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Plasma Activation
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The activation effect of plasma can form polar functional groups such as carbonyl (-CO), carboxyl (-COOH), and hydroxyl (-OH) on the surface of materials. These functional groups have stable functions and play a positive role in adhesion and hydrophilicity. The main feature is to increase surface energy. For polymers, the low surface energy leads to poor adhesion. By plasma activation, surface energy can be increased, thereby changing the chemical properties of the surface to enhance surface adhesion and bonding strength.
Schematic Diagram of Plasma Activation
Plasma Activation
Hydrophilic Treatment
Plasma Activation
The above are the changes in hydrophilicity before and after plasma activation treatment. From the image, it can be seen that before plasma activation treatment, the contact angle between the material surface and water droplets is relatively large, resulting in poor adhesion of the material. After plasma activation treatment, the contact angle between the material surface and water droplets decreases, indicating stronger adhesion of the material. Therefore, it can be concluded that plasma activation can increase surface energy, alter surface chemical properties, and enhance surface adhesion.
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Consider a function $w(i)$, $i \in \mathbb{N}$, defined recursively by:
$w(0)=w(1)=1$, and
$w(i)={i}^{n}-\sum_{j=1}^{i-1}{i \choose j}w(j)$ for $i>1$.
Is it possible to write $w(i)$ out explicitly as a function of $i$ (i.e., with only $i$ on the right hand side), for $i>1$?
In general, given a recursively defined total computable function say, $f(n)$, is it always possible, in principle, to write out $f(n)$ explicitly as a function of $n$, for $n$ large enough? I suspect it's impossible. If so, what is the real reason that prevents us from doing so?
Another well known example that comes to my mind is:
$f(0)=f(1)=c$, and
where we can choose some value of $c \in (0,1)$ so that the trajectory of $f(i)$ becomes chaotic in $(0,1)$. If we could really express any recursively defined total computable function explicitly, then we could write out the chaotic trajectory in a finite, flat and non-dynamic formula, which seems strange to me. (or can we?)
Edit: Thank you very much for all the answers. They are really helpful.
_USER_: Is the recursive formation essential when the resulting recursive function doesn't grow faster than it's component functions ${g}_{i}$ (in your notation)? i.e., is it true that given ${g}_{i}$ and recursive function $f$ defined on them, as long as $f$ doesn't grow faster than the fastest of ${g}_{i}$, the recursive formation can be dispensed with?
_USER_: By " is not possible to come up with a completely explicit form for every computable function, in some fixed signature", did you mean to write out the functions symbolically using finite, fixed set of symbols? In _USER_'s interpretation, he didn't distinguish between we being able to symbolically write out exponential functions as, say ${2}^{n}$, and just taking the recursive function on multiplication as another "known" basic function ${g}_{i}$. Of course, one may just dismiss ${2}^{n}$ as a "shorthand" for the whole recursive formation, but I do feel they are not quite the same ("${2}^{n}$" is closer to what I had in mind by "explicit". I'd like to know if the distinction makes any sense in any sense).
Another question I have concerns about this "...because then by enumerating all possible forms we would get a numbering ϕ as in the theorem" But just because we can write a completely explicit form for each computable function doesn't mean we can enumerate these forms effectively, does it? If we can't, this does not contradict the theorem. Can you be more specific about this? Thanks!
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Define "write explicitly". – Emil Jeřábek Dec 16 '11 at 14:27
Define "math philosophy". – François G. Dorais Dec 16 '11 at 16:30
_USER_: I'm not sure whether your comment was directed to the OP or to me, but here is one:. Specifically, the definition of math philosophy is not "anything that looks like mathematics, but is formulated too vaguely to be a rigorous mathematical question", contrary to popular belief. – Emil Jeřábek Dec 16 '11 at 16:53
In response to your _USER_: It is not the case that slow-growing functions can always be expressed without recursion. It is simply easier to prove that fast-growing functions cannot be so expressed. In response to your _USER_: I think that introducing a notation like $2^n$ and introducing a basic function like $Exp(2,n)$ is mathematically equivalent. We think of exponentiation as being explicit because we use it so often. – Will Sawin Dec 20 '11 at 0:06
In response to your final thing: If I give you a closed-form formula, you should be able to tell if it denotes a function, and what function it denotes. You can enumerate all formulas, by enumerating all strings of texting and crossing out the ones that aren't formulas for something. – Will Sawin Dec 20 '11 at 0:06
4 Answers 4
up vote 8 down vote accepted
The class of primitive recursive functions is the smallest class of functions containing the basic primitive recursive functions (zero, successor, projection) and closed under the two operations:
 - composition: if $h$ and $g_1,\ldots,g_k$ are primitive recursive, so is the function $$\vec x\mapsto h(g_1(\vec x),g_2(\vec x),\ldots,g_k(\vec x)).$$
 - primitive recursion: if $h$ and $g$ are primitive recursive, then so is the function $f$ defined by $$f(0,\vec x)=h(\vec x),$$ $$f(n+1,\vec x)=g(n,\vec x, f(n,\vec x)).$$
This class is extremely robust and includes all of the functions that you mention in your question (but it falls short of the class of all Turing computable functions). I interpret your question as being about the extent to which we might hope to eliminate the recursion scheme, and still arrive at the same class of functions.
One easy observation, of course, is that we cannot simply eliminate the recursion scheme as is and still get all primitive recursive functions. For example, even if we add addition and multiplication as basic functions, then the composition scheme will remain inside the class of polynomial functions. But we can easily define the exponential function $n\mapsto 2^n$ by recursion over that class, and this does not have polynomial growth.
More generally, let us consider whether we might add finitely many additional, powerful primitive recursive functions $g_1,\ldots,g_k$ as basic, and then close only under composition. This interpretation of the question would be: can we arrange that this class is closed under definition by recursion? In other words, is every function definable by recursion using those functions and their compositions already expressible as a term in the language using only those functions (that is, as a composition)?
The answer to this more general version of the question is still no. For any finitely many primitive recursive functions $g_1,\ldots,g_k$, the closure of it under composition is strictly smaller than the closure of it under composition and definition by recursion. Specifically, there will be a primitive recursive function $f$, defined by one or more recursions over those $g_i$ and the usual basic functions, which has a higher growth rate than any individual term in those functions. This can be proved by using a high enough level function $A_n$ of the Ackermann function, because whenever a collection of functions is dominated by $A_n$, then all terms in those functions are dominated by $A_{n+1}$.
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_USER_:Thank you. But more interestingly, can every "slow-growing" recursive function be expressed without recursion, as asked in my edit? According to Will's comment they can't. But is there an example of such? – user16033 Dec 21 '11 at 1:53
No, that is too much. Sets can code a lot of information about fast-growing functions, but their characteristic functions are bounded and hence slow-growing. Thus, the use of fast growth in my answer was just an easy way to prove that the classes are different; but there should be no reason to expect that the smaller class has all the slow-growing or indeed, even all the bounded growth functions of the big class. – Joel David Hamkins Dec 21 '11 at 2:09
With regard to the general question, I defer to Joel Hamkins's answer. For your specific function, though, the first few cases give
$$\begin{align} w(2) &= 2^n - 2 \\\ w(3) &= 3^n -3\cdot 2^n + 3\\\ w(4) &= 4^n - 4\cdot 3^n + 6\cdot 2^n - 4\\\ w(5) &= 5^n - 5\cdot 4^n + 10\cdot 3^n - 10\cdot 2^n + 5 \end{align}$$
This suggests the explicit formula (where by "explicit" I just mean that the function $w$ doesn't appear on the right hand side)
$$w(i) = \sum_{j=0}^{i-1} (-1)^j(i-j)^n{i \choose j}$$
which I suspect (without taking time to verify) can be proved by straightforward induction.
A minor additional note: The OP's second example does not have chaotic trajectories. Because the coefficient 5 is greater than 4, the typical trajectory quickly escapes the unit interval and henceforth heads for $-\infty$.
Added 12/19/11: An elementary mathoverflow question that was opened and closed yesterday made me realize there's an interpretation for the function $w(i)$ that makes it easy to see the equivalence of the OP's recursive formula and the


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NASPA – Student Affairs Administrators in Higher Education is excited to introduce the Advising Success Network. The Advising Success Network, supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, is a partnership among higher education organizations and leaders who believe advising is the bright star in a constellation of student support services.
The Advising Success Network is facilitated by NASPA and comprised of Achieving the Dream (ATD), the American Association of State Colleges and Universities (AASCU), EDUCAUSE, NACADA: The Global Community for Academic Advising, and the National Resource Center for The First-Year Experience and Students in Transition. Kevin Kruger, president of NASPA, had this to say about the launch of the Advising Success Network, "One of the biggest challenges facing higher education is to bring student success innovations to scale across a wide range of institutions. The Advising Success Network is perfectly positioned to do just that and to drive innovations in advising reform that will have a significant impact on the educational outcomes for tens of thousands of students."
As institutions work toward completion agendas, they are moving away from understanding academic advising solely as an academic transaction. Many institutions are revisiting how advising roles can serve students more comprehensively. The mission of the network is to identify, build, and scale effective advising solutions across the field of higher education to ensure academic, career, and personal success for all students, with a focus on low-income students and students of color. This shift toward holistic support requires institution-wide reflection on the current student experience from recruitment through graduation, change and leadership management, and the strategic use of technology. Academic advising is one of the most impactful levers in this landscape, where 6-year graduation rates for full-time students hover at 55% (Tyton, 2015).
The Advising Success Network will provide thought leadership, resources, and services to advance academic advising as a tool for helping institutions pursue equity and excellence in their support of students. The network will cultivate a list of resources, including case studies and research, and share these resources via a public website by mid-2020. To learn more, contact Sara Ackerson, Assistant Director of Advising Initiatives at _EMAIL_.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis (IQCC) of the University of Girona (UdG) is a worldwide reference unit in computational chemistry and catalysis that aims at carrying out groundbreaking research on predictive chemistry for catalysis, with special focus on the processes occurring at the confined space for the coming years.
The unit was created as Institute of Computational Chemistry (IQC) in 1993, and its rules were approved in 1997 by the Senate of the UdG. In 2012, the IQC was joined by two experimental research groups, the Bioinorganic and Supramolecular Chemistry (QBIS) and Transition Metals in Organic Synthesis (METSO) groups, and changed its name to IQCC (approved by UdG Senate in February 2013). This was motivated by a previous history of collaborations and synergies between the three research groups. With this transformation, the IQCC wants to face the new challenges in research and adapt to the new research frame at the Catalan, Spanish, and European levels.


Ways of Removing Carpet Glue from Plywood
The term plywood refers to a whole family of engineered wood products, largely used in the construction of homes and buildings. However, the various types of plywood have found their way into many other products, including furniture, handicrafts and industrial uses. Specialized plywood products have been developed for a wide variety of applications.
One of the ways that plywood is used in architecture is for subflooring. Per building code, most residences have ¾" thick plywood or OSB installed as the subfloor. While both have a similar overall strength, OSB is more prone to absorbing moisture along the edges and can be more easily broken by impact. Nevertheless, OSB is commonly used for flooring and sheathing on homes, due to its lower cost, when compared to construction-grade softwood plywood.
When plywood is used for subflooring, most people cover the plywood floor with carpet or vinyl flooring (linoleum). Ceramic tile can be used as well, although that is not our concern at this moment. Wall to wall carpet or flooring on plywood is often installed using glue or some adhesive to ensure that it remains in its place. The glue does its job pretty well but when it is time to replace the carpet or change the type of flooring, the task of removing carpet glue from plywood becomes a nightmare.
The first difficult task in this whole exercise is removing the carpet or flooring. If it is carpeting, it can usually be ripped out, peeling it from the plywood floor. Once you have completely removed the carpet from the floor, there will still be remnants of glue remaining. If it is yellow colored glue, it is the more traditional type. But if it is brown or tan colored glue, it is tar based glue.
Removing vinyl flooring can be more challenging, as the flooring will not peel off, like carpeting will. Rather, it will have to be scraped off the floor. This can be good, with self-stick vinyl tiles, which tend to peel off intact, complete with their adhesive. But in the case of roll flooring, chances are highly likely that it will come off in a lot of small pieces and may not bring the glue up with it.
The big question is how important it is that the floor be smooth before new flooring is installed. If carpeting over the pad is being installed without adhesive, it may not be necessary to remove all the adhesive. But just about any other type of flooring will require a smooth surface.
Scrape the Glue
Scraping of the glue is the least costly method of removing carpet glue, as you can do it without having to rent any expensive equipment. However, it is also the hardest way of removing the adhesive and making the floor smooth again.
The first step of this method is to make the glue softer so it can be easily worked around with. A number of solvents can do the job of softening the glue including paint thinnersturpentinewater and mineral spirits. All these chemicals work by tearing down the enzymes found in the glue, easing the task of removing the glue from the plywood subfloor. Different solvents work better on different types of glues so if you know the type of glue on your floor you can do the task much more easily.
While using these solvents, you should use the appropriate personal safety equipment, to include gloves and goggles. All of them are capable of causing skin irritations, but are even more dangerous if they get in the eye.
These solvents should only be applied once the carpeting or vinyl has been removed. Carpeting will soak up the solvents and vinyl flooring will resist it. In both cases, that prevents the solvent from reaching the adhesive it needs to soften.
Once you have ensured that the entire surface of the glue has been sprayed with the solvent, wait about half an hour, allowing the solvent to soften the glue, making it ready to remove. Once softened, you can use a hand scraper, a putty knife or a floor scraper to tear away and wipe off all the glue from the floor. Make sure that you are thorough so that no glue is left on the floor.
Please note that you may have to reapply solvent on the floor, if it evaporates before you can get to all areas. The purpose of the solvent is to soften the glue; but it will only remain soft as long as it is wet. Should the glue begin to dry, you'll want to apply more solvent.
Sanding Glue from Plywood Floors
The use of mineral spirits and thinners to remove glue from plywood works best for floors which are smaller in size, due to the problem of the solvent drying before the scraping is done. If you have to remove glue from a larger area, sanding is a more preferable option. Sanding requires less time and labor in comparison to scraping.
The process of sanding generates heat, which helps by making the glue softer, as well as the abrasive action of the sandpaper scraping the glue and breaking it down. However, too much heat can be a problem, as it will gum up the sandpaper. Ideally, you don't want that, because it will add to your cost.
Unless you are sanding a very small area, you're going to want to rent a flooring sander for this project. These come in two types, belt sanders and vibratory sanders. The belt type is much faster to use, but carries the risk of oversanding. It's very easy to gouge your plywood subfloor, creating areas that will need to be puttied and sanded in order to have a smooth floor once again.
In addition to whatever flooring sander you use, you will probably also want a smaller sander for working around edges and in difficult to reach areas. A handheld belt sander is usually the best for this, as it will remove the glue faster than either a disk sander or palm sander. While those other types of sanders can be used, they are best left for finishing work.
Before sanding, inspect the floor for nails or screws which are sticking out above the floor surface. Drive them in, if possible or remove and replace them. You should never remove flooring nails or screws without replacing them, as it can leave the floor loose in that spot, leading to squeaky floors.
As you are sanding the floor, stop from time to time to sweep up or vacuum up the sanding dust. When too much dust builds up, it's hard to tell what parts are sanded and what parts still need work. It can also be helpful to work in sections, dividing the floor up and finishing one area, before moving on to the next.
men, carpet, glue, removal, machine, workers, floor, sanding
Two men removing carpet glue, Z. Smith Reynolds Library
Covering the Subfloor with Underlayment
Removing the glue from a floor may not be the best option for you, especially if doing so will cause damage to the subfloor. Rather than risk that, you may want to consider installing underlayment over the existing subfloor and glue, to provide you with a smooth surface for your new flooring. This is a more expensive, but quicker option, especially when there is a lot of glue to deal with.
This is not to say that you won't have to deal with any glue whatsoever, if you use underlayment. But the only glue you will need to deal with are high points, where there was too much glue applied. In those cases, a quick hit with a belt sander, bringing that high point down to the level of the rest of the glue, is usually sufficient.
Luan plywood is normally used for underlayment, due to it being thin and providing a smooth finish. Before attaching your underlayment, lay the individual pieces out on the subfloor and check to see that adjacent edges are level. If not, you may need to sand off some high points under one of the sheets.
It is a good idea to use construction adhesive, as well as flooring nails, for installing the underlayment. The addition of a thin layer of construction adhesive helps to reduce the risk of the new underlayment squeaking from movement. It essentially ensures that the underlayment and the subfloor stay in the same place, as compared to one another. However, never try using just construction adhesive, without flooring nails, for installing underlayment.
Depending on the condition of your subfloor, how well you install your underlayment and the type of flooring you're going to put on top of it, you may need to putty the seams and sand them. This is especially true if you are installing any sort of vinyl flooring. High edges or gaps between sheets can cause serious damage to vinyl flooring, eventually causing it to crack. Always be sure to sand these puttied edges smooth, so as to not create another problem. But this sanding can be done with a simple palm sander.
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Okay. Before we start today, have a look at this awesome video! After I watched the video, I tried to snap my fingers to chanin-chanin! It didn't quite work and it made me remember how many years ago, my best friend spent a crazy amount of time trying to get me to do it "right." Despite her efforts and 25 years of being Guatemalan, I still can't make the snapping sound. Now the important question: were you able to do it? It's okay if you can't! That makes two of us! Either way, this expression and hand gesture has an important influence on Guatemalan culture.
Chanin, chanin-chanin, or the hand movement that accompanies those words, is ingrained in Guatemalan culture in an inexplicable way. Whether or not they actually say the words, everyone does this hand movement. Some people do it everywhere, others do it only in the familiarity of their homes. Some make it snap, while others just shake their hands like pom poms (and I raise my hand to this!!!). The video got me thinking that I do it a lot (and I mean a LOT) more often than I initially thought I do. It's just one of those things that you learn at a very young age because everyone around you does it!
What is 'chanin chanin'?
Let's divide this in two and explore its meaning:
- Words: Saying 'chanin' or 'chanin-chanin'
- Gesture: The famous finger snapping hand movement
The origin of the word chanin
Guatemala's official language is Spanish. However, different cultural groups across the country speak another 24 officially recognized languages! Yes, that's a lot of languages for one country! 22 out of those 24 languages are Mayan languages spoken by indigenous people.
Now, going back to chanin and Guatemalan Spanish. Because of the cultural exchange that exists between the various groups in Guatemala, Mayan languages have influenced – and still are influencing – Spanish greatly! Many words we use in Guatemalan Spanish, like chanin, originate from a Mayan language. Chanin, in particular, means apúrate, or hurry up.
To practice some Spanish reading, visit Guatemala's official page on our linguistic heritage: Guatemala, un País con Diversidad Étnica, Cultural y Lingüística. There are also some maps for you to see where these different cultures and languages exist! You can also check out these Top 5 Spring Break Destinations in Guatemala and compare the places listed here to where each Mayan language is spoken.
Origin of the chanin gesture
As for the hand movement, I've been asking some abuelitas, and no one really knows where it comes from. I can only assume that someone, one day, really needed to get something done. So, they started shaking their hands to communicate a sense of urgency to another person who spoke a different one of the 24 languages. Since they couldn't understand each other with words, hand gestures had to do the job!
Imagine if you're in the middle of something and someone starts frantically shaking their hands to signal that you should hurry up – believe me – you'll hurry up!
The Languages of Guatemala
Languages are directly related to ethnic groups and culture. There are four different ethnic groups in Guatemala and one uses different languages:
Learn more about Guatemala's culture and ethnic groups here!
*Information on the number of native speakers from 2002 Census.
Spanish in the context of indigenous languages in Guatemala
Although Spanish is the "main" official language of Guatemala, a big percentage of the population does not speak Spanish! But how does this happen? The Spanish arrived in Guatemala almost 500 years ago in 1524 AD and as part of their colonization, they taught the indigenous people Spanish.
While 500 years may seem like enough time for everyone to learn Spanish, Guatemala is a country divided (and united!) by different cultures and landscapes. The various groups did not always accept a new language being imposed on them (who would?). Plus, the fact that some villages are so far removed from political, economic, or cultural centers allowed for many to just keep living their life without needing to learn a new language.
This is all now changing, but we'll talk more about Spanish in Guatemala in another blog post! In the meantime, you can read a little something on Guatemalan history here.
Something to keep in mind: The Spanish of each Spanish-speaking country is greatly influenced by the languages the indigenous populations spoke or still speak! That's the reason why there are sometimes big differences in the words the people of different Spanish-speaking countries use.
Y ahora, and now, exploremos the other languages of Guatemala!
According to the 2002 census, 41% of the Guatemalan population identify themselves as indigenous (descendants of the Mayans). All these people speak various Mayan languages, and each one is a descendant of the language Protomaya, which came to life some 6,000 years ago! Yes, it's been a long time! There are now 22 indigenous Mayan languages spoken in Guatemala, each spoken by a different cultural group! And yes, each one of them is a language of their own (not a *dialect!) with unique grammar, sounds, and vocabulary!
Let's have a look at these 22 Mayan languages:
*dialect: "A particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group." Thanks, Oxford English Dictionary!
As you can see, only a very small percentage of the population speaks each of the Mayan languages! These numbers have greatly decreased in the last few years and are still rapidly declining due to multiple reasons. For one, technology is only available in certain languages. Similarly, most services and information are only accessible in Spanish. People are also moving to bigger cities for work or studies, and because of that many families consider it more important for their children to learn Spanish than an indigenous Mayan language. Parents and grandparents have struggled to live in a country where they cannot speak the official language, and they don't want their children to have that same experience.
However, it's important to mention that Guatemala's government and different NGOs have started campaigns to promote Mayan language learning in schools and through any possible platform. The thing is, a language is not only a set of words we use to communicate with others. Languages carry the entire historical background of a whole culture! As such, it is important to value and cherish each Mayan language as much as we value and cherish all those beautiful colors we see when we visit a Guatemalan market!
Check out these quotes by Guatemalans to understand a little bit more about the importance of language as part of a culture: Discovering Treasures Through Spanish Quotes
Xinca is a language that doesn't belong to the same group as the other 22 indigenous Mayan languages. Its origin is unknown, but it used to be widely spoken throughout Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras. While some sources say the language is extinct, others say there are currently only about 100 people who speak this language.
Garifuna is the only language from the Arawakan language family spoken in Central America. All other languages from this language family that are not extinct, are spoken in Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, and Suriname. Up until 1797 when the Garifuna people were deported to Honduras, the language was only spoken in some Antillean Islands. Now, a total of about 200,000 people speak this language throughout Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, Nicaragua, and the US. If you'd like to learn more about the Garifuna culture, check out this documentary film in Garifuna language (and English): Garifuna in Peril.
Language is a huge part of culture! When you learn a language, you're not only learning to say things with other words, but you're venturing into a new world of ideas and customs. Continue learning more about Guatemalan culture and language by scheduling a FREE CLASS with us today!


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Charles E. Griswold
Flies were collected generally using hand held aerial nets sweep nets,and stationary flight (malaise) traps. Perhaps 100 specimens were collected. An effort was made to collect three target groups for immediate study. Acroceridae ('small headed flies' are a primitive group of brachyceran flies that are worldwide in distribution but rare in collections. As larvae they are obligate endoparasites of spiders. Blepharoceridae ('net winged midges') are delicate nematocera whose larvae cling to rock faces in fast moving streams and waterfalls. Therevidae ('stiletto flies') are fast flying higher Brachycera most characteristic of arid regions. Unfortunately, no individuals of these families were collected.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Environmental objectives and abatement measures for a healthy Bago River, A contribution to the Bago River Sub-basin Management Plan
MetadataVis full innførsel
This report is a deliverable of the project, IWRM, Institutional Building and Training, a collaborative effort by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MONREC) and the Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA). An important aim of this project is to pilot test the river basin management approach in Myanmar, and the Bago River Sub-basin has been selected as a pilot case study area. This report presents an important input to a coordinated Sub-basin Management Plan by presenting environmental objectives and abatement measures as discussed in the Bago River Sub-basin Area Committee and in the Bago River Sub-basin Area Non-governmental stakeholder Group. In Chapter 2 we provide a brief description of international environmental policy objectives; in Chapter 3 , the Bago River Sub-basin is described with regard to the bio-geographic and socio-economic context and the main stakeholder groups are presented; in Chapter 4, Myanmar and Bago Sub-basin level environmental objectives and pressures are addressed; Chapter 5 presents current abatement measures in Bago Sub-basin for meeting environmental aims, and the last Chapter 6 presents the process of prioritizing among suggested measures.
Project manager: Ingrid Nesheim

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Nestlé Dairy Empowerment Scheme
Between 1992 and 2008, milk production in Zimbabwe declined seven fold, and the dairy herd decreased from 200,000 to less than 40,000 cows. In order to reverse this negative trend, and to secure the long term requirements of fresh milk volumes for the Southerton Factory, a Dairy development scheme has been developed by Nestlé Zimbabwe, to be implemented in all 8 rural Provinces.
The scheme has 2 components/designs:
- Commercial dairy farming; since 2011 with the aim of reversing the decline in milk intake to Southerton Factory; targeting contracted farms or potential dairy farmers supplying to Nestlé.
- Small scale dairy farming; since 2012 with the aim of empowering rural communities to start dairy farming; targeting small holders, schools (rural development)
- Heifers are imported from South Africa, allocated on a 3 years loan (10% deposit, 6 months grace period, interest free). Mid to long term, Nestlé will develop local (confirmed) breeders, preferably contracted Nestlé dairy farms (to sustain and strengthen the viability of their farms) to supply NDES beneficiaries
Value to Society
- Increased income for farmers
- Environmental sustainability.
- Empower small scale farmers and vulnerable groups to produce better quality milk
Value to Nestlé
- Stable production and supply of milk
- Improved quality
- Improved relationships and trust with farmers
- Develop Nestlé contracted farmers to supply excess livestock for NDES
- Growing existing projects
- Assessment for 2015 projects
- 2015: move into new Provinces
- 2016: access remaining Provinces


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Part Database Version, Equivilence, Superceedence,Obsolescence in Assembly Bill-of-Materials
This page describes functions that are required by a part inventory or system used to construct bills-of-materials for any manufactured item. The author has experience in the electronic equipment sector, with mechanical assemblies, printed-circuit-board (PCB) design and manufacturing, but the same functions described below apply to most manufacturing businesses.
Any part management system would need to be adaptable within an inital fixed structure dictated by normal datbase constraints. This could include having versions of parts, parts being assemblies of other parts, items being grouped according to type, function, use, obsolescence, superceedence or equivilence.
While all functions may not be used by one user, a method of updating or adding in functionality shouild be automated. For example, one user of the system may insist there are only one version of any part, all replacement parts handled as equivilences. Another user may find versions of parts, controlled by start-end dates, allow for ordering to take into account of when items are avalible in time.
In addition to adding parts and Assembly lists, various methods of interrogating the part database to detect re-ordering, order expiary, obsolescence and stock control can be inplemented using the mature, formal query languages, like SQL (Structured Query Language).. Queries that are frequently used, tried and tested, should then be added to user menus so that they can be used by all staff without their needing to understand SQL.
A bill-of-materials (BOM) contains a list with quantities and other manufacturing details of each indvidual part at the level of the specified assembly. A used-on list can do the reverse: describe which assemblies or parts, and at what level, use a specified part or list of parts.
The BOM list can contain sub-assembly parts,(which contain their own list and quantity of parts). Sub-assembly parts can call other sub-assembly parts but a part cannot call itself: (which would cause an infinite recusrsion!). Form and database entry constraints should prevent these kinds of errors..
Parts may be versioned, have open or defined start-end dates and superceedence rules. A rule should be set for each version of a part. Normally the rules would be different for each part/version, makin the distinct definition why there is a separate version. Versions could be used for slightly different assemblies. A specific set of numbers having specific meanings for each number, For example, all -1 versions or all -2 versions are made by a specific manufaturer to a functionaly interchangable specification, or all -3 versions that are advance billed, would trigger a SQL query to look for all part/asseblies that list that part/version , or all -4 versions are functionally interchangeable in a mechanical sense, but have a different temperature specification. , And so on, the possibilites are endless. A rule of functional interchangability among all same part-numbers, regarless of version should be attempted. Any variant (set) of a part that is also an assembly would most likely be a modifying or add-on kit to convert a lower-level assembly or even top-level assembly for a specific market, for example: voltage, color, standard compliance.
Thus the planning of sub-assemblies needs to be worked out in the inital product planning to prevent near-duplicate custom versions of assemblies having to be stocked.
Obsolescence can be indicated by a part having an order end-date and superceeding part indicated. A rule that a superceeded part would have both an end-date and a superceedence part-number would need to be an entity and data-entry/update constraint. Entity Flags and dates should be avoided, In this case, the presence of a superceedence part-number should suffice to flag a part as obsolete.(Ensuring no obsolete part did not have a superceeded part).
Listings of part/versions should select the LATEST part as default, in any selection form, with an optional list of versions , together with the reasons for each version.
The main functions would be to create part/versions, create bills-of-materials and to query and update both types of lists. Parts can be listed with the following types of attributes. These vary between uses, but the following list are used in some the functionality described further on . Aan example list).
A Company would normally have defined specifications and standards to comply with national, industrial and environemtal restrictions.
In this case, these documents would also have references attached to all parts within the part database.
A part-management system with the above features would include intuitive menues that offered finite attributes, linked entites, provided functions to add, delete, list and detect inconsistancies in an entity.
An entity, in database parlance is a collection of data that is complete within itself. This may be a collection of table rows from a number of different tables, binary objects, images, pointers to files, files and pointers.
There are a number of existing packages that are well developed to provide some, or nearly all of the above functions, but often there are adaptions away from an ideal data-model or extensive (and expensive) programming that is essential to approximate a prefered system.


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ISATEC received one of the prestigious innovation vouchers worth 50.000€ on 12.1.2023, which ISATEC shares with the Belgian project partner YPTF Engineering. Under the title "Green Energy Supply for the Einstein Telescope", ISATEC is working with YTPF Engineering on the development of a modeling framework for a safe, reliable and environmentally sustainable energy supply, which will be applied to the Einstein Telescope for the first time. The simulation environment will be designed in such a way that it can be transferred to comparable energy systems in other application areas.
Renewable energies are currently on everyone's lips, but many questions remain unanswered by the public: "Where is the electricity supposed to come from without fossil power plants if the sun doesn't shine and the wind doesn't blow?" or "Isn't the production of hydrogen from renewable energies much too expensive?" Such questions can be answered with the numerical modeling framework developed in this project. With the help of this framework, models of real energy systems will be created. These systems can be individual houses, city districts or entire industrial plants. For the modeling, we gather economic and technical data for individual system components, but also for overall societal trends (e.g., development of electricity and gas prices over the next 20 years). These data enable ISATEC to calculate an optimized future energy system. Our results can be used to support decision-makers in politics, business or society. Often, there is not only one goal they pursue, but they have to balance competing interests, e.g. between costs, reliability and CO₂ emissions. With our modeling approach, we support decision-making even in complicated situations of conflicting interests by finding the optimal trade-off between cost aspects and user-friendly energy supply.
Photo ISATEC — Voucher handover at ISATEC (from left to right): R. Meyer (AGIT), E.A. Werner (ISATEC), M. Spiller (ISATEC), F. Tortorelli (YPTF), I. Neven (YPTF), P. Gier (AGIT) and M. Vannes (POM Limburg)


\chapter{Project and Media Attributes}% \label{cha:project_and_media_attributes} When you play media files in Cinelerra, the media files have a certain number of tracks, frame size, sample size, and so on. No matter what attributes the media file has, it is played back according to the project attributes. So, if an audio file's sample rate is different than the project attributes, it is resampled. Similarly, if a video file's frame size is different than the project attributes, the video is composited on a black frame, either cropped or bordered with black. The project attributes are adjusted in Settings $\rightarrow$ Set Format (figure~\ref{fig:set-format}) or can be created in File $\rightarrow$ New. When you adjust project settings in File $\rightarrow$ New, a new empty timeline is created. Every timeline created from this point on uses the same settings. When you adjust settings in Settings $\rightarrow$ Format, media on the timeline is left unchanged. But every timeline created from this point uses the same settings. \begin{figure}[htpb] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{images/set-format.png} \caption{Set Format window - note the Audio Channel positions} \label{fig:set-format} \end{figure} In addition to the standard settings for sample rate, frame rate, and frame size, Cinelerra uses some less traditional settings like channel positions, color model, and aspect ratio. The aspect ratio refers to the screen aspect ratio. Edit decision lists, the EDL stored in XML, save the project settings. Formats which contain media but no edit decisions just add data to the tracks. Keep in mind details such as if your project sample rate is 48\,kHz and you load a sound file with 96\,kHz, you will still be playing it at 48\,kHz. Or if you load an EDL file at 96\,kHz and the current project sample rate is 48\,kHz, you will change it to 96\,kHz. The New Project window has some options that are different than the Set Format window as you can see by comparing figure~\ref{fig:set-format} above with this figure~\ref{fig:new-project}. Mostly notably is the field for a directory path and a Project Name. \begin{figure}[htpb] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{images/new-project.png} \caption{New Project dialog window} \label{fig:new-project} \end{figure} Explanation of the various fields is described next. \section{Audio attributes}% \label{sec:audio_attributes} \begin{description} \item[Presets:] select an option from this menu to have all the project settings set to one of the known standards. Some of the options are 1080P/24, 1080I, 720P/60, PAL, NTSC, YouTube, and CD audio. \item[Tracks:] (in New Project menu only) sets the number of audio tracks for the new project. Tracks can be added or deleted later, but this option is on the New Project menu for convenience. \item[Samplerate:] sets the samplerate of the audio. The project samplerate does not have to be the same as the media sample rate that you load. Media is resampled to match the project sample rate. \item[Channels:] sets the number of audio channels for the new project. The number of audio channels does not have to be the same as the number of tracks. \item[Channel positions:] the currently enabled audio channels and their positions in the audio panning boxes in the track patchbay are displayed in the channel position widget in the Set Format window. You can see this display on the left side in figure~\ref{fig:set-format} above. Channel positions are not in New Project window. The channels are numbered. When rendered, the output from channel 1 is rendered to the first output track in the file or the first sound card channel of the sound card. Later channels are rendered to output tracks numbered consecutively. The audio channel positions correspond to where in the panning widgets each of the audio outputs is located. The closer the panning position is to one of the audio outputs, the more signal that speaker gets. Click on a speaker icon and drag to change the audio channel location. The speakers can be in any orientation. A different speaker arrangement is stored for every number of audio channels since normally you do not want the same speaker arrangement for different numbers of channels. Channel positions is the only setting that does not affect the output necessarily. It is merely a convenience, so that when more than two channels are used, the pan controls on the timeline can distinguish between them. It has nothing to do with the actual arrangement of speakers. Different channels can be positioned very close together to make them have the same output. \end{description} \section{Video attributes}% \label{sec:video_attributes} \begin{description} \item[Tracks:] (in New Project menu only) sets the number of video tracks the new project is assigned. Tracks can be added or deleted later, but options are provided here for convenience. \item[Framerate:] sets the framerate of the video. The project framerate does not have to be the same as an individual media file frame rate that you load. Media is reframed to match the project framerate. \item[Canvas size:] sets the size of the video output. In addition, each track also has its own frame size. Initially, the New Project dialog creates video tracks whose size match the video output. The video track sizes can be changed later without changing the video output. \item[Aspect ratio:] sets the aspect ratio; this aspect ratio refers to the screen aspect ratio. The aspect ratio is applied to the video output. The aspect ratio can be different than the ratio that results from the formula: $\dfrac{h}{v}$ (the number of horizontal pixels divided into the number of vertical pixels). If the aspect ratio differs from the results of the formula above, your output will be in non-square pixels. \item[Auto aspect ratio:] if this option is checked, the Set Format dialog always recalculates the Aspect ratio setting based upon the given Canvas size. This ensures pixels are always square. \item[Color model:] the internal color space of Cinelerra GG is X11 sRGB without color profile. Cinelerra always switches to sRGB when applying filters or using the compositing engine. Different case for decoding/playback or encoding/output; the project will be stored in the color model video that is selected in the dropdown. Color model is important for video playback because video has the disadvantage of being slow compared to audio. Video is stored on disk in one colormodel, usually a YUV derivative. When played back, Cinelerra decompresses it from the file format directly into the format of the output device. If effects are processed, the program decompresses the video into an intermediate colormodel first and then converts it to the format of the output device. The selection of an intermediate colormodel determines how fast and accurate the effects are. A list of the current colormodel choices follows. \begin{description} \item[RGB-8 bit] Allocates 8\,bits for the R, G, and B channels and no alpha. This is normally used for uncompressed media with low dynamic range. \item[RGBA-8 bit] Allocates an alpha channel to the 8\,bit RGB colormodel. It can be used for overlaying multiple tracks.\\ \item[RGB-Float] Allocates a 32\,bit float for the R, G, and B channels and no alpha. This is used for high dynamic range processing with no transparency. \item[RGBA-Float] This adds a 32\,bit float for alpha to RGB-Float. It is used for high dynamic range processing with transparency. Or when we don't want to lose data during workflow, for example in color correction, key extraction and motion tracking. \\ \item[YUV-8 bit] Allocates 8\,bits for Y, U, and V. This is used for low dynamic range operations in which the media is compressed in the YUV color space. Most compressed media is in YUV and this derivative allows video to be processed fast with the least color degradation. \item[YUVA-8 bit] Allocates an alpha channel to the 8\,bit YUV colormodel for transparency. \end{description} In order to do effects which involve alpha channels, a colormodel with an alpha channel must be selected. These are RGBA-8 bit, YUVA-8 bit, and RGBA-Float. The 4 channel colormodels are slower than 3\,channel colormodels, with the slowest being RGBA-Float. Some effects, like fade, work around the need for alpha channels while other effects, like chromakey, require an alpha channel in order to be functional. So in order to get faster results, it is always a good idea to try the effect without alpha channels to see if it works before settling on an alpha channel and slowing it down. When using compressed footage, YUV colormodels are usually faster than RGB colormodels. They also destroy fewer colors than RGB colormodels. If footage stored as JPEG or MPEG is processed many times in RGB, the colors will fade whereas they will not fade if processed in YUV. Years of working with high dynamic range footage has shown floating point RGB to be the best format for


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[en] The ITRS Roadmap highlights the electrical characterization of the source and drain extension regions as a key challenge for future complimentary-metal-oxide-semiconductor technology. Presently, an accurate determination of the depth of ultrashallow junctions can routinely only be performed by time-consuming and destructive techniques such as secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). In this work, the authors propose to use the fast and nondestructive photomodulated optical reflectance (PMOR) technique , as implemented in the Therma-Probe\textregistered (TP) dopant metrology system, for these purposes. PMOR is a pump-probe technique based on the measurement of the pump-induced modulated change in probe reflectance, i.e., the so-called (photo) modulated reflectance. In this article, the authors demonstrate that the absolute junction depths of boxlike active dopant structures can be extracted in a very simple and straightforward way from the TP offset curves, which represent the behavior of the modulated reflectance as a function of the pump-probe beam spacing. Although the procedure is based on the insights into the physical behavior of the offset curves, no modeling is involved in the actual extraction process itself. The extracted junction depths are in good correlation with the corresponding junction depths as measured by means of SIMS. The technique has a subnanometer depth sensitivity for depths ranging from 10 to 35 nm with the present Therma-Probe\textregistered 630XP system. The extension of the proposed procedure to the general ultrashallow profiles is also explored and discussed
Copyright (2010) American Vacuum Society. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Vacuum Society.
The following article appeared in Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology : Part B and may be found at _URL_


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The names of things
Terry Billings, Zachari Logan, Stacia Verigin
September 28 to January 6, 2013
Opening Reception: Friday, September 28 at 8 p.m.
Talk/Tour: Sunday, November 4 at 2 p.m.with artists Terry Billings, Zachari Logan,
Stacia Verigin, and curator Troy Gronsdahl.
In their diverse mixed media works, drawings and sculpture, Terry Billings, Zachari Logan, and Stacia Verigin explore the complex relationships between human experience and the natural world. Their work engages with natural forms and imagery to challenge assumptions about nature and consider the beauty and mystery of the world around us.
Terry Billings' mixed media works sit in the charged space between knowledge and intuition. Billings has created works of art using wasp nest paper and plumage to explore the contradictions between the established scientific understanding of biological life forms and her personal experience of the non-human world.
Zachari Logan's provocative drawings investigate masculine representation in contemporary society. The large-scale chalk pastel drawing from his Eunuch Tapestry series is based upon a number of remarkable, 15th-century textile works featuring unicorn subject matter. Logan extrapolates on the historical unicorn narrative to explore notions of sexuality, desire, domesticity, and love.
Stacia Verigin's sculptures are inspired by her enchantment with the beauty and diversity of nature. Through a process of experimentation, discovery, and play, she eloquently transforms materials such as sawdust and glue into natural looking forms. Her work invites curious inspection; the viewer is challenged to resolve the tension between natural and unnatural, fiction and reality.
The human perspective on understandings of nature is a tangle of historical perspectives, personal experience, public and private interests. The names of things aims to tease out some of these issues through the poignant, humorous, and imaginative works of three Saskatoon artists.
The exhibition is curated by Associate Curator Troy Gronsdahl.
Download the-publication for the exhibition here.


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Sunday, July 17, 2011
An International Peace Pole was planted at Friedensaal Evangelical Lutheran Church, Seven Valleys, Pennsylvania (which is located in southern York County) as part of their 2011 Vacation Bible School. The Peace Pole was dedicated on Sunday, July 17th, 2011 as part of the Sunday worship.
The theme of the 2011 Vacation Bible School was "God Loves All the Children of the World." The truth taught was: God loves each one of us; therefore we are to love one another and live in peace with one another. Being peacemakers was encouraged among all the age-groups of the children. They are the generation that gives us all hope for peace in this world.
The four message plaques on our Peace Pole bear the prayer "May Peace Prevail on Earth" in four languages:
ENGLISH – the language of our nation
GERMAN – in honor of the language of the German immigrant forefathers and foremothers who founded Friedensaal Church
("Friedensaal" means Hall of Peace in German)
SWAHILI – in honor of our sister Lutheran Synod, the Konde Diocese in Tanzania
JAPANESE – in honor of Ryan George Degucci, his Japanese-American grandson who was born in Japan, by George Scoufalos
The Peace Pole at Friedensaal is planted in a prominent place adjacent to the Hall of Hope, the new large Social Hall of the congregation.
It stands in the middle of a new flower garden in which the children of the Vacation Bible School planted the flowers.
The Peace Pole was hand-crafted and constructed for longevity by one of the congregations members, Mr. Hans Breden.
May Peace Prevail On Earth.
The Reverend Margareta M. Breden
Photo by Jennifer Horan.


Sex differences of molecular mechanisms of insulin sensitivity in young and adult C57BL/6J mice
T. V. Yakovleva, A. Y. Kazantseva, E. N. Makarova, N. M. Bazhan
Результат исследования: Научные публикации в периодических изданияхстатья
1 Цитирования (Scopus)
Аннотация
Reduced insulin sensitivity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of type II diabetes. There are sex differences in the development of metabolic disorders. The aim of this work was to investigate the insulin signal transduction gene expression in mice of different sex and age. Male and female C57BL/6J mice were used in our studies. Gene expression was assayed by RT-PCR. It was shown that insulin sensitivity in females was higher than in males regardless of age because the level of glucose in blood plasma of females does not differ from that in males, whereas female insulin levels were lower than male insulin levels. Female glucose tolerance increased with age, and glucose tolerance was higher in females than in males at the age of 30 weeks. It was shown that sex and age affect the expressions of insulin signal transduction genes. It was shown that there are sex differences in the levels of mRNA Pik3cd in the liver, in the levels of mRNA Irs1 in the muscle, in the levels of mRNA Irs1 and Slc2a4 in adipose tissue at the age of 10 weeks, and there are sex differences in the levels of mRNA Irs2 and Pik3cd in the liver, in the levels mRNA Pik3cd and Slc2a4 in the muscle, in the levels mRNA Insr and Pik3cd in adipose tissue at the age of 30 weeks. In young animals, the expression of the genes was higher in females than in males in all tissues. In adult animals, the expression of the genes in the liver was higher in females than in males, the expression of the genes in muscle and adipose tissues were lower in females than in males. In males, the levels of mRNA Insr in the liver and muscles and mRNA Pik3cd in adipose tissue decreased with age, and the level of mRNA Pik3cd in muscles increased with age. In females, the levels of mRNA Irs1 in muscle and mRNA Pik3cd and Slc2a4 in adipose tissue decreased with age. Thus the molecular basis of sex differences and age-related changes in insulin sensitivity may be a change in expressions of insulin signal transduction genes in the target tissues.
Язык оригиналаанглийский
Страницы (с-по)833-840
Число страниц8
ЖурналVavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii
Том21
Номер выпуска7
DOI
СостояниеОпубликовано - 1 янв 2017
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Was the 2002/03 Maha's Bumper Paddy Harvest due to El Nino?
University of Peradeniya, LK
Senior Lecturer in Engineering
PhD (Yale University), AMIE (SL)
TAMS Consultants, US
Civil and Environmental Engineer
BSc., MS (New Jersey Institute of Technology)
Institute of Fundamental Studies, LK
During the last six decades, Sri Lankan paddy production has systematically increased due to improved technology and enhanced cultivation. Along with this trend, there is also a year-to-year variation in harvest primarily due to rainfall variations. An analysis of these variations shows that during the global El Nino climatic episodes, the odds are that Yala harvest decreases and Maha harvest increases. During El Nino episodes, there is usually an increase in the rainfall from October to December which is the planting phase of the Maha season leading usually to an increase in paddy production. The 2002/ 2003 Maha was during an El Nino season and heavy rains fell during this period and it is likely that 2002/2003 bumper Maha crop was influenced by the El Nino event. Since the rise in paddy production was likely due to a climatic anomaly, it would be unwise to change agricultural policy to discourage paddy cultivation.
How to Cite:
Zubair, L., Perera, R. and Yahiya, Z., 2005. Was the 2002/03 Maha's Bumper Paddy Harvest due to El Nino?. Engineer: Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka, 38(4), pp.63–70. DOI: _URL_
22 Oct 2005.


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(Nairobi, Kenya – 3 September 2023) — More than 40 heads-of-state gather in Nairobi this week for the first-ever Africa Climate Summit, providing a pivotal forum to address climate-related concerns across the African continent and highlight the role of nations as agents for positive change.
The Summit comes at an important moment as the African continent is exposed to the serious impacts that climate change is already having on its people, ecosystems and economies, and as these leaders and communities face in an increasingly uncertain future.
Taking place from 4-6 September, the Summit will be a pivotal event for addressing climate-related concerns across the African continent, and IFAW will make the case that wildlife protection and biodiversity conservation are important nature-based solutions to climate change that can deliver benefits for nature, the climate, and people.
Key issues that IFAW will address at the Africa Climate Summit include climate change mitigation, the role of wild animals in climate mitigation, biodiversity loss and habitat fragmentation, human-wildlife conflict, climate adaptation and resilient livelihoods.
"The challenges posed by climate change demand urgent and collaborative action," said Azzedine Downes, CEO and President of IFAW. "Africa's vast landscapes, unparalleled biodiversity and existing carbon sinks are natural assets that deliver huge, unaccounted for benefits to the planet and humanity as a whole, essentially providing a planetary safety net."
IFAW and Downes will use the opportunity to engage in a high-level dialogue with Ministers from East and Southern Africa to discuss the challenges that wildlife and rural communities are facing due to climate change, and how IFAW's Room to Roam initiative is bringing them together to build climate resilient landscapes.
"Strengthening transboundary connectivity for elephants can deliver true benefits for nature, climate, and people. Wildlife and healthy biodiversity are key to maintaining ecosystem balance, and when we are in balance, we are more resilient and able to adapt to changing climate patterns. There is no better species than elephants to show us the path to healthy biodiversity across the globe.
"Through initiatives like Room to Roam, we are taking concrete steps to bridge the gap between conservation and climate adaptation, ensuring a brighter future for Africa's unique biodiversity," said Mr. Downes.
IFAW's presence at the Africa Climate Summit reaffirms its dedication to fostering partnerships, sharing expertise, and driving effective solutions that address the intricate relationship between climate change, wildlife, and communities. By aligning efforts and joining hands with stakeholders from across the continent, IFAW is poised to play a transformative role in shaping the trajectory of climate action in Africa.
- Visual editors will find downloadable resources copyright to IFAW at this link: _URL_
- Picture editors: High resolution professional images available on request.
- Media are invited to attend the following events, hosted by IFAW:
- Ministerial Dialogue
Tuesday, 5 September, 13:00-14:00 pm – KICC.
Building climate resilient landscapes across Southern and Eastern Africa: How strengthening trans-boundary ecosystem connectivity can deliver co-benefits for nature, climate and people.
Moderator: George Wamukoya, Team Lead at Africa Group of Negotiators Experts Support (AGNES)
- Africa Climate Hub event
Thursday, 7 September, 09:45-10:15 am – KICC Courtyard.
Using ecosystem connectivity to build climate resilience: How transnational elephant conservation is addressing the climate crisis through climate smart conservation, landscape restoration and ecosystem-based adaptation in East and Southern Africa.
Main speaker: James Isiche, Director, IFAW Africa
IFAW experts will be on-hand throughout the African Climate Summit for in-person discussion and interviews.
All biographies, pictures and resources can be found here.
International Relations Manager
m: +254 722 607640
Director, Communications Africa
m: +27 82 _PHONE_
Donate nowIFAW affiliates are registered as tax-exempt nonprofit organizations in several countries. Depending on where you reside, your donation may qualify for a tax deduction or benefit. See the pull-down menu at the bottom right of this page to see how IFAW operates in your country.
Our work can't get done without you. Please give what you can to help animals thrive.


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Adult Roles and Responsibilities - COS410
Adult Roles and Responsibilities helps students prepare for independent living.This course prepares students to understand the nature, function, and significance of human relationships involving individuals and families. Topics include: family living, parenting, household and money management, decision-making skills, communication skills, self - awareness, crisis management, and the individual's roles and responsibilities within the family and community.
If you'd like to learn more about this class or provide a copy of the syllabus to your school counselor to ensure you are taking the right course, please fill out the form below to begin the download.
- Semester: Semester 1
- SKU: COS410-5
- Category: Life Skills


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Malate dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli has been crystallized with polyethylene glycol and citrate buffer at pH 5·7. The enzyme was obtained from an E. coli strain in which the chromosomal malate dehydrogenase gene was contained on a pBR322 vector. Two types of crystals have been observed; a monoclinic C2 form and an orthorhombic C2221 form, which is found infrequently. Monoclinic crystals were used as seeds in several rounds of crystallization until large crystals suitable for diffraction analysis were available. A complete X-ray data set to 2·0 Å has been collected.
Bibliographical noteFunding Information:
The eMDH project was supported by the National Science Foundation, U.S.A. (L.J.B., DNB _PHONE_) and the NTH (T,.M.-H., GM33218).
- citric acid cycle
- malate dehydrogenase


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2. ἐν + Dative for Content
Rare is the usage of the simple dative to denote the content that is used by a verb of filling. For ἐν + the dative, this usage is debatable.
Normally, a verb of filling takes a genitive of content; rarely, a simple dative of content. However, we know of no clear examples in biblical Greek in which ἐν + the dative indicates content. We should, therefore, seek some other nuance in such instances, as in Eph 5:18 (discussed below ).
Eph 5:18 πληροῦσθε ἐν πνεύματι
be filled [with, by, in] [the] Spirit
To see ἐν πνεύματι here as indicating content is grammatically suspect (even though it is, in many circles, the predominant view). Only if the flow of argument and/or the lack of other good possibilities strongly point in the direction of content would we be compelled to take it as such. There are no other examples in biblical Greek in which ἐν + the dative after πληρόω indicates content. Further, the parallel with οἴνῳ as well as the common grammatical category of means suggest that the idea intended is that believers are to be filled by means of the [Holy] Spirit. If so, there seems to be an unnamed agent.
The meaning of this text can only be fully appreciated in light of the πληρόω language in Ephesians. Always the term is used in connection with a member of the Trinity. Three considerations seem to be key: (1) In Eph 3:19 the "hinge" prayer introducing the last half of the letter makes a request that the believers "be filled with all the fullness of God" (πληρωθῆτε εἰς πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ θεοῦ). The explicit content of πληρόω is thus God's fullness (probably a reference to his moral attributes). (2) In 4:10 Christ is said to be the agent of filling (with v 11 adding the specifics of his giving spiritual gifts). (3) The author then brings his argument to a crescendo in 5:18: Believers are to be filled by Christ by means of the Spirit with the content of the fullness of God.
Though only one of my two examples below is "Biblical Greek" (if you consider the Apocrypha to be Biblical), could these be considered instances "in which ἐν + the dative indicates content"?
Ignatius to the Smyrneans, Salutation:
Ἰγνάτιος, ὁ καὶ Θεοφόρος, ἐκκλησίᾳ θεοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ ἠγαπημένου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ἠλεημένῃ ἐν παντὶ χαρίσματι, πεπληρωμένῃ ἐν πίστει καὶ ἀγάπῃ, ἀνυστερήτῳ οὔσῃ παντὸς χαρίσματος, θεοπρεπεστάτῃ καὶ ἁγιοφόρῳ, τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν Σμύρνῃ τῆς Ἀσίας, ἐν ἀμώμῳ πνεύματι καὶ λόγῳ θεοῦ πλεῖστα χαίρειν.
Ignatius, who [is] also God-bearer, to the church of God the Father and of the beloved Jesus Christ, which has obtained mercy in every gift,, which has been filled with faith and love, not lacking in2 which is1 any gift, most worthy of God and bearing holy things, which is in Smyrna of Asia, in3 a blameless4 spirit5 and6 the word7 of God.8 abundant1 greetings2.
- Brannan, R. (2011). Apostolic Fathers Greek-English Interlinear. Logos Bible Software.
γυνὴ ἀνδρεία εὐφραίνει τὸν ἄνδρα αὐτῆς, καὶ τὰ ἔτη αὐτοῦ πληρώσει ἐν εἰρήνῃ.
A loyal wife brings joy to her husband, and he will complete his years in peace. (NRSV)


Pittidae – Pittas
Fairy Pitta Pitta nympha ©Gary Kinard
Pittas are a family, Pittidae, of passerine birds mainly found in tropical Asia and Australasia, although a couple of species live in Africa. Pittas are all similar in general structure and habits, and have often been placed in a single genus, although as of 2009 they are now split into three genera, Pitta, Erythropitta and Hydrornis. The name is derived from the word pitta in the Telugu language of South India and is a generic local name used for all small birds. Pittas are medium-sized by passerine standards, at 15cm to 2 cm in length, and stocky, with strong, longish legs and long feet. They have very short tails and stout, slightly decurved bills. Most, but not all, have brightly coloured plumage.
They are fairly terrestrial birds of wet forest floors. They eat snails, insects and similar invertebrate prey. Pittas are mostly solitary and lay up to six eggs in a large spherical nest in a tree or shrub, or sometimes on the ground. Both parents care for the young. Many species of pittas are migratory, and they often end up in unexpected places like house-gardens during migration.
A number of species of pitta are threatened with extinction. One of these, the Gurney's Pitta, is listed as endangered by the IUCN; a further eight species are listed as vulnerable. The main threat to pittas is habitat loss in the form of rapid deforestation.
The pittas range from the Blue-banded Pitta at 15cm to the Giant pitta, which can be up to 29cm in length. In weight they range from 42g to 210g. Pittas are stout bodied birds with long, strong tarsi and long feet. There is considerable variation in the colour of the legs and feet, this may be used by females in judging the quality of males. The wings have ten primaries are generally rounded and short Those of the four migratory species, however, are more pointed. Although pittas are behaviourally reluctant to fly, they are capable and even strong fliers. The tails range from being short to very short, and is composed of twelve feathers.
Atypically for forest floor species, the plumage of pittas is often bright and colourful. Only one species, the Eared Pitta, has entirely cryptic colours in the adults of both sexes. In the same genus, three others have drabber than average plumage. Like the other Hydrornis pittas they are sexually dimorphic in their plumage, with the females tending towards being drabber and more cryptic than the males. Across most of the family the brighter colours tend to be on the undersides, with the bright colours on the rump, wings and uppertail coverts being concealable. Being able to conceal bright colours from predator approach from above is important.
The pittas are generally birds of tropical forests, semi-forests and scrub. Of particular importance to most species are forests with lots of cover, a rich understory, and leaf litter for feeding. Pittas often frequent areas near waterways as well. Some species inhabit swamps and bamboos forests, and the mangrove pitta, as its name suggests, is a mangrove specialist. A number of species are lowland forest specialists, for example the rainbow pitta is not found above 400m, whereas other species may occur at much higher elevations, for example Rusty-naped Pitta have been found up to 2,600m . This varies in the Fairy Pitta across its range, reaching up to 1,300m in Taiwan but at much lower levels in Japan. In addition to natural habitats pittas may use human altered habitats, for example migrating Blue-winged Pittas and Hooded Pittas use parks and urban gardens in Singapore and India Pitta is found in gardens in Sri Lanka.
The Fairy Pitta migrates from Korea, Japan, Taiwan and coastal China to Borneon. The greatest diversity of pittas are found in South-east Asia. The movements of pittas are poorly known and notoriously difficult to study.
Pittas are diurnal, requiring light in order to find their often cryptic prey. They are nevertheless often found in darker areas and are highly secretive, though they will respond to imitations of their calls. They are generally found as single birds, with even young birds not associating with their parents unless they are being fed. Small groups have been observed during migration.
The pittas are strongly territorial, with territories varying in size from 3000 m² in the African Pitta to 10,000m² in the Rainbow Pitta. They will perform territory defence displays on the edges of their territories, although fights between rivals have only been recorded once. Migratory species will defend non-breeding feeding territories in addition to their breeding ones.
Earthworms form the major part of the diet of pittas, followed by snails in order of importance. Earthworms may however become seasonally unavailable in dry conditions when the worms move deeper into the soil. In addition a wide range of invertebrate prey is eaten, including many insects groups such as termites, ants, beetles, true bugs, and lepidopterans; as well as freshwater crabs, centipedes, millipedes, and spiders. In addition to invertebrates some species, such as the Fairy Pitta and Rainbow Pitta, have been recorded feeding on vertebrate prey. These in Fairy Pitta, shrews.
Like most birds the pittas are monogamous breeders, and defend breeding territories. Most species are seasonal breeders, timing their breeding to occur at the onset of the rainy season. The courtship behaviours of the family are poorly known, but the elaborate dance of the African pitta includes jumping into the air with a puffed out breast and parachuting down back down to the perch. The pittas build a rudimentary nest that is a dome with a side entrance. The structure of the nest is consistent across the whole family.Both parents incubate the clutch, the period between laying and hatching being between 14 and 18 days (14 to 16 being more typical). The chicks usually hatch asynchronously, over a number of days, but in some species the hatching is synchronous. On hatching the parents of at least two species are reported to consume the eggshells.
According to the IOC there are 42 species of Pitta in just three genera; they are:
Eared Pitta Hydrornis phayrei
Blue-naped Pitta Hydrornis nipalensis
Blue-rumped Pitta Hydrornis soror
Rusty-naped Pitta Hydrornis oatesi
Schneider's Pitta Hydrornis schneideri
Giant Pitta Hydrornis caeruleus
Blue-headed Pitta Hydrornis baudii
Blue Pitta Hydrornis cyaneus
Bar-bellied Pitta Hydrornis elliotii
Javan Banded Pitta Hydrornis guajanus
Malayan Banded Pitta Hydrornis irena
Bornean Banded Pitta Hydrornis schwaneri
Gurney's Pitta Hydrornis gurneyi
Whiskered Pitta Erythropitta kochi
Philippine Pitta Erythropitta erythrogaster
Sula Pitta Erythropitta dohertyi
Sulawesi Pitta Erythropitta celebensis
Siao Pitta Erythropitta palliceps
Sangihe Pitta Erythropitta caeruleitorques
South Moluccan Pitta Erythropitta rubrinucha
North Moluccan Pitta Erythropitta rufiventris
Louisiade Pitta Erythropitta meeki
Bismarck Pitta Erythropitta novaehibernicae
Papuan Pitta Erythropitta macklotii
Blue-banded Pitta Erythropitta arquata
Garnet Pitta Erythropitta granatina
Graceful Pitta Erythropitta venusta
Black-crowned Pitta Erythropitta ussheri
Hooded Pitta Pitta sordida
Ivory-breasted Pitta Pitta maxima
Azure-breasted Pitta Pitta steerii
Superb Pitta Pitta superba
African Pitta Pitta angolensis
Green-breasted Pitta Pitta reichenowi
Indian Pitta Pitta brachyura
Fairy Pitta Pitta nympha
Blue-winged Pitta Pitta moluccensis
Mangrove Pitta Pitta megarhyncha
Elegant Pitta Pitta elegans
Rainbow Pitta Pitta iris
Noisy Pitta Pitta versicolor
Black-faced Pitta Pitta anerythra
Species Links
 - Banded Pitta Pitta guajana
 BirdLife Species Account
 - Banded Pitta Pitta guajana
 HBW Species Account
 Taxonomy: Turdus Guajanus Statius Muller, 1776, Banjuwangi, eastern Java. On basis mainly of longer, graduated tail, sometimes placed in separate genus Eucichla, along with P. elliotii and P. gurneyi, and on occasion P. cyanea. Significant geographical differences in coloration and voice; race schwaneri possibly a separate species; the two W races may together form another species, in which ripleyi perhaps represents only a clinal extreme of irena; further study needed. Birds from W Java often recognized as race affinis, but considered generally inseparable from nominate. In addition, described race bangkae, supposedly from Bangka I, is thought to have been named from a mislabelled specimen originating probably from W Java. Four subspecies currently


text:
PIERRE, S.D. – In the 1930's, the Stratosphere Bowl was selected as a launching location for two helium-filled balloons. The first balloon launch, known as Explorer I, was in 1934. The second and more successful launch with Explorer II occurred in 1935.
Explorer II launched from the Stratosphere Bowl on Nov. 11, 1935. It set a world record after traveling to an altitude of 72,395 feet – the highest elevation ever reached by man at that time. The balloon remained in the air for 8 hours and 13 minutes collecting data. Upon its landing near White Lake, S.D., Explorer II had gathered valuable information regarding high-altitude photography, cosmic ray and atmospheric conditions.
The Stratosphere Bowl was chosen as a launch location because of its natural terrain, favorable weather, altitude and depth. These factors combined to make it the perfect, protected launch spot. The Bowl is located 1.5 miles east of Rockerville, S.D., just off Highway 16.
The Marks of History series is a project of the South Dakota Office of Tourism, designed to highlight historical markers all across South Dakota. Click on the special "Marks of History" link at


text:
Who's it for? What's it for?
CHIMACTIV covers the field of chemical analysis, with special emphasis on complex matrices such as foods or drugs. Bearing in mind that the laboratory is a complex environment for learning, we have produced resources with different degrees of complexity.
The more accessible sections cover basic aspects related to safety in the lab as well as descriptions of common equipment and tasks (some content is accessible for high school students). Sections related to food and drug analyses are of a higher degree of complexity, and therefore, concrete applications are presented with detailed experimental procedures, extensively illustrated by short videos. The highest level of complexity is associated with sections dedicated to methodological aspects, which are of great importance in master's degrees.


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I have 2 layers, one representing streets, and one representing pipes. The pipe layer has a street field that I want it to be automatically filled (I want the pipe to show the street that it's on) I tried performing a spatial join based on 'closest' but I encountered the following problem: many pipes never intersect the center of the streets they're on (they are usually paralel), and, at the spatial join, those respective pipes don't get the needed data from the street they go along but from the ones that are perpendicular (cause they intersect the pipes, so they have one point that is closest). I would like some advice. Thanks a lot.
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2 Answers
Tudor I've face a similar problem and created a programatic tool that would:
 1. Shorten my street centerline. Here I would take it from.4 to.6 for example (in this case I would consider only the dashes)
 After shortening
 2. I would buffer it for a small ammout, let's say 10% of the original street lenght. Imagine that you are buffering only the dashes in the schematic "drawing above".
 3. Try to intersect it with pipes.
You can repeat 2 and three until you've found a certain number of pipes. The idea for shortening the center line is to eliminate the cases where you other perpendicular lines that you do not want.
Check a less ugly scheme:
enter image description here
Another approach is to just buffer, intersect and compare the angles. You can safely set a threshold of what "parallel" is. You will never have straight and parallel lines in this cases (some will be parallel, but that depends on digitizing). You take only the pipes that have similar angles to your centerline.
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Thanks for the answer, I hoped for a different answer, I will try to do something alike. – tudorbarascu Jul 25 '11 at 4:14
I'll see if I can find some code to help you. This method improves confidence of the results, it's not the most pratical, but it works great on regular grids. The more irregular the street network the less confidence you can have with it. – George Jul 25 '11 at 14:29
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Have you tried using the Near geoprocessing tool?
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IPFS functions
Operators
An IPFS operator is an object that can perform functions on the IPFS node we're attached to.
import GForce.ipfs 1.0
IpfsOperator {
 id: ipfsop
}
With the IpfsOperator, some functions are synchronous but most are asynchronous, and will return right away an operation ID, performing the function in the background. You will be notified when the operation is finished, with the opid and the result.
Store the operation id, and use Connections and the opDone signal to get the results.
Connections {
 target: ipfsop
 function onOpDone(rid, result) {
 console.debug(rid)
 }
}
Adding content
All these functions return an IPFS entry, with Hash and Name inside the object, as returned by the IPFS daemon. It will return an empty object if the operation fails.
Adding a file
Use the add(path, options) asynchronous function. It returns an IPFS entry, with Hash and Name. If you add a directory, it will return the entry of the top directory.
let rid = ipfsop.add(path, {})
Connections {
 target: ipfsop
 function onOpDone(rid, result) {
 console.debug(result.Hash)
 }
}
The following options can be passed:
 - recursive: boolean, defaults to true
 - only_hash: Don't add the content, only compute CID. boolean, defaults to false
 - pin: Pin the content. boolean, defaults to true
 - wrap: Add a directory wrapper. boolean, defaults to false
let rid = ipfsop.add(path, { recursive: true, wrap: true })
Adding a string value
Use the addStr(strValue) asynchronous function.
let rid = ipfsop.addStr('Hello')
You can also do it with the synchronous function and get the result immediately. Realize that the synchronous versions will block the Qt event loop, therefore only use them with small-sized data:
let result = ipfsop.addStrSync('Hello')
console.debug(result.Hash)
Adding bytes
Use the addBytes(bytes) asynchronous function.
let rid = ipfsop.addBytes(bytesArray)
Synchronous version:
let result = ipfsop.addBytesSync(bytesArray)
console.debug(result.Hash)
Getting the content of a UnixFS object
Use the cat asynchronous function. The result in the callback is a JS ArrayBuffer object.
let rid = ipfsop.cat('/ipns/ipfs.io/index.html', {})
let rid = ipfsop.cat('/ipns/ipfs.io/index.html', {
 offset: 256,
 length: 16,
 timeout: 60
})
Getting the MIME type of an object
let rid = ipfsop.detectMimeType(objPath, options)
let rid = ipfsop.detectMimeType('/ipns/ipfs.io/index.html', {timeout: 10})
Pinning an object
let rid = ipfsop.pin(objPath, {timeout: 60})
Pinning an object on a remote service
let rid = ipfsop.pinRemoteAdd(serviceName, objPath, {})
let rid = ipfsop.pinRemoteAdd(serviceName, objPath, {name: 'some-object'})
Unpinning an object from a remote service
let rid = ipfsop.pinRemoteRemove(serviceName, {name: 'some-object'})
let rid = ipfsop.pinRemoteRemove(serviceName,
 {name: 'some-object', status: ['pinned']})
let rid = ipfsop.pinRemoteRemove(serviceName, {cid: 'bafy12oi...'})
Get the list of remote pinning services
This call is synchronous and returns the list of remote pinning services available on this node.
let services = ipfsop.pinRemoteServiceListSync()
Pubsub
Creating a JSON pubsub channel is a simple task.
import GForce 1.0
import GForce.ipfs.pubsub 1.0
JsonPubsubChannel {
 topic: 'galacteek.dapps.helloworld'
 onChannelStart: {
 console.debug('Channel started on: ' + topic)
 send({
 'content': 'Hello world'
 })
 }
 onMessage: {
 // The JSON message is available from the 'jsonMsg' variable
 console.debug(JSON.stringify(jsonMsg))
 }
}
The topic string property should point to the IPFS pubsub topic name.
The autoStart boolean property defines if the pubsub channel should listen right away on object creation, it defaults to true.
The onMessage signal is fired every time a message is received. Use the send() function to send a JSON object on the topic.
Curve25519 JSON channel
Using X25519 encryption on a JSON channel is possible:
import GForce 1.0
import GForce.ipfs.pubsub 1.0
JsonPubsubChannel {
 topic: 'galacteek.dapps.curved'
 encryption: 'curve25519'
}


text:
While most kids get all they need from the 'social standard' after-school extramurals on offer, times are changing and your small humans might want to try one of the slightly more unusual after-school activities on offer these days … like these!
BOXING – WINSTON NGILAZI
While it might not seem like a 'typical' extramural activity to encourage young boys and girls to take part in, boxing is a great full body workout for kids, which focuses on hand-eye coordination and aids kids with fitness and weight management. Passionate about his sport, Winston brings energy and fun to every session. He offers classes at Ashton International College in Ballito and at Ringside Boxing Gym in Umhlali.
Why should kids try out boxing?
'It's a great form of cardio and stress relief … and it's loads of fun! I think kids enjoy my classes because of the energy I bring to each session. They can see the passion I have for the sport. It's not just about exercising, it's about being able to laugh and have fun with me in the boxing ring as well.
What type of child should try boxing? Any child can try out a boxing class. I have both boys and girls in my class and we start from as young as four years old.
Need to know: To take part in boxing classes with Winston, your child will need to have their own pair of boxing gloves. Group lessons (at Ringside Boxing Gym) are R150 (once a week), R125 (twice a week) or R100 (three times a week). Private (one-on-one) lessons are R200 (once a week), R175 (twice a week) and R150 (three times a week).
Details: Contact Winston Ngilazi, _PHONE_, [email protected].
GOLF – MCKENNA PERFORMANCE ACADEMY
With some of the most beautiful golf courses in the country right on our doorstep, golf is a great extramural option for many kids. We caught up with Ryan Schierhout of McKenna Performance Academy, which is based at the Umhlali Country Club driving range and offers world-class golf coaching for beginner, intermediate and advanced players.
Why should kids learn to play golf? 'Golf is a fun and challenging game that encourages kids to spend time outdoors. It also helps children with conversational, social and emotional skills and is a great way to make new friends. Besides being great exercise and good for hand-eye coordination, golf also improves kids' confidence and self-esteem, builds character, teaches honesty, respect, discipline and patience, develops emotional control and encourages 'quiet time'.
What type of child should try playing golf?
Golf can be played in groups or alone, so is a great game for both introverts and extroverts. It helps introverts become more confident and enhances concentration for active kids. There is no perfect age to start as all children mature at different times, but in most cases golf instruction can start from the age of five years old.
Need to know: Your child will need basic equipment to start playing golf, including a golf bag, clubs (driver, iron, wedge and putter), balls, tees and a ball marker. McKenna Performance Academy offers both individual (R350/hour) and group (R700/month) lessons and they offer holiday camps (R1 450 per person). All driving range balls and video analysis are included in pricing.
Details: Contact Ryan: _PHONE_ (WhatsApp), _PHONE_, [email protected]
SURFING – BALLITO SURF SCHOOL
While learning to swim and being water safe is a given for most kids growing up on the North Coast, learning to surf is at the top of the 'to-do' list for many as well. Ballito Surf School owner Janek Ferrandi started the school with a dream of sharing his love for the ocean with others. Based at Willard Beach in Ballito, he and his team of trained instructors offer a unique surf experience, from complete beginner to intermediate. We asked him about his school.
Why should kids learn to surf? 'It's a great way to spend time outdoors and connect with nature while being active. There are also great mental benefits. It improves alertness, awareness and confidence, as you are constantly in a state of active attention. When you are in this mind space you are present, either with yourself, nature or your friends.
What type of child should try surfing? Any child can start surfing, as long as they can swim comfortably, and a bonus would be if they have a love for the outdoors and the ocean. From our experience, the best age to start is between eight and ten years old.
Need to know: Ballito Surf School lessons cost R450 for a private lesson and R250 per person for a bundle of group sessions. They supply the equipment needed (surfboards, rash vests, wetsuits and sun cream), and all you need to bring is a pair of bathers, a towel and your stoke! Once you start improving and become a committed surfer, they will recommend a surfboard and gear suited to your ability (which you can buy from their surf shop – Ballito Surf Co).
Details: Contact Janek on _PHONE_ 216, _URL_, @ballitosurfschool
COOKING – RED CHEF CULINARY SCHOOL
Everyone should know their way around the kitchen! And when better to start learning than when you are young? Red Chef Culinary School, situated at Redwood College in Umhlanga, aims to teach cookery skills to every person, regardless of their experience in the kitchen. They offer fully accredited and short-term courses, which train young learners to become professional chefs. Children learn the importance of practising personal and kitchen hygiene, handling food and kitchen safety precautions, and the main objective is to empower them with useful cooking skills.
Why should children learn to cook? Cooking is a valuable life skill that teaches children about food and nutrition. Children learn through practising and each child is given an opportunity to prepare, cook and serve the dishes … and clean up! By working together, our learners gain valuable communication skills and learn the dynamics of teamwork. Strengthening motor skills, learning basic cooking skills, math concepts such as counting, weighing and measuring ingredients will be part of our teaching concepts.'
What type of child does this activity suit? Red Chef's classes are for any and every child. We aim to nurture healthy attitudes and a practised approach to food preparation. The youngest Junior Chefs Club members are five years old. Like any skill, the younger one starts to learn, the earlier one master's it.
Need to know: Red Chef offers a variety of affordable courses that will suit any age group who have a passion or talent for cooking – and beginners who have aspirations in the art of cooking. They place emphasis on drawing out a love for food and developing a life-long skill.
Details: _PHONE_ (call or Whatsapp),


text: Compound dry and hot events (i.e. concurrent or consecutive occurrences of dry and hot events), which may cause larger impacts than those caused by extreme events occurring in isolation, have attracted wide attention in recent decades. Increased occurrences of compound dry and hot events in different regions around the globe highlight the importance of improved understanding and modeling of these events so that they can be tracked and predicted ahead of time. In this study, a monitoring and prediction system of compound dry and hot events at the global scale is introduced. The monitoring component consists of two indicators (standardized compound event indicator and a binary variable) that incorporate both dry and hot conditions for characterizing the severity and occurrence. The two indicators are shown to perform well in depicting compound dry and hot events during JuneJulyAugust 2010 in western Russia. The prediction component consists of two statistical models, including a conditional distribution model and a logistic regression model, for predicting compound dry and hot events based on El NioSouthern Oscillation, which is shown to significantly affect compound events of several regions, including northern South America, southern Africa, southeast Asia, and Australia. These models are shown to perform well in predicting compound events in large regions (e.g. northern South America and southern Africa) during DecemberJanuaryFebruary 20152016. This monitoring and prediction system could be useful for providing early warning information of compound dry and hot events.


text:
How to backup your Minecraft World Folder
A step by step guide to create a backup file in Multicraft and download it to your computer.
Requires Admin level access to Multicraft.
Why would I want to know this?
- An extra copy to act as a rollback point
- If you migrate to another server
- You want to share your world data with others
- You want to work on the world using tools not available on the server
- You want to test plugins that alter your world dramatically on a test server first
What am I about to do?
In ensure that you don't create a backup with corruption, the server will need to be stopped. Then the backup function in Multicraft can be used.
A world backup created in Multicraft is a .zip file containing all the data files in the /world folder. This is primarily the data for the main overworld and includes:
- Player data: Player location, XP level, Inventory
It however does not include data for the Nether or The End. It also does not contain the following:
- Plugin files
- Plugin Configuration files (unless saved to /world or one of its subfolders)
- Server configuration files: e.g. ops.txt, server.properties, bukkit.yml
Steps to Take
Stopping the Minecraft Server
- Log into Multicraft: Click 'Minecraft Login' and enter your Multicraft username and password
- Go to your server: Click on your server in the list
- Stop the server: Click on the 'Stop' button at the top, wait until the icon to the left of the button changes to a white cross on a grey circle
Making a Backup
While still logged in to Multicraft, in the server view:
- Go to the backup section: Click on 'Backup' in the navigation bar down the left
- Make the backup: Click on the 'Start' button
Restarting the Minecraft Server
- Return to the main server view: Either click 'Back' in the navigation bar down the left or click on your server name at the top
- Start the server: Click on 'Start' at the top, the icon to the left of the button will turn to a green circle when the server has started
How the Download your world
- To download your server you will want to use FTP, using the Filezilla FTP App, due the the size of the backup files the webbased FTP will not download the files.
- Read the FTP article on using FileZilla
Further Reading/External Links
Bu cavab sizə kömək etdi?
The whitelist is a list of Players who are allowed to join your server, to change this you do the...
If your world ever badly gets griefed or gets corrupted we keep 3 backups of your world which are...
You can give your friends access to your multicraft control panel if they are the co-owner or...