The centrepiece of the Jewish Heritage Centre's exhibition is our recreated mid 19th century Eastern European rural village. Known as a "shtetl", the village was the centre of Jewish life in Europe and Russia from medieval times until World War II.
The village showcases the rich variety of Jewish festivals and traditions utilising videos and stimulating the senses with hands-on activities.
Come and explore the Scribe's House where parchments and feather quills, scrolls and prayer boxes can all be handled.
See how preparations were made for the Jewish New Year in the Village Shop.
Sit inside a Succah (temporary shelter), or light the Chanukah Menorah (candelabra) in the Candle Store.
Dress up as a villager and take a walk along the cobbled street.
Discover the special ark where the holy Sefer Torah Scrolls (The Bible) are kept in the Village Synagogue and learn how the villagers kept the Sabbath in bygone days in the Village House.
There's something for everyone in our Village Tour and plenty of opportunities to ask questions and handle objects.
Step into the present and see how the kosher dietary laws are kept in our Kosher Discovery Kitchen. With separate areas for dairy and meat visitors can cook up a make believe meaty or milky meal using realistic food props and real cutlery and dishes.
As well as having fun shopping in the Kosher Supermarket shoppers learn how to identify kosher products by identifying labels on packages and looking for kosher "signs". Fill up your shopping basket and pay at the till, but make sure to cook your foods with the correct pots & pans when you unpack your groceries in the kitchen.
In addition to the Kosher Discovery area children can learn about the special foods that Jewish people eat on Passover. Sit down on the giant Seder plate and identify the symbolic foods and why they are eaten. There's a giant onion and boiled egg, lettuce leaves and a chicken bone!
With helpful guides and clear informative posters we welcome all your questions.
"The children were still buzzing on their journey back to school….saying how much they enjoyed it and how much they'd learnt. Absolutely fantastic! "
Rothwell Victoria Junior School
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Village 1
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Modern day small
The synagoge
© Jewish Heritage Centre for Children
Modern day 1


text:
Get kids talking about relevant issues before you read a book aloud to them by using an anticipation guide. This anticipation guide is meant to give students time to think about and discuss pertinent issues that come up Cynthia Kadohat's book Kira-Kira, which was the winner of the 2005 Newberry Medal. Students answer seven questions and then share their responses with a partner. (You could extend this activity by turning one or more of these questions into a class discussion.)
Be sure to collect these guides from your students so you can hand them back to each child at the end of the book. THEY will be surprised to see how their thinking has changed as a result of the book.
Please rate this product after you've used it in your classroom. Thank you!
I am a former fourth and fifth grade classroom teacher who is now a part-time literacy consultant. I have two master's degrees: one in elementary education from Hunter College and one in literacy from Teachers College (Columbia University).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
We have all heard of urban farms and rooftop gardens and even rooftop farms, but a rooftop fish farm might be a radical new concept. The prototype design is Globe/Hedron and it "is a bamboo greenhouse designed to organically grow fish and vegetables on top of generic flat roofs."
The design is based on the aquaponic farming technique: the fish feeds the plants and the plants clean the water for the fish. The system is designed by Antonio Scarponi/Conceptual Devices, who is collaborating on the project with the Zurich-based group UrbanFarmers.
According to Scarponi, this system can produce 100 kilograms of fish and 400 kilograms of vegetables. This means that four families of four members each can be fed throughout the year. In the hot season, vegetables like cucumber, squash, tomatoes, eggplant, and melons can be grown. In the cold season, vegetables like Swiss chard, carrots, peas, broccoli, and cabbage can be grown. All kinds of fish species can be grown like tilapia, salmon, and trout.
The structure is designed like a dome and the heavy fish tank rests on the frame of the greenhouse and its weight is redistributed to a larger surface area. It is designed so that the water is pumped through a bio-filter from the fish tank to filter the nutrient rich feces, which is transformed into plant nutrients by bacteria.
This water from the tank is pumped into the upper grow bed. Then, using gravity, the water trickles all the way down to the lower grow beds. The cleaned water is then pumped back into the tank. This 'loop' makes is easy for the system to run on minimal resources.
The farm can be housed on roofs without any structural or building adaptation. The structure itself is built with organically farmed bamboo, which makes it completely biodegradable and sustainable.
In addition to being able to grow vegetables and fish, the dome can be equipped with PV panels and cooling turbines. The basic structure can be adapted with greenhouse panels or insulating panels to suit various environments and weather conditions. The grow beds can be installed inside in different configurations according to cost, environmental needs and insulation. The whole dome can be dismantled and packed inside the tank for easy shipping.
Scarponi hopes that the globe will be energy self-sufficient, which would reduce operating costs. He also wants to sell it from the price of a small car which would make it more affordable to a lot more people. Although this system is still in the concept stage, the probability of it becoming a reality is quite high. If it does, then not only will it make food production more sustainable but also more local and seasonal.Image Credit: Top Right: Picture of the Globe/Hedron, Bottom: How the system works. Antonio Scarponi/Conceptual Devices ©

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Consider the field integral for the partition function of a free non-relativistic electron in a condensed matter setting, i.e.
$$ Z = ∫D\bar\psi D\psi \exp\left(-\sum_{k,ω} \bar\psi_{k,ω} (-iω + \frac{k^2}{2m} - \mu) \psi_{k,ω}\right) $$
where the action is written in Fourier representation and $\mu$ denotes the chemical potential. Now, this integral is well known to be the determinant
$$ Z = \det\left(β\left(-iω+\frac{k^2}{2m} - \mu\right)\right) $$
which is equal to the product of all eigenvalues of the quadratic form in brackets.
But here is my problem:
How to calculate a quadratic path integral if the quadratic form has some eigenvalues that are equal to zero?
If the chemical potential $\mu$ is positive, then all all momenta with $\frac{k^2}{2m} = \mu$ (the Fermi surface) will represent an eigenvalue equal to zero and would force the determinant to become zero.
Of course, I could just drop the problematic eigenvalues from the determinant and call it a day, but unfortunately, I would like to understand quantum anomalies a bit better and
zero energy eigenmodes are important for understanding the axial quantum anomaly
for example of the $1+1D$ Schwinger model. Fujikawa's book on quantum anomalies argues that the axial anomaly comes from an asymmetry of zero modes of the Dirac operator, but I am very confused because a zero mode would make the determinant of the Dirac operator and hence the path integral vanish. How to make sense of this?
share|improve this question
The $\omega$ are discrete Matsubara frequencies. In the case of fermions these can never be zero. For bosons, zero modes can indeed appear. This is related to Bose condensation. You can have anomalies in non-relativistic systems with a Fermi surface, but that's a more complicated story, see for example arxive:_PHONE_. – Thomas Dec 26 '12 at 1:00
Ok, so you're saying that the $ω_n$ are always odd multiples of $2π/T$ and $ω=0$ is never among them. But then, I don't understand how zero modes of the Dirac operator can influence the path integral and be responsible for the axial quantum anomaly. (Maybe I should spell out the latter in more detail.) – Greg Graviton Dec 26 '12 at 10:50
You would first have to include chiral fermions and a coupling to gauge fields. – Thomas Dec 27 '12 at 0:18
1 Answer 1
Quillen generalized the definition of the determinant of an oparator to a form applicable to operators with zero modes, between finite or infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces:
$D: \mathrm{H_1} \rightarrow \mathrm{H_2}$
According to this generalization, the determinant is not a C-number but an element of a one dimensional vector space :
$\mathrm{Det}(D) = (\wedge^{top}( \mathrm{H_1}/\mathrm{ker}(D)))^{\dagger} \wedge^{top}\mathrm{img}(D))$
Where $\wedge^{top}$ denotes the top wedge product. This basically means that we do not include the zero modes in the eigenvalue product. For example consider a three dimensional matrix $A$ without zero modes, then its determinant according to Quillen is:
$\mathrm{Det}(A) = e_1^{\dagger} \wedge e_2^{\dagger} \wedge e_3^{\dagger} \wedge A e_1 \wedge A e_2 \wedge A e_3 = \mathrm{det}(A) e_1^{\dagger} \wedge e_2^{\dagger} \wedge e_3^{\dagger} \wedge e_1 \wedge e_2 \wedge e_3 $
Where $\mathrm{det}$ is the conventional matrix determinant. Notice that the Quillen determinant in this case is just the conventional determinant multiplied by the one dimensional unit vector $e_1^{\dagger} \wedge e_2^{\dagger} \wedge e_3^{\dagger} \wedge e_1 \wedge e_2 \wedge e_3 $.
Now, it is not difficult verify that the determinant of a diagonal matrix $ A = \mathrm{diag} [ \lambda_1, \lambda_2,, 0]$ with zero eigenvalues will be just the product of its nonvanishing eigenvalues times the unit vector composed from the top wedge product the einvectors with nonvanishing eigenvalues:
$\mathrm{Det}(A) =\lambda_1 \lambda_2,e_1^{\dagger} \wedge e_2^{\dagger} \wedge e_1 \wedge e_2 \equiv det^{'}(A) e_1^{\dagger} \wedge e_2^{\dagger} \wedge e_1 \wedge e_2$
Where $ det^{'}(A)$ is the determinant on the subspace excluding the zero modes. Please notice that now $e_3$ disappeared from the top wedge product.
Relation to anomalies:
The scalar value $\lambda_1 \lambda_2$ of the Quillen determinant is basis dependent, because if one applies a unitary transformation:
$ A \rightarrow U^{\dagger} A U$
Only the full top wedge product $e_1^{\dagger} \wedge e_2^{\dagger} \wedge e_3^{\dagger} \wedge e_1 \wedge e_2 \wedge e_3 $ is invariant but not the partial one: $e_1^{\dagger} \wedge e_2^{\dagger} \wedge e_1 \wedge e_2 $.Thus the scalar value of the determinant changes.
Thus in this case:
$\mathrm{Det}(U^{\dagger} A U) =c(A, U) \mathrm{det^{'}}(A)e_1^{\dagger} \wedge e_2^{\dagger} \wedge e_1 \wedge e_2 $
Where $c(A, U) $ is a scalar depending on $A$ and $U$. Consequently, the Quillen determinant is not invariant under unitary transformations.
Applying two consecutive unitary transformations one observes that the additional scalar must satisfy the relation:
$ c(A, UV) = c(V^{\dagger} A V, U) c(A, V)$
This relation is called the one cocycle condition.
This phenomenon occurs when $\mathrm{D}$ is a Dirac operator in the background of a gauge field. Due to the fact that there exist zero modes, a unitary transformation on the spinors and the gauge fields gives rise to a scalar multiple to the determinant stemming from the anomaly. Basically, there is one type of function of a gauge field and a unitary operator which satisfies the one cocycle condition (up to a constant multiple).
Please see the following lecture notes and the following article by M. Blau for further reading.
share|improve this answer
Thanks for your answer! If I understand that correctly, the unitary transformation $U$ is assumed to preserve $\ker D$? Otherwise, the transformed wedge product would not be a scalar multiple of the old one, but a multiple of, say $e_1^\dagger\wedge e_3^\dagger \wedge e_1 \wedge e_3$. (I'm thinking of a permutation $Ue_1 = e_1, Ue_2 = e_3, Ue_3 = e_2$) – Greg Graviton Dec 27 '12 at 10:15
Thanks for the references as well. Unfortunately, I am unable to access the article by Blau from my university. :( – Greg Graviton Dec 27 '12 at 10:16
_USER_, 1) The unitary transformation U does not need to preserve $\mathrm{ker}(D)$, sorry for not emphasizing that one must project on the top form after performing the action, because the top form subspace is one dimensional. I'll try to add in a few days an explicit computation of the scalar multiple and the cocycle condition. 2) I'll be happy to help if you need me to send a copy of the article. – David Bar Moshe Dec 28 '12 at 5:10
1) Ah, I see. I would be very happy if you could elaborate on the projection. (For instance, I would have guessed that the top form is orthogonal to the forms with fewer unit vectors?) 2) That would be great! My email address can be found on my user profile. I would be grateful if you could find the time to send me a copy of the article. – Greg Graviton Dec 28 '12 at 16:55
_USER_ I can't see your E-mail, instead I placed the copy in a file exchange server,


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What is tramadol withdrawal?
What is tramadol withdrawal?
Tramadol withdrawal occurs when your body is dependent on tramadol and you stop or significant lower doses of tramadol abruptly. Tramadol dependence how long? (it takes from a few days to a few months of daily use to become dependence tramadol). But what happens in the body when you withdraw from tramadol and why? How long until tramadol withdrawal starts? (a few hours after the effects of tramadol wear off)? We review this and more here. Plus, how tramadol withdrawal feels and what can help ease symptoms. We invite your questions about withdrawing from tramadol at the end.
What is tramadol withdrawal syndrome?
Tramadol has both opioid and non-opioid properties and is widely used as a pain reliever because physicians consider tramadol to have a low potential for abuse and dependence. However, withdrawal symptoms can occur when you stop taking tramadol, especially after building up tolerance to tramadol. These set of symptoms mimic a withdrawal from both the opiate and benzodiazepine class of medications. Why does tramadol withdrawal occur?
Withdrawal from tramadol happens because the body can develop a physical dependence on tramadol in order to operate normally. After taking tramadol regularly for more than a few weeks, the brain/body needs tramadol to behave normally because it has integrated the medication into its system. Take away the tramadol from the system and the body in a sense freaks out from no longer having tramadol present. In this way, withdrawal symptoms are a way of regulating homeostasis and helping the brain to rewire and adjust to no longer having tramadol in the system.
What is withdrawal from tramadol like?
For the most part, tramadol is one of the safer analgesic medications to take in terms of addiction potential. Tramadol has a lower potential for dependence and abuse. But that doesn't mean you can't develop tolerance to tramadol, physical dependence on tramadol or that you won't experience withdrawal symptoms. Tramadol is tricky in that there are over 50 reported symptoms when you stop taking or dramatically reduce tramadol intake. And while tramadol withdrawal will be different and unique to each person, in general, the following withdrawal symptoms are most common:
 - agitation
 - chills
 - convulsions
 - dizziness
 - muscle pain
 - nervousness
 - panic attach
 - seizures
 - sleep disturbances
 - sweats
There is also another common symptom of tramadol withdrawal called serotonin syndrome. Tramadol effects the serotonin in So when you stop taking tramadol, depression can occur and last several months after you have stopped taking tramadol.
What does tramadol withdrawal feel like?
Withdrawing from tramadol can feel hard and uncomfortable at first, but possibly easier than other medications. When you withdraw from tramadol, symptoms present about four hours after the last dose of tramadol has worn off. If you're not abusing or taking high quantities of tramadol to get high, withdrawal is less severe and should resolve in a couple of days. If you are experiencing the more severe withdrawal symptoms such as tremors and insomnia, it takes about a week for symptoms to diminish. Still, the biggest risk of stopping tramadol is developing serotonin syndrome which is associated with anti-depressant withdrawal and can occur several weeks after the initial tramadol withdrawal.
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What helps tramadol withdrawal?
Tramadol is actually a medication that is prescribed by doctors to help with opiate withdrawal. However, doctors DO NOT recommend that you replace tramadol with another opiate based medication. Instead, there are over-the-counter medications that work well to help treat the symptoms of withdrawal from tramadol. These will be quite effective in the short term process of detox.
Three possible treatments for tramadol withdrawal include: tapering, medications, and home remedies.
1. Home remedies – Home remedices can help assist the actual withdrawal symptoms. There are many helpful tools lying around the house that can aid the discomfort you are feeling. Heating pads and hot showers or baths can take care of bone a muscle pain. A bland diet can help gastro-intestinal discomfort. Also drink lots of water. You lose a lot of fluid during withdrawal and you need to fluid to heal. Cold packs can help with fever or sweats. Finally, over-the-counter medication can alsos like ibuprofen and acetimonphen be helpful in treating flu symptoms and you typical aches and pains.
2. Medications – There are many different medication that doctors may prescribe to help ease withdrawal symptoms of tramadol. The more common ones include clonidine (reduces anxiety, agitation, vomiting/diarrhea) and buprenorphine (has been said to shorten the timeframe of tramadol detox). There are also anti-diarrhea medications out there. Doctors may also prescribe anti-depressant medications to ease serotonin syndrome and other conditions that manifest during withdrawal. If you would like a more extensive list of opiate withdrawal treatment aids please refer to our article about opiate treatments.
3.Tapering – Tapering from tramadol a standard medical process for stopping tramadol. Tapering is a method of decreasing your tramadol dosage over a period of days and weeks. This helps to monitor the process and to take into consideration any withdrawal symptoms that manifest. There is a general method of tapering for opiate based medication that should be safe and effective. However, people are finding that tramadol is more tricky than originally thought, as it affects the neurochemistry of serotonin profoundly. There is no one tapering procedure that works. Each person needs to be considered individually and taper procedure put in place accordingly.
Questions about tramadol withdrawal
Please, if we have missed anything or if you still have questions about tramadol or tramadol withdrawal, ask them in the space below. We will do our best to respond accordingly.
Reference Sources: Pub Med Health: Tramadol
National Library of Medicine: Withdrawal syndrome after long-term treatment with tramadol
Photo credit: djneight
Leave a Reply
16 Responses to "What is tramadol withdrawal?
Phyllis
9:00 pm August 26th, 2013
Took 50 mg every 6 hrs for 1 month after tkr then tapered off to eventually 2 per week for 1 month for physical therapy now been off all for 18 days still getting hot flashes and nausea every day worse than the day before Is this normal or should I expect to feel this bad much longer
4:07 am August 27th, 2013
Hello Phyllis. I'd suggest that you check in with your prescribing physician and report these symptoms. Is it possible that hot flashes and nausea are caused by another medical condition? Acute tramadol withdrawal symptoms usually resolve in the first 7-10 days after cessation.
Michael
1:05 am June 25th, 2014
I have been taking Tramadol for about two years for severe bone on bone arthritis, averaging three 50 milligram tablets a day. I had a hip replacement and want to get off the Tramadol, but I am having a heck of a time with total exhaustion, I never feel rested, never! I'm on a recumbent exercise bike 5-6 six days a week, playing handball once a week, taking a multi-vitamin everyday, drinking lots of water, eating a good diet, etc., but I'm falling asleep in the afternoon. I'm 65, very active, still fully employed. Is there any worry I need to be concerned about while I'm working through this exhaustion thing?
9:13 am June 26th, 2014
Hello Michael. Exhaustion is one of the most common effects when withdrawing from Tramadol. It seems that you are living a good, active, healthy life. That's probably everything that is in your power to help the process, and doctors suggest multi-vitamins and exercise. I'd suggest that you keep up with your exercising schedule, even if you're tired. Hang in there!
crystal
12:46 pm July 11th, 2014
Hi all! I have been on tramadol for a year and a half now and due to building up a tolerance and having increased pain I ran out of my months supply waaayyyy early. I have 2 children and it's summer vacation and I feel like crap. Is there anything otc to help me through this? Thanks in advance!
Francis
3:07 pm August 5th, 2014
I have been taking 50mg of tramadol since July 15. Yesterday I stopped medication. Today I feel as if I have been mummified. I have slept all morning and will do so again. Advice?
9:20 am August 6th, 2014
Hello Francis. It's not recommended to stop Tramadol cold turkey, instead doctors suggest tapering gradually to avoid adverse withdrawals and reduce the risks from quiting abruptly. Some symptoms can't be avoided even with tapering, though. The first week is the worst, and then things start to get better. Hang in there! But, just to be safe, if you experience any strange side-effects don't hesitate to call a doctor.
Frank
8:59 pm August 8th, 2014
I have been on 400mg of Tramadol for 4 months. Lost


Combinatorial Game Theory IX
Lesson 9
Typically, at the end of a Domineering game, the board is divided into disjoint components, so the overall game is the (game) sum of the individual components. Suppose we have the following 6 components:
How should the next player respond? From an earlier exercise, you know that the components are (respectively):
{1|-1}, {0|0}, {0|-1}, {2|-1/2}, -1/2, {-1|-1}
Intuitively, the next player should pick the fourth component since it gives him 2 points; while if his opponent grabs the chance, it costs him 1/2 point. This creates a difference of 5/2 points depending on who gets to move there, which makes it rather critical.
Let's take a closer look at games of the form {a | b}.
Games of the Form {ab}
First, the Simplicity Rule tells us that if ab, then this game is a number. So let's assume a ≥ b. We claim that the resulting game satisfies:
\{a\ |\ b\} + c = \{a+c\ |\ b+c\}
for any number c. Equivalently, we need to show that \{a\ |\ b\} + c + \{-b-c\ |\ -a-c\} is a 2nd-player win.
If the first player moves from the component {-bc | –ac} or {a | b}, his opponent can retaliate by moving from the other component to give a zero game. On the other hand, if Left starts first and moves c → d, then by an earlier observation, we may assume dcRight then counters by taking –ac, thus leaving
\{a\ |\ b\} -a-c+d < \{a\ |\ b\} - a.
What can Left do now? Taking {ab} to a is suicidal since the result is a negative number. And if he moves (-a-c+d) to x with x < –a-c+d < –a, then Right counters by taking {ab} to b, leaving the number x+bb-a ≤ 0. Recall that this means if Left goes next, then Right wins. In conclusion, the first player loses even if he moves from the number component. ♦
Key observation: if a ≥ b, then we can write:
G = \{a\ |\ b\} = \frac{a+b} 2 + \{x\ | -x\}, where x = \frac{a-b} 2.
Notation: for convenience, we will use the shorthand ±x for the game {x | –x}. We'll avoid this when x=0 though, since {0|0} = * and denoting it by ±0 may be awkward.
 1. Recall that we saw games like {1 | 1}, {-1| -1}, {2 | 2} etc. By the above result, if m is a number then {mm} = m + {0 | 0} = m*. Thus, the sum {1|1} + {-1|-1} + {2|2} is simply 1 + (-1) + 2 + * + * + * = 2*.
 2. We also saw many games of the form G = {a | b} where a > b. For example:
The combined game is thus given by ±1 + (5/4) + (±3/4) = 5/4 + (±1) + (±3/4). What's a good way to play this game? Before we can answer this question, let's have a general result.
Number Avoidance Theoerm
Suppose we have a sum of two games:
G = x + H,
where x is a number, and H is not. Assume that if Left starts in G, he has a winning strategy. Then he can pick his winning strategy by moving from H.
In short, if Left starts in G, there's no reason for him to make a move from x at all. By symmetry, the same applies for Right: there's no reason for Right to make a move from the number x.
Let's suppose: if Left starts in G, he can win by moving x to y (y is a number < x). Thus, y+H ≥ 0 (recall that a game ≥ 0 if and only if Left can win whenever Right gets to go next).
Successively, let y' be the Left option of y, let y" be the Left option of y' etc. Eventually, you'll run out of options: x > y > y' > y" > …. Let z be the smallest of these such that z + H ≥ 0 (since y + H ≥ 0, we can definitely find such a z).
Now H is not a number, so H-z. Thus z + H > 0. If Left starts in the game H+z, he has a winning move. This move cannot be zz' since by the minimality of z, we do not have z' + H ≥ 0. Hence, it must be to some Left option A of H: so z + A ≥ 0. But this gives:
x+A > z+A \ge 0.
so Left has a winning move in x+H by moving to x+A. ♦
In short, let's say we have a sum of several games. If all components are numbers, then so is the sum and the outcome of the game is crystal-clear. Otherwise, there's at least one component which is not a number, and the Number Avoidance Theorem says that the winning party only needs to look at those components which aren't numbers. This is concisely summarised as follows.
Avoid making a move in the number,
unless there's nothing else to do.
Games of the Form ±c
Let's go back to the game 5/4 + (±1) + (±3/4) in example 2. We'll see who wins in this game. Suppose Left starts, with no loss of generality.
 - By Number Avoidance, Left should focus his effort on (±1) or (±3/4).
 - Suppose he picks the second component (±3/4) → 3/4. Then once again, by Number Avoidance, the only logical move for Right is the remaining (±1) → -1. This gives a grand total of 5/4 + 3/4 – 1 = 1.
 - On the other hand, if Left picks the first component (±1) → 1, the same analysis tells us that the resulting total is 5/4 – 3/4 + 1 = 3/2 which is clearly better. So Left ought to pick this option.
On the other hand, if Right starts, the final sum would be 5/4 – 1 + 3/4 = 1. In short, if Left starts, the final game value is 3/2, while if Right starts, it would be 1.
In summary, if we have a game x + (±a) + (±b) + (±c) + …, where x is a number and a ≥ b ≥ c ≥ …, the most logical thing for the first player is to play the largest a, then the next player goes for the next largest b, etc.
One can also think of a game (±c) as a cheque for an additional c moves for either player. From this point of view, it becomes clear that the best course of action is to pick the cheque with the largest value.
Now we're ready to analyse the Domineering game we saw earlier:
with values given by:
±1, *, 1/2 + (±1/2), 3/4 + (±5/4), -1/2, -1*
The two stars cancel each other out, so the final sum is -1/4 + (±5/4) + (±1) + (±1/2).
 - If Left starts: Left takes ±5/4 to 5/4, Right takes ±1 to -1 and then Left takes ±1/2 to 1/2, thus giving a total of (-1/4) + (3/4) = 1/2: Left wins.
 - If Right starts, the reverse happens and we get (-1/4) – (3/4) = -1: Right wins.
 Warning! This does not mean the sum of the games is {1/2 | -1}. It just means that if these are the only components left, the above outcome would happen if both players were to play optimally.
New Game: Toppling Dominoes
Here's a new game, called Toppling Dominoes. We have several dominoes (coloured Light or daRk, corresponding to Left or Right) which are placed upright in one or more rows. Each player, at his turn, pushes one of his dominoes over either to


text:
Governors are on every single air cooled engine, from lawn mowers and edgers to generators and one man augers. They are Mechanical and Pneumatic. Pneumatic governors are powered by an external air vane, while mechanical governors are run by a gear and spool assembly inside the engine. This page will explain how to adjust the mechanical governor on Briggs and Stratton and Tecumseh Engines.
Governors should never need adjusting, unless the governor arm is removed or tampered with. But in the event that they do need adjusting, here is how you do it. A rule of thumb is the governor shaft should be turned in the same direction the governor arm turns to open the throttle wide open. For example, on Tecumseh TVS, LEV, TVM, TVXL and other similar engines, the governor arm rocks in the counter clockwise direction to close the throttle to idle. To adjust the governor, you would loosen the screw on the bottom of the governor arm and push the governor arm so the throttle is wide open. Then you would turn the bottom "clip" (which is connected to the governor shaft) counter clockwise. This will set the governor shaft on top of the governor spool. Now tighten the screw.
To adjust the governor on a 5 HP Briggs and Stratton horizontal shaft engine, you would loosen the nut on the governor arm and push the governor arm down, clockwise. Then you would turn the governor shaft clockwise also and tighten the nut.

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text:
Image: Devil's Coach-horse Beetle
Devil's Coach-horse Beetle Creophilus erythrocephalus.
- Richard Major
- © Australian Museum
Rove beetles - Family Staphylinidae
Staphylinids are usually elongate beetles with small elytra (wing covers) and large jaws. Like other beetles inhabiting carrion, they have fast larval development with only three larval stages.
Devil's Coach-horse Beetle, Creophilus erythrocephalus, is a common predator of carrion, and with its bright red head, is a very visible component of the fauna of corpses in Australia.
Adults are early visitors to a corpse and they feed on larvae of all species of fly, including predatory fly larvae. They lay their eggs in the corpse, and the emerging larvae are also predators. Creophilus erythrocephalus has a long development time in the egg, so it is common during the later stages of decomposition. As well as consuming maggots, they can also tear open the pupal cases of flies, so there is sufficient food to sustain them at a corpse for long periods.
Another rove beetle, Aleochara haemorrhoidalis feeds on eggs as well as young blowfly larvae.


text:
The Bureau of Public Enterprises (BPE) has expressed satisfaction with the level of compliance with the post-acquisition plan by APM Terminals and other terminal operators at the Lagos Port Complex, Apapa.
APM Terminals Apapa, which took over the concession at Lagos' Apapa Container Terminal in 2006, has invested a total of USD350 million to date to develop infrastructure, acquire sophisticated cargo handling equipment, modernisation of the terminal, IT hardware and software systems, and additional capacity.
The investment has resulted in significant improvements in productivity, with zero waiting times for vessel berthing and a doubling of container volume.
In 2016, the leading global terminal operator acquired four additional (Rubber Tyre Gantry cranes (RTGs), increasing the total to 14, which is the highest by any port operator in Nigeria.
In 2013, the terminal restored a regular rail service, running three times per week to the inland cities of Kaduna, 730km (455 miles) and Kano, 960km (600 miles).
In 2014, the terminal was named the "Most Environmentally Conscious Port Operator at the Lagos Port Complex" by the Nigerian Port Authority's Environment Department of the Health, Safety and Environment Division. It has since maintained these high standards.
In addition to meeting international security requirements outlined by the International Ships and Ports Facility Security Code (ISPS Code), and APM Terminals global safety requirements, the terminal operates a truck safety program that ensures that designated, physically protected areas are provided for drivers conducting operational activities outside of their truck cabs, as well as safety instructions specific to each facility's layout and traffic flow. For training crane operators, the terminals uses a the most advanced crane simulator on the African continent.
BPE's Director in charge of Post Privatisation Department, Yusuf Adamu, after a monitoring the activities of the terminal operators at the Lagos Port Complex, Apapa, recently said the investments and revenue contribution by the port concessionaires to government in the last 13 years has been massive.
He said, "Before the concession, this place was like a market, with uncontrolled movements of people leading to rampant thievery. Some of the quay areas you see now were taken up as residential places until after the concession.
"You can see the level of investments and expansion made by the concessionaires which is in millions of dollars, and these facilities will eventually revert to government at the end of the agreed period. This is outside their regular throughput and annual lease fees, which they have never defaulted since takeover in 2006, which is in millions of dollars.
"Meanwhile, before concession, these agencies that are now contributing revenue and employment generation were some of the drain pipes of the national treasury."
APM Terminals and other operators at the Apapa port had earlier briefed the BPE team on their investments in line with the Post-Acquisition Plan, and equally took them round for verification and clarification of issues.
The Managing Director of APM Terminals Apapa, Martin Jacob, speaking recently after the BPE visit, assured of the company's commitment to supporting the growth of the Nigerian economy. He also expressed support for the Federal Government's non-oil export drive.
Copyright Ships & Ports Ltd. Permission to use quotations from this article is granted subject to appropriate credit given to _URL_ as the source.


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From strawberries to lentils: Canada's diversity in food production & the challenge of self-reliance
 - Jun 23, 2020
 - 2.5 min read
The COVID-19 pandemic has generated discussion around the supply source of food. For many agriculture products, Canada produces significantly more than we can eat - and we became a net exporter of food in 2019. But we're also accustomed to eating fresh fruit and vegetables year-round. As a result, trade is and will continue to be an essential component of the Canadian agri-food supply chain.
Building an index to measure reliance on trade
A trade dependence ratio measures the Canadian agri-food industry's dependence on trade using net imports and exports relative to overall consumption.
A value of 0 means Canada is self-reliant, as domestic production equals consumption (Figure 1). Negative values mean Canada is a net importer, while positive values record a net exporting position.
For example:
 - A value of -2 means that Canada's net imports are two times larger than what it produces.
 - Conversely, a value of +2 means that Canada's net exports are two times larger than what it consumes.
As expected, Canada is self-reliant in supply-managed sectors where the ratios are near 0.
Figure 1: Trade dependence ratio
Chart showing trade dependence ratio Source: Statistics Canada
Strong net exports and a few dominant net imports
 - Canada's production of fresh strawberries and asparagus does not meet the overall consumption needs with a trade ratio of -7.5 and -3.15, respectively.
 - We have an excess supply of pork, lentils and maple sugar as the ratio is much larger than the zero threshold.
 - Products under supply management have a ratio near zero, which is most often negative as we import products more than we export.
A net import position can represent an opportunity. Canada's lamb and mutton sector have grown cash receipts 32% over the last ten years. The COVID-19 pandemic hit the sector's profitability hard, but Canada's overall demographic trends and food preferences are positive long-term trends for the industry. Net importing positions can also highlight difficulties challenging other producing countries' dominant supplier positions given climate conditions and costs.
Net export positions cannot be taken for granted. Trade restrictions are a major risk, especially in current times of uncertainty. Food export restrictions implemented during the 2008-09 global recession or recently by Russia and Argentina can have unintended consequences. It can create significant commodity price spikes and lead import-dependent countries to promote their food systems at the expense of imports. Trade restrictions then have an overall negative impact on large food exporters like us.
The Canadian food supply chain is reliant on trade. A key risk to our exports and food affordability, is the potential that trade barriers impede the free flow of goods around the world. A strong global economic rebound should keep the demand for Canadian food vibrant globally.
James Bryan
Senior Relationship Manager
James joined FCC as an Agricultural Economics Analyst in 2011 and is now a Senior Relationship Manager in Thornton, Ontario. He also runs a small farm operation with his family. James completed a BSc in Environmental Science and a Masters of Agricultural Economics at the University of Guelph.


Bringing advanced TDS TV+ programming to your home is easy—simply connect a TDS TV+ receiver to your TV.
The receiver should be located near your TV and a power source, but away from anything that generates too much heat. Since your receiver doesn't require a direct line of sight with your remote control, you can put it in a hidden location (e.g. entertainment center cabinet).
Installation will take up to 20 minutes per receiver.
 1. Connect one end of the HDMI cable that's provided into the receiver's HDMI input. Connect the other end into your TV's HDMI input. (When HDMI is used, no other video/audio connections are needed.).
 2. Using the power supply provided, plug the one end into the 12V DC input on your receiver. Plug the other end into a standard power (wall) outlet.
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text:
Coquerel's Sifaka Baby
It's the Year of the Lemur at the Sacramento ZooMar 30, 2012
The Sacramento Zoo is welcoming its newest residents: a baby Coquerel's Sifaka (CAHK-ker-rells she-FAHK) born on February 4th weighing 115 grams, and a baby Mongoose Lemur that was discovered the morning of
Friday March 30th. There are only eight AZA-accredited facilities that house the fewer than 60 endangered Coquerel's Sifaka, while 17 AZA-accredited facilities house the fewer than 60 endangered Mongoose Lemurs in the U.S. To help preserve these vanishing species, the Sacramento Zoo takes part in Species Survival Plans® (SSP) initiated by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), to cooperatively manage specific, and typically threatened or endangered species, populations in accredited institutions.
"Both births are significant at the Sacramento Zoo and to lemur populations" said Harrison Edell, General Curator. There are between 1,000 and 10,000 Mongoose Lemurs left and potentially less than 10,000 Coquerel's Sifaka living in the wild.
Knowing that both lemurs were going to be first time moms and that their due dates were nearing, staff had been keeping an eye out for any significant changes in the mothers' behavior. The sifaka mother and baby are bonding in their habitat across from the Conservation Carousel and the Mongoose Lemur baby can be seen on exhibit with its mother and father.
Both Coquerel's Sifaka and Mongoose Lemurs are native only to the island of Madagascar off the southeastern coast of Africa, although the Mongoose Lemur was introduced to the Comoro Islands of Moheli and Anjouan roughly 200 years ago. Newborn sifaka ride on their mother's belly for the first month, then graduate to riding on her back. By two months of age, they have learned the basics of leaping. By about six months of age, they claim the treetops as their own. Young reach adult size at one year. Coquerel's Sifaka are among the most endangered of the sifaka
species – habitat loss due to deforestation is the leading threat. They have a unique brown and white coloration, and are distinguished from other lemurs by the way they move. They maintain a very upright posture. Using only their back legs, they leap through the treetops, easily leaping more than 20 feet in a single bound. On the ground they spring sideways off their back feet to cover distance.
All Mongoose Lemur infants are born with female coloration and; males, change coloration within six to eight months. The infant is carried around the mother's waist and is weaned between five and seven months.
Mongoose Lemurs tend to live in small groups of three to four consisting of a mature pair and their immature offspring. The Ankarafantsika Reserve is the only protected area in Madagascar for the Mongoose Lemur.
AZA Members: Submit your Zoo & Aquarium News


text:
|Title:||Use of Bayesian networks classifiers for long-term mean wind turbine energy output estimation at a potential wind energy conversion site||Authors:||Carta, José A.
Matías, J. M.
|UNESCO Clasification:||3322 Tecnología energética
Method of bins
|Issue Date:||2011||Publisher:||0196-8904||Journal:||Energy Conversion and Management||Abstract:||Due to the interannual variability of wind speed a feasibility analysis for the installation of a Wind Energy Conversion System at a particular site requires estimation of the long-term mean wind turbine energy output. A method is proposed in this paper which, based on probabilistic Bayesian networks (BNs), enables estimation of the long-term mean wind speed histogram for a site where few measurements of the wind resource are available. For this purpose, the proposed method allows the use of multiple reference stations with a long history of wind speed and wind direction measurements. That is to say, the model that is proposed in this paper is able to involve and make use of regional information about the wind resource. With the estimated long-term wind speed histogram and the power curve of a wind turbine it is possible to use the method of bins to determine the long-term mean energy output for that wind turbine. The intelligent system employed, the knowledgebase of which is a joint probability function of all the model variables, uses efficient calculation techniques for conditional probabilities to perform the reasoning. This enables automatic model learning and inference to be performed efficiently based on the available evidence. The proposed model is applied in this paper to wind speeds and wind directions recorded at four weather stations located in the Canary Islands (Spain). Ten years of mean hourly wind speed and direction data are available for these stations. One of the conclusions reached is that the BN with three reference stations gave fewer errors between the real and estimated long-term mean wind turbine energy output than when using two measure–correlate–predict algorithms which were evaluated and which use a linear regression between the candidate station and one reference.||URI:||_URL_ Conversion and Management [ISSN 0196-8904], v. 52 (2), p. _PHONE_|
|Appears in Collections:||Artículos|
Items in accedaCRIS are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.


5, which illustrates the schematic diagram of step S121. In this step, users can use the user interface 140 to classify the operating parameters x1, x2, x3 into groups G1, G2 according to the interaction effect of the operating parameters x1, x2, x3 (the number of groups is not limited to 2). For example, the operating parameters x2 and x3 have a higher interaction effect and are classified into the same group G2. The operating parameter x1 has a lower interaction effect with the operating parameters x2, x3, and is classified into another group G1. Then, the parameter filter 121 filters the groups G1, G2 according to the correlations of the groups G1, G2 to the target parameter y. For example, the parameter filter 121 uses a Group-Lasso Regularization algorithm to calculate the {circumflex over (β)} values of the operating parameters x1, x2, and x3 of the groups G1 and G2 to be 0, 1.32, and 0.41, respectively. The greater the absolute value of {circumflex over (β)} is greater than 0, the higher the correlation to the target parameter y. Therefore, the parameter filter 121 can select the operating parameters x2, x3 of the group G2 as the main adjustment objects in the parameter search range.
In addition to the group lasso regression algorithm, the parameter filter 121 can also use a Sparse Group Lasso algorithm, a Bayesian Group Lasso algorithm, a Composite Absolute Penalty algorithm or a Group Least Angle Regression Selection algorithm to filter these operating parameters x1, x2, x3.
In addition, the number of the operating parameters in each group is not limited to 1 or 2 (may be greater than or equal to 3). Moreover, the number of operating parameters in each group does not need to be the same.
In this step, the operating parameters x1, x2, and x3 are classified according to the interaction effect, so that the operating parameters x2 and x3 that are easy to influence each other can be considered together, and the interaction effect of the operating parameters x2, x3 can be reduced through subsequent space transformation. In addition, the groups G1 and G2 are filtered according to the correlations to the target parameter y, so as to leave the group G2 that has the most correlation to the target parameter y, so that the optimization process can converge more quickly.
Afterwards, in step S122, the parameter space transformer 122 performs a space transformation on a parameter space of the operating parameters x2, x3 according to the sets of the executed values DT (shown in FIG. 1). Please refer to FIG. 6, which illustrates the schematic diagram of step S122. For example, the solid line coordinate axis in FIG. 6 is the operating parameters x2, x3 of the original parameter space. The dotted line coordinate axis in FIG. 6 is the transformed components comp1, comp2 of a transformed parameter space. The parameter space transformer 122 performs the space transformation via, for example, a Partial Least Squares regression algorithm. In the partial least squares regression algorithm, as shown in the following formula (1), X is the matrix that records the operating parameters x2, x3, S is the matrix that records the transformed components comp1 and comp2, and w is the transformation matrix.
S = Xw S = [ comp 1 comp 2 ] , X = [ x 2 , x 3 ] . ( 1 )
In the partial least squares regression algorithm, it is mainly required to obtain w, so that the transformed component comp1 and the transformed component comp2 have the greatest correlation to the target parameter y, that is, the following formula (2).
maxw{[cov(Xw,y)]2}=maxw{var(Xw)[corr(Xw,y)]2 var(y)} (2)
There is an orthogonal relationship between the transformed component comp1 and the transformed component comp2, which can reduce the interaction effect of parameters. The transformed component comp1 and transformed component comp2 can maintain the variation of the original operating parameters x2, x3, and can also improve the recognition to the target parameter y.
The relationship between the transformed components comp1, comp2 and the operating parameters x2, x3 is as follows:
[ comp 1 comp 2 ] = [ x 2 , x 3 ] [ 0.987 - 0.159 0.159 0.987 ] w = [ 0.987 - 0.159 0.159 0.987 ] . ( 3 )
The above formula (3) can also be expressed as the following formulas (4), (5).
comp1=0.987*x2+0.159*x3 (4)
comp2=−0.159*x2+0.987*x3 (5)
As shown in Tables 2 and 3 below, Table 2 is the operating parameters x2, x3. After space transformation, the transformed components comp1, comp2 of Table 3 can be obtained.
TABLE 2 operating operating parameter x2 parameter x3 2.1414 1.1703 0.2412 1.0046 1.2180 0.3925
TABLE 3 transformed transformed component comp1 component comp2 2.300 0.815 0.398 0.953 1.265 0.194
In addition to the above-mentioned partial least squares regression algorithm, the parameter space transformer 122 can also perform the space transformation via a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) algorithm.
Then, in step S123, the search range definer 123 of the adaptive adjustment unit 120 defines a parameter search range RG (shown in FIG. 1) in the transformed parameter space according to the sets of the executed values DT (shown in FIG. 1). This step includes the following procedures. Please refer to FIG. 7, which shows a Gaussian process model GP1 of the transformed component comp1 according to an embodiment. As shown in FIG. 7, the search range definer 123 obtains the Gaussian process model GP1 of the transformed component comp1 according to the sets of the executed values DT. The Gaussian process model GP1 shows inaccuracy. The closer to the sets of the executed values DT, the lower the inaccuracy; the farther away from the sets of the executed values DT, the higher the inaccuracy.
Next, the search range definer 123 reserves an accurate range A1, such as −15 to 25, according the Gaussian process model GP1.
Then, refer please to FIG. 8, which shows the Expected Improvement (EI) function C1 of the transformed component comp1. In the EI function C1, the vertical axis is the Expected Improvement (EI), and the horizontal axis is the accurate range of the transformed component comp1 The search range definer 123 then defines the search range R11 in accurate range A1 based on the expected improvement value. As shown in FIG. 8, when the transformed component comp1 is in the range of 0.40 to 2.30 where the sets of the executed values DT are located, the expected improvement value is 0. When the transformed component comp1 is moved from 0.40 to −2.50, the expected improvement value can be greatly increased to 0.62. When the transformed component comp1 is moved from 2.3 to 25, the expected improvement value can only be slightly increased to 0.004. It can be seen that the transformed component comp1 can be moved in the negative direction to obtain a greater improvement. Therefore, the search range definer 123 can define the transformed component comp1 in the range of −2.50 to 0.40 as a search range R11, which is the following formula (6).
−2.50≤0.987*x2+0.159*x3≤0.40 (6)
Similarly, in a similar manner, the search range definer 123 can define the transformed component comp2 in the interval from 0.19 to 0.95 as a search range R12 (shown in FIG. 9).
0.19≤−0.159*x2+0.987*x3≤0.95 (7)
Please refer to FIG. 9, which shows the executed value range R0 and the parameter search range R1 according to an embodiment. The sets of the executed values DT include a point P1, a point P2 and a point P3. The point P1, the point P2 and the point P3 are located in the executed value range R0. The search range definer 123 further defines the search range R11 in the transformed component comp1 based on the executed value range R0, and defines the search range R12 in the transformed component comp2 to form the parameter search range R1. The parameter search range R1 is the range where there is a considerable chance of convergence towards the optimal solution.
Afterwards, in step S130, the optimization search unit 130 takes the parameter search range R1 as a limiting condition and takes optimizing the target parameter y as a target to search for the a set of recommended value RV, such as the point P4 in FIG. 9, (the set of recommended value RV is shown in FIG. 1)


text:
FUNTASTIC Nursery Series | Early learning years is a crucial stage for children to cultivate their sentiments, develop language skills and learn about the world around them. This book is designed to deliver the contents in a clear and concise manner, with vivid illustrations and accurate language that are suitable for children age 4.
We highly recommended you to purchase this bundle to give your children a solid and early start in learning three languages (English, Bahasa Melayu & Chinese), Science, Mathematics and Moral Education. The coursebooks serve as the main learning material and accompanied by activity books that reinforces the key learning outcomes for each subject.
FUNTASTIC 启蒙 - Nursery (Age 4) - Chinese - Activity Book 1
- Brands Sasbadi Sdn Bhd
- Product Code: 978-983-59-9571-2
- Availability: 28
- Weight: 0.10kg
Tags: FUNTASTIC 启蒙 - Nursery (Age 4) - Chinese - Activity Book 1


text:
- Faculty & Staff
- Events & News
- About Us
2014 Sheldon G Shore Lecture
The Sheldon G Shore Lectures
Dr. Sheldon G Shore
Sheldon Shore was born in Chicago in 1930. After completing his Bachelor's degree at the University of Illinois in 1951, he moved to the University of Michigan where he completed his Master's (1953) and Doctoral degrees (1957). Shortly thereafter, he moved to join the Chemistry faculty at The Ohio State University, where he provided almost 57 years of distinguished service.
Professor Shore's research has spanned vast areas of the periodic table, but perhaps he is best known for his pioneering work in the area of boron hydrides, metal cluster carbonyls and lanthanide transition metal systems. He and his coworkers developed the first rational synthesis of B4-B10 boron hydrides and one of his early compounds, ammonia borane, which had been predicted to be too unstable to isolate, was isolated by him and shown to be stable at elevated temperatures. It is currently a hot topic for hydrogen storage and release. He produced the first well-defined examples of boron nitride nanotubes, analogs of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. His mechanistic studies of the synthesis of metal cluster carbonylates and the water-gas shift reaction attracted wide attention. This work has been featured in current treatises on cluster chemistry and is also described in inorganic chemistry text books. His work on mixed metal clusters of lanthanide-transition metal elements and their conversion to nanoparticles has led to new heterogeneous catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone, hydrodechloronation of chlorobenzenes, and the reforming of propane. Dr. Shore is the author of over 300 scientific publications and 14 patents. He has received numerous awards and recognitions for his research. Most notable among them is the Chemical Society's Columbus Section Award, the Morley Medal of the Cleveland Section, the ACS Award for Inorganic Chemistry and election as a corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. The Ohio State University has also recognized him with the Distinguished Lecturer Award, the Distinguished Scholar Award, the Charles H. Kimberly Chair of Chemistry, and the Distinguished Professor of Mathematical and Physical Sciences Award. Dr. Shore received the ACS Award for Inorganic Chemistry in 2008.
During Dr. Shore's tenure at OSU, 91 students have completed MS or Ph.D. degrees with him, and many more postdoctoral fellows and visiting scholars have been associated with his laboratory, not including the thousands of undergraduates who have passed though his classes. Over a long and active career, Sheldon Shore left a profound and indelible imprint on the lives of the many faculty, staff, and students of the broader Ohio State University family that were fortunate to know him. The annual Sheldon G Shore Lecture provides an opportunity to remember and celebrate his achievements.
Lecture: Dr. Peter J. Stang "Abiological Self-Assembly: Predesigned Metallacycles and Metallacages via Coordination"
1008 Evans Laboratory
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2014 Shore Lecturer: Professor Peter Stang
Professor Peter Stang
Professor Peter Stang is currently a Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at the University of Utah, with research interests in the area of molecular architecture and supramolecular chemistry via self-assembly. He was awarded the Priestly Medal of the American Chemical Society, 2012, the National Medal of Science, 2011, and the Paul G. Gassman Distinguished Service Award of the ACS Division of Organic Chemistry, 2010, among many other awards and recognitions. His service contributions to the chemistry community include editorial functions with the Journal of Organic Chemistry, and most notably with the Journal of the American Chemical Society, for which he was appointed Editor in 2002, as well as service on numerous advisory boards and councils.
More information about Professor Peter Stang can be found here.
The Blackwell Inn on campus is currently fully booked, and we are recommending that you check in at the Hilton Garden Inn, at 3232 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio, 43202, USATEL: _PHONE_ as they are aware of our event and do currently have space available. Mention that you are attending the Shore Lecture and Memorial.


text:
Tens of thousands of swirling ocean currents were captured and presented by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in this animated map that creates a cinematic cartographic experience. These are surface currents that cover the period June 2005 to December 2007; the result of physical observation and modelling.
The simplicity of the final map belies the complexity and computing power required to generate the results but rather than creating a detailed and complex graphic to expose how much effort and work went into the map, the work is left to shine and to amaze the viewer.
NASA themselves describe the results as creating a 'visceral experience'. Indeed, if cartography is about connecting and generating an emotional response then they succeeded. One of the rare animated maps that uses a soundtrack to good effect.
Numerous versions of the animation can be found on NASA's web site here.


text:
Very quickly... Say you have an expression like and you want to find f(2).
Now it's clear that plugging 2 into the expression won't help because you get 0/0 which is undefined.
But if you creep up on it from above, setting x = 3, x = 2.5, x = 2.1, x = 2.01, x = 2.001... and so on, you get a sort of picture of what you think the answer is also trying to creep up on, which (as you'll find out when you try it) is 4. That's approaching the limit from above, and can be written:
You can do the same thing by creeping up on it from below, setting, for example, x=1, x=1.5, x=1.9, x=1.99, etc., which can be written:
(as you'll find out when you try it out).
Now, if it just so happens that your expression works out as the the same whether you creep up on it from above OR below, then you don't need to write which direction you came to it from, and can write:
Okay, so how do we "know" it's 4? Because
but this ONLY HOLDS when because although most of the time, whatever algebraic manipulations you care to play with, you can NOT get to have a value when x = 2, ALL YOU CAN DO is say that it "f(x) tends to a limit of 4 when x tends towards 2."
Does this help?


text:
Protocol::CassandraCQL::Type - represents a Cassandra CQL data type
Objects in this class represent distinct types that may be found in Cassandra CQL3, either as columns in query result rows, or as bind parameters to prepared statements. It is used by Protocol::CassandraCQL::ColumnMeta.
Returns a new type object initialised by parsing the type information in the given message frame.
Returns a string representation of the type name.
Encodes the given perl data into a bytestring.
Decodes the given bytestring into perl data.
Validates whether the given perl data is valid for this type. If so, returns false. Otherwise, returns an error message explaining why.
Returns the type of the elements in the list or set,
Returns the type of the keys and values in the map,
The following encodings to and from perl data are supported:
To or from a string scalar,
which must contain only US-ASCII codepoints (i.e.
ord <= 127).
To or from a numeric scalar.
To or from an opaque string scalar of bytes.
To or from an instance of Math::BigFloat, or from a regular numeric scalar.
To or from a numeric scalar, representing a UNIX epoch timestamp as a float to the nearest milisecond.
To or from a string containing hex digits and hyphens,
in the form
To or from a string scalar containing Unicode characters.
To or from an instance of Math::BigInt, or from a regular numeric scalar.
To or from an
ARRAY reference containing elements.
To or from a
where the keys used must be of some string type.
This code was paid for by
Paul Evans


text:
The Ghana Shippers Authority has called for a comprehensive revision of the maritime law to effectively regulate activities at the country's ports.
Benonita Bismarck, the Chief Executive of the Maritime Authority, explained the importance of revising the maritime law. According to her, the revision of the maritime law is necessary because it will help address critical setbacks, particularly the escalating issue of piracy attacks.
The Chief Executive of the Authority made this known when speaking at the 14th Maritime Law Seminar for selected justices of the High Court. Bismarck underscored the importance of ensuring security in the maritime domain.
The seminar served as a platform to discuss strategies for enhancing security measures in Ghana's waters. Recent reports indicate that there were 84 recorded piracy attacks on ships in the Gulf of Guinea in 2020, highlighting the severity of the issue.
In light of these challenges, Bismarck stressed the need to revise the Maritime law to effectively address emerging problems and regulate port activities.
Bismarck explained the limitations of using outdated legislation to tackle present-day issues. She noted that lack of modern law is inhibiting the delivery of justice.
"It is difficult to use a law that doesn't contain all the provisions needed to address current issues. At the time, piracy in the Gulf of Guinea was unknown. As an administrator of justice, you need to apply the law, but if it is not there, how can you give what you don't have? We need to revise the law to ensure that it is in consonance with what is happening currently."Benonita Bismarck
The Significance of a Stronger Maritime Law
The Chief Justice of Ghana, Justice Gertrude Torkornoo, on her part, further emphasized the significance of a stronger maritime law as the country anticipates increased port activities due to the Africa Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA).
According to the Chief Justice, with the expected surge in trade, the need for a robust legal framework becomes crucial to address the associated challenges effectively.
The call for revising the maritime law reflects the commitment of Ghana's authorities to ensure the safety and efficiency of maritime operations. By enacting comprehensive regulations, Ghana aims to foster a secure environment for trade and strengthen its position as a key player in the regional maritime industry.
In broadest terms, the maritime industry includes all enterprises engaged in the business of designing, constructing, manufacturing, acquiring, operating, supplying, repairing and/or maintaining vessels, or component parts thereof. It also includes managing and/or operating shipping lines, stevedoring, customs brokerage services, shipyards, dry docks, marine railways, marine repair shops, shipping and freight forwarding services and similar enterprises.
Politically, the presence of a maritime industry gives nations leverage over other landlocked countries in the region. Therefore, revising the maritime laws to contain new laws is very important in harnessing the maritime industry.


text:
One of RN 3's most desolate stretches is the 350 kilometers between Caleta Olivia and Puerto San Julián, but just north of the halfway point there's an incomparable detour to this 13,700-hectare badlands.
In Jurassic times, before the Andes rose in the west, this was a humid region of coniferous Proaraucaria woodlands. After volcanic eruptions flattened the forests and buried them in ash 130 million years ago, water and wind gradually uncovered the now-petrified trunks.
Measuring up to three meters in diameter and 35 meters in length, Proaraucaria was a forerunner of the Andean araucaria. Until 1954, when the area became a natural monument (meriting Argentina's highest possible level of protection), the best and biggest specimens were regularly looted. Proposed additions would increase the protected area to 60,000 hectares.
Solitary Bosques Petrificados, 50 kilometers west of RN 3 via graveled RP 49, gets only a few thousand visitors per year, mostly in summer. In addition to its petrified forests, it has desert steppe vegetation and wildlife including guanacos and rheas. It has no water, and there is no public transportation, but Puerto Deseado operators will organize excursions to the site.
For camping, try Estancia La Paloma, roughly midway between RN 3 and the forest.
For more information, contact Caleta Olivia's APN office (Hipólito Irigoyen 2044, tel. 0297/_PHONE_, bosquespetrificados [at] apn [dot] gov [dot] ar).


jectHasProjectReference(ProjectId, ProjectReference)
Throws an exception if a project does not have a specific project reference.
CheckProjectIsInCurrentSolution(ProjectId)
Throws an exception if the project is not part of the current solution.
CheckProjectIsNotInCurrentSolution(ProjectId)
Throws an exception is the project is part of the current solution.
CheckSolutionIsEmpty()
Throws an exception is the solution is not empty.
ClearDocumentData(DocumentId)
This method is called to clear an individual document is removed.
Override this method if you want to do additional work when a document is removed. Call the base method at the end of your method.
ClearOpenDocument(DocumentId)
ClearOpenDocument(DocumentId, Boolean)
ClearProjectData(ProjectId)
This method is called when an individual project is removed.
Override this method if you want to do additional work when a project is removed. Call the base method at the end of your method.
ClearSolution()
Clears all solution data and empties the current solution.
ClearSolutionData()
This method is called when a solution is cleared.
Override this method if you want to do additional work when a solution is cleared. Call the base method at the end of your method.
CloseAdditionalDocument(DocumentId)
Close the specified additional document in the host environment.
CloseAnalyzerConfigDocument(DocumentId)
Close the specified analyzer config document in the host environment.
CloseDocument(DocumentId)
Close the specified document in the host environment.
CreateSolution(SolutionId)
Create a new empty solution instance associated with this workspace.
CreateSolution(SolutionInfo)
Create a new empty solution instance associated with this workspace.
Dispose()
Disposes this workspace. The workspace can longer be used after it is disposed.
Dispose(Boolean)
Call this method when the workspace is disposed.
Override this method to do additional work when the workspace is disposed. Call this method at the end of your method.
GetAdditionalDocumentName(DocumentId)
Gets the name to use for an additional document in an error message.
GetAnalyzerConfigDocumentName(DocumentId)
Gets the name to use for an analyzer document in an error message.
GetDocumentIdInCurrentContext(SourceTextContainer)
Gets the id for the document associated with the given text container in its current context. Documents are normally associated with a text container when the documents are opened.
GetDocumentName(DocumentId)
Gets the name to use for a document in an error message.
GetOpenDocumentIds(ProjectId)
Gets a list of the currently opened documents.
GetProjectName(ProjectId)
Gets the name to use for a project in an error message.
GetRelatedDocumentIds(SourceTextContainer)
Gets the ids for documents associated with a text container. Documents are normally associated with a text container when the documents are opened.
GetWorkspaceRegistration(SourceTextContainer)
Returns a WorkspaceRegistration for a given text container.
IsDocumentOpen(DocumentId)
Determines if the document is currently open in the host environment.
OnAdditionalDocumentAdded(DocumentInfo)
Call this method when an additional document is added to a project in the host environment.
OnAdditionalDocumentClosed(DocumentId, TextLoader)
OnAdditionalDocumentOpened(DocumentId, SourceTextContainer, Boolean)
OnAdditionalDocumentRemoved(DocumentId)
Call this method when an additional document is removed from a project in the host environment.
OnAdditionalDocumentTextChanged(DocumentId, SourceText, PreservationMode)
Call this method when the text of an additional document is updated in the host environment.
OnAdditionalDocumentTextLoaderChanged(DocumentId, TextLoader)
Call this method when the text of a additional document is changed on disk.
OnAnalyzerConfigDocumentAdded(DocumentInfo)
Call this method when an analyzer config document is added to a project in the host environment.
OnAnalyzerConfigDocumentClosed(DocumentId, TextLoader)
OnAnalyzerConfigDocumentOpened(DocumentId, SourceTextContainer, Boolean)
OnAnalyzerConfigDocumentRemoved(DocumentId)
Call this method when an analyzer config document is removed from a project in the host environment.
OnAnalyzerConfigDocumentTextChanged(DocumentId, SourceText, PreservationMode)
Call this method when the text of an analyzer config document is updated in the host environment.
OnAnalyzerConfigDocumentTextLoaderChanged(DocumentId, TextLoader)
Call this method when the text of a analyzer config document is changed on disk.
OnAnalyzerReferenceAdded(ProjectId, AnalyzerReference)
Call this method when an analyzer reference is added to a project in the host environment.
OnAnalyzerReferenceRemoved(ProjectId, AnalyzerReference)
Call this method when an analyzer reference is removed from a project in the host environment.
OnAssemblyNameChanged(ProjectId, String)
Call this method when a project's assembly name is changed in the host environment.
OnCompilationOptionsChanged(ProjectId, CompilationOptions)
Call this method when a project's compilation options are changed in the host environment.
OnDocumentAdded(DocumentInfo)
Call this method when a document is added to a project in the host environment.
OnDocumentClosed(DocumentId, TextLoader, Boolean)
OnDocumentClosing(DocumentId)
Override this method to act immediately when a document is closing, as opposed to waiting for the corresponding workspace changed event to fire asynchronously.
OnDocumentContextUpdated(DocumentId)
Call this method when a document has been made the active context in the host environment.
OnDocumentInfoChanged(DocumentId, DocumentInfo)
Call this method when the document info changes, such as the name, folders or file path.
OnDocumentOpened(DocumentId, SourceTextContainer, Boolean)
OnDocumentReloaded(DocumentInfo)
Call this method when a document is reloaded in the host environment.
OnDocumentRemoved(DocumentId)
Call this method when a document is removed from a project in the host environment.
OnDocumentsAdded(ImmutableArray<DocumentInfo>)
Call this method when multiple document are added to one or more projects in the host environment.
OnDocumentSourceCodeKindChanged(DocumentId, SourceCodeKind)
Call this method when the SourceCodeKind of a document changes in the host environment.
OnDocumentTextChanged(Document)
Override this method to act immediately when the text of a document has changed, as opposed to waiting for the corresponding workspace changed event to fire asynchronously.
OnDocumentTextChanged(DocumentId, SourceText, PreservationMode)
Call this method when the text of a document is updated in the host environment.
OnDocumentTextLoaderChanged(DocumentId, TextLoader)
Call this method when the text of a document is changed on disk.
OnMetadataReferenceAdded(ProjectId, MetadataReference)
Call this method when a metadata reference is added to a project in the host environment.
OnMetadataReferenceRemoved(ProjectId, MetadataReference)
Call this method when a metadata reference is removed from a project in the host environment.
OnOutputFilePathChanged(ProjectId, String)
Call this method when a project's output file path is changed in the host environment.
OnOutputRefFilePathChanged(ProjectId, String)
Call this method when a project's output ref file path is changed in the host environment.
OnParseOptionsChanged(ProjectId, ParseOptions)
Call this method when a project's parse options are changed in the host environment.
OnProjectAdded(ProjectInfo)
Call this method to respond to a project being added/opened in the host environment.
OnProjectNameChanged(ProjectId, String, String)
Call this method when a project's name is changed in the host environment.
OnProjectReferenceAdded(ProjectId, ProjectReference)
Call this method when a project reference is added to a project in the host environment.
OnProjectReferenceRemoved(ProjectId, ProjectReference)
Call this method when a project reference is removed from a project in the host environment.
OnProjectReloaded(ProjectInfo)
Call this method to respond to a project being reloaded in the host environment.
OnProjectRemoved(ProjectId)
Call this method to respond to a project being removed from the host environment.
OnSolutionAdded(SolutionInfo)
Call this method to respond to a solution being opened in the host environment.
OnSolutionReloaded(SolutionInfo)
Call this method to respond to a solution being reloaded in the


dbus-launch - Utility to start a message bus from a shell script
dbus-launch [--version] [--sh-syntax] [--csh-syntax] [--auto-syntax] [--exit-with-session] [--autolaunch=MACHINEID] [--config-file=FILENAME] [PROGRAM] [ARGS...]
The dbus-launch command is used to start a session bus instance of dbus-daemon from a shell script. It would normally be called from a user's login scripts. Unlike the daemon itself, dbus-launch exits, so backticks or the $() construct can be used to read information from dbus-launch.
With no arguments, dbus-launch will launch a session bus instance and print the address and pid of that instance to standard output.
You may specify a program to be run; in this case, dbus-launch will launch a session bus instance, set the appropriate environment variables so the specified program can find the bus, and then execute the specified program, with the specified arguments. See below for examples.
If you launch a program, dbus-launch will not print the information about the new bus to standard output.
When dbus-launch prints bus information to standard output, by default it is in a simple key-value pairs format. However, you may request several alternate syntaxes using the --sh-syntax, --csh-syntax, --binary-syntax, or --auto-syntax options. Several of these cause dbus-launch to emit shell code to set up the environment.
With the --auto-syntax option, dbus-launch looks at the value of the SHELL environment variable to determine which shell syntax should be used. If SHELL ends in "csh", then csh-compatible code is emitted; otherwise Bourne shell code is emitted. Instead of passing --auto-syntax, you may explicity specify a particular one by using --sh-syntax for Bourne syntax, or --csh-syntax for csh syntax. In scripts, it's more robust to avoid --auto-syntax and you hopefully know which shell your script is written in.
See for more information about D-Bus. See also the man page for dbus-daemon.
Here is an example of how to use dbus-launch with an sh-compatible shell to start the per-session bus daemon:
## test for an existing bus daemon, just to be safe if test -z "$DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS" ; then ## if not found, launch a new one eval 'dbus-launch --sh-syntax --exit-with-session' echo "D-Bus per-session daemon address is: $DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS" fi
You might run something like that in your login scripts.
Another way to use dbus-launch is to run your main session program, like so:
dbus-launch gnome-session
The above would likely be appropriate for ~/.xsession or ~/.Xclients.
If DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS is not set for a process that tries to use D-Bus, by default the process will attempt to invoke dbus-launch with the --autolaunch option to start up a new session bus or find the existing bus address on the X display or in a file in ~/.dbus/session-bus/
Whenever an autolaunch occurs, the application that had to start a new bus will be in its own little world; it can effectively end up starting a whole new session if it tries to use a lot of bus services. This can be suboptimal or even totally broken, depending on the app and what it tries to do.
There are two common reasons for autolaunch. One is ssh to a remote machine. The ideal fix for that would be forwarding of DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS in the same way that DISPLAY is forwarded. In the meantime, you can edit the session.conf config file to have your session bus listen on TCP, and manually set DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS, if you like.
The second common reason for autolaunch is an su to another user, and display of X applications running as the second user on the display belonging to the first user. Perhaps the ideal fix in this case would be to allow the second user to connect to the session bus of the first user, just as they can connect to the first user's display. However, a mechanism for that has not been coded.
You can always avoid autolaunch by manually setting DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS. Autolaunch happens because the default address if none is set is "autolaunch:", so if any other address is set there will be no autolaunch. You can however include autolaunch in an explicit session bus address as a fallback, for example DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS="something:,autolaunch:" - in that case if the first address doesn't work, processes will autolaunch. (The bus address variable contains a comma-separated list of addresses to try.)
The --autolaunch option is considered an internal implementation detail of libdbus, and in fact there are plans to change it. There's no real reason to use it outside of the libdbus implementation anyhow.
The following options are supported:
 Choose --csh-syntax or --sh-syntax based on the SHELL environment variable.
--binary-syntax Write to stdout a nul-terminated bus address, then the bus PID as a binary integer of size sizeof(pid_t), then the bus X window ID as a binary integer of size sizeof(long). Integers are in the machine's byte order, not network byte order or any other canonical byte order.
 Close the standard error output stream before starting the D-Bus daemon. This is useful if you want to capture dbus-launch error messages but you don't want dbus-daemon to keep the stream open to your application.
 Pass --config-file=FILENAME to the bus daemon, instead of passing it the --session argument. See the man page for dbus-daemon
 Emit csh compatible code to set up environment variables.
 If this option is provided, a persistent "babysitter" process will be created that watches stdin for HUP and tries to connect to the X server. If this process gets a HUP on stdin or loses its X connection, it kills the message bus daemon.
 This option implies that dbus-launch should scan for a previously-started session and reuse the values found there. If no session is found, it will start a new session. The --exit-with-session option is implied if --autolaunch is given. This option is for the exclusive use of libdbus, you do not want to use it manually. It may change in the future.
 Emit Bourne-shell compatible code to set up environment variables.
 Print the version of dbus-launch
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text:
How Low Can They Go? —Remote Sensing
Imagine flying an airplane very close to the ground, following every hill in a beautiful rolling green landscape. You fly up and down the hills. You're so low you can see people's startled faces!
That's what Michael René Davis does. He's a skilled Cessna 404 pilot who works for the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) in Weslaco, Texas.
He flies the plane for ARS researchers such as Mark Chopping, a remote-sensing scientist. Would taking a sometimes-bumpy ride in an airplane flying low over the land be your idea of adventure? If so, you might consider becoming a pilot for remote-sensing scientists—or going along for the ride, as one of the scientists.
Scientists like Chopping get to fly in all kinds of airplanes and communicate with space stations and satellites. Their job is to get a sense of the health of plants and of the Earth itself. They need to get far enough away to get a bigger view of the Earth than is possible from the ground.
They test satellite sensors on airplanes. These sensors can be cameras peeking through the belly of a plane, or they can be fast-spinning satellite dishes that pick up microwave rays that naturally rise up from Earth's soil.
Every year, remote-sensing scientists stage a big experiment, usually somewhere in the United States. These experiments can involve an international fleet with many planes and satellites, and even a space station.
The planes that are used can be anything from Cessnas to home-built experimental gliders and military planes. The planes fly so high in the sky that you'd need a top security clearance just to know how high they go. Many remote-sensing specialists need a top security clearance because they have access to information the satellites collect.
Chopping, Tom Jackson, and other scientists set up their own laboratories on some of these planes. They have computer stations where two or more scientists watch microwaves that enter the plane's sensor. Jackson hopes to create a folded-up, 36-foot-diameter satellite dish that will unfurl like an umbrella from NASA's Hydros satellite when it goes up into space in 2010. The large dish would be much more accurate than today's 6-foot-diameter dish.
The scientists can tell how much moisture is in the soil by the strength of the microwaves. They will use this information someday to make longterm weather forecasts more accurate.


How to dynamically add a Scala trait to an object instance
This is an excerpt from the Scala Cookbook (partially modified for the internet). This is a very short recipe, Recipe 8.8, "How to dynamically add a Scala trait to an object instance."
Problem
Rather than add a Scala trait to an entire class, you just want to add a trait to an object instance when the object is created.
Solution
Add the trait to the object when you construct it. This is demonstrated in a simple example:
class DavidBanner
trait Angry {
 println("You won't like me ...")
}
object Test extends App {
 val hulk = new DavidBanner with Angry
}
When you compile and run this code, it will print, "You won't like me ...", because the hulk object is created when the DavidBanner class is instantiated with the Angry trait, which has the println statement shown in its constructor.
Discussion
As a more practical matter, you might mix in something like a debugger or logging trait when constructing a Scala object to help debug that object:
trait Debugger {
 def log(message: String) {
 // do something with message
 }
}
// no debugger
val child = new Child
// debugger added as the object is created
val problemChild = new Child with Debugger
This makes the log method available to the problemChild instance.
... this post is sponsored by my books ...


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Association of the SOFA score and mortality in elderly patients with severe sepsis and septic shock
Introduction
The SOFA score is an excellent predictive marker of outcome in sepsis; however, there are very few studies that relate it to mortality in elderly patients with sepsis and septic shock.
Objective
To assess the association of the SOFA score and other factors related to mortality in elderly patients with severe sepsis and septic shock.
Methods
A 3-month prospective cohort study of 30 patients aged ≥ 65 showing severe sepsis or septic shock (Consensus Conference of 1991). Arterial hypotension (systolic arterial pressure < 90 mmHg) corresponded to the 'time-zero' of the study. The variables used were: SOFA score on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28, ΔSOFA (variation of the SOFA score on days 1 and 3), APACHE II, Troponin I dosage, BNP and RCP, plasma glucose levels, organ failures [1], the presence of previous cardiovascular disease, assessment of dependence and cognitive deficit [2, 3], length of ICU stay, and need for mechanical ventilation. We used Student's t test and the Fischer Exact test for a statistical analysis. We considered the significance level of 5%.
Results
The mean age of patients, of whom 60% were females, was 82 ± 9 years (minimum = 65, maximum = 99). The predominant diagnosis was septic shock in 67% of the cases, while 33% of the patients developed severe sepsis. On days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28, the SOFA score presented mean values of 7, 6, 4, 3, 2, and 2, respectively (minimum = 2 and maximum = 15), thus evidencing a significant relationship between the SOFA score on day 1 (P = 0.0001) and day 3 (P = 0.001), including Δ SOFA score (P = 0.043), and mortality. The number of failures was also associated with mortality when two or more organic failures (P = 0.001) were present. Age, gender, APACHE II, length of ICU stay, dependence level, presence of cognitive deficit and/or previous cardiovascular diseases, plasma glucose levels, troponin I, BNP and RCP were not associated with the mortality.
Conclusion
Mean SOFA average above 5 as well as SOFA variation within the first 72 hours proved to be good predictive markers in elderly patients with septic shock and severe sepsis. The same occurred in the presence of two or more organic failures during the course of sepsis.
References
 1. 1.
 Le Gall JR, Brun-Buisson C, Trunet P, Laturnerie J, Chantereau S, Rapin M: Influence of age, previous health status, and severity of acute illness on outcome from intensive care. Crit Care Med 1982, 10: 575-577.
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 Katz S, Ford AB, Moskowitz RW: Studies of illness in the aged: the index of ADL; a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. JAMA 1963, 185: 914-919.
 PubMed CAS Article Google Scholar
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 Lawton MP, Brody EM: Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist 1969, 9: 179-186.
 PubMed CAS Article Google Scholar
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Cite this article
Machado, R., David, C., Oliveira, G. et al. Association of the SOFA score and mortality in elderly patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care 9, P232 (2005). _URL_
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Keywords
 - Elderly Patient
 - Septic Shock
 - Severe Sepsis
 - Organic Failure
 - Prospective Cohort Study


Oklahoma Registered Agent
Get an Oklahoma Operating Agreement Template Today
Secure an Operating Agreement Template for $35.
Before you get your Oklahoma limited liability company up and running, it's important not to overlook creating an Operating Agreement. In this article, we will discuss what an Operating Agreement is, why you need one, how to create one, and much more.
What is an Oklahoma LLC Operating Agreement?
An Operating Agreement is a formal document that outlines all agreements between members (the term for the owners of an LLC) about details associated with your LLC. In general, LLCs have a lot of freedom in how they can operate within the law. But this also means that choices must be made for how things should work.
The Operating Agreement basically establishes the ground rules and procedures decided by members so that they are best aligned with your business. Without such an agreement, any time there is a dispute between members or between your LLC and third-party vendors, the ultimate decision as to what will happen is determined by the default state statutes.
Those statutes were written to apply generally to all LLCs and are not likely aligned to your business's best interests. This is part of why an Operating Agreement is so important. By creating an Operating Agreement, you get to establish what rules apply to your business instead of the state.
While Operating Agreements are not legally required in Oklahoma, it's always a good idea to have one. It helps you avoid disputes and legal troubles down the road, and it's convenient to have a clear set of established rules and procedures to guide your business operations.
Why do I need an LLC Operating Agreement in Oklahoma?
Operating Agreements not only provide your business and associated members additional legal protection, but it's a way for you to set your own rules and really examine how you want to run your business.
There are many details to consider, such as voting rights, ownership percentages, capital contributions, meetings, membership changes, and so on. Your Operating Agreement is a chance to make these important decisions and establish them in a way that makes them legally enforceable.
More specifically, the reasons to have an Operating Agreement include:
 - Protection of your business's limited liability status: Establishing your business as an LLC already grants a certain amount of protection, but spelling out which assets belong to the business and which belong to members in an Operating Agreement can create an additional layer of protection.
 - Clarification of verbal agreements: Verbal agreements require perfect memories and perfect trust. It's always a better idea to get things in writing. Your Operating Agreement is a great place to get all verbal agreements between members in a written, legally binding form.
 - Protection of agreements in the eyes of the state of Oklahoma: In the absence of an Operating Agreement, your business will be subject to the default state laws, which were written very generally and will not likely align with what is best for your business. Creating an Operating Agreement gives you the chance to decide how things should work for your LLC.
 - The flexibility offered by an LLC business type: LLCs are very flexible business types, granting their owners a lot of leeway in how they are run. But this also leaves a lot of open decisions to be made. It's best to sort out what works for your business early on and establish it in the Operating Agreement. You can always amend your agreement later if needed.
 - Ability to open business bank accounts and lines of credit: Many banks and lenders want to see an Operating Agreement before letting a business establish an account. This is their way of verifying that the business is well-planned-out, organized, and in a good position to succeed — this is particularly important to anyone considering lending you money.
 - The right mindset for starting your business: Creating an Operating Agreement requires thoroughly examining all aspects of how your business will run. Doing so is a great way to get in the right mindset for success from the start.
What do I include in my Oklahoma LLC Operating Agreement?
When creating your Operating Agreement, you want to be as methodical and thorough as possible. To help make sure you don't leave anything out, here are several of the main items to consider including in your Oklahoma Operating Agreement:
 1. LLC Name
 2. Ownership
 3. Management Structure
 4. Duties of Members and Managers
 5. Voting Rights and Responsibilities
 6. Distributions
 7. Holding Meetings
 8. Buyout and Buy-Sell Rules
 9. Succession Planning
 10. Dissolution
 11. Modifications to the Operating Agreement
 12. Single-Member LLC Statute
 13. Severability Provision
1. LLC Name
It might seem obvious, but your Operating Agreement should include the name of the company. However, you need to be careful about making sure you use your LLC's name as entered in your Articles of Organization.
This includes punctuation, spelling, and an LLC designator. This is how you make sure your Operating Agreement is legally binding to your business and enforceable.
2. Ownership
LLCs with more than one member must consider how ownership will be divided. Does everyone have an equal share? Is the ownership percentage based on capital contribution or another metric?
In your Operating Agreement, list the full names and contact information for each member with their ownership percentage. The total percentage of all members should equal 100%.
3. Management Structure
LLCs are typically managed in one of two ways: by the members (member-managed) or appointed managers (manager-managed). Management of the company can affect how responsibilities are assigned and other aspects of your business. As such, you should describe your management structure in your Operating Agreement.
In a manager-managed LLC, the members appoint or hire one or more managers with or without any stake in ownership to manage the company. In a member-managed LLC, the members make all of the decisions regarding the day-to-day business. Be sure to spell out who is in what role and their authorities and voting rights.
4. Duties of Members and Managers
Different LLCs may not only have different management structures but also define the roles of their managers and members differently. In your Operating Agreement, be sure to spell out what the responsibilities of each individual are.
Is someone responsible for calling meetings? Are all members required to attend meetings? Who takes care of the paperwork?
Even if some or all members aren't involved in the day-to-day business operations, they may still need to attend meetings and participate in voting. This should be included in your Operating Agreement, as well.
5. Voting Rights and Responsibilities
The details of how voting will work for your business is very important to include. While some LLCs choose to have all members' votes count equally, others may weigh votes based on ownership or other factors.
There may be certain types of decisions that should only be voted on by managers, while others you may want to leave to the purview of members only. Other considerations to include are what percentages are needed for items to pass a vote. You may wish some decisions to be passed by a simple majority while requiring that others (such as voting in a new member) be unanimous.
6. Distributions
When your business turns a profit, you will need to decide if a percentage of that will be reinvested into the business or distributed among the members. Moreover, you need to detail how that distribution works. Is it equal? Is it proportional to ownership percentage? Also, who is responsible for cutting the checks or setting up direct deposits? And when will this happen — at the end of the fiscal year or on some other schedule?
7. Holding Meetings
Regular meetings are a great way to touch base with your LLC members and determine if changes need to be made. Often, it's a good idea to schedule regular meetings among members and managers. If you want this to be a requirement, you should certainly include it in your Operating Agreement.
Besides regular meetings, you may want to indicate that additional meetings will be held for certain events, such as a member wanting to leave the business.
By stating how and when meetings will be held and attendance requirements in your Operating Agreement, you not only establish expectations but also create a legal basis for voting out noncompliant members who fail to show up or do their part.
8. Buyout and Buy-Sell Rules
You should have a clear plan for how to handle things if an existing member wants to leave the business or if you want to bring on an additional member.
All members have a certain percentage of ownership. For them to walk away, they need to relinquish that ownership to someone else for compensation in return. This is called a buyout. Usually, the remaining members contribute a portion of their funds or a share of their distributions to pay the leaving member a total amount comparable to the value of their share.
You should have a clear way of determining the amount of the buyout and how the remaining members will be expected to participate or contribute.
Additionally, you need a plan for adding new members. Will you require a unanimous vote, for example? And will a new member be required to contribute capital? How much? How will the ownership percentages be readjusted accordingly?
9. Succession Planning
While not something people like to think about, it's also a good idea to have a plan should one of the members pass away. This is where succession planning comes in.
You will need to consider what happens, or what you wish to allow to happen, with a member's share of ownership when they are gone. Can they leave it to a family member or friend? If so, will this friend or family member have the same voting rights as the original member? Should the members be


text:
Leonardtown, MD – The National Weather Service is urging St. Mary's County residents to beware of widespread ponding of water on area roadways.
Light to moderate rain continues to spread across the region with normal drainage patterns potentially blocked by snow and ice. Poor drainage ponding of water is likely. More significant flooding is possible if heavier rain develops in a given area or if there is a severe drainage issue.
Drivers should not drive through water of unknown depth and remain alert for the potential for flood warnings to be posted.