text:
Front end monitoring includes behavior monitoring 、 Abnormal monitoring 、 Performance monitoring, etc , This paper mainly discusses abnormal monitoring . For the front end , In the same monitoring system as the back end , The front end has its own monitoring scheme , Back end also has its own monitoring scheme , But the two are not separate , Because if a user has an exception during the operation of the application , It could be the front end , It could also be the back end , There needs to be a mechanism , Connect the front and rear ends in series , Unify the monitoring system with the monitoring system . therefore , Even if only front-end exception monitoring is discussed , In fact, we can't strictly distinguish between the front and back end , According to the actual system design , In the final report, it shows the help of monitoring for development and business .
generally speaking , A monitoring system , It can be roughly divided into four stages ： Log collection 、 The logging stored 、 Statistics and analysis 、 Reports and warnings .
Acquisition phase ： Collect exception logs , Do some local treatment first , Take a certain plan to report to the server .
Storage phase ： The backend receives the exception log reported by the front end , After some treatment , Store according to a certain storage scheme .
analysis phase ： It can be divided into automatic analysis and manual analysis . Automatic machine analysis , Through preset conditions and algorithms , Statistics and filtering of stored log information , Find the problem , Trigger alarm . Artificial analysis , By providing a visual data panel , Let the system user see the specific log data , According to the information , Find out the root cause of abnormal problems .
Alarm phase ： It can be divided into warning and early warning . Alarm according to a certain level of automatic alarm , Through established channels , Follow certain trigger rules . The early warning is before the abnormality , Prejudge in advance , Give a warning .
1 Front end exception
Front end exception refers to the use of Web The application can not get the expected results quickly , Different anomalies have different consequences , If it is light, it will cause user's displeasure , In particular, the product cannot be used , Make the user lose the recognition of the product .
1.1 Front end exception classification
Depending on the extent of the consequences of the exception code , The performance of front-end exceptions can be divided into the following categories
The content presented by the interface does not match the content expected by the user , For example, click to enter the non target interface , The data is not accurate , The error prompt is incomprehensible , Interface dislocation , Jump to the error interface after submitting . When such exceptions occur , Although the product itself can function normally , But users can't achieve their goals .
There is no reaction after the interface operation , For example, click the button can not submit , It indicates that the operation cannot be continued after success . When such exceptions occur , The product already has interface level local unavailability .
The interface fails to achieve the operation purpose , For example, click to enter the target interface , Click to view details, etc . When such exceptions occur , Some functions of the application cannot be used normally .
d. Feign death
The interface appears stuck , The inability to use any function . For example, the user cannot log in, resulting in the inability to use the in app functions , Because a mask layer is blocked and cannot be closed, no subsequent operation can be performed . When such exceptions occur , The user is likely to kill the app .
The application often exits automatically or fails to operate . For example, intermittently crash, The web page can't load normally or can't do anything after loading . This kind of abnormality continues to appear , It will directly lead to the loss of users , Affect product vitality .
1.2 Abnormal error cause classification
The main causes of front-end abnormalities are 5 class ：
|Logic error||1) Wrong business logic judgment condition
2) Wrong event binding order
3) Call stack timing error
4) Wrong operation js object
|Wrong data type||1) take null Read as object property
2) take undefined Traverse as an array
3) Use numbers in string form directly for addition
4) Function parameter not passed
|Grammatical and syntactic errors||Less|
|Network error||1) slow
2) The server does not return data but still 200, The front end traverses the data as normal
3) Network outage when submitting data
4) Server side 500 The front end does not do any error handling when there is an error
|Once in a while|
|System error||1) Out of memory
2) The disk is full
3) The shell doesn't support API
4) Are not compatible
2 Abnormal collection
2.1 Collect content
When an exception occurs , We need to know the specific information of the exception , Determine the solution based on the specific information of the exception . When collecting abnormal information , Can follow 4W principle ：
WHO did WHAT and get WHICH exception in WHICH environment?
a. User information
Information of the user in case of exception , For example, the status of the user at the current time 、 Authority, etc , As well as the need to distinguish when users can log on to multiple terminals , Which terminal does the exception correspond to .
b. Behavioral information
An exception occurred when the user did something ： The interface path ; What was done ; What data is used in the operation ; At that time API Spit out what data to the client ; If it's a submit operation , What data was submitted ; Last path ; Last behavior log ID etc. .
c. Abnormal information
Generate abnormal code information ： User operated DOM Element nodes ; Exception level ; Exception types ; Description of the exception ; Code stack Information, etc .
d. environmental information
The network environment ; Equipment model and identification code ; Operating system version ; Client version ;API Interface version, etc .
|requestId||String||An interface produces an requestId|
|traceId||String||One stage produces one traceId, Used to track all logging related to an exception|
|hash||String||This article log The unique identification code of , amount to logId, But it is generated based on the specific content of the current logging|
|time||Number||Current log generation time （ Save time ）|
|userStatus||Number||at that time , User status information （ Is it available / Ban ）|
|userRoles||Array||at that time , List of roles of former users|
|userGroups||Array||at that time , User's current group , Group permissions can affect results|
|userLicenses||Array||at that time , license , It may expire|
|path||String||Location path ,URL|
|action||String||What operation has been carried out|
|referer||String||Last path , source URL|
|data||Object||Of the current interface state、data|
|dataSources||Array<Object>||The upstream api What data was given|
|dataSend||Object||What data was submitted|
|targetElement||HTMLElement||User operated DOM Elements|
|targetDOMPath||Array<HTMLElement>||The DOM The node path of the element|
|targetCSS||Object||Custom stylesheet for this element|
|targetAttrs||Object||The element's current properties and values|
|errorStack||String||error stack Information|
|errorColNo||Number||Error column position|
|errorMessage||String||Error description （ Developer definition ）|
|pageX||Number||event x Axis coordinates|
|pageY||Number||event y Axis coordinates|
|screenX||Number||event x Axis coordinates|
|screenY||Number||event y Axis coordinates|
|eventKey||String||The key that triggers the event|
|network||String||Network environment description|
|system||String||Operating system description|
This is a very large log field table , It almost includes the occurrence of an exception , All the information that can describe the environment around the exception in detail . In different cases , These fields are not always collected , Because we will use document database to store logs , therefore , Does not affect its actual storage results .
2.2 Exception trapping
The front-end capture exception is divided into global capture and single point capture . Global capture code set , Easier to manage ; Single point capture as a supplement , Capture in some special cases , But scattered , Not conducive to management .
a、 Global capture
Through the global interface , Write the capture code in one place , The available interfaces are ：
- window.addEventListener('error') / window.addEventListener("unhandledrejection") / document.addEventListener('click') etc.
- Framework level global monitoring , for example aixos Use in interceptor To intercept ,vue、react All have their own error collection interface
- By encapsulating global functions , The implementation automatically catches exceptions when the function is called
- Rewrite instance methods （Patch）, Wrap a layer around the original function , For example console.error Rewrite , You can also catch exceptions with the same method of use
b、 Single point capture
Wrap individual code blocks in business code , Or in the logical process , Implement targeted exception capture ：
- Write a function to collect exception information , When an exception occurs , Call this function
- Write a function to wrap other functions , Get a new function , The new function runs


BU versus Proof
At the show this weekend, we had a gentleman looking for a XXVI Olympiad Tennis Commemorative Dollar. When asked which he wanted, BU or Proof, he was not sure and wanted to know the difference.
First, let's talk about the difference between BU and Proof. BU is short for uncirculated (brilliant uncirculated) coins.
One might ask, well, commemoratives are not released to the public so why aren't they all uncirculated?
That's true. Even though commemoratives are legal tender, they do not get circulated. Their value is much higher for their collectability rather than their worth as spendable coinage.
But, the difference in uncirculated and proof – at least in the 1995/1996 timeframes when these coins were minted – shows in how the mint struck the coins. Uncirculated coins in that timeframe were minted and treated like the coins for circulation, but they were packaged in protective coin holders before being sold. Thus, they were "uncirculated" meaning they weren't bagged with other coins with the associated nicks and scrapes from the coins rubbing together. Plus, they did not get the fingerprints and handling that circulated coins would have.
On the other hand, the US Mint explains, "United States proof coins are produced from carefully selected planchets, or coin blanks, that have been burnished to a high luster. The polished blanks, which are carefully handled to minimize scratches and abrasions, are struck on specially adapted coining presses. Each coin is struck at least twice to bring forth the most minute detail with remarkable clarity."
Thus, the proof coins are "prettier" in that they have a mirror-like shine for the background and a very detailed design. Though, the uncirculated coins are nice, they don't have the clarity of the proof.
OK, that helps, but why is the Tennis BU – which you say is less attractive – much more expensive than the proof Tennis coin?
The short answer is supply and demand. Let's look at the population charts for the XXVI Olympiad commemorative coins. The population numbers are to the nearest 500.
XXVI Olympiad Commemortive Coin Populations
Now, let's look at the coins' values as of early April. These values are no longer current but are sufficient for illustration purposes.
XXVI Olympiad Commemortive Coin Values
Isn't it interesting that the high bars in the population chart are almost always the low bars in the values chart? That's called supply and demand. When supply is sufficient to meet (and/or exceed) all of the demand, then the values are lower.
If the mintages are lower such that supply cannot satisfy all of the demand, then the values per coin go up. And, since the Mint does not make these coins any more, the supply does not increase to meet the demand.
But, you will also notice that some of the large population variations between the Unc and Proof coins do not equate to such a large difference in their values (for example, 1995 Baseball Half and 1995 Gymnastics Dollar).
In some cases the collectors' interests impact the market value. If people are not looking for those specific coins, the demand does not exceed the supply and the market rate does not go up as dramatically.
Of course, this multivariate equation includes the metal content of the coins as well. Sometimes the metal impacts more than others such as when silver climbs.
To many, they're happy just to collect, but if you are a collector also looking at longer term value think about their beauty, their grade, the way they're made, their population numbers and their metal content.
But, most of all, have fun!


Abstract
Although previous studies have indicated the importance of flood events in the mobilization, transport and deposition of gold by streams, there have been no estimates of actual transport rates of sediment and gold as discharge varies both within and between years. Here, we use Helley–Smith bed load samples from Harris Creek, a gold-rich gravel-cobble bed stream in British Columbia, to develop equations of the form Ri = aQb that relate transport rates (Ri) of sediment, magnetite and gold to discharge (Q). These equations have then been used to estimate the amounts of sediment, magnetite and gold transported by Harris Creek in 1991, 1992 and 1993.
Results show that the amount of material transported can vary by up to three orders of magnitude from year to year depending on the magnitude and duration of the snowmelt flood. Combined with the preferential deposition of Au at bar-head sites, it seems likely these large annual variations in the amount of Au transported result in similar year-to-year variations in the strength of stream sediment geochemical anomalies for Au.
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graph (domain model) on the heap is modified in response to the messages. Observers of the model are informed of any changes, the UI and maybe other resources are modified.
Far from being evil the correct arrangement of these heap-modifying and screen-modifying side effects are at the core of OO design (in this case the MVC pattern).
Of course, that does not mean that your methods should have arbitary side-effects. And side effect free functions do have a place in improving the readbility and sometimes performance, of your code.
share|improve this answer
Observers (including the UI) should find out about modifications via subscribing to the messages/events that your object send out. This is not a side effect unless the object directly modifies the observer - which would be bad design. – ChrisF Oct 28 '10 at 10:42
_USER_ Most defintely it is a side effect. The message passed to the observer (in an OO langauge most likely a method call on an interface) will lead to the state of the UI component on the heap changing (and these heap objects are visible to other parts of the program). The UI component is neither a parameter of the method or the return value. In a formal sense, for a function to be side effect free it must be idempotent. Notification in the MVC pattern is not, for example the UI may display a list of messages it has received - console - calling it twice results in a different program state. – flamingpenguin Oct 28 '10 at 15:17
Any side-effect introduces extra input/output parameters which must be taken in account when testing.
This make code validation much more complex as the environment cannot be limited to just the code being validated, but must bring in some or all of the surrounding environment (the global that is updated lives in that code over there, which in turn depends on that code, which in turn depends on living inside a full Java EE server....)
By trying to avoid side-effects you limit the amount of externalism needed to run the code.
share|improve this answer
Side effects are like "leaks" in your code that will need to be handled later, either by you or some unsuspecting coworker.
Functional languages avoid state variables and mutable data as a way of making code less context dependent and more modular. Modularity insures that the work of one developer won't affect/undermine the work of another.
Scaling rate-of-development with team size, is a "holy grail" of software development today. When working with other programmers, few things are as important as modularity. Even the most simple of logical side effects make collaboration extremely difficult.
share|improve this answer
+1 - "or some unsuspecting coworker" – Merlyn Morgan-Graham Oct 28 '10 at 9:35
-1 for side effects being "leaks that need to be handled." Creating "side effects" (non-pure-functional code) is the entire purpose of writing any non-trivial computer program. – Mason Wheeler Jan 19 '11 at 18:33
Evil is a bit over the top.. it all depends on the context of the usage of the language.
Another consideration to those already mentioned is that it makes proofs of correctness of a program much simpler if there are no functional side effects.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
Topic 6: Writing and Typing Tips
Using the features in the AutoCorrect Options and teaching students the quickest way to spell check and find synonyms will enhance their writing. Create a template that includes the information that a student needs to correctly head a paper will reduce frustrations and allow the student to immediately begin work on the content.
- Participants will use the autocorrect, and auto text features to reduce the number of keystrokes and errors.
- Participants will use the right mouse button to quickly check their spelling and find synonyms of words.
- Participants will create a template that contains the necessary student information for a paper heading. Such as name, date, class name.
To begin the first Learning Activity, click here.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Self-excited converging shock structure in a complex plasma medium
G Arora and S Maity, PHYSICAL REVIEW E, 108, 055209 (2023).
We report the study of a self-excited converging shock structure observed in a complex plasma medium. A high-density dust cloud of melamine formaldehyde particles is created and horizontally confined by a circular ring in a dc glow discharge plasma at a particular discharge voltage and pressure. Later, as the discharge voltage is increased, a circular density crest is spontaneously generated around the outer boundary of the dust cloud. This nonlinear density structure is seen to propagate inward towards the center of the dust cloud. The properties of the excited structure are analyzed and found to follow the characteristics of a converging shock structure. A three-dimensional molecular dynamics simulation has also been performed in which a stable dust cloud is formed and levitated by the balance of forces due to gravity and an external electric field mimicking the cathode sheath electric field in the experiment. Particles are also horizontally confined by an external electric field, representing the sheath electric field of the circular ring present in the experiment. A circular shock structure has been excited by applying an external perturbation in the horizontal electric field around the outer boundary of the dust cloud. The characteristic properties of the shock are analyzed in the simulation and qualitatively compared with the experimental findings. This paper is not only of fundamental interest but has many implications concerning the study of converging shock waves excited in other media for various potential applications.
Return to Publications page

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
What is a sewer drop connection?
A drop connection manhole is one that is positioned where a sudden drop in the elevation of pipelines occurs. The incoming pipe the influent line is higher than the outgoing pipe the effluent pipe.
What is invert elevation of manhole?
Invert elevation is the height between a sewer pipe and a given bench mark, usually the top of the street or finished floor. Contractors doing sewer pipe installation must ensure that all sewer pipes they install meet the invert elevation height.
How do you put in a manhole?
Manholes are mainly positioned 0.5m away from the curb lines of the road. Mostly it is constructed such that it is away from the wheel line of the traffic. The cover of a manhole is a plug that protects the manhole from any unauthorized access.
How do inverted siphons work?
siphons. inverted siphons are used to carry sewage or stormwater under streams, highway cuts, or other depressions in the ground. In an inverted siphon the liquid completely fills the pipe and flows under pressure, as opposed to the open-channel gravity flow that occurs in most sanitary .
When the drop manhole is used in sewers?
A drop manhole is a manhole in which a vertical pipe is provided to allow for flow between the branch sewer and the main sewer. It is utilized in areas where the slope is steep or when an inlet pipes invert elevation is much higher than the outlet pipes invert level.
What kind of material of sewer is to be provided in an inverted siphon?
For flow under an obstruction, such as a river. Inverted siphons (also called depressed sewers) allow stormwater or wastewater sewers to pass under obstructions such as rivers.
What is a sewer invert?
An invert in a manhole is. the elevation at which the interior of the incoming and outgoing pipe sits. Yet, it is commonly understood as a channel that runs through the base of the manhole from incoming pipe to out flow pipe.
What is a sewer invert level?
Invert level is the term given to the level of the bottom of the inside of a drainage pipe or inspection chamber. Drainage layout drawings usually show cover levels and invert levels of inspection chambers or manholes. The cover level is the finished ground level at a location, measured against a fixed benchmark.
What is pit invert level?
The pit invert level is the level at the top of the pit base slab. The old convention using the outlet pipe invert level at the centre of the pit shaft to represent the pit invert level is no longer applicable.
What is the difference between siphon and inverted siphon?
In an inverted siphon the hydraulic gradient line is above the flow-line, whereas in true siphon the hydraulic line is below the flow line. Inverted siphons are also known as depressed sewers, because the sewer portion at such portion is below the general sewer line.
Can water be siphoned uphill?
You can siphon uphill as long as the outlet is lower than the inlet. Thats how a siphon works. So if you are downhill, one way to siphon uphill is to hold a bucket of water over your head and siphon from there.
What is outfall sewer?
Outfall Sewer: The length of the main or trunk sewer between the connection of the lowest branch and final point of disposal is known as an outfall sewer and it thus conducts the sewage either to the treatment plant or to the point of final discharge.
What is flushing manhole?
Flushing Tanks Flushing without using an independent flushing tank is also possible Using a flap valve or plug in the downstream manhole opening the valve/plug at intervals to rush sewage through for flushing Water is admitted into the sewer at controlled rate for achieving the desired level of backing Fire.
What is self cleansing velocity?
Self-cleansing velocity is defined as the minimum velocity at which sewage should flows such that there is no deposition or accumulation of particles along the drain length. It is about 0.6 to 0.9 m/sec.
What are lamp holes?
A small, vertical pipe or shaft extending from the surface of the ground to a sewer. A light (or lamp) may be lowered down the pipe for the purpose of inspecting the sewer.
What is a relief sewer?
Relief Sewer means (a) a sewer built to carry the flows in excess of the capacity of an existing sewer, (b) a sewer intended to carry a portion of the flow from a district in which the existing sewers are of insufficient capacity, and thus prevent overtaxing the latter, or (c) replacement of the existing sewer in place.
What are sewer appurtenances?
Sewer Appurtenances are those structures of the sewerage system which are thus constructed at suitable interval and other locations along a sewer line. These are to assist in efficient operation and also maintenance of the system.
How do you calculate PDWF?
PDWF = d * ADWF where: ADWF is the combined average daily sanitary flow into a sewer from domestic, commercial and industrial sources.


text:
Difference Between Ocean Liner and Cruise Ship
Ocean Liner vs Cruise Ship
Ships have been around since the Neolithic Period. In fishing and hunting, early man used canoes made from hollowed tree logs. The Egyptians were the first to use wooden planks in ships which allowed them to build larger and sturdier ships, paving the way for world navigation.
Ships were primarily made for the military and for commerce. Today, ships are not only used by the armed forces of most countries but are also vital for world trade and commerce. There are also ships that are used to transport passengers from one place to another. These are called ocean liners.
An ocean liner is used for transoceanic travel and has a regular route. Since it is meant for long-distance sea travel, it is equipped with a large storage area and fuel capacity. It is built strongly to enable it to withstand even the most unfavorable weather conditions.
It is not only intended to carry people but also to carry cargo and mail. It is designed for a maximum number of passengers and cargo capacity, faster speed, and it is stronger and has a much higher standard than a cruise ship.
A cruise ship is a passenger ship intended for travel and pleasure. People travel by cruise ships when they are on vacation, usually getting on it at a certain port, stopping by at several other ports then returning back to their port of origin.
It has a slower speed but has many fine features such as; restaurants, bars, nightclubs, spas, fitness centers, shops, theaters, cinemas, gyms, tennis or basketball courts, video arcades, and indoor or outdoor swimming pools. It functions like a hotel with additional staff aside from the crew.
Some cruise ships are former ocean liners which were also used during World War II to transport soldiers and used as hospitals for wounded soldiers. This is the reason why most cruise ships have diminished sea worthiness than ocean liners.
Today, both cruise ships and ocean liners are competing for passengers who want to experience pleasure while travelling at sea.
1.Both an ocean liner and a cruise ship are used for long-distance sea travel, but cruise ships are meant for passengers only while ocean liners are also used to carry cargo and mail among other things.
2.A cruise ship has a regular route and usually returns its passengers back to the port where they came from while an ocean liner usually lets off passengers to their various destinations.
3.An ocean liner travels faster, is built stronger, and has a higher standard while a cruise ship has a slower speed and does not have a large cargo capacity like an ocean liner.
4.A cruise ship has more amenities resembling a hotel with features such as; bars, restaurants, sports facilities, shops, and spas while an ocean liner may or may not have any of these features.
5.An ocean liner usually travels to places that are farther away, taking several weeks or even months before it can reach its destination while a cruise ship takes a much shorter time.
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text:
In recent years, brownfield site developments and urban concentration projects have become more important in the context of site and regional development. The use of test planning and urban design study processes allows us to help our clients to optimize sites in terms of how they are used and developed. We employ a number of different approaches to achieve these results.
Various constraints present considerable challenges when it comes to developing sites and districts; these include spatial constraints within built-up areas, as well as planning/regulatory and environmental constraints, and a diverse range of demands from different stakeholders. In order to arrive at a mutual understanding and find solutions, there must be dialog and discussion, and the various options must be narrowed down. Test planning and urban-planning study processes are tools which aid this purpose.
We support our clients in the development of complex sites and regions through test planning and urban design study processes, specifically, through:
- Generating the substantive program content and carrying out preliminary investigations,
- Drafting proposals for the assessment board, teams, and experts, working together with our clients to configure these groups,
- Generating a final or summary report,
- Organizing and moderating workshops
- Planning and supporting the entire process.


text:
REDMOND, Wash. — Nov. 9, 2007 — Daniel A. Reed will join Microsoft Research as director of Scalable and Multicore Computing, reporting to Senior Vice President of Research Rick Rashid. Reed is an expert in high-performance computing, multicore architectures and scientific applications, as well as a leader in U.S. information technology research policy.
Reed is the director of the Renaissance Computing Institute, a major collaborative venture of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Duke University, North Carolina State University and the state of North Carolina. He is also a member of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), and is the current chair of the board of directors of the Computing Research Association, which represents the interests of the major academic computing departments and industrial research laboratories in North America.
"Multicore processors represent one of the largest technology transitions in the computing industry today, with deep implications for how we develop software. At the same time, the emergence of software as a service creates new R&D needs for very large-scale datacenters for service delivery," Rashid said. "Dan brings to Microsoft Research the kind of vision and expertise that will help us unleash the potential of software for these new computing paradigms."
Reed is one of the world's leading experts on parallel computing, large-scale system design and related domains. As a member of the President's Information Technology Advisory Committee he chaired the subcommittee on computational science, which produced the report "Computational Science: Ensuring America's Competitiveness." He also co-chaired the 2007 review of IT research by PCAST, which produced the report "Leadership Under Challenge: Information Technology R&D in a Competitive World." While director of the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 2000 to 2004, Reed was chief architect of the National Science Foundation's TeraGrid, a nationwide open-computing infrastructure for science and engineering research.
"Two great forces are reshaping computing: multicore processors with unprecedented power and the explosive growth of software services hosted on megascale data centers," said Reed. "There's no better place than Microsoft Research for me to explore next-generation hardware and software designs that address these fundamental technology challenges."
About Microsoft Research
Founded in 1991, Microsoft Research is dedicated to conducting both basic and applied research in computer science and software engineering. Its goals are to enhance the user experience on computing devices, reduce the cost of writing and maintaining software, and invent novel computing technologies. Researchers focus on more than 55 areas of computing and collaborate with leading academic, government and industry researchers to advance the state of the art in such areas as graphics, speech recognition, user-interface research, natural language processing, programming tools and methodologies, operating systems and networking, and the mathematical sciences. Microsoft Research employs more than 700 people in five labs located in Redmond, Wash.; Silicon Valley, Calif.; Cambridge, England; Beijing, China; and Bangalore, India. Microsoft Research collaborates openly with colleges and universities worldwide to enhance the teaching and learning experience, inspire technological innovation, and broadly advance the field of computer science. More information can be found at _URL_.
Founded in 1975, Microsoft (Nasdaq "MSFT") is the worldwide leader in software, services and solutions that help people and businesses realize their full potential.
Note to editors: If you are interested in viewing additional information on Microsoft, please visit the Microsoft Web page at _URL_ on Microsoft's corporate information pages. Web links, telephone numbers and titles were correct at time of publication, but may since have changed. For additional assistance, journalists and analysts may contact Microsoft's Rapid Response Team or other appropriate contacts listed at _URL_


text:
What does ADSR mean in Electronics?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand ADSR in the Academic & Science field in general and in the Electronics terminology in particular.
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The Tenant of Wildfell Hall Activities & Classroom Projects
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Rewrite a chapter of this novel, changing the setting to present day.
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The CITES species
Roughly 5,600 species of animals and 30,000 species of plants are protected by CITES against over-exploitation through international trade. They are listed in the three CITES Appendices. The species are grouped in the Appendices according to how threatened they are by international trade. They include some whole groups, such as primates, cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises), sea turtles, parrots, corals, cacti and orchids. However, in some cases only a subspecies or geographically separate population of a species (for example the population of just one country) is listed. The table below shows the approximate numbers of species that are included in the CITES Appendices as of 2 October 2013*. A more detailed table is available here.
 Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III
Mammals 300 spp. (incl. 11 popns) + 23 sspp. (incl. 3 popns) 501 spp. (incl. 16 popns) + 7 sspp. (incl. 2 popns) 45 spp. + 10 sspp.
Birds 154 spp. (incl. 2 popns) + 10 sspp. 1278 spp. (incl. 1 popn) + 3 sspp. 25 spp.
Reptiles 80 spp. (incl. 8 popns) + 5 sspp. 673 spp. (incl. 6 popns) 40 spp.
Amphibians 17 spp. 126 spp. 3 spp.
Fish 16 spp. 87 spp. -
Invertebrates 63 spp. + 5 sspp. 2162 spp. + 1 sspp. 22 spp. + 3 sspp.
FAUNA TOTAL 630 spp. + 43 sspp. 4827 spp. + 11 sspp. 135 spp. + 13 sspp.
FLORA 301 spp. + 4 sspp. 29592 spp. (incl. 162 popns) 12 spp. (incl. 2 popns) + 1 var.
GRAND TOTAL 931 spp. + 47 sspp. 34419 spp. + 11 sspp. 147 spp. + 13 sspp. + 1 var.
(updated on 2 October 2013)
Any type of wild plant or animal may be included in the list of species protected by CITES [see Resolution Conf. 9.24 (Rev. CoP16)] and the range of wildlife species included in the Appendices extends from leeches to lions and from pine trees to pitcher plants. While the more charismatic creatures, such as bears and whales, may be the better known examples of CITES species, the most numerous groups include many less popularized plants and animals, such as aloes, corals, mussels and frogs.
On this site, you can find the lists of species included in CITES Appendices I, II and III, as well as photographs of many of the listed species.
To find more details of the CITES species, you can search the CITES-listed species database hosted by UNEP-WCMC and the Checklist of CITES species.
* Please note that these numbers are approximate because there are no agreed lists for some of the higher taxa.
The abbreviation "spp." is used to denote species; "sspp." for subspecies; and "popns" for populations.


text:
Definition of Retinitides
1. retinitis [n] - See also: retinitis
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Retinitides Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Retinitides
Literary usage of Retinitides
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences by Southern Society for Clinical Investigation (U.S.) (1870)
"The retinitides are, therefore, classed as idiopathic inflammations, those forms occurring in consequence of diseases of the kidneys, syphilitic retinitis,..."
2. Annals of Ophthalmology (1917)
"retinitides and diseases of the choroid respond only occasionally to this treatment. The consensus of opinion is that..."
3. Relations of Diseases of the Eye to General Diseases: Forming a by Max Knies (1895)
"... roidal diseases—perhaps preferably chorio-retinitides and retinal affections with decided implication of the external layers of the retina and intact..."


text: The MajorForms Signature Acknowledgment application allows the user to obtain and document the signature of a person using the smartphone or tablet. For example, if you are a delivery company and need to obtain a signature when something is delivered, you can use this application. The person receiving the delivery simply signs your smartphone or tablet. The application also allows the user to write a description of what the person is signing for. A photograph of the person signing can also be obtained along with pertinent other data such as the full name and address of the person signing. A timestamp and GPS location at the time of the signing are also recorded. The signature and other data can be synchronized to a secure server effectively backing up the data collected. The user can also view placemarks on a map showing where the signatures were collected. By clicking on any placemark, the data can be viewed including a picture and personal information related to the person signing. Our online reports allow the data to be grouped and analyzed and can be downloaded to a spreadsheet. If the data needs to be made public, the user can automatically create a free website which displays the data collected.


text:
Nordic brown bees are rather rare and your neighboring beekeepers are likely keeping other subspecies or lines of bees, like Italian, Carnica, or Buckfast bees. This increases the risk of uncontrolled cross-breeding occurring, which should be avoided, since crossbred bees sometimes exhibit aggressive behaviour and ultimately are harder to manage. Also if we are interested in conserving the Nordic Brown bee with all of its adaptations it is important to not end up with hybrids.
A colony with a purebred and puremated queen will always produce purebred offspring.
A purebred queen that freely mated in a drone aggregation area could possibly mate with non-purebred drones. Her female offspring would then be cross-bred/hybrids, but her drone offspring would still be purebred. This is due to the fact that drones are a genetic copy of their mother and they receive no genes from their father at all; while the female offspring receive genes from both the mother and father. The signs of cross-breeding show in the worker bees (always female) who have both the maternal genes from the queen and the paternal genes from drones that represent some other subspecies.


=4|C_1)P(C_1)}{P(X=4)}=\frac{P(X=4|C_1)P(C_1)}{P(X=4|C_1)P(C_1)+P(X=4|C_2)P(C_2)+P(X=4|C_3)P(C_3)}=
\frac{ {5 \choose 4} (\frac 14)^4 \frac 34 \frac 13}
{{5 \choose 4} (\frac 14)^4 \frac 34 \frac 13+{5 \choose 4} (\frac 12)^4 \frac 12 \frac 13+{5 \choose 4} (\frac 34)^4 \frac 14 \frac 13}=
In words:
The probability that the Coin is the first Coin, given that we know heads came up 4 times... Is equal to the probability that heads came up 4 times given we know it's the first coin, times the probability that the coin is the first coin. All divided by the probability that heads comes up 4 times (ignoring which of the three Coins is chosen). The binomial coefficients cancel out as well as all denominators when expanding 1/2 to 2/4. This results in
\frac{3}{3 + 32 + 81}=\frac{3}{116}
In the same way we find:
P(C_2|X=4)=\frac{32}{3 + 32 + 81}=\frac{32}{116}
and
P(C_3|X=4)=\frac{81}{3 + 32 + 81}=\frac{81}{116}.
This shows us that after examining the outcome of the five throws, it is most likely we did choose coin number 3.
Actually for a given result the denominator does not matter, only the relative Probabilities p(C_i) = P(C_i|X=4)/P(X=4) When the result is 3 times heads the Probabilities change in favor of Coin 2 and further as the following table shows:
Heads p(C_1) p(C_2) p(C_3)
5 1 32 243
4 3 32 81
3 9 32 27
2 27 32 9
1 81 32 3
0 243 32 1
Distributions[edit]
How are the results of the latest SAT test? What is the average height of females under 21 in Zambia? How does beer consumption among college students at engineering college compare to college students in liberal arts colleges?
To answer these questions, we would collect data and put them in a form that is easy to summarize, visualize, and discuss. Loosely speaking, the collection and aggregation of data result in a distribution. Distributions are most often in the form of a histogram or a table. That way, we can "see" the data immediately and begin our scientific inquiry.
For example, if we want to know more about students' latest performance on the SAT, we would collect SAT scores from ETS, compile them in a way that is pertinent to us, and then form a distribution of these scores. The result may be a data table or it may be a plot. Regardless, once we "see" the data, we can begin asking more interesting research questions about our data.
The distributions we create often parallel distributions that are mathematically generated. For example, if we obtain the heights of all high school students and plot this data, the graph may resemble a normal distribution, which is generated mathematically. Then, instead of painstakingly collecting heights of all high school students, we could simply use a normal distribution to approximate the heights without sacrificing too much accuracy.
In the study of statistics, we focus on mathematical distributions for the sake of simplicity and relevance to the real-world. Understanding these distributions will enable us to visualize the data easier and build models quicker. However, they cannot and do not replace the work of manual data collection and generating the actual data distribution.
What percentage lie within a certain range? Distributions show what percentage of the data lies within a certain range. So, given a distribution, and a set of values, we can determine the probability that the data will lie within a certain range.
The same data may lead to different conclusions if it is interposed on different distributions. So, it is vital in all statistical analysis for data to be put onto the correct distribution.
Distributions
 1. Probability Distributions
 2. Discrete Distributions
 1. Uniform Distribution
 2. Bernoulli Distribution
 3. Binomial Distribution
 4. Poisson Distribution
 5. Geometric Distribution
 6. Negative Binomial Distribution
 7. Hypergeometric Distribution
 3. Continuous Distributions
 1. Uniform Distribution
 2. Exponential Distribution
 3. Gamma Distribution
 4. Normal Distribution
 5. Chi-Square Distribution
 6. Student-t Distribution
 7. F Distribution
 8. Beta Distribution
 9. Weibull Distribution
 10. Gumbel Distribution
Comparison of Some Distributions[edit]
Some Distributions
Name Notation Formula Symbols Use Continuous/ discrete Notes
Bernoulli f(x)= p^x (1-p)^{1-x} p
x
2 outcomes Discrete 1 trial
Binomial b(x;n, p)= {n \choose k} { p^k (1-p)^{n-k}} n trials
k successes
p probability
number of times success
specific probabilities
not random
Discrete
Poisson P(x)= \frac{e^{- \lambda t} (\lambda t)^x }{ x!} \mu = \lambda t <br/> \sigma^2= \lambda t outcome/time
outcome/region
Discrete
Hypergeometric h(x;N,n,k) = {{{k \choose x} {{N-k} \choose {n-x}}}\over {N \choose n}} n samples from
N items
k of N items are successes,
N-k are failures
X times sucess occurs
irregard of location
is random
Discrete Without Replacement
Multivariate
Hypergeometric
 h(x_{1},x_{2}...,x_{k};a_{1},a_{2},...a_{k},N,n){{=}} {a_1 \choose x_1}{a_2 \choose x_2}\dots{a_k \choose x_k}\over {N \choose n} n sample size
N items
k cells A_1 \dots A_k
each with a_1 \dots a_k elements
Discrete Without Replacement
Normal \int_a^b n(x; \mu,\sigma){{=}} Z {{=}} \frac{x- \mu }\sigma x
 \mu average
 \sigma std dev
 : \frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2 \pi}} e^{-( x - \mu )^2 /2 \sigma^2} Continuous Z is a random variable with
 \mu {{=}}0 and \sigma^2 {{=}}1
Chi-Square \chi^2 {{=}} \frac{(n-1)s^2}{\sigma^2} S^2 variance of a rand sampp of size n taken from norm pop w/ var \sigma^2 variances of random sample related to the pop Continuous
Student-t T= \frac{ \bar{X}- \mu }{S/ \sqrt{n}} \bar{X} mean of rand samp size n If don't know \sigma Continuous v=n-1
F F= \frac{ \sigma_2^2 S_1^2}{ \sigma_1^2 S_2^2} {{=}} \frac{S_1^2}{ S_2^2} Continuous
Discrete Distributions[edit]
'Discrete' data are data that assume certain discrete and quantized values. For example, true-false answers are discrete, because there are only two possible choices. Valve settings such as 'high/medium/low' can be considered as discrete values. As a general rule, if data can be counted in a practical manner, then they can be considered to be discrete.
To demonstrate this, let us consider the population of the world. It is a discrete number because the number of civilians is theoretically countable. But since this is not practicable, statisticians often treat this data as continuous. That is, we think of population as within a range of numbers rather than a single point.
For the curious, the world population is 6,533,596,139 as of August 9, 2006. Please note that statisticians did not arrive at this figure by counting individual residents. They used much smaller samples of the population to estimate the whole. Going back to Chapter 1, this is a great reason to learn statistics - we need only a smaller sample of data to make intelligent descriptions of the entire population!
Discrete distributions result from plotting the frequency distribution of data which is discrete in nature.
General Properties[edit]
Cumulative Distribution Function[edit]
A discrete random variable has a cumulative distribution function that describes the probability that the random variable is below the point. The cumulative distribution must increase towards


Asked by: Ranae Eeckman
automotive auto parts
How does a blinker circuit work?
Last Updated: 7th March, 2020
When you push the turn-signal stalk down,thethermal flasher connects to the turn-signal bulbsbyway of the turn-signal switch. This completesthecircuit, allowing current to flow. Initially, thespringsteel does not touch the contact, so the only thingthatdraws power is the resistor.
Click to see full answer.
Hereof, how does a turn signal circuit work?
How Car Turn Signals Work. Turnsignalsrequire electrical power in order to illuminate theturnsignal light bulbs. When the turn signal leverisactivated in either direction, a circuit is completedthatallows power to flow to the front and rear turnsignallights on the selected side.
Subsequently, question is, what does a turn signal relay do? We call the electrical apparatus that dictatesturnsignal a turn signal relay or hazard. Themajority ofturn signal lights on road working vehicles arecontrolledby a flasher, also called a relay which isanelectrical component that severes the lights to flash onandoff.
Hereof, how does a 3 pin flasher relay work?
 1. Power Demands. A flasher relay is powered off oftheautomobile's 12-volt DC main. It is grounded (positive ornegativeground) to match the rest of the car's electricalsystem.
 2. Relay. The heart of the flasher is the relay.
 3. Flasher. The flasher is a thermostatic switch designed topoweron and off at a set rate.
How does a car signal flasher work?
Late model vehicles use an electronic flasherwithno mechanical parts. The flasher measure the amountofcurrent flowing to the turn signal bulbs. If thecurrentdraw is in the expected range, a solid state timingmechanism and atransistor turn power on and off to the turnsignalbulbs.
Related Question Answers
Ihor Hutwalker
How do you test a turn signal flasher?
To test the conventional type offlasherunit, use a circuit tester between theterminal marked B onthe unit and the earth. Turn on theignition. If the supplyside of the unit is working, the bulbshould light. If it does not,look for a break in the wiring betweenthe unit and the fusebox.
Arantxazu Larrinoa
How do I know if my turn signal relay is bad?
The good news is that all of these symptomspointto two possible issues, a bad turn signal relay oradead bulb. If the signal blinks really fast, youhavea bulb out on that side. If it doesn't come on atall ordoesn't blink, you'll need to replace your turnsignalrelay.
Banessa Moranta
What makes a turn signal blink?
You typically can't see your turn signallightswhen you're inside your car. When the bulb burns out,theresistance changes, which causes the turnindicatorin your dashboard to blink faster. This is a quickway toknow whether your light needs to be changed without gettingout ofyour car.
Vergie Heintzsch
What is a flasher relay?
The hazard and turn signal lights found on thevastmajority of road going vehicles are controlled by aflasher,which is commonly referred to as a relay. Theflasheris an electrical component that serves as the switchthat allowsthe lights to flash on and off.
Toshko Urrutia
How do you use turn signals?
First, put your turn signal on in thedirectionyou wish to go. To move into the right lane, push yourturnsignal up to let others know you wish to move to theright. Tomove into the left lane, push your turn signallever down toindicate that you wish to move into the leftlane.
Beulah Mihailovich
What is a thermal flasher?
Flasher units are designed to control theflashrate of vehicle directional indicators; this is achievedbyproviding regular interruption of the electric current intheindicator circuit. Thermal flasher units do not conformtoADR13 and are only suitable for vehicles manufactured priorto1990.
Kattalin Erusalimchik
How do you check a relay?
Listen for a click when the relay isenergized.Check the energized condition of the relaycontacts.Use a digital multimeter (DMM) to test theresistancebetween each pole of the relay and thecorresponding NC andNO contacts for that pole. All NC contactsshould read infiniteresistance to the correspondingpole.
Uma Hartwich
What is a flasher on a car?
Emergency flashers or hazard lights are activated whenadriver pushes the hazard light button/switch. The lights warnotherdrivers of an emergency situation you may be in or thatyourcar is parked on the side of the road. All four turnsignallights turn on when you activate youremergencyflasher.
September Rusev
How does a relay work?
Relays are switches that open and closecircuitselectromechanically or electronically. Relayscontrol oneelectrical circuit by opening and closing contacts inanothercircuit. As relay diagrams show, when a relaycontactis normally open (NO), there is an open contact whentherelay is not energized.
Dolores Loeveling
Is there a fuse for turn signals?
Blown fuse: Fuses provideovercurrentprotection for electrical units. Like all of thelights onand in a vehicle, turn signals rely on afuse. Whenthe fuse blows, electric power to theturn signalswill be shut off entirely. Burnt out bulbs: As withall lightbulbs, turn signal lights can burn out anddie.
Katheleen Cassen
Why do my hazards work but not my turn signals?
Turn signals only work when the ignitionison; hazard lights work whether the ignition is onornot. The two systems have separate power supplies, sotheyhave separate fuses. You may have a blown fuse. The faultcould be afuse, turn signal switch, hazard switch,flasher unit,or a broken wire or connection.
Zhao Dotes
How do I fix a fast blinking turn signal?
Ways to Fix the Turn Signal Blinking Fast
 1. Check for Bad Grounds. For this, trace the ground wire tothetermination point from the bulb housing.
 2. Change the Turn Signal Relay. One of the easiest repairsever,you can also do it on your own (if aware of the system).
 3. 3 Further Electrical Troubleshooting.
Luftolde Kalinov
How much does it cost to replace a turn signal relay?
Know what price you should pay to get yourvehiclefixed.
The average cost for a signalflasherreplacement is between $101 and $114. Labor costsareestimated between $36 and $47 while parts are priced between$65and $67.
Annemieke Holdt
How do you change a turn signal switch?
How to Replace a Turn Signal Switch
 1. Materials Needed.
 2. Step 1: Disconnect the battery.
 3. Step 2: Remove the driver's side airbag.
 4. Step 3: Remove the steering wheel.
 5. Step 4: Remove the steering column trim.
 6. Step 5: Remove the clockspring.
 7. Step 1: Remove the turn signal switch.
 8. Step 2: Disconnect the harness.
Haywood Pinero
Does turn signal switch control brake lights?
On vehicles that use the same lightsforbrakes and turn signals, a badturn-signalswitch can cause the lowerbrake-lights not towork. With a badturn-signal switch, thethird-light shouldstill function. On this type system, theturn signals andbrakes use the samecircuit.
Zuria Hauguel
Where is the turn signal flasher?
The hazard / turn signal flasher is asmall,electrical device that causes the lights on your vehicle toflashin a rhythmic, steady fashion. It is usually located underthedriver's side of the dash, and is wired in-line with theturnsignal lever and hazard switch buttons.
Ilya Rivillo
Why do my turn signals blink fast with LED lights?
Hyperflashing is when the turn signalsblinkfaster than your stock incandescent bulbsdid.This happens because your new LED bulbsdraw suchlittle power that your turn signal relay sees thebulbs asbeing out.
Iset Hlaczik
How much does a turn signal switch cost?
The average cost for a turn signalswitchreplacement is between $208 and $238. Labor costsareestimated between $68 and $87 while parts are priced between$140and $151.


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TriAnthony
Sisense Team Member
Sisense Team Member
Dashboard Script for Automatic Filter Cascading
This dashboard script below can be used to synchronize the selections of a set of filters. For example, if the first filter is set to ABC, all subsequent filters listed will automatically be updated to ABC as well. The script also replicates the disabled state from the first filter to the other filters. look below for an example of Elasticube and dashboard. Please note: Our community website does not currently support .dash (dashboard) and .smodel (Elasticube) files. Please change the extensions of the files before importing them into your environment. Note that once imported, the cube still needs to be built.
Example Use Case: When dealing with multiple date fields in a fact table, this article provides two options, both of which require duplicating all rows in the fact table as many times as the number of date fields. For example, if you have three date fields that you need to analyze your KPIs by, you'll have to have three copies of the fact table. While these approaches are easy to implement, oftentimes they are not feasible and scalable solutions due to the size of the data. A more scalable alternative is to duplicate the date dimension table, which is substantially smaller than a fact table (e.g. a date dimension table containing 10 years of data only has either 3,652 or 3,653 rows), then connect each date field from the fact to the corresponding date dimension table. See the picture below for an example.

TriAnthony_0-1702322218860.png
The next step is to add each date field as a filter to the dashboard. Keep only the first filter editable and lock the other filters. The subsequent filters will be updated automatically as users set the first filter.

TriAnthony_0-1702325930661.png
Ensure that the filters are correctly toggled on/off in each widget's setting. In the example above, the first widget shows the number of hospital admissions by the admission date. Therefore, only the first (Admission Date) filter should be turned on.

TriAnthony_2-1702323035685.png
The last step is to add the dashboard script that automatically cascades the selection of the first filter to the subsequent filters. In the filterNames variable, specify the names of the filters, starting from the first filter, from which the selections will be replicated to other filters. This is the only part of the code that requires your input.

/*************************** This script is used to synchronize the selections of a set of filters ***********************/
/** E.g. if the first filter is set to ABC, all subsequent filters listed will automatically be updated to ABC as well ***/
/***************** The script also replicates the disabled state from the first filter to the other filters **************/
//Specify the names of the filters, starting from the first filter, from which the selections will be replicated to other filters
//This is the only part of the code that requires your input
var filterNames = ['Admission Date', 'Discharge Date', 'Last Visit Date']
//Every time a filter is changed, this code is executed
dashboard.on('filterschanged',function(d) {
 //Find the first filter by name
 var filter1FilterObject = dashboard.filters.$$items.find((item) => {
 if (item.jaql && item.jaql.title.indexOf(filterNames[0]) !== -1) {
 return true;
 }
 });
 //Get the JAQL filter selection of the first filter
 var filter1FilterObjectJAQL = filter1FilterObject.jaql;
 //Get the JAQL filter disabled state of the first filter
 var filter1FilterObjectDisabled = filter1FilterObject.disabled;
 //Define an array for the subsequent filters' objects
 var filterObjects = new Array();
 //Find each of the subsequent filters by name
 for(i=1 ; i<filterNames.length ; i++) {
 filterObjects[i-1] = dashboard.filters.$$items.find((item) => {
 if (item.jaql && item.jaql.title.indexOf(filterNames[i]) !== -1) {
 return true;
 }
 });
 }
 //Update the properties of the subsequent filters to match the first filter
 for(i=0 ; i<filterObjects.length ; i++) {
 if(typeof filterObjects[i] != 'undefined') {
 filterObjects[i].jaql.filter = filter1FilterObjectJAQL.filter;
 filterObjects[i].disabled = filter1FilterObjectDisabled;
 }

 if(filter1FilterObjectJAQL.datatype == 'datetime') {
 filterObjects[i].jaql.level = filter1FilterObjectJAQL.level;
 }
 }
 //Refresh the dashboard
 dashboard.refresh();
});

Comments
dougnewton
10 - ETL
10 - ETL
Yes! I was just running into this problem the other day. (Synchronizing dimension filters.) Thank you for sharing it.
Sisense really should make this a feature of the platform -- not every environment is comfortable with writing/applying code to solve a problem.
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text:
Multi-directional Irregular Wave Modelling with CFD
MetadataShow full item record
The design of coastal structures requires accurate simulations of the wave conditions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) captures most complexities of the wave physics with few assumptions and therefore is considered to be an ideal alternative for the offshore wave simulation. However, the conventional uni-directional regular wave CFD simulation does not represent the reality and tends to overestimate the wave conditions. The irregular bottom topography and varying water depth in the coastal area make the simulation more complicated. To give a more realistic simulation in a coastal area, a directional irregular wave model is to be implemented in a CFD code. This paper presents a multi-directional irregular wave implementation in the open-source CFD model REEF3D. The non-directional frequency spectra Joint North Sea Wave Observation Project (JONSWAP) together with a cos-squared-type directional spreading function is used for the simulation. REEF3D solves the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with the finite difference method on a staggered Cartesian grid and uses the level-set method to capture the free surface under the two-phase flow approximation. The relaxation method is used for the wave generation and numerical beaches. The irregular waves are generated by the superimposition of a finite number of regular waves. The resulting significant wave heights are compared with another numerical model SWASH. The comparisons show good performance of CFD simulations in predicting irregular wave behaviours. The differences are also discussed for future references.


text:
Author and guest blogger Sophia Ayele discusses key lessons from Oxfam's new report, The Indian Ocean Tsunami, 10 Years On: lessons from the response and ongoing funding challenges
Oxfam's research report, The Indian Ocean Tsunami, 10 Years On, examines the record breaking tsunami funding response and asks why we don't see this level and speed of response for every emergency.
In the days and weeks after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, humanitarian organisations were overwhelmed with generous donations. The UK Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) combined funding appeal raised a record-breaking £392m ($613m), bringing in eight times more in two months than the DEC's Sudan appeal, which had been running for four times as long. Governments also responded generously, with 99 countries contributing to the response, including 13 that had never before made a recorded contribution to a disaster.
In all, an estimated $13.5bn in donations poured in from the international community with an unprecedented amount (roughly 40%) from private individuals and organizations – making the tsunami the highest-ever privately funded response.
Why don't we see this type of response for every emergency?
The report draws one overarching conclusion – humanitarian funding is often based on factors other than humanitarian need.


Deploying to Production
Deploy a single node cluster to production.
This page walks you through deploying a single node cluster for production use, which requires a few additional steps compared to development use.
License Keys
If your organization has an enterprise license for Synnax, you'll need to provide your license key on startup. The easiest way to do this is using the --license-key flag when starting the node. Here's an example:
synnax start --listen=localhost:9090 --license-key=000000-00000000-_PHONE_
In production, we recommend using an environment variable or configuration file to store your license key. This is more secure than passing the key as a command line argument. The following example shows how to set the license key using an environment variable:
export SYNNAX_LICENSE_KEY=000000-00000000-_PHONE_
synnax start --listen=localhost:9090
To see the full list of command line options, environment variables, and configuration file parameters, see this page.
Configuring TLS
We recommend using TLS for securing all communications with your cluster. In fact, TLS is required for connecting to a remote cluster with the Synnax Console.
TLS Certificate Options
There are four important command line options for configuring TLS:
OptionDescriptionDefault
--certs-dirThe path to a directory containing the necessary certificates for the cluster to use./usr/local/synnax/certs
--ca-certThe path relative to --certs-dir to the certificate authority (CA) certificate. This is only required if you're using a self-signed certificate. Certificates generated by public CA's like Let's Encrypt are already trusted, so you don't need to specify this option.ca.crt
--node-certThe path relative to --certs-dir to the node's public certificate file.node.crt
--node-keyThe path relative to --certs-dir to the node's private key file.node.key
Starting the Cluster with TLS
When starting the cluster with TLS, you'll need to specify the correct options and start the node with the correct hostname in the --listen option. The hostname must match the hostname in the node certificate. Here's an example for a let's encrypt certificate:
synnax start \
 --listen=synnax.example.com:9090
 --mem \
 --certs-dir=/etc/letsencrypt/live/synnax.example.com/ \
 --node-cert=fullchain.pem \
 --node-key=privkey.pem \
Generating Certificates
Using Synnax's Auto-Cert Feature
The easiest way to start a secure cluster using self-signed certificates is to use the --auto-cert command line flag when starting the cluster. This will automatically generate all of the relevant certificates and keys for you. Here's an example for a local cluster:
synnax start --listen=localhost:9090 --auto-cert
Please note that the --auto-cert option will require you to install the generated CA certificate on your client machine in order to trust the self-signed certificate authority. We have a guide on an efficient way to do this here.
Using Let's Encrypt with Certbot
The easiest way to get started with a trusted certificate is to use Certbot to generate a certificate for your domain. Please note that this requires your domain to be publicly accessible and have a valid DNS record. Once you have a certificate, you can use the --certs-dir option to specify the directory containing the certificate and key files. See the example above for a reference on how to do this.
Important caveats when using Docker
Certbot generates symlinked certificates and keys in /etc/letsencrypt/live/yourdomain.com/. When using Docker, you'll need to mount the entire /etc/letsencrypt directory into the container, as the live directory contains symlinks to the actual certificate and key files. Here's an example of how to do this:
 docker run -v /etc/letsencrypt:/usr/local/synnax/certs \
 -p 9090:9090 \
 synnaxlabs/synnax \
 -l localhost:9090 \
 -vm \
 --certs-dir=/usr/local/synnax/certs/live/demo.synnaxlabs.com \
 --node-cert=fullchain.pem \
 --node-key=privkey.pem
Using Your Own Certificates
When using your own certificates, you'll need to specify the --certs-dir option and provide the necessary certificates and keys in that directory.


' Fertilizer CO2 – Shockwave CO2
SW FerCO2 is a low-cost fertilizer production system and clean CO2 source.
SW FerCO2 is a modified SW Chem Loop system that targets the impurities of natural gas flue gas and cleans the CO2. This system is a horizontal skid that operates as a semi-batch system and uses liquid chemical, either Na or K (Mg to be tested) to target SOx and NOx.
The liquid chemical cycles and mixes with the acid gases in the shockwave under a single contact until the appropriate pH is achieved and leaves the CO2 unreacted. The clean CO2 can then be piped directly into a greenhouse and the fertilizers can be used as a liquid spray to promote healthy and robust plant growth.
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text:
White fir, ponderosa pine, Jeffrey pine. Sugar pine, incense cedar, red fir: These are conifers of the headwater ecosystems of California's Sierra Nevada.
If trees could talk, what tales they might tell of the health of the forests, of the winter snows that fall on their branches and of how much water they transpire to the atmosphere.
Now one tree may be poised to do just that, or at least to offer new insights into a place called the critical zone: the region where rock meets life between the top of the forest canopy and the base of weathered rock.
The Critical Zone Tree, this white fir is called. It's a scientific totem pole that stands tall in the forest of the Southern Sierra Critical Zone Observatory (CZO).
Follow snowfall and snowmelt in the Sierras beneath The Critical Zone Tree. Credit: NSF Southern Sierra Critical Zone Observatory
The Southern Sierra CZO is one of six such observatories supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF). Scientists there recently found that winter snow from Sierra blizzards foretells how much water will be at the base of the mountains during the summer.
This is important for people downstream who toil in California's multi-billion-dollar agricultural industry and depend on water from Sierra snowmelt. That water is the source of more than 60 percent of California's supply.
In addition, without torrents of melting snow cascading across hillsides, wildflowers won't bloom, and the birds and bees that need the flowers' nectar can't thrive.
But more and more, the rivers are running dry, running late or running early.
"NSF's CZOs are providing scientists with new knowledge of the critical zone and its response to climate and land use change," says Enriqueta Barrera, program director in NSF's Division of Earth Sciences, which funds the network of six CZOs.
"They're the first systems-based observatories dedicated to understanding how Earth's surface processes are coupled," says Barrera. "The results will help us predict how the critical zone will affect the ecosystem services on which society depends."
The water cycle; the breakdown of rocks and eventual formation of soil; the evolution of rivers and valleys; patterns of plant growth; and landforms we see all result from processes that take place in the critical zone.
"The CZOs are fostering an investigation of the critical zone as a holistic system," says Barrera.
NSF's CZOs are located in watersheds in the southern Sierra Nevada; Boulder Creek in the Colorado Rockies; Susquehanna Shale Hills in Pennsylvania; Christina River Basin on the border of Delaware and Pennsylvania; Luquillo riparian zone in Puerto Rico; and the Jemez River and Santa Catalina Mountains in New Mexico and Arizona.
At the Southern Sierra CZO, "we investigate how the water cycle drives critical zone processes," says lead scientist Roger Bales of the University of California, Merced. "Research focuses on water balance, nutrient cycling and weathering across the rain-snow transition line."
Society has long recognized the importance of water, soil, landforms and rivers to human welfare, says Bales, "but has only recently begun to look at their workings as a coupled system."
Water, vegetation and geochemistry are all interrelated, Bales and other scientists have found, with feedbacks from each influencing the others. But, how are they interrelated?
Enter the Critical Zone Tree--or trees. "In actuality," says Bales, "there are several of them."
The white fir and its coniferous relatives observe Sierra forests from the headwaters of the Providence Creek Basin. The trees and forest floor around them are covered with instruments that measure soil moisture, temperature, snow depth, solar radiation, sap flow and snowmelt patterns.
Beneath them are crisscrossing streams that course through a series of meadows. These rivers and creeks fan out across the mountains, carrying water across hill and dale--water that eventually sustains California's food-producing Central Valley.
The Critical Zone Trees play a starring role in the southern Sierra CZO story. They've become frontrunners for a series of wireless sensors that dot the forest like wildflowers in spring, transforming our understanding of the mountain water cycle.
The network of sensors tracks snowpack depth, water storage in soil, stream flow and water use by vegetation--information that's important for the wise use of water in the arid Mountain West.
"This type of wireless sensor network will revolutionize the way we understand our most important source of water in California--and far beyond," says Bales.
Natural resource managers often lack accurate estimates of precipitation, and the loss of water from the soil from direct evaporation and by transpiration from the surfaces of plants in the mountains. Therefore, they struggle to know how much water to retain in reservoirs, how much to release--and when.
In a future that holds even more uncertainty, the Southern Sierra CZO wireless sensor network will provide water officials with a way to better predict snowmelt runoff.
"This observation system is our window into the future of water availability in the southern Sierras," says Jun Abrajano, NSF acting deputy assistant director for Geosciences.
Climate warming means that more rain and less snow will fall in the Sierras and plant growth will change accordingly. How long will we be able to rely on the Sierra snowpack as a "water tower"?
"An understanding of 'water balance,' made possible by the CZO, is what's needed to predict how whole-scale changes in vegetation cover will affect the future amount and timing of water availability in this region," says Abrajano.
Scientists at the Southern Sierra CZO are finding answers by teasing apart the interconnected strands of critical zone processes. They're asking questions such as: how do variations in landscapes affect the way soil moisture, water use by vegetation, and stream flow respond to snowmelt and rainfall?
Bales and colleagues have found that small temperature differences between rainand snow-dominated Sierra watersheds result in significantly different timing of runoff in the region's coniferous forests.
For every one degree Celsius increase in long-term average temperature, the scientists believe, runoff will happen seven to 10 days earlier in some locations.
"We've also found that across a broad range of elevations, forests transpire water year-round," says Bales, "with much higher water use than previously predicted."
The results highlight a new link between climate and the deeper subsurface beneath trees.
Getting to the root of water availability, it turns out, may fall in the domain of not one Critical Zone Tree, but across--and under--a whole forest of them.
Explore further: Worsening smog angers Singaporeans, tourists


text:
Despite increasing average real family incomes in Costa Rica in the late 1990s and early 2000s, poverty rates did not fall. In this paper, we argue that during this period economic growth in Costa Rica did not translate into reduced poverty because of changes in family structure and in the labor market, and that these changes had an important gender dimension. Specifically, an increase in the proportion of Costa Rican households headed by single mothers led to an increase in the number of women with children entering the labor force. Many of these mothers, new entrants to the labor force, were unable or unwilling to find full-time work in the high-paying formal sector, and ended up unemployed or working part-time as self-employed workers. These labor market phenomena, in turn, contributed to low incomes for households vulnerable to poverty, especially those households headed by single mothers.
Poverty single mothers employment wages Central America Costa Rica


text:
Faith In Action: Body of Anger (30 minutes), Session 12: From Anger to Kindness
In "Love Will Guide Us," a Tapestry of Faith program
Materials for Activity
- An old T-shirt and pair of pants, both light-colored, adult size, and ready to be recycled
- Markers that will write on fabric
- Handout 1, Three Choices to Reduce Anger
- Optional: Face or body paint
Preparation for Activity
- Invite parents to join the group for this activity.
- Read the Description of Activity. Then, invite an appropriate adult volunteer, preferably male, preferably someone with whom the children already are comfortable.
- Copy Handout 1 for all participants/families.
- Clear an open area where the volunteer can stand and be seen by everyone. Set face paint and fabric markers on a work table.
Description of Activity
Participants discover how their bodies react when we become angry. When we can recognize signs of anger in our bodies, we can better understand ourselves.
Have the volunteer put on the old clothes. Introduce your volunteer to the group. Say, in your own words:
Our bodies can tell us when we are angry. For each person the signs are different. Each person has to find out what their own signs are, so they will realize when they are getting angry. The important thing to controlling anger is recognizing that you are becoming angry so you can act responsibly instead of lashing out and saying or doing something that is hurtful.
Ask the group to think of ways their bodies react when they feel angry; encourage the children to speak and adults to listen. As participants name different signs of anger, use the volunteer (dressed in old clothes) as a living "visual" and write or draw each example on their body using either markers or face paint. For example "rapid breathing" could be written on the chest to represent lungs; "red face" on a cheek.
Follow up with questions such as:
- Which body reaction do you have when you get angry? (Use the volunteer as a visual list of body reactions the children have mentioned.)
- How do you control your anger?
- Is anger always bad? When is anger good?
Thank the volunteer and invite them to remove the signs of anger by stepping out of the old clothes. Distribute the handout to adults. Invite families to review it at home.
This work is made possible by the generosity of individual donors and congregations. Please consider making a donation today.
Last updated on Thursday, October 27, 2011.
- About the Authors
- Session 1
- Session 2
- Session 3
- Session 4
- Session 5
- Session 6
- Session 7
- Session 8
- Session 9
- Session 10
- Session 11
- Session 12
- Session 13
- Session 14
- Session 15
- Session 16
- List of Stories
- List of Handouts
- List of Leader Resources


text:
Declaration of Disclosure Form is part of the Divorce Disclosure Requirements
In a dissolution, legal separation, or nullity action, Both a preliminary and a final declaration of disclosure must be served on the other party with certain exceptions. (see Form FL-140)
Neither disclosure is filed with the court. Instead, a declaration stating that service of disclosure documents was completed or waived must be filed with the court (see form FL-141).
The petitioner must serve a preliminary declaration of disclosure at the same time as the Petition or within 60 days of filing the Petition. The respondent must serve a preliminary declaration of disclosure at the same time as the Response or within 60 days of filing the Response. The time periods may be extended by written agreement of the parties or by court order (see form FL-144).
The Parties must disclose:
1.ALL ASSETS AND DEBTS (see form FL-142)
2.ALL INCOME AND EXPENSES (see form FL-150)
- All tax returns filed by the party in the two years before the date that the party served the disclosure documents.
- A statement of all material facts and information regarding valuation of all assets that are community property or in which the community has an interest (not a form). To be provided in a Narrative format.
5.A statement of all material facts and information regarding obligations for which the community is liable (not a form). – To be provided in a Narrative format.
- An accurate and complete written disclosure of any investment opportunity, business opportunity or other income producing opportunity presented since the date of separation that results from any investment, significant business, or other incomeproducing opportunity from the date of marriage to the date of separation (not a form). To be provided in a Narrative format.
The Declaration of Disclosure must be signed under penalty of perjury under the laws of the State of California that the foregoing is true and correct.
An inaccurate or false Declaration of Disclosure is grounds to set aside a Marital Settlement Agreement.
It is advised to obtain legal help to complete your Declaration of Disclosure.


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Pubmed Article
Berry flesh and skin ripening features in Vitis vinifera as assessed by transcriptional profiling.
PLoS ONE
Ripening of fleshy fruit is a complex developmental process involving the differentiation of tissues with separate functions. During grapevine berry ripening important processes contributing to table and wine grape quality take place, some of them flesh- or skin-specific. In this study, transcriptional profiles throughout flesh and skin ripening were followed during two different seasons in a table grape cultivar Muscat Hamburg to determine tissue-specific as well as common developmental programs.
Authors: Simona Vallone, Nathan W. Lloyd, Susan E. Ebeler, Florence Zakharov.
Published: 03-30-2012
ABSTRACT
Numerous and diverse physiological changes occur during fruit ripening, including the development of a specific volatile blend that characterizes fruit aroma. Maturity at harvest is one of the key factors influencing the flavor quality of fruits and vegetables1. The validation of robust methods that rapidly assess fruit maturity and aroma quality would allow improved management of advanced breeding programs, production practices and postharvest handling. Over the last three decades, much research has been conducted to develop so-called electronic noses, which are devices able to rapidly detect odors and flavors2-4. Currently there are several commercially available electronic noses able to perform volatile analysis, based on different technologies. The electronic nose used in our work (zNose, EST, Newbury Park, CA, USA), consists of ultra-fast gas chromatography coupled with a surface acoustic wave sensor (UFGC-SAW). This technology has already been tested for its ability to monitor quality of various commodities, including detection of deterioration in apple5; ripeness and rot evaluation in mango6; aroma profiling of thymus species7; C6 volatile compounds in grape berries8; characterization of vegetable oil9 and detection of adulterants in virgin coconut oil10. This system can perform the three major steps of aroma analysis: headspace sampling, separation of volatile compounds, and detection. In about one minute, the output, a chromatogram, is produced and, after a purging cycle, the instrument is ready for further analysis. The results obtained with the zNose can be compared to those of other gas-chromatographic systems by calculation of Kovats Indices (KI). Once the instrument has been tuned with an alkane standard solution, the retention times are automatically converted into KIs. However, slight changes in temperature and flow rate are expected to occur over time, causing retention times to drift. Also, depending on the polarity of the column stationary phase, the reproducibility of KI calculations can vary by several index units11. A series of programs and graphical interfaces were therefore developed to compare calculated KIs among samples in a semi-automated fashion. These programs reduce the time required for chromatogram analysis of large data sets and minimize the potential for misinterpretation of the data when chromatograms are not perfectly aligned. We present a method for rapid volatile compound analysis in fruit. Sample preparation, data acquisition and handling procedures are also discussed.
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Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis
Authors: Boris Shklyar, Jeny Shklover, Estee Kurant.
Institutions: Technion-Israel Institute of Technology.
The proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal development in all metazoan organisms. Apoptotic cell clearance is a highly dynamic process intimately associated with cell death; unengulfed apoptotic cells are barely seen in vivo under normal conditions. In order to understand the different steps of apoptotic cell clearance and to compare 'professional' phagocytes - macrophages and dendritic cells to 'non-professional' - tissue-resident neighboring cells, in vivo live imaging of the process is extremely valuable. Here we describe a protocol for studying apoptotic cell clearance in live Drosophila embryos. To follow the dynamics of different steps in phagocytosis we use specific markers for apoptotic cells and phagocytes. In addition, we can monitor two phagocyte systems in parallel: 'professional' macrophages and 'semi-professional' glia in the developing central nervous system (CNS). The method described here employs the Drosophila embryo as an excellent model for real time studies of apoptotic cell clearance.
Developmental Biology, Issue 78, Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics, Bioengineering, Drosophila, Immunity, Innate, Phagocytosis, Apoptosis, Genes, Developmental, Cell Biology, biology (general), genetics (animal and plant), life sciences, embryo, glia, fruit fly, animal model
50151
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Comprehensive Analysis of Transcription Dynamics from Brain Samples Following Behavioral Experience
Authors: Hagit Turm, Diptendu Mukherjee, Doron Haritan, Maayan Tahor, Ami Citri.
Institutions: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
The encoding of experiences in the brain and the consolidation of long-term memories depend on gene transcription. Identifying the function of specific genes in encoding experience is one of the main objectives of molecular neuroscience. Furthermore, the functional association of defined genes with specific behaviors has implications for understanding the basis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Induction of robust transcription programs has been observed in the brains of mice following various behavioral manipulations. While some genetic elements are utilized recurrently following different behavioral manipulations and in different brain nuclei, transcriptional programs are overall unique to the inducing stimuli and the structure in which they are studied1,2. In this publication, a protocol is described for robust and comprehensive transcriptional profiling from brain nuclei of mice in response to behavioral manipulation. The protocol is demonstrated in the context of analysis of gene expression dynamics in the nucleus accumbens following acute cocaine experience. Subsequent to a defined in vivo experience, the target neural tissue is dissected; followed by RNA purification, reverse transcription and utilization of microfluidic arrays for comprehensive qPCR analysis of multiple target genes. This protocol is geared towards comprehensive analysis (addressing 50-500 genes) of limiting quantities of starting material, such as small brain samples or even single cells. The protocol is most advantageous for parallel analysis of multiple samples (e.g. single cells, dynamic analysis following pharmaceutical, viral or behavioral perturbations). However, the protocol could also serve for the characterization and quality assurance of samples prior to whole-genome studies by microarrays or RNAseq, as well as validation of data obtained from whole-genome studies.
Behavior, Issue 90, Brain, behavior, RNA, transcription, nucleus accumbens, cocaine, high-throughput qPCR, experience-dependent plasticity, gene regulatory networks, microdissection
51642
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Profiling of Estrogen-regulated MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Anne Katchy, Cecilia Williams.
Institutions: University of Houston.
Estrogen plays vital roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. It mediates its function by binding to and activating the estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα, and ERβ. ERα is frequently upregulated in breast cancer and drives the proliferation of breast cancer cells. The ERs function as transcription factors and regulate gene expression. Whereas ERα's regulation of protein-coding genes is well established, its regulation of noncoding microRNA (miRNA) is less explored. miRNAs play a major role in the post-transcriptional regulation of genes, inhibiting their translation or degrading their mRNA. miRNAs can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors and are also promising biomarkers. Among the miRNA assays available, microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) have been extensively used to detect and quantify miRNA levels. To identify miRNAs regulated by estrogen signaling in breast cancer, their expression in ERα-positive breast cancer cell lines were compared before and after estrogen-activation using both the µParaflo-microfluidic microarrays and Dual Labeled Probes-low density arrays. Results were validated using specific qPCR assays, applying both Cyanine dye-based and Dual Labeled Probes-based chemistry. Furthermore, a time-point assay was used to identify regulations over time. Advantages of the miRNA assay approach used in this study is that it enables a fast screening of mature miRNA regulations in numerous samples, even with limited sample amounts. The layout, including the specific conditions for cell culture and estrogen treatment, biological and technical replicates, and large-scale screening followed by in-depth confirmations using separate techniques, ensures a robust detection of miRNA regulations, and eliminates false positives and other artifacts. However, mutated or unknown miRNAs, or regulations at the primary and precursor transcript level, will not be detected. The method presented here represents a thorough investigation of estrogen-mediated miRNA regulation.
Medicine, Issue 84, breast cancer, microRNA, estrogen, estrogen receptor, microarray, qPCR
51285
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Annotation of Plant Gene Function via Combined Genomics, Metabolomics and Informatics
Authors: Takayuki Tohge, Alisdair R. Fernie.
Institutions: Max-Planck-Institut.
Given the ever expanding number of model plant species for which complete genome sequences are available and the abundance of bio-resources such as


text: ||It is difficult to acquire tagged cardiac MR images with a high temporal and spatial resolution using clinical MR scanners. However, if such images are used for quantifying scores based on motion, it is essential a resolution as high as possible. This paper explores the influence of the temporal resolution of a tagged series on the quantification of myocardial dynamic parameters. To such purpose we have designed a SPAMM (Spatial Modulation of Magnetization) sequence allowing acquisition of sequences at simple and double temporal resolution. Sequences are processed to compute myocardial motion by an automatic technique based on the tracking of the harmonic phase of tagged images (the Harmonic Phase Flow, HPF). The results have been compared to manual tracking of myocardial tags. The error in displacement fields for double resolution sequences reduces 17%.


Documentation
lteCFIDecode
Control format indicator block decoding
Syntax
Description
example
cfi = lteCFIDecode(ibits) performs the block decoding on soft input data ibits, assumed to be encoded using procedure defined in section 5.3.4.1 of [1]. The output, cfi, is a scalar representing the control format indicator (CFI) value resulted after performing block decoding on input data. Strictly speaking, ibits should be a vector 32 bits long, as per encoded cfi. See the lteCFI function reference for details. However, this function can take any size segment of encoded data to perform decoding.
The value for CFI can be 1, 2, or 3. This value indicates the time span, in OFDM symbols, of the DCI PDCCH transmission (the control region) in that downlink subframe. For bandwidths in which NDLRB is greater than 10 RB, the span of the DCI in OFDM symbols is the same as the actual CFI value. If NDLRB is less than or equal to 10 RB, the span is CFI+1 symbols.
Examples
collapse all
Decode CFI Block
Decode a noisy 32-element vector that represents the block encoding of the control format indicator (CFI) value.
cw = double(lteCFI(struct('CFI',2)));
noisycw = cw + 0.4*randn(length(cw),1);
cfi = lteCFIDecode(noisycw)
 2
Input Arguments
collapse all
ibits — Soft input datanumeric vector
Soft input data, specified as a numeric vector of length 32. This input data is assumed to be encoded using the procedure defined in section 5.3.4.1 of [1].
Output Arguments
collapse all
cfi — Control format indicator value1 | 2 | 3
Control format indicator value, returned as a positive scalar integer. This integer represents the CFI value resulting from performing block decoding on a vector of soft input data, ibits.
The value for CFI can be 1, 2, or 3. This value indicates the time span, in OFDM symbols, of the DCI PDCCH transmission (the control region) in that downlink subframe. For bandwidths in which NDLRB is greater than 10 RB, the span of the DCI in OFDM symbols is the same as the actual CFI value. If NDLRB is less than or equal to 10 RB, the span is CFI+1 symbols.
Data Types: int32
References
[1] 3GPP TS 36.212. "Multiplexing and channel coding." 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA). URL: _URL_.
Introduced in R2014a
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text:
|Several Heritage Parks
are scattered about Ireland. By
providing reconstructs of early Irish
settlements, Heritage Parks can help visitors put
the historic sites they visit in Ireland in to
their proper context. If you find the history of
Ireland fascinating, you will want to plan to
include at least one of the Heritage Parks
in your visit.
Few Heritage Parks of Ireland:
Above: A reconstructed Crannog at the
||Sometimes, Heritage Parks are
constructed next to Castles, as is the case with
the Craggaunowen Center and the Bunratty Folk
Park. In almost all cases Heritage Parks embrace
the Natural settings in which they reside.
Craggunowen Center and the National Heritage Park
tend to focus on early Irish settlements. The
Bunratty Folk Park focus is on history that is
more recent and includes among its offerings a
complete reconstruction of a village from the
Photo Above taken at The Craggunowen Center.
Photo Right - an
early thatched hut at the Bunratty Folk Park
Left - an interior view of an early cottage at
the Bunratty Folk Park. In these early Irish
homes, the family gained access to the second
floor bedroom by a ladder.
Irish Holidays and the regular tourist season,
visitors to the Heritage Parks will often find
historic reenactments in progress. Clothed in
period costumes, interpreters demonstrate the
craft and daily life commensurate with the era
associated with the reconstruction.