What is Correlation length?
 1. What is "Correlation length"?
 Hi everyone,
 I want to know meaning of "correlation length".
 Correlation function is usually used in statistics, so I think correlation length also similar meaning.
 But some paper used correlation length to explain roughness factor.
 Plz, anyone reply this message who is know about correlation length meaning or useful links.
 Thanks a lot to read this message. :)
 2. jcsd
 3. Cthugha
 Cthugha 1,715
 Science Advisor
 Consider a sample with a surface that is not perfectly flat, but somewhat rough. If you want to analyze the surface roughness, you can just measure the thickness of your sample at many positions, say every micrometer. Now, you have the mean sample thickness and the deviation from the mean for every point on the surface where you did a measurement. For a real surface, the deviation from the mean will not change randomly on every micrometer, but there will be some extended "hillls" and "valleys" on your sample. So, if you check the deviation from the mean at one sample position and have a look at the deviation at an adjacent position, it is very likely that both will be similar, while it is very unlikely that one is a large positive deviation and the other is a large negative deviation. If you have a look at the deviation from the mean thickness at one end of the sample and the deviation from the mean at the other end of the sample, the two values should be completely uncorrelated. They may be large, small or zero - completely independent of each other. Now somewhere in between, there must be a typical length scale on which the deviations from the mean stop being similar. That is the correlation length. It gives you some information on how large these "hills" and "valleys" on your sample typically are.
 Needless to say, you can apply the same principle to other quantities as well, with applications ranging from surface roughness to the optical coherence of light fields.
 4. Thanks your reply,
 If correlation length is short it means surface fluctuation is strong, so rough surface, otherwise fluctuation is week, so flat surface. Is my understanding correct?
 5. Cthugha
 Cthugha 1,715
 Science Advisor
 In practice, rough surfaces usually have short correlation lengths, while smooth surfaces have a long coherence length. However, that is only a rule of thumb and not necessarily always true. For a detailed analysis one typically also takes the RMS of the surface height into account. This is more or less just the standard deviation of your measured thicknesses. This quantity gives you the amount of roughness you have and the correlation length gives you the typical length scale over which it decays.
 However, as you said, in most real cases short correlation length indeed also means strong fluctuations.
 6. Think of a sine modulated surface. The amplitude of the sine gives you the roughness, and the spatial frequency the correlation length.
 In practice you will have the superposition of many sine waves...
 7. Claude Bile
 Claude Bile 1,479
 Science Advisor
 Correlation in this context means "given the height of point A, how well do I know the height of point B?".
 Given the height at A, the correlation length is the maximum distance B is from A, that yields a reasonable* estimate of the height at B.
 *definition of reasonable may vary.
 Correlation length is linked to the power spectrum of the surface noise. Shorter correlation length means higher spatial frequencies dominate (steeper hills etc).
 Correlation length is distinct from the amplitude (amount) of surface roughness.
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When you design an actions pane control, it can be helpful to resize the control to the width of the task pane so that you can see exactly what the controls will look like when they are visible on the task pane. The actions pane control can be found in the New Items dialog box.
1. Create a new Excel Workbook solution using VSTO.
2. Right-click your Excel solution in Solution Explorer, point to Add, and then click New Item.
3. In the Add New Item dialog box, click Actions Pane Control, and then click Add. See Figure 5.3, presented earlier, for an example.
4. Expand the Size property for the control and set the width to 200.
You can add Windows Forms controls to the design surface of the actions pane control by dragging the controls from Toolbox.
5. Add two Label controls, and change the second label to resemble a text box by selecting a white background color, adding a border, and changing the AutoSize property to False (see Figure 5.4).
6. Keep the default name of the label (Label1) for the first label on the control, and change its Text property to Formatting of Active Cell.
7. Change the name of the second label to SelectionFont, set the Tex-tAlign property to MiddleCenter, and clear out any text.
You should also change the anchor of each of these controls so that the labels resize if the task pane is resized. Set the Anchor property to Top, Left, Right for each label. The code to add this actions pane control to the action pane should be added to the Startup event handler of ThisWorkbook. The variable to reference the control is created at the class level as a public variable so that you can access it from the worksheet using the Globals class.
8. Add the code in Listing 5.7 to the ThisWorkbook class, replacing the existing Startup event handler.
Listing 5.7. Displaying the actions pane control on the actions pane Public ActionsControl As New ActionsPaneControl1
Private Sub ThisWorkbook_Startup(ByVal sender As Object, _ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Me.Startup
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Due to the different manufacturing materials, ferrite magnets are mainly divided into strontium ferrite (SrO.6Fe2O3) and barium ferrite (BaO.6Fe2O3), which is more widely used strontium ferrite magnets, today to introduce the performance differences between these two kinds of ferrite.
For barium ferrite and strontium ferrite, the main performance differences are as follows.
1. The saturation magnetization strength is different. Strontium ferrite saturation magnetization strength of about 1.35 T, higher than barium ferrite about 1.1 T. This is because the strontium atomic radius is larger, so that the ferrous ion spacing increases, reducing the antimagnetic exchange of ferrous ions, which is conducive to improving the saturation magnetization strength.
2. Different anisotropy constants. The anisotropy constant of barium ferrite is about 4.5×105 J/m3, which is larger than that of strontium ferrite (2.7×105 J/m3), and the larger anisotropy constant means that it is more difficult to change the direction of magnetization, so barium ferrite is more anisotropic.
3. Different phase transition temperatures. The phase transition temperature of barium ferrite is about 130 K, while that of strontium ferrite is about 250 K. Strontium ferrite has a higher phase transition temperature and can be used in a wider range of applications.
4. Different resistivity. The resistivity of strontium ferrite is about 10-5 Ω-m, lower than that of barium ferrite 10-3 Ω-m, so strontium ferrite has better conductivity.
5. Price difference. Because of strontium resources than barium rich, strontium ferrite price is lower than barium ferrite, which is strontium ferrite is more widely used for an important reason.
Overall, strontium ferrite typically exhibits stronger properties in terms of magnetism, which makes it potentially more attractive for some magnetic applications. However, it should be noted that the specific properties are also affected by the preparation conditions of the material, temperature, pressure, and other factors .
Related Ferrite Magnet Knowledge Posts;

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


How to Maintain Your Gains Thru a Grueling Season
With inseason for team sports well upon us I've been getting a lot of questions lately on the topic of inseason training so I thought I'd put this little article together on the subject.
Most people report some level of explosive performance decline during the season. They start off the season ready to go but a few weeks in and they're not as springy and not as fast as they were. Unfortunately, this is largely an inevitable occurence. You're practicing a lot, you're running a lot, you're under significant stress, and you get worn down physically and emotionally. Virtually ALL athletes experience this to a certain extent, even professionals. The ONLY time professional football and basketball players are truly at 100% is on day 1 of training camp. After that it's all downhill. There are some relative beginners and really out of shape athletes who play their way into shape over the course of a season and actually experience explosive gains inseason, but this is not all that common - the best MOST people can hope for is to maintain the majority of their gains during a season.
Here is a list of keys to keep in mind to help maintain your performance:
1. Seek to maintain your size and strength
Here's what typically happens: You grow increasingly fatigued, you lose muscle, you lose strength, and that causes you to lose power. It's not uncommon for players to drop 15-20 pounds over the course of a season without really even trying to. A lot of that weight may be fat but inevitably some of it will be muscle. It does seem rather contrary that a decrease in bodyweight and body-fat would lead to big time decreases in relative power but all of the running and conditioning that typically takes place inseason has a lot to do with this. All the conditioning causes extra fatigue and eventually causes you to begin to lose fast twitch muscle. So, even though you're dropping body-fat your relative power decreases. There's also a nervous system aspect as continued daily pounding causes your nervous system to become inhibited and high velocity rate coding suffers.
Since it's primarily an increase in fatigue along with a loss of muscle and strength that causes us to lose power inseason we want to focus on the opposite of that inseason. That means we want to try and do the following:
1. Decrease fatigue/increase recovery
2. Maintain muscle
3. Maintain strength
4. Be kind to the nervous system
Keep Tabs On Your Bodyweight
Unless you're significantly overweight to begin with, one of the most important things you can do to maintain your performance inseason is keep your bodyweight up. You can expect to lose a few pounds regardless of what you do but if you're going down in weight more than about 4-5% you're more than likely to run into problems. That means if you started day 1 of practice at 200 lbs you probably shouldn't let your weight drop much under 190. Some people will need to pay particular attention to the Quantity and frequency of their meals. You need calories and lots of them. Now isn't the time to be on some esoteric restrictive fat loss diet. If in doubt make a concerted effort to eat more, even if it means you have to eat some things you know aren't that great for you.
Your training should be focused on on maintaining strength while limiting fatigue. That means you'll want to keep your training at maintenance levels. One big mistake many people make inseason is they try to continue training at the same rate they did during the offseason. This just contributes to the problem of fatigue and they end up running theirself into the ground even further. The inseason is definitely not the time to focus on qualities like reactive strength and explosive power. Focus on maintaining your foundation. Fortunately it only takes about 1/3 the volume to maintain strength that it does to build strength, as long as you maintain the load and effort. A few hard sets of any given exercise once per week will allow most people to maintain 90% or more of their strength levels. Here is a sample template I recommend:
Sample Inseason Template
Hang power clean or jump squat: 3-4 sets x 3-5 reps
Squat, front squat or bulgarian split squat: 3 x 5
Reverse hyper, glute ham, or romanian deadlift: 3 x 6-10
Horizontal press variation (barbell or dumbell bench press or incline bench press): 3 x 5
Pullup or row variation: 3 x 5-8
That's the basic idea. You might add a few other auxillary exercises if time allows but the basic tenet is keep things short and sweet. Perform each exercise with good form and don't go overboard seeking to push the weights. You don't want to injure yourself or burn yourself out - your goal should be to stay close to 10% of your offseason bests over a given rep range. If you can do that you'll be in great shape. That means if your best set of squats is 300 x 5 you should seek to hit 270 x 5. Anything better is just gravy. Do this (or a similar) workout once every 5-7 days as your schedule allows. You can even do this type of workout on game days, just make sure you have a 4 hour break in between your workout and game.
2. Supplement appropriately
Most products that help promote size and strength are also good for maintaining size and strength. In my opinion creatine is great to use inseason because it increases anaerobic endurance and helps maintain strength and size gains. It's an osmolyte which promotes intracellular hydration and that increases strength leverage. There have been reports of increased cramping with creatine use, but those haven't been verified thru research. If in doubt just make sure you stay well hyrated. I recommend 5-10 grams of creatine per day. Supplemental protein and carbohydrate powders and drink mixes can also be valuable for nutritional convenience.
I also recommend a good mutivitamin (like Adam from NoW nutritionals) along with at least 1000 mg extra vitamin C per day for immune support. The last thing in the world you want to do is get sick.
There is also a little trick you can use to boost rate coding when you need it most that'll allow you to perform better than normal athletically whe you need to. This won't work if you do it all the time and shouldn't be done all the time. Save it for game days, if at all. What you want to do is eliminate all caffeine and stimulants from your normal day to day consumption. That includes all sources of caffeine like cokes, tea, energy drinks, and coffee. Stick to non caffeinated beverages like juice, water, and gatorade. Then 1-2 hours before your game take in 100-200 mg of caffeine. You can use a caffeine pill, coffee, tea, or any of the common popular energy drinks like red bull. Just make sure you have a bathroom nearby the first time you try this just in case you're one of the many whose elimination pathways are stimulated by caffeine. What'll happen is your epinephrine receptors will upregulate during the "off" time so that when you use the stuff it'll actually work.
3. Pay extra attention to sleep
If you get a chance to sleep in take it. Get to bed on time and on a consistent schedule. If you have trouble sleeping try taking 300 mg of magnesium a couple of hours before bed. Choose a magnesium form that ends in "ate" like citrate, gluconate, or orotate. If you're on a tight budget you can go to pretty much any grocery store in the world and pick up a 12 gram bottle of liquid magnesium citrate for a couple of bucks. It's sold as a laxative and will work for that purpose if you drink the whole bottle. You don't need the whole bottle for daily magnesium supplementation just take a couple of capfuls once per day.
Although a bit more on the pricey side, some of the ZMA products are also valuable because they combine magnesium with extra zinc, which will help maintain your testosterone levels.
4. Take advantage of rest days
If you get a chance to take a day of rest take it. Ideally take at least one day per week and do absolutely nothing. Your nervous system needs time to recover and one whole day of rest each week during the season can be invaluable.
That about covers it! If all else fails and you end up pissing away a significant portion of your gains realize that it's just temporary. You always have the offseason to look forward to. The great thing is once the season is over and you get a couple of weeks off and begin consistent training again you'll likely rebound back up above and beyond your best efforts. Your work capacity will be at yearly highs and that combined with a freshened up state will often allow you to set significant personal bests within a month or so after your season ends.
Good luck with it!


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Safe Landing is a 3-year policy and program development initiative that focuses in on the issues of long-term housing and aftercare for those who are exiting the sex trade, informed by those with lived experience. Safe Landing has been funded by Public Safety Canada, with support from the Nova Scotia Department of Justice. Specifically, Safe Landing seeks to:
The goals of Safe Landing are:
- To consult with marginalized communities and persons with lived experience of the sex trade to inform policies and practice.
- To faciliate housing opportunities that provide safe, supportive housing for victims of trafficking which meet their particular needs and address complex trauma.
- To develop resource materials, share knowledge through training and build capacity regionally and nationally to replicate similar programs.
Educational and Awareness Materials
All content was created through academic and grey literature reviews, as well as national and international scoping reviews, identity-community consultations and speaking with individuals with lived experience. These materials explain the indicators of sexual exploitation, a glossary of terminology used within the sex trade, and practice principles for supporting trafficked and exploited persons.


Imagine a typical African village. A village named Kpowé is of that nature, which is in the northern part of Togo. The nearest small town is some 10 km away. The source of water for people in this village is the Binah river, which runs 6 km away from the village. In summer, men dig small holes here and there in the river, and the women folk wait until water appears.


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The definition of Montagnais is a Native American Indian tribe from Northern Quebec in Canada.
Facts About the Montagnais
- Many of the current tribe still exist and live in the same area of Quebec today.
- It is commonly believed that the name of Quebec actually came from one of the names given the tribe, Kebik.
- Montagnais speakers refer to their native language as Innu-Aimun. Most Montagnais children can speak their native language.
- The Montagnais tribe were nomadic and moved according to the changing of the seasons.
- The Montagnais tribe depended on the environment to save in a number of ways including for their:
- Food - In the spring, salmon and eel were their main sources of food. In winter they depended on the hunting of both small and large game, such as porcupine, caribou, moose, and elk.
- Clothing - It was typical to see clothing made of buckskin or other animal skins and natural materials.
- Shelter - The Montagnais lived in wigwams and covered the wigwams with animal skins, reeds, mats and bark from trees.
- Transportation - In spring months, the Montagnais relied on canoes crafted from strong trees. In winter, when they were forced to follow the migration of caribou as their main food source, the Montagnais constructed snow shoes using components of the environment.
An example of Montagnais is the 13,000 Indian Americans living in Labrador and Quebec today.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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File folders are the darling of homeschool moms, who love to turn these ordinary, commonplace office staples into all sorts of fun projects. Publishing with flap books is a simple but effective way for children to showcase their writing!
Let's look at two ways you can use manila file folders to help your children publish their stories and reports.
Reveal Parts of a Story
Try publishing your children's writing projects in lapbook-style flap books. Flap books work especially well when a child wants to reveal one part of the story at a time or hide a surprise ending. They're simple and fun! Even the least crafty among your kids will enjoy producing a final draft like one of these!
1. Numbered Flaps
A younger child's short story can be displayed in a flap book like this one. It contains one numbered flap or mini book for every sentence in the story.
Depending on the child's level of interest, you could cut the flaps from brightly colored scrapbooking or construction paper. Then, affix the sentence strips to the colored paper.
2. Lift-the-Flaps: Beginning, Middle, and End
Publishing with flap books like this one is perfect for revealing the beginning, middle, and end of a story or short report.
Cut the front cover of a file folder horizontally to form two or three flaps.
Then cut the story into strips and glue the strips into the file folder under the corresponding flaps. If the story is longer than one page, simply staple additional (uncut) pages onto the back cover of the file folder.
Your child may also enjoy gluing clip art, magazine pictures, or a small map on the inside of each flap.
Showcase a Report or Narrative
Open up a manila folder and fold the edges into the center to make a different type of flap book (also called a lapbook). Your student can publish a nonfiction report by stapling it in the center and adding photos, illustrations, charts, maps, tables, or graphs to the two outside flaps.
Your child could also use this idea to publish a narrative. Encourage using photos or drawings to illustrate parts of the story.
How do you use manila file folders to display your children's writing assignments?


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Click the title below to display the complete page!
The beginning of tunnel engineering can be seen in the 1.1 km long Tronquoy Tunnel in France built in 1803. Here, for the first time, a large area of excavation in difficult ground conditions was realized. In the second half of the 19th century, the first attempts were undertaken to calculate the loading on the timber work and the permanent lining. Of special interest is the origin and development of the technology of steel linings, sprayed concrete linings and rock anchors. Technical innovations, a growing insight into the mode of action, as well as economic factors helped it to gain full acceptance as far back as the 1950s.
Index Terms:rock; TunnelingGroup; NATM; Kovari, Kalman
available online at _URL_ 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
Further Information:Date published: 2003


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A module containing the ALT constructs. An ALT (a term inherited from occam) is a choice between several alternate events. In CHP, we say that an event must support alting to be a valid choice. Events that do support alting are:
Examples of events that do NOT support alting are:
It is not easily possible to represent this at the type level (while still making CHP easy to use). Therefore it is left to you to not try to alt over something that does not support it. Given how much of the library does support alting, that should hopefully be straightforward.
Here are some examples of using alting:
liftM Just (readChannel c) <-> (waitFor _PHONE_ >> return Nothing)
liftM Just (readChannel c) (skip >> return Nothing)
readChannel c0 <-> readChannel c1
(readChannel c >>= writeChannel d) skip
Note that if you wait for a sequential composition:
(readChannel c >>= writeChannel d) <-> (writeChannel e 6 >> readChannel f)
This only waits for the first action in both (reading from channel c, or writing to channel e), not for all of the actions (as, for example, an STM transaction would).
|An alt between several actions, with arbitrary priority. The first available action is chosen (with an arbitrary choice if many actions are available at the same time), its body run, and its value returned.|
|A useful operator to perform an alt. This operator is associative, and has arbitrary priority. When you have lots of guards, it is probably easier to use the alt function. alt may be more efficent than foldl1 (<->)|
An alt between several actions, with descending priority. The first available action is chosen (biased towards actions nearest the beginning of the list), its body run, and its value returned.
What priority means here is a difficult thing, and in some ways a historical artifact. We can group the guards into three categories:
1. synchronisation guards (reading from and writing to channels, and synchronising on barriers)
2. time-out guards (such as Control.Concurrent.CHP.Monad.waitFor)
3. dummy guards (Control.Concurrent.CHP.Monad.skip and Control.Concurrent.CHP.Monad.stop)
There exists priority when comparing dummy guards to anything else. So for example,
priAlt [ skip, x ]
Will always select the first guard, whereas:
priAlt [ x, skip ]
Is an effective way to poll and see if x is ready, otherwise the Control.Concurrent.CHP.Monad.skip will be chosen. However, there is no priority between synchronisation guards and time-out guards. So the two lines:
priAlt [ x, y ] priAlt [ y, x ]
May have the same or different behaviour (when x and y are not dummy guards), there is no guarantee either way. The reason behind this is that if you ask for:
priAlt [ readChannel c, writeChannel d 6 ]
And the process at the other end is asking for:
priAlt [ readChannel d, writeChannel c 8 ]
Whichever channel is chosen by both processes will not satisfy the priority at one end (if such priority between channels was supported).
|A useful operator to perform a priAlt. This operator is associative, and has descending priority (that is, it is left-biased). When you have lots of actions, it is probably easier to use the priAlt function. priAlt may be more efficent than foldl1 ()|
Runs all the given processes in parallel with each other, but only when the choice at the beginning of each item is ready.
So for example, if you do:
every [ readChannel c >>= writeChannel d, readChannel e >>= writeChannel f]
This will forward values from c and e to d and f respectively in parallel, but only once both channels c and e are ready to be read from. So f cannot be written to before c is read from (contrast this with what would happen if every were replaced with runParallel).
alt [ every [ readChannel c, readChannel d], every [ writeChannel e 6, writeChannel f 8] ]
Waits to either read from channels c and d, or to write to channels e and f.
The events involved can partially overlap, e.g.
alt [ every [ readChannel a, readChannel b], every [ readChannel a, writeChannel c 6] ]
This will wait to either read from channels a and b, or to read from a and write to c, whichever combination is ready first. If both are ready, the choice between them will be arbitrary (just as with any other choices; see alt for more details).
The sets can even be subsets of each other, such as:
alt [ every [ readChannel a, readChannel b], every [ readChannel a, readChannel b, readChannel b] ]
In this case there are no guarantees as to which choice will happen. Do not assume it will be the smaller, and do not assume it will be the larger.
Be wary of what happens if a single event is included multiple times in the same every, as this may not do what you expect (with or without choice). Consider:
every [ readChannel c >> writeChannel d 6, readChannel c >> writeChannel d 8 ]
What will happen is that the excecution will wait to read from c, but then it will execute only one of the bodies (an arbitrary choice). In general, do not rely on this behaviour, and instead try to avoid having the same events in an every. Also note that if you synchronise on a barrier twice in an every, this will only count as one member enrolling, even if you have two enrolled ends! For such a use, look at runParallel instead.
Also note that this currently applies to both ends of channels, so that:
every [ readChannel c, writeChannel c 2 ]
Will block indefinitely, rather than completing the communication.
Timeouts (e.g. Control.Concurrent.CHP.Monad.waitFor) are currently not supported. You can always get another process to synchronise on an event with you once a certain time has passed.
every [ readChannel c, alt [ readChannel d, readChannel e ] ]
To wait for c and (d or e) like this you must expand it out into (c and d) or (c and e):
alt [ every [ readChannel c, readChannel d], every [ readChannel c, readChannel e] ]
As long as x meets the conditions laid out above, every [x] will have the same behaviour as x.
Added in version 1.1.0
A useful operator that acts like every. The operator is associative and commutative (see every for notes on idempotence). When you have lots of things to join with this operator, it's probably easier to use the every function.
Added in version 1.1.0
|Produced by Haddock version 2.4.2|


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Given the value of 1st party data, it's becoming increasingly popular for publishers to ask users to register on their website. A registration wall does just this, blocking access to content and requiring registration before continuing.
Once a reader has created an account, their behavior can be analyzed across devices, providing important and actionable insights to the content producer. What's more, registration brings a user one step closer to subscribing, so it can also play a huge role in a paywall subscription strategy. For readers, having an account on a site means more personalization, ultimately improving their user experience as a whole, and so encouraging them to subscribe.
This is why we're back with a new article series! Our first one covered the user journey to subscription (including The Washington Post, Netflix and Audible) whilst this one will analyze the journey of an anonymous reader into a registered user. We aim to see what motivates readers to become members and how the different publishers employ a regwall.
By now we hope you're aware that the most important aspect to turn readers into members, and even subscribers, is your value proposition and content. This is what our series is all about, understanding the number of clicks, scrolls, amount of information and time taken for a reader to create an account, but also to understand the value proposition and why the publisher wants users to do this action.
Remember, any online content-producer can employ a registration wall, including editorial publishers, broadcasters, e-learning platforms and more. To highlight this fact, our 'From content to registration to content' series includes a wide range of different publishers.
- The New York Times
- Journal du Net
- Harvard Business Review
- MY TF1
- Open Classrooms
To find out more about registration walls, see our blog post on 'What is a Registration Wall?'. You might also like our other article series on the subscription conversion funnel, with a white paper to summarize our findings, available here.
So let's start.
Ornikar is a French, online driving school. Their content makes it faster, cheaper and easier for you to earn your driving theory and 'on the road' licence.
- The user journey to register
- Ornikar's value proposition
- Why Ornikar uses a registration wall
The user journey to register
- 3 clicks are needed to register and return to content
- 1 scroll is needed to see the registration form in its entirety, except on mobile where two scrolls are necessary
- 7 fields are required to create an account
So, step by step.
STEP 1 - The user arrives on the website
Someone who wants to get their driving licence arrives on the Ornikar website and decides they want to access the content.
(This is a translated version of the Ornikar landing page)
On the landing page, the user must decide which licence they want to acquire:
- Driving theory licence / highway code licence
- Driving licence
In this case, we're interested in the driving theory licence because our analysis is based on online content.
STEP 2 - Registration to gain access to the content
The user is then taken to a page specifically for this type of licence, outlining the overall cost of obtaining it. However, below is a button saying 'create an account for free'.
Note that, on every page, there's the option to 'log in' for any users who already have an account.
Step 3 - Creating an account
After clicking on 'create an account for free', the user isn't taken to a different page but a simple side banner is presented with the registration form.
We're required to scroll once to see the whole form, but it's a smooth action because the main page remains the same as the form moves.
To access Ornikar's content, the user must provide 7 pieces of information:
- Date of Birth
- Zip code
- Phone number
- Email address
This information will help the company to better understand who their users are and why they're on the site.
As Ornikar's end goal is to encourage a user to pay to subscribe (as we'll see in a minute), so asking a user to register and collecting first-party data is hugely valuable in their subscription strategy. The data can help them understand how users act before subscribing, why someone might be less inclined to subscribe, what incentives different people need, etc. They could also segment their audience based on this data and present a different user subscription journey for each grouping.
A registration wall also brings a user one step closer to subscription, allowing them to discover the value proposition and content for free all the while Ornikar collects data to more easily encourage them to subscribe in the future. For example, Ornikar now has the users email address, so can send promotions and subscription offers by mail.
The New York Times also uses this strategy, employing a regwall as a step towards subscription. Find out more about the NYT registration wall in this article.
STEP 4 - Presenting subscription offers
The user now has another choice. They can continue to access the free version as a registered user or pay to subscribe and receive unlimited access. Ornikar have clearly divided their content into free and premium, with free being solely for registered users (behind a regwall) and premium being behind a paywall, requiring a payment to view.
Note how they have already filled out my name (which I provided in the registration form) making payment even easier.
If you're interested in paywalls and subscription journeys, we have another series of articles 'From content, to subscription to content' which you might find useful.
STEP 5 - The user decides not to pay for subscription
There's a little button in the right hand corner that gives a user the option to refuse payment and simply use the free version. By clicking on this, the user is taken to this page and can now try a series for free.
STEP 6 - The user has access to a free series
The user is automatically redirected to the content that they wanted to try.
Now the reader has access to content for free.
Note that this is only the free version. The user is constantly encouraged to subscribe and is limited in progressing through content if they don't pay the subscription. The registration wall therefore plays a role in collecting first-party data as well as helping to lead a user towards subscription and allowing them to discover Ornikar's value proposition.
It's very important to analyze the publisher's value proposition too, as it shows what a registered user is or isn't entitled to.
Ornikar's value proposition is really clear and explicit when we register.
- A user can have access to free series to practice for the highway code test
- This also allows them to try out the platform and discover content before paying to subscribe
Why does Ornikar use a register wall?
There isn't just one answer here and we can only assume, but we imagine that integrating a regwall meets several goals simultaneously.
- Collect first-party data
- Gather possible leads to sell subscription offers via email if a user doesn't subscribe on their first visit
- Learn about their audience and gain a better understanding of their behavior on the Ornikar site
- Create a personalized user experience thanks to the user being required to login on every visit. This way, Ornikar can save their progress, allow the user to personalize their account and maybe set reminders to revise
- Bring the user closer to subscription
What about mobile?
It's exactly the same on the website and on mobile, the only difference is the fact that we must scroll further down the page in order to see the whole registration form, but this is expected given the smaller screen.


How to Create a Ubuntu Packer Image and Deploy on a Bare Metal Server
How to Create a Ubuntu Packer Image and Deploy on a Bare Metal Server
Chitrabasu Khare
Chitrabasu Khare
Apr 27th, 2021
In this blog post, we will discuss how you can create a minimalistic raw Ubuntu image using Packer and then deploy it on a bare-metal server using the provisioning engine, Tinkerbell. Let's get started!
What is Packer?
Packer by HashiCorp is an awesome tool to create pre-configured machine images which can be directly used to create an instance. This should not be seen as a replacement for other configuration tools like Ansible, Chef etc. Instead, you can use the same tools to pre-configure your image, and with Packer, you can automate the management of your machine images like pushing to an image repository or ensuring your CI pipelines have updated image. Packer also helps you to create parallel builds, i.e you can create multiple images for different platforms using a single template. This enables you to ensure changes in your applications can be tested on multiple platforms simultaneously. It can also be seen as a factor to reduce the parity between developer and production builds.
How to create a Ubuntu Packer machine image?
A Packer template can be defined using a set of constructs and each of these constructs has a separate role in creating a machine image. Currently, Packer does not officially provide a way to make bare metal machine images. So, in this example, we will use virtualbox-iso builder to create a Virtual Machine Disk (VDMK) and then convert it to a raw image. This raw image can then used to deploy an OS on a bare metal server. For our use case, we will manage the deployment using Tinkerbell.
Preseed and config files for Ubuntu 20.04
When building an image using virtualbox-iso, the preseed file will help with automating the deployment. While the config file will have the configuration under constructs on how to build the machine image. You may notice that the config references the location of the preseed file in the boot_command list of the builders object.
The files will need to be placed in the directory structure of the Packer image builder.
ubuntu_packer_image
├── http
│ └── preseed.cfg
└── config.json
Below are the preseed file and the config file for creating a minimalistic Ubuntu 20.04 image.
 - pressed.cfg
choose-mirror-bin mirror/http/proxy string
d-i base-installer/kernel/override-image string linux-server
d-i clock-setup/utc boolean true
d-i clock-setup/utc-auto boolean true
d-i finish-install/reboot_in_progress note
d-i grub-installer/only_debian boolean true
d-i grub-installer/with_other_os boolean true
d-i partman-auto/disk string /dev/sda
d-i partman-auto-lvm/guided_size string max
d-i partman-auto/choose_recipe select atomic
d-i partman-auto/method string lvm
d-i partman-lvm/confirm boolean true
d-i partman-lvm/confirm boolean true
d-i partman-lvm/confirm_nooverwrite boolean true
d-i partman-lvm/device_remove_lvm boolean true
d-i partman/choose_partition select finish
d-i partman/confirm boolean true
d-i partman/confirm_nooverwrite boolean true
d-i partman/confirm_write_new_label boolean true
d-i pkgsel/include string openssh-server cryptsetup build-essential libssl-dev libreadline-dev zlib1g-dev linux-source dkms nfs-common docker-compose
d-i pkgsel/install-language-support boolean false
d-i pkgsel/update-policy select none
d-i pkgsel/upgrade select full-upgrade
d-i time/zone string UTC
tasksel tasksel/first multiselect standard, ubuntu-server
d-i console-setup/ask_detect boolean false
d-i keyboard-configuration/layoutcode string us
d-i keyboard-configuration/modelcode string pc105
d-i debian-installer/locale string en_US.UTF-8
# Create vagrant user account.
d-i passwd/user-fullname string vagrant
d-i passwd/username string vagrant
d-i passwd/user-password password vagrant
d-i passwd/user-password-again password vagrant
d-i user-setup/allow-password-weak boolean true
d-i user-setup/encrypt-home boolean false
d-i passwd/user-default-groups vagrant sudo
d-i passwd/user-uid string 900
In the config file, the builder type is set to virtualbox-iso to generate the VMDK and the post-processor type is set to compress to generate a tar file.
 - config.json
{
 "builders": [
 {
 "boot_command": [
 "<esc><wait>",
 "<esc><wait>",
 "<enter><wait>",
 "/install/vmlinuz<wait>",
 " initrd=/install/initrd.gz",
 " auto-install/enable=true",
 " debconf/priority=critical",
 " netcfg/get_domain=vm<wait>",
 " netcfg/get_hostname=vagrant<wait>",
 " grub-installer/bootdev=/dev/sda<wait>",
 " preseed/url=http://:/preseed.cfg<wait>",
 " -- <wait>",
 "<enter><wait>"
 ],
 "boot_wait": "10s",
 "guest_os_type": "ubuntu-64",
 "guest_additions_mode": "disable",
 "disk_size": 8192,
 "http_directory": "http",
 "iso_urls": [
 "ubuntu-18.04.5-server-amd64.iso",
 "_URL_
 ],
 "iso_checksum": "sha256:8c5fc24894394035402f66f3824beb7234b757dd2b5531379cb310cedfdf0996",
 "shutdown_command": "echo 'vagrant' | sudo -S shutdown -P now",
 "ssh_password": "vagrant",
 "ssh_username": "vagrant",
 "ssh_wait_timeout": "10000s",
 "type": "virtualbox-iso",
 "vm_name": "packer-ubuntu-64-20-04"
 }
 ],
 "post-processors": [
 {
 "type": "compress",
 "compression_level": 9,
 "output": "test.tar",
 "keep_input_artifact": true
 }
 ]
}
Both files are reference files, if you wish to modify something, you can make the changes accordingly. The steps to generate the image will remain the same.
Generating the VMDK
Run packer build to generate the VMDK and tar file.
PACKER_LOG=1 packer build config.json
Setting PACKER_LOG will allow you to see the logs of the Packer build step.
When you run packer build with the example config file, the VMDK will be inside the output directory, while tar will be at the root directory.
Converting the image
Currently, the raw image can not be built directly from the virtualbox-iso builder, so we will convert and then compress it. Please note, If you are using the qemu builder type instead of the virtualbox-iso builder, then you can skip the conversion step as Packer lets you directly create a raw image.
First, get the qemu-img CLI tool.
apt-get install -y qemu-utils
Then use the tool to convert the VMDK into a raw filesystem.
qemu-img convert -f vmdk -o raw output-virtualbox-iso/packer-ubuntu-64-20.04-disk001.vmdk test_packer.raw
Once you have a raw filesystem image, you can compress the raw image.
gzip test_packer.raw
The result is a test_packer.raw.gz file which can now be deployed via Tinkerbell. You can also use the raw file test_


text:
Derek Wildman (L) and Clarisse Mussanabaganwa (R)
USF Professor Derek Wildman and Clarisse Mussanabaganwa, visiting scholar from the University of Rwanda, conduct research at USF.
Scientists with the USF Genomics program and the Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research have taken a significant step in providing the people of Rwanda the scientific tools they need to help address mental health issues that stemmed from the 1994 genocide of the Tutsi ethnic group.
In a first-of-its-kind study, Professors Monica Uddin and Derek Wildman of the College of Public Health looked at the entire genomes of Tutsi women who were pregnant and living in Rwanda at the time of the genocide and their offspring and compared their DNA to other Tutsi women pregnant at the same time and their offspring, who were living in other parts of the world.
In the study published in Epigenomics, they found that the terror of genocide was associated with chemical modifications to the DNA of genocide-exposed women and their offspring. Many of these modifications occurred in genes previously implicated in risk for mental disorders such as PTSD and depression. These findings suggest that, unlike gene mutations, these chemical "epigenetic" modifications can have a rapid response to trauma across generations.


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Poster
(ML)$^2$P-Encoder: On Exploration of Channel-Class Correlation for Multi-Label Zero-Shot Learning
Ziming Liu · Song Guo · Xiaocheng Lu · Jingcai Guo · Jiewei Zhang · Yue Zeng · Fushuo Huo
West Building Exhibit Halls ABC 311
Abstract:
Recent studies usually approach multi-label zero-shot learning (MLZSL) with visual-semantic mapping on spatial-class correlation, which can be computationally costly, and worse still, fails to capture fine-grained class-specific semantics. We observe that different channels may usually have different sensitivities on classes, which can correspond to specific semantics. Such an intrinsic channel-class correlation suggests a potential alternative for the more accurate and class-harmonious feature representations. In this paper, our interest is to fully explore the power of channel-class correlation as the unique base for MLZSL. Specifically, we propose a light yet efficient Multi-Label Multi-Layer Perceptron-based Encoder, dubbed (ML)^2P-Encoder, to extract and preserve channel-wise semantics. We reorganize the generated feature maps into several groups, of which each of them can be trained independently with (ML)^2P-Encoder. On top of that, a global group-wise attention module is further designed to build the multi-label specific class relationships among different classes, which eventually fulfills a novel Channel-Class Correlation MLZSL framework (C^3-MLZSL). Extensive experiments on large-scale MLZSL benchmarks including NUS-WIDE and Open-Images-V4 demonstrate the superiority of our model against other representative state-of-the-art models.
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text:
Sea turtles use their flippers as hands to eat food
Even though sea turtles have flippers for the purpose of guiding their movement, a new study has revealed that they also use their flippers to handle prey.
The researchers found that this behavior, which was thought to be unlikely in marine tetrapods, is very widespread. Furthermore, sea turtles may have begun co-opting their flippers as far back as 70 million years ago.
Study co-author Dr. Kyle Van Houtan is the Director of Science at Monterey Bay Aquarium.
"Sea turtles don't have a developed frontal cortex, independent articulating digits or any social learning," said Dr. Van Houtan."And yet here we have them 'licking their fingers' just like a kid who does have all those tools. It shows an important aspect of evolution – that opportunities can shape adaptations."
The research team used crowd-sourced photographs and videos to search for various ways that sea turtles use their limbs. While this type of behavior has been discovered in other marine mammals such as walruses, it not been previously documented in sea turtles.
The study revealed that sea turtles use their flippers for a variety of foraging tasks. The scientists found many informative images, including a loggerhead rolling a scallop on the floor of the ocean and a green turtle holding a jelly.
"Sea turtles' limbs have evolved mostly for locomotion, not for manipulating prey," said lead author Jessica Fujii. "But that they're doing it anyway suggests that, even if it's not the most efficient or effective way, it's better than not using them at all."
The experts were surprised to find that sea turtles were co-opting their flippers, primarily due to the fact that they are considered to have simple brains and simple flippers. It raises the question of whether marine mammals are learning new behaviors through observation.
"We expect these things to happen with a highly intelligent, adaptive social animal," said Dr. Van Houtan. "With sea turtles, it's different; they never meet their parents. They're never trained to forage by their mom. It's amazing that they're figuring out how to do this without any apprenticing, and with flippers that aren't well adapted for these tasks."
The study is published in the journal PeerJ.
Image Copyright Fujii et al. shared under Creative Commons CC BY


how do i read bangla?
How will I write Bangla in HomeSatkhira?
You can write in Bangla easily. There are many ways to write here in Bangla. HomeSatkhira Supports Unicode. You will have to write in Unicode. We recommend Avro for typing Bangla. You can Download Avro from Here. Avro has several KeyBoard Layouts, such as; English, Phonetic, UniBijoy/Unijoy etc.
How will I read Bangla Text in HomeSatkhira?
Configure Your Computer for Bangla by Yourself [You need not to change anything for Windows Vista or Windows 7, This instruction is for Windows XP and previous versions only] Go through the following steps:


text:
What can be rewoven?
Any kind of fabric with threads that can be pulled is usually a good candidate for reweaving. Some fabrics like flannels and tweeds reweave beautifully, while others like polyester and satin may show slightly after reweaving. Certain garments, such as raincoats and leather, cannot be rewoven.
What types of reweaving do we offer?
French Reweaving is the meticulous process of repairing damages in woven fabrics to as near perfect as possible. There are no machines involved in this Old World skill, each repair is done by hand by a skilled craftsman, one thread at a time. French weaving technique involves taking individual threads from a garment (hem, inside seams or other inconspicuous areas) and weaving them back into the fabric duplicating the same pattern so that the damage is in most cases "invisible".
Inweaving or Piece Weaving is the process generally used for larger tears. A piece of fabric is taken from an inconspicuous area of the garment and a square is woven into the garment, on all four sides, matching exactly the pattern of the garment. In some cases, this may show as a faint square outline.
Reknitting is similar to the french reweave, matching strands are taken from the garment and knitted into the damaged area matching pattern and style.


the actual import paths contained in a repository aligning with ImportRoot. If tools, or their users, specify an alternate Source that contains a repository with incompatible internal import paths, gps' solving operations will error. (gps does no import rewriting.)
Also note that if different projects' manifests report a different Source for a given ImportRoot, it is a solve failure. Everyone has to agree on where a given import path should be sourced from.
If Source is not explicitly set, gps will derive the network address from the ImportRoot using a similar algorithm to that utilized by 'go get'.
type ProjectProperties
type ProjectProperties struct {
 Source string
 Constraint Constraint
}
ProjectProperties comprise the properties that can be attached to a ProjectRoot.
In general, these are declared in the context of a map of ProjectRoot to its ProjectProperties; they make little sense without their corresponding ProjectRoot.
type ProjectRoot
type ProjectRoot string
ProjectRoot is the topmost import path in a tree of other import paths - the root of the tree. In gps' current design, ProjectRoots have to correspond to a repository root (mostly), but their real purpose is to identify the root import path of a "project", logically encompassing all child packages.
Projects are a crucial unit of operation in gps. Constraints are declared by a project's manifest, and apply to all packages in a ProjectRoot's tree. Solving itself mostly proceeds on a project-by-project basis.
Aliasing string types is usually a bit of an anti-pattern. gps does it here as a means of clarifying API intent. This is important because Go's package management domain has lots of different path-ish strings floating around:
 actual directories:
 /home/sdboyer/go/src/github.com/sdboyer/gps/example
 URLs:
 _URL_
 import paths:
 github.com/sdboyer/gps/example
 portions of import paths that refer to a package:
 example
 portions that could not possibly refer to anything sane:
 _URL_
 portions that correspond to a repository root:
 _URL_
While not a panacea, having ProjectRoot allows gps to clearly indicate via the type system when a path-ish string must have particular semantics.
type Revision
type Revision string
A Revision represents an immutable versioning identifier.
func (Revision) Intersect
func (r Revision) Intersect(c Constraint) Constraint
Intersect computes the intersection of the Constraint with the provided Constraint. For Revisions, this can only be another, exactly equal Revision, or a PairedVersion whose underlying Revision is exactly equal.
func (Revision) Matches
func (r Revision) Matches(v Version) bool
Matches is the Revision acting as a constraint; it checks to see if the provided version is the same Revision as itself.
func (Revision) MatchesAny
func (r Revision) MatchesAny(c Constraint) bool
MatchesAny is the Revision acting as a constraint; it checks to see if the provided version is the same Revision as itself.
func (Revision) String
func (r Revision) String() string
String converts the Revision back into a string.
func (Revision) Type
func (r Revision) Type() VersionType
Type indicates the type of version - for revisions, "revision".
type RootManifest
type RootManifest interface {
 Manifest
 // Overrides returns a list of ProjectConstraints that will unconditionally
 // supercede any ProjectConstraint declarations made in either the root
 // manifest, or in any dependency's manifest.
 //
 // Overrides are a special control afforded only to root manifests. Tool
 // users should be encouraged to use them only as a last resort; they do not
 // "play well with others" (that is their express goal), and overreliance on
 // them can harm the ecosystem as a whole.
 Overrides() ProjectConstraints
 // IngoredPackages returns a set of import paths to ignore. These import
 // paths can be within the root project, or part of other projects. Ignoring
 // a package means that both it and its (unique) imports will be disregarded
 // by all relevant solver operations.
 //
 // It is an error to include a package in both the ignored and required
 // sets.
 IgnoredPackages() map[string]bool
 // RequiredPackages returns a set of import paths to require. These packages
 // are required to be present in any solution. The list can include main
 // packages.
 //
 // It is meaningless to specify packages that are within the
 // PackageTree of the ProjectRoot (though not an error, because the
 // RootManifest itself does not report a ProjectRoot).
 //
 // It is an error to include a package in both the ignored and required
 // sets.
 RequiredPackages() map[string]bool
}
RootManifest extends Manifest to add special controls over solving that are only afforded to the root project.
type SimpleLock
type SimpleLock []LockedProject
SimpleLock is a helper for tools to easily describe lock data when they know that no hash, or other complex information, is available.
func (SimpleLock) InputHash
func (SimpleLock) InputHash() []byte
InputHash always returns an empty string for SimpleLock. This makes it useless as a stable lock to be written to disk, but still useful for some ephemeral purposes.
func (SimpleLock) Projects
func (l SimpleLock) Projects() []LockedProject
Projects returns the entire contents of the SimpleLock.
type SimpleManifest
type SimpleManifest struct {
 Deps, TestDeps ProjectConstraints
}
SimpleManifest is a helper for tools to enumerate manifest data. It's generally intended for ephemeral manifests, such as those Analyzers create on the fly for projects with no manifest metadata, or metadata through a foreign tool's idioms.
func (SimpleManifest) DependencyConstraints
func (m SimpleManifest) DependencyConstraints() ProjectConstraints
DependencyConstraints returns the project's dependencies.
func (SimpleManifest) TestDependencyConstraints
func (m SimpleManifest) TestDependencyConstraints() ProjectConstraints
TestDependencyConstraints returns the project's test dependencies.
type Solution
type Solution interface {
 Lock
 Attempts() int
}
A Solution is returned by a solver run. It is mostly just a Lock, with some additional methods that report information about the solve run.
type SolveParameters
type SolveParameters struct {
 // The path to the root of the project on which the solver should operate.
 // This should point to the directory that should contain the vendor/
 // directory.
 //
 // In general, it is wise for this to be under an active GOPATH, though it
 // is not (currently) required.
 //
 // A real path to a readable directory is required.
 RootDir string
 // The ProjectAnalyzer is responsible for extracting Manifest and
 // (optionally) Lock information from dependencies. The solver passes it
 // along to its SourceManager's GetManifestAndLock() method as needed.
 //
 // An analyzer is required.
 ProjectAnalyzer ProjectAnalyzer
 // The tree of packages that comprise the root project, as well as the
 // import path that should identify the root of that tree.
 //
 // In most situations, tools should simply pass the result of ListPackages()
 // directly through here.
 //
 // The ImportRoot property must be a non-empty string, and at least one
 // element must be present in the Packages map.
 RootPackageTree pkgtree.PackageTree
 // The root manifest. This contains all the dependency constraints
 // associated with normal Manifests, as well as the particular controls
 // afforded only to the root project.
 //
 // May be nil, but for most cases, that would be unwise.
 Manifest RootManifest
 // The root lock. Optional. Generally, this lock is the output of a previous
 // solve run.
 //
 // If provided, the solver will attempt to preserve the versions specified
 // in the lock, unless ToChange or ChangeAll settings indicate otherwise.
 Lock Lock
 // ToChange is a list of project names that should be changed - that is, any
 // versions specified for those projects in the root lock file should be
 // ignored.
 //
 // Passing ChangeAll has subtly different behavior from enumerating all
 // projects into ToChange. In general, ToChange should *only* be used if the
 // user expressly requested an upgrade for a specific project.
 ToChange []ProjectRoot
 // ChangeAll indicates that all projects should be changed - that is, any
 // versions specified in the root lock file should be ignored.
 ChangeAll bool
 // Downgrade indicates whether the solver will attempt to upgrade (false) or
 // downgrade (true) projects that are not locked, or are marked for change.
 //
 // Upgrading is, by far, the most typical case. The field is named
 // '


text:
Old Major (a pig) Timeline and Summary
- Old Major has a dream and calls a conference to discuss it.
- He predicts his own death and blames man for their problems.
- He proposes a rebellion and presents "Beasts of England."
- He sets forth several rules the animals must follow so as not to ever resemble man.
- He proposes, as a fundamental principle, that all animals are equal.
- Old Major dies in his sleep.


Large unicellular maps in high genus
Annales de l'I.H.P. Probabilités et statistiques, Volume 51 (2015) no. 4, p. _PHONE_
We study the geometry of a random unicellular map which is uniformly distributed on the set of all unicellular maps whose genus size is proportional to the number of edges. We prove that the distance between two uniformly selected vertices of such a map is of order logn and the diameter is also of order logn with high probability. We further prove a quantitative version of the result that the map is locally planar with high probability. The main ingredient of the proofs is an exploration procedure which uses a bijection due to Chapuy, Feray and Fusy (J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 120 (2013) 2064–2092).
Nous étudions la géometrie d'une carte aléatoire unicellulaire qui est distribuée uniformement sur l'ensemble de toutes les cartes unicellulaires dont le genre est proportionnel au nombre des arrêtes. Nous prouvons que la distance entre deux sommets choisis uniformement d'une telle carte est de l'ordre logn et le diamètre est aussi de l'ordre logn avec une forte probabilité. Nous prouvons aussi une version quantitative du résultat que la carte est localement planaire avec une forte probabilité. L'ingrédient principal de la preuve est une procédure d'exploration qui utilise une bijection due au Chapuy, Féray et Fusy (J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 120 (2013) 2064–2092).
DOI : _URL_
Keywords: unicellular maps, high genus maps, hyperbolic, diameter, typical distance, C-permutations
@article{AIHPB_2015__51_4_1432_0,
 author = {Ray, Gourab},
 title = {Large unicellular maps in high genus},
 journal = {Annales de l'I.H.P. Probabilit\'es et statistiques},
 publisher = {Gauthier-Villars},
 volume = {51},
 number = {4},
 year = {2015},
 pages = {_PHONE_},
 doi = {10.1214/14-AIHP618},
 mrnumber = {_PHONE_},
 language = {en},
 url = {_URL_
}
Ray, Gourab. Large unicellular maps in high genus. Annales de l'I.H.P. Probabilités et statistiques, Volume 51 (2015) no. 4, pp. _PHONE_. doi : 10.1214/14-AIHP618. _URL_
[1] L. Addario-Berry, L. Devroye and S. Janson. Sub-Gaussian tail bounds for the width and height of conditioned Galton–Watson trees. Ann. Probab. 41 (2) (2013) 1072–1087. | MR _PHONE_ | Zbl 1278.60128
[2] D. Aldous. The continuum random tree. I. Ann. Probab. 19 (1) (1991) 1–28. | MR _PHONE_ | Zbl 0722.60013
[3] O. Angel. Growth and percolation on the uniform infinite planar triangulation. Geom. Funct. Anal. 13 (5) (2003) 935–974. | MR _PHONE_ | Zbl 1039.60085
[4] O. Angel, G. Chapuy, N. Curien and G. Ray. The local limit of unicellular maps in high genus. Electron. Commun. Probab. 18 (2013) 1–8. | MR _PHONE_ | Zbl 06346935
[5] O. Angel and G. Ray. Classification of half planar maps. Ann. Probab. 43 (2015) 1315–1349. | MR _PHONE_
[6] O. Angel and O. Schramm. Uniform infinite planar triangulations. Comm. Math. Phys. 241 (2-3) (2003) 191–213. | MR _PHONE_ | Zbl 1098.60010
[7] K. Athreya and P. Ney. The local limit theorem and some related aspects of supercritical branching processes. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 152 (2) (1970) 233–251. | MR 268971 | Zbl 0214.16203
[8] I. Benjamini. Euclidean vs graph metric. Available at _URL_
[9] I. Benjamini and O. Schramm. Recurrence of distributional limits of finite planar graphs. Electron. J. Probab. 6 (23) (2001) 1–13. | MR _PHONE_ | Zbl 1010.82021
[10] O. Bernardi. An analogue of the Harer–Zagier formula for unicellular maps on general surfaces. Adv. in Appl. Math. 48 (1) (2012) 164–180. | MR _PHONE_ | Zbl 1233.05090
[11] J. Bettinelli. Scaling limits for random quadrangulations of positive genus. Electron. J. Probab. 15 (52) (2010) 1594–1644. | MR _PHONE_ | Zbl 1226.60047
[12] J. D. Biggins and N. H. Bingham. Large deviations in the supercritical branching process. Adv. in Appl. Probab. 25 (4) (1993) 757–772. | MR _PHONE_ | Zbl 0796.60090
[13] G. Chapuy. A new combinatorial identity for unicellular maps, via a direct bijective approach. Adv. in Appl. Math. 47 (4) (2011) 874–893. | MR _PHONE_ | Zbl 1234.05037
[14] G. Chapuy, V. Féray and É. Fusy. A simple model of trees for unicellular maps. J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 120 (8) (2013) 2064–2092. | MR _PHONE_ | Zbl 1278.05081
[15] G. Chapuy, M. Marcus and G. Schaeffer. A bijection for rooted maps on orientable surfaces. SIAM J. Discrete Math. 23 (3) (2009) 1587–1611. | MR _PHONE_ | Zbl 1207.05087
[16] B. Davis and D. Mcdonald. An elementary proof of the local central limit theorem. J. Theoret. Probab. 8 (3) (1995) 693–701. | MR _PHONE_ | Zbl 0841.60013
[17] L. Devroye and S. Janson. Distances between pairs of vertices and vertical profile in conditioned Galton–Watson trees. Random Structures Algorithms 38 (4) (2011) 381–395. | MR _PHONE_ | Zbl 1223.05049
[18] R. Durrett. Probability: Theory and Examples. Cambridge Series in Statistical and Probabilistic Mathematics, 4th edition. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2010. | MR _PHONE_ | Zbl 1202.60001
[19] K. Fleischmann and V. Wachtel. Lower deviation probabilities for supercritical Galton–Watson processes. Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré Probab. Stat. 43 (2) (2007) 233–255. | Numdam | MR _PHONE_ | Zbl 1112.60066
[20] M. Gromov. Metric Structures for Riemannian and Non-Riemannian Spaces. Modern Birkhäuser Classics, english edition. Birkhäuser, Boston, MA, 2007. Based on the 1981 French original. With appendices by M. Katz, P. Pansu and S. Semmes. Translated from the French by Sean Michael Bates. | MR _PHONE_ | Zbl 1113.53001
[21] T. E. Harris. The Theory of Branching Processes. Dover Phoenix Editions. Dover, Mineola, NY, 2002. Corrected reprint of the 1963 original [Springer, Berlin]. | MR 163361 | Zbl 1037.60001
[22] N. I. Kazimirov. The occurrence of a gigantic component in a random permutation with a known number of cycles. Diskret. Mat. 15 (3) (2003) 145–159. | MR _PHONE_ | Zbl 1048.60008
[23] H. Kesten. Subdiffusive behavior of random walk on a random cluster. Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré Probab. Stat. 22 (4) (1986) 425–487. | Numdam | MR 871905 | Zbl 0632.6010


text:
Between January 1979 and May 1993, 35 aircraft accidents
occurred in Australia during the take-off phase of flight at night.
A primary factor in 15 of these accidents was considered to be some
form of visual or sensory illusion, or spatial disorientation.
Investigation files from the 15 accidents were reviewed in an
attempt to identify common elements in which spatial
disorientation, or a visual or sensory
illusion, was thought to be a contributing factor. Data were
gathered on pilot characteristics, such as experience and age, as
well as on operational information, such as aerodrome type and
weather. Relevant regulations pertaining to the operation of
aircraft at night and training for night operations were
The report concludes that the type of pilot training or pilot
qualification did not appear to be a common factor in the accidents
under consideration. Pilot
experience also did not appear to be a factor in the accidents.
The absence of adverse weather may be significant in the onset of
illusions. Furthermore, it was considered that the absence of both
ground lighting and a horizon was paramount in the development of
the accidents, while the combination of a
limited horizon with no adverse weather was the most probable
condition under which illusions were likely to develop.


시간 제한 메모리 제한 제출 정답 맞은 사람 정답 비율
1 초 256 MB 14 8 8 100.000%
You are given some colored marbles arranged in a circle. The marbles can have three different colors: red, white and green. The marbles changes their color in each second. The new color of a marble depends on the marble right to it. The rules of changing color is as follows:
 - if the color of the marble is white then in the next second its color will be the one onits right.
 - otherwise, the marble does not change color if the color of the one of its right is white.
 - otherwise, if the marble has the different color than the one of its right, it will become white.
 - otherwise, the marble will have the same color with its right. In this case, if it is red then it will become green and if it is green it will become red.
You are given a string S and an integer N. Determine the state of the marbles after N seconds. If we consider S as a character array and its length is L, then we have L marbles in the circle. Marble (i+1) is in the right side of marble i. For marble (L-1), marble 0 is in its right.
Input starts with T (T ≤ 20), the number of test cases. Each of the next T line contains S (1 ≤ |S| ≤ 20,000) and N (1 ≤ N ≤ 10^18) separated by a single space.
For each case, output "Case _TAG_: W R G" (without quotes) in a line where X is the case number, starting from 1, followed by a single space, and W is the number of white marbles, R is the number of red marbles and G is the number of green marbles for that particular case, each separated by a single space.
예제 입력
예제 출력
Case #1: 3 1 3
Case #2: 4 4 4
Case #3: 10 1 3
Case #4: 5 2 2
Case #5: 8 2 4


text:
Printed wiring board (PWB) interconnect inductance can make or break the performance of a power supply. A large interconnect inductance can raise the high-frequency impedance of a gate drive circuit, impacting efficiency, or it can degrade the effectiveness of filter capacitors. In this Power Tip, we examine some simple formulas for interconnect inductance in free space and over a ground plane. We will find that the ground plane significantly reduces trace inductance and is critical for optimal performance in power supplies.
The simplest trace to consider is a rectangular conductor in free space. A formula for its inductance is shown in Figure 1
. Note that the inductance is a strong function of length but has a logarithmic relationship to the width of the conductor. While the recommendation of making a conductor as wide as possible to reduce its inductance is substantiated by the expression, the benefit of wide conductors is diminished by the logarithm. This is clearly shown in the table, which contains some sample conductor widths and calculates the resulting inductance of a one-inch-long conductor. For instance, a 10 mil (0.25 mm), 2 oz (1.8 mil or 0.07 mm) conductor has an inductance of about 24 nH, if it is one-inch (25 mm) long. If its width is increased by 50 times, the inductance only drops by a factor of four due to the logarithm in the expression.
Click on image to enlarge.
Figure 1: Inductance of a free space conductor has a logarithmic relationship to width.
Ground planes in circuit boards are used to ease routing, minimize the ground voltage variation, provide electrical and magnetic shielding, control impedances, and to help cool the components. Additionally, they provide the opportunity to reduce the inductance of circuit conductors in the PWB. Figure 2
presents a simple formula for the calculation of a conductor over a ground plane. The expression shows linear relationships between inductance, conductor height over the plane and its length. So to a first order, minimizing the separation of the conductor and ground or increasing the conductor width lets you drive the inductance toward zero. The table presents some sample calculations that can be compared with Figure 1
. For instance, we found that a 0.10-inch-wide conductor in free space had an inductance of 14 nH per inch. That same conductor placed over a ground plane of a two-sided board (0.06 inches thick) would have 3 nH per inch. That is a 5:1 reduction in interconnect inductance, which translates into faster gate drives, more effective filtering capacitors and reduced circuit losses from proximity effects. The table also shows that with a six-layer board where the dielectric thickness is reduced to 0.01 inch, the inductance is reduced by another factor of six. Clearly, when routing boards, you will want to put your ground layers as close to the board surface as possible to minimize inductance connecting the components on the surface.
Click on image to enlarge.
Figure 2: Inductance of conductor over plane can be driven arbitrarily small.
To summarize, inductances of conductors on single-layer boards are high due to the lack of a ground-plane layer. This can be mitigated somewhat by routing conductor pairs together. However, ground planes offer the ability to make order of magnitude reductions in this stray inductance, which will result in lower impedance signal paths. This can provide improved efficiency with improved gate drives, better electromagnetic interference (EMI) performance due to improved filter performance, and lower crosstalk due to lower impedance nodes.
Please join us next month when we discuss a second look at snubbing the flyback converter.
For more information about this and other power solutions, visit: _URL_
About the author
is a senior applications manager and distinguished member of technical staff at Texas Instruments. He has more than 30 years of experience in the power electronics business and has designed magnetics for power electronics ranging from sub-watt to sub-megawatt with operating frequencies into the megahertz range. Robert earned a BSEE from Texas A&M University and an MSEE from Southern Methodist University.


Can Dogs Eat Potatoes or Sweet Potatoes?
Published: July 30, 2020
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Potatoes are popular root vegetables that serve as a source of starch and other nutrients for humans. But can dogs eat potatoes? It depends on the type of potato and whether it's cooked or not.
Here's some insight on whether potatoes and sweet potatoes are safe or beneficial for dogs to eat.
Can Dogs Have Potatoes?
Potatoes provide a common source of starch and protein in commercial dog foods. Potato protein is also often found in limited ingredient diets for dogs. These ingredients are processed and formulated specifically for the nutritional requirement of dogs.
But what if your dog eats a piece of a potato? Is it bad for them? What if the potato is raw?
Can Dogs Eat Raw Potatoes or Raw Sweet Potatoes?
White potatoes are vegetables in the nightshade family that contain a compound called solanine. This is toxic to dogs, and therefore, they should never eat raw potatoes. Cooking a potato helps reduce the amount of solanine so that it's safe for dogs.
Raw sweet potatoes can cause digestive upset in dogs. And both raw white potatoes and raw sweet potatoes can cause intestinal blockages.
Can Dogs Eat Cooked White Potatoes?
If you decide to feed your dog part of a white potato, it must be well-cooked with no added butter or seasoning. Potato products such as potato chips, French fries or mashed potatoes can contain an excess amount of fat and salt that is not healthy for dogs.
If your dog has diabetes, do not feed them potatoes, as they can cause spikes in blood sugar.
Any potato that's given as a treat, even in small amounts, should be counted along with other treats to represent a maximum of 10% of your dog's daily calorie intake.
Can Dogs Eat Sweet Potatoes That Are Cooked?
Boiled, steamed, baked, or dehydrated sweet potatoes can be great snacks for your dog. However, check with your veterinarian before adding sweet potato to your dog's diet because too much vitamin A can cause bone problems and muscle weakness.
In addition, sweet potatoes have a lower glycemic index than white potatoes, but veterinary supervision should be used before feeding sweet potato to a diabetic dog.
Calories from sweet potatoes should also be counted toward the 10% maximum amount of calories that your dog can have from treats each day.
Can Dogs Eat Potato Skins?
Potato skins can be difficult to digest, so it is recommended to remove any skin from a white or sweet potato before feeding it to your dog.
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The Web Graph Database
Probe Framework
The purpose of the InfoGrid Probe Framework is to make the content of external data sources appear as native InfoGrid objects that self-update, shadowing the content of the external data source as it changes. By doing this, the development of applications that use changing data from external sources (like RSS feeds, web service calls,...) becomes substantially simpler.
It accomplishes this through the following concepts:
Often, applications choose to update a ShadowMeshBase periodically. (The actual timing depends on the applied policy, which can be defined and updated programmatically.) During each update, the following sequence of events occurs:
 1. The correct Probe is determined for the given data source, by means of the ProbeDirectory, any preferences that the data source expressed in a previous run, and the MIME type and URL of the data source
 2. Changes made by the InfoGrid application to MeshObjects instantiated from the data source content are passed to the Probe, which can attempt to update the data source accordingly. This only occurs if the Probe is a WritableProbe.
 3. The Probe re-reads the data source, and instantiates the corresponding MeshObjects into the StagingMeshBase.
 4. The Differencer compares the previously-read set of MeshObjects (current content of the ShadowMeshBase) with the most recently-read set of MeshObjects (current content of the StagingMeshBase)
 5. It then applies the found changes to the ShadowMeshBase, which transitions the MeshObjectGraph contained in the ShadowMeshBase to the most current version.
 6. The StagingMeshBase is discarded.
 7. As a consequence, the ShadowMeshBase emits a stream of events that is identical to the stream of events that would have been emitted if the ShadowMeshBase's MeshObjects would have been manipulated there directly. If conveyed via XPRISO, other MeshBases cannot distinguish this event stream from any other event stream conveyed via XPRISO.
 8. A future update may be scheduled.
See also:
Last modified 6 years ago Last modified on 01/19/10 16:48:39


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I was "playing" on Project Euler and passed across the Collatz Problem, and it mentioned it was still unproven.
I immediately noticed two things:
 - After the $3n+1$ the result is always even, leading to $\frac{n}{2}$
 - $\frac{n}{2}$ is an trivial action, especially in a binary representation.
The first optimization that can be done is combining the $3n+1$ step with $\frac{n}{2}$.
$\frac{3n+1}{2} = 1.5n+0.5 = n+((0.5n)-0.5)+1$
Looking at the binary representation, $0.5n$ is simply $n$ bitshifted 1 position to the right.
We now focus on $n$ being an odd positive integer (as even numbers are always $2^x$ of an odd number).
Obtaining $((0.5n)-0.5)$ is easily done with the binary representation of $n$, by bitshifting $n$ to the right, and dropping the least significant bit. (Remember, $n$ is odd.)
We know full adders have a well known and well defined behaviour:
$S = A \oplus B \oplus C_{i}$
$C_{o} = majority(A, B, C_{i})$
Doing $n+((0.5n)-0.5)+1$ is implemented using a full adder where the input $B_{i}$ has been connected to $A_{i+1}$
alt text
Sorry for the confusion, but the $n$ on the in-/outputs is unrelated to the number $n$; it needs to be $i$. I will fix this in the image.
By definition, an odd binary number has always $1$ as the least significant bit, and obviously, a $1$ as the most significant bit. The $A_{i+1}$ input from the adder handling the most significant bit falls outside the $n$, and as a result, $0$.
$C_{0} = 1$
$A_{0} = 1$
$A_{i_{max}} = 1$
$A_{i_{max+1}} = 0$
After a complete run has been done, $\frac{n}{2}$ gets done if applicable, and the new $n$ gets fed to the calculator again.
Note that each time the length of the number grows on the most significant bit side, a "foreign" $0$ gets output to $S_{i_{max}}$.
$S_{i_{max}} = (1 \oplus 0 \oplus C_{i_{max-1}}) \neq C_{i_{max-1}}$
$C_{i_{max}} = majority(1, 0, C_{i_{max-1}}) = C_{i_{max-1}}$
$S_{i_{max}} \neq C_{i_{max}}$
(This also implies that $n$ never reaches a value in the form of ${2^x}-1$ after the initial value until it reaches $1$ because of the $0$ passed to the $B$ input for the most significant bit. As the only way not to output a $0$ for $S_{_{[msb]}}$ is to not receive a carry trough $C_{i_{[msb]}}$, which means there is at least an earlier bit with $0$ as value.)
But more importantly, when the first $0$ appears in $A_{1}$ will result in an $0$ to $S_{0}$ making the number even, and shrinking the number itself (by applying $\frac{n}{2}$).
$S_{0} = (1 \oplus 0 \oplus 1) = 0$
$C_{0} = majority(1, 0, 1) = 1$
Now, if it keeps finding an alternating bits of $1$'s and $0$'s, it keeps outputting $0$'s, and keeps the carry on. (This allows you to do $\frac{n}{2}$ several times in a row.)
Only if both $A_{i}$ and $A_{i+1}$ are $1$ again, it will start outputting $1$ on $S$.
If however, it encounters a $O$'s on both $A_{i}$ and $A_{i+1}$, the carry $C_{i}$ will will be output to $S_{i}$, and outputs $A_{i}$ to $S_{i}$ until it encounters a $1$'s on both $A_{i}$ and $A_{i+1}$
$S = (0 \oplus 0 \oplus C_{i-1}) = C_{i-1}$
$C_{i} = majority(0, 0, C_{i-1}) = 0$
$S = (1 \oplus 1 \oplus C_{i-1}) = C_{i-1}$
$C_{i} = majority(1, 1, C_{i-1}) = 1$
How does this translate to a proof of Collatz conjecture?
Note that I'm a mere programmer with a hobby interest in math problems, so excuse me for the low quality. However, I still think this is able to prove that Collatz conjecture is valid, as the growth of the number has hard limits (how many carries can reach the end), while the shrink has no hard limit (shrinks until a 1 occurs) and the switching is fair and one-way (full adder).
Note: my personal truth table for the MSB and LSB
MSB Ci MSB
010-0--- -> 011---
010-1--- -> 100---
011-0--- -> 100---
011-1--- -> 101---
 B LSB Co LSB
---0-01 -> ---0-10 (additional $\frac{n}{2}$ once)
---0-11 -> ---1-01
---1-01 -> ---1-00 (additional $\frac{n}{2}$ multiple times)
---1-11 -> ---1-11
share|improve this question
It doesn't. The Collatz conjecture is open for a good reason: it is extremely hard. I don't have to find a flaw in this proof to know that it's not a proof because if it were this easy, somebody would've done it already. When you propose to have solved a well-known open problem, especially without having done any significant work, you are implicitly insulting everybody who has ever worked on the problem by assuming that there is an extremely simple solution that all of those people missed. – Qiaochu Yuan Jan 2 '11 at 15:29
_USER_: "also, I'm not asking you to write my proof, certainly not! I'm merely asking how this translates to proof." I'm not appreciating the distinction here: could you clarify? Anyway, as I said before, I am a research mathematician and I cannot follow the argument as it is written, not even enough to point to statements as being true and false. – Pete L. Clark Jan 2 '11 at 17:20
Guys, calm down, calm down. Alex's first language isn't English and he's a math novice, it's understandable that there's going to be a lot of confusion reading through his work. What's more important is figuring out what he wants from this question. As far as I figure, by "translate" he means to help him switch his pseudo-proof into actual proof notation, not to verify whether or not the proof is correct. This site's supposed to be for mathematicians at any level. Alex didn't mean any harm and claiming that he's insulting you won't do anything but give off a bad impression of the community. – Mana Jan 2 '11 at 18:02
_USER_, Qiaochu: Remember Sylvester-Gallai prolem? The problem was open for at least 30 years before we got an amazingly simple proof (if I recollect correctly). IMO, The problem here is that the OP expects us to do the bulk of his work for him. Currently what is written is an incoherent mess. That is what we need to be addressing, rather than claiming impossibility of a simple proof. Once OP makes it coherent, I expect it should be much easier to find the flaws. If OP does not make any attempts, I believe we can close it as Not a Real Question. Just my 2c. – Aryabhata Jan 2 '11 at 19:01
_USER_: I agree with you. Note that I never said that it was impossible that there could be a short, easy proof of a famous theorem. (It's merely unlikely, but the unlikely does occur occasionally -- by definition?) My point is the same as yours: the OP claims to have a proof of a big conjecture, but what he has written is completely incoherent. As a personal reaction, I find this annoying. – Pete L. Clark Jan 2 '11 at 19:26
4 Answers 4
The problem with the Collatz conjecture has to do with the possibility of having long "alternating" chains.


text:
As part of the overall environment for RF87, I had envisioned alien creatures wandering around. I wanted them to behave more like animals than traditional monsters, such that they may or may not be hostile, and that they would also potentially chase each other in predator/prey fashion. I also though about incorporating terrain passability parameters, similar to the global map simulator, but in real time. Again, there were no tutorials covering this type of behavior, so I had to develop an AI myself. I set up a state machine with various creature behaviors, but soon came to the conclusion that there were too many exceptions
in animal behavior to model with a single state engine, so I set up a couple of parameters. A creature would have a basic set of behavior like wandering, pursuing, fleeing and attacking,
however these would be modified by parameters like "creature mood" and "creature hunger." That way, a creature that was hungry would behave more aggressively, or a powerful herbivorous creature might generally be harmless, but fight aggressively if attacked.
The project was successful, and I even added a few other features like a terrain speed – where my demo swamp slugs could move quickly in swamp terrain, and slowly on hard ground, but other creatures were the opposite. I also played around with a point and click interface, rather than the using the arrow keys to move like in my original RF87, and in the Witch of Darkmoore Forrest. You can click to select a character, and click again to move them.


text:
Professor Elliot Meyerowitz ForMemRS
Elliot Meyerowitz is an American plant scientist who has pioneered the use of the mustard plant Arabidopsis thaliana as a model species for plant genetics and development studies. Elliot led the application of cutting-edge technologies to plant research, enabling elucidation of the molecular basis of phenomena such as the formation of flowers.
Originally specialising in developmental genetics of fruit flies, in the 1980s Elliot decided to apply newly invented molecular technologies to plants. Little was known about plant genetics, but by sequencing, cloning and studying genes in Arabidopsis, he established the species as a model organism that is now studied around the world.
Combining live imaging with molecular-tagging technologies, Elliot detailed how flower formation is controlled. He discovered the first plant hormone receptor and identified genes that control cell numbers in the plant growing tip. Elliot's work has provided the fundamental framework around which the field of plant development has been built.
George W. Beadle Professor of Biology, California Institute of Technology
Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Interest and expertise
- Biochemistry and molecular cell biology
- Cell biology (incl molecular cell biology)
- Microbiology, immunology and developmental biology
Arabidopsis thaliana, Biomechanics, Computational Morphodynamics, Developmental Genetics


Tag Archives: level of consciousness
Purpose To measure the factors involved with oral intake discontinuation in
Purpose To measure the factors involved with oral intake discontinuation in seniors individuals with recurrent aspiration pneumonia. reaspiration of intake group (n=310) or a reaspiration of intake group (n=80), based on whether intake was discontinued due to aspiration during hospitalization. At entrance, the following items significantly differed between the groups: level of consciousness, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, CURB-65 score, extent of infiltration/opacity on chest radiography, albumin levels, blood urea nitrogen levels, and application of swallowing function assessment. At the initiation of intake, level of consciousness, pulse rate, and albumin levels significantly differed between the groups. The following items did not significantly differ between groups: systolic blood pressure, pulse rate, C-reactive protein, bacteremia, use of ventilator at admission, oxygen administration, respiratory rate, and systolic blood pressure at initiation of intake. Multivariate analysis revealed that application of swallowing Palbociclib function assessment, level of consciousness at the initiation of intake, and extent of infiltration/opacity on chest radiography were significant predictive variables for discontinuation of intake. Conclusion A low level of consciousness at the initiation of intake and a greater extent of infiltration/opacity on chest radiography and the application of a swallowing function are important factors. These factors may be helpful to determine a suitable timing for resumption of oral intake. Keywords: assessment of swallowing function, level of consciousness, recurrent aspiration, resumption of oral intake Introduction Owing to the rapidly aging society in Japan, the number of deaths due to pneumonia has been constantly increasing. Recent statistics showed that pneumonia is the third most common cause of death, after malignant neoplasms and heart diseases, and has recently overtaken cerebrovascular diseases.1 Over 120,000 patients (approximately 100 in a population of 100,000) are known to die from pneumonia annually, which mortality price further is likely to increase. The death rate from pneumonia is certainly higher in Japan than in various other developed countries, a lot of that have mortality prices of significantly less than 50 per 100,000 people. On the other hand, the age-adjusted mortality price of pneumonia has ended 2,000 per 100,000 people in Palbociclib sub-Saharan Africa and in Southern Asia.2 Specifically, aspiration pneumonia is common amongst situations of pneumonia in older people and makes up about one-third of sufferers hospitalized with pneumonia aged 50C59 years, 50% of these hospitalized with pneumonia aged 60C69 years, and 80.1% of these hospitalized with pneumonia aged >70 years.3 One record indicated that aspiration pneumonia may be the most powerful predictor of 30-time mortality in individuals with pneumonia.4 Thus, the prevention and treatment of aspiration pneumonia are critical towards the treatment of pneumonia. In sufferers with aspiration pneumonia, the technique for ensuring oral intake is essential with regards to quality of prevention and lifestyle of recurrence. Studies have already been released on the importance of antimicrobial agent selection, swallowing evaluation, oral care, treatment, and vaccination using a pneumococcal vaccine in cases of aspiration pneumonia.5C10 A recent study Rabbit Polyclonal to VAV1 (phospho-Tyr174) showed Palbociclib that aspiration pneumonia the strongest predictor of 30-day mortality among patients with pneumonia.11 This study was based on the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, which is a national Japanese database of administrative claims and discharge abstracts. However, the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database lacks detailed information regarding swallowing function, as well as the general patients status at the time of the initiation of oral intake. Hence, the predictive factors for the discontinuation of oral intake in elderly cases of recurrent aspiration pneumonia Palbociclib remain unclear. To our knowledge, no other research on these predictive elements has been executed up to now. A previous research from our group demonstrated that 63.7% of doctors made sufferers fast temporarily for the treating aspiration pneumonia.12 Furthermore, when coming up with decisions regarding oral intake resumption after aspiration pneumonia, a lot more than 80% of clinicians giving an answer to questionnaire answered either Strongly agree or Consent to the need for the next items: degree of awareness, air saturation (SpO2), the discretion from the attending doctor, body's temperature, whether swallowing function tests have been performed, state of mind, respiratory price, visual impression, pneumonia severity, functionality position, the opinion of the nonphysician doctor, administration of air, the patients demand, as well as the familys demand.13 However, there is absolutely no evidence if the respondent doctors views are clinically befitting preventing the decrease in swallowing capability or a recurrence of aspiration pneumonia. In today's research, we directed to measure the factors mixed up in discontinuation of dental consumption in elderly sufferers with repeated aspiration pneumonia to be able to determine a proper timing for the resumption of dental consumption. Strategies and Sufferers Research style This is a retrospective cohort Palbociclib research. The scholarly study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Epidemiologic Analysis at Jichi Medical School. Due to the retrospective character from the scholarly research, the necessity for written up to date consent was waived. Research setting up and people We included sufferers with pneumonia who have been hospitalized in the Division of General Internal.


text:
Maui Critical Habitat Proposed to Protect 135 Species
By Wendy Osher
The US Fish and Wildlife Service is proposing the designation of critical habitat to protect some 135 plant and animal species in Maui Nui.
The proposed designation of 271,062 acres on Maui, Moloka'i, Lāna'i, and Kaho'olawe, is projected to cost between $115,000 and $125,000, from 2013 to 2022.
In addition to proposing critical habitat for the first time for 50 species, the rule proposes to revise already designated critical habitat for 85 plant species that are listed as endangered or threatened.
More than half of the critical habitat is proposed on lands that are private (53%); with the remaining areas under state (36%), federal (10%), and county (1%) ownership.
Authorities say approximately 47% of the area being proposed as critical habitat is already designated as critical habitat for listed species.
An public informational meeting will be held from 3 to 5 p.m. that will include presentations about the proposed rule and the draft economic analysis followed by a question and answer period, and a 1 hour break. A public hearing will be held from 6 to 8 p.m., which will allow interested parties to provide "on the record" testimony.
Both will be held Feb. 21 at the Kealia Pond National Wildlife Refuge Visitor Center Multipurpose Room off of the Mokulele Highway in South Maui.
Critical habitat is a term in the Endangered Species Act that identifies geographic areas containing features essential for the conservation of a threatened or endangered species, and which may require special management considerations or protection.
Specifying the location of habitat essential for the conservation of the species helps federal agencies identify where to utilize their authorities to benefit the species as required by the act.
Designating critical habitat also helps focus the conservation efforts of other conservation partners, such as state and local governments, non-governmental organizations, and individuals.