text:
- dint •
Part of Speech: Noun
Meaning: Means, stroke, strength
Notes: Though today's Good Word was once a noun in good standing, today its use is limited to the idiomatic phrase by dint of, which means "by means of, by a stroke of, on the strength of". It is an odd little word. It resembles dent but seems semantically unrelated. We will see in the Word History how they are related.
In Play: The meaning of today's word in its current restricted usage is is similar to the phrase by a stroke of, as in: "Robin Banks acquired his retirement savings by dint of good luck and poor police work." Today this phrase is a synonym of by means of: "Warren Peace finally won Dolly Salvador's affection by dint of immense patience."
Word History: Today's Good Word is a rarity, an authentic English word for which evidence outside English is difficult to find. The original meaning of English dint, also spelled dent, was "a blow or stroke of a weapon". By the middle of the 16th century, however, dent had taken on the sense of the mark left in metal by a blow. Dint then almost dropped from the language, except in phrases like "to take by dint (blow) of sword", meaning by force, by means of arms. From there it was but a short skip to today's meaning. (Today's Good Word came to us by dint of a note from Kiki Borges of Toronto, a new and welcome contributor.)
Come visit our website at for more Good Words and other language resources!


Wednesday, May 21, 2014
Fun with Angela Smith library by James Chambers for C#
AngelaSmith is an awesome library created by James Chambers. This library is used to generate realistic test data. You can find more information about it from the following link.
_URL_
As per documentation on the github, it is.
AngelaSmith is a library you can use to generate realistic test data. It is composed of several property fillers that can populate commonly named properties through reflection using an internal database of values or randomly created data. You can override any of the fillers, give AngelaSmith hints on how to fill them, or easily extend the property fillers using extension methods or MEF.
It's an awesome realistic data generator library. You can generate object data as well list also. She can fill anything that you throw it to her.You can use it's static methods to create objects for testing, design time data or seeding a database.
It's comes quite handy when some body need realistic data for testing. Or let's take on scenario in your ASP.NET MVC application you need to create front end and still your database and other things are still not ready so you can not fetch data and your designers are working on views and now they want to test views so in this kind of scenario this library comes quite handy.
It's has also got NuGet package also. You can add it via running following command in Package Manager Console in Visual Studio.
packagemanagerconsoleforangelasmith
You can also install pre build of AngelaSmith if you want they already had CI setup there. You can install that via running following command in NuGet Package Manager Console.
install-package AngelaSmith –Pre
How to use Angela Smith in Your .NET Application
So what's we are waiting for let's create a sample console application called AngelaSmithDemo like following.
ConsoleApplicationAngelaSmithDemo
Once you are done with creating project You need to install NuGet Package for Angela smith as mentioned above via package manager console.
InstallNugetPackageAngelaSmithDemo
Now it's time to write a code. I have created following "Employee" Class to demonstrate features of AngelaSmith.
public class Employee
{
 public int Id { get; set; }
 public string FirstName { get; set; }
 public string LastName { get; set; }
 public string Title { get; set; }
}
Now I want to create object of employee class with dummy data then I can it like following.
using System;
using System.Linq;
using Angela.Core;
namespace AngelaSmithDemo
{
 class Program
 {
 static void Main(string[] args)
 {
 Employee employee = Angie.FastMake<Employee>();
 Console.WriteLine(employee.Id);
 Console.WriteLine(employee.FirstName);
 Console.WriteLine(employee.LastName);
 Console.WriteLine(employee.Title);
 }
 }
}
That's you will get some dummy data as below.
dummydatasingleobjectangelasmith
Now suppose you want to create a list of Employee then you can create a list of Employee like following.
List<Employee> employees = Angie.FastList<Employee>();
foreach (var employee in employees)
{
 Console.WriteLine(employee.Id);
 Console.WriteLine(employee.FirstName);
 Console.WriteLine(employee.LastName);
 Console.WriteLine(employee.Title);
 Console.WriteLine(@"----------------------------");
}
Here is the output as expected.
employeelistdemoforangelasmith
There are variety of options available to create object and list of particular class. You can find all this options at following links.
_URL_
_URL_
That's it. Hope you like it. Stay tuned for more.
Share:
2 comments:
 1. Sir,
 It's Create 25 Empty Items list.
 How I got Value on that?
 ReplyDelete
 Replies
 1. What code you have used? Because it should work. I will publish that code into github today night!!
 Delete
Your feedback is very important to me. Please provide your feedback via putting comments.
Support this blog-Buy me a coffee
Buy me a coffeeBuy me a coffee
Search This Blog
Subscribe to my blog

My You tube channel- Please Subscribe
Youtube Video Playlist
My Mvp Profile
Follow us on facebook
Blog Archive
Total Pageviews


text:
The Pillars of the Earth
|The Pillars of the Earth|
|Followed by||World Without End|
The Pillars of the Earth is a historical novel by Ken Follett published in 1989 about the building of a cathedral in the town of Kingsbridge, England. It is set in the middle of the 12th century, primarily during the Anarchy, between the time of the sinking of the White Ship and the murder of Thomas Becket. The book traces the development of Gothic architecture out of the preceding Romanesque architecture, and the fortunes of the Kingsbridge priory and village against the backdrop of historical events of the time.
Before this novel was published, Follett was known for writing in the thriller genre. The Pillars of the Earth became his best-selling work. The book was listed at no. 33 on the BBC's Big Read, a 2003 survey with the goal of finding the "nation's best-loved book." The book was selected in the United States for Oprah's Book Club in 2007. Follett published a sequel, entitled World Without End (2007).
Set during the reign of King Stephen and the Anarchy, the novel explores themes of intrigue and conspiracy against historical events. It explores the development of medieval architecture, the civil war, secular/religious conflicts, and shifting political loyalties.
The story is divided into six sections plus a prologue. The headings are:
- Prologue, 1123
- Part One, 1135–1136
- Part Two, 1136–1137
- Part Three, 1140–1142
- Part Four, 1142–1145
- Part Five, _PHONE_
- Part Six, 1170–1174
Plot summary
After the sinking of the White Ship, King Henry I of England is left without a clear heir, and The Anarchy begins upon his death. Two candidates (Henry's nephew Stephen of Blois and Henry's daughter Maud) present their claims, build their armies, and fight for the throne. Ambitious nobles and churchmen take sides, hoping to gain advantages.
Tom Builder and his family roam southern England, seeking work. In midwinter, his starving wife, Agnes, dies in childbirth, forcing them to leave the baby (later found and brought to Kingsbridge to be a monk, unknown to Tom Builder). He encounters a woman Ellen, who lives in a forest cave with her son, Jack, whose father was a French jongleur who was executed after washing ashore and meeting Ellen. Tom settles in Kingsbridge with Ellen and Jack, and his own two children, Alfred and Martha. He works for Prior Philip, who wants to expand his priory by rebuilding a cathedral. Conveniently, the old Romanesque cathedral burns down the night Tom arrives, and none suspect foul play. Tom offers to build a new church and Phillip agrees.
Philip appeals to King Stephen for financial support and is given land and the right to take stone from a nearby quarry, which has been granted to Percy Hamleigh as part of the earldom of Shiring. Percy's interests are not in supporting the cathedral. Hamleigh wants to topple the earl Bartholomew because Bartholomew's daughter, Aliena, had rejected Hamleigh's son William. William attacks Aliena and her brother Richard at the castle; he rapes the girl and injures the boy. Homeless and destitute, Aliena and Richard go to petition the king for aid; at the court, they find their dying father Bartholomew in prison, who demands they swear an oath to work for Richard to regain the earldom. Aliena supports Richard financially by becoming a wool merchant, with Phillip's help. Richard becomes a knight for King Stephen, fighting in the civil war against Maud. Richard gains the king's favour by defending him at the Battle of Lincoln.
Tom, meanwhile, has been building the cathedral, and living with his children, Alfred and Martha, his lover Ellen and her son Jack. Alfred bullies Jack. When Ellen and Tom are discovered to be unmarried, a charge of fornication is brought against them. Outraged, Ellen returns to the forest with Jack. Tom befriends Prior Philip and, when Ellen returns, he persuades Philip to allow them to marry. As masons, Jack and Alfred fight again. While the better mason and a skilled sculptor, Jack is expelled from the cathedral construction. He becomes a novice monk in order to stay in Kingsbridge.
William and Richard compete for the earldom, but it has been bankrupted by the prosperity of Kingsbridge at Shiring's expense. Attempting to restore his fortunes, William burns down Kingsbridge and kills many people, including Tom Builder. After losing her fortune again, Aliena agrees to marry Alfred, as he promised to support Richard in exchange. Jack and Aliena make love on the morning of her wedding. When she marries Alfred anyway, Ellen curses the wedding and renders him impotent.
Jack goes to France and hones his skills as a sculptor and mason. Having learned his father's identity, he meets his family in Cherbourg. He did not know that Aliena was pregnant.
In Kingsbridge, Alfred persuades Philip to replace the wooden roof with a stone vault. The building collapses during a service, killing many people. Aliena gives birth to a red-headed son, and Alfred abandons her, as he has been impotent: the baby can't be his. Aliena follows evidence of Jack's sculpture through France, finding him in Paris.
They make love, and she tells him of the collapsed roof and lost relic. Jack and Aliena return to England with their baby and they seek permission to marry. Philip forbids the union until her marriage to Alfred is annulled. This requires Waleran Bigod's recommendation to the archibishop, but Bigod and the Hamleighs are allies, and they intend to ruin Philip and Aliena.
Meanwhile, Richard has joined the forces of Maud's son, Henry, Count of Anjou. When Henry invades, Stephen agrees to have Henry succeed him, with all properties to revert to those who had owned them prior to Stephen's reign. Frustrated that Richard will not gain the earldom until Stephen's death, Aliena persuades William's young wife, Elizabeth, to hand the castle over to them. William returns to the village of Hamleigh as sheriff.
After many years, Kingsbridge cathedral is completed. Waleran accuses Prior Philip of fornication by claiming the monk Jonathan is Philip's son. Ellen swears that Jonathan is Tom Builder's son. After Waleran accuses her of perjury, she exposes his own perjury and complicity in a conspiracy to sink the White Ship carrying William Adelin, heir of King Henry I.
Meanwhile, William Hamleigh has become involved with the plot to assassinate Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury. William is convicted of sacrilege and hanged for his part in the plot. The Pope forces King Henry's public repentance and symbolic subjugation of the crown to the church.
In the 1999 Preface to The Pillars of the Earth Follett tells readers that he grew up in a Puritan-based family, whose worship space was very spare. In preparing for writing, he was reading about medieval architecture, and
-...developed an interest in cathedrals. Before too long, it occurred to me to channel this enthusiasm into a novel. I knew it had to be a long book. It took at least thirty years to build a cathedral and most took longer because they would run out of money, or be attacked or invaded. So the story covers the entire lives of the main characters. My publishers were a little nervous about such a very unlikely subject but, paradoxically, it is my most popular book. It's also the book I'm most proud of. It recreates, quite vividly, the entire life of the village and the people who live there. You feel you know the place and the people as intimately as if you yourself were living there in the Middle Ages.
The Preface includes the following sources:
- An Outline of European Architecture, by Nicholas Pevsner.
- The Cathedral Builders, by Jean Gimpel.
- The Medieval Machine, by Jean Gimpel.
The novel's Kingsbridge is fictional. He set it in Marlborough, Wiltshire; Follett chose that location because the cathedrals of Winchester, Gloucester, and Salisbury could be reached from there within a few days on horseback. Kingsbridge Cathedral as described is based on the cathedrals of Wells and Salisbury.
Historical accuracy
While the book has been praised for its description of Medieval life, it also features some historical inaccuracies. Some of these might be to make the characters and the plot more suited for modern readers while some are clear anachronisms:
- The English nobility of that period were Norman French immigrants. Norman French was the language of the court and upper class and it did not spread far into the rest of the English society. The ability of ordinary Englishmen to speak French was considered unusual. Thus many of the encounters across social classes presented in the book have been characterized as implausible by some critics, although in fact bilingualism was then emerging in English society for practical and mercantile reasons. For example, the noblewoman Aliena (presumably a native Norman French-speaker) becomes a successful wool merchant, communicating with the Anglo-Saxon-speaking locals and running a successful business among them.
- Sugar is mentioned several times in the book. Sugar was not available in England at that time

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Tip leakage losses constitute a major source of inefficiency in turbine rotor blades. Blade tip sealing has been a challenge due to the dynamic changes in clearance between the blade tips and the surrounding stationary casing. The variation is due to thermal and mechanical loads on the rotating and stationary structures. Improved sealing in both the high pressure compressor and the high pressure turbine can provide significant reductions in specific fuel consumption and compressor stall margin. Existing seal designs deteriorate. This increase in leakage reduces engine efficiency and thus, the engine burns more fuel to maintain the same power output. Turbine temperatures then rise toward material limits and decrease the overall life of the engine. A novel concept for controlling clearance between rotating blade tips and stationary outer air seal for gas turbine application is presented in this paper. The seal consists of segmented compliant sealing surfaces providing primary sealing, and a flexible sheet metal seal acting on the outer surface of the segments serving as a secondary seal. A commercial computational fluid dynamic (CFD) solver is used for the numerical flow analysis work to simulate the flow characteristics and spatially varying thermodynamic conditions in the flow passage between the blades tip and the primary sealing surface. The results showed that the seal surface geometry has a major impact on the flow field, and several design parameters were identified. A sudden flow contraction (step), as well as gradual converging and diverging seal surface influence differently the flow properties and consequently the seal surface pressures. Also, both pressure difference and clearance were found to be significant factors affecting the flow. The results presented in this study demonstrate the mechanisms which enable the seal to self-balance at a controlled clearance without contacting the blades.
Self-Acting Clearance Control for Turbine Blade Outer Air Seals
- Views Icon Views
- Share Icon Share
- Search Site
Justak, JF, & Doux, C. "Self-Acting Clearance Control for Turbine Blade Outer Air Seals." Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. Volume 3: Heat Transfer, Parts A and B. Orlando, Florida, USA. June 8–12, 2009. pp. _PHONE_. ASME. _URL_
Download citation file:

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Electricity can pass through just about anything if the current is strong enough. But concrete is definitely resistant in it's natural, dry form. It's the additives that make it a better conductor than usual. Concrete is a very poor conductor of electricity but it is still a conductor.
Is concrete conductive to electricity?
While concrete can conduct electricity, it isn't an effective conductor. Concrete is a much better insulator, meaning it can significantly slow down electrical currents. … Using aggregates that are more conductive will lead to concrete that is more conductive.
Can electrical current flow through concrete?
The simple answer is NO. Concrete, especially very dry concrete, that's made up of Portland cement, aggregates, sand, and stone, has a very high electrical resistance and sometimes considered an insulator. Electricity can flow by the movement of ions in electrolytes or by the electrons in metals & semi-conductors.
Is concrete a conductor of lightning?
Lightning can travel through any metal wires or bars in concrete walls or flooring.
Is concrete conductive for grounding?
Concrete floors are likely to be grounded. … Concrete on grade level, because it will absorb moisture from the earth and be a good conductor in direct contact with the earth, is always considered to be at ground potential.
Is concrete a good insulator?
Although concrete is not a particularly good insulator, heat loss or gain through a concrete slab is unlikely to be as significant as heat transmission through above-ground parts of your home, such as windows and doors, which are directly exposed to cold air and sunlight.
Can the ground conduct electricity?
Abstract: One of the most exotic concepts in the field of earthing is the ability of the earth to conduct electricity. Its sheer size means that the impedances produced by the passage of current through the soil are very low.
How can electricity be dangerous in your home?
These can include beds, drapes, plastics, or other items such as upholstery. Heavy covering of wires can make the cords overheat. While it's somewhat rare, covered cords and wires can occasionally lead to electrical fires due to overheating. This is because electrical wires and cords radiate heat.
Can granite conduct electricity?
The electrons from the stressed rock cannot follow the holes, because granite is not a very good conductor of this more usual form of electricity.
Can you earth on concrete?
Instead, you can make your entire home a place to connect with the energy of the Earth with concrete. The home can't be on an elevated foundation or use a vapor barrier to do it, but it is possible. … Concrete is made up of water, sand, crushed stone, and cement (usually with a little bit of air trapped inside, too).
What happens if lightning strikes concrete?
Yes, lightning commonly causes structural damage. So-called cold bolts of lightning, following their way to the ground through concrete (which is a better conductor than air) often provide enough force to fragment the concrete. … This sideflash produces an explosive effect in the concrete.
Is dirty water a good conductor of electricity?
No, pure water doesn't conduct electricity; by itself, it is a poor conductor of electricity. However, water contains charged ions and impurities that make it a very good conductor of electricity.
Can a brick conduct electricity?
No brick doesn't conduct electricity.


text:
St. Albert of Magdeburg
Feastday: June 20
A monk of St. Maximin Benedictine monastery in Treves, Albert was sent by Emperor Otto the Great to convert the Russian subjects of Princess Olga at her request after she became a Christian in Constantinople at 70 years of age. When Olga's son Svyatoslav, a pagan, took the crown from her in 961, the missionaries were forced to flee, and some were killed near Kiev. Albert escaped, spent four years at the imperial court in Mainz, and then was made abbot of Weissenburg Abbey, where he became known as a patron of learning. In 962, at Otto's insistence, he was named first archbishop of Magdeburg, Saxony, with jurisdiction over the Slavs. He spent the rest of his life trying to spread Christianity among the Wends and reforming religious groups in his diocese. He died on a visit to Merseburg.


text:
Seventy-seven names are listed on stone plaques at Melton's war memorial to denote servicemen who were killed in the Second World War.
And many of them died after a tragic stroke of bad luck. One was John William Leach, who lived in Rosebery Avenue, Melton, before joining up to serve with the Royal Navy.
He was a Stoker First Class on board HMS Fidelity in late December 1942, in an Atlantic convoy en route to the Far East to bolster Allied forces against the Japanese.
John's vessel developed mechanical problems off the Azores and while it was awaiting repairs the rest of the flotilla of ships went on ahead. HMS Fidelity, with a crew of around 400 men and one woman, was a sitting duck for a passing German U-boat, which sunk it after unleashing torpedos. Most on board died.
John was 21 at the time and his brother James, who is now 80, recalls hearing the terrible news: "I was eight or nine at the time and had been out playing in the street," he recalled.
"I went in the house and everyone was crying. I have heard since that the ship was only doing two knots an hour at the time. You can row faster than that so they didn't have a chance."
John, who also had two sisters called Nancy and Lilly, lived with parents John Frederick and Isabella. He had worked with his father at Stewart and Lloyds at Asfordby Hill before the war.
James has made a donation to the Melton Times appeal to enhance the town's war memorial in the gardens of Egerton Lodge with photographs and details about each fallen serviceman.
Martin Shouler, of Melton property specialists Shouler and Son, has researched his father's uncle, Edward Shouler, who was killed in the First World War while serving with the Royal Navy.
Edward was second in command of a crew of 71 on the destroyer HMS Viking, which sailed with a flotilla around the North Sea and English Channel on the look out for enemy targets.
Disaster struck on January 29, 1916, as the vessel, which was carrying troops to fight in France, hit a submerged mine off the coast of Boulogne.
Martin said: "There were nine casualties plus one injured man who died later in hospital. Edward was one of the unfortunate ones who died in ensuing explosions."
Edward, who was 29 and the son of a Thorpe End-based auctioneer, is listed on the war memorial at St Mary's Church in Melton.
The list of Melton servicemen killed at sea during the Great War also includes Ernest Brotherhood.
His family was well known in the town with his father Jacob owning the shops opposite the entrance to the bus park in King Street - the family name is etched on the mosaic in the doorway.
Ernest joined the Royal Navy when he was 15 and served as a Yeoman of Signals for 18 years on a variety of ships.
In August 1916, shortly after he had been involved in the Battle of Jutland, Ernest was on board HMS Nottingham searching for the German High Seas Fleet in the North Sea.
His ship was hit by two torpedoes from a U-boat and sank with the loss of 39 men.
Ernest was 34 and left a grieving wife, Louisa, and parents Hannah and Jacob.


text:
New report uses same old debunked arguments about immigrants and the economy
A report issued this month by the far-right anti-immigrant organization called FAIR promotes dangerous economic myths about undocumented workers. Far from a drain on resources, studies show that immigrants make substantial economic contributions to North Carolina.
An excerpt from the Justice Center news release (PDF) responding to this study:
"The report, released this month by the far-right Federation for American Immigration Reform, argues that North Carolina spends too much on education, health care and other social services for undocumented workers. But examining only expenditures without economic contributions is unfair, budget analysts say.
"The focus on fiscal or budgetary impacts ignores economic realities – it considers costs without contributions," said John Quinterno, research associate with the NC Justice Center's Budget & Tax Center. "If we applied this standard to other groups, it would look like no group in North Carolina makes a positive economic contribution.""


Day 2 at Furzedown Primary School
Today the children split into their specialist groups, the 'film-makers' learning how documentary films are constructed and getting hands on with the cameras to practice setting the white balance, exposure, focus and composition, while the 'writers' visited the Black Cultural Archives for a workshop based on their collections.
Popular posts


Institutional Repository
Individuation and connection in mother-daughter relationships
UnisaIR/Manakin Repository
Show simple item record
dc.contributor.advisor Rapmund, Valerie Joan en Hsu, Shu-Chun, M.A. en 2009-08-25T10:53:15Z 2009-08-25T10:53:15Z 2009-08-25T10:53:15Z 2005-11-30 en
dc.description.abstract The purpose of this study is to explore the processes of individuation and connection in mother-daughter relationships, and describe how these relationships may or may not be facilitated by the intervention of reflections and joint narratives. This study used social constructionism as the epistemological framework and involved in-depth interviews with three mother-daughter pairs. Hermeneutics was used to analyse the data. The participants' experiences were recounted through the researcher's lens in the form of themes that characterised their relationships as well as interactional patterns. Participant's experiences of the research process, and what the researcher believed were helpful and unhelpful behaviours in her interaction with each mother-daughter pair, were discussed. A comparative analysis was also undertaken between the common themes identified in the stories of the mother-daughter pairs and the literature. The information gained could assist women as well as professionals in understanding and respecting mother-daughter relationships in their specific contexts. en
dc.format.extent 1 online resource (xii, 268 leaves)
dc.language.iso en en
dc.subject Process oriented en
dc.subject Stories en
dc.subject Qualitative research en
dc.subject Hermeneutics en
dc.subject Social constructionism en
dc.subject Relationships en
dc.subject Daughters en
dc.subject Mothers en
dc.subject Female identity en
dc.subject Disconnection en
dc.subject Separation en
dc.subject Connection en
dc.subject Individuation en
dc.subject.ddc _PHONE_
dc.subject.lcsh Individuation (Psychology)
dc.subject.lcsh Women -- Identity
dc.subject.lcsh Interpersonal relations
dc.subject.lcsh Mothers and daughters
dc.subject.lcsh Intergenerational relations
dc.subject.lcsh Identity (Psychology)
dc.subject.lcsh Women -- Psychology
dc.title Individuation and connection in mother-daughter relationships en
dc.type Dissertation en
dc.description.department Psychology en M. A. (Psychology) en
Files in this item
This item appears in the following Collection(s)
Show simple item record
Search UnisaIR
My Account


The Ethics Lessons In The Tragic Death Of Harambe The Gorilla
The primary lesson is this: Sometimes bad things happen and nobody deserves to be punished.
The tragedy of Harambe the Gorilla is exactly this kind of incident.
In case you weren't following zoo news over the long weekend, what happened was this. On Saturday, a mother visiting the Cincinnati zoo with several children in tow took her eyes off of a toddler long enough for him to breach the three foot barricade at the Gorilla World exhibit and fall into its moat. Harambe, a 17-year old Lowland gorilla male, took hold of the child, and zookeepers shot the animal dead.
Then animal rights zealots held a vigil outside the zoo to mourn the gorilla. Petitions were placed on line blaming the child's mother for the gorilla's death. Other critics said that the zoo-keepers should have tranquilized the beast, a member of an endangered species. The zoo called a news conference to defend its actions.
1. Animal rights activists are shameless, and will exploit any opportunity to advance their agenda, which in its craziest form demands that animals be accorded the same civil rights as humans. Their argument rests equally on sentiment and science, and takes an absolute position in a very complex ethics conflict. This incident is a freak, and cannot fairly be used to reach any conclusions about zoos and keeping wild animals captive.
2. Yes, the mother made a mistake, by definition. This is res ipsa loquitur: "the thing speaks for itself." If a child under adult supervision gets into a gorilla enclosure, then the adult has not been competent, careful and diligent in his or her oversight. The truth is, however, that every parent alive has several, probably many, such moments of distraction that could result in disaster, absent moral luck. This wasn't gross negligence; it was routine, human negligence, for nobody is perfect all the time. You want gross negligence involving animals? How about this, one of the first ethics essays I ever wrote, about the late "Crocodile Hunter" Steve Irwin holding his infant son in one arm while feeding and taunting a 12-foot crocodile? You want gross negligence amounting to child endangerment? Look no further than the 6-month-old waterskiier's parents. Taking one's eyes off of a child for a minute or two, however, if not unavoidable, is certainly minor negligence that is endemic to parenthood. Zoos, moreover, are not supposed to be dangerous.
3. The view of the law is that the zoo is strictly liable for any harm that comes from keeping dangerous animals. This goes way, way back: a 19th Century case involving a caged ape biting off a man's finger (the idiot had dangled his finger through the bars) was one of the first cases I studied in law school. More recent are such cases as Marsh v. Snyder, which holds that "an owner or keeper of a wild animal is absolutely liable for the injuries the wild animal causes under all circumstances, and without regard to whether he knew it to be dangerous and ferocious or not."
Got that, PETA? The zoo had no choice but to shoot Harambe, because if the gorilla harmed the child, the zoo was liable. [ UPDATE: After this article was first posted, I learned that the zoo's visitors were separated from the moat by a three-foot barricade, presumably so children could see over it, not climb over it. Though the zoo says the arrangement passed government inspection, it obviously is inadequate. i said that the zoo was liable; let me correct that. The zoo was incredibly liable.]
4. The zoo would have done the right thing to shoot the gorilla even if it didn't face liability. Ethics Fact: Human lives have a greater priority than animal lives under all circumstances. I know some disagree. They are kind, sweet, well-meaning people who are also deranged. This basic principle does not mean that humans should not respect animal life as much as possible. They should. However, when a gorilla, through no fault of his own, has the ability and opportunity to kill a child in a split second, there is no ethics controversy. The child must be saved. The gorilla must die. Fact.
5. Now we come back to the beginning. An enterprising child found a flaw in the zoo's barricades that nobody had detected before. It was moral luck that he found it, and moral luck that no child had gotten through it before. The mother, like millions of mothers do every day, diverted her attention from her small child briefly. It was moral luck, and only moral luck, that in this brief time period her child was able to visit a gorilla. At that point, the mother had no control over anything. Harambe might have followed his trainer's order to leave the enclosure, as two other gorillas did. He didn't. Moral luck. He might have stayed away from the child. He didn't. Moral luck. He might have snapped the child's neck. He didn't. Moral luck.
There was only one way to make sure the child would live, and that was for the gorilla to die. Harambe paid the price for varied and assorted mistakes, poor choices and bad fortune mixing and interacting as chaotic systems do, and he was the only completely blameless participant in the event. That is unfair and unjust and sad, but that is also how life is, often. Taking out our frustration and grief on any of the parties to this tragedy, none of whom would have willed it and none of whom, by themselves, could have caused it, isn't ethical. It is emotional, irrational, and childish,
6. We should always look for ways to prevent tragedies from repeating; that's just responsible and diligent. We should also, however, be capable of accepting that sometimes tragedies happen for no single reason, but because the cosmic dice come up snake-eyes, and someone or something is doomed by no fault of their own.
This was such a case.
Sources: QuizletAnimal LawNew York Times
31 thoughts on "The Ethics Lessons In The Tragic Death Of Harambe The Gorilla
 1. Jack,
 Wonderfully written. You encapsulated everything I'd thought (but lacked the finesse to articulate) every time I read more about the incident. Tragic indeed.
 2. And, as usual, the internet is full of people sending hate mail to the person they believe to be the mother, but who has the misfortune of sharing the same name of the person identified as such.
 From what I've read, the mother wasn't doing anything out of the ordinary at the zoo that would make her negligent. She didn't sit the kid on the rail or let him dangle his feet under the bars. It seems that there was enough clearance on the bars to allow the child to slip through. That does bother me. The zoo should probably add another lower bar or put plexiglass between them so some determined child, as this one appeared to be, doesn't accidentally slide in.
 The gorilla was dragging the poor kid by his leg. The boy could have hit his head on a rock or drowned during this ordeal. It's very sad, but it had to be done.
 3. I do fault the parent for this — although I would never write a letter or attempt public humiliation in any way.
 I have two children. One is well-behaved and essentially velcros herself to my side. The other is a runner. Any zoo trip in our family involves two adults, because constant eyes need to be on her. She has no fear of other people or going off alone. I can't see her getting into a gorilla pen, but I can see her running across the park with me unable to catch her because I am holding on to my other child's hand. So the rule is two adults for any type of outdoor outing like a zoo trip.
 You know, they make harnesses with leashes for toddlers. Some people hate them, other people swear by them. But you do what you have to do to keep your kid safe.
 All that being said, if my daughter did manage to get into the gorilla pen, I would expect the zoo to shoot it. But, I would feel legally and morally responsible for that endangered animal's death because of my negligence.
 - I agree with the nuance. I would hope the the parent feels guilty—I know I felt horrible the time Grant toddled off while I was chatting with a neighbor and almost fell into a construction pit. The parent was part of the scenario and should feel responsible, and if the parents are financially able and willing to start a memorial fund or buy a new gorilla, great. I'd applaud that. There's nothing wrong with accepting responsibility when the law won't make you do so.
 And yes, this is one case where leashes might work. So would hobbling the kid or locking him in a rolling plexiglass cube with airholes.
 - A rerun of the Great Toddler Leash Controversy? 🙂
 IIRC that was one of the most commented and hotly debated topics, right?
 - It was. And there are exceptions to every position…for example, I would use a leash on a toddler during the Zombie Apocalypse, or at a zoo where a sign said "WARNING! There are many surprising and invisible gaps in our cages and enclosures where a small child could slip through."
 - If a parent has a child that runs off then there is nothing wrong with a harness and leash.
 And yes I was


Understanding AD RMS Across Forests
If you are deploying AD RMS in an environment with multiple Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) forests, you need to determine what support might be required for users or groups who are outside of the forest in which AD RMS is deployed. AD RMS uses AD DS to identify users and distribution groups. When an organization's AD DS deployment includes multiple forests, AD RMS uses AD DS contact objects to obtain the identities of users and groups that are part of a different forest than the AD RMS cluster. The problem is that user or group objects from other forests do not typically have representative objects that are in the forest where AD RMS resides. If you intend to use AD RMS to restrict permissions to users or groups who are from other forests, you need to configure your Active Directory forest appropriately to allow group expansion to occur across forests.
You can implement group expansion support across forests for AD RMS in two ways:


text:
As per SAP Help definition, it portrayal of an enterprise's hierarchy.
There are the following types of enterprise structure:
- Logical enterprise structure, including the organizational units required to manage the SAP System such as plant or cost center.
- Social enterprise structure, description of the way in which an enterprise is organized, in divisions or user departments.The HR application component portrays the social structure of an enterprise
In other words, SAP enterprise structure is organizational structure that represents an enterprise in SAP R/3 system. It consists of some organizational units which, for legal reasons or for other specific business-related reasons or purposes, are grouped together. Organizational units include legal company entities, sales offices, profit centers, etc. Organizational units handle specific business functions.
Organizational units may be assigned to a single module (such as a sales organization assigned to Sales and Distribution (SD) module, or to several modules (such as a plant assigned to Materials Management (MM) and Production Planning (PP) module).
Following are some of the organizational units related to SAP SALES & DISTRIBUTION module.
Follow the Diagram for the relationship among the Organizational Units
- A client is an independent organizational unit.
- A client is considered synonym for a group.
- A client is self-contained technical unit.
- General data & tables used for several organization structure are stored at client level.
- Client is positioned in the highest level in Enterprise Structure.
- Several company code can be uniquely assigned to a client.
- A Company Code is a legal entity & independent accounting unit.
- Balance Sheet & Profit & loss account are created at Company Code level.
- Company Code is organizational unit prepared by FI.
- Several Company Code can be uniquely assigned to a Client.
- Several Company Code under same client can have same chart of accounts.
- Sales Organization is an organizational unit of Logistics, which groups the enterprise according to the requirement of Sales & Distribution.
- Sales Organization distributes goods & services.
- Sales Organization is liable for sold products, responsible for the customers right of recourse & negotiating sales condition.
- One or more Sales Organization can be uniquely assigned to a Company Code.
- Sales Organization can be assigned to one or more plant. This assignment is not unique, so several Sales Organizations can also be assigned to one plant.
- Each Sales Organization has its own master data, for eg customer & material master data, as well as conditions, pricing & output type.
- A Sales Organization is the highest level (after the Client) to which sales figure are summed for SD with statistics currency.
- Sales Organization can be used as selection criteria for listing of sales document, as well as for creating delivery & billing worklist.
- Different output type can be defined for sales & billing document, for each Sales Organization.
- Sales Organization is also used to take regional, national, international sub-division of the market into account.
- A Distribution Channel is a mean through which saleable material or services reach the customer.
- A Distribution Channel represents the strategies to distribute goods and / or services to the customers. Eg: wholesale, retail, institutional, etc.
- Distribution Channel can be assigned to one or more Sales Organization.
- Same customer can be served through one or more Distribution Channel, within a Sales Organization.
- Distribution Channel can be set as per company's marketing strategies or internal organization.
- Master data can vary (Customer & material Master data, Prices, discounts / surcharge, output type, etc) for each Sales Organization & Distribution Channel, i.e, within Distribution Channel master data can be defined separately.
- Master data created for one Distribution Channel can also be used in other Distribution Channel.
- Different sales document type can be defined for Distribution Channel.
- Sales Office can be assigned to Distribution Channel.
- Items in a delivery & billing documents can belong to different Distribution Channel.
- Distribution Channel can be used as selection criteria for creating lists.
- Division represents a product line or grouping of materials or services.
- Division can be assigned to one or more sales organization.
- Division can be assigned to one or more distribution channels.
- Material always belongs to only one Division.
- Master data can vary from Division to Division.
- Different Division can share same master data, if shared master data is created.
- Sales Office can be assigned to Division.
- In sales document type, if Item Division is not activated, it will accept material from the Division at header level only & if material at item level is from different Division from header level, the same is not accepted.
- Item in delivery or billing can belong to different Division.
- Division can be used as selection criteria in sales document & also for creating delivery worklist.
- Different output type can be used for printing sales document for each Division.
- Sales Area is made up of combination of Sales Organization, Distribution Channel & Division.
- It defines the distribution channel a sales organization uses to sell products from a certain division.
- A Sales Area belongs to only one Company Code.
- During the processing of SD documents, system accesses various master data, according to Sales Area. The system also carries out various checks concerning the validity of certain entries according to Sales Area.
- Sales document, delivery document & billing document is always assigned to Sales Area.
- Each SD document is assigned to exactly only one Sales Area. This assignment cannot be changed.
- Various analyses can be carried out within Sales Area. So, Organization structure should be as simple as possible.
- Sales Area is used for reporting & pricing.
- The customer data record contains pages (views) with the data that is specific to Sales Area.
PLANT & STORAGE LOCATION
- In SD, a Plant represents the location from which material & services are distributed & correspond to a distribution centre. Which is also known as Delivering Plant. The relevant stocks are kept here.
- In SD, the Plant has a central function:
- At least one Plant is necessary in order to be able to use SD module.
- A Plant is uniquely assigned to a Company code.
- Assignment between Sales organization & Plant is not unique.
- Delivering Plant is important for determining shipping point.
- For a Plant to deliver goods to the customers, it must be configured appropriately as a delivering plant in SD customizing.
- It is possible that a Plant in one company code may have transaction with sales organization in another company code within same client. This is known as *cross company sales.
- Plant & Storage location are organizational units that can be used by all logistic area in the system.
For a plant to be a Delivering Plant, following are essential, i.e,
- A plant is referred as delivering plant, when the said plant is assigned to a combination of Sales Organization & Distribution Channel.
- Plant should be uniquely assigned to a company code.
- Plant should also be assigned to sales organization & distribution channel.
- During sales process, the Delivering Plant is first used to verify stock (availability check) & later to supply the goods the customer has ordered.
- Only if plant is a Delivering Plant, a shipping point can be assigned to a plant. Material cannot be despatched without a shipping point.
- The Shipping Point is highest level organizational unit of shipping that controls shipping activities.
- Material can enter or leave the premises of an organization through Shipping Point.
- System determines Shipping Point on the bases of Delivering Plant, Shipping Condition from Sold to Party & Loading Group from material master.
- The transaction code OVL3 is used to maintain the determination of shipping point
- Shipping Point can be changed manually, only if it is in close proximity & relevant changes are permitted by the system in customizing setting.
- Each outbound delivery is processed by only one Shipping Point. For example, Loading ramp, mail depot, rail depot, group of employees, etc.
- Shipping Point is assigned to a plant.
- Shipping Point is a physical place & should be near delivering plant.
- Shipping Point can be assigned to more than one plant & a plant can also have more than one shipping point. Assignment between plant & shipping point is not unique.
For efficient processing of goods receipt & goods issue, Warehouse is made up of:
- Warehouse number: The entire warehouse structure is managed under one warehouse number.
- Storage type: The different warehouse area, which differ with respect to their organizational & technical features, are defined as storage types.
- Picking area: The picking area groups storage bins together in the storage type.
- Staging area: The staging area is an area in the warehouse where the goods are stored immediately after unloading or shortly before loading.
- Doors: A door within a warehouse can be used both for inbound delivery as well as outbound delivery of goods.
For Sales & Distribution, Lean Warehouses are applicable. This b'coz lean warehouse have fixed bins as storage type.
- Business Area represents an organizational unit, which can carry out internal reporting.
- A company code can be divided into multiple Business Area.
- A Business Area may also be shared by several company code & in such case, business area must have same description in all company code.
- Business Area can be used to prepare balance sheet & Profit & loss statement not only for company code, but also for other internal area (eg: division).
- Determination of BUSINESS AREA takes placed based on following rules:
Rule no 1:
Plant / Item Division
Rule no 2:
Sales Organization / Distribution Channel / Division, i.e Sales Area.
Rule no 3:
Sales Organization / Distribution Channel / Item Division.
- Sales Office is organizational unit responsible for sales & distribution, within geographical area.
- Sales Office establishes contact between company & customer.
- Sales Office can be assigned to one or more sales area.
- A Sales Office can be sub divided into several sales groups.
- Sales Group is an organizational unit that carries out sales & is responsible for the process internally.
- Sales Group can be assigned to one or more sales office.
- A sales

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Somatics: How to be Conscious In Your Body. Part II
Somatics: How to be Conscious In Your Body. Part II
Embodying Movement: 3 Explorations of Weight Flow
Kahlil Gibran
In my last article I discussed some background to Somatic work and provided three explorations around sensing weight as a way of connecting with gravity. Somatics is a way of understanding the wisdom of our body and of gaining and maintaining a body image from the inside out. Embodying movement to the extent that weight sensing and yielding leads naturally into movement initiation with intent.
By sensing our weight we bring our attention to the experience of ourselves while doing something or nothing. We notice where we may have holding in our tissues, and which tissues are holding, or where we are able to flow into the earth. This holding, or not holding, is related to muscular tension and impacts flow.
One of my great teachers, Peter Madden, would have us explore the process of how our weight could flow from one place to another. He called the experiences Weight Flow. There are multiple expressions of flow. There is flow of time, flow of breath, flow of thought, and "being in flow".
Picture in your mind's eye lava moving down a mountain-side or towards the ocean. Feel the weight of the lava as it rolls down the slope. Where does the lava flow get blocked? What obstacles does the lava flow over, or around? This image helps us access our understanding of where we may have tension holding in our musculature, but also our bones, our organs, or other body tissue that contributes to our 'weightiness'. Through this imagery experience we can understand that flow of weight is weight sensing in motion.
With flow and weight, an exertion/recuperation cycle is constantly in motion. Our faculty of participating with precision, expressed by progression and ongoingness, is indicated in our tissues. When actively sensing our weight, we establish our self as a material body. We are able to express strength or lightness and in so doing we establish our presence in the world.
Going with the Weight Flow
Try the following to experience the delights of weight flow. The only 'rule' to the exploration is to keep all your body parts, (fingers, hands, feet, head) in contact with the floor. In other words, do not lift your limbs from the floor.
Lying on your back take any support you need for your head or legs. Soften and begin to settle, yielding into the floor. Feel where your body meets the floor. Sense the places of contact between you and the floor. How do you respond to the presence of the floor? In the places of connection notice where there is weight. Feel the pull of gravity. Feel the support of the floor rising up to meet the weight of your body.
Now, imagine your body is full of beans. Roll your head to the right side pouring the beans to the right. Notice the flow of weight as your head turns, notice how your yielding self becomes activated. How does this weight flow affect the rest of your body motion?
Following the flow of your head, roll your shoulders over to the right. Allow the sense of pouring "the weight of the beans" in your body, peel your ribcage, then lumbar spine, and hip crests off the floor as you continue to twist and slide over to the front surface of your body. Feel the weight of your "bean filled" body flowing into the floor. Notice where your arms and legs roll and flow and softly land on the front surface.
Initiating from your sacrum, roll your pelvis to the right, feel the weight of the beans flow, allowing your legs, torso, and arms to spiralically sequence onto your back. Notice where your legs, head, and arms want to go as the "flow of beans" settle into the floor.
Slide your feet onto the floor (simultaneously or one at a time), until your knees face the ceiling. Allow your knees to fall to the left. Feel the weight of the flow of beans spiral through your pelvis and waist then sweep your right arm along the floor over your head to roll your chest over to the left side. Rest. Notice the weight of your bones as the "falling of the beans" settle into your left side.
Rest – Then initiating with your head or sacrum, roll back onto your back. You can repeat the sequence to the other side.
Flow of weight affects our emotions.
Stand up and feel your weight flow into the floor. Walk around the room feeling your weight flowing into your feet as you step and shift your weight. Stand still, then imagine egg shells or pebbles on the floor, walk around the room, Notice the holding back of flow or lightening up of your footsteps as you walk around the room. What feelings come to you as you move this way?
Imagine your feet sinking into mud with each step, how do you pull your feet out? Do you feel like you are getting sucked back in, or are you able to push through and break free? Is every step this hard? Where else in your life do you feel you are unable to free up?
When we connect with our sense of progression, outpouring or holding back as we move lightly (walking on egg shells, or sneaking up on someone) or firmly (trudging through a field of snow, or stomping a tree into the ground) we notice how our movement may impact our mood, or how our moods and imagination may be impacted by moving.
Connecting physically allows us to connect emotionally, psychically and spiritually. Discovering your relationship to weight and flow supports the integration of your body/mind so you can make lasting and healthy shifts so you can enjoy the feeling of your bare feet on the earth and the wind playing in your hair.
Leave a Comment


Integer pairs generator
World's simplest integer tool
This online utility generates pairs of integers and prints them as two-dimensional xy coordinates in the output. You can independently specify the range of integers for the first and second coordinates and you can create as many integer pairs as you need. The output format of pairs can be customized as well by changing the separator character between the coordinates and the brackets around the pairs. Created by math nerds from team Browserling.
Look what we made! Browserling
Check out our project Browserling – your personal cloud browser.
fullscreen fullscreen_exit
Integer Pairs Range
Range for the 1st coordinate.
Range start.
Range end.
Range for the 2nd coordinate.
Range start.
Range end.
Count and Separator
Number of pairs to print.
Pair separator symbol.
Open and Close Symbols
Open-pair symbol (left side).
Close-pair symbol (right side).
Point separator symbol (middle).
Integer pairs generator tool What is a integer pairs generator?
With this browser-based app, you can create random pairs of Cartesian coordinates. Each pair of integers can be viewed as a point (x, y) in 2D space, where x is the abscissa and y is the ordinate of the point. For each coordinate, you can set the range of allowed integer values by entering the range start and end values in the options. The first coordinate will be randomly selected from the first integer range, and the second coordinate will be randomly selected from the second range. You can generate any number of pairs at once. The number of pairs in the output can be controlled via the count option. The standard coordinate point format uses the round brackets around and the comma between coordinates, but you can replace these symbols with curly brackets {x, y}, square brackets, [x, y], or no brackets at all x, y. The comma can be changed, too. You can set it to a semicolon (x; y), a colon (x: y), or any other character. You can also change the separator of output pairs and print them in a line by putting the space or comma symbols after each pair. Cartesianabulous!
Integer pairs generator examples Click to use
Integer Vectors
In this example, we generate ten random integer vectors using only digits zero to nine. We set the first range to be from 0 to 4, which means that the left coordinate has five possible integers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. We set the second range to be from 5 to 9, which means that the right coordinate also has five possible values: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. This way, both coordinates are in the first quadrant of the orthogonal coordinate system and the first coordinate is always less than the second one.
(2, 6) (1, 7) (0, 8) (1, 5) (1, 7) (3, 8) (1, 6) (2, 7) (3, 7) (3, 7)
Required options
These options will be used automatically if you select this example.
Range start.
Range end.
Range start.
Range end.
Number of pairs to print.
Pair separator symbol.
Open-pair symbol (left side).
Close-pair symbol (right side).
Point separator symbol (middle).
Coordinates of Different Signs
In this example, we change the parentheses of integer points to curly brackets and generate twenty points. We separate the points by the space character so that they are printed on a single line and separate the integers by the semicolon. We use negative integers from -100 to -1 for the abscissa and positive integers from 1 to 100 for the ordinate. The origin point {0; 0} never appears in the list as neither of the ranges includes 0.
{-34; 5} {-24; 21} {-85; 32} {-28; 43} {-6; 83} {-55; 42} {-46; 50} {-1; 64} {-32; 20} {-7; 31} {-44; 43} {-57; 55} {-80; 86} {-42; 9} {-19; 66} {-74; 84} {-21; 58} {-31; 6} {-91; 99} {-39; 85}
Required options
These options will be used automatically if you select this example.
Range start.
Range end.
Range start.
Range end.
Number of pairs to print.
Pair separator symbol.
Open-pair symbol (left side).
Close-pair symbol (right side).
Point separator symbol (middle).
Binary Chain
This example covers the unit square and uses the same range for both coordinates. The unit square is the region from 0 to 1 so both coordinates are from this region. The output format is configured to remove the separator character between coordinates and sets the separator symbol between pairs to a dash. The parentheses are replaced with angle brackets and this makes the output look like a long binary chain.
<10>-<01>-<00>-<01>-<10>-<01>-<01>-<10>-<00>-<11>-<01>-<00>-<10>-<00>-<10>
Required options
These options will be used automatically if you select this example.
Range start.
Range end.
Range start.
Range end.
Number of pairs to print.
Pair separator symbol.
Open-pair symbol (left side).
Close-pair symbol (right side).
Point separator symbol (middle).
Pro tips Master online integer tools
You can pass options to this tool using their codes as query arguments and it will automatically compute output. To get the code of an option, just hover over its icon. Here's how to type it in your browser's address bar. Click to try!
_URL_
All integer tools
Didn't find the tool you were looking for? Let us know what tool we are missing and we'll build it!
Quickly rewrite integer digits using pretty Unicode glyphs.
Quickly generate random two-dimensional integer points.
Quickly generate random three-dimensional integer points.
Quickly print a list of integers that are palindromes.
Quickly convert the given integer to a palindromic integer.
Quickly find all integers in the given text or string.
Quickly make integer digits go in a triangle wave.
Quickly unleash the destructive force of Zalgo on integers.
Quickly find two or more integers that add up to the given integer.
Quickly find several integers that multiply up to the given integer.
Quickly randomize the given sequence of integers.
Quickly mix the order of digits in an integer.
Quickly put integers in increasing or decreasing order.
Quickly sort the individual digits of an integer.
Quickly increase all integers by a certain amount.
Quickly increase individual digits by a certain amount.
Quickly decrease all integers by a certain amount.
Quickly decrease individual digits by a certain amount.
Quickly randomly select an integer from a list of integers.
Quickly create groups from the digits of an integer.
Quickly write integer digits backwards.
Quickly remove one or more digits from an integer.
Quickly replace one or more digits in an integer.
Quickly drop digits from an integer and make it shorter.
Quickly add the thousands separator to integers.
Quickly remove the thousands separator from integers.
Quickly find the largest integer in a list of integers.
Quickly find the smallest integer in a list of integers.
Quickly find the total sum of a bunch of integers.
Quickly find the sum of all the digits in an integer.
Quickly find the total product of a bunch of integers.
Quickly find the product of all the digits in an integer.
Quickly calculate the partial sum of a bunch of integers.
Quickly calculate the partial product of a bunch of integers.
Quickly flip the sign of one or more integers.
Quickly split an integer into chunks of a given length.
Quickly merge partial integers together to form a larger integer.
Quickly round integers up or down to the required precision.
Quickly convert integers to a downloadable picture.
Quickly generate a list of von Neumann ordinals.
Quickly generate a list of Zermelo ordinals.
Quickly generate an ordered sequence of integers.
Quickly generate an ordered list of even integers.
Quickly generate an ordered list of odd integers.
Quickly write an integer spelling in words.
Quickly convert spelled integers to regular integers with digits.
Quickly generate an array of integers for programming.
Quickly find the number of occurrences of digits in integers.
Coming soon These integer tools are on the way
Draw von Neumann Universe
Create a drawing that visualizes von Neumann hierarchy of sets.
Create Integer n-Tuples
Generate a list of tuples of integers with n elements.
Convert Integers to Unary Base
Quickly convert integers to base one.
Convert Unary Base to Integers
Quickly convert base one to integers.
Convert Integers to Binary Base
Quickly convert integers to base two.
Convert Binary Base to Integers
Quickly convert base two to integers.
Convert Integers to Octal Base
Quickly convert integers to base eight.
Convert Octal Base to Integers
Quickly convert base eight to integers.
Convert Integers to Hex Base
Quickly convert integers to base sixteen.
Convert Hex Base to Integers
Quickly convert base sixteen to integers.
Convert Integers to Base64
Quickly encode integers to base-64.
Convert Base64 to Integers
Quickly decode base-64 to integers.
Change Integer Base
Quickly convert integers to a custom base.
Convert Integers to HTML Entities
Quickly encode integers to HTML encoding.
Convert HTML Entities to Integers
Quickly decode HTML entities to integers.
Create Random Integers
Generate a list of random integers.
Check if an Integer is Symmetric
Check if the given integers


text:
His*tor"ic (?), His*tor"ic*al (?), a. [L. historicus, Gr. : cf. F. historique. See History.]
Of or pertaining to history, or the record of past events; as, an historical poem; the historic page.
, n. -- His*to*ric"i*ty
There warriors frowning in historic brass.
Historical painting, that branch of painting which represents the events of history. -- Historical sense, that meaning of a passage which is deduced from the circumstances of time, place, etc., under which it was written. -- The historic sense, the capacity to conceive and represent the unity and significance of a past era or age.
© Webster 1913.


How is the donor informed of a scholarship award?
The donor receives an annual scholarship report packet each November that includes:
 - A thank you letter co-signed by the Foundation President and Finance Committee Chair that includes investment performance information and other economic info, a financial report of the fund which includes beginning balance, contributions received, market gains/losses, administrative fee charged, scholarship amount awarded, and an ending balance – as of June 30 of each year, a summary of the scholarship criteria and the names and award amounts for the student recipients
 - A thank you letter from the Chancellor
 - Student thank you letters


text:
Like all ancient civilizations, the Etruscans also used slaves for their labour force, and they provided low cost manpower that could nevertheless also be highly specialized. The slaves were men and women who had no civil or political rights but were considered objects of property.
The commonest occupations in the cities for them were as domestic workers in the homes of the aristocratic class, or they worked in the craft workshops; in the country, they worked in agriculture or in the mines, extracting metals.
The main sources of slaves were wars and raids in enemy territory. The slaves were not usually ill-treated as they were considered valuable goods and the death of a slave was seen as a serious economic loss.


text:
The Royal Government of Cambodia issued Sub-Decree No.31 on the Social Security Pension Scheme on March 4, 202. It details the registration requirement, contribution rate, and benefits for both Compulsory Pension Scheme and Voluntary Pension Scheme, which applies to all persons under Cambodian Labour Law.
Under the Compulsory Pension Scheme, all owner(s) or employer(s) of an establishment(s) /enterprise(s), who employ at least 1 employee must register their establishment(s)/enterprise(s) for the National Social Security Fund on Pension Scheme within 30 days after the effective date of the Sub-Decree, unless they are already registered under the existing Health and Occupational Accident Scheme.
For the Voluntary Pension Scheme, only a member of the National Social Security Fund (NSSF) who meets 1 of the following requirements is allowed to participate:
- Losing a paid job before reaching 60 but still having the ability to pay the contribution payment.
- Being less than 60 and wishing to contribute to get higher old-age benefit than the benefit they would receive under a compulsory scheme.
- Having an income higher than the wage ceiling determined by a separate sub-decree.
Under both compulsory and voluntary schemes, the benefits include old-age benefit, disability benefit, survival benefit, and funeral allowance. Except for funeral allowance, the other pension benefits for the two schemes will be provided bi-monthly and adjusted annually based on the change in consumer price index determined by the Ministry of Planning.
The contribution rate is determined at the following rates and phases:
- Phase 1: 4% of the contributable wage during the first 5 years from the contribution starting date to be set by the Ministry of Labor and Vocational Training (MLVT)
- Phase 2: 8% of the contributable wage during another 5 years after Phase 1
- Phase 3: Addition of 2.75% of the contributable wage to the above rate during the next 10 years, and subsequent increase of 2.75% every ten years.
During the first 5 years, the employee and employer under the compulsory scheme each will share 50% of the contribution payment to NSSF.
For the voluntary scheme, the applicant shall bear 100% of the cost.Back to all country updates


text:
Abstract: Timing errors are a growing concern for system resilience as technology continues to scale. It is problematic to use low-fidelity errors such as single-bit flips to model realistic timing errors. We address the lack of holistic methodology and tools for evaluating resilience of applications against timing errors. The proposed technique is able to rapidly inject high-fidelity and configurable timing errors to applications at the instruction level. Our implementation has no runtime dependencies on proprietary tools, enabling full parallelism of error injection campaign. Furthermore, because an injection point may not generate an actual error for a particular application run, we propose an acceleration technique to maximize the likelihood of generating errors that contribute to the overall campaign with speedup up to 7x. With our tool, we show that realistic timing errors lead to distinct error profiles from those of radiation-induced errors at both the instruction level and the application level.
Back to Technical Papers Archive Listing


Testing Shell Scripts with "BATS"
Testing Shell Scripts with "BATS"
9 min read
Last updated: September 20, 2021
Unit-Testing Bash is something I never considered was even possible, nor did it cross my mind how critical Bash scripts often are often going un-tested. If you are in the semi-rare situation where you are publishing Bash scripts to production, you may want to pay attention. The rest of you are reading, I assume for shock value.
In my day job, I create CI integrations for a large CI platform, mostly in Bash. Bash is extremely portable, running on most Linux distributions and mostly compatible with MacOS. A more common scenario might be deploying shell scripts to Ansible, or distributing bash scripts directly like CodeCov's Bash Uploader(until recently).
Example Project: _URL_
BATS-Core Bash Automated Testing System
BATS-Core Git Repository: _URL_
Bats is a TAP-compliant testing framework for Bash. It provides a simple way to verify that the UNIX programs you write behave as expected.
If you are already familiar with unit-testing in languages like JavaScript, you may be familiar with basic testing frameworks such as Jest. These unit-testing frameworks take "assertions" and execute them to validate your code.
Writing Testable Bash Scripts
If you haven't written a lot of Bash in the past, you've probably written fairly linear scripts, without functions, all in a single file. For small scripts that may be find but let's take a look at how we can write our Bash in a way that's manageable and testable.
There are two main ways to approach writing testable Bash:
 1. Write small single-purpose scripts that could be executed in sequential order.
 2. Create a "main" script, and define "functions" in one or more dependency scripts.
In this tutorial, we are going to go with option two and define functions in a separate file. Option two is a little more simple for testing, and most folks are unaware you can even write functions in Bash.
Start a new directory and create two files: main.sh and functions.sh.
$ mkdir <some/directory/for/this>
$ touch main.sh
$ touch functions.sh
main.sh will act as the "root" of our Bash "application". It will load all of the functions we write in functions.sh.
Writing Functions
Let's create a function that will take in two numbers and add them together, then echo the result.
There are multiple syntaxes to write a function in shell, but we'll stick with this.
functions.sh
#!/bin/sh
addNumbers() {
 echo $(($1+$2))
}
addNumbers 1 2
When we run ./functions.sh from the shell, we'll get back 3.
$ . ./functions.sh
3
We can't use () parentheses in functions to pass arguments in the same way we do in most programming languages, the parentheses are just decorative. We can however, pass arguments to our function the same way you can any shell executable.
The $0 variable contains the current shell, and each numeric value above that corresponds to each argument passed in.
Now, we don't actually want our functions.sh file to execute, we only want it to contain the functions we want to call in main.sh, and test. So, let's remove the addNumbers 1 2
functions.sh
#!/bin/sh
addNumbers() {
 result=$(($1+$2))
 echo $result
}
Let's add one more example to our functions.sh file, another function that will square the input.
functions.sh
#!/bin/sh
addNumbers() {
 result=$(($1+$2))
 echo $result
}
squareResult() {
 result=$(($1*$1))
 echo $result
}
We have here two functions, but we can't yet do anything with them. So let's open up main.sh and add the following code:
main.sh
#!/bin/sh
. functions.sh
sum=$(addNumbers 1 2)
squareResult $sum
source is a Bash built-in command that will load and execute a file in the current shell. It's a common way to load in function, environment variables, constants, or run other scripts.
source and . are equivalent.
Once the functions have been loaded, we can now call them from main.sh. In this example, we store the result of addNumbers 1 2 in sum, and then we call squareResult on $sum.
When we run ./main.sh from the shell, we'll get back 9.
$ source ./main.sh
9
We now have a relatively simple and easy to read main.sh file which has had the main logic abstracted away in functions.sh.
Now, how do we ensure the integrity of our script(s) in the future. If someone were to make a pull request that modified our BASH scripts, we'd want to ensure that the changes are tested before we commit them.
Installing BATS
Now that you've had a mico-crash-course on writing Bash functions, let's take a look at testing our new Bash script using the BATS-Core Bash Automation Testing System.
First, install BATS-Core. There are a number of different installation options, including Homebrew, NPM, or you can install from the source directly.
# Install BATS-Core
$ git clone _URL_
$ cd bats-core
$ ./install.sh /usr/local
or
# Install BATS-Core via NPM
$ npm install -g bats
Run bats -v to verify the installation.
Write Tests
First up to create our tests, create a tests directory right next to our shell scripts.
📁 tests/
 |--- tests.bats
📄 functions.sh
📄 main.sh
After we complete writing our tests, we will simply give BATS the path to this directory and each .bats test file will be executed, with each test case within being evaluated.
You can think of each file as a test suite containing a number of tests.
A .bat file is nothing more than a simple bash script with some fancy syntax sugar that allows us to write tests in a way that is somewhat reminiscent of a testing framework in other programming languages, but there isn't much actual magic happening behind the scenes.
Let's write our first test case.
tests.bats
#!/usr/bin/env bats
@test "addNumbers 5 + 3 | expect 8" {
 run addNumbers 5 3
 echo "result: ${output}"
 [ "$status" -eq 0 ]
 [ "$output" = 8 ]
}
Now don't go running anything yet, there is an issue we'll need to take care of but let's check out what we have.
@test is a special syntax for BATS which is nothing more than a wrapper for a standard shell function. The first "argument" here is the test description/name and within this function is your test code. BATS will automatically iterate each test case and report back the results individually, we'll take a look at that soon.
What runs within this test case is any valid bash code. If a non-zero status code is returned during this test it will be considered a failure. So we want to execute some code within this test and ensure a non-zero exit code is raised if we see unexpected behavior.
Additionally, BATS comes with another special helper function run which will execute the given command and quietly store the exit status code and any output to the variables status and output. Using run, we can specifically test for expected exit codes in our test cases.
Here, we are testing our "addNumbers" function by passing it two known values and comparing the output. If we feed in to our function the numbers '5' and '3', we expect to get back '8' echoed to standard output.
And of course, before actually checking the output, we first check to ensure that we got a successful 0 exit code.
You can read about run and other built-in functions on the documentation here.
breakdown
run addNumbers 5 3
 [ "$status" -eq 0 ]
 [ "$output" = 8 ]
In this test, we expect no issues so we check to ensure $status is equal to zero (0). We also know that the result echoed to standard output, which is recorded by the run function under $output. So, we will also test for the output, which we expect to be equal to 8.
This one test now checks two conditions to be considered valid.
Now I mentioned a moment ago, we aren't quite done yet, we haven't actually imported our functions yet.
We're going to add a setup function to our BATS tests, which is another special function that will run before every one of our tests. Here, we will load in our functions from functions.sh.
tests.bats
#!/usr/bin/env bats
setup() {
 . ./functions.sh
}
@test "addNumbers 5 + 3 | expect 8" {
 run addNumbers 5 3
 echo "result: ${output}"
 [ "$status" -eq 0 ]
 [ "$output" = 8 ]
}
We're just about done, but for the sake the example, since we have two functions, let's add a second test case to our tests.bats


text:
Paid media opportunities for content marketing are now truly scalable with programmatic delivery of content through existing ad formats and native placements. As marketers shift from talking at customers to speaking with them, the time is ripe to use data and content to add value to the consumer's purchase journey by finding them at the most relevant time and tailoring the content to them so it is informative and engaging.
It is exciting to see the likes of Thomson and Marriott who are executing this across paid, owned and earned channels. This article will focus specifically on how brands can better activate their content utilising data across paid media channels.
Understand your audience, then shape your content and targeting
With the abundance of data available from social and paid media channels, the opportunity to uncover strong insights about your audience, in near real time, has never been greater. By understanding the primary travel-led concerns and motivations of your audiences you can quickly develop and adjust content to address these concerns.
In addition to tackling your audience's questions effectively, you should also use this information to shape audience targeting strategies and paid media activation of that content, finding defining moments in the consumer journey and matching the most relevant content to these audience behaviours.
Data allows you to listen and act: don't just broadcast
Balance the message you would like to share with the needs and wants of your audience. Travel brands run the risk of using the content channel as another broadcast tactic, pushing use of their app or overly touting their offers. Be cautious not to alienate your audience.
Utilise the data-driven insights you uncover to create a balanced editorial strategy that weaves your key commercial messages with useful and valuable content that addresses consumer needs.
Be relevant at all the stages of the consumer's journey
Using data enables you to really match content with the consumer at pivotal touch points. Much like over-broadcasting, mismatching content at the wrong times will lead to consumers ignoring you.
For example, if you are building out content that elevates travel inspiration be sure you can activate those audiences at that stage of their journey, by looking at some of the behavioural triggers such as browsing travel photos, writing travel blogs or search terms around broader travel-related terms.
Also, make sure the shape, structure and features of your content reflect the relevant point in the consumer's journey. For example, consider travel inspiration as a period where consumers are looking for validation and affirmation of the travel desires. With that in mind is your content shareable? Is it rich in visual elements to capture the imagination? Paid media activation now allows for far more variety in content than in recent previous years so leverage these opportunities to make the content more relevant.
Go beyond where your audiences are to find what your audiences are doing
Naturally, context is a valuable part of your content strategy. Make sure you are aligning your paid content with relevant contextual environments such as travel comparison, OTA's, and travel magazines.
Granular data access for audience targeting can help you reach those relevant consumers at other pivotal touch points. For example those sharing content with friends and family on social channels, those searching with specific search terms or consumers browsing hard to reach travel inspiration environments can be identified through more sophisticated audience targeting solutions and also found programmatically in other non-travel environments where the opportunity to deliver them paid content is available.
Harness the power of the crowd
According to research undertaken by Edelman, 70% of global consumers say online consumer reviews are the second-most trusted form of advertising, and Trip Barometer uncovered that 93% of travellers said their booking decisions are impacted by online reviews.
User-generated content can be powerful. Consider how this impacts both content production and also existing traditional paid media strategies. Look at how you can marry this content with audiences engaging with review-led content to create stronger resonance with your brand.
Go further than the written word – 66% of all travellers watch videos online when researching
The plethora of paid media options available programmatically has increased significantly in the last few months. Leverage these to get a range of content in front of relevant audiences.
From video placements of various lengths and formats, to cinemagraph native formats to get engaging imagery in front of audiences, the possibilities to make the right content fit at the right stage have never been greater. With programmatic access to these formats now reaching meaningful scale, you can combine data and placement to truly get the most relevant content in front of the most relevant audiences.
For more on this topic see:


text:
Definition of Sensitivity
Sensitivity: 1. In psychology, the quality of being sensitive. As, for example, sensitivity training, training in small groups to develop a sensitive awareness and understanding of oneself and of ones relationships with others. 2. In disease epidemiology, the ability of a system to detect epidemics and other changes in disease occurrence. 3. In screening for a disease, the proportion of persons with the disease who are correctly identified by a screening test. 4. In the definition of a disease, the proportion of persons with the disease who are correctly identified by defined criteria.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 6/14/2012
Find out what women really need.


text:
With maths anxiety affecting many primary and secondary students throughout the UK, it's no wonder so many pupils dread the subject. In fact, studies have even suggested that up to 55% of the population have a negative attitude towards maths, with many admitting to being 'useless' at the subject. With the maths UK curriculum being very full, there's often not enough time for students to consolidate new skills before teachers have to move onto the next topic. This means that when topics are tested or visited again, kids can sometimes feel that they can't 'do' maths, which can lead to them avoiding the subject and developing a negative association. Here's some easy ways to help kids tackle maths anxiety and build up confidence!
Signs Of Maths Anxiety
- A negative attitude towards maths.
- Low confidence when dealing with maths problems.
- Avoiding maths homework or the subject in general.
- Excessively worrying about maths tests.
- Feeling overwhelmed about new concepts.
Making Mistakes Is Normal
It's important to help your child understand that making mistakes is normal and a very important part of learningeven in maths! Even though it may cause worry and anxiety for your child when they do get something wrong, encourage them to try and learn from their mistakes rather than feel disheartened. In fact, research even shows that our brains are more active when we get something wrong, than when we get something right.
Make Maths Fun
Making maths fun is the key to gradually replacing anxiety by building up enjoyment instead. We recommend using websites, games or apps to engage and inspire your kids and remind them that maths isn't so scary after all. Not only does this keep learning light-hearted and fun, it also provides lots of opportunities for practice, building up a deeper understanding of concepts and using problem solving skills.
Fill In Learning Gaps
Taking extra time at home or with the help of a private tutor, filling in any gaps your child has in their maths knowledge will do wonders for their anxiety. It can be very difficult to make progress if kids don't have a firm grasp on specific maths concepts, so building these back up will be sure to increase their confidence levels too.
Display A Positive Attitude
It's important for parents to avoid passing on their own maths anxiety, so it's probably best not to tell your kids if you were bad at maths. Instead, having an encouraging attitude towards the subject will help them try and maintain a positive attitude too. It's also a good idea to praise your child if they make any progress, even if it's small, as this can help build up their self-confidence and believe they can do it, even if it's tricky!
Make Maths A Part Of Everyday Life
Making maths a part of everyday life is an excellent way to help kids realise that it isn't so bad after all. Whether it's weighing out ingredients during baking, calculating the cost of the weekly food shop or figuring out how long it will take for them to save 'X' amount of pocket moneythere are maths opportunities everywhere!
Let Your Child Talk About Their Worries
It's important to let your child openly talk through their concerns about maths with you for them to be able to overcome them. This way you can listen to what they're struggling with and offer support and advice. It can also be very helpful for kids to get their thoughts and feelings out in the open, rather than bottling up their worries. Even the act of saying things aloud can be stress relieving and in some cases, kids may even realise their own answers to their problems!
Remind Your Child To Ask Questions If They Don't Understand
Finally, one of the easiest ways to tackle maths anxiety and start building up confidence again, is for your child to simply ask for help. Remind them that it's okay to tell their teacher they don't understand something and there's no shame in asking for some extra help. Usually teachers will have an alternative way of explaining or be able to provide kids with additional learning resources.


text:
Cancer oregonensis (Pygmy rock crab)
2005 Mary Jo Adams
small crab has a carapace width of less than 2 inches. The
rounded carapace is widest at the 7 th or 8 th lateral tooth and
unlike other cancer crabs, the carapace lacks angular corners.
The carapace is usually red-brown but color varies; the tips of
the claws look like they were dipped in black ink. Its legs
are quite hairy. Look for this crab low in the
intertidal under rocks, hiding in crevices, or tucked away in the
otherwise empty shell of a giant barnacle ( Balanus nubilus
). It is found subtidally to a depth of 1400 feet.
pygmy rock crab accesses the small barnacles that it preys on by
crushing their shells with powerful claws. Other
common names for this crab are hairy cancer crab and Oregon cancer
crab most likely to be confused with this species is Lophopanopeus
bellus bellus (the black clawed crab) as both are small and
have black tipped claws. To distinguish between the two,
look for the 3 lateral teeth along the edge of the carapace of the
black-clawed crab. The pygmy rock crab carapace is more rounded,
has more numerous teeth, and has very hairy legs.
This page was created by Mary Jo Adams on 12/5/05.


text:
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) was detected in Comet Hale-Bopp at infrared wavelengths near 3.0 μm on four dates between Feb 24.0 and May 1.0 1997 using high-resolution spectroscopy. The average rotational temperature retrieved for the (001) vibrational level on UT 1997 April 29.9 was (95±6) K near the nucleus, increasing to (122±8) K in the intermediate coma (4″-10″ off the nucleus). The HCN production rate on April 29.9 was (3.09±0.13)×1028 molecules s-1. When compared with the water production rate obtained from direct measurements of the H2O 100-010 band on common observation dates using the same instrument and data processing algorithms, the weighted average (for the four dates) of the relative abundance (HCN/H2O) was (0.40±0.05)%. The measured spatial distribution for HCN is consistent with its release at the nucleus - no significant contribution from a distributed source is required within 10,000 km of the nucleus.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Space and Planetary Science


November 13, 2008 · General, Server · Email This Post
Sponsored Link
If you have multiple servers with similar or identical configurations (such as nodes in a cluster), it's often difficult to make sure the contents and configuration of those servers are identical. It's even more difficult when you need to make configuration modifications from the command line, knowing you'll have to execute the exact same command on a large number of systems .
In this tutorial we will see some tools to execute one command on multiple remote servers using ssh.First you need to make sure you have ssh installed in your machine or you can install using the following command
sudo aptitude install ssh
Now we are going to see the following tools which does the required job we are looking for
1) Pssh
2) cluster ssh
3) Multixterm
1) Pssh
pssh provides a number of commands for executing against a group of computers, using SSH. It's most useful for operating on clusters of homogenously-configured hosts.
The package contains:
- Parallel ssh (parallel-ssh, upstream calls it pssh), executes commands on multiple hosts in parallel
- Parallel scp (parallel-scp, upstream calls it pscp), copies files to multiple remote hosts in parallel
- Parallel rsync (parallel-rsync, upstream calls it prsync), efficiently copies files to multiple hosts in parallel
- Parallel nuke (parallel-nuke, upstream calls it pnuke), kills processes on multiple remote hosts in parallel
- Parallel slurp (parallel-slurp, upstream calls it pslurp), copies files from multiple remote hosts to a central host in parallel
These tools are good for controlling large collections of nodes, where faster alternatives
Install pssh in Ubuntu
sudo aptitude install pssh
pssh Syntax
pssh command -h hosts-file options
-h --hosts hosts file (each line "host[:port] [user]")
-l --user username (OPTIONAL)
-p --par max number of parallel threads (OPTIONAL)
-o --outdir output directory for stdout files (OPTIONAL)
-t --timeout timeout in seconds to do ssh to a host (OPTIONAL)
-v --verbose turn on warning and diagnostic messages (OPTIONAL)
-O --options SSH options (OPTIONAL)
where the hosts-file contains a list of all the hosts that you want to have the command executed on.
pssh Examples
The following example runs hostname on three machines (IPs or hostnames) specified in the file ips.txt using login irb2 and saves the output in /tmp/foo.
sudo cat ips.txt
128.112.152.122
18.31.0.190
128.232.103.201
sudo pssh -h ips.txt -l irb2 -o /tmp/foo hostname
Success on 128.112.152.122:22
Success on 18.31.0.190:22
Success on 128.232.103.201:22
sudo ls /tmp/foo
128.112.152.122 128.232.103.201 18.31.0.190
sudo cat /tmp/foo/*
planetlab-1.cs.princeton.edu
planetlab1.xeno.cl.cam.ac.uk
planetlab1.lcs.mit.edu
By default, pssh uses at most 32 ssh processes in parallel to ssh to the various nodes. (This is somewhat important if you're controlling hundreds or thousands of machines.) By default, it also uses a timeout of one minute to ssh to a node and obtain a result. For ssh commands that take longer than this (e.g., sleep 61), the -t option can be used. Note that pssh and pnuke have a default timeout of one minute. pscp and prsync have no default timeout, but one can be specified using the -t option.
pscp
Here's an example of using pscp to copy files in parallel to a set of machines.
sudo pscp -h ips.txt -l irb2 /etc/hosts /tmp/hosts
Success on 128.112.152.122:22
Success on 18.31.0.190:22
Success on 128.232.103.201:22
Using the -r option will perform a recursive copy for copying entire directories.
2) cluster ssh
administer multiple ssh or rsh shells simultaneouslyClusterSSH allows you to control multiple ssh or rsh sessions from a single input window. You can also configure clusters of machines for easy invocation and interact with individual terminal windows during a session.
Install Cluster ssh in Ubuntu
sudo aptitude install clusterssh
Configuration Files
This /etc/clusters file is cluster tag database. Contains a list of tags and hostnames, in the form
<tag> [<username>@]hostname [...]
Newlines and comments (delimited with a #) are ignored.
Cluster definitions can also be added to the $HOME/.csshrc file
This /etc/csshrc file is Global configuration file, sourced by all users. Can be generated by:
sudo cssh -u > /etc/csshrc
$HOME/.csshrc
Per user configuration file. Can be generated by:
cssh -u > /etc/csshrc </tt>
To add a cluster definition to this file, use the following format
cluster_tag1 = server1 server2 user@server3
cluster_tag2 = server4 server5
clusters = cluster_tag1 cluster_tag2
Be aware of using "reserved names" and no check is currently performed for them.
Using Cluster SSH
If you want to perform the same command on the three servers one, two, & three use the following command
sudo cssh one two three
This will open three consoles, one for each server, over an ssh connection, and one little console to type your command.
3) Multixterm
Expect is a program that talks to other interactive programs according to a script. Expect is useful for running any program which requires interaction between the program and the user.In Ubuntu multixterm included in expect package.
Install expect in Ubuntu
sudo aptitude install expect
Multixterm Syntax
multixterm -[ args ] "command arg1 arg2″ server1 server2...
Arguments
-xa -- The optional -xa argument indicates arguments to pass to xterm.
-xc -- The optional -xc argument indicates a command to be run in each named xterm (see -xn). With no -xc argument, the command is the current shell.
-xd -- The optional -xd argument indicates a directory to search for files that will appear in the Files menu. By default, the directory is: ~/lib/multixterm
-xf -- The optional -xf argument indicates a file to be read at startup. See FILES below for more info.
-xn -- The optional -xn argument indicates a name for each xterm. This name will also be substituted for any %n in the command argument (see -xc).
-xv -- The optional -xv flag puts multixterm into a verbose mode where it will describe some of the things it is doing internally. The verbose output is not intended to be understandable to anyone but the author.
Multixterm Examples
The following command line starts up two xterms using ssh to the hosts 192.168.2.100 and 192.168.2.101
sudo multixterm -xc "ssh root@%n" 192.168.2.100 192.168.2.101
-xc -- The optional -xc argument indicates a command to be run in each named xterm (see -xn). With no -xc argument, the command is the current shell.
ssh root@%n : ssh is a command to connect remote server with root user. This name will also be substituted for any %n in the command argument.
Sponsored Link
Incoming search terms:
Related posts
6 Comments to "Execute commands simultaneously on multiple servers Using PSSH/Cluster SSH/Multixterm"
 1. macsim says:
 Nice post (as allways) you forget "dsh" the famous dancer's shell, or distributed shell I used it on openmosix cluster very usefull ;)
 keep going
 max
 [Reply]
 2. Max says:
 On Hardy Heron (8.04) you need to run parallel-ssh instead of pssh.
 [Reply]
 3. krishan says:
 There is also the excellent 'clusterit'.
 Happy clustering
 krishan
 [Reply]
 4. Mark says:
 Wow this is crazy. I'm a user of iTerm on Mac OS X and there's an option to send keyboard input to all tabs. So I load 5 or 6 tabs and ssh in each tab to my target machine. I then send input to all tabs and whatever I type on one tab, goes to the others. I can use command+right to switch tabs quickly so I can make sure every machine is 'on the same page'. This allows for interactive