text:
Garden Environment Temperature Humidity Meter
Suspended temperature and humidity meter, not need to battery(except tester with clock), saving power, widely used in garden, greenhouse nursery, laboratories, aquaculture, instrument workshops, books, rooms, hospitals, computer room or etc.
Size: 200mm(Hight), 20mm(Thickness)
Humidity range: 10%~90%RH
Accuracy: temperature: ±2℃, humidity: ±5%RH~10%RH
Pattern: Meter, Meter with clock
Battery: 1*1.5V AA battery( Meter with clcok)
Pointer type, calibration clear and measure accurately
Can point to correct reading after 30 minutes
Practical and convenient, accurate, anti-aging, long life
How to adjust temperature / humidity:
1. Cover the back of meter with wet towel or cover the whole item about 30 minutes
2. The meter shows the humidity reading is 45℃ / 95%RH
3. If the pointer do not point to 95%RH, should be used suitable screwdriver to open the back of case, and adjust the spiral fixed mount until the pointer point to 45℃ / 95%RH
1. Hanging on ventilation places, avoiding hang on the metope of direct sunlight and air-conditioner air outlet.
2. keep away from rain, do not use corrosive solutions cleaning the item.
3. Suitable temperature and humidity for crops: 22℃—32℃ 60%RH—80%RH
4. Comfortable temperature and humidity for people: 18℃—23℃ 45%RH—65%RH
1 X Temperature humidity meter
you can track your packages after an order has shipped.


text:
Opinions expressed by entrepreneur contributors are there are six basic, universal needs that make us tick and drive all we all have the same six needs,. Home news almost one third of families of children with cancer have unmet of children with cancer have unmet basic needs of diagnosis and six. Why is social-emotional development page 2 z mid-state central early childhood direction center their newborn by attending to their basic needs. Personality development in childhood the basic psychological needs fromm outlined six basic psychological needs to gain security and escape loneliness. Here are some needs adolescents that teenagers have six basic needs which need to be progressively separate themselves from their childhood.
Most of us are familiar with the maslow's hierarchy of needs though we tend to think of them as five basic needs, maslow had modified the hierarchy later to include. Learning basic trust versus basic mistrust occurs during early childhood, what every college student needs august 1,. Our state pages on salaries for early childhood education jobs offer you information that tend to children's basic needs when parents six strategies for.
Development during middle childhood: the years from six to development during middle childhood: what is known and what needs to. Families who can meet their own basic needs for food, clothing, housing and transportation and know how to access essential services such as childcare,. We explain the six aspects of the montessori prepared environment, a prepared montessori classroom that is designed to meet the individual needs of all. Assessment in early childhood and needs within the context of the pre-kindergarten or child care classroom is through observation (sixto eight-year. The first five years of life are critical for child development thinking and communication skills she needs for including early childhood educators.
Read chapter 10 conclusion: the status of basic research on middle childhood: for the first time, a report focuses specifically on middle childhood--a dis. A dysfunctional family is a family in which conflict, in totality or selectively allowing children's needs to go unmet the six basic roles. Separate special education needs provision in early childhood and school education - eurydice there are six state-owned special basic schools. This lesson introduces the concept of basic needs students learn about events that prevent people from getting their basic needs they also explore how people and.
In early childhood therefore, early childhood is a period in development of pattern and pace basic a follows early childhood development is linked. Issues and challenges of implementation of early childhood education from conception of six years of adults for almost all their basic needs physical. Early childhood education lenges and needs related to training and technical assistance included in this high-level definitions document.
Global education teacher resources to encourage a global write a statement about children's access to basic needs select one of the needs and use picture books,. Child development and early learning in many settings, early childhood programmes support parents and their children from infancy through age 8,. The level to which basic needs are met quality early childhood programs, and identifies six structural policy at the center for american progress. One of the basic physical needs of a human being is food humans are motivated to fulfill this basic need before trying to fulfill more complex needs like education.
From childhood to our relationship with ourselves, six elements of self-care in adults with and are dependent on others for basic needs and relational. Six major principles of idea (iep) must be developed and implemented to meet the unique needs of each student with a disability. Childhood nutrition refers to the dietary needs of healthy scientists began to discover essential nutrients for basic growth and development and began the.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Computer Graphics Forum
Volume 11, Issue 3 (1992)
Roni Yagel and Arie KaufmanAbstract:
We present an efficient three-phase algorithm for volume viewing that is based on exploiting coherency between rays in parallel projection. The algorithm starts by building a raytemplate and determining a special plane for projection - the base-plane. Parallel rays are cast into the volume from within the projected region of the volume on the base-plane, by repeating the sequence of steps specified in the ray-template. We carefully choose the type of line to be employed and the way the template is being placed on the base-plane in order to assure uniform sampling of the volume by the discrete rays. We conclude by describing an optimized software implementation of our algorithm and reporting its performance.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Vital Statistics:
Place of Origin: France
Group: Scenthound
Height: males 22-23 in., females 21-22 in.
Weight: 55-62 lbs.
Life span: n/a
Trainability: moderate
Good with children: yes
Good with other pets: yes with other dogs
What is the origin of the Porcelaine?
The Porcelaine is believed to be the oldest of all French hounds. Almost extinct during the French Revolution, Swiss breeders recovered the Porcelaine in 1845. The name Porcelaine is a reference to its shiny coat.
What does the Porcelaine look like?
The Porcelaine is an elegant looking dog, males are 22-23 inches tall, females 21-22 inches tall, weight is 55-62 lbs. The forehead is flat. The nose is black. Eyes are round and dark. Ears are thin, pointed and hanging. The tail is thick at the base tapering to a point. the coat is very short, fine and shiny. Color is bright white with orange markings especially on the ears. Occasional brushing is all the coat requires.
What is the temperament of the Porcelaine?
The Porcelaine is a serene dog at home. It has an independent nature and early positive obedience training will help avoid bad behavior. Porcelaines are friendly dogs, good with people, children and other dogs. They are not dogs suited to apartment living as they need space to run and hunt.
What is the Porcelaine used for?
The Porcelaine is used generally in packs for hunting all types of wild game. Porcelaines are very affectionate and make good family companions.
Possible Health Issues
No specific known health issues at present.
Facebook Comments Box


text:
scores. The Pearson scoring system is, in essence, similar to many high school or college grading systems in that a score of 90 to 100 is considered an A, a score from 80 to 89 is considered a B, and so forth. In the example shown in Image 6, accountants would likely be justified in using only the first two rows of data for regression purposes, but not the third row (in Excel's row 5).
Using the PEARSON function, we can analyse each line item within our 48-month data set of historical values as follows. Before starting this process, we should establish the lowest Pearson score we are willing to accept. For example, we might deem that any line item scoring less than a 60% Pearson score is unsuitable for regression purposes. For those line items scoring below this predetermined threshold, a projection method other than regression will need to be used to project those budget line items. To calculate the Pearson score for our Dynamics GP data, in a new column we enter the formula =ABS(PEARSON (E2:BL2,$E$1:$BL$1)) next to the first row of data (cell BZ2 in this example) and copy the formula downward (as suggested in Image 7). (Note: A negative Pearson score of say, -95% is still a high score; the negative value simply means the data is trending downward instead of upward. Therefore, I've included the ABSOLUTE (ABS) function in this formula to force any negative Pearson scores to display as positive Pearson scores, which makes the resulting scores easier to format conditionally.
Image 7: Pearson scores for the historical data
Our next step is to highlight the Pearson scores and apply conditional formatting to make the subpar scores easier to identify, as follows. Start by selecting the Pearson scores in column BZ, and then from the Home tab, select Conditional Formatting, Highlight Cell Rules, Less Than, enter.60 (or 60%) in the Format cells that are LESS THAN box, and press OK. As a result, those rows of data with inadequate Pearson scores are highlighted in translucent red (or pink, you could say) in Image 7.
6. Replace budget line item amounts that have inadequate Pearson scores. Once the Pearson scores have been calculated for each line item, you should replace the regression-based projections for those line items with subpar Pearson scores (less than 60% in this example) and insert new values using an alternative projection method, such as using an appropriate inflation index.
In addition, it is wise to document and colour-code this alternative projection method. We then repeat this process for each line item as necessary and, upon completion, we have our initial 2018 rounded, seasonalised budget based on a combination of regression, inflation, and contract-pricing projection methods. Note that at this juncture you should expect your budget projections to be based on a variety of projection methods. For example, your 200-line-item expense budget might end up consisting of 30 line items based on contract values, 40 line items based on inflated 2017 values, and the remaining 130 line items based on regression calculations.
7. Forecast balance sheet. No budget would be complete without including a cash flow forecast. To project cash flow for 2018, we would need to forecast the 2018 balance sheet line items. Many balance sheet line items are relatively easy to project. As examples, land is usually a fixed amount, property and equipment values can be easily projected based on depreciation schedules, and loans payable amounts can be easily projected based on amortisation schedules. However, forecasting other line items, such as accounts receivable, inventory, and accounts payable balances, is trickier, though it can be done using historical financial statement ratios, as follows.
Let's assume that we have calculated the average number of days in accounts receivable, inventory, and accounts payable from our 2017 actual financials as 42, 62, and 28 days, respectively. Let's further assume that these amounts remain consistent enough throughout the year for us to rely on them for projection purposes. In this case, we can then use our 2018 budgeted income statement, along with these number-of-days ratio calculations to project balance sheet line items, as follows:
a. Accounts receivable. To project accounts receivable balances for 2018, we divide total budgeted net sales for January 2018 ($2,006,400 in this example) by 365 days, and multiply by 42 days to derive $230,873.42. Next, we apply rounding to produce a January 2018 accounts receivable budget value of $230,900 in this example. (Because Dynamics GP displays the sales amounts as negative values, we must adjust our formula by multiplying the product by —1 to produce a positive value.) We then copy this formula across to calculate the budgeted accounts receivable values for each month in 2018, as shown in Image 8.
Image 8: Balance sheet projections
b. Inventory. To project inventory balances for 2018, we divide total budgeted net cost of goods sold for January ($288,300 in this example) by 365 days, and multiply by 62 days to derive $48,971.51. Next, we apply rounding to produce a January 2018 inventory budget value of $49,000 and then copy this formula across to calculate the budgeted inventory values for each month in 2018, as shown in Image 8.
c. Accounts payable. To project accounts payable for 2018, we divide total budgeted net expenses for those January line items typically paid on account ($1,483,150 in this example) by 365 days, and multiply by 28 days to derive $113,776. (For consistency, make sure the line items selected are the same line items used to calculate the days in payables.) Next, we apply rounding to produce a January 2018 accounts payable budget value of $113,800 and then copy this formula across to calculate the budgeted accounts payable values for each month in 2018, as pictured in Image 8.
Next, we populate the remaining budgeted balance sheet line items, and then calculate the change in each balance sheet line item for each month. Finally, we can calculate January 2018's projected ending cash balance, as follows. Starting with January 2018's beginning cash balance ($234,600 in this example), we add net income/(loss) (—$77,600 in this example), add back depreciation and amortisation ($35,400 in this example), and add or subtract the month-to-month changes in the applicable balance sheet line items (a net amount of —$34,700 in this example) to project an ending cash balance of $157,700 for January 2018. This $157,700 ending cash balance becomes the beginning cash balance for February, and the calculations are repeated for each additional month to create ending cash balances for each month in 2018, as shown in Image 8.
At this point, we have created an initial preliminary budget for 2018. While this may seem to be a completed budget to you, to management it's merely a starting point that most certainly requires further review and refinements before finalising. For example, management may want to add new line items for purchasing new furnishings, equipment, or a new accounting system. The bosses may also want to expand or tighten the marketing budget, increase sales expectations, or implement an employee training initiative. In other words, further refinements should be expected.
8. Use the budget. There is little point in going through the time and effort to create a budget if you're not going to follow it or periodically compare it to actual results. To properly utilise a budget, management should:
- Consult the budget. Refer to the budget throughout the year when approving significant expenditures, and ensure that spending does not exceed budgeted amounts, unless the president, board, or management approves such overages.
- Compare budget values to actual values. This should be done on a monthly basis. Specifically, income statement and balance sheet line items should be compared to budgeted values, cash balances should be compared to cash flow forecasts, and key financial ratios should be compared to expected financial ratios.
- Flag significant deviations from the budget. For example, management should flag those items that vary by more than 10%, or by more than $10,000, for further scrutiny (or some other threshold that you deem appropriate). You should analyse those significant deviations in detail and document reasons for those variances.
- Take corrective measures, as necessary. In case errors are discovered, management should enter adjusting journal entries to correct those errors or communicate with vendors to resolve duplicate bills or payments. If fraud is detected, management should take steps to identify and possibly remove the fraudsters, recover monies, and prevent future frauds. If significant variances are found to be caused by flawed budget projections, then management should learn from the past budgeting mistakes and employ more reliable methods for projecting those same line items when preparing future budgets.
Regardless of which budgeting methods you use, even the best budgets are just educated estimates derived from the best available information at hand, with experience and reason applied. Despite this "iffy" nature of the budgeting process, most accountants believe it's better to embrace budgeting because budgets represent more than mere restrictions on spending; well-prepared budgets can serve a much greater purpose. Proper budgets represent thoughtful plans of action to help guide organisations toward their financial goals. Budgets also represent the first line of defence against fraud, because it's virtually impossible to perpetrate a fraud for long periods when the proper budgeting and review process is employed (short of massive collusion


Stay Connected
Monday, January 30, 2012
Honey Tangerine Chicken
Honey tangerines, which are also known as Murcott oranges, are only grown in the state of Florida. The actual origin of this fruit is a bit of a mystery, but what we do know about it is that is a hybrid between the tangerine and sweet orange, also known as a tangor. It is thought that a man by the name of Charles Murcott Smith is the developer of the fruit, hence its name. He was a manager of a nursery located in Bayview, Florida. Charles is believed to have created the honey tangerines in the 1920s. Also, supposedly, involved in the development of the honey tangerine are J. Ward Smith and W. T. Swindle. Another name for the honey tangerines is Murcott orange, but it's mostly sold under the name honey tangerine. The fruit comes in various colors, but most of the time it has an orange red color and sometimes it's more of a yellow orange. It all depends on the winter conditions that year; if it was a cold winter, they have a darker orange and during warmer months, they have a lighter, brighter yellow orange.
The reason why the honey tangerines got their name was because of its sweet taste, perhaps the sweetest tangerine there is – usually compared to the sugar levels of the honeybell, also known as the Minneola tangelo. The juice of honey tangerines is mainly used in the kitchen for baking desserts like orange cakes. Some even put it in their salad dressing and croutons. Others put it in during the last minute of their stir fly to give it a citrusy taste. Honey tangerines are only grown in Florida between January and April. The best ones to pick are those that are a bit heavy, shiny and smooth. Those that are light may not be as juicy. Don't buy any that have green spots or wrinkled skin. Honey tangerines are known to spoil quickly, so make sure you plan to eat them fairly quickly before getting them; don't buy too many at a time if you don't think they'll be consumed in a timely manner. The average honey tangerine is small to medium in size. (Source:
I had purchased a few of these tangerines and still had one left. So I decided to just cut it up and make a sauce with it. It was very good. A little on the sweet side but not overly so and it was perfect over some brown rice.
Honey Tangerine Chicken
4-6oz. Boneless Chicken Breasts, cubed
2 tbsp. Flour
1 Honey Tangerine, peeled, segmented and cut in half
1/4 c. Honey
3/4 c. Low Sodium Chicken Broth
3/4 c. Orange Juice
1 tsp. Dill
2 tbsp. Canola Oil
In large pot or Dutch oven, heat oil and saute chicken until it is cooked through. Add flour and mix. Next, add the chicken broth, orange juice, honey, tangerine pieces and dill. Bring to a boil, then let simmer for 15 minutes. Season with salt and pepper and serve alone or over rice or noodles. Serves 4.
Points+=9pts (assuming all of the sauce is used and divided equally into four parts)
Shared on Amee's Savory Dish Fit and Fabulous Fridays on 2/3/12
 1. MMMM sounds wonderful Carrie! I have never had a honey tangerine before, going to see if I can get some from Cali! Nettie
 2. Carrie, this sounds wonderful, and simple enough for me to try! Going to pin this! Hugs!
 3. Thanks for sharing with Weekend PotlucK! Your photo is just GORGEOUS!!!!
 ~Tonya from 4 little Fergusons
 4. Looks amazing!!! :) Thanks for sharing, Carrie!


text:
Econometric black art
Recently, Kasia has jointed our team to strengthen econometric part of GRAPE and right away presented her latest paper (joint work with Grant Hillier). Paper presents new approaches to testing for exogeneity in non-parametric models with discrete regressors and instruments. The interest of authors is in learning about an unknown structural (conditional mean) function. An interesting feature of these models is that under endogeneity the identifying power of a discrete instrument depends on the number of support points of the instruments relative to that of the regressors, a result driven by the discreteness of the variables. Observing that the simple nonparametric additive error model can be interpreted as a linear regression, we present two test-statistics. For the point identifying model, the test is an adapted version of the standard Wu-Hausman approach. This extends the work of Blundell and Horowitz (2007) to the case of discrete regressors and instruments. For the set identifying model, the Wu-Hausman approach is not available. In this case the test-statistic is derived from a constrained minimization problem. The asymptotic distributions of the test-statistics are derived under the null and fixed and local alternatives. The tests are shown to be consistent, and a simulation study reveals that the proposed tests have satisfactory finite-sample properties.


text:
This resource is no longer available
The Role of Data Integration CRM
Most companies realize the value of collecting customer data, but they're faced with many challenges when trying to analyze and translate that data into actionable insights. To overcome these issues, savvy organizations are combining data mining technology with their CRM efforts - especially online programs.
This e-guide explores the significant role of data integration in electronic customer relationship management (e-CRM) analytics. In the first article, industry experts introduce e-CRM, provide a foundation for their research, propose hypotheses, and present their new framework. In the second article, those experts detail their research methodology, and discuss findings and organizational implications.


text: Post navigation Scientists have recently discovered a new planet which has clouds made of vaporized metal. These clouds are so reflective that they act like a mirror, reflecting most of the light from the planet's day-star back into space. It is believed to be one of the most unique planets so far discovered. The Fulton County District Attorney has selected a grand jury to consider potential criminal charges against former President Donald Trump. The selection was approved by Judge Baxter Jonson and will proceed with investigations into the president's alleged crimes. The jurors will deliberate on the evidence presented to them to decide whether the evidence is sufficient to bring criminal charges such as fraud or racketeering.


text:
Australia; Indigenous peoples; missionaries; history; Catholic Church; Lutheranism; Pallottines
"This book covers the missionary activity in Australia conducted by non-English speaking missionaries from Catholic and Protestant mission societies from its beginnings to the end of the mission era. It looks through the eyes of the missionaries and their helpers, as well as incorporating Indigenous perspectives and offering a balanced assessment of missionary endeavour in Australia, attuned to the controversies that surround mission history. It means neither to condemn nor praise, but rather to understand the various responses of Indigenous communities, the intentions of missionaries, the agendas of the mission societies and the many tensions besetting the mission endeavour. It explores a common commitment to the supernatural and the role of intermediaries like local diplomats and evangelists from the Pacific Islands and Philippines, and emphasises the strong role played by non-English speakers in the transcultural Australian mission effort.
This book is a companion to the website German Missionaries in Australia – A web-directory of intercultural encounters. The web-directory provides detailed accounts of Australian missions staffed with German speakers. The book reads laterally across the different missions and produces a completely different type of knowledge about missions. The book and its accompanying website are based on a decade of research ranging across mission archives with foreign-language sources that have not previously been accessed for a historiography of Australian missions.
'A remarkable intellectual achievement, compelling reading.'
— Dr Niel Gunson
'The range of knowledge on display here is very impressive indeed.'
— Professor Peter Monteath"
如果您有任何问题，请随时与我们联系，谢谢。The Contest for Aboriginal Souls 内容均搜集于网络，本身不存储任何资源，如侵犯到您的权益，请提交反馈，我们将配合您第一时间删除。


From ARRSEpedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The scourge of soldiering. Appreciated by good officers and despised by bad ones, morale can appear in many forms. Unfortunately, most of the forms manifest themselves in ways not generally appreciated by those in positions of authority. What will be seen as a hilarious jape by the general soldiery is guaranteed to be perceived as either a breakdown in discipline or outright mutinous behaviour by officers above the rank of captain.
Oddly, morale is encouraged within the officer corps. This is called 'high spirits' and is perfectly accecptable to 'the powers that be' - irrespective of the levels of noise, nudity and damage caused. 'High spirits' do not apply to ORs and non-commissioned practitioners of anything approaching fun can expect an Interview Without Coffee on Monday morning.
Strangely, morale is geographically limited and is noticably absent in places such as Sennybridge or Otterburn. I know I've lost my sense of humour there countless times. My platoon sergeant used to keep a pair of his wife's knickers in his Nyrex to keep his morale up - does that explain it?
Allegedly morale can be improved by the administration of Corned Beef Hash and alcohol - especially the latter. The myth of morale is believed to stem from the Middle Ages, though the exact origins of it are unknown.
libraryimage.jpg Find out more in the Dictionary


parameter value unit
PAR number 44.2 uMol/s/m^2
PAR photon current 98.0 uMol/s
PAR photon efficacy 0.7 uMol/s/W
The PAR efficiency is 64 % (valid for the PAR wave length range of 400 – 700 nm). This is the maximum percentage of the total of photons in the light that is effectively used by the average plant (since the plant might not take 100 % of the photons at the frequency where its relative sensitivity is 100 %).
S/P ratio
The S/P ratio and measurement is explained on the OliNo website. Here the results are given.
The power spectrum, sensitivity curves and resulting scotopic and photopic spectra (spectra energy content defined at 1 m distance).
The S/P ratio of the light coming from this lamp is 1.8.
More info on S/P ratio can be found on the OliNo website.
Chromaticity diagram
The chromaticity space and the position of the lamp's color coordinates in it.
The point of the light in this diagram is inside the area indicated with class A. This area indicates an area for signal lamps, see also the article on signal lamps and color areas on the OliNo website.
The color coordinates are x=0.3311 and y=0.3593.
Color Rendering Index (CRI) or also Ra
Herewith the image showing the CRI as well as how well different colors are represented (rendered). The higher the number, the better the resemblance with the color when a black body radiator would have been used (the sun, or an incandescent lamp). Practical information and also some critics about the CRI can be found on the OliNo website.
Each color has an index Rx, and the first 8 indexes (R1 .. R8) are averaged to compute the Ra which is equivalent to the CRI.
CRI of the light of this lightbulb.
This value of 66 indicates how well the light of this lamp can render well a set of reference colors, this in comparison with the light of a reference source (for color temperatures < 5000K a black radiator is used as reference and for color temperatures > 5000K the sun or the light outside during the day).
The value of 66 is smaller than the value of 80 that is considered as a minimum for working areas in general.
Note: the chromaticity difference is 0.0066 and indicates the distance to the Planckian Locus. There is a value mentioned of max 5.4E-3 in section 5.3 of CIE 13.3-1995 however not further explanation of it.
An other reference with signal lights as a reference is given in the chromaticity diagram.
Voltage dependency
The dependency of a number of lamp parameters on the lamp voltage is determined. For this, the lamp voltage has been varied and its effect on the following light bulb parameters measured: illuminance E_v [lx], the lamppower P [W] and the luminous efficacy [lm/W] (this latter is estimated here by dividing the found E_v value by P).
Lamp voltage dependencies of certain light bulb parameters
There is no (significant) dependency of the illuminance when the power voltage varies between 200 – 250 V AC.
There is no (significant) dependency of the consumed power when the power voltage varies between 200 – 250 V AC.
When the voltage varies abruptly with + or – 5 V AC then this results in a variation of the illuminance of maximally 0.0 %. This difference in illuminance is not visible (when it occurs abruptly).
Warm up effects
After switch on of a cold lamp, the effect of heating up of the lamp is measured on illuminance E_v [lx], the lamppower P [W] and the luminous efficacy [lm/W].
Effect of warming up on different light bulb parameters. In the first graph the 100 % level is put at begin, and in the last graph the 100 % level is put at the end.
During the warmup time the illuminance varies during 37 minutes and decreases with 6 %.
During the warmup time the power doesn't vary significantly (< 5 %).
Measure of flickering
An analysis is done on the measure of flickering of the light output by this light bulb. See the article on flickering on OliNo site for more information.
The measure of fast illuminance variation of the light of the light bulb
parameter value unit
Flicker frequency 100.9 Hz
Illuminance modulation index 1 %
The illuminance modulation index is computed as: (max_Ev – min_Ev) / (max_Ev + min_Ev).
Biologic effect
The biologic effect shows the level of impact the light of this lamp can have on the day-night rhythm of human beings (as well as the suppression of melatonin production). See also the explanatory article on biologic effect on OliNo.
The important parameters (according to prenorm DIN V 5031-100:2009-06):
biologic effect factor 0.643
kbiol trans (25 years) 1.000
kbiol trans (50 years) 0.714
kbiol trans (75 years) 0.432
kpupil(25 years) 1.000
kpupil(50 years) 0.740
kpupil(75 years) 0.519
Blue Light Hazard
The amount of blue light and the harm it can cause on the retina has been determined. Herewith the results.
See for more info the explanation about blue light hazard on the OliNo site.
The level of blue light of this lamp related to the exposure limit and the different classification areas.
L_lum0 [mm] 55 Dimension of brightest part of lamp in C0-C180 direction.
L_lum90 [mm] 1490 Dimension of brightest part of lamp in C90-C270 direction.
SSD_500lx [mm] 3199 Calculated distance where Ev = 500 lux. This computation is valid when it is in the far field of the lamp. Note: if this value < 200 mm then the distance of 200 mm is taken as proposed in the norm IEC 62471:2006.
Start of far field [mm] 7455 Minimum distance at which the lamp can be seen as apoint source. In this area the Ev is linearly dependent from (1/distance)2.
300-350 nm values stuffed with 0s yes In the event OliNo has measured with a SpB1211 spectrometer without UV option then the irradiance data of 300-349 nm is missing. For lamps where there is already no energy content near 350 nm, the values 300-349 can also be set at zero then.
alphaC0-C180 [rad] 0.017 (Apparent) source angle in C0-C180 direction.
alphaC90-C270 [rad] 0.466 (Apparent) source angle in C90-C270 direction.
alphaAVG [rad] 0.059 Average (apparent) source angle. If average >= 0.011 rad then the exposure limit is computed with radiance Lb. Otherwise with irradiance Eb.
Exposure value [W/m^2/sr] <2.96E+1 Blue Light Hazard value for this lamp, measured straight underneath the lamp. Computation is referenced to Lb. Because the distance at 500 lux is in the near field, then this exposure value is too pessimistic and should be lower.
Blue Light Hazard risk group 0 0=exempt, 1=low, 2 = moderate, 3=high risk.
Extra
The power supply that was used.
Leave a Reply

WP Theme & Icons by N.Design Studio
Privacy Policy Entries RSS Comments RSS Log in


Despite the fact that our nation's potato consumption is at its lowest point in 30 years — down 20% since 1996, in fact — our kids are consuming so much of the vegetable in school lunches that it's become a topic of debate in the Senate. The government would like to see potatoes in school lunches limited to only two servings per week, but senators from big potato-growing states are arguing against the USDA's suggestions by ranting, raving, and comparing it to the villainous iceberg lettuce. Except that potatoes are delicious.


fingerholes.
A long flute with a closed top and a transverse blowing hole and finger holes like a pōrutu.
A long flute with a notched open top which is the blowing edge and a single finger hole near the end - the instrument was chanted through and was traditionally played over the fontanelle of an infant to implant songs and tribal information into the child's subconscious.
Some of the following instruments can be blown as a trumpet as well as a flute, as you would play a kōauau.
One example of a large Pūtōrino (555mm long and 50mm wide in the middle), a traditional Māori musical instrument that is played as both a flute and a horn. Note the shape resembles the native bag-moth (Psychidae: Liothula omnivora). Constructed in the 21st century using stone tools, this pūtōrino was made from one piece of mataī wood that was split, shaped and hollowed, and then bound back together, in this instance with a modern nylon line. This particular instrument is free of external, carved adornment of any sort.
The pūtōrino is known for its wide range of voices including a male voice (trumpet) and a female voice (flute). The pūtōrino varies in length from 20cm to 50cm (9 to 20 inches) and has an uneven bore, swelling out to the centre and diminishing evenly towards the lower end, where the pipe is narrow, and has either a very small opening or none at all. The outer shape is carved from a solid piece of wood, split in half lengthwise, hollowed out like two small waka and then lashed together again with flax cord or similar subtitute for binding. At the widest part of the pipe there is an opening shaped like a grotesque mouth. The finest specimens are decorated at both ends with carved figures, and the open mouth is part of a head which is outlined on the flat surface of the pipe. It can be played with bugle technique, with closed lips which are set in vibration by the rapid withdrawal of the tongue. Small variations of pitch can be produced by moving the forefinger over the centre opening.
Example of the Pūtōrino
The pōrutu is a long version of the kōauau, usually measuring from 38cm to 57cm long (14 to 22 inches). The playing quality differs depending on the material it is made from. New Zealand native hardwoods such as mānuka, mataī, or black maire are suitable for a clean resonating effects. Like the pūtorino, it has 2 voices, the male (trumpet) and female (flute). The female voice can produce up to 5 harmonics depending on the bore.
The Pūkaea is a traditional Maori trumpet made of wood. There are several differing designs and lengths within the Pūkaea genre. Pūkaea were used to announce relay signals at times of conflict and were also used to announce the rituals associated with the planting of kumara (sweet potato) and other crops. The function of this instrument is to herald spiritual pathways. As a war trumpet they were used in announcing an oncoming war-party and were dedicated to Tumatauenga (god of war). In the announcement of harvest they were dedicated to Rongomatane (God of agriculture, arts and peace). Today they can be heard heralding the visitors onto the marae or at the opening and closing of important ceremonies.
Example of a large Pūkaea
A traditional Maori conch shell trumpet which had a variety of roles from signaling to ceremonial and ritual use.
Example of the Pūtātara (second instrument only)
Other musical instruments
Percussion Instruments
Pahū Pounamu
This Maori musical instrument is made of wood and a jade/greenstone gong and was used in the whare purakau (house of learning). Part of it is made of the jaw bone of the upokohue (pilot whale) and the striker is made from akeake, a native hardwood.
Whirled Instruments
The Purerehua can be made of bone, wood or stone, they are blade-like and swing on a long cord producing a loud, deep whirling that can be heard from a distance. A rapid spinning motion will start the music of the Purerehua'a song as it rotates and flutters. Uses vary from luring lizards, summoning rain, communicating and attracting a soul mate.
Example of a non-traditional Pūrerehua
This Maori musical instrument was used as a bird lure. It was made by hollowing a gourd, drilling holes on either side and attaching a cord by which it could be swung around the head creating a whistling, chattering voice that attracted birds.
See also
External links
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
Look at other dictionaries:
 - Maori Volcanics Showband — Origin New Zealand Years active 1967–2002 Past members Robbie Ratana Heta Gilbert Jessie Rawiri Charlie Te Hau John Rangi Gilbert Smith Prince Tui Teka Billy T. James … Wikipedia
 - Māori culture — Wharenui, Ohinemutu village, Rotorua. Māori culture is the culture of the Māori of New Zealand, an Eastern Polynesian people, and forms a distinctive part of New Zealand culture. Within the Māori community, and to a lesser extent throughout New… … Wikipedia
 - Māori people — For the Māori people of the Cook Islands, see Cook Islanders. Māori … Wikipedia
 - Maori Songs — For Māori music, see Māori music. Maori Songs Studio album by Kiri Te Kanawa Released … Wikipedia
 - Maori Boy — Single by JGeek and the Geeks Released 1 December 2010 Format Dig … Wikipedia
 - Māori Television — Current Māori Television Logo Launched 28 March 2004 Owned by New Zealand Government Te Putahi Paoho Picture format 576i 16:9 (SDTV) Country … Wikipedia
 - Māori Muslims — are a small minority community in New Zealand. Contents 1 Growth 1.1 Māori Quran translation 2 Literature 3 References … Wikipedia
Share the article and excerpts
Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select "Copy Link"


text:
Columbia in Richland County, South Carolina — The American South (South Atlantic)
Fort Jackson Elementary School / Hood Street Elementary School
Fort Jackson Elementary School was one of the first public schools in S.C. to desegregate when classes began on September 3, 1963. The first school on post and one of the first permanent buildings at Fort Jackson, it was built in only three months. A new federal policy required all schools on military bases to admit African-American students instead of sending them to separate schools off-base.
Hood Street Elementary School
This school opened under Principal Thomas Silvester with nine civilian teachers and 245 students in Grades 1-6. A newspaper article described it as "operated without regard to race, creed or color." Fort Jackson Elementary School, later renamed Hood Street Elementary School after additional schools opened on post, has served the families of Fort Jackson servicemen and servicewomen for more than 45 years.
Erected 2009 by Fort Jackson, United States Army. (Marker Number 40-??.)
Topics. This historical marker is listed in this topic list: Notable Buildings. A significant historical month for this entry is September 1861.
Location. Touch for map. Marker is in this post office area: Columbia SC 29207, United States of America. Touch for directions.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. Bridge at Remagen Stone (approx. 0.6 miles away); 31st Inf Division (approx. 0.6 miles away); 30th Inf Division (approx. 0.7 miles away); 8th Infantry Division (approx. 0.7 miles away); 4th Infantry Division (approx. Ύ mile away); 106th Inf Division (approx. 0.8 miles away); 108th Division (approx. 0.8 miles away); Darby Field (approx. 0.9 miles away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Columbia.
Credits. This page was last revised on December 5, 2020. It was originally submitted on September 6, 2012, by Mike Stroud of Bluffton, South Carolina. This page has been viewed 628 times since then and 18 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. submitted on September 6, 2012, by Mike Stroud of Bluffton, South Carolina.


7.8 C
New York
Friday, February 23, 2024
Why Bare Copper Strip Is The Preferred Choice Of Electrical Appliance Manufacturers?
Historically, copper has been a popular choice for electrical appliances and is essential in the manufacturing process. In order to understand why the braided copper strip is the preferred choice of electrical appliance manufacturers, it's necessary first to gain knowledge of how copper is used in the manufacturing process.
The Benefits Of Bare Copper Strip
 - A bare copper strip is an excellent electrical conductor. It has high electrical and thermal conductivity, making it ideal for use in electrical appliances.
 - The bare copper strip is also very flexible, making it easy to work with. It can be bent, cut, or shaped to fit any need.
 - A bare copper strip is very resistant to corrosion. This makes it ideal for use in humid or wet environments.
 - Bare copper strip is also non-magnetic, making them compatible with magnetic materials.
What Are The Advantages Of Bare Copper Over Other Materials?
Bare copper has a number of advantages over other materials used in electrical applications. Firstly, it is an excellent conductor of electricity and so is ideal for use in electrical appliances. Secondly, it is very strong and durable, meaning that it can withstand the rigours of everyday use. Finally, it is easy to work with and so is often the material of choice for manufacturers of electrical appliances.
How Does A Bare Copper Strip Behave Under Alternating Current?
The behaviour of bare copper strips under alternating current (AC) is quite different from that under direct current (DC). When AC is applied to a conductor, the resulting magnetic field around the conductor will cause it to move in a circular path. This movement can be harnessed to produce electrical energy, as in an electric generator. The frequency of the AC will determine how fast the conductor moves; for example, a 60 Hz AC signal will cause the conductor to move 60 times per second.
The amount of current flowing through the conductor will also affect its behaviour. Under DC, the current will flow in one direction only; however, under AC, the current will alternate directions. This alternation causes the magnetic field around the conductor to change directions as well. As a result, the force on the conductor is not constant, and the conductor will vibrate. The frequency of this vibration will be twice that of the applied AC signal (120 Hz for a 60 Hz signal).
The amplitude of the vibration (the maximum displacement from the rest position) will depend on both the applied voltage and the resistance of the conductor. For a given voltage, a higher resistance will result in a smaller amplitude of vibration.
A bare copper strip is particularly well-suited for use with AC signals because its low resistance means that it can carry large currents without significant heating. Additionally, its high conductivity ensures that there is minimal loss of signal strength over distance.
General Guidelines For Using Bare Copper And How To Clean It.
Bare copper strip is the preferred choice for electrical appliance manufacturers for a variety of reasons. First, copper is an excellent conductor of electricity and heat, which makes it ideal for use in electrical appliances. Second, copper is a durable metal that can withstand high temperatures and pressures, making it ideal for use in appliances that generate heat or are subject to high temperatures and pressures. Finally, copper is a relatively inexpensive metal, making it an affordable option for electrical appliance manufacturers.
When using bare copper strips in electrical appliances, there are a few general guidelines that should be followed in order to ensure optimal performance and safety. First, always use insulation on exposed copper wires in order to prevent shock hazards. Second, always use proper ventilation when working with high-powered electrical appliances to prevent fires. Finally, be sure to clean any Bare Copper Strip you are using before soldering or connecting it to other metals, as this will help to ensure a strong connection and prevent corrosion.
Jack henry
Jack henry
Hi, I'm admin of techfily.com if you need any post and any information then kindly contact us! Mail: _EMAIL_ WhatsApp: +923233319956 Best Regards,
Related Articles
Stay Connected
0FansLike
3,912FollowersFollow
0SubscribersSubscribe
Latest Articles


text:
12 Year Nigerian Boy – Chika Ofili Discovers New Maths Formula in UK4 min read
Nigeria Chika Ofili Discovers Maths Formula.
A 12-year-old Nigerian boy, Chika Ofili, has been recognised by the Westminster Under School, London in the United Kingdom for discovering a new mathematical formula in solving number divisibility especially of 7.
He has since been honoured and presented with the TruLittle Hero Award for his academic record in Maths.
The Westminster Under School is an independent preparatory school for boys aged 7 to 13, in the heart of London.
In a test assessed by Miss Mary Ellis, his Mathematics teacher, who is also the author of 'The Aliens Have Landed and 174 Other Problems,' Chika was able to solve a divisibility problem associated with number 7 in mathematics.
MEET TANITOLUWA ADEWUNMI, NIGERIAN BOY WHO WON NEW YORK CHESS COMPETITION
According to her, "Something very exciting happened last Friday when one of my pupils, Chika Ofili, popped into the classroom and asked if he could tell me something he had thought of over the summer holidays. I was intrigued.
"I had given him a book called First Steps for Problem Solvers (published by the UKMT) to look at over the holidays and inside the book was a list of the divisibility tests, which are used to quickly work out whether a number is exactly divisible by either 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 before you actually start dividing. Except that there was no test listed for checking divisibility by 7.
"The reason why it was missing is because there is no easy or memorable test for dividing by 7, or so I thought!
"In a bored moment, Chika had turned his mind to the problem and this is what he came up with. He realised that if you take the last digit of any whole number, multiply it by 5 and then add this to the remaining part of the number, you will get a new number. And it turns out that if this new number is divisible by 7, then the original number is divisible by 7. What an easy test!"
Ellis added that Chika demonstrated his test in class, saying "no one could find a counter-example to disprove it."
For example, take the number 532 53 + 2 x 5 = 63 63 is a multiple of 7, so 532 is a multiple of 7 (and therefore divisible by 7) or take the number 987 98 + 7 x 5 = 133 13 + 3 x 5 = 28 28 is a multiple of 7, so both 133 and 987 are multiples of 7.
In fact, if you actually keep going, you will always end up with either 7 or 49, if the original number is divisible by 7. For example, take the number 2996 299 + 6 x 5 = 329 32 + 9 x 5 = 77 7 + 7 x 5 = 42 4 + 2 x 5 = 14 1 + 4 x 5 = 21 2 + 1 x 5 = 7 7 is a multiple of 7 and so is 21, 14, 42, 77, 329 and the original number 2996.
The opposite is also true in that if you don't end up with a multiple of 7, then the original number is not divisible by 7. For example, take the number 114 11 + 4 x 5 = 31 3 + 1 x 5 = 8 And since 8 is clearly not divisible by 7, neither is 31 nor our original number 114.
"But mathematically, we needed to find a proof. Once a theorem is proved mathematically it will always be true. Pythagoras proved his famous theorem over 2,500 years and when he died, he knew it would never be disproved. It is important to realise that a result cannot be proved by finding thousands or even millions of results which support it.
"I woke up early on Saturday morning still thinking about Chika's test and rang my younger brother, Simon Ellis, who also happens to teach Maths, and asked him if he had ever come across the test. He hadn't and immediately set about trying to write a proof.
"An hour later, he sent me a watertight algebraic proof! He also discovered that the test works if you start by multiplying the last digit by 12, 19, 26, 33 … and then add it to the remaining part of the number. And furthermore, it works if you double the last digit and then subtract it from the remaining part of the number, of if you multiply the last digit by 9, 16, 23, 30…and subtract. And actually the doubling and subtracting test can be easily found on the internet.
"But we both agreed multiplying the last digit by 5 and adding it to the remaining part of the number is much more appealing!
"Mr O'Donnell urged me to tell the school about Chika's discovery, so an impromptu demonstration followed in Monday's assembly. We are now trying to figure out how to make this test more widely known, as it is so simple that it really should be taught alongside the other divisibility tests," Ellis said.
(See the link to the school's website: _URL_
Professional freelancer and webmaster.


text:
Synonyms for septet
WordNet 3.0 Copyright © 2006 by Princeton University.
All rights reserved.
- 1. seven, 7, VII, sevener, heptad, septet, septenary, digit, figure
- usage: the cardinal number that is the sum of six and one
- 2. septet, septette, musical organization, musical organisation, musical group
- usage: seven performers or singers who perform together
- 3. septet, septette, set
- usage: a set of seven similar things considered as a unit
- 4. septet, septette, sevensome, gathering, assemblage
- usage: seven people considered as a unit
- 5. septet, septette, musical composition, opus, composition, piece, piece of music
- usage: a musical composition written for seven performers


What is meta? ×
Sometimes it would be better to review changes based on the raw text instead of the formatted text.
Example: Someone puts some XML code into the text, which disappears in the resulting formatted text. Someone else proposes to format the XML as code. As a reviewer I can't see if the change only makes invisible text visible or if the author actually changed or added the text. I may go to the post and open it in the editor to see the original raw text - which is cumbersome.
So it would be nice to have a raw view for reviewers.
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
You can already do this:
Showing raw text suggested edit
While it may not be entirely clear (the icon isn't very suggestive, and the text isn't monospace like you get in the normal 'view source' or edit areas), the second button on the left shows the raw version of the edit.
share|improve this answer
Wow, didn't know this. I should change the feature request to "make the feature more visible" :-) – Stefan Steinegger Feb 28 '11 at 12:01
You must log in to answer this question.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged.


Stinging Trees - and a NEW Treatment for stings
Stinging trees (Gympie-Gympie) are the bane of people in the Australian tropical and sub-tropical coastal areas - especially after disturbances such as cyclones, which trigger the germination of seeds. It becomes quite an issue when children wander into small plants - and are really badly stung.
There are four common types of Australian stinging trees. Two are large rainforest trees growing up to 30 to 35 m. The other two are really little more than bushes growing up to 3 or 4m tall but often seen as a shrub 0.1 to 1m tall. The sting inflicted by the smaller species are by far the most painful. The poison from the smaller species is the most virulent and because of their size people are more likely to blunder into them. All four are closely related and belong to the same family as the common stinging nettles.
(Urticaceae). In Australia the common native nettle is Urtica inscisa.
The four variations of the Australian stinging trees are:
Giant Stinging Tree Dendrocnide (used to be called Laportea) excelsa up to 35 m
Shiny leaf Stinging Tree Dendrocnide photinophylla up to 20 m
Atherton Tableland Stinger Dendrocnide cordata up to 4 m
Gympie Stinger Dendrocnide moroidies up to 4 meters
All of these stinging trees have thousands of hollow, hypodermic-needle-like fine silica hairs of various lengths on the leaves, stalks, and small branchlets. These hairs vary from 0.1 to 2 mm long. These hairs can be seen with the naked eye but one should never touch them with unprotected skin. Contained in these hairs is a virulent irritant poison that can cause painful wheals and waves of stabbing pain that can recur for weeks or months after being stung. The effects of a sting are described in more detail later. All four species have a similar stinging mechanism but D. moroides (the Gympie Gympie) is generally considered to have the worst sting. It has been reported that some coastal aborigines used the leaves to cure rheumatism, by stinging the affected parts. This stimulation is similar to urtication (use of nettles) practiced by sufferers in Europe.
Surprisingly, just like nettles, stinging trees make a good palatable emergency vegetable once cooked. It's just the harvesting that poses the problem.
Once you have seen a stinging tree – you will have no trouble in recognizing the common 3, although D photinophylla is harder to recognize.
The distinctive form of the stinging tree – from Lake Barrine on the Atherton tableland.
Note the serrated margins of the leaves.
Giant Stinging Tree Dendrocnide excelsa
This is a very large, soft wooded, rainforest tree found in the eastern rainforests from the Victorian border to Gympie, Queensland, around 30 m tall and 2m thick at the the base with a flanged butt. The leaves are large and heart shaped with serated edges, however unlike the D. moroides, the D. excelsa's leaves join the stalk at the notch between the overlapping lobes. (as shown below-pix. 1) The leaves on older mature trees can often have little or no hairs while younger trees' leaves have more. The leaves are often eaten by insects. It is not uncommon to see whole trees with skeletonised leaves for a canopy. (The stinging hairs offer the leaf no protection from the insects - they just get munched too). Flying foxes roost in giant stinging trees - seemingly oblivious to the stings.
See the picture below to appreciate just how big this tree is. In the Dorrigo national park, some entire forest galleries are almost pure stands of D excelsa.
Giant Stinging Tree Dendrocnide excelsa with Alocasia brisbanensis (cunjevoi) in Dorrigo National Park. (_URL_ C Goodwin)
Shiny Leaf Stinging Tree Dendrocnide photinophylla
Other names are Mulberry Leaved Stinging Tree or Fibrewood tree. This is also a large, softwood, rainforest tree and grows up to 20m tall. The leaves have stinging hairs but differ from D. excelsa in that their leaves are shaped like spear heads, similar to mulberry leaves. (see diagram 3) The leaves are glossy on the upper surface , long and narrow shaped (6-12cm long) with wavy or sometimes toothed margins. The leaves on mature adult trees often have no stinging hairs at all. The sting from this tree is similar to D. excelsa. D photinophylla can be found in the rainforests from Bateman's Bay NSW to the coast north of Atherton Tablelands and Cooktown.
Because it doesn't look like the normal stinging tree - it can be hard to recognise.
pix
(From the Australian National Herbarium)
Atherton Tableland Stinger Dendrocnide cordata
Common names for this plant are similar to D. moroides, (Gympie or just Stinger), as this plant is often confused with D. moroides. Grows up to 4m tall. This species is found on the Atherton Tablelands, in New Guinea and Torres Strait islands. It is a shrub similar in habit to Dendrocnide moroides with heart shape leaves but with a broad notch at the base which is inserted the leaf stalk. The leaf margins are irregularly, shallowly, and rather coarsely lobed (not toothed like D. moroides). Local experience on the Atherton Tablelands indicates that it is probably just as bad an irritant as D. moroides.
Gympie Stinger Dendrocnide moroides
Common names are Gympie Gympie, Gympie stinger, Stinging Tree or bush, or just Stinger. It's a simple stemmed and sparingly branched shrub up to about 4m tall. The leaves can be very large oval to heart shape up to 30 cm long and 20 cm broad. Sawtooth edges to the leaf are characteristic, with the blade tapering to a short point at the tip. The leaf stalk is attached to the underside of the leaf blade at some distance inside the leaf margin. The leaf is not notched at the base. The leaf has stinging hairs on both sides of the leaves including stalks and branchlets and these can be seen with the naked eye.
Gympie Stinger Dendrocnide moroides – note the 'felty' aspect to the leaves (due to the mass of stinging hairs) and the serrated edges to the leaves. The venation is also quite distinctive.
They're most plentiful from about Gympie in southern Qld to Cape York Peninsula and is the most common stinger in the rainforest of the Atherton Tablelands. It is less plentiful south of Gympie but has been recorded as far south as Lismore in Northern NSW. D. moroides is frequently seen along the edges of roadways and tracks through the rainforest and is a common regrowth plant in recently cleared or disturbed rainforest. Because of this liking for tracks and clearings in rainforests there is a good chance of unwary visitors to the rainforests walking into them and being severely stung. These small regrowth plants, anything from 100cm up, are considered to be the most virulent. Examples of D. moroides can easily be viewed along the walkway into Crystal Cascades reserve near Cairns Qld. as the forest rangers have painted red marks near the plants so visitors can avoid them.
As juvenile plants are just as virulent as adults, most people who get stung, get stung on the ankles and lower legs - and because they are small, these plants are not immediately visible - (and they get their well earned name of "ankle-biters" ).
Fruit
Fruit colour appears to be variable - with white, pink and dark red fruit on the same species. They look a bit like mulberries - and many people have been stung trying to get them. They are quite edible - once you massage them to break the stinging hairs - but they are watery and have no particular flavour. The seeds are spread by birds.
Stinging Mechanism
All four types of stinging trees have a similar stinging mechanism. The severity of the sting depends on the surface area of skin making contact with the leaf, the number of hairs on that leaf and the nature of the poison contained in the hairs. D. moroides has the most virulent poison with D. cordata a close if not equal second. The venom is contained within tubular silica hairs which function as self-injecting hypodermic syringes after the tip breaks off on contact with the skin. On a large D. moroides leaf 30 cm by 20 cm there can be as many as 15,000 hairs on both sides of a single leaf.
Note the little rounded tips on the hairs, which get knocked off on contact with the skin- and leave a beveled hypodermic needle-like end which easily punctures the skin. These spines are simply elaborate hairs – found on most plants.
The Venom
The composition of the venom is not understood but what is known is that it contains polypeptides which most likely stimulate the release of or mimic the actions of acetylcholine (Ach), Histamines, Hydroxtryptamine (5HT) and Neuropeptides.
The exact nature of the toxins probably varies with different species. The stinging hairs of most nettle species contain formic acid, serotonin and hiss


text:
Watch the full launch of the first satellite designed and built in Costa Rica
The first Central American satellite – designed and built in Costa Rica – has now been launched into space and into history.
The satellite, named Project Irazú in honor of one of Costa Rican's iconic volcanoes, was built by the Central American Aeronautics and Space Association (ACAE) and the Costa Rican Technological Institute (TEC).
In October, the satellite was sent from Costa Rica to the Kyutech Technological Institute in Japan, where it underwent flight tests before its launch yesterday.
On board a Dragon CRS-14 spaceship with a Falcon 9 rocket belonging to the Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (SpaceX), the satellite took off at 2:35 pm from Cape Canaveral Space Station in Florida en route to the International Space Station. It is expected to reach the space station early on April 4, according to a news release from CCK Communications.
While Costa Rica, as The Tico Times has proudly chronicled over the years, has an unusually high number of space research achievements and leaders to its name, this is the first-ever space mission with equipment built on Costa Rican soil.
The satellite is expected to be put into orbit a few weeks after its arrival at the space station and wil help monitor carbon capture in Costa Rican forests, the statement said.
Watch the launch here:
You may be interested
TBT: An old Costa Rican coffee plantationAlejandro Zúñiga - August 22, 2019
This early 1900s photo shows a coffee plantation in Costa Rica. The photo was published as part of a 1914…
Authorities seize nearly a ton of marijuana, 100 kg of cocaineAlejandro Zúñiga - August 21, 2019
Costa Rican authorities confirmed Tuesday that they had seized nearly a metric ton of marijuana and arrested a foreigner near…


text:
Should you visit Yokohama or Hiroshima?
If you're trying to decide where to visit between Yokohama or Hiroshima, this travel cost comparison can help. The overall cost of travel is usually a consideration when deciding where to go next, and the cost comparison below can help you decide based on the average prices from other travelers along with your own travel budget.
Located on the western coast of Tokyo Bay just south of Tokyo, Yokohama is Japan's second largest city and one of the most-visited cities by foreigners. It features one of the largest Chinatown's in the world as well as many parks and architectural landmarks.
Hiroshima is positioned on the coast of the Seto Inland Sea and is an industrial city made up of many zigzagging rivers and wide boulevard streets. Today Hiroshima is a modern and vibrant city with great food and an energetic nightlife, but the image that remains in most visitor's minds is the Hiroshima of 1945 when it became the horrific sight of the first atomic bomb attack. Hiroshima shares the colorful neon atmosphere of other major Japanese cities and its hard to recognize the city immortalized all those years ago on that fateful day.
Which city is cheaper, Hiroshima or Yokohama?
These are the overall average travel costs for the two destinations.
The average daily cost (per person) in Yokohama is $138, while the average daily cost in Hiroshima is $112. These costs include accommodation (assuming double occupancy, so the traveler is sharing the room), food, transportation, and entertainment. While every person is different, these costs are an average of past travelers in each city. Below is a breakdown of travel costs for Yokohama and Hiroshima in more detail.
A hotel room in Yokohama is about $154 This assumes double occupancy and modest accommodations.
Travelers usually pay around $144 for a double occupancy room in Hiroshima If you want to be in a premiere location or have high end amenities, you can expect to pay a bit more.
Food in Yokohama costs travelers about $41 per day on average. Restaurants can vary significantly in price, so choose wisely if you're trying to save money. Fast food and street stalls are typically your cheapest options, which sit down restaurants can be significantly more expensive.
In Hiroshima travelers spend around $32 a day on food. You can save money by choosing casual restaurants or food stalls, or you can spend plenty more by dining in nicer restaurants at every meal.
Meals for one day
Food Tours and Cooking Classes in Yokohama
Also, here are some specific examples of food and dining related activities in Yokohama.
2 hour Japanese Food tour in Yokohama:
Premium tour with cooking experience Yokohama Winery Ingredients Premier:
Food Tours and Cooking Classes in Hiroshima
For Hiroshima, here are some samples of tours and activities related to meals and dining experiences:
Enjoy a Private Japanese Cooking Class with a Local Hiroshima Family:
Hiroshima No1 food!! 'Okonomiyaki'-cooking class:
Hiroshima No1 food!! 'Okonomiyaki'-cooking class and a guided-tour of the museum:
Hiroshima Bar Hopping Food Tour:
Local Favorites Private Night Food Tour:
Hiroshima ・Night Food Tour Visiting Recommended Bars by Locals & Cycling:
Private Hiking and Country Cooking Experience in Yuki:
Best of Hiroshima Food Tour:
Cooking class: learn from a Washoku chef in Setouch:
The cost of a taxi ride in Yokohama is significantly more than public transportation. On average, past travelers have spent $23 per person, per day, on local transportation in Yokohama.
To get around in Hiroshima, the average visitor spends $11 per day, per person. This includes the costs of taxi rides and private drivers as well as public transportation, which tends to be much more affordable.
Hired Cars and Shuttles in Yokohama
Some specific examples of transportation prices in Yokohama:
5-hour Tokyo Tour + Transfer Between Yokohama and Narita Airport:
Low Cost Private Transfer From Tokyo International Airport to Yokohama City - One Way:
Transfer from Yokohama To HND Airport by Private Car for Nighttime Flight:
Private Departure Transfer : Yokohama City to Narita International Airport:
Transfer from Yokohama To HND Airport by Private Car for Daytime Flight:
Yokohama Osanbashi Port to Main Tokyo Private Transfer Haice bus for pax1-9:
Yokohama Private Departure Transfer : from Yokohama Port or Hotels to Tokyo Hotels:
Yokohama Osanbashi Port to Main Tokyo Private Transfer Alphard bus for pax1-5:
Shared Departure Transfer : Yokohama City to Narita International Airport:
Private Departure Transfer : Yokohama City to Haneda Airport:
Yokohama Port Shared Transfer : from Yokohama Port to Haneda Airport:
Shared Departure Transfer : Yokohama City to Haneda Airport:
Hired Cars and Shuttles in Hiroshima
Also for Hiroshima, here are a few examples of actual transportation services:
Shared Departure Transfer : Hiroshima City to Hiroshima Airport:
Is it cheaper to fly into Yokohama or Hiroshima?
Prices for flights to both Hiroshima and Yokohama change regularly based on dates and travel demand. We suggest you find the best prices for your next trip on Kayak, because you can compare the cost of flights across multiple airlines for your prefered dates.
Entertainment and activities in Yokohama typically cost an average of $33 per person, per day. This includes fees paid for admission tickets to museums and attractions, day tours, and other sightseeing expenses.
In Hiroshima, the costs for things to do, activities, admission tickets, and other sightseeing expenses are on average $6.00 per person, per day.
Tours and Activities in Yokohama
Here are a few actual costs in Yokohama for available activities, ticket prices, and tours:
7-hour Kamakura tour to/from Yokohama City With Private Car:
7-hour Tokyo tour, with Private Car, from/to Yokohama:
Baseball Experience with DeNA BayStars in Yokohama:
Guided architecture tour in Sankeien garden:
Japanese cuisine Making tour with Wine experience by Yokohama Winery:
Kamakura Day Tour:
Kamakura One Day Hike Tour with Nationally-Licensed Guide:
Private Tour to see Highlights of Kamakura, Enoshima, Yokohama from Tokyo:
Private Yokohama Tour - History, Culture and Food:
Romantic Tour In Yokohama:
Sankeien Garden Audio Guide Tour:
See Tokyo On Your Cruise-Over:
Tours and Activities in Hiroshima
Also, here are some specific examples of entertainment, tickets, and activities for Hiroshima.
'Guided Tour' Premium Boat Tour Around Stunning Hiroshima Castle:
Hiroshima Like a Local: Customized Guided Tour:
Hiroshima Cycling Peace Virtual Tour with Local Guide:
Japanese traditional archery experience Unlimited shooting:
Hiroshima Like a Local: Customized Private Tour:
Peace Park Tour at Rest House in Hiroshima:
Hidden Gems and Highlights Private Walking Tour:
Hiroshima Cycling Peace Tour with Local Guide:
Japanese archery Guide Tour with trial shooting experience:
Hiroshima in a Nutshell: Morning Bike Adventure:
Aikido Experience in Hiroshima. Feel the spirit of the ultimate martial art!:
Experience Japanese Martial Arts - Iaido (Art of Drawing the Japanese Sword):
While the amount that someone spends on alcohol while visiting Yokohama may vary from person to person, on average a person spends $19 per day on alcoholic beverages.
Alcoholic beverages can often be a significant portion of a traveler's budget, and the costs can vary greatly from person to person. In Hiroshima, the average amount that a visitor spends on alcoholic beverages per day is $13.
When we compare the travel costs of actual travelers between Yokohama and Hiroshima, we can see that Yokohama is more expensive. And not only is Hiroshima much less expensive, but it is actually a significantly cheaper destination. So, traveling to Hiroshima would let you spend less money overall. Or, you could decide to spend more money in Hiroshima and be able to afford a more luxurious travel style by staying in nicer hotels, eating at more expensive restaurants, taking tours, and experiencing more activities. The same level of travel in Yokohama would naturally cost you much more money, so you would probably want to keep your budget a little tighter in Yokohama than you might in Hiroshima.
Related Articles for Yokohama
Related Articles for Hiroshima


text:
Skip to Main Content
In this paper, we propose a novel condition monitoring method for adjustable speed drives (ASD) and ASD-driven motors. The key idea is to diagnose the status of the load side of an ASD from observations made at the source side. The use of a higher-order spectral metric, the cross bicoherence, is proposed for the detection and analysis of anomalies associated with nonlinear devices in ASD systems. In this paper, we apply our method to detect phase imbalance at the load side of an ASD. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method provides a unique signature of phase imbalance for detection and classification of asymmetric impedance associated with the phase imbalance. Furthermore, the proposed method shows a more sensitive detection performance compared to the conventional imbalance measurement method, which enables early detection of potential faults.


text:
As we have mentioned, "Pink Slime" is a naturally occurring bacterium (of the newly formed genus Methylobacterium).
It is NOT pathogenic (not harmful).
Watch the video
This is NOT a form of Algae; it is animal not
seen/experienced in many places outside of swimming pools.
It is given its name because it is Pink-pigmented and forms a heavy, protective
slime coating providing itself with an unusually high level of protection
oftentimes found WITH White Water Mold.
Pink slime is very resilient against halogen-based
(chlorine, bromine) as well as non-halogen sanitizers or germicides. It can remain a contaminant even after treatment.
This is NOT a biguanide problem ONLY. Nor does using "biguanide" based
sanitizers cause or contribute to its existence or growth. That being
said, to be truthful, we do see a somewhat larger percentage of biguanide treated pools
affected by pink slime as compared to halogen (chlorine & bromine) treated pools.
The bacterium has a natural affinity for the matrix that exists on the surface of PVC plastics; it will attach itself to & inside of the matrix, allowing it to re-contaminate long after it appears that it has been destroyed (includes pool toys, floats, ladders, steps, fountains, automatic pool cleaner parts, skimmer baskets, weirs, directional fittings,
garden hoses, etc.). Remaining small quantities of the bacteria can lead to a re-establishment of the problem.
Pink Slime prefers areas that are "dark" (not exposed to direct sunlight,
such as underground piping, home piping, etc.) & with "slow moving"
or "not constantly moving" water.
in mind that Pink Slime CAN be physically removed (comes off with brush or
fingers). If what you think is Pink Slime, but appears to be more PURPLE &
is not removed by brushing, you have another problem called Purple Cyanurate.
Click here for the details.
In swimming pools, pink slime is caused by improper water & pool maintenance, environment, poor circulation
to name a few. After regular tracking of homeowners swimming pools
affected by pink slime, we have noted & present some commonalities:
There appears to have occurred a
dramatic rise in the reported cases of pink slime especially over the past 5 to
10 years. I'll go into more depth with this comment later.
Many, but not all, affected pools have
"smaller (under) sized" cartridge filters. (i.e. using a 75 sq ft filter on a 24
ft Rnd aboveground pool or a 90 sq ft filter on a 15 x 30 inground pool).
Pools get 6 hours or less of direct
sunlight on the pool surfaces.
Pool owners always leave the solar
blanket on AND don't chemically clean the blanket the recommended 2 times per
year to remove the accumulated biofilm.
"Shocking" or oxidizing of the pool
water is not done with the recommended label instructions.
Rainy pool seasons see a dramatic rise
in the cases of pink slime.
Customers regularly add fresh water
from their tap without letting the hose-water run for a couple of minutes (slime
is present in the garden hose).
Pools with sand filters are not
changing the sand every 2 to 3 years AND not chemically cleaning the filter sand
3 times a season (once every 6 to 8 weeks).
Newer observation, although we've been
watching for the past 2 years. Most of the affected seem to use publicly
treated drinking water.
Pools filled with well water appear to
be not as severely affected.
Affected pools are not as fastidiously
maintained chemically (water balance, use of Optimizer Plus, Soft Swim Assist),
as clean pools.
One of the other common issues that
virtually ALL pool owners who experience Pink Slime observe is a more regular
need to clean away "similar-looking" stuff in their homes. They notice an
increased need to clean toilet bowls, sinks, shower areas, etc. It's
appears to be the same stuff.
A second observation is that many
water companies across the country, in partial response to "consumer calls" to
"get rid of chlorine in the drinking water" are now using mono-chloramines to
treat the water (over the past 5 to 10 years). Mono-chloramines do an
essentially good job at treating pathogens in the drinking water, however, some
of the non-pathogenic organisms may indeed be getting by.
Unfortunately, we only have experiential or anecdotal evidence. Having
treated literally hundreds & thousands or swimming pools with biguanide systems
over the past 20 years, these are our observations. I don't believe we're
that far off base.
Click here for preventative measures
To "cure" the problem, take a look at
AquaFinesse Pool Pucks.
Printer Friendly version
*Follow the instructions given by your pool care specialist EXPLICITLY. Failure to do so could result in harm to you and/or your pool & its components.
If you still need help, here's how to
store hours): Stratford _PHONE_
FAX: (24 hrs) _PHONE_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


A bioswale (also known as bioretention area) is very similar to a rain garden, the main difference being its linear, swale shape. What distinguishes a bioswale from a conventional swale (or ditch)? The latter are typically vegetated with turf grass and are a conveyance tool, basically a grassy stormwater sewer that conveys water as quickly as possible from point A to point B. In fact, a lot of conventional swales or ditches are required by code to have a minimum flow velocity of, let's say, two feet per second.
We decided to install a bioswale that would infiltrate any overflow we may get from the adjacent cistern, once it is full. Because the bioswale was in the shade of the house, we planted it with native savanna and woodland species, including grasses and sedges that have taken very well. The bioswale turned the awkward, narrow fringe space just north of the house into an area that has beautiful floral and textural interest throughout the year. It also attracts a variety of wildlife.
You can download an INFO SHEET for more detailed information on the bioswale or browse images of the bioswale INSTALLATION, FIRST GROWING SEASON, and SECOND GROWING SEASON.


, attempting to turn it into a ghost. It is possible for individual objects to remain active.
invalidateCache()
Invalidate the connection cache
This invalidates all objects in the cache. If the connection is open, subsequent reads will fail until a new transaction begins or until the connection os reopned.
get_connection(database_name)
Return a Connection for the named database.
This is intended to be called from an open Connection associated with a multi-database. In that case, database_name must be the name of a database within the database collection (probably the name of a different database than is associated with the calling Connection instance, but it's fine to use the name of the calling Connection object's database). A Connection for the named database is returned. If no connection to that database is already open, a new Connection is opened. So long as the multi-database remains open, passing the same name to get_connection() multiple times returns the same Connection object each time.
readCurrent(obj)
Make sure an object being read is current
This is used when applications want to ensure a higher level of consistency for some operations. This should be called when an object is read and the information read is used to write a separate object.
close()
Close the Connection.
When the Connection is closed, all callbacks registered by onCloseCallback() are invoked and the cache is garbage collected.
A closed Connection should not be used by client code. It can't load or store objects. Objects in the cache are not freed, because Connections are re-used and the cache is expected to be useful to the next client.
root()
Return the database root object.
The root is a persistent.mapping.PersistentMapping.
onCloseCallback(f)
Register a callable, f, to be called by close().
f will be called with no arguments before the Connection is closed.
Parameters: f: method that will be called on close
interface ZODB.interfaces.IDatabase
Extends: ZODB.interfaces.IStorageWrapper
ZODB DB.
storage
The object that provides storage for the database
This attribute is useful primarily for tests. Normal application code should rarely, if ever, have a need to use this attribute.
undo(id, txn=None)
Undo a transaction identified by id.
A transaction can be undone if all of the objects involved in the transaction were not modified subsequently, if any modifications can be resolved by conflict resolution, or if subsequent changes resulted in the same object state.
The value of id should be generated by calling undoLog() or undoInfo(). The value of id is not the same as a transaction id used by other methods; it is unique to undo().
id: a storage-specific transaction identifier txn: transaction context to use for undo().
By default, uses the current transaction.
databases
A mapping from database name to DB (database) object.
In multi-database use, all DB members of a database collection share the same .databases object.
In single-database use, of course this mapping contains a single entry.
close()
Close the database and its underlying storage.
It is important to close the database, because the storage may flush in-memory data structures to disk when it is closed. Leaving the storage open with the process exits can cause the next open to be slow.
What effect does closing the database have on existing connections? Technically, they remain open, but their storage is closed, so they stop behaving usefully. Perhaps close() should also close all the Connections.
open(transaction_manager=None, serial='')
Return an IConnection object for use by application code.
transaction_manager: transaction manager to use. None means
use the default transaction manager.
serial: the serial (transaction id) of the database to open.
An empty string (the default) means to open it to the newest serial. Specifying a serial results in a read-only historical connection.
Note that the connection pool is managed as a stack, to increase the likelihood that the connection's stack will include useful objects.
pack(t=None, days=0)
Pack the storage, deleting unused object revisions.
A pack is always performed relative to a particular time, by default the current time. All object revisions that are not reachable as of the pack time are deleted from the storage.
The cost of this operation varies by storage, but it is usually an expensive operation.
There are two optional arguments that can be used to set the pack time: t, pack time in seconds since the epcoh, and days, the number of days to subtract from t or from the current time if t is not specified.
interface ZODB.interfaces.IStorage
A storage is responsible for storing and retrieving data of objects.
When transactions are committed, a storage assigns monotonically increasing transaction identifiers (tids) to the transactions and to the object versions written by the transactions. ZODB relies on this to decide if data in object caches are up to date and to implement multi-version concurrency control.
There are methods in IStorage and in derived interfaces that provide information about the current revisions (tids) for objects or for the database as a whole. It is critical for the proper working of ZODB that the resulting tids are increasing with respect to the object identifier given or to the databases. That is, if there are 2 results for an object or for the database, R1 and R2, such that R1 is returned before R2, then the tid returned by R2 must be greater than or equal to the tid returned by R1. (When thinking about results for the database, think of these as results for all objects in the database.)
This implies some sort of locking strategy. The key method is tcp_finish, which causes new tids to be generated and also, through the callback passed to it, returns new current tids for the objects stored in a transaction and for the database as a whole.
The IStorage methods affected are lastTransaction, load, store, and tpc_finish. Derived interfaces may introduce additional methods.
load(oid, version)
Load data for an object id
The version argumement should always be an empty string. It exists soley for backward compatibility with older storage implementations.
A data record and serial are returned. The serial is a transaction identifier of the transaction that wrote the data record.
A POSKeyError is raised if there is no record for the object id.
lastTransaction()
Return the id of the last committed transaction.
If no transactions have been committed, return a string of 8 null (0) characters.
isReadOnly()
Test whether a storage allows committing new transactions
For a given storage instance, this method always returns the same value. Read-only-ness is a static property of a storage.
tpc_finish(transaction, func=<function <lambda> at 0x37752a8>)
Finish the transaction, making any transaction changes permanent.
Changes must be made permanent at this point.
This call raises a StorageTransactionError if the storage isn't participating in two-phase commit or if it is committing a different transaction. Failure of this method is extremely serious.
The second argument is a call-back function that must be called while the storage transaction lock is held. It takes the new transaction id generated by the transaction.
getName()
The name of the storage
The format and interpretation of this name is storage dependent. It could be a file name, a database name, etc..
This is used soley for informational purposes.
loadBefore(oid, tid)
Load the object data written before a transaction id
If there isn't data before the object before the given transaction, then None is returned, otherwise three values are returned:
 - The data record
 - The transaction id of the data record
 - The transaction id of the following revision, if any, or None.
If the object id isn't in the storage, then POSKeyError is raised.
sortKey()
Sort key used to order distributed transactions
When a transaction involved multiple storages, 2-phase commit operations are applied in sort-key order. This must be unique among storages used in a transaction. Obviously, the storage can't assure this, but it should construct the sort key so it has a reasonable chance of being unique.
The result must be a string.
registerDB(wrapper)
Register a storage wrapper IStorageWrapper.
The passed object is a wrapper object that provides an upcall interface to support composition.
Note that, for historical reasons, an implementation may require a second argument, however, if required, the None will be passed as the second argument.
Also, for historical reasons, this is called registerDB rather than register_wrapper.
getSize()
An approximate size of the database, in bytes.
This is used soley for informational purposes.
tpc_abort(transaction)
Abort the transaction.
Any changes made by the transaction are discarded.
This call is ignored is the storage is not participating in two-phase commit or if the given transaction is not the same as the transaction the storage is commiting.
tpc_vote(transaction)
Provide a storage with an opportunity to veto a transaction
This call raises a StorageTransactionError if the storage isn't participating in two-phase commit or if it is commiting a different transaction.
If a transaction can be committed by a


text:
In 1882-4, Frances Groome's Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland described Airds Moss like this:
Airdsmoss or Airsmoss, a morass in the E of Ayrshire, between the Water of Ayr and Lugar Water. It begins about 1½ mile ENE of Auchinleck village, extends about 6 miles north-eastward, has a mean breadth of about 1½ mile, and is approached over most of its SE side, and crossed over a small part of its further end, by the railway from Auchinleck to Muirkirk. It was the scene, on 20 July 1680, of a sharp skirmish between 63 of the Covenanters and a party of dragoons, fatal to Richard Cameron: and it contains, at a spot where the deadliest of the strife occurred, a monument popularly called Cameron's Stone....
The present monument is neat and modern: but the original one was a large flat stone, laid down about 50 years after the event, and marked with the names of the Covenanters who fell in the skirmish, and with the figures of an open Bible and a hand grasping a sword. The skirmish of Airdsmoss is the subject of the well-known effusion, beginningIn a dream of the night I was wafted away,
To the moorland of mist where the martyrs lay;
where Cameron's sword and his Bible are seen,
Engraved on the stone where the heather grows green.'
A Vision of Britain through Time includes a large library of local statistics for administrative units. For the best overall sense of how the area containing Airds Moss has changed, please see our redistricted information for the modern district of East Ayrshire. More detailed statistical data are available under Units and statistics, which includes both administrative units covering Airds Moss and units named after it.
GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth, History of Airds Moss in East Ayrshire | Map and description, A Vision of Britain through Time.
Date accessed: 23rd May 2013
Click here for more detailed advice on finding places within A Vision of Britain through Time, and maybe some references to other places called "Airds Moss".


Click here to Skip to main content
Click here to Skip to main content
Tagged as
Go to top
WmlScript Disassembler
, 30 Dec 2005
Rate this:
Please Sign up or sign in to vote.
A useful tool for WmlScript disassembling.
DWmlsc UI Screen-shot
Introduction
About WMLScript
Today, more and more cell-phones (or other mobile clients) support WAP browsing functions. To enhance the ability of the browser side, now many WAP browsers support WMLScript. The WMLScript language is based on the ECMAScript [ECMA262] but it has been modified to better support low bandwidth communication and thin clients. WMLScript can be used not only with WML but also as a standalone tool.
One of the main differences between ECMAScript and WMLScript is the fact that WMLScript has a defined bytecode and an interpreter reference architecture. That can give better performance in narrowband and small memory environments. To make the language smaller, and easier to compile into bytecode, many advanced features of the ECMAScript have been dropped. For example, WMLScript is a procedural language and it supports locally installed standard libraries.
What DWmlsc can do
Since WMLScript can be compiled into bytecode (usually using extension file name .wmlsc), sometimes we need to decompile the bytecode to view the source. So I wrote a tool named "DWmlsc" to do this job.
Background
Resources about WML and WMLScript can be found at:
Implementation
DWmlsc is a MFC SDI program. When a user open a .wmlsc file, this function will be called:
void CDWmlscDoc::Serialize(CArchive& ar)
{
 if(ar.IsStoring() == FALSE)
 {
 m_codeLen = ar.GetFile()->GetLength();
 m_binCodeBuf = new BYTE[m_codeLen];
 ar.Read(m_binCodeBuf,m_codeLen);
 m_result_code.RemoveAll();
 if(DeCompile(m_binCodeBuf,m_codeLen,m_result_code) == false)
 {
 MessageBox(NULL,"Sorry,Decompile faild!","Error",MB_OK|MB_ICONSTOP);
 return;
 }
 SetModifiedFlag(TRUE);
 }
 //...
}
In the function Serialize, I read the whole file into a buffer, and then call the core function.
bool DeCompile(BYTE *bin_code,int len,CList<CString,CString&> &result);
The output parameter result will be used to store the de-compilation result.
The WMLScript bytecode consists of the following sections: HeadInfo, ConstantPool, PragmaPool and FunctionPool. (Refer to the WMLScript specifications please.)
The function DeCompile reads and parses the file into these parts:
 - The information read from ConstantPool is stored in a list g_ConstTable.
 - The information of PragmaPool is almost ignored.
 - The information of FunctionPool is stored in a list g_FuncTable.
Now, we can start to decompile the bytecode in the functions. The following code segment visit through the g_FuncTable:
struct Function
{
 BYTE findex;
 CString func_name;
 BYTE arg_num; //arguments num
 BYTE lvar_num; //local variable num
 unsigned int func_size;
 BYTE *CodeArray;
};
The function TransCode will do the real decompiling job:
 //...
 i = 0;
 while(i < func.func_size)
 {
 int n = TransCode(func.CodeArray + i, i,func.arg_num);
 if(n < 0)
 {
 return false;
 }
 CString code;
 //...
 }
 //...
The function TransCode will translate the bytecode into textual instructions.
int TransCode(BYTE *data,int addr,int arg_num)
To make the bytecode smaller, WMLScript uses the "Inline parameters" technique.
Signature Available Instructions Used for
1XXPPPPP 4 JUMP_FW_S, JUMP_BW_S, TJUMP_FW_S, LOAD_VAR_S
010XPPPP 2 STORE_VAR_S, LOAD_CONST_S
011XXPPP 4 CALL_S, CALL_LIB_S, INCR_VAR_S
00XXXXXX 63 The rest of the instructions
TransCode parses these "Inline parameter" instructions with an "if/else..." statement.
The other 63 instructions will be parsed by indexing the array: Instruction InArray[].
 //...
 const ins_count = sizeof(InArray)/sizeof(InArray[0]);
 if(op_code >= ins_count)
 {
 return -1;
 }
 Instruction *ip = InArray + op_code;
 if(ip->parser == NULL)
 {
 sprintf(tmp,"%s",ip->ins_name);
 }
 else
 {
 int n = ip->parser(data,addr,arg_num);
 i = i + n - 1;
 }
 //...
What then is "InArray"? See this:
Instruction InArray[] =
{
 {"",NULL}, //0
 {"JUMP_FW", JUMP_FW}, //1
 {"JUMP_FW_W", JUMP_FW_W}, //2
 {"JUMP_BW", JUMP_BW}, //3
 {"JUMP_BW_W", JUMP_BW_W}, //4
 {"TJUMP_FW", TJUMP_FW}, //5
 {"TJUMP_FW_W", TJUMP_FW_W}, //6
 {"TJUMP_BW", TJUMP_BW}, //7
 {"TJUMP_BW_W",TJUMP_BW_W}, //8
 {"CALL", CALL}, //9
 {"CALL_LIB", CALL_LIB}, //10
 //...
}
JUMP_FW, JUMP_FW_W etc...are all function pointers of type parser_t (see decompiler.h):
typedef int (* parser_t)(BYTE *data,int addr,int arg_num);
The program checks the instruction parsing function by indexing "InArray". Simple, and very fast.
Points of Interest
Multi-byte Integer Format
In many places, the byte code uses the "Multi-byte Integer Format" to represent an integer.
A multi-byte integer consists of a series of octets, where the most significant bit is the continuation flag and the remaining seven bits are a scalar value. The continuation flag is used to indicate that an octet is not the end of the multibyte sequence. A single integer value is encoded into a sequence of N octets. The first N-1 octets have the continuation flag set to a value of one (1). The final octet in the series has a continuation flag value of zero.
The remaining seven bits in each octet are encoded in a big-endian order, e.g., the most significant bit first. The octets are arranged in a big-endian order, e.g. the most significant seven bits are transmitted first. In the situation where the initial octet has less than seven bits of value, all unused bits must be set to zero (0).
For example, the integer value 0xA0 would be encoded with the two-byte sequence 0x81 0x20. The integer value 0x60 would be encoded with the one-byte sequence 0x60.
The function get_mb_uint helps us to decode the "Multi-byte Integer".
unsigned int get_mb_uint(BYTE *data,int len,int &k)
{
 unsigned int r = 0;
 int i = 0;
 for(i=0;i<len;i++)
 {
 BYTE b = data[i];
 r = (r << 7) | (b & 0x7F);
 if( (b & 0x80)==0 )
 {
 break;
 }
 }
 k = k + i + 1;
 return r;
}
Name Translation of WMLScript Standard Libraries
WMLScript bytecode uses "lib index" and "func index" to identify which standard library function is to be called.
char * make_call_name(int lindex,int findex);
Check the lib index and function index in the internal string table, and return the result. Users can read the library and function name in the decompiled text result directly, instead of checking documents.
Summary
Currently, the DWmlsc can only decompile the bytecode into "


text:
Dredging up the past: A closer look at artifacts found in Savannah River
SAVANNAH, Ga. (WTOC) - As we await the true story behind multiple artifacts, including cannon, found in the Savannah River last month, we're now learning more about their significance and a possible connection to the British war ship.
"A lot of the early history of Savannah is tied to the water. Maritime history," said Dr. Kurt Knoerl.
When some of that history was unearthed last month, like many others, Assistant Professor of History at Georgia Southern - Armstrong campus, Dr. Knoerl was excited for what we might learn.
"When we find sites like this, they offer potential to teach us about how Savannah developed and what kind of conflicts they may have had."
Of course, one of the major conflicts to take place in Savannah was the Revolutionary War. Which lines up with the believed age of the cannon they found.
"The odds were pretty good that they might be 18th century," said Dr. Knoerl, agreeing with the Army Corps Engineers.
Leading the British Government to suggest these artifacts come from one of their ships.
"It does make sense that it could be the Rose," said Dr. Knoerl.
The HMS Rose, which came to Savannah in 1779, was intentionally sank in the Savannah River to stop the French Navy. Which worked and even perhaps saved some of Savannah's history.
"I mean anytime you have cannon aide going on there's going to be destruction and burning. So, part of the city's preservation probably comes from that," Dr. Knoerl says.
So, if these artifacts are truly from the HMS Rose, where's the rest of the ship?
"After the war was over, they wanted to clear that wreck out, it was an obstruction to traffic, so they would have dismantled as much as they could to get it out of the way. But, some of that is going to sink into the muck and mud at the bottom of the river. Which is why some materials are preserved, because they're sealed off by the mud."
But it will likely be a while before we know for sure the story behind these artifacts as the cleaning process takes time.
"If we just start scraping it off fine details that might be preserved by a process like electrolysis will be destroyed. So, you want to proceed very, very carefully so you keep as much of that data," said Dr. Knoerl.
Data that may one day paint a clear picture of our past. A picture that Dr. Knoerl suggest we ourselves may be right in the middle of.
"History is still out there; we're surrounded by it. We tend not to see it because we drive by and not think about it. But if we learn how to read that landscape, I'm sure we'll find many more things."
Dr. Knoerl also reminds us that if you do come across something you believe may be of historic relevance to not touch or move it before calling the state archaeologist first.
Copyright 2021 WTOC. All rights reserved.