text:
Though it is probably most students' least favorite part of education, testing is necessary.
In almost any language program, at one point or another, students will have to take tests. And since most students will one day have to perform well on a TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) test or other language assessment, giving your students a chance to practice their test taking in your classroom will only help them in the future. Even so, not all tests are created equal. Different testing methods test different types of knowledge and require different test taking skills. Here are some of the most popular types of tests that ESL teachers use in their classrooms.
6 Most Popular Types of Tests for Your ESL Classroom
Multiple choice tests have been a popular choice for educators for many years. Each question gives students several options for answers, and they choose the correct answer from among the incorrect answers. Multiple choice tests are easy to grade and can cover a large range of information without taking too much time or being too overwhelming. Using these tests in your classroom may help prepare students for standardized tests. Multiple choice tests, however, may not give teachers the most accurate measure of a student's language knowledge and may overly rely on test taking strategy. Some teachers may be tempted to use the same tests year after year, and savvy students may find less than honest ways to score high on these tests.
True/false tests, a type of alternative response tests, are another long time favorite for many different teachers. Each question presents a statement, and the student must decide whether that statement is correct or not. True/false tests are another easy grader, but again depend heavily on test taking strategy. When students must correct false statements and make them true, you may get a better measure of their overall language knowledge. These types of tests can be tricky, though. Small details can throw off even the best students, and test takers may spend much of their time second guessing their answers.
Matching tests require students to pair items in one column with those in another. Some language teachers may ask their students to match English words with those same words in their first language. Others may provide lists of places and people who go together. Matching tests can cover a large range of material and offer an easy grading experience for the teacher. When students match items for a test, they have some base information for each answer. They know that each item must coordinate with another. Perhaps this decreases test stress because even those with no knowledge of an answer have a chance to get the question correct. However, one mistake on a matching test can throw off so many answers a student has no hope of passing. When letters A, B and C just don't jive with numbers 1, 2 and 3, a student can become paralyzed and perform even worse.
Completion tests require students to give some information to complete a sentence on the page. Completion tests might be fill in the blank tests, cloze tests, or free answer tests. Completions give students a chance to show the teacher what they know rather than testing for what they do not know. Language students can use their entire knowledge of English to come up with an answer that makes sense for each question, and these tests check how well a student can communicate rather than how much he has memorized. Completion tests may be harder on the teacher since they require more time to grade. Also, the teacher needs to have flexibility on the answers since students may not choose the exact word the teacher had in mind. Providing a word bank can help students with these types of tests, but smart teachers will give students more options than they will need to complete the test. For example, a test with 20 questions might have 30 words in the word bank. (Having an equal number of questions and answers would make this a matching test.)
Essay tests are less common in the ESL classroom since they require a larger base of general knowledge than simpler test forms. Essay tests, however, are highly communicative. Students can be creative with the language they know, and strong students will find correct ways of expressing their ideas even if they do not remember exactly what was taught in class. Essay tests can be stressful for ESL students, though. The idea of filling in a blank page can be paralyzing to students whose confidence is wavering. And beginning students may not have enough base knowledge of English to succeed with this type of test. Grading essay tests can be challenging as well. So much of essay grading is subjective, so teachers who use a rubric to grade essay tests will find their scores most objective.
Oral testing is particularly important in language classrooms because spoken language is the ultimate goal in any language program. Oral tests focus on students' ability to communicate with what they know. Since spoken language is creative and flexible, students may find that oral testing gives them opportunities to self correct, ask for clarification and use language creatively. A one on one interview, though, can be intimidating, especially for shy students. Those that are quiet in class can find the pressure of a private conversation with their teacher enough to throw their performance on the exam. Teachers, on the other hand, may appreciate the opportunity to hear students who choose not to speak on a daily basis in class. Grading oral tests can be more subjective or more objective depending on how the test is structured.
Ultimately, the best teachers will include all of these testing strategies in their classrooms.
By doing so, they decrease the influence of the test itself and really get to the heart of their students' knowledge.
What testing method do you use most often?
P.S. If you enjoyed this article, please help spread it by clicking one of those sharing buttons below. And if you are interested in more, you should follow our Facebook page where we share more about creative, non-boring ways to teach English.


Productivity Pains
Majority of American Office Workers Experience Physical Pain at Work
New research released today by the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) reveals that the majority of Americans who work in an office are experiencing physical pain with some frequency. In fact, the new survey indicates two in three office workers have experienced physical pain in the last six months, and nearly one in four believe it's just a standard part of having an office job. This misperception can lead office workers to ignore or undertreat their pain, creating a debilitating cycle that results in chronic, or reoccurring pain. Chronic pain is a serious public health issue affecting 100 million Americans today - impacting more people than cancer, diabetes and heart disease combined.
To address the issue, the AOA launches a new phase of the "Break Through Your Pain" public education campaign to help office workers be productive and pain-free with the tips, tools and advice they need to prevent and relieve pain.
"Sitting at a desk all day can take a serious toll on your body, and with busy work schedules and full family lives many office workers don't seek help to prevent or treat their pain until it reaches the point where it interferes with their ability to do their job without the added distraction of constant pain," said Rob Danoff, DO, an AOA board-certified family physician with Aria Health System in Philadelphia and co-spokesperson for the "Break Through Your Pain" campaign. "I want to encourage everyone to get up and move! Take the long route to the printer or walk up the stairs instead of using the elevator. Making these small changes now will have a great impact on your overall health."
Workplace Pain Triggers
The office environment offers numerous opportunities to trigger physical pain, including the five-plus hours that 70 percent of office workers spend sitting at their desks each day. Nearly all (94 percent) office workers can name work habits that boost their chances of pain. Topping the list are:
>>Hunching over a desk (61 percent)
>>Sitting in an uncomfortable chair (58 percent)
>>Staring at a computer monitor (46 percent)
>>Using a computer mouse (38 percent)
Technological advances have made us less mobile, as people work more hours than ever before behind desks and on smart phones. Remaining sedentary throughout the day is the most common habit among office workers, with 2 in 5 admitting they wouldn't get up from their desks if they needed to talk to a colleague. Even when they arrive home, staying active isn't a priority. Half of all office workers workout fewer than 30 minutes each day, if at all.
Consider the following tips when sitting at your desk to prevent pain and become more active throughout the workday:
Get Up and Get Moving:
Listen to Mom, Don't Slouch: Sit up straight and don't hunch over your computer to engage your abdominal muscles and reduce strain on your back.
Keep Feet Flat on the Floor: Put both feet flat on the floor and the rest of your body will respond and improve your posture.
Keep Those Eyes Straight Ahead: Place your computer monitor to where the top of the screen is at eye level to reduce strain on your neck muscles.
Avoid The Mouse Trap: As you type and move your mouse, make sure your elbows stay close to your body and your wrists are not bending too far forwards or backwards.
Get Up, Stand Up: Set an alert on your calendar or phone for every 30 minutes to remind yourself to take a stretch break.
Visit a Neighbor: Walk to a colleague's desk to speak with him or her in-person, instead of emailing or calling. For longer conversations, hold a walking meeting.
Take the Road Less Traveled: If possible, don't take the elevator when you arrive at the office, take a few extra minutes to climb the stairs to get your blood flowing.
"Whether pain is caused by habits at work or at home, it can have a significant physical and psychological impact. That's why it's so important to find a physician you feel comfortable speaking with who can effectively treat your pain," said Lisa A. DeStefano, DO, an AOA board-certified family physician in East Lansing, Mich. and co-spokesperson for the "Break Through Your Pain" campaign. "Since every individual is different, a physician can help develop a personalized pain management plan that best fits your life in and outside the office."
To find more information and download online pain management tools from the AOA "Break Through Your Pain" campaign, visit


text: The study estimated the relationship between carbon dioxide, crop and livestock production index in Ghana: Estimating the long-run elasticities and variance decomposition by employing a time series data spanning from _PHONE_ using both fit regression and ARDL models. There was evidence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, crop production index and livestock production index. Evidence from the study shows that a 1% increase in crop production index will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 0.52%, while a 1% increase in livestock production index will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 0.81% in the long-run. There was evidence of a bidirectional causality between a crop production index and carbon dioxide emissions and a unidirectional causality exists from livestock production index to carbon dioxide emissions. Evidence from the variance decomposition shows that 37% of future fluctuations in carbon dioxide emissions are due to shocks in the crop production index while 18% of future fluctuations in carbon dioxide emissions are due to shocks in the livestock production index. Efforts towards reducing pre-production, production, transportation, processing and post-harvest losses are essential to reducing food wastage which affects Ghana's carbon footprint.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


In the first two parts of this posting I described the pattern you can use to retrieve data with the client object model ("client OM"). I showed how to use the same pattern to retrieve both a set of lists, as well as data contained within a single list. In this post we'll talk about ways that we can create and use filters when querying for data via the client OM.
I won't rehash our pattern all over again. Suffice to say, it's exactly the same, and the only part we are playing with here is step 2 – creating the statement to return the data and selecting which fields to return. Creating the connection and executing the query remain the same:
//create the connection
ClientContext ctx = new ClientContext("http://foo");
//execute the query
ctx.ExecuteQuery();
For this release, the semantics of creating a query, ordering the results, etc. are going to be controlled by CAML. So as we saw in the previous posting, we use an instance of the CamlQuery class to do that. The CAML syntax has not changed between versions, so all the CAML you know and love will still be useful in the client OM.
From an implementation standpoint, the CamlQuery class has a property called ViewXml, and even though it may not be obvious from the property name, that's where you plug in your criteria for your query as well. The ViewXml property expects to have a parent element called <View>, and then within it you add a <Query> and <Where> element to implement your criteria.
Suppose, for example, you want to retrieve all items from your list where the Title property equals Steve. Your code would look something like this:
CamlQuery cq = new CamlQuery();
cq.ViewXml = "<View><Query><Where><Eq><FieldRef Name='Title'/><Value Type='Text'>Steve</Value></Eq></Where></Query></View>";
As you can see it's just standard CAML that is going in our ViewXml property. To use our CAML in our query, we go back to our List and call its GetItems method, returning an instance of a ListItemCollection. Here's an example:
ListItemCollection lic = lst.GetItems(cq);
Just as you do with CAML in SharePoint 2007, you can also include sorting in your queries too. Here's an example where I'm only sorting on one field, and I'm doing so in descending order (the default sort order is ascending):
cq.ViewXml = "<View><Query><Where><Eq><FieldRef Name='Title'/><Value Type='Text'>Steve</Value></Eq></Where><OrderBy><FieldRef Name='ID' Ascending='False'/></OrderyBy></Query></View>";

Now remember in the first two postings in this series where I talked about trying to choose the specific fields you wanted when executing a query, and how that impacts the size of the data sent over the wire? And I also showed a way in which you could get non-default properties returned when you asked for a ListItemCollection. Well I'm going to combine those two concepts now as we talk about loading our data. So far I've shown you a couple of ways to instruct the client OM to load up property values in a ListItemCollection (where "lic" is ListItemCollection):
METHOD #1:
ctx.Load(lic);
METHOD #2:
ctx.Load(lic, items => items.IncludeWithDefaultProperties(item => item.DisplayName));
Another way to set the list of properties retrieved is with a hybrid approach between these two models. We can use a Lambda expression and define every single property that we want returned for the ListItemCollection. In this example, suppose we only really need to see the ID, Title and DisplayName values. Here is how we would express that:
METHOD #3:
ctx.Load(lic, itms => itms.Include(
 itm => itm["ID"],
 itm => itm["Title"],
 itm => itm.DisplayName));
Not only is it arguably the clearest code in terms of plainly stating what fields we're going to return, it also delivers the data in the smallest payload by a wide margin. Here's the size of the resulting data over the wire for each of the three methods above:
Method #
Payload Size
1
13.4K
2
13.6K
3
2.5K

Again, it may not look like a huge difference when you examine the raw numbers, but over time, with lots of clients, or over a slow or latent network it can really add up. You can also control the number of items that are returned in a query. You can do it in CAML, or you can do it in your Lambda for setting the fields to be returned. Here's an example of each method to limit the number of rows returned to 3.
CAML:
cq.ViewXml = "<View><RowLimit>3</RowLimit></View>";
Lambda:
ctx.Load(lic, itms => itms.Take(3).Include(
 itm => itm["ID"],
 itm => itm["Title"],
 itm => itm.DisplayName));
What else can we do? The CamlQuery class is also used for paging queries, and lets you set the FolderServerRelativeUrl so you can effectively execute your queries in the subfolder of a list. Paging queries are a little more unique, so here's a skeleton of how that would be implemented; note this is just for illustrative purposes, not necessarily a real scenario of how one would want to use paging:
//initialize a paging instance
ListItemCollectionPosition pos = null;

while (true)
{
//create the CAML query
CamlQuery cq = new CamlQuery();

//set our paging position and view xml
cq.ListItemCollectionPosition = pos;
cq.ViewXml = "<View><ViewFields><FieldRef Name='ID'/><FieldRef
Name='Title'/><FieldRef Name='Body'/></ViewFields>
<RowLimit>2</RowLimit></View>";

//get items using our CAML class
ListItemCollection lic = lst.GetItems(cq);

//load the items up - note how I have to ask separate for ListItemCollectionPosition
//if I don't, it will say property not initialized when I try and
//work with it below
ctx.Load(lic, itms => itms.ListItemCollectionPosition,
itms => itms.Include(
itm => itm["ID"],
 itm => itm["Title"],
 itm => itm.DisplayName));

//execute the query
ctx.ExecuteQuery();

//get our new paging position
pos = lic.ListItemCollectionPosition;

//enumerate each item
foreach (ListItem l in lic)
{
ItemsLst.Items.Add(l["Title"]);
}

//see if we've reached the end
if (pos == null)
break;
else
Debug.WriteLine(pos.PagingInfo);
}
Coming Next…
So, what other things can we do? Surprisingly, a lot. You can manage security in your site, you can create new lists, you can change the fields in a list, you can even add custom menu items, all with the client OM. I'll cover some of these other random things in the future posts in this series.


text:
|Total length||200 m (656.2 ft)|
|Width||25 m (82.0 ft)|
|Height||34 m (111.5 ft)|
|Daily traffic||Dual carriageway|
The Victory Bridge or Haghtanak Bridge (Armenian: Հաղթանակի կամուրջ Haght'anaki kamurj) is an arch bridge for traffic linking across the Hrazdan River in Yerevan, Armenia. It connects the Mashtots Avenue in the east with the Admiral Isakov Avenue in the west. It was opened on 25 November 1945 and named the Victory Bridge to commemorate the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany at the end of World War II.
It was designed by architects A. Mamijanyan and A. Asatryan and consists of seven arches.


Docker Image
Updated: May 27, 2021
This page explains how to install the Nuxeo server with the base Nuxeo Docker image. Yet, to build an application from Nuxeo, most of the time, you will need to customize this image and build your own. For this purpose, we strongly recommend to use an immutable image by building a custom Docker image from the Nuxeo one.
The only requirement to run the Nuxeo Docker image is Docker itself.
Java, as well as all the external software, are integrated in the Docker image.
What's in the Nuxeo Image
The Nuxeo Docker image is described by this Dockerfile.
Based on CentOS 7, it includes:
 - Azul's Zulu OpenJDK 11.
 - A bare Nuxeo server without any package installed.
 - Some basic Open Source converters, e.g.: ImageMagick, LibreOffice.
 - A nuxeo user with the 900 fixed UID.
 - The directories required to have the Nuxeo configuration, data and logs outside of the server directory, with appropriate permissions.
 - An entrypoint script to configure the server.
 - The default recommended volumes.
 - The environment variables required by the server, typically NUXEO_HOME and NUXEO_CONF.
 - The exposed port 8080.
To use the video related features in Nuxeo, such as conversions, storyboarding and metadata extraction, you need to have FFMpeg installed in the image. Please read the FFmpeg section to understand why it is not included in the Nuxeo image and how to build an image including it.
Running the Image
Currently, the image is hosted in our public Docker registry.
To pull the latest tag of the nuxeo/nuxeo image from the Docker registry and run a container from it, run:
docker run --name nuxeo -p 8080:8080
The latest tag points to the latest release, for instance 11.4.
To get the latest build, versioned 11.x.y, you can use the 11.x tag.
The default command executed when running a container is nuxeoctl console. It can be overridden by specifying an argument to docker run. For instance, to open a bash shell in the container and automatically remove the container when it exits, just run:
docker run -it --rm bash
For a production setup and general best practices, please read about Mounting Data, Log and Temporary Directories as Volumes.
Configuring the Image at Runtime
Though we encourage to have immutable images configured at build time, in some cases it makes sense to configure a container at runtime. This typically applies to the address and credentials of each back-end store (database, Elasticsearch, S3, etc.) that are specific to a given deployment: development, staging, production, etc.
Configuration Properties
To add or update some configuration properties when running a container from a Nuxeo image, please read the related section about nuxeo.conf.
Environment Variables
Currently, these are the environment variables that are taken into account by a Nuxeo image:
Please first have a look at the default JVM settings in the Nuxeo Docker image.
The value of JAVA_OPTS is appended to the JAVA_OPTS property defined in nuxeo.conf at startup.
docker run --name nuxeo \
 -p 8080:8080 \
 -e JAVA_OPTS=-XshowSettings:vm \
The value of NUXEO_CLID is copied to /var/lib/nuxeo/instance.clid at startup.
For instance, to run a container with a registered Nuxeo instance:
docker run --name nuxeo \
 -p 8080:8080 \
NUXEO_CONNECT_URL allows to override the default Connect URL at startup.
For instance, to run a container with another Connect URL than the default one:
docker run --name nuxeo \
 -p 8080:8080 \
NUXEO_PACKAGES allows to define a space separated list of Nuxeo packages to install at startup.
For instance, to run a container with the nuxeo-web-ui and nuxeo-drive packages installed:
docker run --name nuxeo \
 -p 8080:8080 \
 -e NUXEO_PACKAGES="nuxeo-web-ui nuxeo-drive" \
Setting NUXEO_DEV=true allows to run the Nuxeo image in development mode, meaning:
 1. Enable the following configuration properties, see the Configuration Parameters Index (nuxeo.conf) page for more details:
 # for hot reload
 2. Override the default command executed when running a container, allowing to execute some nuxeoctl commands inside the container without killing it. This way, you can for instance:
 - Copy some JAR files to the nxserver/bundles directory of the server and restart it with nuxeoctl restart:
 docker run --name nuxeo \
 -p 8080:8080 \
 -e NUXEO_DEV=true \
 docker ps
 docker exec 0eee2751d09d nuxeoctl restart
 - Register your instance with nuxeoctl register.
 - Use hot reload with the Nuxeo Dev Tools Extension.
 - Use hot reload with Nuxeo CLI.
 3. Activate debugging for the nuxeoctl mp-install command run when installing Nuxeo packages with NUXEO_PACKAGES.
Shell Scripts
To run some shell scripts when starting a container from a Nuxeo image, you can add *.sh files in the /docker-entrypoint-initnuxeo.d directory of the image.
They will be alphabetically sorted and executed at the very end of the ENTRYPOINT, after handling the environment variables. Thus, if you run a container by passing the NUXEO_CLID environment variable, invoking nuxeoctl in such a shell script will work as being registered.
We'd love to hear your thoughts!
All fields required


text:
ADVERTISING, GRAPHIC, DESIGN
A photo collage by the artist Mykola Ridnyi based on the film Museum Guard (1930)
A VR project by the artist Anatolii Bielov and studio Sensorama based on the lost film Sold Appetite (1928)
Attracting modern artists to re-interpretation of VUFKU film legacy became a separate theme of the exhibition. Collecting fragments of the lost films – documents on the shooting process, individual shots and scenes- artists created new multimedia works.
Working with the VUFKU film Museum Guard (1930), Mykola Ridnyi drew a parallel between the 1920s and the present. In the artist's interpretation, the film plot about the lack of understanding among the civil war soldiers of the value of the museum collection has something in common with the decommunisation processes of the post-Maidan Ukraine. At the same time, the minimalist form of work gives meaning to different aspects of the colonial and gender criticism of the cinema of the 1920s.
For their part, Anatolii Bielov and studio Sensorama transferred the plot of the lost film Sold Appetite (1927) into virtual reality. Building on the tragicomic plot about an insatiable rich man who ate so much that he had to "rent" someone's stomach, the artist literally threw the viewer into a mouth stuffed with expensive goods. In this way, the criticism of the anti-bourgeois life of the 1920s resonated with the modern consumption criticism. And the found elements of the film were reunited in an unusual way.


Suppose that you want to test the claim that the mean weight of ocelots is 30 pounds or less. You collect a sample of 100 ocelots and find that the mean weight in the sample is 30.8 pounds. The standard deviation is 4 pounds.
Part (a) (3 points)
Please consider the following statement: %u201CSince the sample mean is greater than the claimed population mean, it is not necessary to carry out a hypothesis test and we can just reject the null hypothesis.%u201D
Want an answer?
No answer yet. Submit this
question to the community.


text:
Des Moines Water Works Park Foundation announces first annual docuseries9/6/2022
Des Moines, IA (September 6, 2022) – The Water Works Park Foundation, in partnership with Practical Farmers of Iowa and 515 Productions, will launch their first annual docuseries on Thursday, September 8th at 8:00 p.m. The free, family-friendly, educational event will feature viewings of a series of documentary films in the park setting of the Hubbell Celebration lawn on the Killinger Family Stage.
Each documentary and panel discussion will create a dialogue on the importance of water and land stewardship, health and wellness, and encourage an appreciation for the Des Moines Water Works Park. Additional information and the full series schedule can be found at the Des Moines Water Works Foundations website: _URL_
Opening the series on September 8th is Livestock on the Land, a story by Practical Farmers of Iowa about the different ways that farmers are building a regenerative agriculture by centering their operations around the animals they care for. When livestock leave, so do people. Livestock on the Land shows the reverse: how livestock can re-people our rural communities by giving farmers a chance to get started, grow businesses and provide for their families, work together and bring back the next generation to sustain the cycle.
The capstone film will be Freshwater. Freshwater, is a multi-award-winning 515 Productions documentary film that explores the cold waters of Lake Superior, along Minnesota's North shore through the eyes of surfers, scientists, business owners and residents.
Freshwater was created and directed by Emmy award-winning director Ian Planchon. Ian founded 515 Productions in Des Moines, Iowa in 2006. Lynn Melling, his wife and business partner, co-directed the film. Lynn was an anchor/reporter at WHO-TV from 2005-2016.
"515 Productions was born in Iowa, and we're excited to come back to where it all started and share this film with our friends and colleague who've been an important part of our lives." said Planchon.
Melling remarked, "We were honored when the Des Moines Water Works Park Foundation invited us to be a part of this docuseries. We hope it help raise awareness of the importance of protecting and preserving freshwater resources here in Iowa and beyond."
Watch the trailer at _URL_
- Best Environmental Feature Film, LA Documentary Film Festival
- Best Cinematography, Hollywood North Film Festival
- Best Documentary Feature, SoCal Film Awards
- Best Environmental Film, Toronto Beaches Film Festival.


text:
2008, the Port developed a Habitat Restoration Plan for the Lower Duwamish.
City of Seattle Restore
Our Waters Initiative
This City of Seattle effort is a partnership with the community to protect and restore the Duwamish as well as streams, lakes, and marine shorelines.
People For Puget Sound
People for Puget Sound is a non-profit citizens group dedicated to educating and involving people in protecting and restoring the land and waters of Puget Sound and the Northwest Straits. It regularly organizes volunteer restoration efforts at several sites in the Duwamish and relies on citizen monitors to help evaluate the success of Duwamish restoration efforts.
Puget Soundkeeper Alliance
Puget Soundkeeper Alliance was created in 1984 as a coalition of citizens and organizations concerned about the health of Puget Sound. It periodically cruises the Duwamish to detect illegal pollution.
ECOSS (Environmental Coalition of South Seattle)
ECOSS is a non-profit agency that helps residents and business with hazardous waste disposal, recycling, and other environmental issues. It is currently planning to restore salmon habitat along the Duwamish River in South Park.
Learn more about the original inhabitants and stewards of the Duwamish at the Tribe's web site.
The Nature Consortium is a very active environmental education, urban forest restoration, and arts organization in West Seattle. The focus of their restoration work is the West Duwamish Greenbelt.
DuwamishJohn Beal YouTube Video
This 13-minute video profiles John Beal, who worked tireless to restore the Duwamish until his death in 2006. The video explains the importance of the Duwamish and shows views of the river from the air and by boat.
King Conservation District
Since 1949, the KCD has been helping the people of King County manage their natural resources by educating landowners, schools groups, scientists, consultants and agencies in recognizing problem situations and avoiding the creation of them. KCD also provides technical assistance in solving problems.
Green/Duwamish Ecosystem Restoration Project
The US Army Corps of Engineers, in partnership with King County, the cities of the watershed, the Muckleshoot and Suquamish Tribes, state agencies, and local interests have developed the Green/Duwamish Ecosystem Restoration Project to restore the ecosystem of the watershed. Several projects are in the Duwamish subwatershed.
Elliott Bay/Duwamish Restoration Panel
The Elliott Bay/Duwamish Restoration Panel was established to implement the sediment cleanup, habitat restoration/development, and pollution source control provisions of a court settlement involving the federal government, King County, and the City of Seattle. The Panel has paid for a number of significant habitat restoration/creation projects in the Duwamish. The web site includes many photographs of restoration sites.
Information Resources for the Duwamish Estuary Subwatershed
Reconnaissance Assessment Report on the Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed
Comprehensive information on salmon habitat as of 2000. Includes detailed information on on salmon populations, conditions in specific subwatersheds and stream basins, and maps showing salmon habitat.
Lower Green River Baseline Habitat Survey Report
Detailed information, maps, and photos of Duwamish River mainstem habitat conditions from River Mile 5.7 (just south of Turning Basin #3) to River Mile 11.2 (Fort Dent Park). Also available upon request are Geographic Information System (GIS) layers with these data. Published January 2004.
Urban Blueprint for Salmon - City of Seattle
Information about how Chinook salmon use the Duwamish and other parts of Seattle.
Green River Watershed Page - King County
Information about the Green/Duwamish River watershed.
Environmental Information Page for WRIA 9 - Washington State Department of Ecology
Includes downloadable publications, maps, and water quality information for Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound Watershed (WRIA 9). Most information is related to the Green/Duwamish portion of WRIA 9.
Surf Your Watershed - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Site contains links to various U.S. EPA documents related to environmental conditions in the Green/Duwamish watershed. There are links for environmental parameters such as air quality and hazardous waste in addition to water quality.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Symbols on ax pieces in China may be world's oldest writing
 | July 11, 2013 at 3:50 PM
SHANGHAI, July 11 (UPI) -- Fragments of two ancient stone axes found in China bear what could be some of the world's earliest primitive writing, archaeologists say.
Discovered as part of a large find of artifacts unearthed south of Shanghai, the ax fragments have been dated at around 5,000 years old, the BBC reported Thursday.
Currently, evidence of the world's oldest writing is thought to be from Mesopotamia from 3,300 B.C.
There has been disagreement among Chinese experts whether the markings on the axes are actual writing or a less sophisticated grouping of symbols.
"The main thing is that there are six symbols arranged together and three of them are the same," lead archaeologist Xu Xinmin said. "This clearly is a sentence expressing some kind of meaning."
Cao Jinyan, a Chinese scholar who is an expert on ancient writing, agreed.
"Although we cannot yet accurately read the meaning of the 'words' carved on the stone axes, we can be certain that they belong to the category of words, even if they are somewhat primitive," he said.


text:
This set of Irrigation Engineering Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on "Canal Regulation".
1. The process of distribution of water from main canal to branches is termed as canal regulation.
Explanation: The water enters the main canal from the river and this water has to be divided into different branches, distributaries in accordance to the relative demand on these different channels. Therefore this process of distribution of water is called as canal distribution.
2. The discharge value of water is controlled by?
a) Hydraulic Jump
d) Velocity of the flow
Explanation: The discharge value of water has to be adjusted to any value necessary to distribute the water effectively. This is done with the help of regulators.
3. By using canal regulation works we can control discharges, depths, and velocities in the canals.
Explanation: Canal regulation works are the structures constructed in order to control and regulate the discharges, depths, and velocities in the canals. These structures ensure the efficient functioning of the irrigation canal system.
4. How many types of canal irrigation works are there?
Explanation: There are five types of canal irrigation works, namely canal falls, canal regulators, canal escapes, metering flumes, and canal outlets and modules.
5. What is the angle made by this off taking channel with parent channel?
a) 15 degrees
b) Zero degrees
c) 20 degrees
d) 10 degrees
Explanation: This off taking channel makes a zero angle with parent channel initially and then separates out in transition. This is the best ideal alignment.
6. When does the alignment depicted by the following diagram used?
a) To Maintain Proper Energy Dissipation
b) To Control Velocity of the Flow
c) To Control Hydraulic Jump
d) To Avoid Silt Accumulation
Explanation: The transitions from the main channel to the off taking channel have to be designed properly so as to avoid the accumulation of silt or say silt jetty. So therefore to serve as an alternative to the transitions both the channels have to make an angle with the parent channel upstream of the off take.
7. What does the below diagram represent?
a) Undesired Alignment of off taking Channel
b) Parent Channel Carried Straight
c) Off taking Channel making an angle with the Centre of Parent Channel
d) Canal Outlet
Explanation: This represents that, whenever the parent channel has to be carried straight then the edge of the canal should be considered in deciding the angle of the off take channel.
8. How many main functions of a head regulator are?
Explanation: The main functions of a head regulator are to control and regulate the water entering the off take channel, to serve as a meter for measuring discharge, and to control silt entering into the off take channel.
9. How many numbers of conditions of flow are to be followed while designing the cross regulator and head regulator?
Explanation: The conditions are considered for the worst conditions of the flow. The flow of the canal should be taken as it is when there is full supply of discharge down the channel with all gates of both head and cross regulators fully open. The discharge in the main channel is low but in the off take channel is running full, the FSL is maintained by partial opening of the gates of cross regulator.
10. By what structures the regulator can control the supplies entering the off take channel?
a) Sluice Gates
c) Piers and Planks
Explanation: The regulator consists of essential parts like piers which are placed across the canal at regular intervals with grooves, in which either planks or gates can be used to control the supplies entering off take channel.
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text:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Valuation of Surface Water Quality Improvements
Since 1982, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has used benefit-cost analysis to evaluate many of its surface water quality regulations. Early regulations were aimed at controlling conventional and toxic pollutants that were directly linked to highly visible water quality problems. More recent regulations have focused on "unconventional" water quality stressors or more subtle distinctions in water quality. While a number of national-scale water quality models have been used over the years, there has been less exploration of economic models to estimate benefits. This article addresses three issues that have been particularly challenging in estimating the benefits from water quality improvement: defining standardized measures of water quality improvement, measuring benefits arising from ecological protection and restoration, and measuring nonuse benefits. Copyright 2012, Oxford University Press.
Volume (Year): 6 (2012)
Issue (Month): 1 ()
|Contact details of provider:|| Postal: Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, UK|
Fax: 01865 267 985
Web page: _URL_
More information through EDIRC
|Order Information:||Web: _URL_
When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:oup:renvpo:v:6:y:2012:i:1:p:130-146. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.
For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: (Oxford University Press)or (Christopher F. Baum)
If references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form.


text:
I really like using C/C++ expressions from WinDbg. It's a natural way to extract information from C and C++ applications if you know these programming languages; therefore, I think it's useful to share how to do this.
First, let's talk about poi().
poi() is used to get pointer-sized data. Think about the * operator for C and C++.
Therefore, poi is the best operator to use if you want pointer-sized data.
The double question mark (??) command evaluates and displays the value of an expression according to the C++ expression rules.
Now, let me show you how to get a pointer value using poi() and??.
The single question mark (?) is used to evaluate expressions.
Tip: By using?, you can easily convert a number from hexadecimal to decimal or vice versa. Remember to use the prefix 0x for hexadecimal and 0n for decimal.
Finally, we have the C++ expression parser - @@c++() - that supports all forms of C++ expression syntax, such as:
- Numbers in C++ expressions
- Characters and strings in C++ expressions
- Symbols in C++ expressions. (see WinDbg documentation for details)
- Operators in C++ expressions
- Registers and pseudo-registers in C++ expressions
- Macros in C++ expressions
For more information, you may want to read the Magic Pointers article.
Here you can see scripts that use the??, @@c++() or poi() commands.


text:
A/Prof Jennifer Stone
Jennifer Stone is currently an NBCF-funded Postdoctoral Training Fellow at the Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease at The University of Western Australia. Jennifer started out as a statistician with Dr Norman Boyd at the Ontario Cancer Institute in Toronto, Canada and went on to complete her PhD at the University of Melbourne under the supervision of Prof John Hopper which examined the genetic and environmental determinants of mammographic density. Post-PhD she completed a 1-year post doc at the Cancer Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Mathematics & Statistics investigating mammographic density and in women in the International Breast Cancer Intervention Study I (IBIS-1), a trial of tamoxifen for breast cancer prevention, under the direction of Prof Jack Cuzick. Jennifer is currently establishing her own research team at UWA where she is leading two nationally funded grants investigating mammographic density in Western Australian Aboriginal women as well as novel measures of breast density in young women. She is also involved with several international projects investigating the genetic determinants of mammographic density as a strong and highly heritable intermediate phenotype for breast cancer risk.
Abstracts this author is presenting:


Dotty Documentation
0.11.0-bin-SNAPSHOT
abstract class Periods
extends Object
Periods are the central "clock" of the compiler. A period consists of a run id and a phase id. run ids represent compiler runs phase ids represent compiler phases
[-] Constructors
Periods ( )
[-] Members
[+] def atPeriod ( pd: Period ) ( op: Context => T ) : T
Execute op at given period
[+] def atPhase ( pid: PhaseId ) ( op: Context => T ) : T
Execute op at given phase id
[+] def hasSameBaseTypesAs ( p: Period ) : Boolean
Are all base types in the current period guaranteed to be the same as in period p?
[+] def phaseId : Int
The current phase identifier
[+] def runId : Int
The current run identifier
[+] def stablePeriod : Period
The period containing the current period where denotations do not change. We compute this by taking as first phase the first phase less or equal to the current phase that has the same "nextTransformerId". As last phase we take the next transformer id following the current phase.


text:
A comprehensive multirotor noise assessment framework is developed to predict the noise of rotational-speed-controlled rotor configurations in real-time. The key objectives are to synthesize the frequency-modulated multirotor noise and analyze the frequency modulation (FM) characteristics. The framework includes modules associated with the flight control, aerodynamics, time reconstruction, noise prediction, and time-frequency analysis (TFA). In addition to the hybrid blade element momentum model, the aerodynamics module contains a linear inflow model, a Beddoes wake model, and an unsteady aerodynamic correction model. The convective form and source-time dominant algorithms are used in the acoustic analogy for tonal noise prediction. The FM characteristics are identified using the synchrosqueezing-based high-resolution TFA for strongly non-stationary signals. The framework is verified through validation and verification studies for diverse rotor configurations and flight conditions. During the cruise flight of the multirotor, the tonal noise exhibits simultaneous frequency and amplitude modulations. In wind gust conditions, these modulations result from rotational speed variations, acoustic wave interference, and Doppler shifting. By clarifying the non-stationary noise signal in diverse flight environments, the proposed framework can facilitate noise assessment in the perception-influenced design stage of multirotor configurations.
Real-time prediction framework for frequency-modulated multirotor noise
Note: This paper is part of the special topic, Flow and Acoustics of Unmanned Vehicles.
Jeongwoo Ko, Jaeheon Jeong, Huisang Cho, Soogab Lee; Real-time prediction framework for frequency-modulated multirotor noise. Physics of Fluids 1 February 2022; 34 (2): 027103. _URL_
Download citation file:


text:
We are Australia's foremost charity dedicated to providing support, friendship and information, specifically tailored for families of premature or sick babies.
To ensure that all families enduring the difficult and life-changing experience of having a premature or sick baby have easy access to critical information and community support to help make a difference to them and their child.
Education and information for parents are crucial to getting the best possible outcomes for premature and sick babies; it empowers families and enables them to become their child's advocate. We support families in hospital (Neonatal Intensive Care and Special Care Units) and in the community when families come home.
The Life's Little Treasures Foundation is built around #familieshelpingfamilies. Our community are supportive, passionate and generous and is made up of families, friends, health professionals and supporters who all understand and care because they have been there too.
Help us raise funds for families in need
Having a premmie or sick baby is often a stressful experience which can take an emotional, psychological and even a financial toll on families.
That's why we're asking you to roll out your picnic blanket, bring your crew together and put on a spread – all in an effort to raise awareness and funds for families on this life-changing journey.
One of the major challenges for families who have a premature or sick baby is the isolation they feel.
Life's Little Treasures Foundation holds events like our NICU Connections support groups to bring families together so they can connect, learn from one another and from our staff who have the lived experience, ultimately ensuring they do not feel so alone on this journey.
A picnic is also all about bringing people together. Whether it is at your workplace, with friends or with family, encouraging your guests to gather and support LLTF aligns perfectly with the message around the importance of connection which we actively promote to the families we assist.
DISCOVER OUR LLTF COMMUNITY
We are parents, friends and families of sick and premature babies, dedicated health professionals and passionate corporate partners and supporters. Together we are all #familieshelpingfamilies.
KIND WORDS FROM FAMILIES WE'VE HELPED
The support we received from life's little treasures during our hospital stay was amazing, the app was a godsend, with this new foreign language in an easy to read form with meanings, section for notes, updates on weight feeding etc, I will never be able to thank life's little treasures enough for their support
I wanted to pass on my congratulations on the special care nursery booklet. It's fantastic and I have given out my first copy this evening to a young couple who have a premmie 3 days of age. It looks wonderful!!
I'm so glad to have known the Life's Little Treasures Foundation from the beginning and seen how you translated a very mixed (some would say awful) personal experience to a positive way of helping others in your position.You've made a huge difference to so many parents facing their worst nightmare


text:
The roots of modern-day organizations can be traced back at least 2000 years to models of Chinese military hierarchy. However, one of the first people to capture on paper the processes and practices of organisations was Henri Fayol (1841–1925), a mining engineer and manager by profession (Middleton, 2002). Fayol defined the nature and working patterns of the twentieth-century organization in his book, General and Industrial Management, published in 1916. In it, he laid down what he called 14 principles of management.... [continues]
Cite This Essay
(2010, 08). Henri Foyal, Mary Parker Follett and Chester I. Barnard in Administrative Principles Approach. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 08, 2010, from _URL_
"Henri Foyal, Mary Parker Follett and Chester I. Barnard in Administrative Principles Approach" StudyMode.com. 08 2010. 08 2010 .
"Henri Foyal, Mary Parker Follett and Chester I. Barnard in Administrative Principles Approach." StudyMode.com. 08, 2010. Accessed 08, 2010. _URL_


text:
Dec. 14, 2012 All a question of timing: When bushcrickets mate, the male attaches a sticky package, the so-called spermatophore, to the female's abdomen. Alongside the sperm themselves, this 'bridal present' consists of a protein-rich mass that the female eats after mating. It then takes several hours for the sperm to find their way into the female's reproductive tract. But, who decides when that will happen? A study by the Bielefeld biologists Professor Dr. Klaus Reinhold and Dr. Steven Ramm suggests that it is the male who determines the dynamics of this process even when he has long 'hopped off' somewhere else.
They published their results at the beginning of December in the online first version of the journal Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology.
In contrast to direct sperm transfer, the use of a spermatophore could grant the female more influence over the fertilization or non-fertilization of her eggs. However, the results of the Bielefeld study cast doubt on this assumption. They suggest a high degree of male control over this decisive stage in reproduction. For their study, Professor Dr. Klaus Reinhold and Dr. Steven Ramm from Bielefeld University paired males and females from two subspecies of the bushcricket Poecilimon veluchianus in whom the time between pairing and sperm transfer differ. Whereas in the subspecies Poecilimon veluchianus minor, sperm are transferred within the first three hours, the transfer in Poecilimon veluchianus veluchianus starts only after four hours. If the two subspecies are interbred -- the researchers thought -- then the number of transferred sperm after three hours would indicate whether it is the male or the female who determines how long this transfer takes.
The researchers mated nine to twelve pairs in each of the four possible combinations of Poecilimon veluchianus minor and Poecilimon veluchianus veluchianus. Three hours after mating, they examined how many sperm they could find in the female's reproductive tract. The result: the sperm from the males of the 'faster' subspecies Poecilimon veluchianus minor could be found in the females of both subspecies. In contrast, the males in the'slower' sub-species Poecilimon veluchianus veluchianus had transferred almost no sperm at all to either type of female.
The researchers conclude from this experiment that the males control the speed of transfer over the sperm package. However, this does not automatically lead to the conclusion that the female is powerless. Females can also influence whether sperms are transferred by how quickly they eat the spermatophore. In addition, the larger the male, the larger the size of the sperm package, and this influences how long the females need to consume the protein. As a result, the sperm have more time to transfer to the female -- and the female's eggs have a greater chance of being fertilized by a 'high-quality' male. Professor Reinhold stresses, 'Our findings show that the females do not determine the transfer -- not that they could not do so.'
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
- Klaus Reinhold, Steven A. Ramm. Male control of sperm transfer dynamics in a spermatophore-donating bushcricket. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2012; DOI: 10.1007/s00265-_PHONE_-4
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


text: A team of engineers from Australia's Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University found a way to replace 100% of the conventional aggregates in concrete, such as gravel and crushed rock, with rubber from discarded tires that meets building codes. The team says the greener and lighter concrete promises to reduce manufacturing and transportation costs significantly. Small amounts of rubber particles from tires are already used to replace concrete aggregates, but efforts to replace the composition entirely with rubber produced weak concretes that have failed to meet required standards—until now. "We have demonstrated with our precise casting method that this decades-old perceived limitation on using large amounts of coarse rubber particles in concrete can now be overcome," said Mohammad Momeen Ul Islam of RMIT University's School of Engineering. "The technique involves using newly designed casting molds to compress the coarse rubber aggregate in fresh concrete that enhances the building material's performance."


Tax Break
Dictionary Says
Definition of 'Tax Break'
A tax break is a savings on a taxpayer's liability. A tax break provides a savings through tax deductions, tax credits, tax exemptions and other incentives. An example of a tax break is the First-Time Homebuyer Tax Credit which provided a tax credit up to $8,000 for qualified purchasers of primary residences on their 2009 and 2010 tax returns.
Investopedia Says
Investopedia explains 'Tax Break'
Tax breaks can greatly reduce a taxpayer's liability. Deductions are expenses that can be subtracted from gross income to reduce taxable income; credits reduce tax liability dollar-for-dollar and have a greater impact than deductions; exemptions occur where a tax for a certain item or type of income is reduced or eliminated.
Articles Of Interest
 1. Common Tax Mistakes To Avoid
 2. Simple Last-Minute Tax Tips
 3. Tax Deductions You May Be Missing
 4. The Ultimate Tax-Time Checklist
 5. 5 Tax Credits You Shouldn't Miss
 6. Student Tax Breaks
 7. Give To Charity; Slash Your Tax Payment
 Being generous has never been more (financially) rewarding!
 8. 10 Most Overlooked Tax Deductions
 9. Cut Taxes By Reporting Property Damage
 10. Which is better for tax deductions, itemization or a standard deduction?
comments powered by Disqus
Hot Definitions
 1. Dangling Debit
 2. Cabinet Crowd
 3. Backdating
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text:
What Aristotle called "the arrangement of the incidents," the plot of a work depends upon how its episodes are presented. A work of IF may have only one possible plot, as in Photopia. It may have several plots, as in Losing Your Grip. Most cave-crawl adventures have multiple plots because they have puzzles that can be solved in a different order each time. Although a work like the usual play or novel can be said to have a plot, a work of IF has one or more potential plots that are only realized during an interaction.
-- nm - 15 Jul 2002


text:
Daniel Hale Williams - Introduction:
African American Doctor Daniel Hale Williams is credited with having performed open heart surgery on July 9, 1893 before such surgeries were established. In 1913, Daniel Hale Williams Williams was the only African American member of the American College of Surgeons.
Daniel Hale Williams - Famous Operation:
Daniel Hale Williams successfully operated on James Cornish, the victim of a knifing. The operation was considered at the time a ground-breaking. The doctor opened the patient's chest revealing a beating heart to stitch a small wound in the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart.
Daniel Hales Williams - Other Achievements:
Daniel Hales Williams utilized many of the emerging antiseptic, sterilization procedures of the day and thereby gained a reputation for professionalism. The doctor began his medical practice in Chicago at a time when there were only three other black physicians. In 1891, in Chicago, Daniel Hales Williams founded Provident, the first American interracial hospital. Provident hosted the first nursing school for blacks in America.
Daniel Hales Williams - Background:
Daniel Hales Williams was born in Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania on January 18,1858. He graduated from Chicago Medical College in 1883. Daniel Hales Williams and Alice Johnson were wed on April 2, 1898. He died on August 4, 1931, in Idlewild, Michigan.


text:
Bone mineral density and bone structure parameters as predictors of bone strength: an analysis using computerized microtomography and gastrectomy-induced osteopenia in the rat
2000 (English)In: Journal of Biomechanics, ISSN 0021-9290, Vol. 33, no 3, 289-297 p.Article in journal (Refereed) Published
In this study the relationships of bone mineral density (BMD) and bone structure parameters calculated from 2D microtomography images to bone strength were investigated. Femurs from 21 male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, computerized microtomography (CμT) and either three-point cantilever bending (femoral shaft) or two-point bending compression (femoral neck). Gastrectomy was performed on 12 animals and 9 were sham operated. From the tomograms bone structure analysis was performed using a software routine based on grey level run-length method. Correlations of BMD and bone structure parameters to mechanical parameters were investigated as were differences between the gastrectomized and the control samples. The reductions of BMD between the groups were 21 and 27% in the femoral neck and shaft, respectively. For the shaft, the correlations of BMD to all mechanical parameters were significant and BMD was a consistent predictor of bone strength for cortical bone. However, in the femoral neck where cancellous bone predominates, BMD was weakly correlated only to deflection. A significant correlation between trabecular thickness and neck bone strength was found. Hence, compared to trabecular thickness, BMD was of limited value in predicting bone strength in the femoral neck.
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2000. Vol. 33, no 3, 289-297 p.
Computerised microtomography, Bone structure, Bone strength, Bone mineral density, Osteopenia
Medical and Health Sciences
IdentifiersURN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-13568DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9290(99)00181-5OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-13568DiVA: diva2:20968


FortiGate
FortiGate Next Generation Firewall utilizes purpose-built security processors and threat intelligence security services from FortiGuard labs to deliver top-rated protection and high performance, including encrypted traffic.
pkungatti_FTNT
Description

This article describes one of the troubleshooting options available in FortiGate CLI to check the traffic flow, by capturing packets reaching the FortiGate unit.
For capturing these packets through GUI, this article here may offer guidance.
However, note that GUI capture has some limitations.

Scope

FortiGate, all FortiOS versions
other Fortinet appliances providing a CLI sniffer : FortiAnalyzer - FortiMail - FortiManager

AlexCFTNT_0-1639400387548.png

Content: Packet sniffer - basics

Basic packet-capture commands
-Example 1: Simple trace
-Example 2: Simple trace

Filter Functionality
-Example 3 : Trace with filters
-uncommon scenarios

Sniffer Basics:

The packet sniffer 'sits' in the FortiGate and can display the traffic on a specific interface or on all interfaces.
There are three different levels of Information, also known as Verbose Levels 1 to 3, where verbose 1 shows less information and verbose 3 shows the most.
Verbose Levels 4, 5 and 6 would additionally provide the interface details

Verbose levels in detail:

1: Print header of packets.
2:print header and data from IP of packets.
3: print header and data from Ethernet of packets.
4: print header of packets with interface name.
5: print header and data from IP of packets with interface name.
6: print header and data from Ethernet of packets with interface name.
This article walks through some examples and different levels of verbosity to show the. different possibilities for debugging.

Basic sniffing command:
All packet sniffing (packet capture) commands start like:

# diag sniffer packet <interface> <'filter'> <verbose> <count> a
<interface> can be an interface name or "any" for all interfaces
<'filter'> is a very powerful filter functionality which will be described in more detail
<verbose> means the level of verbosity as described already
<count> the number of packets the sniffer reads before stopping.
a – timestamps the packets with the absolute UTC time
l - (small letter L) timestamps the packets with LOCAL time on the unit
(blank/no letter) – relative to the beginning of the capture
Note: for parallel captures on multiple interfaces/SSH sessions on Fortigate, please use "a" or "l", do not leave blank

Note: in certain cases, where the unit has the capability and the session can be handled by a dedicated processor, the session is offloaded from kernel, making it impossible to capture these packets. In this case, you can turn off the offloading in the policy that matches the traffic with "set auto-asic-offload disable" for troubleshooting purposes only, and revert to the initial state after the capture.

Example 1: Simple sniffer
Sniff 3 packets of all traffic with verbose Level 4 on wan1 Interface

# diag sniffer packet wan1 none 1 3
interfaces=[wan1]
filters=[none]
0.996031 arp who-has 10.109.19.70 tell 10.109.31.254
1.310085 10.109.16.137.80 -> 172.26.48.21.56361: fin _PHONE_ ack _PHONE_
1.310648 172.26.48.21.56361 -> 10.109.16.137.80: ack _PHONE_

There is an ARP packet and some communication end.
Because the 10.109.16.137 IP Address uses Port 80 (10.109.16.137.80) it is possible to assume that some packets have been caught from a running HTTP session.
The 'none' variable means 'no filter applied', '1' means 'verbose 1' and '3' means 'catch 3 packets and stop'.
Note that there is no timestamp switch at the end, therefore the first packet was received after 0.996031 seconds since the command was issued

Example 2: Simple Trace.

Sniff 3 packets of all traffic with verbose Level 4 on wan1 interface.

# diag sniffer packet wan1 none 4 3
 0.455401 wan1 -- 172.26.48.21.55992 -> 10.109.16.137.80: syn _PHONE_
 0.455490 wan1 -- 10.109.16.137.80 -> 172.26.48.21.55992: syn _PHONE_ ack _PHONE_
 0.456892 wan1 -- 172.26.48.21.55993 -> 10.109.16.137.80: ack 123332141
There is some more interesting information, just when a TCP session was being set up.
172.26.48.21 tries to connect to 10.109.16.137 on Port 80 with a syn and gets a syn ack back.
Finally, the session is acknowledged and established after the 3-way TCP handshake.

With information level set to Verbose 4, additionally summary of Source and Destination IP Address are visible

If there is no <count> value, the Sniffer runs forever until you stop it with <CTRL C>

Hint: For further investigation it's always a good idea to log the SSH output to a file. If Putty is used (a free SSH client for Windows) it is possibke to easily log all output to a file which to search/sort/process.

Verbose 5 and Verbose 6 levels:

Verbose 5 contains much more information
The IP Header as we've already seen in Verbose 4
The Payload of the IP packet itself

An output of Verbose 5 looks like this:

# diag sniffer packet any none 5 1
interfaces=[any]
filters=[none]
0.529129 wan1 in 10.109.19.165.137 -> 10.109.31.255.137: udp 50
0x0000 4500 004e 153b 0000 8011 dce6 0a6d 13a5 E..N.;.......m..
0x0010 0a6d 1fff 0089 0089 003a a7b6 8db5 0110 .m.......:......
0x0020 0001 0000 0000 0000 2045 4745 5046 4346 .........EGEPFCF
0x0030 4545 4a45 4f45 4646 4543 4e46 4145 4443 EEJEOEFFECNFAEDC
0x0040 4143 4143 4143 4143 4100 0020 0001 ACACACACA.....

Notice the in/ out parameter after wan1 interface that will confirm the direction of the packet entering or leaving the interface.

Verbose 6, finally, even includes Ethernet (Ether Frame) Information.
A script is available (fgt2eth.pl), which will convert a captured verbose 6 output, into a file that can be read and decoded by Ethereal/Wireshark. See the end of this article for details.

Use of absolute time stamp in sniffer trace will report the absolute system time (no time zone) in packet summary:

# diag sniffer packet wan1 none 4 2 a
interfaces=[wan1]
filters=[none]
2019-08-16 09:36:02.570320 wan1 -- arp who-has 10.109.16.153 tell 10.109.16.152
2019-08-16 09:36:02.663102 wan1 -- 172.26.48.21.64241 -> 10.109.16.137.80: fin _PHONE_ ack _PHONE_

Hint: Below is the format that Technical Support will usually request when attempting to analyze a problem as it includes full packet content, as well as absolute time stamp, in order to correlate packets with other system events.

# diag sniffer packet any <'filter'> 6 0 a
Filter Functionality:

As already mentioned, diag sniffer includes a powerful filter functionality that will be described here.

FortiOS gives a brief example:

# diag sniffer packet any
<filter> Flexible logical filters for sniffer (or "none").
For example: To print UDP 1812 traffic between forti1 and either forti2 or forti3
'udp and port 1812 and host forti1 and ( forti2 or forti3 )'

If a second host is specified, only the traffic between the 2 hosts will be displayed.

Imagine to capture the traffic from one PC to another PC.
Without a filter the sniffer will display all packets, which is far too much data and quite painful to sort and debug a large file.

Example 3: Trace with Filters:

To see what's going on between two PCs (or a PC and a FortiGate), do not forget the quotes delimiting the filter expressions:

# diag sniffer packet wan1 'src host 10.109.16.137 and dst host 172.26.48.21' 1 3
interfaces=[wan1]
filters=[src host


Caves in SlovakiaIn Slovakia there are about 4 thousand caves, 14 of which are open to the public. Usually these caves are with stalactites, several are the ice caves.
There are also very special and rare caves, like the Ochtinska Aragonite Cave, that is one of the three accessible caves of this kind all over the world.
The underground spaces of these caves were created during millions of years thanks to the continuous intense activity of water, of rocks and of air. The calcareous formations that come down from the ceiling are called stalactites. If this formations raise from land are called stalagmites, while when such formations meet themselves are called columns.
Caves in SlovakiaThe color of these formations depends on the different mining structure of the rocks. The iron confer to the rocks a yellow color, rose and even red, the manganese from a grey color, grey-dark blue, to a black one, while the stalactites bleaches contain carbon calcium.
All the accessible caves are also used for the care of allergic and relevant illnesses and respiratory diseases.In some caves, thanks to the high dampness, it is put into practice the speleotherapy for the children.
What is speleotherapy - speleotherapy is practised, mostly for children with breathing difficulties. The basic procedure of speleotherapy is a stay in the cave accompanied with activities increasing the effect of aerosol. Speleotherapy, that originally belonged to the group of people's empirical methods of cure, has now overcome a barrier of ignorance and distrust, and is definitely ranked among effective ways of treatment.
Caves in Slovakia In 1995 was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List, together with the the Ochtinska Aragonit Cave, also other the 4 caves of the Slovak Karst - the Domica Cave, the Silicka ladnica Cave (Slilicka ladnica), the Gombasek Cave (Gombasecka jaskyna) and the Jasovska Cave (Jasovska jaskyna). In 2000, it was added to this list the Dobsinska Ice Cave.
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Why do the spikes that shoot out of stars form perfect crosses? | Science Questions with Surprising Answers
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The crossed spikes that you see in some images of stars are not actually parts of the stars. They are imaging artifacts that are created by the telescope itself and are called diffraction spikes. Certain telescopes have a large primary mirror that focuses the incoming beam of light onto a secondary mirror or a sensor that is held over the primary mirror. The secondary mirror diverts the light out of the telescope so it can be seen or further processed. Or, alternately, a sensor held above the primary mirror converts the image to an electrical signal that is delivered to a computer.
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.2 I'm not 100% sure on this but it seems like WE from space battles is calculated based on damage rather than naval capacity lost. This leads to space battles being nominal losses for the winning fleet even though its losses in terms of naval capacity are far lower. Space battles should use lost naval capacity instead. Damage is almost irrelevant since even in occupied enemy territory repairs are easy. 10.1.3 Using WE as the metric that forces a status quo peace (SQP) makes no sense either. The difference in battles won/lost and occupation should matter. An empire should be less willing to accept a SQP if it loses territory and more willing if it gains territory. 10.1.4 The whole concept of using the absolute numbers instead of the difference makes no sense. Why would you be in a position to dictate terms when the difference is 2%? 10.2. Surrender must be enforcable, SQP might be. Forcing peace implies leverage, if you beat an empire badly enough then you are definitely in a position to dictate the terms of the peace agreement. If both empires are unable to make progress then how is one of them supposed to be in a position to FORCE a SQP? 10.3 Forced SQP should still exist because it prevents getting stuck in a war where the war goal isn't quite achievable but there is a significant advantage for one empire. To make it symmetrical there should be a range where both can accept voluntarily and outside of that range one empire should be able to force a SQP. Even beyond switching WE from space battles from damage to naval capacity lost some tweaking will be required to prevent large scale wars (e.g. war in heaven) from being aborted after a handful of inconclusive fleet engagements because WE has ticked up too far or because the combatants couldn't even reach each other in time due to the new travel times (see #6 though). 10.4 War Goals 10.4.1 SQP should not be vastly easier to achieve than a Conquer War Goal when you have already conquered everything that you claimed. This makes no sense. 10.4.2 Defensive pacts should not influence the value of occupations (correct me if I'm remembering this wrong). When all systems of the actual target are occupied then the defensive pact obviously didn't matter and the war goal should be enforcable. 10.4.3 Again the difference in occupations should matter. Why would an empire be willing to accept defeat when all of its systems and planets are occupied while its own army is currently busy occupying the last planet of the opposing empire?
10.5 Suggestions
10.5.1 War Exhaustion Seperate time and actual battles. As others have suggested using WE as an empire-wide modifier across all wars makes sense. The length of a war influencing an empires decision whether or not to accept a peace offering like with War Score makes sense. The length of a war being able to force its end with no battles fought makes no sense. Use the naval capacity (or number of armies) lost instead of damage done. Repairs are free so damage doesn't matter. Use a percentage of the available naval capacity so that a single Corvette isn't suddenly worth 50% because all other fleets were destroyed. Defense armies should probably not count either since they are free. Use the difference in WE (tbh without the time it's the same as War Score). If both empires are causing roughly equal losses for each other and are still able to rebuild their fleets and continue doing that over and over again they are obviously not exhausted and neither are their ressources. To a degree this will also prevent large space battles from instantly ending large wars. Generally tone WE from space battles down a bit. Occupation score being a percentage of the systems occupied (with system "value" factored in) can make sense but not if a single space battle can generate as much WE as occupying almost the whole empire which is definitely worse. I think naval capacity lost divided by total naval capacity would work and also remove the need for a relative navy strength bonus. You don't get it for free anymore but equal losses at twice the naval capacity will "cost" you only half as much and you end up with a net gain if you actually use your fleets. Uncapping space battles % but using the difference and capping that (see # would allow the complete destruction of one side's fleet to still count even late in a war when both sides are at >100% from space battles while not allowing you to farm WE by just trashing a tiny fleet completely over and over again and inherently prevent any close battle with both sides at near full naval capacity from just ending the war instantly because the difference in losses won't be that large.
10.5.2 Status Quo Peace Status Quo Peace should take into account the following: The difference in losses in battles. Damage is irrelevant and if both sides are causing similar losses neither has a reason to give up. Cap it at +-100. The difference in claimed occupied systems. Systems the opponent would lose should count against the SQP, systems they gain for it, for obvious reasons. Should be inherently capped at +-100 by dividing the "strategic value" of the systems by the value of all systems of that empire. The difference in unclaimed occupied systems. Systems the opponent occupies should count against his opinion on the SQP, vice versa for systems you occupy. After all accepting this SQP now would prevent them from losing the unclaimed systems you occupy in case of a later SQP or you enforcing a Conquer War goal after you've claimed them (->SQP now better for them) and the other way around it prevents them from getting the systems they might still like to claim before offering a SQP (->SQP later better for them). Either a base and/or a time based penalty to prevent war->instant SQP from being used as an involuntary non-aggression pact. Probably a time based penalty/bonus (see previous point) to make a SQP more likely the longer a war drags on (the actual point of WE) but not a strong enough modifier to force the SQP on its own. Above a certain threshold you should be able to force a SQP. Below the reverse of the threshold it can be forced on you. Between that one has to offer and the other has to agree. How the AI should handle the voluntary range is debatable and can be made as simple (offeaccept when in favour, otherwise deny) or as complex (take into account the trend and length of the war, possibly external WE etc.) as you want.
10.5.3 War Goals/Surrender War Goals should take into account the following: The difference in losses in battles. Same as with SQP. The claimed systems they occupy should count against it. Obviously they shouldn't be eager to surrender when they're occupying a lot of your system. Claimed systems you occupy should not count at all. The idea is you'd basically flip the score used for SQP but add the "value" of each claimed system as a penalty to the War Goal to make it more difficult to force a surrender the more systems you claim unless you occupy them all. The flip version could be used for UI purposes but this way is easier for what I intend to do about claimed but unoccupied systems. The difference in unclaimed occupied system. Same as with SQP. I don't think the length of the war / attrition should matter. Unlike SQP which should get more likely as time goes on you shouldn't be able to "wait out" a war if you can't outright win it. External, empire wide actual War Exhaustion might be worth considering though. For anything except Conquer a base penalty somewhere between 50 and 100 I think, depending on how much space battles cause after the changes. Occupying 50% of your opponents territory + mirroring whatever percentage of your territory they are occupying + going at least positive in space/ground battle losses seems difficult enough. Conquer should be fine without a base penalty since you still need to overcome your opponent's occupation score and/or go net positive in battles. If you occupy everything you claimed and they occupy none then you obviously deserve that territory, unless they caused you some horrible losses. Instead of a massive penalty for claiming unoccupied systems or a more reasonable one, that ends up enabling taking an impenetrable system via attrition/space battle spam, claimed but unoccupied systems should simply never change owner. This is necessary because my proposed changes would change SQP from "Conquer without the base penalty" into "actual SQP that both sides are happy with" and it removes the problem of old claims on now impenetrable systems blocking all war goals for all eternity. Forcing you to surrender should be possible to mirror the AI empires accepting your War Goal demands. Otherwise AI empires are at a disadvantage. Again there might be a voluntary range before it becomes enforcable.
10.5.4 Let me see the claims on me. Claims map mode? 10.5.5 Instead of showing War Score, War Exhaustion or whatever other number that is meaningless until it reaches 100% show the "acceptance numbers" or whatever you want to call them for forcing your War Goal, SQP and forcing your surrender. Now that would actually be useful. 10.5.6 To prevent the automatic border gore that will inevitably happen in a balanced SQP peace maybe add a round of negotations after the SQP has been agreed upon so that you can "trade" a number of systems of similar occupation value with some acceptance bonuses for a more continuous border. Otherwise because you can't claim your own systems any SQP where both sides occupied some systems


text:
We use a Magnesium based metal alloy in an application where when the alloy is exposed to water with a high salinity (Chlorides) it dissolves.
The below chemical reaction was provided and we would like to understand how we could explain the reaction to the masses and how the metal dissolves. If it would help illustrate the reaction we would go as far as illustrating what is happening molecularly? Thanks,
- H2O -> H+ + OH-
- NaCl -> Na+ + Cl-
- Cl- + H+ -> HCl
- 2HCl + Mg -> H2 uparrow +MgCl2
- MgCl2 + 2OH- -> Mg (OH)2 + 2Cl-
- H+ + OH- -> H2O

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


You are currently viewing NPTEL NCER Assignment 4 Solution
NPTEL NCER Assignment 4 Solution
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What is NPTEL?
The National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL) was initiated by seven Indian Institutes of Technology (Bombay, Delhi, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Madras, Guwahati, and Roorkee) also the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore in 2003. It consists of five core disciplines that were identified, namely, civil engineering, computer science and engineering, electrical engineering, electronics and communication engineering, and mechanical engineering, and 235 courses in web/video format were developed in this phase.
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The main goal of NPTEL Phase II (2009-14) was to build on the engineering and core science courses launched previously in NPTEL Phase I. so 600 web and video courses were created in all major branches of engineering, physical sciences at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels and management courses at the postgraduate level. Several improvements such as indexing of all video and web courses and keyword searches were implemented.
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What is NCER NPTEL?
This course looks at the operating principle of a range of non-conventional energy resources, materials used, characterization, and key performance characteristics. The technologies looked at will include, Solar energy, Wind, Batteries, Fuel cells, and Geothermal conversion. The advantages and limitations of these technologies in comparison to conventional sources of energy will also be examined.
What is the NPTEL Assignment?
Nptel mainly consists of 12-week courses. Every week NPTEL provides video lectures as well as different study materials. Every week one quiz is provided. Each quiz has a specific time deadline. After the end of time, deadline NPTEL provides a solution to that quiz as well as provides marks obtained by the registered candidate. Out of 12 assignments, the top 8 assignment marks are considered. The weightage of assignment marks is 40 %.
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NPTEL NCER Assignment 4 Solution
1) The solar spectrum ranges from Violet to Red..
 1. a) True
 2. b) False
Answer: TRUE
2) A blackbody absorbs radiation incident on it..
 1. a) True
 2. b) False
Answer: TRUE
3) As the temperature of a body increases, the intensity of the radiation coming from the body increases.
 1. a) True
 2. b) False
Answer: TRUE
4) As the temperature of a body increases, the wavelength at which the maximum intensity occurs, increases.
 1. a) True
 2. b) False
Answer: FALSE
5) Humans and animals give out Infrared radiation.
 1. a) True
 2. b) False
Answer: TRUE
6) A flat plate collector typically does not need to track the sun across seasons since it is flat.
 1. a) True
 2. b) False
Answer: FALSE
7) A glass plate is used on top of the flat plate collector in order to prevent IR radiation from coming in..
 1. a) True
 2. b) False
Answer: TRUE
8) In order to heat air it is important to increase the area of contact between the air and the surface gathering the heat..
 1. a) True
 2. b) False
Answer: TRUE
9) Solar concentrators can help raise the temperature of water above 100 oC.
 1. a) True
 2. b) False
Answer: TRUE
10) A parabolic dish concentrator typically does not need tracking because it is curved in all directions..
 1. a) True
 2. b) False
Answer: FALSE
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The First Electrolytic Copper Refinery in the USA at the Chemical Copper Co. Phoenixville, Pa – History Revisited
Additonal authors: Mackey, P.J.. Book title: Proceedings of the 58th Conference of Metallurgists Hosting Copper 2019. Chapter: . Chapter title:
Proceedings, Vol. Proceedings of the 58th Conference of Metallurgists Hosting Copper 2019, 2019
Culver, W. W.
Electrodeposited copper of the 1860s was of unprecedented purity, although the profound significance of this achievement was not fully realised until the dawn of the electrical age a decade or so later. By the 1870s there were three somewhat large (4 to 4.5 tonnes Cu/day) electrolytic copper refineries in Germany based on J. B. Elkington's process, first patented in the United Kingdom in 1865. More such refineries were planned throughout Europe. At the same time, copper output in the U.S.A. was starting to expand and with the spread of European electrolytic copper refining technology across the Atlantic, the door opened to major increases in North American output. The technology was first taken up in 1879 by James Douglas at the Chemical Copper Company in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, where he was Superintendent. Douglas was assisted in this pioneering work by Edward Weston. The copper refinery at the Chemical Copper Company was small, not unlike the first plants in Europe. The present authors contend that the electrolytic copper refinery at the Chemical Copper should be regarded as the first copper refinery in the United States. The Balbach Copper Refinery in New Jersey, which commenced operations in 1883 with an initial production of about 2 tonnes Cu/day, has been erroneously considered as the "first commercial refinery"; it rightly belongs in second place. The early developments at these plants are discussed in this paper.
In the mid-1800s, the main uses for copper were as sheathing on the wooden sailing ships of the day to protect from marine growth, boiler components in locomotives and steam engines, along with some construction uses. Copper ores were generally smelted, and further fire-refined for market. The recovery of gold and silver, if present in payable amounts, was a slow and relatively expensive step. This situation regarding copper would change by the 1870s with advances in the generation and use of electricity. The introduction of the dynamo led to major developments in electrorefining. First demonstrated in principle by Faraday in 1831 (Faraday, 1832), the dynamo was subsequently adapted and further developed by J.S. Woolrich for electro-metallurgical applications in 1842 (Woolrich, 1842; Napier, 1845). It provided a new source of power with the unprecedented potential to significantly change the scale of metal production by electrometallurgy. Interestingly enough, copper would be needed for the electrical age just beginning.
By 1869, advances in dynamo design offered relatively reliable large machines, which enabled J. B. Elkington in the United Kingdom to use the dynamo in the radically new Pembrey copper electrorefinery — the first copper electrorefinery in the world (Wraith, 2013). Initial production at Pembrey was small — in the range of 1 to 2 tonnes/day — while gold and silver were recovered more readily by the treatment of the slimes than with methods used hitherto.
Copper 2019, COM2019


How to Create a VBScript to Call an MSI
by G.S. Jackson
Save files to your hard drive using VBScript.
Save files to your hard drive using VBScript.
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If your company uses Microsoft programming and the .NET platform to develop applications, you want to know your way around a few basic commands. For example, installing applications using the MSI format typically involves a user clicking on a program and beginning the process. But if you package MSI files in your software, you can use basic VBScript to create a "shell" object that runs Windows commands, including executing these MSI files.
1. Open Notepad and create a file named "msi_run.vbs".
2. Insert the following code at the beginning of the file to create a VBScript object that can execute commands on a Windows system: Dim runner = WScript.CreateObject("WScript.shell")
3. Enter the following code on the next line to execute the MSI installer program with an MSI file as the argument, where "example.msi" is a sample file name and will vary: runner.Run "msiexec.exe /i ""C:\example.msi"" env=prod /qb!"
About the Author
G.S. Jackson specializes in topics related to literature, computers and technology. He holds a Bachelor of Arts in English and computer science from Southern Illinois University Edwardsville.
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Memory Alpha
Biddle Coleridge
37,618pages on
this wiki
Biddle Coleridge.jpg
Biddle Coleridge (2024)
Biddle Coleridge (2024)
Gender: Male
Species: Human
Occupation: Unemployed
Status: Deceased (2024)
Died: 2024
Played by: Frank Military
Biddle Coleridge was a Human male in the 21st century on Earth. Coleridge was a resident of Sanctuary District A in San Francisco. Within the Sanctuary Coleridge, or B.C., was a "ghost" with a tendency toward violence and thievery.
Coleridge was a leader of a group of ghosts who attacked and captured the processing center for the District in 2024 as part of the Bell Riots. Several times during the siege Coleridge came close to attacking the hostages and it was only through the intervention of Starfleet officers Benjamin Sisko and Julian Bashir, who had become trapped in the past, that the hostages were spared.
Coleridge hoped to bargain the hostages for his release from the Sanctuary District and travel to Tasmania, home to his idol, Errol Flynn, but he was killed when government forces stormed the building to free the hostages. (DS9: "Past Tense, Part I", "Past Tense, Part II")
Biddle Coleridge was played by Frank Military.
The character's initials were a homage to DS9 assistant director B.C. Cameron. (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Companion, p. 197)
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Detail of the main component parts of a solid-state ruby laser designed by J K Bradley at Hull University. Standing for 'Light Amplification by Stimulated Emision of Radiation', the laser produces a shaft of intensely coloured (single wavelength) light. The light is also coherent, meaning that all the waves of light are in phase to produce an intense and narrow beam. Laser light in this device is generated using an artificial ruby housed within an elliptical chamber that is shown here with its cover closed.
© Science Museum / Science & Society Picture Library


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Take Command / TCC Help v. 28
Purpose:Start a console (character-mode) application in detached mode

Format:DETACH [/Q] command

/Q(uiet)

commandThe name of a command to execute, including an optional drive and path specification and any parameters. The name must be enclosed in double quotes if it contains any spaces.

See also: START and TASKEND.

Usage:

When you start a program with DETACH, that program cannot use the keyboard, mouse, or video display. It is "detached" from the normal means of user input and output. However, you can redirect the program's standard I/O to other devices if necessary, using redirection symbols. In most cases, you should only DETACH text-mode programs, since most graphical applications cannot run without a screen or keyboard, or have their input and output redirected.

The command can be an internal command, external command, alias, or batch file. If it is not an external command, TCC will detach a copy of TCC to execute the command.

Once the program has started, TCC returns to the prompt immediately. It does not wait for a detached program to finish.

The Process ID of the detached program is returned in the _DETACHPID variable.

You can use the TASKEND command to stop a detached program which does not terminate on its own.

Examples:

The following command will detach a copy of TCC to run the batch file XYZ.BTM:

detach xyz.btm

You can also include any parameters or command line switches which the command knows how to interpret:

detach "xyz.btm Monday Nebraska"

If you prefer, you can use the Linux syntax of putting a trailing & on the command line instead of specifying DETACH. (TCC will convert it to DETACH before executing the command.)

xyz.btm &

Options:

/QDon't display the new process's ID.


The Technique Behind Frosted Glass
Frosted glass doors offer a great deal of privacy, while still maintaining the flow of your home or business and letting light come into rooms, even when the door is closed. They are an excellent option for smaller homes where extra light makes the space look and feel better. They are great for businesses, allowing light into what could otherwise be a drab workspace, while still giving employees the privacy they need to work. Of course, these are just two ways to use frosted glass doors; many people choose them for their showers, pantries, closets, entry ways, and bedrooms.
Frosted glass is made using one of two methods – acid etching and sandblasting. Both processes evenly roughen up the surface of the glass, creating a uniform color and smooth surface that still allows light in. Acid etching uses strong acids to cut into the surface of the glass. Typically, this process is used when a design is being etched into the glass. Sandblasting blows tiny, rough particles like sand at the surface of the glass. These particles hit the glass at high speeds causing tiny microscopic scratches to appear on the surface of the glass. Eventually, enough scratches appear that the glass looks like it has been covered in the frost of an early winter morning.
Like a morning frost, frosted glass doors have a delicate beauty that is undeniable. Unlike the frost found in nature, however, when you buy frosted glass doors from The Sliding Door Company, your doors will be around for much more than a morning. Our frames and glass are highly durable and are made to last for years to come.
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Test.
Sometimes, a module that has gone through some changes, or has been designed as a drop-in replacement for another module, will have a compatibility interface that mimics another module or another version. These alternate interfaces make it easier to move up to the new module without changing existing code.
However, these additional interfaces can get confusing. They can also preserve older-style constructions and habits, and make it harder to move ahead to well-factored, orthogonal code. Finally, such constructions are often an additional burden on the module maintainer, and may be dropped in future module releases. It's a good idea to update your code to use a module's primary interface.
With longer programs, it's important not to try to make all interface changes at once. Change the interface for a small section, test it, check it into CVS, and repeat. Once you've removed all of the old interface from a file or module, you can change the 'use' statement to avoid importing the functions that you no longer need. Make sure that you run tests afterwards.
CGI is a good example. The CGI module has a compatibility interface with the old routines which make it easier to start using CGI in old code. Once you've updated to CGI, you can go through the code and update the interface in small steps. Once you think you've eliminated all of the code using the old ReadParse/%in interface, you can remove the ':cgi-lib' from the 'use CGI' declaration. Testing the code after that will tell you whether you've gotten rid of all of the old calls.
Change If/Then to Hash Lookup
Condition: You have a series of if/then/elsif statements mapping one set of values to another
Resolution: Build a hash table mapping the two sets of values, and turn the set of if/thens to a subroutine lookup.
if ( $fruit eq 'lemon' ) { $color = 'yellow'; } elsif ( $fruit eq 'orange' ) { $color = 'orange'; } elsif ( $fruit eq 'tomato' ) { $color ='red'; }
changes to:
our %Fruit_Colors = ( lemon => 'yellow', orange => 'orange', tomato =>'red', ); $color = $Fruit_Colors{$color};
 1. Build hash mapping conditionals to values.
 2. Replace conditional statements with hash lookup.
 3. Test.
Frequently, programmers moving to Perl from other languages will have to map one value to another. Unused to the power of Perl's hashes, they will build huge chains of if/then statements-- if $foo is 'doogie', set $bar to 'howzer', or if $foo is'michael', set $bar to 'knight', etc. These huge clusters are impenetrable to the eye. Plus, if at any time you need to alter these values, you need to go spelunking into lightless code-caverns, searching for just the right conditional.
The idiomatic Perl solution is to use hashes any time one is mapping one set of values to another set of values. With a hash, it's easy to see what maps to what. Even better, you can put the hash at the top of your file, where it's easy to find and alter without messing around deep inside the code.
Build a table. Start at the top of your conditional block and add one line similar to michael => "knight" for each conditional. Then you can replace the conditional block with a simple hash lookup.
Other Refactorings
Refactorings by other users.
Other lists of refactorings:
 - dws's homenode.
Thanks to:
 - tadman for a fix on "Replace Global With Subroutine"
 - "Update Interface" was inspired by a message conversation with another monk, but I don't remember who. If it was you, please /msg me again and I'll credit you properly.
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Given the grammatical structure and syntax, we can easily reduce the possible meanings of love (of which there are 28, according to Dictionary.com) down to a subset that have slightly different meanings, but all basically translate as, have a strong liking for. According to Wikipedia, there are over 30 potential meanings for the word Jaguar. We look at how words are formed (morphology), how phrases and sentences are structured (syntax) and determining the meaning of the word based on how it sounds (phonology). If there is no ambiguity with the words involved, that should be sufficient to interpret the meaning.
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