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I am using the kmeans() function in R and I was curious what is the difference between the totss and tot.withinss attributes of the returned object. From the documentation they seem to be returning the same thing, but applied on my dataset the value of totss is 66213.63 and for tot.withinss is 6893.50. Please let me know if you are familiar with mroe details. Thank you!
Marius.
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2 Answers 2
up vote 10 down vote accepted
Given the between sum of squares betweenss and the vector of within sum of squares for each cluster withinss the formulas are these:
totss = tot.withinss + betweenss
tot.withinss = sum(withinss)
For example, if there were only one cluster then betweenss would be 0, there would be only one component in withinss and totss = tot.withinss = withinss.
For further clarification, we can compute these various quantities ourselves given the cluster assignments and that may help clarify their meanings. Consider the data x and the cluster assignments cl$cluster from the example in help(kmeans). Then if we define the sum of squares function as:
ss <- function(x) sum(scale(x, scale = FALSE)^2)
we have:
example(kmeans) # create x and cl
betweenss <- ss(cl$centers[cl$cluster,]) # or ss(fitted(cl))
withinss <- sapply(split(as.data.frame(x), cl$cluster), ss)
tot.withinss <- sum(withinss) # or resid <- x - fitted(cl); ss(resid)
totss <- ss(x) # or tot.withinss + betweenss
cat("totss:", totss, "tot.withinss:", tot.withinss,
 "betweenss:", betweenss, "\n")
# compare above to:
str(cl)
EDIT:
Since this question was answered, R has added additional similar kmeans examples (example(kmeans)) and a new fitted.kmeans method and we now show how the fitted method fits into the above in the comments trailing the code lines.
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Ahum. So the tot.withinss should be the total within cluster variation and the totss should be the overall data variation. total within cluster variation + the ss of the cluster centers. Right? – Marius Dec 26 '11 at 17:50

I have added some further clarification. – G. Grothendieck Dec 26 '11 at 18:15

So, if one wants to find out the total within cluster variation, then tot.whitinss is the one. Thank you. – Marius Dec 26 '11 at 18:50

that means the higher the between_SS / total_SS (%), the better the clustering?? isn't it?? – ToNoY Jul 18 '13 at 3:55

@ToNoY, Right. Try kmeans(rep(1:2, 4), 2) to see a perfect fit. – G. Grothendieck Jul 18 '13 at 15:54
I think you have spotted an error in the documentation ... which says:
withinss The within-cluster sum of squares for each cluster.
totss The total within-cluster sum of squares.
tot.withinss Total within-cluster sum of squares, i.e., sum(withinss).
If you use the sample dataset in the help page example:
> kmeans(x,2)$tot.withinss
[1] 15.49669
> kmeans(x,2)$totss
[1] 65.92628
> kmeans(x,2)$withinss
[1] 7.450607 8.046079
I think someone should write a request to the r-devel mailing list asking that the help page be revised. I'm willing to do so if you don't want to.
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Thanks for the quick reaction. I was thinking the same.. that there is an error in the doc.. unfortunately not the only one as I saw. You can write if you want a request to them. The main point is that I am also using a genetic k-means algorithm and I wanted to compare the results. Now I do not know which should be the one to take in consideration.. – Marius Dec 26 '11 at 17:11

Which one to do what with? (There are too many pronouns and adjectives, not enough nouns in either your statement of confusion or my counter-question.) – BondedDust Dec 26 '11 at 17:48

:/ if there is no programming language syntax involved you pick on grammar? I wanted to compare the results of the genetic k-means algorithm with the results of the kmeans function in R. The main point is to minimize the within cluster variation. The returned kmeans object in R has 2 attributes defined the same in the doc. There is only one result that is to be compared. – Marius Dec 26 '11 at 17:56

Semantics, not grammar. I cannot (even yet) figure out what sort of comparison you want to do. How am I supposed to know what the "genetic k-means" function, however it might be implemented, is returning? – BondedDust Dec 26 '11 at 18:13

Hehehe.. I was sure you're gonna say semantics :] Well the idea is that the kmeans algorithm is an optimization problem. Genetic algorithms have a pretty large applicability in this domain and the fitness function (in this case) is the minimization of the total within cluster variation, based on the sum of squares. So the genetic algorithm also returns the total within cluster variation but the kmeans object that the R function returns has two attributes that are supposed to deliver the same characteristic. I do not know which of the two is the right one that I can compare with my results. – Marius Dec 26 '11 at 18:25
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text:
The stinky plant has put up its annual bloom — a 4-foot-tall, cone-shaped stalk surrounded by a blood-red frill. The stalk gives off an odor like rotting flesh to attract flies for pollination, said glasshouse manager Mark Bir.
If you want to experience this botanical oddity in all of its olfactory glory, get to the garden before Monday, because the flower only lasts about a week, Bir said.
"It's really a neat thing," he said enthusiastically. "It attracts flies! What could be wrong with a plant that does that?"
The voodoo lily's flower fully opened on March 3. "That was its stinkiest day," Bir said.
By Wednesday, the plant's stalk was glistening with tiny droplets that release the odor. Yes, I smelled it and can confirm that the odor is enough to make your eyes water. Some visitors covered their noses, but others were amazed, Bir said.
Voodoo lilies, or amorphophallus konjak, are native to tropical regions in eastern Asia, where they have adapted to dry and wet spells. The plants go dormant during the dry season, and bloom annually in late February or early March, Bir said. They are also called devil's tongue, snake palm or elephant yam.
Voodoo lilies are cousins to the larger titan arum, which also sends up a large, stinky and short-lived flower. Titan arum takes eight to 12 years to go from seed to first bloom, and it puts up a frill surrounding a 4- to 9-foot-tall spike. Slowly, the frill unfurls and the spike emits an overpowering stink. Then it's over. Within a week, the spike and frill collapse into a deflated mess. A Titan arum bloomed at Ohio State University in 2012.
The botanical garden's voodoo lily will also have a short time in the spotlight. After flowering, the plant will wither back to the root and rest for about a month before it sends up a single broad leaf on one stalk. Its pot will be moved to the botanical garden's terrace for the summer. The bulb, or root, is kept in a cool, dry place over the winter.
Sounds as if the voodoo lily would be easy to grow at home, and some intrepid gardeners do just that. "You have to be willing to have a stinky house every February," Bir said. "They are great fun as a garden curiosity."
If You Go
11030 East Blvd.
Open Tuesday, Thursday through Saturday: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Wednesday: 10 a.m. to 9 p.m.
Sunday: Noon to 5 p.m.
Children (3-12): $6.00

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Crawl Quick-Start Guide ======================= Copyright 1999 Linley Henzell So, you want to start playing Crawl straight away without bothering with the manual? Read this, the guide to starting Crawl with a minimum of preparation. I suggest printing it out and following its instructions while playing your first few games (you can also press '?' twice while playing for a list of commands). You should also try the tutorial mode; it only takes a few minutes. When you get some more time, you can read 'crawl_manual.txt' in the docs/ directory for more detailed information. INTRODUCTION TO CRAWL --------------------- Crawl is a large and very random game of subterranean exploration in a fantasy world of magic and frequent violence. Your quest is to travel into the depths of the Dungeon (which is different each time you play) and retrieve the Orb of Zot. Crawl is an RPG of the 'rogue-like' type, one of the descendants of Rogue. Its graphics are simple but highly informative, designed to be understood at a glance, and control is exercised largely through one-keystroke commands. STARTING OUT ------------ After starting the program you will be greeted with a message asking for your name. Don't spend too much time over this, as your first character will **not** last very long (sorry, but it's true). Next you are given menus of species and backgrounds from which to choose. A hill orc, minotaur or troll Fighter is a good bet. Elves are quite fragile, humans are pretty average at everything, and the weirder species are mostly too tricky for beginning players. Finally, you may be given a choice of weapons. I suggest an axe (axes are fun). Now you are in the game. The game screen has three parts: - the Map takes up the upper left part of the screen. In its very centre is the '@' sign which represents You. The coloured parts of the Map are the parts you can see, while places which you have visited before but cannot currently see are shown in grey. - the Message box is the large part of the screen below the map. It describes events as they happen and asks you questions from time to time. - the Stats area (to the right of the Map) contains various indicators of your health and abilities. EXPLORING --------- Try walking around, using either the numeric keypad (try numlock off and on) or the Rogue ('hjklyubn') keys. Pressing 'o' will activate auto-explore, which will move until an enemy is seen, or some other notable event (e.g. finding a set of stairs) occurs. If you want to know what a certain character on the screen represents, you can use the 'x' (examine) command to get a short description, and then 'v' to get more information. You use the 'O', 'C' commands to open or close doors, and the '<' (up) and '>' (down) commands to climb staircases. The Dungeon gets more dangerous (but more interesting!) as you go down. If you get lost you can access a map of the whole level you are on with the 'X' command, which uses the whole screen. ITEMS ----- After walking around for a while, you will no doubt come across some items lying around (you may come across some monsters as well; for help in dealing with them skip to the Monsters section). You can pick up items with the 'g' (get) or ',' commands and drop them again with 'd' (drop), and the 'i' (inventory) command shows you what you're carrying. While examining your inventory, press any item's key to see more information about it, and to list available commands. There are several different types of items: - **Weapons**, represented by the ')' sign. Wield them with the 'w' (wield) command. Some weapons are cursed and cannot be un-wielded without the use of magic. - **Armour** ('['). Wear it, or take it off, with the 'W' (Wear) command. Heavier armours give more protection, but may hamper your ability to fight, dodge, and cast spells. These can also be cursed. - **Ammunition** (which has the '(' sign). Throw it with 'f' and 'F' (fire). Stones, tomahawks and javelins are meant to be thrown by hand; other missiles need an appropriate launcher to be wielded (e.g. arrows are only effective when shot with a bow). - **Wands** ('/'), **Scrolls** ('?') and **Potions** ('!') can be very valuable, but have limited uses (scrolls and potions can only be used once each, wands contain only a certain number of charges). Wands are e'V'oked, scrolls are 'r'ead and potions are 'q'uaffed. Unfortunately, you won't at first know what a scroll or potion does; it will only be described by its physical appearance. But once you have used, for example, a potion of curing, you will in the future recognise all potions of curing. - **Rings** ('=') and **Amulets** ('"') provide various mostly-helpful effects. They are put on with 'P' (put on) and can be removed with 'R'. They can, like weapons, be cursed. - **Money** ('$') can be used to buy stuff in shops. There are a few other types of items, but you will discover these as you play. MONSTERS -------- You will also run into monsters (most of which are represented by letters of the alphabet). You can attack a monster by trying to move into the square it is occupying. Pressing Tab will automatically move toward & attack nearby monsters. When you are wounded you lose hit points (displayed near the top of the stats list); these return gradually over time through the natural process of healing. If you lose all of your hp you die. To survive, you will need to develop a few basic tactics: - Never fight more than one monster if you can help it. Always back into a corridor so that they must fight you one-on-one. - If you are badly wounded, you can run away from monsters to buy some time. Try losing them in corridors, or as a very last resort find a place where you can run around in circles to heal while the monster chases you. - Remember to use projectiles before engaging monsters in close combat. - Rest between encounters. The 's', '.', delete or keypad-5 commands make you rest for one turn, while pressing '5' or Shift-and-keypad-5 make you rest for a longer time (you will stop resting when fully healed). - Learn when to run away from things you can't handle - this is important! It is often wise to skip a dangerous level. But don't overdo this. DEATH ----- Before long, you'll probably end up dead. Death in Crawl is permanent; you cannot just reload a saved game and start again where you left off. The 'S' (save) command exists only to let you leave a game part-way through and come back to it later. Quitting ('Ctrl-Q') lets you commit suicide if you can't even be bothered to help your character escape alive. Well, that's it for the quick-start guide. This should help you through your first few games, but Crawl is extremely (some would say excessively) complex and cannot be adequately described in so short a document. So when you feel ready to start playing with magic, skills, and religions, browse the manual. Happy Crawling!


text: Analysis of stable cell lines expressing fluorescently tagged survival of motor neurons protein (SMN) and coilin shows striking differences in their dynamic behaviour, both in the nucleus and during mitosis. Cajal bodies labelled with either FP-SMN or FP-coilin show similar behaviour and frequency of movements. However, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) studies show that SMN returns approximately 50-fold more slowly to Cajal bodies than does coilin. Time-lapse studies on cells progressing from prophase through to G1 show further differences between SMN and coilin, both in their localisation in telophase and in the timing of their re-entry into daughter nuclei. The data reveal similarities between Cajal bodies and nucleoli in their behaviour during mitosis. This in vivo study indicates that SMN and coilin interact differentially with Cajal bodies and reveals parallels in the pathway for reassembly of nucleoli and Cajal bodies following mitosis.


roll (1930s+)
 5. beatnik
 6. A short pause; heartbeat: I waited a beat, then started for the garage/ It may take a couple of beats to absorb the shock of this new length (1950s+ Theater)
 1. To baffle; nonplus: It beats me how she can do so much (1830s+)
 2. To avoid a fine or conviction: He beat the burglary rap (1920s+ Underworld)
 3. To rob or defraud: I sure got beat when I bought that old clunker (1850+)
Related Terms
downbeat, offbeat, upbeat
Copyright (C) 2007 by HarperCollins Publishers.
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text:
Data Wizards are updated to version 12.6
Jun 11, 2012
SQL Maestro Group is happy to announce the release of Data Wizard 12.6, a toolset of powerful utilities for managing your data. There are versions for MySQL, MS SQL Server, PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQLite, Firebird, DB2, SQL Anywhere and MaxDB.
- The SQL Dump wizard has been implemented. This tool allows you to export the data from selected tables and views as a set of INSERT statements (both single-row and multi-row INSERTs are supported). It is also possible to generate the CREATE TABLE statements.
- Data Pump features:
- User-defined data type mappings have been added. This feature allows you to specify which data types from the target database will correspond to the data types from the source one. For example, you can convert char to varchar, varchar to nvarchar or even varchar to int (of course data types should be compatible). It is also possible to specify size and precision for each mapped data type (if applicable).
- Starting from this version the software tries to recognize autoincrement columns in the source database and convert them in the best possible way.
- A possibility of transferring data using bulk-loading commands has been added (for MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Oracle). This feature can speed up the data importing up to 10 times so it is recommended to use it always if possible.
- It becomes possible to specify a connection timeout for the source database.
- The source database tree is now loaded much faster.
- Data Import features:
- Starting from this version the software arranges target tables by dependencies, so the records are inserted in the correct order. It is also possible to reorder target tables manually if necessary.
- From now on it is possible to import data from CSV files that contain multi-line strings.
- A possibility of setting the correspondence between source and target columns by column name has been implemented (previous versions allow you to set such a correspondence only by column index).
- Other new features:
- Data Export: Now it is possible to specify decimal and thousand separators for the generated files (when applicable).
- Running from the command line all the tools now return the correct exit status (0 on success) that can be checked in batch files using the ERRORLEVEL variable.
- The progress windows are redesigned in the modern style and become more informative.
- Log files become more structured and detailed.
For more information about a specific tool see the appropriate page:
- Data Wizard for MySQL
- MS SQL Data Wizard
- PostgreSQL Data Wizard
- Oracle Data Wizard
- SQLite Data Wizard
- Firebird Data Wizard
- DB2 Data Wizard
- ASA Data Wizard
- MaxDB Data Wizard

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


XsltArgumentList.AddParam Method
Adds a parameter to the XsltArgumentList and associates it with the namespace qualified name.
Namespace: System.Xml.Xsl
Assembly: System.Xml (in system.xml.dll)
public void AddParam (
 string name,
 string namespaceUri,
 Object parameter
)
public void AddParam (
 String name,
 String namespaceUri,
 Object parameter
)
public function AddParam (
 name : String,
 namespaceUri : String,
 parameter : Object
)
Not applicable.
Parameters
name
The name to associate with the parameter.
namespaceUri
The namespace URI to associate with the parameter. To use the default namespace, specify an empty string.
parameter
The parameter value or object to add to the list.
Exception typeCondition
ArgumentException
The namespaceUri is either a null reference (Nothing in Visual Basic) or _URL_
The name is not a valid name according to the W3C XML specification.
The namespaceUri already has a parameter associated with it.
The parameter should correspond to a W3C type. The following table shows the W3C types, either XPath or XSLT, and the corresponding.NET class.
W3C Type
Equivalent.NET Class (Type)
String (XPath)
String
Boolean (XPath)
Boolean
Number (XPath)
Double
Result Tree Fragment (XSLT)
XPathNavigator
Node Set (XPath)
XPathNodeIterator
XPathNavigator[]
Node* (XPath)
XPathNavigator
*This is equivalent to a node set that contains a single node.
If the parameter object being invoked from within the style sheet is not one of the above, it is converted according to the following rules:
 - CLR numeric types are converted to Double.
 - The DateTime type is converted to String.
 - IXPathNavigable types are converted to XPathNavigator. XPathNavigator[] is converted to XPathNodeIterator.
All other types throw an error.
The following example uses the AddParam method to create a parameter representing the current date and time.
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Xml;
using System.Xml.Xsl;
public class Sample {
 public static void Main() {

 // Create the XslCompiledTransform and load the stylesheet.
 XslCompiledTransform xslt = new XslCompiledTransform();
 xslt.Load("order.xsl");
 // Create the XsltArgumentList.
 XsltArgumentList xslArg = new XsltArgumentList();

 // Create a parameter which represents the current date and time.
 DateTime d = DateTime.Now;
 xslArg.AddParam("date", "", d.ToString());
 // Transform the file.
 xslt.Transform("order.xml", xslArg, XmlWriter.Create("output.xml"));

 }
}
import System.*;
import System.IO.*;
import System.Xml.*;
import System.Xml.XPath.*;
import System.Xml.Xsl.*;
public class Sample
{
 public static void main(String[] args)
 {
 // Create the XslCompiledTransform and load the styleSheet.
 XslCompiledTransform xslt = new XslCompiledTransform();
 xslt.Load("order.xsl");
 // Create the XsltArgumentList.
 XsltArgumentList xslArg = new XsltArgumentList();
 // Create a parameter which represents the current date and time.
 DateTime d = DateTime.get_Now();
 xslArg.AddParam("date", "", d.ToString());
 // Transform the file.
 xslt.Transform("order.xml", xslArg, XmlWriter.Create("output.xml"));

 } //main
} //Sample
The example uses the following two data files as input.
order.xml
<!--Represents a customer order-->
<order>
 <book ISBN='10-861003-324'>
 <title>The Handmaid's Tale</title>
 <price>19.95</price>
 </book>
 <cd ISBN='2-3631-4'>
 <title>Americana</title>
 <price>16.95</price>
 </cd>
</order>
order.xsl
<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="_URL_
 <xsl:param name="date"/>
 <xsl:template match="/">
 <order>
 <date><xsl:value-of select="$date"/></date>
 <total><xsl:value-of select="sum(//price)"/></total>
 </order>
 </xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>
Windows 98, Windows Server 2000 SP4, Windows Millennium Edition, Windows Server 2003, Windows XP Media Center Edition, Windows XP Professional x64 Edition, Windows XP SP2, Windows XP Starter Edition
The Microsoft .NET Framework 3.0 is supported on Windows Vista, Microsoft Windows XP SP2, and Windows Server 2003 SP1.
.NET Framework
Supported in: 3.0, 2.0, 1.1, 1.0
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text:
The effect of university-school partnerships on the literacy rates of inner city children
The historic and persistent literacy rate gap between African American and Euro-American children in the United States is a problem of national significance. The research program that is the foundation for this dissertation was designed to raise reading levels of minority, inner city children in low-income schools through the establishment of university-school partnerships. The research analyses the implementation of reading curricula developed by the author and used by American Reads tutors in three schools partnered with the University of Pennsylvania. The Individualized Reading Program (IRP) (Labov and Baker, 1999) was created in order to meet the recommendations of the National Research Council Committee on Preventing Reading Difficulties Among Young Children (Snow et al, 1998) and those of the National Reading Panel (2000). ^ Phonological and grammatical features of African American Vernacular English (AAVE) are analyzed and discussed in relation to the development of reading curricula. The teaching and ordering of specific grapheme-phoneme combinations for inclusion in reading instructional programs are identified. Theoretical and pedagogical underpinnings of the IRP are described. ^ Results from four studies conducted in three settings show a significant level of improvement for the majority of the struggling readers in grades 2 through 5 enrolled in the IRP. A small, experimental design study comparing the IRP to a "balanced literacy" treatment condition (N = 58) found statistically significant gains in word identification and word attack test scores on the Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests-Revised, and a significant reduction in decoding errors measured by the RX diagnostic. No significant differences were found in gains in passage comprehension rates. ^ Recommendations are included for the development and implementation of university-school partnerships to institutionalize innovative reading programs through extended day and in-school tutoring programs. Suggestions are given on implementing strategies to effectively teach African American, struggling readers in grades 2 through 5. ^
Black Studies|Education, Reading
Bettina P Baker,
"The effect of university-school partnerships on the literacy rates of inner city children"
(January 1, 2004).
Dissertations available from ProQuest.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Huu-ay-aht First Nations
Innovative Technology and a Pipeline Rehabilitation Project
Chatwin Engineering was successful in rehabilitating a strategic piece of pipe in the Huu-ay-aht First Nations water supply system, which was buried under the Pachena River.
In 1985, Chatwin Engineering constructed a water supply and distribution piping system to supply a water storage reservoir in the higher land on their Reserve; this piping system was buried under the Pachena River.The pipe was made of ductile iron pipe and weighted down with large concrete blocks and buried beneath the Pachena River.
This year the Huu-ay-aht First Nations constructed a new water storage reservoir at a higher elevation on private lands that they purchased adjacent to their Anacla Reserve.This higher reservoir put higher pressure on the Pachena River pipeline crossing, which created leaks in the older piping system.Digging up the pipe beneath the Pachena River to try and locate the leak was an expensive option.
Chatwin Engineering proposed pulling a 3" diameter polyethylene pipe through the 4" diameter ductile iron pipe.Todd Wilson, P.Eng., the engineer for the project, said "we had no idea what condition the existing 4" ductile iron pipe was in and whether there had been any movement in the pipe, which could cause a restriction to sliding the new piping through it; so consequently there were sleepless nights over this procedure".
On April 12, 2011, the contractor, Locar Developments was successful in pulling the 3" polyethylene line through the pipe to create the permanent fix. Brian Chatwin of Chatwin Engineering commented "We are ecstatic at the success of this operation, as now the Huu-ay-aht First Nations water crossing will be secured for the next 50 years".


text:
In you used Windows 7, 8 or 10 to partition your hard drive, your partitions are likely to be already aligned. But this article will be useful for you if you edited partitions in Windows XP or cloned partitions using various third-party software. Here is how to check the alignment of HDD or SSD and align a partition using free utility without formatting and risk of data loss.
How to Check if the Partition is Aligned and Align it if Necessary
We recommend to use AOMEI Partition Assistant Standard for aligning partitions. This program is able to align a partition without formatting it and all your information will not be deleted. But it should be said that alignment can take a long time depending on the size of the partition and used disk space.
- Download and install AOMEI Partition Assistant Standard which is freeware: _URL_ :
- Launch the program.
- Select the partition you are interested in (left click on it).
- Click on Partition Alignment in the left pane:
- Click OK to optimize the partition:
Attention! If your partition is already aligned you will see "The current partition is already optimized thus there's no need to align it again". In this case just click Cancel:
- Click Proceed to start the alignment: Your data won't be lost!
- Wait. If you align the system disk your PC will reboot:
Your computer will restart when done and you will be able to work again.


Articles in English
Low-efficiency PCD's
Tuomas Pöysti 2020
In this article I studied how different pulley systems react to varying pulley efficiency, especially at low efficiency levels of carabiners. Mostly, all pulleys were considered equally inefficient.
PCD (progress capturing device) is a special pulley in this sense. There are popular PCD's that make even worse pulleys than carabiners. These include descenders and EN 15151-1 belay devices like Petzl I'D and Grigri, tube type belay devices with autoblocking mode and such.
For these devices, a general efficiency value 30% is not even a pessimistic one.
I tend to define pulley systems for analysis so that P1 is the most obvious PCD candidate. Let's study some pulley systems and find out how 30% P1 changes them compared to all-equal pulleys.
To learn more about pulley system analysis, read this article.
"Crevasse" and "Double mariner"
"All varying" means that efficiencies of all pulleys vary from 0 to 1. "30% PCD" is otherwise the similar, but P1 is constantly 30% efficient.
"Crevasse's" MA expression is
1 + P2 + P3 + P1P2 + P1P2P3
and "double mariner's"
1 + P2 + P3 + P1P2 + P1P3 + P2P3 + P1P2P3
Compared to all 80% pulleys, changing to 30% PCD drops the "crevasse's" MA by 0.4 and "double mariner's" MA by 1.1, the end results being 3.5:1 and 3.9:1, respectively.
If P1 is an inefficient pulley, the "double mariner" is an especially bad idea. Attaching the blue 2:1 to the rope on the right side of P1 adds second degree term P1P3 and third degree term P1P2P3 which in this case have respective values 0.3*0.8=0.24 and 0.3*0.8*0.8=0.19. The difference of 0.4 between said MA's is their sum, of course.
Simple pulleys
The simple 2:1, 4:1 and other systems with even ideal MA are a bit complicated when it comes to PCD, since P1 tends to be what I have elsewhere called a "positive" pulley. It cannot be connected to anchor – rather, these pulley systems work only as "drop loop", and while P1 is near the load, the system might as well be a "Z on V", a 2:1 pulled by a 3:1. Unless of course, the haul is short and there's no need for resetting.
On the other hand, simple systems beyond 5:1 are almost useless in the context of climbing equipment. It leaves us with the Z-rig and 5:1. Their MA expressions, respectively:
1 + P2 + P1P2
1 + P4 + P3P4 + P2P3P4 + P1P2P3P4
The Z-rig has calculated efficiency of 2.44:1 using only 80% pulleys. If P1 is dropped to 30%, the result is 2.04:1, a 16% drop.
The corresponding numbers for 5:1 are 3.36:1, 3.11:1 and 7%. For a change, something that goes at least relatively better with a higher MA simple pulley!
This is simple to explain. Check the MA expressions and see what kind of terms "bad" P1 gets to ruin in each case. In 5:1, it is the fourth degree term with value 0.8^4 = 0.41 to start with. In practice: P1 is "deep" inside the pulley system and only gets to tax what is left after all the other pulleys, and only a small fraction of MA is based on it.
Actually trying a 3:1 with a high friction PCD might be educating. As said, using a 30% PCD and 80% pulley as the "closer to hand" one, something like 2:1 can be expected as the effective MA. It is like having a 2:1 pulley, but at the same time just barely getting the slack pulled through the PCD. All you need to do is to stop expecting for any MA through the PCD, and you'll be happy!
The "lab mouse" pulley systems
Just to have some material to play with, let's take my "lab mouse" pulley systems in.
Their MA expressions in form of a table:
Let's try yet a different approach. Pulley systems also have efficiency. Naturally, it is the ratio between actual and ideal MA's – in this case calculated and ideal.
Here are two figures for each pulley system. First, their efficiencies assuming all 80% pulleys. Then, their efficiencies assuming 30% PCD and 80% efficient other pulleys.
B, D, E and F have high MA's and thus a bit lower efficiencies (they have more high degree terms). To be an 11:1, D is actually quite modest with high degree terms, and it shows in the figures.
Pay extra attention to A and C, though. They have especially few terms involving P1- that is, they are insensitive to P1. In general, none of the pulley systems in this article have first degree term P1, which is a very nice thing considering PCD's.
These pulley systems are generally more sensitive to P4. Here's what happens if P4 is 30% efficient and the rest are 80% (the yellow bars):
It is a nice consequence that the most obvious PCD location is typically a pulley, to which the pulley system is not very sensitive when it comes to efficiency. Maybe it's not a consequence, though – the PCD works best closest to load, whereas the most efficiency-wise important pulley is usually at the other end of the pulley system.
If the PCD happens to be especially sticky "pulley" such as a descender, pulley system analysis might help avoiding bad decisions.
2 replies on "Low-efficiency PCD's"
Dear Sir,
I find your posts very valuable and I read them even though I barely understand anything, since I have no knowledge of physics and math.
The reason is that I like pulleys and the "magic" of it.
I am better at understanding visually so I implore you to maybe make a video or a post with real pulleys with these suggestions and conclusions about how we are to make the best and most efficient pulley system, or the optimal system according to your knowledge.
Thank you for your kindness.
Hi Predrag,
It's good to hear there are other people interested in my stuff than just the most extreme nerds! Thank you for it and telling me.
That is a good idea. Real pulleys might make it easier to understand, and instead of numbers I could focus on graphic representation.
Leave a Reply


escuela/colegio particular - subvencionado
Discussion in 'Spanish-English Vocabulary / Vocabulario Español-Inglés' started by newdoomer, Aug 4, 2007.
 1. newdoomer
 newdoomer Senior Member
 Pirque, Chile
 Chile - Español
 In Chile we have a least three types of school:
 Public schools, "colegios particulares" (private school) and "colegios particular - subvencionados" this kind of school is a privare school that recieves aid from the government. Is there a term in Englsih to describe this type of schools?
 My try (I'm not sure)
 "Private-subsidized", "private - government subsidized"
 Thanks in advance
 2. anam
 anam Senior Member
 Spanish, Spain
 subsidised (o subsidized) private schools?
 3. ween New Member
 English - USA
 In the US within the last 10-15 years, a new type of publically funded school has come into existence. It's called a "charter school." Charter schools came about in response to the perception that the public schools were inadequate or failing. Many are located in urban areas. I think that there are very few in suburban or rural areas. The rules governing charter schools vary by school district (a subunit of local governments). I believe that most charter schools are run by for-profit companies under the supervision of the local school district.
 Private schools --I teach at one-- may receive government monies for some things, such as textbooks and bus transportation for students. Each textbook must have a government stamp mark in it!
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Arthur Pequegnat Canadian Time wall clock
Pequegnat wall clock
Canadian Time clock by Arthur Pequegnat
The Canadian Time clock was made by the Arthur Pequegnat Clock company. The Arthur Pequegnat Clock Company (1904–1941) is notable as the longest lasting Canadian-based clock manufacturer.
My particular clock was made after 1917 and was made in Kitchener, Ontario (Canada). Clocks made before 1917 were inscribed "Berlin" on the dial face. Kitchener was known as Berlin prior to and during the first World War. It was the town of Berlin from 1854 until 1912 and the City of Berlin from 1912 until 1916. Because the name Berlin was associated with the war against Germany the decision was made to change the name to Kitchener midway through the First World War. Kitchener is the present seat of the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario.
Label affixed to back of clock
Unfortunately, the precise year that my clock was manufactured is unknown, however the Canadian Time series was made right up to 1941. By 1941, the demands of World War II armament makers for brass, the essential ingredient in clock movements, pressed the Arthur Pequegnat company to stop production. If my clock was made in 1941, it's age would be 72 years. There are no actual markings on the movement indicating the year it was made.
Checking on condition of the clock
It has Arabic numbers as most were ordered with Roman Numerals. Being a railway clock Arabic numbers would have made it easier to read by common folk in a train station. One could order the clock from the manufacturer with either Arabic or Roman numerals. In addition one could also order a time / strike / calendar version of this clock.
Crossed horseshoes
On prominent display in my home
I have seen only one other clock with the cross horseshoes that you can see in one of the photos so they were likely added after the clock was made.
I am trying to locate a photo of the clock while it was hanging in the Pictou, Nova Scotia train station prior to the station's decommissioning in the early 1990s. If I can locate a photograph it would help me date the clock more accurately.
The clock is quite large measuring 37 inches high, 5 inches deep and 15 inches across and made of quarter-sawn oak that results in boards with the annual rings mostly perpendicular to the face yielding greater stability with less warping.
The Canadian Time clock is a reasonably accurate clock and is indeed a testament to the quality and care that went into the crafting of this fine timepiece.
2 thoughts on "Arthur Pequegnat Canadian Time wall clock
 1. I have the exact same clock. yours is the only other I've seen with Arabic numerals. I always thought it was a school clock for some reason.
 1. Thanks for your email. They were found in offices, schools and rail stations and kept excellent time for a spring driven clock. In fact, they were most commonly used as an office clock. I don't see many with Arabic numerals either but you could order one or the other from the factory at that time.
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Lisa Gelley Martin on Working In New Ways
Company 605 co-artistic director, Lisa Gelley Martin, talks name change from collective to company, the concept of connectedness, and how the title of the new work, Vital Few, relates to the Pareto Principle.
DanceWorks: Company 605 recently had a name change. Can you explain why?
Lisa Gelley Martin: We were '605 Collective' because we originally started out as a collective in 2006, just a small group of five emerging artists who came together informally to dance in a shared creative processes. While the collaborative culture and mentality is still embedded in all that we do, we felt it necessary to update the name to acknowledge where we are now. Over the years, many artists of the original collective have branched out and started their own amazing work and companies. Josh and I remain as the two co-artistic directors of 605 which, in reality, has actually been functioning as a company for quite some time now. It seemed like it was the right time to formally recognize the evolution that has occurred over the past 10 years, and embrace the fact we're not the same thing as when we started.
DanceWorks: Can you describe the inspiration for Vital Few?
Lisa Gelley Martin: Inspiration for the work came from our desire to find a new way of working, more specifically around how we define and arrive at the idea of togetherness, as so much of what we are interested in, weaves together the contribution of the individual with the strength of an ensemble. During our last creation, Inheritor Album, we stumbled upon some concepts of connectedness that really intrigued us, all surrounding the linking of each dancers' personal movement to one another. We wanted to dig further into these ideas as a separate exploration and piece.
The title Vital Few is a reference to the Pareto principle (or the 80-20 rule), which deals with looking at cause and effect within groups, and how at any given moment there are key individuals who can greatly affect its functionality. On a personal level, we think about the necessity of these people we share the work with, and how each role is crucial to one another. Throughout the process we ask ourselves "what is vital?" and it is a simple reminder to be clear and intentional. We hope that audiences identify what is integral for them to experience the work and connection between each person on stage.
DanceWorks: Vital Few explores group dynamics. Can you describe the ways in which you collaborated with your dancers, while still maintaining the vision you and Josh Martin set out for the work?
Lisa Gelley Martin: We asked for extensive movement contributions from our dancers throughout the process. The movement was developed from heavily scored group improvisations and through building individual material within specific tasks/parameters (and then sometimes transposed through many other bodies), which Josh and I would mold and shape towards the "bigger vision". It is important to us that each person brings their own uniqueness and personality to enliven the structures we create. The dancers have been extremely generous in allowing Josh and I to build from the material and language they brought to the table. We wanted this complexity, and we wanted to see that collaboration live on stage. We are continuously chipping away at the movement each rehearsal and performance, and the dancers are always adapting and revamping their contributions as the piece continues to develop.
Vital Few runs one night in Toronto, on Saturday May 7 at the Fleck Dance Theatre (at Harbourfront Centre). Tickets are available at the Fleck Dance Theatre Box Office. Promo code CULTUREBREAK available to students (of any age!) and anyone under 25 years of age, for $15.00 tickets.
Donors are the heart of our season.
We acknowledge the Toronto/Tkaronto as One Dish One Spoon Indigenous territory. We honour the ancestral caretakers of this land: the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, the Wendat and most recently the Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation who have a Treaty relationship with Canada. We are grateful to have the opportunity to work in their community, on this territory. We pay our respects to their Elders past, present and future.


text:
Lecture in conjunction with Roald Amundsen's Norwegian South Pole Expedition fabric posters
Marvin Slind, Luther College professor of history, will give the presentation "Scott and Amundsen: The Race to the South Pole" at 7 p.m. Tuesday, Jan. 15, in the F.W. Olin Building, Room 102.
Slind will present a brief history of the two expeditions to the South Pole in 1911-12; the British expedition led by Robert Falcon Scott, and the Norwegian team led by Roald Amundsen. The presentation will be supplemented by photographs taken during the two expeditions.
The presentation is in conjunction with an art exhibit currently on display in the Center for Faith and Life through Jan. 23.
The show consists of 24 large-format fabric posters of Roald Amundsen's (_PHONE_) Norwegian South Pole Expedition. The posters feature images taken by Amundsen and used during his presentation to the Royal Geographic Society in London on Nov. 15, 1912. Amundsen and his crew left Norway in June 1910, sailing on the ship Fram. They arrived at the South Pole Dec. 14, 1911.
This exhibit is sponsored by the Fram Museum in Oslo and by the Norwegian Embassy in Washington, D.C.
Additional information about the exhibition and the Luther Art Department can be found at: _URL_


Swiftpack.co - ReactorKit/ReactorKit as Swift Package
Swiftpack.co is a collection of thousands of indexed Swift packages. Search packages.
ReactorKit/ReactorKit 3.1.0
A library for reactive and unidirectional Swift applications
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🕓 3 weeks ago
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.package(url: "_URL_ from: "3.1.0")
ReactorKit
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ReactorKit is a framework for a reactive and unidirectional Swift application architecture. This repository introduces the basic concept of ReactorKit and describes how to build an application using ReactorKit.
You may want to see the Examples section first if you'd like to see the actual code. For an overview of ReactorKit's features and the reasoning behind its creation, you may also check the slides from this introductory presentation over at SlideShare.
Table of Contents
Basic Concept
ReactorKit is a combination of Flux and Reactive Programming. The user actions and the view states are delivered to each layer via observable streams. These streams are unidirectional: the view can only emit actions and the reactor can only emit states.
flow
Design Goal
 - Testability: The first purpose of ReactorKit is to separate the business logic from a view. This can make the code testable. A reactor doesn't have any dependency to a view. Just test reactors and test view bindings. See Testing section for details.
 - Start Small: ReactorKit doesn't require the whole application to follow a single architecture. ReactorKit can be adopted partially, for one or more specific views. You don't need to rewrite everything to use ReactorKit on your existing project.
 - Less Typing: ReactorKit focuses on avoiding complicated code for a simple thing. ReactorKit requires less code compared to other architectures. Start simple and scale up.
View
A View displays data. A view controller and a cell are treated as a view. The view binds user inputs to the action stream and binds the view states to each UI component. There's no business logic in a view layer. A view just defines how to map the action stream and the state stream.
To define a view, just have an existing class conform a protocol named View. Then your class will have a property named reactor automatically. This property is typically set outside of the view.
class ProfileViewController: UIViewController, View {
 var disposeBag = DisposeBag()
}
profileViewController.reactor = UserViewReactor() // inject reactor
When the reactor property has changed, bind(reactor:) gets called. Implement this method to define the bindings of an action stream and a state stream.
func bind(reactor: ProfileViewReactor) {
 // action (View -> Reactor)
 refreshButton.rx.tap.map { Reactor.Action.refresh }
 .bind(to: reactor.action)
 .disposed(by: self.disposeBag)
 // state (Reactor -> View)
 reactor.state.map { $0.isFollowing }
 .bind(to: followButton.rx.isSelected)
 .disposed(by: self.disposeBag)
}
Storyboard Support
Use StoryboardView protocol if you're using a storyboard to initialize view controllers. Everything is same but the only difference is that the StoryboardView performs a binding after the view is loaded.
let viewController = MyViewController()
viewController.reactor = MyViewReactor() // will not executes 'bind(reactor:)' immediately
class MyViewController: UIViewController, StoryboardView {
 func bind(reactor: MyViewReactor) {
 // this is called after the view is loaded (viewDidLoad)
 }
}
Reactor
A Reactor is an UI-independent layer which manages the state of a view. The foremost role of a reactor is to separate control flow from a view. Every view has its corresponding reactor and delegates all logic to its reactor. A reactor has no dependency to a view, so it can be easily tested.
Conform to the Reactor protocol to define a reactor. This protocol requires three types to be defined: Action, Mutation and State. It also requires a property named initialState.
class ProfileViewReactor: Reactor {
 // represent user actions
 enum Action {
 case refreshFollowingStatus(Int)
 case follow(Int)
 }
 // represent state changes
 enum Mutation {
 case setFollowing(Bool)
 }
 // represents the current view state
 struct State {
 var isFollowing: Bool = false
 }
 let initialState: State = State()
}
An Action represents a user interaction and State represents a view state. Mutation is a bridge between Action and State. A reactor converts the action stream to the state stream in two steps: mutate() and reduce().
flow-reactor
mutate()
mutate() receives an Action and generates an Observable<Mutation>.
func mutate(action: Action) -> Observable<Mutation>
Every side effect, such as an async operation or API call, is performed in this method.
func mutate(action: Action) -> Observable<Mutation> {
 switch action {
 case let .refreshFollowingStatus(userID): // receive an action
 return UserAPI.isFollowing(userID) // create an API stream
 .map { (isFollowing: Bool) -> Mutation in
 return Mutation.setFollowing(isFollowing) // convert to Mutation stream
 }
 case let .follow(userID):
 return UserAPI.follow()
 .map { _ -> Mutation in
 return Mutation.setFollowing(true)
 }
 }
}
reduce()
reduce() generates a new State from a previous State and a Mutation.
func reduce(state: State, mutation: Mutation) -> State
This method is a pure function. It should just return a new State synchronously. Don't perform any side effects in this function.
func reduce(state: State, mutation: Mutation) -> State {
 var state = state // create a copy of the old state
 switch mutation {
 case let .setFollowing(isFollowing):
 state.isFollowing = isFollowing // manipulate the state, creating a new state
 return state // return the new state
 }
}
transform()
transform() transforms each stream. There are three transform() functions:
func transform(action: Observable<Action>) -> Observable<Action>
func transform(mutation: Observable<Mutation>) -> Observable<Mutation>
func transform(state: Observable<State>) -> Observable<State>
Implement these methods to transform and combine with other observable streams. For example, transform(mutation:) is the best place for combining a global event stream to a mutation stream. See the Global States section for details.
These methods can be also used for debugging purposes:
func transform(action: Observable<Action>) -> Observable<Action> {
 return action.debug("action") // Use RxSwift's debug() operator
}
Advanced
Global States
Unlike Redux, ReactorKit doesn't define a global app state. It means that you can use anything to manage a global state. You can use a BehaviorSubject, a PublishSubject or even a reactor. ReactorKit doesn't force to have a global state so you can use ReactorKit in a specific feature in your application.
There is no global state in the Action → Mutation → State flow. You should use transform(mutation:) to transform the global state to a mutation. Let's assume that we have a global BehaviorSubject which stores the current authenticated user. If you'd like to emit a Mutation.setUser(User?) when the currentUser is changed, you can do as following:
var currentUser: BehaviorSubject<User> // global state
func transform(mutation: Observable<Mutation>) -> Observable<Mutation> {
 return Observable.merge(mutation, currentUser.map(Mutation.setUser))
}
Then the mutation will be emitted each time the view sends an action to a reactor and the currentUser is changed.
View Communication
You must be familiar with callback closures or delegate patterns for communicating between multiple views. ReactorKit recommends you to use reactive extensions for it. The most common example of ControlEvent is UIButton.rx.tap. The key concept is to treat your custom views as UIButton or UILabel.
view-view
Let's assume that we have a ChatViewController which displays messages. The ChatViewController owns a MessageInputView. When an user taps the send button on the MessageInputView, the text will be sent to the ChatViewController and ChatViewController will bind in to the reactor's action. This is an example MessageInputView's reactive extension:
extension Reactive where Base: MessageInputView {
 var sendButtonTap: ControlEvent<String> {
 let source = base.sendButton.rx.tap.withLatestFrom(...)
 return ControlEvent(events:


text:
Existing fleet excluded from FAA proposal
WASHINGTON (Feb. 13, 2024) – The National Transportation Safety Board Tuesday again called on the Federal Aviation Administration to require all existing airplanes that require a cockpit voice recorder and a flight data recorder to be retrofitted with devices capable of recording 25 hours of audio, instead of the current standard of two hours.
NTSB investigators were unable to hear cockpit voice recorder audio from the Jan. 5 Alaska Airlines accident because the data was overwritten. Since 2018, at least 14 NTSB investigations have been hampered because cockpit voice recorder, or CVR, data were overwritten, including seven serious runway incursions that occurred in early 2023.
"In the recent Alaska Airlines door plug blowout accident, our investigators don't have the CVR audio to fully understand all of the challenges the flight crew faced in response to the emergency," said NTSB Chair Jennifer Homendy. "Any investigation in which the CVR audio is overwritten and unavailable to us, means that we may miss opportunities to address safety issues identified on recordings. And that's unacceptable."
The FAA recently announced plans to align with rules and standards already in place in Europe and at the International Civil Aviation Organization by requiring newly manufactured airplanes to have 25-hour CVRs. The FAA proposal would not apply to the current fleet, even though airplanes can be in service for decades.
In a response to the FAA's notice of proposed rulemaking, the NTSB challenged the FAA's assertion that retrofitting the fleet is too expensive. The NTSB said a retrofit would apply to about 13,500 aircraft -- less than half of the 29,561 the FAA estimated in its cost/benefit analysis.
In 2018, after a near-collision involving numerous wide-body jets loaded with passengers at San Francisco International Airport, the NTSB issued two CVR recommendations to the FAA:
- Require all newly manufactured airplanes that must have a CVR be fitted with a CVR capable of recording the last 25 hours of audio.
- By January 1, 2024, require retrofit of all CVRs on all airplanes required to carry both a CVR and a flight data recorder with a CVR capable of recording the last 25 hours of audio.
"CVRs are among the most valuable tools for accident investigation because they provide contemporaneous information on flight crew intentions and coordination as well other factors, such as procedural compliance, workload, fatigue, and situational awareness," said Tim LeBaron, director of the NTSB's Office of Aviation Safety. "This information is critical to our ability to conduct more thorough investigations and target safety recommendations more effectively."
Read NTSB's full comments to the FAA's NPRM.
To report an incident/accident or if you are a public safety agency, please call _PHONE_ or _PHONE_ to speak to a Watch Officer at the NTSB Response Operations Center (ROC) in Washington, DC (24/7).


text:
An essay on potassium and its importance
2018-6-14 inorganic ions plants they are also part of the hydrogencarbonate buffer system potassium ions, k +, are the main cations in intracellular fluids they. 2018-4-6 iron is what gives the red color to our blood that is a clear indication of the high content of iron and its importance high potassium is lychee fruit but its. Essay on the importance of potassium in plants school plant and its importance to teaching and learning in the school more about essay the importance of plants.
2018-4-30 plants can absorb co 2 from the atmosphere and also utilize the co 2 produced from its own essay # 12 importance of botany, plants, essay on plants. 2011-5-31 it is found within the cells as potassium chloride what is the importance of chlorine in human heavy salt intake puts an extra load on the kidney for its. The importance of potassium in plants essay - it is crucial to have potassium in the body but all within its limits potassium must be regulated,.
2018-4-3 what is the purpose of potassium in the human body also depends upon phosphorus contained in its structure for proper importance of. The element potassium - basic physical and historical information. 2015-9-16 the potassium content of kale may help reduce the biologically active aromatic compounds and its possible role to cite this article in your essay, paper or.2018-6-17 how potassium counters the effects of salt(sodium)to lower and reduce blood pressure. Potassium essay examples 8 total results an analysis of potassium, an essay on potassium and its importance 1,176 words 3 pages. Aqa a2 biology 20 sample synoptic (and others such as potassium the characteristics of an organism are encoded within its genes this essay will explore. 2008-3-9 the human heart the heart is one of calcium and potassium salts in order to contract that is blood that has already been to the cells and has given up its.
2018-4-30 top 16 economic importance of algae because of its special colloidal properties alginic acid and its derivatives potassium chloride and potassium. The importance of cell membranes the sodium-potassium during this process a vesicle joins to the surface membrane and its contents leaves the cell the. The calcium and magnesium for sleep hormone disorder importance of sleep essay and protein for sleep does potassium help due to its resemblance to a. 2004-2-1 don't overlook role of potassium the importance of potassium is overlooked in potassium availability can be affected due to its.
2013-3-5 a product of the date palm and cultivated since approximately 6000 bc, the date fruit is one of the sweetest fruits around and also happens to. 2017-8-14 the importance of glucose photo credit: because of its high energy demands and inability to store glucose, the brain requires a constant supply of the sugar. Potassium in the human body importance of potassium in the a good essay on importance of potassium vitamins-minerals/potassium-why-its-essential.
Many other potassium salts are of great importance, including the nitrate, carbonate, needs to have its potassium replenished by adding potassium-based fertilisers. 2018-5-5 project report - components of food, essay, article, notes, project on vitamins, project on minerals, project on carbohydrates, water, roughage etc. Similar to the importance of their water-soluble pectins is the digestive importance of the potassium content of bananas as being the affect its quality, so.


our work and discusses future plans.
3. Contention phase. A station transmits a short control packet in the uplink if its contention parameter is between and  . It keeps
quiet if its contention parameter is between  and . It drops out from the current contention period
if its parameter is outside the range between and . 4. Broadcast of contention information by the base station. All the stations whose contention parameters are
in the range between and listen to the broadcast by the base station in the downlink in the second half of the contention slot.
174
5. Window refinement phase. If the base station indicates in its broadcast that the transmission in the first half of
 Contention Slot 1 Contention Slot 2 Contention Slot 3

 2

1

1 1

2

2
3
4
3
4
3
4
stations excluded in this contention period stations contending in this contention slot
Parameter space
Time
Figure 1: Window adjustments in one contention period. The station identifiers of the contention parameters are indicated by the circled numbers. Let  be the number of initial contending stations for the contention period. (New arriving stations can only join at the beginning of a contention period.) Define the following notations, assuming "$#&%'#)( .
the slot was successful, then go to Step 6. If the base station indicates collision, then all mobile stations up date to  . Finally, if the base station indicates an idle channel in its broadcast, then all mobile stations update to  . All stations whose parameters are be tween and compute a new value of  between
and using dynamic programming (or from a lookup
table computed ahead of time). Note that , and  are synchronized in all participating stations without any additional broadcasts as they receive identical information and apply the same algorithm. Go to Step 3.
*
Minimum expected number of future slots to resolve contention, given that  a collision occurs in the current window "+,( . -/.103212  "+4%5,(6  : Probability of success  in the next slot if window is used. 7 "  % -/218:9  Probability of collision "+4%;
Suggest Documents


text:
Patricia Kuhl: The linguistic genius of babies
MABIS offers instruction in three languages – English, Mandarin and Thai. Our classrooms are designed to foster the acquisition of a second or third language in a seamless way through a combination of Montessori materials and Chinese, English and Thai-speaking teachers. Children are also introduced to culture through celebrations and a rich array of activities.
By introducing your child to multiple languages during this sensitive period of development, you are providing them with a wonderful opportunity for growth and understanding in the increasingly global community.
Neuroscience research supports Maria Montessori's discovery of the sensitive period for learning languages which is from birth until 6 years old. Watch this video clip of Patricia Kuhl co-director of the Institute for Brain and Learning Sciences at the University of Washington.


text:
Induced crystallographic changes in Cd1−xZnxO films grown on r-sapphire by AP-MOCVD: the effects of the Zn content when x ≤ 0.5
High-resolution X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy techniques were used to investigate, as a function of the nominal Zn content in the range of 0–50%, the out-of-plane and in-plane crystallographic characteristics of Cd1−xZnxO films grown on r-plane sapphire substrates via atmospheric pressure metal–organic chemical vapor deposition. The study is conducted to search for knowledge relating to the structural details during the transition process from a rock-salt to a wurtzite structure as the Zn content increases in this CdO–ZnO system. It has been found that it is possible to obtain films exhibiting a single (001) cubic orientation with good crystalline quality up to a Zn content of about 10%. For zinc content values higher than 15%, the films become polycrystalline, with two main domains inclined with respect to the plane perpendicular to the surface that contains the c-axis of sapphire. The domains have a tilt that tends asymptotically to ±15° with the Zn content, and the cubic cell presents strong orthorhombic distortion. These two crystallographic domains (orientations) cannot be observed via conventional XRD measurements and are supposed to form part of an intermediate orthorhombic phase in the transition from a rock-salt structure towards a wurtzite structure, which finally appears at higher Zn content values.


text:
The Indian Forest Act, 1927 aimed to regulate the movement of forest produce, and the duty leviable on forest produce. This act has details of what a forest offence is, what are the acts prohibited inside a Reserved Forest, and penalties leviable on violation of the provisions of the Act. After the Forest Act was enacted in 1865, it was amended twice (1878 and 1927). The penalties and procedures given in this Act aimed to extend the state's control over forests as well as diminishing the status of people's rights to forest use. The village communities were alienated from their age-old symbiotic association with forests. Further amendments were also made to restrain the local use of forests mainly by forest-dependent communities.
TYPES OF FORESTS
Degree of protection
Reserved forests > Protected forests > Village forests
Forest Settlement Officer
The Forest Settlement Office is appointed, by the State government, to inquire into and determine the existence, nature and extent of any rights alleged to exist in favour of any person in or over any land comprising a Reserved forest. He/she is empowered even to acquire land over which right is claimed.
To speed up resolution of forest-related violations -the amendments are aimed at decriminalising "relatively minor violations" of law. The amendments seek to decriminalise offences like kindling, keeping or carrying fire in a reserved forest without permission, trespassing or pasturing cattle or causing any damage by negligence in felling any tree in a reserved forest. They also seek to decriminalise acts like leaving a burning fire kindled by the person in the vicinity of any tree reserved under Section 30, or felling any tress or dragging timber to damage any reserved tree, or permitting cattle to damage such tree. The offences were earlier punishable with imprisonment for a term which could even extend to six months, a penalty that the Environment Ministry now seeks to remove.
This would help in:
However, there are the following concerns associated:


text:
Various: Fantasie von übermorgen - Songs in Exile / Huber, Heller
This release commemorates four German composers who had to flee Germany during the Nazi era because they were Jewish: Paul Ben-Haim, Paul Dessau, Kurt Weill and Stefan Wolpe. Transylvanian-born Alexander U. Boskovich, who was also forced in 1938 to flee his homeland because he was Jewish, has been included in this programme because of his significance. The songs written by these composers in exile have so far largely remained unknown. The texts they were set to are to a great extent taken from the works of Hebrew poets and are presented here for the first time in German translation by Dagmar Nick. The evocative and sometimes shocking lyrics that seem so prescient even today range from the 7th century BC to the present day, from the prophet Isaiah through Chajim Bialik, Schalom Asch and Erich Kästner to the words of warning from Albert Einstein regarding the H-bomb. Dagmar Nick (Intertext, Explanations & translation) was born in 1926 in Breslau, and grew up in Berlin and is one of the most important German-speaking poets after 1945. She studied graphology and psychology in Munich. In addition to radio plays, short stories, travel guides and three narrative monologues, she has published a collection of thirteen poetry books since 1947. She is a member of the PEN and the Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts and has received several literary awards. Dagmar Nick, who lived in Israel for over four years, wrote both the intertexts and the biblical and historical explanations and - with the kind assistance of Eitan Levi, Uri Shani and Assaf Levitin - translated the 25 Hebrew song texts into German.
Release Date: September 03, 2021
Catalog Number: SM356
Label: Solo Musica
Number of Discs: 1
Composer: Alexander Boskovich, Kurt Weill, Paul Ben-Haim, Paul Dessau, Stefan Wolpe
Performer: Constance Heller, Gerold Huber


Home>LED Display Basics
 LED Display Communication Methods
 One of the most important parts of any electronic sign product is how to communicates with the software and how you can update it. Lots of factors need to be considered to decide about the best communication method. To choosing which communication method suites your needs, you need to answer the following questions: How often do you change the sign information? What is the distance between your computer and the LED screen? What is elevation of your sign and how accessible is it? Can you provide cable or Wi-Fi internet connection in the sign location? There are lots of different communication methods and each method has its advantages and disadvantages.
 USB Communication
 USB communication method is the most basic type of communication. In this method, software exports the new message and design as well as new settings to a USB drive. Then, the USB is plugged in to the USB port of the sign to transfer the data. After new data is transferred automatically, the USB drive can be detached.LED Screen USB Connection
 Advantage:
 This is the most basic type of communication. It means no extra cost and more reliable and easy repair and maintenance method hence there is no multi-step complex parts between your computer and your LED sign. It could be used as a backup communication in case of any faulty with other communication methods.
 Disadvantage:
 To use USB communication method, you need to have access to the LED sign USB port. In case of the signs installed in high elevation or out of access, USB communication needs cabling or special consideration.
 USB Communication for LED Displays
 Wi-Fi Communication
 Wi-Fi communication has been standard option for LED screen communication because it is inexpensive and doesn't limit the location of the sign and location of the content management software. In this method, content management software communicates with internal Wi-Fi module of LED screen directly using 2.4 GHz standard Wi-Fi frequency. This is the most common type of communication because it doesn't need any other Wi-Fi or networking equipment.LED Screen Wifi Connection
 Advantage:
 Wi-Fi communication is the best is you have a LED sign or LED display installed out of access within 100m or if you want to update your LED display very often. It is inexpensive, flexible and doesn't need extra communication devices installed.
 Disadvantage:
 This communication method is limited up to 100m in open area. Building or walls may reduce the coverage range result in shorter communication distance.
 Wi-Fi Communication for LED Displays
 Internet Communication
 This communication method is best for controlling one or several electronic screen from far distance. In this method, controlling software communicates with the LED screen or LED display through internet connection. In the back-side, Content Management Software send the new descreen or settings to a could sever by using any type of internet connection. In the screen side, the screen can download the data from cloud sever using another internet connection and update the settings and information. Therefore, there is not distance limitation between the controlling PC and the screen.LED Screen Computer Connection
 Advantage:
 Can control one or several LED Signs or LED displays from any computer with the software installed and connected to internet. It is not limited to distance. Can use Secure TCP/IP.
 Disadvantage:
 Internet connection needs to be provided in the sign location. Monthly connection fee is required If there is no internet connection available in the sign location. Internet connection in the sign location may need modem (ADSL or 4G) installation or cabling.
 Internet Communication for LED Displays
 Mobile Data - GPRS Communication
 This communication method is best for controlling outdoor or mobile electronic screens from far distance. For this type of communication, we use specific control cards with data SIM Card option. Similar internet communication method, controlling software communicates with the LED screen or LED display through internet connection. In the back-side, Content Management Software send the new descreen or settings to a could sever by using any type of internet connection. In the screen side, the screen downloads the new descreen from cloud sever using SIM Card mobile data (GPRS/3G/4G) and update the settings and information.LED Screen 3G Connection
 Advantage:
 Can control one or several LED Signs or LED displays from any computer with the software installed and connected to internet. FINE PIXEL LED-China LED Signs can be mobile or fixed. It is not limited to distance. Doesn't need any data cabling in the sign location.
 Disadvantage:
 Monthly connection fee is required regarding mobile data plan.
 GPRS 3g Communication for LED Displays
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Copernicus Consulting is a boutique IT consulting firm
Blog Smartsheet
Collaborative Project Visibility: Why you need it and how to achieve it
The success of a project depends on two factorscollaboration between team members and project visibility. Without the two, communication between team members goes haywire and deadlines get pushed unwittingly, resulting in a colossal loss of time and resources.
While we have talked about collaboration in our other articles, project visibility is as important as collaboration and yet never gets discussed much. Especially in the fields of healthcare, pharma and insurance, project visibility can lead to well-informed decisions, which are a crucial aspect of these domains.
There are three main entities involved in a projectthe customer, the sponsors and the project team.
So naturally, the number of people involved in a project can be anywhere between a handful and a hundred!
And even if a single person in this chain isn't clear about his goals, progress or updates within the project, it will negatively impact the project.
This is why project visibility is essentialdefine all roles in the beginning and stick to it!
What is project visibility?
It is the real-time evaluation of a project, showing resource allocation, the progress of individual team members, metrics and risks.
It gives the team members in a project their exact objective and roles they need to play. This way, they know what to prioritize.
It also keeps the stakeholders informed every step of the way. Throughout the process, they may also identify the risks involved and take corrective actions quickly.
What factors contribute to the lack of project visibility?
There are primarily three factors that reduce project visibility and contribute to confusion:
 1. Multiple tools for project management and scheduling
This is a major factor to consider because we all know too many cooks spoil the broth! The best way to take care of project management is to have one tool, which has myriad features and also allows third-party integration so that you can hook up all the other tools you use with it.
So you have a centralized reservatory and one lace to track and report progress.
And guess who can help you in this tight spot?
It has dashboards for reporting and tracking and it allows a plethora of third-party integrations, including the very famous Slack, Trello and Zapier!
 1. Haphazard document storage
One location. That's all you need to effectively store all your documents and make them easily accessible for team members.
And that is exactly what Smartsheet will provide you with!
A centralized stash for all your documents so that you never have to go hunting for one!
 1. Miscommunication
Email+Slack+Sheets= No bueno!
If you thought multiple channel communication was going to ease up your communication, you're wrong! It will just lead to more confusion about updates and changes.
So, what you need is a dashboard and spreadsheets under it. Where every member gets to update their progress and others get to know via the dashboard itself!!
All the projects you see failing around you are doing so for these reasons, directly or indirectly. Which is why, to ensure project success, you have to make sure that you are covered on these three grounds!
And below, we are giving you a few tips on how you can do it seamlessly!
Tips to increase project visibility and collaboration:
 1. Use scheduling tools
Poor scheduling = Loss of resources.
It would be a shame if a part of the budget is lost because of improper scheduling. Use a simple tool to schedule all meetings and projects and then map the research and development progress onto these.
 1. Keep track of project centrally with a tool
Different people will be working on different aspects of the project. Since all the processes are interconnected, communication between them is of paramount importance.
A project management software like Smartsheet is the best option to keep track of the roles and responsibilities of all individual team members.
 1. Automate reporting
Project Management 101:
Focus n the important parts and blindly automate the rest.
Reporting takes up a lot of time which can be better spent on other activities.
If automated, these not only free up time, but also provides deeper, more objective insights into the project.
 1. Use dashboards instead of emails
You want to bring down your time-to-market?
Streamline communication. Period.
And the best way to do this is to ditch the emails and hop onto the dashboard system!
The message gets across faster and clearer and no extra effort needs to be put in.
This is one of the primary tenets of increased project visibility.
 1. Use a centralized location for document storage
Tracking down digital assets and finding the required information costs us time.
And time is money.
So we have a centralized repository which is more accessible, more scalable and provides customized metadata about the asset.
 1. Clearly define metrics beforehand
A simple hack to increase your project visibility!
Create a dashboard and feed your goals in term of metrics. Then, everyone will know what is expected of them!
 1. Tools for doc review
Another time-saving tip! Simply use Slack for this and hook it up to Smartsheet!
Now for the card up our sleeve!
We know exactly the tool that can help resolve all your project visibility and collaboration issuesin a go!
Deemed one of the project management software around for larger companies, Smartsheet has helped resolve data management, project management and low project visibility for even Fortune 500 companies!
Today, let us take a leaf out of Providence Medical Group's book!
They took on Smartsheet for three specific reasons:
 - Secure management of data
 - Improve project visibility
 - Centralize information
And this is no joke since we're talking about a company that boasts of a workforce of more than 10,000.
Smartsheet has helped this Oregon-based company overcome a colossal waste of time used in the attestation of checklists by health workers. Gess, where the saved time goes now?
Better care for patients!
Here's what Keisha Smith, program manager for Providence Medical Group has to say about her seamless experience with Smartsheet:
"If we are requesting that a clinic do something and they're struggling for some reason, they can look at the dashboard and reach out to another clinic that has completed that standard, engage with them, and take back some tools to help their clinic be successful as well. Allowing that transparency offers us the opportunity to work together more closely as a team and ask more questions."
Now Smartsheet is a key member of their IT team and has been helping them with more and more functions.
So if you're ready to improve project visibility and boost business too, you're in the right place!
All you have to do is send us an email and we'll hop onto a call.
This is one investment you will not regret!
Related posts
SMARTSHEET – Mobile Application (An Overview)
Why SMARTSHEET is our first choice for Collaborative Work Management
Robotic Process Automation – The New Age Automation


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Effects of Weikart's Sequential Approach to Rhythmic Movement on Development of Rhythmic Competency in Primary Age Children
Trump, Patricia B.
MetadataShow full item record
SubjectMusic in education; Musical meter and rhythm; Musical perception; School children--Instruction and study
Problem. The purpose of this study was to compare the rhythmic competency of children receiving training using Weikart's Sequential Approach to Rhythmic Movement, and those receiving no training. Variables included gender and task alteration. Procedure. The sample consisted of 54 first graders. The Rhythmic Competency Analysis Test (RCAT) was administered to measure initial rhythmic competency. The experimental group received approximately 25 five-minute training sessions over a period of four months. Lessons were taken from Weikart's book, Music and Movement. The control grcup received no special training in rhythmic movement. An equivalent form of the RCAT was administered to all subjects at the end of the treatment period. Findinqs. RCAT data was treated statistically with t tests and with a 2(gender) x 2(instruction) factorial analysis of variance design. During the treatment period the subjects made significant improvement in RCAT scores, p<.001. Results showed locomotor tasks to be significantly more difficult than nonlocomotor tasks, p<.001. Gender was found to be significant only for Task 1 (patting bilaterally), p<.05. The experimental group made significantly better progress than the control group for locomotor tasks, p<.05, but there were no significant differences due to instruction for nonlocomotor tasks. Conclusions. The study concluded that while maturation was important to the development of rhythmic competency, instruction using Weikart's method could inprove performance, particularly locomotor skills. It was also found that the method of instruction could be implemented into a primary school music curriculum with a minimum investment of time and money. Recommendations. The study recommends that training in rhythmic movement be incorporated into elementary music classes, and that greater emphasis he placed on locomotor movement activities. Further research using an improved scoring method and a larger sample is needed in ordcr to clarify the effects of gender and to generalize these findings to other populations.
v, 97 leaves. Advisor: James Cox


text:
How payments are driving banks to confront data-sharing dilemmas
In the tug-of-war between banks and third parties over who controls access to customer account data, payments are primed to play a key role as banks start to take action and regulators begin to weigh in.
What began a decade ago with third-party data aggregators tapping bank account data to power personal financial management tools like Mint has rapidly accelerated and diversified, spurred in large part by payments technology.
P2P transfers for products like Venmo and bill payment services are among the top reasons third-party aggregators ping banks' servers to gather data, and real-time payments technology is similarly expected to lean on data-sharing for B2B and other use cases.
"Large or small, payments increasingly are the front door to the totality of the relationship any customer or organization has with a financial institution, and data-sharing will be closely connected to payments as they evolve," said Zach Aron, banking and capital markets payments leader at Deloitte.
Regulators also are eyeing the role of payments as they shape policies around data sharing. In a recent bulletin, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency provided some basic security guidelines for banks working either with third parties to support mobile payments or fintechs to extend payments to underbanked consumers.
Though there are no federal rules yet for data sharing, the need is clear.
A tipping point came late last year when PNC took a stance against unfettered third-party access to bank data by blocking Plaid, a major data aggregator, from automatically verifying PNC customers' new Venmo accounts.
PNC's top concern with Plaid and certain other third-party aggregators was potential security threats as a result of screen-scraping, when data aggregators use consumers' login credentials to broadly capture bank customers' account data. The risk of inconveniencing customers by forcing them to manually verify new Venmo accounts outweighed the potential fraud risk, according to PNC.
Other banks shared PNC's concerns about third-party data sharing. Last month, they joined forces to acquire Akoya, a data-sharing platform Fidelity launched that will act as a bridge between financial institutions and data recipients, including fintechs and data aggregators.
The company is jointly owned by Fidelity along with The Clearing House Payments Co. and 11 large banks including PNC, Bank of America, Citi and U.S. Bank. It uses APIs to restrict third parties to extracting only specific data for defined use cases, to enhance privacy and security.
TD Bank, one of Akoya's new co-owners, sees the acquisition as a breakthrough toward standardizing data aggregation for the benefit of all parties.
Barry Baird, TD Bank's head of payments capability and delivery at TD Bank, said Akoya enables banks to narrow third-party access to necessary data only. "The customer might be OK with granted access to the kitchen or the living room, but probably not the bathroom or the bedroom," Baird said.
Akoya is only one of several examples where TD Bank is maintaining control over the role its products — including payments — play in emerging financial services scenarios, he said.
"With Akoya we're establishing a single set of APIs everyone can share, that fintechs can access, which will open up new opportunities for each participant. We'll look for ways to do the same thing in sharing data for evolving real-time payments, which will radically improve our capabilities," Baird said.
Jack Henry & Associates isn't among Akoya's owners, but the bank technology platform provider is in discussions with Akoya about leveraging its platform, said Tede Forman, group president for consumer and commercial payments at Jack Henry.
One of Jack Henry's greatest areas of concern with data sharing has been with third-party bill payment providers that use screen-scraping techniques, Forman said.
"Data aggregation has always been a challenge for maintaining scalability and reliability, and we'd like to get rid of screen-scraping and use API-based approaches or direct integrations to share data whenever it's necessary," Forman said.
To modernize data-sharing for online bill payment services, Jack Henry is looking at various new approaches. One example is Mastercard's evolving Bill Pay Exchange service, currently in pilot with a range of partners including ConEd, Aliaswire and Transactis.
"The solution Mastercard is rolling out provides a direct integration with a biller that could produce a PDF of, say, a utility bill with no data-aggregation," Forman said.
Jack Henry has also been working for several years with Inlet, a partnership between Broadridge Financial Solutions and Pitney Bowes, to build direct integrations with different biller platforms for online bill payment services.
"I think we're going to see more and more solutions emerging for specific use cases where data needs to be shared," Forman said.
By leaning in to data-sharing initiatives and partnering with fintechs, financial institutions of all sizes are more likely to protect their turf and enhance their overall operations, Deloitte's Aron said.
"Open banking and data sharing may seem threatening to some banks, but there's nothing that precludes a bank from owning the experience. A bank can own and design the way it partners with third parties, so it remains the gatekeeper and trusted advisor to the consumer," Aron said.


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Do I Have AN Eating Disorder?
Play the quiz to find out if you got an eating disorder Since we and a lot of people having this problem. It happened that someone gets vomit and alargy of some food therefore you can easily find it out and what you need to is just answer the folloing question
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What Exercise Is Best For Me?
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What Fruit Am I? Quiz
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text:
What is Unemployment, How is it Measured, and Why Does the Fed Care?
In this lesson, students read and interpret choropleth maps, which contain unemployment data. They compare verbal descriptions of the labor market from the Federal Reserve's Beige Book with the mapped data. In addition, students compare unemployment data for different years. Students access or observe how to access this data online, using GeoFRED®.


text:
Sports Wood is a native broadleaf woodland planted for biodiversity, named after the nearby Saints Sports centre. 179 volunteers planted 650 native broadleaf trees over three days in November 2021.
- Location: Saints Sports, St Andrews
- Area: c. 0.2ha
- Trees: c. 650 mixed native broadleaf
- Planting density: 2m centres
- Planting dates: 8-10 November 2021
- Maps: Google, ///messaging.dreamers.panting
Creation of Sports Wood was part of the Meadows in the Making programme funded by NatureScot Biodiversity Challenge Fund. It was delivered in partnership with the St Andrews Botanic Garden, Fife Council, and Fife Coast and Countryside Trust. Habitats like meadows and woodlands help create rich, attractive places for people and wildlife to thrive.
A mix of native broadleaf trees were planted, chosen to maximise the benefit to biodiversity, and following a climate-adaptive planting pallet.
- English oak (Quercus robur): 16%
- Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia): 16%
- Alder (Alnus glutinosa): 16%
- Grey willow (Salix cinerea subsp. oleifolia): 11%
- Silver birch (Betula pendula): 11%
- Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna): 11%
- Hazel (Corylus avellana): 5%
- Osier (Salix viminalis): 5%
- Dog rose (Rosa canina): 5%
- Downy birch (Betula pubescens): 5%
- Crab apple (Malus sylvestrix): 5%
To plant the trees, planting locations were created by cutting sections of turf with a turf cutter. A rotavator was then used to loosen the soil. Whips were planted by hand and species were distributed in zones across the site. Water-loving trees like alder and osier willow were planted in wet areas, whereas trees like English oak and silver birch were planted in dry areas.
After planting the turf was replaced over the hole, around the young tree, grass side down. This was then covered by a layer of cardboard and mulched. The aim of these three measures was to minimise competition from grass/weeds, retain moisture, and minimise maintenance.
179 volunteers from the surrounding community including:
- University students and staff, including staff from Saints Sports
- Canongate and Lawhead Primary school groups
- Wildlife Babies mother and toddler group
- Members of the public
- Join future planting events
- Donate to the St Andrews Forest, supporting similar projects.
- What is the St Andrews Forest?
Text: Annie Herington.
Photos: University of St Andrews. Johanna Willi.
Lead photo full caption (left to right): Vinson Wong (Sports Scholar, Fencing), Emma Kallblad (Executive Officer, Office of the Principal), Ali MacLeod (Transition University of St Andrews, Estates), Alan Sinclair (Director of Rowing), Ian Gaunt (Deputy Director of Sport), Elliot Dronfield (Sports Scholar, Karate), Scott Laird (Apprentice, Grounds, Estates), Principal and Vice-Chancellor, Professor Sally Mapstone, Amelia Peters (Sports Scholar, Water Polo), Isaac Stables (1st XV Captain, Rugby Club), Rab Mitchell (Grounds Team, Estates), Stephen Paul (Practical Conservation Worker, Grounds Team, Estates), Scott Lawson (Director of Rugby), Patrick Paterson-Brown (Grounds Team, Estates), Johanna Willi (Ecological Projects Manager, Estates), Jess Smith (Athletic Union President), Al Clark (Sustainability Manager, Estates), Keith Thomason (Sustainability Manager, Estates) and David Toy (Programme Manager, St Andrews Forest)


text:
Onion Smart Plant Monitor Soil Moisture, Light, Nutrient Meter
Smart Bluetooth Onion Monitor/Analyzer - Moisture, Temperature, Light and Soil Nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potash Levels) - for the perfect plant!
Not ensuring ideal soil fertility levels, light, temperature and moisture could be affecting the optimal growth of your Onion plant affecting your yield and taste. This powerful bluetooth Onion monitor allows you to easily and conveniently measure temperature, sunlight, soil moisture and soil fertility.
The device pairs to our app on your cellular phone (iphone or Android) which is set for optimal Onion Plant growing conditions and will let you know what your readings are and where you are in relation to optimal moisture, fertility, sunlight and temperature for your Onion plant. This way you can take action to get to optimal growing conditions.
The Onion Bluetooth monitor has the following critical features:
- Easily pairs to your iPhone or Android device with our App
- Set app to monitor for Onion Plants
- Soil Fertility: Determines soil nutrient content and analyzes for optimal levels
- Sunlight Sensor: Read and analyze sunlight intensity, measurable up to 100,000 Lux
- Soil moisture Detector: Accurately detect water content of soil to know whether watering is necessary
- Temperature Sensor: Accurate temperature sensor helps you to monitor and analyze temperature
- App database contains all the information for your Onion plant to ensure you can accurately benchmark and analyze your data readings and know what action to take
- 1 x Onion Plant Monitor
- 1 x Instruction Manual
- 1 x Access code for App
Just click add to cart above to order your Bluetooth Smart Onion Plant Monitor.
We ship free to U.S. Customers.


text:
GROSS: OK, which means this is Claire Waldoff, a cabaret singer and a performer that is lesbian recorded in Germany in 1932.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)
CLAIRE WALDOFF: (Performing in German).
GROSS: that has been Claire Waldoff, a track picked for people by Robert Beachy, the writer associated with book that is newGay Berlin, " which will be concerning the homosexual subculture in Berlin into the 1920s and very very very early '30s, prior to the Nazi increase to energy.
The thing that was what the law states regarding homosexuality in the '20s and very very early '30s in Berlin?
BEACHY: what the law states ended up being initially oppression, anti-sodomy statute, plus it criminalized specific intimate functions between males and bestiality. And so the legislation have been developed by early 19th century and reformed, revised a bit, after which it had been imposed throughout every one of unified Germany after 1871. Plus it stayed set up through the '30s, '40s, '50s and '60s. So that it had been really made more draconian under the Nazis in 1935, and that stayed what the law states associated with land in western Germany until it had been finally reformed, starting into the very-late 1960s.