sections.
Note: To report all of the BITSTREAM properties you can use the following to list all bit-stream properties.
report_property -all [current_design] BITSREAM*
You can be even more exclusive and use:
report_property -all [current_design] BITSREAM.CONFIG*
report_property -all [current_design] BITSREAM.ENCRYPTION*
If the default values are listed, you can use the following for each property you want check.
list_property_value -default [current_design]
Programming the Encrypted Bitstream Via IMPACT and Vivado Hardware session:
1) First, download the NKY file to the FPGA in the same way as you would a BIT file using the "assign configuration file" right click option on the selected device.
Note: The NKY file should be generated in the same project directory as the BIT file.
2) Then you can configure the FPGA with the Encrypted or non-Encrypted BIT file, in which case the key is ignored.
Please refer to the Configuration user guides or (Xilinx Answer 39389) for different configuration options that free up or become restricted when using an Encrypted vs non Encrypted bitstream with AES key.
Hardware Session:
1) Launch a Hardware Session under Program and Debug in the Flow Navigator window.
2) Open an existing/recent hardware target or connect to a new one via the Connection Wizard.
3) set the appropriate hardware properties as per the device/board.
4) Assign the NKY file and the BIT files as shown below by right clicking on your target device.
AES/HMAC KEY switches (Command Line) and description for BBRAM & EFUSE:
ISE BitGen Option Settings & CMD Line Switches for Encryption:
Example Commands:
-g Encrypt: Encrypt Bitstream Enable/Disable to encrypt the bitstream.
-g HKey: HMAC Key (Hex String) Allows a HMAC key to be specified. Will be written into the Key file.
-g KeyFile: Input Encryption Key File Contains part AES key and part AES initial vector. BitGen creates random key and vector if not specified.
-g startCBC: AES Initial Vector Allows the initial vector to be specified. Will be written into the Key file.
Basic BitGen encryption command for Spartan-6:
bitgen -w -g Encrypt:Yes -g Key0:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX system.ncd
A more detailed BitGen command for Virtex-6 or 7 series device:
bitgen -w -g Encrypt:Yes -g EncryptKeySelect:efuse -g Key0:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX -g HKey:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX -g compress system.ncd system.bit system.pcf
A more complicated command using different available options:
bitgen -w -g Security:Level2 -g Encrypt:Yes -g KeyFile:XXX.nky -g StartCBC:XXXXXXXX -g JTAG_SysMon:Disable -g compress system.ncd system.bit system.pcf
Please Refer to the 14.4 Command Line Users Guide for more information regarding additional BitGen options/switches.
Please Refer to XAPP1084 for more detailed information regarding Bitstream Encryption/Decryption for Virtex-6 and 7 Series.
AR# 52881
Date 06/09/2015
Status Active
Type Solution Center
People Also Viewed


What is the advantage of DZ973N copper extractant
What is the advantage of DZ973N copper extractant
DZ973N copper extractant has 35% aldoxime, 15% ketoxime and 50% solvent oil, the extraction ability is stronger than DZ988N, but the reverse extraction ability is weak, finally the copper net transfer all be 2.7 g/L.
LIX973N is a copper solvent extraction reagent. It is a high-performance extractant that is commonly used in the copper extraction process. It is designed to selectively extract copper ions from aqueous solutions, while leaving behind impurities such as iron and other metals. LIX973N has been widely used in the copper mining industry for many years and is manufactured by several chemical companies.
LIX973N and LIX984N are both copper solvent extraction reagents, but they have some key differences.
One advantage of using LIX973N is that it can operate at lower pH levels compared to LIX984N. This means that LIX973N can be more effective at extracting copper from the leach solution, especially when the starting pH is low.
Another advantage of LIX973N is that it has a lower viscosity than LIX984N. This allows it to flow more easily through the solvent extraction circuits, which can improve the overall efficiency of the copper extraction process.
However, LIX984N has its own advantages. For example, LIX984N has a higher loading capacity for copper and is better at handling organic contaminants in the leach solution. Additionally, LIX984N has been used in the copper extraction industry for a longer period of time compared to LIX973N, so its performance and reliability are well-established.
Ultimately, the choice between LIX973N and LIX984N will depend on the specific requirements of the copper extraction process, and it is important to carefully evaluate each reagent to determine which one is most suitable for the application.
Copper solvent extractants LIX973N and LIX984N have different chemical compositions, which result in their different usage in copper extraction processes.
LIX973N is a hydroxyoxime extractant that is primarily used in the extraction of copper from acidic solution. It has a higher selectivity for copper over iron compared to LIX984N and is suitable for use in acidic leaching environments such as heap leaching, dump leaching, and vat leaching.
On the other hand, LIX984N is a modified aldoxime extractant that is more commonly used in the extraction of copper from ammoniacal solutions. It has better copper selectivity than LIX973N in ammoniacal solutions and is commonly utilized in the solvent extraction stage of copper processing.
Therefore, the choice of copper solvent extractant depends on the specific leaching conditions and the desired copper extraction process.
LIX984N and LIX973N are both highly selective chelating agents commonly used in hydrometallurgical processes for the extraction of base and precious metals. The choice between these two chelating agents depends on specific process requirements and the properties of the metals being extracted.
LIX984N is more selective for copper and nickel, while LIX973N is more selective for cobalt and nickel. If the target metal is copper or nickel, LIX984N may be a better choice due to its higher selectivity for these metals. On the other hand, if the target metal is cobalt or nickel, LIX973N may be preferred due to its higher selectivity for these metals.
Other factors to consider include the pH and temperature of the extraction process, the concentration of the metals being extracted, and the presence of impurities. Both LIX984N and LIX973N have their specific operating ranges, and selecting the appropriate chelating agent is critical for achieving optimal extraction efficiency and product quality. Therefore, it is recommended to consult with a technical expert or conduct laboratory testing before selecting the suitable chelating agent for a specific process.
We special to focus on R&D metal extraction reagents, our major products as below:
 1. DZ988N/DZ973N/DZ902 copper solvent extraction reagent.
 2. DZ272 Nickel, cobalt, manganese, and magnesium separation extractant.
 3. DY319 high efficiency nickel cobalt co extraction extractant.
 4. DY377 efficient nickel and diamond separation extractant.
 5. DY366 new advanced nickel cobalt extractant.
 6. P204 (D2EHPA or HDEHP) extractant.
 7. DY301, DY302 for nuclear spent fuel recovery.
 8. Other extraction reagents for Vanadium extractant, Lithium extractant, Ferro extractant and rare earth extractant.


Enigmatic Code
Programming Enigma Puzzles
Enigma 1640: Four-cast
From New Scientist #2806, 2nd April 2011 [link]
Fill each of the 16 boxes with a digit so that the same four consecutive digits appear in each row and in each column. In this way you can then read four 4-figure numbers across the rows and four 4-figure numbers down the columns. You must choose your digits so all eight 4-figure numbers are different and none of them has any odd factor between 2 and 20.
What are the lowest and the highest of your eight 4-figure numbers?
[enigma1640]
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2 responses to "Enigma 1640: Four-cast
 1. jimrandell 11 December 2011 at 1:02 pm
 This program generates all possible squares and checks for ones that fit the conditions (runtime: 136ms), although if you note the simplification in the code you can get this down to 78ms.
 from itertools import permutations
 from enigma import irange, is_distinct, factor, concat, printf

 factors = set(irange(3, 20, step=2))
 solution = {}

 def check(s, l):
 ns = []
 for i in l:
 n = int(''.join(map(lambda x: s[(ord(x)-ord('A'))], list(i))))
 if factors.intersection(factor(n)): return False
 ns.append(n)
 print(ns)
 solution[' '.join(map(str, sorted(ns)))] = 1
 return True

 S = set('ABCD')
 P = list(permutations(S, 4))

 for r1 in P:
 for r2 in P:
 if any(r1[i] == r2[i] for i in range(4)): continue
 for r3 in P:
 if any(r3[i] in (r1[i], r2[i]) for i in range(4)): continue

 r4 = (
 S.difference((r1[0], r2[0], r3[0])).pop(),
 S.difference((r1[1], r2[1], r3[1])).pop(),
 S.difference((r1[2], r2[2], r3[2])).pop(),
 S.difference((r1[3], r2[3], r3[3])).pop(),
 )

 C1 = concat(r1[0], r2[0], r3[0], r4[0])
 C2 = concat(r1[1], r2[1], r3[1], r4[1])
 C3 = concat(r1[2], r2[2], r3[2], r4[2])
 C4 = concat(r1[3], r2[3], r3[3], r4[3])

 R1 = concat(*r1)
 R2 = concat(*r2)
 R3 = concat(*r3)
 R4 = concat(*r4)

 if not is_distinct(C1, R1, R2, R3, R4): continue
 if not is_distinct(C2, R1, R2, R3, R4): continue
 if not is_distinct(C3, R1, R2, R3, R4): continue
 if not is_distinct(C4, R1, R2, R3, R4): continue

 # NOTE: we could eliminate the sequences with '5' in
 # as any number ending in ...5 would be divisible by
 # 5 and hence excluded.
 # Also 6+7+8+9 = 30, so all numbers from that sequence
 # would be divisible by 3.
 # this would leave '1234' as the only possible candidate.
 cs = ('1234', '2345', '3456', '4567', '5678', '6789')
 l = (R1, R2, R3, R4, C1, C2, C3, C4)
 for c in cs:
 check(c, l)

 for s in solution.keys():
 ns = map(int, s.split())
 printf("min={ns[0]} max={ns[-1]} [{s}]")

 Solution: The lowest number is 1324. The highest number is 4231.
 - Hugh Casement 28 April 2016 at 8:47 am
 It seems the rows are 1324, 4231, 2143, 3412 in four possible orders, the columns 1423, 3214, 2341, 4132 in a corresponding order — or of course one can swap rows and columns. Twelve of the twenty-four possible permutations of the four digits have odd factors less than 21. 1234, 1432, 3142, and 4321 would be allowed but don't occur in practice, presumably because they would inevitably cross with a forbidden number.
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text:
- Agricultural Waste and Water Management
Rural Arisings work to solve agricultural waste water issues, manage surface and grey water as well as creating ponds and wetlands.
Client: Landowner Mr Bill Hayward
Location: Holmsted Farm, Cuckfield, West Sussex
Holmsted Farm undertakes contract rearing of dairy cows for other dairy farmers and is located to the northwest of Cuckfield in West Sussex. Historically, the dirty water drained from the cattle slurry has been pumped uphill to a large lagoon, where the waters would partially seep into the ground.


Saturday, 16 December 2017
The Bootleg Myth
Posted in Science / Social Sciences / Sociology
The Bootleg Myth is Bust: More Etymology Dysology Uncovered
Feb. 22, 2013 3:12 am
Research Boots-out The Etymological Bootlegger Origin Myth
Without a single reference to support the claim, all of the major dictionaries and etymology textbooks assert confidently that the words bootleg, bootlegging and bootlegger all stem from the past practice of illegal alcohol peddlers concealing their product inside their boots. OK - let's try to picture these mythical bootleggers and their modus operandi - they put bottles down their boots so nobody would know they were carrying illicit booze. Have you ever put a bottle down your boot and tried to walk?
Surely, you would have to be at least as large as a fantastical child's nightmare 150 foot pirate with massive galleon boots to stand a chance of making a profit by selling bottles of booze that you carry around stuffed down inside of your boots. How much profit could normal sized folk possibly make by stuffing a few tiny bottles of plonk down them for the purposes of transportation and selling? As for not drawing attention to yourself as an illicit product peddler, the whole image is ludicrously Pythonesque .
Imagine it:
Clink, stagger, funny walk, clink, clink, clink: "Oh hello Sheriff, nice day for a casual stroll in these massive boots. Who me, got a problem with my legs. No. Why-ever would you think that?" Clink, clink, clink.
Rees's (2002) unevidenced explanation of the bootlegger phrase is not untypical of the obvious fact that nobody seems to have thought the guesswork through with their head outside of a book:
' The word arose in the American Far West in the mid-nineteenth century when illegal liquor sales were made to Indians on reservations. The thin bottles of alcohol are said to have been concealed in the vendor's long boots.'
Chamber's Dictionary of Etymology (1998) also rolls out the same unevidenced booze down the boots story, as does the aptly named Brewers Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2012). Moreover, you'll find the exact same story repeated endlessly in free internet dictionaries such as The New World Encyclopedia:
'The term "bootlegging" first came into use during Prohibition in the United States, and referred to the black market illegal transport and sale of alcohol. Those wishing to illegally transport alcohol would sometimes hide flasks of liquor in the shanks of a boot. Though the term can now be used to refer to the sale or transport of any illicit goods, it almost exclusively refers to the sale or trade of unauthorized music performances, including video or audio copies of concerts, studio outtakes, or songs never intended for release.'
The Bootleg Mythbust
My own research has not turned up a shred of evidence to support this orthodox booze-down-the-boot 'knowledge' claim. Until published evidence is forthcoming, therefore, we should treat this orthodox explanation as a total myth. So what might be a more likely - evidenced - source of the words bootleg and bootlegger?
Using internet dating to create a published bootleg usage time-line reveals that the word bootleg appears to be a US term used by prohibitionists to associate illicit alcohol with foul tasting bootleg (coffee made from burnt bread). Bootleg coffee was a standard prison ration in the US. The name bootleg by way of its close association with a foul tasting inauthentic beverage consumed by convicts was a perfect name with which to label illicit alcohol and those who illegally sold it.
Timeline for published use of the words bootleg and bootlegger.
 1. Bootleg 1854 –leather cut for the leg of a boot - used for many things after the boot is made and worn out including (e.g.door hinges for a cabin 1875. and there was no illicit association with the word in the mid-19th century
 2. Some pistols made in the mid 19th century and used, for example, in 1876 were carried down boots and used illegally . Some such pistols are today named bootleg pistols . However, I can find no evidence that they were so named in the 19th century. If future research reveals that they were so named at the time then that alone would not refute the bootleg coffee source of the word's criminological significance. Because evidence would need to be found that 'bootleg pistols' were (a) associated with criminals and (b) associated with illicit alcohol or (c) bootleg coffee.
 3. Bootleg – faux coffee made from burnt bread, molasses and hot water- 1876 - standard prison ration
 4. Bootleggers 1890 – illegally peddling alcohol during prohibition
 5. Bootleg buckets (prisoners carrying their soup in prison) – 1893
 6. Drinking a bootleg full of rum 1896 - fiction
 7. Bootleg liquor – 1902
 8. Bootleg whisky - 1903
 9. Bootleg relating to stolen goods (coal) 1907
 10. Bootleg records 1932 (fiction)
 11. Bootleg records 1942
 12. Bootleg manufacturing by nation state 1941 – Germany secretly making weapons of war during 1932 (in 1941 magazine article ).
If the words bootleg, bootlegger and bootlegging stem from the practice of illegally trafficking alcohol in bottles or flasks stuffed down the sellers boots then where on this Earth is the published evidence to support this claim, which is so confidently made by the most prestigious etymology dictionaries in the world?
Most tellingly, why was burnt bread coffee called bootleg in the published literature 14 years before the term was used for illicit alcohol? Could it possibly have been some kind of joke about it tasting so bad that it must have been made from the leg of an old boot?
" ... reach into the pan, grab up a handful and drop it into the tin plate of the victim; besides the beef there was a gray mixture called soup; boiled potatoes, hardtack, and coffee that could have been made of nothing else except an old bootleg."
Burnt bread coffee (bootleg coffee) may have its origins in the fact that burnt bread was used in the 19th century to purify water - since it is in fact charcoal. It was given to the sick and also placed in the water of rooms where people were sick because it was believed that charcoal would soak up any contamination and impurities (see Peterson 1857). In modern times we still use charcoal filters to purify water. The use of bootleg coffee in 19th century prisons, the military and elsewhere, while perhaps an aquired or never aquired taste, makes perfect sense in terms of seeking to ensure the water was made safe to drink.
Bootleg music
Bootleg music became big news in 1942. The mass production of bootleg records followed in wake of Petrillo the musician union's chief's imposed ban that lasted 2 years while union member musicians boycotted recording companies in order to eventually secure royalties for musicians. During this period demand for records exceeded supply leading to a noteable rise in the production of bootleg records.
Unless evidence is produced to support what etymologists at least see as the obvious, plausible, compelling but unevidenced bottles of booze down boots explanation, the published literature supports an alternative hypothesis as well as common sense. The Bootleg Coffee Hypothesis is that the US temperance movement and the criminal justice system, implementing their prohibition policies in the USA in _PHONE_ and 1890, labelled illicit alcohol as bootleg and its peddlers as bootleggers as part of a deliberate propaganda exercise to associate illicit alcohol with a foul tasting faux coffee that was known to be consumed by convicts.
The research technique concept that I have coined internet dating (please note that I most certainly never coined the phrase internet dating), which I employed to bust the bootleg myth, is based almost entirely upon the documents that Google has scanned as part of its on-going Library Project. Therefore, books and other documents that are currently un-scanned by Google, may exist to support the currently unevidenced bottles of booze down the leg story, which is current orthodox knowledge as the source of the words bootleg, bootlegger and bootlegging. If new sources apear to disconfirm the bootleg coffee hypothesis then I will update this blog articlet accordingly with a dated postscript.
Postscript 14th April 2013At the time of writing, Wikipedia currently, credulously, has it that the phrase ''bootlegging' is to do with smugglers putting alcohol inside their boots. However, Since Wikipedia is currently unethically engaged in deliberately and systematically plagiarizing the unique results of my original myth-busting work published solely here on Best Thinking, and then deliberately refusing to cite me as the originator of this brand new information that is busting decades old pervasive myths, we should expect Wikipedia to edit-out its daft mistake and yet pretend that Wikipedia editors discovered the new material and information


text:
Reflectance spectroscopy is an emerging technology which provides rapid and safe evaluation of tissue for dysplasia and ischemia. The probe-based devices can be passed through most endoscopes. Current applications include detection of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus, colitis, and colon polyps.
Wallace, MB; Wax, A; Roberts, DN; Graf, RN
Volume / Issue
Start / End Page
Pubmed Central ID
Electronic International Standard Serial Number (EISSN)
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
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text:
In the wake of the Rangarajan Committee report that has recommended far-reaching changes in the sugar policy, the farmers across the nation have joined hands to form Indian Sugarcane Farmers' Association, according to R.V.Giri, general secretary of the Tamil Nadu chapter of the Consortium of Indian Farmers' Associations (CIFA).
Mr Giri said the national conference of the sugarcane farmers held recently in Bangalore under the aegis of the CIFA had unanimously agreed to the two recommendations of the committee such as dispensing with the levy sugar obligation on sugar mills and also doing away with the quantitative restrictions on sugar sale in the open market.
However, the CIFA noted with concern that another recommendation relating to profit-sharing between the sugarcane farmers and the sugar mills in the ratio of 70: 30 (of the total proceeds to be obtained through the sale of sugar and by-products such as molasses and bagasse) remained a contentious issue.
Even though the sugar mills were yet to come to terms with the profit-sharing recommendation, there existed a vast disparity among the farmers in terms of varied recovery rate.
Sugarcane raised in the States of Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh had an average recovery rate of 9.2 per cent (or in other words 92 kg of sugar can be obtained from every 1,000 tonnes of sugarcane) but their counterparts in the States of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Punjab and Haryana used to get a recovery of up to 11 per cent. Therefore, if the profit sharing formula were to be applied the farmers of the latter four States would stand to gain. Therefore, the CIFA had deemed it fit to form the Indian Sugarcane Farmers' Association (ISFA) to take up the issues pertaining to the sugarcane farmers at the national level, he said.
The CIFA has authorized the ISFA to hold talks with the Centre as well as with the Indian Sugar mills Association to find solutions to any outstanding issue in the sugar sector.
Since the CIFA was an umbrella organization, comprising farmers raising various crops, it had set up the 'Sugarcane council' to deal exclusively with the sugarcane related issues.
In this 11-member council Mr Giri and G. Ajithan of the Salem Cooperative Sugar mills are the members. It would be good for the Tamil Nadu sugarcane farmers if the State government comes forward to discuss the issues touched upon by the Rangarajan committee, Mr. Giri said.


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This report displays the outgoing bandwidth for pages on the site hit by spiders and bots. Website developers can use this report to identify the pages that will need the most optimization on outgoing bandwidth.
Highly accessed pages that are smaller than others may have a higher score because of the number of hits. In this way, the report shows you the key pages that will have the most impact if optimized. For example, a page that is hit 10,000 times a day that is 500 bytes long causes much more load than a page that is hit 10 times that is 10,000 bytes long.
To optimize the page size, reduce the amount of HTML or content in the page or enable HTTP compression on the web server.


text:
Announcing the China-Africa Knowledge Project Resource Hub, a one-stop shop for researchers and practitioners working on the China-Africa relationship. The primary platform for the emerging work of the Council's China-Africa Knowledge Project, this new website will actively build generative connections between scholars across disciplines and regions while organizing a growing and fragmented body of knowledge and connecting it to important trends in the social sciences relevant for understanding Africa's new international relations. In this initial phase, the CAKP Hub provides information on research centers and institutions working in the China-Africa space, features key researchers and their work, maintains a rolling list of useful online resources, and collects information on upcoming conferences, calls for papers, and other happenings. As host to the Chinese in Africa/Africans in China Research Network, it also widens the reach of existing cross-regional communities. In due course, the hub will offer a database of China-Africa scholars, a moderated digital forum for timely discussion of China-Africa events and findings, and a virtual research forum for graduate students.
Initiated in June 2013, the China-Africa Knowledge Project comprises a multiyear, multifaceted program of activities designed to deepen understanding of China's expanding engagement with the African region and situate emergent scholarship on China and Africa within broader scholarly and policy discourses about ongoing global transformations. The CAKP aims to accomplish its objectives through various institutional collaborations and by developing a series of web-based resources and activities across three streams of work: the Working Group on China-Africa, the Chinese in Africa/Africans in China Research Network, and activities on China, Africa, and the UN. The project is funded by a grant from the Henry Luce Foundation, with supplemental support through the SSRC's Conflict Prevention and Peace Forum.


text:
As I understand it, the phase where it interpolates between images is called "blending". I don't think it's feasible to achieve 100% perfect alignment, so instead is there some way I can disable blending, and just have each pixel come from the nearest photo? It's ok if that causes some edge effects between photos.
You can tell Hugin to keep the intermediate corrected images by checking Exposure corrected, low dynamic range as shown in the image below. The intermediate images will be corrected for lens distortion, vignetting, and exposure issues. You can then merge the images in the program of your choice. You'll have a difficult time doing better than Enblend unless you're very adept at merging images.
Judging from your pano, you'll probably find that your intermediate images won't merge well because the control point generator most likely had a hard time picking control points since your image is a seething sea of sameness (the trees/brush look very similar). You'll find that the lens distortion correction will be off due to large control point errors.
When you do an optimization, Hugin will report a mean error after optimization. If your error is large (perhaps larger than 20 pixels), time to manually pick your control points (click on the Control Points tab). The Control Points tab will also show errors (be sure to optimize before looking at the errors). If you find that a pair of control points have a large error, you can delete the control points or improve the positions.
There's also another point of how you shot the pano. There are techniques for shooting panos that need to be adhered to for best results, mainly panning the camera about the entrance pupil, or the no-parallax point, of the lens (you need to experimentally determine this point). For your shot, I don't think you have parallax problems since the scenery is far away, just a confused control point generator. [edit addition] It's also recommended that you have a minimum of 30% overlap of your images which allows the pano program to correct for lens distortion and vignetting as well as generating enough control points.


What is the Difference Between Football and Baseball Cleats?
A misconception that many people have is that football and baseball cleats are the same. That could not be farther from the truth. While the primary purpose of these sports cleats is to provide traction on the field, they have different features and serve distinct functions to their wearer.
Can I Wear Football Cleats for Baseball?
Football cleats are known for being on the heavier side. They are designed to help athletes withstand repeated physical contact as well as make cuts and turns easier. Since playing baseball relies more on forwarding motion and quick acceleration, football cleats are not ideal for the sport.
difference in football cleats
Baseball players can still wear football or soccer cleats. Experts recommend, though, that those playing in the infield should wear baseball cleats. The main difference between baseball and soccer cleats is that the former has cleat patterns that facilitate a more accurate grip.
Can I Wear Baseball Cleats for Football?
Football players need to wear shoes that are appropriate for their size, weight, and even position. Otherwise, it would be harder for them to endure the physical toll of banging bodies and feet on the field. So, can you wear baseball cleats for football? Simply put, you should not.
If you do not have football cleats, the next best thing to wear is soccer cleats versus baseball cleats. According to a podiatrist, this type is the most versatile cleat for kids and can be used for different kinds of sports, including football, baseball, and lacrosse.
How to Pick Out Baseball Cleats?
What are Baseball Cleats Made Out of?
The body of baseball cleats is usually created with mesh, genuine or synthetic leather materials. This allows the footwear to have more breathability and durability, helping the user perform better while playing. Synthetic or leather cleats also have improved water resistance, which is especially useful if it is rainy.
The studs at the bottom of baseball cleats can be made of different materials, including plastic, rubber, or metal. Although metal cleats are usually prohibited in youth baseball because having such material on a kids' baseball cleat might cause unnecessary injuries.
What are Football Cleats Made Out of?
Traditionally, football shoes were made of leather. But as time went by, other materials and technology, such as synthetic fiber, have been developed to optimize the performance of football players.
The studs at the bottom of football cleats can come in a variety of sizes. They can also be made of plastic or rubber. Football metal cleats have been disallowed in most leagues as it can increase the risk of injury among players.
A difference between football and baseball cleats when it comes to studs is that football spikes can be detachable. Replaceable studs present versatility, particularly in uncertain weather conditions. If the field is dry, shorter studs can be used. But on wet surfaces, longer ones can be installed.
Demo on Customizing Football Cleats
Baseball vs. Football Cleats (The Differences)
In this part, we delve deeper into what is the difference between baseball and football cleats and understand why the two sports footwear should not be deemed interchangeable.
Weight of Cleats
Football cleats tend to be on the tougher and heavier side and are more supportive because of the physicality of the game. Cleats for this sport also require a much thicker material than those used in baseball to protect the feet of the players. This causes the additional weight to the cleats.
On the other hand, baseball cleats do not require too much weight to allow the players to run fast during the game. Pitchers wear shoes that are more supportive.
Midsole of Football vs Baseball Cleats
When looking for athletic shoes, it is important to check the midsole. Its function is to provide support, cushion, and shock absorption whenever there is the movement of the feet and body.
The difference between football and baseball cleats is that the latter has more midsole support. A football cleat is then less comfortable to wear than a baseball cleat.
Cleats Patterns
When it comes to patterns, there is a major difference between football cleats vs. baseball cleats.
Football shoes have larger and more rounded studs that allow a player to gain more traction and stability when running on the turf. Baseball cleats, meanwhile, are designed with razor-like studs that can dig deep into the dirt or grass and provide the player a quick first step if he needs to sprint or jump.
Front Area of the Cleats
In this area, there is not much difference between football and baseball cleats. Both sports shoes provide foot protection and have added durability thanks to a toe guard on the front area.
Ankle Support
In general, football cleats offer more ankle support than baseball cleats do.
As already mentioned, there are different types of cleats used in the sport, depending on the size and the position of the player wearing them. The variations depend on the cut of the shoes and include high-tops, mid-tops, and low-cuts.
are typically worn by defensive and offensive linemen. Those who play in these positions would need additional protection for their ankles and increased traction. Based on a study, high-top cleats are less comfortable and heavier to wear than mid-tops and low-cuts, however, they are able to "limit ankle motions associated with injury without deleteriously influencing performance."
Offer less support and more mobility than high-tops. This is the type of football cleat that running backs, quarterbacks, wide receivers, and defensive backs prefer.
Provide the least support among these types of football cleats and are worn by those who want increased speed and mobility on offense and defense.
As for baseball players, no matter their position, they do not need increased ankle support. The difference between football and baseball cleats then is that baseball shoes usually come in mid-tops and low-cuts. It is rare to see high-tops in baseball games.
Watch These Rare Custom Cleats!
Extra Toe Stud
A big difference between football and baseball cleats is the presence of an additional toe stud in baseball cleats. This allows the wearer to dig easily hit the ground running. Football cleats cannot have such a feature as it poses danger to the other players, especially since there plenty of tackles made in the field.
What Do Football Cleats Look Like on the Bottom?
The sole of a football shoe can contain seven to 14 number of studs. Near the toe part, there are typically five to 10 studs and are placed around the edge of the sole or form an H-shape. On the heel, there are generally two to four studs that can form a square. The midsoles do not have studs in most football shoes.
bottom of football cleats
Image Source: Boombah
What Do Baseball Cleats Look Like on the Bottom?
Because there is less physical contact and motion in the sports of baseball, baseball cleats generally require a less number of studs than their football counterparts. Another answer to what is the difference between football and baseball cleats when it comes to its sole is the distinct toe stud in the latter. However, like football cleats, baseball cleats do not have studs on the midsole.
can you wear baseball cleats for flag football
Final Thoughts
As discussed above, the differences between the two cleats are as clear as day. It is recommended then to wear the shoes appropriate for sports, especially if you are playing in a high-intensity practice or the big league.
Studies have also shown that wearing the right shoes can maximize performance and prevent injuries.