text:
It's been more than 90 years since her breakthrough discovery, but it's not too late to remember Margaret Newton, the first Canadian woman to earn a PhD in agriculture.
Newton was honoured July 17 when an official Government of Canada plaque was unveiled in Portage la Prairie, Man., to commemorate her pioneering research into wheat stem rust.
"Our government is proud to recognize Dr. Margaret Newton, whose discoveries on the nature of wheat rust fungus ended the serious threat of this disease to Canadian farmers and the Canadian economy," said MP Brian Pallister, who attended the ceremony along with Newton's relatives and representatives from grain research centres.
Newton was also inducted into the Manitoba Agricultural Hall of Fame July 17.
The two latest honours add to a long list of accolades for Newton, who died in Victoria in 1971.
For her work on cereal crop rusts, Newton became in 1942 the second woman elected to the Royal Society of Canada. In 1948 she was awarded the Society's Flavelle Medal for contributions to biology.
However, considering her record and the fact that she is also a member of the Canadian Science Hall of Fame, few current scientists know about Newton or her work.
"She worked a long time ago, so there's nobody with working knowledge of her," said Brent McCallum, a plant pathologist at the Cereal Research Centre in Winnipeg.
McCallum wrote a short abstract on Newton for the Canadian Phytopathological Society, which is why he knows that Newton was "one of the founding scientists at the cereal research lab" in Winnipeg.
Newton, who was born in 1887 and grew up on a farm in western Quebec, began her career in wheat rust research in 1917 while working on a degree in agriculture at the University of McGill.
In 1916 a wheat rust epidemic hammered the prairie crop and Newton's mentor at McGill, W.P. Fraser, visited Western Canada in 1917 to study the disease.
Newton was assigned to work in the agriculture lab at McGill, analyzing Fraser's rust samples but only after she convinced the dean of the college to lift restrictions that prevented women from using labs in the evening.
Ralph Estey, professor emeritus of plant science at McGill who knew Newton, said the social politics of her era might explain why Newton is not well known.
"Few present day plant science researchers know about Margaret's work," he said.
"The female writers of her day were inclined to praise her work, whereas some of her male colleagues and writers were somewhat less inclined to praise her accomplishments."
After becoming the first woman to receive a bachelor's degree in agriculture at McGill, Newton took a position in 1920 at a federal government laboratory at the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon.
Newton split her time between Saskatoon and the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, where she continued her wheat rust research. In 1922 she earned her PhD in Minnesota, becoming the first Canadian woman to hold a doctorate in agriculture.
In 1924 the federal government set up the Dominion Rust Research Laboratory in Winnipeg in response to a series of rust outbreaks on the Prairies in 1916, 1919 and 1921.
"She was hired as one of the first scientists (at the lab) and she initiated the rust surveys that are still going on today," said McCallum, who takes part in current rust surveys at the Cereal Research Centre, a facility that evolved out of the Rust Lab.
Newton's breakthrough work at the lab focused on the genetics of wheat rust, which was not well understood at the time.
"She found out the genetics of the fungus, which has been very helpful for future research," McCallum said.
"She (also) worked along with the breeders to develop some of the early rust-resistant cultivars."
Newton worked at the Rust Lab until 1945, when poor health forced the internationally recognized rust expert to retire and relocate to Victoria. However, retirement did not stop Newton from sharing her specialized knowledge with the world.
"She became quite involved in international work," McCallum said.
"She went over to Russia and Africa and assisted rust programs in those places."


"unbounded";
 }
 }
9.12.1. Restrictions
 A union cannot be restricted. However, each member type can be
 restricted, based on the rules defined in Section 9.
9.12.2. Lexical Representation
 The lexical representation of a union is a value that corresponds to
 the representation of any one of the member types.
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9.12.3. Canonical Form
 The canonical form of a union value is the same as the canonical form
 of the member type of the value.
9.13. The instance-identifier Built-In Type
 The instance-identifier built-in type is used to uniquely identify a
 particular instance node in the data tree.
 The syntax for an instance-identifier is a subset of the XPath
 abbreviated syntax, formally defined by the rule
 "instance-identifier" in Section 12. It is used to uniquely identify
 a node in the data tree. Predicates are used only for specifying the
 values for the key nodes for list entries, a value of a leaf-list
 entry, or a positional index for a list without keys. For
 identifying list entries with keys, each predicate consists of one
 equality test per key, and each key MUST have a corresponding
 predicate.
 If the leaf with the instance-identifier type represents
 configuration data, and the "require-instance" property
 (Section 9.13.2) is "true", the node it refers to MUST also represent
 configuration. Such a leaf puts a constraint on valid data. All
 such leaf nodes MUST reference existing nodes or leaf nodes with
 their default value in use (see Section 7.6.1) for the data to be
 valid. This constraint is enforced according to the rules in
 Section 8.
 The "instance-identifier" XPath expression is conceptually evaluated
 in the following context, in addition to the definition in
 Section 6.4.1:
 o The context node is the root node in the accessible tree.
 The accessible tree depends on the leaf with the instance-identifier
 type:
 o If this leaf represents configuration data, the tree is the data
 in the NETCONF datastore where the leaf exists. The XPath root
 node has all top-level configuration data nodes in all modules as
 children.
 o Otherwise, the tree is all state data on the device, and the
 <running/> datastore. The XPath root node has all top-level data
 nodes in all modules as children.
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9.13.1. Restrictions
 An instance-identifier can be restricted with the "require-instance"
 statement (Section 9.13.2).
9.13.2. The require-instance Statement
 The "require-instance" statement, which is a substatement to the
 "type" statement, MAY be present if the type is
 "instance-identifier". It takes as an argument the string "true" or
 "false". If this statement is not present, it defaults to "true".
 If "require-instance" is "true", it means that the instance being
 referred MUST exist for the data to be valid. This constraint is
 enforced according to the rules in Section 8.
 If "require-instance" is "false", it means that the instance being
 referred MAY exist in valid data.
9.13.3. Lexical Representation
 An instance-identifier value is lexically represented as a string.
 All node names in an instance-identifier value MUST be qualified with
 explicit namespace prefixes, and these prefixes MUST be declared in
 the XML namespace scope in the instance-identifier's XML element.
 Any prefixes used in the encoding are local to each instance
 encoding. This means that the same instance-identifier may be
 encoded differently by different implementations.
9.13.4. Canonical Form
 Since the lexical form depends on the XML context in which the value
 occurs, this type does not have a canonical form.
9.13.5. Usage Example
 The following are examples of instance identifiers:
 /* instance-identifier for a container */
 /ex:system/ex:services/ex:ssh
 /* instance-identifier for a leaf */
 /ex:system/ex:services/ex:ssh/ex:port
 /* instance-identifier for a list entry */
 /ex:system/ex:user[ex:name='fred']
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 /* instance-identifier for a leaf in a list entry */
 /ex:system/ex:user[ex:name='fred']/ex:type
 /* instance-identifier for a list entry with two keys */
 /ex:system/ex:server[ex:ip='192.0.2.1'][ex:port='80']
 /* instance-identifier for a leaf-list entry */
 /ex:system/ex:services/ex:ssh/ex:cipher[.='blowfish-cbc']
 /* instance-identifier for a list entry without keys */
 /ex:stats/ex:port[3]
10. Updating a Module
 As experience is gained with a module, it may be desirable to revise
 that module. However, changes are not allowed if they have any
 potential to cause interoperability problems between a client using
 an original specification and a server using an updated
 specification.
 For any published change, a new "revision" statement (Section 7.1.9)
 MUST be included in front of the existing "revision" statements. If
 there are no existing "revision" statements, then one MUST be added
 to identify the new revision. Furthermore, any necessary changes
 MUST be applied to any meta-data statements, including the
 "organization" and "contact" statements (Sections 7.1.7, 7.1.8).
 Note that definitions contained in a module are available to be
 imported by any other module, and are referenced in "import"
 statements via the module name. Thus, a module name MUST NOT be
 changed. Furthermore, the "namespace" statement MUST NOT be changed,
 since all XML elements are qualified by the namespace.
 Obsolete definitions MUST NOT be removed from modules since their
 identifiers may still be referenced by other modules.
 A definition may be revised in any of the following ways:
 o An "enumeration" type may have new enums added, provided the old
 enums's values do not change.
 o A "bits" type may have new bits added, provided the old bit
 positions do not change.
 o A "range", "length", or "pattern" statement may expand the allowed
 value space.
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 o A "default" statement may be added to a leaf that does not have a
 default value (either directly or indirectly through its type).
 o A "units" statement may be added.
 o A "reference" statement may be added or updated.
 o A "must" statement may be removed or its constraint relaxed.
 o A "mandatory" statement may be removed or changed from "true" to
 "false".
 o A "min-elements" statement may be removed, or changed to require
 fewer elements.
 o A "max-elements" statement may be removed, or changed to allow
 more elements.
 o A "description" statement may be added or clarified without
 changing the semantics of the definition.
 o New typedefs, groupings, rpcs, notifications, extensions,
 features, and identities may be added.
 o New data definition statements may be added if they do not add
 mandatory nodes (Section 3.1) to existing nodes or at the top
 level in a module or submodule, or if they are conditionally
 dependent on a new feature (i.e., have an "if-feature" statement
 that refers to a new feature).
 o A new "case" statement may be added.
 o A node that represented state data may be changed to represent
 configuration, provided it is not mandatory (Section 3.1).
 o An "if-feature" statement may be removed, provided its node is not
 mandatory (Section 3.1).
 o A "status" statement may be added, or changed from "current" to
 "deprecated" or "obsolete", or from "deprecated" to "obsolete".
 o A "type" statement may be replaced with another "type" statement
 that does not change the syntax or semantics of the type. For
 example, an inline type definition may be replaced with a typedef,
 but an int8 type cannot be replaced by an int16, since the syntax
 would change.
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 o Any set of data definition nodes may be replaced with another set
 of syntactically and semantically equivalent nodes. For example,
 a set of leafs may be replaced by a uses of a grouping with the
 same leafs.
 o A module may be split into a set of submodules, or a submodule may
 be removed, provided the definitions in the module do not change
 in any other way than allowed here.
 o The "prefix" statement may be changed, provided all local uses of
 the prefix also are changed.
 Otherwise, if the semantics of any previous definition are changed
 (i.e., if a non-editorial change is made to any


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Funded by an EPA grant, Young-A Lee and her former student and current Iowa State University professor Changhyun Nam began looking for alternative materials to replace leather.
"Our research team was looking for sustainability design practices starting from fiber, to product design and development to the end—consumers. We started to explore alternative materials for leather and synthetic textiles, focusing more on natural fibers," Lee tells Phys.org. "At the same time, we also searched whether there is any way for us to use byproducts from various industries to generate new materials for apparel-related products."
Lee eventually found a green tea-based cellulosic material that had similar properties to leather. Layering the new material with other sustainable materials helped make the alternative leather more resilient. So far, Lee has made a prototype of a men's leather dress shoe.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Sand cat
Latin Name
Felis margarita
A small, fierce predator, the sand cat is roughly the size of a domestic cat, weighing up to 7 pounds. The species has a pale coat with dark stripes on the tail and legs. Long hairs extending from the ears protect the animal's hearing against the sand of its desert environment.
The sand cat can be found from North Africa's Sahara Desert through the Middle East into Central Asia.
The sand cat's isolated, extreme environments make it difficult for scientists to study the species. As a result, its numbers in the wild aren't precisely known. The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists them as near-threatened. Lincoln Park Zoo cooperatively manages sand cat populations with other institutions in the Association of Zoos and Aquariums.
This hardy predator inhabits dry, sandy deserts. It's adapted to withstand temperatures ranging from below freezing to well over 100 F.
Nocturnal hunters, sand cats use their formidable sense of hearing to locate rodents, insects and reptiles beneath the sands. They are known to attack and consume venomous snakes. In turn, they are preyed on by jackals, snakes and owls.
Life History
Excellent diggers, sand cats spend much of the desert day in burrows dug beneath the sand, helping them to stay cool. They rarely drink water, obtaining the moisture they require from prey. The species is solitary, coming together only to breed.
ARKive Media
ARKive image - Juvenile sand catARKive video - Sand cat - overviewARKive image - Sand cat
Lincoln Park Zoo Exhibit


hit counter
How Long Does Trazodone Stay In Your System After Stopping?
Trazodone (brand name "Desyrel") is a medication originally approved by the FDA in 1981 for the treatment of anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder. It is also commonly utilized as a sleep-inducing agent in cases of insomnia, as well as an off-label option for conditions such as: alcohol withdrawal, bulimia nervosa, fibromyalgia, neuropathy, OCD, panic disorder, and schizophrenia. It is classified as an SARI (serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor), making it unique in its mechanism of action compared to other serotonergic antidepressants.
The drug functions principally as a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, and to a lesser extent, a 5-HT1A partial agonist and serotonin transporter (SERT) inhibitor. It is Trazodone's 5-HT2A antagonism that is hypothesized to contribute most significantly to its anxiolytic and antidepressant properties. Consequently, its 5-HT2A receptor antagonism may be the culprit for adverse effects experienced on Trazodone.
Common adverse effects experienced on Trazodone include: brain fog, dizziness, fatigue, headaches, sedation, and more. As a result of experiencing these effects, many users opt to discontinue Trazodone with the hopes of finding a new medication or of functioning drug-free. If you've ceased treatment, you may wonder how long Trazodone stays in your system after your last dose.
How long does Trazodone stay in your system after stopping?
If you've completely discontinued the drug, it is necessary to understand that you may experience Trazodone withdrawal symptoms. These symptoms should be monitored by a medical professional and are generally a result of you stripping your neurophysiology of an exogenous chemical that it had adapted to receive. In any regard, to calculate how long Trazodone is likely to remain in systemic circulation after you've ceased usage, you'll need to consider its elimination half-life.
The elimination half-life of Trazodone is considered within the range of 5 to 9 hours; some sources estimate 7.3 hours. This indicates that after you've discontinued, it'll take around 7.3 hours to eliminate 50% of the drug from your body. To completely clear Trazodone from your system, it'll take an average of 1.67 days.
Most psychiatric drugs like Trazodone are ingested and broken down into various metabolites, some of which are thought to linger for a loner duration than the parent compound. Trazodone forms a primary metabolite known as "m-chlorophenylpiperazine" (mCPP) which has a half-life of 2.4 to 6.8 hours. However, other metabolites of Trazodone have been reported to carry an elimination half-life of up to 13 hours.
Although the parent drug (Trazodone) will have been excreted in under 2 days, elimination of various metabolites could take nearly 3 days (72 hours). Even when considering variance in Trazodone's half-life among different individuals – complete excretion of metabolites is unlikely to exceed 4 days.
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Variables that influence how long Trazodone stays in your system
It is necessary to understand that not everyone who stops taking Trazodone will excrete the drug from their system in under 1.67 days. Some people may take longer than 2 days for full systemic clearance of Trazodone (and its metabolites). Others may excrete the drug in less than a day-and-a-half. Variance in excretion times are often a result of variables such as: the individual taking Trazodone, dosage taken, duration of administration, and co-ingestion of other drugs.
 1. Individual factors
Two people may simultaneously administer a single 50 mg dose of Trazodone, yet one person may excrete the drug at a faster rate than the other. The reason one individual may excrete the drug from his/her system at a quicker rate than another is due to individual factors. These factors can include things like: a person's age, body mass, genetics, and hepatic function.
Age: Research shows that the half-life of Trazodone is extended among elderly patients (aged 65+). A group of young adults (average age of 24) were noted to have excreted 50% of the drug within approximately 6.4 hours, whereas elderly individuals took 11.6 hours. This suggests that elimination half-life of Trazodone among elderly could be 5.2 hours longer than average.
Going by the 11.6 hour half-life, it could be estimated to take nearly 2.66 days for complete systemic excretion among an elderly individual. Clearance rates are notably decreased among elderly as well. Experts hypothesize that prolonged Trazodone retention among elderly may be a result of chronic illness and/or poorer physiologic function compared to younger adults.
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Body mass/fat: Your body mass may have a minor impact on how quickly Trazodone is cleared from your system. Specifically, the greater your body mass relative to the dosage you ingest, the faster you should expect to excrete it. Contrarily, the lesser your body mass relative to the dosage you administer, the slower you should expect to excrete it.
Additionally, your body fat percentage may also dictate how long it takes to excrete Trazodone. Some research suggests that among obese individuals with a high body fat percentage, the drug is distributed extensively throughout adipose tissue and more likely to accumulate in fat stores. This accumulation often leads to slightly prolonged excretion periods and poorer clearance rates among obese individuals.
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Genetics: It is important to realize that enzymes in the liver are responsible for metabolizing Trazodone. Specifically, the CYP3A4 isoenzymes facilitate the breakdown of Trazodone into its prominent metabolite mCPP (m-chlorophenylpiperazine). Since genes regulate the function of CYP3A4 isoenzymes, an individual could theoretically metabolize the drug quicker or slower than average.
Certain alleles of CYP3A4 may expedite metabolism or result in poor drug metabolism, which in turn can affect pharmacokinetics of Trazodone. In other words, if you're a poor metabolizer, you could exhibit slower clearance and an increased elimination half-life of the drug compared to an extensive metabolizer. To a lesser extent, variation in CYP2D6 genes may also impact excretion speed of the mCPP metabolite.
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Food intake/hydration: It is known that taking Trazodone along with food can affect its absorption and serum concentrations. Food intake delays time to reach peak serum concentrations and also decreases maximum concentrations. Eating a meal prior to taking the drug could be thought to have a subtle influence on its pharmacokinetics and elimination half-life.
Since food is thought to delay absorption and metabolism, elimination of the drug after ingestion may also be subject to postponement. In addition, the degree to which a person is hydrated whilst taking the drug may affect its clearance and excretion. Adequate hydration is known to increase urinary flow rate, which in turn expedites drug excretion; dehydration reduces urinary flow rate – which prolongs excretion.
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Liver function: Trazodone is subject to extensive hepatic metabolism, meaning if you have liver problems, you probably won't excrete it as quickly. Though the drug hasn't been extensively studied among individuals with hepatic impairment (e.g. cirrhosis), the elimination half-life is speculated to be increased. For this reason, one should expect that it could take several days for excretion of Trazodone among the hepatically impaired.
The degree to which you suffer from hepatic impairment will directly influence how long the drug remains in your system. The more severe your impairment, the greater the extent to which its elimination half-life will increase. Minor impairment may correlate with just a modest increase in elimination half-life.
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Metabolic rate: A person's metabolic rate is known to have a direct influence on drug metabolism and how long a drug remains in their system. Individuals with a high BMR (basal metabolic rate) are burning more energy at rest. Following ingestion of Trazodone, those with high BMRs are thought to metabolize and excrete the drug more efficiently than those with low BMRs.
Furthermore, there is often a correlation between a person's BMR and body fat. Another way BMR indirectly affects clearance of Trazodone is via body fat. Low BMR individuals tend to have more body fat, resulting in greater accumulation of the drug in


text:
With advances in technology, especially in the area of personal audio, music players are becoming smaller in size, but larger in capacity. There is no longer a need to carry around a large CD player and individual CDs. You can copy your music to your computer and then transfer it from your PC to your personal audio device, or for the purpose of making your own mix CD. With a PC, you can use Windows Media Player to copy your music for later use.
Items you will need
- CDs to copy
- PC with Windows Media Player
Click "Start" on your desktop and then select "All Programs."
Click "Windows Media Player" to open it up.
Put the CD that you wish to copy to your PC in your computer's CD drive. Give the PC a minute or two to read the disc.
Click the "Rip" tab in Windows Media Player. On the screen you will see a list of all songs that are on the CD, and by default they all have the box next to each one checked. This indicates that they will be ripped and copied to the computer. If there is a song on the CD that you do not want copied, simply clear the checked box next to the song title.
Click "Rip Music" at the top of your screen. You may be prompted to choose format settings for copying your music. If you are unsure about formats, simply click "Keep current format settings."
Click "OK" and your music will begin copying to your PC. You can watch the progress in the WMP window.
Repeat the process for any other CDs that you wish to put on your PC.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Tibetan medicine on the margins: twentieth century transformations of the traditions of Sowa Rigpa in central Tibet.
Doctoral thesis, UCL (University College London).
This thesis is an ethnography and situated history of Tibetan medical practitioners in Tsang and Shigatse Prefecture, Central Tibet. It analyses how as individuals and groups, Tibetan medical doctors – the so-called amchi – have adapted and transformed their medical practices and multiple traditions of the Tibetan Science of Healing, or Sowa Rigpa. The principal argument is that amchi in the area studied have, at times and in certain places, held considerable agency in processes of transforming their traditions. This is despite and because of the ongoing Communist reforms, campaigns and structural changes enacted within the wider domains of health care provision and Tibetan medicine. Based on my research, I am able to articulate more clearly the role of individual amchi, their patients and other individuals and social groups, in shaping and adapting aspects of Tibetan medical practice. A central claim is that amchi participated and creatively used (and, in some cases, resisted and circumvented) the structures and policies employed by the state to administer provision of health care and reconfigure parts of Tibetan medical theory and practice. So far our understanding of Tibetan medicine during the 20th century has been largely limited to the history and contemporary work of central (Lhasa-based) government institutions of Tibetan medicine, notably the Mentsikhang and the Chakpori, and the practitioners associated with them. The fresh insights gained from my work with more marginal amchi – in private clinics, at home, in government hospitals and clinics, at monasteries – and also with members of international NGOs, allow us to discern more clearly what I call temporalities and socio-political geographies of amchi agency, which play a significant role in passing on and shaping dynamic Tibetan medical traditions. As the practices of the study population reflect, it is due to the efforts of those who were able to negotiate and preserve their medical work, as well as continue to innovate and adapt it, that multiple Tibetan medical traditions continue to exist in Tibet today.
|Title:||Tibetan medicine on the margins: twentieth century transformations of the traditions of Sowa Rigpa in central Tibet|
|Additional information:||Permission for digitisation not received|
|UCL classification:||UCL > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Life Sciences > Biosciences (Division of) > UCL Centre for the History of Medicine|
Archive Staff Only


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Share this story!
On 19 September, the international space conference Warp Space Summit will take place online and on site in Linköping. It is the largest space conference in Sweden since 1985.
This conference is for everyone who wants to be involved and create the future of humanity in space, young and old.
"Space is no longer just for a few, but for everyone. We are an optimistic organization that sees a bright future for humans on earth and in space and the goal of the conference is to show how everyone who wants can be involved and drive that development," says Mathias Sundin, former member of parliament and founder of the Warp Institute, the organization behind Warp Space Summit.
He believes that space used to be only for nations or billionaires, but now it is open to everyone.
"We need entrepreneurs, lawyers, teachers, programmers, biologists, game developers, writers, artists and maybe even politicians, to create our future in space," says Sundin.
When space opens up, enormous opportunities are created. Several sessions are therefore about how to take advantage of and grab these opportunities.
Among the speakers are Dr. Tanya Harrison, who has worked on several NASA missions to Mars, and Sven Grahn, the Swedish "space nestor" who will talk about how to build giant space colonies. In addition, Daniel Moregård, from the Swedish gaming giant Paradox will entice the audience. He is the game director for the strategy game Stellaris, which takes place in a distant galaxy.
The tickets are cheap so that everyone who wants to has the opportunity to participate.
Warp Space Summit takes place in collaboration with, among others, the real estate company Sankt Kors, which will showcase the corporate environment Cavok District, which is connected to the airport in Linköping, an area that is developed primarily for operations in space, aviation and advanced materials.


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Geocountries => World Map Sri Lanka
Created: Tuesday, May 29, 2012 09:46:00
Here the Sri Lanka: Please generate and download free icons of countries/territories of the World by clicking on the country links at the left hand side. Geocountries:
Sri Lanka districts + Sri Lanka divisions
Sri Lanka is a country on the continent Asia, her capital is Colombo. Here is the hierarchy of the Sri Lanka administrative divisions: Sri Lanka is subdivided into districts, that are at their turn subdivided into divisions, that are at their turn subdivided into cities, towns and villages.


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Updated Trends: A recent report from the UK stated that lung cancer sufferers in the most deprived areas were more likely to die of the disease compared to those who live in other parts like Scotland. According to a report by the Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation, the people from deprived areas were almost twice likely to have lung cancer than someone living in the urban areas.
The study also showed that once people living in the deprived areas got the disease, they are more likely to die of the disease than those living in the better areas of the United Kingdom. In Scotland, lung cancer is considered as the major cancer killer. On an average, 11 people die of the disease every day and in total more than 4,000 die in a year.
On the other hand, reports have also shown the importance of the geographical significance estimated in a year's survival. It was found in Fife that one in four lung cancer patients are alive for a year after being diagnosed with the disease.
In Borders and Lothian, one in three people survive for at least a year after they are diagnosed. The NHS Border has the highest survival rate estimated in a year at 35.6%.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Titanium(IV)-EDTA complex - Kinetics of thermal decomposition by non-isothermal procedures
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. Dordrecht: Springer, v. 85, n. 2, p. 301-307, 2006.
Guinesi, Luciana S.
Ribeiro, Clovis Augusto
Crespi, Marisa Spirandeli
Santos, A. F.
Capela, Marisa Veiga
This work aims the evaluation of the kinetic triplets corresponding to the two successive steps of thermal decomposition of Ti(IV)-ethylenediaminetetraacetate complex. Applying the isoconversional Wall-Flynn-Ozawa method on the DSC curves, average activation energy: E=172.4 +/- 9.7 and 205.3 +/- 12.8 kJ mol(-1), and pre-exponential factor: logA = 16.38 +/- 0.84 and 18.96 +/- 1.21 min(-1) at 95% confidence interval could be obtained, regarding the partial formation of anhydride and subsequent thermal decomposition of uncoordinated carboxylate groups, respectively.From E and logA values, Dollimore and Malek methods could be applied suggesting PT (Prout-Tompkins) and R3 (contracting volume) as the kinetic model to the partial formation of anhydride and thermal decomposition of the carboxylate groups, respectively.


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Papua New Guinea: Smallholder Support Services Pilot Project
This performance evaluation report assesses the performance and impact of the project and generates a series of findings, lessons and recommendations to contribute in the future design and implementation of similar ADB projects.
Agriculture in Papua New Guinea is the main source of household livelihood and income for 70% of the population. The country exports cocoa, coffee, coconut rubber, and oil palm, and has an active domestic market for other agricultural products. Most of the export crops are grown in smallholder plots but with increasing focus on outgrower schemes and cooperative farmer production and marketing. The pilot project was designed to test the viability of increasing private sector approaches to technical assistance support for smallholder agriculture in Papua New Guinea. The pilot project became effective on 21 December 1999 and closed on 30 April 2009. The estimated project cost was $11.49 million, including a $7.6 million ADB loan from ordinary capital resources.
Overall, the project is rated successful. It was assessed as being relevant, effective, and efficient. It was also rated likely sustainable and led to moderate institutional development and other impacts. The performance of ADB and the borrower was rated satisfactory. The government planned to replicate the pilot project approach through its National Agriculture Development Plan, 2006-2011 but the evaluation found that the resources allocated were diverted for other priorities. Nevertheless, within the scope of the pilot project and with the adoption of pilot project approaches in other projects, the project has been rated sustainable.
Important lessons were also generated regarding private sector contracting by the government; local planning in decentralization; and the value of combined product, financial, and life skills packages. More could have been done to capture the learning from the pilot activities and extend them nationwide. The government may wish to consider whether to take a strategic approach to private sector involvement in agriculture through adopting the approach of the pilot project in all provinces and districts, or whether the lessons learned will remain within the pilot provinces.
- Design and Implementation
- Performance Assessment
- Other Assessments
- Issues, Lessons and Follow-up Actions


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- StFX Bursaries
- FAQs about StFX Bursaries
- External Bursaries
- Student Loan Contact Information
- Student Loan Repayment
- Information for USA Students
- Can You Afford University?
- Useful Links
- Bursary Application
This listing is a resource that gives students direct access to bursaries available only through St. Francis Xavier University. The online application form is available by clicking the link on the left-hand menu.
The University has a modest bursary program which has been established in order to offer financial assistance to students in academic programs who find themselves in unanticipated financial difficulty and unable to meet their obligations. Awards are made to those who meet the qualifications established by the university, and, where applicable, by the individual donors. It is important to understand that applicants for St. FX bursaries are expected to have exhausted other financial resources, including student loans if available. Bursaries are not intended to assist students with costs that are unrelated to attending university or to avoid incuring student debt. Financial hardship caused by misuse of private funds will be considered the responsibility of the student.
- Students enrolled in degree or diploma programs in the September to April academic year, who are making satisfactory academic progress, are eligible to apply. For bursary purposes, full-time is defined as 18 or more credits unless stated otherwise in the bursary criteria.
- Bursary applications will not be accepted prior to the posted opening dates for applciations for each term: August 15, 2016 for the 2016 fall term and December 19, 2016 for the 2017 winter term.
- Bursaries fall into one of two categories: Limited or General. Limited bursaries are available to students who meet particular requirements as stipulated in the terms of the bursary. General bursaries only require that applicants be full-time students who are making satisfactory academic progress and in need of financial assistance. Please review the list of Limited bursaries to determine your eligibility for any of these before making an application for a General bursary.
- Please review the criteria of each Limited bursary before applying and only apply for bursaries you can reasonably expect to be considered for as an applicant. For example, if you are a Bachelor of Arts student from Cape Breton, please do not apply for a bursary that can only be awarded to a Bachelor of Science student from Toronto.
- Please be sure to indicate on your application how you qualify for a limited bursary. Are you from a particular region, related to a certain person, the member of a certain ethnic group, from a particular kind of family? Specify the criteria that you meet (or do not meet) in the 'Bursary Criteria' section of the application.
- Bursary awards will be applied directly to the recipient's student account. In some circumstances, the recipient may request that some or all of the award be issued to them via cheque to use towards external student costs. This requires the approval of the Financial Aid Officer and may not be granted in all cases.
- Please note you must reapply for all bursaries each year that you wish to be considered for. Renewable burasries also require an application each year, renewals are not automatic and the recipient must demonstate that they continue to meet the criteria in each year fo study for the renewal to be granted.
- You are not required to meet with the Financial Aid Officer to apply for bursaries.
- You may apply for any first term buraries beginning August 15. Second term bursary applicaitons will not be accepted before December 19 for the following term. This allows students to update their applications with any potential increase or decrease in funding. For example, if you receive a bursary in first term, you should add that to the budget section of your bursary applications for second term.
Note to Part-Time Students: Part-time Study Awards are available at Continuing & Distance Education _URL_ Up to ten awards of $500 will be granted each year to part-time students registered in undergraduate courses. Deadline for application is November 15 & February 15 of each academic year.
Note to grade 12 students: Apply to the Limited Bursary Program after you have registered for your courses and the applciations have opened on August 15. We do not accept applications for Limited Bursaries while you are still in high school.
Please be advised that bursary amounts and criteria can change from year to year. The Financial Aid Office will not be held responsible for any inconvenience this may cause. When the website and the Financial Aid Office have discrepancies as to the amount of award, the Financial Aid Office will take precedence in the decision.
For more information about Limited Bursaries, click here.
For more information about General Bursaries, click here.


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Divergence between Drosophila santomea and allopatric or sympatric populations of D. yakuba using paralogous amylase genes and migration scenarios along the Cameroon volcanic line
Authors
M.-L. Cariou. Fax: + 01 69070421; E-mail:_EMAIL_-gif.fr
Abstract
We have used two paralogous genes (Amyrel and Amy) of the amylase multigene family to reconstruct the phylogeny of the nine Drosophila melanogaster subgroup sister species, including D. santomea, the newly discovered endemic from São Tomé island. The evolutionary divergence of these genes is of special interest as it is suspected to result from physiological evolution via gene duplication. This paper describes the relationship between the geographical origin of the various strains and the patterns of mating and phylogeny, focusing on the evolution of D. santomea and its relationship to other species and their niches. The Amyrel and Amy data indicate that, contrary to expectations, the sympatric insular D. yakuba population is less closely related to D. santomea than allopatric mainland ones, suggesting that the extant insular D. yakuba population on São Tomé results from a recent secondary colonization. Data for sympatric and allopatric D. yakuba suggest that D. santomea arose from a mainland D. yakuba parental stock when montane habitats of the Cameroon volcanic line extended to lower altitudes during colder and less humid periods. Despite their different modes of evolution and different functions, the Amyrel and Amy genes provide remarkably consistent topologies and hence reflect the same history, that of the species.
Ancillary


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Angola Flag Description:
The Angolan flag is divided into two halves - the top half is red and the bottom half is black. In the middle of the flag is a yellow emblem consisting of a partial cog wheel, a machete and a star.
Angola Flag Meaning:
The red in the flag represents the blood shed by Angolans during oppression, the national liberation struggle and the defense of the country. The black represents the Continent of Africa. The emblem's cogwheel represents the laborers, and industrial production, and the machete represents peasants, agricultural production and the country's armed struggle. The star symbolizes international solidarity and progress while the color yellow represents the wealth of Angola.
Angola Flag History:
The current Angola flag was adopted on November 11th 1975 after Angola became independent from Portugal. Angola was discovered in 1483 by a Portuguese mariner and was one of the last African colonies to gain independence. There was a flag proposed for Portuguese Angola during 1967 but it never materialized.
Interesting Angola Flag Facts:
The emblem on the Angola flag is similar to the hammer and sickle emblem on the flag of the former Soviet Union, which is a symbol of Communism.
In 2003, a new flag was proposed for Angola, but it hasn't yet been ratified or formally adopted. The proposed Angola flag is extremely different in design and symbolism.


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I would like to know about the acceptability of ethephon for banana ripening. Is it commercially acceptable to use it for banana ripening and if so, are there are any specifications for its use? (M.A.)
Although ethephon is approved for preharvest application on processing tomatoes and table grapes with a maximum residue limit of 2 ppm, it is not approved for postharvest application (direct spray or dipping) on bananas and other fruits to enhance their ripening. However, it is possible to use ethylene gas liberated from ethephon to ripen fruits including bananas on a small scale if such a procedure is more economical than using ethylene gas from ethylene generators or gas cylinders with flow controls. In all cases, 100 ppm ethylene is the recommended concentration for stimulating faster and more uniform ripening of mature-green bananas. Also, optimal temperature (15-20 C) and relative humidity (90-95%) ranges must be provided regardless of the ethylene addition method.
To release ethylene from ethephon, calculate the quantity needed based on the fact that 200 ml of ethephon (active Ingredient) will release 27 liters of ethylene gas when 85 g of caustic soda (NaOH) pellets are added to neutralize the ethephon. CAUTION! CAUSTIC SODA AND ETHEPHON ARE CORROSIVE. WEAR SAFETY GLASSES AND RUBBER GLOVES.


Delta Migrations
A Delta Migration occurs when you have records that already exist in the Akamai Identity Cloud but might require an update from a legacy system. (For example, the Identity Cloud might include records for beta testers who also have user accounts in your legacy system.) A delta migration functions the same as a regular migration, but with the following additional logic:
 - IF a record does NOT exist THEN it will be created using the normal data migration process.
 - IF a record DOES exist (as detected by unique key violation response from entity.bulkCreate) THEN an attempt will be made to update the existing record using /entity.update with a defined primary key (such as email).
In other words, suppose you are using email as your primary key and your datafile consists of a single record, a record that has as the email address. When you run the delta migration, checks to see if your user profile store already contains a record that has the email address If it does not, then a new record is written. However, if the user profile store already contains a record that has the email address then the existing record is replaced by the record found in the datafile. This behavior occurs only during a Delta Migration. If you do not do a Delta Migration then the existing record is left alone and the new record is not written to the user profile store.
It is important to note that duplicity will not be ignored. Because of that, duplicate records in the CSV import file could trigger an update case that might not be desirable (i.e., replacing an existing record that you really didn't want replaced). Make sure your import CSV file is free from duplicate records (records containing the same primary key, usually email). Keep in mind as well that plural structures addressed in an update will be replaced with new information contained in the import CSV. That means that existing InternalIds associated with plural entries (used for indexing and iteration) will be re-assigned. It is possible, albeit very unlikely, that you could have downstream third-party systems that depend on existing plural IDs. You should verify this is not the case before initiating a Delta Migration.
Delta Migrations produce two additional artifacts (update_success.csv and update_fail.csv) that indicate that status of records that were updated during the execution of the script. As with other log files, these files are appended with a timestamp:
update_fail_ May_22_2019_10_55.csv
To run a Delta Migration simply add the arguments -dm and -pk when executing For example:
python3 -u -i 382bgrkj4w28984myp7298pzh35sj2q -s b2gfp7mgk9332annghwcf0po57xzqht5 -dm -pk email test_users.csv
Remember that the -pk (primary key) must be an attribute that is designated unique in the schema and must be present in the import CSV file. This attribute will be used to find and perform entity.update API calls on the existing record, overwriting the old record with data supplied from the corresponding record in the import CSV file. In the example above, the email attribute has been designated as the primary key. Other primary keys can be used, such as customer loyalty number, but that data:
 - Must also be present in the import CSV and present in the schema.
 - Must be unique, in that no two records will contain the same value for the attribute. The customer loyalty number can't be used as a primary key if multiple customers (e.g., all the members of a family) share the same loyalty number.


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Wesermarsch - Rural Hinterland
Location:County Wesermarsch, Lower Saxony, north-west Germany
Area: County Wesermarsch: 820 km2; Inhabitants: 93,000
What do we want to achieve?
Climate Proof Areas aims to ensure the functioning of the irrigation system and the drainage function for the low rural hinterland of the county.
Fresh water of the river Weser irrigates the area now. Due to higher salt concentrations in the river negative effects impose on the watering system and the utilisation of this water. Likely higher precipitation accompanied with a shifting yearly distribution as consequences of climate change ask for the adaptation of the existing drainage system.
A feasibility study will investigate the challenges of climate change to water management, coastal protection and agricultural use of the area: How can the efficiency of the drainage system be increased taking into account the consequences of climate change? What are the options of combining the issues of increased probability of intense precipitation, increased storm frequency and storm intensity? How can an integrated adaptation approach be developed to problems of rural hinterlands for the future?
Within the Climate Proof Areas proejct we will apply and enhance the participatory integrated assessment approach of the ComCoast project:
- the continuously integration and engagement of relevant stakeholders from the start
- support of scientific research and investigations in hydrology and soil science
- Developing a vision for the county Wesermarsch for the year 2050 together with all stakeholders (inc. rural and urban area)
- Developing jointly options to approach a solution for the existing problems, taking future climate change into account
- Applying an integrated assessment procedure
- Ag. for Water Mgt., Coastal Protection and Nature Conservation (Lower Saxony, NLWKN)
- Water boards (Butjadingen, Stadland, Jade)
- Dike boards (I. and II. Dike Board Oldenburg)
- County Government (Dep. of Spatial Planning, Dep. of the Environment)
- Municipalities Butjadingen
- Chamber of Agriculture
- Farmer's Association Lower Saxony (Landvolk)
- National Park Authority (Dep. for Man and Bioshpere)
- BUND Friends of the Earth, Association for Environmental Protection (NGO)
- Ministry of the Interior Lower Saxony, Government Agency Oldenburg, Dep. Spatial Planning


Sensory Language
Sensory Language Definition
Sensory Language is a word(s) used to invoke mental images and visualize the story or poem. While Imagery is a literary device that appeals to the reader's senses, Sensory Language is a writing style and how the writers use the words to create images for the readers. The writers present their emotions, thoughts, and ideas in a way that they tempt the reader's imagination. Although it is often inserted to uplift the reader's imagination, it and plays a vital role in advancing the story or enhancing a poem.
Literally, sensory language is a phrase of two words; sensory and language. It means using language to create mental pictures that appeal to the sense of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch.
Examples of Sensory Language from Literature
Example #1
 I Know Why the Caged Birds Sings by Maya Angelou
"But a bird that stalks
Down his narrow cage
Can seldom see through
His bars of rage
His wings are clipped and
His feet are tied
So he opens his throat to sing.
The caged bird sings
With a fearful trill
Of things unknown
But longed for still
And his tune is heard
On the distant hill
For the caged bird
Sings of freedom."
The poem is about the racial segregation and social discrimination prevalent in American society against black people. Using the metaphor of free birds, she has put forth the ideas of freedom, liberty, and justice. As sensory language pertains to the five senses, this poem is loaded with different images. The images for example, "free bird" and "back of wind" appeal to the sense of sight and feeling. Similarly, images such as, "orange sun rays" and "throat to sing" appeals to the sense of sight and hearing.
Example #2
 Kubla Khan by Samuel Taylor Coleridge
 "A damsel with a dulcimer
In a vision once I saw:
It was an Abyssinian maid
And on her dulcimer she played,
Singing of Mount Abora.
Could I revive within me
Her symphony and song,
To such a deep delight 'twould win me,
That with music loud and long,
I would build that dome in air,
That sunny dome! those caves of ice!
And all who heard should see them there,
And all should cry, Beware! Beware!
His flashing eyes, his floating hair!
Weave a circle round him thrice,
And close your eyes with holy dread
For he on honey-dew hath fed,
And drunk the milk of Paradise."
In Kubla Khan, the poet has artistically captured the alluring beauty of the extravagant palace about which he has read. He has skillfully painted a lively and complete picture of the palace, Xanadu. However, with the use of sensory language, Coleridge has added more to the beauty and grandeur of this majestic palace. This poem is rich with classical words and vivid images such as, "incense-bearing tree" appeals to the sense of smell. "The shadow of the doom of pleasure" that "floated midway on the waves" makes the reader visualize the enchanting scene. Also, the damsel with the dulcimer playing her song "loud and long" appeals to the sense of hearing.
Example #3
 Library of Babel by Jorge Luis Borges
Luis Borges has beautifully presented a metaphorical replica of the universe in this excellent piece of literature. His library is different from the libraries people encounter in the world. A reader can find millions of books no matter they are completed or not. On the one hand, some extracts make sense while on the other hand, it comprises texts that are completely absurd. However, the use of sensory language has added more to the rich description of this endless library. For example, "floors above and below-one after another,", "Twenty bookshelves," and "in turn opens onto another gallery" are the powerful images pertain to the sense of sight.
Example #4
 Macbeth by William Shakespeare, Act-I, Scene-I, Lines 1- 13
First Witch: When shall we three meet again
In thunder, lightning, or in rain?
Second Witch: When the hurly-burly's done,
When the battle's lost and won.
Third Witch: That will be ere the set of sun.
First Witch: Where the place?
Second Witch: Upon the heath.
Third Witch: There to meet with Macbeth.
First Witch: I come, grimalkin!
Second Witch: Paddock calls.
Third Witch: Anon!
ALL Fair is foul, and foul is fair:
Hover through the fog and filthy air.
This is the opening scene of the play, Macbeth, where three witches appear to discuss their next meeting point. They decide to meet Macbeth in an open place where several battles have taken place. Shakespeare has used a cascade of images to set this dramatic scene. For example, "thunder" is used to make the readers conjure up an auditory sense in their mind and words like, "lightening" and "ere the set of sun" appeal to the sense of sight.
Sensory Language Meaning and Function
Sensory language is used to present a graphic presentation of an idea or thought. It provides readers with an opportunity to get absorbed in the text and experience as a character or an action sequence is described using Sensory Language. Also, using sensory details help writers to sketch a vivid experience for the audience.


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How to draw wolf step by step. Learn to draw a gray wolf with easy to follow instruction along with images. Again this time is another wild animal or creature tutorial. In this tutorial, we will draw a gray wolf along with its entire body. The gray wolf or grey wolf is the largest extant member of the dog family of mammals. Its body is very similar to common dog. To practice drawing animals is always a good way to explore different forms of anatomy design because of their diverse anatomy and body structures. If you want to be a well rounded concept artist, especially creature concept artist, studying animal drawing is a must. Since different creatures are different in shapes and forms, I usually observe then break it down into simple shapes. This process makes drawing complex structure a lot simpler and easier.
Wolves live, travel and hunt in packs of 4-7 animals on average. Packs include the mother and father wolves, called the alphas, their pups and several other subordinate or young animals. The alpha female and male are the pack leaders that track and hunt prey, choose den sites and establish the pack's territory. Wolves develop close relationships and strong social bonds. They often demonstrate deep affection for their family and may even sacrifice themselves to protect the family unit.
Below are step by step how to draw a wolf. Step one, I started with big circular shape and one oval shape as its snout. Step two, I drew over previous shapes to established a wolf head. Notice that I located the eyes right on top of the smaller oval shape. Then I add more shapes for ears and neck. Step three, I drew over the ears and neck shapes to add fur like detail. Step four, I then add another geometry shape for its body. Step five, I put fur detail on the body then add rough shapes for four legs. Step six, I finished legs drawing and the rest of the wolf body.


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When it comes to maternal healthcare, only the best solutions will do. Edan, a renowned leader in medical technology, offers a groundbreaking solution with its advanced maternal-fetal monitor. With a focus on excellence, Edan's monitor combines innovative features, seamless integration, and user-friendly design to empower healthcare professionals in providing exceptional care to expectant mothers.
Unparalleled Accuracy for Precise Monitoring
Edan's maternal-fetal monitor is equipped with advanced sensor technology, ensuring unmatched accuracy in monitoring vital signs. From fetal heart rate to uterine contractions and maternal blood pressure, the monitor provides precise measurements. This capability allows healthcare professionals to detect any deviations early, enabling timely interventions and ultimately contributing to improved outcomes for both mother and baby.
Streamlined Workflow and Efficient Data Management
Integrating seamlessly with hospital information systems, Edan's maternal-fetal monitor enhances workflow efficiency and data management. The monitor eliminates the need for manual documentation by synchronizing real-time data, reducing errors, and streamlining the workflow. Healthcare professionals can access comprehensive monitoring records conveniently, facilitating collaboration and providing comprehensive care throughout the pregnancy journey.
Intuitively Designed for Optimal User Experience
Edan's maternal-fetal monitor boasts an intuitive interface and user-friendly design, prioritizing user experience. The monitor offers customizable settings and personalized profiles, empowering healthcare professionals to tailor the device to their preferences and specific clinical requirements. With easy-to-use functionalities and quick access to vital information, healthcare providers can monitor maternal and fetal health with confidence and efficiency.
Edan's advanced maternal-fetal monitor revolutionizes maternal healthcare by combining unmatched accuracy, seamless integration capabilities, and user-friendly design. With Edan's commitment to excellence, healthcare professionals can rely on this innovative solution to deliver exceptional care to expectant mothers. By leveraging cutting-edge technology, Edan continues to push the boundaries of maternal healthcare, ensuring safer pregnancies and healthier outcomes for all.


text:
- Citado por SciELO
versión impresa ISSN 0100-4042versión On-line ISSN _PHONE_
SANTOS, Wallans T. P. dos; CEOLIN, Marselha P.; ALBUQUERQUE, Yaico D. T. de y RICHTER, Eduardo M.. The use of pressure generated by a water column to control flow rates in flow analysis systems. Quím. Nova [online]. 2007, vol.30, n.7, pp._PHONE_. ISSN 0100-4042. _URL_
This work presents a new approach to control the flow rate in hydrodynamic flow experiments. The combination of air pressure generated by an aquarium air pump and the pressure generated by a water column were used for this purpose. This device supports a stable flow rate without pulsation for a long period of time. Furthermore, the flow rate can be easily controlled at various values in one or more streams. The performance of this approach was investigated using Fe(CN)64- solutions in flowing systems using amperometric and voltammetric detection in wall-jet configuration. The results showed that the performance of the proposed device was better than a commercial peristaltic pump. It suggests that this approach can be used successfully in flow analysis systems.
Palabras clave : flow rates control; water column; flow analysis.


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When each nation's athletes compete on the global stage, there's no shortage of chemistry in their preparation and execution. And we're not just talking about team chemistry – that magic element bonding together the members of each team.
Let's start with the medals. Historically the medals were 100% gold and silver. Currently, gold medals contains about 92% silver and must contain at least 6 grams of gold. Silver and bronze medals are close to 100% silver and bronze.
The responsibility of designing and minting the medals belongs to the host of the world games every two years.
This year, the designers of the clothes for American athletes were tasked with not just dressing them, but keeping them warm. Temperatures in the South Korean capital are expected to average at 7 degrees Fahrenheit.
Insert wearable technology. The interior of the parkas worn in the opening ceremonies were printed with strips of electronic, heat-conducting metallic ink made from silver and carbon.
The bobsledders are also wearing modified clothing. Embedded in the fabric fleece lining of their uniforms is a blend of compounds including a thermal insulator to absorb and retain the body's heat.
The winter games include dozens of exhibitions of athletic talent, all equally amazing to watch, even though we're on the other side of the globe. You can read more about the chemistry involved in hockey on ChemistryMatters.com.


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Replacement shroud Bluelab Conductivity/Temperature Probes Meters.
The 'Shroud' (found at the probe) is very important for the accuracy and protection of the meter.
The shroud carries out three crucial functions:
- Protects the probe tip from damage
- Slows the movement of the solution to get a more accurate reading
- The slots allow an even flow of solution to pass through to avoid air bubbles on the probe surface
The shroud is removed prior to the cleaning process.
- Place your hand over the shroud for 30 seconds to help warm the plastic then gently pull away from the Truncheon body.
- ALWAYS replace after you have cleaned the probe face.


Unlock Alcatel Tetra
Forgot your Alcatel Tetra password or pattern lock? This article explains easy methods to unlock your Alcatel Tetra without reset or losing any data.
Let's get started!
Unlock Alcatel Tetra
There are basically multiple methods to unlock your Alcatel Tetra, and what method to opt for depends on you.
Unlock Alcatel Tetra by Answering Google Security Questions
If you have security questions set during under your Google account security, then you will be able to unlock your device by answering these questions.
Step 1: After multiple wrong attempts, you will get "Forgot Pattern" or "Forgot PIN/Password" option.
Step 2: Tap on it, and then select "Answer Questions" option.
Step 3: You will be presented with your Google security questions which you have added in your account. Answer them accordingly.
Step 4: If you answer the security questions correctly, you Alcatel Tetra will unlock.
Step 5: After successful unlock, you will be asked to create new PIN, Password or Pattern Lock for your Alcatel Tetra.
Unlock Alcatel Tetra Using your Gmail Account
To unlock Alcatel Tetra using your Gmail account, follow below-mentioned steps:
Step 2: Login with your Google (Gmail) account by entering its details such as username/password.
Step 3: Once you are logged in successfully, your smartphone will be unlocked.
Unlock Alcatel Tetra by Hard Reset (Factory Reset)
If none of the aforementioned methods works in your case, unfortunately, you are left with only option of doing factory reset/hard reset on your Alcatel Tetra. To do this, follow these steps:
Step 1: Turn Off your Alcatel Tetra.
Step 2: Now turn it ON by pressing "Power + Volume Up button" combinations for few seconds until you see Alcatel logo on the screen.
Step 3: Select "Yes" option to factory data reset message.
Please note that this will erase all the data and settings on your Alcatel Tetra.
Unlock Alcatel Tetra Using Googe Find My Device
While you may be able to unlock your Alcatel Tetra using Google Find My Device, this method will erase all the data on your phone.
Here's how you can do so:
Step 1: Open Google Find My Device and sign in with your Google account.
Step 2: After successful login, you need to select "Erase device" option followed by "Erase all data".
Step 3: As soon as you hit "Erase" button, the data deletion on your Android device will begin.
Caution: This is non-reversible process.
Alcatel Tetra Specifications
Alcatel Tetra was released in September 2018. It has 5 inches IPS LCD Asahi Dragontrail Glass protected screen.
Android 8.1 (Oreo) is the native OS featured in Alcatel Tetra. This phone runs a Quad-core processor at the core clock of 1.1 GHz and is powered by PowerVR GE8100 GPU.
Alcatel Tetra has 2 GB of memory.
This phone has a 5MP camera at the back and 2 MP at the front. Both are capable of running 720fps@30fps.
With the aforementioned methods, you can easily unlock your Alcatel Tetra when you have forgotten its password or pattern lock without losing any of your important data like photos, contacts and other important data.
But there's one catch! You will need to answer either the Google security questions or login with the Gmail account linked with your Alcatel Tetra that you want to unlock.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Let $A=k[[t]]$ Let $B$ a flat $A$-finite algebra which is etale and Galois at the generic point.
Then by Artin lemma 3.12 (ii) in his IHES paper on approximation, we know that there exists an integer $c$ such that:
if we have an other $A$-finite flat algebra generically étale and Galois $B'$ such that $B/\pi^{c}\cong B'/\pi^{c}$ implies $B\cong B'$.
Can we be more precise about the value of $c$ for exemple how can we relate it to $B$?
Moreover, can we get a isomorphism $\phi: B\cong B'$ which lifts the isomorphism mod $\pi^{c}$?
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April 29, 2008
Many factors influence tool steel selection. Part Iof this article focused on selecting the right cutting clearance. Part II discusses properties to look for in tool steel and the importance of heat treating, preparation for production, coatings, lubricants, and the press on which the tool will be used.
Figure 1 Click to enlarge image
The material the punch is made from significantly influences its life. Among the factors to consider when selecting the tool steel are its hardness and thickness; material to be cut; cutting speed; how much shock the punch will be subjected to; punch size; and the desired quality of the cut edge.
You should look for two fundamental properties when selecting the tool steel for a cutting punch—toughness and wear resistance. Toughness can be defined as the tool steel's ability to withstand substantial shock without breaking, and wear resistance is the steel's ability to resist abrasive or adhesive erosion or breakdown.
During the metal cutting process, the punch is subjected to a great deal of shock. This shock takes place when the punch contacts the material. The punch must be able to withstand this sometimes enormous shock without chipping, cracking, or breaking. This is where the tool steel's toughness is needed.
During a portion of the punch's entry and all of withdrawal, the metal being cut is squeezing on the sides of the punch, which creates a great deal of friction and heat. Some tool steels, such as S7 (the S stands for shock), have very high impact toughness but are lacking in wear resistance. This type of tool steel is ideal for applications in which the punch is subjected to unusually high shock. S7 commonly is used when cutting high-strength steel. Because it has relatively little wear resistance, it is necessary to sharpen the punch more frequently.
Other tool steels, such as those made using a special powdered metal process, can be manufactured so that they have excellent wear resistance and poor toughness, or a good balance of both toughness and wear resistance. M4 is a common tool steel with a good balance of toughness and wear resistance. The key is to analyze your cutting conditions and choose a tool steel on the basis of the severity of the cutting process. Figure 1shows the toughness and wear resistance values of various tool steels.
I once was told that the tool steel is only as good as the heat-treating process used in making the tool. Make sure that the proper guidelines have been followed when heat-treating the punch. Careful attention must be paid to time and temperature. Punches must be properly tempered! Also, if they have been wire-burned, it may be beneficial to stress-relieve them post EDM. Performed at a temperature approximately 50 degrees below the final tempering temperature, this process helps strengthen the cutting edge.
Take the time to stone a very small radius on the edge of your cutting punches. When I say small, I mean about 0.002 inch. Simply removing the grinding burr with a soft piece of brass can help. A small radius on the punch helps to prevent the edge from chipping or breaking off.
Also take the time to linearly stone and polish the punch. Most punches are radial-ground. Radial grinding creates a great deal of friction between the punch and the sheet metal. Polishing with respect to the direction of the punch's entry (linearly) reduces this friction and extends punch life. Figure 2shows this concept.
Highly Polished, HighPerformance Pierce Punches (left), Radial-Ground Rough SurfacesResult in Greater Friction and Heat (Right) Image courtesy of Dayton Progress Corp.
Tool steel coatings such as titanium and carbide help reduce friction and wear. Coating a cutting punch can increase its life as much as 500 percent. However, keep in mind that coating a punch does nothing to increase its toughness; it improves wear resistance only.
Coated Punches Image courtesy of WILSON TOOL International
Many coating types are available. The three most common categories are physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and thermal diffusion (TD). A key element in ensuring successful coating is to make sure the tool steel has been properly prepared for the coating process. Coating life depends on the surface finish of the tool steel. The punch must be polished (preferably linearly) to a mirrorlike finish. The tool steel must not exhibit any grinding cracks or inclusions. The punch must be burr-free and also free of contaminants, such as heat-treating salts. Figure 3shows a coated punch.
Many punch failures can be traced back to the press. The press must resist as much deflection as possible during punch entry and withdrawal. Older C-frame or gap-frame presses are notorious for high deflection rates. Press deflection causes the punch to bend and break.
EP Boundary Film Image courtesy of IRMCO.
Unfortunately, cutting and piercing operations often are considered less severe than drawing or stretching. However, the truth is that the metal cutting process can create friction and heat values that surpass those that occur during deep drawing.
Remember that during punch withdrawal, especially when small cutting clearances are used, the punch may be experiencing as much as a 0.001-in. friction or press fit, which means that the hole is as much as 0.001 in. smaller than the punch. Any toolmaker who has ever tried to drive a 0.500-in.-diameter dowel pin into a hole with a diameter of 0.499 in. knows that a great deal of force is required. Think of this happening over and over again at 500 times per minute. Get the idea?
To help reduce the friction between the punch and the sheet metal, you must create a small chemical barrier. This can be done by utilizing a good extreme-pressure (EP) lubricant. Lubricants not only increase punch life, they reduce the stripping force necessary to pull the punch from the sheet metal. Whenever possible, use a lubricant when cutting. Figure 4shows a chemical boundary lubricant.
Many factors affect punch life. The key is to understand these factors, collect as much data about your cutting process as possible, and make good decisions based on your data.


text:
Digital media can provide lifelines for homeless people. This article explains that Brianna Karp wrote The Girl's Guide to Homelessness about her experience of being homeless. In an interview, she says that
'people are still amazed to see homeless people utilizing resources, or conclude that they must not "really" be homeless. Why should a person entering a crisis like homelessness be expected to give up items they may already own, like a cell phone or laptop, which may be their most valuable tools for finding work and digging their way out?'
She also says that through her blog she met other homeless people and activists.
She advises other homeless people that
'Technology and social media are your friends, so use them. With them, a world's entire wealth of information is at your fingertips.'
1 note ()


About Us
 1. Mission Statement:
Hekima Womens' Professional Center, Bukoba, Tanzania provides quality education for young women to emancipate them psychologically, culturally, socially, economically and spiritually, and enable them to develop talents, gain confidence, and have an impact on the development of their society.
 1. History of Hekima Girls' School:
The history of the school dates back to 1902 when the White Sisters set up a girls' middle school at Kamukukubwa. Being an exemplary all girls' boarding school of its time, it attracted many young women, many of who became outstanding national and international figures.
In the 1960, Kamukukubwa was nationalized like most missionary schools at that time. Later it was handed to the Regional Co-operative Union who started a co-educational
private secondary school.
In 1988, the school was handed back to the Theresian Sisters and Hekima was formally established, as the first ever all-girls private secondary school in the region.
Hekima is a boarding school located in the small village of Kashozi, 12 km north of Bukoba town, in the Kagera Region of Tanzania.
 1. Identity Statement:
Traditionally, African women have been stereotyped into assuming a future of limited choices. African culture provides females with less educational opportunities than males, thus creating an atmosphere of inferiority. Once they have completed primary education few girls find themselves in a position to enroll in secondary schools. This is due to the low availability of all-girls' secondary schools (government and private), when compared to the number of all-boys' schools and male-dominated co-educational schools, within the nation.
The Theresian Sisters recognized the potential of reclaiming the school with the purpose of providing a quality education, as per their mission statement.
Although the Theresian Sisters founded Hekima, it is not religiously biased. Students and teachers from all regions are accommodated and given equal academic and religious opportunities.
 1. Theresian Sisters:
The Congregation of the Sisters of St. Therese of the Child Jesus of Bukoba, Kagera Region, Tanzania was founded in 1933 in response to tremendous socio-economic and spiritual needs of the local people. It has approximately 425 professed nuns who serve humanity under the leadership of the Catholic Church.


text:
X-ray CT characterization and fracture simulation of ASR damage of glass particles in alkaline solution and mortar
© 2017 Elsevier Ltd The alkali-silica reaction (ASR) damage in reactive aggregates affects the long-term durability of the concrete infrastructure. The generated ASR gel can expand by imbibing water from the pore solution and the resulting expansion pressure causes the aggregate fracture. This study aims to simulate the development of ASR damage in glass particles of two types of samples (glass in alkali solution and glass mortars). The dynamic micro X-ray CT technique was conducted to monitor the crack propagation in glass aggregates at different reaction stages (up to 64 h). The Boundary Element Method (BEM) and Displacement Discontinuity Method (DDM) were used to efficiently simulate the crack propagation within irregular glass particles under gel expansion pressures. The aggregate boundaries were built with the BEM elements and the initial cracks were meshed with the DDM elements. The estimated expansion pressure was applied to the initial crack surfaces. The discontinuous displacements and stresses were calculated along the crack path and crack tip. The mixed-mode Stress Intensity Factors (SIFs) were calculated based on plane stress conditions. The maximum circumferential stress criteria were used to simulate the propagation of cracks along a specific angle. The simulation results include the simulated crack path and the combined SIFs changing with the increments. With the estimate expansion pressure, the glass particle damages were simulated within conditions of alkali solution and confined mortar samples. The predicted crack propagation path was compared with the X-ray CT imaging data. The comparison results demonstrate the DDM has the ability to predicting the ASR damage propagation inside aggregates.
Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics
X-ray CT characterization and fracture simulation of ASR damage of glass particles in alkaline solution and mortar.
Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics,
Retrieved from: _URL_


text:
You are creating a new manual VAT tax entry, however you are missing the tax code e.g.: 14- Import VAT, standard rate (imposed by customs) 17%, even though it is maintained in the Fine-Tune activity Tax on Goods and Services.
SAP Business ByDesign.
Reproducing the Issue
- Go to Tax Management work center.
- Go to Manual Tax Entries view and click VAT Entries subview.
- Click New -> Tax Entry.
- Fill in the necessary information. When you open the Tax Code dropdown menu, tax code 14- Import VAT, standard rate (imposed by customs) 17%, for example, is missing.
The manual tax entry does not support entry of direct taxes such as Import VAT. On the UI (User Interface) an import VAT tax code looks exactly like a regular tax code, but the functionality behind it is different. For regular tax codes you enter a net amount (the value of the good you purchase/sell) which is the base amount for taxes. In an import scenario you sometimes do not even know the base value, you just get an invoice from your customer authority stating how much import VAT you own. In this case you are unable to enter a base amount for calculating taxes. This is why the tax codes for import VAT behave differently. Technically the amount you enter is treated as a tax amount and not as a base amount for tax calculation. We call this a Direct VAT tax code as you enter the VAT directly.
These kinds of tax codes cannot be used in the manual tax entry. The manual tax entry only allows regular tax codes to be used.
In order to create such documents, you can refer to Customs Invoice.
When you import products from other countries, the products may be subject to taxes and duties. You create a customs invoice for these taxes and duties based on the invoice you received from your customs authorities.
You can create customs invoices in the Supplier Invoicing work center on Common Tasks or on Invoice Entry view.
SAP Business ByDesing Help Document: Create a Customs Invoice
Import Tax. VAT. Manual Tax Entry. Manual VAT Tax Entry. Tax Code. , KBA , AP-PRP , Purchase Request Processing , How To


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SQL-Builder by NQLSoftware
By, 30 Aug 2005
Editorial Note
Benefits of using SQL-Builder
Summary: This White Paper explains the benefits of using SQL-Builder - To save development time and to give the end user an extremely fast, flexible and effortless way to query relational databases.
Brief Background
Almost every software application using a database provides a way for the user to query the database, dialog base or submit a SQL Ad-hoc query. The Dialog base is not flexible, and because of this, many dialogs may have to be built. To enter even a simple SQL Ad-hoc query, the required structure of SQL syntax is too complicated for most end-users. SQL-Builder provides an efficient means to resolve these problems.
SQL is not a language for everyone.
The basic SQL query statement contains three clauses: "select", "from" and "where". Each of the tables or views that participate in the query have to be included in the "from clause". The "where clause" contains "select criteria" and "table joins" if more than one table participates in the query. Joining tables is time consuming and sometimes difficult. With this complexity, developers often spend hours, days or weeks writing a SQL query. To provide a more flexible, simpler and faster solution for the end-user, the programmer and the Database Administrator, NQLSoftware developed SQL-Builder as a tool to write SQL queries faster and with a simpler syntax. This what we refer to as NQL (Natural Query Language).
The basic NQL query contains two clauses: "select" and "where". The "from clause" is omitted completely. The "where clause" only contains "select criteria", and no "table joins" are needed. From the "select clause" and "select criteria" in the "where clause", SQL-Builder uses a proprietary algorithm to determine which tables participate in the query and joins these tables appropriately, then builds the SQL query.
The following are examples to demonstrate and simplify these instructions. Northwind, an example of MS-SQL database is being used.
NQL query:
show suppliers where customer city is London
SQL-Builder translates to SQL as follows:
SQL query:
WHERE ((Suppliers.SupplierID = Products.SupplierID)
AND (Products.ProductID = [Order Details].ProductID)
AND (Orders.OrderID = [Order Details].OrderID)
AND (Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID))
AND (Customers.City = 'London')
In the example above, "customer city" is an "alias" of "Customers.City" this makes the query closer to a natural English sentence.
NQL query:
show employees who live in London
SQL query:
SELECT Employees.* FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE Employees.City = 'London'.
NQL query:
show how many employees who live in London
SQL query:
NQL query is an easier language statement to understand than the SQL query statement isn't it? Now you see how simple the NQL query is compared to the SQL query statement.
Dialog base with NQL
Since the NQL query syntax is very simple, it needs only the "select clause" and "select criteria". If your application has a dialog to build the select clause and select criteria, this dialog can build any query. The "Click Query" feature of SQL-Builder is an example of such a dialog. There is no need to build many query dialogs, as is the case when using SQL. The Click Query of SQL-Builder is pick and click style. Unlike other products, Click Query allows user to select more than one search objects and filters on any object attributes. With this feature and the mouse only, users may issue and kind of query, simple or complex, programmers may quickly create views or stored procedures.
Ad-hoc query with NQL
With the simplicity of the NQL syntax, natural, English-like query, developers spend less time writing queries. Using NQL, It now takes only seconds to write queries, and virtually anyone can now write queries, they can write queries with their own spoken languages. The NQL Ad-hoc query or Natural Language Query may be an option for your software application. Natural Language Query of SQL-Builder features with auto-complete, highlight the closet matched word while user typing the query. Also users may save the query for later use.
SQL-Builder understands every word in the sentence and translates accurately to SQL.
Relational Database Keyword Query with NQL
Keyword searches are popular in the field of document searches. Are you able to query your relational database using Keywords? Yes, now you can. SQL-Builder uses a proprietary algorithm to index your database to locate the data. When search it locates the data and joins tables appropriately to return the correct results. SQL-Builder does not have any restrictions requiring all keywords to be located in one data cell. Here is an example; Suppose you are searching for Boston seafood products. You simply select "products" from the "search for" combo box and enter "seafood Boston" in the "with all the words" text box, then click the Search button. In the above scenario, "seafood" is in the "categories" table; however, "boston "is in "Suppliers" table. In actuality, NONE of the keywords searched in the above example need to be in the "products" table which we search on.
SQL-Builder features a dictionary that allows users to define words, define phrases, build their language, configure output, and save queries. When a word or a phrase defined it becomes a valid words, user may define new words, new phrases base on the defined words, recursively.
Data Location
Users can quickly locate where the data resides. If you know the keyword, say "Seafood", you may use the Keyword Query, don't specify the search object and search by keyword "Seafood", SQL-Builder will find all data cells (table and column) that contain the keyword "Seafood", for you. You may search by table name or column name. Suppose you want to know what tables store first name, you may use the WordBuilder of SQL-Builder, enter "first%name" in the new word edit box and click on the filter button, SQL-Builder will get all tables and all columns where the name is first%name ('%' is wild card).
SQL-Builder increases productivity over the entire enterprise by saving a significant amount of development time for the programmer and Database Administrator and gives the end-user a faster, more flexible method to query relational databases.
Further Information
For more information on SQL-Builder and other products by NQLSoftware please visit our website. Or contact NQLSoftware for a live-on-line demonstration.
SQL BUILDER V4.0 is available free of charge via download. These trial versions are fully functional and valid for 30 days.
Buy Now
You'll get a 40% discount off the regular price of $369.99. And, for a limited time only, we are offering our new DMS (Document Management System) free of charge for customers who purchase SQL-Builder. This offer is valid through 09/30/2005 only.
About DMS
DMS Uses the database to index documents resulting in a very quick response. You can specify directories to search and the maximum number of documents to return. You can search on almost any file including, but not limited to, the following file types:.doc,.pdf (DMS for oracle only),.txt,.rtf,.htm,.html,.xml,.asp,.aspx,.ppt,.xls, and.jpg.
DMS supports Incremental indexing, which detects the following changes to files and updates the index accordingly: Modification, deletion, addition, renaming.
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Comments and Discussions
QuestionAbout Code PinmemberJimish Parekh8-Oct-13 3:56
QuestionProducts and supplier PinmemberJörgen Sigvardsson31-Aug-05 11:16
Quite off topic, but I've always wondered if the classical product and supplier database originally came from C.J. Date? (For those who don't know who C.J. Date is - google on his name and database Smile | :) )
I always smile when I see these examples, because it reminds me of my first contact with relational databases. Smile | :)
An eye for an eye will only make the world blind.
AnswerRe: Products and supplier Pinmembercomputerguru9238225-Feb-06 12:14
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text:
Bakos, K., Dobos, A., & Nagy, J. (2014). Examination of soil parameters based on the evaluation of the spectroradiometric reflectance characteristics of the topsoil. Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, (60), 75–80. _URL_
In this article we are presenting the methodology applied to analyse and interpret the topsoil surface reflectance parameters of multiple samples collected in the Mugello valley area in northern Italy in October 2012. The main aim of the whole project was to discover geomorphological behaviour and situation of the area ino order to improve potential for correct dating of certain archaeological artefacts found in the nearby areas. One of the crucial problem researchers are facing in the area is the lack of understanding of the underlying geological and geomorphological processes that were describing and characterizing the area and that played important role not only in the current geography and landscape formation but also in the transportation of various sediments and artefacts. In this particular research the main aim is to examine the possibility of developing a quick way to assess low level properties of the soil using hand held spectrometer and rapid analysis of cross-section using in situ measurement techniques. In this work we collected over 2000 individual samples of topsoil surface reflectance properties that we organized into a spectral library. This library is then to be used to describe physical and chemical processes in the soil. To support the analysis results were compared to analysis results from different kind of assessments in the same area. Our results show a great potential of application of hand held imaging spectrometer in soil property analysis based on the top soil surface reflectance parameters.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Let $Y$ be the number of heads in a an $X$ toss sequence of flipping a coin with probability $p$ of heads. Show that $Y \sim \mathrm{Pois}(p \lambda)$ if $X \sim \mathrm{Pois}(\lambda)$.
share|improve this question
This looks a lot like homework, and if so, please add the homework tag. Hint: Use the law of total probability to calculate $P\{Y = k\}$ from $P\{Y = k\mid X = n\}$ and the known values of $P\{X = n\}$. – Dilip Sarwate Feb 19 '13 at 13:54
Sure. Right, so that's what I have been doing, but it's not obvious. – darksky Feb 19 '13 at 13:56
Further hint: Can you tell what is the value of $P\{Y=10\mid X = 4\}$? How about $P\{Y=10\mid X=15\}$? You will need to use the fact that for a specific $k$, $P\{Y=k\mid X=n\}$ is zero for some choices of $n$, cancel some factorial terms in the rest, and sum a series. – Dilip Sarwate Feb 19 '13 at 14:02
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2 Answers
up vote 0 down vote accepted
Note that $Y\mid X=x\sim\mathrm{bi}(x,p)$ for $x=0,1,\ldots$ and so $$ P(Y=k\mid X=x)=\binom{x}{k}p^k(1-p)^{x-k},\quad k=0,\ldots,x. $$ Thus $$ P(Y=k)=\sum_{x=k}^\infty P(Y=k\mid X=x)P(X=x)=\sum_{x=k}^\infty\frac{x!}{k!(x-k)!}p^k(1-p)^{x-k}\frac{\lambda^x}{x!}e^{-\lambda}, $$ which by letting $x!$ cancel out we can write as $$ \frac{p^k}{k!}e^{-\lambda}\sum_{x=k}^\infty \frac{1}{(x-k)!}(1-p)^{x-k}\lambda^x. $$ Now write $\lambda^x$ as $\lambda^{x-k}\lambda^k$ and do a change of index so the sum starts at $x=0$. Then you should end up with $$ \frac{(p\lambda)^k}{k!}e^{- p\lambda}. $$
share|improve this answer
Well, your expression is actually incorrect. It should be $e^{- \lambda}$ – darksky Feb 19 '13 at 14:27
_USER_: You're right. I edited it, and it should be correct now. – Stefan Hansen Feb 19 '13 at 14:32
Can you please show some outline of the steps needed to go from second to the third line? – darksky Feb 19 '13 at 14:34
_USER_ The sum can be written as $$e^{-\lambda}{p^k\lambda^k\over k!}\sum_{j=0}^\infty {\bigl[((1-p)\lambda\bigr]^j\over j!}.$$(First cancel the $x!$. Then factor out $p^k e^{-\lambda}/k!$ and change indices in the sum.) – David Mitra Feb 19 '13 at 14:35
Thanks David! This is what I needed help with. – darksky Feb 19 '13 at 14:39
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It is easiest to use probability generating functions $\mathcal{P}_Z(t) = \sum_{m=0}^\infty t^m \mathbb{P}\left(Z=m\right) = \mathbb{E}\left(t^Z\right)$. The probability generating function of a binomial random variable equals $\left(1-p + p t \right)^n$. Thus: $$ \mathcal{P}_Y(t) = \mathbb{E}\left(t^Y\right) = \mathbb{E}\left(\mathbb{E}\left(t^Y|X\right)\right) = \mathbb{E}\left( (1-p+t p)^X\right) = \mathcal{P}_X(1-p+ t p) = \exp\left(\lambda \left( \left(1-p + t p \right) -1 \right) \right) = \exp\left(\lambda p (t-1) \right) $$ The latter is the probability generating function of $\operatorname{Poi}\left(\lambda p \right)$.
share|improve this answer
Unfortunately, we haven't learned probability generating functions yet. – darksky Feb 19 '13 at 14:22
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text:
WATER STORES PATTERNS - MENSTRUUM
©2014 Dorian Taddei
[Excerpted from the website: Water Structure and Science]
"Ethanol forms solutions in water that are far from ideal and very slow to equilibrate. Although usually considered a single phase, such solutions may contain several distinct phases and more generally consist of a complex mixture dominated by water-water and ethanol-ethanol clusters, where hydrogen bonding is longer-lived than in water alone. They also favor nanobubble (that is, nanocavity) formation. Thus, the peculiar behavior of aqueous solutions... is accentuated by the presence of ethanol."
MORE COPY COMING SOON!
- • • • • • •


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I am trying to create a flood modelling system. The system consists of two parts mainly a river flooding simulation and rainfall simulation. To do this I am running the latest version of GRASS 6.4. Also I am using the SRTM obtained from CGIAR as my DEM.
I would like to ask what are the most appropriate commands to run a simulation. Ex. Terraflow
Also since we are modelling flooding based on a river, is it advisable to use HEC-RAS? It was created by the same folks who made GRASS. :)
Sorry again for the dumb question. I am more of a programmer rather than an engineer. It is my first venture into simulation systems as part of my degree.
Thanks for your insights.
BTW as of now Here is our plan for the rainfall (pseudocode):
int i = 0, j = 0;
int passes, numberOfmesh;
double rainAmount;
double store1[][];
double store2[][];
numberOfmesh = getTotalMeshCells();
passes = computePasses(numberOfmesh());
rainAmount = getRainAmount();
/* rainAmount corresponds to the input of the user in the textfield.
store1 contains the elevation and the number of times an amount of water
has been passed to it (per pixel)
store2 contains the elevation and the total accumulated water (per pixel)
Both store1 and store2 have 'n' number of rows and 2 columns;
while(i!= passes)
 while(j!= numberOfmesh)
 direct = getDirection(store[j][0]);
 /* direct corresponds to the direction of a mesh cell;
 I don't know what id the datatype for direct; */
 store2[j][6] += rainAmount;
//Here is what gotoDirect is supposed to do:
 /* How can we determine the elevation of the mesh cell to where the
 'direct' points to?
 In the following code, j refers to the elevation of the mesh cell where
 the 'direct' point to.
 store1[j][7] += 1;
 /* increases the number of times that an amount of water
 was passed to it */
//Here is what computeAccumulated is supposed to do:
 while(j!= numberOfmesh)
 store2[j][8] += store1[j][9] * rainAmount;
share|improve this question
4 Answers 4
I can't speak much on GRASS specifically, but it looks like what you're trying to do here is develop flow direction and accumulation grids - I'm pretty sure GRASS already has that functionality built-in.
Once you've developed those grids, you can use a regression equation (the USGS develops these: _URL_ to compute the flow at a specific cell, and use those flows in a HEC-RAS model. HEC-RAS is good for flood modeling, but it has a number of limitations - namely that it's clunky and there isn't any documentation that I'm aware of on the file structures. But it's free and very widely-used by civil engineers.
If what you're looking to do is integrate hydrology and hydraulics into a single process, be prepared to do a lot of reading on fluid dynamics.
share|improve this answer
+1 lots of reading. books.google.com/… – Kirk Kuykendall Feb 8 '11 at 20:13
The rainfall part gets complicated fast if you want to be realistic....How much rain sinks into the ground? evaporates? causes snowmelt? How quickly does it flow over saturated ground? etc. etc. If this is just an "exercise", go ahead and treat the whole world as concrete and be done with it.
Flow out of a gate, constant and long term is classic steady state. HEC-RAS is appropriate.
Otherwise, you would need to team with an engineer to guide you in the application of the governing equations for open channel flow...totally reinvinting the wheel. Realistically, you would need channel bathymetry unless the flow is much larger than the channel can accomodate. SRTM is too crude for a credible simulation, but again, it sounds like this is an exercise in coding.....
share|improve this answer
It wasn't clear from the description of your project whether you are trying to model the passage of a flood wave through a 2-D flow grid (i.e., the change in inundation area as a function of time as the flood passes from upstream to downstream), or whether your output is to show the highest flood elevation at any given point caused by a single flooding event (like what is shown in the FEMA flood insurance maps).
The method suggested by thwllms (using the USGS regression equations at each cell) would give you the PEAK flow of a given return period (probability of being equalled or exceeded in any given year) at a particular location in a river. Running HEC-RAS for the river in question will give you the steady-state water surface elevation FOR THAT ONE FLOW at any given river cross section. (HEC-RAS is mostly a one-dimensional, steady-state "water surface profile" model.) The water surface elevations thus obtained are then transferred onto a paper topo map or to a DEM to derive the inundation areas caused by that level of flood flow. This is the method traditionally used (with some variations) for the FEMA flood insurance studies.
If your project is to model the passage of a single flood wave over time, then the flows are not steady-state, and HEC-RAS may not be the best model to use. There are other models used by USGS, the Corps of Engineers, and the Bureau of Reclamation (along with the engineering agencies of state governments) that model such flows. Unfortunately, I'm not very familiar with these unsteady-state models.
Once you've decided on what kind of river flows you want to model, it'll be appropriate to seek out the appropriate model to use. Good luck!
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My project is to create a flood modelling software. I will simulate the possible floods caused by the outflow of a dam. It is the outflow from the opening of the gates of the dam (not by dam break) to be channeled along a river. Is this considered as a steady-state? – teamAngat Feb 9 '11 at 4:07
Sorry, just saw your comment this afternoon. Joseph Jones has answered your question about flow from an open gate, and I agree with his answer. – Howard Y Feb 10 '11 at 20:22
For the rainfall simulation, you should definitely take a look at the iHacres module in SAGA GIS. More information here: _URL_
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