text:
BPSS Curriculum Guideline: Certified Nurse Aide/*Nurse Aide Advanced and Patient Care Technician
These Guidelines concern NYSED and/or BPSS expectations for curriculum review. Prior to submitting your new curriculum for review, please make sure to follow the instructions and advice below:
- When uploading curriculum material to my.ny.gov, always use the tab instead of or .
- For new curriculum, expect up to 90 days for review. Note that an approved curriculum may sometimes have to be revised/updated afterwards.
- Note that BPSS approval for Nurse Aide/Nurse Assistant is valid for 2 years. The curriculum re-approval should be submitted electronically 120 days before the expiration date.
- Curriculum title MUST be descriptive and clear, with NO advertising.
- The sole goal of a CNA curriculum is to make students eligible to take the NYS skills and written nurse aide certification examination, and obtain the nurse aide license. There is no other educationally legitimate purpose for a nurse aide curriculum. Please note that the exam is set by the Department of Health, in conjunction with Prometric. The DOH is the final authority over matters related to the CNA examination.
- The ESL requirements are relevant if students have non-English-speaking backgrounds. It needs to be determined that they can follow the program instruction in English. In addition to meeting the prerequisite for the entrance requirement - through an HSD, its equivalency, or an ATB test - students will need to take an ESL test and score at an intermediate level. Note that NO LOTE classes or exam are being offered for this program.
- The BPSS entrance requirement for this specific curriculum is either a high school diploma/GED/TASC, or passing a standard Ability-to-Benefit test in English and Math equivalent to 6th grade, such as Wonderlic Basic Skills Test, verbal 200/quantitative 210. You CANNOT use a self-created entrance test. An Allied Health credential such as a Personal Care Aide certificate may serve in lieu of a High School Diploma or ATB test, if you ask for this during curriculum approval.
- The standard length of this program is 125hrs, with an internship of 30hrs. 60hrs will be theory and 35hrs for skills lab. An instructional hour is considered to be 60min. Note that the 85% BPSS attendance rule does NOT apply here. The student MUST complete, in-class or through make-up hours, all 125hrs of this curriculum. Schools MUST track attendance daily, not only for the overall hours, but also by subject, to document that students completed the hours allotted to each unit and sub-unit. This includes make-up hours. Do NOT track your course as "Nurse Aide"— which is the name of the curriculum—but by the individual courses/units it is broken down into.
- You may add additional subjects, such as VESL at the beginning or exam prep at the end. The additions MUST be germane to the curriculum.
- Schools MUST use the standard curriculum in the BPSS NATP Information Booklet (2016) in conjunction with the NYS DOH Curriculum (January 2006) and make use of the Clinical Skills Performance Record Evaluation Checklist
- The content of a Nurse Aide curriculum should include units in: Introductory Curriculum and Resident's Rights; Basic Nursing Skills; Personal Care Skills; Mental Health & Social Service Needs; Care of Residents with Special Needs; and Basic Restorative Services.
- When creating the curriculum on the BPSS system, check the box . The Content Outline and Equipment List will then input automatically.
- All clinical skills MUST be demonstrated LIVE during the training by the student. The skills lab is an extension of the classroom that provides adequate equipment, supplies and work stations for the number of students assigned to the site to practice skills on mannequin, and then live on fellow students or volunteers, before demonstrating competency in a clinical setting during the internship. The final skills demonstration for all clinical procedures MUST be 100% accurate.
- Unlike agencies which train nurse aides under a DOH license, BPSS-regulated schools CANNOT have multiple training locations under the same school license. Each location MUST have its own license and curriculum approval, including a separate OBRA number.
Method of Instruction
- For this curriculum, select . Note that Blended Learning is NOT an option for this program.
- The program MUST identify a Primary Instructor/Primary Care Instructor (PI), who is also the Program Coordinator (PC) required by DOH. The PI/PC oversees the integrity of the delivery of the curriculum, and maintains program standards, incl. administrative responsibility and accountability for the program. The PI MUST be a registered professional nurse with at least 2 years practical (not supervisory) experience caring for the elderly and/or chronically ill, and MUST be licensed as career school teacher for Nurse Aide-Primary Instructor (you should upload a copy of the teacher license of the PI). An RN without the experience needed to be a PI can teach all parts of the curriculum under the oversight of the PI. An LPN with 2 years of Direct Care experience may only supervise interns during the internship under the direction of the PI.
Textbooks and Instructional Aids
- Your instructor MUST use the BPSS booklet and the NYS DOH Curriculum (January 2006) in preparing instruction.
- Your students MUST have a textbook. DOH and BPSS do NOT mandate the use of a specific textbook. You can select a standard published textbook of your choice, but it MUST cover the New York State Department of Health mandated curriculum. If minor parts are NOT covered by the textbook, hand-outs can be added. Handouts should be uploaded under . You CANNOT use only hand-outs.
- The equipment list is pre-set and will upload automatically after selecting as the category. Do NOT add or change anything. *Note that for the Nurse Aide Advanced and Patient Care Technician programs you can include the appropriate additional equipment under.
Content Outline and Performance Objectives
- For this curriculum, the Content Outline (the former 21a) is found in Part V of the BPSS booklet, from p. 23 onwards. You MUST teach these parts in this order. You need to track how students progress through the curriculum using the Content Outline.
- Using (the former 21b) Performance Objectives, you MUST describe what the student will do to show the instructor that he/she has learned the subject matter. For the theory component, this will include quizzes, homework, and class answers; for the skills component, practical demonstrations. Please refer to the Clinical Skills Performance Record Evaluation Checklist for skills testing. This checklist, with 61 mandated skills, MUST be filled out for each student. The student MUST receive a copy after graduation. Note that NOT all skills must be demonstrated during the internship, some can be performed during live training in the skills lab.
Internship/Externship/Supervised Clinical Experience
- Use the latest CNA Affiliation Agreement. Do NOT use the forms developed specifically for Home Health Aide.
- The internship MUST be 30hrs in a licensed long-term residential health care facility (RHCF), i.e. "nursing home." You should include a copy of the operating license of the facility with the signed Affiliation Agreement.
- During the internship, students MUST demonstrate their successful final performance of most of the 61 skills in the Clinical Skills Performance Record Evaluation Checklist. Each individual's nurse aide trainee training record MUST clearly document the trainee's competence prior to the individual taking the state nurse aide certification examination.
Certification Exam by Prometric
- The DOH test for Nurse Aide is given by Prometric. After BPSS has approved your NATP program, BPSS will issue you a confidential OBRA-Number, which you will need in order to set-up testing with Prometric. BPSS will notify Prometric and the NYS Department of Health. Prometric will then contact you to set up practical and written testing for your students. After receiving BPSS licensure, it is important to set aside enough time for this part of the process, as otherwise your students would graduate too early and would have to wait weeks before being allowed to test. Upon successfully testing, the student will automatically be included in the NYS Nurse Aide Registry.
- Indicate any and all changes in a letter uploaded under . Upload the complete, previously approved, curriculum (incl. approval letter) in one PDF under . Then upload the revised/amended curriculum as a second PDF.
*Nurse Aide Advanced and Patient Care Technician
- Nurse Aide-related supplementary options include the Nurse Aide Advanced and the Patient Care Technician programs. Both consist of EKG and Phlebotomy, and sometimes Lab Work. Note: label Nurse Aide Advanced if the student will begin with the Nurse Aide curriculum and end with the supplemental courses; use label of Patient Care Technician if the student already holds a Nurse Aide certificate and only has to take the supplemental courses. Note that as the student will have taken Medical Terminology and A & P for the Nurse Aide curriculum or certificate, he/she will need fewer hours for the EKG and Phlebotomy courses than when these are taught as self-standing programs. Please refer to the BPSS guidelines on EKG Technician and Phlebotomy Technician (contact _EMAIL_).
- Note that NO BPSS CURRICULUM APPROVAL, EVEN WHEN GIVEN IN ERROR, CAN OVERRIDE THE LAW! You MUST be familiar with the legal requirements in your offering.
Any further questions, please contact _EMAIL_


text:
Fragment of 1919 shipwreck unearthed by Hurricane Sandy
Published: Sunday, November 11, 2012 at 5:25 p.m.
Last Modified: Sunday, November 11, 2012 at 5:25 p.m.
A piece of history unique to Surf City emerged on the beach when Hurricane Sandy skirted Topsail Island's shore, drawing curious onlookers who are reminded to look, but not touch.
A section of the William H. Sumner, a three-masted schooner whose young captain died under suspicious circumstances after running the ship aground in 1919, has been protruding from the sand a short distance from the Dolphin Street beach access.
The wreckage is a chunk of the ship that floated ashore when the Coast Guard blasted the vessel shortly after it ran aground, to remove the navigation hazard, said Nathan Henry, assistant state archaeologist and conservator with the Underwater Archaeology Branch of the North Carolina Office of State Archaeology.
"This piece broke completely off of the wreck," Henry said. "It's really been there for quite some time. At this point it's in a perfect place. It will last under that sand just being exposed every once in a while. For that reason we really prefer that these things stay in place."
At least part of the 489-ton, 165-foot ship is believed to be resting at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean near the southern end of the island. Erosion caused by strong coastal storms routinely exposes what has been identified as a side portion of the ship.
A large frame of the ship that once rested on the shore is in the state archaeology lab in Fort Fisher. Henry said he moved the frame to the lab after a group of fishermen was caught trying to illegally remove it from the beach about a year ago.
The state claims all abandoned shipwrecks still in the water.
Surf City Mayor Zander Guysaid when the wreckage was initially exposed more than 10 years ago it was a public safety concern. Large iron bolts used to hold the ship's frame together eventually erode into spikes – a potential hazard to beachgoers.
The state can permit beach towns to relocate and re-bury ship wreckage, Henry said.
For the most part, beach towns leave the artifacts in place, giving a residents and visitors a rare glimpse of the past outside of museum walls.
Henry said the Sumner is a valuable resource unique to Surf City since most shipwrecks on the North Carolina coast are in the Outer Banks. He encourages anyone intrigued by the wreckage to "look and enjoy."
Archaeologists have studied the ship, a "heavily-built" vessel that hauled lumber and phosphate rock for about 30 years. On Sept. 7, 1919, it was sailing precariously close to the shore, catching the attention of swimmers and sunbathers at Wrightsville Beach.
Shortly after it ran aground, the Sumner's 24-year-old captain was dead. His ship's mate, Charles L. Lacey, claimed that his boss, Robert E. Cockram, shot himself to death. This was Cockram's first command after a promotion only two weeks before.
But evidence pointed to foul play, and Lacey was charged with murder. He was convicted of the crime but later acquitted in an appeal.
Metro desk: _PHONE_
On Twitter: _USER_
All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
On Unix, signals can be sent to processes. mysqld responds to signals sent to it as follows:
SIGTERMcauses the server to shut down.
SIGHUPcauses the server to reload the grant tables and to flush tables, logs, the thread cache, and the host cache. These actions are like various forms of the
FLUSHstatement. The server also writes a status report to the error log that has this format:
Status information: Current dir: /var/mysql/data/ Running threads: 0 Stack size: 196608 Current locks: Key caches: default Buffer_size: _PHONE_ Block_size: 1024 Division_limit: 100 Age_limit: 300 blocks used: 0 not flushed: 0 w_requests: 0 writes: 0 r_requests: 0 reads: 0 handler status: read_key: 0 read_next: 0 read_rnd 0 read_first: 1 write: 0 delete 0 update: 0 Table status: Opened tables: 5 Open tables: 0 Open files: 7 Open streams: 0 Alarm status: Active alarms: 1 Max used alarms: 2 Next alarm time: 67

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


How to: Filter Data on a Silverlight Screen
You can filter the data that appears in List and Details, Editable Grid, and Search Data screens. For example, you could filter so that only customers who are located in the United States are displayed. To filter data, modify the query of a collection on a screen, or write a custom query and then use it to create a screen.
link to video For a related video demonstration, see How Do I: Sort and Filter Data on a Screen in a LightSwitch Application?.
List and Details, Editable Grid, and Search Data screens contain collections that are based on queries. For example, a collection that is based on the Customer entity uses this query by default: Select * from Customers. You can customize the conditions of the query. Your changes apply only to the collection on the screen and do not affect the query globally.
To modify the query of a screen collection
 1. On the Screen Members List, next to the collection you want to modify, click Edit Query.
 2. In the Query Designer, modify the query.
 For more information, see How to: Design a Query by Using the Query Designer.
 3. When you have finished modifying the query, click the back arrow at the top-left corner of the Query Designer to return to the Screen Designer.
You can create a List and Details, Editable Grid, or Search Data screen based on a query in your LightSwitch solution.
For more information about how to add a query to your solution, see How to: Add, Remove, and Modify a Query.
For more information about how to design a query, see How to: Design a Query by Using the Query Designer.
To create a screen by using a query in the solution
 - Create a screen. In the Add New Screen dialog box, for the Screen Data field, select a query. For more information about how to create a screen, see How to: Create a Silverlight Screen.
 Only data that meets the conditions that are defined by the query will appear in the screen.
To create a screen by using a query that accepts a parameter
 1. Create a screen. In the Add New Screen dialog box, for the Screen Data field, select a query that accepts a parameter. For more information about how to create a screen, see How to: Create a Silverlight Screen.
 2. Because the query requires a parameter value, the new screen does not appear in the navigation menu of the running application. The screen is displayed when a user provides a value in a field in another screen. You must add that field to the other screen.
 In the Screen Designer, in the other screen, click Add Data Item.
 3. In the Add Screen Item dialog box, select Local Property. In the Type list, select a type for the local property.
 4. In the Name box, provide a name for the local property, for example, CityName, and then click OK.
 5. From the Screen Members List, drag the new local property to the Screen Content Tree.
 6. In the Screen Content Tree, right-click the local property and then click Add Button.
 7. In the Add Button dialog box, select New Method and then click OK.
 8. In the Screen Content Tree, right-click the button and then click Edit Execute Code.
 9. In the Code Editor, write code that displays the parameterized query screen. The following example displays the ShowCustomerByCity screen by passing the value of the local property named CityName.
 partial void Button_Execute()
 {
 Application.ShowCustomersByCity(CityName);
 }

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© 2014 Microsoft


pycassa.pool – Connection Pooling
Connection pooling for Cassandra connections.
class pycassa.pool.ConnectionPool(keyspace, server_list=['localhost:9160'], credentials=None, timeout=0.5, use_threadlocal=True, pool_size=5, prefill=True, socket_factory=, transport_factory=, **kwargs)
A pool that maintains a queue of open connections.
All connections in the pool will be opened to keyspace.
server_list is a sequence of servers in the form "host:port" that the pool will connect to. The port defaults to 9160 if excluded. The list will be randomly shuffled before being drawn from sequentially. server_list may also be a function that returns the sequence of servers.
If authentication or authorization is required, credentials must be supplied. This should be a dictionary containing 'username' and 'password' keys with appropriate string values.
timeout specifies in seconds how long individual connections will block before timing out. If set to None, connections will never timeout.
If use_threadlocal is set to True, repeated calls to get() within the same application thread will return the same ConnectionWrapper object if one is already checked out from the pool. Be careful when setting use_threadlocal to False in a multithreaded application, especially with retries enabled. Synchronization may be required to prevent the connection from changing while another thread is using it.
The pool will keep up pool_size open connections in the pool at any time. When a connection is returned to the pool, the connection will be discarded is the pool already contains pool_size connections. The total number of simultaneous connections the pool will allow is pool_size + max_overflow, and the number of "sleeping" connections the pool will allow is pool_size.
A good choice for pool_size is a multiple of the number of servers passed to the Pool constructor. If a size less than this is chosen, the last (len(server_list) - pool_size) servers may not be used until either overflow occurs, a connection is recycled, or a connection fails. Similarly, if a multiple of len(server_list) is not chosen, those same servers would have a decreased load. By default, overflow is disabled.
If prefill is set to True, pool_size connections will be opened when the pool is created.
Example Usage:
>>> pool = pycassa.ConnectionPool(keyspace='Keyspace1', server_list=['', ''], prefill=False)
>>> cf = pycassa.ColumnFamily(pool, 'Standard1')
>>> cf.insert('key', {'col': 'val'})
Whether or not a new connection may be opened when the pool is empty is controlled by max_overflow. This specifies how many additional connections may be opened after the pool has reached pool_size; keep in mind that these extra connections will be discarded upon checkin until the pool is below pool_size. This may be set to -1 to indicate no overflow limit. The default value is 0, which does not allow for overflow.
pool_timeout = 30
If pool_size + max_overflow connections have already been checked out, an attempt to retrieve a new connection from the pool will wait up to pool_timeout seconds for a connection to be returned to the pool before giving up. Note that this setting is only meaningful when you are accessing the pool concurrently, such as with multiple threads. This may be set to 0 to fail immediately or -1 to wait forever. The default value is 30.
recycle = 10000
After performing recycle number of operations, connections will be replaced when checked back in to the pool. This may be set to -1 to disable connection recycling. The default value is 10,000.
max_retries = 5
When an operation on a connection fails due to an TimedOutException or UnavailableException, which tend to indicate single or multiple node failure, the operation will be retried on different nodes up to max_retries times before an MaximumRetryException is raised. Setting this to 0 disables retries and setting to -1 allows unlimited retries. The default value is 5.
logging_name = None
By default, each pool identifies itself in the logs using id(self). If multiple pools are in use for different purposes, setting logging_name will help individual pools to be identified in the logs.
Gets a connection from the pool.
Returns a connection to the pool.
execute(f, *args, **kwargs)
Get a connection from the pool, execute f on it with *args and **kwargs, return the connection to the pool, and return the result of f.
Adds connections to the pool until at least pool_size connections exist, whether they are currently checked out from the pool or not.
New in version 1.2.0.
Closes all checked in connections in the pool.
Sets the server list that the pool will make connections to.
server_list should be sequence of servers in the form "host:port" that the pool will connect to. The list will be randomly permuted before being used. server_list may also be a function that returns the sequence of servers.
Returns the capacity of the pool.
Returns the number of overflow connections that are currently open.
Returns the number of connections currently in the pool.
Returns the number of connections currently checked out from the pool.
Add a PoolListener-like object to this pool.
listener may be an object that implements some or all of PoolListener, or a dictionary of callables containing implementations of some or all of the named methods in PoolListener.
exception pycassa.pool.AllServersUnavailable
Raised when none of the servers given to a pool can be connected to.
exception pycassa.pool.NoConnectionAvailable
Raised when there are no connections left in a pool.
exception pycassa.pool.MaximumRetryException
Raised when a ConnectionWrapper has retried the maximum allowed times before being returned to the pool; note that all of the retries do not have to be on the same operation.
exception pycassa.pool.InvalidRequestError
Pycassa was asked to do something it can't do.
This error generally corresponds to runtime state errors.
class pycassa.pool.ConnectionWrapper(pool, max_retries, *args, **kwargs)
Creates a wrapper for a Connection object, adding pooling related functionality while still allowing access to the thrift API calls.
These should not be created directly, only obtained through Pool's get() method.
get_keyspace_description(keyspace=None, use_dict_for_col_metadata=False)
Describes the given keyspace.
If use_dict_for_col_metadata is True, the column metadata will be stored as a dictionary instead of a list
A dictionary of the form {column_family_name: CfDef} is returned.
Returns this to the pool.
This has the same effect as calling ConnectionPool.put() on the wrapper.
class pycassa.pool.PoolListener
Hooks into the lifecycle of connections in a ConnectionPool.
class MyListener(PoolListener):
 def connection_created(self, dic):
 '''perform connect operations'''
 # etc.
# create a new pool with a listener
p = ConnectionPool(..., listeners=[MyListener()])
# or add a listener after the fact
Listeners receive a dictionary that contains event information and is indexed by a string describing that piece of info. For example, all event dictionaries include 'level', so dic['level'] will return the prescribed logging level.
There is no need to subclass PoolListener to handle events. Any class that implements one or more of these methods can be used as a pool listener. The ConnectionPool will inspect the methods provided by a listener object and add the listener to one or more internal event queues based on its capabilities. In terms of efficiency and function call overhead, you're much better off only providing implementations for the hooks you'll be using.
Each of the PoolListener methods wil be called with a dict as the single parameter. This dict may contain the following fields:
 - connection: The ConnectionWrapper object that persistently manages the connection
 - message: The reason this event happened
 - error: The Exception that caused this event
 - pool_id: The id of the ConnectionPool that this event came from
 - level: The prescribed logging level for this event. Can be 'debug', 'info', 'warn', 'error', or 'critical'
Entries in the dict that are specific to only one event type are detailed with each method.
Called when a connection returns to the pool.
Fields: pool_id, level, and connection.
Called when a connection is retrieved from the Pool.
Fields: pool_id, level, and connection.
Called once for each new Cassandra connection.
Fields: pool_id, level, and connection.
Called when a connection is closed.
dic['message']: A reason for closing the connection, if any.
Fields: pool_id, level, connection, and message.
Called when a connection to a single server fails.
dic['server']: The server the connection was made to.
Fields: pool_id, level, error, server, and connection.
Called when a connection is recycled.
dic['old_conn']: The ConnectionWrapper that is being recycled
dic['new_conn']: The ConnectionWrapper that is replacing it
Fields: pool_id, level, old_conn, and new_conn.
Called when an attempt is made to get a new connection from the pool, but the pool is already at its max size.
dic['pool_max']: The max number of connections the pool will keep open at one time.
Fields: pool_id, pool_max, and level.
Called when a pool is disposed.
Fields: pool_id, and level.
Called when the pool finalizes its server list.
dic['server_list']: The randomly permuted list of servers that the pool will choose from.
Fields: pool_id, level, and server_list


What is the difference between BETWEEN and IN operator in SQL?
Last updated 1 year, 12 months ago | 1186 views 75 5
Tags:- SQL MySQL
SQL | difference between BETWEEN and IN operator
The BETWEEN operator selects all records between the given range whereas IN operator selects all matching records given with the WHERE clause.

BETWEEN operator
The Between operator in SQL is used to fetch records based on a range. This operator selects all records between a given range.
Syntex
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
Let's see an example,
SELECT id, name, roll_no FROM students
WHERE roll_no BETWEEN 20 AND 30;
The above query will select all rows from the table students where the value of the field roll_no lies between 20 and 30.
IN operator
The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause.
Syntex
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2, ...);
For example,
SELECT * FROM students
WHERE roll_no IN (20,21,23);
This query will select all rows from the table students where the value of the field roll_no is either 20 or 21 or 23.


text:
Waiting to go up in smoke
|By Tom Kilcer|
Taking time and effort to prevent hay fires has never made more sense.
Many bales of expensive hay in big stacks is a recipe for financial disaster that is present to some degree on every dairy in the West.
But it is a risk that doesn't have to exist, says University of Idaho extension forage specialist Glenn Shewmaker, who has 11 strategies for dairies to reduce the risk of hay fires. They don't center around buying expensive equipment, but making time to take samples frequently, keeping records and learning what to look for.
In recent years, the price of top quality milk cow hay has often been more than $300 per ton. Any price remotely close to that means a fire, no matter how small or how quickly it is put out, will cause thousands of dollars of losses. Tens or even hundreds of thousands is much more likely, however, and not just because of hay that is destroyed outright. Cattle often refuse to eat nearby bales that are heat and smoke-damaged, which is a loss that is difficult to quantify.
Ironically, it is water in the form of plant moisture that is the key to preventing many hay fires. That's why adequate drying time for cut alfalfa in the field and proper moisture content at baling are so crucial.
Shewmaker explains that heat is generated in hay bales when microbial growth uses carbohydrates as an energy source. Plant and microbial respiration convert carbohydrates and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water and heat, which results in both weight loss (dry matter yield) and increased bale temperature.
Big bales have more risk
He says large square-ended bales are susceptible to greater storage losses and risk of spontaneous heating than small square-ended bales formed at the same moisture, mainly because of reduced surface area per unit of forage dry matter, or greater density in the bale. Water is one of the end products of microbial respiration, so the higher the moisture content of hay the higher the microbial respiration and subsequent moisture production in hay after baling.
"With moisture levels that are considered to be safe for the specific forage and bale type, bales will "sweat" and heat gradually from several degrees above ambient air temperature initially, to about 140ºF after 3 to 7 days of storage," says Shewmaker. "Hay will gradually cool back to ambient air temperature within 21 to 28 days after baling. The longer it takes, the more damage is done to hay and the more likely a fire may result."
Hay fires from spontaneous heating usually occur within six weeks after baling, but may also occur in cured hay when external moisture is added or when more oxygen is allowed inside the stack.
"The moisture content of a bale shouldn't be higher than 18 to 22 percent for small rectangular bales, 14 to 18 percent for large round bales or 14 to 16 percent for large rectangular bales," he warns. "However, these are not absolute numbers because other factors affect spontaneous heating."
If the moisture level of hay at baling is greater than what is recommended for storage, Shewmaker advises checking the moisture and temperature at least twice per day for abnormal heating.
"If hay temperature reaches 130ºF you could be on the way to a hay fire, so close attention needs to occur," he warns. "The best option is to arrange for someone to feed those bales as soon as possible. They could also be placed to allow increased air circulation and cooling.
"If hay is stacked tightly or in a barn and the temperature climbs to 150ºF or greater, call the fire department and be prepared to inject water to cool any hot spots before moving the hay. Don't move the hay without fire suppression equipment if it is smoking, if you can see charred centers in bales, or if you can smell a strong odor. If additional oxygen reaches areas near high-temperature hay it can burst into flames."
Shewmaker says hay producers, brokers and buyers need to avoid situations that raise the risk of hay fires and take necessary precautions. The following are 11 strategies to minimize the potential of heat-damaged hay and spontaneous heating:
Fire prevention strategies
1. Record day(s) of cutting and drying conditions in a journal.
2. Monitor hay moisture before raking, tedding and baling. Use a tactile (feel) method to evaluate hay moisture. If a single-probe electronic meter is used, use a windrow sampling tool appropriate to simulate the bale density that electronic moisture probes are designed to operate.
3. Record the day of raking, tedding and inversion, as well as baling and drying conditions.
4. Test the first three bales from a field with a hand-held electronic moisture probe in two places on each side or ends of the bale (a total of 12 readings) and note the low, high and average. If average moisture is below the maximum for the type of bale and forage, continue baling.
5. Observe the baler moisture meter if available and/or the bale pressure indicator. When anything changes, get out and retest more bales as in strategy No. 4.
6. Record the date, time, weather conditions and moisture average and range at baling in your journal.
7. Mark any bales with higher moisture than desired and notify the person stacking the hay to separate them from dry bales with space between bales to facilitate air movement and drying. Try to feed those bales as soon as possible. Do not store any bales with moisture over the recommended level for that bale type in a large stack or hay shed.
8. Review and comply with your insurance carrier's requirements for fire insurance coverage.
9. If moisture is marginal, stack large bales in a single column with no more than 500 tons per stack. Under these circumstances, allow at least 100 feet of separation to the nearest adjacent stack. Lay out the stack so it can be quickly broken apart with a loader. Avoid mixing different lots of hay because of marketing and hay fire issues. If bale moisture is marginal, monitor moisture and temperature in the stack at about 20 random or systematic locations.
10. Obtain a bale core sample, double sack the core sample in two ziplock plastic bags, and promptly submit it to a National Forage Testing Association certified lab for moisture and forage quality analysis.
11. Protect stored hay from external weather and water by elevating the base and having adequate rain gutters to direct the flow of water away from the stack.


text:
Alberta Contact Information
Alberta Energy Regulator
The Alberta Energy Regulator (AER) ensures the safe, efficient, orderly, and environmentally responsible development of hydrocarbon resources over their entire life cycle. This includes allocating and conserving water resources, managing public lands, and protecting the environment while providing economic benefits for all Albertans.
Environment and Sustainable Resource Development
Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (ESRD) is the Government of Alberta department responsible for protecting and enhancing Alberta's natural environment, while ensuring responsible resource development.
AER Contact Information
Suite 1000, 250 –
5 Street SW
Calgary, AB T2P 0R4
ESRD Contact Information
To call toll free within Alberta dial _PHONE_


text:
Friday 17 May
Mexican cantil (Agkistrodon bilineatus)
Mexican cantil fact file
- Find out more
- Print factsheet
Mexican cantil description
The Mexican cantil is a venomous pitviper that is greatly feared by humans throughout its range (2). Like all pitvipers, the Mexican cantil has a pair of heat-sensitive pits, located between the eye and nostril on each side of the head (2). Its body is a dark brown ground colour, overlaid with darker brown or black bands, often fringed with white or cream scales (2). Juvenile cantils usually possess more distinctive banding and brightly coloured tails, used to lure prey (2) (4).
The generic name, Agkistrodon, is derived from the Greek Ancistro,meaning 'hook', and odon, meaning 'tooth', referring to the hinged, hollow fangs of this species (2). The Mexican cantil has the longest fangs of any species within the Agkistrodon genus, growing to over one centimetre in length (2). The specific name, bilineatus, refers to the pair of striking pale stripes on each side of the head: bi-means 'two' and lineatus means 'lined' in Latin (2).
- Also known as
- cantil, Mexican moccasin.
- Cantil, Castellana. Top
International Reptile Conservation Foundation:
Amphibian and Reptile Conservation:
- Generic name
- The first of the two scientific names by which an animal is identified. An animal's scientific name is the same throughout the world, although it may have different common names in different countries and languages.
- A category used in taxonomy, which is below 'family' and above 'species'. A genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common. The genus forms the first part of a 'binomial' Latin species name; the second part is the specific name.
- An animal with no backbone. Invertebrates include insects, crustaceans, worms, molluscs and spiders.
- Specific name
- The second of the two scientific names by which an animal is identified.
- A population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species.
- Animals with a backbone.
IUCN Red List (November, 2009)
- Campbell, J.A. and Lamar, W.W. (2004) The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Cornell University Press, New York.
- Parkinson, C.L., Zamudio, K.R. and Greene, H.W. (2000) Phylogeography of the pitviper clade Agkistrodon: historical ecology, species status, and conservation of cantils. Molecular Ecology, 9: 411-420.
- Greene, H.W. (1992) The ecological and behavioral context for pitviper evolution. In: Campbell, J.A. and Brodie, E.D. (Eds.) Biology of the Pitvipers. Selva, Tyler, Texas.
- Gloyd, H.K., and Conant, R. (1990) Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, St. Louis, Missouri.
- Bogert, C.M., and Oliver, J.A. (1945) A preliminary analysis of the herpetofauna of Sonora. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 109: 1-238.
- Allen, E.R. (1949) Observations on the feeding habits of the juvenile cantil. Copeia, 1949(3): 225-226.
CITES (November, 2009)
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Mexican cantil biology
The diverse habitats occupied by the Mexican cantil throughout its range suggest it is a semi-aquatic species (2). Individuals have been recorded swimming in streams, marshes and even roadside ditches after nightfall, and the majority of evidence indicates that this species is primarily active at night (2). Adult cantils prey upon a variety of vertebrates, including amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals (2), and there is a single record of a treesnake being consumed (6). Juveniles lure potential prey by 'wiggling' the bright yellow tail as if to mimic an invertebrate, attracting frogs and lizards (2) (7).
The Mexican cantil gives birth to live young (2). Mating usually occurs between December and April, with individuals giving birth from June until August, during the rainy season (2). There are usually five to ten young in a litter, although extremes of three to twenty have been recorded (2).Top
Mexican cantil range
The Mexican cantil is comprised of three geographically distinct subspecies (2) (3). The subspecies Agkistrodon bilineatus bilineatus occurs along the Pacific coast of Central America, from southern Sonora, Mexico, through Guatemala to El Salvador (5). Agkistrodon bilineatus howardgloydi is distributed throughout north-western Costa Rica and western Nicaragua, and has a limited range in El Salvador and Honduras (5). Agkistrodon bilineatus russeolusis found in northern Belize and the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico (5).Top
Mexican cantil habitat
The Mexican cantil occurs in a vast range of habitats, including seasonally dry forest, tropical deciduous forest, tropical scrub forest and savanna (2). Habitat bordering rivers or streams is preferred, but it may also occur in grasslands and cultivated lands (1).Top
Mexican cantil status
Classified as Near Threatened (NT) on the IUCN Red List (1).Top
Mexican cantil threats
Despite its extensive distribution throughout Central America, the Mexican cantil is one of the most endangered snakes in the Americas (2). This is due to the conversion of tropical forest and thorn scrub for agricultural purposes (5), combined with human persecution throughout its fragmented range (1). Populations have suffered declines of nearly 30 percent over the past 30 years and, sadly, populations continue to decrease today (1).Top
Mexican cantil conservation
The Mexican cantil occurs in two protected areas in Mexico: the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve and the Chamela Biological Station (1). The species is not currently afforded any protection from international trade by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) (8).Top
Find out more
To learn about efforts to conserve snakes around the world see:
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Principal A Materia Medica for Chinese Medicine: plants, minerals and animal products
A Materia Medica for Chinese Medicine: plants, minerals and animal products
Phytotherapy or herbal medicine is the most important therapy within Chinese medicine and is being used increasingly in the West. A Materia Medica for Chinese Medicine: plants, minerals and animal products describes 400 of the most important plants, minerals and animal substances used as treatments by Chinese medical practitioners. The items included have been selected according to their degree of clinical relevance. Each remedy is clearly described and illustrated on two facing pages, making this an easily accessible reference for both students and practitioners of Chinese herbal medicine. The clearly laid out text presents the following details for each herb or substance included: a detailed description of the characteristic features indictions for safe use medicinal and toxic effects possible combinations with other substances full-colour illustrations, generally two for each substance, showing the detailed characterisitcs of the item described A Materia Medica for Chinese Medicine has been written by two medically trained doctors who have worked as TCM therapists specializing in the use of Chinese herbs for more than 30 years. Based on their many years of teaching and practice, the book has been carefully compiled and designed to provide a concise and accurate practice-based reference for both students and practitioners.
Año:
2009
Edición:
1
Editorial:
Churchill Livingstone
Idioma:
english
Páginas:
1016
ISBN 10:
_PHONE_
ISBN 13:
9780443100949
File:
PDF, 39.93 MB
Descarga (pdf, 39.93 MB)
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text:
(Medical Xpress) -- When learning to master complex movements such as those required in surgery, is being physically guided by an expert more effective than learning through trial and error?
New research by Monash Universitys Departments of Psychological Studies and Physiology challenges earlier claims that externally guided (or passive) movement is a superior learning method to self-generated (or active) movement.
In the first study of its kind, researchers discovered that different brain regions become active depending on the type of movement used. Lead researcher Dr. George Van Doorn, head of Psychological Studies, said the findings did not support the view that passive movement was a more effective way to learn.
There has been much debate over the last 30 years about which form of movement is better, Dr. Van Doorn said.
We found that active movements result in greater activation in brain areas implicated in higher-order processes such as monitoring and controlling goal-directed behaviour, attention, execution of movements, and error detection.
Passive movements, in contrast, produced greater activity in areas associated with touch perception, length discrimination, tactile object recognition, and the attenuation of sensory inputs.
People were tested while making movements themselves, and while being guided.
Whilst inside a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) machine, we had people either freely move their index finger around a two-dimensional, raised-line pattern to measure self-generated touch. Or we had an experimenter guide the persons finger around the pattern, to measure externally generated touch. Using the fMRI, we found that different brain regions become active depending on the type of movement used, Dr. Van Doorn said.
Dr. Van Doorn said touch was becoming a popular area of investigation, with more scientists contributing to understanding about this important, though under-acknowledged, sensory system.
All researchers involved in this study are located at Monash Universitys Gippsland campus. The study findings were presented at EuroHaptics 2012, a major international conference and the primary European meeting for researchers in the field of human haptic sensing and touch-enabled computer applications.


text:
Follow us on:
with Young People
ARCHITECTURE, CITIZENSHIP & LEARNING
A DESIGN MADE BY CHILDREN IS FOR THE WHOLE COMMUNITY / / / /
CERRO PLACERES, VALPARAÍSO
DESIGN WITH PLAY - 1:1 SCALE
DESIGN WITH PLAY 2: ELEMENTS FOR INTERACTION
PHYSICAL DESIGN, EXPLORING PROPOSAL SPATIALLY
COMMUNITY CREATION OF FINAL PUBLIC SPACE
choose a workshop
PROJECT CONTEXT - FIRST VISIT
The site at the beginning of the project is an empty and exposed open space surrounded on two sides by houses, and Manuel Antonio Matta street, a busy thoroughfare where cars and large vehicles pass by frequently.
A neighbour recalls the neighbourhood as being safe and happy, saying how now she misses having a place for children to play. When she was a girl, she used the existing slope to slide down using some wooden boards that they waxed with candle wax, using the topography as an inspiration for play.
This slope of the back of the site presented an opportunity to connect the open space with Guacolda Street, (which informally is present as a trodden path).
Currently the open space is used as a route to the main street from houses and as a space to park vehicles.
WHAT DO THE LOCAL CHILDREN THINK ABOUT THEIR NEIGHBOURHOOD?
WORKSHOP 0 - NEIGHBOURHOOD DERIVAS
The structure of the workshop contains two parts - firstly, for the children to develop a point of view about their area, through an exercise of 'Deriva' (a critical journey exploring the qualities of the site and neighbourhood), and an active analysis of the types of games they can play using the existing contextual spaces, to create the opportunity to demonstrate games which are played locally. At the end of the workshop we concluded with a review of the points that the children discussed, and with the children presenting this to the adults.
The activity begins with the dividing the children into distinct age groups. The three resulting groups are guided by JAB (together with the neighbourhood), Fundación Mi Parque (Foundation my Park) and Aldea participants.
Using techniques to record their new points of view about existing spaces, and implementing a unique and creative dialogue, the children created drawings, sketches, added information to the map and wrote words and phrases. In the brief time we were outside, we carried out a diverse exploration, led by the young particiants, using their range of senses to discover qualities and elements of the site and neighbourhood.
We began to extend these into the beginnings of an attitude of analysis and criticism of their local spaces that can grow in the following workshops of participatory design, with the idea of transferring the ideas of the children in the final design.
At the end of the workshop, the groups returned to the JAB community centre, quickly summarising their notes and discoveries, writing on large sheets of paper - on one side the negative aspects encountered and on the other the positive during the 'derivas' exercise. We hung on one of the walls both lists and one person from each group began to present their ideas and objections around the future square to the adults who were also on participating in an afternoon of discussion about the current site.
INVESTIGATING THE GAMES AND USES OF THE FUTURE PUBLIC SPACE
WORKSHOP 1 - DESIGN BY PLAYING: SCALE 1:1
To begin the workshop, the adults agree to participate by exploring the everyday qualities which give the site its identity, to use as a reference for the design. The focus is especially on the need for children to play there, with the objective to collect ideas about to create a place for intergenerational socialisation, encounters and creativity.
All together we walk to the empty site to carry out the exercise of designing in a collective and participatory way. In parallel to a discursive analysis of adults, the children explored the possibilities of play in the site via an active investigation with large materials.
Starting with a brainstorm, they discuss the potential games and uses they want for the future place. We then invite them to locate the specific area where they believe that each proposed use should be, the most obvious being the "climbing game" that would be carried out on the existing slope. They experiment using bamboo canes, fabrics, ropes, tyres, masking tape and are assigned an adult volunteer to can assist when required in the process.
Key factors that were highlighted as a result of the testing of the space with potential play strategies and interaction:
1. Light / Shadows / Vegetation
2. Wind / Breeze
3. Rise / Descend / Climb up / Traverse / Roll / Play
4. Community / Construction
5. Multi-functionality / multipurpose spaces
6. Hard / Soft surfaces
7. Working with organic / natural elements
After the creation of temporary constructions through play, the children came to a number of conclusions of key ideas / concepts which express the experience they had, and would like to see in the design of the space.
They reflect that they would like to have a place to: "have fun and enjoy", where "children can play together", "to be free and happy" and "experiment" with "a place for babies", "a car-free environment for the space"
HOW CAN WE MAKE A THREE DIMENSIONAL SKETCH THAT WE CAN INHABIT?
WORKSHOP 1.5 - DESIGNING WITH PLAY: ELEMENTS FOR INTERACTION
The first activity of the workshop is developed with sheets of paper arranged on a cardboard surface, which the participants used to individually draw their ideas for the future public space.
Inviting children to challenge their own points of view about what can and can not happen in the future space and the elements that could be placed in it, they realised their drawn ideas in playful constructions, accompanied by an adult. By working again with large materials, the site begins to divide up based on where the children decide to locate their experiments, speculating in parallel the potential multiple uses that they would like to incorporate.
These spatial sketches not only consider games for children but for example, for Pachi's design, he would include in the design of his swing an access ramp, so that people with disabilities would be able to enjoy using it. By thinking through making, the children formed new opinions about the possibilities of the site.
Specific ideas which were investigated as part of the exercise: Exploring and identifying the tectonics of the terrain, the introduction of a 'no parking sign', a railing to prevent vehicles from entering or parking, small gaps for people to enter, to plant areas of grass, to use a ladder on the slope, to create a ladder as an access route, establish a place to exercise, to have many ways to climb, poles inserted into the slope, and to have a viewpoint to see across the neighbouring hills.
WORKSHOP 2 - PHYSICAL DESIGN: EXPLORING THE PROPOSAL SPATIALLY
To better understand the characteristics of a preliminary design proposal for the project, we start the workshop by creating a 1: 1 (life-size) drawing of the design on the site with local children. By laying out the plan drawing of the proposal at full-size across the space using timber lengths, the participants could quickly get an understanding of the distribution of the elements to help us critically analyse it. Being on the site offered the real views, senses and connections to the context at a human scale in relation to the design, which we discussed and elaborated.
Using a second methodology of giant collaborative drawings, involving up to six children at once, we could collect the ideas inspired by questioning the design proposal. The resulting drawings communicate on many levels the elements, connections and sensations the children want to have, and how they want to re-design elements they feel they could improve. The resulting four key identities of the space are:
1. A multi-funcional / flexible long bench (a route providing flexible playground / a neutral space / a barrier from the road / zoning different uses of the space / seating for all)
2. Vertical games (timber construction that activates the slope)
3. Formal / central space of the pergola
4. Integration of nature with constructed elements.
The children proposed many fresh ideas and alternatives, that present a diverse set of perspectives. From these brainstorms it is possible to embed their active conciousness as users within the architectural discourse through the forms, uses, geometries and designed materialities they proposed.
CONSTRUCT A SPACE FOR THE COMMUNITY, TOGETHER WITH THE COMMUNITY
DAY OF CONSTRUCTION
The big day has arrived. The public space construction is almost complete as much of the preliminary ground work and heavy construction is ready, now the last step in the process is the participatory day, involving the neighbours that make up the community, adults, children and young people. The youngest participate alongside the adults, organised in groups focused on different tasks (gardening, tree planting, cleaning of the place, painting, etc.) that remain outstanding before concluding the creation of the project.
This relevant final touch helps to demonstrate the success of the participatory process, and embody the intergenerational nature of the space between the different actors in the neighbourhood, strengthening community bonds. Given that the future management and maintenance of the space will depend on collaborative neighbours, this fields multiple benefits. An example, a grandmother contributes to painting the long bench, alongside a young girl - surfaces that will receive phrases and words spoken by the children who participated in the design via stencils. These phrases and words present fragments of the revealing design process in which the children in workshops were understanding, contributing and devising, through drawings and the physical interaction with the own space, their evolving points of view of the potential of creating


Microgravity Science and Technology
, Volume 25, Issue 2, pp 127–139
Transient Effect of Micro Vibration from Two Space Vehicles on Mixture During Thermodiffusion Experiment
Original Article
DOI: 10.1007/s12217-_PHONE_-9
Cite this article as:
Ahadi, A. & Saghir, M.Z. Microgravity Sci. Technol. (2013) 25: 127. doi:10.1007/s12217-_PHONE_-9
Abstract
Numerical modeling of thermodiffusion experiment for a binary mixture of water and isopropanol under micro-vibrations condition is presented. The vibrations obtained onboard ISS and FOTON-M3 are due to different activities. The effect of micro-gravity vibration level on the variation of mixture properties were investigated in detail. In this paper, the thermodiffusion experiment was investigated for two different g-jitter vibrations in the presence of a thermal gradient. The cavity is filled with a binary mixture of water and isopropanol with negative Soret. All physical properties including density, mass diffusion and thermodiffusion coefficients were assumed as functions of temperature and concentration. In order to understand the behavior of the mixture during the course of the experiment, five locations in the domain were chosen. It was found that a similarity between g-jitter vibration and induced velocity pattern exist. Micro vibration was found to have a minimal effect on the molecular and thermodiffusion coefficients.
Keywords
Thermodiffusion Micro-gravity CFD simulation Binary mixture Transient study ISS
Copyright information
© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013
Authors and Affiliations
 1. 1.Mechanical Engineering DepartmentRyerson UniversityTorontoCanada
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text:
Welcome to Burt Township
Burt Township is located on the western border of Cheboygan County, which is situated in the north central part of northern Michigan's lower peninsula. While technically Burt Township is one standard geographic township in area, slightly more than half of the Township is water (Burt Lake).
Burt Township History
Burt Township takes its name from Burt Lake, which in turn was named after state surveyor William Burt. The lake is part of an important inland water route, stretching from Crooked Lake and Conway (nine miles from Petoskey) in the south to Lake Huron in the north via the mouth of the Cheboygan River. Native Americans used the route prior to European settlement and it was heavily used for commercial transportation of logs in the second half of the 1800s.
In the last two decades of the nineteenth century, the Michigan Central Railroad and the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad laid track through to Cheboygan, leading to the foundation of many villages, including that of Burt Lake. About the time lumbering was slowing down, the resort business began to build in the area, creating the beginnings of the seasonal tourist industry still important today. The water route is still in use and frequented by many small pleasure craft.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Osteoporosis in Children and Adults Following Liver Transplantation
Recruitment status was Active, not recruiting
This pilot project aims to 1) estimate the prevalence of osteoporosis in adults having undergone liver transplantation in childhood, and 2) identify risk factors for osteoporosis in this group. We aim to study 40 individuals.
|Study Design:||Observational Model: Defined Population
Observational Model: Natural History
Time Perspective: Cross-Sectional
|Official Title:||Osteoporosis in Children and Adults Following Liver Transplantation|
Background: Osteoporosis is defined as an absolute decrease in the amount of bone (volume and/or density). Chronic liver disease is associated with osteoporosis in both adults and children. Bone density is also decreased in the months immediately after liver transplantation, but improves to pretransplant values after 1 to 2 years. Immunosuppressive agents, most notably steroids, are a cause of osteoporosis. However, studies on adults have shown that bone densities afer transplantation continue to improve within the normal range for healthy adults. In the case of children, bone accretion is necessary for growth. Chronic liver disease and transplantation in childhood will have an adverse effect on bone metabolism and the outcome in terms of bone density after the growth period cannot be predicted on individuals transplanted as adults or other transplant groups.
|United States, Minnesota|
|University of Minnesota|
|Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455|


How Long Do Mechanical Keyboards Last
The average lifespan for a mechanical keyboard is around 5 to 10 years. However, this number can vary depending on the brand, quality, and type of switches used. For example, keyboards with cheaper rubber dome switches may only last 2 to 3 years.
Meanwhile, those with more expensive mechanical switches can last up to 20 years or more. Ultimately, how long your mechanical keyboard lasts will come down to how well you take care of it and how often you use it.
How Long do Mechanical Keyboards Last & How to Make them Last Longer!
Mechanical keyboards are built to last. With proper care, a mechanical keyboard can last for years, even decades. The first mechanical keyboard was created in the early 1900s, and many of those original keyboards are still in use today.
While the lifespan of a mechanical keyboard depends on many factors, such as the quality of the components and how often it's used, we can expect a well-made mechanical keyboard to last for tens of millions of keystrokes. That's far longer than the average person will ever need. So, if you're looking for a keyboard that will last a lifetime, go with a mechanical model.
Just be sure to clean it regularly and don't spill anything on it!
How Long Do Computer Keyboards Last
It's estimated that the average person types around 3,000 keystrokes per day. So, if you do the math, a keyboard should last you quite a while – 10 years or more in fact. But of course, there are many factors that can affect how long your keyboard will last.
Here are a few things to keep in mind: 1. Quality matters. A higher-quality keyboard is likely to last longer than a cheap one.
If you're looking for a durable keyboard, look for one that's made with metal instead of plastic. 2. How often you use it matters. If you type all day long for work, your keyboard is going to wear out faster than someone who only uses their computer for an hour or two each day.
3. How well you take care of it matters. Just like any other piece of technology, if you take good care of your keyboard – cleaning it regularly and storing it properly – it will last longer than if you neglect it. So there you have it!
How Long Do Mechanical Keyboards Last Reddit
Mechanical keyboards are becoming increasingly popular, especially among gamers and computer enthusiasts. But how long do they last? This is a question that gets asked a lot on Reddit, and the answer seems to vary depending on who you ask.
Some users report that their mechanical keyboards have lasted for years, while others say they've had to replace their keyboard after just a few months. There doesn't seem to be any clear consensus, but it's safe to say that mechanical keyboards can last for quite a while if you take care of them. Here are a few tips to help you extend the life of your mechanical keyboard:
– Avoid eating or drinking near your keyboard. crumbs and liquids can damage the keys and cause them to stick. – Keep your keyboard clean by dusting it off regularly with a soft cloth or compressed air.
– If possible, avoid using your keyboard in dusty or humid environments. – Don't expose your keyboard to direct sunlight for extended periods of time. UV rays can damage the plastic keys and cause them to fade.
How Long Do Piano Keyboards Last
When it comes to pianos, one of the most important parts is the keyboard. The keyboard is what allows you to play the piano and create music. But how long do piano keyboards last?
Piano keyboards can last anywhere from 10 to 20 years depending on how often they are used and how well they are taken care of. If you use your piano regularly, you may need to replace the keyboard sooner than if you only use it occasionally. Additionally, if you take good care of your piano and keep it in tune, your keyboard will likely last longer.
If you start to notice that your piano keys are sticking or not working as well as they used to, it may be time for a new keyboard. You can also have a professional inspect your piano to see if the keyboard needs to be replaced. Replacing a piano keyboard is not a difficult task and can usually be done by a qualified technician in just a few hours.
Best Mechanical Keyboard
A mechanical keyboard is a keyboard that uses physical switches to register key presses. The most common type of switch is the Cherry MX switch, which was introduced in 1984 by Cherry Corporation. There are several benefits to using a mechanical keyboard over a traditional membrane keyboard.
Mechanical keyboards are more durable and provide a better typing experience. They also tend to be more expensive than membrane keyboards. If you're in the market for a new keyboard, here are some things to keep in mind when choosing a mechanical keyboard:
-Type of switch: There are three main types of Cherry MX switches–red, brown, and blue. Each switch has its own unique characteristics. For example, red switches are linear (meaning they don't have any tactile feedback) and require less force to press down.
Brown switches are tactile (meaning they have a bump when they're pressed down), while blue switches are clicky (meaning they make a clicking sound when pressed). Choose the switch type that best suits your needs. -Size: Mechanical keyboards come in different sizes.
The most common size is full-size (104 keys), but there are also tenkeyless (87 keys) and 60% (61 keys) options available. Choose the size that best fits your needs and space constraints. -Price: As mentioned earlier, mechanical keyboards tend to be more expensive than membrane keyboards.
However, there is a wide range of prices depending on the features and quality of the keyboard.
How Long Do Razer Keyboards Last
Razer keyboards are some of the most popular on the market, and for good reason. They're well-made, stylish, and offer a great gaming experience. But how long do they last?
Generally speaking, Razer keyboards can last for several years with proper care. However, there are a few factors that can affect their lifespan, such as how often you use them and what type of environment they're in. Here are a few tips to help prolong the life of your Razer keyboard:
– Avoid exposing it to excessive dust or liquids. – Don't leave it in direct sunlight. – Keep it away from extreme heat or cold.
– Be careful when cleaning it; use only mild soap and water on the surface. – If possible, store it in a cool, dry place when not in use. Following these simple tips should help your Razer keyboard last for many years to come!
How Long Do Mechanical Keyboards Last
Credit: keyboardkings.com
What is the Life of a Mechanical Keyboard?
A mechanical keyboard is a keyboard that uses physical switches to register keystrokes. These switches are typically located under each keycap, and they actuate when the user presses down on the key. Mechanical keyboards are prized by many users for their high-quality construction, durability, and superior typing feel.
The life of a mechanical keyboard can vary depending on the quality of the keyboard and how it is used. Generally speaking, a well-made mechanical keyboard can last for years with proper care. Some users report that their keyboards still feel like new even after several years of use.
To extend the life of your mechanical keyboard, it's important to clean it regularly and avoid exposing it to liquids or other substances that could damage the keys or switches. Additionally, you may want to invest in a dust cover or storage case to keep your keyboard clean and protected when not in use. With proper care, your mechanical keyboard will give you years of dependable service.
Can a Mechanical Keyboard Wear Out?
Yes, a mechanical keyboard can wear out. Over time, the keys may become less responsive, and eventually they may stop working altogether. The lifespan of a mechanical keyboard depends on several factors, such as the quality of the materials used and how often it is used.
How Long is the Lifespan of a Keyboard?
The lifespan of a keyboard can vary depending on the type of keyboard, how often it is used, and how well it is taken care of. The average lifespan of a mechanical keyboard is around 50 million keystrokes, while the average lifespan of a membrane keyboard is only around 5 million keystrokes. However, there are many factors that can affect a keyboard's lifespan, so these numbers should be taken as general estimates.
One of the biggest factors affecting a keyboard's lifespan is the type of switches used. Mechanical keyboards use physical switches under each key that are rated for a certain number of cycles before they start to wear out. The most common switch types are Cherry MX and Alps switches, which are rated for around 50 million cycles.
Membrane keyboards, on the other hand, use rubber domes or membranes that compress when pressed and do not have any specific cycle rating. However, they generally have a shorter lifespan than mechanical keyboards since the materials tend to degrade over time. Another factor affecting keyboard longevity is how often it is used.
A keyboard that is used several hours per day will obviously not last as long as one that sees very little use. This is because every time a key is pressed, there is wear and tear on the switch or membrane. Over time, this can lead to degradation and failure.
If you want your keyboard to last as long as possible, it's important to take breaks every so often and give it some rest! Finally, how well you take care of your keyboard can also impact its lifespan. Dust and dirt build-up can cause problems with keys sticking or becoming unresponsive over time.
It's important to clean your keyboard regularly with compressed air or an alcohol


63d86ede17549b86a5746118897dc4a02eb2f44a — Jason Phan 5 months ago 66f2ba4
docs: Remove exceptions for casing
M docs/contributing/style.md
M docs/contributing/style.md => docs/contributing/style.md +0 -8
@@ 86,14 86,6 @@ For everything else, opening braces do not go on a separate line.
Generally, 'snake_case' is used for variable, function, and file names,
'CAPS_SNAKE_CASE' for macros, and 'CamelCase' is used for everything else.
However, there are exceptions. In particular, if a user-defined type can be
described by a single word, is publicly available to users, and is something
that can be reasonably considered as a primitive in the context of the module
that it is in, then prefer lowercase letters. For example, the KVM API wrapper
has classes such as 'vmm::kvm::vm' and 'vmm::kvm::vcpu', both of which are
absolutely fundamental to how the API functions and therefore may be considered
KVM "primitives."
### Classes
#### Data Members


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Remember the line in the Beatles song, Eleanor Rigby, "wearing the face that she keeps in the jar by the door"? I don't know what Paul had in mind when he wrote that but it makes me think of the different faces we wear depending on the time of day, the people we're with, and the environment we're in.
Here's a mindfulness exercise to help us notice what face we wear when, where and with whom. Pay attention to the face you present in the following situations. Make a mental note or jot down a note about each. You can even use emojis to help capture your face, For example, for those who aren't early birds, your waking up face might be a grumpy face. If you feel stressed driving to work, a tense face might fit.
Waking up face:
Arriving at work face:
Arriving home face:
Greeting partner face:
Greeting kids face:
Going to bed face:
Now review your faces and decide if there are any that you want to change, particularly if you often wear that face and it reflects a not-so-happy you. We're often unaware of the face we present to others. Here's a chance to notice.


KB0055: Import Data from the Affectiva Q Sensor
This article contains directions for importing data from the Affectiva Q Sensor which collects 3-axis accelerometry, skin temperature, and skin conductance. The data from the Q Sensor is stored in a.csv file and can be converted to a MindWare (.mw) file using the ASCII-MW converter, a tool available in all MindWare analysis applications and BioLab.
First, launch the ASCII-MW converter and select the file containing the Q Sensor data.
From the file header, we can see that the data has been sampled at 32 Hz and that data is stored in units appropriate for each measure. Accelerometer data is stored in g, temperature is stored in degrees Celsius, and skin conductance is stored in microsiemens (uS). These channels will need to be scaled to values between -5 and 5 volts for storage in the MindWare file. Set up the ASCII-MW converter as follows:
File Header
Channels 1-16
Press OK to complete the conversion. You will need to re-apply the scaling in the analysis applications to view the data in proper units. For example, in the EDA analysis application, you will need to set the uS/volt setting to the scale factor of 20 used in the ASCII-MW converter. Also, since the sample rate is 32 Hz, be sure to set the Block Size on the Rolling Filter to an appropriate value (when applicable).
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This projectwas completed as a intern opportunity with HPCC Systems in 2019. Curious about projects we are offering for future internships? Take a look at our Ideas List.
Find out about the HPCC Systems Summer Internship Program.
Create a Hyper-V virtual machine image to include HPCC Platform, Plugins, Ganglia-monitoring and Nagios-monitoring. The virtual machine will be Ubuntu 18.04 amd64. Prefer using Hyper-V Builder tool of HashiCorp Packer to create the image.
Completion of this project involves:
- A Hyper-V virtual machine image which include HPCC Platform, Plugins, Ganglia-monitoring and Nagios-monitoring.
- Make sure virtual machine image can be successfully imported and HPCC processes can be started.
- Successfully test following on Windows 10: 1) ECL sample through ECL Playground. 2) Ganglia-monitoring graph in ECLWatch. 3) Nagios web page with HPCC processes listed.
- Document the usage.
By the mid term review we would expect you to have:
- Get familiar with HPCC Packages such as HPCC Platform, HPCC Plugins, HPCC Ganglia-monitoring and HPCC Nagios-monitoring
- Get familiar with HashiCorp Packer tool, particular how to use HypterV Builder to create virtual machine image.
- Write initial build script for creating HPCC Platform and Plugin.
- Test deployment of above on Windows 10.
Backup Mentor: Godson Fortil
- Ability to code in Python.
- Knowledge of Juju charm and git would be helpful. Student can learn Juju Charm from Juju charm docs
- Python 3.0 and Linux bash scripts knowledge.
- It would be an advantage to be familiar with one the Cloud Environment, such as AWS, Azure, Google, etc. Basic HPCC Systems knowledge is needed but student can learn this during the process.
- A Hyper-V virtual machine image to include HPCC Platform and Plugins
End of project
A Hyper-V virtual machine image to include HPCC Platform, Plugins, Ganglia-monitoring and Nagios-monitoring
A github project for build scripts and instruction
A documentation for usage


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Addressing questions about including environmental effects in the DMSO HLA
Addressing questions about including environmental effects in the DMSO HLA The Defense Modeling and Simulation Office (DMSO) is developing a High Level Architecture (HLA) to support the DOD Modeling and Simulation (M and S) community. Many, if not all, of the simulations involve the environment in some fashion. In some applications, the simulation takes place in an acknowledged environment without any environmental functionality being taken into account. The Joint Training Federation Prototype (JTFp) is one of several prototype efforts that have been created to provide a test of the DMSO HLA. In addition to addressing the applicability of the HLA to a training community, the JTFp is also one of two prototype efforts that is explicitly including environmental effects in their simulation effort. These two prototyping efforts are examining the issues associated with the inclusion of the environment in an HLA federation. In deciding whether or not to include an environmental federation in the JTFp effort, a number of questions have been raised about the environment and the HLA. These questions have raised the issue of incompatibility between the environment and the HLA and also shown that there is something unique about including the environment in simulations. The purpose of this White Paper, which was developed with inputs from the more »
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In Marvel's Spider-Man you'll be fighting practically all the time – there's quite a lot of bad guys to beat up here. Luckily, Peter is a skilled warrior and in addition to fancy blows, he can also use his gadgets in combat. Below you will find a tutorial on how to fight effectively and how to use the available fighting techniques.
Let's start from the basics, i.e. from fighting on the ground. When you start a battle, you can use the square to perform the basic melee attack. Pressing the square four times will create a combination that will throw the opponent backwards. If you hold the square while in front of the enemy, you will send them flying. You can now continue damaging the enemy in the air when you press the square again, or use the triangle to e.g. throw the enemy.
Square and triangle are the two buttons that you will be relying on the most in combat – remember that the first of the buttons is mainly responsible for attacking, and the triangle for things related to web, web shooting, throwing, etc.
Enemies will not stand idle and will also attack you, mainly using weapons. Luckily, Spider-Man possesses a special spider sense – just before an incoming attack, a glow will appear around the character's head – press circle and Peter will avoid the attack and any damage that may have come with it. Acquire the Perfect Dodge skill as soon as possible, which will further improve your ability to avoid attacks.
In battle you will accumulate Focus – you can then use it to heal yourself (bottom arrow) or use finishers. You can finish off your enemies by pressing the triangle + circle – it's a good way to speed up some battles.
Most locations and combat arenas will be full of additional items such as barrels or pieces of metal. With the help of L1+R1 you can grab items and throw them at enemies. Such attacks quickly fill the focus bar and are especially useful against some types of enemies.
Gadgets also play a vital role in combat. When you hold L1, time will slow down and you will be able to choose one of Peter's inventions. You can use it by pressing R1 – many of them are extremely useful, as they can, for example, stun enemies or stick them to a wall. New gadgets will be constructed in later missions and after completing, among other things, Taskmaster's challenges.
The special costume skills can also be a big help in combat – you can create new disguises that will unlock i.e., area of effect attacks. Like the gadgets, new suits will be unlocked as the plot progresses. And don't forget to buy new skills as you advance to a higher level of experience. Many skills make combat much easier – a list of the best skills can be found in a separate chapter of this guide.
To sum things up, the game offers a really extensive combat system and leaves you free to choose your favorite battle techniques. If you can't handle everything at the beginning of the game – give yourself some time and try to complete some side missions. There's also a Move List, which will give you an overview of all possible Spider-Man moves.
Some of the contents are from the internet, if these contents infringe on your copyrights, please contact me. All contents doesn't represent my points.


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begang m (nominative plural begangas)
- course, passage, circuit
- Holma begang. — The passage of the deep.
- region, territory, expanse
- Ofer geofenes begang. — Over the sea's expanse. (Beowulf)
- business, undertaking, service
- Hé hine onwende from ealre þisse worlde begangum. — He would trade for Him all this world for service.
- Fram ǽlce begange þis land ligeð tólýsed.
- religious practice
- Ðǽre godcundnesse begang — Divine worship
- superstitious or magical practice
- Sé þe lufige þisses galdres begang. — Lo, see thee here the practice of the wizard.


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July 26, 2002
With increasing interest in creating realistic characters, be they
human or animal, animators, modelers and engineers continue to push
the boundaries of the possible. Exploring such concepts as human
body deformation, hair modeling and editing, and modeling and rendering
of realistic feathers, this paper strove to shed some light on advancements
in the area.
In terms of the hair modeling approach described, it succeeded where
others fell short - enabling modeling of complex hair. This multiresolution
hair model can be edited to create extremely complex hairstyles.
Rendering with shadows and controlling antialiasing filters further
extends the system's capabilities, creating impressive results.
In terms of future prospects, the speaker mentioned that his team
is currently looking into animating their model.
In the hopes of creating a complete pipeline
to model and render feathers systematically, many factors need to be taken into account. To model individual
feathers, the mesostructure of each feather blade must
be captured. The complexity of the system increases due to the fact
that there are different types of feathers on different parts of
a bird. The system presented dealt with issues concerning the
addition of these thousands of feathers to the bird. To minimize
overhead, the technique is based on structured feather anatomy. Details of
the individual feathers are never stored. Instead, their compact
representation is stored. Adding randomness to feathers, by inserting
random gaps (such as those created when a twig catches the feather)
further adds to their realism.
Be it through the use of techniques to create realistic body deformations,
hairstyles, feathers or eye movement, technological advances continue
to challenge our perception of reality. Already we find ourselves
asking what is real and what is not. It seems that the future promises
to more fully, if not completely, wipe away this uncertainty.


text:
ROMAN SIGNED LAMP WITH EROS PLAYING LYRE
Measurements: 4.2 cm − height, 10.6 cm − width
Description: A Roman terra sigillata oil lamp with raised and rounded handle, short canal nozzle and one filling hole. The lamp belongs to the type Loeschcke VIII, shoulder form VIIa. The discus of the lamp features a depiction of Eros seated, playing the kithara, a special type of lyre usually reserved for performances; two concentric circles surround the scene. The lamp is marked to the planta pedis CIVNDRAC (the letter N is retrograde), standing for the maker Caius Junius Draco. Draco was a manufacturer from Tunisia, and lamps from his workshop were found across provinces Africa, Gallia Narbonensis and Italia, in particular: Sicily, Rome, Campania and Sardinia. The Loeschcke type VIII, whose early examples go back to Claudian times, experiences a floruit at the end of the first century AD and during the next two centuries.
Reference: For lamps by C. Junius Draco see: Walters, H. B., Catalogue of the Greek and Roman lamps in the British Museum, London, 1914, cat. nos. 499, 985.
Bailey, D. M., Catalogue of the Lamps in the British Museum, London, 1975, nos. Q 1703, Q 1675, Q 1680, Q 1681, Q 1692.
For the discus scene: Bailey, D. M., Catalogue of the Lamps in the British Museum, London, 1975, no. Q 2294.
Period: 1st - 2nd century AD
Condition: Very fine, intact, with some of the red slip gone with minor imperfections in the clay and encrustations. Chipping to the filling hole, and a chip to the left side near the filling hole.


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Combine the colors of fall with our free leaves printable below to create a fun mixed media art project inspired by the famous artist, Georgia O'Keeffe! Fall art activities for kids are a great way to explore art with kiddos of all ages at home or in the classroom. All you need are some watercolors, and a few oil pastels!
COLORFUL O'KEEFFE FALL LEAVES ART FOR KIDS
Georgia O'Keeffe is an American artist who spent time in upstate New York at Lake George. She really enjoyed
nature and collecting leaves. Most of her leaf design artwork featured the colors of fall, browns, reds, and greens.
One piece, titled 'Autumn Leaves, Lake George' was one of twenty-nine leaf pictures between 1922 and 1931, all based on the leaves she collected at the lake.
Though she painted mostly in oils, O'Keeffe experimented with multiple mediums throughout her career, including charcoal, watercolors and pastels. But pastels would be the only medium along with oils that she used regularly over the years.
Create your own mixed media "Autumn Leaves" artwork with our combined leaves printable below. All you need are a few simple art supplies to get started!
YOU MAY ALSO LIKE: Leaves Art Projects For Kids
CLICK HERE TO GET YOUR FREE PRINTABLE LEAVES TEMPLATE!
O'KEEFFE LEAVES ART ACTIVITY
- Leaves template
- Oil pastels
- Cotton swabs
- Black watercolor
STEP 1: Print out the leaf template.
STEP 2: Color the template with your oil pastels. Think about what colors you find in beautiful fall leaves!
STEP 3: Use the cotton swabs to blend different colors together to create a fall leaf look.
STEP 4: For added depth, paint over your design with black watercolor paint.
MORE FUN FALL ART ACTIVITIES
GEORGIA O'KEEFFE LEAVES ART FOR KIDS
Click on the image below or on the link for tons more fall art and craft ideas for kids.


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Maximizing the utilization of variable renewable energy (VRE) resources will be critical for cost-effective energy transition. Hybrid VRE systems offer potential reliability benefits with stochastic wind and solar. Here, we conduct a comprehensive assessment of temporal complementarity for co-located wind-PV hybrid systems at greater than 1.7 million locations across the contiguous United States. We model hourly variation in potential wind and solar generation for a period spanning 2007–2013 and evaluate robust evidence for complementarity using multiple metrics to assess correlations and stabilization benefits achieved via hybridization. We further explore regional case studies to investigate whether complementarity is an indicator of value, using price taker analysis to quantify the current and expected future value factor for hybrid systems. We find most locations in the U.S. (except for mountainous regions) offer complementarity of hourly wind and PV generation annually with modest seasonal variation. The stability coefficient is a better indicator of value in regions with large variation in wind potential and significant PV penetrations whereas the correlation metrics more clearly indicate value in regions where wind and PV both provide significant shares of generation. Overall, we find broad support for wind-PV hybrid systems to exploit resource synergies with economic benefits.
Bibliographical notePublisher Copyright:
© 2022 Elsevier Ltd
NREL Publication Number
- Hybrid systems


Categories
Technology
Building a Raspberry Pi AI Assistant using Azure and IBM Cloud
As promised in my previous howto articles, we are going to build an interactive AI assistant based on what we had learnt so far. In this article we are going to learn how to build an AI assistant using Raspberry Pi and make it interactive using Watson Assistant while giving it a voice using Azure […]
Categories
Technology
Tweeting from a Raspberry Pi Using Azure Speech
Here is something fun to do this weekend. How about tweeting using voice recognition? We are going to do this using Raspberry Pi, Azure Speech Cognitive Service and nodejs. First you will need to setup your Raspberry Pi using the steps detailed on my previous article, then create a Speech cognitive service on Azure as […]
Categories
Technology
Reading Notifications from Dynamics 365
Reading Notifications from Dynamics 365 using a Raspberry Pi
Categories
Technology
Giving AIoT a Voice using Azure AI
In my previous article we learnt together how to use Azure Face API to enable Raspberry Pi IoT device to detect faces. In this second howto article we are going to build atop of what we have done so far to give Raspberry Pi a voice using Azure Speech API. In order to be able […]


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Since we are constantly searching for new ways to help study abroad students learn languages before, during, and after their trips, we were delighted to find a new, extremely portable way to do so. Not only is PlaySay handy and portable, it is available in Japanese and Chinese as well as Spanish! The system consists of audio image flashcards that are available in audio files to learn each word pair in either language direction. You can put these on your iPod or cell phone to easily review vocabulary anywhere you happen to be.
A really cool aspect of the PlaySay program is what is offered:
- Chinese offers preparation for the HSK (Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi) levels 1-4, as well as the Integrated Chinese textbooks, and the New Practical Chinese Reader series. While studying Chinese recently, my class used the Integrated Chinese textbooks and I painstakingly made hundreds of flashcards by hand… I wish I had known about PlaySay!
- For Japanese, you can get vocabulary for the Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT), grammar dictionaries, common phrase books, and several others such as Japanese for Busy People.
- For Spanish learners, flashcards are available for learning and practicing verbs, as well as vocabulary and textbooks too.
Since the flashcards are available through instant download, you can get started right away. We found PlaySay to be an easy to use, highly effective way to practice, learn, and retain relevant vocabulary for Japanese, Chinese, and Spanish.


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In this method a chemical adjusting the pH value of waste water is added. This chemical then decreases the amount of odor to the desired level in the sewer pipe. With the right dosage corrosion can also be diminished.
Liquid oxidation and coagulation substances are suitable for the removal of odor, hydrogen sulfide and BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand), and for sludge processing. This method requires a chemical feeder, electricity and adding the needed chemicals on a regular basis. The chemicals are provided in 45 kg dishes or 1200 kg containers.
In addition to odor removal, this method is ideal for the prevention of corrosion and erosion of the metal and concrete surfaces in the sewer pipe. The method decreases odor in the target from a distance of 5-10 km.


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Friedel oscillations in holographic metals
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2012
In this article we study the conditions under which holographic metallic states display Friedel oscillations. We focus on systems where the bulk charge density is not hidden behind a black hole horizon. Understanding holographic Friedel oscillations gives a clean way to characterize the boundary system, complementary to probe fermion calculations. We find that fermions in a "hard wall" AdS geometry unambiguously display Friedel oscillations. However, similar oscillations are washed out for electron stars, suggesting a smeared continuum of Fermi surfaces.
Holography and condensed matter physics (AdS/CMT)


What's the difference between a bathhouse and a sauna – Brief and simple Regarding the Gaps
Classic Variations
Among the most crucial differences is the steam. Russian bathing entails wet steam, but in the Finnish it's dry. What is it for? Steam, packed with moisture, permits you to utilize non-metallic atmosphere. Since the humidity is almost maximum, then from the body almost does not evaporate sweat. As a result, the body warms up considerably more efficiently, and the degree of dehydration is practically minimal.
Dry steam won't allow sudden overheating. Since perspiration is the major method of cooling the human body, the reduction of its evaporation in high humidity nearly entirely eliminates the chance of normal thermoregulation. In saunas, this hazard is greatly reduced. Historical outline
It's mistaken to think that the ancestor of the bath is historical Russia. History proves that in the remote past steam rooms have been among different peoples. Each nationality modified, additional new elements in the creation of their steam rooms.
By Turkey was inherited the bath called"Hamam", which in Arabic means heat supply. The forefathers of the eastern"hot" places are considered to be the Roman thermae. Muslims believed that in the steam rooms sinners are washed in the evil that consumes the entire body, mind and soul.
The Finnish sauna has been famous for many decades. Since its roots, the steam space has undergone few changes. The key characteristics and characteristics have been maintained to the day. In Finland, visiting the steam space is regarded as an obligatory ritual, a centuries-old tradition that can not be ignored.
In Russia, the building of the house long started with the building of the sweat lodge. In most European towns there were cases when seeing the baths was put under a ban, however the Russian sweat lodge was in honour and people didn't stop seeing it.
Features of this steam space
Frequently the structure is located individually. Usually, the bathhouse is erected from wood, more frequently coniferous species. Obligatorily the Russian bathroom includes two rooms. These are steam room and pre-bath, and it is also an anteroom, dressing room and rest room. All rooms always have a window. It is essential for greater ventilation.
From the pre-bath there is a sauna stove, which can be heated with wood. The principal element that generates heat are the stones – hence the title of the furnace, which is normally built in the partition between the rooms. The most important portion of it, in addition to the stones are from the steam space.
Stoves can be open and shut. Open solutions are considered practical, especially when the sauna is currently used as planned several times a day. Such a stove warms up the room faster. But because of the frequent watering of the rocks, it melts fast. Stones for all these structures are placed within the firebox. The furnace is able to heat up to 300 degrees.
Closed-type apparatus for improved heat transfer has a unique steam doorway. After the wood is burned and the door is closed, no more smoke enters the steam room. The furnace can heat the rocks to very severe temperatures. Before visiting the steam space, the door is ajar and the space is warmed up. Closed furnace has to be heated in advance – approximately two to five hours before the beginning of the procedure. As a result of properties of the stones, such a style can maintain heat for 2 days.
The gap between the bath and sauna will be from the design attributes, and more exactly in the arrangement of these stones. In the first case, they are put inside the furnace, so they're heated more sturdy and cool down very slowly. In the sauna that the stones are placed on the top layer of the furnace.
The warmth in Russian baths is prohibitive. In a temperature of 50-70 ° C humidity reaches 80%. Russians believe a broom to be the main accessory for the steam space. Just take into consideration the steam procedures, as immediately remembered twig patting physically. Someone utilizes tied bars for immediate use, others cooked the product and revel in the pleasant odor that spreads round the room.
In the Russian bathhouse you can not just lie on a plate and rest peacefully. Each steam session means walking behind the gangplank, raising up to distribute the air accumulation, and jumping sharply into the icy ice-hole. Russian bathhouse attendants are noteworthy for the fact that they like to shock their own bodies harshly. Besides high air temperature, which increases stress on the heart and blood vessels, and continuous motion forces the heart to work at an accelerated rate.
High humidity can help normalize the respiratory system. Many doctors prescribe a course of treatment in the steam room. The use of aromatic oils enhances the effect of hot steam in the body, reducing the chance of gout, osteochondrosis.


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which soil has the highest percolation rate ?? i cannot understand hat is PERCOLATIN RATE ??????
Percolation rate is the rate at which water moves through the soil.
The soil will pass rapidly through well drained soil whereas the water will be collected on the soil with poor percolation rate which can be harmful to the plants.
The percolation rate is highest in sandy soil and least in clayey soil.
to know the percolation rate the formulae is : given time/amount of water