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Spatial Scaling of Non-Native Fish Richness across the United States.
PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e97727
Authors: Guo Q, Olden JD
A major goal and challenge of invasion ecology is to describe and interpret spatial and temporal patterns of species invasions. Here, we examined fish invasion patterns at four spatially structured and hierarchically nested scales across the contiguous United States (i.e., from large to small: region, basin, watershed, and sub-watershed). All spatial relationships in both richness and fraction between species groups (e.g., natives vs. exotics) were positive at large scales. However, contrary to predictions using null/neutral models, the patterns at small scales were hump-shaped (unimodal), not simply negative. The fractions of both domestic (introduced among watersheds within the USA) and foreign (introduced from abroad) exotics increased with area across scales but decreased within each scale. The foreign exotics exhibited the highest dominance (lowest evenness) and spatial variation in distribution, followed by domestic exotics and natives, although on average natives still occupy larger areas than domestic and foreign exotics. The results provide new insight into patterns and mechanisms of fish species invasions at multiple spatial scales in the United States.
PMID: 24844226 [PubMed – in process]
via pubmed: school of aquatic an… _URL_


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IN THIS EPISODE:
Meditation And Neuroplasticity Provide a Path To Healing: An Interview With Sarah Peyton
Patty Olwell interviews Sarah Peyton, author of Your Resonant Self: Guided Meditations & Exercises to Engage Your Brain's Capacity for Healing on the neuroscience of language and emotions. Their discussion covers Sarah's background in non-violent communication and her more recent work with the impact of specific interventions and meditations to foster brain plasticity and empathy towards ourselves and others. They explore what kinds of language can we use that lets brains relax and move into a space of fluidity? How does this relate to healing from trauma? What kind of language do we use with ourselves to develop empathy? How do we develop an inner voice of understanding rather than self-criticism?
1:44 – What drew Sarah Peyton to this work – First non-violent communication (Marshall Rosenberg) Rosenberg weekend – first time hearing that use of language
3:51 – How non-violent communication works like therapy – a place where people listen rather than just try to problem solve – what happens when you use feeling words & how it changes the activity of the amygdala – (Matthew Lieberman)
4:40 – Matthew Lieberman study of facial expressions –when you accurately name the facial expression/emotions you're seeing, the activity in the amygdala falls by halfpeople using language differently put Peyton into a space of fluidity (there is always an amygdala response to intense facial expressions)
5:29 – Daniel Siegel – Name it to tame it – Why does this work?
6:02 – What kinds of language do we use that lets brains relax and move into a space of fluidity? How does this relate to healing from trauma? How are brains impacted by trauma? Language as the neurotransmitters of human-ness – Verbal & nonverbal communication between two people
8:45 – Shift of focus from communication to brains – Daniel Siegel's The Developing Mind, The Neurobiology of We
10:30 – How are we moved & changed by the words we use with one another?
12:00 – Dan Siegel's contingent communication – how do our words reflect that we actually heard the other person? This quality comes through very subtly even in written communication
14:37 – Study of how Sarah Peyton used words with her children revealed the breaks & chasms between getting business of life done and having a relational connection
15:52 – What kind of language do we use with ourselves? Matthew Lieberman's work with the default mode network. How do our minds think when there's nothing else to process? When the brain is not directed towards something in particular, it reverses to default network.
18:07 – What is the automatic voice of our brain and can it be changed?
19:32 – Your Resonant Self: Guided Meditations & Exercises to Engage Your Brain's Capacity for Healing – Speaking unkindly to yourself – Importance of warmth in language – Trauma impacts the default network – experiences of being alone create default networks that are trying to help us – How do we turn towards voice of understanding rather than self-critical voice?
22:31 – How to be precise with language: To be precise with what the feeling tone is. To be precise with what the deep longing is: survival, thriving, peace, room to grow, capacity to have your own timing, etc. Precision with what the timing of the trauma is – that the trauma is no longer happening – By using the past tense, the brain is using precision – What's so upsetting is in the past and getting acknowledgment
25:01 – People often say yes most often when asked if they're seeking acknowledgment for what happened in the past. Bonnie Badenoch's study of Nepalese boy soldiers All boy soldiers had the same experience but the boys who went home to environments where they were received with welcome had much lower rates of PTSD than environment where they were excluded. It's not what happens during the trauma, it's how we're received afterwards – > We heal in relationship
29:05 – People who have at least 6 months of therapy are less likely to have to deal with addiction
29:46 – Daniel Siegel – When we view the brain as a brain rather than a collection of our faults then it gives birth to self-compassion in capacity to look at brain outside of itself
30:51 – Meaning of "People Make Sense" – Difficult events where we have not been met with resonance afterwards create and experience of not having any entry to connect with self
33:52 – Playing video games and smoking cigarettes both turn off the default network most completely. Interpersonal neurobiology takes us into a new world
37:00 – Peyton's final thoughts: Therapists are already the poets of the human soul – hold the language part of the relationship with the conscious precision that's possible begins to awaken a new excitement about the revelations that come with every sentence of expression and dialogue
Additional resources for this episode:
- Marshall B. Rosenberg: Nonviolent Communication:A Language of Life
- Sarah Peyton: Your Resonant Self: Guided Meditations and Exercises to Engage Your Brain's Capacity for Healing
- Bonnie Badenoch: Being a Brain-Wise Therapist: A Practical Guide to Interpersonal Neurobiology (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology)
- Dan Siegel:The Developing Mind, Second Edition: How Relationships and the Brain Interact to Shape Who We Are
- These and other resources have been collected for you on our Resources page!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Doctoral Advisor-Advisee Pairing in STEM Fields: Selection Criteria and Impact of Faculty, Student and Departmental Factors
International Journal of Doctoral Studies • Volume 10 • 2015 • pp. 343-363
Unlike the doctoral programs in places where students are paired with advisors at the time of admission itself, most US programs require the students to choose their advisors, and the advisors to formally accept the students as advisees. Little research has been done to understand how students and faculty approach this mutual selection and pairing process. This paper examines this process in STEM departments (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics), with specific focus on factors influencing the decisions. Based on focus groups and interviews of doctoral students and faculty from STEM departments in an American university, we identify criteria applied by students and faculty in making their choices. Students were found to assess faculty on available funding, area of research, personality, ability to graduate students fast, and career prospects for students, and faculty to assess students on their qualifications/credentials and perceived ability to contribute to research. We also found that this mutual assessment was not objective, but influenced by perceptions associated with faculty gender and career stage, and student nationality. In the end, whether students and faculty were actually paired with persons of their choice depended on departmental factors including prevalent pairing practices, restrictions on student numbers per faculty, and reward structure. We discuss implications of the findings for research and practice.
Doctoral education, advisor/advisee selection, gender, nationality, career stage
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Are we heading for an Indian Summer? Britain could to be hotter than South of France by Friday with 70F heat on the way – but not before strong winds and downpours batter country from tonight
- Weather alerts in place as Met Office warns of heavy rain and winds through tonight and tomorrow morning
- But Hurricane Sam moving across the Atlantic could bring warmer temperatures from the middle of the week
- Experts predict temperatures could rise to 70F meaning the country would be hotter than the south of France
Britain could be about to enjoy an Indian Summer as heavy rain which will batter the country tonight and tomorrow is set to give way to sunny weather from mid week.
Wind and rain will be replaced by blue skies and sunshine as temperatures could creep into the high 60s and low 70s – meaning the country will be hotter than the South of France.
But Britons should brace for poor weather throughout today and tomorrow as the Met Office has issued a yellow weather warning for heavy and persistent rain.
The warning covers much of the south west of England and Wales today and includes the north east for tomorrow.
Forecasters predict persistent and at times heavy rain and strong winds for northern England and south-east Scotland while rain will clear to blustery showers and sunny spells in the south and west.
Britain could be set for an Indian Summer after heavy rain and wind give way to warm temperatures and sunny skies from the middle of the week as a result of an Atlantic hurricane forcing high pressure over the UK. Pictured: Northumberland yesterday
Yellow weather warnings for heavy rain are in place as the Met Office says large parts of the country will see more rain today
Met Office Chief Meteorologist Andy Page said: 'Low pressure will dominate the weather over the coming days bringing strong winds and heavy rain at times.
'Further coastal gales are possible in the south and west late on Monday and into Tuesday as another weather system moves in from the Atlantic.
'There are large uncertainties around the track of this system but currently it looks like it will bring more heavy rain and strong winds to parts of Wales and southern England.'
Balmy weather from mid-week, however, will be driven by the remains of Hurricane Sam currently making a beeline for Britain.
The ex-storm system heading across the Atlantic will force high pressure over the UK, experts have said.
It will pull warm air in from the Continent pushing thermometers towards 70F by Thursday, forecasters say.
Ex-BBC and Met Office forecaster John Hammond said: 'There will be talk of an Indian summer if Sam shoves warm southerly winds and a marked upturn in temperatures our way.'
Rain warnings are in place for the south west and Wales on Monday (left) as well as large parts of the north on Tuesday (right)
Experts say Hurricane Sam (pictured) is currently moving across the Atlantic and will drive high pressure across Britain
Jim Dale, meteorologist for British Weather Services, said: 'The remains of Sam are about to bring a change from the wind and rain to a very nice spell of balmy, sunny weather.
'The ex-hurricane will move towards Iceland and will allow high pressure to build across Europe and over the UK as balmy air flows in from the south.
'Temperatures will be highest around Wednesday or Thursday.
'In the sunshine it may feel very warm, and it is safe to say we could be in for an Indian Summer.
'This spell should last a few days, but the pattern could continue for longer, possibly into mid-month.'
Scotland and parts of north-eastern England will be warmer than southern Britain with highs of around 70F (21C).
London and the southeast could creep towards the 68F (20C) mark with above-average temperatures forecast nationwide.
However, Britons should grit their teeth for another blast of autumn in the run-up to mid-week.
Mr Dale said: 'Low pressure will remain in charge through the start of the week and there will be more in the way of wind and rain.
'Sam comes along on Wednesday and will move close to the jet stream before heading towards Iceland allowing high pressure to build from the Continent.
'This will bring the change of weather with highs of 70F (21C) in north-east Scotland and parts of northern England, while elsewhere, it could reach 64 to 66F.
'This Jekyll and Hyde weather is usual for October.'
A Met Office spokesman said: 'There will be rain, heavy at times, with coastal gales affecting England and Wales, drier elsewhere with isolated showers.
'It will become warmer and more settled away from the far northwest from Wednesday.'
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source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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The Albigensian Crusade in Occitania (_PHONE_), which targeted the Cathar heretics as well as their orthodox compatriots, impelled an otherwise disparate set of Occitan noblemen to unite in opposition to the invasion. This newfound cohesion gave birth to an Occitan political community whose members were united by common fears, goals, and virtues. Through my analysis of the second portion of the chanson de geste, The Song of the Cathar Wars, authored by an anonymous poet sympathetic to the Occitans, I suggest the emergence of this Occitan community based upon (1) the portrayal of the French crusaders as well as the Occitan resistance fighters, (2) the way the anonymous poet framed the conflict in terms of conquest rather than crusade and (3) the characteristics and ideals attributed each side, most notably paratge. The question of whether an Occitan 'nation' or community existed during the Albigensian Crusade retains its relevance today in light of recent Occitan movements whose goals range from inspiring an Occitan cultural renaissance to attempting to create a modern Occitan nation separate from France.
Johnson, Elizabeth, "Orgolhs, Paratge, and la Gentils Toloza: Imagining Community in the Song of the Cathar Wars" (2008). Honors Projects. Paper 4.
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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TrueCrypt supports encrypting a system partition while operating system is running.
From the docs:
Note that TrueCrypt can encrypt an existing unencrypted system partition/drive in-place while the operating system is running (while the system is being encrypted, you can use your computer as usual without any restrictions). Likewise, a TrueCrypt-encrypted system partition/drive can be decrypted in-place while the operating system is running. You can interrupt the process of encryption or decryption anytime, leave the partition/drive partially unencrypted, restart or shut down the computer, and then resume the process, which will continue from the point it was stopped.
The question is. How is it implemented? How does TrueCrypt keep one part of the partition encrypted and the other non-encrypted? And how does it provide access to both parts while constantly encrypting the unencrypted one? What happens if the systems tries to access the data (or even write it) which is being encrypted at the moment (transferred from non-encrypted section of the partition into encrypted)?


\mathcal{M}}(Q, d_i, \theta) \end{align*} where \(d = \sum n_i d_i\) and \(d_i \cdot \theta = 0\) for all \(i\). Moreover, this has a symplectic resolution iff each factor does iff \(\gcd(d_i) = 1\) or \((\gcd(d_i), p\qty{d\over \gcd(d_i)} ) = (2, 2)\).
Let \({\mathcal{M}}(A, d, \theta)\) be the moduli space of \(\theta{\hbox{-}}\)semisimple \(A{\hbox{-}}\)modules of dimension \(d\), where e.g. \(A = k\mkern 1.5mu\overline{\mkern-1.5muQ\mkern-1.5mu}\mkern 1.5mu / \left\langle{R}\right\rangle\). There is an isomorphism of formal Poisson varieties after completing: \begin{align*} \widehat{{\mathcal{M}}}(\Lambda(Q), d, \theta)_m { \, \xrightarrow{\sim}\, }\widehat{{\mathcal{M}}}(Q', d', \theta)_0 ,\end{align*} where e.g. \(Q = Q'\) in type \(\tilde A_n\).
Local to global obstructions: since \(X\) is Poisson, it has a stratification into symplectic leaves, \(X = {\textstyle\coprod}_i S_i\). There is an action of \(\pi_1(S_i, x_i)\) on the set of local resolutions \(\left\{{ \tilde U_{s_i} \xrightarrow{\pi} U_{s_i} }\right\}/W\) where \(W\) is a Nakajima-Weyl group. This action can be nontrivial, and there is a compatibility with leaf closures: if \(\mkern 1.5mu\overline{\mkern-1.5muS_i\mkern-1.5mu}\mkern 1.5mu \supseteq S_j\) then \({ \left.{{ \pi_{\mkern 1.5mu\overline{\mkern-1.5muS\mkern-1.5mu}\mkern 1.5mu_i} }} \right|_{{S_j}} } = \pi_{S_j}\).
In the situation \(C_2\curvearrowright({\mathbb{C}^{\times}})^2\) there are four fixed points \((\pm 1, \pm 1)\) yielding simple singularities with local resolutions. The theorem implies there is a global symplectic resolution.
9 Jonathan Rosenberg, Twisted derived equivalences and string theory dualities with B-field (Wednesday, July 20)
Type II string theory: spacetime is \(X = {\mathbb{R}}^{10-2n} \times M\) where \(M\) is compact Kähler with a Ricci-flat metric and trivial canonical (the Calabi-Yau condition), not necessarily simply connected. For us: \(M\) is smooth projective, \(X\) is quasi-projective. The physics is controlled by D-branes (D for Dirichlet), either complex submanifolds in IIB or isotropic submanifolds for the symplectic structure in IIA. More generally, IIA branes are coherent sheaves, and IIA branes are classified by the Fukaya category. In type IIB, there is interest in \({ \mathsf{D} }^b {\mathsf{Coh}}(X)\), since complexes can capture joining branes, separating, collapsing into other configurations, etc. There is a coarser topological classification given by topological \({\mathsf{K}}{\hbox{-}}\)theory (Minasian-Moore, Witten). The D-branes give classes in \({\operatorname{KU}}^0(M)\) in IIB and \({\operatorname{KU}}^{-1}(M)\) for IIA.
Today: orientifold string theories. Classically, strings moving in time yield maps \(\Sigma\to X\) where \(\Sigma\) is the string worldsheet and \(X\) is spacetime. This is a \(\sigma{\hbox{-}}\)model. Orientifold theory: ask for strings to be equivariant with respect to involutions \(\iota\) and worldsheet parity operators – if \(\iota = \operatorname{id}_X\), this recovers type I string theory (forgetting string orientation). In this theory, D-brane charges live in real \({\mathsf{K}}{\hbox{-}}\)theory \({\mathsf{K}}R(X, \iota)\), which reduces to \({\operatorname{KO}}(X)\) when \(\iota = \operatorname{id}_X\). 2015: joint work classifies orientifold string theories associated to (anti)holomorphic involutions on elliptic curves: there are 10. One case corresponds to Karoubi and Donovan's twisted \({\mathsf{K}}{\hbox{-}}\)theory.
Can view an elliptic curve with antiholomorphic involution as a smooth genus one curve, possibly with no real points. Karoubi and Weibel (2003) show that \({\mathsf{K}}R\) of the complex curve is related to \({\mathsf{K}}^\mathsf{Alg}\) of the real variety. Suggests that duality of orientifold string theories may be reflected in a equivalence of derived categories for real (rather than complex) curves.
Derived equivalence: prototypical example is \({ \mathsf{D} }(X) \cong { \mathsf{D} }(Y)\) for \(X,Y\) smooth varieties over \(k\) via Mukai duality. Formulated in terms of the Poincaré sheaf on \(X\times \widehat{X}\) for \(X\) an abelian variety and \(\widehat{X}\) its dual. Integration over the fiber is really derived pushforward, so define the transform as \begin{align*} \phi({\mathcal{F}}) = {\mathbb{R}}\pi_{2, *} ({\mathcal{L}} \overset{\mathbb{L}}{ \otimes} \pi_{1}^* {\mathcal{F}}) .\end{align*} AVs are simple examples of CYs?
Elliptic curves are self-dual, so it works here, which suggests it may also work fiberwise for elliptic fibrations. Căldăraru considers elliptic fibrations \(f: X\to Z\) with no section. The role of \(\widehat{X}\) is the relative Jacobian \(\widehat{f}: J\to Z\), the relative module space of semistable sheaves of rank 1 and degree zero on the fibers of \(f\). Then \(\widehat{f}\) is an elliptic fibration with section, but there's no universal sheaf to play the role of the Poincaré sheaf \({\mathcal{L}}\). Two reasons for this:
It turns out that \({\mathcal{L}}\) exists as a twisted sheaf: the transition functions may only agree up to a 2-cycle, defining a class \(\alpha\) in the Brauer group \(H_\text{ét}^2(J; {\mathbb{G}}_m)\). A similar recipe goes through: pull up to \(X{ \underset{\scriptscriptstyle {Z} }{\times} } J\), tensor by the \(\alpha^{-1}{\hbox{-}}\)twisted sheaf \({\mathcal{L}}\), and push down to \(X\).
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Polluted legacy: Repairing Britain's damaged landscapes
The Industrial Revolution, which made Britain the powerhouse of the world in the 19th Century, may have been consigned to the history books but it has left a legacy of environmental problems.
Experts warn it continues to pollute drinking water, poison rivers and threaten flooding and in the process it fuels climate change and affects huge swathes of the modern landscape.
The mining of lead, tin and other metals is thought to have contaminated nearly 2,000 miles of waterways. Estimated repair costs run into the hundreds of millions.
Dr Hugh Potter, a mine pollution specialist for the Environment Agency, said: "The metals are going to continue to come out of these mines and spoil heaps for hundreds of years without any significant lowering of the impact.
"So unless we do something about it, it will have an impact for a very long time."
But recent attempts to undo some of this, and other examples of historical damage, have made notable headway.
Fresh research into mine pollution is being carried out, and last year a major project to clean up more than a century of colliery waste in County Durham won international recognition.
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Join our Aviation and Infrastructure partner Adriana Simões in this interview with José Ricardo Botelho, the CEO of the Latin American & Caribbean Air Transport Association (ALTA), and Tiago Sousa Pereira, Director of the Brazilian National Civil Aviation Agency (ANAC), in a discussion about perspectives for the Aviation industry in Brazil.
During the conversation, Adriana, José Ricardo and Tiago discuss the main challenges the industry has faced during the COVID-19 pandemic, local governments' reactions to measures to aid airlines, as well as the dialogue established between public and private entities during this critical period. They also debate airport concessions (including a 7th round set to be held in early 2022), the challenges society may face in promoting a more sustainable aviation industry, and the necessary actions for furthering cooperation between government authorities and airlines in Brazil for the development of the industry.
This episode also celebrates the release of our Aviation practice's latest book, "Vade Mecum – Brazilian Aviation Law: Key Legislation for the Aviation Sector". Our Aviation Vade Mecum was conceived in light of the Brazilian aviation sector's extensive regulations and the absence of a compilation of these norms in the market. Considering the sector's robust and constantly evolving legal framework, the book intends to facilitate access to everyone interested in the topic and promote Brazil's civil aviation sector.
The Vade Mecum can be accessed in full here!


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I am currently trying to retrieve a unique device identifier. Here is my code:
var token = Windows.System.Profile.HardwareIdentification.getPackageSpecificToken(null);
var reader = Windows.Storage.Streams.DataReader.fromBuffer(;
reader.unicodeEncoding = true;
var identifier = reader.readString(reader.unconsumedBufferLength);
But it raises following error:
The operation attempted to access data outside the valid range.
How can I retrieve the size of my string? I also tried to use, but result is the same.
share|improve this question
Depending on what you are using it for, you should be aware that the id will change, possibly frequently on some devices. You should probably use a subset of the constituent components in the id if you need to (more) reliably identify the device again later. Docs here: – Endophage Nov 9 '12 at 21:14
1 Answer 1
up vote 3 down vote accepted
I can't try to replicate what you're doing at the moment, but you might try reading it as bytes into array like this:
var array = new Array(;
And then convert the array to a string for the identifier.
See these posts for examples:
share|improve this answer
Your solution works perfectly. Thanks for your help, even if I still can't get the reason why they return a IBuffer object instead of a simple string. But sure they got one. ;) – Jonathan Petitcolas Aug 22 '12 at 8:36
Your Answer


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Water reuse in hydroponic systems: A realistic future scenario for Germany?
Facts and evidence gained during a transdisciplinary research project
The HypoWave transdisciplinary research project investigated the innovation of water reuse in a hydroponic system, focusing on its applicability in Germany. The methods applied were the operation of a pilot plant for the appropriate treatment and subsequent reuse of water in a hydroponic system, expert interviews, feasibility studies, an impact assessment and a stakeholder dialogue. To identify the concept's advantages and disadvantages, publications specialising in the various disciplines involved and meeting protocols were analysed and the results grouped together in a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis. This revealed that the system has potential for application in Germany subject to certain requirements being met, such as suitable local wastewater treatment conditions and actors looking for new business opportunities within agricultural production. This system is not recommended for the country as a whole, but it does offer an interesting alternative for locations that meet the appropriate conditions. Nevertheless, additional efforts and knowledge are required to promote and operate a new system of this kind. These include the reliable supply of irrigation water with guaranteed plant nutrition, comprehensive quality management to manage potential risks, a good understanding of the cooperation arrangements required and a more detailed examination of energy aspects.


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The study compared the effect of systematic, explicit vocabulary instruction on the acquisition of word meaning and collocations for nouns, verbs and adjectives. Data were collected from 18 high-intermediate level Japanese students of English. The findings suggest that word class may be one of the factors in the acquisition and availability of lexical items for productive purposes. In both receptive and productive tests of word knowledge, nouns were found to have a clear advantage over the other two classes. Adjectives were acquired more easily than verbs. Some collocation sequences were found to be under-represented in learners' lexicons. Possible explanations for these patterns are reviewed and the pedagogical implications of the findings are discussed.
- Bulletin of the Faculty of Language and Literature
Bulletin of the Faculty of Language and Literature 24(1), 1-36, 2010-09-00


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Richard Axel and Linda Buck honored for discovering genetic coding that allows us to identify and distinguish thousands of smells
NEW YORK, NY, October 4, 2004 – Richard Axel, M.D. of Columbia University Medical Center has won the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Linda B. Buck, Ph.D., of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center for clarifying how the olfactory system works. Dr. Buck was a postdoctoral fellow at Columbia when she and Dr. Axel jointly published the fundamental paper on the subject in 1991.
The sense of smell has remained the most enigmatic of the senses. The work of Drs. Axel and Buck has provided understanding on how the nose is able to distinguish more than 10,000 distinct smells. The researchers discovered a gene pool of more than 1,000 different genes that encode olfactory receptors in the nose that detect odors and olfaction. This is believed to be the largest gene family in the human genome.
"I'm deeply honored and very pleased," said Dr. Axel. "This honor represents the long efforts of the many faculty, students and fellows who have worked within our laboratories at Columbia University Medical Center. I have received enormous support over the years beginning with the scholarship I received to attend Columbia College. I have to also thank the National Institutes of Health and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute that allowed the performance of truly novel experiments by our research team."
Dr. Richard Axel is University Professor, Columbia University, and Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center. He has been at Columbia University Medical Center his entire career, and was an undergraduate at Columbia College.
Axel and Buck join a group of 70 notable Columbians whose work has been recognized by the Nobel Foundation, including 19 in the category of physiology or medicine.
"Columbia University is honored that our esteemed faculty member, Richard Axel, has received the Nobel Prize for his pioneering studies clarifying how our sense of smell works," said Columbia University President Lee C. Bollinger. "Dr. Axel's groundbreaking research solves the puzzle of how we translate the sensations around us into knowledge that is key for our survival and quality of life."
"Dr. Axel's work is among the most important discoveries of the past 50 years, providing insights regarding how individuals perceive their external environment," said Gerald D. Fischbach, executive vice president, Columbia University Medical Center. "He has been an enormously important influence for all the sciences here at Columbia University, the medical center and the College of Physicians and Surgeons. His wide range of interests and enormous skills in molecular biology have influenced faculty throughout the university."
"We congratulate Richard and Linda for their profoundly important discovery, and for the way in which they achieved it," said David Hirsh, executive vice president for research at Columbia University. "Their experiments represent the highest form of creativity, scientific discipline and scholarship. This is science at its most beautiful."
The sense of smell is possible because neurons directly connect the brain to the outside world. In the nose, receptors on the neurons pick up odors from the environment and send that information directly to the olfactory bulb, the first relay station in the brain. Drs. Axel and Buck determined how neurons converge in the olfactory bulb, which gave them further insights into how smell is processed in the brain. Each olfactory receptor cell possesses only one type of odorant receptor, and each receptor can detect a limited number of odorant substances, so the olfactory receptor cells are highly specialized for a few odors. Most odors are composed of multiple odorant molecules, and each odorant molecule activates several odorant receptors, leading to a combined odorant pattern, which allows us to recognize and form memories of approximately 10,000 different odors. The combination of odorant receptors activated when we smell a rose tell us that it smells nice and is different from the combination of receptors activated by rotting fish.
The sense of smell is essential to the survival of most species, who use their olfactory systems to identify food, smell predators and observe and interpret their environments. In humans, smells warn us if food has gone bad and can be powerful enough to trigger distinct memories years later.
Axel and his colleagues also developed gene transfer techniques that permit the introduction of virtually any gene into any cell, allowing the analysis of gene function in vivo. These experiments in cell transformation led to the isolation and functional analysis of the gene for the T-cell surface protein, CD4, the cellular receptor for HIV. He then began to apply the techniques of molecular biology to problems in neurobiology. He identified the peptide genes responsible for eliciting an innate behavior in a marine snail, and molecular analysis of these genes suggests how diverse behavioral patterns may be encoded in the genetic material and inherited from parent to offspring.
Source: Eurekalert & othersLast reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
Don't be too timid and squeamish about your actions. All life is an experiment. The more experiments you make the better.
-- Ralph Waldo Emerson


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Treasures from the Past
During the Carboniferous Era, extensive forests of giant tree ferns dominated the earth.
Petrified trunks from Madagascar reveal cellular details of the extinct tree fern, Psaronius brasiliensis that lived about 270 million years ago. In life, the Psaronius probably resembled the present-day Cyathea tree ferns of New Zealand.
A unique and exotic gift item. (Candles not included)


Prison Overcrowding Speech Outline
994 Words4 Pages
Topic: Prison overcrowding General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: At the end of my speech, the audience will be able to identify and describe the key reasons and issues of prison overcrowding. Introduction Attention Getter Imagine being locked up in a confined space with little to no air conditioning, concrete walls, concrete floors, poor sanitation, rowdy peers, no soft comforts of a home, and a lack of the everyday basic needs. What I am describing to you is a little thing called prison overcrowding. Establishes Speaker Credibility I personally began to become interested in the overcrowding of prisons when my own brother was let out early due to it. My brother described the horrid situation that the…show more content…
Preview of Main Points Today, I will be describing to you what prison overcrowding is, the reasons behind it, what it results in, and how it can be reduced. Body Transition to First Main Point: To begin, let's take a look at what prison overcrowding is. I) Prison overcrowding is the social phenomenon that occurs when the demand for space in prisons in a jurisdiction exceeds the capacity for prisoners in the place. A) According to Portland State University, "Approximately one in 35 U.S. adults are incarcerated, on parole or on probation". B) According to Penal Reform International, "In most prison systems, prisoners do not have the minimum space requirements recommended by international standards, spending up to 23 hours of the day, if not all day, in overcrowded cells. Overcrowding can be so severe that prisoners sleep in shifts, on top of each other, share beds or tie themselves to window bars so that they can sleep while standing". Transition to Second Main Point: Now that we have defined what prison overcrowding is, let's identify common causes. I) Repeating offenders A) Past B)
More about Prison Overcrowding Speech Outline
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.. varidn = pat
pattern varid1 consym varid2 = pat
For example, the following two pattern synonym definitions are rejected, because they are not bidirectional (but they would be valid as pattern-only synonyms)
 pattern ThirdElem x = _:_:x:_
 pattern Snd y = (x, y)
since the right-hand side is not a closed expression of {x} and {y} respectively.
In contrast, the pattern synonyms for Arrow and Int above are bidirectional, so you can e.g. write:
 arrows :: [Type] -> Type -> Type
 arrows = flip $ foldr Arrow
Explicitly-bidirectional pattern synonyms
What if you want to use Succ in an expression:
 pattern Succ n <- n1 | let n = n1 -1, n >= 0
It's clearly impossible since its expansion is a pattern that has no meaning as an expression. Nevertheless, if we want to make what looks like a constructor for a type we will often want to use it in both patterns and expressions. This is the rationale for the most complicated synonyms, the bidirectional ones. They provide two expansions, one for patterns and one for expressions.
pattern conid varid1 ... varidn <- pat where cfunlhs rhs
where cfunlhs is like funlhs, except that the functions symbol is a conid instead of a varid.
Example:
 pattern Succ n <- n1 | let n = n1-1, n >= 0 where
 Succ n = n + 1
TODO: Rewrite this example to not use ViewPatternsAlternative
The first part as is before and describes the expansion of the synonym in patterns. The second part describes the expansion in expressions.
 fac 0 = 0
 fac (Succ n) = Succ n * fac n
Associated pattern synonyms
Just like data types and type synonyms can be part of a class declaration, it would be possible to have pattern synonyms as well.
Example:
 class ListLike l where
 pattern Nil :: l a
 pattern Cons :: a -> l a -> a
 isNil :: l a -> Bool
 isNil Nil = True
 isNil (Cons _ _) = False
 append :: l a -> l a -> l a
 instance ListLike [] where
 pattern Nil = []
 pattern Cons x xs = x:xs
 append = (++)
 headOf :: (ListLike l) => l a -> Maybe a
 headOf Nil = Nothing
 headOf (Cons x _) = Just x
One could go one step further and leave out the pattern keyword to obtain associated constructors, which are required to be bidirectional. The capitalized identifier would indicate that a pattern synonym is being defined. For complicated cases one could resort to the where syntax (shown above).
TODO: Syntax for associated pattern synonym declarations to discern between pattern-only and bidirectional pattern synonyms
Static semantics
A unidirectional pattern synonym declaration has the form
pattern P var1 var2 ... varN <- pat
The formal pattern synonym arguments var1, var2, ..., varN are brought into scope by the pattern pat on the right-hand side. The declaration brings the name P as a pattern synonym into the module-level scope.
The pattern synonym P is assigned a pattern type of the form
pattern P :: CProv => CReq => t1 -> t2 -> ... -> tN -> t
where t1, ..., tN are the types of the parameters var1, ..., varN, t is the simple type (with no context) of the thing getting matched, and CReq and CProv are type contexts.
CReq can be omitted if it is empty. If CProv is empty, but CReq is not, () is used. The following example shows cases:
data Showable where
 MkShowable :: (Show a) => a -> Showable
-- Required context is empty
pattern Sh :: (Show a) => a -> Showable
pattern Sh x <- MkShowable x
-- Provided context is empty, but required context is not
pattern One :: () => (Num a, Eq a) => a
pattern One <- 1
A pattern synonym can be used in a pattern if the instatiated (monomorphic) type satisfies the constraints of CReq. In this case, it extends the context available in the right-hand side of the match with CProv, just like how an existentially-typed data constructor can extend the context.
As with function and variable types, the pattern type signature can be inferred, or it can be explicitly written out on the program.
Here's a more complex example. Let's look at the following definition:
{-# LANGUAGE PatternSynonyms, GADTs, ViewPatterns #-}
module ShouldCompile where
data T a where
 MkT :: (Eq b) => a -> b -> T a
f :: (Show a) => a -> Bool
pattern P x <- MkT (f -> True) x
Here, the inferred type of P is
pattern P :: (Eq b) => (Show a) => b -> T a
A bidirectional pattern synonym declaration has the form
pattern P var1 var2 ... varN = pat
where both of the following are well-typed declarations:
pattern P1 var1 var2 ... varN <- pat
P2 = \var1 var2 ... varN -> pat
In this case, the pattern type of P is simply the pattern type of P1, and its expression type is the type of P2. The name P is brought into the module-level scope both as a pattern synonym and as an expression.
Dynamic semantics
A pattern synonym occurance in a pattern is evaluated by first matching against the pattern synonym itself, and then on the argument patterns. For example, given the following definitions:
pattern P x y <- [x, y]
f (P True True) = True
f _ = False
g [True, True] = True
g _ = False
the behaviour of f is the same as
f [x, y] | True <- x, True <- y = True
f _ = False
Because of this, the eagerness of f and g differ:
*Main> f (False:undefined)
*** Exception: Prelude.undefined
*Main> g (False:undefined)
False
This is because we generate the matching function at the definition site.
Typed pattern synonyms
So far patterns only had syntactic meaning. In comparison Ωmega has typed pattern synonyms, so they become first class values. For bidirectional pattern synonyms this seems to be the case
data Nat = Z | S Nat deriving Show
pattern Ess p = S p
And it works:
*Main> map S [Z, Z, S Z]
[S Z,S Z,S (S Z)]
*Main> map Ess [Z, Z, S Z]
[S Z,S Z,S (S Z)]
Branching pattern-only synonyms
N.B. this is a speculative suggestion!
Sometimes you want to match against several summands of an ADT simultaneously. E.g. in a data type of potentially unbounded natural numbers:
data Nat = Zero | Succ Nat
type UNat = Maybe Nat -- Nothing meaning unbounded
Conceptually Nothing means infinite, so it makes sense to interpret it as a successor of something. We wish it to have a predecessor just like Just (Succ Zero)!
I suggest branching pattern synonyms for this purpose:
pattern S pred <- pred@Nothing | pred@(Just a <- Just (Succ a))
pattern Z = Just Zero
Here pred@(Just a <- Just (Succ a)) means that the pattern invocation S pred matches against Just (Succ a) and - if successful - binds Just a to pred.
This means we can syntactically address unbound naturals just like bounded ones:
greetTimes :: UNat -> String -> IO ()
greetTimes Z _ = return ()
greetTimes (S rest) message = putStrLn message >> greetTimes rest message
As a nice collateral win this proposal handles pattern Name name <- Person name workplace | Dog name vet too.
Record Pattern Synonyms
See PatternSynonyms/RecordPatternSynonyms
Associating synonyms with types
See PatternSynonyms/AssociatingSynonyms
Last modified 5 days ago Last modified on Apr 29, 2016 8:05:11 PM


Best Types of Beefs That You Can Put Your Hands On
2 Mins read
Not many people are aware of the fact that beef are of many kinds and even if they are, most of them do not know what makes some types better than the others. So, whichever of the two categories you come under, this is just the right guide for you. It will take you through the two different kinds of beef that you must try. However, before we take you through the variety, we'd like to let you know a little about the different features that make some sellers better than some others. Have a look!
 1. Feeding Practice
Farm fed animals that are sustained on vegetarian diet make the best livestock for the meat industry. Only a few sellers like Papa Earth follow this practice of letting animals feed and live in their natural habitat so that they are healthy.
 1. Growth Factor
Products that come from animals that are given hormones and antibiotics for growth are the ones that you should strictly avoid. Instead, the products that come from animals that are allowed to breed and live naturally and sustained on grass (pesticide free soil) are the ones that you should buy.
 1. Quality Control
Now, did you know that all meats in the market do not come from brands that are quality monitored by the Canadian food authority? Which is why you should buy products from sellers like Papa Earth since each and every product they supply is checked by the food authority of Canada.
That said, now let's take you through the 2 types of beef that you must try.
 1. AAA Beef – This beef comes from Black Angus and is one of the most flavoursome meats you will ever taste. One of the things about AAA beef from Papa Earth is that it is Certified Angus Beef ®. The difference between Angus beef and certified Angus beef is that the latter goes through 10 quality tests. Only when it passes all tests that it becomes certified.
 2. Grass Fed and Grass Finished Beef – This one comes from pigs, cattle, and sheep. The animals are fed on crops like sorghum, oats and peas, hay, and so on. Special precautions are taken so that the animals are neither overfed nor underfed.
You must also have a look at the Paper Earth website to explore more details. Another factor that makes these online sellers better than others is that they offer Papa Earth butcherbox of different sizes so that everybody can afford their products. The three different sizes they offer include:
 - Small box worth 125 dollars.
 - Medium box worth 249 dollars.
 - Large box worth 498 dollars.
So, if it's high-quality beef that you're looking for, Papa Earth is the one seller that you can trust blindly.


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Electronic ID Tracking
Over the past decade, technology has greatly improved artificial reproductive technology, particularly in the area of traceability and patient safety.
One significant advancement is the implementation of Electronic ID Tracking systems in the Queensland Fertility Group's (QFG's) embryology laboratories. This system, known as "Witness," utilises Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) to detect and monitor activity in the IVF Laboratory.
Electronic ID Tracking, also referred to as RFID tracking, ensures that each patient's identity is allocated to their respective samples and digitally tracks every vessel containing eggs, embryos, and sperm. This technology minimises the risk of errors in handling human samples by providing a comprehensive system for monitoring and tracking patient samples throughout the IVF process.
The Witness system employs tags attached to dishes or tubes containing patient samples, which store electronically encoded patient information. These tags are automatically identified and tracked by antennae at each workstation. If samples belonging to different patients are mistakenly placed together, an audible alarm alerts the scientist, preventing any mix-ups.
The Witness system not only monitors the movement of samples but also records the time of each technique and the items within the antennae's range. This ensures that only one patient's samples are handled at any given time, enhancing accuracy and reducing the chances of cross-contamination.
Electronic ID tracking eliminates the risks associated with identity errors during laboratory procedures, providing peace of mind to both patients and staff. Additionally, all witnessed procedures are recorded, allowing for auditing and verification of correct handling practices.
Technology has played a huge role in improving the safety and efficiency of artificial reproductive technology over the past decade and I look forward to seeing how it evolves over the next ten years.


text:
Dear Teacher Columnists Win 2001 Journalism Award
Authors of the King Features Syndicate column "Dear Teacher," Peggy Gisler and Marge Eberts, received a 2001 Award for Excellence in news reporting from the Stuttering Foundation of America (SFA). The "Dear Teacher" columnists were one of 7 recipients chosen by the SFA for successfully enhancing the public's understanding of this complex speech disorder.
"Journalists have given unprecedented attention to the causes and treatment of stuttering over the past year," said Jane Fraser, president of the 54-year-old nonprofit foundation. "The entries from print, radio and electronic media have shown an increased sensitivity to a speech disorder that affects millions of people."
The "Dear Teacher" column recognized by the SFA was one that offered teachers resource information and timely tips for children who stutter in the classroom.
The Stuttering Foundation is a nonprofit organization based in Memphis, Tenn., that has worked toward the prevention and improved treatment of stuttering since 1947. For more information call the SFA toll free at _PHONE_ or log on to their Web site at _URL_.
Click here to learn more about "Dear Teacher" authors Peggy Gisler and Marge Eberts.


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According to an official survey carried out in the year 2000, the state of Idaho was facilitated by nine major railroads and 2829 km of railway tracks. The railway map of Idaho clearly points out the towns that are connected by the trackways of the state.
Towns of Nampa, Roberts, Bliss, Caldwell, Gooding, Dubois, Preston, Mc Cammon, Shoshone, Mountain Home and Blackfoot can be conveniently accessed through the railway routes of Idaho. Amtrak is known as one of the important railway service providers of Idaho state. Amtrak-Empire Builder offers trains that operate between Chicago and Seattle and passes through Idaho. Sandpoint, Boise, Nampa, Pocatello, and Shoshone towns are well served by Amtrak trains. Tourists who wishes to travel by train can refer to the Idaho railway map to get a fair idea about the rail routes. Also, the Idaho state map helps in presenting a complete guide of railway lines and stations of the place.


text:
In, "Aptitude Tests: Are They Effective in Opening Students' Minds to More Career Paths?, "published on Education Week on Apr. 27, 2021, Education Writer Alyson Klein looks at the value of aptitude assessments for matching students to better-fit careers.
Klein refers to research from the University of Missouri that compared "high school students' natural aptitudes with their self-reported interests in four areas: manufacturing, computer technology, construction, and health care."
The researchers used the YouScience Discovery aptitude assessment and its included interest inventory to examine the gap between self-reported interests and innate aptitudes or talents. Results shows, that particularly for female students, there was a wide gap between personal interests and aptitudes.
Results found that female students had significantly higher aptitudes for the studied fields than they expressed interest in. It also found that male students were 1.6 times more talented at patient care positions that those that showed interest in such careers.


text:
For a discussion of the Skip by Leading Text Wrap preference, see Chapter 18, "Text Wraps: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly."
For a discussion of the Text Frame First Baseline Position options as well as Align to Baseline Grid, see Chapter 16, "Everything in Its Right Place: Using Grids for a Clean, Structured Look."
A handy shortcut for increasing or decreasing the leading of a selected range of text is pressing Option+Up Arrow (Alt+Up Arrow) to tighten the leading or Option+Down Arrow (Alt+Down Arrow) to loosen the leading. The amount is determined by the value in the Size/Leading field in the Units & Increments Preferences. To increase/decrease the leading value by five times this amount press Cmd+Option+Up Arrow/Down Arrow (Ctrl+Alt+Up Arrow/Down Arrow).


text:
Monolayer Fullerene Networks as Photocatalysts for Overall Water Splitting.
Photocatalytic water splitting can produce hydrogen in an environmentally friendly way and provide alternative energy sources to reduce global carbon emissions. Recently, monolayer fullerene networks have been successfully synthesized [Hou et al. Nature2022, 606, 507], offering new material candidates for photocatalysis because of their large surface area with abundant active sites, feasibility to be combined with other 2D materials to form heterojunctions, and the C60 cages for potential hydrogen storage. However, efficient photocatalysts need a combination of a suitable band gap and appropriate positions of the band edges with sufficient driving force for water splitting. In this study, I employ semilocal density functional theory and hybrid functional calculations to investigate the electronic structures of monolayer fullerene networks. I find that only the weakly screened hybrid functional, combined with time-dependent Hartree-Fock calculations to include the exciton binding energy, can reproduce the experimentally obtained optical band gap of monolayer C60. All the phases of monolayer fullerene networks have suitable band gaps with high carrier mobility and appropriate band edges to thermodynamically drive overall water splitting. In addition, the optical properties of monolayer C60 are studied, and different phases of fullerene networks exhibit distinct absorption and recombination behavior, providing unique advantages either as an electron acceptor or as an electron donor in photocatalysis.
Funder: University of Cambridge
Funder: Magdalene College, University of Cambridge


text:
This technical brief presents a study on the effectiveness of the bottom insulation of a salinity gradient solar pond (SGSP) in Melbourne, Australia. Insulation is applied at the bottom of a SGSP in order to minimize the heat loss from the SGSP to the ground underneath. But selection of optimum thickness of the insulation to extract the best thermal performance of an SGSP is a challenge as insulation involves significant investment. Hence, modeling heat loss from SGSP to the ground before and after applying the insulation is thus very essential. In this study, a layer of polystyrene is used as insulation at the bottom of SGSP. The temperature distribution in the SGSP and ground below it, the efficiency of the SGSP and the heat removal from SGSP are estimated for the SGSP without insulation and with insulation of different thicknesses. The results show that the insulation definitely reduces the heat loss from the SGSP to the ground, but to a certain extent. Insulation beyond a certain thickness is proved to be ineffective in increasing the efficiency or reducing the heat loss to ground and thus unable to enhance the thermal performance of the SGSP.
Effectiveness of Bottom Insulation of a Salinity Gradient Solar Pond
Contributed by the Solar Energy Division of ASME for publication in the JOURNAL OF SOLAR ENERGY ENGINEERING: INCLUDING WIND ENERGY AND BUILDING ENERGY CONSERVATION. Manuscript received December 21, 2017; final manuscript received February 8, 2018; published online March 13, 2018. Assoc. Editor: M. Keith Sharp.
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Ganguly, S., Date, A., and Akbarzadeh, A. (March 13, 2018). "Effectiveness of Bottom Insulation of a Salinity Gradient Solar Pond." ASME. J. Sol. Energy Eng. August 2018; 140(4): 044502. _URL_
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text:
Once an order imports into Ordoro, you may need to make changes. Perhaps the customer wants to add/remove an item, or they realized they made a typo to their shipping address.
To modify an existing order, follow the steps below.
1. Select the Order ID that you want to edit.
2. You'll be directed to the Order Detail page.
3. From here, you can edit multiple items on the order.
- Customer's shipping information
- Customer's billing information
- Customer notes
- Internal notes
- Items on the order
- Additional details
- Item price
- Total price
- Add or remove items
- Order discount
- Order shipping and handling
- Order tax
4. To add a product, begin typing in the name or sku of an item and Ordoro will populate your options in the dropdown.
5. To remove an item from the order, click the trash can next to the line item.
6. When an edit is made, Ordoro will track the changes in the Order Timeline. This section will log which user made the changes and at what time.


text:
Introduction: Patients who experience a recurrent laryngeal nerve injury (RLI) after undergoing an Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion(ACDF) procedure may eventually become asymptomatic. If these patients undergo subsequent ACDF while having an asymptomatic vocal cord abnormality they may be at risk for developing bilateral vocal cord paralysis if the follow up surgery is performed on the opposite side of their original (RLI). Because of these concerns we began a program of referring patients for preoperative laryngoscopic examinations, who were being considered for revision /redo ACDF.
Methods: IRB approval was obtained. Patients who were referred for preoperative laryngoscopic examination prior to revision ACDF were reviewed retrospectively from the period 2006 – 2010. All patients underwent examination by an ENT specialist using a nasopharyngoscope in combination with video stroboscopic examination.
Results: 23 patients were identified having undergone preoperative laryngoscopy and subsequent revision ACDF. 18 patients had undergone a previous single level ACDF and 5 patients had undergone a previous 2 level surgery. The mean time interval from the previous ACDF procedure was 40.3 months (range 13-84 months). Significant findings were found in 4 patients. 2 patients presented with asymptomatic vocal cord paralysis, 2 patients presented with chronic hoarseness after previous ACDF. One was found to have a vocal cord paralysis and the other had a vocal cord mass. In these patients the surgery was performed on the same side as the vocal cord abnormality. Patients who had a normal laryngoscopic examination underwent surgery from the side opposite to their original surgery.
Conclusions: In our series 17.3% of patients undergoing preoperative laryngoscopic examination exhibited abnormalities which affected decision making regarding side of approach for revision ACDF. Preoperative laryngoscopic examination is a simple and effective way of screening patients for abnormalities prior to revision ACDF surgery.
Patient Care: By making laryngoscopic examination a standard part of the preoperative evaluation of patients undergoing repeat anterior cervical discectomy and fusion one can prevent bilateral vocal cord paralysis, a potentially life threatening condition.
Learning Objectives: By the conclusion of this session,participants should be able 1. Describe the importance of preoperative larygoscopic examination. 2.Describe the complications of bilateral vocal cord paralysis.3.Discuss whether preoperative laryngoscopic examination should be a part of the standard evaluation of patients undergoing repeat anterior cervical discetomy and fusion.


Skip to definition.
Noun: Don Juan 'dón,waan
 1. A legendary Spanish nobleman and philanderer who became the hero of many poems and plays and operas
 2. Any successful womanizer (after the legendary profligate Spanish nobleman)
Derived forms: Don Juans
Type of: ladies' man, lady's man, Lord, noble, nobleman, philanderer, womaniser [Brit], womanizer
Encyclopedia: Don Juan, Dominican Republic


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Intake Days and Survey Integration
One day of dietary intake data, collected in person in the Mobile Examination Center, was released. The Day 1 files include 9,701 individuals with a complete intake and 182 breastfed infants.
The 2001-2002 release represents the integration of two nationwide dietary intake surveys conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Department of Health and Human Services. Survey integration of dietary data collection began in 2002.
The WWEIA 2002 data collection included a Day 2 telephone recall, in addition to the Day 1 in-person recall. The NHANES 2001 collection included only the Day 1 in-person recall. Because of confidentiality reasons concerning release of single-year data, dietary data for Day 2 were not publicly released. The 2002 Day 2 dietary data are available through the NCHS Research Data Center.
Data File Descriptions
Two dietary intake files are available.
- Individual Foods File: DRXIFF_B (Day 1)
The Individual Foods File contains one record for each food consumed by a participant. Each record identifies the intake day of week, the time and name of the eating occasion for the food, and the following food-specific data:
- Food, identified by a USDA food code
- Whether food was eaten in combination with other foods (for example, milk added to cereal)
- Amount of food consumed
- Amounts of food energy and 60 nutrients/food components provided by the food amount
Total Nutrient Intakes File: DRXTOT_B (Day 1)
The Total Nutrient Intakes File contains one record for each participant. Each record includes daily total intakes of food energy and 60 nutrients/food components, daily intake of water, salt use, and frequency of fish and shellfish consumption for population subsets.
The dietary intake data are collected in the Mobile Examination Center and all MEC participants are eligible for the dietary interview. The appropriate sampling weight variable to use with these data is WTMEC2YR (full sample 2-year MEC exam weight).


This interview is with Jeanne Feldkamp and Dan Diephouse of Corollary Wines. In this interview, the couple talks about their journey before getting into the wine industry, and how they ended up in Oregon. They speak about the logistics of starting their label and the meaning behind the name, how they've adjusted to COVID-19, and how what they find so exciting about sparkling wine here. They then touch on what sustainability means to them when looking for grapes, and how they would describe their winemaking philosophy. Towards the end of the interview, they answer what the purpose of wine is in society, what they hope consumers will take away from their wines, and what they have seen in the future for themselves and Oregon.
This interview was conducted by Rich Schmidt at their home in Dundee on June 5, 2020.


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What is the easiest way to wire money?
How to send money online, on mobile or in person
- Venmo: Best rated for mobile.
- Zelle: Fastest for domestic transfers (tie with Google Pay).
- Google Pay: Fastest for domestic transfers (tie with Zelle).
- PayPal: Most popular online.
- Walmart-2-Walmart: Best for nonbank transfers.
Can you wire money to someone else's account?
If you have the recipient's account number and transit routing number, you can use online banking or an app to transfer money into their account. You might do this with someone you regularly send money to, such as a family member. This is also a great way to transfer money between your own accounts.
What do I need to give someone to wire me money?
To send a wire transfer, you'll need the following information:
- Your bank account number.
- The recipient's name.
- The recipient's bank name and address.
- The recipient's bank's American Bankers Association number, commonly called a routing number (for transfers within the U.S.) or Bank Identifier Code (outside the U.S.).
How much does it cost to wire money to someone?
Wire transfers send money nearly instantly to another person's account. Wire transfer fees are generally between $25 and $30 for outgoing transfers to a bank account within the US, and between $45 and $50 for transfers going out of the US. There can also be fees to receive the money, generally around $15.
What's the cheapest way to wire money?
There are ways you can save money while wiring money domestically, with options from Walmart, MoneyGram, Western Union and TransferWise. TransferWise is the cheapest option, offering domestic wire transfers for only $3.
How long does it take to wire money?
Transfers typically happen quickly. Generally, domestic bank wires are completed in three days, at most. If transfers occur between accounts at the same financial institution, they can take less than 24 hours. Wire transfers via a non-bank money transfer service may happen within minutes.
Can you transfer money to another person's bank account?
Thanks to electronic banking options, you can send money to another person's bank account by visiting your local branch and requesting the transfer, using your bank's online portal or mobile app to move the funds or by calling the bank and ordering the transfer over the phone.
How do I deposit money into someone else's bank account?
The most basic way to move money into someone else's account is to walk into the bank and tell the teller you'd like to deposit cash. You'll need the recipient's full name and bank account number to complete the deposit. Some banks are banning cash deposits into someone else's account, though.
How can I transfer money between banks instantly?
How to Transfer Money from One Bank to Another
- Go to your bank's website to link accounts.
- Proof of account ownership.
- Provide the necessary information.
- Very the account.
- Verify the deposits.
- Start transferring money from one bank to another.
Can you get scammed on a wire transfer?
U.S. consumers lose millions of dollars each year to fraudsters using wire transfers as part of their scams. Western Union, Moneygram and similar businesses allow you to send money quickly. In every case, the scam ends the same way – you are asked to wire money. And once you do, it's usually gone for good.
What is wire transfer example?
If an individual has to send money immediately because of an emergency, he can do it via a wire transfer. For instance, John has a son who lives abroad and needs money to pay for an unexpected car repair. John can get his son's account number and transfer money from his own bank account into his son's account.
Is receiving a wire transfer safe?
Wire transfers are fast, reliable, and generally safe. And for significant transactions—like buying a home—wire transfers or cashier's checks might be your only options because the funds are available to the recipient more or less immediately.
How do I avoid a wire transfer fee?
Specialist providers are fully regulated, and, in many cases, the recipient can get money directly into their bank account, pick it up as cash, or enjoy other ways of accessing their funds. If you want to avoid international money transfer fees, we recommend three providers, OFX, XE and WorldRemit.
How much can you wire transfer?
Many major banks impose a per-day or per-transaction wire transfer limit. For example, Chase Bank sets the limit at $100,000 for individuals, but offers higher limits to businesses on request. Citi imposes various amounts depending on the type of account, but it ranges between $1,000 and $10,000 online.
Is Wire Transfer same as bank transfer?
wire transfer vs bank transfer: Wire transfers and bank transfers are both methods of moving funds electronically from one account/person to another. In general wire transfers are faster than bank transfers but more expensive and less secure. Bank transfers have the advantage of being cheaper and more secure.


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Source: Educational Action Research, Volume 16, Issue 2 June 2008,
pages 235 - 250
This article describes and critically reflects on an action research project used for professional development purposes in a Middle Eastern Gulf State. The aim of the project was to improve professional development experiences for a group of in-service teacher educators, who were English as Second Language advisers.
The initial discussion highlights different ideological and methodological approaches to action research and identifies core characteristics that were framed to evaluate the project. Second, the background to the local context is described followed by the action research project, the methodology and outcomes.
Using an evaluative framework, the subsequent discussion describes the successes of this project. These include encouraging reflection in a collaborative environment, promoting a culture of learning and supporting the participant's reconstruction of professional knowledge situated in practice. Finally, there is a critical reflection around a number of challenges, tensions and questions that emerged from the project, centred on the loss of core democratic values underpinning action research.
These concerns highlight power relationships and the ownership and control of research, which become more apparent in mandatory situations and hierarchical contexts.


Reinier Munguia releases an American Kestrel
A group of family and friends gathered this afternoon at Circle B Bar Reserve to remember Chuck Geanangel's legacy.
Geanangel, who died last month, was a local environmental leader, birdwatcher, educator, mentor and friend to many.
He was called "an apostle of the Audubon movement," someone "who did what was necessary," and as a calming influence duiring contentious debates.
A pair of American kestrels and a pair of Barred Owls were released back into the wild in his memory as the event's finale.


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New thesis investigates older adults' use of Everyday Technologies and its impact on everyday life
Hi there, Sarah Wallcook, PhD student at the Division of Occupational Therapy! On June 10 you will defend your thesis "Conditions of everyday technology use and its Interplay in the lives of older adults with and without dementia". What is the main focus of your thesis?
This thesis focuses on Everyday Technologies (e.g. travel ticket machines and systems, smart devices i.e smartphone, internet banking) as an inevitable, increasing and changing part of life at home and in society. These technologies may make aspects of everyday life more convenient for some people but more challenging for others. This thesis focusses upon older adults, especially people with dementia, to investigate what shapes the use of these technologies and how different aspects of everyday life outside home are impacted.
Which are the most important results?
This thesis found everyday technology use to be highly variable between different contexts: internationally, geographically (i.e. rural and urban) and personally (i.e. whether a person has dementia, lives alone, is reliant upon driving, has access to quality telecommunications infrastructures). These conditions and how they shaped a person's use of technology were found to impact upon people's participation outside home in ways that could both stabilize, but could also destabilize and threaten everyday life.
How can this new knowledge contribute to the improvement of people's health?
This knowledge is significant for improving people's potential to be included in society and to continue participating in all aspects of life outside home, for example shopping, banking, healthcare. To achieve an improvement in inclusion and participation it is important that technology is considered as a potential cause of problems in everyday life rather than as the solution to problems. Reducing the challenge of Everyday Technologies and the pressure to use them in society will better uphold the rights of older adults with and without dementia to participate producing societies that are more friendly for everyone.


∂X H) X, Y iO = hX, (∂X H)∗ Y iV. (7)
tively called the observation covariance matrix, the initialization covariance matrix and the model covariance matrix. 2
Adjoint evolution model In order to estimate the gradient of the cost function J, a first brute force numerical approach consists in computing the functional gradient through finite differences: – »
The derivatives of the cost function with respect to ν and η are identified as:
J(u + ek ) − J(u), k = 1 · · · p, ∇ ek J'
where u = (ν, η) ∈ (W, V),  ∈ R is an infinitesimal perturbation and {ek, k = 1,..., p} denotes the unitary basis vectors of the control space (W, V). Such a computation is impractical for space of large dimension since it requires p integrations of the evolution model for each required value of the gradient functional. Adjoint model technique, as introduced in control theory and data assimilation [11, 9], allows to compute efficiently this gradient functional. To obtain the adjoint equation, the first equation of model (3) is multiplied by an adjoint variable λ ∈ W(t0, tf ) and integrated on [t0, tf ]: Z
tf t0
h∂t dX(t), λ(t)iV dt + tf t0
∂J ∂η
= −λ(t0 ) + B −1 (X(t0 ) − X0 ).
∂t X(t) + M(X(t)) = Qλ(t) X(t0 ) − X0 = Bλ(t0 ).
The second equation constitutes an incremental update of the initial condition from the value of the adjoint variable at the initial time. This system can be generalized to define the following incremental formulation.
h∂X MdX(t), λ(t)iV dt
Incremental function Denoting
hδν(t), λ(t)iV dt.
Z tf − h−∂t λ(t) + (∂X M)∗ λ(t), dX(t)iV dt
(8) Z tf = hλ(tf ), dX(tf )iV − hλ(t0 ), δηiV − hλ(t), δν(t)iV dt. t0
where we introduced the adjoint operator (∂X M)∗ defined by the scalar product:
∀X ∈ V, ∀Y ∈ V h(∂X M) X, Y iV = hX, (∂X M)∗ Y iV.
λ(tf ) = 0.
∀t ∈ [t0, tf ],
˜ ˜ + M(X(t)) = ∂t X(t)
∀t ∈]t0, tf [, (15)
˜ ∂t dX(t) + ∂X˜ M(X(t))dX(t) = Qλ(t) ∀t ∈]t0, tf [. (16)
In order to obtain an accessible expression for the cost function gradient, we impose to the adjoint variable to be solution of the following adjoint problem: −∂t λ(t) + (∂X M)∗ λ(t) = (∂X H)∗ R−1 (Y −H(X(t)))
˜ X(t) = X(t) + dX(t) ˜ X(t0 ) = X0,
˜ where X(t) is either a fixed component or a previous estimated trajectory of the state variable, equation (13) can be written as:
Hence, the update of the state variable X is driven by an incremental function dX which depends on the whole trajectory of the adjoint variable λ. The initial value of this incremental function is given by the second equation of (13):
dX(t0 ) = Bλ(t0 ).
Functional gradient Combining equations (6), (8) and ∂X (10) and recalling that dX = ∂X ∂ν δν + ∂η δη, the functional gradient is given by:
Equations (10), (15), (16) and (17) give rise to a data assimilation method with an imperfect dynamical model. A
fl fi fl ∂J ∂J, δν +, δη ∂ν ∂η W V Z tf Z tf ˙ −1 ¸ Q (∂t X(t)+M(X(t)),δν(t) V dt− hλ(t),δν(t)iV dt = t0
After an integration by parts of the first term and using the second equation of the differential model (3), we finally get:
= Q−1 (∂t X + M(X)) − λ,
A gradient descent optimization can be set by canceling these components. Introducing Q and B, the respective pseudo inverses of Q−1 and B −1 [2], the state variables update reads:
tf t0
∂J ∂ν
sketch of the whole process is summarized in Algorithm (2.1).
3. Application to curve tracking
˙ ¸ − hλ(t0 ), δηiV + B −1 (X(t0 ) − X0 ), δη V ˙ ¸ = Q−1 (∂t X + M(X) − λ, δν W ˙ ¸ + −λ(t0 ) + B −1 (X(t0 ) − X0 ), δη V.
We will focus in this section on the application of the previous framework to curve tracking. 3
Q = 0.005).
Algorithm 2.1 Let X(t0 ) = X0.
Tangent linear evolution operator To apply the setup defined previously, we must first define the expression of the directional derivative of the operators involved. Using equation (18), the evolution operator reads in its complete form: « „
(i) From X(t0 ), compute X(t), ∀t ∈]t0, tf [ with a forward integration of system (15). (ii) X(t) being given, realize a backward integration of the adjoint variable with the system (10). (iii) Compute the initial value of the incremental function
M(φ) = ∇φ · w − ε||∇φ||div
dX(t0 ) with relation (17).
∇φ ||∇φ||
This operator can be turned into a more tractable expression for our purpose:
(iv) From dX(t0 ), compute dX(t), ∀t ∈]t0, tf [ with a forward integration of system (16). (v) Update X = X + dX.
∇ φ∇2 φ∇φ M(φ) = ∇φ w − ε ∆φ − ||∇φ||2 T
(vi) Return to (ii) and repeat until convergence (J(ν(t), η) < threshold).
The corresponding tangent linear operator at point φ finally reads: » T ∇φ ∇2 δφ∇φ ∂φ Mδφ = ∇δφT w − ε ∆δφ − ||∇φ||2! – T T ∇φ ∇2 φ ∇φ∇φ +2 − Id ∇δφ. ||∇φ||2 ||∇φ||2
3.1. Contour representation and evolution laws As we aim at tracking non parametric closed curves that may exhibit topology changes along time, we will rely on an
Operator discretization Before going any further, let us describe the discretization schemes we considered for the evolution law. This concerns the evolution operator, the associated tangent linear operator and the adjoint evolution operator. We will denote as φti,j the value of φ at image grid point (i, j) at time t ∈ [t0 ; tf ]. Using (18) and a semiimplicit discretization scheme, the following discrete evolution model is obtained:
implicit level set representation of the curve of interest Γ(t) at time t ∈ [t0, tf ] of the image sequence [16, 21]. Within that framework, the curve Γ(t) enclosing the target to track is implicitly described by the zero level set of a function φ(x, t) : Ω × R+ → R : Γ(t) = {x ∈ Ω | φ(x, t) = 0}. In order to define a dynamics for the unknown surface, we will assume that the curve is propagated at each frame instant by a given velocity field, w(x, t) = T [u(x, t), v(x, t)], and diffuses according to a mean curvature motion. This dynamics is assumed to be valid up to an additive control function ν: ∂t φ + (w · n − εκ) k∇φk = ν, {z } |
φt+∆t − φti,j i,j t+∆t + Mφti,j φi,j = 0. ∆t
Considering φx and φy, the horizontal and vertical gradient matrices of φ, the discrete operator M is obtained as :
(18) Mφti,j φt+∆t i,j
where the curvature and the normal are directly given in term of surface gradient: κ = div(∇φ/k∇φk) and n =
ε − ||∇φti,j ||2
∇φ/k∇φk. As indicated previously, the motion field trans-
(φt+∆


text:
Deoxypentose nucleic acids: XII. The denaturation of deoxyribonucleic acid in aqueous solution: Changes produced by environment
Review articleOpen access
R.B. Inman - No affiliation found
1960/01/01 Full-length article DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(60)90820-9
Journal: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
AbstractAn investigation of salt free DNA solutions has yielded further information on the critical concentration phenomenon reported earlier. This phenomenon appears to arise from denaturation by dilution below a certain critical concentration. The critical concentration can be arbitrarily set at 21 ± 2 · 10−5M DNA for several salt free DNA preparations. Conductivity measurements show, however, that the structural transition actually occurs over a concentration zone extending from 50 to 4 · 10−5M DNA. The process is at least in part irreversible.The effects, on the phenomenon, of ionic strength, gegenion radius, dielectric constant, EDTA and thermal denaturation were investigated. The results reported on the effect of thermal denaturation in particular support the premise that the critical concentration originates from a denaturation process. These findings are in agreement with the changes observed by Cavalieriet al.4, who find a large decrease in mean end-to-end distance on dilution of salt free DNA solutions to low concentrations. This change was not accompanied by a light scattering molecular weight change.
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text:
Ferrari recently announced plans to release its first all-electric supercar in 2025. As exciting as that is, it also raises a lot of questions. Chief among them: how will an electric Ferrari sound? Ferrari fans may be relieved to learn that the Italian carmaker is looking into potentially utilizing the same technology used by the Dodge Fratzonic – a sound generator designed to give electric cars a more traditional engine roar. In this blog post, we explore this technology and what it could mean for future Ferrari EVs.
What is the Ferrari EVs?
Ferrari EVs could have Dodge Fratzonic exhaust-like sound generator. This would use a speaker system to create the noise that an electric car typically makes, which is much quieter than a gas car. It's unclear if this is something that Ferrari is actually considering, or if it's just an idea that someone at the company had.
What is the Dodge Fratzonic?
The Dodge Fratzonic is a sound generator that creates an exhaust-like noise to make Ferrari EVs sound more like traditional gas-powered cars. The device, which is about the size of a smartphone, attaches to the back of the car and uses sensors to detect when the car is accelerating or decelerating. It then produces a noise that is similar to a car engine revving up or down.
How do the two compare?
As electric vehicles become more and more prevalent, carmakers are having to find new ways to differentiate their EVs from the competition. One way that Ferrari is looking to set its EVs apart is with an exhaust-like sound generator that will give them a unique sound.
The sound generator, which has been christened the "Ferrari Fratzonic Exhaust-Like Sound Generator", is designed to produce a noise that is similar to that of a traditional internal combustion engine. This should help to make the EVs more appealing to buyers who are used to the sounds of gasoline-powered cars.
Ferrari isn't the only company working on this technology. Dodge has also developed an exhaust-like sound generator for its EVs. However, there are some key differences between the two systems.
For starters, the Ferrari system is much more compact than the Dodge system. This is due in part to the fact that it uses an array of speakers instead of a single speaker like the Dodge system.
The Ferrari system also produces a wider range of sounds than the Dodge system. This allows drivers to choose from a variety of different engine noises, depending on their mood or preference.
In terms of price, the Ferrari system is significantly more expensive than the Dodge system. However, given the added functionality and unique sound that it offers, many buyers may feel that it is worth the extra cost.


text:
Analysis of Cyanate Ester Resins and Graphite Fabric for Use in Resin Film Infusion Processing
MetadataShow full item record
The resin cure-kinetics models predicted the curing behavior of the resins as functions of time, temperature, and degree of cure. The proposed viscosity models determined the resin viscosity as a function of temperature and degree of cure. The 8HS graphite fabric was tested in compaction and through the thickness permeability to determine the effect of compaction pressure on fiber volume fraction and in turn on through the thickness permeability. The one-dimensional RFI flow and cure simulation combined the cure-kinetics and viscosity models of the resins with the characteristics of the graphite fabric and determined resin infiltration and cure times.
The proposed cure-kinetics and viscosity models were more than adequate in modeling the cure and flow behavior of the cyanate ester resin systems. Power law curve fits accurately represented the compaction and through the thickness permeability of the 8HS graphite fabric. Finally, the one-dimensional RFI flow and cure simulation showed that resin viscosity was the major influence on the infiltration times.
- Masters Theses


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- About JILA
Former research associate Antonio Picón, research associate Agnieszka Jaron-Becker, and Fellow Andreas Becker have discovered a way to make the hydrogen molecular ion (H2+) fall apart into its constituent atoms without exciting or ionizing the electron. This startling finding was a big surprise for the researchers, who recently figured out how to do something that conventional wisdom said was difficult, if not downright impossible.
For starters, molecules usually don't split up into atoms unless at least one electron is excited or ionized. Rather, they dissociate into charged ions, with one negatively charged ion containing one or more extra electrons and another positively charged ion missing the same number of electrons.
Researchers thought that the only two ways to break apart a molecule into neutral atoms would be (1) to hit it with a rapid sequence of laser pulses over a wide range of different frequencies (i.e., energies) or (2) to change the frequency of the laser pulse over time, a process called chirping. Either way, the goal was to get the molecule shaking hard enough to fall apart. Either process is technically challenging since the laser frequencies need to exactly resonate with the molecule's vibrational states to make it fall apart. And, these vibrational states get closer and closer together as they get higher and higher in energy. And, as the vibrational states get closer together, they are harder to stimulate with a single laser pulse.
Two years ago, Agnieszka Jaron-Becker and Andreas Becker weren't even thinking about getting molecules to fall apart. Rather, they were exploring the behavior of atoms and molecules interacting with infrared (IR) lasers. Their research was related to the new IR laser used to produce coherent high-energy soft x-rays in the Kapteyn/Murnane (K/M) group. They found little prior work on IR lasers because the response of matter to lower-energy light was considered less exciting than its response to visible and higher-energy wavelengths of light.
Near the end of 2010, working with Picon, Jaron-Becker and Becker discovered that IR laser pulses would greatly enhance vibrations of simple molecules such as H2+. They showed that when this molecule absorbs two photons of IR light, the photons excite the molecule's higher vibrational states.
Then, in an exciting new study just published in Physical Review Letters, the researchers showed that the absorption of pairs of photons of IR light of the right wavelength strongly favors the dissociation of molecules into atoms. A range of wavelengths is not needed! In theory, pulses of 12-µm IR light will excite all the vibrational states of H2+ at the same time, causing the molecule to rapidly dissociate into its constituent atoms. The molecule shakes itself apart rather than ionizing!
Unfortunately, there are not yet many IR lasers with a wavelength as long as 12 µm available to test the new theory. Consequently, the researchers are looking for a simple nonpolar molecule whose vibrational states will all resonate from the absorption of two photons of light from the 4-µm IR laser already used by the K/M group. Andreas Becker hopes it's only a matter of time until they find one.
Stay tuned for more exciting developments in the physics of molecule dissociation!
Picón, A. Jaron-Becker, and A. Becker, Physical Review Letters 109, 163002 (2012).
A. Picon, J Biegert, A. Jaron-Becker, and A. Becker, Physical Review A 83, 023412 (2011).


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In Sec. 2.4, curl A was identified as that vector function which had an integral over a surface S that could be reduced to an integral on A over the enclosing contour C. This was done by applying (2.4.1) to an incremental surface. But does this relation hold for S and C of finite size and arbitrary shape?
The generalization to an arbitrary surface begins by subdividing S into differential area elements, each enclosed by a contour C. As shown in Fig. 2.5.1, each differential contour coincides in direction with the positive sense of the original contour. We shall now prove that
where the sum is over all contours bounding the surface elements into which the surface S has been subdivided.
Figure 2.5.1. Arbitrary surface enclosed by contour C is subdivided into incremental elements, each enclosed by a contour having the same sense as C.
Because the segments are followed in opposite senses when evaluated for the adjacent area elements, line integrals along those segments of the contours which separate two adjacent surface elements add to zero in the sum of (1). Only those line integrals remain which pertain to the segments coinciding with the original contour. Hence, (1) is demonstrated.
Next, (1) is written in the slightly different form.
We can now appeal to the definition of the component of the curl in the direction of the normal to the surface element, (2.4.2), and replace the summation by an integration.
Another way of writing this expression is to take advantage of the vector character of the curl and the definition of a vector area element, da = n da :
This is Stokes' integral theorem. If a vector function can be written as the curl of a vector A, then the integral of that function over a surface S can be reduced to an integral of A on the enclosing contour C.


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Suppose $\mathsf{H}$ is an infinite-dimensional (non-separable preferably) Hilbert space. Consider the space $L(\mathsf{H})$ of all bounded operators on it. Is there $0\neq W\in L(\mathsf{H})$ such that the set
$$\left\{ T\in L(\mathsf{H} )\colon \|W-T\| = \|W+T\| \right\}$$
contains an open ball? Is this set a linear subspace of $L(\mathsf{H})$?
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Counselor: Hagerle sincerely apologized to the physician for lying to her. So Hagerle owes me a sincere apology as we...
on November 2, 2015
Can you please explain why E is wrong.
on November 17, 2015
This is a principle question that asks us to identify, from the available answer choices, a principle that would strengthen the conclusion in the stimulus. So let's first be sure that we understand the stimulus correctly.
In the stimulus, the counselor concludes that Hagerle owes him a sincere apology. There are two premises given in support of this conclusion:
Premise: Hagerle sincerely apologized to the physician for lying to her.
Premise: Hagerle told me (the counselor) the same lie.
As you can see, neither of those premises is enough to support the counselor's conclusion that Hagerle owes him a sincere apology, too.
Now let's examine each of the possible answer choices and evaluate whether one of them would, in fact, justify the conclusion.
Answer choice (A) doesn't go far enough. Just because it's "good" to apologize for having done something wrong to a person if one is capable of doing so sincerely does not necessarily mean that Hagerle "owes" the counselor an apology.
Answer choice (B) is also insufficient to justify the conclusion. We do not know that BOTH the counselor and the physician were, in fact, owed an apology.
Answer choice (C), if added to the stimulus, would in fact justify the conclusion of the stimulus. If it is true that someone is owed a sincere apology for having been lied to by a person if someone else (here, the physician) has already received a sincere apology for the same lie from that same person, then the conclusion in the stimulus is justified.
Answer choice (D) can be eliminated because capability alone does not justify the counselor's conclusion that he is also owed an apology. Put differently, if (D) alone were enough, then it wouldn't matter that Hagerle had also made an apology to the physician, right?
Notice how answer choice (E) does not talk about when an apology is OWED, which is what the conclusion in the stimulus is about. Rather, answer choice (E) discusses when a person ought to apologize ("should"). That's not the same thing.
Hope this helps! Please let us know if you have any additional questions.
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Tree List
Simple Array: Plain Structure
To bind the TreeList to an array that contains plain-structured data objects, do the following:
 1. Assign the array to the dataSource property.
 2. Specify the data fields that contain node keys in the keyExpr property and parent node keys in the parentIdExpr property.
 3. Specify the root node's key in the rootValue property if it is not 0.
The TreeList builds a tree from plain data objects based on the specified properties.
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Reviews for Josephine's Dream
Library Media Connection Reviews 2008 April/May
Powerful is the first word that comes to mind as you read this fictionalized account of the story of Josephine Baker. It shows the significance of one black woman in the 20th century, but Stuchner's words are just as commanding as the story itself. This book emphasizes how Baker went about achieving her dream, similar to Martin Luther King, Jr., but how she realized another dream in the process. Through the repetition of such phrases as "sang, danced, crossed her eyes, knocked her knees, and made crazy funny faces" and "encore" we are taught about reaching our dreams, civil rights, and World War II. More importantly, the reader is taught about values, especially the significance of family. Stuchner takes us from St. Louis, Missouri, where Baker was born, to Paris, France, where she accomplished her dream. Walther illustrates her journey in colorful pictures that complement the text. This book is great for character education or for a lesser-known story about achieving a dream. It belongs in every picture book collection and will make a very worthy addition to Black History titles. Highly Recommended. Stacy Rosenthal, Librarian, Council Rock High School South, Holland, Pennsylvania © 2008 Linworth Publishing, Inc.
School Library Journal Reviews 2008 August
K-Gr 2-- Josephine Baker rose from an impoverished childhood in St. Louis to become a well-known performer in 1920s Paris. Due to the mores of American culture before the Civil Rights Movement, she was forced to go abroad to realize her full artistic potential. In France, she was lauded for her talent and honored for her work in the Resistance during World War II. Stuchner's fictionalized account of Baker's life does not do justice to this complex and talented woman. For example, the text explains that she "sang, danced, crossed her eyes, knocked her knees, and made crazy funny faces." This leaves readers with a skewed idea of the performer's talent. The stylized color illustrations capture some sense of the eras Baker's career spanned but lack any kind of depth. Alan Schroeder's Ragtime Tumpie (Little, Brown, 1989) gives a better sense of Baker's childhood.--Joan Kindig, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA [Page 103]. Copyright 2008 Reed Business Information.


How to protect valve products
How to protect valve products
Summary
How to protect valves products?Ball valve, globe valve and gate valve should be applied with handwheel when opening and closing. Do not use levers or other tools to avoid damage to the valve.
How to protect valve products
This is a title
How to protect valve products
1. Ball valve, globe valve and gate valve should be applied with handwheel when opening and closing. Do not use levers or other tools to avoid damage to the valve. The handwheel rotates clockwise to close, and vice versa.
2. The valve should be kept clean during use. The drive thread must be lubricated regularly. When the fault is found, stop using it immediately and find out the cause to clear the fault.
3. Before installation, the pressure of the valve mark must be carefully checked, whether the diameter meets the requirements for use, eliminate the defects caused by the transportation process, and eliminate the dirt of the valve parts.
4. For long-term storage, the valve should be inspected regularly. The exposed surface should be kept clean and the dirt should be removed. The ball valve should be blocked at both ends and open when stored. Gate valve, globe valve, check valve, both ends of the channel should be blocked and closed. It is stored neatly in a ventilated and dry place. It is strictly prohibited to be stacked or stored in the open air.
5. When installing, the valve can be directly installed on the pipeline according to the connection mode. Under normal circumstances, it can be installed at any position of the pipeline, but it is easy to operate. Note that the flow direction of the shut-off valve should be upward from the longitudinal valve, and the lift check valve can only be installed horizontally.
6. When the ball valve, globe valve and gate valve are used, they are only fully open or fully closed. It is not allowed to adjust the flow to avoid the erosion of the sealing surface and accelerate the wear. The gate valve and the upper thread stop valve have an inverted sealing device, and the hand wheel is screwed to the uppermost position to prevent the medium from leaking from the packing.
7. The bolts of the packing gland should be evenly tightened and should not be pressed into a smashing state to prevent the ball from moving or causing leakage.


text:
This MR adds:
- The symmetric and reflexive/transitive/symmetric closure of a relation
- Different notions of confluence: diamond property, confluence, local confluence (following the naming conventions in _URL_
- Standard properties such as diamond ⊢ confluence ⊢ local confluence, the Church-Rosser property, Newman's lemma
As part of this MR, I removed the hint database
ars. The name made no sense and it was not used anywhere to my knowledge. If it was used anywhere, it would be very unreliable as it contained hints like
rtc_trans that would generally lead to loops.