vampire can look very scary and angry with the right details.
Another example, a very simple one: my character, a very tired student, dropped a plate, full of food on the floor.
A tired student who's annoyed is very different from an Angry villain! It's all in the details.
Two very opposing types of characters!
Write down ideas, play out different sceneries for your character and sketch them out, this is a good way to practice your expressions and to leave them more dynamic!
Consider using Angry Colors
And contrast!
Color is very important when drawing. You're not just adding it to your drawings or to your characters.
You're telling something with it.
Even if it's just to transmit calm and a sense of balance to the viewer, you're still talking through the colors you used.
You can also use colors to convey emotions. Red is the color most used to show rage, but some oranges, purple and even yellows also work very well! (And if you're need of some coloring tools, here you go)
Mako in the Kill La Kill anime series, using a lot of red and orange colors!
Fan Art I did of "Mako" from the Kill La Kill Anime series
A very good example of the use of color to portray emotion is Disney Pixar's movie Inside Out!
This is a very interesting movie about emotions and how important they are. They do an amazing job showing that in a very lighthearted and fun way, but also through the color!
Notice how each emotion has a specific color.
Not only the ones inside the main character but all the other emotions, belonging to the other characters.
Inside everyone, Joy is yellow, Sadness is blue, Fear is purple, Disgust is green and, the most important one for us here: Anger is red!
Each one also has a different weight and sign of importance, depending how much of that emotion the person feels and how much it guides their lives.
This does not mean, that feeling one more than the other is inherently bad, just that it's part of us and our growth.
In the movie Inside Out you can learn more on using the right colors for the right emotions
Movie "Inside Out" by Pixar
If, in your painting, you want to portray this emotion and want to go all out with it.
If this is the main subject of it, then take the chance to go all the way. Not only you're giving an extra boost to the emotional state of the character, you're also using color to your advantage.
People feel whatever emotion a painting is trying to convey, not only from the lines but through the way you worked with the colors!
It all depends on what you want to go for. If you really want to exaggerate, go with something very vibrant and chaotic.
Going to the limit can be a risky maneuver sometimes, but also a good choice.
If you're 100% sure that's how you want to transmit your message, other people will be able to read it that way as well.
As for contrast, this is also something to have always in account.
Not only in a colored piece but in a black and white one. Especially in the latter!
If all of the painting as the same weight, the eyes of the viewer will get lost and lose any focus. It also makes the painting flat.
Play with contrast and test things out, it can be risky but it might also work out and you learn new skills!
Play with contrast.
Give some parts of your painting more emphasis than others. Be it either with extra shadows, big masses of strokes or giving vibrant colors to parts of it, while others are softer.
Play with different palettes and different kinds of strokes and weights.
Balance your paintings not only through the drawing but color as well. Look up different colors and their meanings.
Each emotion can be conveyed through a color.
And if the emotion itself is the most important part of your painting, by assigning the right color to it, you'll give it an extra something!
Drawing an Angry Face From the Side
When drawing an angry face on a side view, the same principles apply.
In fact, it can even be easier! Instead of drawing the whole face, you're basically drawing half of it.
You still need to pay attention to how you draw the face, though. Think about perspective and 3D.
Even though you're drawing a 2D piece, you have to give shape to it, portray the idea of 3D.
A head, body, and face have volume.
And drawing them in a side view can be a bit confusing at the beginning and hard to give that volume.
When drawing an angry face from the side, the eyes change a lot!
The biggest change you'll notice is how you draw the eye.
This time we draw it in a cone shape. When drawing it in front view, we tend to draw an almond shape. Now, you need to learn to draw your eye differently.
You can still give different shapes and styles to the eye. But the positioning will change and it will always have the same base cone shape.
If you remember this, you won't have any trouble drawing the eyes!
When drawing an angry face from the side, the nose becomes very prominent!
The nose will also have a very different part here.
In a front view, the nose can be almost non-existence. Very simple. Two dots above the mouth and you wouldn't need much more.
On a side view, it's quite the opposite.
The nose here is very prominent and a big part of the head shape itself.
Once again, you can still play with styles and sizes of the nose, but it takes a more important role in the drawing.
The base shape for your nose will maintain though. So as long as you keep that triangle shape in mind, you'll do good!
Drawing the mouth from the side isn't much of a problem, here's how!
The mouth itself, won't be as problematic.
It's one my favorite things to draw in a side view, especially if it's an angry face!
Everything else: tilted eyebrows, close to the eyes.
Big eyes, with very small irises to exaggerate the expression and wrinkled noses still apply here.
Remember you can always take photos of yourself to help you better get a reference image, or use one online. It really helps!
And that's how we draw an angry face from the side, step by step!
Drawing a Simple Version of an Angry Face
Sometimes, less is more!
You don't need to go with a very complex drawing right away.
Why don't you start practicing with a stickman?
It's all shapes, and all the principles apply here as well.Drawing a stickman to help you figure out how to draw emotions is a great exercise! Here's a step by step process.
This is a very minimalistic look but it can work, if you're going for that and if that's the style you're going for.
I've seen some stickman comics that can portray the emotion in a better way, than with something very complex. It's all about what you want and like.
If you want something raw, going with a simple style like this can work wonders!
Sometimes, if you add too many details, it can take away the initial emotion that you're going for and its meaning.
It's also a great way for you to practice and learn.
Before going to the big, complex drawings, try out your expressions with very simple and basic shapes like this!
Once you nailed those, you can just apply it to more complex drawings.
Summing it Up
The secret, as always, to improve and discover new ideas and styles is to have fun and experiment a lot!
There's a lot of emotions you can play with.
Start with the eyebrows, then the eyes and mouth. Try different sizes, curves, and details. Make a sheet with a scale with different kinds of angry expressions.
This will help you both in your progress as an artist, but also you now have a reference sheet for you to look at whenever you need to pick one angry face.
And remember to use references!
You can't learn without looking and observing what you want to draw. Look up on the internet for different angry expressions or make them yourself in front of a mirror.
Study and sketch them out.
If you find it too hard to keep looking at yourself and then your drawing over and over, take a selfie!
Goof up with your camera and take pictures of yourself for future reference!
Back to the Blog
How to Draw an Angry Face step by step! Learn to draw a face with emotion easily and quickly. - by Don Corgi


Instance Method
contains(_:)
Returns a Boolean value indicating whether the sequence contains the given element.
Declaration
func contains(_ element: Elements.Index) -> Bool
Available when Element conforms to Equatable.
Parameters
element
The element to find in the sequence.
Return Value
true if the element was found in the sequence; otherwise, false.
Discussion
This example checks to see whether a favorite actor is in an array storing a movie's cast.
let cast = ["Vivien", "Marlon", "Kim", "Karl"]
print(cast.contains("Marlon"))
// Prints "true"
print(cast.contains("James"))
// Prints "false"
Complexity: O(n), where n is the length of the sequence.


text:
Understanding measurements of Basic 10 head block fashion figure, Fashion illustration, Fashion Croquis, understanding its definition and relevance in the fashion industry.
- Fashion Croqui- 10 head measurement
- The difference between male and female body structure
- Introducing balance and movement in to the croquis
- Rendering of body and hair
- Rendering of Various fabrics, embroideries, prints, detailing etc
- Making theme boards and swatch designs
- Learning about various Indian wear garments taking inspiration from Indian designers- Cocktail, partywear, occasion wear, heavies and Bridal
The demonstration stage is to challenge the creativity of the learner.
The learner is expected to present their self-directed projects/design. This is an essential aspect of being a designer.
- Putting illustration work together in the form of a folio
- Various styles of presentation i.e. computers application cutting mounting collages etc
- Doubt Session
The learner is expected to compile their work and present their self-directed projects/design. They will also build a portfolio of their work. This is an essential aspect of being a designer.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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.NET Remoting Events Explained
By , 3 Mar 2010

Introduction
Remoting with .NET is both a daunting endeavor the first time, and a way to make life a lot simpler. .NET's goal with the remoting framework is to make serialization and deserialization of data across application and machine boundaries as simple as possible while providing all the flexibility and power of the .NET framework. Here, we will take a look at using events in a remoting environment and the proper way to design an application for the use of events.
Background
Events make life a lot simpler to the downstream application, and using them in a client/server environment is no different. Notifying clients when something has changed on the server or when some event has occurred without the clients needing to poll the server means a much simpler implementation on the client side.
The problem with .NET is that the server side activating the event needs to know something about the actual implementation of the event on the consuming side. Too many times, I see a .NET remoting example with events that require either the server referencing the client application (sometimes the .EXE itself, yuck!) and/or the client having a reference to the full implementation of the server.
Good programming practice on both the server and client side is to separate the implementation from each other, so that the server does not need to know anything about how the client is implemented, and that the client doesn't need to know how the server is implemented.
Application Design
Spending some time upfront in the application design really saves some headaches down the line. Too many times, I see developers jump right into the implementation, and then half way through the programming, they find out that some fundamental aspect of the programming is wrong, and have to spend significant time restructuring or refactoring when a little time up front would have saved all that work.
For our example application, we are going to have a server and a number of clients. The clients will be on separate machines but on the same internal network. The clients will be loosely coupled to the server; that is, the connected state of the client can change at any time for any reason.
The clients will send a message to the server, which must notify all the connected clients that a new message has arrived and what that message is. The clients will display the message when they are notified. Using the little bit above, we can determine that:
 1. The server must control its own lifetime
 2. We will use the TCP protocol (IPC is inappropriate across machines)
 3. We will use .NET Events
 4. The client and server can not know each other's implementation details
Common Library
So, separating the implementation apart, we will need some sort of common library to hold the data that is shared between the client and the server. Our common library will have the following:
 1. Event Declarations
 2. Event Proxy
 3. Server Interface
Let's start off with the event declarations (EventDeclarations.cs):
namespace RemotingEvents.Common
{
 public delegate void MessageArrivedEvent(string Message);
}
Pretty simple. All we do is declare a delegate called MessageArrivedEvent that identifies the function we will use as an event. Now, we'll skip ahead to the Server Interface (and come back to the EventProxy later):
namespace RemotingEvents.Common
{
 public interface IServerObject
 {
 #region Events
 event MessageArrivedEvent MessageArrived;
 #endregion
 #region Methods
 void PublishMessage(string Message);
 #endregion
 }
}
This is also pretty simple. We are declaring the interface to our server object here, but not the implementation. The client won't know anything about how these functions are implemented on the server side, just the interface to call into it or get notified of events. The server (as we'll see in the next section) adds a lot to this interface, but none of that is usable from the client side.
Now, let's take a look at the EventProxy class. First, the code:
namespace RemotingEvents.Common
{
 public class EventProxy : MarshalByRefObject
 {
 #region Event Declarations
 public event MessageArrivedEvent MessageArrived;
 #endregion
 #region Lifetime Services
 public override object InitializeLifetimeService()
 {
 return null;
 //Returning null holds the object alive
 //until it is explicitly destroyed
 }
 #endregion
 #region Local Handlers
 public void LocallyHandleMessageArrived(string Message)
 {
 if (MessageArrived != null)
 MessageArrived(Message);
 }
 #endregion
 }
}
Not an overly complicated class, but let's pay attention to some of the details. First, the class inherits from MarshalByRefObject. This is because the EventProxy is serialized and deserialized to and from the client side, so the remoting framework needs to know how to marshal the object. Using MarshalByRefObject here means that the object is marshaled across boundaries by reference, and not by value (through a copy).
The function InitializeLifetimeService() is overridden from the MarshalByRefObject class. Returning null from this class means that we want the .NET environment to keep the proxy alive until explicitly destroyed by the application. We could also return a new ILease here, with the timeout set to TimeSpan.Zero to do the same thing.
The reason we have this proxy class is because the server side needs to know about the implementation of the event consumer on the client side. If we didn't use a proxy class, the server would have to reference the client implementation so it knows how and where to call the function. We'll see how to use this proxy class in the section on Client Implementation.
Server Implementation
Now, let's move on to the server implementation. The server is implemented in a separate project called (in our example) RemotingEvents.Server. This project creates a reference to the RemotingEvents.Common project so we can use the interface, event declaration, and event proxy (indirectly). Here is the full code:
namespace RemotingEvents.Server
{
 public class RemotingServer : MarshalByRefObject, IServerObject
 {
 #region Fields
 private TcpServerChannel serverChannel;
 private int tcpPort;
 private ObjRef internalRef;
 private bool serverActive = false;
 private static string serverURI = "serverExample.Rem";
 #endregion
 #region IServerObject Members
 public event MessageArrivedEvent MessageArrived;
 public void PublishMessage(string Message)
 {
 SafeInvokeMessageArrived(Message);
 }
 #endregion
 public void StartServer(int port)
 {
 if (serverActive)
 return;
 Hashtable props = new Hashtable();
 props["port"] = port;
 props["name"] = serverURI;
 //Set up for remoting events properly
 BinaryServerFormatterSinkProvider serverProv =
 new BinaryServerFormatterSinkProvider();
 serverProv.TypeFilterLevel =
 System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.TypeFilterLevel.Full;
 serverChannel = new TcpServerChannel(props, serverProv);
 try
 {
 ChannelServices.RegisterChannel(serverChannel, false);
 internalRef = RemotingServices.Marshal(this,
 props["name"].ToString());
 serverActive = true;
 }
 catch (RemotingException re)
 {
 //Could not start the server because of a remoting exception
 }
 catch (Exception ex)
 {
 //Could not start the server because of some other exception
 }
 }
 public void StopServer()
 {
 if (!serverActive)
 return;
 RemotingServices.Unmarshal(internalRef);
 try
 {
 ChannelServices.UnregisterChannel(serverChannel);
 }
 catch (Exception ex)
 {
 }
 }
 private void SafeInvokeMessageArrived(string Message)
 {
 if (!serverActive)
 return;
 if (MessageArrived == null)
 return; //No Listeners
 MessageArrivedEvent listener = null;
 Delegate[] dels = MessageArrived.GetInvocationList();
 foreach (Delegate del in dels)
 {
 try
 {
 listener = (MessageArrivedEvent)del;
 listener.Invoke(Message);
 }
 catch (Exception ex)
 {
 //Could not reach the destination, so remove it
 //from the list
 MessageArrived -= listener;
 }
 }
 }
 }
}
It's a lot to absorb, so let's cut this down piece by piece:
public class RemotingServer : MarshalByRefObject, IServerObject
Our class inherits from MarshalByRefObject and IServerObject. The MarshalByRefObject is because we want our server to be marshaled across boundaries using a reference to the server object, and the IServerObject means we are implementing the server interface that is known to the clients.
#region Fields
private TcpServerChannel serverChannel;
private int tcpPort;
private Obj


text:
Color lock is a process for reconstructing the color signal of primarily PAL-encoded U-matic tapes (Low and High Band) on playback. If the signal frequency is off, "the colour subcarrier will shift phase for the duration of one line, which means that colours will be reproduced incorrectly."1 The result is quite noticeable:
A colour gradient stretches from the left-hand edge to the right-hand edge of the image, with a narrow achromatic area down its vertical center axis. More precisely, all scan lines start at the left-hand edge of the image with a colour shift specific to each hue. Colour saturation drops to zero towards the centre of the image, then rises to reach maximum saturation in the complementary colour hue at the right-hand edge of the image.2
Black-and-white recordings and NTSC recordings are not susceptible to loss of color lock. However, if an NTSC recording "is played back on a multi-standard player with a colour lock control set in the wrong position, colour disappears completely and a characteristic diagonal herringbone pattern occurs."3
Can it be fixed?
Adjust the color lock control on a PAL playback device until the color is rendered correctly. If these adjustments do not resolve the artifact, try the same adjustments while playing a test tape in the same device. If the test tape's colors can be rendered correctly, then the tape recording has uncorrectable defects; however, if the issue persists while playing the test tape, then the device needs servicing.
1. Johannes Gfeller, Agathe Jarczyk, and Joanna Phillips, "Loss of colour lock" in Compendium of Image Errors in Analogue Video (edited by Swiss Institute for Art Research, Zürich: Scheidegger & Spiess, 2012), p.56, videos 5 & 6. ↩
2. Gfeller et al, "Loss of colour lock." ↩
3. Gfeller et al, "Loss of colour lock." ↩

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Scientist for a Day inspires young scientists
Scientist for a Day saw dozens of budding young scientists visit the Australian Museum for Marine Worlds and Urban Explorer.
As the Museum doors opened on Thursday the 14th and Friday the 15th of January, an excited group of budding young marine scientists joined us for 'Scientist for a Day – Marine Worlds'. Together we learnt about what marine scientists do and then our visitors got to try out being a marine biologist with a rather smelly squid dissection! Using some very cool technology, our new marine detectives investigated a variety of the secret weapons that marine animals use and experienced being taxonomists by identifying some Balmain bug species! We also got to see some very special parts of the marine collection in a behind-the-scenes tour.
With the sun shining down on Monday the 18th, we welcomed some young entomology enthusiasts for 'Scientist for a Day – Urban Explorer'. We investigated the spider community of Hyde Park, by finding and identifying webs. Sorting through leaf litter to find and categorise the insects we found helped our young scientists realise that there are many types of life living under our feet, we just need to notice them! For those interested in the tiny spider that was found, our arachnologist identified it as a mature female Ostearius melanopygius. We saw some amazing pinned insects on a behind-the-scenes tour and also got to hold and draw some live stick insects.
If you were a participant in Scientist for a Day, please comment on this story and share what you learnt!
The Australian Museum runs Scientist for a Day programs for 8-12 year olds during selected school holidays, so stay tuned for details of the next adventure.
Ellen McCormack, Operations Coordinator

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
- Fun craft essentials. Make, learn and play.
- Use glitter paint to create colourful sparkly pictures. Re-sealable lid to avoid spillages. Use the other colours in the range for a full glitter effect. Great for craft projects, pictures and collages, so really make your art work stand out. Great for both adults and children, this fun Red Glitter Paint can be a great way to spend time together makes things.
- Ideal for creating sparkly pictures
- Clean and easy to use
- Colour: Red
- Great for both the home and school use
- Can be used with colour glitter paint


text: The ethical and economic significance of slaughtering animals for consumption by people of faith cannot be underestimated. On one hand, there are concerns for the welfare of animals during rearing, transport and slaughter, on the other hand, the market for halal meat products continue to grow at an exponential rate which has attracted the attention of independent and the mainstream retailer multiples. This paper considers the slaughter methods approved for the main species of animals slaughtered for consumption by Muslims; beef, lamb, goats and poultry. It further examines the rationale for approving and rejecting some methods of stunning and the implication this has on the welfare of animals. Areas where further research is needed to improve animal welfare during halal slaughter are also highlighted, and the authors have argued why a dialogue between animal welfare researchers, Islamic scholars and halal certification or accreditation bodies is vital in creating knowledge exchange between key stakeholders with a view to improving animal welfare during halal meat production.


text:
Homemade plates are typically made from pottery clay and fired in a kiln to ensure long-term strength and durability. Decorations for homemade plates vary, depending on whether the plates are designed to be purely decorative, or if they are intended for practical, everyday use. For homemade plates that will be used as serving dishes, select only decorating materials that are clearly marked as being safe for food.
- Skill level:
- Moderately Easy
Other People Are Reading
Things you need
- Homemade plates
- Food-safe glazes and paints
- Pottery kiln
- Paint brushes
- Potter's wax
Select a food-safe glaze or glazes to decorate homemade plates. Glaze can be applied to homemade plates once they have been kiln fired. Use paint brushes, stencils, sponges or other faux finishing tools, like brushes and combs, to create unusual and organic patterns, such as waves, stripes or curls. Fire the homemade plates again following the glaze manufacturer's guidelines.
Allow glazed, fired plates to fully cool before removing them from the kiln. Further embellish by applying glaze-resistant waxes and additional layers of glaze, or by painting designs on the surfaces. Ideas for designs include scrolls or floral patterns around the rim of the plate or a floral or geometrical pattern on the centre of the plate. Re-fire the homemade plates again and repeat the reglazing process as often as necessary to achieve the desired design.
After cooling, add additional clay embellishments, if desired. Consider gluing raised elements around the rim of the plates, such as glazed pieces of clay sculpted into decorative balls, or premade pressed or stamped decorative clay pieces.
Add finishing touches to homemade plates by trimming and highlighting various design elements with food-safe decorative paints. Consider adding gold or silver flourishes around the rim of the plates. Or paint delicate scrolls around the centre of the plates.
Allow homemade plates to dry completely and seal with a food-safe spray sealant, if desired.
Tips and warnings
- If homemade plates are to be used for decorative purposes only, add wall-hanging hardware to the backs of the plates so they can be displayed.
- Some pottery glazes have texturising elements that create a somewhat rough surface, which some people may find to be undesirable when used for serving food.
- Wash handmade decorated plates carefully after use. For best results, hand wash in warm, soapy water using a mild detergent and a non-abrasive cloth.
- 20 of the funniest online reviews ever
- 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites
- Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for


Drive & Dive
You will need to bring your Drivers Licensing Authority form with you for the purpose of renewing your license. Assessment will include a blood pressure check, vision test and for commercial licenses, a urine test.
A dive medical assesses the ability of the diver to survive unexpected underwater or on surface emergencies. As a general part of the examination, age factors and overall physical fitness are assessed, as well as vision, ear, nose and throat condition, hearing, dental condition, balance, blood pressure, lung function, musculo-skeletal function and the gastro-intestinal tract, including a urine test. Book in with either Dr Joe Buters or Dr Clif Parry for this medical…


Titania X3D Editor
Bring Colours to Your Life.
Titania v4.3.4
Bring Colours to Your Life.
X3D Reference
Inline
Inline
Inline is a X3DBoundedObject node that can load nodes from another X3D scene via url.
The Inline node belongs to the Networking component and its container field is children. It is available since X3D version 3.0 or later.
Hierarchy
* Derived from multiple interfaces.
Fields
SFNode [in, out] metadata NULL [X3DMetadataObject]
Metadata are not part of the X3D world and not interpreted by the X3D browser, but they can be accessed via the ECMAScript interface.
SFBool [in, out] load TRUE
Load=true means load immediately, load=false means defer loading or unload contained scene.
Hint
Use LoadSensor to detect when loading is complete.
MFString [in, out] url [ ] [URI]
Address of X3D world to load into current scene.
Hints
MFString arrays can have multiple values, so separate each individual string by quote marks "_URL_" "_URL_ "etc." XML encoding for quotation mark " is " (which is called a character entity). Can replace embedded blank(s) in url queries with %20 for each blank character.
Warning
Strictly match directory and filename capitalization for http links! This is important for portability. Some operating systems are forgiving of capitalization mismatches, but http/https and other operating systems are not.
See Also
X3D Scene Authoring Hints, urls
SFVec3f [ ] bboxSize -1 -1 -1 [0,∞) or −1 −1 −1
Bounding box size is usually omitted, and can easily be calculated automatically by an X3D player at scene-loading time with minimal computational cost. Bounding box size can also be defined as an optional authoring hint that suggests an optimization or constraint.
Hint
Can be useful for collision computations or inverse-kinematics (IK) engines.
SFVec3f [ ] bboxCenter 0 0 0 (-∞,∞)
Bounding box center: optional hint for position offset from origin of local coordinate system.
Description
Hint
 - You cannot ROUTE values into an Inline scene, use IMPORT/EXPORT (or ExternProtoDeclare and ProtoInstance) instead.
Example
Inline
XML Encoding
Classic Encoding
JSON Encoding
Browser Compatibility
Titania X_ITE
yes yes
Cookies and other Technologies
By clicking »Accept« or continuing to use the site, you agree to the use of CREATE3000 and third-party cookies and other similar technologies to enhance your browsing experience, analyze and measure your engagement with our content, and provide more relevant ads on CREATE3000 websites and others. Learn more about cookies. You can withdraw your consent at any time.


text:
How do I parse an XML, which is stored in a String? Assume the string name is xmlString. It contains 'employee' as root node and firstname, lasename, address as child node.
I tried the following with xml4J parser. 1. Create a parser object Parser p = new Parser("parser.err"); 2. converting a string into an inputstream. ByteArrayInputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(xmlString.getBytes());
3. Create the DOM tree TXDocument document = parser.readStream(is); here, document(DOM tree) is null. So, I am not able to get the root element. Why is that??? Thanks


text:
Date of this Version
Ripening field corn lost to wildlife was measured in fall 1993 in 10 midwestern states that have produced 83% of the field corn in the United States over the past 10 years. Sampling of damage was stratified by producer expectation of likely wildlife damage or unlikely wildlife damage. Damage was assessed immediately before harvest. Two plots that measured 4.5 m x 2 rows were assessed in each selected field. Of assessed fields, wildlife damage was present in 340 of 1,259 (27.0%) likely damaged fields and 108 of 1,243 (8.7%) unlikely damaged fields. As a percentage of harvested production, birds (Aves) damaged an average of 0.19% of field corn while deer (Odocoileus spp.) damaged an average of 0.23% of field corn. Unidentified wildlife caused the loss of an additional 0.27% of corn. The average yield loss was 1.73 + 0.17 bu/ha. Loss rates were greater where producers had expected damage (3.7 bu/ha) than where damage had not been anticipated (1.5 bu/ha). Among states, yield lost to all wildlife differed among 3 groups of states. Wisconsin and Missouri had the greatest wildlife-caused loss rates. Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, and Ohio had intermediate loss rates. Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, and South Dakota had lower loss rates. In total, an estimated 35 + 4 million bushels of corn were lost to wildlife in 1993 when harvested field corn production for the 10 selected states totaled 5.14 billion bushels. Total estimated value of field corn lost to wildlife was $92 + 9 million, when the harvested corn crop was valued at $13.3 billion in the 10 states.


text:
Introduction: Unveiling the Enduring Appeal of Retro Gaming Collectibles
In the gaming world, a corner exists where the essence of the past converges with the present excitement. It's a realm known as retro gaming collectibles. For enthusiasts and collectors, these items hold more than historical value; they are cherished treasures that embody the golden era of gaming. Join us on a captivating journey through this world as we explore the stories, rarity, and sheer delight these items bring to fans and collectors alike.
1. The Timeless Allure of Retro Gaming: A Journey in Time
Let's rediscover the enchantment of retro games and how collectibles transport us to an era filled with wonders and more straightforward gameplay. We'll delve into the connections that make these items invaluable to gaming enthusiasts.
2. Legendary Consoles: Icons That Define Retro Gaming Culture
We'll embark on an exploration of gaming consoles like Atari 2600 NES and Sega Genesis. Unraveling their designs timeless games they hosted and understanding why vintage consoles hold a place in every collector's heart.
3. Vintage Game Cartridges, Where Memories Are Preserved
Let's explore the world of game cartridges and delve into their intricate labels, unique designs, and the excitement of discovering rare editions. Each cartridge holds a story reflecting a game's popularity and its significant impact on gaming history.
4. Collectible. Memorabilia: The Artistry of Gaming
Take a moment to appreciate the artistry behind figurines, posters, and other memorabilia associated with gaming. These artistic pieces celebrate the characters and captivating worlds of retro games and enhance the overall gaming experience for fans and collectors alike.
5. Limited. Rarity: The Quest for Coveted Treasures
Embark on an adventure into editions, prototypes, and rare finds. Feel the thrill of pursuing these grails in gaming recognizing their value and savoring the joy that comes from owning something few others in this world possess.
6. Gaming Artwork and Originals: From Idea to Collectible Masterpiece
Let's explore how gaming artwork has evolved – from initial concept sketches to realized designs. Discover how these original artworks and concept pieces have become sought-after collectibles that captivate the imagination of gaming enthusiasts.
7. Gaming. Community Events: Where Passion Meets Commerce
Immerse yourself in gaming auctions, conventions, and community events where passion for this hobby intersects with commerce. It's an opportunity to connect with enthusiasts while indulging in this exciting world.
The excitement of participating in auctions creates a sense of camaraderie among collectors, and how these events foster a feeling of community by connecting people who share passions.
In conclusion, Valuing the Legacy Safeguarding the Passion
To conclude, retro gaming collectibles are more significant than physical objects; they embody memories that evoke childhood happiness and serve as a testament to the ingenuity of game developers. Collectors don't just see material value in these items but bond with the games and eras they represent. As we continue to cherish these treasures, we also contribute to preserving gaming history and ensuring that the enchantment of retro games endures for generations to come.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1: Where can I find retro gaming collectibles?
You can find retro gaming collectibles at specialized gaming stores, online auctions, and conventions dedicated to gaming and collectibles.
Q2: Are retro gaming collectibles an investment?
While their value may appreciate over time, the true worth of retro gaming collectibles lies in the joy they bring to enthusiasts. Collect them for your passion, with any potential investment value being a bonus.
Q3: How can I ensure the authenticity of a retro gaming
Thoroughly research your options before making a purchase. Buy from sources. Ask for certificates of authenticity when applicable.
Q4: Are there any communities or forums for people who collect retro games?
Yes, there are forums and social media groups specifically catered to individuals passionate about collecting retro games. These communities serve as platforms where enthusiasts can share their experiences, seek advice, and connect with like-minded individuals.
Q5: What is the highest price ever paid for retro gaming?
The prices of retro gaming collectibles can vary significantly. There have been instances where unique game cartridges and prototypes have fetched substantial sums at auctions. Staying updated on auction news will help you stay informed about the record-breaking sales.
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The Japanese do not just dream of perfect ski slopes, they are developing the technology to produce them.
Six Japanese companies have carried out 'extensive research' to provide artificial snow for Japan's skiers when nature fails to fill the need (European patents 440 256 and 440 257).
Existing snow machines only work properly at very low ambient temperatures; otherwise they just produce slush. The new trick is to use granules of polymer, such as polyacrylic acid salts, which absorb a large volume of water. The snow makers then mix the bloated polymer with natural snow, if available, or other artificial snow. Finally they freeze the mixture.
Ice bridges form between the polymer granules and snow crystals to make good snow for skiing. The companies have tried colouring the snow with dyes and adding perfume, so that the snow smells nice as well as looking good.
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.


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When the tragic earthquake hit Japan back in March of 2011, mobile communications were severely disrupted in the affected regions, even in metropolitan Tokyo. The University of Tokyo's Center for Spatial Information Science has put together an incredible visualization which dramatically illustrates how mobile activity almost completely stops in the minutes after the earthquake hit at 14:46PM on that afternoon.
In the video below, anonymized geo-speatial data from Zenrin DataCom shows the movement of people in the city throughout the day 1. Time is shown progressing in the bottom right corner. As you can see, mobile movement is most intense during the morning rush hour between 8AM and 9AM, with the majority of movement concentrated on major train lines.
But just after the earthquake hits in the afternoon, mobile activity 'goes dark' so to speak. Train service was also interrupted, and you can see that people don't really resume movement until late in the evening, and even then it was at just a fraction of its usual pace. You can check out the video for yourself below to see how the day progresses in its entirety, and how mobile activity recovers in later that night and the next morning.
As we pointed out last year, even after Japanese mobile carriers pledged to improve network infrastructure, they still experienced some problems in 2012, most notably Docomo, who attributed some problems to increased VoIP activity.
As I understand it, Zenrin's geo-spatial data is primary from NTT Docomo. We previously wrote about Docomo's efforts to use this geo-spatial data in city planning.↩
The post Mobile Service Disruption from Great Japan Earthquake Visualized appeared first on Tech in Asia.


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On 26 December an ABA Code-3 La Sagra's Flycatcher (Myiarchus sagrae) was found in a restricted area (NO PUBLIC ACCESS) of Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park (fee). Luckily the original finder, Robin Diaz, was able to relocate the bird outside the restricted area as it gave its "wheet" calls along the park's nature trail before returning briefly to what has been dubbed the "La Sagra Tree" (intersection of the nature trail and a restroom trail with the "tree", ~100 yards south of the white gate. Robin says a (the) La Sagra's Flycatcher has been in the same vicinity for three consecutive winters showing signs of territorial behavior.
La Sagra's Flycatcher was first reported in the ABA Area in 1963 in Orrville, central Alabama, a bird thought to be of the Cuban race, M. s. sagrae. Since the first report of this species in the ABA Area, at least 12 records and numerous reports have been recorded, all from South Florida. The Florida records are of birds thought to be of Bahamian origin, M. s. lucaysiensis (ABA Checklist, Fifth Edition, DeBenetictus et al.).
La Sagra's Flycatcher has been considered at times to be conspecific with Stolid Flycatcher (M. stolidus) but vocal differences showed the two taxa to be separate species, although the dawn song of the nominate race, M. s. stolidus, is similar to the dawn songs of the two races of La Sagra's Flycatcher (Handbook of the Birds of the World, Volume 9). La Sagra Flycatcher is often separated from its congeners by its distinctive forward-leaning posture and flat-headed appearance. Although not considered threatened, the entire range of La Sagra's Flycatcher is the Bahamas, Cuba, and Cayman Islands (Birds of the West Indies, Raffaele et al.).
An excellent treatment with tips on identification of La Sagra's Flycatcher by Smith and Evered can be found in a 1992 issue of Birding 24:294−296.


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Ensuring the lifetime of a DC gearmotor with systematic reliability testing
Author : Utpal Rabha, Portescap
31 March 2023
From industrial power tools to surgical robots, a motion solution that delivers high power density in a small package is a common requirement. However, integrating a gearmotor means that an assurance of reliability is crucial.
When the operational life exceeds the duration allowable for testing, a systematic approach to reliability demonstration testing (RDT) can provide OEMs with 95 percent certainty that the gearmotors will meet or exceed their required run time. Here, Utpal Rabha, Lead Engineer at Portescap, explains the RDT procedure.
DC gearmotors are designed to meet the torque requirements of specific tasks, while ensuring compact dimensions. With an assembly of a brush or brushless DC motor, the device combines a gearbox that optimises torque, speed and efficiency requirements. This enables a gearmotor to reduce output speed, while increasing torque to the required level, achieving this with a more compact diameter compared to using a higher-rated individual motor alone.
With the additional gearbox mechanism, it's imperative that the design of the gearmotor is sufficiently reliable for the duration of its required use. To ensure resilience in real-world conditions, reliability demonstration testing (RDT) is required.
Read the full article in DPA's April issue
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I'd like to make a application, like this one. The application enables to make a tile with text.
I found that I couldn't write text in tile easily, because StandardTileData class dosen't have such a function to write text in tile. StandardTileData class just enables to set Title, BackgroundImage, Count, etc. The sample is like this.
StandardTileData secondaryTile = new StandardTileData
 BackgroundImage = new Uri("/TileColors..png", UriKind.Relative),
 Title = "title",
 Count = null,
ShellTile.Create(new Uri("/MainPage.xaml?id=1", UriKind.Relative), secondaryTile);
So, I think we may need to make bitmap image included text. I don't have other good ideas. Does anyone know how to make bitmap image from stackpanel?
My code is like this,

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1 Answer 1
maybe that function will help you out:
 public static void SaveToIsolatedStorage(FrameworkElement element, string file, bool scaled=true)
 var bmp = new WriteableBitmap(element, null);
 IsolatedStorageFile iso = IsolatedStorageFile.GetUserStoreForApplication();
 double width = Math.Round(element.ActualWidth * ((double)Application.Current.Host.Content.ScaleFactor / 100f), MidpointRounding.AwayFromZero);
 double height = Math.Round(element.ActualHeight * ((double)Application.Current.Host.Content.ScaleFactor / 100f), MidpointRounding.AwayFromZero);
 if (!scaled)
 width = element.ActualWidth;
 height = element.ActualHeight;
 using (var stream = iso.CreateFile(file))
 bmp.SaveJpeg(stream, (int)width, (int)height, 0, 100);
 SaveToIsolatedStorage(uiElement, "uiElement_as_screenshot.jpg");
Edith: it seems i am late on this one but it could help anyone else ;)
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


kidzsearch.com > wiki Explore:web images videos games
Stone (unit)
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The stone is a unit for measuring mass in the Imperial system. It is equal to fourteen pounds. 160 stone make up a long ton. In the metric system, 1 stone = 6.35029318 kilograms.
The short way of writing stones is st.
Units Grains Drachms Ounces Pounds Stones Quarters Long Hundredweights Long Tons Metric Values
Stones 98,000 3,584 224 14 1 12 18 1160 6.35029318 Kilogrammes
The stone was outlawed in Ireland and the United Kingdom, in 1983 and 1985 respectively. However stones and pounds remains the sole unit that all people measure their weight in. The unit flourishes in all non official uses: media, sports &c. Often in American-British boxing matches, the contenders weight is stated in pounds then stones and pounds. The same in horse racing


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Hydrodynamic modelling approach has been widely applied nowadays. Once a hydraulic model is well developed, it can be used to provide the information on the hydraulic performance of the water system that is useful for water planning and management. In this paper, two case studies in the City of Toronto are presented. The first case study illustrates the application of sewer network model to assess the sewer capacity of the existing sanitary sewer network in Jane-Finch area under present and future growth conditions. The assessment results are helpful for sewer asset planning to meet the demands for the planned future growth in this area.
Defining the best operation of a gate in the City of Toronto Interceptor system is presented in the second case study. This is a complex sewer system having many ancillaries such as weirs, gates, orifices, valves, and pumps. The Interceptor system comprises of Low Level Interceptor (LLI) intercepting the flow from 1,250 ha, High Level Interceptor (HLI) having a service area of 1,550 ha, Mid Toronto Interceptor (MTI) collecting the flow from 3,830 ha, and the Lakefront Interceptor receiving the flow from 256 ha. A hydrodynamic model in which a Real Time Control (RTC) process was applied to the gate operation was developed for the complex City's Interceptor system. Based on the model results, the best strategy of gate operation in terms of minimizing/preventing the reverse flow from MTI to LLI while maximizing the relief for LLI under high flow conditions was identified.


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February 3, 2020 will be the start of the fourth grade's Artist in Residence. We will be welcoming Christina Delgado. During the residency, students will be asked to bring in an object that symbolizes something important in their life. They will be taking photos of this object and then writing a poem to tell it's story.
Using a concept called "literacy through photography," students take photographs of objects that represent who they are or something about themselves. In this residency, the experience of creating the photographic image along with the photograph itself helps students write descriptive short sentences about why the object represents them.
Day 1 (February 3rd): Camera Use
Day 2 (February 5th): Composition
Day 3 (February 7th): Symbolism
Day 4 (February 11th): Gallery Walk
At the end of the residency, we will have a culminating activity in the cafeteria. All parents of fourth graders are invited to take a gallery walk of the students work from 3pm to 3:40pm on Tuesday, February 11th.
This residency is made possible by the following:


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How Cane Sugar is Made - Extraction
There are several important aspects to extraction which involve the energy balance of the factory, the efficiency of extraction and therefore ultimately the profitability of operations:
- The manager needs to process the cane as soon as possible if sugar losses are to be avoided yet needs to have a sufficient supply in storage for times when cutting and transport are stopped, whether deliberately or not. Typically, cane is processed within 24 hours of cutting;
- Cane preparation is critical to good sugar extraction, particularly with diffusion extraction. This is achieved with rotating knives and sometimes hammer mills called "shredders". However shredding requires extra energy and more equipment;
- The extraction is actually conducted as a counter-current process using fresh hot water at one end being pumped in the opposite direction to the cane. The more water that is used, the more sugar is extracted but the more dilute the mixed juice is and hence the more energy that is required to evaporate the juice;
- The more accurately that the mills are set [adjusted], the drier is the residual fibre and hence the less sugar remaining in the fibre;
A typical mixed juice from extraction will contain perhaps 15% sugar and the residual fibre, called bagasse, will contain 1 to 2% sugar, about 50% moisture and some of the sand and grit from the field as "ash". A typical cane might contain 12 to 14% fibre which, at 50% moisture content gives about 25 to 30 tons of bagasse per 100 tons of cane or 10 tons of sugar.


Thursday, December 23, 2010
Wolves in Sweden
From an article in Rolling Stone about Stieg Larrson:
As a boy, Stieg lived in his grandparents' cottage in the woods. At the time, an old Swedish law was still in effect that barred children from attending school until they were seven. Written a century earlier, the law was intended to protect little boys and girls from being devoured by wolves while walking through the forest on the way to school.
Also, there was a serial killer in Sweden known as The Laser Man.


text: Community structure and faunal composition of bathyal decapod crustaceans off South-Eastern Sardinian deep-waters (Central-Western Mediterranean) were investigated. Samples were collected during 32 hauls between 793 and 1598 m in depth over the 2003–2007 period. A total of 1900 decapod specimens belonging to 23 species were collected. Multivariate analysis revealed the occurrence of three faunistic assemblages related to depth: (i) an upper slope community at depths of 793–1002 m; (ii) a middle slope community at depths of 1007–1212 m and (iii) a lower slope community at depths greater 1420 m. In the upper and middle slopes the benthic (Polycheles typhlops) and epibenthic–endobenthic feeders (mainly Aristeus antennatus and Geryon longipes), which eat infaunal prey, were dominant, followed by the macroplankton–epibenthic feeders such as Acanthephyra eximia and Plesionika acanthonotus. In the deepest stratum, the most remarkable feature was the prevalence of macroplankton–epibenthic feeders (A. eximia and P. acanthonotus). A small percentage of the benthic deep-sea lobster Polycheles sculptus was also present. The biomass presented higher values in the middle slope and declined strongly in the lower slope. There was no general pattern of mean individual weight/size versus depth among decapods, and the changes seemed to be species-specific with different trends.


A laboratory report on the experiment investigating the factors that affect the terminal velocity of
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2018.


Blossom in Spring
Plants & Us
Plum blossom is a symbol of celebration and luck in the Spring Festival, and has been regarded as auspicious since ancient times. Plum blossom traditionally formed "The Three Friends in Winter" (歲寒三友) alongside Pine and Bamboo. The ancients believed that plum blossom was representative of the four virtues of Yuan Heng Li Zhen (元亨利貞) and the five petals of its flower, symbolize the five blessings of: joy, happiness, longevity, smooth passage and peace.


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1934 the
original Lanes Bridge had become part of Route 41 but was considered obsolete
even for the standards of the time. The original 1934 alignment of Route 41
used modern Friant Road and Lanes Road to cross the San Joaquin River via the
original Lanes Bridge. The original Lanes Bridge was heavily damaged in a 1937
flood along the San Joaquin River but was once again repaired. It wasn't until
the summer of 1940 when an overloaded truck crashed through the road deck of
that the use of the original Lanes Bridge ended. Route 41 traffic was
temporarily rerouted to Friant over the 1906 North Fort Bridge until the 1941
Lanes Bridge was opened. The original alignment of Route 41 was routed along
what is now a long abandoned alignment of Abby Street in the River Park
neighborhood of northern Fresno (near the annexed community of Pinedale). Abby
Street once crossed over what is now the Route 41 freeway to Friant Road. Route
41 followed an older alignment of Friant Road which has been repurposed as part
of the Lewis E. Eaton Trail along a ridge above the San Joaquin River northward
to Rice Road. Route 41 followed Rice Road to Lanes Road which approached the
1889 Lanes Bridge on the south band of the San Joaquin River.
(Source: Gribblenation Blog: 1889 Lanes Bridge Location (Old California State Route 41), 4/17/2019)
It appears that Route 41 had a different routing in 1935 near Oakhurst: On
the 1935 Map of Madera County, the current crossing crossing of the Fresno
River west of the confluence with China Creek is instead east of the confluence
crossing on what are now Road 425B and Road 426 in Oakhurst. Route 41 can be
seen traversing southbound from Oakhurst on Road 425B towards Coarsegold on the
1935 Madera County Map.
(Source: Gribblenation Blog: Old California State Route 41 on Road 425B, 2/2/2018)
CalTrans is in the midst of a number of projects to upgrade Route 41 in Fresno and the Fresno vicinity. Fresno has long had a deficit of freeways. This changed in 1986 when the electorate in Fresno County voted to raise their sales tax by .5% for twenty years to fund road improvements. At the time of the measure, Freeway Route 41 went only as far north as Bullard Avenue. The first project was to build the freeway to Woodward Park, just shy of the San Joaquin River (and the county line). In 1997, the Route 41 freeway was extended as far south as North Avenue. The plans are to have it expressway grade from there to Conejo or Mendocino Avenues (near Caruthers).
According to Joe Rouse in May 2001:
I traveled the 41 freeway from Jensen Ave. (~ FRE R21.113) north into Madera County. The new freeway extends quite a ways south of Jensen but I didn't have time to travel it. There are still Route 41 shields on Route 99 between Jensen and the interchange with the Route 41 freeway. Prior to the completion of the Route 41 freeway south of Route 99, Jensen Ave. was designated as Route 41 between Route 99 and Elm Ave.
The extension north into Madera County starts on the west side of the old highway. Parts of the old road remain there, including the San Joaquin River bridge. The new freeway is 4 lanes but the new bridges across the river look like they are built to accommodate 3 lanes in each direction. The old road continues north, parallel to the new freeway, up to a large interchange that looks out of place since it is in an area with very little development..only the Valley Children's Hospital, is out there. However, this interchange has signals and ramp metering. Future development is apparently being planned. Just north of there the freeway becomes a super-2 and runs east of the old alignment, which has been renamed and signed as Business Route 41. The super-2 rejoins the old alignment at Avenue 12.
2007 CMIA. The following project on Route 41 in Fresno County was submitted to the Corridor Mobility Improvement Account for funding: expansion of the route to eight lanes from Divisadero to Shields ($95M) (~ FRE R23.704 to FRE R26.466). Not recommended for funding.
In July 2010, the California Transportation Commission approved the last bit of funding for the Route 41/Route 168/Route 180 interchange project (~ FRE R24.507), which will build a system of new ramps with overpasses to separate streams of traffic that now merge and diverge in an often chaotic scene. Two other project on Route 41 also are getting under way. One adds a new lane to the outside between Herndon and Bullard avenues to better accommodate entering and exiting traffic. The other involves installing ramp meters at four sites between Ashlan and Bullard avenues.
In November 2010, the CTC approved for future consideration of funding a project in Fresno County that will construct new braided ramps between Route 41 and Route 168 in the city of Fresno (~ FRE R24.522). The project is programmed in the 2010 State Highway Operation and Protection Program. Construction is estimated to begin in Fiscal Year 2010-11. Total estimated project cost is $55,000,000 for capital and support. The project will mitigate potential impacts to noise to a less than significant level by building soundwalls at four locations.
In August 2011, it was reported that Caltrans completed installation of three ramp-metering systems: one at McKinley Avenue (~ FRE R25.28), and the other two at Shields Avenue (~ï¿½FRE R26.466). The average daily traffic volume on Route 41 at each of these locations is about 125,000 vehicles. The $2.5 million project was financed entirely by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Recovery Act).
Shaw Avenue Widening
The following project was included in the final adopted 2018 SHOPP in March 2018: PPNO 6879. 06-Fresno-41 R27.6/R28.3. On Route 41 Near Fresno, from the northbound Ashlan Avenue onramp to the northbound Shaw Avenue offramp. Construct northbound auxiliary lane and add an additional lane to the Shaw Avenue offramp. Begin Con: 2/18/2022. Total Project Cost: $22,957K.
In June 2018, the City of Fresno posted that they
will be widening the northbound off-ramp of Route 41 at Shaw Avenue to provide
an improved travel way for motorists beginning Monday, June 4 through Thursday,
September 13, 2018. There will be intermittent lane closures on the northbound
off-ramp and on eastbound Shaw Avenue.
(Source: City of Fresno Facebook Page, 6/1/2018)
Improvement of the Friant Road Interchange (~ FRE R31.718) in Fresno, including addition of an auxiliar lane and operational improvements, is TCRP Project #95. The project is to improve the operation of northbound Route 41 from Herndon Avenue to Friant Road. The project is to construct a median lane from El Paso Avenue to Friant Road, construct an auxiliary lane from Herndon Avenue to Friant Road, construct a second auxiliary lane from El Paso Avenue to Friant Road, and widen Friant Road to accommodate the two auxiliary lanes. Due to a reduction in cost for Right-of-Way, in February 2006 the CTC considered redistribution of $424,000 in TCRP funds to ongoing work in Plans, Specifications, and Estimates (PS&E). PS&E was completed in August 2006, and expenditures were lower than originally estimated. The $230,000 surplus is needed for Construction due to increased cost in asphalt concrete and structural concrete. The project is being constructed in two segments. The first segment, funded with $9,376,000 from the State Highway Operation and Protection Program (SHOPP), will be completed in December 2006. Construction of the second segment will be funded with $8,300,000 in TCRP funds. Estimated completion is in FY 2010/2011. The mitigated negative environmental impact declaration was recieved in July 2007.
In September 2005, the CTC considered a proposal to relinquish the segement of former Route 41 (bypassed by the freeway construction) from 0.1 mile south of the Perrin Road Undercrossing to the San Joaquin River Bridge, consisting of superseded highway right of way. (~ FRE 33.085)
In January 2015, the CTC approved for future consideration of funding a project that will seismically retrofit the Route 41 San Joaquin River Bridge (~ FRE 033.37) near Herndon and upgrade the railings on both this bridge and the San Joaquin River Overflow Bridge (~ MAD 000.08). The project is programmed in the 2014 State Highway Operation and Protection Program. The total estimated cost is $6,029,000 for capital and support. Construction is estimated to begin in Fiscal Year 2016-17. The scope, as described for the preferred alternative, is consistent with the project scope programmed by the Commission in the 2014 State Highway Operation and Protection Program.
2007 CMIA. The following project on Route 41 in Madera County was submitted to the Corridor Mobility Improvement Account for funding: widening Route 41 between Ave 11 and Ave 12 (including an Ave 12 interchange) ($44.8M requested) (~ MAD 2.278 to MAD 3.226) . Not recommended for funding.
Coursegold Passing Lanes (MAD 11.7/13.6)
In December 2014, the CTC approved for future consideration of funding a project that will construct passing lanes, outside shoulders, a median barrier, and rumble strips on a portion of Route 41


Tips & Tutorials >> All Tips & Tutorials
[Part 1] Achieve Large Bright Eyes in Your Selfies!
Plagued by a constant "sleepy look" in your photos, even if you really have large, bright eyes? Here's how you can make them look big and bright in selfies using the 20° + 45° technique. (Reported by: Oliya T. Yabuta)
Avoid the front view. Use "20° + 45°" for an attractive shot
The basic way to take a "selfie" using a compact digital camera is to position the camera at "20° + 45°"! Doing so naturally makes the eyes appear bigger and brighter, and you'll look more attractive!
A common mistake in many of the poor self-portraits is illustrated in the bad example above. A front view of the face taken with the camera positioned at the eye level makes the eyes appear droopy. Also, by comparing with the good example, we can tell that the facial contour is not well-defined. To avoid such mistakes and make the eyes appear larger and brighter, use the "20° + 45°" technique.
The 20° + 45° Law
 - Position the camera "20°" higher than the face
 - Move the camera horizontally to the side by "45°"
First, with the camera held in your hand, stretch it out straight into the front. Next, lift your arm upward from this position by 20°. Make sure that the camera lens is facing you. Also, instead of lifting your chin, you should look into the camera with your eyes tilted upward. Doing so creates an up-from-under look, making the outline of the upper eyelid appear thicker, and the eyes would look bigger and brighter.
If the camera is only moved upward by 20°, this would create a deliberate impression. To make the photo turn out more natural, move the camera horizontally by 45°. Similarly, look into the camera by tilting your eyes upward instead of moving your chin. Shift your face slightly toward the camera to complete the pose, followed by pressing the shutter button. The result is a natural up-from-under look with a clear depiction of the upper eyelids, making the entire eye appear larger and brighter. At the same time, with the jawline visible, the chin also appears sharper.
Do not move your face together with the camera! Look into the camera by tilting your eyes instead of lifting your face. Finally, shift your face slightly toward the camera, and you are all camera-ready!
HINT: Hold a hand mirror together with the camera to adjust the angle of your face!
You can hold a compact hand mirror together with the camera when you are taking a selfie. Look for the angle at which the face appears sharp, and press the shutter button!
Oliya T. Yabuta
After his career with a TV production firm and a computer peripheral manufacturer in product planning and advertisement production, Yabuta became a writer and portrait photographer. He excels in writing commentaries that are beginner-friendly.


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Definitions of act:
- noun: something that people do or cause to happen
- noun: a legal document codifying the result of deliberations of a committee or society or legislative body
- noun: a short theatrical performance that is part of a longer program
Example: "He did his act three times every evening"
- noun: a subdivision of a play or opera or ballet
- noun: a manifestation of insincerity
Example: "He put on quite an act for her benefit"
- verb: perform an action, or work out or perform (an action)
Example: "Think before you act"
- verb: be engaged in an activity, often for no particular purpose other than pleasure
- verb: be suitable for theatrical performance
Example: "This scene acts well"
- verb: discharge one's duties
Example: "She acts as the chair"
- verb: behave in a certain manner; show a certain behavior; conduct or comport oneself
Example: "You should act like an adult"
- verb: play a role or part
Example: "She wants to act Lady Macbeth, but she is too young for the role"
- verb: perform on a stage or theater
Example: "She acts in this play"
- verb: pretend to have certain qualities or state of mind
Example: "He acted the idiot"
- verb: have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected
Example: "How does your idea work in practice?"
- verb: behave unnaturally or affectedly
Example: "She's just acting"
Search for act at other dictionaries: OneLook, Answers.com, Merriam-Webster
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Presentation on theme: "Country-led impact evaluation: A survey of development practitioners Denis Jobin Vice-President IDEAS."— Presentation transcript:
Country-led impact evaluation: A survey of development practitioners Denis Jobin Vice-President IDEAS
Presentation outline Relation between Good governance and CLE (CLIE: country-led impact evaluation) CLIE and Quality Survey results of development evaluators practitioners
Why Country-led Evaluation? Relation between Country-led evaluation and good governance: transaction costs – Relationship with 3 out of 6 characteristics of good governance (WB) Voice and accountability Government effectiveness Control of corruption
Why Country-led Evaluation? CLIE and Quality – No agreed upon definition of Evaluation quality – Should be method free or method driven? Farrington, D Statistical Conclusion Validity Internal Validity Construct Validity External Validity Jobin, D. – the joint ability that an evaluator will1- assess and 2- report on the performance of an institutional arrangement by the product of its competence (ability to assess) and the product of its independence (ability of revealing)
Why Country-led Evaluation? Survey results: – Dominant approach: The Logical Framework Approach – Dominant method: case study – Counterfactuals important? – 41% believe not important (32% are important) Conclusion: Many challenges remains, Capacity, agreed upon definitions standards, quality.


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It seems from the history that you had underwent catarct surgery in both the eyes. One eye had probably peribulbar hemorrhage during anesthesia
before surgery because of injury to a blood vessel.
Flickering of the eye which is seen now is not related to the event which occurred two months back during surgery. Flickering of the eye is called as blepharospasm
and is usually because of spasm of orbicularis oculi muscle
of the eye lid which is supplied by facial nerve
If the problem is persisting, I advice you to consult your ophthalmologist for examination and treatment accordingly.


de Oxford University Press
Definición de person of colour en inglés:
person of colour
Saltos de línea: per¦son of col¦our
 - A person who is not white or of European parentage: more women, more people of colour, and more immigrants will enter the workforce
 Más ejemplos en oraciones
 - For the purposes of this article, an interracial family is defined as any partnership between a white person, a person of color, and their offspring.
 - In the years preceding our new strategy, we had been a department of nine or ten white people and one person of color.
 - I don't think I've ever been in a place where every single service-worker was a person of colour or obviously a new immigrant.
The term person of colour is first recorded at the end of the 18th century. It was revived in the 1990s as the recommended term to use in some official contexts, especially in US English, to refer to a person who is not white. The term is not common in general use, however, where terms such as non-white are still used.
Más definiciones de person of colour
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Palabra del día crepuscule
Pronunciación: ˈkrɛpəskjuːl


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The name "Google" is derived from the word "googol," which means what?
"Googol" is a number represented by a 1 followed by one hundred zeros, or 10 to the 100th power. The intentionally misspelled name was intended to convey the wealth of information that the search engine is able to access. However, it's taken on a life of its own as a verb, and in 2006 it made its debut in the Oxford English Dictionary, where it's defined as "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet."
SOURCE: Company Overview | Google Corporate Information


FreeBSD* Driver for Intel(R) Ethernet ===================================== August 7, 2019 Contents ======== - Overview - Identifying Your Adapter - Building and Installation - Additional Features and Configurations - Known Issues/Troubleshooting - Support - License Overview ======== This file describes the FreeBSD* driver for Intel(R) Ethernet. This driver has been developed for use with all community-supported versions of FreeBSD. For questions related to hardware requirements, refer to the documentation supplied with your Intel Ethernet Adapter. All hardware requirements listed apply to use with FreeBSD. Identifying Your Adapter ======================== This release includes two gigabit FreeBSD base Drivers for Intel(R) Ethernet. These drivers are em and igb. - The igb driver supports all 82575 and 82576-based gigabit network connections. - The em driver supports all other gigabit network connections. - Gigabit devices base on the Intel(R) Ethernet Controller X722 are supported by the ixl driver. For information on how to identify your adapter, and for the latest Intel network drivers, refer to the Intel Support website: _URL_ Building and Installation ========================= NOTE: This driver package is to be used only as a standalone archive and the user should not attempt to incorporate it into the kernel source tree. In the instructions below, x.x.x is the driver version as indicated in the name of the driver tar file. 1. Move the base driver tar file to the directory of your choice. For example, use /home/username/igb or /usr/local/src/igb. 2. Untar/unzip the archive: # tar xzf igb-x.x.x.tar.gz This will create the igb-x.x.x directory. 3. To install man page: # cd igb-x.x.x # gzip -c igb.4 > /usr/share/man/man4/igb.4.gz 4. To load the driver onto a running system: # cd igb-x.x.x/src # make # kldload ./if_igb.ko 5. To assign an IP address to the interface, enter the following, where X is the interface number for the device: # ifconfig igbX 6. Verify that the interface works. Enter the following, where is the IP address for another machine on the same subnet as the interface that is being tested: # ping 7. If you want the driver to load automatically when the system is booted: # cd igb-x.x.x/src # make # make install Edit /boot/loader.conf, and add the following line: if_igb_load="YES" Edit /etc/rc.conf, and create the appropriate ifconfig_igbX entry: ifconfig_igbX="" Example usage: ifconfig_igb0="inet 192.168.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0" NOTE: For assistance, see the ifconfig man page. Additional Features and Configurations ====================================== Speed and Duplex Configuration ------------------------------ In addressing speed and duplex configuration issues, you need to distinguish between copper-based adapters and fiber-based adapters. In the default mode, an Intel(R) Ethernet Network Adapter using copper connections will attempt to auto-negotiate with its link partner to determine the best setting. If the adapter cannot establish link with the link partner using auto-negotiation, you may need to manually configure the adapter and link partner to identical settings to establish link and pass packets. This should only be needed when attempting to link with an older switch that does not support auto-negotiation or one that has been forced to a specific speed or duplex mode. Your link partner must match the setting you choose. 1 Gbps speeds and higher cannot be forced. Use the autonegotiation advertising setting to manually set devices for 1 Gbps and higher. Caution: Only experienced network administrators should force speed and duplex or change autonegotiation advertising manually. The settings at the switch must always match the adapter settings. Adapter performance may suffer or your adapter may not operate if you configure the adapter differently from your switch. An Intel(R) Ethernet Network Adapter using fiber-based connections, however, will not attempt to auto-negotiate with its link partner since those adapters operate only in full duplex and only at their native speed. By default, the adapter auto-negotiates the speed and duplex of the connection. If there is a specific need, the ifconfig utility can be used to configure the speed and duplex settings on the adapter. Example usage: # ifconfig igbX media 100baseTX mediaopt full-duplex NOTE: Only use mediaopt to set the driver to full-duplex. If mediaopt is not specified and you are not running at gigabit speed, the driver defaults to half-duplex. If the interface is currently forced to 100 full duplex, you must use this command to change to half duplex: # ifconfig igbX media 100baseTX -mediaopt full-duplex This driver supports the following media type options: Media Type Description ---------- ----------- autoselect Enables auto-negotiation for speed and duplex. 10baseT/UTP Sets speed to 10 Mbps. Use the ifconfig mediaopt option to select full-duplex mode. 100baseTX Sets speed to 100 Mbps. Use the ifconfig mediaopt option to select full-duplex mode. 1000baseTX Sets speed to 1000 Mbps. In this case, the driver supports only full-duplex mode. 1000baseSX Sets speed to 1000 Mbps. In this case, the driver supports only full-duplex mode. For more information on the ifconfig utility, see the ifconfig man page. Jumbo Frames ------------ Jumbo Frames support is enabled by changing the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) to a value larger than the default value of 1500. Use the ifconfig command to increase the MTU size. For example, enter the following where X is the interface number: # ifconfig igbX mtu 9000 To confirm an interface's MTU value, use the ifconfig command. To confirm the MTU used between two specific devices, use: # route get NOTE: The maximum MTU setting for jumbo frames is 9216. This corresponds to the maximum jumbo frame size of 9238 bytes. NOTE: Using jumbo frames at 10 or 100 Mbps is not supported and may result in poor performance or loss of link. NOTE: Packet loss may have a greater impact on throughput when you use jumbo frames. If you observe a drop in performance after enabling jumbo frames, enabling flow control may mitigate the issue. VLANS ----- To create a new VLAN interface: # ifconfig create To associate the VLAN interface with a physical interface and assign a VLAN ID, IP address, and netmask: # ifconfig netmask vlan vlandev Example: # ifconfig vlan10 10.0.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 vlan 10 vlandev igb0 In this example, all packets will be marked on egress with 802.1Q VLAN tags, specifying a VLAN ID of 10. To remove a VLAN interface: # ifconfig destroy Polling ------- NOTES: - Device Polling is only valid for non-SMP kernels. - The driver has to be built into the kernel for Device Polling to be enabled in the driver. To enable polling in the driver, add the following options to the kernel configuration, and then recompile the kernel: options DEVICE_POLLING options HZ=1000 At runtime use: # ifconfig igbX polling (to turn polling on) and: # ifconfig igbX -polling (to turn it off) Checksum Offload ---------------- Checksum offloading is not supported on 82542 Gigabit adapters. Checksum offloading supports both TCP and UDP packets and is supported for both transmit and receive. Checksum offloading can be enabled or disabled using ifconfig


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What's So Special About a Carrot?
Carrots are considered one of the most popular vegetables. Carrots are tastefully chewy and versatile and a root vegetable favorite. There are plenty of benefits to eating carrots but that's not why you're here!
Sometimes it can be overused. Perhaps you're just looking for similar health benefits, but you don't necessarily like carrots and you're in need of a carrot substitute. If you're looking for different root vegetables that can fulfill this role, you're in luck. We will be covering different ways to replace carrots below.
How Do I Find a Carrot Substitute?
A carrot substitute is a vegetable that has the same properties as carrots. There are many vegetables that are used in place of carrots because of their flavor and nutritional value. Some of these vegetables include beets, radishes, turnips, onions, parsnips, and other root vegetables like potatoes.
One use for a replacement for carrots is to make soup or stew more flavorful. Another way to use this type of vegetable is by roasting it to make a savory dish.
Top Carrot Substitute
Carrots are a good source of beta-carotene, which is converted to vitamin A in the body. Beta-carotene is a fat-soluble vitamin that helps protect against heart disease and cancer while also aiding in the prevention of eye diseases such as cataracts. The main disadvantage of carrots is that they can be quite pricey and some people do not like their taste or texture.
They make a great addition to any meal. But sometimes you just don't want carrots because they can be so…carrot-y.
So let's look at some of my favorite ways to replace carrots
5 Root Vegetables that Make Great Carrot Substitutes
A turnip is a root vegetable that is commonly used in place of a carrot. It has a slightly less sweet taste and can be a great carrot substitute in many dishes, such as soups, salads, sauces, and even cocktails.
They are a bit sweeter and have a higher sugar content than a carrot. they have similar taste and texture. It is time to get creative with your food!
Whether you're a vegetarian or not, turnips are a great substitute for carrots. They can be used in soups, salads or the perfect addition to a delicious stir-fry!
Potatoes are healthy and inexpensive. They contain potassium, fiber, and vitamin C – unlike carrots which have more sugar and carbs than potatoes and can be used in many recipes.
Potatoes are a great way to replace carrots in many dishes. They have a similar texture to carrots and can be used interchangeably. You can even use them in a healthy carrot cake recipe by replacing the carrot with a potato and adding it to your favorite cake mix recipe.
Find a potato that is the same size as the carrot you will replace. Cut two lines in the potato lengthwise, then cut into thin strips. The result should look like carrot sticks, but with a light purple tint from the potato skin.
In a pinch, even a radish can be used in place of a carrot.
A radish can be used as a substitute for carrots in places where you would usually find carrots – salads or coleslaw or other cooked dishes like carrot soup or carrot cake.
In some recipes, for example a carrot and raisin salad recipe, the radish is used as an ingredient that provides crunchy texture and flavor. In others, like a Curried Carrot Soup recipe, it's used as a garnish or visual element to transform the dish from ordinary to extraordinary. Radishes are also not just limited to being eaten raw or cooked – try adding them into your favorite guacamole recipe for a burst of fresh flavor!
They have different flavors which means that you will not get bored with radishes as carrots could get old after a while. Radishes can also be used in dishes like coleslaw – for example to make an Asian coleslaw with sesame oil
One great way to use radishes is by roasting them. They are easy to prepare and have a flavor similar to that of a winter squash.
To roast a radish, cut the radish in half lengthwise and then brush with olive oil and a sprinkle of salt before baking at 400 degrees F for 20-25 minutes or until tender.
When cutting into the roasted radish, watch out for the seeds in the center because they are hot!
A rutabaga is a root vegetable that has a flavor that's similar to carrots and potatoes. They are highly nutritious and best used in mashed form. Rutabagas are also an excellent source of vitamin C, potassium, iron, and fiber.
Rutabagas are rich in vitamins, minerals, and beta carotene. They also contain more potassium than a banana or an apple.
The best way to cook them is by boiling them for 20 minutes before mashing them up with butter, salt and pepper. If you want to save time you can cut the rutabaga into cubes and roast it in the oven first for 15 minutes at 400°F before adding it to your mash mixture.
Celeriac is an alternative to a carrot in many recipes.
Celeriac is also known as celery root and is a type of parsley. Many people use celeriac as an alternative to a carrot because of its mild flavor and can be used in soups, purees, curries, or as a substitute for mashed potatoes. Celeriac can be used in soups, purees, curries or mashed potatoes.
Celeriac has a light brown skin. When you are looking for celeriac, look for firm, medium-sized roots that are free of bruises and soft spots.
The best way to store celeriac is in the refrigerator in a plastic bag or clamshell packaging. Celeriac will last up to 7 days when stored properly.
Celeriac should be washed, peeled, and thinly sliced before use.
Other Carrot substitutes: Top 7
Carrots are an excellent and healthy side dish option. They can be served with soup, mashed potatoes, or salad. However, if you're not a fan of carrots or need to avoid them for dietary purposes there are plenty of other items that can be swapped in their place.
Carrots are a healthy vegetable, but they are not always the best option. Carrots can be hard to chew and the price may put off some people if they have to buy too many at once. However, the following 7 options are good substitutes for carrots that can be used in recipes or as an alternative.
Bananas make a great substitute for carrots because they have a similar texture and sweetness. They also have potassium which is important in maintaining blood pressure levels.
A great carrot substitute option is Kale. People eat kale for helping their eyesight. A richly loaded antioxidant and vitamin known as a powerful antioxidant to combat cancer, Kale can effectively work as a definite source of beta-carotene. Similarly, Kale is a perfect combination of lutein and zeaxanthin making it great for cataract care.
Each serving contains 23.8 mg of these nutrients and thus can help you receive the recommended amount every day. How you cook kale can vary greatly: for example, you can make a kale salad or you put them in a blender alongside fruit for a great tasting smoothie. Another way is to cook kale leaves to make kale chips.
Oranges are rich and satisfying fruit that contains many essential nutrients. One of the most unique characteristics of oranges is that they contain a lot of vitamin C, which is an essential nutrient for boosting immunity and preventing colds. In addition to this, oranges also contain lots of fiber and potassium, both of which are important for maintaining healthy blood pressure levels.
Spinach is a popular green leafy vegetable that is rich in iron and can be grown all year round. Studies show that it can also help with the health of the brain and improve mental performance. It contains nitrates which improve blood flow by dilating blood vessels and increasing oxygen levels to the brain. It also contains omega-3 fatty acids which are important for cognitive function such as attention, memory, problem solving and coordination.
Beets are rich in manganese, potassium and fiber, all of which have impressive benefits for the body.
The beets are rich in vitamin C and folate. They also contain natural antioxidants such as betalains and anthocyanins. All these nutrients can improve cardiovascular health, lower blood pressure, and slow down the aging process.
Parsnips can be eaten in many different ways. They can be boiled, roasted, fried or used in soups. Parsnips are a good source of vitamin C, potassium, folate and fiber.
Parsnips are an excellent source of vitamins C and K as well as folate and fiber, making them a valuable addition to any diet.
Cucumbers are often considered one of the healthiest vegetables out there. They contain a high amount of water, which is good for hydration and weight loss. They are rich in vitamins and antioxidants, which can help your skin and immune system.
Cucumbers also have many health benefits when eaten raw as well as cooked. Cucumbers also contain fiber, which helps with digestion and prevents constipation.
How to Substitute Carrot Juice for Healthier Options
Making a healthy


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As Washington state natives who grew up a short ferry ride away from the Canadian border, the Bishops—Nancy and Steve (known as Bear to his friends)—were introduced to cider by their neighbors to the North.
In 2001 they toured the cider countries of Europe to learn more about traditional production methods and discovered that many cideries were producing on a small scale, driven by family orchards. This was perfectly suited to what they had in mind.
And they learned something else, equally important: That true cider apples were key to producing the cider they loved to drink. A hard cider rich in tannins, lively acids, and aromatics that, when properly fermented, allowed the flavor of the fruit to shine through.
After studying with renowned UK cider producer and educator Peter Mitchell, Nancy and Bear invested in 900 French and English cider apple trees and laid down their first orchard acreage near the town of Port Townsend, just opposite Seattle on the other side of the Puget Sound. The Bishops committed to organic orcharding practices at the outset, and in 2007 Alpenfire became the first certified organic cidery in the Pacific Northwest.


Espresso Chocolate Chocolate Bars Moka Origins
Espresso Chocolate Chocolate Bars Moka Origins
Espresso Chocolate
Silky smooth dark chocolate with freshly roasted coffee
Meet The Farmers
The Gola Rainforest in the eastern part of Sierra Leone is the country's largest rainforest and is inhabited by lush greenery, expansive views, and a multitude of wildlife that call it home. This forest alone supports more than 330 species of birds and 49 different species of mammals, and it offers protection to more than 60 of the world's most threatened species.
In 1990 the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, in the UK, pushed to create the official Gola Rainforest National Park, and more recently the Gola Rainforest cocoa project has helped transform the lives of the 140,000 or so people who live in the area, focusing on producing high-quality cocoa beans for the specialty market.
From Bean To Bar
Ingredients: Cocoa beans, organic cane sugar, organic cocoa butter, organic roasted coffee beans
Certified Kosher Dairy by NFC
Customer Reviews
Based on 23 reviews Write a review


Debugging Tips for Database Abstraction
Today I want to talk about database script debugging in large systems. The main problem is that in large applications, it becomes difficult to find the source of rogue queries that, for example, broke in a recent system update.This may not readily apply to most of you, but bear with me: some day it will.
Pretend for a moment you have a database architecture where you have 2 masters (dual replication) and 2 read-only slaves. Now pretend that you have a large application with 100 different pages/scripts. You have 5 web servers with mirror copies of the application. This would be a fairly typical setup for a small, but growing company.
One day, you come into work and find out that you had a bad transaction lock that caused your system to hang all weekend. So you look at the process list and you know what query is causing the problem (because it's still stuck). The problem is that it looks suspiciously like the queries you'd find on virtually every page in your application. How do you fix this problem? An different (but related) problem is when an update initially executed on one master database server replicated to a slave and got stuck on the slave but executed fine elsewhere. What happened? Which master server got the initial query? This sort of debugging is very difficult to track down without more information such as where the query was initially sent and from what page it originated.
The primary challenge is figuring out which query came from what page in your application. The solution is to add logging straight into your queries. The implemented looks something like this:
//Get the current page or script file
//Replace out any comment tags and add in the database being connected to
$metaData = str_replace(array('/*', '*/'), array('/ *', '* /'), $source). " ($databaseHost)");
//Escape the query so the URI can't be used to inject data
$metaData = mysql_real_escape_string($metaData);
//Execute the query
$result = mysql_query("/* $metaData */ ". $query, $connection);
This solution inserts a comment into your query that gives you useful information that can be seen when looking at the raw query. MySQL uses C++ style comment blocks (the /* */) which are ignored by the parsing engine. This means you can pass data to the engine which can be useful for debugging. These comments are also replicated down to the slaves, which can be useful when you find a slave having problems with a query that came from a master server. For those of you unaware, the "URI" refers to the full URL that was typed in the address bar to access a page.
But make sure that you correctly sanitize the URI so that somebody can't arbitrarily end your comment block (with a */) and inject their own nonsense into your query. Also, considering issues like multi-byte character attacks, I don't even want to take the risk of not further escaping the data with a call to mysql_real_escape_string.
The solution we use at my work logs the web server IP, database server IP, and script path/URI. Other potential ideas are local timestamps, version information, user IDs, and session IDs.
In conclusion, this solution will help you identify the source (and sometimes the destination) of queries that are causing problems. This has been used in our production environment at work often when trying to determine what pages are producing extremely slow queries. This solution should work with any database, although my example is written for MySQL.
Happy debugging!
PHP Best Practice: Don't use INC extensions
I have been bad about updating, and this goes back to an old habit that probably has to do with human nature: as time between updates increases, there's a desire to write a "big" update, which is increasingly difficult as news-worthy events happen and are ignored. There's so many things for me to update about that I could touch on, such as the iPhone SDK update, news on IE8 passing the ACID2 test, my predictions from a year ago that were spot on (until about a week ago when all stocks tanked), and Sun buying MySQL. But I wont. Perhaps next time. So this post is small, but serves as a feeler post to help me get back into the routine. The truth is that I have several programming post drafts setting on my machine that could have been posted a long time ago if I had given them a final read-over. Those things take a lot longer than they look from the casual observer.
Today's post is a best practices post. The tip is simple: When creating a naming convention, never rely on the.inc extension. The.inc is used in some shops to denote files that serve as libraries. This is a terrible practice for a number of reasons.
First, it means deploying your library ANYWHERE requires adding the extension to your server's configurations so that it knows these files are for PHP executables. This isn't a deal breaker in most cases, but beware that if you use shared hosting environments, this sort of thing can be annoying and stall development.
The second far more practical reason is for security. When these library files are moved to a new server which has yet to be configured, they are wide open for public viewing. Because the server doesn't know they are PHP files, they are served up as text files, essentially exposing your code base for the world to see. I've seen this issue pop up in production environments where a new web server was brought online without being fully configured, causing pages to become exposed. This is the sort of business that helps cause source code leaks (remember the Facebook code leak late last year?).
Of course, this points to the greater issue that library files shouldn't be web accessible, but I have also seen this paradigm used in common CMS applications where you have a.php file include a.inc file that contains the bulk of the page logic. Here, again, you would be exposing highly sensitive application logic to the world.
If you really want to denote files differently, I prefer to use file prefixes. As in, classes might get a prefix like "class.[rest-of-filename]". Or perhaps "function.[rest-of-filename]". There's even "include.[rest-of-filename]". The point is, a prefix can't kill you because the files retain the.php extension. :) Happy coding!