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Gypsy Moth Destruction in VirginiaAuthor: Alison Goforth Affiliation: VirginiaView Date: 1 Jun 2011
Audience: High School Course Material: No
Description: This activity examines the issue of spread of the Gypsy Moth and the resulting deforestation in Virginia over time. Students will make observations and connections about how this native human introduced species (invasive species) has caused forest damage to the foliage of trees in Virginia. Students will predict areas that are likely to be invaded next and are asked to propose possible prevention methods. This lesson supports the following Virginia Standards of Learning (SOL's): LS 8, 9, 10, 11, 12; ES 3, Bio 9
Keywords: Invasive species, Gypsy moth, forest degradation
Skill Level: Introductory Discipline: Earth Science Imagery: Landsat 4-7
Software Requirements: None or Not Applicable, ArcGIS 9.x or older, ArcGIS 10.x or newer
Special Materials: This lesson is best completed with ArcGIS software and Internet access. However, lesson plan options for computers without ArcGIS software as well as printed maps are also provided.
AV Resources Used: Yes Download Access: Public
Text URL: _URL_
Data URL: _URL_
This exercise/lab exercise/powerpoint/etc. is provided as a courtesy to the requestor on an "as is" basis and any person or entity acquiring, downloading, opening, and/or otherwise using this exercise/lab exercise/powerpoint/etc. does so at their own risk. Neither AmericaView, the author, nor their agents or representatives make any warranties or guarantees with respect to this exercise/lab exercise/powerpoint/etc. or for the results obtained from them.


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From: Inman, Thomas (_PHONE_) Ancient pagan and modern Christian symbolism (1884)
Sri lantra [Yantra] is an ancient Hindoo [Hindu] emblem. The circle represents the world, in which the living exist; the triangle pointing upwards shows the male creator; and the triangle with the apex downwards the female; distinct, yet united. These have a world within themselves, in which the male is uppermost. In the central circle the image to be worshipped is placed. When used, the figure is placed on the ground, with Brahma to the east, and Laksmi to the west. Then a relic of any saint, or image of Buddha, like a modern papal crucifix, is added, and the shrine for worship is complete. It has now been adopted in Christian churches and Freemasons' lodges.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Large Dish Depicting Fish
The dish displayed here was used to serve fish. Fish were important symbols to Romans, Christians, and Jews in the ancient world, and the act of eating fish could therefore take on a degree of symbolic significance. Jews ate fish at the beginning of the Sabbath in this period in anticipation of the meal to be served at the start of the Messianic Age, when the faithful would dine on the flesh of the sea monster Leviathan. And within the Christian tradition, in the earliest depictions of the Last Supper the main course was fish.
- Culture: Coptic
- Medium: Pottery with paint
- Dates: 6th century C.E.
- Period: Coptic Period
- Dimensions: 4 3/4 x 18 11/16 in. (12 x 47.5 cm) (show scale)
- Collections:Egyptian, Classical, Ancient Near Eastern Art
- Museum Location: This item is not on view
- Accession Number: 42.408
- Credit Line: By exchange
- Rights Statement: Creative Commons-BY
- Caption: Coptic. Large Dish Depicting Fish, 6th century C.E. Pottery with paint, 4 3/4 x 18 11/16 in. (12 x 47.5 cm). Brooklyn Museum, By exchange, 42.408. Creative Commons-BY
- Record Completeness: Good (65%)


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Good morning, LSB!!! This spring training cannot end quickly enough...give me real baseball!
I love weather and since the OT threads now feature random facts, today's random facts will center around weather. Many of these make me think about the Kip Dynamite statement, "like anyone could even know that" but they are still fascinating.
The fastest speed a falling raindrop can hit you is 18mph.
The coldest temperature ever recorded was a negative 126.9 degrees fahrenheit in Vostok Station, Antarctica.
A corn field of one acre gives of 4,000 gallons off water per day in evaporation.
For each minute of the day, 1 billion tons of rain falls on the Earth.
At any given time, on average there are about 1800 thunderstorms occurring on earth with 100 lightning strikes per second.
The air located around a lightning bolt is heated to around 30,000 degrees Celsius. This is 5 times hotter than the surface of the sun.
In one day a hurricane can release enough energy to supply all of the nation's electrical needs for about six months.
A cubic mile of ordinary fog contains less than a gallon of water.
Have a great day.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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(Phys.org) -- Researchers in Britain are confused by the mute swans of Abbotsbury Swannery. They lay four to ten eggs during a laying cycle which lasts generally a couple of days. During that time, they sometimes sit on the eggs laid up to that point, but not long enough to cause the eggs to begin incubation; that doesnt start until all of the eggs have been laid. So why do they bother at all beforehand? It seems like a waste of energy, which birds as a general rule, tend to avoid. Thats what this new research aims to find out. The group have taken a real egg, sawed off one end and fitted it inside with electronics embedded in rubbery silicon.
The electronics consist of an accelerometer to measure movement, a radio signal generator, a thermometer to find out just how much heat the birds are offering to the eggs both before all are laid and after and a chip to do all the conversions. The end product is good enough to fool the swans and thereby give the researchers a way to measure what goes on with the egg, something that could not be done any other way. The egg sends data to a remote computer eight times a second, where the information is analyzed and stored.
The swannery in Abbotsbury has hosted swans, scientists believe, for over a thousand years and is unique in that its the only mute swan colony that is managed by humans. Its also a tourist attraction. Because of that, the swans are used to people and dont grow flustered and leave when they come around. The colony typically supports over 600 swans of which generally just a hundred and fifty are part of mutual pairings. Nesting swans are generally quite territorial leading to nests that are rather far apart. In Abbotsbury, thats not possible, so the birds sometimes lose track of young as they wander into the nests of others nearby. Back in the 1500s the swans were eaten at special events by monks from the Benedictine monastery at St. Peter's.
In addition to figuring out why the birds roost before laying all their eggs, the researchers hope to learn more about the process by which cygnets hatch in general.
Explore further: Swans help explain evolutionary question

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Dynamic Range (contd.)
RAW headroom
The second part of the dynamic range story is of course the additional headroom available in RAW files. Experience has told us that there is typically around 1 EV (one stop) of extra information available at the highlight end in RAW files and that a negative digital exposure compensation when converting such files can recover detail lost to over-exposure. Much experimentation lead us to eventually use Adobe Camera RAW for conversion with the settings show below to retrieve the maximum dynamic range from our test shots.
It would appear that the EOS 5D's RAW files contain just over one stop of extra highlight detail, although interestingly this was pretty much unavailable in any Canon RAW converter because of their conservative approach to potentially incorrect data. At the shadow end it is possible to lift shadow detail however this also increases the visibility of noise. Another interesting artifact here was that using the default ACR conversion we lost a tiny bit of highlight range and about a stop of shadow range, it appears that ACR's default 'Medium' tone curve is a little more contrasty than the camera curve and also that ACR is doing less noise supression in shadows (hence it hit our lowest acceptable SNR earlier than in-camera JPEG).
 - ACR Best: Exp. -1.25 EV, Shadows 0, Bright. 50, Contrast 0, Curve Linear
The issue with highlight data above the normal 'clip' point is that the RAW converter can not be sure that it is 100% color correct, it appears as though rather than risk false color the Canon converters simply discard it. Adobe Camera RAW (and some other third party RAW converters) however do attempt to reproduce as much extra detail as possible and where a single channel is completely clipped they instead produce a gray of the correct luminance (seen below).
Real life example
Step wedge shots are great for analyzing the optimum response from a camera but nothing beats a real life example to get some idea what all this means. Below left you can see an example of an EOS 5D image with a large area of over-exposure. Using Adobe Camera RAW we produced two additional versions of this shot, the first with the 'optimum' -1.25 EV compensation and the second with a -2.00 EV compensation. While initially the -2.00 EV shot looks better a closer look shows that where ACR could not correctly calculate the color of a pixel it instead turns it gray (with the correct luminance), some of the brickwork has its correct color, other bricks are gray. The -1.25 EV shot shows no less detail it's just about optimum for the amount of additional information available in this RAW shot.
Default conversion (original) -1.25 EV, lower contrast -2.00 EV, lower contrast
Different RAW converters
Lastly it's worth comparing a couple of other RAW converters. In these cases we used -2.00 EV, despite the fact that it's more than the available headroom to explore how each converter deals with the lack of complete (accurate) data for some pixels. As you can see Adobe Camera RAW produces the most natural looking image with the best 'guess' for the value of pixels with inaccurate color data, RawShooter comes in second and Canons DPP takes the conservative approach, if it can't be sure of the pixel color then it just leaves it white / gray.
Adobe Camera RAW, -2.00 EV RawShooter, -2.00 EV Canon DPP, -2.00 EV


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As information and communication technologies (ICT) become ever more important in the domestic and regional economies of Asia and the Pacific, the topic of e-resilience has taken on strategic significance. People, governments and businesses throughout the region rely on a vast array of technologies to deliver vital services. From broadband-enabled classrooms that bring digital textbooks to remote cities and villages, to electronic stock market exchanges, the world increasingly relies on around-the-clock connectivity. In this environment, the resilience of core Internet infrastructure takes on unprecedented importance.
ESCAP promotes e-resilience through its Asian Information Superhighway initiative. As part of the initiative, ESCAP and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) developed Internet infrastructure maps that show land-based optical fiber and wireless networks, as well as the various segments of the Asian Highway and Trans-Asian Railway. This multi-sectoral mapping tool allows policymakers to identify weak points in terrestrial broadband infrastructure, as well as opportunities for cross-sectoral infrastructure development. ESCAP also supports member States in their efforts to strengthen e-resilience by providing policy analysis and stakeholder consultations on various Internet network options, based on principles of open-access and non-discriminatory pricing. As the regional development arm of the United Nations, ESCAP provides a platform for governments to forge common ground on principles and norms that would enhance e-resilience and facilitate seamless connectivity.


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Thursday, March 22, 2012
Fina'kuentos #3: Ha Tife' Yu'
But in addition to the who you learn Chamorro with, there is also the way you first become introduced to it. You can just learn the language in a standard way, as you move from one mental lesson to the next, but what can help you learn is a certain theme, or gimmick, to how you start to become someone who live in the language. For some people, it can be songs. You focus on learning the songs of the language, and that is how you become introduced to learning and speaking the language. For others, it could be a focus on the "ancient" or "fino' haya'" aspects to the language. You learn Chamorro, to learn the form it existed in prior to the arrival of the Spanish. This can be very important since it will funnel your passion and give you something to focus on, even if people are less than helpful in your learning.
One way that I encourage people to get started learning the language is to learn its empe finayi or as some say fina'kuentos. These are sayings or pieces of knowledge that reflect the Chamorro experience or the worldview of Chamorros. Some of them are silly and border on being kinky or offensive, while others are more profound and serious. I've already posted about two this month in honor of Chamorro month. I though I'd share one more today.
Ha tife' yu'
Even for those of you who speak Chamorro, if you haven't heard this phrase before, then you might be confused by it. Literally, the phrase means "He/She/It picked me." The use of the word "tife'" though is not related to the choosing or selecting of something. Instead pick is meant in the sense of picking fruit. Tife' is used to refer to the literal taking of fruit off of the tree. It can also be used to refer to the picking of leaves or branches off a tree, but the focus is on removing something.
To say "ha tife' yu'" could be a reference to you being a fruit on a tree, the one that was picked amongst many. It could be in this sense that someone plucks you from obscurity, or plucks you out of your ignorance. It could mean that someone takes you from a sort of nascent, stuck position and made something of you, took you somewhere. They drastically changed your life. This is a possible meaning of the term, but not one I've ever really heard. I have heard people discuss it, but never heard someone in any natural conversational state use it.
Tife', is also interestingly enough a dental term. It is the word that Chamorros use to refer to the removal of a tooth. "Ha tife' yu' i dentista" literally translates to "the dentist picked me" but actually means "The dentist pulled my tooth."
A further meaning to the term tife' is the sometimes latent sexual connotations. In Western culture the notion of picking fruit can be considered sexual, because of the ways that women's sexuality is closely associated with fruit. It is possible that the word tife' also used to carry these meanings. Ha tife' yu' could have meant that someone took your virginity, or that someone had sex with you. Given the egalitarian and female-dominated sexuality of Ancient Chamorro times, that could have been something women said or men said.
In Ancient times, men and women went naked most of the time. Men and women would sometimes wear clothes for special occasions. Men wore pandanus woven vests to dress up. Women could wear grass skirts, such as for dances or ceremonies. The Spanish did mention Chamorro women sometimes wearing a small article of clothing known as a "tife." This was a triangular piece of cloth, made from tree bark, that would be placed on the groin of the woman. It is possible that in Ancient Guam, ha tife yu' could have been a reference to the removing of that piece or clothing.
In contemporary times however the fina'kuentos is something that you might often use as you go about your day and interact with your social, political or occupational circle. Much of what I've discussed above deals with the focus of the metaphor on the taking of something. The picking of something as the emphasis. So a tooth is removed. A person goes from here to there. The picking of fruit as a possible sexual metaphor. But the final possible meaning of the term actually makes you focus on what the fruit undergoes when it is removed from the tree.
So long as the fruit is on the tree it is being fed nutrients and life is pumped into it. When it is picked, it is actually a violent and draining process. It is being torn from everything it knows. Like being wrenched from the bosom of your mother. To be a fruit that is plucked actually must suck a lot. It must be a terrible feeling. Therefore the contemporary meaning of the phrase focuses on the draining process. How to be a fruit that is picked can suck the life out of you and make you feel like life is over. Makpo' todu.
You use this phrase for people who make you feel that way. For people who are "dimasiao." Who are just too much. People you just can't handle. People you don't know what to do with. People who suck the life out of you, who make you feel akin to how drained and empty you feel after getting a root canal. Those are the people about whom you say "ha tife' yu'."
You can say it about the auntie who never stops complaining to you about her husband. You can say it about the grandparent who always has an endless list of chores for you when you got visit. You can say it about the co-worker who just won't stop asking you out. You can say it about your friend who asked to go for a ride with you one afternoon and you ended up escorting them to all their errands. You can say it about your significant other who forces you to go to do things you don't want to do. They don't have to be someone who has a history of draining you or deflated the willpower of people, but just someone who in that moment took the life out of you.


Thursday, January 19, 2012
Creating a Spring _USER_ Annotation
Spring Formatters and Converters make it easy to annotate fields for conversion from Objects to Strings, and are especially useful in web apps. But there is no easy or straightforward way to strictly validate the String before parsing into an object, without creating a custom Formatter. Here is a reusable solution that uses a RegexParserDecorator to decorate any Spring Formatter to apply a regex pattern, in turn creating a _USER_ annotation as an example implementation.
A little background: Spring 3.0 brought the Converter and Formatter framework with a concise _USER_ annotation, simplifying the Date to Object conversion that previously took custom binders or other wiring code. With _USER_ you can easily supply a String pattern used to parse and print a Date (or joda DateTime) object. However, the annotation does not strictly validate the String before converting to a Date. For instance, supplying a MM/dd/yyyy pattern does NOT enforce a 4 digit year. Instead a 2 digit year will be accepted and parsed using the SimpleDateFormat rules. Similar loose checking goes for 1 digit days and months, and also the slash character used as a separator. It would be easy to just throw the _USER_ tag onto your Date field except that _USER_ is only allowed on String fields. Combining _USER_ and _USER_ is what drove the creation of _USER_:
//sample usage using defaults for regex and pattern
private DateTime birthday;
Read more below for a discussion and snippets of code, and the entire codeset with comments is available on github.
The RegexParserDecorator: The first step is to create a Regex Parser class that will apply a regex pattern to validate a String for us. Creating this as a Decorator gives the added benefit that you can easily wrap any Spring Formatter to apply Regex patterns. The constructor takes a Parser to wrap and a regex to apply; and the parse method first validates against the regex before passing onto the decorated Parser:
public RegexParserDecorator(Parser parser, String regex) {
 this.parser = parser;
 this.regexPattern = Pattern.compile(regex);
public T parse(String text, Locale locale) throws ParseException {
 if (!regexPattern.matcher(text).matches()) {
 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Text does not match regex: " + text);
 return parser.parse(text, locale);
The _USER_ Annotation: Next step is to setup the annotation interface class. It is very similar to DateTimeFormat but adds the field to hold a regex. The default regex allows 1 or 2 digit days and months, requires a forward slash as the separator, and enforces a 4 digit year. This can be easily overriden when applying the annotation to a field by supplying your own (regex="", pattern="") extension. A pattern is still required so make sure your pattern and regex are paired appropriately.
_USER_({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.PARAMETER})
public _USER_ StrictDateTimeFormat {
 public static final String REGEX_DEFAULT = "^(0?[1-9]|1[012])/(0?[1-9]|[12][0-9]|3[01])/dddd$";
 public static final String PATTERN_DEFAULT = "MM/dd/yyyy";
 String regex() default REGEX_DEFAULT;
 String pattern() default PATTERN_DEFAULT;
Spring then requires a StrictDateTimeFormatAnnotationFormatterFactory to wire the annotation with the parser. Nothing fancy here as it borrows heavily upon Spring's own JodaDateTimeFormatAnnotationFormatterFactory. The getParser method applies our regex to the DateTimeFormat functionality:
public class StrictDateTimeFormatAnnotationFormatterFactory implements
 AnnotationFormatterFactory {
 public Parser getParser(StrictDateTimeFormat annotation, Class fieldType) {
 DateTimeParser parser = new DateTimeParser(forPattern(annotation.pattern()));
 return new RegexParserDecorator(parser, annotation.regex());
 private DateTimeFormatter forPattern(String pattern) {
 return org.joda.time.format.DateTimeFormat.forPattern(pattern);
Hooking it all together: Here is the snippet from my applicationConfig.xml showing how the annotation is registered into Spring:

Hopefully this information is helpful in creating a reusable regex validating DateTime formatter for use in your own web application.
 Originally published by me on the Object Partners blog:
No comments:


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History professor examines state and territorial policies that affected early American Indian citizenship
Deborah Rosen, professor and head of history, has taken an in-depth look at early American Indian policy-making in her most recent book, American Indians and State Law: Sovereignty, Race and Citizenship, 1790 – 1880 (University of Nebraska, December 2007). The publication examines the role that state and territorial governments played in extending jurisdiction over Indians as well as defining borders and the meaning of citizenship.
"Belying the common assumption that Indian policy and regulation in the United States were exclusively within the federal government's domain, the book reveals how states and territories extended their legislative and judicial authority over American Indians between the early national period and the Reconstruction era," explains Rosen. "In this book, I detail how state and territorial governments regulated American Indians and brought them into local criminal courts, as well as how Indians contested states' actions and asserted tribal sovereignty."
Several students assisted Rosen with her publication as EXCEL scholars. These students were Robert Alessi '00, Tiffany Blakey '01, Phillip Dudley '04, Andrea Kotrosits '03, and Michael Sparrow '04.
The students handled a plethora of primary source documents that were foundational to Rosen's research, including judicial opinions, trial records, statutes, legislative hearings, constitutional convention debates, newspapers, speeches, letters, and official reports.
The finished book is a "discussion of nationwide patterns complemented by case studies focusing on New York, Georgia, New Mexico, Michigan, Minnesota, Louisiana, and Massachusetts that demonstrate the decentralized nature of much of early American Indian policy," according to Rosen.
In addition to its cornerstone use of primary sources and divergent conclusion, Rosen's book is the first to present a broad study of state and territorial Indian policies, laws, and judicial decisions in early United States history.
- Exceptional Faculty
- EXCEL/Undergraduate Research


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European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register – Update – 2010 data now available
The European Commission and the European Environment Agency today published updated information on releases and transfers of pollutants from industrial installations included in the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR). E-PRTR is a comprehensive online register which contains information on emissions of pollutants to air, water and land by industrial facilities in 32 European countries. The register includes annual data for 91 substances released from more than 29 870 facilities in 65 economic activities. E-PRTR also provides additional environmental information, such as the amount and types of waste transferred from facilities to waste handlers both inside and outside each country, and maps of certain non-industrial sources of emissions. The new dataset contains information for the year 2010 and updated information for certain countries for the earlier years 2007 – 2009. The full dataset of E-PRTR is hosted by the European Environment Agency (EEA) in its Data Service.
Over the coming months, EEA will perform a number of quality checks on these data received from countries. An updated dataset will be published in October 2012 after corrections are received from countries.


Experienced Nashville Defense Firm
What Tennessee Drivers Should Know About the Implied Consent Law
Tennessee drivers can benefit from understanding their rights and the penalties that they may face under the state's implied consent laws.
Most people in Nashville are aware that they have the option of refusing chemical testing if they are suspected of driving under the influence. However, declining this testing is a violation of the Implied Consent law in Tennessee. When deciding whether to agree to chemical testing, drivers may misunderstand this law or the consequences of a violation. It's important for drivers to be familiar with implied consent so that they can better understand their options if they are accused of DUI.
Mandatory Associated Penalties for Violation of the Implied Consent Law
Like a drunk driving conviction, an implied consent violation can result in driver's license suspension. According to the Tennessee Department of Safety & Homeland Security, the mandatory suspension periods are as follows:
 - A first-time offense results in a one-year license suspension period.
 - A second-time offense is punishable with a license suspension period of two years.
 - A violation that occurs after a crash that causes injury is also sanctioned with two years of license suspension.
 - A violation that occurs after a fatal accident can result in five years of license suspension.
Drivers should note that refusing to take a chemical test is a civil rather than criminal offense. Therefore, drivers cannot be punished with jail time for implied consent violations. However, drivers may be charged with DUI in addition to these violations, and a DUI conviction may lead to incarceration.
Role in DUI cases
Many drivers decline to take chemical tests due to concerns that a test will provide evidence that supports a DUI charge. However, drivers should understand that refusal to take a test may also be used as evidence in a DUI case. Therefore, declining a field sobriety test does not guarantee that a driver will avoid a DUI conviction.
'No Refusal' laws
Many drivers who are familiar with Tennessee's implied consent law may be confused about their rights during "No Refusal" DUI campaigns. The TDSHS explains that during these campaigns, law enforcement authorities can more easily obtain warrants giving them the right to take blood samples from suspected drunk drivers. Such warrants override a driver's right to refuse blood testing.
WMC Action News notes that state law also allows forcible blood draws when a warrant is obtained and a driver still refuses to consent to testing. In the past, such forcible draws were only permitted in extreme cases, such as fatal accidents in which drivers were accused of vehicular homicide. Now, these blood draws are allowed whenever authorities have secured a warrant.
Seeking legal help
The confusion that many people have regarding implied consent laws helps show why legal advice can be beneficial. Immediately after a DUI arrest, an attorney may be able to help an accused driver understand his or her rights and options. An attorney also may be able to help a person challenge DUI charges and any related evidence, from field sobriety test results to chemical test refusal.
Frequently Asked Questions About Implied Consent
What is implied consent?
When a person applies for a driver's license in Tennessee, he or she gives "consent" to be tested for impairment. This "consent" is not made expressly by direct communication; rather, the consent is made implicitly. Stated another way, by applying for a driver's license, a person provides unspoken consent to be tested for impairment.
Is refusing to submit to a sobriety test your right by law?
Absolutely. You can refuse to submit to a breath test or blood draw. But if you do, your driver's license will be automatically suspended. That doesn't mean you won't be tested. As stated above, the police can obtain a warrant and forcibly draw blood.
What constitutes an equivocal or unequivocal refusal?
The word "equivocal" refers to a statement that has several meanings or an indeterminate meaning. In the context of blood alcohol testing, what types of responses could be considered equivocal? Hemming and hawing repeatedly when you are asked to submit to testing could be interpreted as an equivocal refusal. Likewise, making sport of the officer or joking about being tested could also be equivocal. On the other hand, explicitly saying "no" when asked to submit to testing is an "unequivocal" refusal.
What happens if I refuse a breathalyzer test?
Your driver's license will be automatically suspended for one year or longer. It may be possible to successfully appeal the suspension in a civil hearing, but positive results will depend on the specific circumstances of your case.
Is it better to refuse a breathalyzer test?
The answer depends on your specific situation. You have the right to consult with an attorney before consenting to a blood alcohol test, so you may want to take advantage of this right by speaking with a lawyer who is familiar with the implied consent laws of Tennessee.


text: The Laboratory of Electrical Machines of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Lausanne) has developed a software (TLSim) for the simulation of electrical urban transportation systems. This program can simulate the behaviour of the power supply network (current and voltage level at any point of the topology) comprising uniand bidirectionnal sub-stations. In the network the vehicules (trolleybus) may run along any defined path through different electrical supply sectors. Several models of trolleybus are available, one of these allowing for the injection of current back in the supply network. The operating schedule of the buses as well as the geographical data of the network are provided by the user. This program is a perfect tool for system planning as ascertained by its use by a Swiss transportation operator. A comparison of simulation and measurements on a real network has been performed with satisfactory results. This software evolved from a specific study to a flexible program still being extended with new developments. The latest of such developments being the study of the influence of capacitors in helping the system to keep voltages over a specified level mainly by supplying the surge current during the acceleration of the trolleybuses.


[ {\frac{{4\tau_{u} }}{D\alpha }\tanh (\alpha (L - a_{s} - a_{f} ))\sin \omega (L - a_{s} - a_{f} ) + \frac{{4\tau_{u} }}{D\omega }\cos \omega (L - a_{s} - a_{f} )} \right]\sin \omega x $$
(31)
$$ \tau = - \tau_{u} \left[ {\frac{\omega }{\alpha }\tanh (\alpha (L - a_{s} - a_{f} ))\cos \omega (L - a_{s} - a_{f} ) - \sin \omega (L - a_{s} - a_{f} )} \right]\sin \omega x + \tau_{u} \left[ {\frac{\omega }{\alpha }\tanh (\alpha (L - a_{s} - a_{f} ))\sin \omega (L - a_{s} - a_{f} ) + \cos \omega (L - a_{s} - a_{f} )} \right]\cos \omega x. $$
(32)
The continuity condition of τ(x = L − a f) = τ s yields the following equation
$$ \cos \omega a_{s} - \frac{\omega }{\alpha }\tanh (\alpha (L - a_{s} - a_{f} ))\sin \omega a_{s} - \frac{{\tau_{s} }}{{\tau_{u} }} = 0. $$
(33)
For the frictional region of L − a f < x ≤ L, τ is always equal to τ s. Thus, another differential equation can be derived by using Eq. 2 as follows
$$ \frac{{d\sigma_{p} }}{dx} = \frac{{4\tau_{s} }}{D}. $$
(34)
Solving Eq. 34 and considering the continuity condition of σ p at x = L − a f, we have
$$ \sigma_{p} = \frac{{4\tau_{s} }}{D}x + \frac{{4\tau_{u} }}{D\alpha }\tanh (\alpha (L - a_{s} - a_{f} ))\cos \omega a_{s} + \frac{{4\tau_{u} }}{D\omega }\sin \omega a_{s} - \frac{{4\tau_{s} }}{D}(L - a_{f} ). $$
(35)
By combining the boundary condition of Eq. 15 with Eq. 35, P can be expressed in terms of a s and a f as follows
$$ P = \tau_{s} \pi Da_{f} + \frac{{\tau_{u} \pi D}}{\alpha }\tanh (\alpha (L - a_{s} - a_{f} ))\cos \omega a_{s} + \frac{{\tau_{u} \pi D}}{\omega }\sin \omega a_{s} . $$
(36)
To obtain the maximum pull-out load P max, the Lagrange multiplier method is adopted in this paper. For this purpose, a Lagrange function Φ(a s, a f, λ) is constituted from Eqs. 33 and 36 as follows
$$ \Upphi (a_{s} ,a{}_{f},\lambda ) = \tau_{s} \pi Da_{f} + \frac{{\tau_{u} \pi D}}{\alpha }\tanh (\alpha (L - a_{s} - a_{f} ))\cos \omega a_{s} + \frac{{\tau_{u} \pi D}}{\omega }\sin \omega a_{s} + \lambda \left[ {\cos \omega a_{s} - \frac{\omega }{\alpha }\tanh (\alpha (L - a_{s} - a_{f} ))\sin \omega a_{s} - \frac{{\tau_{s} }}{{\tau_{u} }}} \right], $$
(37)
where λ is an unknown parameter to be solved. By applying the following conditions
$$ \frac{\partial \Upphi }{{\partial a_{s} }} = \frac{\partial \Upphi }{{\partial a_{f} }} = \frac{\partial \Upphi }{\partial \lambda } = 0 $$
(38)
three equations can be established. By solving the three equations, the critical crack lengths a sc and a fc, and the maximum pull-out load P max can be determined.
3 Experimental verification and discussion
To verify the proposed analytical solution, some experimental results obtained from the literature are selected for comparison [32]. The basic parameters used in the analytical solution are shown in Table 1. In the experiment of Zhang et al. [32], three types of FRP rods, classified as round sanded, spiral wound and indented, and four types of cement grouts denoted as CG1, CG2, CG3 and CG4 were prepared and tested. The mixture proportions of the four grouts are shown in Table 2. In each test, the specimens with the embedment lengths of 100 mm (D = 7.5, 7.9 and 8.0 mm) were used to determine the interfacial parameters as shown in Table 3 [32]. The shear modulus G of grout for each type of specimens can be calculated by
$$ G = \frac{{E_{c} }}{2(1 + \upsilon )}. $$
(39)
With these parameters, P max a can be determined by applying the proposed analytical procedure, to make comparisons with the experimentally-measured P max e as shown in Table 4.
Table 1
Basic geometrical and mechanical parameters of anchorage specimens from Zhang et al. [32]
No.
Type
D (mm)
t (mm)
b (mm)
L (mm)
Ec (GPa)
Poisson's ratio υ of grout
Ep (GPa)
Es (GPa)
1
Round sanded + CG1
7.5
21.75
3.0
100
17.4
0.11
60.83
195
2
Round sanded + CG2
7.5
21.75
3.0
100
18.6
0.11
60.83
195
3
Round sanded + CG3
7.5
21.75
3.0
100
22.9
0.10
60.83
195
4
Round sanded + CG4
7.5
21.75
3.0
100
16.7
0.12
60.83
195
5
Round sanded + CG4
7.5
21.75
3.0
200
16.7
0.12
60.83
195
6
Round sanded + CG4
7.5
21.75
3.0
350
16.7
0.12
60.83
195
7
Spiral wound + CG1
8.0
21.50
3.0
100
17.4
0.11
43.50
195
8
Spiral wound + CG2
8.0
21.50
3.0
100
18.6
0.11
43.50
195
9
Spiral wound + CG3
8.0
21.50
3.0
100
22.9
0.10
43.50
195
10
Spiral wound + CG4
8.0
21.50
3.0
100
16.7
0.12
43.50
195
11
Spiral wound + CG4
8.0
21.50
3.0
200
16.7
0.12
43.50
195
12
Spiral wound + CG4
8.0
21.50
3.0
350
16.7
0.12
43.50
195
13
Indented + CG1
7.9
21.55
3.0
100
17.4
0.11
163.33
195
14
Indented + CG2
7.9
21.55
3.0
100
18.6
0.11
163.33
195
15
Indented + CG3
7.9
21.55
3.0
100
22.9
0.10
163.33
195
16
Indented + CG4
7.9
21.55
3.0
100
16.7
0.12
163.33
195
17
Indented + CG4
7.9
21.55
3.0
200
16.7
0.12
163.33
195
Table 2
Mixture proportions of four grouts from Zhang et al. [32]
No.
Mixture proportions
CG1
Type 10 portland cement (ASTM 1


text:
simplifies and streamlines error presentation. It is an abstraction that
shows errors on your form. It does not require a lot of work on your part. This
is its key feature.
How to use ErrorProvider Control
Drag and drop
ErrorProvider ,TextBox and Button control from toolbox on the window
Write code on Button click event.
Double click on Click event.
private void btnSubmit_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
if (textBox1.Text == "")//condition is given so that empty textbox could not save
errorProvider1.SetError(textBox1, "Cannot leave textbox blank");
//error text will show as tooltip
label3.Text = "Entered name is " + textBox1.Text;
Run The Project
If textbox is empty and Submit button
is clicked then error icon will display.
When name is entered in textbox and
Submit button clicked then entered name will show in Label.
Icon property: which
allows us to set an icon that will be display when error occurred?
BlinkRate property: which
allows setting the rate in milliseconds at which the icon blinks.
Icon: Set the Icon that is displayed next to a
control when an error occurred.
BlinkStyle: Gets or sets a value
indicating when the error icon flashes


text:
We remember Minami Sanriku was flooded by tsunami of 6 years ago.
Many parts of the town is still under construction, therefore the lights in the town are very limited.
This is the reason why we can observe beautiful stars in the night.
Let's start from the moon.
The full moon rises from the horizon of the Pacific Ocean in the meantime of the sunset.
We can observe craters on the surface clearly by telescope.
From spring to summer, the Jupiter comes with its Galilean satellite.
Tiny Saturn is showing its ring to a maximal degree this year.
In the night of new Moon, Milky Way can be observed by naked eyes.
Before sunrise, Venus will appear suddenly over the Shizugawa Bay.
To conclude the calm night, the Morning Sun rises with seagulls.
Good Morning Minami Sanriku!


- Kate
How to make and upload an audition video to YouTube
I have been watching a lot of audition videos lately, and I have noticed there is a lot of variation in video quality. Having a high-quality video makes a difference and adds polish to your application.
Here is a step-by-step guide on making and uploading an audition video to submit to a summer camp, festival, school, or competition.
Step 1: Make sure you understand the audition requirements.
Look at the website for the place where you are auditioning to get information about acceptable repertoire and what the expectations are. If you aren't sure, contact the program administrator and ask if the selections you are considering would fit the program you are applying for.
Step 2: Find a good piano, and dress for success.
Find a place with a good piano where you will be able to make your video. The piano should be in tune and in good working condition.
A video audition is a type of performance, so I recommend that an applicant consider wearing performance attire or avoiding overly casual dress.
Step 3: Set up your camera.
Although the sound quality will be higher with professional sound equipment, it is usually perfectly acceptable to make a video on a smartphone. Be sure to use a tripod or set the camera on a surface that will not move (as opposed to having someone hold it in their hands). This keeps the picture stationary and yields a more professional-looking result.
Position the camera so the applicant's face and hands are visible and also that the piano keys and music desk (or other instrument) are visible. Avoid getting too far away because if the camera is too far away, not only is it harder to see, but it can also negatively impact the sound by picking up too much reverberation from the room.
Step 4: Perform your chosen piece.
Do multiple play-throughs of each piece and choose the best one for each selection that you are submitting.
Make one video file per piece you are submitting (don't make one longer file with multiple pieces).
Step 5: Edit the video.
Edit the beginning and end of the video so it starts and ends cleanly, not with somebody talking, for example. You can do this directly on your phone or in a program like GarageBand or iMovie (Mac) or MovieMaker (PC).
Extra bonus: if you are comfortable with basic video editing, add text at the beginning of each video with the applicant's name and the composer/title of the selection.
Uploading the video (desktop version):
Step 1: Sign in to YouTube.
Step 2: Upload your video files.
Click on the image of a video camera with a "plus" sign on it, located to the right of the Search bar.
Select "Upload Video" from the dropdown menu.
You will see a dialog window that says "Drag and drop a file you want to upload."
Drag and drop your file, or click the blue "Select File" button to select the file from your computer.
Step 3: Label the video files.
After you select the video you are uploading, a new dialog screen will open. In the box that says "Title (required)" write the applicant's name, the composer's name, and the name and movement title (if applicable) of the piece being performed.
Step 4: Set the privacy settings.
After being prompted to answer the required question about whether the video is made for children, press "Next" to advance to the next screen, called "Video Elements." There is nothing you need to do there, so press "Next" again to advance to the screen called "Visibility."
Click on the triangle on the right side of the box where it says "Publish Now" to reveal a dropdown menu.
Tick the circle next to the option "Unlisted" on the dropdown menu. This privacy setting allows the video to be found on YouTube only by individuals who have the link. It will not be searchable and nobody else will have access to it.
Click "Done."
Step 4: Submit the video
Now, all you need to do is copy the link and submit it.
After it has finished processing, you will see the video in your dashboard. Click on the thumbnail and then copy the text labeled "Video Link" on the right side of the page.
This is the link you will submit to the program you are applying for. Paste the link into the appropriate part of the application that asks for video selections.
Repeat this process for each selection you are submitting.
Congratulations! You have created and uploaded your audition video!
 - Black YouTube Icon
 - SoundCloud Basic Black
 - Twitter Basic Black
 - Facebook Social Icon
 - LinkedIn
 - Instagram
© 2020 by Kate Boyd


text:
(full paper is archived in the Miller Library)
Title: Patterns of amino acid uptake and incorporation in embryos of the barnacle, Balanus glandula
Student Author(s): Norman, Douglas
Faculty Advisor(s): Epel, David
Location: Final Papers Biology 175H
Date: June 1967
Abstract: Embryos of Balanus glandula will concentrate amino acid from an external source and incorporate it into protein. Moreover, the pattern of incorporation varies between different embryonic stages. It has been found that the lowest incorporation occurs at the early stages and the highest during the middle stages of development.


text:
Rage against the Bathing Machine
Neatorama just featured this great and strange photo of bathing machines, and I was completely intrigued. Apparently, the sheds on wheels were popular in the 19th century (even Queen Victoria had one!) and were there to--what else?-- protect a woman's chastity. At the time, beaches were segregated, so men and women used separate sections. In fact, because it was considered coarse to see a woman in her bathing suit, ladies entered the machines in their street clothes, changed into their swimwear in the dark room (there were no openings for light in the sheds), and then had the little room pulled toward the water.
To actually enjoy the ocean, women employed "dippers" to help them descend into the water at an appropriate pace, dunk them with appropriate vigor, and pull them out at the appropriate time (there were a lot of rules). Perhaps the most fascinating thing about the bathing machines, though, isn't the fact that they existed, but just how prevalent they were. While some beaches and resorts used horses to pull the things into the water, others had wooden ramps for the wheels, and steam-powered cables to push and pull the machines in and out. Once mixed gender beaches became the norm in the early 1900's, however, the machines went the way of the dinosaurs. Story via the geniuses over at Neatorama.


text:
and reliable.
Make sure you keep an accessible clean pool of water for bathing and drinking.
How to Stop Eye Problems in Leopard Geckos
While you are treating your leopard gecko's abnormal eye closing, you can take steps to stop it from happening again. Some tips for this include:
- Keeping your
tankclean to minimize debris and grit.
- Using a soft substrate like sterile soil that won't blind your pet if it gets in its eyes.
- Make sure any rocks have smooth edges.
- Provide the correct diet for a leopard gecko such as fresh crickets and mealworms. Dust any dried foods with a vitamin supplement.
- Isolate any aggressive gecko.
I hope this has answered why your leopard gecko is closing one eye. Any unusual behavior can be concerning as a leopard gecko owner. But with a little patience and know-how, you can identify these issues quickly and get your little lizard buddy back to his or her best.
If you need help with that, we recommend bringing your leopard gecko to a vet or booking an online vet at Vetster here!


text:
Navigating regional landscapes with Jicarilla personal narrative
Interpretation of how prehistoric hunter-gatherers may have charted the landscape they inhabited is often based on the physical materials left behind. The potential exists to interpret Jicarilla narratives as providing mental templates for movement through and perception of their environments. Personal narratives may have facilitated remembering significant paths and passing this knowledge on to others. These narratives are rich resources that inform our understanding of how the Jicarilla, and perhaps prehistoric plains people before them, may have perceived and travelled through the complex eco-corridors that buffered the Pueblos, extending onto the plains of northern New Mexico and southeastern Colorado. This chapter examines whether specific Jicarilla Apache narratives encoded navigation patterns within oral tradition. Personal hunting narratives are examined as pathfinding mechanisms. Creation stories and ceremonial landmarks mentioned in the text are treated as points of significance on the landscape. Cognitive maps were developed that reveal a series of patterned movements, which may prove insightful in interpreting prehistoric movement and spatial construction.


text:
A 36 YEARS RECORDING OF LIFE
Daily, Alberto Frigo grades the overall air quality using the following values: 01, 02, 03, 04, 06, 12 corresponding to 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100% of air pollution. Such daily values are later recreated in a physical context sequentially and for 30 seconds each by a smoke machine; the higher the value, the higher is the intensity of smoke the machine emits. In the physical context then the smoke acts like the incense given out by the priest in a museum, yet it is odorless, translating only visually the level of pollution which Frigo is subjected to.
The recording of the daily air quality started after Frigo spent a year living in Shanghai, China. It was the year preceding the World Expo 2010, and the city was completely under reconstruction for the international event, resulting in a very high level of dust in the air, particularly on his way to work to Tongji University on the other side of town. The generated mist adds a level of mystery in the site as much as many mystical gardens in Chinese cities or as in the installation "Vaporización" by Teresa Margolles.


text:
Dr. HEINRICH FLESCH (1875 – 1942)
Rabbi, Historian, Genealogist
A noted historian and genealogist, Dr. Flesch was appointed Rabbi of the Moravian community Dolni Kounice (Kanitz) in 1894. Under the title "Die Familie Flesch" he published in 1914 a history of his family that traces back into the 16th century. He also published numerous articles (all in German) on the history of various Moravian communities. Important for genealogists, his specialty was his research into the origin of Jewish names. On this and other themes his articles appeared in:
He also contributed to the well-known book by Hugo Gold, "Die Juden und Judengemeinden Mahrens in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart."
The Jews in Dolni Kounice were deported to the Nazi death camps in 1942 and perished there.
by Henry Wellisch
Return to "Wall..."
Return to Austria-Czech SIG Homepage Home


text:
3-D Forest Animals
Populate an entire forest with three-dimensional animals.
Use these 3-D animals to create a diorama for a book report or storytelling time.
Make 3-D stand-up animals to accompany a report, story time or a project including forest animals.
Supplies Used: Adhesive, Cardstock or construction paper, Crayons, markers or pens, Pencil, Scissors, Tape
The teacher will die-cut the materials for student use prior to the lesson.
- Die-cut any of the 3-D animals from cardstock or construction paper.
- Add details with crayons, markers or pens on both sides of the die-cut animals (Figure A).
- Align the front and back of the animal bodies, and fold at the top so that all four feet touch the table top at the same time.
- Fold both tabs in toward the middle, and slide the slits on the tabs together (Figure B). This will allow the animals to stand (Figure C).
Create the forest
- Die-cut three of the Tree or Tree, Bare shapes, two from cardstock or construction paper and one from copy paper.
- Fold the copy paper Tree in half and make a mark at the midpoint of the Tree.
- Place the folded copy paper tree on one construction paper Tree, and draw a line from the midpoint mark up to the top of the Tree (Figure D).
- Cut along the pencil line. Cut a thin sliver right next to the slit to make a slightly wider opening. This will facilitate in sliding the two Trees together.
- Place the folded copy paper Tree on the other construction paper Tree, and draw a line from the midpoint mark down to the bottom of the Tree.
- Cut along the pencil line. Cut a thin sliver right next to the slit to make a slightly wider opening.
- Interlock the slits to allow the Tree to stand.
- Add some dimensional Trees to these 3-D forest animals for a project that is tree-mendous (Main Photo).
- Discuss other animals found in forests and their habitat.
- Figure A
- Figure B
- Figure C
- Figure D
Fine Arts-Visual Arts
NA-VA.K-4.2 Using Knowledge of Structures and Functions
- Students use visual structures and functions of art to communicate ideas
NA-VA.K-4.6 Making Connections Between Visual Arts and Other Disciplines
- Students identify connections between the visual arts and other disciplines in the curriculum
NL-ENG.K-12-4 Communication Skills
- Students adjust their use of spoken, written and visual language (e.g., conventions, style, vocabulary) to communicate effectively with a variety of audiences and for different purposes
NK.K-4.3 Life Science
As a result of activities in grades K–4, all students should develop understanding of
- Organisms and environments


Beware of legal lingo
Most people are tricked out of their rights by legalities they did not understand. Beware of legal lingo.
Learn how to avoid the deceptions.
Prerequisite to understanding this essay: Read my blog Your Government's Definition of the Term "must" only some of which is repeated here.
Those who want to play god are always changing pre-existing word definitions. Even the maxim of law that says meanings cannot change, has now changed. It once said:
Maxim of law. A communi observantia non est recedendum. There must be no departure from common usage. Definitions do not change.
But the lawyers changed the definition.
Law dictionary definitions are NOT English dictionary definitions.
THE WORD MUST MEANS MAY. Your Government's definition of the word "MUST" means "May"
You've probably been told that you "Must" file a form, or you "Must" disclose a number. Let's take a closer look.
Caterpillar Tractor Company v. U.S., 589 F.2d 1040 ( Carpenter v. United States, 495 F.2d 175 (5th Cir. 1974); Adler v. Commissioner, 330 F.2d 91 (9th Cir. 1964). And also see GEHL Co. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue. 795 F.2d 1324):
"Informal publications of IRS all the way up to revenue rulings are simply guides to taxpayers and taxpayer relies on them at his peril."
Brinkley v. Brinkley, 56 N.Y. 192: "Must" as used in statutes has been frequently construed not to be mandatory.
Fort Howard Paper v. Fox River Dist. 26 N.W.2nd 661: The word "shall" in a statute may be construed to mean "may", particularly in order to avoid a constitutional doubt.
Gow v. Consolidated Copper, 165 Atl. 136 (1933): If necessary, to avoid unconstitutionality of a statute, "shall" will be deemed equivalent to "may".
George Williams College v. Village of Williams Bay, 7 N.W.2nd 891: "Shall" in any statute may be construed to mean "may" in order to avoid constitutional doubt.
US Supreme Court, Cairo and Fulton RR Co. v. Hecht, 95 U.S. 168 (1877): As against the government, the word 'shall,' when used in statutes, is to be construed as 'may,' unless a contrary intention is manifest.
Ballou v. Kemp, 95 F.2d 556:
"The word 'shall' in its ordinary sense is imperative. 'When the word "shall" is used in a statute, and a right or benefit to any one depends upon giving it an imperative *559 construction, then that word is to be regarded as peremptory.' But the intent of the act controls, and when the spirit and purpose of the act require the word 'shall' to be construed as permissive it will be done...." [Lewis' Sutherland Statutory Construction, 2d ed., 1904, p. 1155]
"Whether the language of a statute is imperative or merely permissive depends on the intention as disclosed in the nature of the act and in the context. Although the words of a statute are merely permissive, directory, or enabling, they may nevertheless have the force of words of command where the power or duty to which they relate is for the advancement of public justice or the security and protection of public or private rights....
The word 'shall' in a statute may be construed as 'may' where the connection in which it is used or the relation into which it is put with other parts of the same statute indicates that the legislature intended that it should receive such a construction; but if any right to anyone depends on giving the word an imperative construction, the presumption is that the word was used in reference to such right or benefit. 'Shall' ought undoubtedly to be construed as meaning 'must' for the purpose of sustaining or enforcing an existing right, or when a public body is directed to do certain acts." [25 R.C.L. § 15, pp. 767-769]
And just to make things more confusing…
Note how "may" is defined in 34 AmJur, Mandamus, section 72:
"Frequently, however, the word 'may' or the like as used in statutes relating to the duty of public officers is construed as mandatory, and not merely permissive, Anno: 6 L.R.A. 162; 12 L.R.A.(NS) 340, See STATUTES (also 25 RCL p. 750), and when such is the case, mandamus may issue to compel the officer to perform the duty so imposed. Rock Island County v. United States, 4 Wall. (US) 435, 18 LEd,419; Brokaw v. Highway Comrs., 130 Ill482, 22 N.E. 596, 6 L.R.A. 161."
US Supreme Court in Mahler v. Eby 264 US 32:
"It is essential that where an executive is exercising delegated legislative power he should substantially comply with all the statutory requirements in its exercise"
Take a closer look at section 6001 of the Internal Revenue Code. It uses the deceptive terminology "may require" and "or by regulations":
"… Whenever in the judgment of the Secretary it is necessary, he may require any person, by notice served upon such person or by regulations, to make such returns, render such statements, or keep such records, as the Secretary deems sufficient to show whether or not such person is liable for tax under this title."
Concerning the "or by regulations" terminology: This is one of the places where the word "or" really means "and". If you are going to claim that some people are served notice in person, while others are served notice via the publication of regulations, then I demand the equal protection of the law, equal with those who have been served notice in person. [In statutes the word 'or' can mean 'and' unless preceded by a comma.] and of course, "may require" means must require.
LAWS MEAN WHAT CONGRESS INTENDED IT TO MEAN, but cannot exceed a Constitutional purpose.
Justice Felix Frankfurter, in 47 Columbia Law Review 527 (1947), expressed:
"To go beyond [the statute] is to usurp a power which our democracy has lodged in its elected legislature. The great judges have constantly admonished their brethren of the need for discipline in observing the limitations. A judge must not rewrite a statute, neither to enlarge nor to contract it. Whatever temptations the statesmanship of policy-making might wisely suggest, construction must eschew interpolation and evisceration. He must not read in by way of creation. He must not read out except to avoid patent nonsense or internal contradiction.
The word "Include" is an inclusive term. It cannot be expanded to include items outside the category being defined.
Inclusio Unius Exclusio Alterius This Latin phrase means, including one excludes others.
The inclusion of a specific term in a particular context may be safely interpreted to indicate the writer intented to exclude other terms.
For example, if a sentence specifically refers to items in commerce, this rule forbids lawyers and judges from expanding the writer's intent (e.g., the intent of Congress, your state legislature, or even an opposing party).
By referring to commercial purposes only, a sentence may not be "interpreted" as also referring to privately owned items.
It is not the authority of courts to expand what a law or regulation beyond what it specifically says!
If a sentence you encounter at court makes specific mention of "motor vehicles", one is permitted to interpret it as including trucks, buses, motorcycles, automobiles, and other motor-driven vehicles used in commerce.
If a statute makes specific mention only of "commercial use", (your state's jaywalking laws for example) then inclusio unius, exclusio alterius forbids interpreting that sentence to include pedestrians who are not in commerce. (such as jaywalking laws).
The word "include" is from Latin inclaudere to shut in, to keep within. In other words, include means everything within the list excludes anything outside the list.
Every Law Dictionary will tell you:
Black's Law Dictionary did not have the new definition of Include until the 1933 edition. It can now mean "in addition to" or "and".
But the word inclusive still excludes everything else.
U.S. Supreme Court in Colautti v. Franklin:
"It is axiomatic that the statutory definition of the term excludes unstated meanings of that term. Colautti v. Franklin, 439 U. S. 379, 392, and n. 10 (1979). … As judges it is our duty to 485* construe legislation as it is written, not as it might be read by a layman, or as it might be understood by someone who has not even read it." Meese v. Keene, 481 U.S. 465, 484-485 (1987).
Note 10 of Colautti Ibid, reads:
"[10] … As a rule, "[a] definition which declares what a term 'means'... excludes any meaning that is not stated." 2A C. Sands, Statutes and Statutory Construction § 47.07 (4th ed. Supp. 197


text:
California's Weakening Workers Compensation Market
Colin D. Baird
Sullivan Curtis Monroe
On April 14, 2010 the Workers Compensation Insurance Rating Bureau (WCIRB) released the summary of insurer experience as of December 31st, 2010. While not tremendously surprising, it should cause great alarm to those parties responsible for their businesses bottom line. The study showed some consistently startling statistics. But let's digress first.
California established legislation in 2004 which was touted as a significant improvement for long term claim cost reductions. Reduced claim costs drives the ultimate costs for employer's workers compensation insurance down. This legislation led to significantly lower average work comp rates for employers doing business in California. The average rate per 100 in 2005 was $5.23. The average rate in 2009 was $2.36. This led some employers to grow complacent in managing their own individual safety and risk management programs because the cost of insurance had declined so rapidly. Because of this reduction, employer's felt comfortable that the system was on its way to getting fixed.
Indemnity Claims And Their Impact From 2004-2009
Most businesses know that failing to control one's own controllable costs can lead to wild variations in profit margins down the road, and workers compensation insurers are no different. Let's look at the insurer's actual loss development from 2004 to 2009. While the average rate was declining by nearly 60%, the insurer's actual average claim was increasing. In 2004, the average indemnity claim (those are the claims where disability is paid out by the insurer to a claimant), was 15,679, but by
2009 that figure had risen to 18,729. This represents a 20% increase in the average cost of an indemnity claim from 2004 to 2009.
Medical Claims And Their Impract From 2004-2009
Now let's study what the development of medical claims has done from 2004 through 2009. Medical claims are claims that are paid to physician's hospitals, etc.. In 2004 the average medical claim was 24,414, in 2001 it was just 22,749, but in 2009 it skyrocketed to 39,083. This represents a 62.5% increase in the cost of an average medical claim from 2004 to 2009!
Likely Continuing Rate Trends
With insurers cost of both medical and indemnity claims increasing well beyond inflationary rates, it's likely that those costs will continue to be passed on to employer's. The 2009 rate recommendations by the WCIRB called for an approximate 22% increase, but the insurance commissioner did not agree with the WCIRB's recommended rate increase. This put many insurers in the dubious position of either raising their own rates against the wishes of the commissioner, or continue to lose money on their book of business. It's unlikely the insurers will continue to ignore their own data for much longer and the overall rate trend will be upward.
Rate Declines and Rate Increases Impact on Experience Mods
When rates were declining, the expected loss rate portion of the experience mod decreased. Since the denominator in the ex mod formulation is a function of expected losses, a decrease in rates reduces the denominator in the ex mod formula.. This drives experience mods upward.
When rates are increasing, the inverse is true. Expected loss rates are headed upward, but experience mods trend downward. While rates were decreasing, many employers benefited from direct reductions in their base rates, but the offsetting increase in their experience modification most likely took some of those credits away.
What Can You Do To Control Your Costs
Since insurer's establish the rates that employers pay for their workers compensation insurance and the employer can not control this process, it's important that an employer understands what they can control. The employer's destiny begins by controlling those costs that directly impact their own individual experience mod. The process starts with reducing the # of claims (frequency), and cost of claims (severity) for injuries that occur on the job.
Additionally, employers should be evaluating all of their claims that make up their current experience mod to reduce the reserves on open claims. Reducing the reserves, and settling open claims through the Compromise and Release process will get the claims off the books for good with little likelihood of reopening the claim. Reducing claims and their affiliated costs will drive the rate you pay for workers compensation down and increase your bottom line during these lean times,


Contents
EnglishEdit
NounEdit
parotitis (countable and uncountable, plural parotitides)

Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
 1. (pathology) Inflammation of one or both parotid glands.
 - 1794, Erasmus Darwin, Zoonomia; or the Laws of Organic Life:
 I except the mumps, or parotitis, described below; which is properly an external gland, as its excretory duct opens into the air.
 - 2012, Vincent Marks, Differential Diagnosis by Laboratory Medicine:
 Test Purpose 1) to diagnose acute pancreatitis, acute relapse of chronic pancreatitis, 2) to distinguish between acute pancreatitis and other causes of abdominal pain requiring immediate surgery, 3) to evaluate possible pancreatic injury caused by abdominal trauma or surgery, 4) to help in the diagnosis of epidemic and alcoholic parotitides.
TranslationsEdit
AnagramsEdit


text:
"This has been an unusual summer," said Stephen Dickson, a marine geologist with the Maine Geological Survey.
"I don't recall in 20 years this being quite as popular a topic.
There's certainly been a lot of discussion."
That discussion may continue well into the Labor Day weekend, traditionally the last big beach weekend in Maine.
said king tides - especially high tides, sometimes 2 or 3 feet higher than average - in the past week are remobilizing seaweed that is likely to wash ashore just in time for the holiday weekend.
REVISITING BEACH MAINTENANCE
The increase in seaweed stems from four factors: wind direction, spring tides, neap tides and surf.
Spring tides - which have the largest range and occur around the full and new moons - create high water levels that can move seaweed from rocky shores, setting the wrack free to wash onto sandy beaches.
There were many days in July with high water levels, Dickson
said a period of moderate waves in mid-July may have aided in stranding seaweed on the beach just as the tidal range was declining, leaving seaweed lingering high on beaches for days.


text:
Explore Now: How will a hurricane affect your home?
Our interactive impact map makes storm threats personal. Chuck Watson, a Savannah-based hurricane researcher and founder of Kinetic Analysis Corp., created the database by using computer models to predict maximum wind speed, water height, and average damage throughout the area in various hurricane scenarios. He paired the model results with Google Earth to allow easy access to the information.
You can use the impact map to see the risk to your house in a hurricane of any strength. The information includes predicted water levels, wind speed, and residential damage expected at specific locations.
Click here to get started.


Life-Cycle Hypothesis (LCH)
Definition of 'Life-Cycle Hypothesis (LCH)'
The Life-Cycle Hypothesis (LCH) is an economic theory that pertains to the spending and saving habits of people over the course of a lifetime. The concept was developed by Franco Modigliani and his student Richard Brumberg. LCH presumes that individuals base consumption on a constant percentage of their anticipated life income. An example supporting the hypothesis is that people save for retirement while they are earning a regular income (rather than spending it all when it is earned).
Investopedia explains 'Life-Cycle Hypothesis (LCH)'
The Life Cycle Hypothesis concludes that the average propensity to consume is greater in both young and aging individuals, since they are borrowing against future income (in the case of young individuals) or using savings (as with aging or retired individuals). Middle-aged people, on the other hand, have a greater propensity to save and a lower propensity to consume, enhanced by a typically higher income.
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text:
June 16, 2009
Putting A Name To A Face Could Be Key To Brain's Facial Expertise
Our tendency to see people and faces as individuals may explain why we are such experts at recognizing them, new research indicates. This approach can be learned and applied to other objects as well.
"This new research adds to the evidence that the brain processes faces differently because of our expertise with them. It also tells us what it is about our experience with faces that leads us to treat them holistically," Isabel Gauthier, associate professor of psychology at Vanderbilt University and one of the study's co-authors, said. "This knowledge may be useful in the development of training protocols for individuals with difficulties in face perception, such as individuals with autism spectrum disorders."
The research is currently in press at Psychological Science. Gauthier's co-authors are Alan Wong, who completed the study as his doctoral thesis in psychology at Vanderbilt, and Thomas Palmeri, associate professor of psychology. Wong is now an assistant professor at Chinese University of Hong Kong.
"Our findings suggest that facial expertise does not just develop with any type of experience," Wong said. "Learning to recognize a set of objects as individuals may work, but categorizing them at a more general level, or learning to manipulate them, would not. We develop different types of expertise in recognizing different objects not just due to their unique appearance, but also because of the types of experience we have had with them."
For decades, scientists have debated whether we are better able to recognize faces because we have evolved a brain system dedicated to this task or because we have extensive practice recognizing faces. Researchers agree that we recognize faces holistically, which is not how we generally recognize other objects. For example, we find it almost impossible to attend to only one part of a face and ignore the rest, while we might recognize a car by its grill, taillights or branding.
Prior research has shown that people can develop face-like expertise with novel objects, such as cars, and that once that expertise has been developed those objects are also processed holistically. But up until now it was unclear what it was about expertise that produced this holistic effect.
In the new study, Wong, Gauthier and Palmeri investigated this question by comparing two different types of training regimens with the same novel objects, called Ziggerins. The Ziggerins were created just for the experiment and have no real-world function.
One group learned to individuate these objects with unique names, much like we do with people and faces. Another group learned to very quickly categorize the objects based on shared structure. Each group became better than the other at the task on which it was trained, illustrating that different kinds of perceptual expertise can develop for the same objects. But, only the group that learned to individuate Ziggerins later processed novel Ziggerins holistically, like faces.
"This research indicates that not only is individuation key to our expertise with faces, but that this technique can be quickly applied to other objects," the authors said. "Hallmarks of face-like expertise do not require 10 years, or even 10 hours, of experience to emerge."
On The Net:


XAML File Recovery
Tutorial for Windows, MacOS, Android and IOS systems in 2020
XAML File Recovery
What is a .XAML file?
Extensible Application Markup Language file that uses Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) code; XAML (pronounced "zammel") is a descriptive programming language developed by Microsoft for creating user interfaces; introduced during the development stages of Longhorn, which is now Windows Vista.
How to recover lost .XAML files?
Sometimes while working with a computer, laptop or other stationary or mobile devices, you may encounter various bugs, freezes, hardware or software failures, even in spite of regular updates and junk cleaning. As a result, an important .XAML file may be deleted.
By no means should you think that the only way to recover a .XAML file is always to create it once more.
Use programs for recovering .XAML files if a file was lost after accidental or deliberate deleting, formatting the memory card or the internal storage, cleaning the storage device, after a virus attack or a system failure.
Programs to recover .XAML files
Looking for a way to recover files?
In cases when files were deleted and they cannot be restored by using standard operating system tools, use Hetman Partition Recovery.
To do it:
1. Download Hetman Partition Recovery, install and start the program.
2. The program will run an automatic scan and display all hard disks and removable drives, physical and local disks connected to this PC.
3. Double-click on the disk from which you need to recover files, and select analysis type.
4. When the scanning is over, you will be shown the files for recovery.
5. To find a file you need, use the program's interface to open the folder it was deleted from, or go to the folder «Content-Aware Analysis» and select the required file type.
6. Select the files you have been looking for and click «Recovery».
7. Choose one of the methods for saving the files and recover them.
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How to open file with .XAML extension?
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Тип файла: XAML File
Расширение файла: .XAML
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Smithsonian National Zoological Park l Friends of the National Zoo
by Terry Dunn
Monkeys are always popular animals to watch at the Zoo. Here are some special things about monkeys to look for during your visit to the howler monkey exhibit:
Monkey or Ape?
There are several differences between monkeys and apes, but the most obvious difference is that, in general, monkeys have tails and apes don't (all New World monkeys have tails).
Both have relatively long arms and legs, but the limbs of monkeys are similar in size while apes have long arms relative to their legs. When you watch the howler monkeys, look at how many ways they can use their limbs. When is the last time you could hang from a bar with one hand or put your foot in your mouth?
Male or Female?
The male of the black howler monkey species is black, the female is brown in color. Females are about 80 percent the size of males.
Opposable Thumbs
Monkeys and apes have thumbs that are higher up on the palm than the rest of the fingers so the thumb can work with the other four digits to grasp branches or food. Howler monkeys also have five-toed grasping feet, including an opposable thumb. To gain a new appreciation for opposable thumbs, try writing with a pencil without using your thumb.
Prehensile Tail
Take a look at the underside of a howler monkey's tail and you will find a long, bare section towards the end. This is because they use their tail like a hand, grabbing branches as they move through the forest. The lack of fur helps them to grip better. As an enrichment exercise, Zoo-keepers will provide the howler monkeys with special feeders that make them use their grasping tail.
Forward-facing Eyes
Part of the reason monkeys look so much like us is because their eyes face forward like ours. This means that they have binocular vision, which helps monkeys judge distance better than animals with eyes on the sides of their heads. Forward facing eyes are a real advantage when navigating through an intricate web of forest branches.
Howling at the Rain
Howler monkeys have a curious reaction to heavy rain. As a rainstorm approaches or begins, they often start an excited chorus of howls. During the brunt of the rain though, they hunch over and look miserable.
Ready to hear a howl?
Check out the Small Mammal House to see the howler monkeys with your own two forward-facing eyes.


these characteristics. It may or may not get activated.
 Examples are:
 - Sharingan was activated by Sasuke, while some Uchiha were not able to achieve it.
 2. Bloodline limits could also be obtained randomly by a senju or family branch, like the Uzumaki clan, or just a random genius like the 4th Hokage who wasn't part of senju or Uchiha or any bloodline limit clan at all.
 Examples are:
 - Kimimaro is the sole user of the bone bloodline limit, which is an original from Kaguya.
 - Sage Mode - considered a bloodline limit which requires a person who has massive amount of chakra to perfectly control his chakra without using any amount of chakra to obtain the sage levels. For example, Minato, Naruto, Hashirama,...
 3. Bloodline limits can also be achieved through implants/mastery/intense practice but has a low chance of getting it into perfect use.
 Examples are:
 - Kakashi's Mangekyu
 - Kabuto's Sage Mode
 - Yamato's Mokuton
Kekkei Tōta
An upgraded kekkei genkai or a 3-element bloodline limit user.
For examples:
 - Rinnegan - an upgraded state of Sharingan
 - Beast Bomb Rasenshuriken Jutsu - a densed Kyuubi, Sage, and Wind chakra
 - Mokuton no Jutsu
First of all they made it fair enough by make a new evolution of the byakugan which is TENSEIGAN that we saw in the seventh movie. They felt that the byakugan didn't get as much attention like the Sharingan.
I have two theories about this:
 1. We all know that byakugan is related to sharingan due to the anime.. BUT noticing that kaguya the mother of SGO6P had the byakugan! meaning that byakugan came first - rinnegan - then sharingan.. so byakugan is the ancestor of the other dojutsu. This infers that Kaguya had the power of the jubi plus her byakugan as a result, she awakened one rinne sharingan in her forehead.in other words maybe if a hyuga becomes the ten tails Jinchuuriki he\she will also awaken one of two : regular rinnegan or rinne sharingan.
 2. Second theory is about bloods. We know that on one side the uzumaki clan are relatives of the senju, on another side the uchiha clan is descended from the hyuga clan. so if a hyuga and an uzumaki/senju were to have offsprings, theyll perhaps have the power of the sage of the six paths! which means theyll awaken the rinnegan.. (for example himawari, lets see what future hides) hope u like it ;)
Seeing how Kaguya possesses both the rinne sharingan, which is the progenitor of the rinnegan, and the byakugan it is within the realm of possibilities that a byakugan user may awaken the rinnegan, but as a forehead third eye since they already have byakugan in both eyes and the original source of rinne and tensei chakra is Kaguya herself. But I would imagine that only select Hyuga or Moon Shinobi Otsutsuki clan members can do this depending on the purity of their blood that match either of Hamura's aspects (Hyuga or Moon Shinobi Otsutsuki) and/or whether or not Hamura's children have unique chakra like Indra and Asura that makeup the chakra of their parent and only them and their transmigrants can awaken the rinnegan/ rinne sharingan. This is an hypothetical conjecture since what you're asking has remained unanswered at the end of the Naruto series.
In an hypothetical scenario, it may be possible for an eligible Hyuga clan member to acquire Asura & Indra's chakra or chakra from Hagoromo himself and they may acquire a single forhead rinnegan. For the sake of logistics, lets say they acquire one purple rinnegan in their forehead. Why? Because there may be a component in Hamura's chakra that may mutate the rinnegan into the rinne sharingan and thus since we are talking about one third of said chakra they may acquire an incomplete rinne sharingan. For simplicity's sake let's say that an eligible Hyuga clan member can acquire a purple rinnegan and that an eligible Moon Shinobi Otsutsuki clan member can acquire a red rinnegan. When that missing 1/4th is acquired this may trigger the third eye to transform into its complete form, the rinne sharingan.
This hypothesis may connect with another hypothesis as to why Kaguya doesn't appear to have the tenseigan while Hamura has it. Perhaps by acquiring Hamura's chakra and the tenseigan and then acquiring the rinne aspect that the user previously lacked, said individual may awaken the third eye as the complete rinne sharingan, but as a consequence of its activation the tenseigan deactivates, because the tensei chakra now has a rinnegan to be processed by and thus in the absence of rinne chakra and the rinnegan the tensei chakra manifests as the tenseigan in the user's byakugan. This maybe the reason why Kaguya appears to lack the tenseigan while his son doesn't. I would also like to add that Kaguya's byakugan is considered a kekkei mora rather than a kekkei genkai and it may very well be for this reason. This is taking into account that Hagormo and Hamura each hold an aspect of Kaguya's chakra in their own and if both chakra were to merge, her chakra may likely mainfest in the individual. As already mentioned, Asura + Indra = Hagoromo as shown by Madara and unspecified Hyuga + unspecified Moon Shinobi Otsutsuki = Hamura as demonstrated by Toneri. So why wouldn't Hagoromo + Hamura = Kaguya? Let's also take into account that Hagoromo's rinnegan are purple and tomoeless while his mother's rinnegan is red and with (9) tomoe like the sharingan. The absence of the tensei component in Hagoromo may be the reason why there is a difference between his eyes and his mother's eye.
A possible counter arguement for this last paragraph would be that Kaguya can indeed activate the tenseigan and there is no relationship between the tenseigan and her rinne sharingan as explained above. She may have simply chosen not activate them during her fight with Naruto and Sasuke. It can be further argued that her tenseigan may be more advanced compared to her son's seeing as how her son's tenseigan seems to be able to evolve further by sealing other clan member's byakugan inside it. Being the source of all chakra her tenseigan could very well be more advance than her son's. However, this hypothesis is also debatable as there is no evidence that supports that she has the tenseigan.
Hope that this explaination makes sense and even if there is something that you may disagree with or that you don't like, because it's speculative in nature that at least this attempt of explaining an untestible unknown (until Kishi gets off his ass and tell us the answer) may get your imagination going so you may actually formulate your own explainations on this matter.
The byakugan was inherited from kaguya by her son hamura, while the constituent dojutsu that comprise the rinne-sharingan were inherited by hagoromo(sage of six paths), and as such, the byakugan cannot be transformed into the rinnegan, as its chakra constituents are totally separate. The byakugan can evolve he wever into the tenseigan, which exhibits similar abilities to the rinnegan, such as attractive and repulsive forces and truthseeker balls. In conclusion, the only way for a byakugan user to get the Rinnegan is by transplanting one and they must have massive chairs reserves and share even small relations to the senju, the uchiha or the uzimaki.
 - I'd have to disagree with that. In the anime, Hagaromo and Hamura, both have Byakugan at first. Then Hagaromo gets the Sharingan and later, the Rinnegan. – Ero Sɘnnin Dec 4 '16 at 3:26


text:
City of Alexandria, VA
History of the Alexandria's Human Rights Code
On March 25, 1975, Alexandria City Council passed one of the first human rights ordinances in Virginia.
The Code, which became effective April 21, 1975, prohibited discrimination in employment, housing, public accommodation, credit, health and social services, education and city contracts on the basis of race, color, sex, age, religion, national origin, ancestry, marital status, or physical handicap.
Throughout the years, a number of changes have expanded the reach of the Code. In 1988, the Code was amended to include sexual orientation as a protected class; in 1991, the Code was amended to include fair housing protection for families with children, and the protection for the "physically handicapped" was expanded to cover all disabilities. Last, amendments to the Code in 1996 prohibited discriminatory practices in commercial real estate.


text:
The 'link and'static-link formats are the same as 'dir in terms of parsing, but they are treated differently for tasks such as package installation.
source : string? type : (or/c package-source-format? _TAG_) = _TAG_
(package-source->name+type source [ type #:complain complain-proc #:must-infer-name? must-infer-name?] #:link-dirs? link-dir?)
(or/c _TAG_ string?) (or/c package-source-format? _TAG_) source : string? type : (or/c package-source-format? _TAG_) = _TAG_ complain-proc : (string? string?. ->. any) = void must-infer-name? : boolean? = _TAG_ link-dir? : boolean?
The complain-proc function is applied when source is ill-formed. The arguments to complain-proc are source and an error message.
If must-infer-name? is true, then complain-proc is called if a valid name cannot be inferred from source.
If link-dirs? is true, then a directory path is reported as type 'link instead of 'dir.
The package-source->path function is different from string->path in the case that source starts with file://. Also, if type is 'dir, 'link, or'static-link, then path->directory-path is used to ensure that the result path refers to a directory.
Added in version 10.0.1.11 of package base.


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Python frozenset() – Every You Need To Know
What Is Frozenset() In Python
Hey there! So today we are here to discuss the Python frozenset() method.
So before we get into the method, let us know what a frozenset is.
What is a frozenset?
A frozenset is an unordered, un-indexed, and immutable collection of elements. It provides all the functionalities that a set offers in Python, the only difference being the fact that a frozenset is immutable, i.e. can't be changed after it is created.
Hence in simple words, frozen sets are immutable sets.
The Python frozenset() Method
The Python frozenset() method returns a new frozenset object whose elements are taken from the passed iterable. If iterable is not specified, a new empty set is returned.
Note: The elements must be hashable.
fz = frozenset([iterable])
When nothing is specified, the frozenset() method returns an empty frozenset object to fz.
To get a better understanding of how the method works, let us look at an example.
# List Initialisation
list1 = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
fz = frozenset(list1)
fz = frozenset() # empty frozenset
print("Type of fz: ", type(fz))
frozenset({0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6})
Type of fz:
Here, firstly we have initialized a list(list1) and then passed it as iterable to the frozenset() method. In return we get a frozenset object(fz) with elements from the list. When nothing is passed, fz is now an empty frozenset object.
Frozenset Initialization
In the below-given example, we have initialized a frozenset using the Python frozenset() method by passing different iterables like list, tuple, set, and dictionary.
# Initialisation
list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
fz = frozenset(list1) # from list object
fz = frozenset([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) # from list
fz = frozenset({5: 'a', 4: 'B', 3: 'C', 2: 'D', 1: 'E', 0: '0'})# from dict
fz = frozenset({'Python', 'Java', 'C', 'C++', 'Kotlin', 'R'})# from set
fz = frozenset((17, 55, 26, 90, 75, 34)) # from tuple
frozenset({1, 2, 3, 4, 5})
frozenset({0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5})
frozenset({'Java', 'Kotlin', 'Python', 'C', 'R', 'C++'})
frozenset({34, 90, 75, 17, 55, 26})
For each case, we get a frozenset object with the corresponding iterable elements in it. But carefully note, that in the case of a dictionary only the keys are being considered.
Operations on a Python frozenset
We can get names of all the methods related to a frozenset object using the dir() method.
fo = frozenset([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
['__and__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__or__', '__rand__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__ror__', '__rsub__', '__rxor__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__sub__', '__subclasshook__', '__xor__', 'copy', 'difference', 'intersection', 'isdisjoint', 'issubset', 'issuperset','symmetric_difference', 'union']
Notice from the above output, that various functions like add(), remove(), update(), pop() etc.(used to change/update elements, available for sets) are missing. Again this is due to the fact that a frozen set is immutable.
So now let us look at the available methods for frozen sets, using which we can perform various operations.
fs = frozenset([1, 12, 23, 45, 67, 89, 100])
print("Given Frozenset =", fs)
fs_len = len(fs)
print("Length of Frozenset =", fs_len)
print("23 in fs? ", 23 in fs)
print("23 not in fs? ", 23 not in fs)
print("Sets are disjoint? ", fs.isdisjoint(frozenset([10, 5])))
print("Set is Subset? ", fs.issubset(set([1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 23, 45, 67, 89, 100])))
print("fs is superset? ", fs.issuperset(frozenset({1, 100})))
print("Union of sets: ", fs.union(frozenset([-1, -12])))
print("Intersection: ", fs.intersection(set([1, 10, 100])))
print("Difference: ", fs.difference(frozenset([1, 10, 100])))
print("Symmetric difference: ", fs.symmetric_difference(frozenset([1, 10, 100])))
fs_copy = fs.copy()
print("Copy of fs: ", fs_copy)
Given Frozenset = frozenset({1, 67, 100, 12, 45, 23, 89})
Length of Frozenset = 7
23 in fs? True
23 not in fs? False
Sets are disjoint? True
Set is Subset? True
fs is superset? True
Union of sets: frozenset({1, 67, 100, 12, 45, -12, 23, 89, -1})
Intersection: frozenset({1, 100})
Difference: frozenset({67, 12, 45, 23, 89})
Symmetric difference: frozenset({67, 10, 12, 45, 23, 89})
Copy of fs: frozenset({1, 67, 100, 12, 45, 23, 89})
 - len(s): Returns the length of the frozenset s,
 - x in s: Checks whether x is present in frozenset s or not,
 - x not in s: Returns True if x is not an element of frozenset s. Or else returns False,
 - isdisjoint(other): Returns True if the set has no elements in common with other. Sets are disjoint if and only if their intersection is the empty set.
 - issubset(other): Checks whether other contains elements of the frozenset or not,
 - issuperset(other): Checks whether the frozenset contains elements of other or not,
 - union(*others): Returns a frozenset containing the union of the provided other sets,
 - intersection(*others): Returns a frozenset, with elements common to fs and all others passed,
 - difference(*others): Returns a new frozenset with elements in the frozenset(fs) that are not in the others,
 - symmetric_difference(other): Returns a new frozenset with elements in either fs or other but not both.
Summing Up
That's it for today. Hope you had a clear understanding of the Python frozenset() method.
For more info, we recommend going through the links provided in the references section.
For any further questions, feel free to comment below.


text:
Knife, Fork, and Plate from Libby Prison
Grade Range: 5-12
Resource Type(s): Primary Source, Artifacts
Date Posted: 12/28/2010
During the Civil War, Libby Prison held over 125,000 men, mostly Union officers. This knife, fork, and plate was issued to prisoner of war Colonel John S. Crocker, 93rd Infantry Regiment, New York Volunteers, by the commandant of Libby Prison, Richmond, Virginia, and used by him at Libby and Salisbury prisons, 1862.
Historical Thinking Standards (Grades 5-12)
United States History Standards (Grades 5-12)


text:
Cub Cadet 3000 series Tractor Parts Cub Cadet 3000 Series Parts Diagrams. Select Your Model Below. 3165 Tractor 14A-654-100; 3184 Tractor S/N 1J310G & Before 14A-634L100; 3184 Tractor S/N 1K010G & After 14A-641L100 Cub Cadet Wiring Diagram | Wirings Diagram Cub Cadet Wiring Diagram – cub cadet 100 wiring diagram, cub cadet 127 wiring diagram, cub cadet 149 wiring diagram, Every electrical structure is made up of various different components. Each part should be placed and linked to different parts in particular way. Otherwise, the structure won't function as it ought to be. Cub Cadet Wiring Diagram | Free Wiring Diagram Collection of cub cadet wiring diagram. A wiring diagram is a streamlined traditional photographic representation of an electrical circuit. It shows the elements of the circuit as simplified shapes, as well as the power and also signal connections between the gadgets.
Related with cub cadet 3000 series tractors wiring diagrams


text:
For aquariums from 100 to 1000 litres(25 to 265 USgal.).
Flow rate: 2,000 to about 9,500l/h(550 to 2,500 USgal./h)
Energy consumption: 5 - 21W
Power supply unit: 100-240V / 50-60Hz
Cable length: 3m (196.8 in.)
Dimensions: diam. 70mm (2.7 in.)
Output: diam. 50/10mm (1.96/.39 in.)
Magnet Holder with Silence clamp up to a glass thickness of 15mm (1/2")
The Turbelle® controller is a device which is used to set the variable pump performance. It can provide a wave simulation, oscillation flow, an automatic search for the resonance frequency when the oscillation flow is used, and it is also equipped with a food timer. It can be directly connected to a Multicontroller. The pump is therefore able to operate together with other pumps, for example, in the high/low tide mode. If the Moonlight 7097.05 (not included in the scope of delivery) is attached to the Turbelle® controller, the night-mode operation will be activated automatically. If this controller is connected to a second controller with the 7092.300 cable, a further pump can be connected and controlled, for example, to provide a wave pounding simulation or an oscillating current. A third controller can be added using the Y-adapter cable 7090.300.
Which Tunze Pump is Right for you?
Compare the models below:


next up previous contents index
Next: on statements Up: Explicit constructor invocation statements Previous: Explicit constructor invocation statements Contents Index
Note Added.
It now appears that in the JDK reference implementation of Java the interpretation of ''static context'' for a general expression in an explicit constructor invocation is different to the static context experienced in the body of an anonymous class instance creation expression embedded in an explicit constructor invocation. General expressions can (sometimes, under precise conditions we don't clearly understand) access enclosing instances, whereas a special rule says specifically that anonymous class instance creation expressions embedded in explicit constructor invocations can not. So the above translation will not work if the original explicit constructor invocation contains a legitimate (?) reference to an enclosing instance. The correct rules for static context in inner classes are not very clear to us, and for now the HPJava translator follows scheme described above. With significant extra work, other interpretations of the static context can be accomodated.
Bryan Carpenter 2003-04-15


Intro to Surface Supplied Diving
Course Description
Instruction on basic skills of surface supply lightweight diving, fundamental concepts, terminology, and practical skills of seamanship, line handling, rigging, and underwater work procedures and the fundamentals of line (rope) and wire rope classification, composition, and use. Proper tying and use of knots and their practical application by divers, working load limit (WLL) for rope, wire, and rigging hardware, as well as to calculation of the ratio and mechanical advantage of block and tackle are covered.
Learning Outcomes
 - Identify the following line types: manila, nylon, polypropylene, describe the physical characteristics: stretch, durability, advantages, disadvantages, and UV resistance.
 - Explain the use of the following rigging and seamanship concepts for using slings, block and tackles, and lifts; and how to determine the safe working load limits of rigging equipment.
 - Explain the use of the common knots and demonstrate the ability to tie each.
 - Describe the proper inspection procedure when given a length of wire rope, and be able to discuss critical elements and discontinuities associated with wire rope.
 - Calculate the work load limit for stainless steel, galvanized, plow steel wire rope, and line.
 - List and identify the components of a vessel.
 - Identify and draw a schematic of the components of an air system: air compressors, volume tanks, valves, piping, hoses, and associated components.
 - Demonstrate the ability to set up a dive station, start a compressor and diesel engine, fill a bailout cylinder, dress a diver, and tend a diver using a checklist operating procedure.
 - Explain the minimum requirements of diving equipment (personal and system) required for a surface supply diver and safety regulations for surface supply diving.
 - Demonstrate the ability to perform all diving station positions: communications, rack operator, diver, standby diver, and diving supervisor.
 - Properly document dives in a personal dive log and keep diving log records on the dive station.
 - Demonstrate the use of surface supplied dive equipment.
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