Gaussians for those two numbers will overlap nearly everywhere. Large overlap means high confusion. Okay, so the confusion is explained qualitatively by the curves. But what about the reaction times to discriminate among different numerosities? Those can be modeled mathematically by something known as "Welford's formula" (Welford, 1960):
Equation 5.2. Welford's formula for reaction time RT to discriminate among a large (L) and a small (S) numerosity
The reaction time RT in Welford's formula depends on L, the larger of the two numerosities, on S, the smaller of the two, and on some constants, such as a, which is a small initial overhead before a person "warms up" enough to respond to any stimulus. Equation 5.2 should not be construed too literally, however. For instance, if L = S, RT is not defined, or we may say the formula suggests that the person will wait to infinity (because dividing by zero might be thought of as producing infinity); obviously, no person will be stuck forever, like a robot. In general, for large L and S Welford's formula is not very accurate. But, approximately, it's good enough.
Welford's formula, proposed in 1960, is an elaboration of an even older formula, known as the Weber – Fechner law. That's a law stated in the 19th century, and says that if the stimulus has magnitude m, what we sense is not m itself, but a quantity s which is proportional to the logarithm of m, like this: s = k·log(m) (k is again a constant). The logarithm explains how, for example, we can see very well both under the light of a bulb, and under bright sunlight, which is thousands of times brighter than the bulb light in absolute terms.
All these formulas are fine, but they don't tell us what's special in human perception of numerosity, which doesn't occur in other animals.
Well, as usual, human cognition went one step further. Instead of perceiving the magnitude of only explicit discrete quantities (such as dots), we can perceive the magnitude of symbolic quantities as well. For example, human subjects can be asked to discriminate quantities by looking at numerals such as 5 and 6, in their common (Arabic) notation; or, to discriminate among letters, such as e and f, assuming that each letter stands for its ordinal location in the alphabet. In all such cases, the accumulator metaphor and Welford's formula are still valid. This suggests that every comparison of quantities or sizes, however abstract, is governed by the principles for numerosity perception discussed in this section.
The phrase "however abstract", above, is crucial. By means of our numerosity perception we can have a sense of the magnitude of such quantities as:
 - How many times we ate Chinese food within the past year (assuming we don't consume Chinese food on a daily basis, nor that we have some aversion to it).
 - How many times our arms move back-and-forth while brushing our teeth.
 - How many times the word "cognition" appears in this document, and that this number must be larger than the number of occurrences of "fundamental".
For none of the above examples do we have an exact number to report (under normal circumstances), nor have we thought of counting while the events were taking place. Instead, we have a "sense of magnitude", and that's what this principle is about.
That animals can form associations is well known. In fact, this used to be considered the most solid finding in animal psychology in the beginning of the 20th century (cf. Pavlov's experiments with dogs salivating after hearing a bell ringing), and formed the basis of the stimulus–response behaviorist view of cognition. Since then, the behaviorist view has fallen into disrepute in cognitive science (though it still has some avid fans in the domain of biology), because it failed to explain observations in human cognition. Its core idea, however, still appears in cognition, in what is known as "Hebbian learning", according to which, when two neurons are physically close and are activated together, some chemical changes must occur in their structures that signify the fact that the two neurons fired together (Hebb, 1949). Psychologists and cognitive scientists generalized this idea, taking it to mean that whenever two percepts are repeatedly perceived together, the mind forms an association between them, so that one can invoke the other. If they are perceived sequentially, the first will invoke the second, but not vice versa; but if their perception is simultaneous, e.g., as when we repeatedly see two friends appearing together, then the presentation of either one will invoke the concept of the other. (If only one of the friends greets us one day, we are tempted to ask how's the other one doing.) See Figure 6.1 for a well-known example.
Figure 6.1. Which "friend" does Mr. Hardy bring to your mind?
But the example that follows is a "live demonstration" of the fact that animals build associations by co-occurrence. The other day I happened to be in the zoo of Athens, Greece (the Attica Zoological Park), next to the cage of a cockatoo. Cockatoos are parrot-like birds, and, like many parrots, they can learn to "talk". This one, besides being good at talking, was also very fond of being petted. No, not just fond of it, it demanded to be petted by the visitors. I inserted one finger through the metallic grid of its cage, and the bird, delighted, lowered its head, allowing me to caress its neck and body under the wing (which it lifted, so that I could caress it there!). Then when I withdrew my finger and was about to leave, I heard it saying: "Ti kánis?" which in Greek means, "How are you doing?" Wow! — I thought — this bird can talk, too! So I went back and petted it some more. This scenario was repeated twice, and each time the bird said "Ti KAnis?" while I was distancing myself from its cage. The third time, I thought, I should record this. I asked a friend who was with me to pet the bird while I was using my camera to take a movie of it, and when we distanced ourselves, sure enough, the bird blurted out another "Ti kánis?" You can see the movie below:
Why did the bird do that? Well, the "Ti kánis?" effectively meant for the cockatoo: "Come back here! (I want more petting!)" The bird had noted, by trial and chance alone, that whenever it uttered something the visitors who were just leaving would come back with a "Wow!", and pet it some more. The bird probably used this phrase, "Ti kánis?", from the very beginning, and formed an association between its utterance and the coming back of people, which is what it wanted.
In this example we see an amazing ability for an animal, which we usually ascribe to people only. Out of all the events that were taking place while people were distancing themselves from its cage, the bird singled out the one and only event, its uttering of "Ti kánis?", which would effectively bring the people back to it. The first time that this happened, it ought to have happened by chance, for the cockatoo has no way of knowing that something it said would have a felicitous outcome. It simply noticed the co-occurrence, perhaps from the first time; then it repeated it, and got convinced that doing this, results in that. The last repetition which is always a failure (because people do have to leave its cage at some point) did not make it "forget" the association. Our cockatoo reminded me of scientists of older times who tried various medicines to cure a disease, and when they observed that the disease was indeed cured they tried to figure out which chemical it was that did the trick, until they came to an "Aha!"-moment, "It's this substance!" Except that, what we people can sometimes do with the help of consciousness, and sometimes unconsciously, birds and other animals can do unconsciously only.
Note that, so far, Hebbian learning can be seen as merely another application of the pattern-completion principle. However, the sixth principle is about a generalization of Hebbian learning, in which a percept from an entire set can be associated simultaneously with one or more percepts from another set, without anyone telling us explicitly which percept must go with which one. Here is an example:
Suppose you are an infant; you've just started learning your native language, in the automatic and unconscious way all infants do. You are presented with images of the world — things that you see — and words of your language, which, more often than not, are about the things you see, especially when adults speak directly to you. The problem that you have to solve — always automatically and subconsciously — is to figure out which word roughly corresponds to which percept in your visual input. (Let's assume you've reached a stage at which you can identify some individual words.) The difficulty of this problem lies in the fact that there is a multitude of visual percepts every time, and a multitude of linguistic tokens (words, or other morphological pieces, such as plural markers, possessives, person markers, and so on). How do you make a one-percept-to-one-token correspondence when what


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Reawakened Beauty: Jordan River - Exhibition Art Work Views
Reawakened Beauty exhibits 30 platinum prints that document the Jordan River from its source at Utah Lake to its mouth at the Great Salt Lake. Once a natural boundary between civilization and the 'Wild West,' the river has both shaped the Salt Lake Valley and been altered by its urban expansion. In Crane's photographs, we see that some parts of the river have been left seemingly natural, while others reveal evidence of civil engineering, re-routing and pollution. Exhibition held in the Street Level Gallery space.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Today we are learning all about sprouting grains & flours!
If you're new to this series, I am talking all about how to prepare your grains properly. Most people don't realize that it's important to break down the grains by soaking, sprouting, or sour leavening first before consuming. Traditional societies have been doing this for thousands of years because cooking simply isn't enough to break down the anti-nutrients and phytic acid found in grains. If you are brand new to this concept, I recommend you read these blog posts of mine before continuing on.
- Do You Know How to Prepare Your Grains Properly?!
- The Ultimate Guide to Soaking, Sprouting, & Sour Leavening – Part 1
- The Ultimate Guide to Soaking, Sprouting, & Sour Leavening – Part 2
The most important thing to remember when it comes to preparing grains properly is that you only have to choose ONE method of preparing your grains. There are 3 options. SOAKING, SPROUTING, & SOUR LEAVENING. Choose the method that is easiest for YOU.
Why you should use Sprouted flour:
When I say "sprouted" flour, I mean you will be using flour that was sprouted long before it was ever ground into a flour. The sprouting method of preparing grains properly has a soaking period, sprouting period, drying period, and finally, a grinding period to turn that sprouted grain into "sprouted flour".
So, what's so great about the sprouted flour? Well, sprouted flour is REALLY NICE to have on hand because you can use it for last minute baking. You don't have to think ahead of the time with sprouted flour. If your family wants cookies, having sprouted flour on hand means you can make cookies really quick that are also healthy and easy to digest. The drawbacks with sprouted flour is that it's time consuming to make, and it has some special rules when using it. I LOVE, LOVE, LOVE having sprouted flour on hand. I used to make sprouted flour homemade, but now I purchase sprouted flour from the store and I love the convenience it gives me. We go through about 5 lb. a month for our family of four and it costs me about $10 for that bag.
PROS of SPROUTED FLOUR:
- It's a great thing to have on hand for last minute baking.
- It's a great method for preparing grains properly.
CONS of SPROUTED FLOUR:
- It's time consuming to make and you have to make it at least 3 days ahead of being able to use it.
- Sprouted flour difficult to use in breads or tortillas because the sprouting method breaks down the gluten (in the gluten grains) the most out of all the methods of preparing grains properly.
How does the sprouting process go?
- First, you'll start with the whole grain. When you start the soaking process, you'll basically soak the grain in water.
- Second, you'll allow the water to drain from the grain slowly at an angle. The humidity + slow draining of the liquid helps the kernels of grains to sprout.
- Third, after a tiny sprout breaks out of the grain, you will dump all the sprouted grain on tray and let it dry.
- Fourth, after it has COMPLETELY dried, you'll grind the dehydrated, sprouted grain into a flour. You can use a grain grinder or a high quality blender.
FOR STEP-BY-STEP INSTRUCTIONS ON SPROUTING GRAINS FOR FLOUR CLICK HERE.
Where can I find 'sprouted flour' recipes?
You're in luck! I happen to have some great ones!
Here are some other favorites from around the web…
- Sprouted Chocolate Muffins – Click here to PIN it!
- Sprouted Chocolate Chip Cookies – Click here to PIN it!
- Sprouted Cornbread – Click here to PIN it!
- Sprouted Tortilla Chips – Click here to PIN it!
- Sprouted Gingerbread Cookies – Click here to PIN it!
- Sprouted Cheese Crackers – Click here to PIN it!
- Sprouted Flour Banana Bread – Click here to PIN it!
How can I convert MY recipes to 'sprouted flour' recipes?
It's easy to convert your recipes because sprouted flour is measured in the same amounts as regular un-sprouted flour. So, if your recipe calls for 1 cup of white or wheat flour, then just put 1 cup of sprouted flour instead.
The only difference is that when you try to make a loaf of sprouted flour bread, you'll notice that it doesn't hold together very well. The gluten in sprouted grains is greatly reduced, and while this is a good thing, it makes it a little difficult for sandwich bread & tortillas (because they need gluten to hold together well) This is exactly why when you purchase sprouted flour bread from the store, you'll see that they add "vital wheat gluten" to the bread.
If you want to make bread or tortillas, I would recommend using a "soaked" recipe. You can find soaked recipes in Part 2 of this series. If you absolutely cannot wait and you need to make bread or tortillas last minute, I would suggest using 3 parts sprouted flour and 1 part organic white flour in your recipe. That should give it just enough gluten from the white flour for it to stick together.
What about sprouting other grains?
Lots of people enjoy sprouting other grains besides the gluten grains like wheat or spelt. You can sprout corn, quinoa, rice, etc. Some people like to sprout them to top on salads as a whole sprouted grain, or to dehydrate after sprouting and grind into a flour.
Here are some 'other' sprouted grain tutorials for ya'.
How to make Sprouted Brown Rice Flour
How to make Sprouted Quinoa Flour
How to Sprout Lentils
Frequently Asked Questions
Q. So if I buy or make sprouted flour, then I don't need a soaking period or any additional preparation?
A. Nope, you don't need any additional preparation. The sprouting method breaks down the phytic acid and anti-nutrients.
Q. I have flour that I want to sprout. Is it possible to sprout it after it's ground?
A. It's not possible to sprout flour after it's already ground, but you can try soaking or sour leavening methods with fresh flour.
Q. It seems like I'll go through my sprouted flour really fast. Isn't there an easier way?
A. I like to have sprouted flour on hand for last minute baking. I keep my sprouted flour in the fridge and a 5 lbs package lasts our family of four about a month. We use sprouted flour only for things like cookies, brownies, pancakes, thickening sauces, etc. For everything else like bread, tortillas, etc., I use my soaking recipes.
Hi DaNelle, I'm interested in reading your linked post above titled "How to make Sprouted Brown Rice Flour" but it seems to be attached to the next linked article "How to make Sprouted Quinoa" and only opens the Quinoa post. Can you email me the correct link or fix it above? I've got a ton of brown rice sitting in my freezer that I'd like to use up. Thanks! Really love exploring your site. 🙂
DaNelle Wolford says
Thanks! It should be fixed now:)
Have you ever sprouted the grain and then used the sour dough Levening method with it? I'm pretty comfortable with making sour dough but I heard that sprouting turns the grain into a vegetable.
Brit McGinnis says
I've never done both, I usually do one or the other:)
So you mentioned that sprouting breaks down the gluten the most out of all the methods. So if I'm using soaked flour in a cookie recipe is there anything else I need to do to make up for the gluten breakdown so they turn out properly? I'm talking about just converting a good ol fashioned nestle recipe here.
DaNelle Wolford says
For cookies, I like to use sprouted flour because it's easiest. I never have tried a soaked cookie recipe before:)
Richard Schwartz- Mississippi Personal Injury lawyer and attorneys says
It is even more ideal that the attorney has represented clients against the same insurance company before.
However, even in some jurisdictions that do not
require a party to claim fault of their partner, a court may still take into
account the behavior of the parties when dividing property,
debts, evaluating custody, and support. It is also possible for people to request information about the success rate of
the attorney in handling cases related to car accidents.
This will help the lawyer get the maximum worth of the amount a case should be settled for.
It is recommended to hire a professional because
the claim laws can vary greatly from state to state, and if
you are not familiar with these nuances,
you may not get your fully entitled payout. A personal injury lawyer will know about the personal injury law and can get you right compensation as a victim of the accident.
What are some recommended types of wheat berries to use for sprouting my own into flour if the sprouted flour will mainly be used for baking such as cookies, cakes, waffles, etc.? I am looking for the best option for people on budget…that's us


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Proper processing to overcome the abundance of plastic waste is needed. Currently, pyrolysis technology is one method that can overcome plastic waste. Pyrolysis is a thermochemical process, which breaks down long alkyl chains into hydrocarbons at high temperatures. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature on yield and heating value using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. The pyrolysis of plastic waste is carried out with HDPE plastic material. The pyrolysis process is carried out in a reactor with 50 grams of feed at various temperatures of 500, 550, 600 and 650⁰C. The conclusion that can be drawn from this research is that there is a decrease in yield and calorific value with increasing temperature. The results of the analysis concluded that temperature had an effect on the yield produced and the calorific value of the product. The best yield was obtained at 35.86% and a heating value of 10530.461cal / g at a temperature of 100oC. Based on the results of data analysis using the ANOVA method, it was found that the experimental hypothesis was that temperature had an effect on yield and calorific value.
Copyrights © 2021


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Centre for Governance Studies organised a webinar on "Militarisation in Asia: Role of Smaller Nations" recently focusing on the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue and its implications for Bangladesh.
Major General Muniruzzaman (Retd), president, Bangladesh Institute of Peace and Security Studies (BIPSS); Dr Sreeradha Datta, centre head and senior fellow of Neighborhood Studies, Vivekananda International Foundation (VIF), India; Larry Jagan, former BBC World Service News editor, and Prof Shahab Enam Khan, Department of International Relations of Jahangirnagar University, were the panelists at the event.
Munshi Faiz Ahmad started off the discussion by raising several questions to the panelists about the magnitude and nature of militarisation in Asia.
The trajectory of the discussion was set to cover the recent developments in South East Asia in regards to the formation of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) between the USA, India, Japan, and Australia.
The discussion would particularly highlight the apparent inception of Quad to counteract China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in the form of joint military displays in the Indian Ocean.


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Haudenosaunee Lessons in Peace
Freida Jacques (Onondaga, Turtle Clan) will discuss philosophies of peace and their relevancy today.
LocationArt Exhibit Room, Macmillan Hall
The Haudenosaunee Confederacy was united by the great Peacemaker over 1,000 years ago. The philosophies of peace that were adopted by the Haudenosaunee long ago continue to hold important lessons for promoting peace in today's world.
Freida (Whatwehni:neh) is a Clan Mother and works at the Onondaga Nation School as a Home/School Liaison. She is a bridge between Onondaga culture and many educational institutions in Central New York. Freida has been a leader for Onondaga Nation for over 30 years and has several published essays: "Discipline of the Good Mind," in Northeast Indian Quarterly, Cornell University Summer 1991, "Use the Good Mind" in Winds of Change, Spring 1997, and "Beyond Healing: A Gift to the World," in Indian Country Today, April 5, 2000.
This talk is free and open to all; it is sponsored by the Juliana James Native American Scholar Fund which honors the memory of Juliana James and her activism for social and economic justice for women.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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HAZARD – Unemployment in nearly every Kentucky county dropped again in June, according to the latest data from the state, though here in coal-rich southeastern Kentucky a downturn in the coal market has helped fuel a sharp increase in joblessness.
These increases, however, do not seem to be affecting the state's western coal counties in the same fashion. While unemployment has risen in most of the top coal-producing counties in Eastern Kentucky over the past year, jobless rates in the top producing counties in the western part of the state have in some instances significantly decreased.
In Perry County, the state's second top producer of coal, the rate of joblessness increased more than two points, from 10.4 percent in June 2011 to 12.8 percent in 2012, according to figures from the Office of Employment and Training. The state's top coal producer, Pike County, increased from 9 to 9.8 percent in 2012. Increases were also recorded in Knott, Leslie, Letcher, Harlan and Floyd counties.
In stark contrast are those counties in the Western Coalfields. Hopkins County, the third largest producer of coal in the state, saw a decrease from 8.4 percent in 2011 to 7.8 percent this year. Henderson and Union are both border counties on the Ohio River, and both saw significant decreases in their unemployment over the past year. Henderson fell from 9.3 to 7.6, while Union fell from 8.2 to 6.6, with dips in joblessness also noted in Muhlenberg, Webster and Ohio counties.
In addition to their coal economies, the western counties are similar in both demographics and population to their eastern counterparts. So, why are jobless rates in the eastern counties increasing while western coal counties are enjoying a decrease in theirs? For one, according to reports, coal in the Illinois Basin, where the western counties are located, is in higher demand than Appalachian coal because advances in filtration technology make burning their lower cost, higher sulfur coal more cost-effective.
But there are actually several more factors at play, according to Ron Crouch, director of research and statistics at the Office of Employment and Training in Frankfort, who noted the usual culprits of a higher demand for natural gas and a mild winter which is leading to a lesser overall demand for coal. But he also pointed to economic diversity.
"The western Kentucky economies are more diversified," Crouch said.
When comparing employment trends in the eastern and western parts of the state, in some of the western coal counties, the coal industry has not remained the largest private employer over the years. In Hopkins County in 2010, which are the latest figures available from the state, four other private employment sectors offered more jobs than mining, including manufacturing, retail and health care.
In Henderson County, mining was the 11th largest employer in 2010, behind manufacturing, construction, finance and insurance, retail trade and professional services among others. The coal industry also wasn't the largest employer in Muhlenberg, Ohio, Webster or Hancock counties.
Here in Perry County in 2010, prior to the current downturn, coal mining was by far the largest private employer with 2,294 jobs, outpacing retail trade jobs by nearly 500. There were no other sectors with more than 1,000 jobs in the county.
The same can be said for other eastern counties, including Knott, Leslie and Letcher. In other words, the western counties have been better suited to absorb job losses in the coal industry, whereas here in Eastern Kentucky, by and large coal mining has remained the main economic driver.
In Henderson County, where in 2009 just over 3.1 million tons of coal were produced (Leslie County produced about 3.6 million by comparison), that diversification began about two decades ago when the coal industry there suffered a bit of a downturn, noted Brad Schneider, president of the Henderson Chamber of Commerce.
"There was a concerted effort to pursue other types of businesses, especially industrial, and we had some success," Schneider said.
Though manufacturing jobs in Henderson County significantly decreased over the last decade, by 2010 the county had managed to retain more than 4,100 jobs in that sector. Since then, Schneider noted, the local coal industry has taken hits due to the overall lack of demand for coal. Patriot Coal recently shut down a mine in the region, but there are positive signs in the Western Coalfields. Alliance Coal recently opened a mine in nearby Uniontown, and in the manufacturing sector the resurgence of the auto industry has led to the re-hiring of employees at local plants where car parts are made.
Counties like Henderson and Union also have their geography working for them. Henderson is located on the Ohio River, near other manufacturing towns like Evansville, In., and there are topographical benefits there as well. The land is flat, unlike the mountainous eastern region of the state.
But at the same time, Schneider noted that officials several years ago put money into recruiting other business to the region, forming an organization dedicated to doing just that, and saw some success doing it. But even so, he added, business leaders in the western part of the state also recognize the importance of the local coal industry and remain cautious that strict federal regulations like the ones coal operators in Eastern Kentucky are facing could one day make their way to the western part of the state.
What to do now
That some of western Kentucky's coal counties have a more solid manufacturing sector over the eastern counties isn't for a lack of effort from leaders in this region. Several years ago here in Perry County, for instance, local leaders formed a regional industrial park in Chavies that attracted several new businesses to the county, and by 2005 more than 750 manufacturing jobs were located here. By 2010, in the midst of the economic recession, that number had dwindled to 197.
Retail trade and health care remain strong sectors in Perry and other counties such as Pike and Floyd, but by and large, the economies in other coal counties like Knott, Leslie and Letcher are overwhelmingly propped up by the coal industry.
There has been a need for several years now a public discourse on how the Eastern Kentucky region is going to rebound in the event of a declining Appalachian coal market, said Jason Bailey, research and policy director for the Mountain Association for Community Economic Development (MACED) in Berea. And so far, he added, that conversation hasn't happened.
"It's really important that we have a public conversation about the economic future of the region, particularly now given what's going on with coal," Bailey said. "There doesn't seem to be that conversation happening."
There is no silver bullet that will replace the hundreds of coal jobs lost in the past few months, Bailey continued, but there is an opportunity to develop different strategies that could help further diversify the local economy.
"Entrepreneurship is something we have put a lot of effort into, and in and of itself is not a silver bullet, but there could be more local businesses providing local services, localizing more things that are now exported or that people go elsewhere to spend their money at," he said.
If the federal health care reform law is fully upheld, Bailey said there could be local opportunities as a lot of resources will be put into primary and preventative care, and there will be more people on the Medicaid rolls who are basically paying customers for health services.
MACED has also put a lot of work into identifying opportunities in the area of the energy economy and how it's changing, and also areas of energy efficiency and managing forest resources.
"There is not any one thing that in and of itself is going to replace coal, so it's going to be a lot of different strategies, and that's sort of what we work from," Bailey said.
While manufacturing should also be a part of the overall strategy to diversify, the type of recruitment that Henderson County saw success with a couple decades ago hasn't been as successful in Eastern Kentucky, largely because of a lack of access to transportation hubs and interstates, Bailey continued. Additionally, manufacturing has been in decline in recent years, with more jobs being shipped overseas, or productivity has gone up while the number of jobs have decreased.
"We're not saying we shouldn't have a manufacturing strategy," he said. "But a lot has been put into that with less success."
Bailey also touched on tourism in the region. Similar regions topographically in North Carolina or Virginia are enjoying a robust tourism industry, and there is room for growth in that sector in Eastern Kentucky.
There are other options moving forward, including the formation of a fund utilizing coal severance taxes for future development, but at present, while the eastern coal counties continue to face job loss, or reduced hours for those miners who have retained their jobs, Bailey noted that one of the most pressing issues is the formation of a regional strategy to build a diverse job market in Eastern Kentucky. But at present, he's unaware of any such strategy.
"It seems like an really important time for us to have a conversation about what's next," he said. "We've been needing to have that conversation for a long time anyway."


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Despite what you may think, New York City's rats do not subsist entirely on pizza crusts and abandoned street meat, so when snow blankets the ground and regular food sources like seeds and grass are covered up it can get harder for a rat to find something to eat.
In New York, says Stephen Nessen for WNYC, this past winter's freezing temperatures and frequent storms hit rats hard. Looking for something to eat, says Nessen, the rats turned to an unusual food source: chewing the bark off trees.
Rats eating trees is a novel behavior, and though it helped the rats get through the winter, it was pretty hard on the trees:
"Animals are drawn to the bark of trees because they're loaded with carbohydrates. But when rats eat a ring around a tree, as they've done in Kissena Corridor Park in Flushing, Queens, it can be devastating. Once a tree is girded like that, it typically dies."
As we've written before, the long, cold winter the Northeast and Midwest just waded through was as hard (if not harder) on the region's animals than it was on its people.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The State Hermitage Museum has used cats to protect artwork since it was founded in 1764, the Voice of Russia reports. The cats aren't seen by guests because they dwell in attics and basements, the source of most rodents.
The museum has observed some lessons in cat culture:
The team of tailed guards consists mainly of alley cats, and like in the imperial times, the cat community hinges on strict hierarchy. The cats fall into aristocrats, the middle caste, and the low caste. Each group operates within a certain designated part of the building. The cat staff cannot exceed 50-60 cats, not because they'll be difficult to look after in terms of cat food. If the number of cats exceeds 60, they start cat fights and neglect their duties. For this reason, from time to time, the museum has to look for people who would adopt extra cats.
The felines are carefully named by museum employees based on their personalities. They even have their own holiday on March 28, where they receive special treats.


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Fire Safe is a 10-session one-to-one cognitive behavioural programme aimed at medium/high-risk offenders aged between 12 and 17 years old.
The programme is based on a model of change (suggested in the theory model within the scheme programme) and covers:
- cognitive behavioural skills.
- education and fire awareness.
- family involvement (where appropriate).
Young people are referred to this programme through a youth Referral Order, which means that they have been charged with the offence of arson. They are required to attend all sessions with their case worker.
Each Fire Safe session is led by a trained Fire Safe practitioner from our Community Safety team.


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Depending on origin, producer, exporter and loading port the qualities of sugar cane molasses can vary heavily.
Molasses is made up of residual ingredients of the processed sugar cane as well as traces from used additives in different proportions, depending on whether the sugar production method is used. Based on usage the following ingredients are viewed as the main quality determiners. The sugar content of sugar cane is typically termed as saccharose or total sugar, the dry matter as Brix or it is displayed as water / drymatter.
The quality of non-standardized cane molasses can vary within the following benchmarks:
| Saccarose|| 25 to 39%|
| Invert|| 12 to 19%|
| Brix|| 77 to 86%|
| Ash|| 8 to 14%|
| Raw protein|| 4 to 6%|
Depending on usage, this commodity is traded in different forms. For fermenting purposes mainly based on analysis or sample report with a price setting pro – rata calculation of the sugar content.


JetBrains Rider 2019.3 Help
Code Inspection: '?:' expression can be re-written as '??' expression
If you want to assign a value, pass an argument, or return from a method based on the nullability of an identifier, the clearest syntax you can use in these cases is the ?? (null-coalescing) operator.
Therefore, whenever JetBrains Rider encounters a conditional ?: (ternary) operator in the above-mentioned contexts, it suggests simplifying the expressions using the ?? operator.
Here is an example of a quick-fix suggested by this inspection:
Suboptimal code
After the quick-fix
void Foo(string input) { Console.WriteLine($"The input is {(input != null ? input : "empty")}"); }
void Foo(string input) { Console.WriteLine($"The input is {(input ?? "empty")}"); }
Speaking about performance of both operators, there is no observable difference. Actually, the ?? is even a tiny bit faster.
Last modified: 13 February 2020


Teaching Tip 13: Checking Together
 1. It's a good idea to let the students check their answers together before feeding back to the teacher because it gives them the chance to rub out/cross out any glaring errors before the teacher sees and thus avoid looking stupid in front of the class.
 2. If a student hasn't a clue about some of the answers it's reassuring to find out that their partner hasn't the foggiest either. The students realise they are not alone. They can also copy their partners answers (if their partner has some that they don't) but their partner might not be right!
 3. Peer teaching is considered a good thing in the world of EFL. Peers are equals. So in this case a students peers are a student's fellow classmates. Working together and checking work together is a form of peer teaching. This means that instead of the know-it-all (and/or) mother-tongue teacher always teaching them, the students can teach each other (by explaining grammar points, correcting pronunciation, explaining new words and phrases etc). The beauty of it is that the students are all equal to each other and are in the same boat, linguistically speaking.
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© Liz Regan 2003


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Joint Dependence of Longwave Feedback on Surface Temperature and
Understanding how the outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) depends on
surface temperature is a climate problem of long standing. Various
studies have suggested that clear-sky OLR varies linearly with surface
temperature, with a longwave clear-sky feedback that is independent of
surface temperature and relative humidity. However, this uniformity lies
in tension with the notion that humidity controls tropical stability
(e.g. the "furnace" and "radiator fins" of Pierrehumbert, 1995).
Here we explore the state-dependence of longwave clear-sky feedback as a
function of both surface temperature and column relative humidity. We
find that a strong relative humidity-dependence in the feedback emerges
above 275 K, stemming from the closing of the H2O window. We construct a
simple model for estimating the all-sky feedback and find that although
clouds lower the zonal-mean longwave feedback, the dependence on
humidity remains significant.


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Going Door-to-Door to Save Egypt's Pumpkins and Address Global Food Insecurity
How does one help save an iconic, nutritious Egyptian crop that will help meet the food security challenges resulting from climate change? An international team of researchers, led by the University of Massachusetts Amherst, discovered that the best way to start is to drive throughout central and northeastern Egypt, knock on the doors of small farmers, and ask for a handful of their pumpkin seeds.
The results of that labor, announced recently in Molecular Biology Reports, show that the team has successfully traced the biochemical and molecular variations of nine different pumpkin varieties grown in several climatic zones of central and northeastern Egypt. The research is a crucial first step in identifying which varieties of pumpkins are ideal for conservation and varietal improvement to meet the challenges in achieving food security in a changing world.
In the United States, we typically think of pumpkins only in the fall, when they appear in pies, cookies and lattes. But in much of the world, pumpkins are a dietary staple and are consumed year-round. Pumpkins are an especially nutritious source of fat, protein, vitamins A, C and E and various disease-fighting compounds that help prevent everything from cancer to reproductive malfunctions. But, as Emad Mady, a graduate student in environmental conservation at UMass Amherst and the paper's lead author, notes, not all pumpkins are the same.
"I first noticed this in Egypt," Mady says. Small Egyptian farmers have been growing the pumpkins for generations, patiently breeding them to thrive in the local conditions, which can vary widely across the country. However, large agricultural corporations have begun introducing pumpkin seeds to Egypt that are not native to the local conditions, threatening the survival of the traditional varieties. Moreover, because these newer commercial seeds have not been bred to the local conditions, they can actually exacerbate the problems of food insecurity.
"Our goal," says Mady, "is to determine which pumpkin cultivars are best suited for the local environments, and then use these cultivars as the basis for furthering pumpkin production in Egyptian agriculture."
To do so, Mady traveled across the country, visiting with small farmers, walking through their fields and collecting seeds. He then collaborated with colleagues in Egypt at Al-Azhar University and the Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute who ran a series of chemical and molecular tests on the seeds before they could degrade. These tests helped identify the nutritional value of specific local varieties, including their fat, moisture, protein, fiber, mineral and carbohydrate content, as well as the genetic markers that function as a unique fingerprint for each specific variety.
Once Mady's Egyptian colleagues completed their chemical and molecular work, he and his team at UMass Amherst and Springfield Technical Community College in the U.S. analyzed and categorized the findings. What they discovered is that there is significant variation in the nutritional value of the samples Mady collected, and that these varieties can be accurately identified using genetic analyses. Altogether, this collaboration of small farmers and international researchers has shown that local Egyptian pumpkins can be used to help develop future varieties that are highly nutritious and well adapted to Egypt's specific environment.
"One of the biggest problems in meeting the world's food security challenges," says Timothy Randhir, professor of environmental conservation at UMass Amherst and one of the study's co-authors, "is an international collaboration that can integrate local knowledge and resources to bring about positive change. This research is a model of how the small farming community and the scientific community can work together to address these pressing needs."


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Using Isolated Rat Kidney to Discover Kidney Origin Biomarkers in Urine
- 1.8k Downloads
The use of targeted proteomics to identify urinary biomarkers of kidney disease in urine can avoid the interference of serum proteins. It may provide better sample throughput, higher sensitivity, and specificity. Knowing which urinary proteins to target is essential for targeted proteomics. In perfusates, there were proteins not found in normal human urine which may become biomarkers with zero background. There were proteins not found in normal human plasma which will not be influenced by other normal organs and will be kidney specific. When compared with existing candidate biomarkers, over 90 % of the kidney origin proteins in urine identified in this study have not been examined as candidate biomarkers of kidney diseases.
KeywordsKidney origin proteins Biomarker
- 8.Jia L, Li X, Shao C, Wei L, Li M et al (2013) Using an isolated rat kidney model to identify kidney origin proteins in urine. PLoS One 8(6):e66911Google Scholar


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Location: Animal Disease Research2010 Annual Report
1a. Objectives (from AD-416)
The primary objective of this proposal is to answer basic questions regarding population structure of cattle fever ticks and prevalence of Babesia sp. in South Texas. The following questions and hypotheses will be addressed: 1) Do cattle fever ticks in the Texas quarantine zone demonstrate population structure, either locally or across the entire landscape? H1: Limited gene flow leads to high levels of population structure and is due to barriers to host dispersal (e.g. fences restrict host movement). H2: Widespread gene flow leads to low levels of population differentiation because of widespread host movement, or other mechanisms of dispersal. 2) Are cattle fever ticks on non-bovine ungulates a source of ticks on cattle? H1: Ticks use hosts indiscriminantly, and thus display no genetic structure across host species. H2: Ticks form separate populations on cattle and other wild ungulates, with little genetic admixture across host types (possibly leading to host-race formation). 3) What geographic sources gave rise to the populations(s) of cattle fever ticks in Texas, and have multiple introductions occurred? H1) Cattle fever ticks in Texas originated from a single introduction event from Mexico, have become permanently established in the quarantine zone, and display a limited subset of the total genetic variation found in Mexico. H2) Texas ticks originate from a wide variety of locations, are continually reintroduced, and retain most of the genetic variation found in Mexico. 4) What is the source of new cattle fever tick populations found outside of the permanent quarantine zone? H1) Recent tick outbreaks originate from nearby areas of the permanent quarantine zone, and therefore geographic proximity can be used to predict genetic similarity. H2) New tick outbreaks originate from random locales within the quarantine zone or from Mexico, and thus geographic proximity does not correlate with genetic similarity. 5) Do cattle fever ticks collected from cattle and non-bovine ungulates within the Texas quarantine zone carry B. bovis and B. bigemina? H1) Babesia has re-emerged in South Texas, and is found in ticks on cattle and/or wild ungulates in this region. H2) Babesia has not re-emerged in South Texas, and is not found in ungulates or cattle in this region. 6) What is the geographic origin of Babesia populations in South Texas? H1) The most likely source of Babesia in the U.S. is Mexico, resulting in high similarity between any US Babesia and pathogen strains from Mexico. H2) Babesia is transported globally, and US Babesia are not similar to strains from Mexico. 7) Do Babesia strains in the permanent quarantine zone demonstrate population structure? H1) B. bovis and B. bigemina are disseminated widely across the permanent quarantine zone, resulting in low levels of population genetic structure. H2) B. bovis and B. bigemina originate from multiple locations but have limited dispersal, resulting in strong population structuring across the quarantine zone.
1b. Approach (from AD-416)
Cattle fever ticks collected from within the permanent and temporary preventive quarantine zone and those provided as part of a collaborative effort with scientists in Mexico will be used as the basis for the proposed tick population genetic studies. Genomic DNA will be isolated from individual tick specimens and used to amplify molecular markers, both published and identified as part of the proposed project, the results of which will be analyzed using standard population biology algorithms. In addition, genomic DNA will be isolated from collected semi-engorged and engorged females for use in amplification of markers specific for Babesia bovis and B. bigemina, to assess the prevalence of the pathogen in South Texas. Existing markers will be evaluated, but the proposed project also aims to identify new species-specific markers. Isolates will be compared between counties of South Texas and also with states within Mexico to determine whether geographic differences can be identified. Documents Reimbursable with N. Arizona U. Log 39145.
3. Progress Report
In these first few months of the project we have applied for, and received an APHIS shipping permit so that our Texas collaborators can ship ticks to us as soon as they are available. The experiment will be conducted with larval ticks that are the offspring of field-collected females. In the meantime, we have concentrated on working out the experimental design so that we are prepared to run the experiment as soon as we receive the ticks. The progress of this project is monitored through frequent phone and e-mail communication with our Northern Arizona University and Kerrville ARS collaborators.


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The Tristan Stone
The Tristan Stone in Cornwall, England
Beside the road leading to Fowey in Cornwall stands an ancient, weathered stone measuring some 7 feet in height and set in a concrete base. It was once much closer to Castle Dore and may have been the origin of the association of this site with the story of the tragic love of Tristan and Iseult.
There is a Latin inscription on the stone, now much worn, which can be restored with only a little judicial guesswork to read:
Drustans hic iacet Cunomori filius, which means: Drustanus lies here, the son of Cunomorus
A memorial to the hero Tristan stands beside the road near the Cornish town of Fowey.
It has been suggested, plausibly, that the characters referred to are Tristan, the nephew of Mark – Drustan being a recognized variant of the hero's name and Cunomorus being a Latinization of Cynvawr. Cynvawr, in turn, is said by the ninth-century author Nennius, who compiled the best historical account of Arthur, to be identified with King Mark.


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TRANSFORMER is a soil conditioner with a highly effective ability to improve the infiltration, distribution, and drainage of irrigation water and rain into the soil. It overcomes differences in soil density and even hydrophobic soil to move the spray solution throughout the soil profile.
TRANSFORMER is a blend of surfactants that act as a soil conditioner. The product provides a method for increasing the wetted soil volume available for water utilization by plant roots as well as the improvement of water distribution in the soil.
TRANSFORMER can modify soil-water relations at a macro and micro-scale since it can lower the surface tension of water allowing changes in the cohesive forces, as well as the adhesive forces between soil and water, consequently also modifying the interaction of water with the soil surface. This modification to the soil-water relationship results in changes to some key soil hydraulic properties; such as infiltration, drainage, hydraulic conductivity, soil water retention and hydrophobicity. By improving these soil properties, moisture efficiency can be improved as the applied water is available to the plant and is not lost through run-off, channeling or uneven wetting of the soil profile.
Soil applied chemicals (such as herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides, soluble fertilizers or biostimulants. Trials have shown improved root growth and stimulation of Rhizobium nodules on legume crops as a result of better aeration and drainage of the soil.
Regular use of TRANSFORMER through driplines will keep them free of algae and reduce or avoid blocking caused by crystallization and soil particles which pass the micro filters.
TRANSFORMER has a favorable toxicological profile, has a low risk to humans and the environment, but will irritate if it gets into your eyes. Should this occur, wash the eyes with copious amounts of water. TRANSFORMER is a soil conditioner and is not taken up by the roots. Nevertheless, root crops grown on treated soil are likely to be larger and are suitable for sale in local and export markets.
Virtually all crops including cereals, vegetables, root crops, orchards, vineyards, crops under protective cover, and turf can benefit from soil treated with TRANSFORMER. Plants grown in substrate or in pots or bags can benefit from the even distribution and better water efficiency given by TRANSFORMER.
Germination of seeds is often enhanced because TRANSFORMER reduces and softens soil crusts and clods.
TRANSFORMER can be applied at any convenient time, during irrigation or just prior to or during rain so that it washes into the soil. However, excessive irrigation or heavy rain during application must be avoided. In non-permanent crops, the application can be done just before seeding or planting, or at the beginning of the crop growth cycle. In the case of permanent crops with a dormancy period, the best time for the application would be shortly before a root flush or the beginning of the new growth cycle. Specific applications during the season can induce different results (shoot growth, early flowering, fructification, fruit growth and early ripening). Applications before the period of maximum water demand of plants will lead to less plant stress during that period.
The effect of TRANSFORMER in the soil can be seen soon after the application by noting the behavior of water in the soil (visual assessments, probes, penetrometer, etc). However, the perceptible effect on the crop growth and development may be delayed until the next growth flush.
Available data shows the effects lasting for at least a season. The need for repeat applications depends on the soil, cultivation practices (such as tilling, earthing up of ridges or transit of heavy machinery) and the objective of the application. If the soil compacts easily again, such as in heavy or high magnesium soils, more regular treatments may be necessary.
The dose rate depends on the soil, the crop, and the target of the application. The regular rate in orchards is between 10 and 20 l/ha and in annual and perennial crops between 5 and 10 l/ha, depending on other parameters as mentioned before. Ongoing research is being performed to gather more information on this matter and your advisor should be consulted. Always follow the label recommendations relevant to your country.
It is critical that TRANSFORMER be applied on a moist soil to avoid product loss on the soil surface due to the attachment of the surfactants to the dry soil particles. Application through an irrigation system, (whether drip-irrigation, micro-sprinkler, overhead) is ideal. Inject TRANSFORMER into the irrigation system in the second half of the irrigation cycle and irrigate into the soil. TRANSFORMER can be applied by directed boom sprayer onto the berm in an orchard situation but should be washed in by micro-irrigation or overhead irrigation shortly after application. In the case of non-irrigated crops, TRANSFORMER can be applied onto bare soil pre-planting, at planting or post-planting with a boom sprayer. However, the product needs to be washed into the soil by rainfall shortly after application. It is therefore advisable to do the application when rainfall is imminent or ideally during rainfall. Do not apply TRANSFORMER over foliage if the concentration is more than 1 parts per 1000 (concentration ≤ 0.1%), as it may damage the foliage. For more detailed information please revert to the label or to the local ORO AGRI technical adviser.
No root damage has been observed after treatment with TRANSFORMER – even on seedling roots. Provided TRANSFORMER is applied with a reasonable amount of irrigation water, there is no likelihood of burn.
Due to the lowered surface tension of the water, the mixing or dissolving of most powdered products like humic acid is greatly assisted. TRANSFORMER is pH neutral and there is no evidence of compatibility problems to date. If uncertain of the compatibility of TRANSFORMER with an intended mixture, do a small-scale compatibility test in a drum or bucket before use.
TRANSFORMER mixes easily and does not require much agitation. Vigorous stirring or aeration may result in excessive foam and TRANSFORMER should be added to the tank mix shortly before use where practicable.
TRANSFORMER does not provide any direct nutrition to the plant, but due to the more homogeneous water distribution in the soil, plants are able to extract more nutrients from the soil. TRANSFORMER also results in more favorable soil conditions, such as better aeration, therefore enhancing more root growth and the proliferation of micro-organisms. Trials have shown improved root growth and stimulation of Rhizobium nodules on legume crops because of better aeration and drainage of the soil. Root growth is restricted in soils where compaction or water-logging are limiting factors. When penetration of water into compacted layers is improved, the penetration resistance is reduced which facilitates root growth into these layers.
After application, rainfall or irrigation is required to move the TRANSFORMER into the soil profile where it changes the soil structure characteristics to allow for improved aeration and the associated benefits. Subsequent rainfall or irrigation is optimally utilized by the plant.
Very heavy rain, particularly on light soil, could be problematic and may require a further application.
TRANSFORMER is registered for use in organic production in some countries and not approved as organic in others due to different Government laws and regulation. Please always refer to the specific data stated on the label and when in doubt contact the local ORO AGRI advisor for more information. The composition of TRANSFORMER has been determined to be "readily biodegradable" by EMPA (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology). According to this test, there was no negative effect on Rhizobium bacteria.
Provided they are physically compatible, TRANSFORMER can be applied with other soil-applied agrochemicals. Due to TRANSFORMER improving the infiltration of water, it may improve the movement of soluble chemistries into the soil profile. The application of TRANSFORMER may also be made a few days earlier to improve infiltration and distribution of the soil-applied products. Research with various combinations of soil-applied agrochemicals is currently ongoing. Please contact your adviser for the latest information.
Research done in Australia has shown positive effects on microbial activity and microbial diversity such as Pseudomonas, Actinomycetes, Gram-positive, Gram-negative, Protozoa, Mycorrhizal fungi. Soils can contain many different types of microorganism and different species of the same microbial group so in-site trials can give a better indication of product behavior and performance. For more information please contact your local advisor.
TRANSFORMER can significantly reduce the concentration of sodium salts in the soil to depths down to 45 cm and horizontally out to the edge of the drop zone. Laboratory analysis showed the TRANSFORMER treated soil had significantly reduced the Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Sodium (Na) levels compared to the untreated soil.
Calcium ions will displace sodium ions because of their higher ionic charge. Use of a high-grade gypsum (calcium sulphate) at 0.1% together with TRANSFORMER has been shown to have excellent effect.
Because of the improved water distribution, reduced run-off and increased water holding capacity of TRANSFORMER treated soils, some users report being able to reduce the amount of irrigation water by 10 to 30%, saving pumping cost and reducing leaching. Moreover, because of the improved root growth, plants are better able to withstand water and heat stress. Because soil and weather conditions vary greatly, it is not possible to claim a specific reduction in irrigation water volume. Consult your local advisor.
The movement of water in growing media (rockwool slabs/coconut fibre) can often be improved. TRANSFORMER will assist to move water laterally and hold water in the top surface reducing anaerobic conditions which often occur at the


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Certified Areas of Guadua: more efforts in forest legality
From November 26th to 27th, a monitoring of certified areas of Guadua by the FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) was held.
As positive, was rated the surveillance audit process by the auditing firm GFA, that took place at the certified farms: Núcleo Forestal de Guadua la Esmeralda and Yarima Guaduawhich are currently receiving technical advice from the Forest Governance Positioning Project in Colombia PPGFC in order to compliance the certification requirements and specially three elements: promote environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial, and economically viable
These pillars include aspects such as: supports of logging operation, management plans, technical assistance, monitoring to management plans, personnel training, among others. CARDER and CRQ, as environmental authorities give support and advice.
During the closing meeting surveillance audit (FCS certificates are valid for five years), Forestry Engineer Juan Carlos Romero, the auditor in charge, highlighted the commitment of all shareholders. He suggested to the certified group in Guadua, to be prepared and commit with the National Standars that must be adapted in the country about Guadua, given that the current ones are made with international standards. He also, invited the group to keep looking for units to be certified.
The Forest Governance Positioning Project is funded by the European Union and led by CARDER, in association with Corantioquia, Corpocaldas, CRC, Codechocó, Corponariño, Corponor, CRQ, Cortolima, Corpourabá, CVC, Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, Asocars and Aldea Global.


Density-dependent habitat selection and consequences for fitness in a fluctuating ground squirrel population
A habitat map of our study site at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory in Gothic, Colorado. Squirrels have access to five microhabitat types: Aspen forest, Dry Meadow, Spruce Forest, Wet meadow, and Willow community.
Screen Shot 2019-09-17 at 20.33.08.png
Standardized Manly resource selection ratios for golden-mantled ground squirrels at two spatial scales: where an individual chooses to place its home range, or the area needed for day-to-day activities (Second Order), and where within its home range it spends most of its time (Third Order). Everything above the dotted red line indicates positive selection.
Habitat comprises a combination of resources (for example, food, water, space) and conditions (for example, temperature, absence of enemies) that are critical to an animal's performance, or 'fitness' (the ability to survive or reproduce). However, selection for certain habitat types or features may vary with changing population density. While wildlife management requires understanding these habitat-fitness relationships, access to these data is rare in wild mammal populations.
I explore habitat selection decisions, including the effect of population density on selection and the fitness consequences of non-random resource use, in a population of golden-mantled ground squirrels (Callospermophilus laterals). My research takes place at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory in Gothic, Colorado, where I trap, mark, and observe individuals over 3-month periods of time as part of a long-term study.
After assessing habitat use on two different spatial scales, results show that golden-mantled ground squirrels preferentially select for dry meadow habitat, and they select against other habitat types, such as wet meadow (Veratrum plant communities) and willow communities. A series of statistical models suggest that access to perches, such as rocks or other vantage points from which squirrels could look out for predators, is the key variable that makes dry meadow habitat desirable. Local population density, or the density realized by each individual, has a negative effect on access to preferred habitat. Preliminary results suggest that this matters because access to dry meadow habitat significantly increases body mass upon emergence from hibernation, which may be important for survival.
Screen Shot 2019-09-17 at 20.41.25.png
Predictive models show that access to perches, from which golden-mantled ground squirrels can gain predator visibility, influences habitat selection. As the number of perches within a given space increases, preferred use of that space increases.
Golden-mantled ground squirrels hibernate over winter and, because our study site is at high elevation (2900 m), the summer active season is very short. Squirrels only have about 4 months to emerge from hibernation, find a mate, care for young, and then gain enough weight to have sufficient fat stores to be hibernation-ready again by the end of the season. Drawings courtesy of Elsa Cousins.


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Curious facts about cosmic life and their inhabitants.
There has never been any clash amongst the moon people. Words such as fight and war do not exist in their vocabulary. Their lack of diversity is symbolized by the fact that they have only one style of clothing. Their dress is of very simple style covering the full body including the head, with face kept open. These clothes closely resemble the ceremonial Jedi robes seen in the Star Wars movies. Men, women and all children wear the same type of clothing. The color is desert sand brown. The entire population talks the same language. Men and women do not have hair on the head from birth. But the men have beards, but no mustaches. They walk in a swinging style, resembling chimpanzees walking upright.
and here is another
Dr. Lieber and his colleagues did a study to test the theory of full-moon "lunacy". They studied data on murders in Dade County of Florida which covered 15 years and a total of 1,887 deaths by homicide. When they compared the deaths with the phases of the moon, they found that the two rose and fell together for the entire 15 years! With the approach of a full or new moon, there was a sharp spike in the murder rate, and then a decline during the first and last quarters of the moon.
"The growing evidence for water inside the Moon suggest that water did somehow survive, or that it was brought in shortly after the impact by asteroids or comets before the Moon had completely solidified," explained Dr. Li in the July 24, 2017 Brown University Press Release. "The exact origin of water in the lunar interior is still a big question," he added.
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However, the theory that has long been held to be the most likely explanation is the giant impact theory, suggesting that the Mars-sized body named Theia smashed into the ancient Earth billions of years ago. The monumental blast resulted in a portion of the primordial Earth's crust to be hurled off screaming into Space. This ancient catastrophe tossed a multitude of somersaulting moonlets into the sky, and some of this material was ultimately captured into orbit around the ancient Earth about 4.5 billion years ago, where it finally was pulled together by the force of gravity to become the Moon.
Two French astrophysicists, proposing the new, alternative scenario explaining moon-birth, reported their findings in a paper titled: Formation of Regular Satellites from Ancient Massive Rings in the Solar System, published in the November 30, 2012 issue of the journal Science. Dr. Aurelien Crida, an astrophysicist at the University of Nice--Sophia Antipolis and the Observatory of Cote d'Azur in France, explained in the November 29, 2012 issue of Scientific American that "It's fundamentally the same process that gave birth to the Moon and to the satellites of the giant planets, and that's the spreading of rings." Dr. Crida is a co-author of the study with Dr. Sebastien Charnoz of the University of Paris--Diderot.
After a short sojourn under the Moon Goddess's influence, while we become accustomed to expressing ourselves through our emotions and our intuition as readily as we used to express through our minds and our physical bodies, the Old Man in the Moon and the Moon Goddess will unite. Inclusiveness not separation or one being more dominant than the other is our future, so do not resist the change to the Moon Goddess but embrace her moonbeams.


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Empire of Dogs
Canines, Japan, and the Making of the Modern Imperial World
In 1924, Professor Ueno Eizaburo of Tokyo Imperial University adopted an Akita puppy he named Hachiko. Each evening Hachiko greeted Ueno on his return to Shibuya Station. In May 1925 Ueno died while giving a lecture. Every day for over nine years the Akita waited at Shibuya Station, eventually becoming nationally and even internationally famous for his purported loyalty. A year before his death in 1935, the city of Tokyo erected a statue of Hachiko outside the station. The story of Hachiko reveals much about the place of dogs in Japan's cultural imagination.
In the groundbreaking Empire of Dogs, Aaron Herald Skabelund examines the history and cultural significance of dogs in nineteenthand twentieth-century Japan, beginning with the arrival of Western dog breeds and new modes of dog keeping, which spread throughout the world with Western imperialism. He highlights how dogs joined with humans to create the modern imperial world and how, in turn, imperialism shaped dogs' bodies and their relationship with humans through its impact on dog-breeding and dog-keeping practices that pervade much of the world today.
In a book that is both enlightening and entertaining, Skabelund focuses on actual and metaphorical dogs in a variety of contexts: the rhetorical pairing of the Western "colonial dog" with native canines; subsequent campaigns against indigenous canines in the imperial realm; the creation, maintenance, and in some cases restoration of Japanese dog breeds, including the Shiba Inu; the mobilization of military dogs, both real and fictional; and the emergence of Japan as a "pet superpower" in the second half of the twentieth century. Through this provocative account, Skabelund demonstrates how animals generally and canines specifically have contributed to the creation of our shared history, and how certain dogs have subtly influenced how that history is told. Generously illustrated with both color and black-and-white images, Empire of Dogs shows that human-canine relations often expose how people—especially those with power and wealth—use animals to define, regulate, and enforce political and social boundaries between themselves and other humans, especially in imperial contexts.


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- Does wet or dry skin tan faster?
- How do you get a dark tan in one day?
- How long does it take to get a tan naturally?
- How do you produce more melanin?
- Can pale people tan?
- What color makes you look skinny?
- What color swimsuit makes you look tan?
- What part of your body tans the fastest?
- How come my face doesn't tan?
- How can I get tan fast?
- Does water make you tan faster?
- How can I make my skin darker fast?
- What is the best time to tan?
- What colors make pale skin look good?
- What colors make you look more tan?
- Why is a tan attractive?
- Does coconut oil help you tan?
- Does wet skin tan faster?
Does wet or dry skin tan faster?
Moist skin will tan better and more evenly than dry skin..
How do you get a dark tan in one day?
How to Get a Dark Tan in One DayProtect Your Skin. You will need to apply a base lotion or oil that has a low SPF to your skin. … Change Positions. Just like a rotisserie chicken, you will need to turn over frequently. … Make The Most Of The Sun. … Use Accessories. … Reapply Lotion. … After Care. … Choose Your Product. … Use Gloves.More items…•
How long does it take to get a tan naturally?
Most people will tan within 1 to 2 hours in the sun. It's important to remember that both burns and tans may take a while to set in, so if you don't see color immediately, it doesn't mean you're not getting any color or should use lower SPF.
How do you produce more melanin?
However, anecdotal evidence suggests vitamin C might increase melanin levels. Eating vitamin C–rich foods like citrus, berries, and leafy green vegetables may optimize melanin production. Taking a vitamin C supplement may help as well.
Can pale people tan?
If you've got fair skin or pale skin, the prospect of going out for a tan can be extremely intimidating. You've likely struggled with sunburns in the past, and tanning effectively may be something that you think is off reach. … As a fair skinned person, you can tan—perhaps not as well as everyone else—without burning.
What color makes you look skinny?
Black never fails to make you look slim and elegant. Darker shades of colors like blue, purple and brown can also help to hide flaws and create a slimming illusion. On the other hand, lighter colors, like white and khaki, can add pounds and give the illusion of a larger frame.
What color swimsuit makes you look tan?
Make yourself seem even more tanned by wearing bikinis in bright colors such as scarlet, fuchsia pink or coral green. Or go for warmer colors such as beige or dark brown.
What part of your body tans the fastest?
Previous research by Rees has confirmed what sun worshippers already knew: that the upper back is much more likely to tan than the legs, and that the outsides of the arms go brown far quicker than the insides. "What is burning for one body site is not for another.
How come my face doesn't tan?
The skin on the face has fewer malanocytes(the cells that produce melanin, which is of course what gives skin it's color); I'm guessing that you also probably use a facial moisturizer with sunscreen. Mineral based makeup can also deflect the sun. Any or all of these factors can keep your face from tanning.
How can I get tan fast?
How to get a tan fasterUse sunscreen with an SPF of 30. … Change positions frequently. … Eat foods that contain beta carotene. … Try using oils with naturally occurring SPF. … Don't stay outside for longer than your skin can create melanin. … Eat lycopene-rich foods. … Choose your tanning time wisely.More items…
Does water make you tan faster?
In or On the Pool –Water reflects sunlight, so one of the best ways to catch some serious sun is to be in the water, or to lie on water on a floatable device. … So if you really want to develop that dark tan, dipping in the pool or lying on a lilo on top of water is not only relaxing and cooling, but very effective!
How can I make my skin darker fast?
There are 2 ways to get darker skin naturally and fast:cinnamon rub: mix 2 tablespoons of cinnamon with half a cup of your body lotion or oil, mix and spread onto your face and/or body. Let dry. You will get darker skin fast. … Black tea: make 250ml of black or dark tea with 5 tea bags. Let sit for half an hour.
What is the best time to tan?
If you're going to tan, however, and your goal is to tan quickly, the best time is between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. Always wear a product with SPF when tanning, drink lots of water, and roll over frequently to avoid getting burnt.
What colors make pale skin look good?
If you have fair skin. So, if you're fair skinned with warm undertones, earth-tones will look great on you. Think any shade of brown (even pinkish-brown) and any shade of green- from olive to grass, emerald and lime. Ivory, navy and gray will also look really good on you- they'll compliment your peachy undertones.
What colors make you look more tan?
Six Outstanding Colors to Enhance Your TanCoral. You'll probably end up falling in love with this color! … Orange and Gold. Doesn't orange make you think of a sunrise or sunset? … Purple. The lighter tones of purple are fantastic for highlighting hazel and green eyes in addition to your tan. … White. … Blue. … Pink.
Why is a tan attractive?
In many cultures, being tan is associated with good health and status. A tan makes your skin stand out, highlighting contours and giving it a fresh glow. … Some studies suggest that men and women find tanned skin tones more attractive than pale skin. Still, too much tanning can cause skin cancer.
Does coconut oil help you tan?
Like other tanning oils, coconut oil creates a layer on top of the skin. This layer speeds up tanning because it makes the UV rays, both UVA and UVB, easily reach the melanocytes to produce melanin. This means that although you tan faster, you will also burn faster too.
Does wet skin tan faster?
Also a lot of "wet skin" burning, is actually wet tee shirt burning, and the water in the pores of the wet shirt very efficiently couples the rays through to your skin. Well, it doesn't burn faster. I would say it burns slower but tans faster. … Only 5% of the necessary sunlight comes through our skin.


text:
Issue No.03 - July-Sept. (2013 vol.35)
DOI Bookmark: _URL_
This article proposes a methodological approach to the historiography of computing in terms of information hiding--that is, the introduction of levels of abstraction (LoAs) between the human being and the computing machine. This approach applies the LoAs, in terms of the epistemological levelism proposed within the philosophy of information, to the transition from ancient to modern computing. In particular, the black-box metaphor and von Neumann's architectures are discussed. Also, the authors propose a formal LoAs method as a mathematical counterpart. Information itself is then treated as structure-preserving functions so that a LoA can distinguish what kind of information gets hidden when human beings interact with computing machines.
History, Human computer interaction, Mathematics, Information technology, Software engineering, black box metaphor, history of computing, historiography of computing, philosophy of information
"From Ancient to Modern Computing: A History of Information Hiding", IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol.35, no. 3, pp. 33-39, July-Sept. 2013, doi:10.1109/MAHC.2013.1


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Pry House Field Hospital Museum
Come and visit the Pry House Field Hospital Museum. This museum is located in the historic Pry House on the Antietam Battlefield, which served both as Union Commander General George B. McClellan's headquarters and as Medical Director Dr. Jonathan Letterman's headquarters during the battle. Exhibits include a re-creation of an operating theater, interpretive panels, objects relating to the care of the wounded, the history of the Pry House and family, and information on the revolutionary system of evacuation of wounded created by Dr. Letterman during the battle, which is still in use today. This is why the Pry House is considered the birthplace of military and emergency medicine.
The grounds around the house also offer many sights. The Pry Barn, which was used as a field hospital, will be open to the public with displays on field hospitals. There is also an overlook at which you can view the battlefield in almost the same spot at General McClellan and his staff did in 1862. And right outside the house is a 19th century style medicinal and kitchen garden. Every plant serves a practical, rather than aesthetic, purpose. This includes medicinal plants, herbs, and vegetables for the kitchen table, just like the Pry family would have had in the 1860′s.
Be sure to visit our garden blog:
A Garden of Antietam
The Pry House garden is a 19th century-style medicinal and kitchen garden. Every plant serves a practical, rather than an aesthetic, purpose. This blog documents learning the ins and outs of 19th century gardening.
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, which is why they read books rather than taking part in reality TV, so reading about someone as well-rounded as, say, Jade Goody will certainly prove beyond them. Writers in the fantasy field (Tolkien and David Eddings, in particular) are often the finest exponents of this style of character-creation, and it is advisable to read as much of their work as possible.
edit Doing it Right
The characters I like to create are streamlined, effective and have some notable feature (or "quirk") that helps them stand out from the background cast. In my novel Flapping Without Featherbeds[6] I created the character of Clayton Purvis, one of my finest creations to date (not to sound immodest!) I created him using a simple three-part method, which I will explain here, using Clayton as an example.
edit Part One: The Primary Characteristic
The primary characteristic is simply that; the main mood or state of of being for a character. Clayton is a surly person. This is how he acts nearly all of the time, which makes him readily identifiable with readers because they probably know some moody people as well. Characters such as Clayton frequently show up in other forms of media.
Giving many of your characters names that start with the same letter makes them easy to remember. Tolkien used this technique when writing The Silmarillion. Never has there been a book so easy to understand.
edit Part Two: The Secondary Characteristic
The secondary characteristic is the way the character behaves some of the time, but not often. It is important that this characteristic appears rarely, otherwise your reader may get it confused with the primary characteristic and lose the direction of the plot. This may result in them no longer buying your books. In the example of Clayton, his secondary characteristic is that he can sometimes be very kind. Not very often, but just often enough that the reader can see that beneath his surly exterior he is a good person. This kind of dual-characerising is extremely rare in novels, though some TV shows are beginning to utilise it, and it is one I intend to pioneer further.
edit Part Three: The Quirk
Clayton is a ginger. Gingers are funny, see?
edit The Ending
Stephen King staring
"Now you weren't thinkin' of stealin' mah style, were you boy? Good..." Don't listen. Steal his style. He can't hurt you.
Whilst not as important as the beginning, as readers will have purchased the book by this point and do not need further impressing, a passable ending is still worth including. Remember, your novels are not a finite resource. By changing small elements of the plot each time, or even just the character names, there is nothing to stop you writing tens or even hundreds of novels a year! (Just look at Stephen King for an example of a true pioneer of this approach.) This is no good, however, if you put your readers off purchasing your next opus by leaving them deeply unsatisfied at the climax (see Tabitha King), so your novel must end with something slightly better than "it was all a dream, the end," no matter how easy or tempting this may seem. The three most important words when writing an ending are Plot Twist, Plot Twist, Plot Twist. Indeed, these three words are so important it takes six words to contain them.
edit Doing it Wrong
Some novels contain plot twists throughout, or create a plot sufficiently complex that the reader is never sure what's going to happen, making a plot twist impossible. Noted author George R.R. Martin does this in the series A Song of Ice and Fire, for example. It is a technique to avoid at all costs. All artistic reasons aside, just think of the workload. Creating a three-dimensional world with a convincing history and characters with "realistic" emotions could delay your novel by up to a month![7] Remember, a minute more spent on your work is a minute you could be spending surrounded by models on your private boat, so you'd best get moving if you want to enjoy your well-earned Mojitos.
edit Doing it Right
At the epic conclusion of my three-part series Getting Rich in Chipping Sodbury[8] I introduced a plot twist that will one day be counted as "legendary". With this novel I tried, and succeeded, to challenge the casual sexism of a society who will automatically assume a given person is male, unless explicitly told otherwise. Up until this point in the story, the reader has been labouring under the impression that central character Butch "Shagalot" McHardasfuck is a man. The final scene takes part in a brothel Butch has been frequenting, a face-off between the character and his ex-wife. Except, of course, we suddenly discover that it isn't his ex-wife at all. Butch is a woman. The assumptions readers have made about her gender are nothing more than ill-conceived stereotyping, from a public who still dismiss women as inferior. The reader leaves surprised and, hopefully, just a little bit wiser.
edit In Conclusion
You now have all the knowledge you need to write a highly successful novel. No, no need to thank me, it's what I do. If you truly want to say thank you, then simply don't forget me when you're at the top. I have a new novel ready, entitled What I Want to do to that Bastard who Rejected my Novel 'Fights and Clocks,'[9] the Bastard.[10] So if you happen to have a meeting with your publisher, and you have some time to spare, why not have a word with him about it.
edit Notes
 1. Currently unpublished.
 2. He did it again.
 3. Currently unpublished.
 4. Currently unpublished.
 5. Not a clown, as there is no comedy in this novel.
 6. Currently unpublished.
 7. It's delaying George R.R. Martin's by over five years.
 8. Currently unpublished.
 9. Currently unpublished,
 10. Currently unpublished.
edit See Also
Gorillatrans Featured HowTo: Article Featured on the 12th of February 2011
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The Frames Film Program is a film production and life skills program that provides opportunities for youth to learn the basics of filmmaking in a supportive, safe and fun environment.
Youth collaboratively create short film projects expressing their thoughts and ideas for change. In some cases, youth will conceptualize, film, and edit a film for a partnered non-profit organization to gain hands-on work experience and build community engagement. All projects are shared with the community via numerous events and media channels after each course.
Several of our participants' short films have had great success on the film festival circuit. Where We Sleep (2012) screened at the Reel 2 Real Film Festival for Youth and won Best Directing for its brave team. What Is A Home? (2013) won Best Film at the Surrey Homelessness and Housing Society's Youth Film Competition, and is an official selection of the Reel Youth Film Festival which premiered the PSA at the Vancouver International Film Festival and has toured over thirty countries worldwide.
Over the past 11 years, our approach has proven to help youth with significant barriers develop a wide range of skills and begin to take necessary steps towards employment and community attachment.
Each ten-week cycle involves weekly lessons and two shooting and editing weekends
Receive support from a full youth Case Management Team, a Frames' Social Worker and Film Instructor
Gain life and employment skills, industry knowledge from guest speakers, and technical filmmaking skills.
Program Evaluations & Toolkit
McCreary Centre Evaluation
An evaluation report conducted by the McCreary Centre Society that assesses the capacity of our program for addressing areas of well-being (ie. life skills, addictions, psychosocial functioning) and increased awareness of the mental health challenges affecting youth.
A study of the Frames Film Program, conducted by the University of British Columbia, that examines the impact of arts-based programming on marginalized youth and their surrounding communities.
Donate To Frames Film Program
Our programs are funded by government grants and donations from generous companies and individuals.


export the specified databases. Special values: 0 (number of processes equal to the number of detected CPUs) and 1 (default - no concurrency). Multiprocessing works at the database level for Windows and at the table level for Non-Windows (POSIX) systems.
 - --no-headers, -h
 Do not display column headers. This option applies only for csv and tab output.
 - --output-file
 Specify the path and filename to store the generated export output. By default the standard output is used (no file).
 - --quiet, -q
 Turn off all messages for quiet execution.
 - --regexp, --basic-regexp, -G
 Perform pattern matches using the REGEXP operator. The default is to use LIKE for matching.
 - --rpl=rpl_mode, --replication=rpl_mode
 Include replication information. Permitted values are master (make destination a slave of the source server), slave (make destination a slave of the same master as the source - only works if the source server is a slave), and both (include the master and slave options where applicable).
 - --rpl-file=RPL_FILE, --replication-file=RPL_FILE
 The path and filename where the generated replication information should be written. Valid only with the --rpl option.
 - --rpl-user=replication_user
 The user and password for the replication user requirement, in the format: user[:password] or login-path. For example, rpl:passwd. The default is None.
 - --server=server
 Connection information for the server.
 To connect to a server, it is necessary to specify connection parameters such as the user name, host name, password, and either a port or socket. MySQL Utilities provides a number of ways to supply this information. All of the methods require specifying your choice via a command-line option such as --server, --master, --slave, etc. The methods include the following in order of most secure to least secure.
 - Use login-paths from your .mylogin.cnf file (encrypted, not visible). Example : login-path[:port][:socket]
 - Use a configuration file (unencrypted, not visible) Note: available in release-1.5.0. Example : configuration-file-path[:section]
 - Specify the data on the command-line (unencrypted, visible). Example : user[:passwd]@host[:port][:socket]
 - --ssl-ca
 The path to a file that contains a list of trusted SSL CAs.
 - --ssl-cert
 The name of the SSL certificate file to use for establishing a secure connection.
 - --ssl-key
 The name of the SSL key file to use for establishing a secure connection.
 - --ssl
 Specifies if the server connection requires use of SSL. If an encrypted connection cannot be established, the connection attempt fails. Default setting is 0 (SSL not required).
 - --skip=skip-objects
 Specify objects to skip in the operation as a comma-separated list (no spaces). Permitted values are CREATE_DB, DATA, EVENTS, FUNCTIONS, GRANTS, PROCEDURES, TABLES, TRIGGERS, and VIEWS.
 - --skip-blobs
 Do not export BLOB data.
 - --skip-gtid
 Skip creation of GTID_PURGED statements.
 - --all
 Generate an export file with all of the databases and the GTIDs executed to that point.
 - --verbose, -v
 Specify how much information to display. Use this option multiple times to increase the amount of information. For example, -v = verbose, -vv = more verbose, -vvv = debug.
 - --version
 Display version information and exit.
NOTES
You must provide connection parameters (user, host, password, and so forth) for an account that has the appropriate privileges to access (e.g., SELECT) all objects in the operation.
To export all objects from a source database, the user must have these privileges: SELECT and SHOW VIEW on the database as well as SELECT on the mysql database.
Actual privileges needed may differ from installation to installation depending on the security privileges present and whether the database contains certain objects such as views, events, and stored routines.
Some combinations of the options may result in errors when the export is imported later. For example, eliminating tables but not views may result in an error when a view is imported on another server.
For the --format, --export, and --display options, the permitted values are not case sensitive. In addition, values may be specified as any unambiguous prefix of a valid value. For example, --format=g specifies the grid format. An error occurs if a prefix matches more than one valid value.
When exporting table data that contain a 0 in the auto_increment column, the export prints a warning that you must enable the NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO SQL_MODE in order to import the data. A sample SQL statement is provided to illustrate how to set the mode.
The path to the MySQL client tools should be included in the PATH environment variable in order to use the authentication mechanism with login-paths. This allows the utility to use the my_print_defaults tools which is required to read the login-path values from the login configuration file (.mylogin.cnf).
If any database identifier specified as an argument contains special characters or is a reserved word, then it must be appropriately quoted with backticks ('). In turn, names quoted with backticks must also be quoted with single or double quotes depending on the operating system, i.e. (") in Windows or (') in non-Windows systems, in order for the utilities to read backtick quoted identifiers as a single argument. For example, to export a database with the name weird'db.name, it must be specified as argument using the following syntax (in non-Windows): ''weird''db.name''.
Keep in mind that you can only take advantage of multiprocessing if your system has multiple CPUs available for concurrent execution. Also note that multiprocessing is applied at a different level according to the operating system where the mysqldbexport utility is executed (due to python limitations). In particular, it is applied at the database level for Windows (i.e., different databases are concurrently exported) and at the table level for Non-Windows (POSIX) systems (i.e., different tables within the same database are concurrently exported).
EXAMPLES
To export the definitions of the database dev from a MySQL server on the local host via port 3306, producing output consisting of CREATE statements, use this command:
shell> mysqldbexport --server=root:pass@localhost \
 --skip=GRANTS --export=DEFINITIONS util_test
# Source on localhost: ... connected.
# Exporting metadata from util_test
DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS 'util_test';
CREATE DATABASE 'util_test';
USE 'util_test';
# TABLE: 'util_test'.'t1'
CREATE TABLE 't1' (
 'a' char(30) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=MEMORY DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
# TABLE: util_test.t2
CREATE TABLE 't2' (
 'a' char(30) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
# TABLE: util_test.t3
CREATE TABLE 't3' (
 'a' int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
 'b' char(30) DEFAULT NULL,
 PRIMARY KEY ('a')
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
# TABLE: util_test.t4
CREATE TABLE 't4' (
 'c' int(11) NOT NULL,
 'd' int(11) NOT NULL,
 KEY 'ref_t3' ('c'),
 CONSTRAINT 'ref_t3' FOREIGN KEY ('c') REFERENCES 't3' ('a')
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
# VIEW: 'util_test'.'v1'
[...]
#...done.
Similarly, to export the data of the database util_test, producing bulk insert statements, use this command:
shell> mysqldbexport --server=root:pass@localhost \
 --export=DATA --bulk-insert util_test
# Source on localhost: ... connected.
USE 'util_test';
# Exporting data from 'util_test'
# Data for table 'util_test'.'t1':
INSERT INTO 'util_test'.'t1' VALUES ('01 Test Basic database example'),
 ('02 Test Basic database example'),
 ('03 Test Basic database example'),
 ('04 Test Basic database example'),
 ('05 Test Basic database example'),
 ('06 Test Basic


26 January, 2017
C#: functions vs. expression trees
I recently was given the opportunity to revisit Func<T> and Expression<T>. These things can become extremely complex and almost impossible to understand or read. So if you are as confused as I was when starting this here is how the Expression<T> vs. Func<T> relates.
Just bear in mind that you rarely want to deal with Expressions. Given the circumstances I was unfortunately forced to as I was hooking into an existing query expression.
To start off - the following statement is very important and very true:
So - an Expression is actually not a method that can execute in its own right.
 - An Expression is merely meta-data about a function that can be compiled and then executed.
 - A Function is executable code that you can call and use directly.
Looking at the example below - you will find a Func<int> (line 12) and an Expression<Func<int>> (line 13). Both return an integer of the value 10. The function can be executed directly by calling .invoke() (line 21) whereas the Expression first need to see a compilation (line 22) and then an invocation.
In other words - the expression is actually as the name suggests just an "expression" (a statement) about a future method (function) that it can be compiled into. Then, and only then can it (the compiled function) be used.
Need I say again - you do not need to deal with Expressions…?
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InRiver: Not loading your extensions?
(You really need to in the loop to appreciate the issue this post addresses). Man, I've been fighting this problem for hours before I ...