Using UpdateSourceTrigger/Mode"
 Margin="5,0,0,0" FontSize="14" FontWeight="Bold" />
<StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal"
 Margin="10,10,10,10" Background="Gainsboro">
 <TextBlock TextWrapping="Wrap"
 Text="This uses TwoWay Binding and
 UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged.Type
 in one textbox then the other,
 and see them update each other"
 Width="400"/>
 <TextBox x:Name="txtSource" Width="50"
 Height="25" Margin="5,0,0,0"/>
 <TextBox Width="50" Height="25" Margin="5,0,0,0"
 Text="{Binding ElementName=txtSource,
 Path=Text, Mode=TwoWay,
 UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged }"/>
</StackPanel>
Databinding to XML
XML is used a lot these days, both for configuration information and data exchange, and indeed even for UI design. Remember, XAML is an XML derivative.
But that's not all we can use XML data for. We can in fact bind to XML data. This is fairly easy to do in XAML. We can either have the XAML hold the XML data (though this is probably not the norm), or use external XML files.
Either way, the normal proceeding is to use an XmlDataProvider within the XAML/code. Like I said earlier, I think most Bindings will be done in XAML, and I will stick to that.
As part of the demo solution, you will find a project entitled "BindingToXML" which, when run, will look like the following:
The top two sections of this demo app use XAML held XML data, and the bottom two use an external XML file.
XmlDataProvider Using XAML Held Data (Inline XML Data)
It is entirely possible to hold all the XML data within the XAML file, and use this data as a source for Binding. Let's see an example of this:
<Window x:Class="BindingToXML.Window1"
 xmlns="_URL_
 xmlns:x="_URL_
 WindowStartupLocation="CenterScreen"
 Title="Window1" Height="800" Width="800">
 <Window.Resources>
 <!-- inline XML data-->
 <XmlDataProvider x:Key="xmlData" XPath="Films">
 <x:XData>
 <Films xmlns="">
 <Film Type="Horror" Year="1987">
 <Director>Sam Raimi</Director>
 <Title>Evil Dead II</Title>
 </Film>
 <Film Type="Murder" Year="1991">
 <Director>Jonathan Demme</Director>
 <Title>Silence Of The Lambs</Title>
 </Film>
 <Film Type="Sc" Year="1979">
 <Director>Ridley Scott</Director>
 <Title>Alien</Title>
 </Film>
 </Films>
 </x:XData>
 </XmlDataProvider>
 </Window.Resources>
 <ScrollViewer>
 <StackPanel Orientation="Vertical">
 <!-- Simple XPath Binding using inline XML data-->
 <Label Content="Show all Films (using inline XML data)"
 Margin="5,0,0,0" FontSize="14" FontWeight="Bold" />
 <StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal" Margin="10,10,10,10"
 Background="Gainsboro">
 <ListBox ItemsSource="{Binding Source={StaticResource xmlData},
 XPath=Film/Title}"/>
 </StackPanel>
 <!-- More Complicated XPath Binding using inline XML data-->
 <Label Content="Show Only Films After 1991 (using inline XML data)"
 Margin="5,0,0,0" FontSize="14" FontWeight="Bold" />
 <StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal" Margin="10,10,10,10"
 Background="Gainsboro">
 <ListBox ItemsSource="{Binding Source={StaticResource xmlData},
 XPath=*[@Year>\=1991]}"/>
 </StackPanel>
 </StackPanel>
 </ScrollViewer>
</Window>
It can be seen from this example that we use an inline (in the XAML) XML dataset for the XmlDataProvider. And that we use the XmlDataProvider as the BindingSource for the ListBox. In this example, the first ListBox shows all Films/Titles as we are just fetching the Film/Title nodeset using the Binding.XPath=Film/Title, so we get all Titles shown.
The second ListBox is a bit fussier, and uses a bit of XPath notation to traverse the attribute axis and only fetches those nodes that have Year > 1991, so we get less nodes returned.
XmlDataProvider Using External XML File
As I say, it's going to be more common to use external XML files with the XmlDataProvider, which can be done as follows. Where the XmlDataProvider's Source property is set to the external XML file.
<XmlDataProvider x:Key="xmlDataSeperateFile"
 XPath="Resteraunts" Source="XMLFile1.xml">
</XmlDataProvider>
Using this arrangement is much the same as we saw before where we can use XPath to fetch all the nodes or use XPath to only match those nodes where the attribute matches the requirements. In this example, the second ListBox only shows "Mexican" restaurants from the XML file, using the following XPath:
<ListBox ItemsSource="{Binding Source={StaticResource
 xmlDataSeperateFile}, XPath=*[@Type\=\'Mexican\']}"/>
And here is the full example:
<Window x:Class="BindingToXML.Window1"
 xmlns="_URL_
 xmlns:x="_URL_
 WindowStartupLocation="CenterScreen"
 Title="Window1" Height="800" Width="800">
 <Window.Resources>
 <!-- external XML data-->
 <XmlDataProvider x:Key="xmlDataSeperateFile" XPath="Resteraunts"
 Source="XMLFile1.xml">
 </XmlDataProvider>
 </Window.Resources>
 <ScrollViewer>
 <StackPanel Orientation="Vertical">
 <!-- Simple XPath Binding using seperate XML data-->
 <Label Content="Show all Resteraunts (using seperate XML data)"
 Margin="5,0,0,0" FontSize="14" FontWeight="Bold" />
 <StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal" Margin="10,10,10,10"
 Background="Gainsboro">
 <ListBox ItemsSource="{Binding Source=
 {StaticResource xmlDataSeperateFile},
 XPath=Resteraunt/Name}"/>
 </StackPanel>
 <!-- More Complicated XPath Binding using seperate XML data-->
 <Label Content="Show Only Mexican Resteraunts (using inline XML data)"
 Margin="5,0,0,0" FontSize="14" FontWeight="Bold" />
 <StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal" Margin="10,10,10,10"
 Background="Gainsboro">
 <ListBox ItemsSource="{Binding Source={StaticResource xmlDataSeperateFile},
 XPath=*[@Type\=\'Mexican\']}"/>
 </StackPanel>
 </StackPanel>
 </ScrollViewer>
</Window>
And here's the associated XML file (should you be curious about its structure):
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<Resteraunts xmlns="">
 <Resteraunt Type="Meat">
 <Name>The MeatHouse</Name>
 <Phone>01237 78516</Phone>
 <email>_EMAIL_</email>
 </Resteraunt>
 <Resteraunt Type="Veggie">
 <Name>VegHead</Name>
 <Phone>99999</Phone>
 <email>_EMAIL_</email>
 </Resteraunt>
 <Resteraunt Type="Mexican">
 <Name>Mexican't (El Mariachi)</Name>
 <Phone>464654654</Phone>
 <email>_EMAIL_</email


text:
Institutes at Perkiomen
The Institutes at Perkiomen School allow students to rigorously apply a liberal arts education.
Experience is the best teacher. At Perkiomen our Institutes guide students to interact with and apply the knowledge and skills they learn. Not only do students acquire a deep understanding of the topics they explore, but they also demonstrate heightened engagement resulting from choice and agency in the topics and methods of education. Preparing students today to thrive in the context of the future requires a bold and forward-facing approach to learning. We are sculpting an innovative model based on sound best practices. Come learn more and be a part of the conversation.
Shaun T. Yorgey '97
Director of Strategic Innovation
At Perkiomen since 2006

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The Design Research Center (DRC) is an organized research unit that operates as an extension of the University of North Texas (UNT) College of Visual Arts and Design (CVAD). Located in the heart of the downtown Dallas, Texas business district, it functions as a laboratory space that supports the endeavors of UNT faculty, staff and students engaged in design research, and as a classroom space that supports the core credit courses that comprise the curriculums of UNT CVAD's MA and MFA programs in Design with Concentrations in Innovation Studies.
While the kinds of thinking that inform how design research is understood, contextualized, practiced, documented and reported do share some fundamental similarities with the kinds of thinking that inform these aspects of research in other disciplines, design research is also unique in several ways. The research endeavors undertaken by the DRC and its contingent of faculty, staff and students are guided by the same rigorous criticality of processes and methods, the same focus on the analysis of intentionality and the same diligent attention to clarity that are hallmarks of research endeavors undertaken in the sciences.
As practiced at the DRC, design research involves collaborations and partnerships between people who occupy and traverse many different worlds. The problems we confront tend to require the expertise of individuals and groups who possess knowledge derived from their experiences in:
- small, mid-sized and large businesses
- community groups
- non-governmental organizations
- governmental organizations
- schools and education centers
- healthcare associations
- not-for-profit entities
- university-based researchers/scholars from a wide variety of disciplines
What makes design research unique is that it allows for outcomes that have NOT been pre-conceived before a given research plan has been initiated. Satisfying a very finitely specified, pre-ordained research objective does NOT tend to allow for results that are truly inventive, creative or innovative, nor does it tend to yield results that have the potential to positively transform human activity. The diverse array of approaches to research that are practiced, formulated and taught in the DRC are underpinned by the idea that research can catalyze situations, instigate and manage the creation of new, better things and environments and deliver new knowledge (or increase our ability to understand and utilize extant knowledge).
Design research is often informed by iteratively guided, heuristically informed approaches; it utilizes inductive and abductive reasoning to generate and test its hypotheses; its intentionality is often driven by improving how humans work and live and interact in given scenarios and situations.
The DRC also exists to facilitate basic, elemental discussions about what design research IS, as well as how it can be better practiced and more effectively understood. It is a place that welcomes the application and testing of a plurality of approaches and conceptions of research from a variety of viewpoints, guided by a diverse amalgam of philosophies. It is a place where disciplinary boundaries rub together, overlap and revamp each other.


Reference > Brewer's Dictionary > Arras,
tapestry. So called from Arras, in Artois, famed for its manufacture. When rooms were hung with tapestry it was a common thing for persons to hide behind it, especially the arras curtain before the door. Hubert concealed the two villains who were to put out Arthur's eyes behind the arras. Polo'nius was slain by Hamlet while concealed behind the arras. Falstaff proposed to hide behind the arras at Windsor, etc. 1


2
I have a column of URLs with hidden URL values (meaning that when you click on it you are redirected to the real website e.g. _URL_):
enter image description here
Cell example:
=HYPERLINK("_URL_
I need to visit each link manually to get the real URL and put it in the cell next to it.
What is the best way to automate this process?
1
Check redirectnator
enter image description here
Main purpose of the script is to check server code status but you can also look for the final url.
Here's the code
function redirectCheck(url, user, pwd) {
 try {
 function getResp(url, user, pwd){
 var resp = UrlFetchApp.fetch(url, {
 muteHttpExceptions: true,
 followRedirects: false,
 headers: {
 'Authorization': 'Basic ' + Utilities.base64Encode(user+':'+pwd)
 }
 });
 return resp;
 }
 var response = getResp(url, user, pwd);
 var rCode = response.getResponseCode();
 var redirectCount = 0;
 var tCode = rCode.toString();
 var location = url;
 var domain = getDomain(url);
 while (rCode == 301 || rCode == 302 && redirectCount <= 10) {
 redirectCount++;
 header = response.getHeaders();
 location = getFullUrl(header['Location'],domain);
 domain = getDomain(location);
 Logger.log('location: '+location);
 response = getResp(location, user, pwd);
 rCode = response.getResponseCode();
 tCode = tCode + " > " + rCode.toString();
 Utilities.sleep(500);// pause in the loop for 500 milliseconds
 }
 Logger.log('redirectCount: '+redirectCount);
 return tCode + "|" + redirectCount + "|" + location;
 } catch (error) {
 Logger.log(error);
 return "Error| |"+error;
 }
}
function getDomain(url) {
 var domain = '',
 protocol;
 if (url.indexOf("://") > -1) {
 domain = url.split('/')[2];
 protocol = url.split('/')[0];
 //remove port number
 domain = domain.split(':')[0];
 //add protocol back
 domain = protocol+"//"+domain;
 }
 return domain;
}
function getFullUrl(url,prevDom) {
 var fullUrl,
 domain = getDomain(url);
 if(domain == ''){
 fullUrl = prevDom+url;
 } else {
 fullUrl = url;
 }
 return fullUrl;
}
function redirectCheckTest() {
 var test = redirectCheck('_URL_');
 Logger.log('test: '+test);
}
| improve this answer | |
 - Thanks a lot! This is what I need! But the next challenge is that my website requires login to redirect those links. I've tried "Username", "Password" fields provided by Redirectnator tool but it doesn't work. Do you have any ideas? – Olex Apr 27 at 18:11
 - Do you have an URL to share ? what tech the website is using ? – pjmg Apr 27 at 21:06
-1
Please use the following formula:
=IFNA(ArrayFormula(REGEXEXTRACT(A1:A,".+\w+")))
(adjust the range to your needs)
Functions used:
| improve this answer | |
 - Please remember that as per site guidelines when an answer addresses your question, accept it and even upvote it so others can benefit as well. – marikamitsos Apr 27 at 12:44
 - 1
 Thanks for your help! I think I wasn't clear enough in my question. Please have a look on the updated one. – Olex Apr 27 at 12:57
 - I see your edit. So how could the sheet know which site the link redirects to? Is the real URL info anywhere in any cell? – marikamitsos Apr 27 at 13:00
 - There is no real info in the cell. I need to visit URL to get the real one. – Olex Apr 27 at 13:02
 - "I need to visit each link manually to get the real URL and put it in the cell next to it." There is no other way. That is the whole point of masking a URL. The masking action takes place on the server side, so you do have to click on the link. – marikamitsos Apr 27 at 13:11
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text: The maintenance effect of hexobarbital on drug-metabolizing enzyme activities were investigated in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. Hexobarbital (lmM) was treated to culture media directly at the time of initial plating. The activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, aminopyrine N-demethylase, and DMN demethylase were measured 24hr after culture. Hexobarbital increased the activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes in hormone-supplemented AB medium compared with WOBA-M medium. To elucidate these differences, the activities of 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase of primary culture different culture conditions were examined. Hydrocortisone in AB medium significantly affected the maintenance effect of hexobarbital. The increase of drug-metabolizing enzyme activity by hexobarbital was proportional to the concentration of hydrocortisone supplemented in culture medium.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
- the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Monongalia County is a former county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It was identified in 1858, although the Dakota War of 1862 delayed its organization until 1861. It was named after Monongalia County, Virginia (Now Monongalia County, West Virginia)after residents moved from Virginia to Minnesota. The county seat was at New London,after a brief staying at Columbia.
In 1870 the state legislature ordered it merged with Kandiyohi County, its southern neighbor. Neither county had been able up till then to raise enough money to build a courthouse. In February 1871, they finally agreed to make Willmar the new county seat,succeeding to Kandiyohi Station.
- source: Source:Population of States and Counties of the United States: _PHONE_
| Census Year || Population
| 1860 || 350
| 1870 || 3,161


text:
Bradspace can offer a broad range of Space Project Consultancy services covering (but not limited to) the following:
- General consultancy services for the space industry
- Defining strategies for space sector organisations and programmes
- Assistance in defining and planning all aspects of a space project, understanding the unique characteristics of space projects including the technical, legal, programmatic, regulatory and commercial aspects
- Setting up a space business in the UK
- Bid preparation & reviewing
- Help with space sector contacts – industry, academic & institutional contacts and influencers
- Assistance in finding and targeting funding streams and mechanisms
- Generating and reviewing project plans, including spacecraft development and qualification plans.
- Budget & cost estimating
- Advising on the capabilities and limitations of satellites and spacecraft
- Understanding national and international space strategies and policies
- Understanding and interfacing with the space insurance sector
- Defining and shaping space projects programmes from end to end
- Assisting with space education and outreach projects
- Space Launch systems, launch sites and logistics, and space ports
- Space Launch related logistics, infrastructure, regulatory and legal aspects.
We can also offer bespoke training courses or sessions on any of the above.


Skip to main content
Shades of Blue: Patagonia's Glacial Lakes
(Image credit: NASA)
The glacial lakes of Patagonia are blue beacons standing between the richly forested islands and peninsulas of Chile and the high, arid plain stretches east from the Andes in this image taken by NASA's Terra satellite last month.
Like glaciers the world over, Andean glaciers have slowly pulverized the rocks below into fine-grained sediments. When pooled in glacial lakes, glacial (or rock) flour colors the water bright turquoise. Patagonian glaciers have been grinding rocks into flour for at least a few million years.


text:
Beginning in August 2011, most large cruise ships will no longer be able to sail in Antarctica.
The International Maritime Organization this week adopted a ban on using and carrying heavy fuel oil on ships operating in Antarctic waters.
The regulation, which was expected to be adopted, essentially bans cruise ships with more than 500 passengers from sailing in Antarctica, because even though they would agree to use lighter fuels there, the ban on carriage would prove too costly for those vessels.
The largest cruise ships that cruise Antarctic waters can carry more than 2,000 passengers, operated by lines like Princess Cruises and Holland America Line. Those ships do cruise-only trips to Antarctica, not allowing passengers to disembark, but getting close enough for them to see Antarctic land, observe penguins and encounter icebergs.
Cruise operators, represented by the International Association of Antarctica Tourism Operators, support the principles behind the ban, said Steve Wellmeier, IAATO's executive director.
"Largely, it will be the large cruise-only vessels that are affected, rather than the smaller expedition ships that most people think of as Antarctic cruising," Wellmeier said.
According to IAATO, the number of cruise-only passengers that will visit Antarctic waters is expected to fall from 15,531 this past Antarctica season to 6,400 once the ban takes effect.
The smaller ships use light marine gas oil, which is less harmful than many fuels and dissipates quickly in water, posing less environmental damage in the event of a leak.
In 2005, the Antarctic Treaty Parties requested that the IMO restrict use of heavy fuel in Antarctic waters due to the risk of an oil spill in the event of a collision with an iceberg.
Several incidents over the last few years raised concerns about such incidents as sailings increased in popularity, including the sinking of one expedition vessel after colliding with an iceberg.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Guest Author - Caroline Baker
Monkeys are playful creatures, often the joy of many zoo-goers because of their constant activity. They are cruious and willing to experiment with things in their environment, often finding new and creative ways to use them. Monkeys are in constant movement, never stopping even if they get hit.
Martial artists who perform in monkey styles are perhaps the most interesting performers to watch. They will literally take on the air of this creature, crouching down low and holding their "paws" just as the animal would in nature.
As these artist tumble, roll and jump, they maintain a low center of gravity, thus making it very hard to dislodge them. Even if they are thrown off balance, their constant bouncing allows them to recover very quickly. While not the most powerful of the primates, they make up for it by being smart. Attack only when their are opening and staying as far out of reach as possible from the opponent. Their inventive nature will allow them to often use elements in the environment to their advantage.
Learn more about other animals & elements in Martial Arts as part of our Chinese New Years articles.


text:
Wombat Conservation Project
Steve Irwin and the Australia Zoo team love wombats. It's as simple as that. Why else would you build a one-acre enclosure with large air-conditioned dens and then put just three Common Wombats in it? The Australia Zoo wombats have the best life of any captive wombat anywhere in the world. Almost to prove the point, both of our females have produced offspring in the last two years despite being hand-raised, something that usually prevents breeding in captivity. Their offspring, two female joeys, have also been hand-raised and now share time in the enclosure with their parents. Given that the new enclosure has only had wombats in it for 30 months, the enclosure and husbandry regimes have been enormously successful.
The experience of caring for the adults and producing these Common Wombat joeys has just been the start of an ambitious program by Australia Zoo to aid the critically endangered Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat.
The Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat is one of the most endangered species of mammal in the world. There are currently no more than 113 individuals left in the wild, and this is an ambitious guess based upon random hair-sampling of active burrows. At one point in the 1970s it was thought that the population was as low as 35 individuals, so there has been some progress in stabilising the population.
This species was only ever known to exist in three locations - Jerilderie in western New South Wales, around St. George in south-west Queensland and at Epping Forest near Clermont in central Queensland. Today they are only found in an area that consists of 300 hectares of bush in Epping Forest National Park, having become extinct in the other locations in the early part of last century.
Northern Hairy-nosed Wombats have only ever once been brought into a controlled captive environment; a zoological facility in New South Wales in the mid 1990s. Unfortunately this single male animal passed away after a short period, so there was little learned from the time it was cared for. Given how few Northern Hairy-nosed Wombats there are, Australia Zoo has started a husbandry program on the more common Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat.
The Southern and Northern Hairy-nosed Wombats are genetically much more closely related to each other than either of them are to the Common Wombat. They show many similar traits in their life history, and both are specialists in their habitat selection. Both species live in semi-arid areas where the rainfall is sporadic, the summers long and hot and where nighttime temperatures can plummet below zero. Tough for any species to survive, but when you add that usually neither species has access to free standing water, it's easy to see that these animals have to be specialists to survive. The secret to their survival is a combination of behaviour, habitat selection and physiology. Hairy-nosed wombats have an incredibly low metabolic rate and a digestive system that is incredibly slow, allowing every tiny bit of moisture to be absorbed from their food. The behaviour to conserve moisture is simply to spend most of their lives resting below ground, away from hot temperatures. In summer these animals may only spend an hour or so above ground in the cool hours before dawn. Where both species become highly specialised and why historically they never had wide distributions, is in the selection of the soil that they choose to dig a burrow.
Both species live in sandy soil; however, a burrow in pure sand would not be stable and would cause the animals to dehydrate. So hairy-nosed wombats dig in areas and make burrows in sandy soils that will remain humid, so reducing moisture loss. For the Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat, this means digging burrows along old creek beds or dunes that have a certain clay component to hold moisture. For the Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat, animals make burrows under layers of soft rock that is floating in the sandy soils. Wombats will dig right through this rock, as a burrow formed under the rock will retain a much higher humidity.
As part of the Australia Zoo wombat conservation program, we have obtained five orphaned Southern Hairy-nosed Wombats from a property in South Australia that was under extreme drought and has had an estimated 80% decline in its adult wombat population. The five animals being raised were all obtained in March 2004 and were varied in their size and age.
Clare Gover is playing'mum' to these wombats and is raising all five animals together. Clare has a wealth of experience in raising marsupials and is a natural born mother.
The five little wombats have all been named and are pictured below.
Australia Zoo has developed an ambitious four-stage plan for these Southern Hairy-nosed Wombats.
- Collect and transport the animals successfully - done!
- Raise as many to independence as possible -
- Successfully establish the animals onto a captive diet; and
- Display and trial soft release programs.
So far, stage one has been successfully completed and stage two is well on its way. Knowledge from this transportation and raising is already being collated and has been used by researchers in South Australia.
Australia Zoo has a great interest in the conservation of all three species of wombat, a group of animals found nowhere else in the world. The Zoo has already bred and hand-raised the Common Wombat and is now working on the Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat. This knowledge will greatly aid the conservation of these two species, and it will no doubt help develop skills that can be used to assist the survival of the Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat


text:
Dear candidates: We really appreciate the time and effort you put in throughout our selection process. As of today, this position is no longer vacant. If more opportunities come up in the future, we will also post them on Applecensorship.com
An open invitation to open minds.
Come to AppleCensorship, where few individual imaginations gather together to pave the way to a digital world free from censorship. Here, you'll do more than join something — you'll add something.
Job Title: Researcher/Writer (Part-Time)
Date of Joining: May 2021
Duration: 12 months
Reporting to: Campaign and Advocacy Director
The mission of AppleCensorship is to track down and expose occurrences of censorship and arbitrary removals of apps from Apple's App Store. We monitor and report on instances when Apple removes apps from certain country-based app stores, often in compliance with requests from repressive governments. We also advocate for Apple to change their App Store Review Guidelines, which in their current form violate the fundamental human rights of millions of Apple users around the world. Most notably, human rights defenders, journalists, lawyers and activists who operate in China and other repressive environments are most impacted by Apple's arbitrary censorship and compliance with authoritarian governments worldwide. In accordance with the U.N Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, AppleCensorship seeks to encourage Apple to place respect of human rights ahead of its financial interests. AppleCensorship is actively engaging with stakeholders on these issues, including human rights organizations and community members, app developers, and local groups most affected by Apple's harm. AppleCensorship is a project of GreatFire.org, which monitors and challenges internet censorship in China.
The Researcher/Writer (Part-Time) will:
- Write in-depth reports and supervise the editorial and translation processes.
- Produce high quality and varied research for a range of audiences including analysis, report writing and visual presentations.
- Identify and frame research topics to conduct in-depth studies and investigations, using data gathered using AppleCensorship.com's App Store Monitor tool. as well as external sources and materials.
- Conduct online and offline research on censorship of apps by Apple as well as on the impact of the company's processes which lead to such cases of censorship.
- Interview and engage with stakeholders (end-users, developers, human rights organizations, tech specialists, Apple executives, etc.) to collect information.
- Analyze the local context and environment on both macro and micro levels as it relates to censorship by Apple. Conduct quantitative and qualitative analysis on specific apps and cases of confirmed or alleged arbitrary removal of apps and their impact.
- Conduct legal analysis and comparative studies of the legal framework in authoritarian regimes and countries where cases of app censorship have been reported and how this relates to Apple's business practices in these countries.
- Provide recommendations and suggest best practices in order to expand or adjust AppleCensorship's advocacy efforts with the end goal of ending Apple censorship.
- Maintain record of research process, including written log of methods and actions employed, data sourced used, and raw data produced for subsequent analysis.
- Supervise illustration (including data visualization, charts, graphs, tables, pictures, infographics, and diagrams) work throughout the editorial process.
- Assist in report dissemination and the creation of promotional materials, such as press releases, social media posts, and media blurbs…
Qualifications (must have):
- There is no degree requirement for this position. However, we will consider applicants with relevant skills and experience, including those with degrees in political science, International law, or a closely related field. Current Master's or PhD degree seekers are welcome to apply.
- Ability and willingness to work under tight deadlines;
- Familiarity with MS Office applications or Google suite, data analysis;
- Excellent English oral and written communication skills;
Qualifications (nice to have): Specializations in digital mobile industry OR human rights and censorship OR Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) OR International law; Advanced knowledge of iOS and the App Store environment; Advanced knowledge of China is helpful, including Chinese language skills;
Job level: Early Career to Experienced
Contract: Freelance Contract / fixed term contract
Salary: 750 – 1250 $
Application process: Send an email with your resume and cover letter to [email protected]
All applications are handled with utmost care for privacy and security of applicant. For additional security, create a free ProtonMail account before sending your email to us.


text:
Design of a concrete conveyor system for high rise construction sites
MetadataShow full item record
Concrete conveyors systems especially the bucket elevator systems are powered equipment for conveying bulk material in a vertical or steep inclined path, consisting of an endless belt or chain to which the buckets are fixed. With the flexible belt or chain, the buckets move unidirectionally within the casing and collect the material in this case the concrete material at the bottom and deliver it at the top end. A range of different methods have been used to determine the shape, parameters, specifications, size, materials to be used during the design process. The project was based on designing a belt bucket conveyor system that conveyor 27m3/hr of concrete as an output and with a lifting height of 6-7m. modelling of the different components of the bucket conveyor system have been done using 3D modelling soft wares based upon the dimensions obtained from the parametric deign and the assembly of the components is also included to clearly show the sub-assemblies of the conveyor system.


Happy Birthday Carissa Love You!!!!
Seasons Change
Trees and leaves have deep-rooted symbolic meaning in virtually every culture on earth. Forests are the abode of the nature spirits, leprechauns and sasquatches. Forests are a refuge from danger, a source of food and ancient healing roots, home to wild animals and singing birds. Forests provide us with wood and paper and oxygen. Forests are alive, mysterious and constantlyContinue reading "Seasons Change"
Who knew flowers had so many different meanings? Can they not just be pretty and smell sweet? I mean some of them even taste good… BUT THEN AGAIN SOME OF THEM WILL KILL YOU OR YOUR CAT! You better learn about your plants and be Smart! Pay attention in school! And watch your children, whenContinue reading "FLOWER MEANINGS: THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS"


text:
1. The Katy freeway, also known as interstate 10, located just West of Houston Texas, is reportedly the widest freeway in the World. How many lanes is this freeway?
2. This coming October, there will be 5 – Saturdays, and 5 – Sundays. This occurs once every 823 years. What is the name of this occurrence?
A. The 5 & 5
B. Not again
C. Money bags
3. In 1877 an Arizonia prospector found and set claim to a new vein of Silver. This area was way beyond where most prospectors would travel. Due its distance, his friends discouraged him from going and told him, he would probably end up dead if he continued. What was the name given to this area?
A. Two Guns
B. Boot Hill
4. When it comes to train tracks, what is the exact measurement between ties?
A. 7.0 inches
B. 8.5 inches
C. 9.7 inches
5. TRUE or FALSE – There are over 33,000 radio stations Worldwide?
6. Beethoven's fifth was the first symphony to include which musical instrument?
7. Which year did the Beach Boys form?
8. TRUE or FALSE – The phase "jet lag" was once called "boat lag" before airplanes existed?
9. What does the word "Zorro" mean in Spanish?
10. What is the oldest word in the English language?
Be sure to visit the Repeaters/Nets section for more information.


If the airflow section of your tank is out of alignment, it can throw up some connection issues causing the coil to fail to read on your battery or device. Often this related to the device being dropped or knocked, but it's normally a straightforward process to put right.
The tank should appear straight and in alignment when you look at it head on. If you notice a slant, or sizeable gaps between sections of the airflow as pictured below, it's very likely that this is what's causing the issue.
It's an easy fix though:
 - Take the airflow off of your tank
 - Take the coil out of the airflow
 - Place the airflow on a solid surface
 - Push down on the airflow with plenty of force (easier to do by placing a heavy book on top). It might 'pop' as it slots back into position
That should be enough to realign the airflow, allowing for a solid connection between the tank/coil and battery, and resolve the issue.


text:
Edithvale Flood Management Project
Council has commenced a program of major works to improve the local drainage network and minimise the impact of severe weather events.
This program aims to improve drainage in the northern part of Edithvale.
Initial works commenced in 2015 and we are now approaching Stages 3 and 4.
These works have included:
- The construction of large pipes and pumps through Edithvale Common during 2018. This has significantly improved the stormwater outlet for this catchment.
- Major drainage works along the northern end of Kinross Avenue during 2021.
- Plans to continue the major drainage works along Keith Avenue as part of road renewal works along a section of Montrose Avenue.
- Further plans to prioritise drainage improvements along other streets in this area, including sections of Lochiel Avenue.
Stages 3 and 4 are scheduled to commence in February 2022, it's estimated that these will take five months to complete.
1300 653 356


text:
Definition of Glycoprotein
Glycoprotein: A molecule that consists of a carbohydrate plus a protein.
Glycoproteins play essential roles in the body. For instance, in the immune system almost all of the key molecules involved in the immune response are glycoproteins.
A glycopeptide is similar in structure to a glycoprotein but has a shorter chain of amino acids.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 6/14/2012
Medical Dictionary Definitions A - Z
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text:
PICSE & Helix Nebula
The idea of PICSE came about & matured with the experience of the Helix Nebula initiative in which all the three partners forming the PICSE consortium (CERN, Coordinator, CSA, Trust-IT Services) are involved.
The work performed during the Helix Nebula initiative during its two years pilot phase has shown that cloud services are suitable for scientific workloads performed by public research organisations and they are now prepared to consider procuring commercial cloud services on a significant scale.
Within the Helix Nebula consortium, a number of public research organisations have made written commitments to the initiative on the understanding that the services will be made available on a commercial basis. These public research organisations will be one of the key groups of the PICSE Procurers' Network and include:
- The European Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN)
- The Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)
- The Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA) of the National Research Council (CNR)
- The Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR)
- The European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
- The European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI)
- The European Space Agency (ESA)
- The Department Port d'Informació Científica (PIC) of the Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE)
Public research organisations, representing both international and national research agencies, have prior experience of cross-border procurements. The international research organisations have selected three flagship use cases, which are being used to assess, evaluate and benchmark their respective ICT service needs. This will provide the initial data for the procurement model and ensure that the model has a European-wide dimension.
- The CERN - ATLAS8 use case evaluates the use of cloud technologies for the ATLAS data processing, integrates cloud computing resources with the existing ATLAS distributed grid based computing software and services, and implements the ATLAS cloud computing model within its distributed data management, production and analysis system, as well as related tools and services.
- EMBL9 is broadening the scope of large-scale genomic analysis while limiting capital investments in computing infrastructure. The necessity here is to provide data storage coupled with processing of a complex workflow, which is elastic enough to meet the growing demand for computing power.
- Through its SuperSites Exploitation Platform use case (SSEP), ESA10 is building an open source, unified ecosystem with improved data products for solid earth data research, providing secure sharing of data, and enabling international collaboration within a larger user base to improve understanding of the phenomena.
The sponsors of these use cases, as public organisations, are subject to divergent jurisdictions and independent procurement processes. In the framework of Helix Nebula, research on existing procurement rules vis-à-vis the requirements and nature of the demand-side organisations led to the identification of two business models, on which PICSE intends to build:
- Generic Cloud Computing for European Science as a starting point
- Information-as-a-Service as a long-term goal
The cloud service suppliers, in collaboration with the research organisations deploying these flagship use-case applications within Helix Nebula, have developed a set of draft contractual agreements for an initial procurement of IaaS services with multiple suppliers via a broker-based model over a period of one to two years. The procurement and legal groups within the research organisations are working to ensure that the draft contract agreements conform to their independent procurement processes. The Case Studies will investigate the feasibility and facilitate the concrete preparation of a crossborder PCP or PPI for at least one shared common procurement need.


1. Avocado Pits: Cut your avocado in half lengthwise. Using a large knife, hit the pit with the blade and twist. The pit will pop right out. If you're making fresh guacamole, save the pit for storing in with your leftover guac. Keeping the pit with the avocado will keep it nice and green instead of letting it go brown.
2. Sliceable Cherry Tomatoes: Here's one of those life hacks so simple you'll be shocked that you probably never thought of it before: put cherry tomatoes (or any fruit that rolls about, really) between two small plastic container lids. Slide your knife in-between the lids to cut the tomatoes in half.
5. Bacon: What cooking tips list would be complete without a bacon tip? It's tricky to cook perfectly. Try this easy method a la Alton Brown. Cook your bacon in your waffle iron. So simple and mess-free!
6. Bell Pepper Seeds: Cut the top and bottom off your bell peppers. Then use the knife to slice the entire flesh ring off of the seed pod. Once it's off, you can slice or dice your pepper as desired.
7. Ginger Skin: Use a spoon or metal teaspoon to scrape the skin off of your ginger root. Though it looks super gnarly, the skin's actually quite soft and scrapes away easily.
8. Egg Shells: If you get a bit of egg shell in your bowl, don't use your fingers to chase it out. Take another piece of shell and stick it in the bowl near the fragment. Like attracts like and the shell piece will stick easily. The same method works with yolk bits that slip into your egg whites, too!
Related on Organic Authority
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, 25] here gives the diffusion current, provides the contribution of the electric component called conduction current, and provides the contribution of the magnetic component named the induction current [15].
Following the orientation of the electric field and of the magnetic field given in Figure 1, the solving of the magnetotransport equation gives the different components of the photocurrent expressed in the following equation:
Equation (7) facilitates the establishment of the continuity equation. It gives the expression of the density of the photocurrent into the base of the solar cell and consequently in the grain. The next point will provide the establishment of the continuity equation and its solution.
2.3. Continuity Equation
The continuity equation [26, 27] is given by the following equation:
If the illumination is permanent, the state is steady [26]. Hence, ; gives the recombination rate of the electronic charge after generation. Its expression is [28] with , the electron's life time, and , the generation rate.
The compilation of equations (7) and (8) leads to the following equation. where ,, andare the diffusion coefficient depending on magnetic field and is the diffusion length depending on the magnetic field. The carrier's generation rate for a monochromatic incident illumination can be written as follows [29]:
and are, respectively, absorption and reflection coefficients in the wavelength, and is the incident photon flow.
The excess minority carrier's density, the general solution of the continuity equation, is given by [19, 30, 31] with and . The constants and are found through the grain in grain boundary conditions which are
Replacing equation (11) into equations (12) and (13) leads to the following transcendental equations:
The coefficients and are the solutions of these transcendental equations which are solved numerically.
Equation (9) is a second-order differential equation at constant coefficient with a second member. Using equation (11), equation (9) allows to find the next equation.
In this equation, the term , which is a first derivative in relation with position , is similar to a damping term [24], and . The resolution of this equation gives the next equation as solution with , [32], and . The solution taking account and is provided by
The real constants and are found using the solar cell's boundary conditions: (i)At the junction ():(ii)At the rear face ():
is the junction dynamic velocity, and it quantifies the number of excess carriers which are collected in junction in a given operating condition (open circuit, intermediate operating point, and short circuit) [3234]. is the back surface recombination velocity, and it quantifies the losses of the carrier charge at the solar cell's rear side [32]. The solution 17 leads to the general solution in replacing it in equation (11).
The determination of the density of excess minority carrier charge provides the way to study the electric parameter as the density of the photocurrent, the photovoltage, and the electric power which will be evaluated in the next section.
2.4. Photocurrent Density Expressions
Equation (7) is used to find the density of the photocurrent. This equation shows that the current is a vector where its strength is expressed by the following equation:
The integration of the different components allows to find the current as following that we are going to call global current: with the electronic mobility coefficient depending on magnetic field and . The global current after taking accounts and is
The totality of the photocurrent density is not transferred to the external load. One part is leaked in the parasite resistances [12]. It is called the leakage photocurrent. But another part is transferred to the external load [12]. It will be named the transferred photocurrent. The PV boundary conditions at the junction is . In this expression, [34]. For an ideal PV cell, . The compilation of these two equations allows to rewrite equation (24) as follows: where the transferred photocurrent can be defined by the following equation.
And the leakage photocurrent can be defined as shown by the following equation:
2.5. Photovoltage Expression
The expression of the photovoltage is obtained by application of Boltzmann's relation. It is [30, 35]
After all compilations, the photovoltage becomes as follows: where and is thermal voltage. wherein and are, respectively, the intrinsic carrier's density at the thermal equilibrium and the base doping density level.
2.6. Electrical Power Expressions
The electric power which will be calculated using global current will be named global electric power. The expression of the global electric power [26, 29, 32, 36] is given by the following equation.
Equation (30) expresses of the transferred electric power.
The leakage electric power is expressed into the following equation.
The evaluation of the different electric parameters versus electromagnetic field and illumination wavelength will be presented in Results and Discussions.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Current versus Electromagnetic Field
The electromagnetic field transports the energy at a high frequency from the emission antenna to the reception antenna [37]. The variation of the electromagnetic field depends on the reverse of the distance between the source and the PV cell. Figure 4 shows the evolution of the global photocurrent density when the electromagnetic field meets the polycrystalline solar cell.
The evolution of the photocurrent density is very weak for low values of . It increases with the increase of the . In fact, normally, there is no crossing of the junction when the solar cell is in an open circuit (low ). But in a short circuit (great ), all the carrier's charges cross the junction to improve the photocurrent. In the presence of an electromagnetic field, an important current in the open circuit is created which can reach the short circuit situation current when the distance source-PV cell is weak. Some studies proved that for a magnetic field values lower than cannot influence the photocurrent [22, 3840]. The magnetic field which is greater than this value is able to cause an accumulation of the carrier's charge at the junction by deflection [11]. That accumulation of the carrier's charge will have an increase of the voltage as a consequence. Thus, the electric field is the main cause of the presence of the current in an open circuit situation. The electric field provides an enormous kinetic energy to electrons. Because of its orientation, it propels the charge carriers towards the emitter. This is what explains the increase in photocurrent density. The electric field brings the sufficient kinetic energy to the minority carrier's charge to cross the junction participating in the increase of the photocurrent [6, 12]. The apparition of the current in the open circuit translates the presence of a leakage current into the junction.
Figure 5 presents the behaviour of the transferred photocurrent while the electromagnetic field varies.
There is no current for normally without an electromagnetic field mainly for an ideal PV cell. However, the transferred photocurrent density begins always around the open circuit situation because of the presence of the electromagnetic field. Also, if the electromagnetic field is great, the transferred quantity of the carrier's charge rises abruptly. When the distance source-solar cell is weak, there is an augmentation of the electromagnetic field and particularly its electric component. This electric component comes in addition to the internal electricity created between the different doping levels around the space charge region (SCR). These electric fields raise the kinetic energy of the minority carrier's charge causing the increase of the transferred current. However, the values of the short circuit show an improvement compared to the known technology today [41, 42]. One part of the global photocurrent density is also lost. The next paragraph presents the evolution of this loss current. In Figure 6, the evolution of the leakage photocurrent density versus the electromagnetic field is shown.
Figure 6 presents the persistence of the loss up to the intermediate functioning point. It is in the intermediate circuit, from to , that the optimum electrical outputs are found. The persistence of the loss, i.e., the leakage current up to this circuit, is a cause of the PV output deterioration. The leakage photocurrent density is mainly localized in the open circuit. It proves that the electric field brings the improvement of the crossing of the carrier's charge because it causes an increase of transferred photocurrent. The electric field from the electromagnetic field can bring down the accumulation of the electronic charge in the junction. However, the electromagnetic field is not the only parameter which influences the evolution of the photocurrent. Figure 7 shows the evolution of the density of the photocurrent for different illumination wavelengths.
The photocurrent density increases with the increase of the junction dynamic velocity from its low values to the larger values. The increase was also sensitive to the variation of the wavelength. Between and , the photocurrent density is experiencing growth. In this range of wavelengths, the light depth penetration is low because the absorption coefficient is high and the reflection coefficient is weak. Accordingly, incident photons of this range of the wavelength release their energy to the charge carriers near the junction. The charge carriers helped by the internal electric field easily cross the junction to contribute to the photocurrent density. Then, from to , there is a decrease in the photo production of charge carriers. Indeed, in this wavelength range, the absorption coefficient is low but the reflection coefficient is great, then the light depth penetration is very high. Consequently, the carrier's charges are generated in the deep near the back rear side


ECMAScript® 2024 Language Specification
Draft ECMA-262 / February 15, 2024
14.2 Block
Syntax
BlockStatement[Yield, Await, Return] : Block[?Yield, ?Await, ?Return] Block[Yield, Await, Return] : { StatementList[?Yield, ?Await, ?Return]opt } StatementList[Yield, Await, Return] : StatementListItem[?Yield, ?Await, ?Return] StatementList[?Yield, ?Await, ?Return] StatementListItem[?Yield, ?Await, ?Return] StatementListItem[Yield, Await, Return] : Statement[?Yield, ?Await, ?Return] Declaration[?Yield, ?Await]
14.2.1 Static Semantics: Early Errors
Block : { StatementList }
14.2.2 Runtime Semantics: Evaluation
Block : { }
 1. Return empty.
Block : { StatementList }
 1. Let oldEnv be the running execution context's LexicalEnvironment.
 2. Let blockEnv be NewDeclarativeEnvironment(oldEnv).
 3. Perform BlockDeclarationInstantiation(StatementList, blockEnv).
 4. Set the running execution context's LexicalEnvironment to blockEnv.
 5. Let blockValue be Completion(Evaluation of StatementList).
 6. Set the running execution context's LexicalEnvironment to oldEnv.
 7. Return ? blockValue.
Note 1
No matter how control leaves the Block the LexicalEnvironment is always restored to its former state.
StatementList : StatementList StatementListItem
 1. Let sl be ? Evaluation of StatementList.
 2. Let s be Completion(Evaluation of StatementListItem).
 3. Return ? UpdateEmpty(s, sl).
Note 2
The value of a StatementList is the value of the last value-producing item in the StatementList. For example, the following calls to the eval function all return the value 1:
eval("1;;;;;")
eval("1;{}")
eval("1;var a;")
14.2.3 BlockDeclarationInstantiation ( code, env )
The abstract operation BlockDeclarationInstantiation takes arguments code (a Parse Node) and env (a Declarative Environment Record) and returns unused. code is the Parse Node corresponding to the body of the block. env is the Environment Record in which bindings are to be created.
Note
When a Block or CaseBlock is evaluated a new Declarative Environment Record is created and bindings for each block scoped variable, constant, function, or class declared in the block are instantiated in the Environment Record.
It performs the following steps when called:
 1. Let declarations be the LexicallyScopedDeclarations of code.
 2. Let privateEnv be the running execution context's PrivateEnvironment.
 3. For each element d of declarations, do
 1. For each element dn of the BoundNames of d, do
 1. If IsConstantDeclaration of d is true, then
 1. Perform ! env.CreateImmutableBinding(dn, true).
 2. Else,
 1. Perform ! env.CreateMutableBinding(dn, false). NOTE: This step is replaced in section B.3.2.6.
 2. If d is either a FunctionDeclaration, a GeneratorDeclaration, an AsyncFunctionDeclaration, or an AsyncGeneratorDeclaration, then
 1. Let fn be the sole element of the BoundNames of d.
 2. Let fo be InstantiateFunctionObject of d with arguments env and privateEnv.
 3. Perform ! env.InitializeBinding(fn, fo). NOTE: This step is replaced in section B.3.2.6.
 4. Return unused.


text:
Quality control of mint species based on UV-VIS and FTIR spectral data supported by chemometric tools" 2021. Zachęcamy do przeczytania ciekawego artykułu pod afiliacją CIBIN, którego współautorem jest dr inż. Anna Kiełtyka-Dadasiewicz pt " Quality control of mint species based on UV-VIS and FTIR spectral data supported by chemometric tools".
Mints are valued for their specific essential oil used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. Chemical compounds differing between species, cause changes in medicinal/pharmacological properties, antioxidant activities or smell sensations. For this reason fast procedure for quality control of at least two most popular mint species, peppermint and spearmint, is the issue at hand. UV-VIS spectrophotometry and FTIR-ATR spectroscopy were used for recording the spectral fingerprints of a collection of more than 20 mint varieties harvested in three periods. Two-step chemometric approach for mints quality control involved SIMCA (Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy) to filter out species other than peppermint and spearmint. The samples suspected to be either peppermint or spearmint underwent final discrimination using adequate discrimination tools PLS-DA (Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis) or SVM (Support Vector Machines). The model performance ranged between 60 and 80% depending on spectroscopic data used for model training and the harvest season.
Cały artykuł znajduje się pod linkiem _URL_


text:
When it comes to captivating flora that leaves us in awe, the Magnolia macrophylla stands out with its sheer magnificence. Commonly known as the Bigleaf Magnolia, this stunning flowering tree belongs to the genus Magnolia, which encompasses a diverse array of species celebrated for their beauty and elegance.
Beyond its ecological importance, Magnolia macrophylla holds cultural significance in different parts of the world. In the United States, the magnolia has long been associated with the Southern region, often symbolizing hospitality, elegance, and strength. The tree's stunning blossoms have inspired poets, artists, and garden enthusiasts for centuries, and it continues to be a beloved subject in literature and art.
Unraveling the Blossoms
One cannot help but be captivated by the resplendent blossoms of the Magnolia macrophylla. The tree boasts magnificent flowers, among the largest of any native North American tree. With their pristine white petals and a delicate fragrance that wafts through the air, these blooms attract pollinators, including bees and butterflies, contributing to the ecosystem's biodiversity.
The Magnolia macrophylla stands tall as an emblem of natural beauty, capturing the hearts of nature enthusiasts worldwide. Its colossal leaves, breathtaking blossoms, and ecological significance make it a true marvel in the plant kingdom. Whether admired in its natural habitat or cherished in carefully curated gardens, the Magnolia macrophylla continues to inspire wonder and appreciation for the wonders of nature. So, the next time you encounter this magnificent tree, take a moment to marvel at its splendor and acknowledge the extraordinary gift it bestows upon us all.


overlapping l1, or an equation of the form r = l1 with a kind different from k1.
Definition subst_loc_part (l1: loc) (l2: loc) (k: equation_kind) (e: eqs) : option eqs :=
 EqSet2.fold
 (fun q opte =>
 match opte with
 | None => None
 | Some e =>
 if Loc.eq l1 (eloc q) then
 if IndexedEqKind.eq (ekind q) k
 then Some (add_equation (Eq Full (ereg q) l2) (remove_equation q e))
 else None
 else
 None
 end)
 (EqSet2.elements_between (select_loc_l l1) (select_loc_h l1) (eqs2 e))
 (Some e).
subst_loc_pair l1 l2 l2' simulates the effect of assigning makelong l2 l2' to l1. All equations of the form r = l1 [Full] are replaced by the two equations r = l2 [High], r = l2' [Low]. Return None if e contains an equation of the form r = l with l partially overlapping l1, or an equation of the form r = l1 with a kind different from Full.
Definition subst_loc_pair (l1 l2 l2': loc) (e: eqs) : option eqs :=
 EqSet2.fold
 (fun q opte =>
 match opte with
 | None => None
 | Some e =>
 if Loc.eq l1 (eloc q) then
 if IndexedEqKind.eq (ekind q) Full
 then Some (add_equation (Eq High (ereg q) l2)
 (add_equation (Eq Low (ereg q) l2')
 (remove_equation q e)))
 else None
 else
 None
 end)
 (EqSet2.elements_between (select_loc_l l1) (select_loc_h l1) (eqs2 e))
 (Some e).
loc_type_compat env l e checks that for all equations r = l in e, the type env r of r is compatible with the type of l.
Definition sel_type (k: equation_kind) (ty: typ) : typ :=
 match k with
 | Full => ty
 | Low | High => Tint
 end.
Definition loc_type_compat (env: regenv) (l: loc) (e: eqs) : bool :=
 EqSet2.for_all_between
 (fun q => subtype (sel_type (ekind q) (env (ereg q))) (Loc.type l))
 (select_loc_l l) (select_loc_h l) (eqs2 e).
long_type_compat env l e checks that for all equations r = l in e. then type env r of r is compatible with the type Tlong.
Definition long_type_compat (env: regenv) (l: loc) (e: eqs) : bool :=
 EqSet2.for_all_between
 (fun q => subtype (env (ereg q)) Tlong)
 (select_loc_l l) (select_loc_h l) (eqs2 e).
add_equations [r1...rN] [m1...mN] e adds to e the N equations ri = R mi [Full]. Return None if the two lists have different lengths.
Fixpoint add_equations (rl: list reg) (ml: list mreg) (e: eqs) : option eqs :=
 match rl, ml with
 | nil, nil => Some e
 | r1 :: rl, m1 :: ml => add_equations rl ml (add_equation (Eq Full r1 (R m1)) e)
 | _, _ => None
 end.
add_equations_args is similar but additionally handles the splitting of pseudoregisters of type Tlong in two locations containing the two 32-bit halves of the 64-bit integer.
Function add_equations_args (rl: list reg) (tyl: list typ) (ll: list (rpair loc)) (e: eqs) : option eqs :=
 match rl, tyl, ll with
 | nil, nil, nil => Some e
 | r1 :: rl, ty :: tyl, One l1 :: ll =>
 add_equations_args rl tyl ll (add_equation (Eq Full r1 l1) e)
 | r1 :: rl, Tlong :: tyl, Twolong l1 l2 :: ll =>
 if Archi.ptr64 then None else
 add_equations_args rl tyl ll (add_equation (Eq Low r1 l2) (add_equation (Eq High r1 l1) e))
 | _, _, _ => None
 end.
add_equations_res is similar but is specialized to the case where there is only one pseudo-register.
Function add_equations_res (r: reg) (ty: typ) (p: rpair mreg) (e: eqs) : option eqs :=
 match p, ty with
 | One mr, _ =>
 Some (add_equation (Eq Full r (R mr)) e)
 | Twolong mr1 mr2, Tlong =>
 if Archi.ptr64 then None else
 Some (add_equation (Eq Low r (R mr2)) (add_equation (Eq High r (R mr1)) e))
 | _, _ =>
 None
 end.
remove_equations_res is similar to add_equations_res but removes equations instead of adding them.
Function remove_equations_res (r: reg) (p: rpair mreg) (e: eqs) : option eqs :=
 match p with
 | One mr =>
 Some (remove_equation (Eq Full r (R mr)) e)
 | Twolong mr1 mr2 =>
 if mreg_eq mr2 mr1
 then None
 else Some (remove_equation (Eq Low r (R mr2)) (remove_equation (Eq High r (R mr1)) e))
 end.
add_equations_ros adds an equation, if needed, between an optional pseudoregister and an optional machine register. It is used for the function argument of the Icall and Itailcall instructions.
Definition add_equation_ros (ros: reg + ident) (ros': mreg + ident) (e: eqs) : option eqs :=
 match ros, ros' with
 | inl r, inl mr => Some(add_equation (Eq Full r (R mr)) e)
 | inr id, inr id' => assertion (ident_eq id id'); Some e
 | _, _ => None
 end.
add_equations_builtin_arg adds the needed equations for arguments to builtin functions.
Fixpoint add_equations_builtin_arg
 (env: regenv) (arg: builtin_arg reg) (arg': builtin_arg loc) (e: eqs) : option eqs :=
 match arg, arg' with
 | BA r, BA l =>
 Some (add_equation (Eq Full r l) e)
 | BA r, BA_splitlong (BA lhi) (BA llo) =>
 assertion (typ_eq (env r) Tlong);
 assertion (Archi.splitlong);
 Some (add_equation (Eq Low r llo) (add_equation (Eq High r lhi) e))
 | BA_int n, BA_int n' =>
 assertion (Int.eq_dec n n'); Some e
 | BA_long n, BA_long n' =>
 assertion (Int64.eq_dec n n'); Some e
 | BA_float f, BA_float f' =>
 assertion (Float.eq_dec f f'); Some e
 | BA_single f, BA_single f' =>
 assertion (Float32.eq_dec f f'); Some e
 | BA_loadstack chunk ofs, BA_loadstack chunk' ofs' =>
 assertion (chunk_eq chunk chunk');
 assertion (Ptrofs.eq_dec ofs ofs');
 Some e
 | BA_addrstack ofs, BA_addrstack ofs' =>
 assertion (Ptrofs.eq_dec ofs ofs'


Compute Shortest Common Supersequence in Python
Hello guys, now we are going to Compute Shortest Common Supersequence using Python. If you are here, then you are moving in the right direction looking for the solution. let me first explain what is shortest common supersequence.
Finding the shortest string that is common in two different strings is known as the shortest supersequence. so using Python now we are going to find it. Here we are going to lists and its operations and nested loops.
Lists and its operations:
Now we are going to learn 3 operations of lists which are being used for this problem.
1. Append:
a=[]
a.append(4)
print(a)
 output:
[4]
Here we have created a list a and we used append operation to add 4 into the list.
2. Extend:
a=[4]
b=[5]
a.extend(b)
print(a)
 output:
[4, 5]
Here we have created two lists with elements in it and used to extend operation to add elements of one list to the other.
3. Remove:
a=[4,5]
a.remove(a[0])
print(a)
 output:
[5]
Here we have created a list with two or more than elements in it and used remove operation to remove an element in it.
How to compute Shortest Common Supersequence in Python
Now here is the code for the above problem.
a=input("Enter the string 1 :")
b=input("Enter the string 2: ")
c=[]
d=[]
e=[]
for i in a:
 c.append(i)
for i in b:
 d.append(i)
e.append(c[0])
p=1
q=0
if c[0]==d[0]:
 d.remove(d[0])
else:
 while (p+1)<=len(c):
 while (q+1)<=len(d):
 if c[p]==d[q]:
 while q!=0:
 e.append(d[0])
 d.remove(d[0])
 q-=1
 e.append(c[p])
 d.remove(d[q])
 p+=1
 q=0
 if (p+1)>len(c) and len(d)>0:
 e.extend(d)
 d.clear()
 elif c[p]==c[p-1]:
 e.append(c[p])
 p+=1
 q=0
 if (p + 1)>len(c) and len(d)>0:
 e.extend(d)
 d.clear()
 elif (q+1)==len(d):
 e.append(c[p])
 p+=1
 q=0
 if (p + 1)>len(c) and len(d)>0:
 e.extend(d)
 d.clear()
 else:
 q+=1
print(*e,sep="")
Here we have created many lists and took input from the user and divide that string into characters. Then we add 1st string characters to the newly created list one by one by comparing with the 2nd string characters by following some conditions.
Input:
uday
vinay
Output:
udvinay
Also read: NumPy np.hermegrid2d() and np.hermegrid3d() methods in Python
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text:
Q. We use ion exchange treatment for wastewater from our nickel, hexavalent chrome and zinc plating rinses. We have been trying to reuse this "clean water" but have found that it is attacking the finish from our bright zinc plating. What kind of characterization should we do to identify the pollutants that are affecting our products, and what steps are needed to reuse this water? H.S.
A. The very likely issue is not that there is some kind of pollutant in your "clean water" that is causing the problem but that your ion exchange effluent is too clean and is very "aggressive" towards metals. Since your ion exchange system has essentially removed all ions, including metals, from the wastewater, the wastewater wants to restore its ion balance and will attack metals to replenish its ions. Also, if you check the ion exchange effluent's pH, you will likely find it below 5 and perhaps as low as 3. If you are using this water in your nickel and chrome plating rinses and not experiencing the same issue, the reason is that these metals are able to resist the water's aggressiveness during the relatively short rinsing time.
Here are several alternatives for you to consider:
- Do not use this de-ionized water for zinc rinsing,
- Supplement potable water for a portion of the rinse water flow, thereby reducing the rinse water's aggressiveness. Once you have established the desirable ratio of potable water to deionized water, you can use a conductivity sensor and controller that adds potable water when the water's conductivity (a gross measure of the water's dissolved solids) reaches a low set point.
- Adjust the deionized water's pH with sodium hydroxide to maintain a pH of 7.0–7.5. (We like to use 10–25 percent sodium hydroxide because of its rapid reaction rate and low freezing temperature.) Be careful not to raise pH above 8, since this may tend to dull your desired bright zinc finish.


How to get my birth certificate ny
How do I get a copy of my birth certificate in NY?
How do I get my original birth certificate if I was adopted in NY?
The law applies to any adoptee who was born in New York, no matter where they were adopted or live now, according to Gov. Andrew Cuomo's office. There are two main ways for most to obtain their birth certificates: either through the state's Department of Health or through a company called
Are death records public in New York?
The State Department of Health makes available for public use microfiche copies of older indexes to birth, marriage, and death certificates. The indexes cover the entire state outside of New York City and start in June 1880 (deaths) or 1881 (marriages and births).
How do I find adoption records in New York?
Adoption Records
 1. Agency: New York State Department of Health.
 2. Division: Adoption Information Registry.
 3. Phone Number: _PHONE_.
 4. Business Hours: Monday – Friday: 9 AM – 5 PM.
How long does it take to get a replacement birth certificate in NY?
Mail orders take 12-14 weeks to complete. To order by mail, please: Complete, sign and notarize the birth certificate application (PDF):
What is a certified US birth certificate?
You might be interested: Certificate of formation california
How do I adopt a child in New York State?
 1. Choosing an adoption agency.
 2. Submitting an application.
 3. Completing the homestudy process.
 4. Attending agency-sponsored training.
 5. Working with a caseworker to find an appropriate match.
 6. Visiting with the child.
Are NY adoption records open?
Under current law, an adoptee's birth certificate is sealed once an adoption is filed. To unseal the records, a person must petition the courts and all parties, including the biological parents, who must consent in order for the information to be released.
How do you find out if someone has been married before?
How do you find what time you were born?
What information is on a New York state death certificate?
New York death certificates can contain the following information:
 - Birth date (or age)
 - Birth place.
 - Name of spouse.
 - Names of parents.
 - Length of residence in the state or county.
 - Death details (cause, location, burial, etc)
 - Informant's name (the person who supplied this information)
You might be interested: Southwest airlines pet policy health certificate
How do I find my adoption records on ancestry com?
Search for adoption records in the Birth, Marriage & Death index
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text:
Technical Training Center of the Air Force Northern Division
The TTC of the Air Force Northern Division is the organizational foundation for tailored technical training geared to the military capabilities of the Bundeswehr.
In four training groups at the two locations Faßberg and Wunstorf, the Northern Division conducts technical and logistic training, advanced training and continuing education in the following areas:
- Aircraft technology for the CH-53 medium transport helicopter and the A400M transport aircraft
- Basic training covering all weapon systems
- Flight equipment and rescue systems
- Ground equipment technology
- Structural mechanics
- Operating materials
- Combat damage repair on Air Force weapon systems and aircraft
The training workshop is another building block of the Northern Division. Here, young people can learn the civilian-approved profession of aircraft mechanic, specializing in engine technology.
Lieutenant Colonel Andreas Böge
"Passen Sie jetzt Ihre Datenschutzeinstellungen an, um Google Maps Standortinformationen zu sehen"
Sergeant Major Torben Brandt
Info Point Faßberg


text:
The venerable Bishop Museum steps into the 21st century with its new Science Adventure Center. Go ahead–touch the exhibits.
It's the centerpiece of the museum's new Science Adventure Center, a $17-million educational playground full of hands-on exhibits and impressive displays designed to bring natural science studies to life. "It's totally interactive and immersive," says William Brown, Bishop Museum president. "You're either interacting with it, or you're stuck in the middle of it, experiencing it."
Sure enough, the volcano, modeled after Kilauea's Pu'u O'o vent, is actually hollow, and packed with things to do inside. Although it won't actually be spewing real magma (which is apparently something of a fire hazard), museum staff will really be melting rock into lava underneath it, using a furnace in the Hot Spot Theatre.
Elsewhere in the 16,500-square-foot center, kids can pilot a remote-controlled submersible through a 14-foot-deep ocean simulation tank, create their own mini volcanic eruption using hot wax and check out live native insects and other biological specimens in a simplified lab environment.
|The trippy Origins Tunnel art at the Bishop Museum's new Science Adventure Center was created by local students. |
photo: Olivier Koning
It's fun stuff, and adults will get just as much of a kick out of the custom-designed exhibits as the children. Everything is educational, as well, Brown says, "We want to excite and inspire, and to some degree convey basic information about science. We hope to get kids excited, so they want to study this some more."
In addition to working with local schools to coordinate the exhibits with fifthand eighth-grade curriculums, the Bishop Museum has even tapped students from Jarrett Middle School, Dole Middle School, Hakipu'u Learning Center, Halau Lokahi and 'Aiea Intermediate to create the papier-mâché plants and animals lining the Origins Tunnel.
The tunnel is actually one of the center's most memorable exhibits, even if it's less scientifically rigorous than some of the others. With day-glo paint everywhere, and illuminated solely by black light, the tunnel looks less like an underground lava tube than an underground rave, but piped-in nature sounds and chanting from the kumulipo (the Hawaiian creation chant) make it an impressive experience.
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text:
Von der Ungleichheit des globalen Naturverbrauchs
Die Rolle des internationalen Finanzsystems bei der Inwertsetzung, Zerstörung und Umverteilung der natürlichen Ressourcen des Südens1
The vast majority of global natural resources is consumed and destroyed by a small minority of mankind in industrialised countries. The paper assesses the role that the international financial system and financial markets play in affecting access, consumption and destruction of global natural resources. By reviewing the causal links between the dynamics of indebtedness, currency crises and the proliferation of project finance by credit and direct investment on the one hand with exploitation of natural resources and the geographical distribution of their consumption and valorisation. It appears that the international financial system plays a significant and systemic role in facilitating the concentration of the global natural resources' consumption in the North.


text:
China. "My China" is the cockney rhyming slang for "China plate" (meaning "my mate"). In South Africa, My China means a friend/mate.
Why do South Africans say BRÜ?
bro/bra/bru/boet/boetie – a close male friend and a term of affection used by one male to another. All words are variations of the word "broer" in Afrikaans meaning "brother". Boetie (Pronounced 'Boet – tea') specifically means little brother in Afrikaans because of the "ie" diminutive suffix.
Why do South Africans say my boy?
"He's gatvol!" could mean "He's had enough!". This Zulu word is usually expressed for something unbelievable. Technically it means "Yes, no". The phrase is used to express agreement or confirmation with someone or something.
What does Chana mean in South Africa?
chana. This does not come from the isiZulu word for nephew. It is simply a misspelling of the Cockney rhyming slang for "mate" – china (plate). —
What does Esvaar mean?
Eswar is a Boy/Male baby name and origin is Hindu, Indian, Telugu. Eswar, Boy/Male means: God. In Hindu, Indian, Telugu, the name Eswar is most often used as the name of a Boy/Male. And in Hindu, Indian, Telugu, the Boy/Male name Eswar means God.
How do u say hello in South Africa?
1. Howzit – A traditional South African greeting that translates roughly as "How are you?" or simply "Hello". 2. Heita – An urban and rural greeting used by South Africans.
What does hongi mean in South Africa?
The meaning of hongi roughly translates to the "sharing of breath," which is a fairly significant gesture. Once a visitor, also referred to as a manuhiri, enacts the hongi with a local, a sense of responsibility is also imparted to that individual about their place in the delicate ecosystem of the island.
What does Mara mean in South Africa?
Mara (pron. mah-rah) – but (eg. ' mara why?' – ' but why?) [from the Afrikaans word 'maar' meaning 'but']
What does lekker mean in South Africa?
– Lekker: An Afrikaans word meaning superb or fantastic which is applied equally to a person, object or event.
What does phara mean in South Africa?
Also known as phara-phara. A term that refers to a drug addict who often terrorizes the community through criminal activities. The term is mostly used in Xhosa and Zulu speaking communities. In Gauteng, this person would be called a Nyaope Boy.
Does China mean friend?
China (meaning friend) is probably originally from Cockney rhyming slang spoken by British immigrants (china plate meaning my mate).
What does the word cookies mean in South Africa?
biscuit: In South Africa a cookie is known as a "biscuit". The word is also a term of affection, as in, "Hey, you biscuit". … boet: [like "book", with a t] A term of affection, from the Afrikaans for "brother".


Primates in Urban Settings
Publication Type:
Book Chapters
The International Encyclopedia of Primatology, Wiley and Sons Inc, p.1-8 (2017)
human–nonhuman primate relationships; population management; primate conservation; primate ecology
Nonhuman primates have coexisted with humans in urban habitats since historical times. While primate responses to human disturbances are variable and species-specific, certain populations have adapted ecologically, behaviorally, or physiologically and appear to thrive in urban landscapes, depending on the availability, quality, and quantity of resources available. The ecological changes that urban primates face have also led to various behavioral innovations, especially in habitat selection and dietary preferences, which enable these populations to survive and persist in urban environments. Certain biological consequences of urbanization, however, include biological stress, cross-species disease transmission, polyspecific associations and hybridization, and low population genetic variability. While urban human–nonhuman primate relationships are influenced by human cultural and individual attitudes, competition and conflict over resources is currently of great concern. Reactive and preventive management practices need to be introduced in order to reduce human–nonhuman primate conflict and ensure the conservation of the last remaining primate populations in urban spaces


Property Rights: My Neighbor is a Nuisance
The actions of my neighbour are interfering with my enjoyment of my property. What are the general principals applying to the doctrine of nuisance?
Source: Findlaw
This article has been written for Americans but applies equally to South Africans.
In the early days of this country, land was abundant and neighbors were distant. As the population began to grow and urban areas increased, the courts were called upon to resolve property disputes. One of the very first judge-made doctrines applied to property disputes in the United States, the law of nuisance, was inherited fromEngland. This doctrine still finds its way into property disputes today. At the risk of oversimplification, this doctrine is generally raised when a neighboring property owner is acting in a manner that can be described as a nuisance.
The Law of Nuisance
Lawsuits invoking the law of nuisance typically involve neighbors suing their neighbors or a public official suing a property owner for the benefit of the general public. By bringing suit, the plaintiff (the originator of the lawsuit) usually seeks to control or limit the use of the land owned by the defendant (the person being sued or, in other words, the person asked to "defend"). The plaintiff is basically saying to the defendant, "Your action is interfering with my enjoyment of my property; therefore, you must stop acting in that manner."
There are two basic types of nuisance suits. These are private and public nuisance actions. A private nuisance means there has been a loss of the use or enjoyment of property without an actual physical invasion of that property. An action for a physical invasion of property is known as a trespass action. An example of a private nuisance would be where an individual failed to keep his dog kennel clean, causing the next-door-neighbors to experience unpleasant odors when they left their windows open and also prevented them from spending time in their backyard.
A public nuisance is one that has more far reaching effects. It has the ability to affect the health, safety, welfare, or comfort of the public in general. Examples of a public nuisance would be a factory that emitted bad odors or a racetrack that produced loud noise. Nuisances can often be both public and private. For instance, the lights from a baseball field may shine directly into the home of a neighboring property owner, causing a private nuisance. At the same time, the baseball field might cause excessive noise and brighten up the rest of the neighborhood, requiring the homeowners to keep their windows and drapes shut on summer evenings. This would constitute a public nuisance.
No matter what the type of nuisance, to be subject to injunctive relief, the interference with the property must be substantial and continuous. In the above example, an occasional failure to clean out the kennels in a timely manner probably will not be sufficient to require injunctive relief. Relief that is injunctive in nature generally requires the defendant to take some specific actions to minimize the negative effect of its operations on the plaintiff, from limiting the hours of the action to placing an all out prohibition on the negative action. In constructing its relief, however, most courts will attempt to balance the relative hardships to both of the parties involved in the action. Especially where an ongoing business, as opposed to an individual, is the defendant in the action, the court will try to minimize the economic impact on the business.
In deciding nuisance disputes, several factors influence courts. First, courts will look at the location in which the alleged nuisance is occurring and any applicable zoning restrictions that may apply to that area. For instance, a court may be less likely to place restrictions on a livestock feedlot located in a rural area than on one located at the edge of urban sprawl. On the other hand, no matter how rural, if the feedlot is located in a "residential" zone, a court may be more likely to allow injunctive or other relief. At the same time, the fact that an activity is located in area that is zoned for that type of operation does not mean that it cannot be found to constitute a nuisance. For example, an area may be zoned to allow a mixture of residential and commercial building, and, a court might still find that an "all night" gas station creates a nuisance for the residential property owners in the area.
There are some other points to consider if you are thinking about bringing a nuisance action. First, a mere fear of future injury will not merit injunctive relief. Further, usually pure aesthetic considerations, such as the "look" of a funeral home in a residential area, will not rise to the level of a nuisance. Finally, where a person specifically purchases property knowing that a given operation is located nearby, the "moving to the nuisance" doctrine will usually prohibit injunctive relief. In this manner, if a person moves into a house located next to a baseball field, this doctrine may prohibit the person from seeking relief from the bright lights and noise.
It is not pleasant to be on either side of a nuisance suit. Unpleasant disputes between neighboring property owners can turn into even more unpleasant and emotionally draining lawsuits. Above all else, our country seems to value the right of people to the peaceful, uninterrupted enjoyment of their property. An attorney experienced in property disputes can help ease the strain of such disputes and either help you negotiate a workable solution with your neighbors or make sure that your rights are adequately protected in any lawsuits that might arise.
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text: Chievolis hydroelectric power plant (PN) <img src="/sites/default/files/Chievolis%20ca%20selva02.jpg" alt="Chievolis hydroelectric power plant (PN)" title="Chievolis hydroelectric power plant (PN)" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> The five facilities are part of an impressive work of hydraulic engineering, and they harness the power of the waters of the Meduna stream and its tributaries, which flow back at the Tauriano hydraulic irrigation junction, after being turbined in the Istrago power plant. Tauriano feeds the flood irrigation canal network, as well as powering more hydroelectric power plants belonging to other producers. By jointly operating the five facilities, Edison can optimise the production of electricity while ensuring respect of the environment. La centrale idroelettrica in 3D La centrale idroelettrica in 3D Main features Località Chievolis, 33090 Tramonti di Sopra (PN) OPERATING SINCE 1963 INSTALLED CAPACITY 20 MW AVERAGE PRODUCTION 32,33 GWh TYPE OF FACILITY The facility The Chievolis facility is part of the Val Meduna chain of hydroelectric power plants, involving the municipalities of Tramonti di Sopra (PN), Tramonti di Sotto (PN), Frisanco (PN), Meduno (PN), Cavasso Nuovo (PN), Sequals (PN), Arba (PN), and Spilimbergo (PN). The Val Meduna chain of hydroelectric power plants includes the facilities called Valina, Chievolis, Meduno, Colle, and Istrago, using the waters of the Meduna stream and its tributaries. DETAILS Type of facility: impoundment facility, seasonal regulation Waters used: Silisia stream Ca'Selva dam location: Località Chievolis, 33090 Tramonti di Sopra (PN) Staff and operation control Operating staff The operating staff is the staff attending to the Meduno facility, while the Chievolis facility is operated from the control panel room of the Meduno facility. Operation control and data transmission The Ca' Selva dam is under 24/7 surveillance from staff working on shifts.


text:
The History of Foreign Affairs Administration in Finland
In 1858 the Russian consul in London, Counselor Kremer, asked if the consulate could engage a civil servant skilled in the Finnish and Swedish languages. The official would serve as the consul's interpreter when Finnish ships' captains or other seafarers came to the consulate on business. The consul's request demonstrates that at an early stage of the Czarist period in Finland Finns already had a presence abroad as a separate group who needed the services of a foreign affairs administration.
In the absence of their own administration Finns used the services of the embassies and consulates of the country that governed them, imperial Russia.
When Finland became independent the country set up its own administrative machinery to handle external relations. Initially it was thought that each individual branch of government would be responsible for its own particular interests. That was why, for example, the Ministry of Agriculture appointed "agrarian attaches" to Copenhagen and Rome. Soon, however, it became established policy that the Finnish state would be represented abroad exclusively by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and its external representatives: ambassadors, consuls and honorary consuls.
Finland acquired its first foreign affairs senator during J.K. Paasikivi's formation of the Senate in 1918. The man appointed was a bank director, Otto Stenroth, well known for his organisational skills. Using Swedish administrative practice as a model, a decree of 28 June 1918 established a "foreign affairs bureau" with three departments and 17 civil servants.
There was much discussion of whether representation abroad should be based on embassies or consulates. Shipping and foreign trade needed consulates. It was thought that Finland did not have the type of foreign policy interests that would have justified the opening of embassies. Concrete cases showed, however, the necessity of foreign policy. Finland could not, for instance, get its postage stamps accepted for international mail without joining the Universal Postal Union and had to be a state recognised by other states in order to become a member of the Union.
One of Finland's first moves was to send delegations around Europe to seek recognition of Finnish independence. Some members of the delegations stayed abroad and were appointed Finland's charges d'affaires in a number of capitals. By the end of 1918 Finland had 12 missions abroad and 13 honorary consuls.
The most crucial and urgent issues in foreign affairs administration were the consolidation of the political position and borders of the Finnish state as well as the revival of foreign trade and shipping. To tackle these challenges the Foreign Ministry opened a political department and a trade policy department which were augmented in 1922 by a legal department. Matters of protocol were handled by a single official, the person who presented foreign diplomats to the President of the Republic.
Into the service of foreign affairs administration came people from trade, industry and the arts who had experience of working internationally. Many of them were engaged in the expanding area of representation abroad. In 1930 there were 17 missions outside Finland.
Following the Great Depression, starting in the mid-1930s, foreign affairs administration entered a period of consolidation and enlargement. In 1935 the Foreign Ministry had a staff of 77, while missions abroad employed more than 100 people. Before the outbreak of the Second World War Finland had 20 embassies, four of which were outside Europe. In addition there were six consular offices headed by consuls sent from Finland. The network of honorary consuls covered the world.
For foreign affairs administration the years of war from 1939 to 1945 meant continuous, rapid adaptation to changing situations. The Winter War of 1939-40 brought Finland, for a moment, to the attention of the whole world. That situation was effectively exploited in order to obtain aid and sympathy. Eminent correspondents gathered in the press room of Helsinki's Kämp hotel.
The Second World War brought foreign policy into the lives of ordinary people. The Allied Control Commission which sat in Helsinki from 1944 to 1947 was a tangible example of the influence that other states had over Finland's destiny. The Ministry for Foreign Affairs had to simultaneously meet the obligations of the Interim Peace Agreement and rebuild the network of missions abroad. Moreover, the country had to extract itself from economic isolation.
After the signing of the Paris Peace Treaty in February 1947 the situation in Finland gradually returned to normal and the development of foreign affairs administration could begin again. A new decree concerning the Ministry for Foreign Affairs was issued in 1951: the number of departments was to be increased by one with the establishment of the protocol department.
The duties related to foreign affairs administration increased greatly from the middle of the 1950s for three reasons. As colonialism waned dozens of new independent states emerged. Consequently, Finland began to establish political and commercial relations beyond the borders of Europe. Secondly, international cooperation started to expand from the traditional areas into science, technology, education and social affairs. The third reason was the enormous growth of multilateral cooperation. Finland's accession to the United Nations in 1955 was only the tip of the iceberg of work that the Ministry for Foreign Affairs undertook in various international and regional organisations, including economic cooperation bodies.
During the 1950s and 60s the resources for foreign affairs administration did not develop adequately and rationalisation became necessary. Offices were established within departments in 1971. The development cooperation section became a separate department in 1972 and soon had a bigger staff than any other department in the Ministry.
In the 1970s the Ministry acquired its own internal inspection system and training unit. The Department for Development Cooperation was reorganised in 1987 and the following year the press and cultural centre became a department.
Another important development was that the Ministry, which had operated at some twenty different locations, moved to the district of Katajanokka, in Helsinki, in 1987.