text:
- slide 1 of 1
Types of Base Bodies of Manipulators
As the number of members and the degrees of freedom of the joints connecting those increases the robotic arm can work in more complex space and orientation.
Planer: The planer base body of a manipulator can be seen as one linear manipulator attached to another linear manipulator with axes of the two manipulators being perpendicular to each other in the same plane. Thus the end of the manipulator can move along two mutually perpendicular axes and can cover all the points in the plane defined by the range of motion along the two axes. The motion of the planer base body can be defined by two variables and motion can be achieved by two linear actuators. Such manipulator has two degrees of freedom.
Examples of tasks planer manipulators can do; curve tracing or printing on sheets, metal sheet cutting for specified design, welding on a planer metal piece or drilling at different spots in a plane.
Cartesian: Such robot body allows the manipulator to move along the three Cartesian axes only, which are the three mutually orthogonal axes. The working space of such robots will be a cuboid whose dimensions are defined by the range of motion of the manipulator along each axis. Cartesian robot base consists of three prismatic joints arranged perpendicular to each other. It requires three variables to define its position, has equal number of actuators and has the same number of degrees of freedom.
One such example can be the hoisting robot used in a workshop, shipping yard or construction site which moves on rails and the hoisting hook can be moved up and down through the cables.
The types of robot base bodies discussed so far only comprise of prismatic joints and the motion along any of the axes is only linear, there is no rotary motion. Though the end effectors of a Cartesian manipulator can reach every point defined in the space but still it is not used for every purpose. It will be slow for moving between different points in the space and cannot effectively orient its end effectors properly for certain jobs. Thus revolute and cylindrical joints are included in the base body to obtain more efficient structure of manipulators.
In the next article the manipulator bases with revolute and cylindrical joints along with prismatic joints will be introduced.
Robotics: Structure of Industrial Robots or Manipulators: Types of Base Bodies – II
Robots are not just machines, they are many steps ahead a typical machine. Robots like machines can perform different tough jobs easily but the advancement is that they can do it by their own. Once programmed robots can perform required tasks repeatedly in exactly the same way.


text:
Elwood Family History
14-Day Free Trial
Elwood Name Meaning
habitational name from a place in Gloucestershire, which is probably named from Old English ellern 'elder tree' + wudu 'wood'. from the Old English personal name Ælfweald, composed of the elements ælf 'elf' + weald 'rule'. In the British Isles this spelling is now found predominantly in northern Ireland.
Source: Dictionary of American Family Names ©2013, Oxford University Press
Similar surnames: Heywood, Elford, Henwood, Redwood, Elton, Wood, Yarwood, Cawood

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Displacement, velocity and acceleration sensors.
There are three primary types of motion characteristics detected by vibration transducers normally referred to as accelerometers. These are
- velocity, and
The choice between these three different types of motion transducers depends on the frequencies that have to be measured and the levels of the signal involved. (Wilcoxon Research / ND)
Displacement sensors are normally used for low frequency (1 to 100 Hz) measurements and are useful for measuring very low amplitude displacements. They are employed in such applications as shaft motion and clearance measurements. Traditionally displacement transducers have employed non-contacting proximity sensors and eddy probes. Piezoelectric displacement transducers have recently been developed to overcome some of the mounting problems associated with non-contacting probes. (Wilcoxon Research / ND)
Velocity sensors are used for medium to low frequency (1 to 1000 Hz) measurements. Because they filter out high frequency signals, they are less susceptible to amplifier overloads which come from white background noise and which can compromise the fidelity of low amplitude and low frequency signals. Velocity transducers are useful for monitoring and balancing operations on rotating machinery. Velocity sensors normally employ an electromagnetic sensor to pick up the velocity signal. Now piezoelectric velocity sensors are becoming more popular. (Wilcoxon Research / ND)
Piezoelectric acceleration transducers are used to measure acceleration are the most commonly used motion sensors for vibration monitoring applications. They are useful over a wide band of frequencies from very low to very high frequencies (1 to 20,000 Hz) and are available in a wide variety of application specific designs. Piezoelectric accelerometers are the present most important tools used for vibration monitoring systems. (Wilcoxon Research / ND)
Why piezoelectric sensors?
Piezoelectric sensors are the best motion transducers presently available and are nowadays used for most industrial applications. They are rugged and of solid state construction and this enables them to operate under the most severe operating conditions. They are unaffected by dirt, oil, and most chemical atmospheres. They can also be used over a wide range of temperatures and resist damage from severe shocks and vibrations. There is no alternative to Piezoelectric accelerometers when considering their frequency range. They are highly accurate from very low to very high levels of motion signal amplitudes. Associated with microelectronic technology, piezoelectric transducers can be internally amplified as well as to include for a power battery and wifi transmitters for wireless communication. The other wired type of Piezoelectric transducers require a power supply and amplification equipment as well as a human interface readout equipment to be able to interface them to other analytical...

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
English grammar help. Grammar questions from ESL learners
Would you say that "how" in the following sentence is a subordinating conjunction?
I don't understand how (1) he could behave this way / (2) how this machine works.
Thank you in advance.
I wish you a merry Christmas.
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It is an adverb, traditionally known as a conjunctive adverb.
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Main Article Content
Pulmonary Thromboembolism, Meteorological Parameters
Objective: The objective of this study is to find the relationship between incidence rate and mortality of acute pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE), and seasonal and meteorological factors. Materials and methods: The data from 234 patients who were hospitalized due to acute PTE in the emergency service or policlinics between 2001 and 2008 were investigated retrospectively. Cases that developed APE (acute pulmonary embolism) in the hospital were excluded. Seasons and months in which acute PTE was diagnosed were recorded. Mortality rates by months and seasons were evaluated. The mean pressure, temperature and humidity values were evaluated for periods of three days, seven days and one month before the day of presentation. The effects of meteorological factors on the severity (massive or non-massive) and mortality of APE were investigated. Results: The incidence rate of acute APE showed a significant difference according to seasons (p=0.000). APE was diagnosed most commonly in spring and winter. The mean pressure values for three days, seven days and one month and the mean humidity values for three days for the dead patients were found to be significantly lower than those of the survived ones (p<0.05). The mortality rate for patients admitted in summer was significantly higher than the rates for other seasons (p=0.02). There were no seasonal differences among the massive APE incidences. Mortality rates were higher in summer because of the nonmassive APE patients rather than the massive patients. Conclusion: Acute PE is a disease whose incidence and mortality rates are affected by meteorological factors.


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How to Design an Underground HouseDesigner: This article is intended to be an introduction to the subject of underground house design.
If you are new to the topic, please refer to our article on Designing a House.
Underground house design is a form of urban design that can be used in a variety of different contexts.
Here is an overview of some of the basic components of the design process: The underground house is a house that has been built in an underground chamber (also known as a subterranean house) and is enclosed from the outside world by a house or wall.
The house is typically built around a central entrance with a doorway.
The main feature of a subterfuge is that it gives the appearance of being in an enclosed space rather than being a house with many open spaces.
Designers usually begin with the concept of the underground house and use a number of materials and techniques to create a home from a design concept.
The home can then be built with the intention of adding additional features to it.
This may include, but is not limited to, exterior walls, windows, roof, exterior balconies, windows with sashes, roof vents, doorways, and even a kitchen or bathrooms.
For example, if a designer wants to add a basement to the underground home, they can design a floor, a wall, a door, and possibly a window to create an underground home.
The designer could then add a staircase, stairwell, or other features that will help keep the house and its occupants secure.
The design of the subterfuges can vary depending on the architectural style, the size of the house, and the level of safety, as well as the location of the homes.
It is also important to note that, although there are many different types of subterfugs, they all share the same basic components: a subterfed house, a roof, an entrance, and an exit.
For example, an underground basement house can have a door and a doorway, while an underground window can have only one door and one window.
There are many other types of houses that can also be built inside an underground tunnel.
These include: an underground barn, a small cottage, an unfinished structure, a large mansion, an abandoned farm, a farmhouse, and a large house.
These houses can have their own unique style and structure and are typically made with a variety, if not all, of the elements that can make an underground subterfugi.
An underground house can be built as a single-family home or multiple-family homes, as long as they have the same level of security.
Some of the more common underground houses are: an apartment building, a houseboat, a castle, a boarding house, an apartment, a trailer, an old house, or a farm.
Designing an underground apartment building design, which can also include a garage, is very important for an underground housing project.
This design concept can include several elements, such as the roof, walls, and windows, as the home is often designed to be in an elevated area.
This means that an underground garage is typically an elevated garage, with the door being in the middle of the garage, while the window is at the bottom of the car garage.
A roof can be a common element in an apartment or houseboat design, while windows can be made of glass or other materials that give the home a unique look.
A roof can also give the underground dwelling its unique feel and make it easier to locate an entrance from the street.
If the underground housing design involves a roof that is too low, the home can be further lowered, so that the roof is in the house.
To complete the design, it is important to take the elements of the original house and create a design that is both safe and beautiful.
The basic components can be easily found on home improvement sites such as Homes.com and Home Depot.
In addition, underground houses can be purchased online through many online retailers such as Home Depot and Wal-Mart.
If there are any issues with the design of an underground dwelling, it may be helpful to contact the owner or the construction company.
Building an underground kitchen or bathroom design is very simple.
It is typically the main element of a design and is usually built using a combination of materials.
The kitchen can be constructed as a one- or two-story structure, depending on which side of the home the home would be on.
The bathroom can be also built as an underground structure, but the bathroom can only be on one side of a house.
An underground bathroom is usually a two- or three-story underground structure with one or two openings.
You may also want to check out our article Building an Underground Bathroom.
If you are interested in learning more about designing an underground dining hall, consider building an underground wine cellar, or consider building a one floor house for a


last element
function search-inner(value, array A, start, end): integer
 if start == end:
 return -1 // not found
 fi
 let length := end - start
 if length == 1:
 if value == A[start]:
 return start
 else:
 return -1
 fi
 fi

 let mid := start + (length / 2)
 if value == A[mid]:
 return mid
 else-if value > A[mid]:
 return search-inner(value, A, mid + 1, end)
 else:
 return search-inner(value, A, start, mid)
 fi
end
Note that all recursive calls made are tail-calls, and thus the algorithm is iterative. We can explicitly remove the tail-calls if our programming language does not do that for us already by turning the argument values passed to the recursive call into assignments, and then looping to the top of the function body again:
// binary-search -- returns the index of value in the given array, or
// -1 if value cannot be found. Assumes array is sorted in ascending order
function binary-search(value, array A[1,..n]): integer
 let start := 1
 let end := n + 1

 loop:
 if start == end: return -1 fi // not found

 let length := end - start
 if length == 1:
 if value == A[start]: return start
 else: return -1 fi
 fi

 let mid := start + (length / 2)
 if value == A[mid]:
 return mid
 else-if value > A[mid]:
 start := mid + 1
 else:
 end := mid
 fi
 repeat
end
Even though we have an iterative algorithm, it's easier to reason about the recursive version. If the number of steps the algorithm takes is , then we have the following recurrence that defines :

The size of each recursive call made is on half of the input size ( ), and there is a constant amount of time spent outside of the recursion (i.e., computing length and mid will take the same amount of time, regardless of how many elements are in the array). By the master theorem, this recurrence has values , which is a "steady state" tree, and thus we use the steady state case that tells us that

Thus, this algorithm takes logarithmic time. Typically, even when n is large, it is safe to let the stack grow by activation records through recursive calls.
difficulty in initially correct binary search implementationsEdit
The article on wikipedia on Binary Search also mentions the difficulty in writing a correct binary search algorithm: for instance, the java Arrays.binarySearch(..) overloaded function implementation does an interative binary search which didn't work when large integers overflowed a simple expression of mid calculation mid = ( end + start) / 2 i.e. end + start > max_positive_integer . Hence the above algorithm is more correct in using a length = end - start, and adding half length to start. The java binary Search algorithm gave a return value useful for finding the position of the nearest key greater than the search key, i.e. the position where the search key could be inserted.
i.e. it returns - (keypos+1) , if the search key wasn't found exactly, but an insertion point was needed for the search key ( insertion_point = -return_value - 1). Looking at boundary values, an insertion point could be at the front of the list ( ip = 0, return value = -1 ), to the position just after the last element, ( ip = length(A), return value = - length(A) - 1) .
As an exercise, trying to implement this functionality on the above iterative binary search can be useful for further comprehension.
Integer MultiplicationEdit
If you want to perform arithmetic with small integers, you can simply use the built-in arithmetic hardware of your machine. However, if you wish to multiply integers larger than those that will fit into the standard "word" integer size of your computer, you will have to implement a multiplication algorithm in software or use a software implementation written by someone else. For example, RSA encryption needs to work with integers of very large size (that is, large relative to the 64-bit word size of many machines) and utilizes special multiplication algorithms.[1]
Grade School MultiplicationEdit
How do we represent a large, multi-word integer? We can have a binary representation by using an array (or an allocated block of memory) of words to represent the bits of the large integer. Suppose now that we have two integers, and , and we want to multiply them together. For simplicity, let's assume that both and have bits each (if one is shorter than the other, we can always pad on zeros at the beginning). The most basic way to multiply the integers is to use the grade school multiplication algorithm. This is even easier in binary, because we only multiply by 1 or 0:
 x6 x5 x4 x3 x2 x1 x0
 × y6 y5 y4 y3 y2 y1 y0
 -----------------------
 x6 x5 x4 x3 x2 x1 x0 (when y0 is 1; 0 otherwise)
 x6 x5 x4 x3 x2 x1 x0 0 (when y1 is 1; 0 otherwise)
 x6 x5 x4 x3 x2 x1 x0 0 0 (when y2 is 1; 0 otherwise)
x6 x5 x4 x3 x2 x1 x0 0 0 0 (when y3 is 1; 0 otherwise)
 ... et cetera
As an algorithm, here's what multiplication would look like:
// multiply -- return the product of two binary integers, both of length n
function multiply(bitarray x[1,..n], bitarray y[1,..n]): bitarray
 bitarray p = 0
 for i:=1 to n:
 if y[i] == 1:
 p := add(p, x)
 fi
 x := pad(x, 0) // add another zero to the end of x
 repeat
 return p
end
The subroutine add adds two binary integers and returns the result, and the subroutine pad adds an extra digit to the end of the number (padding on a zero is the same thing as shifting the number to the left; which is the same as multiplying it by two). Here, we loop n times, and in the worst-case, we make n calls to add. The numbers given to add will at most be of length . Further, we can expect that the add subroutine can be done in linear time. Thus, if n calls to a subroutine are made, then the algorithm takes time.
Divide and Conquer MultiplicationEdit
As you may have figured, this isn't the end of the story. We've presented the "obvious" algorithm for multiplication; so let's see if a divide and conquer strategy can give us something better. One route we might want to try is breaking the integers up into two parts. For example, the integer x could be divided into two parts, and , for the high-order and low-order halves of . For example, if has n bits, we have

We could do the same for :

But from this division into smaller parts, it's not clear how we can multiply these parts such that we can combine the results for the solution to the main problem. First, let's write out would be in such a system:

This comes from simply multiplying the new hi/lo representations of and together. The multiplication of the smaller pieces are marked by the " " symbol. Note that the multiplies by and does not require a real multiplication: we can just pad on the right number of zeros instead. This suggests the following divide and conquer algorithm:
// multiply -- return the product of two binary integers, both of length n
function multiply(bitarray x[1,..n], bitarray y[1,..n]): bitarray
 if n == 1: return x[1] * y[1] fi // multiply single digits: O(1)

 let xh := x[n/2 + 1, .., n] // array slicing, O(n)
 let xl := x[0, .., n / 2] // array slicing, O(n)
 let yh := y[n/2 + 1, .., n] // array slicing, O(n)
 let yl := y[0, .., n / 2] // array slicing, O(n)

 let a := multiply(xh, yh) // recursive call; T(n/2)
 let b := multiply(xh, yl) // recursive call; T(n/2)
 let c := multiply(xl, yh) // recursive call; T(n/2)
 let d := multiply(xl, yl) // recursive call; T(n/2)

 b := add(b, c) // regular addition; O(n)


text:
After you create a weighted
distributed topic, you can modify and define general property values,
such as changing the load balancing policy or specifying a SAF export
To configure general values for the members of a weighted distributed
distributed topic that does not have a JNDI Name can be
referenced by passing the Name of the distributed topic to
For more information about
these fields, see Configuration Options.


Vital Statistics:
Place of Origin: Germany
Group: Toy
Height: 9 1/2-11 1/2 inches
Weight: 7-9 lbs
Life span: 11.4 years
Trainability: moderate
Good with children: older children
Good with other pets: moderate
What is the origin of the Affenpinscher?
Affenpinschers are one of the oldest of the toy breeds. In 17th century Europe there were many small terriers used for hunting vermin. In Germany the smaller terriers were pets as well as mouse killers. These became known as Affenpinschers. In German, Affen means "monkey" and pinscher means "terrier." The French call them "moustached little devils."
What does the Affenpinscher look like?
The Affenpinscher is 9 1/2-11 1/2 inches tall and weighs 7-9 lbs. The head is domed with a short muzzle. Ears can be erect, semi-erect or dropped. If cropped, the ears are pointed and erect. Eyes are round and dark. The tail is sometimes docked and carried erect. The coat is hard, medium length. Colors are black, gray, silver, red, black and tan or belge (red, black and white), with or without a black mask. The coat should be brushed 2-3 times a week.
What is the temperament of the Affenpinscher?
These little dogs can be very mischievous. Affenpinschers are very lively and playful and do well with older children. They get along well with other dogs and pets when raised with them. They can be stubborn and need early positive, consistent training. Patience is necessary for house training. Affenpinschers are bold and curious, like to bark and climb. They are affectionate with their family and very protective. Exercise can be games indoors or in the yard and short walks.
What is the Affenpinscher used for?
While they were once used to hunt vermin, Affenpinschers are mainly lap dogs today.
Health Issues
Kerato Conjunctivitis (KCS-decrease in tear production), Hyperadrenocorticism, cataracts, patellar luxation
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text:
When the area around the other party is noisy and it is difficult to hear, you can reduce the surrounding noise to make the speaker's voice easier to hear just by pressing the dedicated button.
Power Back Up Operation
You Can Even Use The Phone During A Power Failure
During an electric power failure, you can supply the power stored in your handset to the base unit, so you can make calls for a certain period of time even when the power is out.
Smart Function Key
Easy Access To Necessary Functions
The Smart Function Key flashes according to the situation. By pressing this key while it is flashing, you can play an answering machine message, or respond to a call.
With the NR Key You Can Easily:
- View the Caller List when there are Missed Calls
- Answer the Call on the Speakerphone
- Answer the Incoming Call
- Stop the Alarm Sound (Then Switch to Snooze Mode)
- Stop Paging
- Enable Noise Reduction During a Call
Key Finder Compatible
The Handset Detects Lost Items
Simply attach the Key Finder to items that you often misplace, and use the handset to find them quickly and easily. You can see roughly how close you are to your lost item on the LCD screen, and both the handset and Key Finder beep when being searched for, making them easy to find. You can add up to four Key Finders (sold separately).
* The optional Key Finder KX-TGA20 is required.
Incoming Call Barring
Stop Unwanted Junk Calls
You can block annoying calls from unwanted numbers. Numbers on your call block list will be blocked (the unit emits no sound to the caller, and disconnects the call) if they call you.
* Requires subscription to the Caller ID service offered by your telephone company.
Centrally Controlled Phonebook
The phonebook can be automatically shared between handsets without having to copy it, so you can use it in the kitchen, the living room, etc. Any handset registered to the base unit can use the shared phonebook.


text:
Estate Eyckenstein - Maartensdijk
The exact age of Eyckenstein is unknown. Shortly after 1600 there is a manor house on the spot where Adriaan Eyck built a new front facade and an annex in 1780. From the very beginning, there have always been prominent families living on Eyckenstein, such as a mint master and mayors. It is known that Maurits Eyck was the first to live there permanently. This is unusual in his day, because country houses are difficult to heat in winter. From 1777 to 1876, three generations of Eyck lived there, who made Eyckenstein a stately country estate. In 1876 Eyckenstein is bought by Elisabeth Both Hendriksen, widow of Christiaan van Boetzelaer van Dubbeldam. Since then, several generations of Van Boetzelaer have lived there. Around 1880, Willem Carel van Boetzelaer had the park laid out in an English landscape style by the garden architect Leonard Springer. Eyckenstein probably owes its name to the more than 300-year-old oaks that accompany it. The estate has 395 hectares, of which 185 hectares directly behind the house.


Directed evolution of an E. coli inner membrane transporter for improved efflux of biofuel molecules
Biotechnol Biofuels. 2013 May 21;6(1):81. doi: 10.1186/_PHONE_-6-81.
Abstract
Background: The depletion of fossil fuels and the rising need to meet global energy demands have led to a growing interest in microbial biofuel synthesis, particularly in Escherichia coli, due to its tractable characteristics. Besides engineering more efficient metabolic pathways for synthesizing biofuels, efforts to improve production yield by engineering efflux systems to overcome toxicity problems is also crucial. This study aims to enhance hydrocarbon efflux capability in E. coli by engineering a native inner membrane transporter, AcrB, using the directed evolution approach.
Results: We developed a selection platform based on competitive growth using a toxic substrate surrogate, which allowed rapid selection of AcrB variants showing enhanced efflux of linear and cyclic fuel molecule candidates, n-octane and α-pinene. Two mutants exhibiting increased efflux efficiency for n-octane and α-pinene by up to 47% and 400%, respectively, were isolated. Single-site mutants based on the mutations found in the isolated variants were synthesized and the amino acid substitutions N189H, T678S, Q737L and M844L were identified to have conferred improvement in efflux efficiency. The locations of beneficial mutations in AcrB suggest their contributions in widening the substrate channel, altering the dynamics of substrate efflux and promoting the assembly of AcrB with the outer membrane channel protein TolC for more efficient substrate export. It is interesting to note that three of the four beneficial mutations were located relatively distant from the known substrate channels, thus exemplifying the advantage of directed evolution over rational design.
Conclusions: Using directed evolution, we have isolated AcrB mutants with improved efflux efficiency for n-octane and α-pinene. The utilization of such optimized native efflux pumps will increase productivity of biofuels synthesis and alleviate toxicity and difficulties in production scale-up in current microbial platforms.


Monthly Archive for February, 2021
: February, 2021
Does your job search progress leave you feeling empty?
Recently, I had a good conversation with a friend who mentioned how many times she heard job candidates describe their interests as being open to anything if it was a job. I often hear the same comment, and it seems to be a common theme in job searching with the mindset if you remain flexible
Say goodbye to your worst critic
Making mistakes is part of being human, and when it happens to you at work, they can reign havoc on your confidence. You can be your own worst critic without much thought. For example, a job candidate described an incident that happened to him at work a couple of years ago when he and his
Four surprising ways that networking can enhance your career
People often confuse networking as a one-time activity that starts when you need something and ends when the goal is reached. Grant it that is the stereotypical form of networking that might last for a brief moment but leaves no room for a long-term relationship built on exchanging support. When networking is viewed as sudden
Make better decisions by understanding what drives your career
What drives your career? Most people answer that question with a semi-heartfelt answer without much thought, with personal circumstances often influencing their motivation. Knowing the answer is essential because your response will direct your career steps. On average, you will spend approximately 90,000 hours at work during your lifetime, and it helps to know what


text:
When the fields are full of kale, turnips and potatoes, when pumpkins, quinces and other fruits are ripe for harvest, that's when there are lots of local events that serve up a selection of exquisite delicacies – what better reason for a trip to one of Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony)'s gourmet regions?
The Altes Land region on the Elbe River prides itself on its fresh apples and its succulent pears and plums. Every year, around 300,000 tonnes of apples are grown here in the largest continuous fruit-producing area of northern Europe.Once ripe, the fruit is harvested at the end of August and throughout the autumn. The fruit season ends between October and November. Every apple, every pear and every plum is picked by hand, and often immediately turned into appetising juices, compotes or jams. Enjoy the many facets of the Altes Land region. It's really easy to explore the region by bicycle. An excellent way to experience the apple season at first hand is by cycling along the Obstroute (Fruit Route) – it's flat and has very little traffic. If you like to know exactly where your fruit comes from, play it safe and visit one of the many fruit farms to buy your produce at the source, or even pick it yourself.
In Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony), there's plenty of choice in the autumn when it comes to locally sourced game. Gastronomic delights from our region! The densely wooded regions of Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony) are a plentiful source of wild boar, red deer, small game and wildfowl. Creative restaurateurs concoct both traditional and modern dishes from these local ingredients. There are even themed days or weeks when the focus is on wild game – you can get an insight into how the game is tracked down, or go on a tour of the game territory with the forest ranger, and there's plenty more besides.
Autumn is also the time for pumpkins. In all their golden orange varieties, they call to mind the archetypal golden autumn. Whether you use them in a tasty dish or just to decorate the front of your house, pumpkins are extremely versatile.


text:
Peace Corps Samoa's current program focus is on promoting English literacy in Samoan primary schools. The Primary School English Literacy Project was developed in close partnership with the Ministry of Education, Sports, and Culture (MESC) and was officially launched in fall 2012. Volunteers in the Primary School English Literacy Project play an important role in helping Samoans develop the skills they need to succeed and thrive. Volunteers not only build the English literacy skills of students but help teachers incorporate student-centered teaching methods. They also work to improve information and communication technology resources and to increase the community's involvement in literacy activities.
Please take a look at our 2018 Annual Report for more details: HERE


Give Now
A Moment of Science
Warm Spells And Snow
Macro view of a single snowflake
Photo: ChaoticMind75 (flickr)
Snow flakes and (relatively) warm air are closer friends than you might think.
In winter temperatures around 30 degrees Fahrenheit can feel nearly tropical if you've just shivered through weeks below zero. Finally, you can take off your hat or gloves outdoors without risking immediate frostbite! What luxury!
Not So Fast!
But just when you think Mother Nature's giving you a break, swirling snow begins to fall, and it's time to haul out the windshield scrapers, shovels and snow blowers. What gives? Why does a warm spell in winter often seem to summon snow?
It's no coincidence that an increase in temperature frequently precedes a snowstorm in the winter. Here's why. When it's super cold outside, there's not much moisture in the air. That's because most of the water vapor that was in the air has already been deposited as frost on surfaces like your car windows.
Because cold air can't absorb as much water vapor as warm air, not much evaporation occurs. So very little water vapor can return to the air when it's really cold outside, and the air stays relatively dry.
Warm Air Is Wet Air
When a warm front comes onto the scene, though, everything changes. Warmer air can absorb more water vapor, so evaporation increases, putting lots of moisture back into the air.
As soon as the water vapor in the air reaches its saturation point, the air can't absorb any more. Water vapor begins to condense into water droplets, which freeze and fall as snowflakes.
So if you live in a winter wonderland, next time the weather starts to warm up, you'd better look out! You just might get socked with a snowstorm.
Read More:
 - VIDEO: How Does Snow Form? (YouTube)
 - Why Does Cold Air Smell Differently From Hot Air (Telegraph)
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Ember Octane Essentials
The release of Ember's Octane Edition breaks nothing while changing everything. This leap forward in support modern JS and TS language syntax, dramatic simplification of the programming model, and continued dedication to'stability without stagnation' set the stage for a new generation of opinionated single-page apps.
In this workshop, we'll build an Ember Octane app from scratch, staying focused on two core concepts: routing and Components. Along the way, we'll have plenty of opportunity to conquer state management flow challenges and learn about data flow, employ a variety of mechanisms for effortlessly handling user interactions, and leverage Ember's powerful, performant and declarative handlebars templates.
Ember Octane Essentials
Ember's declarative templates allow components and pages to be described using familiar Handlebars syntax. We'll start with regular HTML and extend the vocabulary we can use in templates by using helpers and template-only components.
 - TemplatesStarting with HTML and CSS
 The starting point for our workshop will begin with raw HTML and CSS. We'll begin with a high-level tour of a modern Ember app's folder structure, how to start our development webserver with Ember CLI, and the highest-level entry points for HTML and CSS markup.
 - TemplatesTemplate-Only Components
 The simplest and easiest components are only.hbs files! We'll start to break our large application.hbs file into smaller re-usable pieces, without needing to touch a single piece of JavaScript!
 - TemplatesParameterized Components
 One of the most powerful aspects of components is that they have an explicit contract with the outside world. We'll introduce the concept of arguments, which provide a mechanism for passing values into components.
 - TemplatesHelpers
 Handlebars helpers can be thought of as enabling functions for use in our.hbs files. We'll build two: one that's stateless and formats a date to a string, and another that formats timestamps relative to the current time (e.g., "3 minutes ago"). To do this, we'll apply the pattern of keeping the interesting code in vanilla JavaScript, and wrapping it with a thin layer of Ember to integrate it with the framework. As part of this exercise, we'll end up writing both a unit test for the date formatting utility, and integration tests for the helpers.
 - TemplatesA Multi-Page Experience
 We'll get our first taste of Ember's routing layer by moving our markup into independent /teams and /login pages, with a link to get from one to the other.
 - TemplatesAcceptance Tests
 To ensure that our routes and the "Logout" link continue to work properly, we'll write our first integration test to simulate a user going through the simple "Logout" workflow.
 - TemplatesMorning Break
 Morning coffee break
Learn how to apply modern JavaScript and TypeScript language syntax like native classes, decorators, generators and async functions to modern Ember apps
See, first hand, how Glimmer Components are just as capable as Ember Components, while being simpler, easier, faster and smaller
Understand how the mental model of how data flows through your app has changed in a big way with Ember Octane
Revel in the ease of writing unit, integation and acceptance tests with Ember's first-class testing infrastructure
Study several handcrafted examples that highlight easy patterns for worry-free state management


text: zoomzoom writes: "Through a company called One Stop Satellite Solutions you can launch your own picosatellite for less than $50,000. Measuring 10 centimeters on a side, and weighing less than one kilogram, the OSSS CubeSat Kit is a special kind of small satellite called a picosat. Each CubeSat is a perfect cube, holding its experiments inside like shelves in a cupboard. A CubeSat can hold anything, from microgravity experiments to the ashes of a loved one, and can be deployed into low-Earth orbit. The CubeSats are launched in orbit from a larger satellite called a Multi-Payload Adapter (kind of like a big Borg cube launching little Borg cubes). I read about this in a Spaceflightnow article linked up at bottomquark." I dunno - it does seem some kind of a stretch - anyone have confirmation?


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Title: Towards increased waste loading in high level waste glasses: Developing a better understanding of crystallization behavior
A number of waste components in US defense high level radioactive wastes (HLW) have proven challenging for current Joule heated ceramic melter (JCHM) operations and have limited the ability to increase waste loadings beyond already realized levels. Many of these ''troublesome'' waste species cause crystallization in the glass melt that can negatively impact product quality or have a deleterious effect on melter processing. Thus, recent efforts at US Department of Energy laboratories have focused on understanding crystallization behavior within HLW glass melts and investigating approaches to mitigate the impacts of crystallization so that increases in waste loading can be realized. Advanced glass formulations have been developed to highlight the unique benefits of next-generation melter technologies such as the Cold Crucible Induction Melter (CCIM). Crystal-tolerant HLW glasses have been investigated to allow sparingly soluble components such as chromium to crystallize in the melter but pass out of the melter before accumulating. The Hanford site AZ-101 tank waste composition represents a waste group that is waste loading limited primarily due to high concentrations of Fe 2O 3 (with higher Al 2O 3). Systematic glass formulation development utilizing slightly higher process temperatures and higher tolerance to spinel crystals demonstrated that an increase inmore » waste loading of more than 20% could be achieved for this waste composition, and by extension higher loadings for wastes in the same group.« less
Authors:
 [1] ; [2]
 1. Savannah River Site (SRS), Aiken, SC (United States). Savannah River National Lab. (SRNL)
 2. Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
Publication Date:
OSTI Identifier:
_PHONE_
Report Number(s):
SRNL-STI-2013-00732; PNNL-SA-100275
Journal ID: ISSN 2211-8128; TRN: US1600482
Grant/Contract Number:
AC09-08SR22470; AC05-76RL01830
Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Procedia Materials Science
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 7; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 2211-8128
Publisher:
Elsevier
Research Org:
Savannah River Site (SRS), Aiken, SC (United States); Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
Sponsoring Org:
USDOE
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE WASTES FROM NUCLEAR FACILITIES; vitrification; glass melter; nepheline; spinel; waste loading; radioactive waste; cold crucible induction melter; waste glass; crystallization


text:
This small, dark, long-tailed warbler is resident in the UK and has suffered in the past from severe winters. The Dartford warbler's population crashed to a few pairs in the 1960s, since when it has gradually recovered, increasing in both numbers and range. It is still regarded as an Amber List species. It will perch on top of a gorse stem to sing, but is often seen as a small flying shape bobbing between bushes.
What they eat:
Insects and other invertebrates.
- UK breeding:
- 3,200 pairs


text:
First National Bank currency
Cuba City's First National Bank operated from 1900 to 1928, when it was acquired by the Cuba City State Bank.
This is an actual bank note issued by the First National Bank in Cuba City and signed by cashier Matt Hendricks and bank president Henry J. Kettler. The note was printed by the United States Treasury and is dated 1900, but it's not clear when it went into circulation. Kettler was definitely the bank's president by 1911.
Certified proofs for Cuba City's First National Bank notes, dated 1900 and 1920, are still held by the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History:
Image courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution (NU.297219.044852)
Image courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution (NU.297219.044853)


with Windows image
efi partition table on windows
Create the same partitions structure on Disk 1:
Select disk 1
Create partition primary size=450
format quick fs=ntfs label="WinRE"
set id="de94bba4-06d1-4d40-a16a-bfd50179d6ac"
create partition efi size=99
create partition msr size=16
list part
diskpart create efi and msr partition
How to Convert Disks to Dynamic & Create a Mirrored Disk?
Then convert both disks to dynamic:
Select disk 0
Convert dynamic
Select disk 1
Con dyn
diskpart convert gpt disk to dynamic
Create a mirror for a system drive (drive letter C:). Select a partition on Disk 0 and create a mirror for it on Disk 1:
Select volume c
Add disk=1
The following message will appear:
DiskPart succeeded in adding a mirror to the volume
Open Disk Management and make sure that drive C: synchronization has been started (Resynching). Wait till it is over, it may take up to several hours depending on the size of the C: partition.
diskpart add second drive to mirror
When booting Windows, the Windows Boot Manager menu will appear where you can select what disk to boot from. If you do not select a disk manually, the system will try to boot from the first one in 30 seconds:
 - Windows Server 2016
 - Windows Server 2016 – secondary plex
windows server boot manager, Windows Server 2016 – secondary plex
However, the problem is that the bootloader configuration is stored only on the first drive, and if you lose it you won't be able to boot Windows from the second drive without additional actions. In fact, you have protected your data (but not the Windows bootloader) from a failure of the second disk only.
A software Windows RAID cannot be used to create a fully functional EFI partition mirror. Since the OS boot files are located on the EFI partition, if the first disk fails, you won't be able to boot from the second disk without the manual repairing of your EFI bootloader. It is quite hard for a beginner and takes some time (you may not have it if there is a crowd of angry users around).
Now we'll show you how to copy the EFI partition to the second disk and change the BCD bootloader configuration to enable booting Windows from both the first and second drives.
How to Create GPT Mirror for EFI Partition?
Then you have to prepare the EFI partition on the second disk in the mirror in order your computer can use this partition to boot Windows. Assign the drive letter S: to the EFI partition on Disk 1 and format it in FAT32:
Select disk 1
Select part 2
assign letter=S
format fs=FAT32 quick
format efi partition fat32
Then assign the letter P: to the EFI partition on Disk 0:
select disk 0
select partition 2
assign letter=P
exit
How to Copy EFI partition and BCD Store to a Second Drive?
Display the current BCD bootloader configuration using the following command:
bcdedit /enum
When creating a mirror, VDS service has automatically added the BCD entry for the second mirror disk (labeled "Windows Server 2016 – secondary plex").
bcd configuraion for mirrored drives
In order to allow booting from EFI partition on the second disk if first disk failure, you must change your BCD configuration.
To do it, copy the current Windows Boot Manager configuration:
bcdedit /copy {bootmgr} /d "Windows Boot Manager Cloned"
The entry was successfully copied to {44d1d6bf-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx}
Then copy the configuration ID and use it in the following command:
bcdedit /set {44d1d6bf-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx} device partition=s:
If you have done it correctly, this message will appear:
The operation completed successfully.
bcdedit /set device partition
List the current Windows Boot Manager (bcdedit /enum) configuration. Note that the bootloader is now having two options for boot from EFI partitions on different disks (default and resume object).
windows boot manager default and resume boot order
Then you must copy your BCD store from the EFI partition on Disk 0 to Disk 1:
P:
bcdedit /export P:\EFI\Microsoft\Boot\BCD2
robocopy p:\ s:\ /e /r:0
copy efi and bcd configuration
Rename the BCD store on Disk 1:
Rename s:\EFI\Microsoft\Boot\BCD2 BCD
And delete the copy on Disk 0:
Del P:\EFI\Microsoft\Boot\BCD2
del bcd copy
If your first disk fails, you need to select the "Windows Boot Manager Cloned" item in the Windows Boot Manager (boot menu) and then "Microsoft Windows Server 2016 — secondary plex" in order to boot your Windows correctly.
If one of the disks fails, you will get the Failed Redundancy message in Disk Management snap in.
failed disk in software mirror (raid 1) on windows server
In this case, you will have to replace the failed disk, delete the mirror configuration and create a software RAID 1 from the beginning.
]]>
_URL_ 0
Managing Windows Server Roles & Features with PowerShell _URL_ _URL_ Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:00:00 +0000 _URL_ In Windows Server 2012R2/2016/2019, you can use the graphical Server Manager console to install and remove server roles and features. However, in most cases you can do the same from the PowerShell console much faster. In this post we'll cover how to manage roles and features in the modern Windows Server versions with PowerShell.
List all Installed Windows Server Roles & Feature via PowerShell
User the Get-WindowsFeature cmdlet to display the list of all available Windows Server roles and features. If you run it without parameters, you will see the information about all Windows Server components.
The name of a component (Display Name), its system name (Name) and state (Install State: Installed, Available or Removed) are displayed. The list of roles and features looks like a tree with the nested roles similar to the one you see when you install the roles in the Server Manager GUI. To install and remove any roles or features using PowerShell, you must know their system names listed in the Name column.
Get-WindowsFeature get all available roles and features on windows server via powershell
If a role or a feature is Removed, it means that its installation files are removed from the system component store and you won't be able to install the role without direct Internet access or Windows Server installation ISO (see the example with the .Net 3.5 installation).
You can remove roles or components from your image online like this:
Uninstall-WindowsFeature –Name DHCP –Remove
To install a removed role, use this cmdlet:
Install-WindowsFeature DHCP (you will need the direct Internet access)
Or you can restore the component binary files from your Windows Server ISO image:
Install-WindowsFeature DHCP -Source E:\sources\sxs
You can list the installed server features:
Get-WindowsFeature | Where-Object {$_. installstate -eq "installed"} | ft Name,Installstate
Based upon the screenshot below, this server is used as a file server (FileAndStorage-Services, Storage-Services roles installed). Most of other components are used to manage or monitor the server.
Get-WindowsFeature installed
If you do not know the role name exactly, you can use wildcards. For example, to check what web components of the IIS role are installed, run this command (the syntax is a bit shortened):
Get-WindowsFeature -Name web-* | Where installed
Get-WindowsFeature Name like web
You can get the list of installed components on a remote Windows Server:
Get-WindowsFeature -ComputerName ny-spool1 | Where installed | ft Name,Installstate
Judging by the installed Print-Services and Print-Server roles, this server is used as a print server.
Get-WindowsFeature installed on remote Windows Server
You can use the Get-WindowsFeature cmdlet to find servers in your domain, on which the specific role is installed. You can search your servers in a particular Active Directory OU using the Get-ADComputer cmdlet from the PowerShell ActiveDirectory module or by the provided list of servers ($servers = ('server1', 'server2')).
For example, you want to find all file servers with the FileAndStorage-Services role in the specified AD organizational unit (I am using Visual Studio Code as a PoweShell editor). Use the following script:
import-module activedirectory
$Servers=get-adcomputer -properties * -Filter {Operatingsystem -notlike "*2008 R2*" -and enabled -eq "true" -and Operatingsystem -like "*Windows Server*"} -SearchBase 'OU=Servers,OU=UK,DC=contoso,DC=com' |select name
Foreach ($server in $Servers)
{
Get-WindowsFeature -name FileAndStorage-Services


Botulism takes center stage at UMass conference
DARTMOUTH — Dr. Daniel Drachman is an unlikely movie actor. Tall, distinguished, rumpled, deep-voiced and very intense, he's a neurologist and professor at Johns Hopkins University. He's also the scientist who gave Botox injections to famed classical pianist Leon Fleischer, unlocking his crippled right hand and restoring the artist to the heights of his concert career.
Dr. Drachman, who played himself in "Two Hands," an Oscar-nominated documentary about the Fleischer story, was one of 60 scientists and graduate students who converged on UMass Dartmouth last week for two solid days of botulinum.
Dr. Bal Ram Singh, the biochemist behind the new two-story national Botulinum Research Center, was beaming Friday as he circulated through the gathering, a high-powered list of doctors, researchers, government officials and military officers, along with a few entrepreneurs, all looking at the world's most potent poison.
Researchers at UMass are working under government Homeland Security and military grants aimed largely at finding antidotes to the toxin that causes botulism, which is produced by the common bacterium clostridium botulinum. To do so involves unlocking the mysteries of how it so efficiently invades nerve cells and shuts them down, paralyzing muscles and causing death.
It involves understanding how it doesn't work, as well, as in the case of the lowly quahog, which was found — much to UMass researchers' amazement — to be virtually immune to botulism, and thus a possible defense against a potential weapon in the war on terror.
Dr. Drachman's interest is in the mechanisms of the human body and how they relate to all manner of things, including botulinum, he explained patiently to a layman reporter. "I use (botulinum) more as a tool" for understanding processes, and he has been studying it since the 1960s, he said.
Many of the other attendees also see botulinum as a piece of their own research, and the fact that there were so many attending the symposium amazed and delighted Dr. Singh.
"I sent out the letters and they all said they were coming," he said.
In the case of the famed pianist Fleischer, botulinum, in the extremely low-dose form known commercially as Botox, targeted not facial wrinkles but a condition known as focal dystonia. It is a severe, often painful and permanent contraction of the muscles that eluded treatment until botulinum was tried. The afflicted can exhibit distorted feet, a lost voice known as dysphonia, hard squinting to the point of blindness, or locally paralyzed and contorted limbs or fingers, as in Mr. Fleischer's case.
Dr. Andy Pickett, representing a British drug company that makes a competitor to Botox known as Dysport, gave a presentation that described the effects of dystonia as "so painful that they never go out in public, and they haven't for many years."
Dystopia can be the result of cerebral palsy or of brain trauma; 1.5 million brain injuries a year occur in the United States, and 25 percent of those people exhibit some signs of dystopia — and may be candidates for botulinum therapy, Dr. Pickett said
Dr. Singh led tours of the new UMass facility, including the Level 3 biosafety security areas that are designed for a high level of security against releases of the toxin, and which are soon going to be off-limits for the most part. Many of the visitors were colleagues of Dr. Singh now or in the past, including Dr. Drachman, who was stymied by the question of why the botulinum lab wasn't built at John Hopkins.
He noted with approval the level of interest that botulinum is getting among scientists and researchers, compared to the 1960s when he began and was nearly alone in the pursuit. What 19th century German researcher Justinius Kerner termed the "smart poison" after predicting the medicinal value of what was then known as "sausage poison" because of unexplained deaths from tainted food.
Today, the attitude may be closer to that expressed in the 16th century alchemist Paracelsus, quoted by Dr. Pickett, who wrote, "All things are poisonous, and there is nothing that is harmless; the dose alone decides that something is a poison."
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Bath Time Tips For A Happy Bubby
Is there anything better than that squeaky clean baby smell? They're cuddly, they're soft and they smell like pure bliss, but getting them to that point is not always a blissful process. Bath time for little kiddies can become stressful, slippery, and teary for both baby and parents – we know from experience. Here are a few of our favourite tips to make bath time a little less slippery, less stressful and a whole lot more fun.
Keep an eye on the temperature
Tiny kiddos are not a fan of two things, the cold… and just about everything else. No one likes to get undressed and feel chilly, especially the little ones who are extra sensitive to a change in climate. To help minimise temperature changes, when the weather becomes a bit cooler, run the shower for a minute or two to allow the bathroom to steam up and warm the air. Similarly, no bubby likes getting out of the bath into cold air either, so we suggest to pump up the heat before it's time to get out and have a fluffy, warmed robe waiting for them. It sounds like you're dealing with a pre-Madonna but isn't that what the little humans are? Not yet versed in the realities of life? But, moving on…
Now, when it comes to the water, the ideal bath water temperature is the same as your child's body temperature. They're yet to experience the joys of a hot tub. The best way to check the water temperature is with your elbow. It sounds a bit weird, but your hands are used to dealing with all kinds of environments (especially once you have kids), so if you have to pull your elbow away, even just slightly, then it's too hot. And no one likes an ice bath other than Wim Hof (not sure who that is? Google him and find out why he loves the cold).
Get Resourceful, and Fun!
The house is full of fun innovative toys to make bath time more interesting. Specifically, the kitchen. You can make it rain using a strainer or colander, or even a water bottle with some holes poked through. What a crafty little bath-ty, and kids love this kind of stuff. Don't you wish you were this easily entertained? This also helps your baby/toddler adjust to the idea of a shower or bath if there's something interesting to play with or look at. Ladles, measuring cups, silicone basting brushes, and even a turkey baster are all good bath toy options too! No need to splash out on expensive bath toys. Get it? Splash out?...
Want something to spark their creative side? Try using shaving cream with a drop of food colouring makes for some very interesting bathroom tile Monets. They're easy to clean up, they keep tiny hands busy while you do the washing, and it flexes their creative muscle! Extra tip! For a more comfortable bath experience for you, put a quarter piece of pool noodle cut down the middle over the rim of the bathtub to give yourself extra comfort while you're bending and reaching over to clean your babies.
Learn, Rinse, Repeat
Using bath time as an opportunity to learn? Now that scrubs two birds with one sponge (is that the expression??). Try reading a waterproof book for some underwater storytime fun. Teach them self-care by explaining to them how to wash themselves, and only help if they ask for it as this helps give them a sense of accomplishment too! Or make bath time a learning experience and share some facts about animals, dinosaurs or the real estate market (okay maybe not that last one) with them. You'd be surprised how quickly kids soak things up, like a sponge…ok, we'll stop now. Or will we?
Party Down
Bath time can be fun for you too. So, grab some speakers and play some tunes you can all sing along to. Add different coloured glow sticks underneath the bubbles and turn the lights down low for a weeknight rave (without putting your white blood cells to work). If they're not feeling their regular Beyoncé-selves, head to Spotify and look up bedtime stories or some relaxing tones to help wind them down for the evening. There are hundreds of options, and they're a great way to entertain the wee ones, they won't even notice you've picked mushed-up banana out of their hair.
Put the Duckie Down
So, you know we're very big on health and protecting your family from the nasties of the world. Well, toys with holes in the bottom (to allow the water to come out) can harbour and breed a lot of bacteria and even mould. The bottom of those toys, more often than not (and just like everything else) end up in the little buddy's mouth. We suggest to either purchase a hot glue gun and fill in the holes so no water can get in, or stop buying those types of toys altogether. Sorry rubber duckie, you've had a good run!
Make Room
If you have older children, try using non-slip decals in different colours on either side to not only help add grip and safety for your children, but also give each child their own space to avoid fighting. For babies, using a square laundry basket in the tub gives them their tiny version of a tub where they can sit upright, and their toys are easier to reach. No one wants to hear the ear-piercing scream of a child that can't reach their toy.
Watch Out for Ingredients
A lot of commercial baby washes or baby soaps are made with cheap, synthetic detergents that can strip the skin of its natural oils, leaving it high and dry. The ones that make big bubbles can be particularly drying and harsh. Who would have thought there could be a downside to bubbles?! But babies need bubbles, and they DO NOT like it when they don't get them. So, we made our 2-in-1 Bubbly Wash natural and gentle on the skin without harsh detergents or the like of sulphates like SLS (Sodium Lauryl Sulphate). We also made it fragrance-free for even the most sensitive bubs, just for good measure.
Routine, Routine, Routine
A daily ritual can be very powerful in your child's early life experiences. By incorporating bath time into a 'getting-ready-for-bed routine', toddlers quickly develop positive associations with bathing. This can help give them a sense of warmth and security, which is essential to get them to settle down for the night.
Fresh newborns don't need to be bathed half as often (2-3 times a week) as their grubbier toddler counterparts. Regardless, we recommend sticking to consistent days and times for bathing to help set an expectation and avoid tantrums and resistance.
And there you have it, now that your bub is all squeaky clean and shiny, good luck getting them to bed! Soak up that baby smell while it lasts. If you have any life-saving tips and tricks for bath time, please comment below, we'd love to hear them!


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Unitary in a sentence
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Sentence count:147Posted:2016-12-13Updated:2016-12-13
Similar words: unitary systemmilitaryunituniteunityguitarpunitiveimpunityMeaning: ['juːnɪtərɪ] adj. 1. relating to or characterized by or aiming toward unity 2. of or pertaining to or involving the use of units 3. characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is held by one central authority 4. having the indivisible character of a unit.
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1. Wales will be divided into 21 unitary authorities instead of eight counties and 37 districts.
2. We are predisposed towards unitary authorities.
3. Operations should be run by a highly centralized unitary body which would provide services on the trunk routes of the world.
4. In the large conurbations, the creation of unitary authorities has required new quangos and joint boards to handle such issues.
5. We will reform principal local councils into a unitary system based on natural communities and the wishes of local people.
7. In unitary states, governments must evaluate the trade-off between higher taxes and higher welfare benefits.
9. They argue strongly for the retention of the unitary board(, where all directors take collective responsibility for all board decisions.
10. The major advantage of a unitary state is the presence of clear, hierarchical authority.
11. As such it complements the introduction of unitary development plans for the metropolitan districts.
12. In the unitary and harmonious female Spirit-Self there will be no such splits.
13. The new unitary authorities there will be known as county councils.
14. This highlights the second major difficulty with the theories, the general assumption that there is a unitary dimension of arousal.
15. The Royal Commission had recommended a regional tier as a necessary complement to a unitary system of local authorities.
16. Unitary Because all legislative power stems from Parliament,[] we have a unitary as opposed to a federal constitution.
17. Such a step allows development of theory which can explain social transformation in terms of unitary types of activity. 2.
18. It was becoming an alliance of the trade union movement with a unitary political party.
19. We believe that there are strong arguments in favour of unitary authorities.
20. Being defined in terms of tension or paradox, ambiguity's potential diversity was restored to some sort of unitary wholeness.
21. Green Belt functions were transferred to the lower tier authorities who are now required to prepare unitary development plans for their areas.
22. Indeed, it helps to demolish the farcical notion of general, unitary intelligence altogether.
23. The smallest metropolitan county had, therefore, a population approximately double that of the largest unitary authority.
24. One way to tackle these is to recall the words of musicians who were disturbed by unitary control.
26. In a statement Mr Gould said Labour was committed to unitary authorities.
27. More than 70 percent of the current countries are unitary states.
28. Operational experience of real systems design reinforces doubts about the allocation of function concept as a basis for a unitary systematic procedure.
29. These staff members would have to be replicated in any unitary structures that emerge following reform in this region.
30. The degree to which the entire godhead is evoked as a unitary spiritual conception depends upon the circumstances.
More similar words: unitary systemmilitaryunituniteunityguitarpunitiveimpunitycommunitydietarymunitionsmomentarysecretaryvoluntarycommentarymilitarismopportunityelementarydocumentaryunited nationstotalitarianismstarstaretunicuniqueunionnitstarttarrytarget
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text:
Changing priorities in investor decision making
Alison Orr (University of Glasgow)
In 2006 the RICS Education Trust funded a study by Cath Jackson and Alison Orr to explore the ways in which investment decision-makers view comparative property choices. The study recognised that asset selection is undertaken in a complex environment, with multiple trade-offs necessary due to the different investment attributes represented in each property. The results indicated that, at that time, investors' concerns about the sustainability of property were low, ranked as 7th in importance out of 8 attributes. This raised concerns over the degree to which actors within the industry were embracing the sustainability agenda.
This current project seeks to revisit these results, 10 years on, to explore whether priorities/behaviour have changed. The original methods will be replicated – a simulation of complex stock selection choices (using choice-based-conjoint analysis) to reveal investors' purchasing-decision behaviour – with the results subsequently further explored through focus groups to reveal the reasons for their simulated investment choices against their sustainability objectives.
This timely study, seeks to investigate and reveal the degree of accord between what investment decision-makers explicitly state their sustainability strategies to be and how they are implemented, against what their behaviour reveals about how purchasing decisions are made and the implicit judgements within.
RICS Education Trust


is all state data on the device, and the
 <running/> datastore. The XPath root node has all top-level data
 nodes in all modules as children.
9.9.3. Lexical Representation
 A leafref value is encoded the same way as the leaf it references.
9.9.4. Canonical Form
 The canonical form of a leafref is the same as the canonical form of
 the leaf it references.
Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 125]
RFC 6020 YANG October 2010
9.9.5. Usage Example
 With the following list:
 list interface {
 key "name";
 leaf name {
 type string;
 }
 leaf admin-status {
 type admin-status;
 }
 list address {
 key "ip";
 leaf ip {
 type yang:ip-address;
 }
 }
 }
 The following leafref refers to an existing interface:
 leaf mgmt-interface {
 type leafref {
 path "../interface/name";
 }
 }
 An example of a corresponding XML snippet:
 <interface>
 <name>eth0</name>
 </interface>
 <interface>
 <name>lo</name>
 </interface>
 <mgmt-interface>eth0</mgmt-interface>
Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 126]
RFC 6020 YANG October 2010
 The following leafrefs refer to an existing address of an interface:
 container default-address {
 leaf ifname {
 type leafref {
 path "../../interface/name";
 }
 }
 leaf address {
 type leafref {
 path "../../interface[name = current()/../ifname]"
 + "/address/ip";
 }
 }
 }
 An example of a corresponding XML snippet:
 <interface>
 <name>eth0</name>
 <admin-status>up</admin-status>
 <address>
 <ip>192.0.2.1</ip>
 </address>
 <address>
 <ip>192.0.2.2</ip>
 </address>
 </interface>
 <interface>
 <name>lo</name>
 <admin-status>up</admin-status>
 <address>
 <ip>127.0.0.1</ip>
 </address>
 </interface>
 <default-address>
 <ifname>eth0</ifname>
 <address>192.0.2.2</address>
 </default-address>
Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 127]
RFC 6020 YANG October 2010
 The following list uses a leafref for one of its keys. This is
 similar to a foreign key in a relational database.
 list packet-filter {
 key "if-name filter-id";
 leaf if-name {
 type leafref {
 path "/interface/name";
 }
 }
 leaf filter-id {
 type uint32;
 }
 ...
 }
 An example of a corresponding XML snippet:
 <interface>
 <name>eth0</name>
 <admin-status>up</admin-status>
 <address>
 <ip>192.0.2.1</ip>
 </address>
 <address>
 <ip>192.0.2.2</ip>
 </address>
 </interface>
 <packet-filter>
 <if-name>eth0</if-name>
 <filter-id>1</filter-id>
 ...
 </packet-filter>
 <packet-filter>
 <if-name>eth0</if-name>
 <filter-id>2</filter-id>
 ...
 </packet-filter>
Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 128]
RFC 6020 YANG October 2010
 The following notification defines two leafrefs to refer to an
 existing admin-status:
 notification link-failure {
 leaf if-name {
 type leafref {
 path "/interface/name";
 }
 }
 leaf admin-status {
 type leafref {
 path
 "/interface[name = current()/../if-name]"
 + "/admin-status";
 }
 }
 }
 An example of a corresponding XML notification:
 <notification
 xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:notification:1.0">
 <eventTime>2008-04-01T00:01:00Z</eventTime>
 <link-failure xmlns="_URL_
 <if-name>eth0</if-name>
 <admin-status>up</admin-status>
 </link-failure>
 </notification>
9.10. The identityref Built-In Type
 The identityref type is used to reference an existing identity (see
 Section 7.16).
9.10.1. Restrictions
 An identityref cannot be restricted.
9.10.2. The identityref's base Statement
 The "base" statement, which is a substatement to the "type"
 statement, MUST be present if the type is "identityref". The
 argument is the name of an identity, as defined by an "identity"
 statement. If a prefix is present on the identity name, it refers to
 an identity defined in the module that was imported with that prefix.
 Otherwise, an identity with the matching name MUST be defined in the
 current module or an included submodule.
Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 129]
RFC 6020 YANG October 2010
 Valid values for an identityref are any identities derived from the
 identityref's base identity. On a particular server, the valid
 values are further restricted to the set of identities defined in the
 modules supported by the server.
9.10.3. Lexical Representation
 An identityref is encoded as the referred identity's qualified name
 as defined in [XML-NAMES]. If the prefix is not present, the
 namespace of the identityref is the default namespace in effect on
 the element that contains the identityref value.
 When an identityref is given a default value using the "default"
 statement, the identity name in the default value MAY have a prefix.
 If a prefix is present on the identity name, it refers to an identity
 defined in the module that was imported with that prefix. Otherwise,
 an identity with the matching name MUST be defined in the current
 module or an included submodule.
9.10.4. Canonical Form
 Since the lexical form depends on the XML context in which the value
 occurs, this type does not have a canonical form.
9.10.5. Usage Example
 With the identity definitions in Section 7.16.3 and the following
 module:
 module my-crypto {
 namespace "_URL_
 prefix mc;
 import "crypto-base" {
 prefix "crypto";
 }
 identity aes {
 base "crypto:crypto-alg";
 }
 leaf crypto {
 type identityref {
 base "crypto:crypto-alg";
 }
 }
 }
Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 130]
RFC 6020 YANG October 2010
 the leaf "crypto" will be encoded as follows, if the value is the
 "des3" identity defined in the "des" module:
 <crypto xmlns:des="_URL_
 Any prefixes used in the encoding are local to each instance
 encoding. This means that the same identityref may be encoded
 differently by different implementations. For example, the following
 example encodes the same leaf as above:
 <crypto xmlns:x="_URL_
 If the "crypto" leaf's value instead is "aes" defined in the
 "my-crypto" module, it can be encoded as:
 <crypto xmlns:mc="_URL_
 or, using the default namespace:
 <crypto>aes</crypto>
9.11. The empty Built-In Type
 The empty built-in type represents a leaf that does not have any
 value, it conveys information by its presence or absence.
 An empty type cannot have a default value.
9.11.1. Restrictions
 An empty type cannot be restricted.
9.11.2. Lexical Representation
 Not applicable.
9.11.3. Canonical Form
 Not applicable.
9.11.4. Usage Example
 The following leaf
 leaf enable-qos {
 type empty;
 }
Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 131]
RFC 6020 YANG October 2010
 will be encoded as
 <enable-qos/>
 if it exists.
9.12. The union Built-In Type
 The union built-in type represents a value that corresponds to one of
 its member types.
 When the type is "union", the "type" statement (Section 7.4) MUST be
 present. It is used to repeatedly specify each member type of the
 union. It takes as an argument a string that is the name of a member
 type.
 A member type can be of any built-in or derived type, except it MUST
 NOT be one of the built-in types "empty" or "leafref".
 When a string representing a union data type is validated, the string
 is validated against each member type, in the order they are
 specified in the "type" statement, until a match is found.
 Any default value or "units" property defined in the member types is
 not inherited by the union type.
 Example:
 type union {
 type int32;
 type enumeration {
 enum


text:
Corrosion of Alloy 800H and the effect of surface-applied CeO(2) in a sulphidizing/oxidizing/carburizing environment at 700 C
The corrosion behaviour of a wrought austenitic Fe-20Cr-32Ni steel, Alloy 800H, was studied in a simulated coal-gasification atmosphere at 700 C for exposure times up to 2500 hr. The influence of preoxidation and CeO(2)-surface application followed by preoxidation on the corrosion resistance of this material was assessed. The improvement in the corrosion resistance due to preoxidation of the blank material was small, whereas the effect of the CeO(2)-treatment was significant. This difference is thought to be due to better scale adherence in the case of CeO(2)-surface application.
Bibliographic Reference: Article: Oxidation of Metals, Vol. 33 (1990) Nos. 5/6, pp. 371-397
Record Number: 199011444 / Last updated on: 1994-12-02
Original language: en
Available languages: en


text:
WTL2 - ASME Cold water booster tanks
Intended for use in hydronic heating systems, these tanks accept the expanded volume of hot water keeping the system pressure below the relief valve setting, thus preventing dangerous pressure build-up
STANDARD FEATURES AND BENEFITS:
- ASME CODE SECTION VIII, DIV. 1 – U stamped
- Max working pressure: 200 psi
- Max Temperature: 240° F (115° C)
- Heavy Duty reinforced Stand on all models.
- Removable bladder isolates water from the tank eliminating corrosion and rust in the water.
- Strainers keep the bladder wide-open during operation, eliminating water stagnation, and keeps out water debris.
- Carbon steel water connection.
- FINISH: "Automotive" gray finish paint.
Click on the below table to read the technical data:


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What are drawings in accounting?
A drawing account is not actually a bank account in itself. The meaning of drawing in accounts is the record kept by a business owner or accountant that shows how much money has been withdrawn by business owners. These are withdrawals made for personal use rather than company use – although they're treated slightly differently to employee wages.
It's essential to keep accurate records of these withdrawals because they need to be offset against the owner's equity. Having a separate drawing account makes it easier to keep track of these transactions and to balance the books at the end of each financial year, when you need to know how to close your drawings account.
How do drawings affect your financial statements?
Drawings in accounting terms represent withdrawals taken by the owner. As such, it will impact the company's financial statement by showing a decrease in the assets equivalent to the amount that is withdrawn. It will also represent a decrease in the owner's equity as the owner is, essentially, cashing in on a small piece of their entitlement to the company.
Drawings will also show up on a statement of cash flows as they represent a type of financial activity and so need to be accurately recorded by the company's account departments.
How do you record drawings in accounting?
On your balance sheet, you would typically record an owner withdrawal as a debit. If the withdrawal is made in cash, this can easily be quantified at the exact amount withdrawn. If the withdrawal is of goods or similar, the amount recorded would typically be a cost value.
Drawings accounts are temporary documents and these need to be balanced at the end of a financial year or period. This can be cleared in several different ways, including through repayment by the owner or a reduction in the owner's salary to compensate for the amount withdrawn.
Where do drawings go on a balance sheet?
The balance sheet is also known as a statement of financial position, and it is an essential document for assessing and demonstrating your business's economic position. A typical balance sheet records your business's assets and liabilities as well as shareholder equities. As a result, the placement of drawings within the balance sheet depends on how it is categorised.
Are drawings assets or expenses?
Drawings from business accounts may involve the owner taking cash or goods out of the business – but it is not categorised as an ordinary business expense. It is also not treated as a liability, despite involving a withdrawal from the company account, because this is offset against the owner's liability. This is why it's so important to keep a drawings account, which needs to be closed at the end of the financial year, ensuring that your books aren't disrupted by this financial transition while also maintaining a clear record of all the moving parts of your business.
What counts as a drawing?
A drawing acts similarly to a wage but is applied to sole traders or partners. A drawing in accounting terms includes any money that is taken from the business account for personal use. This can be the equivalent of a salary, or it can be as simple as lunch paid for with your company credit card.
However, drawings don't only cover cash withdrawals. It can also include goods and services withdrawn from the company by the owner for personal use. This could, for example, mean acquiring company property, or it could be the use of worksite materials.
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text:
Don't risk your American future
If you were physically in the U.S. in J status anytime between January 1 - December 31, 2021 you're obligated to send at least one form, Form 8843, to the U.S. tax agency IRS (Internal Revenue Service), even if you had no income. Au Pairs are required by law to file federal and state individual, nonresident tax returns and
, in most situations, pay taxes for the stipend (wages) earnings during a calendar year. Depending on the individual circumstances, you may also need to file a state tax return(s). Taxes are required for all Au Pairs in the U.S. and failure to pay taxes may having the following negative consequences
- Risks to future visa applications for future travel back to the U.S.
- Risks in applying for a different U.S. visa type
- Risks in applying for green card or citizenship status
- Fines or penalties
Filing taxes can be complex and even U.S. citizens struggle to understand taxes, but taxes are required for your program participation and are part of the American cultural experience. Taxes support the national and state services you use during your time in the U.S. How Au Pair Taxes in America Work
Income taxes occur on the federal (nationwide) level and at the state level to support federal and state services and facilities respectively. The IRS (Internal Revenue Service) is the federal government agency responsible for collecting federal taxes. Although Au Pairs are defined as a family member for the cultural exchange program, the IRS considers Au Pairs
to be an "employee" of the Host Family and the stipend is classified as "wages". Therefore, the IRS determines stipend earnings as subject to income taxes.
"Tax season" runs from January 1 to April 15 every year. During this time everyone in America reconciles their taxes owed to the federal and state governments based on earnings from the previous calendar year. Taxes are always due by April 15th (unless April 15th falls on a weekend or a government holiday). Au Pairs typically owe money to the federal government for income tax (about 10-12% of what was earned) because taxes are not withheld from stipend payments as part of the Au Pair program.
|2021 Tax Season Deadline|
|April 18, 2022|
Au Pairs who have lived in the U.S. for more than 2 years (including previous visa programs and COVID exceptional extensions) should take the free Substantial Presence Test
to determine residency status for tax purposes and may file taxes differently than other Au Pairs. Most Au Pairs are considered non-residents for tax purposes ad filing taxes as a resident or a nonresident is a huge difference. Be sure you understand which is appropriate for you (Sprintax can help!). If the Substantial Presence Test results in filing taxes as a resident, Sprintax refers Au Pairs to TurboTax for next steps.
In addition to federal taxes Au Pairs may owe state income taxes. The amount of state taxes depends on the state where you lived and "worked" and could be nothing. Click here
to learn more for your state.
Because Au Pairs live in the home with Host Families they are not subject to tax withholding reported on Form 941 and W-2. Nor are Au Pairs subject to Social Security or Medicare (FICA) taxes. As nonresidents, Au Pairs are not eligible for Earned Income Tax Credit, the Hope Credit or the Lifetime Learning Credit.
Learn more about Au Pair Taxes from our recommended tax professionals, Sprintax
.The Basic Tax Process
Step 1: Gather documentation. You need:
- Visa / Immigration information including Form DS-2019
- Social security number. If you do not have a social security number you can apply for one with the Social Security Administration.
- Evidence of stipend payments
- U.S. entry and exit dates for current and past visits to the U.S. (reference passport stamps and I-94 travel history)
Step 2: Calculate stipend payments ("wages") for the tax year using the following:
- Completed Hours, Stipend, Vacation & Education Log
- Bank account statements
- Calculate how much earned based on weeks in the U.S.
- Preserve your logs and documents on stipend, you will need them if you are ever audited by the IRS
Step 3: File Form 8843
- Completing the form should take about 5 minutes and is required for every J-1 visa holder regardless of earned income, filing a tax return and/or owing money in taxes.
- Learn more about Form 8843 from Sprintax.
- Sprintax will generate a completed Form 8843 for you if you user their services.
Step 4: File Form 1040NR
with the IRS.
- You can file electronically (e-File), or
- Through the mail (don't forget to sign your form and send certified mail with a tracking number)
- (we recommend working with Sprintax!)
Step 5: Send payment to the IRS.
- You can pay electronically with a debit or credit card when you e-File, or
- Through the mail by sending a check.
Step 6: File and pay (if required) your State Income Taxes.
Who Can Help You
- This process varies by state and for every state an Au Pair lived in (i.e. transitions, extension-transfers, Host Family moving).
- Sprintax can inform you if you need to complete a state tax return
- State forms are typically printed, signed and mailed and include check payment, if applicable.
You are ultimately responsible for paying your own taxes. Taxes are important and complex and many Americans work with tax professionals to file and pay federal and state taxes. Go Au Pair strongly encourages you to work with a licensed tax professional such as Sprintax to e-File your federal taxes and receive assistance with your state tax return. Sprintax charges a small fee
for their federal and state tax services.
Join an informative Sprintax Webinar to learn more:
- An Introduction to J-1 Nonresident Tax in the USA Tuesday February 1st @ 1pm EST (eastern timezone) – Register here
- J-1 Au Pair Tax Obligations Wednesday, February 2nd @ 11am EST (eastern timezone) - Register here
- An Introduction to J-1 Nonresident Tax in the USA Monday March 21st @ 12pm EST (eastern timezone) – Register here
Sprintax also assists with corrections to previous tax forms and reconciliations on unpaid taxes up to three years.
Be aware of tax scams and fraudulent tax companies!
|Get started with Sprintax!|
|Receive a $5 discount off Federal tax returns when you use promo code:|
Only work with reputable companies or a licensed accountant if you pay for tax services. Sprintax is a safe and reliable tax professional. They participate in Alliance, WETM-IAC and IAPA J-1 conferences and Go Au Pair staff have personally met with Sprintax representatives.Go Au Pair is not licensed to provide official tax advice.
Any information or comments contained in this article are merely suggestions or recommended topics to discuss with a professional Tax Advisor or IRS. As tax laws are continually being amended, and are sometimes too complex for non-tax professional persons to instruct on, we encourage Host Families and Au Pairs to consult a tax professional, such as Sprintax, or directly contact the IRS for definitive answers regarding your specific situation.


text:
EVAPORATION REDUCTION IN 20m2 PANS USING MONOMOLECULAR FILMS OF HEXADECANOL AND ITS INFLUENCES IN WATER QUALITY
Brazilian Northeast region, with its Semi-Arid conditions, has suffered difficulties due to its high evaporation levels. This evaporation brings great losses to the region and, in consequence, to the country. The present work studies one of the world most popular tools to control evaporation in open pans ? hexadecanol monomolecular films - and the consequences of its application in water quality. It was used open pans of 20m2 of area (Russian Pans) built on Agrometeorological Station of Ceará University in Fortaleza. The experiments takes 3 years where were evaluated the film effectiveness, the statistical correlation between the evaporation reduction and the weather conditions, and the influence of the film application on biotic (phytoplankton, bacteria, fungus and fishes) and abiotic (turbidity, temperature, electrical conductivity, pH and salinity) characteristics of the water. It was also evaluated the dispersion velocity of the surfactant and the formation of ?strings?. Results show that the product is able to reduce evaporation in 40% in Semi-Arid conditions. It was also presented that wind velocity and air temperature have some influence on evaporation reduction. Concerning the abiotic parameters the film application just causes significant alteration in water temperature. Phytoplankton and fishes does not suffer influences of the surfactante also, but it was notice some selectivity in fungus and bacteria species.
School:Universidade Federal do Ceará
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Keywords:evaporation, monomolecular films, hexadecanol.
Date of Publication:02/09/2007


text:
Paper Title: Full-Scale Measurements of Welding-Induced Initial Deflections and Residual Stresses in Steel-Stiffened Plate Structures
M S Yi, Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering at Pusan National University; and Samsung Heavy Industries, South Korea
C M Hyun, Samsung Heavy Industry, South Korea
J K Paik, The International Centre for Advanced Safety Studies (The Lloyd's Register Foundation Research Centre of Excellence), South Korea; and University College London, UK
Plated structures such as ships and offshore structures are constructed using welding techniques that attach support members (or stiffeners) to the plating. During this process, initial imperfections develop in the form of initial deformations (deflections or distortions) and residual stresses. These initial imperfections significantly affect the buckling and ultimate strength of these structures. Therefore, to assess the strength of welded plate structures, it is very important to predict the magnitude and pattern of welding-induced initial imperfections and their effects on buckling and ultimate strength. To determine the reliability of the prediction methods, it is desirable to validate the theoretical or numerical predictions of welding-induced initial imperfections through comparison with full-scale actual measurements.
However, full-scale measurement databases are lacking, as they are costly to obtain. This study contributes to the development of a full-scale measurement database of welding-induced initial imperfections in steel-stiffened plate structures. The target structures are parts of real (full-scale) deckhouses in very large crude oil carrier class floating, production, storage and offloading unit structures. For parametric study purposes, four test structures by varying plate thickness are measured while the stiffener types and weld bead length are fixed. Modern technologies for measuring initial deformations and residual stresses are applied. The details of the measurement methods are documented for the use of other researchers and practicing engineers who want to validate their computational models for predicting welding-induced initial imperfections.
Transactions RINA, Vol 160, Part A4, International Journal Maritime Engineering, Oct - Dec 2018
DOI No: 10.3940/rina.ijme.2018.a4.504
Search and Order IJME papers
All International Journal of Maritime Engineering (IJME) papers are listed in the RINA Publications Database. You can search the database by author name and paper title. Publications may be ordered and paid for online. Other publications are also listed, some of which may be downloaded free of charge. Follow the link to Search Publications & Order.


an:00871157 Zbl 0845.68019 Vukeli??, Tatjana; Ivanovi??, Mirjana Usage of \(S\)-expressions and predicate expressions in procedural programming languages EN Filomat 9, No. 2, 315-324 (1995). 00032581 1995
j
68N15 hash tables; sparse matrices Summary: An extension of a procedural programming language with \(S\)-expressions and predicate expressions is described. Several examples in the field of graph theory, logic and set theory, hash tables, and sparse matrices are presented.


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How can I construct the function segs that returns a list of all contiguous segments in a list? For example, (segs '(l i s t)) should produce the following answer:
(() (t) (s) (s t) (i) (i s) (i s t) (l) (l i) (l i s) (l i s t))
I'm especially interested in how to solve this problem in accordance with the design principles described in HtDP (no, this is not the problem from the book, so please feel free to discuss it!) How to solve it? Which principles to use in program derivation?
share|improve this question
To ask for clarification, post a comment on the answer and/or amend your question, don't try edit the answer itself. – Ryan Culpepper Jan 10 '12 at 19:21
add comment
2 Answers
up vote 5 down vote accepted
Start by building up a set of related examples, most trivial first:
(equal? (segs '())
 (list '()))
(equal? (segs '(z))
 (list '()
(equal? (segs '(y z))
 (list '() '(z)
 '(y) '(y z)))
(equal? (segs '(x y z))
 (list '() '(z) '(y) '(y z)
 '(x) '(x y) '(x y z)))
By looking at the examples you can make an observation (which I've used the formatting to highlight): the answer for each example includes the all of the elements from the answer for the previous example. In fact, the contiguous subsequences of a non-empty list are just the contiguous subsequences of its tail together with the non-empty prefixes of the list itself.
So put the main function on hold and write non-empty-prefixes
non-empty-prefixes : list -> (listof non-empty-list)
With that helper function, it's easy to write the main function.
(Optional) The resulting naive function has bad complexity, because it repeats calls to non-empty-prefixes. Consider (segs (cons head tail)). It calls (non-empty-prefixes tail) twice: once because it calls (segs tail) which calls (non-empty-prefixes tail), and again because it calls (non-empty-prefixes (cons head tail)) which calls (non-empty-prefixes tail) recursively. That means the naive function has unnecessarily bad complexity.
The problem is that (segs tail) computes (non-empty-prefixes tail) and then forgets it, so (segs (cons head tail)) has to redo the work. The solution is to hold on to that extra information by fusing segs and non-empty-prefixes into a single function that computes both answers:
segs+ne-prefixes : list -> (values (listof list) (listof non-empty-list))
Then define segs as an adapter function that just drops the second part. That fixes the main issue with the complexity.
(Edited to add) Regarding segs+ne-prefixes: here's one way to define non-empty-prefixes. (Note: the empty list has no non-empty prefixes. No need to raise an error.)
;; non-empty-prefixes : list -> (listof non-empty-list)
(define (non-empty-prefixes lst)
 (cond [(empty? lst)
 [(cons? lst)
 (map (lambda (p) (cons (first lst) p))
 (cons '() (non-empty-prefixes (rest lst))))]))
And segs looks like this:
;; segs : list -> (listof list)
(define (segs lst)
 (cond [(empty? lst) (list '())]
 [(cons? lst)
 (append (segs (rest lst))
 (non-empty-prefixes lst))]))
You can fuse them like this:
;; Return both the contiguous subsequences and the non-empty prefixes of lst
(define (segs+ne-prefixes lst)
 (cond [(empty? lst)
 ;; Just give the base cases of each function, together
 (values (list '())
 [(cons? lst)
 (let-values ([(segs-of-rest ne-prefixes-of-rest)
 ;; Do the recursion on combined function once!
 (segs+ne-prefixes (rest lst))])
 (let ([ne-prefixes
 ;; Here's the body of the non-empty-prefixes function
 ;; (the cons? case)
 (cons '() ne-prefixes-of-rest))])
 (values (append segs-of-rest ne-prefixes)
This function still follows the design recipe (or it would, if I had shown my tests): in particular, it uses the template for structural recursion on a list. HtDP doesn't talk about values and let-values, but you could do the same thing with an auxiliary structure to group the information.
HtDP talks about complexity a little bit, but this sort of regrouping of computation is usually discussed more in an algorithms course, under "dynamic programming and memoization". Note that an alternative to fusing the two functions would have been to memoize non-empty-prefixes; that also would have fixed the complexity.
One last thing: the arguments to append near the end should be reversed, to (append ne-prefixes segs-of-rest). (Of course, that means rewriting all of the tests to use the new order, or writing/finding an order-insensitive list comparison function.) Try benchmarking the two versions of the function on a large list (around 300-400 elements), see if you can tell a difference, and see if you can explain it. (This is more algorithms material, not design.)
share|improve this answer
Ryan, can you explain the mechanics I need to apply to obtain this "fused" segs+ne-prefixes function? – Racket Noob Jan 10 '12 at 19:58
_USER_ Noob, I've added an explanation to the end of my answer. – Ryan Culpepper Jan 10 '12 at 20:11
add comment
There's 2 recursions going on: the first chops atoms off the left, and the second chops atoms off the right. Here's how I'd solve it recursively in 2 functions, in plain terms (since I'm not fluent in Scheme):
Start with the FullList variable in function A,
accumulate right-chop results on FullList from recursive function B,
then chop off the left character of FullList and call function A with it.
Stop when an empty list is received.
Accumulate all results, and you're golden.
share|improve this answer
add comment
Your Answer


text:
Acetone is a strong solvent commonly used for various purposes, including in nail polish removers and industrial applications. While acetone can interact with polymer clay, it doesn't necessarily "melt" it like other materials. Instead, it has some unique effects on the clay.
Effects of Acetone on Polymer Clay
When acetone comes into contact with polymer clay:
- Acetone can soften and slightly dissolve the surface of polymer clay, giving it a smooth and shiny appearance.
- Acetone can be used to clean polymer clay surfaces before baking to remove dust, lint, and fingerprints.
- Excessive use of acetone can cause the clay to become too soft, making it difficult to work with or lose its shape.
- Acetone may cause some pigments or colors to bleed or fade, affecting the overall appearance of the clay.
Safe Usage of Acetone
If you choose to use acetone with polymer clay, consider the following:
- Use acetone sparingly and in well-ventilated areas to avoid overexposure to fumes.
- Test a small, inconspicuous area of the clay before applying acetone to your entire project.
- Be cautious when using acetone on painted or colored polymer clay, as it may affect the surface finish.
- After using acetone, allow the clay to air out and dry before continuing with your project.
Alternative Cleaning Methods
If you're concerned about using acetone, there are alternative methods for cleaning polymer clay, such as using a soft brush, gentle soap and water, or baby wipes.
While acetone can have specific effects on polymer clay, it's important to use it cautiously and test its effects before applying it to your entire project. With proper handling and care, you can achieve desired results without compromising the integrity of your polymer clay creations.