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Although it has been co-opted by civilian drivers, the Humvee remains an important vehicle to the U.S. military and other armed forces around the world.
Multiple Versions and Roles
Humvee is a nickname derived from the acronym for the vehicle's full name – The High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV). The Humvee is a four wheel drive vehicle that is used to transport soldiers over difficult terrain. The Humvee has largely supplanted the transportation role that had been traditionally filled by jeeps and trucks.
In service with the U.S. military since 1985, the Humvee comes in unarmored and armored versions. Today, there are about 20 different versions of Humvees being used by the U.S. military. The vehicles range in price from $65,000 to $150,000. Humvees are used as ambulances, troop carriers, missile carriers, and as air support vehicles.
The Humvee contains rugged suspension, disk brakes on all four wheels, and extremely strong axles. The vehicles can serve a combat role and be outfitted with heavy machine guns, grenade launchers, and sniper detection systems.
Widely Used by the U.S. Military
The U.S. Military began developing the Humvee in the late 1970s after it was decided that modern combat missions required a durable and multipurpose vehicle. The Humvee was created by AM General LLC of South Bend, Indiana. The vehicle was first used in combat during the invasion of Panama in 1989. Today, the Humvee is a major part of the U.S. military's ground vehicle fleet. There have been as many as 10,000 Humvees used in the current combat mission in Iraq.
Although the Humvee was initially designed to transport cargo and soldiers, it continues to evolve and develop new roles with the U.S. military. Many militaries around the world use Humvees or some version of the vehicle, including Canada, Israel, Russia, Saudi Arabia and Spain. Many countries such as China have developed replica Humvees for their military.
The U.S. military is now exploring the possibility of replacing the Humvee. A number of prototypes are being developed to replace aging Humvees and update the vehicle to meet the needs of current combat missions.
The HUMMER and Civilian Use
Due to the Humvees' popularity, AM General began manufacturing a civilian version of the vehicle in 1992. Known as the "HUMMER," AM General describes the civilian version of the vehicle as "the world's most serious 4x4." Today, HUMMER's are popular with sports figures and celebrities who like the vehicle's tough exterior and large size.


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Light-induced atomic desorption in a compact system for ultracold atoms
MetadataShow full item record
In recent years, light-induced atomic desorption (LIAD) of alkali atoms from the inner surface of a vacuum chamber has been employed in cold atom experiments for the purpose of modulating the alkali background vapour. This is beneficial because larger trapped atom samples can be loaded from vapour at higher pressure, after which the pressure is reduced to increase the lifetime of the sample. We present an analysis, based on the case of rubidium atoms adsorbed on pyrex, of various aspects of LIAD that are useful for this application. Firstly, we study the intensity dependence of LIAD by fitting the experimental data with a rate-equation model, from which we extract a correct prediction for the increase in trapped atom number. Following this, we quantify a figure of merit for the utility of LIAD in cold atom experiments and we show how it can be optimised for realistic experimental parameters.
Torralbo-Campo , L , Bruce , G D , Smirne , G & Cassettari , D 2015 , ' Light-induced atomic desorption in a compact system for ultracold atoms ' , Scientific Reports , vol. 5 , 14729 . _URL_
Copyright 2015 the Authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit _URL_
DescriptionThis work was supported by the UK EPSRC grant GR/T08272/01 and the Leverhulme Trust Research Project Grant RPG-2013-074. G.S. acknowledges support from a SUPA Advanced Fellowship.
Items in the St Andrews Research Repository are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Deploy a large L1 positioned space object in orbit between the earth/sun to artificially shade sunlight and reduce the earth's temperature.
The possibility of positioning a large sunshade between the sun/earth at the L1 Lagrange point has previously been published by (Angle 2006), see reference #1. The article estimates that 1.8% of the solar flux would need to be reflected, refracted, or adsorbed in order to reverse our global warming problem.
Offsetting a 400 ppm C02 Radiative Force of 1.9 watts/M^2 will require a circular shade 591 Miles in diameter, while at 500 ppm CO2 the Radiative Force will be 3.1 watts/M^2 and need a 754 mile circular shade. The reality is that even if this shading is performed in earth orbit or using atmospheric particulates or any other viable solution the heat reduction equivalent would need to be on the global order of 3.95E+14 watts for just CO2 levels of 500 ppm.
The L1 sunlight shade may require building a single large physical satellite or canopy of smaller satellites. Another option might be to periodically disburse some type of particle cloud (e.g. moon dust) to divert sunlight. Other variations would be to create an iron/dust filings cloud controlled using artificial magnetic/electrical fields to disrupt the L1 sunlight, or would it be possible to control the solar wind to produce an opaque sun screen. Any means or combination of reflecting, refracting, or absorbing the L1 sunlight would serve this purpose and should be fully investigated.
Use of a L1 orbit particle cloud as a sun shade would be a new concept and would require more understanding how well the sun-earth L1 point can contain dispersed particulate materials, remembering that the earth part of this association is actually impacted by the moons orbit around the earth which might be leveraged for better L1 containment.
Regardless of what method(s) of geoengineering is implemented in the future it must be used in conjunction with reduction/sequestration of CO2 emission and other greenhouse gases, including implementation of other possible geoengineering alternatives because of the scale of the problem
Category of the action
What actions do you propose?
The list below details information to be gathered and concepts to be developed in order to design and deploy a L1 sunshade platform for global climate heat mitigation.
Platform Dynamics:
The current and future energy accumulation from post-industrial anthropogenic emissions, and their cascading effects, needs to be fully quantified to determine the full scale of the climate change problem (1).
Determine the effect of the earth/moon (center of mass) system on the position, volume, and stability of the L1 orbit containment for viable sunshade technologies described below.
Shade Wheel Platform
Determine the surface area of space platform(s) that would be required to block an equivalent amount of sun energy described in the platform dynamics (1) requirements?
Investigate concepts for a L1 orbital platform that would:
 1. Provide a rotational disk type satellite design that uses centrifugal force to build out the shade in ever increasing circular diameter.
 2. Identify a foam-based material (2) that can be transported into space as light weight liquid(s), and can be vacuum expanded into a strong, high-volume, and stable solid shade material.
 3. Rotate the disk as a large spinning disk platform to force the foam liquids to the circumference of shade wheel for area expansion.
 4. Develop a center point manufacturing process to manage the build-out of the shade wheel, provide L1 orbit stabilization, and possibly human habitation.
 5. Power the entire platform and its operations using solar collectors on the disk itself to whatever capacity is required.
Particle Dispersion Shade
Consider using a dispersion of solid reflective materials (2) in association with the Shade Wheel platform to enhance the effective shade area beyond the size of the expanded platform's circumference.
 1. Determine the volume, density, and retention time for a dispersion of light impeding shade materials (gas or solids) into L1 orbit free space that might enhance the effective shade area of the L1 shade wheel platform.
 2. Use the solar wheel rotation to fan out the material dispersions for improved solar interference over a larger circular area.
 3. Use the particle dispersion to help protect the sunshade from solar effects degradation.
 4. Understand any means available for re-focusing the solar wind to improve material dispersions, platform L1 orbital stability, or any other secondary effects that might be valuable for overall shade effect.
Who will take these actions?
This investigation would initially require the help of the space, physics, climate change scientists and concerned citizens to provide answers for the Earth Heat, Sun Energy, and Lagrangian Orbit Dynamics described in the proposed action plan. Once these first action requirements have been determined, then this proposal would require additional human resources for design concepts and alternative methods for implementing this proposal. Public and government support would be necessary if/when any viable options are identified
Where will these actions be taken?
Initially at universities and interested scientific people from around the world to prove viability of a L1 platform solution. Also NASA and the world-wide aerospace industries would be required to coordinate a plan for cost sharing and implementation. So this would need to be a global effort.
What are other key benefits?
Except for complete elimination of all anthropogenic greenhouse gases and return to 300 ppm C02 in the earths atmosphere, this approach is by far the cleanest and most non-intrusive geoengineering approach for moderating the earths heat content. The amount of energy hitting our planet could be precisely controlled to give our planet a managed radiative heat balance worldwide. In fact with the sun increasingly getting hotter, about 10%/1B years, so this approach may eventually be necessary far into the future if we are still around to worry.
This approach would avoid having to modify our atmosphere using alternative chemistries. This strategy would have no direct impact on our environment except to mimic the energy output of our sun from long ago. However, I do not want to minimize the additional value of CO2 sequestration or reduction from current and future levels.
What are the proposal's costs?
The costs would escalate over time and operational phase:
 1. Start low to determine scientific feasibility.
 2. Increase to moderate levels during technical feasibility.
 3. Higher for system design and testing.
 4. Very high for implementation and maintenance.
Time line
I would think that this would be implemented long-term as a last option for earth climate preservation, so I would guess that this approach would require a 25 - 75 year timeframe.
Related proposals
1) Angel, R.: Feasibility of cooling the earth with a cloud of small spacecraft near the inner Lagrange point (l1), P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 17184–17189, 2006.
2) Document Created by Neil J. Cornish for WMAP Education and Outreach/ 1998, "The Lagrange Point"
3) National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "The Lagrange Point"


European Society for Translation Studies
The psychological aspect of supervision
The psychological aspect of supervision
Andrew Chesterman
University of Helsinki
(Report from the Lisbon Congress round table on supervision, September 2004. Convenor: Andrew Chesterman)
I discussed some of the psychological aspects of supervision, based on a Finnish book I had read when I started supervising, and which I found very helpful. The book is
Juha T. Hakala 1996. Opinnäyte ja sen ohjaaminen ('The thesis and its supervision'). Helsinki: Gaudeamus.
Hakala places his analysis of the supervision relationship in the context of three historical cases.
(a) Socrates, who relied on conversation, forced his "students" to justify their claims and positions, offered no ready answers, and aimed to stimulate thought.
(b) Verrocchio and Leonardo da Vinci: master and apprentice. Verrocchio maintained a strict discipline (> time managament, targets), taught by example, and encouraged teamwork and cooperation between master and apprentice.
(c) Freud and Jung: not a model relationship! Freud's authoritarian attitude led to conflict and eventually to Jung's rebellion.
Hakala's own analysis of the supervision relation is based on three role models, which somehow need to be combined. These models are partly the result of his own empirical work and questionnaire studies, and partly adapted from other research in organization psychology.
 Counsellor. This role requires sensitivity to the emotional dimension, to the student's life situation, encouragement; trust; a counsellor is a good listener. He/she creates a positive atmosphere and positive attitudes. But a counsellor is not a therapist.
 Instructor. An instructor gives practical advice, help with formal requirements, style, problem-solving, evident weaknesses. He/she aims at a balance between convergent (> explanatory) and divergent (creative, fresh) thinking, which may be needed at different stages in the research process.. A key notion is critical thinking.
 Evaluator. This role may clash with the others, but the supervisor has to give both positive and negative feedback. This role may arouse fear, because the supervisor obviously uses power in this role. A good evaluator underlines the objectives of the thesis.
Supervision can be difficult in situations where these roles seem to clash.
Hakala's own research indicated that supervisors themselves thought that their main weaknesses concerned their ability to advise on methodology issues (the instructor role). Students, on the other hand, complained mainly about their supervisors' lack of psychological and communication skills (the counsellor role).


Stoplight Golight
Stoplight Golight
Made for kids, the Stoplight Golight helps everyone manage time! The concept is easily understood by all ages. Children as young as 2 years old can remember that the red light means STOP, focus, and complete the task. When the green light comes on, it means time is up, and it's time to GO! Simply set the desired amount of time and press start. The red light illuminates and time starts counting down. When time is up, the green light illuminates. There's even an optional alarm included!
The Stoplight Golight Timer was developed by two sisters, Whitney and Courtney, who are also moms. The catalyst? Daylight savings time — the part of the year when the sun comes up way too early and children wake up even earlier. As moms, their only thought was, How can we get the kids to sleep in later so we can sleep in later? They knew they needed a time indicator that their toddlers could understand.
Aha Moment
A couple of days later, sitting at a stoplight with their kids, one little one piped up, "Red means stop, green means go!" Boom. The concept of the Stoplight Golight Timer was born.
Once the product was created, the sisters quickly realized that it would grow with their children, assisting them with everyday tasks like brushing their teeth, getting ready for school, completing chores, finishing homework, and reading books. Plus, it would come in handy for adults, too, as a way to unplug and unwind while still managing time effectively.
Whitney and Courtney hope that the Stoplight Golight Timer helps you and your family easily manage time throughout the day, night, and many years to come.


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Can someone explain me in simple words what $\sigma$-additivity is? For example, if we have a probability space ($\Omega$,$\mathcal{F}$,P), what it means that the application $$ B \mapsto P(A\cap B) $$ is $\sigma$-additive over $\mathcal{F}$?
I found it for the first time in probability theory and I don't understand the implication that it has in the theory.
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A map $m\colon \mathcal F\to \Bbb R_{\geq 0}$ is $\sigma$-additive if for each sequence $\{B_n\}\subset \mathcal F$ of pairwise disjoint measurable sets, we have $$m\left(\bigcup_{n=1}^{+\infty}B_n\right)=\sum_{n=1}^{+\infty}m(B_n).$$ This is the formal definition.
This means that the "measure" of a disjoint union is the sum of the "measures" of each elements of the union. The letter $\sigma$ expresses an idea of countability, as we can work with maps finitely-additive. It allows us to work with sequences of sets.
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An $f$ function is additive, if for any finite sequence of elements $a_i$, $$f\left(\sum_i a_i\right) = \sum_i f(a_i)$$ Then, $f$ is $\sigma$-additive, if it also holds for any countable infinite set $\{a_i\}_i$ of elements.
In measure (and probabilistic) context, it is only said so for pairwise disjoint sets in place of the $a_i$'s, and $\sum a_i$ is meant their union. And its meaning is the usual 'additivity' property of the area (and volume and similar) notion.
$P$ is a probability measure, so, by definition it is assumed to be $\sigma$-additive, and so is $B\mapsto P(B\cap A)$.
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A day of education for healthcare providers and exercise professionals, with Portuguese physiotherapist Josefa Domingos and American speech-language pathologist, John M Dean.
Sunday, August 18, 2019, in partnership with Rock Steady Boxing Wichita @ Valor Martial Art (1836 S. Woodlawn Ave, Wichita, Kansas 67218).
For the past 7 years, we have been building interdisciplinary dual task exercise programs that we provide to people living with Parkinson's around throughout North America and Europe. We've now compiled all of these concepts and activities into an educational program for healthcare and exercise providers.
Our training program is neither a branded approach nor a proprietary method. We simply introduce a framework for understanding why dual-task deficits are present in individuals with Parkinson's and how to develop activities that can address these issues.
We leave it up to clinicians and exercise professionals to use their knowledge, experience, and creativity to incorporate these concepts into their practice.
Healthcare professionals and athletic trainers can register here


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The U.S. Department of Transportation's Maritime Administration (MARAD) recently issued a deepwater port license for what is expected to be the first offshore floating natural gas liquefaction project in the United States.
The Delfin LNG Deepwater Port project in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) off the coast of Louisiana would consist of newly built onshore gas compression on a brownfield site; the use of existing 42-inch pipelines to transport natural gas nearly 50 miles offshore; the offshore port complex composed of four moorings; and four floating LNG vessels with total export capacity of 13 million metric tons per year.
The order was issued March 13 but not released until last Friday. The U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) oversees vessel routing measures to be taken by the deepwater port.
Delfin says on its project website that it expects to be operational in 2020.
The Delfin port would be located in federal waters within the Outer Continental Shelf about 37.4 to 40.8 nautical miles off the coast of Cameron Parish, LA. The facility, which would be the first of its kind in the Gulf of Mexico, would incorporate onshore components, which are subject to Federal Energy Regulatory Commission jurisdiction. FERC issued a draft environmental impact statement for the project last summer. The Commission has yet to approve the onshore facilities of the project.
Delfin initiated the purchase of the UTOS Pipeline (now Delfin Offshore Pipeline) from Enbridge Inc. in 2012 and closed the transaction in 2014. The pipeline was originally built to transport gas from offshore wells in the Gulf of Mexico. Delfin LNG plans to reverse the flow of the pipeline to deliver processed gas from onshore sources to the deepwater port.
"Delfin LNG brings together an experienced team of offshore energy (facility and pipeline) development engineers, managers and financial backers," the MARAD order said. "It is clear from the responsiveness to MARAD, USCG and cooperating agency requests for information that Delfin LNG's team understands the statutory and regulatory framework under which construction and operation of the port is governed."
Delfin is a unit of Houston-based Fairwood Peninsula Energy Corp. Enbridge acquired a 5% stake in Fairwood in 2015.
© 2022 Natural Gas Intelligence. All rights reserved.
ISSN © _PHONE_ | ISSN © 2577-9877 | ISSN © _PHONE_ |


A Cardiovascular Perfusionist is a specialized healthcare professional responsible for operating the heart-lung machine during cardiac surgeries, ensuring optimal blood circulation and oxygenation while the patient's heart is temporarily stopped.
Job Description
A Cardiovascular Perfusionist is needed to join our team and support our surgeons during open cardiac surgery. The duties of a Cardiovascular Perfusionist include preparing the required equipment before surgery, keeping an eye on the flow of the patient's blood during the procedure, and giving medication if required. In the end, you will collaborate with surgeons and other medical specialists to guarantee our patients' safety during the whole open-heart surgery process.
The following are the responsibilities of a Cardiovascular Perfusionist:
 - Configuring, running, and maintaining sophisticated perfusion apparatus.
 - Keeping an eye on the patient's blood flow during surgery.
 - Controlling blood levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
Principal Responsibilities
 - When there is a considerable loss of blood during an operation, administer intraoperative autotransfusion.
 - During the invasive placement in the operating room, provide technical administration of the intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP).
 - Make sure that the ventricular assist devices (VADs) are operating at their best.
 - Give certain patients extracorporeal shunting (VV bypass) of their blood.
 - Provide extracorporeal blood clot removal (AngioVac) care to specific patients who are undergoing a heart attack or lung embolism.
 - For adult, pediatric, and newborn patients with severe cardiac and/or pulmonary insufficiency, provide long-term whole-body circulatory support.
Qualifications and Abilities
 - Solid background as a Cardiovascular Perfusionist or in a related field of work.
 - To become a certified clinical Cardiovascular Perfusionist, one must complete an accredited perfusion technology program or an approved extracorporeal technology certification program through the American Board of Cardiovascular Perfusion.
 - Qualifications as a Cardiovascular Perfusionist and/or appropriate training.
Commonly Asked Questions
What does a Cardiovascular Perfusionist do?
Cardiovascular Perfusionists operate the heart-lung machine during cardiac surgeries, ensuring blood circulation and oxygenation.
How can one become a Cardiovascular Perfusionist?
Typically, a bachelor's degree and completion of an accredited perfusion education program are required, followed by certification.
What types of surgeries do Cardiovascular Perfusionists support?
They are involved in a range of surgeries, including open-heart surgeries, heart transplants, and other procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass.
How do Cardiovascular Perfusionists ensure patient safety during surgery?
They monitor and regulate blood flow and oxygen levels, minimizing risks and maintaining optimal conditions for the surgical team.
Can I contact a Cardiovascular Perfusionist directly for information or career advice?
Yes, many Cardiovascular Perfusionists are open to sharing insights and advice about the profession. You can reach out through professional networks or healthcare institutions.


HRC Blog
Call To Action: Tobacco Free Living
Written by Michael Glorioso HRC New Orleans Steering committee Co-chair and Outreach Subcommittee Co-chair
We would like to raise more awareness about how tobacco impacts the LGBT community – how historically the gay and lesbian community continues to be targeted by tobacco marketing, and rates of smoking are higher among the gay and lesbian community (and suspected to be much higher among the transgender community).
Background: Data on cigarette smoking prevalence among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) populations in the United States have recently been reported by a small number of sources. The American Lung Association recently created a comprehensive report to assist researchers, providing a variety of historical and statistical data. LGBT smoking rates are disproportionally higher than the general population. Recent smoking rates range from 38% to 59% among LGBT youth and from 11% to 50% among adults, while the national smoking rates range from 28% to 35% for youth and approximately 28% for adults. Smoking rates among Lesbians are reported to be up to 200% higher than straight women. This study sought to answer the question: What are the primary factors that lead to high smoking rates among LGBT?
Methods: Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Four focus groups were conducted with former smokers, nonsmokers, and current smokers to determine tobacco-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, and reasons LGBT community members initiate and continue tobacco use. Survey data was collected from 685 individuals at six different local events. Thematic analysis was utilized to analyze focus groups, while descriptive statistics were utilized to analyze survey data.
Results: There was a lack of awareness among focus group and survey participants that smoking rates within the LGBT community are higher than the general population. Focus group participants cited peer influences as reasons they initiated and continue to smoke, noting that the LGBT community is more tolerant of smoking than mainstream society. Additionally, the strategy of offering LGBT specific cessation programs was highly supported among current and Ex-Smokers. Survey respondents did not rate tobacco as a high priority health issue for the LGBT community.
Conclusions: Findings from this study clearly shows that tobacco use is a serious issue for the LGBT community. While community members are familiar with the harmful consequences of tobacco use and second-hand smoke, they are generally not aware that they are disproportionately affected by it. Project activities identified a number of innovative strategies that can be effective in increasing awareness, reducing tobacco use, and encouraging other behaviors that will reduce chronic disease and promote overall wellness within the LGBT community.
Now consider these facts, from _PHONE_ tobacco companies contributed $9,689,490 to the GOP. Altria/Philip Morris ($4,820,190) and RJ Reynolds/Reynolds American ($3,584,500) being the largest contributors. The estimated number of LGBTQ smokers in the U.S. is currently 2.4M. With the average price of cigarettes in the U.S. being $5.27 that's $ 3.3B LGBTQ dollars going to the tobacco industry every year. Imagine if that money was spent on social justice and LGBT equality issues (i.e. Legalized Gay Marriage). 20 states currently fund Community-Based Organizations for tobacco control work. And a number of states plan to do so in the near future. Get involved! Identify allies or partners to work with locally or statewide (i.e. Tobacco Free Living). Collaboration and awareness are the keys.
We do not want another generation in our LGBT community to suffer the effects of tobacco use. Exposures to in-store, in bars and in publication tobacco marketing are a primary cause of LGBT smoking. To protect our gay and lesbian community, we must reduce exposure to tobacco marketing and continue to create awareness around the harmful effects smoking and second-hand smoke has on the LGBT community.


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Create a Creature
Strategy #1 - "From Scratch"
Use Tinkercad to create a creature from scratch. This method is fun and fairly easy, and your creature will come out playfully cute.
- Use basic shapes, like spheres and cylinders, to assemble a simple creature.
- Add your adaptation. Make sure it is obvious and noticable on your model!
Strategy #2 - "Import and Modify"
Use thingiverse.com or a similar online model collection to find a base model of a creature to modify. This may seem like the easier method, but finding a model that will print well can be difficult. Thingiverse is a very large website that is often slow or difficult to use.
- Find a model that looks relatively simple and has large features. Looking for models that are called "low poly" tends to help, as these models have less details (larger triangles) making up the shape.
- download the .stl file from the "Thing Files" tab
- Import the .stl into Tinkercad and make your adaptations!


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An Integrator-Backstepping-Based Dynamic Surface Control Method for a Two-Axis Piezoelectric Micropositioning Stage
ABSTRACT In this paper, an integrator-backstepping-based dynamic surface control method for a two-axis piezoelectric micropositioning stage is proposed. First, according to the dynamics of motion of a mechanical mass-spring system, mathematical equations that contain a linear viscous friction, a varied elasticity with cross-coupling effect due to mechanical bending, and dynamics of a hysteresis variable is proposed to describe the motion dynamics of the two-axis piezopositioning stage. Next, from the equations, a state-space model in which the applied voltage to the stage is defined as an output of an integrator is derived. On the basis of this state-space model, the integrator-backstepping-based dynamic surface control is proposed. By using the proposed control method to trajectory tracking of the two-axis piezopositioning stage, the dynamic performance, robustness to parameter variations, and trajectory tracking error can be improved. Experimental results of the time responses from the computer-controlled two-axis piezopositioning stage illustrate the validity of the proposed control method for practical applications in trajectory tracking.
- SourceAvailable from: Chun-Yi Su
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- "Recently, piezo-actuated stage has many effective applications in ultra-high precision positioning systems (Chen and Hisayama, 2008; Fleming and Moheimani, 2007; Krejci and Kuhnen, 2001; Kuhnen and Krejci, 2009; Moheimani and Goodwin, 2001; Shieh and Hsu, 2007). The piezo electric actuator (PEA) is used to meet the requirement of nanometer resolution in displacement, high stiffness and rapid response. "
ABSTRACT: The XY table is composed of two piezo electric actuators (PEA) and a positioning mechanism (PM). Due to existence of hysteretic nonlinearity in the PEA and the friction in the PM, the high precision control for the XY table is a challenging task. This paper discusses the high precision adaptive control for the XY talbe, where the hysteresis is described by Prandtl-Ishlinskii model. The proposed control law ensures the global stability of the controlled stage, and the position error can be controlled to approach to zero asymptotically. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In this paper, a novel robust nonlinear sliding mode generator excitation controller for single machine infinite bus(SMIB) with parameter uncertainty and disturbance is proposed. The controller is designed in a backstepping manner, proportional-integral-derivative(PID) stabilizing signal of the virtual error is introduced in the design procedure. First according to the backstepping approach, series Lyapunov functions are constructed step by step, the adaptive law of damping coefficient is given in the second step, and finally, a novel sliding surface is designed. The whole control law is obtained by applying the sliding mode control theory, so the disturbance is attenuated. To validate the control law, some simulations were carried on in case of two faults, the results showed that the proposed control method is able to achieve a quite satisfactory control effect.
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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United Nations News: Norway, a small country in Europe, has funded millions of dollars to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN) for the betterment of the world. This amount will be used to deal with global humanitarian crises and emergencies. The Government of Norway has been appreciated by FAO. The world community is appreciating.
According to news agency ANI, the Norwegian government has contributed US $ 23.7 million to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. The decision has been welcomed by Food and Agriculture Organization officials who have said that Norway has committed its largest ever funding to contribute to the most serious humanitarian crises and emergencies. We welcome this.
The report said that this funding will be used through FAO's Special Fund for Emergency and Rehabilitation Activities (SFERA), this amount will be spent on those who are victims of hunger and malnutrition, or those who are troubled by disasters. Are.
The role of Food and Agriculture Organization is important
Let us inform that the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is such an international organization of the United Nations, which studies research topics related to agricultural production, forestry and agricultural marketing. It is also a platform for exchange of knowledge and information related to food and agriculture. It was established on October 16, 1945 in Quebec City, Canada. It has 8 departments – Administration and Finance, Economic and Social, Fisheries, Forestry, General Affairs and Information, Sustainable Development, Agriculture and Consumer Protection and Technical Cooperation.
197 countries are members of FAO
FAO's general funding is borne by its member states. At present its member countries are 197. Norway is also among these 197 member countries, which, through its contribution to SFERA 2022, was the first to lend a helping hand to earthquake-affected families in Turkey and Syria. Apart from this, aid is also being provided to Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Honduras, Mali, Mozambique and Niger.
Target to reach 600,000 people
FAO aims to provide agricultural inputs, livestock supplies, increase fishing facilities and provide cash assistance where needed to the approximately 600,000 people facing food crisis. This contribution will focus on the countries and people most in need of assistance through humanitarian response plans, while also maintaining a fund reserve to provide immediate assistance for sudden-onset emergencies.
According to officials, under humanitarian appeals in 2023, FAO needs US$1.9 billion to restore food production and facilitate a stable supply of nutritious food for 48 million people and to deal with future crises.
Also read: Outcry in Pakistan! Inflation rate beyond 35%, people's household budget deteriorating in Ramadan


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"NYAM CHIEM" RECONSTRUCTING AND PERFORMING NIGHTMARE: A DANCE RESEARCH IN PERFORMANCE OF SLEEP PARALYSIS.
Emoghene, Sinclair Ogaga
Bradley, Karen K
MetadataShow full item record
This paper is a documentation of a practice-based dance work of the creative process, research and performance presentation of the piece "Nyam chiem." This thesis examines the phenomenon of sleep paralysis through a personal reflexive research. The work challenges the notion that sleep paralysis is evil, revealing the phenomenon as a part of the human experience. The research is in two parts, practical and theory. The practical component includes; dance rehearsals, and staging of the piece as presentation. The theoretical component includes the documentation of the work in a written format capturing my personal stories, and salient issues arising from the process into a scholarly paper.


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Introduction：SED-MS cotton inserting machine is a device to prevent the drugs in the bottle from collision and damage due to bumping and overturning during transportation, and insert cotton slivers into the empty part of the bottle to reduce vibration.
SED-MS cotton inserter machine is able to accurately and quickly cut and insert the strip cotton into the container automatically, replacing the previous manual operation. The machine adopts PLC as control system, and easy operating on touch screen. The photoelectric detection eye can quickly locate the pill bottle with function of "no bottle no inserting".
Under GMP standards, the cotton inserter machine is widely used in pharmaceutical, food, chemical and more industries.
Meeting GMP requirements
The design of cotton prefold inserts is adopted to avoid uneven cotton conveying and ensure the accuracy of cotton length
Durable knife edge, accurate and reliable shearing
Equipped with detection and alarm control functions to ensure the continuity of equipment operation and the accuracy of cotton insertion
Applied to round bottles, flat bottles and square bottles of various sizes
The automatic cotton inserter machine is suitable for round, square, flat square shaped plastic bottles with mouth 20-100mm in diameter. The inserter is widely used in pharmaceutical, chemical, cosmetic and other related industries.
Why is cotton inserter machine neccessary?
The use of cotton inserte can increase the efficiency of packaging. It is able to connect with other machines to complete packing line.
How to ensure that the cotton is inserted evenly?
We use pre-loaded medical cotton tape design to avoid uneven transfer.
How can I get more information?
Kindly leave us an online message, or contact us via WhatsApp (+86-_PHONE_) and email (_EMAIL_).
all kinds of round bottles, square bottles, special-shaped bottles
Suitable Bottle Size (mm)
bottle diameter: 20-100
bottle height: 20-180
cotton roll with diameter 25mm
AC220V 50Hz 0.5kW
Air Consumption (MPa)
Hangzhou Shengde Machinery Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
Address：Room 401, Unit 1, Building 6, Kecheng Kechuang Yuan, No.1500 Wenyi Xi Road, Cangqian Street, Yuhang Area, Hangzhou


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Tuesday, July 28, 2009
Japan's funerals deep-rooted mix of ritual, form
Funerals in Japan incorporate a unique mixture of religion, tradition, culture, ritual and geography that to the outsider may appear perplexing.
Following are questions and answers about funerals in Japan and related activities:
Do funerals generally have a religious context?
With regard to rituals, most Japanese partake in a mixture of Shinto and Buddhism, with the latter customarily focused on funerals and the departed.
According to a Tokyo Metropolitan Government survey in fiscal 2001, 85 percent of 453 respondents said funerals they have participated in were Buddhist in nature, 4 percent were Shinto and 3 percent Christian. A further 4 percent said they have been involved in nonreligious funeral ceremonies.
How does a typical Buddhist funeral ceremony proceed?
The immediate family first keeps a night vigil, or wake, over the deceased on the day of death and generally holds the funeral the following day. Participants can attend either the wake or the funeral, or both.
During the wake and funeral services, participants who are not among the next of kin customarily offer money to the bereaved and burn incense to pray for the soul of the deceased at a temple or other venue where a monk chants sutras before an altar.
After the ceremony, the deceased is often carried in an ornate hearse to a crematorium.
After the cremation, the family and close friends use special chopsticks to collect bone fragments for a cinerary urn, which is traditionally placed in a family grave within 49 days after the funeral.
Rituals can vary, depending on the branch of Buddhism dealing with the deceased.
In recent years, ceremonies have generally tended to become simpler.
Why are rites performed at both the night wake and the funeral the following day?
They are different rituals.
The wake is the last occasion for the next of kin to spend time with the deceased, and the funeral is a ceremony of departure.
Wakes are believed to have originally been gatherings of pupils who talk all night about the lessons from the Buddha when he passed away. These days, relatives and friends stay all night in a lighted room with the deceased, at least as per the practice of the Jodo sect of Buddhism, according to its Web site.
Wakes are also nowadays more convenient for working people to attend than funerals.
Why do participants offer money to the next of kin, and what is the general amount?
It is customary for people to make a monetary offering to those holding ceremonies, including funerals, to ease the financial burden of such events.
The amount paid often depends on how close the contributor was to the deceased and how old the person is. When a colleague dies, the amount can range from ¥3,000 to ¥20,000. When parents and siblings die, family members may pay more.
Part of the custom also entails a return thank-you gift for the offering, in many cases a designer towel or dish.
What is the proper attire for attending a funeral and proper way to burn incense?
Basic black suits, dresses, ties and shoes are the norm, and accessories are kept to a minimum. Wearing gray clothing at a wake is acceptable because it is considered a gesture that the attendant felt the death was unexpected.
At many ceremonies, a tray is passed around with incense powder and a flame. The usual practice is for attendants to hold up a small amount of incense and then put it in the flame bowl, repeating the drill one or two more times, depending on the Buddhist sect.
What happens after funerals?
The next of kin and close friends traditionally hold memorial services on each seventh anniversary of the death up until the 49th, although not everyone strictly adheres to this. Similar services are even held one year, two years and six years after a death.
At a gathering at the home of the deceased or a close relative, a monk will chant sutras in front of the family Buddhist altar and then dinner follows.
Cleaning family grave plots on the anniversary of the death or during the weeks of the vernal and autumnal equinoxes are common, as well as during the Bon holiday in August, when people who do not live near their family graves have time off work to make the trip.
Why is cremation the norm here?
Cremation in Japan springs from Buddhist tradition. The practice is based on the legend that the Buddha's body was burned and his soul transmigrated, unlike the belief of Christians, Jews and Muslims in the Resurrection.
The first recorded cremation in Japan was in 700 and coincided with the arrival of Buddhism in the sixth century. But in the early years, only monks and high-ranking people were cremated because the wood to make the fires was too costly, according to the book "Sekai no Soso" ("World Funerals"), compiled by monk Kodo Matsunami.
The custom spread nationwide only after the war, because of the limited land in urban areas and for sanitary reasons.
Before and during the war, burials were the norm.
By fiscal 2007, cremation accounted for 99.8 percent of all those who died, according to the health ministry.
Big metropolitan areas, particularly Tokyo and Osaka, have local ordinances that require cremation for the sake of public health and because there is not enough land to allow burials.
Rural, remote areas aren't always so restrictive.
Do Japanese Christians seek to bury their dead like many of their Western counterparts, who believe the body is needed for resurrection to occur?
Cremation is the norm for Japanese Christians.
Citing the nation's regulations, the Rev. Tomeyuki Naito, general secretary of the United Church of Christ in Japan, said, "As for us, almost all are cremated."
Although Muslims here are few in number, they have a cemetery that accepts burials in Yamanashi Prefecture run by the Japan Muslim Association.
How much do funerals and related services cost?
The costs average ¥2.31 million, including ¥1.42 million for funeral-related fees and ¥401,000 for catering to attendants and ¥549,000 for monks, according to a survey published by Japan Consumers' Association in 2008.
But the costs depend on the size of the ceremony. Two out of the 314 respondents of the survey said they spent ¥200,000 to ¥300,000, the lowest amount, which another two shelled out more than ¥10 million, the highest.
Are all ceremonies expensive?
No, and the trend is to spend less.
"In recent years, we see the trend because many people become more practical and do not spend wastefully," Kamakura Shinsho, which publishes funeral-related dictionaries, says on its Web site.
An increasing number of funerals are held only by the next of kin. Some go for unconventional funerals and forgo the typical, and pricey, Buddhist trappings.
Some gatherings will play the favorite music of the deceased. Others may show photographs of the dead.
Even the family plot may no longer be the final resting place. Some people want their ashes scattered at sea or from an airplane.
Other Japanese have opted for much pricier excursions, having their remains sent into space, Kamakura Shinsho notes.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Visual Multi-Metric Grouping of Eye-Tracking Data
Ayush Kumar, Rudolf Netzel, Michael Burch, Daniel Weiskopf, Klaus Mueller
Research output: Other contributionAcademic
We present an algorithmic and visual grouping of participants and eye-tracking metrics derived from recorded eye-tracking data. Our method utilizes two well-established visualization concepts. First, parallel coordinates are used to provide an overview of the used metrics, their interactions, and similarities, which helps select suitable metrics that describe characteristics of the eye-tracking data. Furthermore, parallel coordinates plots enable an analyst to test the effects of creating a combination of a subset of metrics resulting in a newly derived eye-tracking metric. Second, a similarity matrix visualization is used to visually represent the affine combination of metrics utilizing an algorithmic grouping of subjects that leads to distinct visual groups of similar behavior. To keep the diagrams of the matrix visualization simple and understandable, we visually encode our eye-tracking data into the cells of a similarity matrix of participants. The algorithmic grouping is performed with a clustering based on the affine combination of metrics, which is also the basis for the similarity value computation of the similarity matrix. To illustrate the usefulness of our visualization, we applied it to an eye-tracking data set involving the reading behavior of metro maps of up to 40 participants. Finally, we discuss limitations and scalability issues of the approach focusing on visual and perceptual issues.
Original languageEnglish
Number of pages17
Publication statusPublished - 9 Oct 2019
 - Human-Computer Interaction
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Application for Membership
Per our constitution:
Membership shall be open to any person who subscribes to the aims and objects of the association and who pays the prescribed fee for a membership year (currently free of charge).
To apply to become a member of the Association a person must:
- submit an application for membership to the Committee:
- (i) in a form approved by the Committee (this online form); and
- (ii) signed by the person
Objects and purposes
The purpose of the Association is to be a focus for multidisciplinary activity in support of primary health care in remote and Indigenous Australia.
The objects of the Association are as follows:
- To improve health and medical services available to people living in Central, remote and rural Australia.
CARPA shall advance its objects by the following means:
- To provide expertise and governance for the maintenance of a standard treatment manual for use in central and northern Australian practice.
- To provide opportunities for multidisciplinary education and training.
- To provide a multidisciplinary forum to address primary health care issues in Central Australia.
- To provide a place for multidisciplinary interaction on primary health policy.
- To provide a vehicle for primary health care workers to play a public health advocacy role
- To do any other legal activity to further the mission of CARPA


Foreskin Stretcher
What is a Foreskin Stretcher?
A foreskin stretcher is a tool designed to increase the circumference of the prepuce or foreskin. It is not to be confused with a foreskin restoration tool which is designed to generate more foreskin usually after circumcision. Sadly, many people make the mistake of thinking that effective and safe foreskin stretching occurs by using force to rip the skin cells apart. However, what is required is gentle pressure over many days and weeks to stimulate the growth of new skin cells and loosening of skin cells to increase the circumference.
How do they Compare?
There are two distinctive types of foreskin stretcher tools. One uses localised force (such as the foreskin retractors) and the other is the patented balloon based foreskin stretcher from Novoglan. The skin retractors use localised harsh force to tear the skin cells apart. The Novoglan Foreskin Stretcher uses even and distributive pressure over the broad area of the foreskin and this gentle force over days and weeks stimulates the growth of new foreskin cells leading to an increased circumference.
Why is Balloon based foreskin stretching better?
Balloon based foreskin stretching is considered preferable than skin retractors because the balloon uses gentle, regular and even pressure.
Where do I buy foreskin stretchers from?
Foreskin Stretchers are usually purchased online. This is due to the fact that people can purchase these tools discreetly and not have the discomfort of having to answer questions in a public place. For example the Novoglan Gentle Foreskin Stretcher can be purchased from the global store
Novoglan Foreskin Stretcher
Foreskin Stretcher Tool From Novoglan
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MagicDraw 18.3 Documentation
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Actions and subactivities can be organized into Swimlanes in the Activity diagrams. Swimlanes are used to organize responsibility for actions and subactivities according to the class. They often correspond to the organizational units in a business model.
Swimlanes limit and provide a view of the behaviors invoked in the activities. They consist of one or more partitions and can be vertical or horizontal.
An Activity diagram can be visually divided into Swimlanes, each separated from the neighboring Swimlanes by vertical or horizontal solid lines on both sides. Each Swimlane represents a responsibility for part of the overall activity, and may eventually be implemented by one or more objects. The relative ordering of the Swimlanes has no semantic significance, but can indicate some affinity. Each action is assigned to one Swimlane. Transitions can cross lanes. The routing of a transition path is non-essential.
Swimlane representation can be customized by changing its symbol property values. Press Alt + Enter to open the appropriate dialog. Each property is described in the description area on this dialog.
To create a Swimlane
 1. On the Activity diagram palette, click the Vertical Swimlanes button Vertical Swimlanesand then click an empty space on the diagram pane.
 2. If the Represent Properties dialog opens, select the properties you want to display as Swimlanes in the diagram (see the following figure) and click OK. Otherwise, a few empty Swimlanes are created.
 The Represent Properties dialog opens, if:
 1. The Activity diagram is owned by a classifier, for example, a Class, Component, Use Case.
 Selecting properties to display as Swimlanes
You can also create a Swimlane by dragging one or more properties, Actors, Classes, or Instance Specifications from the Containment tree to the Activity diagram pane. Partitions for each element are created as well.
To set representative elements, do one of the following
 - Open the Specification window of the Swimlane and click the cell of the Represents property value. Then click and select the element. Click OK when you are done.
 - From the Containment tree, drag the representative element to the partition on the diagram.
To add an additional partition, do one of the following
 - On the diagram, right-click the Swimlane, select Insert Swimlane and then Insert Vertical Swimlane or Insert Horizontal Swimlane.
 - From the Containment tree, drag one or more property, actor, class or instance specification elements to the Swimlane on the diagram.
To draw multidimensional Swimlanes
 1. Draw a vertical Swimlane.
 2. From the Swimlane shortcut menu, select Insert Horizontal Swimlane.
 3. Insert as many horizontal and vertical Swimlanes as you need.
To add model elements to a Swimlane
 - If a Swimlane is already drawn in the Activity diagram, drawing an action (or any other element) highlights the Swimlane in blue. This means that the action shape depends on the Swimlane symbol.
 If the model elements depend on a Swimlane symbol, they are deleted if the Swimlane symbol is deleted.
 Example of multidimensional swimlane
To rearrange Swimlanes, do one of the following
 - Drag any of the Swimlanes to the direction where you want it to be.
 - Click the heading of any Swimlane and use the displayed control arrow to move the Swimlane left, right, up or down.
 Example of 'Move Swimlane Left' Control
To delete a single Swimlane entirely, do one of the following
 - Click the header of the Swimlane, then press Delete.
 - Click the header of the Swimlane, then press Ctrl + D.
 - Right-click the header or any empty space on the Swimlane, then select Delete Swimlane.
To delete all Swimlanes and their contents entirely
 - Click any empty space on the Swimlanes, then press Ctrl + D.
To delete Swimlanes without deleting contained elements, do one of the following
 - Click any empty space on the Swimlanes, then press Delete.
 - Right-click the headers or anywhere on the Swimlanes, then select Delete All Swimlanes, Keep Contents.
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Knowing that all Recursive languanges are Decidable and All Not R.E. Languages are Undecidable (correct me if I am wrong), Are all languages which are R.E. but not Recursive also Undecidable?
R.E. ==> Recursively Enumerable
$\endgroup$
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 - 5
 $\begingroup$ Recursive == Decidable. They mean the same thing. So if you ask if "Are languages (of any category) which are not Recursive, also Undecidable?" the answer is "yes, definitionally" $\endgroup$
 – Jake
 Jul 16, 2020 at 0:52
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ Nonrecursive recursively enumerable languages are undecidable by definition. These languages are those which are guaranteed to stop if the answer is yes. $\endgroup$ Jul 16, 2020 at 1:38
 - $\begingroup$ @muttiganaceoys: Not so. They have been proveably shown to be undecidable. $\endgroup$ Jul 16, 2020 at 2:58
 - $\begingroup$ By definition every language which is not Decidable is Undecidable, but in case of Recursively Enumerable languages there is some portion of it which is partially Decidable (strings which belong to the language). This sums it up, thanx @muttiganaceoys, Jake $\endgroup$
 – dshrikant
 Jul 16, 2020 at 10:31
1 Answer 1
1
$\begingroup$
A language is recursive (newer terminology: computable, also decidable) is there is a Turing machine that always halts that recognizes the language. It is recursively enumerable (new: computably enumerable) if there is a Turing machine that accepts it (it halts and accepts for strings in the language, it might never halt for strings not in the language). If the language is not recursive, it isn't decidable ("recursive" and "decidable" are alternative terms for the same class of languages).
$\endgroup$
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English Version | Bahasa Indonesia
Burial Grounds
Sultan Mausoleum complex of Kutai Kartanegara
Sultan Mausoleum complex of Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate is located in the area of Royal Palace and Mulawarman Museum. The complex is located at St. Diponegoro, Tenggarong, Kutai kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan. This Mausoleum contains 142 graves of relatives and the Sultans of Kutai Kartanegara.
One of the Sultans who buried here is Sultan Aji Imbut known as Sultan Aji Muhammad Muslihuddin who reigned in 1739 until 1782. Aji Imbut is known as the founder of Tenggarong City. On September 28, 1782, Aji Imbut removed the central government of Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate from Pemarangan to Tepian Pandan. Sultan Aji Imbut changed the name of Tepian Pandan to Tangga Arung that means "House of the King". Hereinafter, the name of Tangga Arung was better known as Tenggarong and it was ultimately more familiar. This becomes one of the reasons for the Municipal Government of Tenggarong to hold a ceremony on visiting Sultan Mausoleum complex in every Tenggarong City's anniversary commemorated on 28th September.
Beside of Sultan Aji Imbut, the Sultan who was buried in this complex are Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman (_PHONE_ AD), Sultan Aji Muhammad Salehudin (_PHONE_ AD), Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman (_PHONE_ AD), and Sultan Aji Muhammad Parikesit (_PHONE_ AD) (Ramli Nawawi et.al., 1992/1993: 148). Sultan Aji Muhammad Parikesit is the last Sultan of Kutai Sultanate before the Sultanate territory merged into the Republic of Indonesia. While Sultan Aji Muhammad Alimudin (_PHONE_ AD), was not buried in this place. He was buried on private land located in the Mount Gandek, Tenggarong.
Nisan (tomb) of the Sultans and the relatives were made of ironwood tree and engraved Arabic script. Viewed from various tombstones in this complex, there is an indication of culture meddling that reflected on the shape of gravestones. This influence came from the culture of Dayak, Bugis, Makassar, and Islam.
This Indication is attracting the academics and practitioners to conduct research. Balkis Khan, an archaeologist from the University of Indonesia, Faculty of Humanities (FIB UI) conducting studies to uncover cultural assimilation reflected through the decoration of the gravestone in Sultan Mausoleum complex. His thesis, entitled "Keragaman Nisan dan jirat kompleks makam Raja Kutai abad 18-20, Tenggarong, Kalimantan Timur: Ditinjau dari aspek hiasan" (The tomb diversity of Sultan Mausoleum complex in the period of 18th until 20th, Tenggarong, East Kalimantan: Viewed from decoration aspect). This thesis is the result of research by conducting comparative approach to identification of the Tomb of Sultan at six sites which used the decoration of Bugis culture (Watan LAMURU and Binamu), Makassar (Gowa, Tallo, and Jere LompoE), and Dayak (1 location).
Based on the research at six burial sites by performing a comparative approach to identification with the Mausoleum of Sultan Kutai, there are several conclusions that are the ornamentation found on tombstones in the Mausoleum of Kutai Sultan absorbed the element of other cultures like the culture of Bugis, Makassar, Dayak, and Islam. Cultural mixing is evident from the uniqueness of each culture represented and reflected in the tomb of Kutai Sultan. These particularities are:
 1. Makassar: strand of rose, rose, flower bulb, circle, swastika, tumpal, lozenge, and snake
 2. Bugis: star, lozenge, strand of rose, tumpal, and bludgeon
 3. Dayak: molding, rose, mace (blontang), and snakes
 4. Islamic influences: calligraphy, latticework swastika and stilir tail, mirror frame, head and body of snake
The influence of several cultures can be traced through several things, such as government (royal policy), which gives freedom to the influx of immigrants and cultural kinship between the ruling factor with other ethnic groups outside Borneo Island. The factor of government (royal policy) that provides a place for the entry of foreign cultures and provides a place for indigenous cultures (Dayak) be reflected by the Sultanate guidelines called "Panji Salaten". Panji Salaten mentions about granting freedom of ethnic immigrants and native to preserve and develop its own culture. Through these freedoms, the various cultures can mix and generate cross-cultural acculturation.
On the other hand, heredity rulers in Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate also affect an acculturation. For example, Sultan Aji Muhammad Idris (_PHONE_ AD), is the son in law of Sultan Wajo La Madukelleng, a nobleman from Bugis in South Sulawesi. Similarly, his two sons, Prince Aji Imbut and Aji Kado are the grandson of Sultan Wajo La Madukelleng. Aji Imbut was inaugurated as the Sultan of Kutai Kartanegara entitled Sultan Aji Muhammad Muslihuddin (1739 to 1782). The relationship between Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate with Wajo (Bugis), directly or indirectly has influenced on cultural development of Kutai Kartanegara.
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Canonical Correlation is an advanced statistical technique
that can estimate the relationship between a set of dependent variables with a set of
predictor or independent variables. Multiple regression techniques, on the other hand, look
at the relationships between a single dependent variable and some predictor variables.
Canonical correlation places fewer restrictions on the modeling structure.
Consider an example in the credit industry. Suppose you wanted to predict both the credit usage
and the number of credit cards of individuals within a certain geographic market. You could
build separate regression models to accomplish this, or you could estimate a model
simulataneously to predict both number of credit cards as well as overall dollar usage. The
canonical correlation is a measure of strength of the overall relationships between the linear
composites of the predictor variables and the dependent variables. In general, it represents the
bivariate correlation between the two linear composites.


All peel apart instant products stop developing when you peel them apart. They have an acid layer and a timing layer to reduce alkalinity.
All integral instant products have a timing layer that kicks in roughly 2 - 5 minutes after the pod bursts and this brings the pH down which shuts off development.
All instant products, just like all normal photo products are temperature sensitive and the results vary with temperature.
So, the answer is "NO" they do not develop to completion, but they can suffer from temperature effects which can over or under-develop them.


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Poison Sumac (Toxicodendron vernix or Rhus vernix) is a woody shrub growing to 3 m tall.
All parts of the plant contain a toxic resin called urushiol that causes skin and mucous membrane irritation to humans.
For more information about the topic Poison Sumac, read the full article at Wikipedia.org, or see the following related articles:
Editor's Note: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.
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Can we use autonomous wheelchairs for elderly persons with deteriorated physical and cognitive functions so that they can enjoy walking?
Walking is recommended for elderly persons in order to maintain good health. However, it is true that walking accidents involving elderly persons frequently. Family and the caregiver may go with them to secure their safety, but the elderly regret having to ask someone to help them take a little walk or run an errand.
How can the elderly enjoy walking alone as much as they like without causing a burden on the family and caregiver?
How about a wheelchair driven by automated driving technology that goes with elderly persons when they walk?
The wheelchair is not intended to take elderly persons to a desired destination, but to accompany them when they take a walk, and can take them to the destination if they become tired. The wheelchair recognizes and averts danger during the walk, and thus protects the elderly user. At the same time, it fulfills the desire of the elderly "to walk as much as they want," and gives the family and caregiver a sense of security in that "it is OK for them to go out."
If a wheelchair accompanies elderly persons on a walk and gives them a ride when they return home, it may expand the range of walking activity to a great extent. The wheelchair giving them a ride mitigates physical and cognitive concerns, and may encourage to walk further. The expanded range of activity also expands the range of socialization. It may make it easier to see old friends.
When the family and caregiver share information about the location and status of the wheelchair, and confirm the safety of an elderly person from a distance, they can send the elderly person out reassuringly. Once the elderly no longer impose any burden on the people around them when they go out, they become confident in doing so and may go out more frequently.
This is a result of a research for Japan METI's R&D and PoC of smart mobility system: a study of autonomous driving and its social values and use scenarios. (2016)


Gifts and Celebratory Events for Employees and Nonemployees
Policy Statement
Harvard units may occasionally spend modest amounts from appropriate funding sources to recognize employees or nonemployees under certain circumstances.
Allowable employee recognition may take the form of celebratory events or gifts for the following occasions:
 - Work-related achievement
 - Employee morale-building events
 - Sympathy upon the death or serious illness of an employee or employee's immediate family member
Allowable nonemployee recognition must be for a legitimate Harvard business purpose and should be motivated by detached or disinterested generosity or respect, admiration, charity or like sentiment. Gifts to nonemployees may not be given in lieu of payment for services or as a quid pro quo.
Units must use prudent judgment and also follow the IRS rules outlined below. University funds may not be spent in recognition of personal events or achievements unrelated to work, such as birthdays, weddings, baby showers, housewarming, etc., or for gifts in recognition of holidays rather than work-related achievement.
Employee Gifts and Celebratory Events Policy Table of Contents
 1. Gift must be for an allowable reason
 2. Celebratory or employee morale building events
 3. Gifts to nonemployees
 4. General information regarding funding source and object codes
 5. Gifts given to Harvard personnel from third parties.
 Gift Taxability Table (PIN required)


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Pama Languages Press, established by Pama Language Centre in 2017, is supporting writers in First Nations Languages.
Pama Languages Press aims to enable First Nations authors and language champions to develop ancestral language literature and resources required to support both community based language revitalisation and maintenance and support school based language curricula. Very little published literature and educational material is currently available in the First Nations languages of Cape York Peninsula.
Pama Languages Press is working with First Nations authors and language champions to establish a new ancestral languages publishing domain. We develop traditional and contemporary First Nations ancestral language literature in both print and digital media, promoting ancestral language literacy and developing professional pathways in First Nations languages.
As a multi media publishing company established specifically for the purpose of First Nation ancestral language revitalisation Pama Languages Publishing will be able to:
- create employment and support to authors interested in taking on the challenge of writing in First Nations Languages
- establish status and recognition for First Nations languages as languages of high culture
- create training pathways and opportunities for careers in Ancestral Languages literacy, translation and teaching.
By supporting authors, developing essential resources and by strongly contributing to the building of ancestral language pathways via employment and training, Pama Languages Press will work to build many of the foundational resources and much of the expertise necessary for ancestral language viability.
The development of a professional corps of First Nations Ancestral Language Experts – including writers, editors, teachers, translators and language curriculum experts – is a necessary step toward ensuring and developing the cultural capital of Cape York Peninsula.


Question: What Is The Requirements Gathering Process?
How do you conduct a requirement gathering session?
10 Steps to Organize and Facilitate a Successful Requirements Gathering and Elicitation MeetingDefine the purpose, goals, and objectives of the meeting.
Determine who should attend the meeting.
Create a detailed agenda for the meeting.
Determine the appropriate time length of the meeting.More items…•.
What is meant by requirements gathering?
Primarily done during stakeholder meetings, requirements gathering is the exploratory process of researching and documenting project requirements.
What questions to ask during requirements gathering?
Just like a good story, requirements will answer all the important questions….Where requirements questionsWhere does the process start?Where would the user access this feature?Where would the user be located physically when using this feature?Where would the results be visible?
What are the three main categories of requirements?
Note that requirements are considered prior to the development of the software. The requirements, which are commonly considered, are classified into three categories, namely, functional requirements, non-functional requirements, and domain requirements.
Who is responsible for requirements in agile?
Customer IS responsible for requirements; however, it is the company's responsibility to organize them and translate into a technical language. Agility of development is a must in the current subset; therefore, make sure that customer gets to see and approve every step of the development (working prototypes).
What is requirement gathering and its purpose?
Requirements gathering is an exploratory process that involves researching and documenting the project's exact requirements from start to finish. Effective requirements gathering and requirements management start at the beginning of the project.
Who is responsible for requirements gathering?
The first and basic phase of software development life cycle is requirements gathering. They give clear, concise and agreed set of customer requirements that the software should provide. Business analyst and subject experts are responsible for requirement gathering process.
What comes after requirements gathering?
Requirement gathering is part of Business Analysis and goes through the following stages:Requirements Gathering.Requirements Elicitation.Requirements Management Plan.Requirements Analysis.Requirements Traceability.Change Control.
Why is requirements gathering important?
The purpose of requirements gathering is to collect as many known requirements as possible. The process of requirements gathering is both critical and difficult (Phillips 2000). … The results of this process are a common understanding among the project stakeholders of the users' expressed needs.
What are requirement gathering tools?
These tools are helpful in eliciting better requirements and provide clarity to translating business processes into software solutions.Context diagram. … Functional decomposition. … Use case diagram. … Sequence diagram. … AS-IS and TO-BE process model. … Mind maps.
How do you estimate requirements gathering?
Five Tips for Estimating RequirementsBreak the effort into manageable pieces. We can estimate a whole lot better when our business analysis phase(s) are small. … Choose your approach. … Use a variety of estimating techniques. … Brainstorm. … Identify all the deliverables/artifacts.
What are the five stages of requirement gathering?
To help clients and developers manage the process of requirements gathering, we recommend these 5 steps:Step 1: Understand Pain Behind The Requirement. … Step 2: Eliminate Language Ambiguity. … Step 3: Identify Corner Cases. … Step 4: Write User Stories. … Step 5: Create a Definition Of "Done"
What are the types of REQ gathering?
Requirement Gathering TechniquesBrainstorming. Brainstorming is used in requirement gathering to get as many ideas as possible from group of people. … Document Analysis. … Focus Group. … Interface analysis. … Interview. … Observation. … Prototyping. … Requirement Workshops.More items…
What are the six steps for requirements engineering?
Below is a list of the basic six (6) steps of requirements development….Requirements DevelopmentStep 1: Develop Requirements. … Step 2: Write and Document Requirements. … Step 3: Check Completeness. … Step 4: Analyze, Refine, and Decompose Requirements. … Step 5: Validate Requirements. … Step 6: Manage Requirements.
How do you write requirements?
How to Write an Exceptionally Clear Requirements DocumentUse a (Good) Requirements Document Template.Organize in a Hierarchical Structure.Use Identifiers to Your Advantage.Standardize Your Requirements Document Language.Be Consistent with Imperatives.Make Sure Each Requirement is Testable.Write Functional Requirements to be Implementation-Neutral.More items…•
How do you identify requirements?
How to Find Out Business RequirementsIdentify Key Stakeholders. Identify the key people who will be affected by the project. … Capture Stakeholder Requirements. … Categorize Requirements. … Interpret and Record Requirements.


text:
Feed forward nonlinear error correction of loudspeakers can improve sound quality. For creating a realistic feed forward strategy identification of the loudspeaker parameters is needed. The strategy of the compensator is that the nonlinear behaviour of the loudspeakers has relatively small drift and only the linear loudspeaker parameters must be identified. This can in music systems be done with online transducer-less system identification using the voice coil current as feedback from the loudspeaker (plant). This is investigated in a simulation study for finding useful system identification algorithms. Two different identification techniques (ARMA and FIR) are compared. The stability of the nonlinearities and linear loudspeaker parameters are tested in a measurement series.
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text:
Calculations with different methods
- 3022.233 miles
- 4863.813 kilometers
- 2626.249 nautical miles
Vincenty's formula calculates the distance between latitude/longitude points on the earth's surface, using an ellipsoidal model of the earth.Haversine formula
- 3016.640 miles
- 4854.812 kilometers
- 2621.389 nautical miles
The haversine formula calculates the distance between latitude/longitude points assuming a spherical earth (great-circle distance).
Estimated flight time from Hoonah Airport (HNH) to Florence Regional Airport (FLO) is 6 hours 13 minutes.
Time difference and current local times
The time difference between Hoonah and Florence is 4 hours. Florence is 4 hours ahead of Hoonah.
Carbon dioxide emissions
Estimated CO2 emissions per passenger is 360 kg (793 pounds).
Hoonah to Florence flight map.
Frequent Flyer Miles Calculator
Hoonah (HNH) → Florence (FLO).


text:
Sediment tanks are suitable for anyone who needs to filter water or sewerage. Sedimentation is followed by other efficient purification processes for establishing hygienic workplaces in rural and remote areas. These tanks are ideal for short term hire wherever large-scale projects are underway.
|Sediment Tank Type
||Dry Weight (kg)
||Wet Weight (kg)
|4m Sediment tank
|6m Sediment Tank
What are sediment tanks?
Sediment tanks separate heavy material and floating matter from water. Internal baffles of Coates Hire sediment tanks cause water and sediment to flow slowly through the system, allowing heavier materials to settle.
Are sediment tanks hooked up to sewerage?
Sediment it treated, compacted, stabilised and taken away, rather than being hooked up to an existing sewerage system. Desludging valves at the bottom provide a non-messy desludging operation, and it is possible to attach a chemical dosing unit to your sediment tank.
Can I trust sediment tanks from Coates Hire?
Yes, you can. Coates Hire sediment tanks are made from high grade stainless steel. These durable and corrosion resistant tanks are cleaned and sterilised prior to every use, and are new or in as-new condition. You can combine a sediment tank with other wastewater monitoring and filtration systems.


text:
Poisoning the Right to Water in South Africa: What Can the Law Do?
This paper examines the major problems currently facing South Africa's water sector and identifies that water shortages will be a significant issue to deal with in the near future. The problem of shortage is exacerbated by severe water quality concerns. The role of the law in addressing these water concerns is examined and it is shown that the law, on paper, is able to address most of these issues and to provide for an integrated water resource management system. Failure to implement the law in the past, however, has led to situations arising that are beyond the power of the law to address and innovative solutions will have to be found. For the future, the law will have to be implemented appropriately in order to avoid similar problems arising again.
South African water law, acid mine drainage, water shortage, environmental water, civil rights, South Africa constitution
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text:
Almost everyone today carries a camera wherever they go for capturing the moment and sharing it with others. So, what if you were able to take a snapshot of your marriage, giving you an immediate look at 10 different areas of your marriage? That's why we designed Marriage Snapshot for couples.
The process is quite simple. To begin taking your Marriage Snapshot survey, just follow the next steps:
1. Click on the REGISTER button below to create an account.
2. Enter your user specific code.
3. Begin the Marriage Snapshot survey.
4. Connect with your spouse by sending them a personal "invite".


ENGC6353 Dr.
Mohammed Arafa Page 1
Design Example 3
Rectangular Silo
Design a single rectangular concrete silo for storing peas. The bottom is a symmetrical
pyramidal Hopper. The silo walls rest on the Hopper base which is supported by four
columns. The Roof load ( DL = 150 kg/m
2
and LL= 100 kg/m
2
Use
).
' 2 2
350 / , 4200 /
c y
f kg cm f kg cm = =
Solution
For Peas
3
'
800 /
25
0.296
o
kg m γ
φ
µ
=
=
=
b=6m
a
=
4
m
An Above Hopper
b=6m
a=6m
Openning0.5x0.5m
30m
5m
7m
φ50cm
3m
ENGC6353 Dr. Mohammed Arafa Page 2
Assume angle of response = =25
2
3tan 25 1.4 1.0
3
1 sin 25 0.577
4
1.0
4 4
'
1.0
4
2 4 6 '
' 4.8 1.2
4 6 4
s s
a
b
b
h m h m
k
a
R m
a
R m
a
a R m
ρ φ
= = ⇒ ≅
= − =
= = =
= =
× ×
= = = =
+
Overpressure Factor C
1 d
d
/ 40/10 4
upper H c 1.5
lower 2/3 H c 1.85
Hooper 1.5
d
H D
c
= =
=
=
=
d
At the bottom of the silos
( ) '
2
2
2
2
At the bottom of the silos 30-1.0 29.0
1
'
( 1.0) 4.65 t/m
0.577 4.65 2.7 t/m
( 1.2) 5.53t/m
0.577 5.53 3.2t/m
kY R
Y m
R
q e
k
p kq
For short wall R q
p kq
For long wall R q
p kq
µ
γ
µ
= =
(
= −
¸ ¸
=
= =
= = × =
= =
= = × =
Vertical Loads Due to Friction
( )
( )
( )
Short Wall 0.8 30 4.65 1.0 19.35ton
Long Wall 0.8 30 5.53 1.2 22.16ton
Friction V Y q R
V
V
γ = −
= × − × =
= × − × =
Wall tension and bending moment
( )
( )
,
,
Short Wall 1.7 1.85 3.2 6 2 30.2ton/m
Long Wall 1.7 1.85 2.7 4 2 17.0ton/m
a u
b u
F
F
= × × =
= × × =
Frame action analysis using moment distribution Analysis
Assume wall thickness h=30cm
25cm
ENGC6353 Dr. Mohammed Arafa Page 3
The moment distribution is computed for an idealized rectangular frame 6.3 by 4.4 m
Using symmetry
a
2 2
Short Wall =0.465I
4.3
2 2
Long Wall =0.317I
6.3
0.465
DF 0.6
0.465 0.317
0.4
a
a
b
b
b
I I
K
L
I I
K
L
DF
= =
= =
= ≅
+
Short Wall Long Wall
DF 0.6 0.4
FEM 4.16 -10.6
Balancing 3.86 2.58
FINAL 8.0 -8.0
Assume fillit (hunch) at the corner =25cm
Negative moment will be calculated at the face of the hunch
2
b,-ve
2
a,-ve
M 8.0 3.2 0.4 / 2 10.1 0.4 4.2 .
M 8.0 2.7 0.4 / 2 5.8 0.4 5.9 .
t m
t m
= + × − × =
= + × − × =
Check for thickness
( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
' 2
, 2
5
3
2
, 2
5
3
2
, 2
6
2 2 350 37.4 /
For long Wall
6 4.2 10
1 17 10
11 /
1.7 1.85 30 100
30 100
For short Wall
6 5.9 10
1 30.2 10
15.7 /
1.7 1.85 30 100
30 100
The wall thicknes
t b r c
t b r
t b r
T M
f f f kg cm
bt bt
f kg cm f
f kg cm f
= + ≤ = = =
(
×
×
( = + = <
×
(
¸ ¸
(
×
×
( = + = <
×
(
¸ ¸
sis oK
Design for Reinforcement
Long Wall
negative moment M
Check for small eccentricity
-ve
3.2 t/m
2
2
.
7
t
/
m
2
6.3m
4.3m
7.9 t.m
-8.0
-8.0
-
1
.
5
25cm
ENGC6353 Dr. Mohammed Arafa Page 4
( ) 4.2 100
24.7 '' 15 5.7 9.3
17 2
u
u
M h
e d
F
= = = > − = − =
Small eccentricity approach can not be used
3
2
st
'' 15 5.7 9.3
2
Direct tension reinforcement
17 10
A 4.5 /
0.9 4200
y
h
e d
T
cm m
f φ
= − = − =
×
= = =
×
Bending Moment Reinforcement
( )
( )
( )( )( )
'
,
5
2
2
( )
2
,
4.2 17 9.3/100 2.6 .
d=30-5.7=24.3
2.61 10 2.6
0.85 350
1 1 0.00117
4200
100 24.3 350
0.00117 100 24.3 2.85
4.5 2.85 7.35 /
14@20
u ve
ve
s ve
s total
M t m
A cm
A cm m
use cm
ρ
φ
= − × =
(
( = − − =
⋅ ⋅ (
¸ ¸
= =
= + =
Design for Positive Moment at Midspan
( )
( )
( )( )( )
'
,
5
2
2
( )
2
,
7.9 17 9.3/100 6.32 .
d=30-5.7=24.3
2.61 10 6.32
0.85 350
1 1 0.00289
4200
100 24.3 350
0.00289 100 24.3 7.0
4.5 7 11.5 /
16@15
u ve
ve
s ve
s total
M t m
A cm
A cm m
use cm
ρ
φ
+
+
+
= − × =
(
( = − − =
⋅ ⋅ (
¸ ¸
= =
= + =
Design for Short Wall
negative moment M
Check for small eccentricity
-ve
( ) 5.9 100
19.5 '' 15 5.7 9.3
30.2 2
u
u
M h
e d
F
= = = > − = − =
Small eccentricity approach can not be used
ENGC6353 Dr. Mohammed Arafa Page 5
3
2
st
'' 15 5.7 9.3
2
Direct tension reinforcement
30.2 10
A 8.0 /
0.9 4200
y
h
e d
T
cm m
f φ
= − = − =
×
= = =
×
Bending Moment Reinforcement
( )
( )
( )( )( )
'
,
5
2
2
( )
2
,
5.9 30.2 9.3/100 3.0 .
d=30-5.7=24.3
2.61 10 3.0
0.85 350
1 1 0.00137
4200
100 24.3 350
0.00137 100 24.3 303
8.0 3.3 11.3 /
16@15
u ve
ve
s ve
s total
M t m
A cm
A cm m
use cm
ρ
φ
= − × =
(
( = − − =
⋅ ⋅ (
¸ ¸
= =
= + =
Design at Mid-span
Design of the Hopper Walls
The pressure changes very little with depth of the hopper, so use the pressure at the top of
the hopper with Cd=1.35
2
,
2
,
2
,
2
,
1.35 4.65 6.28t/m
1.35 0.577 4.65 3.6t/m
1.35 5.53 7.47 t/m
1.35 0.577 5.53 4.3t/m
a des
a des
b des
b des
q
p
q
q
= × =
= × × =
= × =
= × × =
1
1
Angleof slopes
3
tan 48
3 0.3
3
tan 60.5
2 0.3
a
a
α
α
| |
= =
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
2 2 2
,
2 2 2
,
3.6sin 48 6.28cos 48 4.8t/m
4.3sin 60.5 7.47cos 60.5 5.0 t/m
a des
b des
q
q
α
α
= + =
= + =
ENGC6353 Dr. Mohammed Arafa Page 6
Horizontal Ultimate tensile forces
( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
2
2
1.7 5.0 6/2 sin 48 =19.0t/m
1.7 4.8 4/2 sin 60.5 =14.2t/m
tau
tbu
F
F
=
=
The own weight of the Hopper and its contents
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
3 4 6 3 0.8 60
3 4 6 3 0.2 2.5 38
L
L
W ton
W ton
π
π
= × =
= × ×


3 Basic Folkstyle Wrestling Moves
folkstyle wrestling moves in school
folkstyle wrestling moves in school
What are folkstyle wrestling moves? Folkstyle wrestling moves are also known as collegiate style wretling. They are any wrestling move that is legal or that is not illegal rather within the rules of folkstyle wrestling or collegiate wrestling. Many moves from Greco Roman and Freestyle wrestling are legal and carry over into folkstyle wrestling.
On my blog I recently posted some videos that demonstrate different folkstyle wrestling moves and drills. If you are interested in learning more wrestling skills then I suggest that you go to my blog and watch the videos. However, since this is an article and thus does not use video I will attempt to describe or explain what these moves are, how they are done and when you would use them.
The Granby Roll.
The Granby roll is a classic example of a folkstyle wrestling move. This skill is ONLY used in folkstyle wrestling and not in freestyle or Greco Roman Wrestling. This is a move that the wrestler will do from the bottom position.
You execute the Granby Roll by creating enough space between you and the top wrestler to move your hips out so that you are now at a T to your opponent. You are perpendicular to him rather. Then you want to catch his wrist and roll towards his head. As you roll you through your elbow in between his legs and catch the leg closest to you. When you come through you should, if done correctly, have your opponent on his back. You should be holding him there by locking his arm and leg around your body. Video explains this skill far better than I can with words, but I hope this helps.
Dive and Roll Single Leg Defence.
This move is not a high percentage move but from time to time, when a kid is really athletic or is a lot better than his opponent, this move works. This is a last resort way of getting out when your opponent has shot in and picked up your leg into the air. You are now hopping on one foot hoping not to get taken down. So, in desperation you turn away from the other wrestler, dive and roll. As you roll your leg kicks free. You then turn and face your opponent. Again, this is hard to explain if you have never seen the move. There is video of the move on my blog.
Head Lock.
The head lock is one of the most effective and most ineffective moves there is. It is a great way to score 5 points when you are losing or to get a much needed pin. It is important to do correctly and to know when to hit it otherwise a wrestler can get in trouble. You start by doing what is called a back step. It is a step you take to pop your hips through underneath your opponent so that you can then through him over the lower part of your back and onto his back. A great drill to practice this move is to have one wrestler pop his hips through and throw tehn hold the other person up. Then the other person pops his hips through and throws. You repeat this over and over.
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text:
The Performance of Performance Standards
This paper examines the performance of the JTPA performance system, a widely emulated model for inducing efficiency in government organizations. We present a model of how performance incentives may distort bureaucratic decisions. We define cream skimming within the model. Two major empirical findings are (a) that the short run measures used to monitor performance are weakly, and sometimes perversely, related to long run impacts and (b) that the efficiency gains or losses from cream skimming are small. We find evidence that centers respond to performance standards.
Document Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3386/w9002
Published: Heckman, James J., Carolyn Heinrich and Jeffrey Smith. "The Performance Of Performance Standards," Journal of Human Resources, 2002, v37(4,Fall), 778-811. citation courtesy of
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text:
Warm Springs: A Classic Boondoggle?
By Harold Gilliam
If President Carter wants to bolster his antiinflation program by saving the government at least $200 million, I have a suggestion for him.
The planned Warm Springs dam, on a tributary of the Russian river in Sonoma County, is a classic boondoggle, a pork barrel item that was somehow overlooked when the President compiled his nationwide ''hit list" of water projects that he boldly said he would veto—and did.
Even in the Corps of Engineers' optimistic estimate of the dam's benefits, Warm Springs is a marginal project, with a benefit-cost ratio of 1.1. That means for every dollar of cost, there will be benefits of $1.10. If the benefits were a shade less, the dam could not be financially justified as a federal project.
Let's look at the principal benefitsrecreation and water supply.
The federal flood-control program was born 40 years ago in an effort to do a job that no state could handle alone — prevent the kind of disastrous floods that were occurring along the Mississippi, with tragic loss of life and property.
What happens on the Russian river is quite different. Floods there come not with a rushing wall of water that wipes out whole communities but with a gradual rising of the river until it laps at the doors of buildings in resort communities like Guerneville and sometimes inundates basements and ground floors.
Traditionally, after this kind of flood, the owners shovel out the mud and go back to work. It's a nuisance, but it's been happening on the Russian river for generations, and no one buying property there has any excuse for being ignorant of the river's habit of rising in heavy rains. So we may wonder by what right property owners now demand the federal government bail them out. There are ways of floodproofing buildings that would accomplish much the same results the dam would provide — lowering the high-water level by two or three feet.
Along the river and its tributaries there are places where the water is cutting its banks into agricultural land. Riprap or other channel work could curtail the bank erosion without the dam.
Some of the agricultural fields along the river — mostly in grapes now — are flooded by high water, which deposits layers of silt in the vineyards. This process is precisely what caused the land to be productive in the first place, under the natural cycles of soil replenishment. Stopping the process may be a convenience to growers, but in the long run it would amount to a death sentence on the land that is produced and sustained by river overflow. Why should the federal government be subsidizing destruction of the soil's fertility?
But even the protection that the dam would provide to existing buildings and farmlands would not add up to enough dollar benefits to pay for the dam's flood-control cost. That cost can only be met by an ingenious accounting gimmick: "benefits" to buildings and other developments that do not existbut that might exist if the dam were built.
If the dam lowers the flood crest, certain lands that otherwise would be in the flood zone could be used for building. So flood protection to those ghostly structures is counted as a benefit in order to justify the cost of the dam.
Why should the federal government be subsidizing development in the flood plain? Why should federal taxpayers be giving handouts to those lucky landowners?
Even all this remarkable accounting still would not pay for the dam. To help justify the cost, the Corps counts recreational benefits. Boaters and other users of "Lake Sonoma," the reservoir behind the dam, would eventually spend more than $1 million a year there. By some puzzling financial legerdemain these millions are counted as part of the benefits supplied by the dam. But who gets the benefits?
If a typical family spends, say $100 a year at Lake Sonoma — on boats and gasoline and hot dogs — that's $100 that it won't spend someplace else, such as the Bay Area. Why should the federal taxpayer be subsidizing a diversion of recreation expenditures from the Bay Area to Lake Sonoma? What possible federal benefit is involved?
The dam would also supply water for use in Sonorma county and adjoining areas. The water would be paid for by the water user. Theoretically. Actually the payment would extend over a 50 to 60 year peroid. But the dam has to be paid for when it is built, not some time in the next century. So Uncle Sam in effect lends the water users their share of the paid dam's cost, to be paid back over that 50-60 year period.
But because the dam was originally authorized in 1967, at a time when interest rates were only 31/8 per cent, the water users would pay at that bargain basement rate. The federal taxpayers would have to make up the difference between that and the current market interest rate, which will be three or four times that much. And that difference over a half-century period, could amount to the biggest subsidy of all.
If Sonoma county wants to double or triple or quadruple its population so that the water supply available from Warm Springs will be used and paid for, if the people of Santa Rosa want that city to become another congested San Jose, sprawling out into the farmlands, I suppose you could say that's their business. But why should the rest of us — the federal taxpayers — pay the bill?
Somona taxpayers will be paying for the dam on top of their other taxes for generations to come. The result will predictably be irresistible pressure on all local agencies to promote the fastest possible urbanization and industrialization of the county in order to get a broader tax base to pay the bills for the dam. Growth under pressure.
The dam will create jobs, yes. But if we are to rely
on dams for employment, when Warm Springs is
finished it will be necessary to build another big dam
and yet another when that is finished ad infinitum.
There is room for argument about how much water will be needed and where it will come from. Without Warm Springs, water could be available from wells (the Russian river drainage, particularly the Santa Rosa plain, is rich in ground water), from increasing the capacity of Coyote dam on the upper Russian, from conservation and waste water recycling.
How much would be needed from these or other sources—including Warm Springs—depends on what assumptions you make about population growth and about more efficient use of existing water supplies.
The Warm Springs Task Force, a Sonoma county group opposed to the dam, has a court suit maintaining that the Corps' environmental impact statement does not adequately consider alternatives to the dam, earthquake risks and other matters. The 9th Circuit Court of Appeals heard the case last spring but for some inscrutable reason has not yet spoken. Meantime, the preliminary work goes on, millions have already been spent and construction on the main dam is about ready to begin.
The corps has estimated that the water supply portion of the dam, to be paid for by Sonoma county taxpayers, would amount to $60 million dollars. But the Task Force comes up with another figure. Adding the interest to be paid over the life of the project, plus an inflation factor, plus a cost-overrun figure, the Task Force calculates that the dam will cost the Sonoma county taxpayers $230 million -- almost $1000 added to the property tax for every man, woman and child now living in the county.
No matter whose figures are accepted, Warm Springs seems inordinately expensive way for federal taxpayers as well as for the county to subsidize urban sprawl, riverbank landowners, subdivisions on farmland, reservior recreation, and future construction in floodprone areas.
Photograph caption: SITE OF THE WARM SPRINGS DAM PROJECT. Even the Engineers consider it a marginal project with a benefit-cost ratio of 1.1
S.F. Sunday Examiner & Chronicle
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text:
Maverick and Triton the Goffin Cockatoos
Goffin Cockatoos (Maverick on Left, Triton on Right) have a distinctive crest of feathers on their head which is erected when they are alarmed or excited. They have unique powder down feathers that disintegrate on the edges coating their body with a powder residue. Cockatoos are very vocal and are able to mimic human voices with great accuracy. They can develop substantial vocabularies. In the wild they are found in flocks that forage for seeds, nuts, grains, vegetables and fruits. They are long lived, some species exceeding 80 years of age.