text:
Breakthrough entrepreneurship is about solving problems -- but it's only half the battle. If you've brainstormed a business idea and have a sense of the customer pain your product can solve. The next step in your billion-dollar business generating process is to figure out if you can fill that need profitably.
To do this, you need to understand the value proposition you're creating. Estimate the economics as best you can so as to figure out ahead of time if customers will actually agree to purchase your product or service for significantly more than it costs you to produce it.
Three factors make up your value proposition:
Production cost: What will it cost you to develop and produce your product or service?
Customer utility: What dollar amount can you use to represent the degree to which your customer will value the product?
Price: How much will your customer be willing to pay?
The lower your production costs and the higher the customer utility, the better the value proposition will be. For example, suppose we wanted to calculate a value proposition for a grande soy latte at Starbucks. We'd need to estimate each of the three numbers so that we can plug them into the three parts of the framework.
Begin with production cost, which is often the number you can estimate with the most precision. If you're selling lattes or planning to manufacture electronics, bake cupcakes or develop games that run on social networking websites, hopefully you know enough to come up with an estimate of what it will cost you to produce them. In this case, you'd probably have direct expenses, such as the cost of beans, soy milk, paper cups and those little corrugated cardboard sleeves so your customers' hands won't burn. You'd also have indirect costs: the tables and chairs you need to furnish the store and the marketing campaigns.
What are the true production costs for a single grande soy latte at Starbucks? An educated guess, based on our research and interviews, we'll say it probably costs Starbucks about $1.75 to produce each latte.
That's step one. Step two is to figure out the customer utility. In other words, what is a single cup actually worth to a customer? The utility to a mildly curious Starbucks customer who has never before tried a soy latte isn't all that high. The utility to a true caffeine addict is higher. Maybe he or she would be willing to spend three times as much as the latte neophyte.
To find out, you could ask potential customers what they think about lattes and other similar drinks. Look at what similar drinks sell for elsewhere, do interviews and conduct focus groups or offer pre-sale deals and see what level people bite at.
Let's say the average utility to a Starbucks customer would be $5, and the estimated $1.75 production cost. Those are pretty promising numbers, and can lead us to the last estimate: what is the optimal price?
Determining how to price products optimally is a never-ending challenge. Often you'll cycle through several pricing experiments before you figure out what works best. Usually, but not always, the higher the price, the lower the demand. The key to keep in mind is that the purchase price you set must be somewhere between what it costs you (or Starbucks) to produce the latte and the utility to the customer.
Spelled out like this, the point seems obvious -- and it is. Yet, the history of entrepreneurship is filled with stories of founders who never accurately figured out these calculations ahead of time, and whose ventures died as a result.
In the case of Starbucks, since we can find one on nearly any urban street corner in America, we can see that its current calculation of the optimal price is about $3.85.
Related: Four Rules for Pricing Products
Two more points to consider: the value created and value captured. If Starbucks produces lattes at $1.75 and the average utility to your customers is $5, then Starbucks has created $3.25 of value. And if they're selling lattes at $3.85, then they are capturing $2.10 of value. This example shows a well-balanced value proposition at Starbucks, and perhaps helps explain why the company's stores remain popular and profitable. At least in this example, based on reasonable assumptions, Starbucks creates significant value for the customer, and it also captures a sizeable portion of that value for itself.
So why even bother with the exercise of calculating a value proposition? First, the process can help you diagnose quickly whether you're on to something promising and potentially profitable.
Second, it shows where you need to focus your efforts to improve a marginal business idea. It can make it easier to identify where the problems lie before you get started. If your customer utility and your production costs are both high, for example, then you might need to focus your efforts on reducing costs.
If customer utility and production costs are both low, you might focus on finding different customers for whom your product might have a higher utility. Can you find customers with more pressing needs? Is there a way to make your product better without spending much more money?
Finally, if costs are low while utility is high, you could focus on how much you can increase the asking price, putting you in a position to capture more value. Hopefully you'll make more money while also building a more interesting, stable and rewarding business.
This article is an edited excerpt from Breakthrough Entrepreneurship: The Proven Framework for Building Brilliant New Ventures (Farallon Publishing, 2012) by Jon Burgstone and Bill Murphy Jr.


text:
Network Connectivity Center is a hub-and-spoke model for network connectivity management in Google Cloud. The hub resource reduces operational complexity through a simple, centralized connectivity management model. The hub is paired with Google's network to deliver reliable connectivity on demand.
For definitions of hub and spoke, see the Hubs and spokes section later in this document.
Network Connectivity Center enables you to connect your on-premises networks together by using Google's network as a network for data transfer. On-premises networks can consist of on-premises data centers and branch or remote offices.
On-premises networks connect to a Network Connectivity Center hub by using spokes that have supported Google Cloud spoke resources attached to them. For example, a spoke can contain HA VPN tunnels for a Cloud VPN gateway near the on-premises network.
The following diagram shows several different types of spoke resources connected to a Network Connectivity Center hub. The hub is associated with a VPC network.
Data transfer over Google's network
Network Connectivity Center supports connecting different enterprise sites outside of Google Cloud by using Google's network as a wide area network (WAN). This type of traffic is referred to as data transfer traffic.
Outside sites can consist of, for example, branch office networks, private data centers, and workloads in other cloud providers. These sites connect to a Network Connectivity Center hub by using existing cloud hybrid connectivity resources such as Cloud VPN, Dedicated Interconnect, Partner Interconnect, or select Router appliance partners.
Using Network Connectivity Center enables instant access to the global reach and reliability of Google's network. This functionality enables your enterprise to benefit from Google's deep set of reliability and traffic engineering practices.
How it works
The following sections describe how Network Connectivity Center works and its components.
Hubs and spokes
Network Connectivity Center consists of hub and spoke resources. You can add one or more labels to a hub or spoke resource to identify it.
A hub is a global Google Cloud resource that supports multiple attached spokes. It provides a simple way to connect spokes together to enable data transfer across them. A hub can provide data transfer between different on-premises locations and a Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) network through its attached spokes.
The hub resource reduces operational complexity by using a simple, centralized connectivity management model. A hub, combined with Google's network, delivers reliable connectivity on demand.
A spoke is a Google Cloud network resource connected to a hub. It is part of a hub and can't be created without creating the hub first. A spoke routes traffic to remote network address blocks and enables the connection of multiple remote networks.
Spokes can have only one resource type associated with each spoke. For resource types, see the next section.
Spoke resource types
Network Connectivity Center supports attaching the following Google Cloud resources to spokes. You can have only one resource type within a spoke, but you can attach multiple instances of the same resource type to the same spoke.
- HA VPN tunnels
- VLAN attachments
- Router appliance instances that you or select partners deploy within Google Cloud
You configure a router appliance instance as a BGP peer of a Cloud Router. You can create a router appliance instance by configuring a Compute Engine VM, enabling BGP peering to Cloud Router, and running an image of your choice—for example, a third-party network virtual appliance.
- For Router appliance concepts, see the Router appliance overview.
- For product comparisons, see Choosing a Network Connectivity product.
High availability for spoke resources (required)
Each resource type has different requirements for high availability. Configure the resource types that you plan to use by reading the information in the following sections.
High availability for Cloud Interconnect
For Network Connectivity Center to work correctly with Cloud Interconnect resources, you must configure multiple Interconnect connections, each in a separate edge availability domain.
For detailed information about how to configure Cloud Interconnect resources for high availability, see the following documentation:
- Redundancy and SLA for Dedicated Interconnect
- Establishing 99.99% availability for Dedicated Interconnect
- Redundancy and SLA for Partner Interconnect
- Establishing 99.99% availability for Partner Interconnect
- Creating redundant Interconnect connections with sufficient capacity
High availability for Cloud VPN
For Network Connectivity Center to work correctly with Cloud VPN resources, you must configure multiple HA VPN gateway interfaces and tunnels to achieve a 99.99% SLA. For guidance, see the Cloud VPN overview.
High availability for Router appliance
For Network Connectivity Center to work correctly with router appliance instances attached to a spoke, you must do the following:
If you place all your router appliance instances in a single spoke, use equal-cost multipath (ECMP) to advertise the same set of prefixes from two router appliance instances. To advertise different prefixes for each spoke, add each router appliance instance to a different spoke.
You can't create a cross-region configuration in a single spoke.
ECMP is the result of advertising the same prefix or prefixes, with the same MEDs and AS path as applicable, from two or more router appliance instances. The guidance about route selection in VPC networks applies to router appliance instances as it does to other Google Cloud resources.
For detailed information about how to configure router appliance instances for high availability, see requirements for 99.9% availability.
Network Connectivity Center provides full mesh connectivity between each spoke that is attached to it by propagating all routes that one spoke learns to all other spokes attached to the same hub.
In the preceding topology, Spokes
C are attached to the same hub
and use Cloud Router to advertise prefixes into the hub.
To enable cross-region site-to-site traffic through hubs and spokes, you must enable global routing in the VPC network associated with the hub and spokes. If all spokes are located in the same region, then global routing isn't necessary because site-to-site traffic works without enabling global routing.
The following table shows how the hub propagates prefix advertisements to other spokes.
|Routes from Spoke
||Routes from Spoke
||Routes from Spoke
|Routes exported to Spoke
|Routes exported to Spoke
|Routes exported to Spoke
When determining the order of routes, consider that routes installed by a Network Connectivity Center hub are treated as dynamic routes. For more information about how route conflicts are resolved, see Route applicability and order in the VPC documentation.
For best-path selection of received advertisements, Google Cloud uses MED to determine priority. For more information, see the Routing considerations section for guidance.
Compatibility with existing network configurations
When you add a VLAN attachment or VPN tunnel to a spoke, the only change to these resources is that more routes are potentially advertised to them. In other words, adding a resource to a spoke does not reduce or lessen existing route propagation to that resource. Rather, the only change is that additional routes can be propagated to the resource to support connectivity with other Network Connectivity Center spokes.
This section describes general considerations to review before setting up Network Connectivity Center, as well as considerations that apply to the resources attached to a hub and to routing through hubs and spokes.
For Network Connectivity Center quotas and limits, see Quotas and limits.
Hubs, spokes, and VPC networks
When you add the first spoke to a hub, that hub is associated with the project and network for the spoke. There can be only one instance of a hub for a VPC network. The VPC network associated with the hub cannot be a legacy VPC network.
Resources such as Cloud VPN tunnels and VLAN attachments attached to a spoke must all belong to the same VPC network as the hub.
Shared VPC networks support hubs and spokes differently.
The following considerations also apply to hubs and spokes:
- If you want to exchange routes between spokes in multiple regions, the
VPC network where your spoke resources are located must have
its dynamic routing mode
- Only HA VPN tunnels are supported as attachments to spokes. Classic VPN tunnels are not supported.
- When creating HA VPN tunnels that attach to a Network Connectivity Center spoke, creating Google Cloud-to-Google Cloud HA VPN gateways in different regions in the same Google Cloud project is not supported. This is a limitation of HA VPN, not a limitation of Network Connectivity Center.
- Data transfer traffic between sites is best-effort, and there are no bandwidth guarantees.
- Network Connectivity Center is available only in supported locations (some exceptions apply).
Support for VPC Network Peering
You can use VPC Network Peering to peer the network associated with the hub with one or more of your other VPC networks. However, for the network peered with the hub network to send and receive traffic to and from on-premises networks attached to the hub, you must also do the following:
- Use custom route advertisements to announce peer VPC subnets to on-premises networks attached to the hub.
- Enable the import and export of custom routes. This makes routes from on-premises networks attached to the hub visible from the subnets in VPC networks peered with the VPC network that the hub is associated with.
Support for Shared VPC networks
When using Shared VPC networks, you must create the hub in the host project.
For information about the
that you can assign to administrators of service projects, see
- Routing prefixes must be exclusively advertised within a hub

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


In this talk, HLI Director of Research Brian Clowes, covers the primary elements of the population control agenda – its goals, motivations, and overall strategy. Special attention is paid to the five primary motivations of the population control agenda: greed, fear of famine, enviormentalism, self – hatred, and racism.
The population controllers know they can no longer directly control developing nations through means of force. Instead they must colonize the minds of the people in these countries and make them think like Americans and Europeans. Through this subtle brainwashing, the West continues to exert acontrol over these nations, people, and their resources
In this enchanced CD if you put it in your computer a power point presentation five short videos and other information will be available for you.


text:
Location: Melbourne, Australia
Year: March 2023
In early 2023, Taurus Engineering partnered with a company in Queensland, Australia, to deliver a pressure vessel for air purification in the chemical industry in Melbourne.
Build for demanding applications
The pressure vessel was built to the main specification of AS1210 Class 3 Pressure Vessel, with additional examination and pressure testing required to be done to Spec (4037-1999_R2016). All welding was done to ASME IX specs.
Constructed using grade 304 stainless steel with thicknesses between 5mm and 20mm, the vessel was made of plate, pipe, fasteners, rod, and machined flanges. These materials were chosen for their strength, malleability, and resistance to corrosive environments and applications.
Designed for corrosion challenges
The vessel was designed for a specific application in the chemical industry. However, due to its use, there were potential corrosive challenges that needed to be considered during the construction process.
Welding the pressure vessel presented multiple challenges, including Die Pen testing and 100% visual examination, as the vessel needed to meet the hazardous Class 3 specifications. Quality assurance checks needed to be thorough, and all material certificates were checked upon arrival. Multiple parties were involved in the welding process to ensure that no preparation was missed and that all quality assurance documents showed compliance with the AS1210 Class 3 specs.
The vessel had a capacity of 3.6 m3 and a maximum operating pressure of 0.58 bar. Its technical details made it unique and of particular interest to the chemical industry. The successful delivery of this pressure vessel demonstrated our expertise in meeting the specific needs of clients in the chemical industry and our commitment to meeting the highest quality standards.
Location: Christchurch, NZ
Our team had the pleasure of providing a pressure vessel to a food industry client located in Christchurch. The project involved fabricating, welding, and pressure testing the vessel to ensure it met all industry standards and requirements.
At every step of the process, our team prioritized quality and safety to deliver a product that would meet the unique needs of our client. We worked closely with the client to understand their specific requirements and ensure that the finished product met their expectations.
The vessel is now in use, supporting our client's operations and helping to ensure the safety and quality of their food products.
In 2021, our team had the opportunity to work on a boiler stack fabrication project for a recycling plant located in Christchurch, New Zealand. The project involved fabricating and welding a 6mm 1800 JD boiler stack, which was made out of 600NB SC4 10 316 pipe.
Our team was able to complete the project on schedule and ensure that the final product met all necessary specifications and standards. The finished boiler stack was installed and is now in use at the client's recycling plant in Christchurch.
We take pride in delivering quality workmanship and meeting the unique needs of our clients. This project was no exception, and we are pleased to have played a role in supporting the client's operations and commitment to sustainability."


text:
Benjamin Morgan's distinctive examination of the historical relationship between science and the humanities from Victorian times to the present in his first book, The Outward Mind: Materialist Aesthetics in Victorian Science and Literature (2017), recently received the 2017 Sonya Rudikoff Prize from the Northeast Victorian Studies Association. The Rudikoff Prize honors the best first book published annually about Victorian studies.
Traveling to Edinburgh, Scotland, and London, Morgan researched archives where Victorian intellectuals used evolutionary theory and cognitive science to make sense of art and literature. In The Outward Mind, he develops several theories for articulating the unusual physicality of aesthetic experience. His wide-ranging analysis of Victorian literature and science writing includes the work of Herbert Spencer, Thomas Hardy, and William Morris, who explored and debated a materialist, broadly anti-Kantian conception of aesthetic experience embodying the relationship between the person and the artwork.
"Benjamin Morgan has a truly remarkable, enviable capacity to reanimate current debates through fascinating historical research—in this case, debates about the neuroscience of aesthetic experience and questions about how and why the human sensorium apprehends artistic form," said Bill Brown, the Karla Scherer Distinguished Service Professor in American Culture in the Department of English Language and Literature and Principal Investigator at the Chicago Center for Contemporary Theory. "However, counterintuitively, at a moment when the arts and sciences have 'begun' to converge, the likes of Walter Pater, Oscar Wilde, and Vernon Lee have never seemed more relevant. As with his new work on climate in the Victorian era, Benjamin dramatically demonstrates, page after page, the far-ranging significance of humanistic scholarship."
Through showing how Victorians used scientific concepts to delve into concepts of beauty, Morgan helps scholars look at this subject in a new way. "One example is how Victorians measured Greek statues to show the angles and mathematics of beauty and harmony," said Morgan, associate professor and director of undergraduate studies in the Department of English Language and Literature. "Through empirical studies, many scientists and writers explored a physical sense of beauty. They wanted to find out if art activates the nervous system in some way, a question that is relevant to discoveries taking place today."
The community of scholars at UChicago influenced the broad scope of Morgan's book. He shared drafts of his book with his colleagues in different disciplines who listened, critiqued, and debated it, including at the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Atlantic Cultures workshop and at the History of Human Sciences workshop.
"Benjamin's book stands out for several reasons: it joins together mainstream scientists and intellectuals with figures not so well known; it emphasizes how a physiological orientation was not simply about sensation and presentation but about rethinking of the mind itself; and it establishes new intellectual genealogies that link what was once deemed intellectual backwaters of the Victorian period with innovative literary trends in the early 20th century," said Elaine Hadley, professor in the Department of English Language and Literature.
For his future scholarship, Morgan is working on a book project, In Human Scale: The Aesthetics of Climate Change, asking how art and literature can bring the long and vast processes of ecological devastation into human frames of reference.
"One of the imaginative problems we confront in the era of climate change is that although global warming, ocean acidification, and extinction are happening extremely quickly at a geological time scale, these disasters look slow or distant from our human perspective," he said. "In this book project, I argue that novels and artworks can help us imagine climate change and expand our ecological imaginations."
As demonstrated with his first award-winning book, Morgan is adept at delving deeply into fascinating topics and finding new ways to view the world through the complementary uniting of arts with sciences, while resisting the common temptation to keep them separate.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The UK-German Connection's Instant Impact programme provides grants of up to £1,500 for first-time visits between UK-German school and youth partnerships.
To be eligible for funding at least 75% of the time during the visit must be spent taking part in interactive and educational joint activity between young people from the UK and German partner institutions. The focus should be on collaboration, joint learning, discussion and reflection and there should be a commitment to the sustainability of the link with concrete plans for follow-up and development. Grants can support costs such as travel, accommodation and project resources and will be a part-contribution to the overall costs. Applicants must contribute at least 25% of the overall eligible activity costs through participants' contributions and other sources of funding.
Applications can be submitted at any time but should be for activities that are at least six weeks ahead.


text:
Costa Del Sol Average Weather & Yearly Climate
The average weather in Costa Del Sol offers average daily temperatures around 22 degrees. This does vary throughout the months though.
Our weather data tells us that July is the hottest month with January is the coldest with temperatures varying by 14. Expect average temperatures to be 21 in Spring (Mar, Apr, May) 28 during Summer (June – Aug) , 22 in Autumn (Sept – Nov) and 17 throughout Winter.
What are the Weather Insights, Yearly Temperature, Climate in Costa Del Sol?
Our historical weather stats and averages lets you know the best time to visit Costa Del Sol
- Typical Average Daily Temperature: 22
- Typical Hottest Month: July
- Typical Coldest Month: January
- Average Spring Temperature: 21
- Average Summer Temperature: 28
- Average Autumn Temperature: 22
- Average Winter Temperature: 17


text:
Located in downtown San Salvador, this architectural marvel from the nineteenth century has witnessed some of the most important events in the political history of El Salvador.
The first national palace was built from 1866 to 1870 but a fire wiped-out the structures on December 1889; years later the government of Pedro José Escalón (1903) conducted a public contest for the design and construction of the new palace. The winner of the contest was José Emilio Alcaine, engineer and master builder Pascasio González Erazo.
Considered the first building of the Republic, it was also called "The Coffee Palace ", because a legislative decree taxed coffee exports to pay for the construction. 1 Columbus per 1 Quintal (100 kilograms) was charged, in total 50 thousand Colones were collected.
The main portal is composed of six towering columns that are accompanied by the statues of Christopher Columbus and Queen Isabel the Catholic, donated by King Alfonso XIII in 1924.
The Palace has an eclectic style, with Ionic, Corinthian and Roman columns and elements.
This beautiful building retains most of its original materials like glassware from Belgium, marble from Italy and wood from El Salvador. Over the years this building was abandoned, but in 1980 it was declared a National Monument, which prompted restoration work to rescue this historic treasure. The National Palace was opened to the public in 2008.
Nowadays you can visit 101 rooms (out of 105 rooms) that make-up this masterpiece and look at the colorful floors and walls made out of stamped sheets brought from Belgium.
- Red Room: This room served to hold social and political events. Here are you will see 14 medallions that represent the 14 departments that make up El Salvador. There are also portraits of presidents General Fernando Figueroa, Francisco Morazán, Francisco Menendez, Rafael Campos, Captain Gerardo Barrios and Manuel Enrique Araujo, who after his assassination in 1913,was mourned in this room.
- Pink Room: This is where the Supreme Court met until 1974 and guards the original Salvadoran coat of arms.
- Yellow Room: This room served as the president's office until 1930, important meetings and negotiations took place in this room.
- Blue Room: perhaps the most important of the rooms as it currently holds the original 28 desks and chairs where the congressmen sat to discuss El Salvador's legislative matters.
-The Jaguar Hall; has impressive murals depicting indigenous culture themes. Among the many corridors there is a permanent exhibition of photographs which displays the evolution of the building from 1889 onwards.
Inside the Palace there is a central patio with varied vegetation. There are 5 araucaria pine trees representing the five nations of Central America. As part of the restoration process, the original floor of the first building was recovered. There are also three canons used in the war led by Gerardo Barrios.
Currently the Palace is a tourist attraction and a place for special social gatherings. It is under the management of the Ministry of Culture of the Presidency and houses "El Archivo General de la Nación" (National Archives), in addition to carrying-out several exhibitions each year.
Visit this national treasure in the heart of San Salvador and discover a facet of El Salvador's impressive history.
How to get there:
This National Palace is located on Calle Rubén Darío, across from Plaza Gerardo Barrios, near the Metropolitan Cathedral and The National Library in downtown San Salvador.
If driving there is parking available in The National Library or in the parking lots nearby at US$ 0.50 per hour.
- Bus Routes available: Route A, R-1, 2, Route 6-A, Route 11, 11-B, 11-C, Route 22, Route 23 Route 26.
Ticket US$ 0.20, US$ 0.25, US$ 0.35
Other routes: 3, 9, 34, 38-And, 41-A, 42, 42-A, 42-B.
Ticket US$ 0.20, US$ 0.25, US$ 0.35
- Opening hours: Monday to Friday 8:00 am to 4:00 pm. Admission:
- Salvadoran or Central American US$ 1.00 USD
- Foreign US$ 3.00 USD
- School and university tudents and staff: FREE
- Phone (503) 2222-7674 (503) 2222-9415
Elevation 2203 feet
N 13 ° 41,862 '
In 89 ° 11,495 '
NOTICEThe information presented in this Promotion Listing Services and destinations of El Salvador is a reference guide. Prices, rates, promotions or details such as the number of people, opening hours, input or output times, meal times, Cymbal ingredients, duration of tours, Sites on tour etc.. and phone numbers, websites or email addresses and physical, and other data can change without prior notice of the hotels, restaurants, Tour operators, inns and other businesses in the tourism industry in this digital catalog. The Ministry of Tourism and the Salvadoran Tourism Coorporación, and its advertising agency and any other company or individual subcontracted for lifting and collection of this information has no responsibility for any variation in the data. It is always suggested to respective queries to verify.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


.
SMGOVEND Segment
This segment is updated if the Governor cancels the request and issues a Cancel message or issues an Advise message.
The following table lists the available fields, their values, and descriptions.
Note: Field values in the SMGOVEND segment with an exclamation point (!) after the name indicate the length value for the field has changed from 8 to 48. Due to limitations of the operating system, the PDS deployed servers will only allow a maximum of eight characters to be stored in the field.
Field
Value
Description
SMGOVKEY
Alphanumeric, length=38
The session key.
SMGOVNUM
Numeric, length=4
Request number.
SMKBNAME!
Alphanumeric, length=48
Compiled rule file used.
SMRULENUM
Alphanumeric, length=4
Rule number that determined the result or decision.
SMTHRESHTYPE
Alphanumeric, length=8
Type of threshold exceeded.
SMTHRESHHOLD
Alphanumeric, length=10
Value of threshold exceeded.
SMGDBMS
Alphanumeric, length=8
EDA or SQL engine suffix.
SMGKNBTYPE
Alphanumeric, length=6
Type of compiled rule file. Values are Both, Data, Custom, or Global.
SMGDSNAME
Alphanumeric, length=577V
Data source for compiled rule file.
SMGSRVRNUM
Numeric, length=4
Server number. Used in many-to-one configurations.
SMRMTS Segment
This segment contains the remote statistics for a request that retrieves data from a subserver. The resource values of this segment are in addition to the resource values of its parent segment.
The following table lists the available fields, their values, and descriptions.
Field
Value
Description
SMRMTKEY
Alphanumeric, length=38
The session key.
SMRMTNUM
Numeric, length=4
The request number.
SMRMTSEGNUM
Numeric, length=4
Remote number.
SMRMTETIME
Double
Remote session duration time.
SMRMTCTIME
Double
Remote session CPU time.
SMRMTIOS
Double
The number of I/O operations used in the remote session.
SMRMTROWS
Double
The number of rows returned from the remote session.
SMRMTSQLCODE
Alphanumeric, length=11
The SQL return code from the remote request.
SMRMTPID
Alphanumeric, length=11
Process ID of the session on the remote server.
SMRMTDATE
Alphanumeric, length=8
The local date on the remote server.
SMRMTTIME
Alphanumeric, length=9
Local time on the remote server.
SMRMTNAME!
Alphanumeric, length=128V
Remote server name.
SMRMTSRVRNUM
Numeric, length=4
Server number. Used in many-to-one configurations.
SMFNCTNS Segment
This segment contains a record for each function used in a monitored request.
The following table lists the available fields, their values, and descriptions.
Field
Value
Description
SMFUNKEY
Alphanumeric, length=38
The session key.
SMFUNNUM
Numeric, length=4
The request number.
SMFSEGNUM
Numeric, length=4
The function number.
SMFUNCTION
Alphanumeric, length=12
The function name.
SMFNAME!
Alphanumeric, length=577V
The data source that the field used.
SMFCOLUMN!
Alphanumeric, length=512V
The field that the function used.
SMASTKUSED!
Alphanumeric, length=1
Indicates whether or not an asterisk was used by the function. Values are Y or N.
SMFLITERAL!
Alphanumeric, length=32
The literal value, if used.
SMFSRVRNUM
Numeric, length=4
Used in many-to-one configurations.
SMRELTNS Segment
This segment contains a record for each WHERE or IF clause used in a monitored request.
The following table lists the available fields, their values, and descriptions.
Field
Value
Description
SMRELKEY
Alphanumeric, length=38
The session key.
SMRELNUM
Numeric, length=4
The request number.
SMRSEGNUM
Numeric, length=4
The relation number.
SMLNAME
Alphanumeric, length=577V
Data source name used in the LHS.
SMLCOLUMN
Alphanumeric, length=512V
Field name used in the LHS.
SMRNAME
Alphanumeric, length=577V
Data source name used in the RHS, or blanks.
SMRCOLUMN
Alphanumeric, length=512V
Field name used in the RHS, or blanks.
SMOPERATOR
Alphanumeric, length=8
Operator used in the clause. For example, <, =, !=, etc.
SMANDOR
Alphanumeric, length=3
The AND or OR relational connector used.
SMNOT
Alphanumeric, length=1
The NOT keyword used. Values are Y or N.
SMALL
Alphanumeric, length=1
The ALL keyword used. Values are Y or N.
SMANY
Alphanumeric, length=1
The ANY keyword used. Values are Y or N.
SMLITERAL
Alphanumeric, length=32
The literal value, if used.
SMRSRVRNUM
Numeric, length=4
Server number. Used in many-to-one configurations.
SMFROMS Segment
This segment contains a record for each data source used in a monitored request. It is the parent segment for the SMCOLMNS segments.
The following table lists the available fields, their values, and descriptions.
Field
Value
Description
SMFRMKEY
Alphanumeric, length=38
The session key.
SMFRMNUM
Numeric, length=4
The request number.
SMDSNUM
Numeric, length=4
The data source number.
SMNAME
Alphanumeric, length=577V
The data source name.
SMSUFFIX
Alphanumeric, length=8
The data source suffix, or blanks.
SMDBMS
Alphanumeric, length=8
The EDA or SQL engine suffix.
SMDATATYPE
Alphanumeric, length=1
The data source type:
P = Permanent
T = Temporary
R = Relational
SMMORE
Alphanumeric, length=1
Used as MORE FILE. Values are Y, N, or blank.
SMSUNAME
Alphanumeric, length=8
The SU identifier.
SMALIAS
Alphanumeric, length=128V
The USE AS alias name.
SMDBNAME
Alphanumeric, length=254V
The data source location.
SMMASLOC
Alphanumeric, length=254V
The Master File location.
SMFRSRVRNU
Numeric, length=4
Server number. Used in many-to-one configurations.
SMCOLMNS Segment
This segment contains a record for each field retrieved from a data source in a monitored request.
The following table lists the available fields, their values, and descriptions.
Field
Value
Description
SMCOLKEY
Alphanumeric, length=38
The session key.
SMCCMDNUM
Numeric, length=4
The request number.
SMCDSNUM
Numeric, length=4
The data source number.
SMCSEGNUM
Numeric, length=4
The column number.
SMCOLUMN
Alphanumeric, length=512V
The column/field name.
SMDEFINE
Alphanumeric, length=1
Column type:
0 = UNKNOWN
1 = REAL
2 = PERMANENT DEFINE
3 = TEMPORARY DEFINE
4 = COMPUTE
SMIDXKEY
Alphanumeric, length=1
The indexed field. Values are Y or N.
SMBYTYPE!
Alphanumeric, length=1
BY type:
1 = ORDER BY or BY
2 = GROUP BY
3 = ORDER BY & GROUP BY, or blank not used in BY.
SMORDTYPE#
Alphanumeric, length=1
Sort order: ascending (A), descending (D), or blank.
SMCOLSRVRNUM
Numeric, length=4
Server number. Used in many-to-one configurations.
SMAUDIT Segment
This segment will contain the translated request if the original submitted request was transformed from SQL to FOCUS or from FOCUS to SQL. It will also contain any messages issued.
The following table lists the available fields, their values, and descriptions.
Field
Value
Description
SMAUDITKEY
Alphanumeric, length=38
Session key.
SMAUDITNUM
Numeric, length=4
Audit Sequence number.
SMAUDITFEXNUM
Numeric, length=4
Procedure number that caused this record to be created.
SMAUDITCMDNUM
Numeric, length=4
Request number that caused this record to be created.
SMAUDITTYPE
Alphanumeric, length=12
Audit record type.
SMAUDITREC
Alphanumeric, length=512V
Audit record.
SMAUDITSRVRNUM
Numeric, length=4
Server number. Used in many-to-one configurations.
WebFOCUS


text:
If symptoms of heart disease are making it difficult or impossible for you to do your job, your employer-provided long term disability policy may provide benefits. Heart disease can be a debilitating ailment and is a common reason for disability claims. The New York disability attorneys at Riemer Hess have helped many clients with heart conditions obtain benefits.Below you'll find tips on filing your long term disability claim for heart disease conditions.
Heart Disease and Long Term Disability
Whether you qualify for long term disability due to heart disease will depend on the nature of your condition and symptoms. When evaluating whether to file a long term disability claim, review your policy carefully. Long term disability insurance policies typically define disability as a condition that prevents you from performing the duties of your occupation (or, in some cases, the duties of any occupation).
Types of Heart Disease
Many heart conditions cause severe restrictions and limitations that prevent you from working. The most common types of heart disease include:
- Ischemic heart disease. Also known as coronary artery disease or atherosclerosis, this condition is characterized by build-up of materials within arteries. The result is that the flow of blood to the heart is restricted. High blood pressure is characteristic of this condition in early stages.
- Arteriosclerosis. This disease causes the artery walls to thicken and become rigid due to fat and/or calcium deposits. When combined with ischemic heart disease, this condition often leads to heart attack.
- Congestive Heart Failure. This condition occurs as the heart weakens and cannot pump a sufficient amount of blood to feed oxygen-starved organs.
Disabling Symptoms of Heart Disease
Getting approved for long term disability due to heart disease conditions hinges on explaining your symptoms, their severity and frequency. A diagnosis alone will not be enough for benefit approval. Your insurance company will want to fully understand the range of your symptoms and how they prevent you from working.
The disabling physical effects produced by heart disease differ depending on the condition, but common symptoms may include:
- Chest pain;
- Shortness of breath;
- Swelling and pain in the hands and feet.
Beyond the symptoms your heart disease directly causes, you can take into account the side effects caused by any medications taken for treatment.
Proving Long Term Disability from Heart Disease
There are two possible approaches to proving that a person is disabled because of heart disease. The first is to show that your symptoms render you physically unable to work. For instance, even sedentary jobs require a worker to be able to walk for up to an hour during a workday. A person with heart disease may not be able to walk for that long without experiencing symptoms. For executives and professionals with demanding jobs, persistent fatigue and shortness of breath can rob of them of the stamina needed for long days and frequent travel.
The second approach is to show that simply performing the job exposes the claimant to significant risk of harm. This situation often occurs when a claimant with a bad heart condition works in a high stress occupation. Even if the claimant could physically perform the duties of the job, they should not because it puts them at significant risk of a heart attack. However, risk of harm disabilities can be difficult to prove because the treating doctor may find it difficult to quantify the risk of a person returning to a high stress job.
Importance of Medical Evidence
Medical evidence supporting a claim of disability because of heart disease is crucial. While other kinds of proof can help your chances, your insurance company will weigh objective medical evidence most heavily when evaluating your claim.
Medical evidence may include:
- Proof of diagnosis. Your doctor's notes and any diagnostic testing results that substantiate your diagnosis should be submitted in your claim.
- Test results and findings. Examples of cardiovascular testing include echocardiograms, stress tests, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
- An opinion letter from your doctor. Your doctor's opinion is key to your insurance company. Request that your doctor write a report outlining your condition, your symptoms, and the way your heart disease impairs you from working.
- Treatment notes. Your insurance company will require proof of appropriate treatment in order to approve your claim. Make sure when submitting your claim to include medications you're taking and records of regular follow-up visits with your treating doctor(s). If your insurance company believes you are noncompliant or ignoring your doctor's recommendations for treatment, they may deny your claim or terminate existing benefits.
A Long Term Disability Attorney Can Help
At Riemer Hess, our New York disability attorneys believe that the best approach is to combine the two strategies.
We work closely with each client and their employer to develop a detailed description of the duties of the client's occupation so that we can explain exactly what it is the client can no longer do and why they can no longer do it. We also contact the client's treating doctors to collect supporting medical evidence.
Our disability insurance attorneys will compile the client's entire medical history, including the doctor's treatment notes and objective test results. In addition, our attorneys obtain a detailed written report from the treating doctor that includes the client's symptoms; medical signs and laboratory findings; medications and side effects; the doctor's opinion about the client's ability to sit, stand, walk, reach, twist and bend in a competitive working environment; and the doctor's opinion about whether the client can perform the duties of their occupation.
Whether you're thinking about making a claim for disability insurance, your claim has been denied, or your insurance company is terminating your benefits, the New York disability attorneys at Riemer Hess can assist you. Call Riemer Hess LLC, Attorneys at Law, at _PHONE_.


text:
September is Preparedness Month ~ Be prepared for wildfires ~
Posted on 9/2/2008
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Contact: Cecily Fong
September 2, 2008
Bismarck, ND - With fall fire season nearly upon us, the ND Department of Emergency Services (NDDES) reminds North Dakotans that dry conditions exist in many areas of the state and the risk of wild fire continues to be high. It is important to be aware of a few important factors that will ensure that you and your family are safe.
Learn and teach safe fire practices.
Build fires away from nearby trees or bushes.
Always have a way to extinguish the fire quickly and completely.
Never leave a fire--even a cigarette--burning unattended.
Avoid open burning completely, and especially during dry season.
Always be ready for an emergency evacuation.
Know where to go and what to bring with you.
Plan several escape routes in case roads are blocked by a wildfire.
Children should be aware of evacuation routes and families should practice them together.
Know how to report a fire.
Be aware of your surroundings so you can give a good and accurate location.
Give an approximate size and describe any homes or structures that may be threatened.
Stay on the line to help give further information as requested.


text:
What Does Underexposure Mean When Talking About Photography?
If too little light is recorded when capturing an image the image is said to be 'underexposed'; The imaging medium i.e. film, or sensor has not been exposed to light for long enough to capture a sufficiently bright image. Underexposure of an entire image occurs when the combination of shutter speed, aperture and ISO chosen to capture an image have not been chosen correctly by the shooter, or metered correctly by the camera. Underexposure in dark areas of some scenes is unavoidable if the dynamic range being captured is too high, for example shooting a subject backlit by bright sunlight, but can be compensated for using techniques such ass fill flash or exposure stacking. Underexposure can also be corrected in post processing but is done so at the risk of introducing unwanted noise to an image.


Smelling aid
From The Infosphere, the Futurama Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Smelling aid
Smelling aid.png
InventorProfessor Farnsworth
Owner(s)Professor Farnsworth
First appearanceBender's Game
The smelling aid was invented by Professor Farnsworth. It helps him to smell things better. It is stuck into the nose and has two little satellite dishes turning around and bleeping all the time. He used it to find the anti-backwards crystal by sniffing for the odour it produces when a device is activated. It essentially is a portable version of the Smell-O-Scope.
Additional Info[edit]
See also[edit]


Nuclear power equipment safety and reliable operation has important social meaning and economic significance, especially some scale is huge, and the mechanism is complex, the impact of decommissioning major and the nuclear safety and to protect public health plays an important role in the equipment, to ensure their safety and reliable operation has an important meaning and the higher maintenance demands.
At the same time, the nuclear power equipment maintenance has maintenance field condition multifarious, difficult, short construction period, quality, safety and technology requirements higher characteristic, so to meet maintenance objectives, the nuclear power plant equipment especially the key and important equipment, the urgent need to adopt more advanced, and more scientific strategy for repair.
Meta analysis method is a more popular on the same theme of multiple independent test results are comprehensive statistical method. At present, it is a very effective comprehensive analysis method, and has already developed mature in many domestic and foreign industries and fields.
This paper based on the Meta analysis thought optimization equipment maintenance strategy, working to improve nuclear power equipment especially the key and important equipment maintenance more scientific, reliability and security.
This content is only available via PDF.
You do not currently have access to this content.


The Tinsel-Free Christmas Tree
The_Tinsel_Free_Christmas_TreeBertha and Alfred, married for twenty years, enjoy a truly science fictional life in the twenty-first century. But in spite of all the technological marvels surrounding them, an argument about how to decorate the Christmas tree escalates and threatens their marriage.
This parodistic piece is a mundane short story of 2900 words or approximately 12 print pages, written in the style of science fiction's "golden age" of the 1940s and 1950s.
List price: 0.99 USD, EUR or GBP
Some background information:
 - The Tinsel-Free Christmas Tree is a short story of 2800 words and part of the series Alfred and Bertha's Marvelous Twenty-First Century Life. This story is a digital premiere and has never been published previously.
 - This story was written in response to the Not Really SF Short Story Challenge by writer E.P. Beaumont. The idea was to write a completely mundane short story in the style of science fiction's "golden age" of the 1940s and 1950s, complete with clunky overexplanation of every single piece of technology with which the characters interact.
 - The challenge was a response to complaints by some more traditionally minded science fiction writers and fans that science fiction had been invaded by literary writing and that the virtues, values and scientific rigour of science fiction's so-called "golden age" had been forgotten. In response, E.P. Beaumont proposed launching a counter invasion of literary fiction by science fiction.
 - The other stories in the Alfred and Bertha series story borrow their plots from classic 1970s comedy skits by the brilliant German comedian Vicco von Bülow a.k.a. Loriot. The Tinsel-Free Christmas Tree contains some references to Loriot's classic skit Weihnachten bei den Hoppenstedts (Christmas at the Hoppenstedts), though the plot is my own.
 - The neighbour son Ricky Hoppenstedt was taken from the Loriot skit (where the kid is named Dickie), while the Build your own particle accelerator kit Ricky receives from Alfred is an updated version of the Build your own nuclear power station kit from the original skit. I do hope it is less accident prone than the Build your own nuclear power station kit.
 - Bertha's worries whether Ricky will manage to create a micro black hole in his particle accelerator are a reference to these much publicised worries which surfaced when the Large Hadron Collider was first switched on.
 - Alfred's preference for tinsel and his lament that there used to be so much more tinsel in times of old is yet another reference to the Loriot skit, where Grandpa Hoppenstedt laments that "there used to be much more tinsel". The background of the story is that tinsel has become unpopular in recent times and is now considered rather tasteless and old-fashioned. Though the Loriot skit suggests that the slow demise of tinsel dates back at least to the 1970s. And indeed, my mother is more vehemently opposed to tinsel than me.
 - Tinsel used to be made of something called Stanniol in German, which is a mixture of tin and lead foil. Tinsel containing lead was banned in the US in 1972, but in Germany it continued to be available until fairly recently. The last German factory that still produced tin and lead foil tinsel ceased production only in 2013.
 - Tin and lead foil tinsel is heavier than its Mylar (a.k.a. biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate) counterpart and is prized among those who like old-style Christmas decorations.
 - The wine that the Hoppenstedts give Bertha and Alfred is another Loriot reference to the skit Vertreterbesuch (Salesmen's Visit) where Mrs. Hoppenstedt is visited by several salesmen, including one who sells wines of rather dubious origin and quality, including the Klöbener Krötenpfuhl (Klöben toad pond). An enterprising wine merchant recently offered actual bottles of the wines mentioned in the skit.
 - What is more, Alfred and Bertha's surname von Bülow was also borrowed from Loriot.
 - Bertha's Christmas Eve meal consisting of roast goose a.k.a. Anser anser domesticus, red cabbage, potato dumplings and baked apples for dessert is a traditional German Christmas meal BTW.
 - The cover is a stock photo by Wong Mei Teng. I chose it, because it resembles the abstract science fiction paperback covers of the 1960s, even though it's actually a close-up photo of a decorated Christmas tree (sans tinsel, of course).
Send to Kindle


.
* The :command:'list() command <list>'.
* The :command:'list(APPEND) sub-command <list>'.
* The :variable:'CMAKE_VERSION' variable.
* The :prop_tgt:'OUTPUT_NAME_<CONFIG>' target property.
produces:
Note that CMake Domain roles differ from Sphinx and reStructuredText convention in that the form a, without a space preceding <, is interpreted as a name instead of link text with an explicit target. This is necessary because we use <placeholders> frequently in object names like OUTPUT_NAME_<CONFIG>. The form a , with a space preceding <, is still interpreted as a link text with an explicit target.
Style
Style: Section Headers
When marking section titles, make the section decoration line as long as the title text. Use only a line below the title, not above. For example:
Title Text
----------
Capitalize the first letter of each non-minor word in the title.
The section header underline character hierarchy is
 - #: Manual group (part) in the master document
 - *: Manual (chapter) title
 - =: Section within a manual
 - -: Subsection or CMake Domain object document title
 - ^: Subsubsection or CMake Domain object document section
 - ": Paragraph or CMake Domain object document subsection
Style: Whitespace
Use two spaces for indentation. Use two spaces between sentences in prose.
Style: Line Length
Prefer to restrict the width of lines to 75-80 columns. This is not a hard restriction, but writing new paragraphs wrapped at 75 columns allows space for adding minor content without significant re-wrapping of content.
Style: Prose
Use American English spellings in prose.
Style: Starting Literal Blocks
Prefer to mark the start of literal blocks with :: at the end of the preceding paragraph. In cases where the following block gets a code-block marker, put a single : at the end of the preceding paragraph.
Style: CMake Command Signatures
Command signatures should be marked up as plain literal blocks, not as cmake code-blocks.
Signatures are separated from preceding content by a section header. That is, use:
... preceding paragraph.
Normal Libraries
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
::
 add_library(<lib> ...)
This signature is used for ...
Signatures of commands should wrap optional parts with square brackets, and should mark list of optional arguments with an ellipsis (...). Elements of the signature which are specified by the user should be specified with angle brackets, and may be referred to in prose using inline-literal syntax.
Style: Boolean Constants
Use "OFF" and "ON" for boolean values which can be modified by the user, such as POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE. Such properties may be "enabled" and "disabled". Use "True" and "False" for inherent values which can't be modified after being set, such as the IMPORTED property of a build target.
Style: Inline Literals
Mark up references to keywords in signatures, file names, and other technical terms with inline-literal syntax, for example:
If ''WIN32'' is used with :command:'add_executable', the
:prop_tgt:'WIN32_EXECUTABLE' target property is enabled. That command
creates the file ''<name>.exe'' on Windows.
Style: Cross-References
Mark up linkable references as links, including repeats. An alternative, which is used by wikipedia (_URL_ is to link to a reference only once per article. That style is not used in CMake documentation.
Style: Referencing CMake Concepts
If referring to a concept which corresponds to a property, and that concept is described in a high-level manual, prefer to link to the manual section instead of the property. For example:
This command creates an :ref:'Imported Target <Imported Targets>'.
instead of:
This command creates an :prop_tgt:'IMPORTED' target.
The latter should be used only when referring specifically to the property.
References to manual sections are not automatically created by creating a section, but code such as:
.. _'Imported Targets':
creates a suitable anchor. Use an anchor name which matches the name of the corresponding section. Refer to the anchor using a cross-reference with specified text.
Imported Targets need the IMPORTED term marked up with care in particular because the term may refer to a command keyword (IMPORTED), a target property (IMPORTED), or a concept (Imported Targets).
Where a property, command or variable is related conceptually to others, by for example, being related to the buildsystem description, generator expressions or Qt, each relevant property, command or variable should link to the primary manual, which provides high-level information. Only particular information relating to the command should be in the documentation of the command.
Style: Referencing CMake Domain Objects
When referring to CMake Domain objects such as properties, variables, commands etc, prefer to link to the target object and follow that with the type of object it is. For example:
Set the :prop_tgt:'AUTOMOC' target property to ''ON''.
Instead of
Set the target property :prop_tgt:'AUTOMOC' to ''ON''.
The policy directive is an exception, and the type us usually referred to before the link:
If policy :prop_tgt:'CMP0022' is set to ''NEW'' the behavior is ...
However, markup self-references with inline-literal syntax. For example, within the add_executable() command documentation, use
''add_executable''
not
:command:'add_executable'
which is used elsewhere.
Modules
The Modules directory contains CMake-language .cmake module files.
Module Documentation
To document CMake module Modules/<module-name>.cmake, modify Help/manual/cmake-modules.7.rst to reference the module in the toctree directive, in sorted order, as:
/module/<module-name>
Then add the module document file Help/module/<module-name>.rst containing just the line:
.. cmake-module:: ../../Modules/<module-name>.cmake
The cmake-module directive will scan the module file to extract reStructuredText markup from comment blocks that start in .rst:. Add to the top of Modules/<module-name>.cmake a Line Comment block of the form:
#.rst:
# <module-name>
# -------------
#
# <reStructuredText documentation of module>
or a Bracket Comment of the form:
#[[.rst:
<module-name>
-------------
<reStructuredText documentation of module>
#]]
Any number of = may be used in the opening and closing brackets as long as they match. Content on the line containing the closing bracket is excluded if and only if the line starts in #.
Additional such .rst: comments may appear anywhere in the module file. All such comments must start with # in the first column.
For example, a Modules/Findxxx.cmake module may contain:
#.rst:
# FindXxx
# -------
#
# This is a cool module.
# This module does really cool stuff.
# It can do even more than you think.
#
# It even needs two paragraphs to tell you about it.
# And it defines the following variables:
#
# * VAR_COOL: this is great isn't it?
# * VAR_REALLY_COOL: cool right?

#[========================================[.rst:
.. command:: xxx_do_something
 This command does something for Xxx::
 xxx_do_something(some arguments)
#]========================================]
macro(xxx_do_something)

endmacro()
After the top documentation block, leave a BLANK line, and then add a copyright and licence notice block like this one (change only the year range and name)
#=============================================================================
# Copyright 2009-2011 Your Name
#
# Distributed under the OSI-approved BSD License (the "License");
# see accompanying file Copyright.txt for details.
#
# This software is distributed WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the
# implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
# See the License for more information.
#==============


text:
6" x 9"
|# of Pages||
Birth on the Land
Memories of Inuit Elders and Traditional Midwives
In Birth on the Land, elders and traditional midwives from ten Nunavut communities share memories of traditional birth.
They share how they sometimes laboured and birthed quietly and alone, while other times they were surrounded by the love and support of their family or community. They describe, and even demonstrate, what they did to facilitate an easy birth and give newborns the best possible start in life.
The elders and traditional midwives also share memories about the transition from giving birth in igluit or tents to having to do so in the company of strangers in institutions introduced by southern colonizers. They remember a time when pregnancy, birth, and death were accepted as a part of life, and when elders, rather than southern caregivers, were the sources of wisdom and authority.
Birth on the Land reintroduces contemporary readers to the time-honoured midwifery practices that were used in Nunavut for generations, and provides invaluable insight for caregivers in contemporary Nunavut about caring for pregnant women and giving birth the "Inuit way."


OEM Project
OEM Project
Plastic machinery
Current Position：Home > Solutions >OEM Project >Plastic machinery
Control system of the hollow forming machine
This paper briefly introduces the working principle and control system of the hollow forming machine, and introduces in detail the functions of the control system of the hollow forming machine realized by UniMAT PLC, which provides a higher cost performance control system solution for the manufacturers of the hollow forming machine.
1. concept of blow molding machine
Hollow blow moulding machine is mainly used for the production of bottles, pots, cans, barrels and small special-shaped parts and other single-layer, double, (double) visible level line blow moulding hollow products, especially for PVC, PE, PC, PP, PS, PA and other raw materials of hollow blow moulding. The principle of hollow blow molding machine is "extrusion blow molding". Variable frequency motor is used to adjust the speed of extruder, which can not only meet the requirements of different products, but also make the billet stable to ensure the uniformity of product weight. Molten plastic plasticized by extruder is formed by extruder head, and the billet is blown into the mold by compressed air, which completes a cycle. At present, there are large models and small models of hollow blow molding machines on the market. Small models are divided into single station and double station. When working in double stations, the left and right workstations each complete a work process to count a cycle.
Hollow blow molding machine is composed of mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, waterway and servo oil source (selection).
2. system description
Hollow blow molding machine adopts variable frequency motor speed control system; head and extruder heating and temperature control system; action program control system (PLC) and the corresponding safety protection system. The human-machine interface is input by touch screen.
The technological process: the barrel die is heated and kept warm for a certain time - start extrusion - adjust the die to adjust the extrusion forming tube blank - [start - die frame - Clamp - air nozzle - cut tube blank - lift die head - die frame - lower - air nozzle - blow cooling molding - blow pin micro - draw - bottom - open die - die frame] automatic circulation worker Do.
3. control system design
3.1 system principle and configuration
Work process: granular or powdered plastics through the extruder plasticization to melt state, through the collection of electronic ruler data, feedback control of the amount of extrusion melt, so that the melt through a predetermined flow rate into the nose. When the reserve reaches the predetermined value, the die opens, and according to the set blank wall thickness curve, adjust the die core to control the blank wall thickness. Then, the finished product blank is placed in the blow mold cavity, the mold is closed at a set speed, the movement of the mold is stable, left and right balance is required. After the mold is closed, the billet is blown, and the billet is pressed against the inner wall of the mold under the action of gas pressure. After the mold is cooled and finalized by pressure, the mold is opened and the product is removed by the manipulator.
The main configuration of the system electrical control section is as follows:
Single frame machine:
UN214-1AD23-0XB0 1PCS
UN231-7PH22-0XA0 1PCS
UN231-7PD22-0XA0 1PCS
UN232-OHB22-0XA0 1PCS
UN231-0HF22-0XA0 1PCS
UN222-1BH22-0XA0 1PCS
MT4404T 7 inch color screen 1PCS
18DI/30DO 12TC, 2AO depends specifically on the machine.
Double frame machine:
UN216-2AD23-0XB0 1PCS
UN231-7PH22-0XA0 1PCS
UN231-7PD22-0XA0 1PCS
UN232-OHB22-0XA0 1PCS
UN222-1BH22-0XA0 1PCS
MT4404T 7 inch color screen 1PCS
24DI/32DO 12TC, 2AO depends specifically on the machine.
(1) main UniMAT UN214-1AD23-0XB0 (single rack) and UN216-2AD23-0XB0 (dual rack) control. Structured programming concept, machine manipulator, automatic program, temperature control program, alarm and protection control program, data conversion program and other parts of the program block. Compiled in the revision and testing procedures.
(2) UniMAT module is used in the extended module, and K-type thermocouple is used in the temperature measurement. Temperature control is completed by UN200 series 8-way thermocouple module UN231-7PH22-0XA0 and 4-way thermocouple module UN231-7PD22-0XA0. The module feeds back the collected temperature analog signal to the CPU, automatically adjusts the temperature of each section through the internal program PID of the CPU, accurately controls the temperature of each section, and the precision of static temperature control is at.5. Prove the fluidity of plastic solution.
(3) The clamping pressure is collected by the analog input module UN231-0HF22-0XA0, and the pressure is feedback by the pressure sensor in real time to ensure the clamping pressure is stable; the oil circuit PQ valve is controlled by the UN232-0HB22-0XA0 to control the PQ valve, which is convenient to set the pressure and flow of each oil pressure action.
(4) The control of wall thickness is realized by the input module UN231-0HF22-0XA0, which collects the feedback signals of billet length and die clearance, and then controls the actuator to drive the servo valve by the analog output module UN232-0HB22-0XA0.
(5) The operation panel adopts KINCO high-definition touch screen to complete the blank temperature, action pressure, flow, machine action time parameters, process parameters setting, display, etc. The operation is simple and reliable with menu program control.
。
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text:
Below is the transcript of the video:
Hello, I am Anca Haiduc. I am an analytical scientist at Philip Morris working in Neuchatel Switzerland. Welcome and thank you for joining me for this presentation in which I will talk about the scientific substantiation of the absence of combustion in a novel heated tobacco product.
We all know that the toxicants released when combusting tobacco are the primary cause of smoking-related diseases. Heated tobacco products (HTP) are designed to heat the tobacco without combustion, in order to generate nicotine-containing aerosols instead of smoke.
HTPs are a category of products. They use different technologies. They heat at different temperatures, use different tobacco blends and processing methods for the tobacco. Therefore, each product needs to be scientifically assessed.
The aim of this current presentation is to present evidence that we have generated from the scientific assessment of a new HTP to substantiate the absence of combustion and the significant reduction in the levels of harmful and potentially harmful chemicals, called HPHCs, in this HTP aerosol relative to cigarette smoke.
This new heated tobacco product or HTP is an electronically heated product that uses an electrically controlled metal pin to heat the tobacco. It has a specifically designed tobacco stick which is inserted in the heating device and the device contains this electronically controlled metal pin that is acting as the heat source for the tobacco.
In order to substantiate the absence of combustion, the temperature of tobacco was measured at three points. First, the contact point between tobacco and heater, then the farthest end from the pin heater in the tobacco plug, and then the middle point between these two points that we described before.
Additional tests were performed under oxidative and non-oxidative atmospheres and the chemical analysis of the aerosol was also done, to assess the potential difference in the emissions between these 2 environments. In case of combustion, a difference in the aerosol composition would be measured.
Finally, a targeted aerosol chemistry analysis was performed in order to evaluate the levels of HPHCs in the generated aerosol in comparison with the smoke generated in the combustion of a 1R6F reference cigarette. The graph shows you the results that we have obtained. So first for the temperature of the tobacco the maximum temperature that was reached by the pin heater is 345 degrees Celsius, well below the level needed for combustion.
The maximum temperature of the tobacco reached 309 degrees Celsius, at the point of contact with the pin heater, and then it decreased with increasing distance from the pin. The observed drop of the temperature during puffs is an additional confirmation that no self-sustained combustion occurs. It is also interesting to note that as soon as the heating source is turned off the tobacco cooled rapidly. In addition, the tobacco is not consumed, and no smoke or ash are formed.
The second part is the results obtained under the oxidative and non-oxidative atmosphere. It can be seen from the table that the aerosol composition under these two environments is not changing, demonstrating that oxygen is not playing any significant role. The levels of CO, NO, and NOx are the same in the aerosol generated under these two atmospheres and they are massively inferior to the levels found in cigarette smoke.
Overall, this demonstrates that oxygen does not play an important role in the functioning of this novel heated tobacco product.
For the third part, we will look at the aerosol chemistry that was obtained on this product. A targeted aerosol chemistry analysis was performed to evaluate the levels of HPHCs emitted by the electronically heated novel tobacco product in comparison to the reference cigarette smoke. This analysis showed significantly lower levels of all measured HPHCs in this novel tobacco product aerosol compared to reference cigarette smoke.
To conclude, the evidence presented here scientifically substantiates that there is no combustion occurring in this new heated tobacco product. The main findings of the studies are the following:
By heating the tobacco instead of burning it, the HTP emits an aerosol with significantly reduced levels of HPHCs relative to cigarette smoke.
Thank you for joining me today I hope you enjoyed my presentation.


text:
In an invention that could serve crucial in enhancing the security system and checking terror attacks, the scientists have developed bomb-detecting lasers that are much equipped and advanced than the common x-ray detecting machines in a bid to foil bomb attacks.
Michigan State University researchers have developed a laser that can detect micro traces of explosive chemicals on clothing and luggage.
"Since this method uses a single beam and requires no bulky spectrometers, it is quite practical and could scan many people and their belongings quickly," Dantus said. "Not only does it detect the explosive material, but it also provides an image of the chemical's exact location, even if it's merely a minute trace on a zipper."
This doesn't mean that security forces will be armed with handheld laser in airports, however. This laser would more likely be in a conveyor belt, like the X-ray scanners already used for airport security. The low-energy laser is safe to use on luggage as well as passengers, he added.
Scientists have been struggling hard for decades to develop scanning equipments that are powerful enough for detection, but safe enough to use on people.
Dantus' bomb-detecting laser works as a single beam, but uses two pulses. The first resonates with certain chemical frequencies found in explosives. The second, a shadow pulse, serves as a reference. A discrepancy between the two pulses indicates the presence of explosive materials.
"The laser is not affected by the color or surface of clothes or luggage," Dantus said.
The Department of Homeland Security funded the research. The research was published in Applied Physics Letters.


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StoryPlayer vs Needle comparison of testing frameworks
What are the differences between StoryPlayer and Needle?
StoryPlayer
_URL_
Needle
_URL_
Programming language
PHP
Java
Category
Unit testing, Functional Testing
Unit Testing
General info
Storyplayer is a full-stack testing framework
Storyplayer follows a TDD testing approach and makes it possible to write end-to-end tests for an entire platform. It has support for creating and destroying test environments on demand
Needle is a lightweight framework for testing Java EE components outside of the container in isolation
Needle reduces the test setup code by analysing dependencies and has automatic injection of mock objects by default. Therefore It will maximize the speed of development as well as the execution of unit tests
xUnit
Set of frameworks originating from SUnit (Smalltalk's testing framework). They share similar structure and functionality.
No
No
Client-side
Allows testing code execution on the client, such as a web browser
Yes
By running a 'user story' which is a simple statement that describes one action, and who can perform that action then record of the conversations about this action, this is how you would test front-end functionality and components
Yes
You can test front-end components and functionality by testing individual front-end classes and functions
Server-side
Allows testing the bahovior of a server-side code
Yes
By writing a 'service story' which is a 'userstory' except it describes the behaviour of your back-end systems
Yes
You can test back-end components and functionality.one of needles features is database testing via a JPA (Java Persistence API) like hibernate
Fixtures
Allows defining a fixed, specific states of data (fixtures) that are test-local. This ensures specific environment for a single test
Yes
Storyplayer has fixtures that can create and destroy test environments on demand
Yes
It has setUp() and tearDown() functions which are mostly used to execute database operations
Group fixtures
Allows defining a fixed, specific states of data for a group of tests (group-fixtures). This ensures specific environment for a given group of tests.
Yes
It supports group fixtures
Yes
The setUp() and tearDown functions can be used to define an environment for a group of tests
Generators
Supports data generators for tests. Data generators generate input data for test. The test is then run for each input data produced in this way.
Yes
foreach(hostWithRole()) is a generator allows you to easily perform actions against all hosts in your test environment without having to hard-code the host IDs or hostnames into your story.
N/A
Licence
Licence type governing the use and redistribution of the software
New BSD License
GNU Lesser General Public License v2.1
Mocks
Mocks are objects that simulate the behavior of real objects. Using mocks allows testing some part of the code in isolation (with other parts mocked when needed)
By using a library like mockery which intergrates well with storyplayer
Yes
One of needle's features is automatic injection of mock objects, it supports EasyMock and Mockito out of the box
Grouping
Allows organizing tests in groups
Yes
Storyplayer's job is to execute a suite of functional tests
N/A
Other
Other useful information about the testing framework


text:
The National Bank of Serbia (Serbian: Народна банка Србије / Narodna banka Srbije) is the central bank of Serbia. Founded in 1884, the responsibilities of the bank are: monetary policy, sole issuer of Serbian banknotes and coins, protection of price stability and promotion of stability of the financial system within Serbia.
Core functions of the National Bank of Serbia include determining and implementation of the monetary policy, as well as that of the dinar exchange rate policy, management of the foreign currency reserves, issue of banknotes and coins, and maintenance of efficient payment and financial systems. The current governor of the bank is Jorgovanka Tabaković, as of August 6, 2012.
The bank was originally established on July 2, 1884 as the Privileged National Bank of the Kingdom of Serbia. It was modeled after the National Bank of Belgium, considered at the time to be at the forefront of modern banking institutions. The first governor of the bank was Aleksa Spasić. Following the First World War, the bank underwent several changes as the country expanded and eventually became Yugoslavia. It wasn't until 2003 that the last remnant of Yugoslavia disappeared and the bank returned to minting Serbian currency.
Head office building, 12 Kralja Petra St. Belgrade
- Privileged National Bank of the Kingdom of Serbia (2 July 1884 - 20 January 1920)
- National Bank of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovens (20 January - 3 October 1929)
- National Bank of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (3 October 1929 - September 1946)
- National Bank of Yugoslavia (September 1946 - 19 July 2003)
- National Bank of Serbia ( - since 19 July 2003)
NBS headquarters, 17 Nemanjina St. Belgrade (since 2006)
Coordinates: 44°48′13″N 20°27′53″E / 44.80361°N 20.46472°E


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Issue No.12 - December (2005 vol.17)
pp: _PHONE_
Yuqing Wu, IEEE
Much of business XML data has accompanying XSD specifications. In many scenarios, "shredding" such XML data into a relational storage is a popular paradigm. Optimizing evaluation of XPath queries over such XML data requires paying careful attention to both the logical and physical designs of the relational database where XML data is shredded. None of the existing solutions has taken into account physical design of the generated relational database. In this paper, we study the interplay of logical and physical design and conclude that 1) solving them independently leads to suboptimal performance and 2) there is substantial overlap between logical and physical designs: some well-known logical design transformations generate the same mappings as physical design. Furthermore, existing search algorithms are inefficient to search the extremely large space of logical and physical design combinations. We propose a search algorithm that carefully avoids searching duplicated mappings and utilizes the workload information to further prune the search space. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of our approach.
Index TermsXML, physical design, relational databases.
Surajit Chaudhuri, Zhiyuan Chen, Kyuseok Shim, Yuqing Wu, "Storing XML (with XSD) in SQL Databases: Interplay of Logical and Physical Designs", IEEE Transactions on Knowledge & Data Engineering, vol.17, no. 12, pp. _PHONE_, December 2005, doi:10.1109/TKDE.2005.204
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In this paper, we propose a novel trilateration-based indoor localization method utilizing active control of lighting devices. The proposed method estimates the position of a target for measurement by utilizing a trilateration method based on the distances between the target and lighting devices calculated from the illuminance value obtained by active control. The active control involves turning on lighting devices newly installed in the target area one by one. Our method has three key ideas. The first is to remove the effect of light sources other than the lighting equipment used for localization by utilizing only the difference between the illuminance values obtained before and after turning on each lighting device. The second is to remove the influence of a human shadow by utilizing three lighting devices used for localization selected from four lighting devices newly installed in the target area. The third is to accurately estimate the position of a target by introducing a distance-illuminance model that can calculate the distance between an illuminance sensor and a lighting device accurately. To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, we conducted evaluation experiments. It was found that the proposed method can estimate the position of a target with approximately 1 m error on average.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Materials Science(all)


to adjust voltage for all the lower states. This is fairly simple procedure. Just enter the voltage that is a bit lower compared to the voltage for a higher state. Our practice is to deduce 20 mV from the voltage for a higher state, so if the voltage for your State7 is, say, 1075 mV, then voltage for State6 should be 1055 mV. Repeat this same procedure for all the states until State3. This state usually has a voltage of 995 mV, and as such doesn't have to be decreased any further.
If you did everything correctly, your settings in AMD Radeon Software should look something like this:
Click image to zoom
If you paid close attention to what we were doing, then you might have figured out by now that we undervolted our card. This means that we decreased its default operating voltage from 1150 mV to 1075 mV, despite the fact that we increased the core's frequency by 34 MHz. Strangely enough, this is how AMD's Polaris cards work, since most of them come factory overvolted and as such consume more power, and generate more heat than it's necessary. By applying these settings, we actually improved our card's performance, and decreased its overall thermal output and power consumption. In short, it's a win-win situation.
7. Increasing VRAM frequency and voltage
Last but not least, there is VRAM tuning. Increasing the VRAM speed is very important if you want to achieve better gaming performance. By overclocking VRAM, you also increase your card's memory bandwidth, which allows your GPU to process all those textures and data stored in VRAM much quicker. Cards with more VRAM (e.g. 8GB) generally profit more with VRAM overclocking.
Overclocking VRAM on Radeon RX 580 is quite important, since Polaris-based GPUs are "bandwidth starved". The 4GB variants of RX 580 usually feature 1,750 MHz VRAM clocks, while the 8GB variants usually come with 2,000 MHz VRAM clocks. Overclocking VRAM on the 4GB variant may not be as beneficial as on the 8GB variant, since memory timings usually get more loose, which in turn causes increased latency. It is also worth to mention that cards featuring Samsung's memory modules overclock better than cards featuring Hynix's or Micron's memory modules.
To properly overclock your Radeon RX 580 with 8GB of VRAM, first enable VRAM tuning. Once you do that, change the default 2,000 MHz value to 2,100 MHz. Be sure also to set the voltage to 950 mV. If the card runs fine with these settings, feel free to increase memory frequency up to 2,200 MHz, and memory voltage up to 970 mV.
Increasing the voltage in the VRAM tuning tab will not actually increase the operating voltage of VRAM, but the voltage of a memory controller. The true VRAM voltage can't be modified via AMD Radeon Software, as this could seriously mess things up and even set your card's VRAM on fire. Of course, modifying the VRAM voltage is possible by editing and flashing a custom BIOS, however, we strongly recommend to avoid doing that.
Once you apply custom VRAM voltage and frequency, be sure to run multiple benchmark tests to see if there are any issues such as texture flickering, artifacts, etc. We recommend using HWiNFO64 to monitor GPU memory errors, which you can find in the GPU sensors tab. Here, your main goal is to achieve as little memory errors as possible, preferably zero. Now, even if you get some memory errors, this doesn't mean that you shouldn't keep your VRAM overclocked. Even at default settings, some cards may get memory errors. The problem arises if you get thousands, or millions of errors per minute. Couple of dozen errors isn't a big problem, however, keep in mind that GPUs always try to correct these errors, so if you get many of them, you may experience severe performance losses.
If you've done everything correctly, then your VRAM tuning tab should look something like this:
Click image to zoom
You can also adjust memory timings for your VRAM, however, we recommend keeping this at default settings. If you have an extremely stable system, then use Memory Timing Level2, as you'll probably achieve much better performance. Don't use Memory Timing Level1, since this will apply the slowest memory timing settings to your VRAM. Overall, just keep it on Automatic for now.
8. Run some benchmarks & stress test your GPU
Once you've applied overclocked settings to your graphics card, now it's time to run some benchmarks. Even though you might have done that already, running the same benchmarks multiple times is extremely important when it comes to overclocking your GPU. The main goal of repeating this same process is to make sure that your card can work properly for hours, and that there are no instability issues.
We recommend running the 3DMark Time Spy and UNIGINE Superposition benchmarks as many times as possible to make sure your card performs good with overclocked settings. However, synthetic benchmarks aren't enough to make sure if the card works properly. Playing the games, and running in-game benchmarks is equally important, as these workloads differ a lot compared to running synthetic benchmarks.
After performing a successful overclock, one of the most important things is to run a GPU stress test tool, such as the OCCT. This is by far one of the most popular all-in-one stability test tools that is able to generate heavy loads on your components and push them to their limits. To stress test your overclocked GPU with OCCT tool, do this:
 1. Open OCCT stress test tool
 2. In the Test schedule tab select 3D, and make sure that Error Detection is enabled
 3. Run the test for at least 30 minutes
 4. Closely monitor GPU temperatures and error readings
Click image to zoom
There is no real limit how long should you stress test your card. However, the longer you do it, the better. Be sure to closely monitor your GPU's core and memory temperatures during the stress test. You card may hit a throttling threshold temperature, so keep an eye to stop the test once this occurs. If the card succeeds in running the test for at least 30 minutes without any errors, and without any throttling, then you may safely say that you achieved a stable overclock.
9. Compare your benchmark results
Keeping notes, and logging you benchmark data is one of the most important things when performing GPU overclocks. This allows you to objectively and empirically measure and evaluate the performance of your graphics cards, as well as to determine whether overclocking your GPU is worth your time or not.
In this guide we've showed you how to overclock the SAPPHIRE PULSE Radeon RX 580 graphics cards, which we used to write this comprehensive overclocking guide. In the table below below you can see our overclocking results:
Benchmark (1080p)RX 580 Stock
(1366/2000)
RX 580 O.C.
(1400/2100)
UNIGINE Superposition (Medium)84238678
3DMark Time Spy42994430
Final Fantasy XV (Standard)61 FPS64 FPS
Tom Clancy's The Division (DX12)63 FPS67 FPS
Shadow of the Tomb Raider (Ultra)64 FPS66 FPS
Red Dead Redemption 2 (VULKAN)59 FPS61 FPS
As you can see, the performance improvement from overclocking our card was quite modest, however, we were able to achieve around 5% higher FPS on average compared to the stock settings.
10. Overclock your card further (optional)
If you aren't satisfied with your overclocking results, but still have a fairly stable GPU, then you can continue overclocking your card further. The path that lies ahead of you is actually quite simple, and it involves entering the so-called "overclocker's loop". This process consists of the following steps:
 1. Increase your GPU's core clocks as much as possible without increasing the core voltage.
 2. Run benchmark tests to check for stability issues.
 3. If your system crashes, then increase your GPU core voltage by 5 to 10 mV. If not, repeat step 1.
 4. Once you are satisfied with your GPU's core clocks and voltage, overclock your VRAM the same way you overclocked your GPU core.
Conclusion
And there you have it! Now you know everything about overclocking your AMD Radeon RX 580 graphics card. If you followed our steps closely you should now see some performance gains. Besides that, your card should now also produce less heat, and consume less power since we undervolted it.
As you can see, overclocking your GPU is nowadays a fairly safe procedure. Even if your system crashes, don't worry. The AMD Radeon Software will automatically reset all of your GPU clocks and voltages to stock settings on next system boot. This means you can freely experiment with different settings, and even achieve better overclock than we've shown you in this guide. We hope you


dc field across the medium, the second term gives external polarization and is called first or fundamental harmonic polarisability.

The third term which oscillates at a frequency 2w is called second harmonic of polarization and other terms are referred as higher harmonic polarization.

Both first term (dc field) and third term (second harmonic of polarization) added together is called optical rectification.

The second harmonic generation is possible only the crystals lacking inversion symmetry. SHG crystals are quartz, potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP), Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP), Barium titante (BaTiO3) and Lithium lodate (LiIO3)

The observation of second harmonic generation by KDP is shown in figure.
Fig. Arrangement for observing second harmonic generation

When the fundamental radiation (1.064 m) from Nd: YAG laser is sent through SHG crystal like KDP, conversion takes place to double the frequency. i.e., half the wavelength (0.532 m) takes place.

8.5 BIOMATERIALS WITH THEIR PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.

The materials which are used for structural applications in the field of medicine are known as Biomaterials.

In the recent years, new biomaterials like nanobiomaterials are emerging up due to the requirements in the medical field for different applications.

8.6 CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMATERIALS

Based on the applications in the field of medicine, biomaterials are classified as

1. Metals and alloys biomaterials

2. Ceramics biomaterials.

3. Polymer biomaterials.

4. Composite biomaterials

Sometimes, a single material mentioned above cannot fulfill the complete requirements imposed for specific applications. In such case, combinations of more than one material are required.

Metals and Alloys

Metals and alloys are used as biomaterials due to their excellent electrical and thermal conductivity and mechanical properties.

TYPES OF BIOMATERIALS USING METALS AND ALLOYS

1. Cobalt based alloys
2. Titanium

3. Stainless steel

4. Protosal from cast alloy

5. Conducting metals such as Platinum

8.7APPLICATIONS

The metals and alloys biomaterials are used in implant and orthopedic applications.

1. Stainless steel is the predominant implant alloy. This is mainly due to its ease of fabrication and desirable mechanical properties and corrosion resistant.

2. Proposal from cast alloy of Co –Cr –Mo is used to make stem and used for implant hip endoprosthesis.

3. The advanced version of protosal –10 from Co –Ni –Cr –Mo alloy is widely used in Hip joints, Ankle joints, Knee joints, leg lengthening spaceas.

4. ASTMF –136 (composition of Ti –6A1 –4V, EL1 alloy, forged) due to its high strength / weight ratio, high corrosion resistance and high bio compatibility, this alloy is used in dental applications for making screws, wires and artificial teeth.

5. Ni –Ti shape memory alloy is used in dental arch wires, micro surgical instruments, blood clot filters, guide wires etc.

8.8CERAMICS

Ceramics are used as biomaterials due to their high mechanical strength and biocompatibility.

Types of Bio-Ceramic materials.

1. Tricalcium phosphate

2. Metal oxides such as Al2O3 and SiO2

3. Apatite ceramics

4. Porous ceramics

5. Carbons and Alumina

Applications

1. Ceramic implants such as Al2O3 and with some SiO2 and alkali metals are used to make femoral head. This is made from powder metallurgical process.
2. Tricalcium phosphate is used in bone repairs.

3. Orthopedic uses of alumina consists of hip and knee joints, tibical plate, femur shaft, shoulders, radius, vectebra, leg lengthening spaces and ankle joint prosthesis. Porous alumina is also used in teeth roots.

4. Apatite ceramics are new bio active ceramics. They are regarded as synthetic bone, readily allows bone ingrowth, better than currently used alumina Al2O3.

5. Carbon has good biocompatibility with bone and other tissues. It has high strengths and an elastic molecules close to that of bone.

6. Carbon coatings find wide applications in heart valves, blood vessel grafts, percutaneous devices because of exceptional compatibility with soft tissues and blood.

7. Percutaneous carbon devices containing high density electrical connectors have been used for the chronic stimulation of the cochlea for artificial hearing and stimulation of the visual cortex to aid the blind.

Bio Polymers

Biopolymers are macromolecules (protein, nucleic acids and polysachacides) formed in

nature during the growth cycles of all organisms.

Biopolymers find variety of applications as biomaterials. The most prominent among them are collagens, muco-polysaccharides –chitin, collagens and its derivatives.

Collagnes which are major animal structural proteins are widely used in a variety of forms such as solution, gel, fibers, membranes, sponge and tubing for large number of biomedical applications including drug delivery system, vessels, valves corneal prosthesis, wound dressing, cartilage substitute and dental applications.

Biomaterials in Opthamology

Biomaterials find important applications in opthalmology. They are used to improve and maintain vision. Eye implants are used to restore functionality of cornea, lens, etc, when they are damaged or diseased.
The biomaterials include viscoelastic solutions intraocular lenses, contact lenses, eye shields, artificial tears, vitreous replacements, correction of corneal curvature.

Dental Materials

Polymers, composites, ceramic materials and metal alloys are four main groups of materials used for dental applications.

A large number of materials are tested for porous dental implants, which include stainless steel,Co –Cr –Mo alloy, PMMA, proplast and Daceon, velour coated metallic implants, porous calcium aluminate single crystal alumina, bioglass, vitreous and pyrolytic carbons.

The dental applications include impression materials, dentine base and ceorons, bridges, inlays and repair or cavities, artificial teeth, repair of alveolar bone, support for mandible .
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Scrabble word: DIPLOIDS
In which Scrabble dictionary does DIPLOIDS exist?
Definitions of DIPLOIDS in dictionaries:
- noun - (genetics) an organism or cell having the normal amount of DNA per cell
- n - a cell having the basic chromosome number doubled
There are 8 letters in DIPLOIDS: D D I I L O P S
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word DIPLOIDS plus a wildcard: DIPLOIDS?
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word DIPLOIDS
8 letter words
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