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Creating a Platformer With BYOND
BYOND gives you a default movement system. If you open Dream Maker, create a new project, make icons, declare turfs, build a map, and run the game you can walk around. You don't have to program how the movement works, the behavior is built in. My Sidescroller library does the same thing except it provides you with a movement system for sidescrolling action/platform games.
This article explains how the library works and how you can use it to create a game. If you're familiar with Dream Maker and can make a simple game then you can use this library to make a platformer.
Using the Library
The library is very easy to set up. Here are step-by-step instructions for setting up the library. If you're familiar with the Dream Maker program you can have a working sidescroller in just a few minutes. This tutorial assumes you've completed those steps to set up the library and create a basic game. If you want to follow along with this tutorial and try code snippets out you should complete those steps now.
We'll now look at how you can utilize more features of the library and add some new features of your own.
In the world you've created all objects are 32x32 boxes. In a real game your mob's icon will probably be a picture of a person. The mob's icon is 32x32 but the mob only occupies part of that box. To handle this we can modify the mob's pwidth and pheight vars.
Open up mob.dmi and change the icon state. Instead of being a 32x32 blue box make it a 24x24 blue box, like this:
Then add this to the code:
Now run the game. The mob now occupies a smaller space than before.
The library has support for ladders. A ladder is a non-dense tile that a mob can climb. To create a ladder you need to draw an icon state for it, then add this code:
The is_ladder variable tells the library that the turf can be climbed. Place some ladders on the map and run the game:
Use the up and down arrow keys to climb ladders.
With BYOND's default movement system it's often sufficient for a mob to have a single, 4-directional icon state. When the player moves the direction is updated so the proper image is shown. In an action/platform game you can perform different kinds of actions, like running or jumping, so you need different icon states. The library handles this for you.
You set the mob's icon var and the library will automatically update the mob's icon_state based on what the mob is doing. If you're standing still your icon_state will be set to "standing". If you're moving (on the ground) it'll be set to "moving". If you're hanging on a ladder it'll be set to "climbing". And if you're in the air (but not on a ladder) it'll be set to "jumping".
Let's create these icon states (or you can download this icon, you might need to right click the link and pick "Save As..."):
Note: These states are all 4-directional. The library automatically sets your direction to EAST or WEST so you need to make sure those states have images. For reference, here's what the standing state looks like:
You don't need to add any code. When you run the demo your mob will use these new icon states.
Bounding Boxes and Centered Icons
A mob's bounding box is the space that the mob occupies. The size of the box is determined by the pwidth and pheight variables. The position of the box is assumed to be in the lower-left corner of the mob's icon. However, this isn't always the case. Consider this poorly drawn person:
The mob is roughly 16 pixels wide. If we set the mob's pwidth var to 16, here's what happens:
The mob appears to be partially inside the wall. This is because the mob's bounding box is assumed to be in the lower left corner of the icon but we drew the mob in the center of the icon. To compensate for this we need to shift the mob's icon to the left 8 pixels when the game is running so that the part of the icon that represents the mob is inside the bounding box. We can do this with the mob's pixel_x var:
Now here's what you'll see when you run the game:
The icon is shifted to the left so the mob cannot appear to be inside walls anymore.
The library keeps track of the mob's motion as a velocity. A velocity is like a speed but it also has a direction assigned to it. Saying that the mob is moving four pixels per second is a speed, but saying that it's moving upwards at four pixels per second is a velocity. The library uses the vel_x and vel_y vars to keep track of the mob's velocity in the x (horizontal) and y (vertical) directions.
This sounds complicated but it actually makes things easy. When you jump, all that happens is your upwards velocity (vel_y) is increased. To handle jumping the library calls the mob's jump proc, here's the default behavior:
This means that when you jump your mob will move upwards at a rate of 10 pixels per second. Due to gravity it'll slow down and begin to fall. If we wanted to make the mob jump higher we can override the jump proc to create a different behavior. We can add this to our code:
An upwards velocity of 12 is enough to jump two tiles high. Don't get too carried away - the height of the jump increases a lot with each increase to the velocity. Setting vel_y = 14 is enough to jump three tiles high and 16 is enough to jump four tiles high.
You can also create ramps. Open turfs.dmi and make an icon that looks like this:
Call it "ramp". Then add this code:
The pleft and pright vars are used to define ramps. The pleft var tells the library the height of the turf at its left side. The pright var tells the library the height of the turf at its right side. We drew the ramp as being low on the left side and high on the right side so we set its pleft and pright to match. The height at its right side is 32 because the tiles are 32 pixels tall.
Place the ramp on the map and run the game.


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Over 8,000 websites created by students around the world who have participated in a ThinkQuest Competition.
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On the Battlefield: The Mechanics of Military Vehicles
The purpose of this page is to educate you about the scientific principles behind the operation of military weapons. Find out what is meant by acceleration, ballistics, and trajectory. Learn what physical principle keeps a metal battleship afloat. Simple simulations show you the theories in action. The so-appropriate background music is "Everybody Wants to Rule the World."
Chuen HoweRaffles Institution, Singapore, Singapore
IvanRaffles Institution, Singapore, Singapore
19 & under
Janelle HoRaffles Institution, Singapore
Science & Technology > Physical Science
Science & Technology > Technology > Weapons

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text: To study the hydrodynamic performance characteristics of tandem turbines, put forward the reasonable layout scheme and increase power generation efficiency of tidal power station, the transient numerical simulations are performed to investigate a three-blade vertical axis tidal turbine, and the upstream turbine's hydrodynamic performance and the wake effect on the downstream turbine are analyzed. Considering that the turbine's blade has the same profile on the span, the turbine model is simplified to 2D model and the open source fluid mechanics software OpenFOAM is used to simulate the flow field. Firstly,changing law of turbine's power coefficient with tip speed ratio is obtained through the simulation of a single turbine. By comparing with the experimental data in reference,it is verified that the OpenFOAM numerical model can predict the hydrodynamic performance of the 2D vertical axis turbine accurately under the reasonable setting by using the k-ω SST turbulence model and the PIMPLE algorithm. Then two tandem turbines cases are simulated,the distance between two turbines is from 5D to 50D,where D stands for turbine's diameter. The wake characteristics of the sections behind turbines and the influence characteristics of turbines' distance on the downstream turbine's hydrodynamic performance are obtained. Finally the results show that when the distance between two tandem turbines is more than 40D, the effect of upstream turbine on the downstream turbine could be ignored.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Engineering Students Named National NASA Hunch BioHealth Program Finalists
Four engineering students from de Toledo High School in Los Angeles – sophomores Jack T., Aaron M., Harrison B., and Ben R. – have been named as official Finalists for the prestigious national NASA Hunch BioHealth Program.
With this recognition, the students were invited to Space Center Houston on April 19, 2023 to present their own research findings to NASA mission scientists and biomedical engineers, along with a patented and operational prototype product design focused on mitigating the varied mental health issues expected to arise during future attempts to establish human colonies on the moon and/or Mars. The students' "Pinacal" device is specifically engineered to offset the disruptions to the circadian rhythms experienced by astronauts whose 24 hour cycle has a new day/night every 90 minutes.
The NASA Hunch program is a nationwide initiative to empower and inspire young people through project-based learning focused on inculcating 21st century skills and giving students the opportunity to launch their careers through participation in the design and fabrication of real-world, valued products for NASA.
The four students have been independently involved in this research since they were in 6th grade as part of the local Abraham Joshua Heschel School robotics team. Since then, they have competed in Uruguay in the First Lego League World Championships, and worked with the director of the University of Southern California's Space Engineering Research Center to further develop their patented project. At de Toledo High, the students' work continues to be encouraged within the school's own robotics facilities.
"We will continue to support our four engineering students as they work with NASA bioengineers and astronauts," said Ellen Howard, de Toledo High School's principal. "We are incredibly proud that these students have now been invited to Space Center Houston to discuss opportunities to possibly have their design built for testing on the International Space Station!"


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NN Contemporary is pleased to present 'Unfolding the Vaporous Mind', a solo exhibition of new work from Gam Bodenhausen. Inspired by the landscape and architecture of Northampton, Bodenhausen has created drawings (on a monumental scale) that depict a language envisioned from the extracted yellow sandstone in the Northamptonshire quarries. Accentuating the constitution of the historical and the geological in all landscapes; the artist forges a unique world.
In soft grey pencil drawings, a universe develops that seems as overgrown as it is organised, as dreamy as it is sober. The artist deploys a material that consists entirely of carbon, as the building material of all life. Tracing the heritage of graphene to the English Lake District, she pays homage to the Romantics, where observing and drawing became an intellectual pursuit that shaped contemporary cultural ideologies.
Consciousness is presented as a drawing process, informed by an infinite and codependent stream of fiction and fact. Mark making, becomes a signifier of both reality and illusion, that both documents and describes. Images, structures, figures and objects are observed, analysed, and recomposed, deconstructing our order of vision, and with this, our conscious reality. Akin to water or the surrounding clouds, her work is durational. Oscillating with a languid flow, a dimension unfolds before the viewer in which things fluctuate across moments before dispersing into a new formation across time. We are invited to move between the worlds of the known and unknown, between what can be articulated, and what we intrinsically feel.
Bodenhausen studied at the Gerrit Rietveld Academy in Amsterdam and continued her Master training at the Jan van Eyck Academy in Maastricht. In 2016 she published her first book, Grey Horizontals. Highlights are presentations at the Van Abbemuseum in Eindhoven, Museum Boijmans van Beuningen in Rotterdam and Latvian National Museum of Art in Riga.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Author(s): Kim SY, Oh DK, Lee KH, Kim JH
Abstract Share this page
Abstract The effect of soybean oil and glucose on the growth of Torulopsis bombicola and sophorose lipid production in continuous culture was investigated. As the dilution rate in 100 g/l glucose and 100 g/l soybean oil medium was increased, the dry cell weight and sophorose lipid concentration decreased. Sophorose lipid productivity, however, was maximum at a dilution rate of 0.03 h-1. The cell yield from glucose and the sophorose lipid production from soybean oil were approximately constant regardless of the dilution rate. The specific consumption rate of soybean oil was closely related to the specific production rate of sophorose lipid. These results suggest that soybean oil was used only for sophorose lipid production whereas glucose was used only for cell mass and maintenance. When the soybean oil concentration was varied at fixed dilution rate in 100 g/l glucose medium, a high concentration of soybean oil was found to inhibit sophorose lipid production.
This article was published in Appl Microbiol Biotechnol
and referenced in Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology


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Prayer: Does it Make Any Difference?
Multi-award winning spirituality writer Philip Yancey is loved throughout the world for his honest, insightful and inspirational writing. PRAYER: DOES IT MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE? carries all the hallmarks of classic Yancey, a journalist by training. His quest to unravel the mysteries of prayer reads as the journal of a fellow traveller: questioning, challenging, lamenting the unexplainable and rejoicing in the discovery of awesome insights. His journey is beautifully illustrated with moving true stories drawn from around the world.
PRAYER: DOES IT MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE? tackles the following questions: What is prayer? What difference does it make? Why and how should we pray? What about unanswered prayer? How should we understand prayer for physical healing?
Focusing on such a universal theme, this is potentially Yancey's biggest book yet. To date, his books have sold over 14 million copies, and have been translated into 25 languages. His first book with Hodder, SOUL SURVIVOR, sold over 90,000 copies in just five years.


Set Gutenberg Block Display Based Upon An iMember360 Conditional
Select a conditional to control Gutenberg block display
Steps to select a conditional to control Gutenberg block display
 1. Within the Gutenberg editor select the block to show the block settings in the settings sidebar. Navigate to the iMember360 tab and expand it if necessary.
 2. From the Control mode drop down ensure Conditional is selected.
 3. From the Display if the conditional evaluates drop down select whether the conditional needs to evaluate as True or False to display the block.
 4. From the Conditional drop down select the required conditional to be evaluated.
 Active conditionals are shown in the drop down with the suffix of (publish).
 5. Once the settings have been completed ensure Publish or Update is clicked to save the configuration.


Ninjago Wiki
Ninjago Wiki
Ice Ice (The LEGO Ninjago Movie)
 - You can help the Wiki by adding higher quality images to "Ice."
In my journeys, I have discovered a power that dwarfs your Formling abilities. An elemental power.
Ice is one of the four main elements of Creation. This element corresponds with the Shurikens of Ice, the Ice Dragon, and the Titanium Dragon, and is generally associated with the colors white or light blue.
According to Sorla, Water is connected to Ice. The power of frozen water is often used to immobilize certain enemies as a distraction and is even seen to defeat villains with the power of cryokinesis immediately. Despite this, in "Curseworld, Part I," Zane's ice stalled a ghost instead of destroying it, as ice is water in solid form.
During Zane's corruption, the ice around the Never-Realm was corrupted as well.
Users' abilities
 - Cryokinesis/Glaciokinesis - The user can create, generate, and manipulate ice (usually used to coat surfaces frictionless and trap enemies solid in a block of ice), create ice constructs (escape routes, shards, barriers, etc.), induce chills, and extinguish fires. The user can even use this to freeze designated areas underwater[1] and sometimes create ice without even using a beam, instead using their hands to magically generate ice.[2]
 - Propulsive Flight - The user can propel themselves up with ice (possibly only in an environment with low gravity).[3]
 - Cryokinetic Flight - The user is able to fly when using more power than usual.[4]
 - Ice Blast - As demonstrated by the Elemental Master of Ice, the user can release ice over a specific target area causing great damage and/or delivering great shock waves of pure force.
 - Freezing Touch - The user can freeze anything or anyone via touching the target with their hands or feet.
 - Ice Sphere Projection - The user can create balls of ice to freeze everything that will come in contact.[5]
 - Cryokinetic Surfing - The user can create a path made of ice to surf on for transportation.[6][2]
 - Ice Infusion - The user can infuse objects (usually a weapon) with ice, empowering and energizing them and allowing the user to manipulate their qualities and efficiency.
 - Elemental shield - The user can create an Ice elemental shield.
 - Cryo-Pyrokinesis - The user can create and manipulate sparkling blue-whitish ice-like flames.[7]
 - Cold Breeze Generation - The user is capable of making a cold air or wind to blow something.[8]
 - Ice Prison - The user is able to create a clear prison made of ice shaped like an igloo to trap enemies.[9]
Via the Scrolls of Forbidden Spinjitzu
 - Elemental creation - Allows the user to create things alive out of Ice and control them. Zane used this to make and control the Blizzard Sword Masters, Blizzard Archers, and Boreal.
 - Cryo-Telekinesis - The user can use ice to control, move, or manipulate objects.[10]
 - Corruption Inducement - The user can create ice that corrupts those it touches. Zane used this to control the Blizzard Warriors.
 - Corrupted/Dark Ice ManipulationAs shown by Zane and Boreal, they can shape and create corrupted ice. Whenever the ice is created, it is in control of the creator. As mentioned by Sorla, the Dark Ice served Vex and allowed him to monitor what was currently happening through his ice shard.
 - Mind ManipulationThe user's ice can manipulate other people's minds.[10] Cole and Lloyd noticed this when fighting a Blizzard Warrior and saw that the ice was controlling their actions.
 - Power Negation - When Ice is corrupted, it is shown to be like Vengestone and can cancel out the Shapeshifting abilities of the Formlings and neutralize other Elemental Powers.
 - Clairvoyance - Using the crystal shard, one can spy on someone else even if they are far away. It can even look through one's point of view. The Crystal enables its viewers to telepathically communicate with someone when they are looking through their point of view. This is evidenced by Vex when he telepathically ordered Boreal to bring Lloyd alive to the Ice Emperor.
Via the users' True Potential
 - Ice Mimicry - The user can temporarily transform their body into ice.
 - Cold Generation - The user can reduce the kinetic energy of atoms, meaning they effectively make things colder, ranging from slightly chilly levels to absolute zero. In "Corruption," with the Scroll of Forbidden Spinjitzu in his scepter, Zane was able to generate enough cold and ice to freeze the Never-Realm in a harsh eternal winter.
 - Ice Shield Construction - The user can create shields of ice that can protect against an adversary.
 - Ice/Cold Beam Emission - The user can produce a powerful beam of ice or cold that freezes everything instantly. As the Ice Emperor, Zane was able to use the Scroll of Forbidden Spinjitzu in his scepter to generate beams of Ice energy such as when punishing Grimfax, or when attacking Lloyd and Akita.
 - Ice Tornado Generation - The user can generate vortexes composed of ice. The vortex can be projected as a long-ranged attack or as a tornado of ice for both offensive and/or defensive purposes.
 - Ice/Cold Immunity - If the user is in a cold or icy area, the user cannot be harmed or feel cold.
 - Ice Explosion Inducement - As displayed by Zane in "Once Bitten, Twice Shy," the user can cause an explosion of ice energy to freeze everything in the area.
Notable uses
Tick Tock
 - After Zane realized who he is, he unlocked his True Potential and unleashed a huge beam of ice toward the Treehorn queen, leaving her in an incapacitated state.
The Titanium Ninja
 - As a last resort, Zane unleashes a huge burst of ice freezing the Overlord, before being killed as well.
Vengeance is Mine!
 - When Zane got to use the Scroll of Forbidden Spinjitzu, he froze Aspheera and the Pyro Vipers.
The symbol of Ice appears to be a wolf. This likely symbolizes Zane's loyalty to his friends, as a wolf would be loyal to its pack.
Notable users
Staff of Elements
Golden Power
Djinn Blade
 - No user of Ice has ever shown the ability to manipulate ice that they didn't create.
 - In "Infamous," Nadakhan appeared to use Zane's ice power to freeze part of the Mega Monster Amusement Park roller coaster. Tommy Andreasen gave the explanation that it could be related to magic, which would mean djinn magic in this situation.[11][12]
 - In Season 10, instead of shooting ice beams from his hands, Zane's hands glowed and ice suddenly appeared, almost telekinetically.
 - When Ice is corrupted, it has the same abilities of both Dark Matter and Vengestone as Zane was able to turn Grimfax and his army into Blizzard Warriors in "Corruption," and when Lloyd and Kataru weren't able to use their powers in "A Fragile Hope."
 - Wyplash and Bonezai are affiliated with Ice in promotional material and the Ninjago Spinners game, though this is non-canon.
 - In some episodes, such as "Game of Masks", Zane uses ice to freeze the water created by Nya, although he could create the ice himself. This is probably because Nya can use water to better shape the resulting object, which Zane then freezes.
 - Ice is one of the four elements not currently known to be confined to a human host. The other three are Wind, Time, and Water.
The images on Ice need to be organized.
 - You can help the Wiki by adding images to the appropriate section on "Ice."
 - This template can be removed once images have been organized.
Promotional media
In Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu
In other media
Elemental Powers
Elemental essences
Creation · Darkness · Destruction · Energy · Golden Power
Elements of Creation
Earth · Fire · Ice · Lightning
Other elements
Amber · Form · Gravity · Imagination (non-canon) · Light · Metal · Mind · Nature · Poison · Shadow · Smoke · Sound · Speed · Time · Water · Wind
Movie elements


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Chemainus, on Vancouver Island's east shore, is a little town snuggled in between a mountain range and the ocean, isolated with a river cutting it off from the south and a major highway to the north. A town that was born of the hands of labourers, with its only industry failing, Chemainus showed the world its true spirit and determination, and was to achieve fame through the hands of artists.
Such is the condensed recent history of "The Little Town that Did." Mining, fishing and forestry were the original industries that gave work to many Chinese who worked in "bull gangs" struggling to move huge lumber planks to the ships in the late 1800′s, and who arrived to work on the trans Canada Railroad later. Japanese, and later, east Indians blended their cultures with Scots and Germans looking for riches in the mines and staying to work in the forests and on fishing boats. And the beautiful Cowichan Valley has been the home of The Original First Nations peoples and their ancestors for countless generations, whose history and lives have been interwoven since those first white settlers came to the area.
Learn more about our historic town on the Chemainus website.


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Date: August 2007
Creator: Weaver, Jennifer L.
Description: Cindy McTee's Symphony No. 1: Ballet for Orchestra is composed primarily of pitch materials from the octatonic collections that contain both diatonic and non-diatonic relationships in the themes, harmonic content, and larger structure of the symphony. Because the octatonic collections contain the potential for both diatonic and non-diatonic relationships, the piece is argued to have octatonic structure, as the octatonic collection is capable of producing both relationships. The second chapter contains a review of the literature, focusing particularly on the work of Arthur Berger, Pieter C. van den Toorn, Richard Taruskin, and Allen Forte. Next, the octatonic structure of the symphony is shown in the thematic material. Finally, the harmonic support and large-scale structure of the piece are shown to contain octatonic relationships as well.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries


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Explore jet set Arachova this winter, and you will feel as if you have landed in the heart of a winter Mykonos. Arachova is a picturesque mountainous village that located on the foot of Mt. Parnassos in southern Greece. It is close enough to Athens to make it the perfect weekend getaway destination. Why not? It is famously known as the most cosmopolitan winter destination in Greece.
What to Do
Delphi is one of the most significant ancient Greek archaeological sites. Surrounded by the lush slopes of Mount Parnassos, this ancient Greek religious sanctuary was dedicated to the god Apollo. According to mythology, Apollo had placed a python or dragon to protect Delphi which was known to the ancients as the center or "navel of the Earth." During 6th century B.C., Delphi was an important religious center and symbol of unity of the ancient Greek world. Read More


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KAS files can be edited usü5 How do I edit my.kas files? How do I edit my.kas files?marekf¨lang=en&display=faq&faqnr=47&catnr=8&prog=1&onlynewfaq=0" TARGET="_self">ELLO - EvilLyrics Lyrics Organizer
If you want to edit your.kas files, you just need to click in a song that you already created/downloaded the timestamps. When you select it, the lyrics will be displayed in the textbox and a new pane for the karaoke editor will appear.
In it, you can edit both the time and the text marks for every line of the lyrics. You can also add and delete stamps. When adding, it will be added after the last selected stamp. When deleting, the last selected stamp will be deleted.
Editing the time stamps
Every second, EvilLyrics can have 5 different timestamps. The first one goes exactly in that second. The second one goes after 200 mileseconds, the third one after 400, etc. In the Karaoke Editor, you can edit the values for the minutes, seconds and mileseconds too. The format is Minutes:Seconds.Milesec. So, if you have an stamp like 03:27.4, it mean it will be played 400 mileseconds after 3 minutes and 27 seconds
Editing the text stamps
The text in the right represents the first two leters in the line. Generally, if your karaoke is not working properly, it has much more to do with the text than with the time. So, what you need is to check if these two letters are the same first two letters for its corresponding time. Note that numbers and the apostrophe aren't allowed, so if you have a line like this: "I'm here for you", the letters that you should type are "Im".
Note that it is case sensitive. This means that there is difference between "Hi" and "HI".
When you did all the changes you wanted, just press the Save button.


text: Recently, Peltier device is considered as a suitable device to generate thermal sensation. In order to control the reproduction of the sensation accurately, it is important to know the amount of heat inflow, which is the heat exchanged between a thermal system and an external environment. For that purpose, the authors proposed a heat inflow observer, which is a disturbance observer-based estimation method of heat inflow. However, in the past research, the observer was evaluated only from a qualitative point of view. In this research, another thermal sensor is put on the thermal system as an external environment, and the validity of heat inflow observer is experimentally confirmed using the sensor. The experimental results show the superiority of the proposed observer in obtaining the amount of heat inflow.


text:
Ellipsomicroscopy For Surface Imaging - A Novel Tool to Investigate Surface Dynamics
Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Catalysis and Reaction Engineering, Membrane Science
This article focuses on the technical issues of imaging of dynamic adsorbatepattern formation on platinumsurfaces using laser light to illuminate the area of interest. In particular, ellipsomicroscopy for surface imaging (EMSI) is a powerful tool to follow spatio-temporal patterns of adsorbate layers on catalyst surfaces at arbitrary pressures. This novel method is uniquely sensitive to submonolayer coverages of adsorbates. It expands the range of observable pressure conditions by many orders of magnitude, thus bridging the pressure gap in imaging surface reactions. EMSI is a versatile technique that opens new avenues of potential applications to resolve dynamic surface processes, such as adsorbatediffusion or coating formation.
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
Published in Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A, Volume 16, Issue 3, 1998, pages _PHONE_.
© Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A, 1997, American Institute of Physics
Haas, G., Pletcher, D.T., Bonilla, G., Jachimowski, A.T., Rotermund, H.H., Lauterbach, A.J. (1998). Ellipsomicroscopy for surface imaging - A novel tool to investigate surface dynamics. Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A, 16(3), _PHONE_.


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| ||Medical Myths || |
Why Timing Is Important in Medicine
December 10, 2012
By Robert H. Shmerling, M.D.
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
You see your doctor and he tells you:
- See me again in 3 months.
- Stop taking your anti-inflammatory medicine in 2 weeks.
- Have a blood test in 6 weeks.
Did you ever wonder where these time intervals came from? Are they really essential?
Timing is important in medicine. For example, you may have heard of the "golden hour." For certain types of major trauma, it's essential to get medical attention within an hour to improve the chances of survival.
There are many other common situations in medicine when time is important. But then there are occasions when timing is much less critical and the recommendations tend to be much more arbitrary.
If you have the time, we'll review some of these situations now.
Back to top
Important Time Intervals
In addition to "the golden hour," there are other time intervals that may be important to keep in mind. For example:
- 4 minutes When the heart stops or someone stops breathing, it's important that CPR start within a few minutes. If more than 4 minutes go by without supporting or restoring circulation or breathing, brain damage commonly occurs and survival rates drop dramatically.
- 2 hours Getting medical treatment (including powerful blood thinners) for heart attack within 2 hours is associated with better survival rates than later medical care.
- 3 hours People with stroke symptoms (such as sudden weakness on one side of the body or trouble speaking) have better outcomes if they get treatment (again, including blood thinners), within 3 hours of their symptoms.
- 4 days, 40 days The general guideline for disasters is that a person can survive about 4 days without water, and about 40 days without food. There are many exceptions because other factors also affect survival, such as a person's overall health before the disaster.
Back to top
The Timing of Common Medical Recommendations
Some medical recommendations have time intervals that are based primarily on what is easy to remember. Some common ones are:
- Yearly physical examinations There is no biological function or disease process that is correlated with the time it takes the earth to travel around the sun. That includes the routine physical examination. In fact, a number of studies have called into question the value of yearly examinations.
- Antibiotic use You may have noticed that when you take antibiotics, it tends to be for 5 days, 7 days or 10 days. These intervals are based on research studies showing that antibiotics are highly effective for certain infections when taken for these time periods. But few studies compare taking the same antibiotic for the same condition for 4 days, 6 days or other lengths of time. It's quite possible that a shorter course of treatment (or even a longer one) would be just as effective or even better than the standard interval. However, until additional studies prove it (and recommendations change), it's best to take your prescribed antibiotics according to directions and finish them.
- Bone mineral density testing This standard test for osteoporosis is repeated every year or two for many people. But there's little evidence that such an approach is helpful. Bone density tends to change slowly, even with treatment. The ideal interval for repeating this test is uncertain. One recent study suggested that much longer intervals up to 15 years would be adequate for people at low risk of osteoporosis.
- Mammograms Recommendations about when to start and how often to repeat mammograms have been controversial for years. But, once screening begins, the usual recommendation is to have the test every year or every other year, not every 18 months or 32 months or some other interval. Researchers typically choose 1- or 2-year intervals to study because they are convenient and easy to remember, rather than anything specific about the growth or spread of breast cancer. Similar principles apply to colonoscopy, pap smears and other common screening tests.
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Timing and Diagnosis
Knowing how symptoms vary over time and when they started can help a doctor figure out what you have. For example, abdominal pain that's been coming and going for years is likely to have a different cause and treatment than new abdominal pain that has just suddenly developed. It helps a doctor to know whether your pain started after an injury, exercise or surgery. A rash that developed after starting a new medication could be an allergic reaction; but if you had the rash before you started the medicine, the new medicine is probably not to blame.
In addition, time can be used as a diagnostic test. For example, joint pain often disappears just as mysteriously as it appears. Rather than undergoing extensive testing, it's often better to give it some time (and take some acetaminophen or ibuprofen).
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Patients often assume doctors can make accurate predictions about prognosis or survival. But, "giving a patient 6 months to live" is something you hear in movies or television much more often than in real life; doctors can rarely make such predictions with confidence. (Perhaps that's why you sometimes hear about people getting a dire prognosis and then outliving their doctors.)
Prognosis can be estimated based on studies and doctors' experience. So a doctor might predict a short survival based on what's reported in the medical literature or other patients he or she has treated. But survival tends to vary greatly. For example, a person with pancreatic cancer may be told he has 6 months to live based on average life expectancy of all people with this type of tumor; but they should also be told that it varies from a few weeks (for advanced cases) to several years or more (with tumors that are small, haven't spread or respond well to treatment).
Yogi Berra once said, "It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future." When it comes to making long-term medical predictions, I think doctors (and patients) should take this to heart.
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The Bottom Line
Clearly, time matters in medicine. Significant trauma, heart attack and stroke should be treated as quickly as possible. And, the timing of symptoms can help sort out the diagnosis.
Perhaps your doctor wants to recheck your blood pressure in 3 months to give your weight loss program and low salt diet a chance to work.
Maybe the blood test is in 2 weeks because it takes that long to see the effects of your new thyroid medicine. The anti-inflammatory medicine can damage the lining of the stomach, so stopping it in a month might limit its impact. There can be good reasons for time-based recommendations. But often, there aren't.
When there is no single best amount of time for a particular recommendation, your input matters. For many of my patients who need a follow-up appointment, I've started asking, When would you like to come back?" Sometimes they suggest coming back sooner than I would have recommended, sometimes later. Regardless, time intervals in medical care can often be negotiated rather than chosen only by the doctor.
Sometimes, timing is not everything. If you have a question about the timing of your symptoms or your medical care, be sure to ask your doctor.
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Robert H. Shmerling, M.D. is associate physician at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and associate professor at Harvard Medical School. He has been a practicing rheumatologist for over 20 years at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. He is an active teacher in the Internal Medicine Residency Program, serving as the Robinson Firm Chief. He is also a teacher in the Rheumatology Fellowship Program.


text:
ummy mwalimu waziri wa tamisemi, ummy mwalimu tamisemi, ummy mwalimu today, ummy mwalimu 2021, waziri wa tamisemi ummy mwalimu
Minister of State Office of the President Regional Administration and Local Government Hon. Ummy Mwalimu has instructed all Regional Commissioners and District Commissioners in the country to ensure that they manage the issue of students resting during the holidays to give children time to learn other social issues.
Minister Ummy made the remarks today after receiving policy directives from the Minister of Education, Science and Technology Professor Joyce Ndalichako who urged her to emphasize the issue so that the students can have some time to relax during the holidays.
Addressing the 29th Graduation Ceremony of the Education Development Agency (ADEM) Bagamoyo Minister Ummy said children should rest at home during the holidays so that they can help with chores at home, study religion and help run small businesses to help parents during the holidays.
"Now education has been turned into a business, children have been studying extracurricular activities until the holiday season, they are not resting, also parents contribute money for those extra studies, children do not pass for studying for a long time, so I instruct Regional and District heads to ensure "They are overseeing this," said Minister Ummy.
She said the government had set a time limit of eight hours, believing that students would be able to study in detail all the scheduled lessons for the day, so she urged the directors to instruct school principals to suspend extra classes until 2pm, Monday to Sunday. children, we destroy them by making them tired of reading all the time without finding time to rest.


text:
Weather for Building Automation
Customised weather data feeds for building automation systems worldwide
Big buildings are real energy gluttons, but by optimising heating correctly up to 15% of energy consumption can be saved. A considerable saving like this makes both monetary and environmental sense.
Weather forecasts play a key role in selecting the right heating volume and timing. Variations in outside temperatures, winds and solar radiation have a huge effect on inside temperatures. Big buildings take time to warm up and cool down, so proactive functions are crucial. Foreca provides all the key weather information for effective, continuous heating maintenance of your buildings.
- Global service
- Custom location lists or coordinate-based API
- Forecasts for predictive systems
- Observations for control systems
- Full set of weather parameters available


text:
After preparing ourselves and our boat, we're underway at last. The forecast warned of fog banks, but so far the visibility is clear and we're enjoying the views. But we know it can't last and we're watching for any signs that might forewarn us that fog is on its way, such as:
- Visible banks on the horizon.
- Condensation forming on metal objects on deck.
- Breath condensing.
- Atmospheric phenomena caused by temperature inversion such as the 'Fata Morgana' where distant objects appear distorted, sometimes appearing in the sky upside down.


text:
Image_1_Suitability and Transferability of the Resource-Based Habitat Concept: A Test With an Assemblage of Butterflies.TIF
A functional definition of the habitat-concept based on ecological resources incorporates three interconnected parameters: composition, configuration, and availability of the resources. The intersection of those parameters represents the functional habitat of a given population or species. Resource composition refers to the co-occurrence of the resources required by each individual to complete its life cycle. Resource configuration refers both to the way individual resources are spatially distributed within the habitat and the way all the resources are organized in the habitat space. Resource availability refers to the accessibility and procureability of resources. Variation in these variables is predicted to influence the demography of the population. To test the suitability of this definition and its transferability across landscapes, we first conducted a very detailed study on habitat and resource use of five butterfly species within a large nature reserve. Second, we conducted a larger-scale study, focusing on metapopulations of two species. We monitored demography for each species and tested whether its variation can be explained by (1) the vegetation type, (2) the vegetation composition or (3) the availability and configuration of the species-specific ecological resources. To confirm that resource availability and configuration reflect habitat quality, we also assessed their impacts on individual morphology. Whatever the investigated spatial scale, our results quantitatively demonstrate the overall better performance of the resource-based habitat approach compared to other most commonly used approaches. Our analysis allowed us to assess the relative importance of each ecological resource in terms of both their availability and organization relative to the species' abundance, demography and individual fitness measures. Resource availability did not play the predominant role in defining habitat quality as it was in most cases overruled by resource organization. Finally, we confirmed the between-population transferability of the habitat definition and quality estimates while adopting a resource-based habitat approach. Our study clearly demonstrates the suitability of the resource-based definition of the habitat. Therefore, we argue that this approach should be favored for species of conservation concern. Although most conclusions so far have emerged from butterfly studies, the resource-based definition of the habitat should also be ecologically relevant to many other organisms.


text:
DEFINITION of 'And Interest'
A slang phrase used when quoting the price of a fixed-income instrument with accruing interest. When revealing the sale price of a bond, a broker or salesman will often express the value as the clean price "and interest".
Also written as "and-interest".
BREAKING DOWN 'And Interest'
For example, let's examine a bond, selling at par, paying an annual coupon of $8, with a par value of $100. It has been exactly half a year since the bond last paid a coupon. If you wish to purchase this bond, the likely quote you will hear is "$100 and interest". The $100 represents the clean price of the bond. The "and interest" is equal to the accrued interest at the time of sale. Since the bond pays a coupon once a year, and half a year has passed, the "and interest" equals $4 ((1/2) x 8).


text:
First Way (My Advice);
1 – Power Off Nas and Plug out all HDDs,
2 – Start Qnap witout HDD's
3 – A few minutes later, Qnapfinder should find your NAS. Start the setup.
4 – When Qnap ask you to Plug HDD, one by one, but wait 15 second while inserting next one
5 – After 15 minutes, Qnap should format & Installation should complete. Now login device and go to RAID Managments screen. Plug all HDD's, and start "Format" Process for all HDDs.
6 – If all HDD scan result is Good, Start building RAID at the same menu. This should take around 12 Hours to complete synronization.
Login Qnap and go to Administration Page -> Reset to Factory Defaults. This will Reset, Format and Install RAID system.
Qnap Offical Complete Reinitialization Document;
The following information is two methods for performing a complete re-installation of a QNap NAS. The first involves hot swapping the hard disks at a particular point in the process. The second involves installing the hard disks in another computer and using an application to remove the partitions from the drives.
DANGER: BOTH METHODS DESCRIBED BELOW WILL DELETE ALL DATA. IF YOU GOT IT AND WANT TO KEEP IT. BACK IT UP!
Method 1 (Hot swapping)
- Remove your HDD(s) from the tray (if for TS-109, the same).
- Boot up the NAS without HDD(s) installed. You will hear a short beep, and after about 1~2 minutes, a long beep.
- The system will use the embedded image to boot up.
- Then run the Finder on your PC, it will help you to find the NAS on the network.
- Use the default ID (admin) and password (admin) to login if it asks.
- Hot-plug the HDD(s) into the NAS.
- Go through the installation process including formating hard disk and installing the firmware.
Method 2 (Manually removing partitions using a Windows PC)
- Shut down the NAS and remove the HDD(s) from the tray.
- Install the HDD(s) in a Microsoft Windows client machine.
- Boot the client computer and open the Computer Management application. (Right click My Computer –> Manage)
- Locate the HDD(s) from the NAS in the Disk Management section and delete all the partitions.
- Shut down the client computer and remove the HDD(s).
- Install the HDD(s) in the NAS.
- Boot the NAS. As there is no OS installed the NAS uses its embedded image to boot.
- Run the QNAP Finder application on the client machine to locate and connect to the NAS.
- Use the default username (admin) and password (admin) to login if it ask.
- Go through the installation process including formatting the HDD(s) and installing the firmware.
Method 3 (Manually removing partitions using QNAP)
- On TS110, TS210 there is fdisk available. So login to your QNAP with ssh and type in mount on the list find the device binded with /share/HDA_DATA (for single disk configuration) or /share/MD0_DATA (for raid configurations). Launch fdisk with the disk as a parameter and remove all partitions.
- There is also another more brutal way to destroy the partition table on the disk: dd if=/dev/urandom of= bs=1024k count=1.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have an array with a bunch of strings and I want to check if a certain string is contained in the array. If I use the containsObject: message on the array, I'm getting correct results. Do all NSString objects with the same string point to the same object? Or why is the containsObject: working?
NSArray *stringArray = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@"1",@"2",@"3",anotherStringValue, nil];
if([stringArray containsObject:@"2"]){
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
up vote 89 down vote accepted
Yes, hard-coded NSStrings (string literals) (that is any @"..." in your source code) are turned into strings that exist indefinitely while your process is running.
However NSArray's containsObject: methods calls isEqual: on its objects, hence even a dynamically created string such as [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%d", 2] would return YES in your sample snippet.
This is because NSString's isEqual: (or more precisely its isEqualToString:) method is implemented to be content aware (vs. comparing pointer identities) and thus returns YES for any pair of strings containing the very same sequence of characters (at time of comparison), no matter how and when they were created.
To check for equal (pointer-)identity you'd have to enumerate your array and compare via
NSString *yourString = @"foo";
BOOL identicalStringFound = NO;
for (NSString *someString in stringArray) {
 if (someString == yourString) {
 identicalStringFound = YES;
(which you most likely wouldn't want, though).
Or in a more convenient fashion:
BOOL identicalStringFound = [stringArray indexOfObjectIdenticalTo:someString]!= NSNotFound;
(you most likely wouldn't want this one either).
Summing up:
So the reason you're getting a positive reply from containsObject: is NOT because literal strings share the same constant instance, BUT because containsObject: by convention calls isEqual:, which is content aware.
You might want to read the (short) documentation for isEqual: from the NSObject protocol.
share|improve this answer
containsObject: performs a value check, not a pointer check. It uses the isEqual: method defined by NSObject and overridden by other objects for testing. Therefore, if two strings contain the same sequence of characters, they will be considered the same.
The distinction between pointer testing and value testing is very important in some cases. Constant strings defined in source code are combined by the compiler so that they are the same object. However, strings created dynamically are not the same object. Here is an example program which will demonstrate this:
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
 NSAutoreleasePool *p = [NSAutoreleasePool new];
 NSString *constantString = @"1";
 NSString *constantString2 = @"1";
 NSString *dynamicString = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%i",1];
 NSArray *theArray = [NSArray arrayWithObject:constantString];
 if(constantString == constantString2) NSLog(@"constantString == constantString2");
 else NSLog(@"constantString!= constantString2");
 if(constantString == dynamicString) NSLog(@"constantString == dynamicString");
 else NSLog(@"constantString!= dynamicString");
 if([constantString isEqual:dynamicString]) NSLog(@"[constantString isEqual:dynamicString] == YES");
 else NSLog(@"[constantString isEqual:dynamicString] == NO");
 NSLog(@"theArray contains:\n\tconstantString: %i\n\tconstantString2: %i\n\tdynamicString: %i",
 [theArray containsObject:constantString],
 [theArray containsObject:constantString2],
 [theArray containsObject:dynamicString]);
The output of this program is:
2011-04-27 17:10:54.686 a.out[41699:903] constantString == constantString2
2011-04-27 17:10:54.705 a.out[41699:903] constantString!= dynamicString
2011-04-27 17:10:54.706 a.out[41699:903] [constantString isEqual:dynamicString] == YES
2011-04-27 17:10:54.706 a.out[41699:903] theArray contains:
constantString: 1
constantString2: 1
dynamicString: 1
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


Definition of Jobless Recovery
What is a "jobless recovery"? What is the definition of the term "jobless recovery"?
A "jobless recovery" occurs when economic growth takes place in a country, but employment levels either drop or remain stable.
Jobless Recovery DefinitionAt the time that this definition was written (November 2010), the United States was experiencing a "jobless recovery", as economic growth was technically taking place, but the national unemployment rate was basically stuck in neutral.
It is generally expected that a growing economy will result in the creation of new jobs, but this isn't always the case.
Increased automation, for instance, can result in GDP growth accompanied with stable or dropping employment.
"Jobless recoveries" have been perplexing economists for decades. The big question - how do you spur employment growth in a country when the economy is already growing?
-- Articles That Mention Jobless Recovery:


text:
Yesterday I directed you to identify a power source that provides you with compassionate energy and then to be a conduit of that energy, passing it from your identified external source through you and on to another. As we begin our promotional work of compassion today, ambassadors, please consider this concept in more detail.
A power plant draws energy from a fuel source, in the process producing heat. This heat converts water to steam that turns a turbine and generates electricity. In identifying your external power or fuel source yesterday, you put this equation into practice. Today's mission, if you choose to accept it, is to do it again, but this time by fueling your compassionate energy from a different external source.
If you used a person as your power source yesterday, try a different kind of source, like an inspirational book or movie, or a physical act like meditation. If you didn't use a person as a source of your compassionate energy, do so today. In either case, find an external source that inspires you, become inspired by it today, and then transmit that inspiration, that positive energy, into an act of care, concern, warmth, or love. This can be to a person, to another species, to the planet or in any other way that resonates with you.
As I will remind you each day, should your actions or those of any of the Ambassadors of Compassion be exposed, it will increase the positive ripple effect and create more awareness of love in the world. As such, we at IKT HQ sincerely request that you report your activities on the Compassion Map.
Good luck, ambassadors. We are counting on you.
(For those of you working with children, begin by having them talk about the acts of kindness they performed yesterday. See if you can help them put into words how these power sources, these important people in their lives, inspired their kind acts. Ideally, this sharing with other children will give them ideas for acts of kindness they can perform today, and give you the opportunity to show how they, the children, are now acting as power sources of compassion for each other.)


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Suppose we have a set $M = (0,1) \subset R$ of reals well-ordered as the first uncountable ordinal.
Let $M(a) = \lbrace x \in M : x < a \rbrace$. For every $a \in M$ set $M(a)$ is countable. That's why every increasing sequence is bounded:
$$(*) ~~~~~~~~~~ \forall \lbrace a_1,...,a_n,...\rbrace \subset M ~~\exists b \in M : a_i < b ~~\forall i \in \mathbb{N}.$$
Now suppose that we can pick elements from $M$ at random. And let's try to build an increasing random sequence by the following algorithm. Let we have an increasing sequence of elements $\{a_1,...,a_n\}$. Pick some random number $b$. If $b > a_n$ set $a_{n+1} = b$. Otherwise pick other random number instead of $b$ and check $b > a_n$ condition. Continue this till success. Since we pick numbers at random it shouldn't be a problem to construct an infinite sequence. But every infinite sequence is bounded! Which means that in our infinite process we will never be able to pick random number which is greater than some number $c \in M$. This is even more astonishing since $M(c)$ is countable and $M \setminus M(c)$ is uncountable!
Any thoughts how to "solve" this paradox?
share|improve this question
To pick elements from $M$ at random you need to have a probability measure on $M$ to sample from. What is it? – François G. Dorais Jun 6 '13 at 13:36
_USER_ I guess he uses Lebesgue measure on $M$. – The User Jun 6 '13 at 13:41
_USER_: So $M$ is Lebesgue measurable and not null? – François G. Dorais Jun 6 '13 at 13:42
_USER_ Hm? The standard probability measure (Lebesgue measure) on the unit interval is not null. – The User Jun 6 '13 at 13:47
_USER_: So Dan is assuming CH? – François G. Dorais Jun 6 '13 at 13:52
4 Answers 4
up vote 10 down vote accepted
I think the paradox can be solved by the observation that $c$ is defined a posteriori, so it is not true that you avoid $c$ during all the process, since $c$ is in fact an outcome of the process.
You could do a similar paradox without bothering with well-orderings: pick a sequence $X=\{a_1,a_2,\dots\}$ in $(0,1)$ by choosing each $a_i$ at random, one after the other.
Then your "paradox" is that each $a_i$ you chose belong to $X$, which has measure $0$ and is countable, whereas $(0,1)$ is uncountable with measure $1$. But since $X$ is the outcome of the process and was not defined at the time of the choosing, it is not a real paradox.
share|improve this answer
I agree with DK that the "paradox" has nothing to do with the assumed well-ordering. I think it also has nothing to do with the decision to choose a countable sequence of elements $a_n$. Suppose we just pick a single $a$, at random, with respect to Lebesgue measure. Since the one-element set $\{a\}$ has measure zero, we can say, paraphrasing the question, "in our process, we never pick a number outside $\{a\}$. This is even more astonishing since $\{a\}$ has just a single element and its complement is uncountable."
I trust that this situation, involving just a single $a$, is more familiar to most people and therefore doesn't look paradoxical. I claim that the situation in the question is quite analogous and should not be considered paradoxical either.
share|improve this answer
Well, $a,a,a,\ldots$ could be randomly chosen. The problem with random things is that you never know! :-) Also dilbert.com/strips/comic/2001-10-25 and _URL_ – Asaf Karagila Jun 6 '13 at 16:41
The answers already given amount to, "With probability 1, a probability-zero event will happen when you do something randomly." This is absolutely correct, but let me give a slightly different take on the OP's argument that is more specifically about well-orderings.
Let's simplify matters, and just do the following: select $\alpha,\beta\in\omega_1$ randomly. What is the probability that $\alpha<\beta$ (in the usual ordering on $\omega_1$)? Naive arguments show that the probability is 1. But by those same arguments, the probability that $\beta<\alpha$ is 1.
In the reals context, the paradox is: if I select a real $r=\langle s_0, s_1\rangle$, what is the probability that $r\in X$, where $$ X=\lbrace u=\langle v_0, v_1\rangle: f^{-1}(v_0) < f^{-1}(v_1)\rbrace,$$ and in turn $$ f: \omega_1\rightarrow\mathbb{R} $$ is a bijection? (Note that this argument is really about well-orderings, and not just about the inevitability of probability-zero events.)
This is just Freiling's argument against $CH$ (see _URL_ This argument was discussed on MO here: Axiom of Symmetry, aka Freiling's argument against CH. Briefly, the reason it isn't generally found convincing as an argument against $CH$ is that it tacitly assumes that the reals are well-orderable if and only if they are well-orderable in a measurable way. So if you believe that there are non-measurable sets, this argument really shouldn't be very convincing.
(On the other hand, if you find this argument intuitively appealing, maybe $L(\mathbb{R})$ is right for you!)
share|improve this answer
For simplicity let us drop the condition that $a_\{n+1\}>a_n$. It just means that we exclude a countable set in every step, that should not be very interesting. We can still consider the supremum of a sequence with respect to the well-order and ask wether it is a given countable ordinal $c$. This event has probability zero, since it is contained in the set of all sequences where the first value is contained in a certain countable set. This set is contained the countable union of sets of the form $\left\{a\right\}\times [0,1]^{\mathbb{N}}$, which have measure zero. QED. You simply constructed many different sets of probability zero containing sequences with infinitely many different values (but you enforce that the values are contained in a certain countable set, and there are many countable subsets of the reals). I do not think that this is very astonishing.
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Your Answer


CustomContentState Class
CustomContentState Class

CustomContentState enables the ability to navigate through different states of a single piece of source content without reloading the source content for each subsequent navigation.
Namespace: System.Windows.Navigation
Assembly: PresentationFramework (in PresentationFramework.dll)
System.Object
 System.Windows.Navigation.CustomContentState
<SerializableAttribute>
Public MustInherit Class CustomContentState
NameDescription
System_CAPS_protmethodCustomContentState()
Initializes a new instance of the CustomContentState class.
NameDescription
System_CAPS_pubpropertyJournalEntryName
The name for the content that is stored in navigation history. The value of JournalEntryName is displayed from NavigationWindow, Frame, and Windows Internet Explorer 7 navigation UI.
NameDescription
System_CAPS_pubmethodEquals(Object)
Determines whether the specified object is equal to the current object.(Inherited from Object.)
System_CAPS_protmethodFinalize()
Allows an object to try to free resources and perform other cleanup operations before it is reclaimed by garbage collection.(Inherited from Object.)
System_CAPS_pubmethodGetHashCode()
Serves as the default hash function. (Inherited from Object.)
System_CAPS_pubmethodGetType()
Gets the Type of the current instance.(Inherited from Object.)
System_CAPS_protmethodMemberwiseClone()
Creates a shallow copy of the current Object.(Inherited from Object.)
System_CAPS_pubmethodReplay(NavigationService, NavigationMode)
Called to reapply state to a piece of content when navigation occurs.
System_CAPS_pubmethodToString()
Returns a string that represents the current object.(Inherited from Object.)
By default, NavigationService does not store an instance of a content object in navigation history. Instead, NavigationService creates a new instance of the content object each time it is navigated to by using navigation history. This behavior is designed to avoid excessive memory consumption when large numbers and large pieces of content are being navigated to. Consequently, the state of the content is not remembered from one navigation to the next. However, WPF provides the ability to associate a piece of custom state with the navigation history entry for a piece of content.
Custom state that is associated with a navigation history entry must be a class that derives from CustomContentState. You associate a CustomContentState object with a navigation history entry by using one of the following techniques:
System_CAPS_noteNote
If you call the AddBackEntry method, you must handle the Navigating event or implement IProvideCustomContentState.
When the navigation history entry is navigated to, WPF checks to see if a custom CustomContentState object is associated with it. If so, it calls Replay to allow the custom CustomContentState object to apply the state it remembered from the previous navigation.
A custom CustomContentState class can override JournalEntryName to change the name that appears for the navigation history entry to which the CustomContentState object is associated. The value that JournalEntryName returns is visible from the navigation UI of the various navigators (Internet Explorer 7, NavigationWindow, Frame).
A class that derives from CustomContentState must be serializable, which means it must at least be augmented with SerializableAttribute, and optionally implement ISerializable.
System_CAPS_importantImportant
When you store information in custom content state, you cannot store any references to the instance of the page for which you are remembering state if don't want the content to be retained in memory. This prevents WPF from releasing the page instance, and defeats the purpose of the default navigation history behavior. If you must do this, consider using KeepAlive instead.
The following is an example of a CustomContentState implementation that overrides JournalEntryName.
Imports Microsoft.VisualBasic
Imports System
Imports System.Windows.Controls
Imports System.Windows.Navigation
<Serializable>
Public Class MyCustomContentState
 Inherits CustomContentState
 Private dateCreated As String
 Private dateTextBlock As TextBlock
 Public Sub New(ByVal dateCreated As String, ByVal dateTextBlock As TextBlock)
 Me.dateCreated = dateCreated
 Me.dateTextBlock = dateTextBlock
 End Sub
 Public Overrides ReadOnly Property JournalEntryName() As String
 Get
 Return "Journal Entry " & Me.dateCreated
 End Get
 End Property
 Public Overrides Sub Replay(ByVal navigationService As NavigationService, ByVal mode As NavigationMode)
 Me.dateTextBlock.Text = Me.dateCreated
 End Sub
End Class
.NET Framework
Available since 3.0
Any public static (Shared in Visual Basic) members of this type are thread safe. Any instance members are not guaranteed to be thread safe.
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Show:
© 2016 Microsoft


, in_pipe) if stdin_multiprocess_fd: close_connection_and_file(stdin_multiprocess_fd, stdin) # send echo value back to the parent so it can be preserved. control_pipe.send(echo) def _retry(function): """Retry a call if errors indicating an interrupted system call occur. Interrupted system calls return -1 and set ''errno'' to ''EINTR'' if certain flags are not set. Newer Pythons automatically retry them, but older Pythons do not, so we need to retry the calls. This function converts a call like this: syscall(args) and makes it retry by wrapping the function like this: _retry(syscall)(args) This is a private function because EINTR is unfortunately raised in different ways from different functions, and we only handle the ones relevant for this file. """ def wrapped(*args, **kwargs): while True: try: return function(*args, **kwargs) except IOError as e: if e.errno == errno.EINTR: continue raise except select.error as e: if e.args[0] == errno.EINTR: continue raise return wrapped def _input_available(f): return f in select.select([f], [], [], 0)[0]


text:
Cheng Li1, Felix Wehrli1, Hee Kwon Song1
1Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
This work describes the implementation of the VAT methodology for EPI sequences as a means to eliminate in-plane distortions. Results demonstrate that a relatively long RF pulse, on the order of the duration of the total EPI readout period, is necessary to minimize image blurring. However, the reduced in-plane blurring is achieved at the cost of increased slice profile distortion.


text:
Hydrodynamic modelling of Delta Marsh and simplified methods of discharge estimation for discontinuous inland coastal wetlands
This thesis details the hydrodynamic research conducted at Delta Marsh as part of the Restoring the Tradition marsh rehabilitation project. Research has indicated that the hydraulic and hydrologic controls on the marsh can have considerable impacts on its ecological function, but the impacts of these controls had not previously been studied. Field hydrography and two-dimensional numerical modelling (using MIKE 21) provided insight into many aspects of the physical behaviour of Delta Marsh. Eighty five percent of the inflow to Delta Marsh from Lake Manitoba passes through Clandeboye Channel, and these discharge signals propagate as far west as Cadham Bay. Inflow to the marsh disperses quickly, and accounts for a small fraction of the water that exits the marsh during subsequent outflow. Thus, Portage Diversion water that enters the marsh through the lake can remain there even if there is a net loss in marsh volume over the season. Wind friction across Lake Manitoba has the greatest impact on short-term fluctuations in marsh volume and on the composition of marsh water, followed by the Portage Diversion and the natural inflows to Lake Manitoba. Expansions to flood diversion infrastructure will considerably impact the composition of Delta Marsh waters. Three methods of wetland discharge estimation were developed and tested. The most promising method was the regressed slope Manning method (RSMM), which estimates two-directional channel discharge as a function of the water surface elevations at both ends of a channel. When used in conjunction with the velocity index method, the RSMM can multiply the amount of reliable discharge data collected per research dollar. Thanks to its simple formulation, the RSMM is likely applicable outside of wetland settings, as well.
Hydrodynamics, Delta Marsh, Hydrography, Wetland, Water resources engineering, Numerical modelling, Lake Manitoba, Portage Diversion, Ducks Unlimited, MIKE 21, DHI, Regressed Slope Manning Method, RSMM


output = null;
 private static void onStateChange(object sender,
 DigitalInputStateChangeEventArgs e)
 {
 //Be sure the other Phidget you are trying to access is attached before using it
 if (output.Attached == true)
 output.State = e.State;
 }
 static void Main(string[] args)
 {
 button = new DigitalInput();
 output = new DigitalOutput();

 //Set Any Addressing Parameters Here

 button.StateChange += onStateChange;
 //Be sure to open any channels you are using within events before the channels
 //that cause the events.
 //This gives them a chance to be attached before the event tries to use them.
 output.Open(5000);
 button.Open(5000);

 //The rest of your code here...
 }
 }
}
In C, all event handler declarations have a context pointer that can be pointed at any object you choose. This can be a set of relevant data, or even a Phidget handle. If you pass a Phidget handle as the context pointer for an event, you can access the passed Phidget from the event as follows: For example, if we wanted to make a Digital Output channel follow the state of a button:
static void CCONV onStateChangeHandler(PhidgetDigitalInputHandle pdih, void *ctx, int state) {
 int attached;
 //Extract our output handle from the context pointer
 PhidgetDigitalOutputHandle linkedOutput = (PhidgetDigitalOutputHandle)ctx;
 //Be sure the other Phidget you are trying to access is attached before using it
 Phidget_getAttached((PhidgetHandle)linkedOutput, &attached);
 if(attached)
 PhidgetDigitalOutput_setState(linkedOutput, state);
}
int main() {
 PhidgetDigitalInputHandle button = NULL;
 PhidgetDigitalOutputHandle output = NULL;
 PhidgetDigitalInput_create(&button);
 PhidgetDigitalOutput_create(&output);

 //Addressing info here
 //Here we pass the handle for "output" as the context pointer so we can access it from the event
 PhidgetDigitalInput_setOnStateChangeHandler(ch, onStateChangeHandler, output);

 //Be sure to open any channels you are using within events before the channels
 //that cause the events.
 //This gives them a chance to be attached before the event tries to use them.
 Phidget_openWaitForAttachment((PhidgetHandle)output, 5000);
 Phidget_openWaitForAttachment((PhidgetHandle)button, 5000);
 //The rest of your code here...
}
JavaScript is dynamically interpreted, and objects follow a less rigid structure than in other languages. To access another Phidget from an event handler, you can add the second Phidget's handle as a property of the Phidget object that will be triggering the event. Then, you can access the second Phidget using the corresponding property from the this parameter of the event. For example, if we wanted to make a Digital Output channel follow the state of a button:
function stateChange(state) {
 //Be sure the other Phidget you are trying to access is attached before using it
 if(this.linkedOutput.getAttached())
 this.linkedOutput.setState(state);
}
...
 var button = new phidget22.DigitalInput();
 var output = new phidget22.DigitalOutput();
...
 //Here we create an attribute of input called "linkedOutput", and assign it the handle for output
 button.linkedOutput = output;
 button.onStateChange = stateChange;
 output.open();
 button.open();
 //The rest of your code here...
What's Next?
Now that you know how to use multiple Phidgets in your program, we should discuss how to find the features available to you by using the Phidget22 API.


text:
In figurative language quails are symbols of heat or, more basically, of love-heat. It will be observed that in China the quail was the bird of the south and of Fire, being the Red Bird, the symbol of Summer. In Chinese astronomy it gave its name to the central star of the Summer Palace.
Notwithstanding, quail symbolism is linked especially to the behaviour of a migratory bird and to its underlying cyclical nature. What is more, this was of a rather strange character, since it led in China to the phoenix being substituted for the quail.
Like the swallow, in Ancient China the quail returned with the fine weather and was believed to change itself into a field-mouse or frog during the Winter. Springtime jousting imitated the mating habits of quail (and partridge and wild goose). This seasonal rhythm, this coming and going of migratory birds, was an image of the alternations of yin and yang, birds (celestials) changing into animals which lived either underground or in the water.
The Vedic myth of the deliverance of the quail by the horse-headed twin gods, the Ashvins, is well known. It would appear to possess a significance of the same order, even if it forms part of a cycle of different scope. Current interpretations link the Ashvins to Heaven and Earth, to day and night. The quail (vartika) which they freed from the jaws of the wolf must therefore be the dawn, the sunlight previously swallowed and shut in the cavern. It will be remembered that the Chinese dawn-clouds have five colours 'like the quail's egg' and also that the quail always flies by night. Christinger observes that vartika means 'she who returns' and derives from the same root as ortyx, the Greek name for the bird. Ortygia, 'Quail Island', was the birthplace of Artemis (Moon) and Apollo (Sun), whose alternation bears some relation to that of the Ashvins. It goes without saying that this light, set free from the clutch of darkness - or from the Underworld - is not simply that of the rising Sun but also that of the spiritual Sun or, more accurately, the enlightenment which comes from intellectual effort or initiation.
Nor should it be forgotten that, along with manna, quails provided the miraculous food on which the Children of Israel were nourished in the Wilderness.


text:
Ukrainian meteorologists will be able to share hydrometeorological observation data and forecasts with foreign services.
In the long run, this should contribute to the implementation of high-quality hydrometeorological observations and observations of the level of environmental pollution. It is planned that in Ukraine the efficiency of forecasting will increase in general.
Hydrometeorological information and forecasts play a significant role for Ukrainian society. The World Meteorological Organization notes that the vast majority of material and human losses are caused by natural disasters on Earth. In turn, the UN reports that almost 90% of natural disasters are related to weather and climate. Therefore, the improvement of hydrometeorology in the country will allow us to respond more effectively to the challenges caused by changes in nature.


text:
To leap; to jump.
To move suddenly, as with a spring or leap, from surprise, pain, or other sudden feeling or emotion, or by a voluntary act.
To set out; to commence a course, as a race or journey; to begin; as, to start in business.
To cause to move suddenly; to disturb suddenly; to startle; to alarm; to rouse; to cause to flee or fly; as, the hounds started a fox.
To move suddenly from its place or position; to displace or loosen; to dislocate; as, to start a bone; the storm started the bolts in the vessel.
To pour out; to empty; to tap and begin drawing from; as, to start a water cask.
The act of starting; a sudden spring, leap, or motion, caused by surprise, fear, pain, or the like; any sudden motion, or beginning of motion.
A convulsive motion, twitch, or spasm; a spasmodic effort.
The beginning, as of a journey or a course of action; first motion from a place; act of setting out; the outset; -- opposed to finish.
The beginning of a race.
A point or area one begins at when solving a Maze. Mazes can have more than one start point, but usually don't.
the beginning of anything; "it was off to a good start"
the time at which something is supposed to begin; "they got an early start"; "she knew from the get-go that he was the man for her"
a turn to be a starter (in a game at the beginning); "he got his start because one of the regular pitchers was in the hospital"; "his starting meant that the coach thought he was one of their best linemen"
the act of starting something; "he was responsible for the beginning of negotiations"
a line indicating the location of the start of a race or a game
a signal to begin (as in a race); "the starting signal was a green light"; "the runners awaited the start"
advantage gained by an early start as in a race; "with an hour's start he will be hard to catch"
set in motion, cause to start; "The U.S. started a war in the Middle East"; "The Iraqis began hostilities"; "begin a new chapter in your life"
have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense; "The DMZ begins right over the hill"; "The second movement begins after the Allegro"; "Prices for these homes start at $250,000"
get off the ground; "Who started this company?"; "We embarked on an exciting enterprise"; "I start my day with a good breakfast"; "We began the new semester"; "The afternoon session begins at 4 PM"; "The blood shed started when the partisans launched a surprise attack"
move or jump suddenly, as if in surprise or alarm; "She startled when I walked into the room"
get going or set in motion; "We simply could not start the engine"; "start up the computer"
begin or set in motion; "I start at eight in the morning"; "Ready, set, go!"
begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job; "Take up a position"; "start a new job"
have a beginning characterized in some specified way; "The novel begins with a murder"; "My property begins with the three maple trees"; "Her day begins with a work-out"; "The semester begins with a convocation ceremony"
begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object; "begin a cigar"; "She started the soup while it was still hot"; "We started physics in 10th grade"
Begin at the specified time plus your car number in minutes. If no time is specified, begin at the out-time given at the previous control.
Activate a Player Started Player's time-base time and media time are mapped and its clock is running, though the Player might be waiting for a particular time to begin presenting its media data.
the location of the start of the race. Teams will typically be bused to the start line.
The start of the race. Crews should be at their starting stations two minutes before the scheduled race time. Judges or starters supervise the alignment and, when all crews are level, raise a white flag. Often, the starter then raises a white flag and calls the name of each crew. If a crew is not ready, the cox and/or person in the bow should raise a hand. When all crews have been polled, the Starter raises a red flag, says various things such as "Attention" and then "Row," or a countdown, and/or "Are you ready? Go!" The starter then drops the red flag. Crews may move as soon as the flag begins to drop. If equipment breaks in the first 100 meters, the crew may stop rowing and signal the umpire, who stops the race and requires a new start. There are penalties for being late to the start, for false starts, or for violating traffic rules.


text:
Thermophysical Properties of Undercooled Liquid Co80Pd20
Source: International Journal of Thermophysics, Volume 22, Number 2, March 2001 , pp. 593-604(12)
The surface tension, viscosity, and electrical resistivity of liquid Co_80Pd_20 were measured containerlessly for temperatures above and, especially, below the melting point. The first two quantities were measured with the help of the oscillating drop technique, the last one by an inductive method. The experiments have been performed under low gravity in the electromagnetic levitation facility TEMPUS during the MSL-1 Spacelab mission. This environment allowed us to measure for the first time the viscosity and electrical resistivity in the deeply undercooled state, where the Co_80Pd_20 melt shows a magnetic ordering behavior. In this paper the measurement methods and results are presented.
Document Type: Regular paper
Publication date: 2001-03-01


text:
As Sacramento debuted its inaugural Farm-to-Fork Week earlier this month, Governor Brown signed a measure that will help bring consumers closer to the farmers and ranchers who produce the food we eat.
Authored by Assemblyman Rich Gordon (Menlo Park), AB 224 leads the country in defining Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) programs into statute and provides guidance over the development of CSA regulations.
"This farm to fork legislation expands access to fresh, local produce and will help make our communities healthier," said Governor Brown in a prepared press release.
Increasingly, Californians seek a direct connection to the food they consume, such as purchasing fresh products at farmers markets or farm stands. CSA is the newest form of direct marketing. In this model, consumers pay a farmer to deliver products and produce to the consumer. This may be done by the consumer coming to the farm or by delivering of a box of produce to the consumer's home.
The rapid expansion of CSAs in recent years demonstrates that this model is in need of definition and parameters for regulation to support CSA farmers and consumers.
"As CSAs proliferate across the nation, California leads the way in supporting local agriculture efforts by defining CSA into statute and providing assistance in their expansion," said Gordon. "This law demonstrates the value Californians have placed on knowing the origins of their food and the benefits of eating locally."
The first of its kind across the country, AB 224 defines CSA, develops regulations under the Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA), establishes labeling and maintenance requirements of consumer boxes/ containers that are used to deliver farm products, and requires CSAs to maintain records of the contents and the origins of all items included in the boxes. Additionally, the law establishes a statewide CSA registry and requires programs to register with the CDFA and pay an annual fee up to $100.
AB 224 hailed support from both farmers and the CDFA, creating a unique partnership between the organizations with the goal of providing safe, local produce to consumers. The Community Alliance with Family Farmers (CAFF), a nonprofit organization advocating for California's family farmers and sustainable agriculture, who also serves as the bill's co-sponsor, voiced support of AB 224:
"By defining Community Supported Agriculture and granting it the same direct marketing exemptions as farmers' markets, AB 224 ensures that authentic farm-based CSAs will be able to continue to serve California consumers," said Dave Runsten a spokesperson for CAFF. "By requiring certain food safety practices and full traceability of CSA produce to California farms, this law should reassure CSA subscribers that they are getting the healthy, local food they seek."
Co-sponsored by the California Farm Bureau Federation, Jamie Johansson, an olive and olive oil producer in Butte County and the Bureau's 2nd Vice President, stated:
"California farmers produce a bounty of nutritious food every day, and Community Supported Agriculture businesses provide consumers a direct connection to this bounty. AB 224 sets simple standards so CSA customers understand what they're buying and protects the integrity of this successful, growing market."
The measure will take effect January 1, 2014.
Assemblyman Rich Gordon represents the 24th Assembly District on the San Francisco Peninsula in San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties, which includes the communities of: North Fair Oaks, Atherton, Menlo Park, East Palo Alto, Woodside, Portola Valley, Palo Alto, Los Altos, Los Altos Hills, Mountain View, Sunnyvale, a portion of Cupertino, and the San Mateo County Coastside – from El Granada to the Santa Cruz County border.
Website of Assemblyman Rich Gordon: _URL_


- Emily Jacobs
 - Emily Jacobs
 - Emily Jacobs
 - Emily Jacobs
Is there anything better than a crunchy, salty potato chip?
Created in 1853 in Saratoga Springs, N.Y., potato chips were originally meant to be a prank in response to a surly customer complaining about his potato fries being "too thick," but their thin, crisp qualities turned out to be something very different than a joke. "Saratoga chips" instantly became a hit, and their popularity traveled from upstate New York to all around the country. By the 1920s they had become a well-known and popular snack, and potato chip manufacturing companies starting popping up everywhere in the culinary industry.
On March 14, America celebrates potato chips and all of their glory through National Potato Chip Day. The widely distributed chip is one of America's favorite snacks, and with so many brands and varieties available, potato chips continue to be one of the most popular food items that you can buy. And while you can walk into any convenience store, gas station, or supermarket and pick up a bag, the Cook editors here believe that there's nothing more gratifying than making your own at home.
While potato chips seem like a simple fry-job, they're actually quite a complex kitchen project. The potato is a mysterious creature, made up of starches and carbohydrates that make the alchemy of cooking one a tricky task. While something like mashing boiled potatoes can be an easy feat, frying them sliced and getting the perfect consistency and just the right balance of oil is something that can only be done with the knowledge and understanding of a potato.
To help us discover how to make the perfect potato chip, we turned to molecular gastronomy guru Dave Arnold to help us develop a recipe. As the director of culinary technology at the International Culinary Center, Arnold leads the way in developing groundbreaking technologies and techniques in the world of cooking. The award-winning food writer and culinary science-whiz took some time out of his busy schedule to discuss the genetics of a potato with us to help us achieve creating the ultimate potato chip, and it all came down to water and sugar.
"[The main goal of making a potato chip is] getting all of the water out of it so that it becomes crispy but at the same time mains its structure," he explained. He added that, along with the structure, the color of your potato chip is important, and this is highly affected by the amount of sugar found in potatoes.
With these two things in mind, Arnold let us in on a few secrets for how to cook a potato chip perfectly and maintain its perfect brown-blonde exterior. While the structure of a potato chip is complex, the recipe is simple, and as long as you keep the underlying principles that Arnold explains to us in mind, you'll get a perfect potato chip, every time.
 - 1. Keep It Thin
 Emily Jacobs
 The most important part about a potato chip, and one reason why it became such a popular hit in 1853, was because it was thin and crisp. To get the perfect consistency, it's recommended to slice your potato 1/8 of an inch thick. This can easily be done using a mandoline, but if you don't have one on hand, there's never a bad time to polish up on your knife skills.
 - 2. Soak 'Em
 Emily Jacobs
 This is where we go back to all of that sugar talk. The best way to get rid of a potato's residual sugar and wash off its starch is to give it a nice cold water bath. Soaking the potatoes in cold water while you're preparing the rest of the recipe is also a great way to prevent them from oxidizing, which is another type of browning that can occur with a potato.
 - 3. Dry Them Out
 Emily Jacobs
 One of the most prized features of a potato chip is its taste of oil every time you sink your teeth into one, Arnold tells us. The science behind a perfect chip is a potato rid of all of its water, so that it can absorb the oil instead. Before you even start to fry them, make sure to dry them out as much as possible. The best way to do this is to lay them out in one layer on a kitchen towel and roll it up to squeeze out the excess moisture.
 - 4. Take It Slow
 Emily Jacobs
 The best piece of advice Arnold gave us is to gradually bring your oil up to temperature — with the potato slices in it. He adds his potato slices to the oil when it's at a cool 200 degrees, and then brings the oil up to frying temperature (350 degrees) to let them fry. The reason behind this is because by frying the potatoes at a low temperature, you're essentially boiling the potato slices and allowing the water to exit so the oil can enter.
 See all the steps to a perfect potato chip at The Daily Meal
 More from The Daily Meal
 7 Things You Didn't Know You Could Make With Potato Chips
 How to Make a Better Meatball
 15 Best Cooking Apps for Your Smartphone
 8 Foods That Are Worth Buying Frozen


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 H.Con.Res.151 — 104th Congress (_PHONE_)
 Recognizing the importance of African-American music to global culture and calling on the people of the United States to study, reflect on, and celebrate African-American music.
 Sponsor: Rep. Fattah, Chaka [D-PA-2] (Introduced 03/12/1996)
 Committees: House - Economic and Educational
 Latest Action: 03/22/1996 Referred to the Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Youth and Families. (All Actions)
 This bill has the status Introduced
 Here are the steps for Status of Legislation:
 1. Introduced


12.1.4 Inserting '\' with _USER_{}
Ordinarily, a backslash '\' is a normal character in Texinfo that can be simply typed in your input where you need it. The result is to typeset the backslash from the typewriter font.
However, Texinfo uses the backslash as a special character in one restricted context: to delimit formal arguments in the bodies of user-defined macros (see Defining Macros).
Due to the vagaries of macro argument parsing, it is more reliable to pass an alphabetic command that produces a backslash instead of using a literal \. Hence _USER_{}. Here is an example macro call:
_USER_{One argument@backslashchar{} with a backslash}
Texinfo documents may also use \ as a command character inside _USER_ (see Inserting Math). In this case, @\ or \backslash produces a "math" backslash (from the math symbol font), while _USER_{} produces a typewriter backslash as usual.
Although '_USER_{}' can be used nearly anywhere, there is no need for it except in these unusual cases.


The unexpected benefits of projects: evaluating Maker Monday commissions
The unexpected benefits of projects: evaluating Maker Monday commissions
We recently evaluated a project for BCU's Maker Monday initiative, identifying the extent to which four new commissioned pieces of work delivered to expectation. The criteria for evaluation were identified from the original proposal documentation and as such, it was quite clear what we would need to be exploring, largely through interviews but also in observing the project in progress and existing project data. However, in doing so we were also able to provide the project team with some additional findings that were unexpected but welcome. As part of the purpose of such an evaluation is to identify best practice and recommendations for similar future projects, this is always useful.
Some of these findings came about because of the nature of the project. It involved four artists working with partner organisations in Birmingham – as they varied in their disciplines and approach, but also in being humans who will address a brief differently, it was useful to be able to identify the freedoms that they were afforded in taking the brief in their own directions. Some artists were able to work more independently, while others desired more guidance. Some partners took on unexpected roles, while other artists appreciated the consistency and space they were given in their work.
This open approach to our research is important, Yes, the key priority is to evaluate against any specific criteria as the basis for the work, but to also understand and appreciate the supporting narratives and look for the unexpected successes or other outcomes of the work. Where our report will inform other reports that Maker Monday are required to make for their funder Arts Council England, we can hope that such findings can be included and valued.
Photo credit: Maker Monday event, with permission from Alexa Hartwell
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text:
Madagascan Hissing Cockroach|
This insect is 3 inches (8 cm) long.
See main text for more information.
Ref: ITIS _PHONE_-11
Notes on the picture:
The Madagascan Hissing Cockroach is a large flightless insect from the forests of Madagascar. It lives under the bark of trees or in leaf litter, feeding on plant matter including leaves and fallen fruit.
Any predator that catches one of these cockroaches is in for a double shock. The legs of this insect are covered in needle sharp spines and the cockroach can make a loud hissing sound. It does this by forcing air out of the breathing holes that runs along the side of its body.
This is one of the largest cockroaches in the world and can reach 8 cm (3 inches).
Although they live in the forest they are attracted by house lights and will sometimes creep through open windows. However they are harmless and will soon leave when disturbed.
The Masagascan Hissing Cockroach is often used in television and films where a large scary looking insect is required, giving this harmless creature an undeserved reputation.


PAOs vs PAGs
PAO_vs_PAG
Q: What's the main difference between PAOs & PAGs?
Let's start off with definitions!
PAO: Polyalphaolefin
PAG: Polyalklene Glycol
While both are synthetic oils they are classified under different Groups of Base oils. PAOs have their own Base oil Group IV while PAGs fall into the Group V (catch all).
PAOs
PAOs are actually hydrogenated oligomers of an α-olefin and there are different methods of oligomerisation. Due to this process, PAOs have very good low temperature properties and the products are wax free! Additionally, their lower volatilities also allow them to operate over a wide temperature range. Usually, they can be used in a lot of versatile applications such as gearboxes, screw compressors, fans, motors and even automotive!
However, PAOs have a low polarity which gives rise to poor solvency of polar compounds and issues with seal performance.1
PAGs
On the other hand, PAGs can differ depending on their structure. For instance, Ethylene is water soluble while Propylene is not, however, neither are oil soluble. Both experience significant chemical reactions producing sludge like deposits when mixed with mineral oil.
Usually, their properties include a wide viscosity range, low pour points, good lubricity, low toxicity and non-flammable in aqueous solutions. PAGs are typically always found in fire-resistant hydraulic fluids as well as industrial gear oils, compressor lubricants, heat transfer liquids and metalworking fluids.1
Compatibility
Both products need to be tested for compatibility with mineral oils before any mixing occurs. Additionally, most lubricant suppliers deem PAOs & PAGS as "filled for life" solutions which last for a longer time compared to mineral oils. Typically, the purchase of these products are more expensive than mineral oils, however if one looks at the cost of waste disposal and reduced downtime (due to decreased shutdowns for oil changes) the overall cost of the lubricant is by far less than that of mineral oil.

References:
 1. Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants 3rd Edition, Chapter 2, R.M. Mortier, M.F. Fox, S.T. Orszulik
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