Griffiths' explanation of degenerate perturbation theory
 1. Hi all.
 I'm reading about time-independent perturbation theory for degenerate states in Griffiths' Introduction to QM.
 I have a question on the things he writes in chapter 6.2, page 269. What does he mean by the so-called "good" linear combinations?
 I hope you can shed some light on this. Thanks in advance.
 Best regards,
 2. jcsd
 3. Can I get a moderator to move this thread to the homework section, preferably the "Advanced Physics"-section? Thanks in advance.
 4. Ok, this is as far as I've come.
 We want W to be a diagonal matrix, because then we can solve the problem just like we would solve the unpertubated problem. But in order for W to be a diagonal matrix, we would have to write it in the basis spanned by its eigenvectors.
 Normally, W is given in the basis of H0, i.e. the space spanned by the unpertubated wave functions.
 And this is where I can't go any further.
 5. i started writing a response to this yesterday and quit half way because though i've just suffered through trying to interpret griffith on this as well i still don't get it.
 here's what i got:
 when we write down the matrix representation of H' in the eigenbasis of H0 it's not diagonal, like H0 is in its eigenbasis. but we don't need it to be if the eigensystem of H0 isn't degenerate, the eigenvalues are distinct. perturbation theory still works. if the eigensystem of H0 is degenerate then perturbation theory breaks down, ( in the denominator of some of the terms where there's a difference, a minus sign ).
 what the breakdown actually is is a zero in the denominator which is an infinity. it occurs when you consider two different eigenstates in that same degenerate part of the eigenbasis, therefore they have the same energy eigenvalue but different wavefunctions. these are of the off diagonal part of the matrix representation of H'. we fix this break down making the numerator zero, on the occasion that the denominator is zero. this equates to making the off diagonals zero which itself equates to making the basis in which H' is represented orthogonal. this is diagonalization.
 i doubt that helps but post some response question and maybe we can figure it out together.
 the whole argument about good and bad combinations i don't understand though what he means by 'good' combinations are the new diagonalized eigenstates in that degenerate subspace.
 6. First, thanks for replying. It is very comforting to know that there are other people who believe that this part of Griffiths' book is poorly written.
 Try and take a look at this thread (especially posts 3 and 4):
 What it all boils down to is that we wish to be able to use non-degenerate perturbation theory: But in order to do this, the W-matrix has to be diagonal (that's what Griffiths concludes on page 271). W is a diagonal matrix when it is expressed in its eigenspace, and to find this diagonal matrix, we must find the eigenvectors of W and use:
 Mdiagonal matrix = S-1eigenvectors * W * Seigenvectors.
 When we have the W-matrix in this form, we can go ahead and use: <\psi_i |H'| \psi_i>, where \psi_i are the eigenvectors of H0 as expressed in the eigenspace of W. But in Griffiths' example, he does not use this approach, rather he just goes ahead and finds the eigenvectors and their corresponding eigenvalues of W in the eigenspace of H0. This is where I cannot interpret Griffiths' procedure anymore. I'm not sure where to go from here. Does the above thread give you any ideas?
 Best regards,
 Last edited: Feb 5, 2009
 7. well the eigenvalues you compute end up being <\psi_i |H'| \psi_i> in the diagonalized basis of W, i mean they're constructed as such. is that what you're having a problem with? what exactly don't you understand about his prescription? the stuff about the commuting operator? that's just the change of basis operator which i can say with a cavalier attitude but don't expect me to guess the eigensystem just by looking at the symmetries of the system, which is what i think my professor expects from us.
 8. That is what I do not understand. I believe that above statement is only true if \psi_i are the basisvectors of the eigenspace of H' (and thus W), but they are not. They are the basisvectors of H0.
 9. no they're not, they're linear combinations of the basis vectors of H0.
 that cleared up for me my last concern. thanks.
 Last edited: Feb 5, 2009
 10. I'm glad to hear that.
 The wavefunctions \psi0i that we use to find the first order corrections are eigenfunctions of H0. This is on page 269 (the beginning of the subsection).
 11. yes but the one we are considering is [itex]\psi^0 = \alpha \psi_a^0 + \beta \psi_b^0 [/itex]
 where [itex] \psi_a^0 [/itex] and [itex] \psi_b^0 [/itex] are eigenfunctions of H0
 hopefully you're referring to what i think you are, eqns 6.16-6.18 in 6.3. my pages are numbered different from yours.
 12. Yeah, the pages are numbered differently then. But we agree: It is a linear combination.
 Ok, I think I should take this from the top. I think I am confusing myself.
 We know that [itex]<\psi_i |H'| \psi_i>[/itex] will give us the eigenvalues of W when both H' (i.e. W) and [itex]\psi_i[/itex] are given in the eigenspace of W. But [itex]\psi_i[/itex] is given in the basis of H0, since it is a linear combination: [itex]
 Now H and [itex]
 [/itex] must be in the same basis. Which one do we choose?
 This is my problem.
 13. you are confusing yourself
 this is true
 from here on you lose me
 you're over complicating things. here's the prescription
 we have perturbation theory
 it doesn't work when the eigensystem of the unperturbed hamiltonian has a degenerate subspace
 in a degenerate subspace of an eigenspace linear combinations of vectors are also eigenvectors:
 if x and y are eigenvectors of A with eigenvalue z, for both then A(2x+3y)=A3x + A2y = 3Ax+2Ay = 3zx+2zy = z(3x+2y)
 hence we are allowed to choose any linear combination of vectors in that subspace when we do w/e we want with it. hence we can choose such a combination of the original eigenfunctions that diagonalizes H' which allows regular perturbation thry to work again.
 so we diagonalize H' and apply perturbation theory but when you do that you're doing
 [itex]<\psi^0|H'|\psi^0> [/itex] where now [itex]\psi_0 = \alpha \psi_a^0 + \beta \psi_b^0 [/itex] but that's an eigenstate of H' and hence you get it's eigenvalue which you already calculated.
 there's two different diagonalization floating around here. H0 is diagonal in it's own eigenbasis representation. H' a priori isn't diagonal in that same basis, nor does it need to be because vanilla perturbation theory doesn't need H' to be diagonal but vanilla perturbation does need the eigenfunctions of the unperturbed hamiltonian. the point here is that a linear combination of eigenfunction in a degenerate subspace are still eigenfunctions and therefore all the stuff they derived in terms of them still works, just that now it doesn't blow up around H' too.
 Last edited: Feb 5, 2009
 14. I assume you mean "degenerate perturbation theory" when you say "vanilla perturbation theory"? Nonetheless, thank you for your description. I can see that I was on the right track before, but I was over-complicating stuff.
 Now only one question remains, which is quite important actually: How are we sure that there will always exist a linear combination of eigenstates of H0 that can diagonalize H'?
 Last edited: Feb 6, 2009
 15. cause you can. cause what you're actually doing is orthonormalizing the basis for the degenerate eigenspace which you can always do. there are in fact several algorithms for it. more on this later
 16. Ok, I will look forward to


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In a symplectic manifold $(X^{2n},\omega)$, a hypersurface $Y\subset X$ has contact-type if there is a contact form $\lambda$ such that $d\lambda=\omega|_Y$. Recall that a contact form is a 1-form with $\lambda\wedge(d\lambda)^{n-1}>0$, i.e. the opposite of a foliation. For example, a starshaped hypersurface has contact-type in $\mathbb{R}^{2n}$, or more generally an $Y\subset\mathbb{R}^{2n}$ transverse to a Liouville vector field defined in a neighborhood of $Y$. In particular, any contact manifold $Y$ is a contact-type hypersurface in a symplectic manifold (the symplectization $\mathbb{R}\times Y$).
Now it's nice and useful to consider symplectic manifolds where its boundary has contact-type. And this can usually be done given a compact symplectic manifold (cobordism between contact manifolds).
This leads to the question of whether or not you can always build such a space. In other words:
Given a random hypersurface in $\mathbb{R}^{2n}$, is it of contact-type? How do you tell when it's not of contact-type?
Edit: In light of the posted responses, I think it would be appropriate to tweak one of the questions above. In particular, it was essentially pointed out twice that in the "set of hypersurfaces" there are open neighborhoods which contain no contact-type ones. But, are "most" hypersurfaces in $\mathbb{R}^{2n}$ of contact-type? i.e. Should I expect my hypersurface to be of contact-type?
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4 Answers 4
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Not all hypersurfaces in $\mathbb{R}^{2n}$ are of contact type.
Weinstein, in the paper: "On the hypothesis of Rabinowitz' periodic orbit theorems", where he defined the concept of contact type, gives a criterion. If $H^1(\Sigma)=0$, and $\Sigma$ is of contact type, then the characteristic line bundle comes with a distinguished orientation, determined by those vectors $\xi$ such that $\alpha(\xi)>0$ for all contact forms $\alpha$. This is independent of the contact form. For periodic orbits this induces a positivity criterion. In the same paper he also constructs an hypersurface in $\mathbb{R}^4$ which is not of contact type, by showing that the criterion is violated.
Many hypersurfaces are of contact type, as you remarked. Another nice example are mechanical hypersurfaces. These are hypersurfaces arising as level sets from hamiltonians $H=T+V$, where $T$ is the kinetic energy term $T=\frac{1}{2}\vert p\vert^2$, and $V$ is a potential depending only on $q$. This works in general cotangent bundles.
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I haven't read Weinstein's paper, so this example may be essentially the same, but Hofer and Zehnder give an example of a wine bottle $S^3$ in $\mathbb{R}^4$ in their book (at the end of section 4.3). – Sam Lisi Aug 24 '12 at 9:09
Also, to emphasize something implicit in the examples of Weinstein and Hofer-Zehnder is that a small perturbation won't allow you to make them contact. (This is discussed somewhat in Hofer-Zehnder, if I am not mistaken.) This tells you that being of contact-type is not generic for a hypersurface in $\mathbb{R}^4$. – Sam Lisi Aug 24 '12 at 9:26
Here is an example of a surface which cannot be made of contact type even after isotopy. The elliptic surface $E(1)$ is obtained by blowing up $\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}^1$ nine times. It is a symplectic four-manifold with fibre of genus 1 and 12 singular fibres. If we make a fibred connected sum between two copies of E(1) we obtain the elliptic surface $E(2)$, which is a symplectic four-manifold with fibre of genus 1 and 24 singular fibres.
Then $E(2)$ is separated by a torus $T^3$ into two pieces which are diffeomorphic to the complement of a regular fibre in $E(1)$. This shows that the separating torus cannot be made of contact type because, by a result of Chris Wendl, all strong fillings of $T^3$ are diffeomorphic to a blow up of $T^*T^2$.
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There are also examples that are characterized dynamically. By Viterbo, every contact-type hypersurface of $\mathbb{R}^{2n}$ carries a closed Reeb orbit, i.e. a closed leaf of the characteristic line bundle. (Actually, Hofer and Zehnder show this is true for any stable hypersurface.) There are examples of autonomous Hamiltonians on $\mathbb{R}^{2n}$ that fail to have any closed orbits on a specific level set, thus providing examples of hypersurfaces that fail to be stable. These are due to Ginzburg and Gurel.
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The condition is clearly quite restricting however it is obvious that no effective proceedure could exist to determine if a hypersurface is or is not of contact type.
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_USER_: welcome to MO! I had some questions, I was wondering if we could chat over email (if you have time and are willing to). I cannot locate your email but mine is on my website. – Chris Gerig Jan 1 '13 at 19:01
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These cold and rainy days are perfect for a hot cup of cocoa and a homemade marshmallow. If you haven't had a homemade marshmallow, you are in for a real treat. The texture is AMAZING! As a convert myself, I was astounded to discover the pillowy soft texture of a freshly made marshmallow. They melt in your mouth and you can cut them into beautiful shapes.
So, I'll share an easy recipe with you as well as some fun food science facts about marshmallows.
First, marshmallows are actually a foamthey are a made with sugar and gelatin with plenty of whipped in air. Click here for the recipe link and below I'll show you the step-by-step.
1. Start by measuring the corn syrup with sugar, water and salt in a saucepan. You will need a candy thermometer for this step. Temperature is critical to make sure you bring the mixture to the appropriate sugar concentration. The temperature will affect the crystallization and texture of the candy.
2. Bring the mixture to a boil, stirring to dissolve the sugar. Then, without stirring, take the mixture to 238F which is the soft ball stage. Make sure the candy thermometer does not touch the bottom of the pan to get an accurate measurement. Be very, very careful as the sugar is molten and can cause serious burns if touched.
For more information about the different cooking stages of sugar, click on this link to the Exploratorium site on the Science of Candy. It's a great link and hilarious as well.
2. While you are waiting for the sugar mixture to come up to temperature, mix the unflavored gelatin and water in a bowl for at least 5 minutes. This step is hydrating the gelatin. Gelatin is a protein that will stabilize the foam and keep the air bubbles that you will whip in from collapsing. I think powdered gelatin has a stinky smell when it is rehydrated. Gelatin is typically an animal product in case you are vegan or vegetarian. Don't worry, the marshmallows won't taste or smell like that.
3. Once the sugar solution is up to 238F and the gelatin has been hydrated, carefully pour the hot mixture into the bowl with the gelatin and using the whisk attachment, gradually take the mixture to high speed for 12 min.
4. The mixture will transform from a transparent solution to a thick, white mixture that looks like a taffy marshmallow. Add the vanilla.
5. While the mixture is thick, it still flows.
6. Spread the mixture into an oiled 9 X 13 glass dish lined with parchment and oiled again. I use a spray oil to even coat the pan and even the spatula, to prevent sticking. The mixture is sticky and tacky!
7. The recipe says to let the mixture sit for 3 hours or more. I don't always wait that long though. Remove the marshmallow from the dish onto a cutting board with powdered sugar.
8.Using powdered sugar to prevent stickiness, I cut the marshmallows into shapes like stars, trees or snowflakes. Toss the marshmallows in powdered sugar to coat them.
And there you have it! These marshmallows are beautiful in a cup of hot cocoa or delicious on their own! Enjoy!

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Pear-shaped nuclei discovery challenges time travel hopes
By Kenneth Macdonald
BBC Scotland Science Correspondent
image copyrightCERN
image captionThe pear shape was first discovered in the nucleus of the isotope Radium-224
Scottish-based scientists have discovered that the nuclei of some atoms are not symmetrical.
The finding challenges some of the fundamental concepts of physics.
It could explain why there is more matter than antimatter - but it may also end hopes of time travel.
The Universe has a fundamental problem. Why is there so much stuff in it?
Think back to the Big Bang. That's a bit of a stretch, admittedly. It was getting on for 14 billion years ago.
The Big Bang is the prevailing theory about how everything we know began. The theory states that the Bang created equal amounts of matter and antimatter.
image copyrightCERN
image captionDr Scheck will lead a team carrying our further wort at the ISOLDE facility at CERN
And that's where the Universe's problem begins.
You might expect those equal amounts of matter and antimatter to have cancelled each other out. Their masses would have been transformed into energy, leaving something akin to a warm glow and nothing else.
But as I'm sure you've noticed, that hasn't happened. Everything around us consists of matter: my keyboard, your home, the planet on which we stand, interstellar dust, other galaxies.
Where is all the antimatter?
Scientists at the University of the West of Scotland (UWS) think they can point to the reason. Although it could mean the textbooks will need a rewrite.
Most of the fundamental theories of physics are based on symmetry. That symmetry dictates, among other things, that the nuclei of atoms can be one of just three shapes: spherical, discus or rugby ball.
But Dr Marcus Scheck at UWS and Professor Peter A Butler of the University of Liverpool have discovered a fourth form of nucleus.
It's pear-shaped.
They first discovered the pear shape in the nucleus of the isotope Radium-224. It was part of an international effort that also involved researchers from the United States, France, Germany, Belgium, Finland, Switzerland, Spain, Poland and Sweden.
image captionDr Who may be interested in the findings and its implications for time travel
The finding has since been confirmed in a second study, this time of the nucleus of Barium-144. The study also involved Dr Scheck and was led by Ching-Yen Yu from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California.
Dr Scheck says the pear shape shouldn't be there, according to the currently-accepted model of physics.
He says: "Further, the protons enrich in the bump of the pear and create a specific charge distribution in the nucleus.
Direction in time
In other words, a pear-shaped nucleus points to why our Universe contains so much more matter than antimatter.
But that's not all it points to.
So time travel would appear to be a non-starter.
Dr Scheck will now lead a team to repeat the experiment. They'll be doing it at the Isotope Separator On Line Detector (ISOLDE) facility at CERN in Switzerland.
ISOLDE can produce Barium-144 nuclei in huge amounts. That will come in handy because the initial measurements suggested the nuclei were even more pear shaped than had been expected.
The research gives us a deeper insight into where - and why - we are.
Although if time really can only travel in one direction, it's bad news for Doctor Who.
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Copper-based precipitates were synthesized using a straightforward wet chemical reduction method with copper sulfate salts as precursor and L-ascorbic acid as reducing agent. Scanning electron micrographs of the precipitates reveal particle-like structures with edges. The percent age yield was observed to increase with the reaction temperature and the reductant-to-precursor concentration ratio. Comparison of samples prepared at different times showed that the bulk of the precipitates was formed during the first 24 hours. New yield added to the bulk decreased over time. Here, the ascorbic acid served as a capping agent, which impeded the oxidation. This capping was not visible in the electron micrographs but may be inferred from the infrared spectra. Faster capping reduced the amount of oxides in the precipitates. This was seen in samples prepared at a higher temperature and with a lower reductant-to-precursor concentration ratio. Antimicrobial testing under dynamic contact conditions showed that the copper-based precipitates were more effective against Staphylococcus aureus (a gram-positive bacteria) than Escherichia coli (a gram-negative bacteria). Copper-based precipitates collected after the first 24 hours were more potent than those collected after eight days. Furthermore, samples prepared at room temperature and lower reductant-to-precursor concentration ratios were found to be more effective in reducing the number of S. aureus after one hour of contact. The synthesized copper-based precipitates was observed to reduce the population of S. aureus (CFU/mL) by up to 98% after one hour of contact.
Ramos, A. R., Tapia, A. K. G., Piñol, C. M. N., Lantican, N. B., del Mundo, M. L. F., Manalo, R. D., & Herrera, M. U. (2019). Effects of reaction temperatures and reactant concentrations on the antimicrobial characteristics of copper precipitates synthesized using L-ascorbic acid as reducing agent. Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices, 4(1), 66–71. _URL_

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Edward S. Mason Senior Lecturer in International Development
Externally supported Public Financial Management (PFM) reforms often have limited success in developing countries. The reforms commonly introduce new laws and systems that are not fully implemented or used, especially by distributed agents—budgeters, accountants, and such in sector ministries, provinces, and districts. This article asks why this should be expected and what could be done about it. It builds a theory of institutional change and tests such using data from a survey of public sector accountants in Eastern and Southern African countries—one sub-set of which was distributed. The evidence supports a simple explanation of why distributed end users often limit PFM reform success: they are likely to support incumbent institutions and question reform alternatives and are less engaged in reforms than more concentrated agents who champion reforms. The article suggests that research and practice needs to better account for the influence of distributed agents on externally supported reform success.
Andrews, Matthew. "Why Distributed End Users Often Limit Public Financial Management Reform Success." HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series RWP14-026, May 2014.

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Bluebells with beech trees in oak woods
Beeches and oaks
Beeches and oaks are best known for their edible fruits. From an oak tree's acorns to the nuts of beech and chestnut trees, these fruits are part of the diet of many animals, including humans. Also recognisable are the alternately arranged, and often lobed, simple leaves and the seperate male and female flowers (catkins). Beeches, oaks and their relatives make up this family of flowering plants that can be deciduous or evergreen and grow either as trees or shrubs. There are around 1,000 species, the majority being oaks, with a wide distribution predominately in the broadleaf forests of the northern hemisphere.
Scientific name: Fagaceae
Rank: Family
Common names:
Beech family
Explore this group
The following habitats are found across the Beeches and oaks distribution range. Find out more about these environments, what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them.
Additional data source: Animal Diversity Web
When they lived
 1. Life
 2. Plants
 3. Flowering plants
 4. Dicotyledons
 5. Fagales
 6. Beeches and oaks


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Inclusive Communities: Where We're All Welcome
What do you do to make people in your community feel welcome? How do you create opportunities for people from all backgrounds to participate fully in building and improving your community?
Creating an inclusive community isn't easy, but many places are finding ways to start building a more inclusive and welcoming culture.
Here are four strategies from cities and towns committed to inclusivity—share your own stories and ideas in the comments!
1. Make a statement. Riverside, California developed a, set of principles for building a more inclusive community. Their Inclusive Community Statement identifies the responsibilities of individuals, groups and institutions for achieving this common goal. Through maintaining an openness to dialogue, building intergroup partnerships and providing education about diversity the principles set a path toward fair treatment and equal opportunity for all residents of Riverside.
2. Spread the word. Signs line the streets in Newark, California signifying the city's ongoing efforts to foster acceptance and inclusion.
3. Welcome newcomers. How do newcomers in your city learn about local people and places? Communities in the West Kootenay and Boundary regions of British Columbia developed welcomemap.ca, The website welcomes new immigrants to the area, and provides easier access to local information and services. Similarly, British Columbia's North Shore developed a short video that illustrates the power of individual action in welcoming newcomers. Both efforts are part of British Columbia's Welcoming and Inclusive Communities Initiative.
4. Adopt a resolution. Greenacres, Florida, Fort Worth, Texas and many other cities and towns have demonstrated a commitment to inclusion through the adoption of a public resolution. The National League of Cities offers a sample resolution that communities can use and build from.
On June 12th, Moki Macias and Tramunda Hodges of the Annie E. Casey Foundation will join CommunityMatters to share their experience promoting equal treatment and opportunity in community decision-making at the Foundation's Atlanta Civic Site. Join this call to hear more ideas and strategies for building inclusive communities. Register now.


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Date of this Version
Genetic variation within and among wild Turkey, Meleagris gallopavo, subspecies was measured using DNA sequencing and PCR-RFLP analysis of a 655 bp portion of the mtDNA D-loop region. DNA sequencing from 25 individual Eastern, Merriam, Rio Grande and domestic Turkeys revealed 16 polymorphic sites. Parsimony and neighbor-joining analysis did not show support for the four wild Turkey subspecies studied. PCR-RFLP analysis of 118 individuals revealed 13 distinct haplotypes. Haplotype variation was detected in all wild Turkey populations, and Wright's F-statistics revealed pronounced differentiation (FST = 0.302) among populations. Based on these data, non-native wild Turkey populations do not appear to have suffered a genetic bottleneck since their reintroduction.


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Definitions for knockdownˈnɒkˌdaʊn
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
capable of knocking something down; overwhelming; irresistible:
a knockdown blow.
constructed of parts that can readily be disassembled and assembled:
Category: Building Trades
offered or acquired for less than the prevailing rate:
Category: Common Vocabulary
(n.)a knockdown object.
an act or instance of knocking down, esp. by a blow.
something that fells or overwhelms.
a reduction or lowering, as in price or number.
Origin of knockdown:
a blow that knocks the opponent off his feet
(furniture) easily assembled and dismantled
"I bought a knockdown chest at the do-it-yourself store"
An act of knocking down or the condition of being knocked down.
An overwhelming blow.
A genetically modified organism that carries one or more genes in its chromosomes that has been made less active or had its expression reduced.
The use of a reagent such as an oligonucleotide with sequence complementary to an active gene or its mRNA transcript, to interfere with the expression of said gene.
The condition of a sailboat being pushed abruptly to horizontal, with the mast parallel to the water surface.
a short pass played downwards, for example from the head onto someone's feet.
powerful enough to overwhelm or knock down
reduced in price
a felling by a knock, as of a combatant, or of an animal
of force sufficient to fell or completely overthrow; as, a knockdown blow; a knockdown argument


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Unanticipated cool, wet weather in May and June prompted the Washington Department of Ecology to cancel the drought declaration for Central and Eastern Washington. Water supply conditions have been much better than expected. As a result, no part of Washington is experiencing drought conditions.
The decision to end the drought declaration came after the second-wettest May through June in Washington since 1895.
According to state law, a drought can be declared when the water supply in an area is below 75% of normal and there is an expectation of undue hardship. The lowest streamflow forecast in the state – the Colville River at 86% of normal – is now well above that threshold. Some streamflow forecasts are much higher.
Unseasonably cool weather over the spring and early summer has preserved snowpack, causing it to last longer into the summer, which will support late-summer water supply needs according to Jeff Marti, Ecology's statewide drought coordinator.
"Conditions have improved. All areas of the state, including the five watersheds specified in the drought declaration, have received significantly above-normal precipitation," Marti said. "The outlook is much better than forecast back in May."
This year's conditions are in stark contrast with last year's. Spring 2021 was the second-driest on record, and then an unprecedented late-June heatwave smashed temperature records across the state.
In response, Ecology issued an emergency drought declaration in July 2021 covering 96% of the state. Only Seattle, Everett and Tacoma – cities with ample water storage – escaped the drought designation.
By May of this year, wetter temperatures brought relief to much of the state, but some portions of eastern Washington had yet to fully recover from 2021's severe conditions. This led Ecology to extend the drought declaration for five eastern Washington watersheds.
What followed was weather that doubled the usual amount of rain in June for parts of eastern Washington.
"Conditions have been anything but drought-like," Marti said. "We've experienced one of the wettest, coldest springs in recent memory. While the 'Juneuary' put a damper on gardening and outdoor activities, it provided a dramatic recovery for water supplies."


Rethinking the Middle East's Informal Gathering Places
Rethinking the Middle East's Informal Gathering Places
Informal learning is a critical part of our lives. Yet, many Arab cities no longer offer platforms for impromptu intellectual and social gatherings.
Malls have become the main hangout places in the Gulf, but they're too high profile to allow for a real creative environment to bloom. The few bookstores in the region are often too formal to make room for vibrant conversations and the kinds of gatherings that lead to innovative ideas. Arabic cafés, too, are not suited for intellectual intercourse – what with the half-dozen glaring TV screens, loud music, and foggy air.
Yet, those "third places" that serve as an intellectual, creative, and political fora, are the foundation of a proactive and industrious community. Umar ibn al-Khatab famously established a space – known as al butayha – where people could engage in free discussions. For centuries in Baghdad, poetry gatherings and various classes took place at shops all across the city, and "there was hardly any part of the day when no classes were being held somewhere in the city", says Munir-ud-Din Ahmed author of Muslim Education.
Third places have always been an essential component of healthy communities due to their natural ability to give birth to vibrant, fertile, and distinct atmospheres, and because they quench our thirst for exchanging ideas, learning, and even creating.
Caféa Arab is a great example; Wamda contributor Ahmed Al Majid describes attending "a documentary screening by an upcoming Saudi filmmaker, an open discussion by an established artist, and a fundraiser for a young Saudi woman working on a project to provide clean water for Ghanaian orphans", all in this "modest venue".
So what constitutes the DNA of these spaces, and how can we proliferate them in our communities?
In his remarkable survey The Great Good Place, Ray Oldenburg describes third places as "unimpressive looking" neutral spaces where "conversation is the primary activity and the major vehicle for the display and appreciation of human personality and individuality."
The mood of the third place is a playful one, the décor is usually simple and psychologically inviting; for example, wooden tables and chairs generally have a homey feel that inspires longer and more relaxed discussions. High ceilings promote a creative ambiance while low ceilings aid in performing detail-oriented tasks that requires focus (it's useful to know some basic design principles when talking about the interior design of third spaces).
I cannot overemphasize the importance of not having televisions and loud music in third places – and don't even get me started on the hookah. Again, the quintessential element of the third space is conversation. Any distractions that take away from the "spiritual tonic" of the third space reduce its effectiveness in bringing out the best in the individuals who are present. Oldenburg mentions that "in some countries television broadcasting [was] suspended one night a week so that people will not abandon the habit of getting out of their homes" and mingling with one another.
But let's push the idea of the third place even further.
Writing, not just Reading
Two of the major problems of our age are the absence of a sense of agency (especially among youth) and the overwhelming spread of consumerism as part of the fabric of many societies. And most of us are passive consumers who, in reality, have little knowledge or say about the inner workings of the devices we use.
Being able to use technology does not make one fluent with technology. MIT Professor Mitchel Resnick says "'Digital fluency' should mean designing, creating, and remixing, not just browsing, chatting, and interacting." But we rarely find a group of students tinkering with a device in a coffee shop or a workshop.
Many of the entrepreneurial efforts and discussions in the MENA region are presently focused on creating better online tools and services. Yes, in fifteen years the Arab Digital Generation will form 38 percent of the total population of the Middle East, but I fear that most of this group will only be able to "read" but not "write". Little work is being done to encourage young Arabs to experiment, make things, and design their own technologies. Dale Dougherty once proposed that libraries should purchase Arduino kits and make them available for everyone to borrow – like books –, play with, and then return.
How is this related to third places? When coffeehouses first emerged in the Middle East and in Europe, many of them had books that one could take off the shelf and read while sipping a cup of coffee or waiting for a friend. Around-the-corner bookstores always had areas where a few people could chat. Nevertheless, learning happens when we imagine and build things, and this is why we need to rethink the traditional third place and make room for more hands-on activities that could spark creativity and innovation.
In the end, what is really going to decide whether or not the Arab Awakening has succeeded is if we transform the role individuals play in the community. Maybe entrepreneurs should focus less on developing digital services and more on creating physical spaces for their local communities; who knows what new innovations could come of it?
When people are given the space to exchange ideas and create, they gain true ownership of their society and contribute in a meaningful way to its intellectual development. That's why we need real spaces: to catalyse what physiologist Walter B. Canon describes as "the fecundity of aggregation", or a collective and continuous creation of new ideas.
Photo credit: Cafea Arab's Facebook page.
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text:
Born in 1905 to Norwegian parents in Buenos Aires, Norah Lange was a key figure in the Argentinean avant-garde of the early to mid-twentieth century. Though she began her career writing poetry in the ultraísta mode of urban modernism, her first major success came in 1937 with her memoir Notes from Childhood, followed by the companion memoir Before They Die, and the novels People in the Room and The Two Portraits. She contributed to the magazines Proa and Martín Fierro, and was a friend to figures such as Jorge Luis Borges, Pablo Neruda, and Federico García Lorca. From her teenage years, when her family home became the site of many literary gatherings, Lange was a mainstay of the Buenos Aires literary scene, and was famous for the flamboyant speeches she gave at parties in celebration of her fellow writers. She traveled widely alone and with her husband, the poet Oliverio Girondo, always returning to Buenos Aires, where she wrote in the house they shared, and where they continued to host legendary literary gatherings. She died in 1972.
Charlotte Whittle is a writer, editor, and translator from Spanish. Her essays and translations have appeared and are forthcoming in Mantis, The Literary Review, Guernica, Bookslut, Reading in Translation, Electric Literature, the Los Angeles Times, the Northwest Review of Books, and elsewhere. Her translation of Uruguayan poet Silvia Goldman's No-one Rises Indifferent to Sorrow was published in 2016, and she is currently translating novels by Norah Lange and Gustavo Espinosa. She is also an editor at Cardboard House Press, a bilingual nonprofit publisher specializing in Spanish and Latin American poetry.


Stjepan Radić
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Stjepan Radić
Stjepan Radić (2).jpg
President of the Croatian People's Peasant Party
In office
28 December 1904 – 8 August 1928
Leader of the Opposition
In office
1 January 1921 – 6 November 1924
Leader of the Opposition
In office
1 February 1927 – 8 August 1928
Personal details
Born Stjepan Radić
11 June 1871
Desno Trebarjevo
Died 8 August 1928(1928-08-08) (aged 57)
Resting place Mirogoj cemetery
Nationality Croat
Political party Croatian Peasant Party
Religion Roman Catholic
Stjepan Radić (11 June 1871 – 8 August 1928) was a Croatian politician and the founder of the Croatian People's Peasant Party (Hrvatska pučka seljačka stranka) in 1905. Radić is credited with galvanizing the peasantry of Croatia into a viable political force. Throughout his entire career, he was opposed to the union and, later, Serb hegemony in the first Yugoslavia and became an important political figure in that country. He was shot in parliament by the Serbian radical politician Puniša Račić. Radić died several weeks later from a serious stomach wound at the age of 57.[1] This assassination further alienated the Croats and the Serbs.
Early life[edit]
Stjepan Radić was born in Desno Trebarjevo, Martinska Ves near Sisak in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia within Austria-Hungary. After being expelled from his gymnasium in Zagreb, he finished at the Higher Real Gymnasium in Karlovac. In 1888 Radić travelled to Đakovo where he met with bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer to request help for a trip to the Russian Empire.[2] Strossmayer recommended Radić to Metropolitan Mihailo of Belgrade who referred him to a Russian teacher in Kiev. Radić travelled to Kiev and was allowed to stay at the city's Monastery of the Caves where he remained for six weeks before returning to Croatia.[2]
In September 1891 he enrolled in law at the University of Zagreb.[3] He was selected as a representative of the student body at the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the Battle of Sisak in 1893. After criticizing the ban of Croatia Károly Khuen-Héderváry during the ceremony and referring to him as a "Magyar hussar", Radić was sentenced to four months in prison which he served in Petrinja.[3] He was among a group of students who set fire to the Hungarian tricolour on October 16, 1895 during the visit of Emperor Franz Joseph to Zagreb.
Lead up to the first Yugoslavia[edit]
After World War I he had opposed merging Croatia with the Kingdom of Serbia without guarantees for Croatian autonomy. Radić was selected as a member of the National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. On November 24, 1918 he famously urged delegates attending a session that would decide the country's political future not to "rush like drunken geese into fog". He was the lone member of the National Council's central committee to vote against sending a delegation to Belgrade to negotiate with the Kingdom of Serbia.[4] On November 26, he was removed from the central committee.[4]
Under pressure from the Great powers (British Empire, France, United States), as well as honouring the secret deals that were struck between the Entente and the Kingdom of Serbia, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was established and two representatives of Radić's party (by then named the Croatian Common-people Peasant Party) were appointed to the Provisional Representation which served as a parliament until elections for the Constituent could be held. The party's representatives, however, decided not to take their seats.
On 8 March 1919 the central committee passed a resolution penned by Radić that declared "Croatian citizens do not recognize the so called Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes under the Karađorđević dynasty because this kingdom was proclaimed other than by the Croatian Sabor and without any mandate of the Croatian People." The full statement was included in a Memorandum which was translated into French and sent abroad to be addressed to the Paris Peace Conference.[5] This act provoked a decision by the government to arrest Radić along with several other party members.
He was to be held some 11 months until February 1920, just before the first parliamentary elections of the Kingdom of SHS, which were held in November. The result of the November was 230,590 votes, which equaled to 50 seats in the parliament out of 419. On November 8, before the first sitting of parliament, Radić held a massive rally in front of 100,000 people in Zagreb. Stjepan Radić and the CCPP held an extraordinary meeting, in which a motion was put forward and voted on that the party will not be part of parliamentary discussions before matters are first resolved with Serbia on the matters of governance, the most sticking issues being the minorisation of the Croatian people and the overt powers of the King with the central government in Belgrade. The party was subsequently renamed to the Croatian Republican Peasant Party, highlighting the party's official stance. On November 11, ban of Croatia Matko Laginja was dismissed by the cabinet of Milenko Radomar Vesnić for allowing the rally to take place.
The new Constitution[edit]
On 12 December 1920, the Parliament of SHS had their first sitting, without the representatives of CPP (50 representatives) and the Croatian Party of Rights (2 representatives). On the 28th of June 1921, the Constitution of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Vidovdanski ustav, or Vidovdan Constitution)was made law after a vote of 223 representatives out of the present 285, the total number representatives in the parliament being 419, which is only 53.2% of the possible votes, or if looked at the number of present representatives it is a more impressive 78.24%. The representatives turnout and subsequent vote is quite poor considering that it was a constitutive parliament, which was supposed to have created the new constitution.
In the next parliamentary elections, which were held in March 1923, the stance of Stjepan Radić and the CPP against the central government managed to turn into extra votes. The results of the election were, 70 seats or 473.733 votes, which represented the majority of the Croatian vote in Northern and Southern parts of Croatia, as well as the Croatian votes in Bosnia, as well as Herzegovina.
Again imprisoned[edit]
Radić still held on to the idea of an independent Croatia, and kept the party out of parliament in protest. This in effect afforded Serbian prime minister Nikola Pašić the opportunity to consolidate power and strengthen his Serb-dominated government. Returning from an unsanctioned overseas trip in 1923 in which Stjepan Radić visited England (for 5 months), Austria (5 months) and the Soviet Union (2 months). upon his return in 1924, Radić was arrested in Zagreb and sentenced for associating with Soviet Communists and imprisoned. The trip was used for the purpose of internationalising the plight of Croatians in the Kingdom of SHS.
After his release, Stjepan Radić soon reentered politics, but this was not without problems. On 23 December, the Serb dominated central government declared that the political party CRPP was in contravention of the Internal security law of 1921 in the infamous Obznana declaration, and this was confirmed by King Alexander on 1 January 1924, thus arresting the CRPP executive on 2 January 1925, and finally arresting Stjepan Radić on 5 January.
After the parliamentary elections in February 1925, the CRPP even with its whole executive team behind bars, and with only Stjepan Radić at its helm, CRPP managed to win 67 parliamentary with at total of 532,872 votes. Even though the vote count was higher than the previous election, the gerrymandering by the central government ensured that CRPP received less parliamentary seats. In order to increase his negotiating power the CRPP entered into a coalition with the Independent Democratic party (Samostalna Demokratska Stranka), Slovenian People's Party (Slovenska Ljudska Stranka) and the Yugoslav Muslim Organization (Jugoslavenska Muslimanska Organizacija).
Return to the parliament[edit]
Immediately after the parliamentary elections in March 1925, the CRPP changed the party name to Croatian Peasant Party (Hrvatska seljačka stranka). With the backing of the coalition partners, the CPP made an agreement with the major conservative Serbian party - the People's Radical Party (Narodna radikalna stranka), in which a powersharing arrangement was struck, as well as a deal to release the CPP executive from jail. The CPP had to make certain concessions like recognising the central government and the rule of the monarch, as well as


Racing machine
Origami Racing machine
We fold the racing machine from paper.
1. Fold a sheet of A4 in half.
3. Fold lateral faces to the midline.
4. Put the angles to the center line.
5. Connect the points with each other at the same time inserting inside in the lower part.
6. The intermediate stage performance racing cars.
7. Create the wings. Mark two folds.
8. Mark three lines.
9. The racing machine or a boat is ready.


text:
Is there a difference between E.Coli and fecal coliforms?
E. coli is a type of fecal coliform bacteria commonly found in the intestines of animals and humans. E. coli is short for Escherichia coli. The presence of E. coli (and fecal coliforms) in water is a strong indication of recent sewage or animal waste contamination. Sewage may contain many types of disease-causing organisms.
Additional information is available at _URL_
- Bottled Water
- Consumer Concerns
- Consumer Confidence Reports (CCRs)
- Contaminants and Standards
- Facts, Figures, and Databases
- Filters/Home Water Treatment Units (HWTUs)
- Household Wells
- Lead and Copper
- Local Drinking Water Quality
- LT2/Stage 2 Rule
- Public Notification (PN)
- Source Water Protection/UIC Program
- Tap Water Testing
- Water Utility (PWS) Compliance/Issues
- Topic #: 23002-19265
- Date Created: 10/31/2004
- Last Modified Since: 10/12/2010
- Viewed: 7671


text:
LM10 Battery Voltage Threshold Indicator
A battery threshold indicator circuit shown in the schematic diagram below has current regulation mechanism in driving the LED. A sufficient current should be satisfied at the minimum voltage but no excessive current when the voltage is at the highest level. Balance pin (5) is used as the reference voltage for regulating the current. This pin generate 23 mV, which is internally temperature compensated.
When the voltage on the reference-feedback terminal (8) drops below 200 mV, the reference output (1) rises to supply the feedback voltage to the op amp through D2, so the LED current drops to zero. The minimum threshold voltage for these circuits is basically imited by the bias voltage for the LEDs. Typically, this is 1.7V for red, 2V for green and 2.5V for yellow. These two circuits can be made to operate satisfactorily for threshold voltages as low as 2V if a red diode is used. [National Semiconductor Application Note]
This battery voltage threshold indicator circuit overcomes the difficulties caused by voltage change across the diode biasing resistor. [Circuit's schematic diagram source: National Semiconductor Application Note]


m (1 revision)
m (Bot: Adding {{Wikipedia|{{PAGENAME}}}})
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{{Infobox UK Legislation
{{Infobox UK Legislation
|short_title=Sexual Offences Act 1985
|short_title=Sexual Offences Act 1985
Latest revision as of 23:47, 24 December 2010
Sexual Offences Act 1985
United Kingdom Parliament
Long title: An Act to make, as respects England and Wales, provision for penalising in certain circumstances the soliciting of women for sexual purposes by men, and to increase the penalties under the Sexual Offences Act 1956 for certain offences against women.
Statute book chapter: 1956 c. 44
Territorial extent: England and Wales
Royal Assent: 16 July 1985
Commencement: 16 September 1985
Status: Current legislation
Text of statute as originally enacted
The Sexual Offences Act 1985 (c.44) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that created two offences concerning prostitution, and increased the maximum sentence for attempted rape from 7 years to life imprisonment.
The new offences were kerb crawling and persistently soliciting women for the purposes of prostitution. In 1991 the Director of Public Prosecutions and head of the Crown Prosecution Service, Sir Allan Green KCB QC, was arrested for an offence under this Act and had to resign.[1]
The kerb crawling and soliciting offences, and related provisions, are still in force, but the other provisions of the Act were repealed by the Sexual Offences Act 2003.[2]
References and external link
 1. BBC News website
 2. Sexual Offences Act 2003, Schedule 7
See also


Hoap Humanoid Hoap Humanoid - 1 year ago 88
R Question
Representing numbers as 8-bit objects
I have a big multidimensional array and I want it to occupy as little memory as possible. In python, this occupies 66 Mb.
m = np.zeros([1000, 70, 1, 1000], dtype='bool')
size = sys.getsizeof(m)/1024/1024
print("Size: %s MB" % size)
However, in R, the same array occupies 4 times more memory (267Mb).
m <- array(FALSE, dim = c(1000, 70, 1, 1000))
format(object.size(m), units = "auto")
Any idea on how to reduce the array size in R?
EDIT:
This array will be used as the X input in an external API. This function takes as argument an array or an internal iterator called
mx.io.arrayiter
.
Answer Source
Your assertion that these arrays are the same is clearly wrong. If they were the same arrays, then you would need the same memory allocation in R than in any other language.
From the help for ?as.integer:
Note that current implementations of R use 32-bit integers for integer vectors
So clearly the 4x memory usage is because you are using 32-bit objects in R, whereas you are using 8-bit objects in Python.
To use 8-bit objects in R, you can use raw vectors. From the help for ?as.raw:
The raw type is intended to hold raw bytes
Try this:
m3 <- array(raw(0), dim = c(1000, 70, 1, 1000))
format(object.size(m3), units = "auto")
[1] "66.8 Mb"
This is identical to the value you report that Python uses.


text:
Antimicrobials from NZ Labs Help Make an India
Eco-friendly antimicrobial agents developed by a team of researchers at the University of Auckland could contribute in some of the key identified sectors in the nation-building "Make an India" initiative, according to an Indian-origin member of the scientific team.
Scientists associated with the Biocide ToolBox (BTB) programme are targeting the discovery and invention of eco-friendly biocides – chemical agents which control or kill bacteria – to design a range of products and solutions like antifouling coatings and food packaging.
The programme, funded by New Zealand's Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE), is a major antimicrobial research programme hosted by the University of Auckland and closely associated with the University of Otago, Scion and the Hawthorn Institute in New Zealand.
"The initiatives taken in the BTB programme could contribute in some of the key identified sectors in 'Make and India', for example, chemicals, biotechnology, food processing [and] smart textiles," said Sudip Ray, a senior research fellow in the School of Chemical Sciences with the MBIE BioCide Toolbox and Product Accelerator Programme at University of Auckland, who was in Kolkata for a series of recent lectures.
BTB aims at the development of a toolbox of new greener biocides applicable in commercial and healthcare contexts, which contribute to New Zealand export growth.
The "Make an India" campaign was launched in 2014 as part of a wider set of nation-building initiatives devised to transform India into a global design and manufacturing hub.
Original article by Economic Times, December 27, 2016.


text:
"Epiphany of the twilight" (Twilight Epiphany), which was opened on the last day of June 14 with a spectacle of lights at dusk. The pyramidal structure complements the presence of abstract natural light at sunrise and sunset, creating a fascinating light show that unites the beauty of the natural world with the campus and the environment.
More information to follow.
This experience see enhanced by a performance of LED light that protrude in a thin and white space 22×22 meters (approximately), and offering views of the sky across a gap of 4×4 meters (approx). This "space to heaven" is acoustically designed for musical performances and serves as a laboratory for students of the school of music, since it is next to the music school of Sefer on the campus of Rice University in Houston, Texas.
This space to the sky, which combines natural light and artificial light, has a capacity for 120 persons: 44 seats for low vision, which is adapted for invalids and 76 in top viewing area.
The interesting thing about this project is that this artist wishes to resolve in a way surprising relationship between the illusion of architecture and ideal lighting.
From a string of LED lights installed on the upper level, created a spectacle Turrel artificial and natural, in tune with the sunrise or dawn and at sunset or sunset, using a floating metal Pavilion with sensors programmed to change the intensity and nuance of the lighting as they pass the hours, in an indirect way.
A space to sit, watch and feel is the goal of the show, which lasts about 40 minutes, and the program of light can operate in a variety of weather conditions. David Leebron, President of Rice University, comments: "the school has to play your role in inspiring our students".


text:
Student Space Exploration & Technology Initiative
The Student Space Exploration & Technology Initiative (SSETI) is a unique project put into execution by students from different universities spread over European countries. In collaboration with space industry they aim to build microsatellites together.
Most universities do not have capabilities to build their own complete satellite. The SSETI aims to combine different academic capabilities to realise pan-European student missions. Space projects, which are beyond the local existing capabilities, will be made possible through the fragmentation and redistribution of many small, locally achievable tasks. Ambitious projects, such as a lunar lander, may be realised by this distributed development.[not verified in body]
SWARM is the youngest project in line. SWARM will be developed consisting by a nanosatellite releasing femtosatellites into low Earth orbit from where scientific and/or technical experiments will be conducted.
The ESEO (European Student Earth Orbiter) project was started as part of the SSETI project family, in collaboration with the European Space Agency who now run the project independently from SSETI. The Orbiter was launched from Vandenberg AFB on December 3, 2018 as a part of Spaceflight's SmallSat Express and should continue to function for the next 6-18 months. See: _URL_
The ESMO (European Student Moon Orbiter) project was started as part of the SSETI project family, in collaboration with the European Space Agency who now run the project independently from SSETI.
- SSETI Website
- A3E Website (SPAIN/Catalan Division)
- Viktoria Schöneich "No, we are not calling E.T., we're going to the Moon! (YouTube Video) SpaceUp Stuttgart 2012
|This article about a scientific organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


1. peekaboo
noun. a game played with young children; you hide your face and suddenly reveal it as you say boo!.
 - bopeep
Featured Games
Example sentences of the word peekaboo
1. Noun, singular or mass
For example, a lightweight cardigan can make all of the difference when the sun is playing peekaboo with the clouds, and can be paired with almost any other piece.
2. Adjective
They create a peekaboo effect that lets you showcase special pieces of china or drinkware.


Literary Fiction
The Tiger's Wife – Téa Obreht
27 July 2019
The Tiger's Wife Book Cover The Tiger's Wife
Téa Obreht
June 23, 2011
'Having sifted through everything I have heard about the tiger and his wife, I can tell you that this much is fact: in April of 1941, without declaration or warning, the German bombs started falling over the city and did not stop for three days. The tiger did not know that they were bombs...' A tiger escapes from the local zoo, padding through the ruined streets and onwards, to a ridge above the Balkan village of Galina. His nocturnal visits hold the villagers in a terrified thrall. But for one boy, the tiger is a thing of magic - Shere Khan awoken from the pages of The Jungle Book. Natalia is the granddaughter of that boy. Now a doctor, she is visiting orphanages after another war has devastated the Balkans. On this journey, she receives word of her beloved grandfather's death, far from their home, in circumstances shrouded in mystery. From fragments of stories her grandfather told her as a child, Natalia realises he may have died searching for 'the deathless man', a vagabond who was said to be immortal. Struggling to understand why a man of science would undertake such a quest, she stumbles upon a clue that will lead her to a tattered copy of The Jungle Book, and then to the extraordinary story of the tiger's wife.
The Tiger's Wife is an outstanding ambitious book of depth and meaning that draws links between a troubled aftermath in a war-torn region with the backdrop of superstition and myths. There is a theme adopted throughout the book that opposing positions are regularly confronted, such as modern technology and medicine, with fables and folklore. This contrast also relates to the novel's location which is within former Yugoslavia but with families now spread across two unspecified countries where borders have been defined with bloodshed.
Natalia is a young doctor visiting the region on a humanitarian mission to establish a clinic at an orphanage and inoculate the children. She faces the task of administering modern antibiotics to the children while the villagers are digging over a field seeking the bones of a relation, buried 12 years earlier. Rather than feel secure with medical treatment, they feel they need to focus on collecting all the bones and ceremoniously bury the body so the illnesses that have befallen their village can be lifted.
Natalia is soon informed of her Grandfather's death and her memories of him as a doctor and the stories he regaled her with, come to the fore, and she sees the dichotomy of a man of medicine with a belief in fables as she holds onto his cherished copy of The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling.
"Everything necessary to understand my grandfather lies between two stories: the story of the tiger's wife, and the story of the deathless man. These stories run like secret rivers through all the other stories of his life. … One which I learned after his death, is the story of how my grandfather became a man; the other, which he told me, is of how he became a child again."
The background to the stories is told at different time periods and the grandfather's connection with them is fascinating and thought-provoking.
The deathless man was the nephew of death himself, who came to heal but ended up carrying the souls of the dead to the other side. A story that possibly resonated with his medical profession and the contrast is once again evident to see, between healing and death.
An escaped tiger after months of roaming the countryside took refuge just outside the little village of Galina. Sometimes coming closer but mainly staying out of reach. The butcher of Galina, Luka, had a wife who was known as "the deaf-mute girl," a wife he subjected to vicious beatings. After Luka died from what is believed to have been the tiger, his wife became known as "the tiger's wife" and she is known to frequent a barn where the tiger has been seen. When she is recognised as being pregnant the villagers claim that she's carrying the tiger's baby. Natalia's grandfather as a young boy knows the tiger's wife and is the only villager unafraid of the tiger but he has a secret that he maintains from everyone. He sees the manifestation of Shere Khan from The Jungle Book and his imagination like many of the villagers is set to proffer another myth.
The novel is unique and wonderfully delivered with exceptional story-telling from Téa Obreht. It achieved a wonderful balance of interfacing religion, culture, new and old, reality and superstition, war and peace, destruction and rebuilding, contemporary medicine and traditional healing. A story where the reader can interpret the meaning as they wish and project deeper meaning into the two fables.
I would highly recommend reading this book and I feel it is a worthy prize-winner.
Peter Donnelly
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As society becomes increasingly aware of the importance of mental health and self-care, innovative trends like wellness travel napping retreats are gaining prominence. These napping retreats in wellness tourism represent oases of calm, specifically designed to promote relaxation and rejuvenation through sleep. Providing a respite from daily life's noise, these sanctuaries offer visitors a unique opportunity to recharge through scientifically-backed rest techniques, including power napping.
The Rise of Wellness Travel Napping Retreats
In the evolving domain of wellness travel, there's a notable shift towards experiences that offer more than physical relaxation. Emotional and psychological well-being is gaining priority, with the trend of napping retreats in health travel serving as a testament to this shift. These retreats, rooted in research on the benefits of power naps, have become a sought-after escape for wellness travel enthusiasts, looking for a blend of rest and restoration.
Nestled in serene locations, these revitalizing sleep retreats for wellness range from tranquil beachfronts to secluded mountain hideaways. Often combined with practices like meditation and yoga, they offer a holistic approach to disconnecting from the hustle of daily routines.
Understanding the Science Behind Wellness Travel Napping Retreats
Before diving into the experience of napping retreats, it's essential to understand the science behind napping. Studies have shown that napping can improve memory, decrease stress, and even reduce the risk of heart disease. A power nap—typically around 20 to 30 minutes—can boost alertness and performance without leaving you feeling groggy or interfering with nighttime sleep patterns.
These retreats also address the psychological benefits of napping. They promote a healthier work-leisure balance, treating rest not as a luxury but a necessity for well-being, a core principle in restorative napping sanctuaries in travel.
What to Expect at a Wellness Travel Napping Retreat
Visitors to wellness travel napping retreats can expect environments designed for optimal rest. These retreats feature comfortable, sleep-inducing spaces like hammocks, canopy beds, or soundproof pods, equipped with sleep aids such as eye masks and weighted blankets, ensuring the best possible napping conditions.
These retreats often incorporate a variety of sleep-centric amenities and activities. Here's a snapshot of what one might encounter:
 - Sleep Workshops: Tailored sessions on improving sleep quality and managing sleep disorders, an integral aspect of the trend of napping retreats in health travel.
 - Guided Relaxation: Techniques like progressive muscle relaxation or deep breathing prepare the body and mind for rest, a highlight in revitalizing sleep retreats for wellness.
 - Circadian Rhythm Alignment: Activities are scheduled to align with the body's natural sleep-wake cycle, emphasizing exposure to natural light and the right balance of activity and rest.
 - Culinary Focus on Sleep: Meals are crafted to promote sleep, featuring ingredients known to enhance restfulness, such as magnesium-rich greens or tart cherry juice.
 - Digital Detox: To ensure a complete disconnection from stressors, these retreats often encourage or enforce a digital detox, limiting exposure to electronic devices that can disrupt sleep patterns.
The Unique Benefits of Wellness Travel
The shift towards napping retreats in wellness tourism is marked by the unique benefits they offer. By removing individuals from their typical stress-inducing environments and placing them in settings focused on well-being, these retreats provide structured rest. The presence of sleep coaches and wellness experts at these retreats allows for professional guidance, which can be transformative in enhancing one's relationship with sleep.
Who Can Benefit from a Napping Retreat?
Wellness travel napping retreats cater to a broad audience. Whether you're a sleep-deprived parent, an athlete seeking improved recovery, or a creative professional needing to recharge, these retreats offer a universal solution for enhancing well-being through rest. They represent an opportunity for diverse groups to learn how to harness the rejuvenating power of napping.
Combining Napping with Other Wellness Practices
Napping retreats often intertwine rest with other wellness practices to enrich the experience. For example, participants might engage in gentle yoga to stretch out the body and promote relaxation before a nap. Mindfulness and meditation sessions can also complement napping, teaching visitors how to quiet the mind to fall asleep more easily.
These retreats might also include educational components about the relationship between exercise, diet, and sleep, providing a holistic approach to wellness that extends beyond the retreat itself.
The Future of Napping Retreats
As the wellness industry evolves, the future of wellness travel napping retreats looks bright. With an increasing body of research supporting the benefits of napping and growing consumer interest in self-care, these retreats are set to become a staple in wellness travel. Cutting-edge technology, such as nap pods and sleep cycle monitoring apps, and partnerships with corporate entities for employee wellness are areas where these retreats are expanding.
Some retreats are experimenting with cutting-edge technology, like nap pods that create the perfect environment for a restful sleep or apps that monitor sleep cycles to wake the napper at the optimal time. Others are exploring partnerships with corporate entities, offering company retreats focused on boosting employee well-being and productivity through rest.
Conclusion: Embracing Rest through Wellness Travel
Wellness travel napping retreats represent a significant development in wellness tourism, offering a sanctuary for those seeking to escape daily pressures and invest in health through rest. They provide a transformative experience that improves mental, emotional, and physical well-being, set in serene and beautiful environments.
As we continue to recognize sleep's role in health, these retreats will likely become an essential component of wellness travel. They offer a unique and essential contribution: the profound power of rest, inviting us to rethink our relationship with sleep and embrace rest as a crucial part of a balanced, healthy life.
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IfcInteger is a defined type of simple data type Integer. It is required since a select type (IfcSimpleValue) cannot include directly simple types in its select list.
In principle, the domain of IfcInteger (being an Integer) is all integer numbers. Here the number of bits used for the IfcInteger representation is unconstrained, but in practice it is implementation specific.
HISTORY New type in IFC1.5.1.
TYPE IfcInteger = INTEGER;
References: IfcTask IfcRelConnectsPathElements IfcStairFlight IfcReference IfcRecurrencePattern IfcTriangulatedFaceSet IfcBSplineCurve IfcBSplineCurveWithKnots IfcBSplineSurface IfcBSplineSurfaceWithKnots IfcCompositeCurve IfcMaterialLayer IfcMaterialProfile IfcSimpleValue IfcPixelTexture IfcEdgeLoop IfcTable


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Miller's Costume Jewellery: A Collector's Guide Summary
Miller's Costume Jewellery: A Collector's Guide takes a look at the leading styles of costume jewellery of the late 19th and 20th centuries, from the Victorian period through to Art Nouveau, Art Deco and designers such as Trifari, Miriam Heskell and Dior, right up to 1980s Chanel, and even collectables of the future. With the sweeping social changes of the 19th and 20th centuries, the pleasure of wearing jewellery became increasingly available to women of all incomes and classes. Miller's Costume Jewellery: A Collector's Guide provides an essential introduction to this fascinating subject. The items are divided either by period, style or designer, focusing on identifying characteristics and covering a broad range of pieces, with the emphasis on what is most collectable and why. Every item in the guide has a price range and is illustrated in colour, with details of design, materials and condition. Fact Files provide tips for collectors, information on fakes and forgeries and advice on building up and preserving a collection of costume jewellery.
Why buy from World of Books
Miller's Costume Jewellery: A Collector's Guide (Miller's Collector's Guide)
Octopus Publishing Group
Number of pages
Book picture is for illustrative purposes only, actual cover or edition may vary.
This is a used book - there is no escaping the fact it has been read by someone else and it will show signs of wear and previous use. Overall we expect it to be in very good condition, but if you are not entirely satisfied please get in touch with us.


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JOINED THE SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL IN 1995
Professor of Psychiatry and Pharmacology
Director of National Parkinson Foundation Center of Excellence
Dr. Deutch's research interests center on the dysfunction of the neurotransmitter dopamine in brain and behavior disorders. His lab focuses primarily on basic science (preclinical) studies relating to schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. He and his colleagues study the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic and side effects of antipsychotic drugs. They investigate the mechanisms by which neurons that use two neurotransmitters, dopamine and the peptide neurotensin, regulate GABA-containing interneurons in the cortex and the mechanisms of action of hallucinogens in widely activating the cortex. Other studies focus broadly on Parkinson's disease and the loss of dendritic spines, thorny spine-like protuberances on the processes of neurons that receive dopamine inputs.
Dr. Deutch received his B.A. degree from Vanderbilt and a Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Georgia. He was on the faculty at Yale University School of Medicine prior to joining Vanderbilt.
NARSAD Grants: Distinguished Investigator 1997


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Below shows a complex example making use of value getters (using expressions) and class rules (again using expressions). The grid shows 'actual vs budget data and yearly total' for widget sales split by city and country.
- The Location column is showing the aggregation groups, grouping by city and country.
- The Monthly Data columns are affected by the context. Depending on the selected period, the data displayed is either actual (
x_act) or budgeted (
x_bud) data for the month (eg.
jan_actwhen Jan is green, or
jan_budwhen Jan is red). Similarly, the background color is also changed using class rules dependent on the selected period.
- sum(YTD) is the total of the 'actual' figures, i.e. adding up all the green. This also changes as the period is changed.
Notice that the example (including calculating the expression on the fly, the grid only calculates what's needed to be displayed) runs very fast (once the data is loaded) despite having over 6,000 rows.
This example is best viewed by opening it in a new tab.


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Classification, Disease and Evidence: New Essays in the Philosophy of Medicine
Edited by Philippe Huneman, Gérard Lambert, Marc Silberstein
Edition: 1st 2015
This anthology of essays presents a sample of studies from recent philosophy of medicine addressing issues which attempt to answer very general (interdependent) questions: (a) what is a disease and what is health? (b) How do we (causally) explain diseases? (c) And how do we distinguish diseases, i.e. define classes of diseases and recognize that an instance X of disease belongs to a given class B? (d) How do we assess and choose cure/ therapy?
The book is divided into three sections: classification, disease, and evidence. In general, attention is focused on statistics in medicine and epidemiology, issues in psychiatry, and connecting medicine with evolutionary biology and genetics. Many authors position the theories that they address within their historical contexts.
The nature of health and disease will be addressed in several essays that also touch upon very general questions about the definition of medicine and its status. Several chapters scrutinize classification because of its centrality within philosophical problems raised by medicine and its core position in the philosophical questioning of psychiatry. Specificities of medical explanation have recently come under a new light, particularly because of the rise of statistical methods, and several chapters investigate these methods in specific contexts such as epidemiology or meta-analysis of random testing. Taken together this collection addresses the question of how we gather, use and assess evidence for various medical theories.


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Get here NBSE class 9 FIT notes of all chapters. Fundamentals of Information Technology is an elective subject under the Nagaland Board of School Education. To get the notes, click on the links mentioned under the introduction of each chapter. You can open the notes and write them out. However, these notes should be used only for references and additions/modifications should be made as per the requirements.
FIT chapter 1. Introduction to Computer System
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 1: A computer can be simply defined as an electronic machine that can do the work of computations and data processing. A computer is an electronic device that takes data as input, processes that based on the instructions stored in its memory, and provides the results of processing to the user by displaying them on the screen or by printing them using a printer. A computer system is much more than just the hardware of a computer. In this chapter, you will learn about the various parts and characteristics of a computer.
FIT chapter 2. Input / Output Devices
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 2: Computers comprise of a number of components connected together. Some of these are categorized as input devices, and some, output devices. Input devices are peripherals you'll attach to your computer that allow it to receive input from a user. Most computers come standard with two universal input devices: the keyboard and the mouse. Any device that outputs information from a computer is termed an output device. The common output devices are the monitor and speakers.
FIT chapter 3. Memory and Storage Devices
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 3: Memory unit stores programs and data. Anything entered from the keyboard first goes to the main memory unit of computer system. After then it goes to the CPU for processing and the results after processing are again transferred back to the main memory from where these can be stored permanently by sending the results to secondary memory or hard disk or can be printed by sending them to the output unit. The main memory is also called primary memory.
FIT chapter 4. Types of Software
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 4: A computer can do nothing until and unless it gets instructions from the user for various operations. The set of instructions which helps in performing various operations on a computer is termed a software. Various kinds of operations are done by computers using different kinds of software.
FIT chapter 5. Operating System
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 5: An operating system is a set of system programs or commands that acts as an interface between a user and computer hardware. It also manages the different internal resources like Arithmetic Unit, Memory Unit, Control Unit, I/O Unit etc of the computer. We can say that an operating system is a communication channel between the user and the computer.
FIT chapter 6. Introduction to Windows
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 6: Windows is an advent of Microsoft Corporation. Windows is an operating system which acts as an interface between the user and the computer. In 1995, Windows 95 brought revolutions in the computing scenario. It was regarded as the true operating system. With the passage of time, Microsoft Corporation has released its advanced versions of Windows viz. Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10.
FIT chapter 7. Introduction to MS-Word
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 7: To perform the tasks of creating, editing, and printing documents, you need a special program called a word processor. The advantage of word processing is that you can make changes, correct mistakes without retyping the entire document as to when using a typewriter. In word processing, we can simply take the cursor to the part of the document where changes are required and correct your mistake, without leaving a trace. You can insert text, delete text etc. using a word processor. When you think you have made all the changes, you can get a hardcopy.
FIT chapter 8. Formatting Text in MS-Word
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 8: Formatting refers to changing the appearance of documents to make them more attractive and readable. Formatting texts is essential to create and design documents. In addition to that, formatting also makes your documents appealing. Proper formatting can draw the reader's attention to specific parts and help communicate clearly the message you are trying to convey.
FIT chapter 9. Advanced Features of MS-Word
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 9: MS-Word provides the facility of checking spellings and grammar, thesaurus, finding and replacing text, insert graphics. It is necessary while working to check spellings and replace if the need arises. In this chapter, you'll learn the procedure of finding and replacing text, how to check spellings and grammar, use of the thesaurus, how to insert WordArt and Clip Art, to insert AutoShapes etc.
FIT chapter 10. Tables in MSWord
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 10: Tables are made up of rows and columns. The intersection of rows and columns makes cells that you can fill with text and graphics. Tables are often used to organize and present information in a better form. A table may grow up from small size to a very big size. In this chapter, you will learn steps for creating a table, how to insert rows and columns, how to delete rows and columns, how to change column width and row height, merge and split cells, how to apply border & shading to a table, resizing a table etc.
FIT chapter 11. Mail Merge
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 11: Mail merge facilitates the creation of custom documents for mass mailings. A mail merge helps us make lists of people's mailing addresses to generate labels or envelopes with personalized addresses. This is really handy if you have to send the same letter to several individuals like during a wedding. In this chapter, you will learn how to create the main document, how to connect a document to a data source, to merge both to create a mail merge.
FIT chapter 12. Introduction to MS-PowerPoint
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 12: MS-PowerPoint helps us to create presentations. A presentation is a collection of slides in a systematic manner which are created to inform, educate, etc. to achieve the desired result. The ability to create presentations has become a requirement starting from an elementary school and continuing into the corporate world. In this chapter, you'll learn what is presentation and presentation graphics, how to start PowerPoint, how to create and save a presentation, to edit and format a slide, different views of a slide, to run a slide show.
FIT chapter 13. More on PowerPoint
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 13: A presentation can be made more powerful and effective by adding some special effects to it. These special effects include animation effect, slide transition, pictures, clipart etc. In this chapter, you'll learn how to insert pictures, shapes, Clip Art and WordArt, grouping and ungrouping pictures, how to add animation and slide transition, how to add sound and movie, to set slide show timings.
FIT chapter 14. Introduction to MS-Excel
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 14: A spreadsheet is used to organize information in rows and columns. A spreadsheet can solve our problems of data handling and long calculations. With a spreadsheet, you can analyze the data stored in rows and columns, perform calculations on the data and display the data in a graph. In this chapter, you will learn more about spreadsheet, how to start MS-Excel, its basic elements, about creating, saving, opening, closing a workbook, how to select cell ranges, rows or columns, and about types of data in MS-Excel.
FIT chapter 15. Editing workbooks in MS-Excel
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 15: When you enter data in a worksheet, sometimes need arises to change it, add more data, edit contents. Editing in a worksheet involves changing and modifying cell contents, moving data, inserting or deleting rows, inserting or deleting columns etc. In this chapter, you will learn how to insert and delete rows or columns, about moving and copying cell contents, how to change column width and row height, to use AutoFill feature, about how to format a worksheet number formatting etc.
FIT chapter 16. Functions in MS-Excel
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 16: A function in MS-Excel is a calculation that helps you analyze or manipulate data in a spreadsheet. You only need to add the arguments and the calculation is automatically performed. Functions help you create formulas you need to get the results. In this chapter, you will learn about functions and basic functions in MS-Excel, various functions like SUM, AVERAGE, MAX, MIN, COUNT, IF, about cell referencing and its types etc.
FIT chapter 17. Charts in MS-Excel
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 17: A chart is a graphical representation of numbers. It is a pictorial representation of data in a beautiful form. There are different types of charts in MS-Excel which present data in one form and other. It is the choice of the user to see the data in a specific chart form. Before learning the types of charts, let us know about the chart elements. In this chapter, you will learn about chart, its components, how to insert a chart, types of charts, to change chart layout and style, how to add chart titles, display or hide axes etc.
FIT chapter 18. Societal issues of IT
Introduction of NBSE class 9 FIT chapter 18: Information technology has proved to be very crucial


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The Porterville Irrigation District was formed in June of 1949, by a vote of the landowners in order to contract with the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR or Bureau) for a supply of water from the Central Valley Project (CVP).
The development of irrigated agriculture in the Porterville area started in about 1870. By 1901, over 5,000 acres were being irrigated by diversion from the Tule River and pumping from shallow groundwater.
In the fall of 1921, the State Division of Water Resources prepared its first ground water map of the Porterville area. At that time the mean depth to water in the area was 17.2 feet. By 1950, the depth to water within the newly formed Porterville Irrigation District had increased to 64.3 feet as groundwater was being extracted faster than it was being replaced through natural recharge.
Well depth measurements made by District personnel in the Fall of 1985 averaged a ground surface to water distance of 22.0 feet. By 2009, this distance had increased to 76.1 feet. Current depths to groundwater information are maintained by the Eastern Tule GS
December 1951 – USBR Contract Signing
BACK, L–R: R.M. Parks, Norman Castle, Ira Anthony and Attorney Erling Kloster
FRONT, L–R: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation representative, Morris Henderson and Virginia Falconer


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Split dye hair is often associated with the look of a man or woman, but a new study suggests the dye can also be used to colour a person's hair in other ways.
A team from the University of Michigan found that women who were dyed with dye that contained a mix of two different types of dye, indigo and green, could retain a distinct, golden-like appearance.
The team, led by Professor David Schloss, also found that dye-treated hair, even dyed with a mix that contained green and indigo dye was able to retain the appearance of blonde hair, despite its overall coloration.
The study, published in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, showed that the different types in the dye also affected the appearance and function of the hair, making it possible to achieve the desired colour without the need to change the dye itself.
"For a woman, the dye's colouration is important, and the intensity of the colouring will determine how the hair is affected by the dye," said Professor Schloss.
"The intensity of that colouring is related to the wavelength of the dye."
For women, the intensity and the colour of the dyed hair is also related to how the dye is applied.
The findings suggest that dyeing a man's hair with indigo or green dye may result in a less defined look and the appearance that is more "feminine", according to Professor Schlossel.
While the dye may look like a man, its function is different.
"Women can get the same results with blue, orange, green, purple or white dye, depending on the dye and how the color is applied," said Dr Sarah Kavanagh, a professor of beauty sciences at the University's College of Physicians and Surgeons.
"Indigo and indigos are both green and blue, but the colour is actually blue and indian green, which is the colour associated with Indian women."
The colour of your hair could affect your healthA person's body responds to colour by producing a range of chemicals, including chemicals that help the body to recognise the colour as an appropriate one, as well as the colour that a person should use.
"So for example, a woman's hair is supposed to be blue, indian, and yellow, which means it's a good colour to wear to a wedding," said Associate Professor Kavanagah.
"But a man might have a darker shade of indigo, so the colour may look more masculine."
"But for the most part, the colour we see in people's hair really comes from the body's reaction to it, not the dye."
When a person has a naturally dark coloured hair, it's likely they have a stronger reaction to the dye, and that may mean they will not achieve the same effect.
"It's important to remember that different colours are just variations on the same principle."
The team found that it was important for people to remember the different effects of different dye types when choosing a dye for their hair.""
The most obvious thing to remember is that indigo is a red pigment, and green is a blue pigment."
The team found that it was important for people to remember the different effects of different dye types when choosing a dye for their hair.
"It's always a good idea to do a bit of research about the type of dye you want, and then have a look at all the different options before deciding on which you like best," said Prof Schlossels.
"There's no one perfect dye."
"However, if you do your research, and you've chosen the right dye for you, you'll be surprised at the results."


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Monitoring growth of the methanogenic archaea Methanobacterium formicicum using an electronic nose
2001 (English)In: Biotechnology letters, ISSN 0141-5492, Vol. 23, no 4, 241-248 p.Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Growth of the methanogenic archaea, Methanobacterium formicicum, in pure culture was monitored by analysing samples from the gas phase with an array of chemical gas sensors (an 'electronic nose'). Analyses of the methane and protein formation rates were used as independent parameters of growth, and the data obtained from the electronic nose were evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA). We found that different growth phases can be distinguished with the electronic nose followed by PCA evaluation. The fast response of the sensors in combination with the high correlations with other parameters measuring growth show that the electronic nose can be a useful tool to rapidly determine methanogenic growth.
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2001. Vol. 23, no 4, 241-248 p.
IdentifiersURN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-44252DOI: 10.1023/A:1005643606640Local ID: 76119OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-44252DiVA: diva2:265114