c_2)] \\ &= \mathrm{sgn}(a_1)|a_1|Q[c_1] + \mathrm{sgn}(a_2)|a_2|Q[c_2] \\ &= a_1Q[c_1] + a_2 Q[c_2] \end{align} In summary, by thinking about heat as a functional on paths, and by imposing physically reasonable constraints on that functional, we have argued that heat is a $1$-cochain.
From cochains to differential forms.
Now that we have argued that heat can be thought of as a $1$-cochain, let's show how this leads to modeling "infinitesimal" changes in heat with a differential $1$-form.
This is where things get really mathematically interesting. We first recall the definition of a differential $k$-form over a $k$-chain. If $\omega$ is a $k$-form, and $c = a_1c_1 + \cdots a_Nc_N$ is a $k$-chain, then we define the integral of $\omega$ over $c$ as follows: \begin{align} \int_c\omega = a_1\int_{c_1} \omega + \cdots + a_N\int_{c_N}\omega. \end{align} In other words, we integrate $\omega$ over each $k$-cube $c_i$ in the chain multiplied by the appropriate signed magnitude $a_i$ associated with that cube, and then we add up all of the results to get the integral over the chain as a whole. For example, if $k=1$ then we have an integral of a $1$-form over a $1$-chain which is usually just called a line integral.
Now notice that given any $k$-form $\omega$, there exists a corresponding cochain, which we'll call $F_\omega$, defined by \begin{align} F_\omega[c] = \int_c\omega \end{align} for any $k$-chain $c$. In other words, integration of a form over a chain can simply be thought of as applying a particular linear functional to that chain.
But here's the really cool thing. The construction we just exhibited shows that to every differential form, there corresponds a cochain $F_\omega$ given by integration of $\omega$. A natural question then arises: is there a mapping that goes the other way? Namely, if $F$ is a given $k$-cochain, is there a corresponding $k$-form $\omega_F$ such that $F$ can simply be written as integration over $\omega$? The answer is yes! (provided we make suitable technical assumptions). In fact, there is a mathematical theorem which basically says that
Given a sufficiently smooth $k$-cochain $F$, there is a unique differential form $\omega_F$ such that \begin{align} F[c] = \int_c\omega_F \end{align} for all suitably non-pathological chains $c$.
If we apply this result to the heat $1$-cochain $Q$, then we find that there exists a unique corresponding differential $1$-form $\omega_Q$ such that for any reasonable chain $c$, we have \begin{align} Q[c] = \int_c \omega_Q \end{align} This is precisely what we want. If we identify $\omega_Q$ as $\delta Q$, then we have shown that
The heat transferred to a system that moves along a given path ($1$-chain) in thermodynamic state space is given by the integral of a differential $1$-form $\delta Q$ along the path.
This is a precise formulation of the statement that $\delta Q$ is a one-form that represents "infinitesimal" heat transfers.
Note. This is a new, totally revamped version of the answer that actually answers the OP's question instead of just reformulating it mathematically. Most of the earlier comments pertain to older versions.
I did not figure this all out on my own. In the original form of the answer, I reformulated the question in a mathematical form, and I essentially posted this mathematical question on math.SE:
That question was answered by user studiosus who found that the theorem on cochains and forms to which I refer was proven by Hassler Whitney roughly 60 years ago in his good Geometric Integration Theory. In attempting to understand the theorem, and especially the concept of cochains, I found the paper "Isomorphisms of Differential Forms and Cochains" written by Jenny Harrison to be very illuminating. In particular, her discussion of theorem on forms and chains to which I refer above is nice.
share|improve this answer
Differential forms are not linear functions of state variables in any sense. What you probably wanted to say is that the differential form $df$ is a linear function of $dx_i$ but $dx_i$ isn't a state variable; it is a differential (infinitesimally small change) of the state variable.
One may view your notation for the differential form involving the $dx_i$ factors to be just one possible notation among many. Alternatively, we may consider a differential form to be nothing else than the collection of functions that you call $(f_1,f_2,\dots,f_n)$. Each component $f_i$ is a function of the state variables. By definition, the space of possible configurations of these functions forms a linear space – the space of linear forms (the same thing as differential 1-forms), the dual space to the tangent space at a given point of the phase space. The particular values of all the components at a given point in the configuration/phase space are, by definition, forming a linear space so there is a well-defined addition.
The same addition is relevant when adding heat or internal energy $U$ that is composed of several terms. For the internal energy, your rule that $U(x+dx_A+dx_B) = U(x)+ dU_A+dU_B$ follows from the linear rule of the "derivative of the sum". The derivative of the sum is simply equal to the sum of derivatives. This rule requires that all three terms in that equation exists but in physics, we want to deal with continuous or smooth enough functions for which the derivatives exist.
I erased the last paragraph suggesting the possible nonlinearity for $\delta Q$'s because I decided it was misleading. $\delta Q$ is still a well-defined, unique linear differential form on the state space, albeit not an exact one, so it still obeys the linearity condition. It's just not terribly useful for particular processes that only probe the evolution along a particular curve rather than the evolution in all possible directions from each point of a curve.
share|improve this answer
Thank you for the correction. I had meant to say that differentials are linear at each point in the state space, i.e. linear on the tangent space. I have always heard $\delta Q$ being called an inexact differential. That seems to imply that $$\delta Q(d\mathbf{x}_1 + d\mathbf{x}_2) = \delta Q(d\mathbf{x}_1) + \delta Q(d\mathbf{x}_2)$$ at some fixed point, just by the definition of "differential form". If I've understood you correctly, you're saying that this doesn't necessarily hold? Is it inappropriate to call $\delta Q$ a differential form then? – EuYu Jan 31 at 8:20
No, what you wrote here holds perfectly. It assumes that there is a particular (inexact but) differential form $\delta Q$ defined on the state space and the identity holds by linearity - the differential forms are, by definition, linear functions of the tangent vector coordinates $dx_i$. – Luboš Motl Jan 31 at 8:29
What I disagreed with was your physical interpretation of this identity: "... if the infinitesimal heat transferred when moving from state $x$ to $x+dx_1$ is $\delta Q_1$ and from $x$ to $x+dx_2$ is $\delta Q_2$". In that sentence, you are comparing two (well, three) different processes. Each of them is linked with some differential form $\delta Q$, like $\delta Q_1,\delta Q_2,\delta Q$. There's no reason why there should be a sum rule for these three completely unrelated differential forms. $Q$ is not a function of the state variables so the linearity of derivative isn't a valid proof. – Luboš Motl Jan 31 at 8:32
The analogous sentence for $dU$ would hold exactly because $dU$ is an exact differential, so you may talk about "the" change of the internal energy while going from $x$ to $x+dx_1$, and so on. But in the case of $\delta Q$, there is no "the" change you get when moving from one point of the phase space to another. How much heat gets transferred to the system depends on what the external objects are doing. – Luboš Motl Jan 31 at 8:34
I apologize for the confusion. I think my question got a bit side tracked somewhere along the way. I had always assumed that there exists some universal $\delta Q$. Each process is simply some curve $\gamma$ in the state space which links some initial state $\mathbf{x}_1


text:
increase in medical examinations among pilots over the years is due to the rapidly growing demand for aviation globally and the requirement to ensure good health in the industry. The comprehensive nature and rigor of these examinations is worthwhile, as pilot health is the most important factor in aviation safety. We should be prepared not only for the increasing number of aviation medical examinations, but also for the growing healthcare needs of aviation workers.
While males predominantly constitute the aviation sector, a gradual and positive shift towards increased female representation is evident. The progressive increase, especially in the newer generation of aviation professionals, is a testament to diversifying industry norms. Nevertheless, more encouragement and support systems for female participation are needed, and the health care of female workers in particular requires additional attention.
The findings reaffirm the medical community's commitment to aviation safety through careful medical evaluation and highlight areas for improvement and potential challenges. The dynamic nature of the aviation industry, constantly evolving medical standards, and challenges such as a global pandemic require constant adaptation, research, and improvement of screening protocols. Further research could help to establish more targeted screening criteria if it specifically identifies correlations between medical disqualifiers and age. Additionally, given the unprecedented impact of the pandemic, post-pandemic data should be closely monitored to determine the long-term impact on the medical fitness of airmen.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. Juwon Lim has been the editor-in-chief since 2022 and had no role in the decision to publish this article.
General characteristics of the study population
|Number||41,834 (23.6)||135,140 (76.4)||176,974 (100)|
|Male||32,314 (90.9)||92,437 (97.2)||124,751 (95.5)||<0.001|
|Female||3,222 (9.1)||2,639 (2.8)||5,861 (4.5)|
|Age group (yr)|
|<40||40,070 (95.8)||54,158 (40.1)||94,228 (53.2)||<0.001|
|40–49||1,187 (2.8)||45,531 (33.7)||46,718 (26.4)|
|50–59||529 (1.3)||28,048 (20.8)||28,577 (16.1)|
|≥60||43 (0.1)||7,394 (5.5)||7,437 (4.2)|
|1||36,637 (87.6)||130,887 (96.9)||167,524 (94.7)||<0.001|
|2||2,825 (6.8)||351 (0.3)||3,176 (1.8)|
|3||2,369 (5.7)||3,890 (2.9)||6,259 (3.5)|
|Unfit||624 (1.5)||229 (0.2)||853 (0.5)||<0.001|
|Fit||37,832 (90.4)||116,800 (86.4)||154,632 (87.4)|
|Waiver||3,076 (7.4)||18,054 (13.4)||21,130 (11.9)|
|Deferred||302 (0.7)||57 (0)||359 (0.2)|
|Date of exam (year)|
|2000–2009||2,739 (6.5)||32,003 (23.7)||34,742 (19.6)||<0.001|
|2010–2019||28,997 (69.3)||69,421 (51.4)||98,418 (55.6)|
|2020–2023||10,098 (24.1)||33,716 (24.9)||43,814 (24.8)|
|None||41,834 (100)||0 (0)||41,834 (23.6)||Not available|
|ATPL||0 (0)||72,755 (53.8)||72,755 (41.1)|
|CPL||0 (0)||54,040 (40.0)||54,040 (30.5)|
|PPL||0 (0)||4,418 (3.3)||4,418 (2.5)|
|ATC||0 (0)||3,927 (2.9)||3,927 (2.2)|
Values are presented as number (%).
ATPL: air transport pilot license, CPL: commercial pilot license, PPL: private pilot license, ATCL: air traffic controller license.
Disqualification rates of airline pilots by age group in Korea between 2010–2023
|Number of exam||Number of unfit||Disqualification rate (%)||OR (95% CI)|
|Age group (yr)||0.041|
Values are presented as number (%).
OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval.
- Kim JS, Han BS, Kwon YH, Lim J. A 5-year analysis of aviation medical examinations in South Korea. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2022;93:499-506. _URL_
- Hohmann E, Pieterse R. Temporary incapacitation rates and permanent loss of medical license in commercial airline pilots. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2023;94:113-121. _URL_
- Han BS, Kwon YH, Shin YY. Analysis of three years of airmen medical certificate for preparing aviation-related health promotion plan. Korean J Aerosp Environ Med 2020;30:40-49. _URL_
- Sykes AJ, Larsen PD, Griffiths RF, Aldington S. A study of airline pilot morbidity. Aviat Space Environ Med 2012;83:_PHONE_. _URL_
- Kwon YH. Survey of medically disqualified airline pilots in Korea: 2015~2019. Korean J Aerosp Environ Med 2020;30:70-74. _URL_

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Groundwork USA: Bridgeport and Portland
DOI link for Groundwork USA: Bridgeport and Portland
Groundwork USA: Bridgeport and Portland book
This chapter examines two case studies, again at the sub-national level, in the USA. These case studies are projects driven by the Groundwork organisation, a global-level actor, and both the cases are focused on brownfi eld urban renewal strategies across projects in differing locations. There are common themes across each of these projects, such as the involvement of local communities, physical and social improvement of housing and green space facilities, and an overarching theme of sustainable urban renewal across the housing and education sectors, as well as communal parkland and green space.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Waterfowl Historical
Waterfowl Historical (HM1XZS)
Location: Columbia, SD 57433 Brown County
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Country: United States of America
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N 45° 43.577', W 98° 18.361'
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Perhaps our best known group of birds, waterfowl species such as ducks, geese and swans have webbed feet and water repellent feathers that allow them to float and swim easily. Often striking in plumage, waterfowl are found in a variety of watery habitats from the arctic to the tropics. Dabbling ducks tip tail-up in the water to feed and can spring directly into flight. Diving ducks dive deep in search of food and must run across the water surface to take flight.
Wetlands are Valuable
Far from being scary or worthless places, wetlands are wonderful.
We know now that wetlands are a vital link in the natural system that supplies the water which sustains all life.
Wetlands are Important in Many Ways.
Wetlands lessen the destructive effects of storms and floods.
Wetlands cleanse water of pollutants.
Wetlands recharge groundwater supplies.
Wetlands provide homes for many kinds of wildlife.
Wetlands are beautiful laces for people to enjoy being outdoors.
Going, Going, Gone?
Every year, we lose another two percent of the remaining wetlands in the United States - an astonishing 290,000 acres - to agriculture, development, mining, and other purposes.
Marker ConditionNo reports yet
Date Added Friday, April 21st, 2017 at 9:02am PDT -07:00
Locationbig map
UTM (WGS84 Datum)14T E 554001 N _PHONE_
Decimal Degrees45.72628333, -98.30601667
Degrees and Decimal MinutesN 45° 43.577', W 98° 18.361'
Degrees, Minutes and Seconds45° 43' 34.62" N, 98° 18' 21.66" W
Driving DirectionsGoogle Maps
Area Code(s)605
Closest Postal AddressAt or near 39629-39656 Sand Lake Dr, Columbia SD 57433, US
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Maintenance Issues
 1. Is this marker part of a series?
 2. What historical period does the marker represent?
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 4. What type of marker is it?
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text: Pipeline water transmission is the use of PVC plastic pipes to send water directly to the field for irrigation to reduce the leakage and evaporation loss of water during the open channel transportation process. It is currently a pipeline water transmission promotion product in the well irrigation area in the north of China. Compared with channel water transmission, With rapid water transmission, water saving, and land saving, the benefits are as follows: the water utilization coefficient can be increased to 0.95, the power saving can be 20 % -30 %, the savings can be 2 % -3 %, and the increase in production is 10 %. It is currently China's water-saving irrigation. One of the main measures.


t diff --name-only HEAD^ | grep -E '.py$' | xargs black
 - --name-only tells git to list file paths instead of contents.
 - HEAD^ specifies only files that have changed in the latest commit.
 - -E enables regular expressions for grep.
Many editors also have a setting to run Black automatically whenever you save a Python file (or on a keyboard shortcut). For VS Code, add the following to your workspace settings.json to make your editor compatible with Black and turn on auto-formatting on save:
{
 "python.formatting.provider": "black",
 "python.formatting.blackPath": "<absolute path to the black executable>",
 "[python]": {
 "editor.formatOnSave": true,
 "editor.rulers": [88], // Black enforces a line length of 88 characters.
 },
 ...
}
Naming steps
Occasionally you'll be confronted with the task of naming a step. It's important that this name is informative as it will appear within the UI. Other than that, there are only two rules:
 1. Do not use the "." character in step names. Currently that is used for indicating step nesting in the UI, but should hopefully change in the future.
 2. Step names must be unique within a single execution of a recipe. The reason for this is because recipe engine relies on unique step names for mocking out step data when testing. For this reason, step names will then be extended with a number such as "(3)" which generally isn't very useful to a reader. This is also subject to change in the future.


text:
1 posts tagged with biology.
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Evolutionary Analysis book club
A biology book club I'm part of in Toronto is going to be starting Freeman and Herron's Evolutionary Analysis. We read a chapter of a textbook a month (more or less), and answer the end-of-chapter questions. We also try to find a paper related to the chapter to discuss. Everyone is welcome; when we did Albert's Molecular Biology of the Cell, we had everyone from people who had zero biology background to biology Ph.D.s attend. Sometimes we stick to the subject of the chapter, and sometimes the discussion is wide-ranging. It's held at Toronto's Hacklab, which strives to be an inclusive and welcoming space. [more inside]


text:
Interview with Dr. Motoji Ikeya
By David Jay Brown
Dr. Motoji Ikeya is a Japanese interdisciplinary researcher, using electron spin resonance (ESR) in geosciences and radiation dopsimetry, with a research interest in the cause of unusual animal behavior prior to earthquakes. His laboratory experiments at Osaka University have shed an enormous amount of light on the possible mechanisms that may be operating during this unexplained phenomenon.
Dr. Ikeya majored in Electronics and then Nuclear Engineering at Osaka University. He worked at Nagoya and Yamaguchi Universities, was a research associate at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and a fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation at the University of Stuttgart, Germany. He is a recipient of the Asahi Newspaper Grant for Encouragement of Science (1981) and the 4th Osaka Science Prize in 1986.
Dr. Ikeya's major field of specialization has been in quantum geophysics. He has researched Electron Sin Resonance (ESR), which is used for dating geological and archaeological materials, and in the future these techniques may be used for dating materials on icy planetary bodies. He has also researched radiation dosimetry and assessment of the paleo-environment. Dr. Ikeya began his earthquake precursor studies after the Kobe Earthquake in 1995.
At Osaka University Dr. Ikeya was chair of the Quantum Geophysics Laboratory, and is the author of more than three hundred scientific papers. He was Professor of Graduate School of Science at Osaka University's Department of of Physics since 1987, and of Earth Space Science since its foundation in 1991. Dr. Ikeya retired from Osaka University in 2004, and is now helping young people in ESR on a part-time basis.
Dr. Ikeya is also the author of *Earthquakes and Animals: From Folk Legends to Science* (World Scientific, 2004), which is the most important book on the subject of unusual animal behavior and earthquakes since Helmut TrIbutsch's classic work on the subject *When the Snakes Awake*. This meticulously researched work is an interdisciplinary treasure trove of folk legends, historical anecdotes, interview surveys and subjective reports, geophysical science facts, and most importantly, a fascinating summary of Dr. Ikeya's own laboratory research. (To order a copy of Dr. Ikeya's book click here.)
Ikeya's laboratory experiments were conducted to see if exposure to an electrical field or electromagnetic pulses could elicit animal behavior similar to what has been reported prior to earthquakes. Ikeya's experiments produced very interesting results. For example, fish showed panic reactions, and earthworms moved out of the soil and swarmed when current was applied. These are very similar to the behaviors that are reported before earthquakes. Dr. Ikeya's work also sheds light on other mysterious pre-earthquake phenomena–which he was able to recreate in the laboratory–such as strange plant growth, earth-lights, fogs, atmospheric distortions, and unusual phenomena with electric appliances, such as televisions and cell phones.
I interviewed Dr. Ikeya on October 12, 2004. Dr. Ikeya has a great deal of curiosity, open-mindedness, and the rare ability to bridge scientific disciplines. We discussed how his laboratory experiments help us to understand the causes of unusual animal behavior prior to earthquakes, why so many scientists are resistant to this idea, and whether or not a reliable earthquake forecasting system is possible.
David: What motivated you to start studying the relationship between unusual animal behavior and earthquakes?
Dr. Ikeya: The Kobe earthquake in 1995. I live 30 km from the epicenter and thought it strange that many earthworms dug themselves up in my small garden. At the time, I did not know the legend that a number of emerging earthworms is a sign of a large earthquake. Many people noticed this, including my neighbors.
David: How have your laboratory experiments with electric fields and electromagnetic pulses helped to shed some light on what may cause unusual animal behavior prior to earthquakes?
Dr. Ikeya: First, theoretical calculation of EQ light, which was seen by my graduate students and associate professor. EQ clouds and fogs in legends may naturally be produced in super-cooled atmosphere. Then, it dawned on me that animals might be sensing such atmospheric discharge and electric field as electric field effects.
David: How do you think animals detect electromagnetic waves, and why do you think this cause them to behave in peculiar ways?
Dr. Ikeya: Electric fields may be sensed by the force on the animal's hair. Induced current in the body may cause changes with some neurotransmitters.
David: Your research provides strong evidence for the theory that electromagnetic changes are causing the unusual animal behavior and other unexplained phenomena that are sometimes reported to occur prior to earthquakes. Do you think that this is just one possible explanation or the only one?
Dr. Ikeya: Probably most of the unexplained phenomena (80 – 90%) reported by lay citizens would have electromagnetic causes. Old legends of bent flames, and rice cooking anomaly, as well as animal and plant anomalies, are definitely electromagnetic in origin. However, the Moses'
phenomenon [reports that great bodies of water will suddenly and temporarily split apart, creating a valley to the ocean floor, and two massive walls of water] is due to natural hydrodynamic causes.
David: Why do you think so many scientists are resistant to the idea that unusual animal behavior prior to earthquakes is a real phenomenon?
Dr. Ikeya: Because there are people who link trivial events to large earthquakes, and afterthoughts are inevitably involved in the statements by lay citizens, especially at a distance larger than 100 – 200 km for a
M7 earthquake. I explain this in Chapter 5 of my book *Earthquakes and Animals*.
For countries like New Zealand, the focal depth is 50 km or so.
Electromagnetic (EM) intensity would be less, and so there would be less unusual phenomena. Granite bedrock in Japan might play a role due to the involvement of piezoelectric quartz grains, while basalt may generate less intense EM waves. Fluid movement in the boundary of granite might be responsible for the generation of EM waves, rather than the piezoelectricity.
David: What do you think are the most important experiments that still need to be done in order to shed more light on the nature of mysterious earthquake precursors?
Dr. Ikeya: Experiments of less intense EM exposure to human being, which is not allowed since we are not medical doctors. Some people might be very sensitive.
David: Do you think that it is possible for observations of animal behavior to ever be part of a reliable earthquake forecasting system?
Dr. Ikeya: No! Once we know that EM pulses are responsible, electronic detection will be better at forecasting earthquakes than observations of animal behavior. However, additional information about unusual phenomena–collected by an automatic observation system, rather than a collection of reports from lay citizens–would increase the reliability of a forecast of a disastrous earthquake. Collected data on cattle healthcare from farms in different areas, which are transmitted over the Internet, may be useful for studying the cattle's response to weather changes, including an impending earthquake. They may provide additional information.
David: What are you currently working on?
Dr. Ikeya: I am a visiting professor of nano-science at the Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research on a part-time basis since my retirement. There is no job at the university if a professor is behaving unusually. However, I am developing my theory on generation and propagation of seismo-electromagnetic signals (SEMS) since my book, *Earthquakes and Animals*, is for the general public. Scientists need some mathematical equations that explain the phenomena quantitatively.
It is a bit tough for an old professor to work on two entirely different subjects, though both

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Fast Ball Physics
Is there away to calculate the speed of my sons pitch with
a stop watch? He throws from 60 feet 6 inches.
Not likely unless you have a fast finger! Let's say your son throws a 60
mph fastball -- that's equal to
88 ft/sec. Since the distance from mound to plate is 60.5 ft, that is a
lapsed time of ~0.7 sec. It is estimated that humans have a reaction time
of ~0.1 sec., so the measurement would not be very accurate.
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Update: June 2012


Q
The advantages and disadvantages of sandblasting？
A
The advantages and disadvantages of sandblasting？
Advantages:
1. Environmental protection, because the coating don't need to be painted, the sand can be recycled, and it has little harm to the environment.
2. Low cost
3. The ability of concealer is very strong, which can completely eliminate the trace of surface water on the product.
4. After sandblasting, it could be done the other surfaced finished to increase the adhesion of spray paint and spray powder.
Disadvantages:
1. Colorless selection, only the workblank itself color ..
2. High noisy and dusty during the production.
3. Flammable and explosive, it could be generated a large amount of metal powder during the production process, which can easily ignite or even explode.
Sandblasting is the use of sand to carry out high speed and high density of the product, which is formed the high density and small potholes in the surface on the product , so forming a frosted surface. Sandblasting is widely used in various hardware products, especially casting parts.
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How to copy your account profile to share access with a colleague
Invite a colleague to share your account, giving them access to the same information and online features. Your account can be copied so multiple users can access it:
 1. Sign In to your account
 2. Expand the profile menu in the top right hand corner of the screen, then select Manage Accounts.
 3. On the Manage Accounts screen you can add a colleague in one or two ways, depending on your access level:
 1. If you have Manager access, select the tab, Colleagues I Manage, then the link: Add a Colleague.
 2. Other access levels can select the tab, Accounts I Access, then the link: Invite a Colleague.
 4. Enter your colleague's name and email address.
 5. Select the checkbox(es) for account(s) you wish your colleague to access, then click Submit.
 6. An Invitation email is immediately sent. Close the success message on your screen.
 7. Your colleague receives an email from Pitney Bowes titled: Invitation to create your account. They must select the link in the email - and follow these steps:
 1. Enter first name and last name
 2. Create a password
 3. Enter an answer to a security question
 8. Your colleague can now Sign In and access the same account details.


text:
January 4, 2007
There has been a lot of misinformation shared around the country about Mental Health Screening and the TeenScreen program since the release of President Bush's New Freedom Commission report in 2003 that recognized the Columbia University TeenScreen program as a model program. Recently the New England Journal of Medicine published an article on Mental Health Screening that discusses the merits of mental health screening.
The Columbia University TeenScreen Program is a national mental health and suicide risk screening program for youth. The goal of the National TeenScreen Program is to make voluntary mental health check-ups available for all American teens. TeenScreen works by assisting communities throughout the nation with developing locally operated and sustained screening programs for youth. Screening can take place in schools, doctors' offices, clinics, youth groups, shelters, and other youth-serving organizations and settings.
The study in the New England Journal of Medicine is an examination of issues regarding teen mental health and suicide, written by Dr. Friedman. The article outlines a rationale for screening programs, gives a historical perspective, examines statistics, and offers the personal experiences of actual teens and their parents.
Read the full story from the New England Journal of Medicine. (opens in a new window)
Learn more about the TeenScreen program at Columbia University. (opens in a new window)


text:
MA8100A Tutorial – Generating 3D Building Maps
Step by step instructions for creating and generating 3D building maps with floorplans
Step by step installation instructions. NEON Signal Mapper, a 3D in-building solution.
NEON Indoor Mapping
TRX NEON Signal Mapper and command software shows mapping in real time
TRX NEON Signal Mapper
Test when GPS is not available, deliver real-time 3D location, for indoor measurement applications
Anritsu's DTV Single Frequency Network Measurement Solution
Learn how to solve frequency interference when using Single Frequency Networks
The Spectrum Master has long been known as the industry standard for high performance spectrum analyzers, combining all of the tools required to simplify the job of monitoring over-the-air signals, finding interferers, and detecting hidden transmitters.
Anritsu Interference Location Mapping
Spectrum analyzers provide accurate RF power measurements over a wide frequency range.
Anritsu Spectrum Analyzers Reveal Hidden Transmitters
High performance handheld spectrum analyzers are ideal for detecting and locating hidden transmitters because you can easily carry the instrument when hunting for the transmitter.


It could not surprise you come hear that pine cones come from pine trees, however pine trees aren't the just trees the make cones. In fact, most coniferous trees do. Cones native coniferous trees, consisting of pine trees, are dubbed conifer cones.
You are watching: Why do pine trees have two different types of cones?
*
Different hat have various roles. Walk you know that part cones are female, and others space male? female cones are the big cones you'd picture when girlfriend think of pine cones. They have actually a seed in their open up scales that becomes a new tree when it gets pollen from a male cone.
Male cones room a lot smaller sized than woman cones and their scales aren't together open. Each range in a masculine cone consists of the pollen that can spread come a female cone to make a seed.
The means a conifer cone watch can help us number out what type of tree it come from. While the form of the cones can be quite similar, various conifer tree within the same family can produce really different cones.
Take a watch at these cones and also let us understand which persons you've viewed in your neighbourhood.
If you discover a cone the looks like this, it might come from apine tree.
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Pine tree. Flickr Credit: mricon
If you discover a cone the looks prefer this, it might come from afir tree.
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Fir tree. Photo Credit: roger Culos
If you discover a cone the looks choose this, it might come indigenous aspruce tree.
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Spruce tree
If you uncover a cone the looks favor this, it might come native ahemlock tree.
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Hemlock tree. Flickr Credit: chris Breeze
If you uncover a cone that looks favor this, it might come indigenous alarch tree.
See more: How Many Ounces In 2 L Iters To Oz, 2 Liters To Oz
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Larch tree. Photograph Credit: Walter Siegmund
If you discover a cone the looks prefer this, it might come native acedar tree.
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Cedar Tree. Picture Credit: Walter Siegmund
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name.
%p is replaced with the current process ID. This is very useful for program that invoke multiple processes. WARNING: If you use --trace-children=yes and your program invokes multiple processes OR your program forks without calling exec afterwards, and you don't use this specifier (or the %q specifier below), the Valgrind output from all those processes will go into one file, possibly jumbled up, and possibly incomplete. Note: If the program forks and calls exec afterwards, Valgrind output of the child from the period between fork and exec will be lost. Fortunately this gap is really tiny for most programs; and modern programs use posix_spawn anyway.
%n is replaced with a file sequence number unique for this process. This is useful for processes that produces several files from the same filename template.
%q{FOO} is replaced with the contents of the environment variable FOO. If the {FOO} part is malformed, it causes an abort. This specifier is rarely needed, but very useful in certain circumstances (eg. when running MPI programs). The idea is that you specify a variable which will be set differently for each process in the job, for example BPROC_RANK or whatever is applicable in your MPI setup. If the named environment variable is not set, it causes an abort. Note that in some shells, the { and } characters may need to be escaped with a backslash.
%% is replaced with %.
If an % is followed by any other character, it causes an abort.
If the file name specifies a relative file name, it is put in the program's initial working directory: this is the current directory when the program started its execution after the fork or after the exec. If it specifies an absolute file name (ie. starts with '/') then it is put there.
--log-socket=<ip-address:port-number>
Specifies that Valgrind should send all of its messages to the specified port at the specified IP address. The port may be omitted, in which case port 1500 is used. If a connection cannot be made to the specified socket, Valgrind falls back to writing output to the standard error (stderr). This option is intended to be used in conjunction with the valgrind-listener program. For further details, see the commentary in the manual.
--enable-debuginfod=<no|yes> [default: yes]
When enabled Valgrind will attempt to download missing debuginfo from debuginfod servers if space-separated server URLs are present in the $DEBUGINFOD_URLS environment variable. This option is supported on Linux only.
ERROR-RELATED OPTIONS
These options are used by all tools that can report errors, e.g. Memcheck, but not Cachegrind.
--xml=<yes|no> [default: no]
When enabled, the important parts of the output (e.g. tool error messages) will be in XML format rather than plain text. Furthermore, the XML output will be sent to a different output channel than the plain text output. Therefore, you also must use one of --xml-fd, --xml-file or --xml-socket to specify where the XML is to be sent.
Less important messages will still be printed in plain text, but because the XML output and plain text output are sent to different output channels (the destination of the plain text output is still controlled by --log-fd, --log-file and --log-socket) this should not cause problems.
This option is aimed at making life easier for tools that consume Valgrind's output as input, such as GUI front ends. Currently this option works with Memcheck, Helgrind and DRD. The output format is specified in the file docs/internals/xml-output-protocol4.txt in the source tree for Valgrind 3.5.0 or later.
The recommended options for a GUI to pass, when requesting XML output, are: --xml=yes to enable XML output, --xml-file to send the XML output to a (presumably GUI-selected) file, --log-file to send the plain text output to a second GUI-selected file, --child-silent-after-fork=yes, and -q to restrict the plain text output to critical error messages created by Valgrind itself. For example, failure to read a specified suppressions file counts as a critical error message. In this way, for a successful run the text output file will be empty. But if it isn't empty, then it will contain important information which the GUI user should be made aware of.
--xml-fd=<number> [default: -1, disabled]
Specifies that Valgrind should send its XML output to the specified file descriptor. It must be used in conjunction with --xml=yes.
--xml-file=<filename>
Specifies that Valgrind should send its XML output to the specified file. It must be used in conjunction with --xml=yes. Any %p or %q sequences appearing in the filename are expanded in exactly the same way as they are for --log-file. See the description of --log-file for details.
--xml-socket=<ip-address:port-number>
Specifies that Valgrind should send its XML output the specified port at the specified IP address. It must be used in conjunction with --xml=yes. The form of the argument is the same as that used by --log-socket. See the description of --log-socket for further details.
--xml-user-comment=<string>
Embeds an extra user comment string at the start of the XML output. Only works when --xml=yes is specified; ignored otherwise.
--demangle=<yes|no> [default: yes]
Enable/disable automatic demangling (decoding) of C++ names. Enabled by default. When enabled, Valgrind will attempt to translate encoded C++ names back to something approaching the original. The demangler handles symbols mangled by g++ versions 2.X, 3.X and 4.X.
An important fact about demangling is that function names mentioned in suppressions files should be in their mangled form. Valgrind does not demangle function names when searching for applicable suppressions, because to do otherwise would make suppression file contents dependent on the state of Valgrind's demangling machinery, and also slow down suppression matching.
--num-callers=<number> [default: 12]
Specifies the maximum number of entries shown in stack traces that identify program locations. Note that errors are commoned up using only the top four function locations (the place in the current function, and that of its three immediate callers). So this doesn't affect the total number of errors reported.
The maximum value for this is 500. Note that higher settings will make Valgrind run a bit more slowly and take a bit more memory, but can be useful when working with programs with deeply-nested call chains.
--unw-stack-scan-thresh=<number> [default: 0] , --unw-stack-scan-frames=<number> [default: 5]
Stack-scanning support is available only on ARM targets.
These flags enable and control stack unwinding by stack scanning. When the normal stack unwinding mechanisms -- usage of Dwarf CFI records, and frame-pointer following -- fail, stack scanning may be able to recover a stack trace.
Note that stack scanning is an imprecise, heuristic mechanism that may give very misleading results, or none at all. It should be used only in emergencies, when normal unwinding fails, and it is important to nevertheless have stack traces.
Stack scanning is a simple technique: the unwinder reads words from the stack, and tries to guess which of them might be return addresses, by checking to see if they point just after ARM or Thumb call instructions. If so, the word is added to the backtrace.
The main danger occurs when a function call returns, leaving its return address exposed, and a new function is called, but the new function does not overwrite the old address. The result of this is that the backtrace may contain entries for functions which have already returned, and so be very confusing.
A second limitation of this implementation is that it will scan only the page (4KB, normally) containing the starting stack pointer. If the stack frames are large, this may result in only a few (or not even any) being present in the trace. Also, if you are unlucky and have an initial stack pointer near the end of its containing page, the scan may miss all interesting frames.
By default stack scanning is disabled. The normal use case is to ask for it when a stack trace would otherwise be very short. So, to enable it, use --unw-stack-scan-thresh=number. This requests Valgrind to try using stack scanning to "extend" stack traces which contain fewer than number frames.
If stack scanning does take place, it will only generate at most the number of frames specified by --unw-stack-scan-frames. Typically, stack scanning generates so many garbage entries that this value is set to a


Disparity filter algorithm of weighted network
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Disparity filter[1] is a network reduction algorithm to extract the backbone structure of undirected weighted network. Many real world networks such as citation networks, food web, airport networks display heavy tailed statistical distribution of nodes' weight and strength. Disparity filter can sufficiently reduce the network without destroying the multi-scale nature of the network. The algorithm is developed by M. Angeles Serrano, Marian Boguna and Alessandro Vespignani.
Overview of other network reduction algorithms and their limitations[edit]
k-core decomposition[edit]
k-core decomposition is an algorithm that reduces a graph into a maximal connected subgraph of vertices with at least degree k. This algorithm can only be applied to unweighted graphs.
Minimum spanning tree[edit]
A minimum spanning tree is a tree-like subgraph of a given graph G, in which it keeps all the nodes of graph G but minimizes the total weight of the subgraph. A minimum spanning tree is the least expensive way to maintain the size of a connected component. The significant limitation of this algorithm is that it overly simplifies the structure of the network (graph). The minimum spanning tree destroys local cycles, clustering coefficients which are usually present in real networks and are considered important in network measurement.
Global weight threshold[edit]
A weighted graph can be easily reduced to a subgraph in which any of the edges' weight is larger than a given threshold wc. This technique has been applied to study the resistance of food webs[2] and functional networks that connect correlated human brain sites.[3] The shortcoming of this method is that it disregards nodes with small strength. In real networks, both strength and weight distribution in general follow heavy tailed distributions which span several degrees of magnitude. Applying a simple cutoff on weight will remove all the information below the cut-off.
Disparity filter algorithm[edit]
The null model of normalized weight distribution[edit]
In network science, the strength notated as si of a node i is defined as si = Σjwij, where wij is the weight of the link between i and j.
In order to apply the disparity filter algorithm without overlooking nodes with low strength, a normalized weight pij is defined as pij = wij/si. In the null model, the normalized weights of a certain node with degree k is generated like this: k − 1 pins are randomly assigned between the interval 0 and 1. The interval is then divided into k subintervals. The length of the subinterval represents the normalized weight of each link in the null model.
Consecutively, and based on the null model, we can derive that the normalized weight distribution of a node with degree k follows .[1]
Disparity filter[edit]
The disparity filter algorithm is based on p-value[4] statistical significance test[5] of the null model: For a given normalized weight pij, the p-value αij of pij based on the null model is given by which reduces to . The meaning of αij is the probability of having normalized weight larger or equal to pij in the framework of the given null model. By setting a significance level α (between 0 and 1), for any link of normalized weight pij, if αij is larger than α, it will be filtered out. Changing α we can progressively remove irrelevant links thus effectively extracting the backbone structure of the weighted network.[1]
Generalizations[edit]
Pólya Filter[edit]
The disparity filter algorithm has been shown to be a particular case of the Pólya Filter[6] (built around the famous combinatorial scheme known as the Pólya Urn). The Pólya Filter is able to adapt the filtering procedure to the network's own heterogeneity by using a Maximum Likelihood procedure to set its free parameter , which represent the strength of the self reinforcing mechanism ruling the underlying urn scheme. Given a significance level , the Pólya Filter has been shown to produce backbones much more sparse than the disparity filter and yet able to retain the most salient[7] links of the system.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
References[edit]
 1. ^ a b c Serrano, M.Angeles; Boguna, Marian; Vespignani, Alessandro (2009), "Extracting the multiscale backbone of complex weighted networks", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (16): 6483–6488, arXiv:0904.2389, Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.6483S, doi:10.1073/pnas._PHONE_, PMC _PHONE_, PMID _PHONE_.
 2. ^ Eguiluz, Victor M; Chialvo, Dante R; Cecchi, Guillermo A; Baliki, Marwan; Apkarian, A Vania (2005), "Scale-free brain functional networks", Physical Review Letters, 94 (1): 018102, arXiv:cond-mat/_PHONE_, Bibcode:2005PhRvL..94a8102E, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.018102, PMID _PHONE_.
 3. ^ Allesina, Stefano; Bodini, Antonio; Bondavalli, Cristina (2006), "Secondary extinctions in ecological networks: bottlenecks unveiled", Ecological Modelling, 194 (1): 150–161, doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.10.016.
 4. ^ Goodman, SN (1999). "Toward Evidence-Based Medical Statistics. 1: The P Value Fallacy". Annals of Internal Medicine. 130 (12): 995–1004. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-130-12-199906150-00008. PMID _PHONE_.
 5. ^ R. A. Fisher (1925).Statistical Methods for Research Workers, Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1925, p. 43.
 6. ^ Marcaccioli, Riccardo; Livan, Giacomo (2019-02-14). "A Pólya urn approach to information filtering in complex networks". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-08667-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 30765706.
 7. ^ Grady, Daniel; Thiemann, Christian; Brockmann, Dirk (2012-05-29). "Robust classification of salient links in complex networks". Nature Communications. 3 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1038/ncomms1847. ISSN 2041-1723.


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BWW Reviews: RETURN OF THE ANCESTORS Falters Rather than Flies at the National Arts Festival
On paper, Mike van Graan's RETURN OF THE ANCESTORS seems like a great idea. A throwback to one of the greatest South African plays, WOZA ALBERT!, the play is set in the current day with Steve Biko and Neil Aggett returning to South Africa to experience the country two decades after the inauguration of Nelson Mandela as the first democratically elected president of post-apartheid South Africa. As they travel to Nkandla, the pair encounters various characters, which embody a veritable laundry list of socio-political problems in the country today. On paper, the idea works - but something has been lost in the translation from the concept to the script, which received its world premiere in a production at the National Arts Festival last week. RETURN OF THE ANCESTORS has none of the searing emotive power of its own predecessor, nor does it feel like the call to action that so many of the great protest plays of the past aspired to be.
One of the major challenges that RETURN OF THE ANCESTORS fails to negotiate is how to transform its socio-political observations into drama. As in WOZA ALBERT!, the many characters that appear in the play are played by two actors. The key difference is that each of those characters in WOZA ALBERT! has a distinct voice. One walks away remembering vividly characters like Auntie Dudu, Zuluboy and Bobbejaan, the meat vendor and the barber as well as the respective socio-political issues faced by each of them. In RETURN OF THE ANCESTORS, the characters' voices reproduce the playwright's almost without exception, distancing the audience even further from issues about which they already desensitised. Consequently, the disenfranchisement of South African citizens stemming from the corrupt behaviour of their leaders fades into the background after the opening scene, in which the character of an old lady succeeds in establishing some engagement with the issues.
As a post-modern response to WOZA ALBERT!, RETURN OF THE ANCESTORS also needs to grapple more deeply with the conventions and techniques employed in the earlier play, which came about through the process of collaborative workshopping that was employed in its creation by Mbongeni Ngema, Percy Mtwa and Barney Simon. The differences between that approach and this more traditional playwriting-into-production model are obvious and RETURN OF THE ANCESTORS might benefit from being put through a thorough workshop process. Not only might this solve the problems with the characterisation in the piece, it might also provide the piece with a more varied structure with better transitions from scene to scene and a chance to interrogate whether certain aspects of the play work theatrically, such as the choice to have Neil Aggett representing the elusive "ancestors" within the context of the play; the decision to cast a black actor to play Neil Aggett in the context of its production; and the inclusion of water-cooler level jokes and one-liners as the primary source of comedy in the play. For my part, these were all factors that limited the efficacy of RETURN OF THE ANCESTORS in making a shift in the audience's consciousness about the way we respond to the socio-political realities we face - or from which we perhaps divert our gaze - today.
Given the many difficulties left unaddressed in the text, the throughline that director Mdu Kewyama and actors Mandisi Sindo and Siya Sikawuti manage to contrive in RETURN OF THE ANCESTORS is no mean feat. Sindo and Sikawuti keeps things moving even if they do not always have the space to work for more differentiated and complex characterisation. The design of the play, with parts of the stage strewn with newspaper to the left and right of a central revolving platform, works well as an image generator when all of the bits fall into place, as in the sequence where a model Nkandla is built, but there are times when the set feels extraneous and not well enough integrated with the action of the play. There is room for a far deeper interrogation of the relationship between text and performance in this production.
There is a sequence near the end of RETURN OF THE ANCESTORS where Van Graan attempts to draw together the events that have formed the precarious situation in which South Africa stands at the current time. Similar to the manner in which THE FANTASTICAL HISTORY OF A USELESS MAN links the passing of the apartheid laws to the making of the then-current generation of progressively-minded white South Africans, a list of key recent events in South African history is rattled off as the image of Nkandla looms in the background. The result should be shocking, even horrific - a moment of realisation that provokes audiences to take action against the injustice that characterises the daily existence of many people in this country. Instead, we are left quite comfortably able to pat ourselves on the back for being able to acknowledge what we already know to be wrong, without being challenged to do anything about it. That RETURN OF THE ANCESTORS preserves the status quo rather than serving us our own heads on a platter for our part in creating and perpetuating the problems of our society is the most obvious sign that the play needs to bridge the gap between conceptualisation and execution. Protest theatre should burn fiercely in the darkness that surrounds it; RETURN OF THE ANCESTORS only flickers enough for us to make out what we have already seen.
RETURN OF THE ANCESTORS performs at the National Arts Festival at the Gymnasium until 12 July at 17:30 daily. Tickets are available at the National Arts Festival website, from the box offices at the NAF or at the door.


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The mission of the Syracuse Refugee Agricultural Program (SyRAP) is to increase self-sustainability and decrease food insecurity by providing refugees and immigrants with the agricultural resources they need to provide culturally appropriate food to the refugee and immigrant communities in Central New York. This is being done through a training program for refugees who are interested in growing their own food and/or starting a farm business. Farmers go through ESOL, agriculture, gardening, marketing, and business training to learn what it takes to work in agriculture in Central New York.
There are two facets to the SyRAP Program: the Community Gardens and the Incubator Farm. One of the biggest challenges facing refugee farmers is access to transportation and land. To solve this problem, SyRAP has three community gardens located on the Northside of Syracuse that are near many of the farmer's homes. The locations are 120 Seward Street, 131 Steuben Street, and 2033/2035 Lodi Street. In these community gardens individuals have one or two raised beds to grow their own food close to their home.
SyRAP farmers additionally have access to two Incubator Farms at the Salt City Harvest Farm in Kirkville, NY and Matthew 25 Farm in Lafayette, NY. There are incubator plots on the land at these partner farms where farmers can manage ⅛ acre – 1 acre farm plots. Farmers determine what will be grown on this land and what farming practices to utilize based on their own farming knowledge and the classes farmers go through. After the second year of the program, farmers have the opportunity to sell vegetables if they want to at the CNY Regional Market or through other marketing channels.
Recently, RISE has started a meat goat farm. There is a lack of accessible, affordable, and culturally appropriate meat for many of RISE's clients in the greater Syracuse area. Through this farm individuals can select a whole goat and butcher it according to their cultural and religious preferences. In addition, this program offers a workforce development program for individuals in the refugee and immigrant community to learn about goat husbandry and starting a business. At the end of the grant, the farm will be handed over to one of the program participants and that individual will run the business.


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Cubic inches to cubic centimeters conversion table shows the most common values for the quick reference. Alternatively, you may use the converter below to convert any other values.
1 Cubic Inch = 16.387064 Cubic Centimeters
Cubic inch is an imperial, u.s. customary unit and defined as a cube with sides are one inch in length. Several symbols are used as abbreviation for this unit, but mostly "cu in" and "in3" are used.
Cubic centimeter is a metric volume unit and defined as a cube with sides are one centimeter in length. It equals to one milliliter and replaced by milliliter in many fields except automotive industry in united states. It is abbreviated as "cm3" in metric system and also as "cc" or "ccm" in non metric systems.
For other volume unit conversions, please go to Volume Conversion


Evil Deeds
A forensic psychologist on anger, madness and destructive behavior.
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About Evil Deeds
Evil Deeds began five years ago as a blog about forensic psychology, anger, violence and the destructiveness of human evil. It has since evolved to more broadly cover related and relevant topics such as mental health, spirituality, psychotherapy, psychopathology, creativity, and the archetypal quest for meaning and purpose.
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Promoting The Healthy Development
Of Children In Foster Care
Parenting a child with health problems can drain the emotional, financial and physical resources of even the most stable families. Foster children with chronic illness and disability often live in households where their caregivers must cope daily with substance abuse, mental illness and poverty. Without appropriate services and family support, the presence of medical conditions or disability can compound the stress already in the lives of these parents, making it more difficult to manage the daily challenges of parenting and increasing the risk of family dissolution or failed placement. To achieve permanency, children in foster care and their families need services at the earliest possible juncture to enhance the child's healthy development and to support caregivers in their parenting efforts.
Understanding the connection between healthy development and permanency is critical because children in foster care are at particular risk for a number of chronic and acute medical problems. Study after study reveals that they have far more fragile health than other children and are far less likely to receive the health care that can improve their lives.
The Permanent Judicial Commission on Justice for Children has developed its Healthy Development of Foster Children Initiative and several publications to spotlight foster children's healthy development as an essential component of case review and permanency planning.


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May 1, 2009 Researchers at Harvard University have found that humans aren't the only ones who can groove to a beat — some other species can dance, too. The capability was previously believed to be specific to humans. The research team found that only species that can mimic sound seem to be able to keep a beat, implying an evolutionary link between the two capacities.
The study was led by Adena Schachner, a doctoral candidate in psychology at Harvard, and is published in the current issue of Current Biology. Schachner's co-authors are Marc Hauser, professor of psychology at Harvard; Irene Pepperberg, lecturer at Harvard and adjunct associate professor of psychology at Brandeis University; and Timothy Brady, a doctoral candidate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Schachner and her colleagues closely studied Alex, a well-known African grey parrot who passed away shortly after the study, and Snowball, a sulphur-crested cockatoo whose humanlike dancing behavior has led to online fame.
"Our analyses showed that these birds' movements were more lined up with the musical beat than we'd expect by chance," says Schachner. "We found strong evidence that they were synchronizing with the beat, something that has not been seen before in other species."
The researchers noted that these two birds had something in common: an excellent ability to mimic sound.
"It had recently been theorized that vocal mimicry might be related to the ability to move to a beat," says Schachner. "The particular theory was that natural selection for vocal mimicry resulted in a brain mechanism that was also needed for moving to a beat. This theory made a really specific prediction: Only animals that can mimic sound should be able to keep a beat."
To test this prediction, Schachner needed data from a large variety of animals — so she turned to a novel source of data, the YouTube video database. Schachner systematically searched the database for videos of animals moving with the beat of the music, including vocal mimics such as parrots and vocal nonmimics such as dogs and cats.
Schachner analyzed the videos frame-by-frame, using the same analyses applied to the case-study birds. Criteria included the animal's speed compared with the speed of the music and alignment with individual beats. Potentially "fake" videos, where music was added to the video after the fact, or the animal was following visual cues, were omitted.
"The really important point is that many animals showed really strong evidence of synchronizing with the music, but they were all vocal mimics," says Schachner. "Most of them were parrots — we found 14 different species of parrot on YouTube that showed convincing evidence that they could keep a beat."
Because only animals capable of vocal mimicry — such as parrots — appear to be able to keep a beat, the study implies an evolutionary link between vocal mimicry and this crucial part of dance.
"Our data suggests that some of the brain mechanisms needed for human dance originally evolved to allow us to imitate sound," says Schachner.
It is important to note that vocal mimicry alone is not enough for a bird to keep a beat, although the researchers aren't yet certain why some parrots can dance and not others. It may be that all parrots have a latent capacity, but need certain experiences or social motivation, according to Schachner.
Schachner says that these birds do not seem to move in synchrony with sounds in the wild, and so the behavior could not have evolved as a result of direct natural selection. For this reason, in bird species this capacity must be an evolutionary byproduct of something else, says Schachner, seemingly vocal mimicry.
It may be, says Schachner, that the human ability to keep time with music has also evolved as a byproduct of vocal mimicry. She points out that the cognitive processes needed for both actions are related.
"In both vocal mimicry and entrainment," says Schachner, "you're taking in auditory input, and constantly monitoring not only your output but also the sound input. This allows you to fix your output in real time, to better resemble or line up with what you hear. For example, if you are tapping to a beat, you constantly monitor the sound and your taps, so that if you become misaligned with the beat, you immediately change your timing. If you are imitating a sound, you constantly monitor your memory of the sound you are trying to imitate, as well as the sound you are producing, so if you notice a difference, you can change your vocalization. So it seems plausible that vocal mimicry and keeping a beat might rely on some of the same mechanisms."
The research was funded by the McDonnell Foundation.
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Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
- Aniruddh D. Patel, John R. Iversen, Micah R. Bregman, Irena Schulz. Experimental Evidence for Synchronization to a Musical Beat in a Nonhuman Animal. Current Biology, 2009; DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.03.038
- Adena Schachner, Timothy F. Brady, Irene M. Pepperberg, Marc D. Hauser. Spontaneous Motor Entrainment to Music in Multiple Vocal Mimicking Species. Current Biology, 2009; DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.03.061
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


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Locating an Acoustic Beacon with a Passive Sonar System
This example shows how to simulate a passive sonar system. A stationary underwater acoustic beacon is detected and localized by a towed passive array in a shallow-water channel. The acoustic beacon transmits a 10 millisecond pulse at 37.5 kilohertz every second, and is modeled as an isotropic projector. The locator system tows a passive array beneath the surface, which is modeled as a uniform linear array. Once the acoustic beacon signal is detected, a direction of arrival estimator is used to locate the beacon.
Define the Underwater Channel
In this example, the acoustic beacon is located at the bottom of a shallow water channel, which is 200 meters deep. A passive array is towed beneath the surface to locate the beacon.
First, create a multipath channel to transmit the signal between the beacon and passive array. Consider ten propagation paths including the direct path and reflections from the top and bottom surfaces. The paths generated by
isopaths will be used by the multipath channel,
channel, to simulate the signal propagation.
propSpeed = 1520; channelDepth = 200; OperatingFrequency = 37.5e3; isopaths = phased.IsoSpeedUnderwaterPaths('ChannelDepth',channelDepth,... 'NumPathsSource','Property','NumPaths',10,'PropagationSpeed',propSpeed); channel = phased.MultipathChannel('OperatingFrequency',OperatingFrequency);
Define the Acoustic Beacon and Passive Array
Acoustic Beacon Waveform
Define the waveform emitted by the acoustic beacon. The waveform is a rectangular pulse having a 1 second repetition interval and 10 millisecond width.
prf = 1; pulseWidth = 10e-3; pulseBandwidth = 1/pulseWidth; fs = 2*pulseBandwidth; wav = phased.RectangularWaveform('PRF',prf,'PulseWidth',pulseWidth,... 'SampleRate',fs); channel.SampleRate = fs;
Next, define the acoustic beacon, which is located 1 meter above the bottom of the channel. The acoustic beacon is modeled as an isotropic projector. The acoustic beacon waveform will be radiated to the far field.
projector = phased.IsotropicProjector('VoltageResponse',120); projRadiator = phased.Radiator('Sensor',projector,... 'PropagationSpeed',propSpeed,'OperatingFrequency',OperatingFrequency); beaconPlat = phased.Platform('InitialPosition',[5000; 2000; -199],... 'Velocity',[0; 0; 0]);
Passive Towed Array
A passive towed array will detect and localize the source of the pings, and is modeled as a five-element linear array with half-wavelength spacing. The passive array has velocity of 1 m/s in the y-direction. The array axis is oriented parallel to the direction of travel.
hydrophone = phased.IsotropicHydrophone('VoltageSensitivity',-150); array = phased.ULA('Element',hydrophone,... 'NumElements',5,'ElementSpacing',propSpeed/OperatingFrequency/2,... 'ArrayAxis','y'); arrayCollector = phased.Collector('Sensor',array,... 'PropagationSpeed',propSpeed,'OperatingFrequency',OperatingFrequency); arrayPlat = phased.Platform('InitialPosition',[0; 0; -10],... 'Velocity',[0; 1; 0]);
Define the receiver amplifier for each hydrophone element. Choose a gain of 20 dB and noise figure of 10 dB.
rx = phased.ReceiverPreamp(... 'Gain',20,... 'NoiseFigure',10,... 'SampleRate',fs,... 'SeedSource','Property',... 'Seed',2007);
Simulate the Passive Sonar System
Activate the acoustic beacon and transmit ten pings. After the propagation delay, the pings appear as peaks in the received signals of the array.
x = wav(); numTransmits = 10; rxsig = zeros(size(x,1),5,numTransmits); for i = 1:numTransmits % Update array and acoustic beacon positions [pos_tx,vel_tx] = beaconPlat(1/prf); [pos_rx,vel_rx] = arrayPlat(1/prf); % Compute paths between the acoustic beacon and array [paths,dop,aloss,rcvang,srcang] =... isopaths(pos_tx,pos_rx,vel_tx,vel_rx,1/prf); % Propagate the acoustic beacon waveform tsig = projRadiator(x,srcang); rsig = channel(tsig,paths,dop,aloss); % Collect the propagated signal rsig = arrayCollector(rsig,rcvang); % Store the received pulses rxsig(:,:,i) = abs(rx(rsig)); end
Plot the last received pulse. Because of the multiple propagation paths, each ping is a superposition of multiple pulses.
t = (0:length(x)-1)'/fs; plot(t,rxsig(:,end)) xlabel('Time (s)'); ylabel('Signal Amplitude (V)')
Estimate the Direction of Arrival
Estimate the direction of arrival of the acoustic beacon with respect to the array. Create a MUSIC estimator object, specifying a single source signal and the direction of arrival as an output. Use a scan angle grid with 0.1 degree spacing.
musicspatialspect = phased.MUSICEstimator('SensorArray',array,... 'PropagationSpeed',propSpeed,'OperatingFrequency',... OperatingFrequency,'ScanAngles',-90:0.1:90,'DOAOutputPort',true,... 'NumSignalsSource','Property','NumSignals',1);
Next, collect pings for 500 more repetition intervals. Estimate the direction of arrival for each repetition interval, and compare the estimates to the true direction of arrival.
numTransmits = 500; angPassive = zeros(numTransmits,1); angAct = zeros(numTransmits,1); for i = 1:numTransmits % Update array and acoustic beacon positions [pos_tx,vel_tx] = beaconPlat(1/prf); [pos_rx,vel_rx] = arrayPlat(1/prf); % Compute paths between acoustic beacon and the array [paths,dop,aloss,rcvang,srcang] =... isopaths(pos_tx,pos_rx,vel_tx,vel_rx,1/prf); angAct(i) = rcvang(1,1); % Propagate the acoustic beacon waveform tsig = projRadiator(x,srcang); rsig = channel(tsig,paths,dop,aloss); % Collect the propagated signal rsig = arrayCollector(rsig,rcvang); rxsig = rx(rsig); % Estimate the direction of arrival [~,angPassive(i)] = musicspatialspect(rxsig); end
Plot the estimated arrival angles and the true directions of arrival for each pulse repetition interval.
plot([angPassive angAct]) xlabel('Pulse Number') ylabel('Arrival angle (degrees)') legend('Estimated DOA','Actual DOA')
The estimated and actual directions of arrival agree to within less than one degree.
In this example, the transmission of acoustic pings between a beacon and passive array was simulated in a shallow-water channel. Each ping was received along ten acoustic paths. The direction of arrival of the beacon was estimated with respect to the passive array for each received ping and compared to the true direction of arrival. The direction of arrival could be used to locate and recover the beacon.
Urick, Robert. Principles of Underwater Sound. Los Altos, California: Peninsula Publishing, 1983.


DWD2
It used to be that cars and trucks had separate fresh air intakes that allowed air to pass directly from the front of the vehicle to the passenger compartment. Today, other than through windows, there is usually only one way for fresh air to enter your car--through the auto ventilation system, which includes the auto air conditioner. Therefore, all the air that enters your car flows through an evaporator core very similar to the one below. When you run your ventilation system either for heating or cooling, air passes through the evaporator core.
When cooling, moisture from the air is removed by the evaporator core. This moisture accumulates in the evaporator core chamber where most of it is dumped to the ground through a drain. However, some water may still remain. In other words, the chamber and the evaporator can stay wet. Because this area is dark, wet and inevitably dirty, these are IDEAL BREEDING CONDITIONS for mold and mildew to flourish!
When heating, although you have dry conditions. Spores and other fine debris that have accumulated are continually being blown into your enclosed driving environment. In addition, external air carries all kinds of material with it as it enters your vehicle including dust, oil droplets, exhaust vapors, insects, mold spores, pollens and bacteria. This debris accumulates on the evaporator core. Under such conditions, mold and bacteria colonies are nurtured and further contaminate the air in the vehicle. Look at the accumulation of debris in the illustration below. This can happen in a very short time!
Before DWD2
If your vehicle smells like dirty socks or a damp basement, your personal environment is CONTAMINATED. When you or a mechanic sprays air freshener into the vents or inside the vehicle, you only MASK the odor. The contaminants still remain. Nothing has been solved.
During DWD2
The cleaning solution must be able to reach the entire evaporator core starting from the intake side. To accomplish this you can?t just spray something into the chamber. The cleaning material must fill the chamber from top to bottom. In a liquid form this is impossible. The liquid would flow through the bottom of the evaporator and out the drain. Therefore, we must use foam. The foam fills the chamber when it is injected and then the fan blows the CLEANING FOAM through the entire evaporator and pushing the debris along with it.
After DWD2
It is quick and easy! The photo is the same evaporator as above after being cleaned with DWD2 Evaporator Cleaner. It?s obvious, if your evaporator core doesn?t look like this, you and your passengers will be breathing contaminated air. You may only smell it while using the air conditioner, but until you flush it out, it can affect your health all year long. Protect yourself, schedule a cleaning with DWD2 Evaporator Cleaner at least twice each year.
Last Updated on Tuesday, 23 August 2011 21:42

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text:
Electronic Hours of Service – Why?
An electronic onboard recorder (EOBR) is the FMCSA's nomenclature for a device that produces compliant, paperless, electronic drivers' hours of service logs. These devices have been approved in lieu of handwritten records in the United States and Canada for the last 18 years. Several times since then, calls have been made by various groups to mandate electronic log devices in the name of highway safety. In spite of the fact that these devices remain entirely voluntary, thousands of fleets have adopted them. Why do fleets spend money on onboard computer technology?
Fleets implement technology because it increases their returns; either through increased safety, higher revenue miles, or lower operating costs. Onboard computer (OBC) systems available today perform many functions; vehicle maintenance tracking, accident recording, two-way communications, driving performance monitoring, dispatch and routing, inventory control, proof of delivery, trailer tracking, and a host of other interesting features. In many cases, this may have nothing to do with FMCSA compliant electronic logs. The ability to do paperless logs, in today's driver-driven environment, is just one of the many reasons that fleets use onboard technology.
What occurs in our industry every time an accident happens involving a commercial motor vehicle? Safety and the public's perception of our industry go hand in hand. The implementation of an onboard computer system creates a positive impression that the company cares about safety, and is committed to giving the drivers a reasonable and legal work schedule. An EOBR makes it easier to measure HOS compliance, providing the tools to adjust dispatch schedules with greater efficiency. Onboard computers that measure driving performance give the driver feedback on critical driving habits that directly influence safety and fuel efficiency. Over time, it is proven that this type of professional environment improves driver retention. A recent survey conducted by the American Transportation Research Institute (ATRI) shows that "motor carriers using EOBRs have not experienced the negative impacts on driver retention expected by the motor carrier non-users".
Increased complexity of US and Canadian rules, especially regarding sleeper berth provisions and short haul operations, increases the burden on carriers/drivers to accurately keep their logs. With every concession, exemption, or exception for a segment of industry, hours of service rules become harder to understand and calculate. In the middle of this dynamic environment, drivers and fleet operators are under increasing pressure to comply. The law becomes harder to understand, and harder to communicate. The repercussions of non-compliance become harsher for carriers and drivers. In this environment, shifting clerical tasks away from drivers is a proven best practice. According to the ATRI, fleets that use EOBRs report 19% increased driver retention and 76% report increased driver morale after they implemented these devices.
The FMCSA estimates that drivers using electronic logs spend 20 minutes less per day filling out paperwork than drivers using paper logs. However, many fleets report greater time savings with paperless logs, especially with the most recent sleeper berth rules. Properly preparing hand-written logs is time consuming, difficult, and displaces part of the driver's focus on their real job. Further, more drivers are entering today's job market without any previous connection to our industry. Educating these new drivers on today's HOS rules is difficult.
How does this work? The fleet indicates which of the 26 currently applicable rule sets are suitable in their operation. This allows the system to operate within the 6 or 7 day cycle, intrastate or interstate, applying proper exemptions and exceptions. The driver indicates the beginning and end of work periods by electing on duty and off duty statuses. The EOBR calculates distance, determines location at each change of status, and keeps track of worked and available hours. Fleets can elect to automatically warn drivers when they are in danger of exceeding allowable time, and to warn drivers when they exceed allowable time. Any time the vehicle is stopped, drivers can look up a detailed daily log or a summary recap of hours.
Back at the office, the truck communicates back via several different methods, from satellite to terrestrial to 802.11 hotspots to memory cards. Carriers can review logs that are current up to the last synchronization. More important, carriers can instantly review who is in and out of compliance, as well as plan dispatch schedules, without reviewing each individual log or relying on manually created recaps.
Although rumors of mandated electronic logs have circulated for years, our industry has not waited for the federal government to act. Lower cost, easier to use, more reliable technology that increases fleet safety has been adopted without governmental intervention. Government intervention will change the availability, price, and complexity of telematics and onboard computers. What's worth considering is the voluntary adoption of an EOBR. Is it not better to voluntarily adopt a known and improving technology now; or wait to install a mandated and static technology when it is forced on our industry.
Senior Vice President
Maintaining Compliance and Automating Regulatory Duties for Commercial Drivers
Electronic On Board Recorders (EOBR's) are now available from several sources, easing the burden of hours-of-service compliance for drivers and carriers, and providing many ancillary benefits, as well. Making the right choices on whether or not to invest in EOBR's, choosing the right product, and implementing a program in your fleet will be critical to your success.
Making the wrong choices could result in your failure to comply with the regulations, and possibly even losing your fleet's operating authority as well as potential corporate, and even personal, liability for violators. It is important to understand what EOBR's do, how they work, and what they can do for your fleet.
Hours of Service for Commercial Drivers in North America
Just as in the airline, maritime, oil production and railroad industries, commercial motor vehicle operators and drivers in the United States and Canada must comply with hours of service regulations, the purpose of which is to prevent tired drivers from driving and endangering themselves and others. These drivers, and their employers, face the task of maintaining compliance with the regulations, while at the same time maximizing productivity and profitability. Failure to comply with hours of service regulations often results in unsafe driving practices, increased risk to all members of the driving public, and increased exposure to litigation for the carrier and its officers. Penalties for non-compliance can range from moderate fines to very expensive fines, loss of operating authority, and incarceration for egregious violators.
By regulation, drivers have a limited number of hours they may drive (driving time) and a limited number of hours they may work (on duty not driving). Once these limits are reached, a period of off duty time or sleeper berth time must be taken to "reset" tour of duty limits. If a sleeper berth is used, drivers may accumulate the total number of hours needed to rest in more than one period of time, provided certain rules are met. In addition, drivers can accumulate only a certain number of hours in any previous 7, 8, or (in Canada only) 14 day period.
The United States and Canada each have their own hours of service regulations, with different required work, driving, resting, and total accumulated working times. Mexico does not currently have HOS regulations, but NAFTA and other influences could initiate legislation there. Many states have rules that differ from the United States federal rule, applicable when a vehicle does not travel outside the borders of that state. All Canadian provinces have varying rules for commercial motor vehicles operating within their borders. Both Canada and the United States have specific hours of service rule sets that apply only to specific vocations. These vocations include agriculture, water well drilling, oil well drilling, utilities, home fuel deliveries, and essential transportation modes during times of great need.
Drivers must use a "record of duty status", commonly referred to as a log book, to monitor and prove compliance with the hours of service regulations applicable. Drivers and carriers must keep these logs for a specified period of time (commonly 6 months) in the event of an audit.
The Background of Automated Hours of Service Compliance
Since 1988, electronic devices have been approved in lieu of handwritten records. In Canada, electronic devices that may be used in lieu of handwritten records are also allowed. This is a recent revision to Canada's original acceptance of electronic hours of service compliance in 1994.
The specifications for these electronic devices are specific, and are expected to become more stringent with upcoming regulatory and legislative actions. Some industry watchers are expecting a mandate of these devices because of highway safety and security concerns. Thousands of fleets have used electronic logs since 1988, easing the burden of compliance and reaping productivity benefits. As of this writing there is no mandate for electronic logs, so fleets must find some benefit to justify the costs. Fleets may simply want to be good corporate citizens, ensuring that their vehicles are operated in a safe manner. Some fleets operate in a hazardous environment where safety and fatigue management are paramount. Many fleets obtain a return on their investment through other benefits of an onboard computer, such as better driving habits and productivity.
Several times since 1988, calls have been made by various groups to mandate electronic log devices in the name of highway safety. The Federal Motor Carrier Administration (FMCSA) calls these devices Electronic Onboard Recorders (EOBR's). An EOBR is a device that electronically automates drivers HOS record keeping requirements. An EOBR, by definition, does not include any other functionality such as fuel taxes, driving performance, or productivity tools. However, because fleets demand these other functions to obtain their return on investment, there are no pure EOBR devices on the market today.
Not all devices that are considered to produce "electronic logs" are compliant with these specifications. For example, in 1994 Werner Enterprises wanted to use their existing Qualcomm OmniTracs system to automate their drivers' logs. Because the system


text:
- Olea europaea is a perennial tree that can grow from 26.2-49.2 ft. (8-15 m) tall.
- Leaves are thick, 1.6 in. (4 cm) long, lanceolate, opposite, leathery, somewhat hairy, and dark green on upper surface and greyish green on lower surface.
- Flowers are small, yellow to white in color, and clustered in groups of 15-30 flowers. Flowers bloom in early summer.
- Fruit is a drupe that is ovoid, 0.8-1 in. (2-2.5 cm) long, and green to blackish violet in color. The edible fruit surrounds the dark violet round seed.
- Ecological Threat
- Olea europaea is being grown as a crop in some states. It has escaped cultivation and can be found in disturbed areas including grasslands, scrublands, and urban areas. Olea europaea is native to Africa, Asia-temperate, and Europe.
- Global Invasive Species Database. 2011. Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the IUCN Species Survival Commission
- Virginia Tech Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation
- Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California
- University of California, Jepson Flora Project
- Flora of Pakistan, _URL_
- California Invasive Plant Council
- Wildscreen, ARKive
- USDA NRCS PLANTS
- USDA ARS GRIN
Images from Bugwood.org


text:
Creating a Colorful Flower Garden in Nashik
Nashik is a beautiful city located in the state of Maharashtra, India. It is known for its lush green landscapes, stunning temples, and vibrant culture. It is also home to some of the most beautiful flower gardens in the country. Creating a colorful flower garden in Nashik can be a great way to add beauty and color to your home or garden.
Choosing the Right Flowers
The first step in creating a colorful flower garden in Nashik is to choose the right flowers. There are many different types of flowers that can be grown in Nashik, including roses, marigolds, daisies, and more. When choosing the flowers for your garden, consider the climate and soil conditions in Nashik. Some flowers may not be suitable for the climate or soil conditions in Nashik, so it is important to research the flowers you are considering before planting them.
Preparing the Soil
Once you have chosen the flowers for your garden, the next step is to prepare the soil. The soil in Nashik is generally sandy and dry, so it is important to add organic matter such as compost or manure to the soil to help retain moisture and provide nutrients for the plants. It is also important to make sure the soil is well-drained, as standing water can cause root rot and other problems.
Planting the Flowers
Once the soil is prepared, it is time to start planting the flowers. When planting the flowers, it is important to make sure they are planted at the right depth and spacing. This will ensure that the flowers have enough room to grow and will not be overcrowded. It is also important to water the flowers regularly, as this will help them to thrive.
Maintaining the Garden
Once the flowers are planted, it is important to maintain the garden. This includes weeding, pruning, and fertilizing the plants. It is also important to check the soil regularly to make sure it is not too dry or too wet. Additionally, it is important to check for pests and diseases, as these can cause damage to the flowers.
Enjoying the Garden
Once the garden is established, it is time to enjoy it. A colorful flower garden in Nashik can be a great way to add beauty and color to your home or garden. It can also be a great way to relax and enjoy the beauty of nature.
Creating a colorful flower garden in Nashik can be a great way to add beauty and color to your home or garden. With the right flowers, soil preparation, and maintenance, you can create a beautiful and vibrant garden that will bring joy to you and your family for years to come.


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I have a sheet that I would like to highlight cells that are equal to any of the values listed in range of cells on another sheet. How do I do this?
Sheet 1 contains values I want to highlight in green any cell that equals any value in Row A of sheet 2.
For example, column A is
I want to highlight any cell on sheet 1 that equals Apples, Oranges, or Peaches.
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1 Answer
up vote 1 down vote accepted
In Excel 2010 you can use cells from other sheets in the conditional formats formula. In earlier versions this is not possible.
To search if the value is in a list use the CountIF function.
Conditional Format Rule Dialog Box
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I don't want to count the number of occurrences. I have edited my question to make it more clear. (I hope) – Larry Aug 9 '12 at 2:06
Have you tried it? The conditional format is asking a true false question. Anything other than 0 is true. If the count is greater than zero it will correctly highlight the cell – wbeard52 Aug 9 '12 at 2:20
Yes and it said I had too few arguments. Can you break down what's in the parenthesis? – Larry Aug 9 '12 at 2:25
Here is what I have =COUNTIF('Classes I Teach'!$A:$A,) what do I put after the comma for the range? – Larry Aug 9 '12 at 2:51
The CountIf function needs two arguments. ([Range to search in], [Value to Search]). For you it looks you need to add the value you are searching for after the 'Classes I Teach'!$A:$A. My advice, get the formula to work in an adjacent cell (not in the conditional format box) and then copy that formula to the conditional format – wbeard52 Aug 9 '12 at 3:27
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text:
Smart Lighting System ASTRO-2
Software and hardware illumination control platform ASTRO-2 is designed to control luminaires with a possibility to integrate them into a network and implement operating schedule control.
The radio network which does not require any professional settings and automatically generated when power is supplied to luminaires. In this way the user has a possibility to carry out the operating control of individual luminaires (or some independently created luminaire groups), collect data on the status of all system elements. The control is directly carried out using the modem with its installed software.
The luminaires in the ASTRO-2 system also support operation in the autonomous mode which is similar to the ASTRO-1. The maximum duration of the user schedule is 60 days. When this periods expires, the luminaire returns to its operation according to the factory settings (the ASTRO-1 mode). This feature increases the system reliability when there is a threat of communication disruption.
The system is designed to control luminaires with a possibility to integrate them into a network and implement operating schedule control.
Field of application
- Cities, small urban settlements;
- Regional and local roads;
- Separate infrastructure facilities (railway stations, freight terminals, industrial areas, workshops etc.) where operating control and complex algorithms must be used.
ASTRO-2 is an ideal combination of functionality that provides extensive user operating features and low material costs for its implementation.
Cost saving operation
The use of unlicensed radio frequency 868 MHz for data transmission does not require any transmission fees for data traffic during the system operation.
The automatically generated radio network ensures a steady signal transmission in even in case when up to 5 poles (150 m) fail in the chain. The control is carried out via secure data channels. In case of loss of communication, the system goes to autonomous mode.
Possibility of functional extension
There is a possibility to upgrade the system to ASTRO-3 in the case of phased implementation of SLMS.
|Designation and functionality
|Remote controller ASTRO 2
|Designed for installation inside or outside a luminaire housing, provides automatic control of switching on/off as well as luminaire power dimming from 20 to 100% in operating mode or according to a preprogrammed schedule.
|Designed for connection to a personal computer or smartphone via USB to control luminaires via the 868 MHz frequency radio channel and range not less than 150 m.
|Software ASTRO Manager
|Designed for installation on a personal computer or smartphone to control luminaires operating schedule. Available free of charge on Google Play and App Store. See description in the "Software" section.
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text:
(PhysOrg.com) -- In an era of public skepticism about science and high-stakes decisions based on it, involving more nonscientists in research projects can boost public acceptance, understanding and the quality of the scientific results, a study co-authored by a UC Davis researcher suggests.
The study will be presented today at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association in Denver.
For years, the National Science Foundation has encouraged the inclusion of volunteers from the public in the collection of data for scientific research. Through its funding, the NSF has institutionalized such so-called "citizen science."
But Heidi Ballard, an assistant professor of education at UC Davis, and a team of researchers from other universities urge going even further, to encourage an approach in which professional scientists and volunteers design and work together on research projects.
"Issues such as climate change and land-use decisions require us to look at the pieces and put them together in novel ways," said Ballard. "So we ask, 'What do local people already know or can contribute to science? And what can scientists contribute to educating these people?'"
Ballard and her colleagues developed a model for looking at three different levels of volunteer involvement. Their study, "Public Participation in Scientific Research as a Tool for Ecological and Environmental Education," looks at how the NSF and scientists might assess learning outcomes across all three models, which reflect varying levels of engagement among nonscientist volunteers.
"I'm really interested in figuring out how learning from each other can be facilitated by working together in a wide variety of ways on scientific research and monitoring, particularly in the environmental sciences," Ballard said. "How does this contribute to a better understanding of environmental and social-ecological systems, and how to manage them and behave in sustainable ways as individuals and a society?"
Ballard and her colleagues surmise that the more empowered nonscientists are in the creation of a research project, the more likely they will view science as a tool to discover and solve problems.
Explore further: Study evaluates the influence of college experiences on career outcomes