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Apple widely rumored upcoming mixed reality headset will make use of 3D sensors for advanced hand tracking. The headset is said to have four sets of 3D sensors. Compared to the iPhone's single unit, which should give it more accuracy than the TrueDepth camera array currently used for Face ID.
It's one thing to create an augmented reality/mixed reality headset. However, if future buyers of that headset want a fully immersive experience, they'll need a method to interact with things.
Apple is planning to create enhanced sensors to ensure that hand tracking while wearing the future AR headset
Apple plans to develop enhanced sensors so that the future AR headset can track hands. Apple's upcoming and much-rumored mixed reality headset, according to analyst Ming-Chi Kuo, will use a range of different 3D sensors to provide enhanced hand tracking while wearing the gadget.
We believe that the AR/MR headset's structured light will be able to detect not only the user's or other people's hand and item in front of their eyes, but also the dynamic detail change of the hand. Capturing the subtleties of hand movement, such as detecting the user's hand from a clenched fist to open and the balloon, can give a more intuitive and vivid human-machine UI.
The research note suggests Apple's 3D sensors will have a wider field of view (FOV)
According to the research note, Apple's 3D sensors will have a broader field of vision (FOV), allowing them to detect things up to 200 percent further away than the present Face ID sensors. The headset includes voice control, iris recognition, eye tracking, and other features.
It makes sense for Apple to include more advanced sensors in its future AR/MR headset than what's now available with Face ID. Apple has certainly been working on enhancing Face ID and the TrueDepth Camera. Especially given how long they've been around. As well as the fact that Apple has supposedly been working on an AR headset quite some time. Also, these changes seems to be part of another project.


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The bottlebrush buckeye plant, or Aesculus parviflora, is a shrub with lots of straight stems. Small white flowers cluster together at the tops of the stems. The bottlebrush buckeye plant can grow to become 12 feet high and 20 feet wide. Bottlebrush buckeye plants need proper care to thrive.
Locate a space on your property where your bottlebrush buckeye will have some shade and well-draining soil. If necessary, add peat moss or perlite to the soil to help the soil drain.
Water your bottlebrush buckeye once per week, allowing the soil to dry out in between waterings.
Feed your bottlebrush buckeye plant with 8-8-8 slow-release fertilizer. Apply 1 lb. of this fertilizer to every 100 square feet of space.
Spread a layer of mulch around the base of your bottlebrush buckeye plant that is at least 2 inches thick. This will keep the moisture in as well as protect the roots during the winter months.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Interfacial rheology, surface rheology
Interfacial or surface rheology is a branch of interfacial analysis which is concerned with the reaction of the interfacial tension (IFT) between two liquids respectively the surface tension (SFT) of a liquid to the deformation of an interface. It is relevant for studies on surfactant-stabilized systems such as emulsions and foams.
Viscoelastic behavior of interfaces
The SFT/IFT γ is the amount of work involved in increasing the area of a given interface. For pure liquids, this amount of work is proportional to the change of area independent from its extent or speed, so that the SFT/IFT is a substance constant.
However, if surfactants are present, the SFT/IFT depends on the concentration of molecules adsorbed at the interface (surface excess concentration Γ). When dilating the interface, the concentration with respect to the area decreases spontaneously so that the SFT/IFT increases. This process is referred to as the elastic behavior of an interface. It is reversible, i.e. the initial value of the SFT/IFT is reached when the original area of the interface is restored. For simplification, the following figure illustrates this process using an insoluble surfactant. The molecules are only at the interface but not in the bulk phase so that no equilibration of the concentration occurs.
If surfactant molecules are in the bulk phase, diffusion to the interface and adsorption thereat occurs. This process leads to a time-dependent, irreversible decrease of the SFT/IFT that is referred to as viscous behavior. Both elastic and viscous processes take place at the interface of a surfactant solution so that its reaction to dilatation is called viscoelastic.
Physical description
The viscoelastic reaction of an interface when stretching it is expressed by the complex viscoelastic modulus E*. It consists of the elastic modulus E' and the viscous modulus E'':
The viscoelastic modulus E is the absolute value of the complex viscoelastic modulus E*:
As a whole, E' and E'' together characterize the effect of the dilatation of an interface on the SFT/IFT, whereby E' stands for the impact of the changed area on the concentration change, while E'' describes the time-dependent change due to gradual concentration equilibration.
Emulsions and foams are systems with a large inner surface, which are created and stabilized with the help of surfactants. The viscoelastic modulus describes the increase in SFT/IFT when dilating an interface, i.e. the resistance of the interface against such deformation. E' can be interpreted as the elastic counterforce of the system, while E'' describes how fast the initial value of the SFT/IFT is restored after deformation. Various correlations between these quantities and different aspects of foam and emulsion stability have been found.
When displaying the moduli E*, E' and E'' in the complex number plane it becomes clear from the real part Re and the imaginary part Im that E' and E'' result from trigonometric functions.
During the measurement, the interface area of a pendant drop or a gas bubble, which is recorded with a camera, is changed periodically and exactly sinusidoidally by means of a dosing drive that operates with extreme precision. In doing this, the SFT/IFT is measured using drop shape analysis with a Young-Laplace fit to obtain its dependency from surface area A and time t. Due to the underlying sine function, the angle φ (see figure above) corresponds to the phase shift between the change in surface area and the SFT/IFT, which also displays a sine-curve progression.
Taking the relation between trigonometric functions and the exponential function into account, the interfacial rheological quantities E*, E', and E'' can be calculated (ω = angular frequency, A0 = mean value of the area, Δγ = amplitude of the SFT/IFT, ΔA = amplitude of the area).
 - S.C. Russev, N. Alexandrov, K.G. Marinova, K.D. Danov, N. D. Denkov, L. Lyutov, V. Vulchev, C. Bilke-Krause, "Instrument and methods for surface dilatational rheology measurements", Rev. Sci. Instr. 2008, 79, 104102.
 - F. Thomsen, "Stretching exercises for drops". KRÜSS Application Report AR 246.


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Definitions for lacticˈlæk tɪk
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
of, pertaining to, or obtained from milk.
Origin of lactic:
1780–90; < L lact-, s. of lac milk +-ic
of or relating to or obtained from milk (especially sour milk or whey)
"lactic acid"; "lactic fermentation"
Of, relating to, or derived from milk
Origin: From lactis, genitive form of lac.
of or pertaining to milk; procured from sour milk or whey; as, lactic acid; lactic fermentation, etc

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Dartmouth pushes radical change in campus life
After a hard look at student life on campus, the trustees and president of Dartmouth College in Hanover, N.H., have decided it's time for change. In a controversial move, they're targeting a more than 150-year-old way of life: the Greek house system.
Like many colleges, Dartmouth is grappling with issues such as alcohol abuse and gender relations. To that end, administrators last month announced principles that will guide social and residential life at the Ivy League school starting in the _PHONE_ school year:
*There should be greater choice and continuity in residential living and improved residential space.
Recommended: Could you pass a US citizenship test?
*There should be additional and improved social spaces controlled by students.
*The system should be substantially coeducational and provide opportunities for greater interaction among all Dartmouth students.
*The abuse and unsafe use of alcohol should be eliminated.
Alumni and students have reacted in particular to Principle No. 3 -which stands to change single-sex fraternities and sororities to co-ed Greek houses or to eliminate the Greek system altogether.
As part of the Monitor's "On Campus" forum, we've given Dartmouth students past and present an opportunity to weigh in. Their debate, while personal, touches on issues applicable to other schools with Greek systems.
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Meon Valley Arts Society
Tuesday 14 June 2022
Subject: Nikolaus Pevsner and the Buildings of Hampshire
Speaker: SUSIE HARRIES
A German refugee from Hitler became the Grand Old Master of English art history, famous for his survey of all architecturally significant buildings in the country. Our lecturer explores what Pevsner said about our area - from churches to tower blocks, factories, cinemas - and sets them in the context of 'The Buildings of England' as a whole.
Tuesday 12 July 2022
Subject: The Silver Thread: Silver Filigree and Traditional Arts in Kosovo
Speaker: ELIZABETH GOWING
From early silver mines to 20th century politics, which resulted in a war, a silver thread winds through Kosovo's history. In its cultural capital, Prizren, a seventh generation of filigree artisans use intricate designs to magic lacy creations. The boxes, buttons, jewellery, religious ornamentation and talismans of superstition are a fine narrative of Kosovo's history and traditions.
Tuesday 13 September 2022
Subject: Empowering People, the Real Voice of Street Art (2nd Lecture)
Speaker: DOUG GILLEN
'The people want to topple the regime' - the words at the heart of the 2011 Syrian uprising. Teenagers hit the streets with cans of spraypaint - Egypt, Belfast, Israel/Palestine. Art lies at the heart of social unrest, a voice for the unheard. Graffiti is more than vandalism, it's the early stages of revolution.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Property of a Gentleman exhibition set to showcase rare postage stamps from Nizam of Hyderabad's Dominions
The Gujral Foundation will present Property of a Gentleman: Stamps from the Nizam of Hyderabad's Dominions from the Ewari Collection at Bikaner House, New Delhi, on view from 9-24 March, 2019.
The Gujral Foundation is set to present Property of a Gentleman, Stamps from the Nizam of Hyderabad's Dominions, a unique exhibition that aims to explore an aspect of Hyderabad's history seldom given the attention it deserves.
The exhibition will present rare stamps from the Ewari Collection; an iconic collection which dates back to Nawab Iqbal Hussain Khan, the Postmaster General under the seventh Nizam of Hyderabad. The exhibition is curated by Pramod Kumar KG, Managing Director of Eka Archiving.
Hyderabad, the senior most princely state in colonial India, printed its own stamps from 1869 onwards until it became a part of the Indian Union in 1949.
The objects on display will include rare examples of original postage stamps from Hyderabad ranging from individual stamps to entire stamp sheets, as well as valuable and related ephemera such as original letters, postcards, revenue stamps of the region, erroneous stamps, seals and monograms.
In today's age of rapid technological changes in communication, postage stamps are vital remnants of a bygone era. These seemingly insignificant objects played an essential role in a complex and vast communication network that spread across the world.
From their original role as payments to help transfer messages, stamps were also used to facilitate revenue collection, taxation and served other fiscal purposes.
Apart from their practical usage several states utilised stamps as a way of celebrating the material heritage and culture of the issuing region. The use of exquisite calligraphy, multifarious languages and architectural tropes demonstrate the far reaching influence of the erstwhile state of Hyderabad.
Particular highlights in the exhibition include the first stamp issued by the Nizam's Government in Hyderabad; a wide range of postage stamps that evolved over a period of time in different colours, values, inscriptions and sizes; stamps featuring monuments from across the Nizam's expansive dominion as well as the last stamp issued by the princely state of Hyderabad.
Other displays will include the extraordinary Penny Black (the first adhesive postage stamp in the world), and a remarkable King George VI series of Indian postage stamps depicting different modes of transportation used to deliver mail. The collection also includes exceptional stamps issued in Hyderabad to commemorate the victory of the Allied Powers in the Second World War.
"The Ewari family philately collection has a deep personal connect with Hyderabad. The genesis of the Collection begins with the legacy of their grandfather, Nawab Iqbal Hussain Khan the Post Master General in the government of the 7th Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Khan. The Collection today consists of more than 3 million stamps and includes unusual and representative pieces from across the former Indian Princely States...
Additionally, it has important holdings from around the world including the Penny Black, the world's first stamp issued in 1840. The Collection also has a rich holding of related material culture and ephemera that are vestiges of a changed world.
These include handwritten, calligraphed and illuminated letters in several scripts, postcards, monogrammed envelopes, notes and seals, greeting and invitation cards and besides a wide repository of blind stamps, wet stamps and other stamping formats across several printed mediums that were popular tools of communication and revenue in the not so distant past." ~ Pramod Kumar KG, Curator | Eka Archiving
The Gujral Foundation is a non-profit trust set up in 2008 to nurture talent in the arts, architecture and design in India. Founded by Mohit and Feroze Gujral – the son and daughter-in-law of the renowned Indian modern artist Satish Gujral – it has supported 150+ artists and thinkers in 50+ projects in South Asia and around the world.
Among them have been My East is Your West – a collateral event at the 56th Venice Biennale, Contour Biennale 8, the 11th Shanghai Biennale, the 8th Berlin Biennale, the contemporary Indian artists Desire Machine Collective at The British Museum, Colomboscope and the Kochi-Muziris Biennale.
Previously on the boards of the IGNCA in India, the Serpentine and the Guggenheim, Feroze Gujral is on the international council of the Tate, a Founding Patron and Trustee of the Kochi-Muziris Biennale and the Founder Director of Outset India – a global philanthropic art fund.
Through its innovative programming at 24, Jor Bagh, Studio G-Spot, and patron driven initiatives such as Studio Makers, The Gujral Foundation has pioneered new models for corporate, institutional and individual support for the arts and culture in India.
Property of a Gentleman: Stamps from the Nizam of Hyderabad's Dominions, from the Ewari Collection, presented by The Gujral Foundation, at Bikaner House, New Delhi, will be on view from 9 to 24 March, 2019.


ProGuard Secure your APK from Reverse Engineering in Android
Following are words from _URL_ who are inventor of it.
ProGuard is a free Java class file shrinker, optimizer, obfuscator, and preverifier. It detects and removes unused classes, fields, methods, and attributes. It optimizes bytecode and removes unused instructions. It renames the remaining classes, fields, and methods using short meaningless names.
signing apk flow
 1. Shrinker : It will remove all the classes and methods which are not used by you from classes you developed and library you have used.
 2. Optimizer : to improve performance and size of your application
 3. Obfuscator : It will rename all classes, methods, object names and jumble them. This will make your application harder to reverse engineer.
So, now you get idea about what ProGarud means. But how we can use it in Android application?
Answer is,
ProGuard is integrated into the Android Build system. So you don't need to take those libraries and manually use those. You can not run ProGuard every time. When you release your build, then and only it runs and perform its task.
Step 1: Use ProGuard in Android Application
To enable ProGuard, you need to open your "/project.properties" file. It will look like below.
You can see that WARNING at the beginning of line. But you can ignore it. Now come to 3rd line from bottom. It says
So, what you need to do is, remove comment from its immediate below line. This will enable ProGuard in your application.
Step 2: Release Build
After completing Step-1, you can now release your build. To do that
Right Click your Project -> Export -> Export Android Application -> Perform Next Step
And follow steps.
If your application successfully compiled and build, you can see one Directory added in your Project named "ProGuard". This contains following files.
 1. dumb.txt : this describes the internal structure of all the class file in the .apk file
 2. mapping.txt : Lists the mapping between the original and obfuscated class, methods and object names.
 3. seeds.txt : Lists the classes and members those are not obfuscated
 4. usage.txt : Lists the code that was stripped from the .apk
Step 3: If Warning from ProGuard and return 0
This step is optional if you not found any error from ProGuard. But if you found some error messages in console regarding your library classes, you need to follow this step.
Open "/proguard-project.txt
Then at bottom of file, you need to write following line
What this defines? If you have warning like twitter4j.internal.logging.XYZ class not referenced, then you need to take parent package name to stop warning from build.
Summary
In this article, we learned what is ProGuard? How it will help to protect our application from Reverse Engineering.
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Riding the school bus, for kids with autism or sensory issues, can be an overwhelming and uncomfortable experience. A local expert explains how parents can help make the ride more manageable.
For kids on the autism spectrum, riding the bus to school can be an overwhelming sensory experience that causes anxiety and agitation. Fortunately, there are several ways parents can prepare their child for this experience and make the trip to school more manageable from the start of the year.
Debra Reicher, Ph.D., the director of psychological services at The Hagedorn Little Village School in Seaford, offers advice on how to make the bus ride more comfortable.
What are some things parents can do to make the school bus ride more comfortable for their children with autism?
Children on the autism spectrum vary in their overall levels of functioning. However, the core deficits in all ASD children are related to social communication. Many children with ASD also have sensory issues and may find certain sensory stimuli such as noise, smells, and lights overwhelming. Riding on a school bus can place some children with ASD on sensory overload, which can result in anxiety and agitation. Providing ways for your child to remain calm and self sooth while riding on the bus can be helpful. This may include giving your child a small and safe toy to hold and/or play with while riding the bus or a comfort object from home such as a stuffed animal. Some children with autism have difficulty relinquishing certain items and s/he may find it comforting to hold these preferred items when stressed. For children who find noisy areas stressful, headphones or an iPod may help if approved by the bus company.
Many children with ASD have difficulty tolerating change or new situations. For children who have not had experience riding the bus, preparing them for this experience ahead of time can be helpful. Many children with ASD are visual learners. Preparing a detailed story about riding the bus with words and pictures can help the child anticipate what to expect. You can even take real photographs of the bus, the bus driver, and the school to help the child with this experience. The child can also take a visual schedule that can be affixed to a laminated strip on the bus which breaks down the steps in detail and with pictures (i.e. I get on the bus, I put my seatbelt on, I stay seated, I get off the bus when I get to my school).
Who in the school system can help parents address problems their child may be having on the bus?
Parents should contact the bus company as well as the child's teacher and, if necessary, the school psychologist. Enhancing the communication between the bus staff, parent, and school is the best way to ensure an easy bus trip for the child. Parents should provide the bus driver with information about their child, for example, how s/he communicates, what s/he likes, and what may overwhelm him or her. Investigating the cause of the problem must be a team effort and precipitants such as sensory stimuli (i.e. noise), the length of the bus ride, and the impact of other children must all be considered.
Would you recommend parents introduce their child to the other kids on the bus before school starts?
This may not necessarily help since children on the autism spectrum have difficulties with developing peer relationships. As many ASD children are in mainstream schools, educating typically developing children about autism is likely to increase the compassion and empathy of other children and ultimately decrease problems on the bus.
Debra Reicher, Ph.D., is the director of psychological services at The Hagedorn Little Village School on Long Island, a nonprofit school that provides educational and therapeutic services to children with developmental disabilities. Dr. Reicher has been performing diagnostic evaluations and working with children and families with autism spectrum disorders for more than 20 years.
Why Children on the Autism Spectrum are More Vulnerable to Bullying
Autism Speaks Launches School Community Tool Kit 2.0


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The Masters Programme in Product Design (LM-27577) is a studio-based programme for students who wish to hone their ability to innovate.
Candidates should be interested in the integration of design, technology, culture and business. The programme encourages creative thinking and critical reflection as fundamental design tools for the development of new objects and ideas to improve people's lives.
In particular, the Masters of Science in Product Design encourages and trains students to:
Students are encouraged to develop their ideas and concepts through a variety of different workshops, such as:
During the final semester, students are involved in an internship in the research and development departments of national and international companies, foreign universities and research centres.
For further information:


Laquoshea Fitzhugh
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Fitzhugh is an English Anglo-Norman surname originating in Northamptonshire and Bedfordshire.. It is patronymic as the prefix Fitzderives from the Latin filius, meaning "son of". Its variants include FitzHugh, Fitz-Hugh, Fitz Hugh, fitz Hugh, and its associated given name turned surname Hugh....
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millipede Burn Introduction-Symptoms-Treatment-Care-Diet-medicinephone
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millipede Burn Introduction-Symptoms-Treatment-Care-Diet
millipede Burn Introduction-Symptoms-Treatment-Care-Diet
Brief introduction of millipede burns
Millipede is a non-toxic herbivorous insect, which does not bite people and release toxins. However, when it crawls on human body and encounters a attack, the worm breaks and the glands on both sides release toxins. When people are infected with its poison, the toxin can produce burning heat, blisters and pigmentation. If it happens to enter the eyes, it can cause severe inflammatory reaction. Once the skin comes into contact with this toxin, it must be washed with plenty of water immediately.
,
Basic knowledge of millipede burns
 - Whether it belongs to medical insurance: No
 - Incidence site: skin eye
 - Infectious: non-contagious
 - Multiple population: When exposed to millipede worm body rupture on both sides...
 - Related symptoms: persistent pain, blister or bullous damage, local burning, abnormal pigmentation, inability to plantar flexion and varus
 - Complicated diseases: sepsis and bacteremia
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symptoms of millipede burns, early symptoms and signs of millipede burns
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Samples of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) were taken from three locations Bali, North Sulawesi and North Maluku. The glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) was analyzed from liver using allozyme electrophoresis method. Polymorphism of GPI enzyme was observed and four alleles (A, B ,C, D) were found in Bali population, three alleles (A,B,C) were found in North Maluku and North Sulawesi populations. Heterozygosity values, from Bali, North Maluku and North Sulawesi were 0.419; 0.417; 0.143 respectively. Genetic distance between North Sulawesi and North Maluku were 0.029, and with Bali population was 0.353. These results indicated that North Maluku and North Sulawesi population were not separate by geographic barrier, therefore genetic distance of both populations was closed. However, those populations were genetically separated to the Bali population might be due to major hydrological barrier.
Copyrights © 2006


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In 1827 on what now is the area south of the dam, the U.S. government constructed a grist mill to grind corn for the Potawatomi Indians under the terms of a 1826 treaty. To obtain water power, a dam was built near its present location. This flooded the area around five lakes and formed Lake Manitou of 775 acres. Near the mill were erected a blacksmith shop, trading post and house for miller and blacksmith. It was the first white settlement of the wilderness that became Fulton County in 1836. Samuel Milroy, builder, named the village Tiptonville in honor of General John Tipton, Indian agent for the region. The dam, mill, and village fell into disuse after the Potawatomi were removed to Kansas in 1838.
Lake Manitou, also known as Manatau or Manitau, derives its name from the Potawatomi word used both for "good spirit" and "evil spirit". The Indians, who fished and hunted in this area for 150 years, believed the lake's waters held a monster fish or serpent of supernatural powers. Early settlers knew the lake as Devil's Lake.
During the early and mid 1900's the lake was home to many resorts and hotels. They attracted thousands of people each year to swim, fish or dance under the stars to some nationally known big bands.
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Annual LMA Membership Dues should be paid by the end of January. Click HERE to process your donation now.


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Kelvin's first tide predicting machine, 1872
Image number: _PHONE_
Detail. Lord Kelvin (_PHONE_) designed this machine to predict the tide patterns in harbours. It has ten dials which are are set with the oceanographic and astronomical data of the harbour. On cranking the handle, the machine calculates the harbour's tide patterns for up to a year in only four hours. A machine like this was used in central India for many years to calculate all the tidal patterns for the country.
- Image number:
- Science Museum/Science & Society Picture Library
- Image rights:
- Science Museum


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Fishermen and scientists working together to improve information about discards in the Dutch flatfish fisheries. Collaboration between scientists and fishermen within self-sampling projects will improve fisheries catch data, include more fishers' knowledge and improve communication and understanding between the two sectors. This in turn will help fisheries managers fine-tune their policy.
Our Progress So Far
Self-sampling is a new form of research cooperation which has been developed between the Dutch fishing industry and IMARES since 2009. Self-sampling is used as a method of gathering catch data on fishing vessels, wherein:
- fishermen collect samples of their catch
- the samples are then processed by either fishermen or scientists
- the processed samples are analysed by scientists.
Because self-sampling is much cheaper than paying onboard observers, it results in many more samples, spread across a wider geographic range.
Our case study takes a closer look at three of these self-sampling programmes. The first is the self-sampling fleet providing data for the data collection regulation of the EU (approximately 21 fishing vessels); the self-sampling for monitoring the effects of the pulse-fishery (appr.20 fishing vessels) and the self-sampling in the TR gears (appr. 52 fishing vessels). The three programmes have a different set-up with different goals as well as with different methods of self-sampling.
To find out how we're progressing with our work, click on the links below.
|24 Months On: Update from the Dutch case study|
24 Months On: Marloes Kraan gives an update of the GAP2 case study in the Netherlands.
|18 Months on: Progress Update on Dutch Case Study|
Work continues on improving the selectivity of demersal fishing gear to catch less discards.
|One Year On: Progress Update on Dutch Case Study|
Progress update on Dutch case study investigating self-sampling and discards, one year into the GAP2 project.
Netherlands DenkTank to be consultative group for the Dutch discards case-study.
Over the next few months, we plan to
- Organise meetings between the scientists and fishermen involved in the self-sampling projects to discuss the results of the programmes, the method of self-sampling, the research cooperation, and the underlying knowledge of both scientists and fishermen on the topic of discards and stock assessments. We are planning for these meetings to be held in the second half of 2012 and first half of 2013.
- Write a self-samplings guidebook.
- Hold further interviews with scientists and fishers about the cooperation and the F-project and write an article on the basis of the intern's report.
- Start to make progress on addressing the discards research questions posed by the Discards Think Tank.
Case study coordinator
- A social scientist, Marloes is a researcher at the Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES).
- Marloes is interested in making fisheries research more trans-disciplinary, interactive governance in fisheries and making social science more useful to fisheries policy.
- To find out more, visit _URL_
- Email: _EMAIL_
Case Study Researcher
- Holding an MSc in Fisheries Biology, Josien's interests range from discard monitoring to exploring innovative ways of working with industry.
- Josien is a science Officer at the European Fisheries and Aquaculture Research Organisation and a project leader of cooperation projects at IMARES, Wageningen University.
- Project leader cooperation projects
- Email: _EMAIL_
Dr Paula den Hartog
Case Study Partner Organisation
- Head of Fisheries and Trade at the Dutch Fish Product Board
- Holding a PhD in in Behavioural Ecology, Paula is passionate about stakeholder involvement in fisheries management.
The optimal process of self-sampling in fisheries -lessons learned from the NetherlandsPresentation given by Marloes Kraan, Josien Steenbergen, Edwin van Helmond on 9th May 2012 at the World Fisheries Congress


Class: matlab.System
Package: matlab
Initialize System object
setupImpl(obj) sets up a System object™ and implements one-time tasks that do not depend on any inputs to the stepImpl method for this object. To acquire resources for a System object, you must use setupImpl instead of a constructor. setupImpl executes the first time the step method is called on an object after that object has been created. It also executes the next time step is called after an object has been released. You typically use setupImpl to set private properties so they do not need to be calculated each time stepImpl method is called.
setupImpl(obj,input1,input2,...) sets up a System object using one or more of the stepImpl input specifications. The number and order of inputs must match the number and order of inputs defined in the stepImpl method. You pass the inputs into setupImpl to use the specifications, such as size and datatypes in the one-time calculations. You do not use the setupImpl method to set up input values.
 You must set Access = protected for this method.
Input Arguments
System object handle
Inputs to the stepImpl method
expand all
Setup a File for Writing
methods (Access = protected)
 function setupImpl(obj)
 obj.pFileID = fopen(obj.Filename,'wb');
 if obj.pFileID < 0
 error('Opening the file failed');
Check input size
This examples shows how to use setupImpl to check that the size of a stepImpl method input matches the size of a state property.
properties (Access = private)
 myState = [1 2];
 methods (Access = protected)
 function setupImpl(obj,u)
 if any(size(obj.myState) ~= size(u))
 error('Size of "myState" does not match size of input "u"');
 function y = stepImpl(obj,u)
 y = obj.myState;
 obj.myState = u;
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Limited cross-border infections in patients newly diagnosed with HIV in Europe
Abstract
Background
International travel plays a role in the spread of HIV-1 across Europe. It is, however, not known whether international travel is more important for spread of the epidemic as compared to endogenous infections within single countries. In this study, phylogenetic associations among HIV of newly diagnosed patients were determined across Europe.
Results
Data came from the SPREAD programme which collects samples of newly diagnosed patients that are representative for national HIV epidemics. 4260 pol sequences from 25 European countries and Israel collected in 2002–2007 were included.
We identified 457 clusters including 1330 persons (31.2% of all patients). The cluster size ranged between 2 and 28. A number of 987 patients (74.2%) were part of a cluster that consisted only of patients originating from the same country. In addition, 135 patients (10.2%) were in a cluster including only individuals from neighboring countries. Finally, 208 patients (15.6%) clustered with individuals from countries without a common border. Clustering with patients from the same country was less prevalent in patients being infected with B subtype (P-value <0.0001), in men who have sex with men (P-value <0.0001), and in recently infected patients (P-value =0.045).
Conclusions
Our findings indicate that the transmission of HIV-1 in Europe is predominantly occurring between patients from the same country. This could have implications for HIV-1 transmission prevention programmes. Because infections through travelling between countries is not frequently observed it is important to have good surveillance of the national HIV-1 epidemics.
Background
Travel and migration have contributed to the world-wide spread of HIV-1. For instance, HIV was introduced in the America's through travel and migration from Africa and Haiti in the 1960s [1]. Travel has also played a role in the early spread of HIV in East-Africa. A phylogenetic study that included geographic information found that the HIV epidemic spread more rapidly in areas in East-Africa with a good infrastructure that facilitates traveling [2]. Moreover, we recently showed that within Europe Mediterranean countries are a source of HIV-1 subtype B infections for other European countries [3].
Although travel and migration played a key role in the early spread of HIV, it is not known to what extent travel explains current transmission of HIV. On the one hand, the importance of travel may have declined over the years, because travel from sub-Saharan Africa may have decreased due to stricter European immigration laws. But also among native-born Europeans, travel may have become less important for the spread of HIV. In Europe, the HIV prevalence is generally low, and stable at 0.2% over the last decade [4] and is concentrated mainly in specific risk groups (men who have sex with men (MSM) and injection drug users) [5]. Because the HIV epidemic is well-spread in all European countries, many transmissions could take place within a country. On the other hand, the role of travel in transmission of HIV-1 may also have increased further in recent years. International travelling has become easier within Europe in the last decade because of low cost airlines and the absence of border control between most countries.
In this study we used data from the pan-European SPREAD project. SPREAD includes individuals newly diagnosed with a HIV-1 infection that are representative for the risk group and geographical distribution of the HIV epidemic in participating countries [6, 7]. By performing phylogenetic analyses on this data we estimated the proportion of individuals newly diagnosed with HIV that was infected within their own country.
Results
Characteristics
A total of 4,260 patients newly diagnosed with HIV-1 were included. The characteristics of these patients are summarized in Table 1. The most commonly reported transmission risk groups were MSM (48%), followed by heterosexuals (35%) and injection drug users (8%). Most patients were male (79%). The most frequently found subtypes were B (66%), A (11%) and C (7%). Other subtypes or circulating recombinant forms were CRF02_AG (5%), G (3%), F (2%), and other (4%). A proportion of 1.9% of the sequences could not be classified. The proportion of subtype B was ranging among the countries between 14.3% in Latvia and 95% in Slovenia. We previously published a more detailed analysis of the subtype distribution per country [8]. Nearly one third (29%) of patients were defined as recently infected (<1 year). The median CD4 cell count 354 cells/mm3 (IQR: 181–540), which indicates that approximately half of the included patients were diagnosed at a stage of their infection where they were eligible to receive antiretroviral treatment.
Table 1 Characteristics of patients
The number of patients per country of residence was for Austria 138, for Belgium 340, for Bulgaria 2, for Croatia 15, for Cyprus 55, for Czech Republic 325, for Denmark 295, for Finland 95, for Germany 685, for Greece 185, for Ireland 93, for Israel 119, for Italy 197, for Latvia 72, for Lithuania 11, for Luxembourg 52, for the Netherlands 97, for Norway 118, for Poland 193, for Portugal 238, for Romania 67, for Serbia 67, for Slovakia 23, for Slovenia 84, for Spain 351, and for Sweden 343. Table 2 compares the risk group distribution per country with surveillance data of patients newly diagnosed with HIV as reported by the European Centres for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Deviations of more than 20% were found in Cyprus, Poland, Germany and Serbia. It should be noted that ECDC only included the risk group distribution for less than 30% of patients from Poland and Cyprus which can explain the strong deviation found in these countries. In Germany, we over-sampled MSM (84% in our data vs. 56% in the surveillance data from ECDC). In Serbia we over-sampled patients that acquired HIV heterosexually (49% in our data versus 25% in data from the ECDC).
Table 2 Comparison of the proportional HIV risk group distribution in the participating countries of the SPREAD study with proportional HIV risk group distribution collected in 2007 by the European Centres for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
More than half of all patients (55%) originated from Western Europe, followed by patients originating from Eastern Europe and Central Asia (22%) and from Sub-Saharan Africa (11%). A total of 3322 (77%) patients, were originating from a country in Europe. A number of 3035 (70%) patients were living in their country of origin. This ranged between 40.3% to 100%. The lowest proportions of people living in their country of origen were found in Israel (40.3%; 44% from Ethiopia), Sweden (48.2%; 4.5% from Thailand and 4.2% from Ethiopia), Norway (50.0%; 9.3% from Thailand and 5.9% in Ethiopia), and 51.1% in Ireland (7.6% from both the United Kingdom and Zimbabwe).
We found numerous differences between patients infected with a subtype B virus and patients infected with a non-B subtype virus. Not surprisingly, patients infected with a subtype B virus were less often originating from Sub-Saharan countries (0.7%) as compared to 31.7% in non-B subtype strains (P-value <0.0001). From this it follows that individuals harboring a subtype B strain were more often originating from European countries (89.8%) compared to 50.9% of individuals infected with a non-B strains (P-value <0.0001). Furthermore, patients with subtype B strains were more often MSM (71.9%) and recently infected (34.9%), than patients infected with a non-B subtype virus (13.6% and 15.9%, respectively) (both P-values <0.0001).
Phylogenetic analyses
We identified 457 clusters including 1330 persons (31.2% of all patients). The distribution of the cluster size is shown in Figure 1. The cluster size ranged between 2 and 28. Most clusters included two individuals (310 of 457 clusters, 67.8%), 112 clusters contained 3–5 persons (24.5%) and 35 clusters contained >5 persons (7.7%).
Figure 1
figure1
Distribution of cluster size. Frequency of clusters as defined in the text, of size of 2 or higher, identified by subtype.
Patients that were part of a phylogenetic cluster had different characteristics as compared to patients that were not in a cluster. First, patients included in any cluster were more frequently infected through MSM (63.2% in a cluster vs. 41.3% of individuals that did not cluster, P-value <0.0001). Patients that were part of a cluster were more frequently infected with subtype B (82.5%; P-value <0.0001), recently infected (39.5%; P-value <0.0001) and harbouring a transmitted drug resistance mutation (10.4%, P-value =0.03) as compared to non-clustering patients (58.8%, 23.9%, and 8.3%, respectively). We observed a significant increase in cluster frequency among recently infected individuals from 33% in 2002 to 48% in 2007 (P-value =


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Significance of diet type and diet quality for ecological diversity of African ungulates
Article first published online: 23 MAR 2007
Journal of Animal Ecology
Volume 76, Issue 3, pages 526–537, May 2007
How to Cite
CODRON, D., LEE-THORP, J. A., SPONHEIMER, M., CODRON, J., DE RUITER, D. and BRINK, J. S. (2007), Significance of diet type and diet quality for ecological diversity of African ungulates. Journal of Animal Ecology, 76: 526–537. doi: 10.1111/j._PHONE_.2007.01222.x
- Issue published online: 23 MAR 2007
- Article first published online: 23 MAR 2007
- Received 29 September 2006; accepted 26 January 2007
- body mass;
- carbon isotopes;
- per cent nitrogen
- 1We test two nutritional hypotheses for the ecological diversity of ungulates, the browser/grazer (diet type) and diet quality models, among free-ranging herbivores in a South African savanna, the Kruger National Park. Tests are based on assessment of relationships between diet type and diet quality with body mass and hypsodonty, two morphological features that have been associated with both elements.
- 2We use stable carbon isotope ratios of faeces to reconstruct diet in terms of proportions of C3 plants (browse) and C4 plants (grass) consumed by different species in different seasons. These data are combined with proxies for diet quality (per cent nitrogen, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, and acid detergent lignin) from faeces to track changes in diet quality.
- 3Two statistical approaches are used in model selection, i.e. tests of significant correlations based on linear regression analyses, and an information-theory approach (Akaike's Information Criterion) providing insight into strength of evidence for models.
- 4Results of both methods show that, contrary to many predictions, body mass and diet type are not related, but these data confirm predictions that diet quality decreases with increasing body size, especially during the dry season. Hypsodonty, as expected, varies with diet type, increasing with increased grass intake.
- 5These findings support both a diet type and diet quality model, implying some degree of exclusivity. We propose that congruence between models may be achieved through addition of diet quality proxies not included here, because hypsodonty is more likely a reflection of the abrasive properties of consumed foods, i.e. related to food quality, rather than food type. This implies that adaptation to diets of varying quality, through changes in body size and dental features, has been the primary mechanism for diversification in ungulates.
- 6Our interpretation contrasts with several recent studies advocating diet type as the primary factor, exemplifying that further reconciliation between the two models is needed. We discuss the implications of this study for future approaches to achieve a more cohesive understanding of the evolutionary outcomes of herbivore nutrition.


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In this article we explain why spider-based powermeters are more accurate than any other kind of powermeters.
Table Of Contents
Accuracy of powermeters in General
A power meter is designed to measure the power you generate to move you and your bike forward. Most power meters measure the force generated in the form of torque and the cadence and calculate the power in watts. Spider-based power meters, such as power2max, measure the power transmitted from both legs via pedals and crank arms to the chainring in one sensor. This is what we call "complete dual-side measurement."
Only the power of both legs is meaningful for targeted training. Even with almost "equally strong" legs, a one-sided measurement can lead to greater deviations. With each turn of the crank, the power distribution of the legs fluctuates and fatigue, as well as different intensities during intervals, can lead to an uneven distribution.
Two sensors for measurement
Measuring both legs separately using pedals or crank arm-based powermeters is legitimate and already more accurate than one-sided measurement. However, two sensors mean two potential sources of error. Even if both sensors have an accuracy of +/- 1% according to the manufacturer, this means that they can potentially deviate from each other.
This refers to movements that do not serve propulsion. For example, when you ride out of saddle, the crank arms or pedal axle "deform". This deformation is measured by the powermeter, but cannot be distinguished from the deformation that is responsible for propulsion. With spider-based powermeters, this deformation also takes place, but has no influence on the measurement result.


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Date of this Version
Children and Youth Services Review 34 (2012), pp. 1344–1350; doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.03.010
Though few studies exist on service utilization among homeless youth in the U.S., services are important because without them, many of these young people may resort to delinquent strategies in order to meet their daily survival needs. The current study examines frequency and correlates of service utilization (i.e., shelters, food programs, street outreach, counseling, STI and HIV testing) among a sample of 249 homeless youth ages 14 to 21. Multivariate analysis revealed significant differences in service usage by sex, age, and sexual orientation. Experiencing family physical and/or sexual abuse, being kicked out of the family home, spending more nights per week sleeping on the street, and having ever stayed in a group home facility were significant correlates of homeless youths' service usage.


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NASA astronaut and Camas native Mike Barratt will be featured speaker at the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry's celebration of Astronomy Day on July 23.
OMSI plans a full day (and into the night) opportunity to learn about the universe. Space travel and life on the International Space Station will be discussed by Barratt; he spent 199 days in space on two flights, including the final mission for space shuttle Discovery.
Barratt's lectures are at 11:30 a.m. and 2:30 p.m. in the Kendall Planetarium. Space is limited and reservations are recommended by visiting _URL_
As a child, Barratt frequently visited OMSI, where his mother was a volunteer. He attended OMSI classes and built his first telescope with the help of a former OMSI Planetarium director. His biography is at: _URL_
Astronomy Day activities are included with paid admission.
The day begins at 10 a.m. on OMSI's front plaza with one-on-one conversations with local astronomy experts, including members of Vancouver Sidewalk Astronomers as well as Pine Mountain Observatory, Rose City Astronomers, Columbia River Gorge State Parks, Sunriver Observatory and Portland State University's meteorite lab. Experts will be available on the plaza until 4 p.m.
The day will be capped — weather permitting — with a star-viewing party at OMSI's east parking lot at 9:30 p.m. OMSI is at 1945 S.E. Water Ave. in Portland.


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|balance of trade|
|economics Compare invisible balance Also called: visible balance the difference in value between total exports and total imports of goods|
|a calculus or concretion found in the stomach or intestines of certain animals, esp. ruminants, formerly reputed to be an effective remedy for poison.|
|a stew of meat, vegetables, potatoes, etc.|
Note: A nation whose imports are worth more than its exports is said to have an unfavorable balance of trade, or to be running a trade deficit.


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The Texas Hornshell (Popenaias popei) is a mussel found in New Mexico and Texas. This freshwater mussel lives in shallow, slow running water in caves and beneath rocks. The Texas hornshell grows up to about four inches long and can live up to 20 years. In 2005, the Texas Hornshell was listed as a candidate for listing under the Endangered Species Act, and in August 2016, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) proposed to list the mussel as endangered. The species has been impacted by sedimentation, loss of flowing water, and impairment of water quality, and include impacts such as stream-diversions for municipalities and agriculture, loss of riparian vegetation from grazing by livestock, and increasing salinity caused by excessive diversion of river water for irrigation.
Where does the Hornshell exist?
According to the Fish and Wildlife Service's species assessment the Texas Hornshell can be found near Big Bend National Park, near Laredo in Webb County, Texas, in the Pecos River near Pandale, Texas, the Devil's River in Val Verde County, Texas, and Eddy County, New Mexico. Today, it is the only native mussel remaining in New Mexico and Texas.
What is being done now to protect the species?
Fish and Wildlife is currently working with stakeholders to develop voluntary conservation agreements to conserve the Texas Hornshell as well as 4 other species. Officials in New Mexico and Texas are currently developing a Candidate Conservation Agreement with Assurances (CCAA) for state and private lands in which participating landowners and companies that implement conservation measures will receive assurances that if the species is listed they will not face additional land management restrictions. Stakeholders are also developing a Candidate Conservation Agreement (CCA), which would implement similar conservation practices on federal lands and minerals in New Mexico. However, this effort is in addition to the numerous laws and regulations that the oil and gas industry follow to ensure its operations are conducted in a manner that protects the environment and surrounding habitat.
Should the Hornshell be listed?
Fish and Wildlife is expected to provide a listing decision on or near August 10, 2017 on the Hornshell. As IPAA laid out in previous 2016 comments on the species, the Service has inadequate data to make a science-based listing determination for the species. As the industry's comments state, "the best scientific data available for a significant portion of the species' range are the surveys conducted in the 1980s, then the Trades believe the requirements of the Act have not been met, and that the Act requires the Service to determine that a listing of the species is not warranted. At a minimum, due to the uncertainty of whether the species is currently found in Mexico, which constitutes a significant portion of the species' range, the Trades contend that there is insufficient data to warrant an endangered listing for the Texas Hornshell."
If new data indicates the species should be listed, the oil and natural gas industry should be treated in an appropriate manner as its operations do not impact the areas where the mussel occurs. Industry practices and the terms and conditions of the permits under which we operate for drilling, production, gathering, and transportation activities set requirements and provide guidelines to prevent this from occurring. In fact, development and water use in Texas and New Mexico is subject to a strict permitting regime that provides the Texas Hornshell and its habitat a level of protection greater than that afforded by the Endangered Species Act.


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Nose Bumps Demystified: Discovering the Causes and Solutions for Clear Skin
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Have you ever looked in the mirror and wondered what on earth that little bump inside your nose is? Don't worry, you're not alone. While it may seem bizarre and even a bit bothersome, there's actually a scientific name for this pesky intruder – the nose inside bump. In this article, we'll dive into the mystery of this tiny lump, explore its potential causes, and discuss whether or not it's something to be concerned about. So, let's dig in and unravel the secrets of our nasal bumps once and for all!
What Causes a Nose Inside Bump?
There's nothing more annoying than a pesky bump hiding inside your nose, making it uncomfortable and even painful at times. So what causes these mysterious nose inside bumps? Let's dig in and find out!
1. Ingrown Hairs: Yes, just like on your legs or face, ingrown hairs can also occur inside your nose. When a hair shaft grows sideways or curls back into the skin, it can lead to a small bump forming. Ouch! Be careful when trimming nose hair to avoid irritation and potential ingrown hairs.
2. Blocked Pores: Our pores can get clogged not only on our face but also within our noses. These plugged pores can be a result of excess oil, dead skin cells, or even bacteria. This blockage can cause a painful bump to form, reminding us to pay attention to our pore health.
3. Folliculitis: Ah, the trouble with hair follicles strikes again. Folliculitis is an inflammation or infection of hair follicles, and it can occur within the nostrils too. This can cause redness, tenderness, and the appearance of small bumps. Keeping your nose clean and avoiding touching it excessively can help prevent this annoyance.
4. Nasal Polyps: Unlike the other possibilities, nasal polyps are not caused by external factors, such as ingrown hairs or blocked pores. These are soft, noncancerous growths that develop on the lining of the nose or sinuses. They can cause a bump-like sensation inside the nose, often accompanied by other symptoms like congestion or a runny nose. If you suspect nasal polyps, it's best to consult a healthcare professional for appropriate treatment.
It's always important to remember that while these are common causes, each individual's situation may vary. If you're experiencing consistent discomfort, swelling, or any concerns about a bump inside your nose, it's best to consult a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and guidance. After all, nobody wants to deal with a bothersome bump cramping their style!
Understanding the Symptoms of a Nose Inside Bump
Have you ever noticed a bump inside your nose? Sometimes, these pesky little bumps can appear out of nowhere and cause discomfort. Don't worry, you're not alone! In this post, we'll dive into the world of nose inside bumps and help you understand their symptoms.
1. Pain and tenderness: One of the most common symptoms of a nose inside bump is pain or tenderness in the affected area. You may feel a constant ache or sharp pain when touching the bump or even when breathing.
2. Swelling and redness: Another telltale sign is the presence of swelling and redness around the bump. The skin inside your nose might appear irritated and inflamed due to the bump's presence.
3. Difficulty breathing: If the bump is large enough, it can obstruct your nasal passage, making it harder to breathe through your nose. You may experience a sensation of nasal congestion or feel like you have a blocked nose.
4. Discharge: Sometimes, a nose inside bump can cause the production of unusual discharge. It can range from clear mucus to yellow or green pus, depending on the underlying cause of the bump.
Remember, these symptoms can vary depending on the cause of the bump, so it's always best to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Don't ignore any persistent discomfort or changes inside your nose, as it's essential to take care of your nasal health.
Effective Treatment Options for a Nose Inside Bump
Dealing with a nose inside bump can be uncomfortable and frustrating, but rest assured, there are effective treatment options available to help you find relief and promote healing. Whether you're dealing with a painful pimple or a nasal polyp, here are some strategies that can help you tackle that troublesome bump.
1. Warm compresses: Applying warm compresses to the affected area can help reduce inflammation and ease any discomfort. Soak a clean cloth in warm water, then gently press it against the bump for 10-15 minutes, a few times a day.
2. Saline nasal rinses: Nasal bumps may be caused by irritation or allergies, leading to congestion and swelling. Using a saline nasal rinse can help flush out irritants and alleviate these symptoms. Mix a teaspoon of salt into a cup of warm water, and use a neti pot or squeeze bottle to gently irrigate your nasal passages.
3. Over-the-counter treatments: Explore the variety of over-the-counter treatment options specifically designed for nasal bumps. Topical creams containing benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid can help reduce inflammation and kill bacteria, especially if you're dealing with a pimple or acne.
4. Antibiotics or antihistamines: In some cases, a nose inside bump may be caused by infection or allergies. If your bump persists or worsens, consult a healthcare professional who may prescribe antibiotics to address an infection or recommend antihistamines to manage allergic reactions.
5. Surgical intervention: When all else fails, surgical intervention may be necessary for more severe or persistent nose inside bumps. Your doctor may suggest procedures such as laser ablation, cauterization, or even complete excision to remove nasal polyps or cysts.
Remember, it's important to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and guidance on the best treatment option for your specific situation. Don't hesitate to seek medical advice, as they can provide personalized recommendations to help you find relief from your nose inside bump.
Preventive Measures to Reduce the Occurrence of a Nose Inside Bump
One of the most uncomfortable and irritating things to deal with is a nose inside bump. If you've ever experienced this, you know the pain it can cause. Thankfully, there are several preventive measures you can take to reduce the occurrence of this pesky problem. Here are some tips and tricks that could help you keep those bumps at bay:
– Keep your nose clean and moisturized: Regularly wash your face with a gentle cleanser and pay special attention to your nose area. Avoid harsh soaps or excessive scrubbing as it can disrupt the natural balance of your skin. After cleansing, apply a gentle moisturizer to keep your skin hydrated and supple.
– Don't pick or squeeze: It can be tempting, but resist the urge to pick or squeeze any bumps that may appear on the inside of your nose. Doing so can introduce bacteria and irritate the area, making the bump worse. Instead, try using a warm compress to reduce inflammation or consult a healthcare professional for advice.
– Avoid irritants: Certain environmental factors can trigger the formation of nose inside bumps. If you're prone to this issue, try to avoid irritants such as dust, smoke, pollen, and harsh chemicals. Consider using air purifiers, keeping your living space clean, and using nasal sprays to alleviate any congestion.
– Maintain a healthy lifestyle: Taking care of your overall health can contribute to reducing the occurrence of nose inside bumps. Make sure to eat a balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals, exercise regularly to improve circulation, and get enough sleep to give your body the rest it needs.
– Seek professional help: If you're constantly struggling with nose inside bumps, it might be wise to seek professional advice. An dermatologist or ENT specialist can examine your condition and provide personalized recommendations tailored to your specific needs. Don't hesitate to turn to them if you face persistent issues.
Remember, everyone's skin is different, so finding what works best for you may require a bit of trial and error. By implementing these preventive measures, you can significantly reduce the occurrence of nose inside bumps and make your life a bit more comfortable. Give them a try and say goodbye to those annoying bumps! Well, now that we've uncovered the truth behind nose bumps, it seems like those little inconveniences aren't quite as mysterious as they once appeared. Whether it's a simple pimple or something more serious like a nasal polyp, understanding the causes and potential treatments can certainly help demystify the situation. Remember, it's always a good idea to consult a healthcare professional if you're experiencing persistent or concerning nose bumps. Taking care of our noses is essential to our overall well-being, so let's keep these bumps at bay and breathe easy!
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The Green Food Project
Securing long term Food Supplies
The Green Food Project is focussed on growing vegetables using an innovative design, Tower Vegetable Gardens (TVGs), that have been developed for use in communities like Ngqushwa where drought limits the ability to people to grow vegetables at all.
The Green Food Project centres on establishing food security, income generation and environmental sustainability
The Green Food Project is centred not only on the establishment of Tower Vegetable Gardens for households, but to turn them into an income generating, green business.
It is focussed on establishing an holistic system where TVGs are combined with seedling nurseries and marketing skills to create food security for communities.
The project combines building the capacity of communities to manage the challenges of climate change, with learning business and horticultural skills and maintaining an sustainable livelihood in rural areas.
The Green Food Project In 4 steps
Step 1: The PWG
As part of Siyakhana, Ubunye's Governance system, Programme Working Groups meet to discuss the challenges in communities and work together on a way forward.
The most critical challenge currently is food security. So together, Ubunye and the communities came up with The Green Food Project - a holistic approach to community food security.
Step 2: Selecting Where?
Two types of location were prioritised for the initial Green Food Project start-ups:
01. ECD centres - where food security could be focused on the most vulnerable - children under 5 years at risk of stunting.
02. Savings & Livelihoods groups - where women could lead in establishing food security in their communities.
Step 3: Getting going
Ubunye staff work with community members to prepare the sites and with the supplies build the Tower Vegetable Gardens and Seedling Nurseries.
At the locations the community learn how to maintain and run the system and are given start-up packs of vegetable seedlings and seeds.
Step 4: Establishing the circle
Ubunye staff coach and mentor the community to replenish the TVGs with the seedlings, harvest and market the surplus vegetables for sale locally and set up their green business.
The goal is to ensure a constant supply of vegetables for their own use and supply of surplus vegetables to the local community, and generation of enough funds through selling this surplus to buy food staples like flour, oil, salt etc. and more seeds where required.
Is this something you would like to be part of?
Do you want to make a difference?
Come & join in!
Donation of the items needed to start up The Green Food Project at each location:
Seedling and start-up compost
Donate funds to ensure that 64 more communities, in Ngqushwa have access to fresh vegetables, 211 families and 45 ECD centres are self sufficient in food and able to generate income to cover the cost of other food supplies.
Thank you for your support!
WHAT DO WE COMMIT TO DELIVER
A direct link for you to see what your support is achieving. through blogs, live links, and opportunities to visit the Project areas.
Train, mentor and establish long term entrepreneurial skills amongst women enabling them to generate a sustainable income, sustainable food supplies for their family and community.
Ensure implementation of community food security in Wards 7, 9 and 10 of Ngqushwa Municipality covering a population of around 32,000 people including 13 000 children under the age of 5 years.
Oversee the establishment of approximately 256 permanent Green Food Businesses which will include TVG vegetable production and sale and seedling nurseries and sale.


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Red Blood Cell Morphology Case Simulator
Twenty-five case studies to teach identification hypochromasia, macrocytes, microcytes, Pappenheimer bodies, platelet clumps, polychromasia, schistocytes, sickle cells, spherocytes, target cells, teardrop cells, and more.
White Blood Cell Case Simulator
Twenty-five expert-reviewed differentials, each with 100 slide images. Cells include segmented neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, blasts, myelocytes, band neutrophils, nucleated red blood cells, eosinophils, metamyelocytes, basophils, reactive lymphocytes, and promyelocytes.
Advanced WBC Case Simulator
Twelve expert-reviewed differentials, each with 100 slide images, focusing on more advanced identification skills, including leukemias.
Body Fluid Case Simulator
Thirty peritoneal and pleural fluid expert-reviewed cases, each with images of hemocytometer, cytospin slides, unknown nucleated cell identification, cell count calculation exercises, and review videos.
Urinalysis Case Simulator
Thirty expert-reviewed cases, each with 50 slide images. Cases include casts, crystals, and more.


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was originally made from a horse head for
the body, horse skin for the resonator, and horse hair for the strings
and bow. The music played upon this instrument is of great variety
and virtuosity. Much of the music typically sounds like human voice,
and can imitate a horse to such an extent as real such as galloping
horse, the whinnying, etc. The modern Morin Khur has a wooden body
and soundboard, 2 horse hair strings, and has a rich warm tone and
very beautiful sound. The peghead is decorated with a detailed carving
of a horse's head.
Yang-Qin or Chinese dulcimer
is a Chinese hammered dulcimer with a near-squared soundboard. The
instrument is very similar to Santur, played with two bamboo sticks.
In Chinese, most of the stringed instruments are called "qin"()
with few exceptions that are named differently, for instance,
erhu is often called Huqin ).


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A calculation of the fluxes of primary particles arriving to the Earth's vi
cinity as well as those produced in the interactions of the primaries with
the atmosphere is presented. The result of calculations is compared with th
e experimental data obtained with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS). A
good agreement of calculated and measured fluxes of charged particles suppo
rts the viability of the atmospheric neutrino flux calculation. (C) 2001 Pu
blished by Elsevier Science B.V.


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pp 825-827 December 2013 Commentary
pp 829-833 December 2013 Brief communication
Animals often evaluate the degree of risk posed by a predator and respond accordingly. Since many predators orient their eyes towards prey while attacking, predator gaze and directness of approach could serve as conspicuous indicators of risk to prey. The ability to perceive these cues and discriminate between high and low predation risk should benefit prey species through both higher survival and decreased energy expenditure. We experimentally examined whether Indian rock lizards (Psammophilus dorsalis) can perceive these two indicators of predation risk by measuring the variation in their fleeing behaviour in response to type of gaze and approach by a human predator. Overall, we found that the gaze and approach of the predator influenced flight initiation distance, which also varied with attributes of the prey (i.e. size/sex and tail-raise behaviour). Flight initiation distance (FID) was 43% longer during direct approaches with direct gaze compared with tangential approaches with averted gaze. In further, exploratory, analyses, we found that FID was 23% shorter for adult male lizards than for female or young male (FYM) lizards. In addition, FYM lizards that showed a tail-raise display during approach had a 71% longer FID than those that did not. Our results suggest that multiple factors influence the decision to flee in animals. Further studies are needed to test the generality of these factors and to investigate the proximate mechanisms underlying flight decisions.
pp 835-844 December 2013 Articles
Quorum sensing (QS) plays an important role in virulence, biofilm formation and survival of many pathogenic bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This signalling pathway is considered as novel and promising target for anti-infective agents. In the present investigation, effect of the Sub-MICs of clove oil on QS regulated virulence factors and biofilm formation was evaluated against P. aeruginosa PAO1 and Aeromonas hydrophila WAF-38 strain. Sub-inhibitory concentrations of the clove oil demonstrated statistically significant reduction of lasand rhl-regulated virulence factors such as LasB, total protease, chitinase and pyocyanin production, swimming motility and exopolysaccharide production. The biofilm forming capability of PAO1 and A. hydrophila WAF-38 was also reduced in a concentration-dependent manner at all tested sub-MIC values. Further, the PAO1-preinfected Caenorhabditis elegans displayed an enhanced survival when treated with 1.6% v/v of clove oil. The above findings highlight the promising anti-QS-dependent therapeutic function of clove oil against P. aeruginosa.
pp 845-855 December 2013 Articles
Internal mobility of the two domain molecule of ribosome recycling factor (RRF) is known to be important for its action. Mycobacterium tuberculosis RRF does not complement E. coli for its deficiency of RRF (in the presence of E. coli EF-G alone). Crystal structure had revealed higher rigidity of the M. tuberculosis RRF due to the presence of additional salt bridges between domains. Two inter-domain salt bridges and one between the linker region and the domain containing C-terminal residues were disrupted by appropriate mutations. Except for a C-terminal deletion mutant, all mutants showed RRF activity in E. coli when M. tuberculosis EF-G was also co-expressed. The crystal structures of the point mutants, that of the C-terminal deletion mutant and that of the protein grown in the presence of a detergent, were determined. The increased mobility resulting from the disruption of the salt bridge involving the hinge region allows the appropriate mutant to weakly complement E. coli for its deficiency of RRF even in the absence of simultaneous expression of the mycobacterial EF-G. The loss of activity of the C-terminal deletion mutant appears to be partly due to the rigidification of the molecule consequent to changes in the hinge region.
pp 857-866 December 2013 Articles
The Klenow fragment (KF) has been used to make the blunt end as a tool enzyme. Its 5′-3′ polymerase activity can extend the 5′ overhanging sticky end to the blunt end, and 3′-5′ exonuclease activity can cleave the 3′ overhanging sticky end to the blunt end. The blunt end is useful for cloning. Here, we for the first time determined that a sticky end can be made by using the 3′-5′ exonuclease activity of KF. We found that KF can cleave the blunt end into certain sticky ends under controlled conditions. We optimized enzyme cleavage conditions, and characterized the cleaved sticky ends to be mainly 2 nt 5′ overhang. By using these sticky ends, we realized ligation reaction in vitro, and accomplished cloning short oligonucleotides directionally with high cloning efficiency. In some cases, this method can provide sticky end fragments in large scale for subsequent convenient cloning at low cost.
pp 867-876 December 2013 Articles
Expression of 𝛽1,6-branched N-linked oligosaccharides have a definite association with invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. However, the mechanism by which these oligosaccharides regulate these processes is not well understood. Invasive variants of B16 murine melanoma, B16F10 (parent) and B16BL6 (highly invasive variant) cell lines have been used for these studies. We demonstrate that substitution of 𝛼2,6-linked sialic acids on multiantennary structures formed as a result of 𝛽1,6-branching modulate cellular adhesion on both extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement membrane (BM) components. Removal of 𝛼2,6 sialic acids either by enzymatic desialylation or by stably down-regulating the ST6Gal-I (enzyme that catalyses the addition of 𝛼2,6-linked sialic acids on N-linked oligosaccharides) by lentiviral driven shRNA decreased the adhesion on both ECM and BM components and invasion through reconstituted BM matrigel.
pp 877-886 December 2013 Articles
We sought to clarify the involvement and the intra-cerebral distribution variability of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), a representative molecule related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced cell death signalling pathways, in neuronal death resulting from status epilepticus in rats. The expression patterns of CHOP and glucose-regulated protein (GRP) 78, a good marker of ER stress, were assessed by Western blotting, real-time PCR, Hoechst and immunohistochemistry in the hippocampus, cortex and striatum on a status epilepticus (SE) model. Double-fluorescent staining of CHOP and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated DNA nick-end labelling (TUNEL) method were performed to clarify the involvement of CHOP in cell death. SE resulted in a time-dependent increase in the expression of GRP78 and CHOP. The expression of GRP78 protein was increased at 3, 6 and 12 h after SE and no brain region variability was found. The expression of CHOP protein was also increased, reached its peak at 24 h and remained high at 48 h. CHOP protein expression, however, showed brain region variability with highest expression noted in the hippocampus followed by the striatum, and lowest in the cortex. The up-regulation of CHOP occurring at the transcriptional level was demonstrated by real-time PCR. Double fluorescence showed that CHOP expression strongly correlated with neurons undergoing apoptosis. The results indicated that SE compromises the function of the ER and that the hippocampus is more vulnerable than the cortex and the striatum.
pp 887-892 December 2013 Articles
Globalization and women empowerment have led to stressful life among Indian women. This stress impairs women's hormonal makeup and menstrual cycle, leading to infertility. National Family Health Survey-3 (NFHS-3) reports a decline in fertility status in India, indicating a rise in various infertility treatments involving hormonal interventions. No studies are available from India on the risk association link between maternal hormonal treatments and ASD. Hence, this study explores the association of maternal hormonal interventions with risk for ASD. Parents of 942 children (471 ASD and 471 controls) across 9 cities in India participated in the questionnaire-based study. The questionnaire was pilot tested and validated for its content and reliability as a psychometric instrument. Data collection was done at 70 centres through direct interaction with parents and with the help of trained staff. Statistical analysis of data was carried out using SAS 9.1.3. Out of the 471 ASD cases analysed, 58 mothers had undergone hormonal interventions (12.3%) while there were only 22 mothers among controls who underwent hormonal interventions (4.6%). According to logistic regression analysis maternal hormonal intervention (OR=2.24) was a significant risk factor for ASD.
pp 893-897 December 2013 Articles
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a disease induced by complex interactions between environmental factors and certain genetic factors. Genetic variants in the Adenosine Binding Cassette Transporter Proteins 1 (ABCA1) have been associated with abnormalities of serum lipid levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C). Decreased serum levels of HDL-C have often been observed in T2DM cases, and this condition has been considered to be involved in the mechanism of insulin


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In the Gregorian calendar,the White Dew usually falls around September 7, and more often refers in particular to the day when the sun is exactly at the celestial longitude of 165°. It is the day when the temperature drops sharply, the rain never stops, and the duration of the sunshine decreases substantially. Therefore, the date reflects the transition from summer to autumn. Normally, a period of cloudy and rainy weather occurs after White Dew.
During the White Dew, there are different weather conditions in different parts of China. In the north, the hot summer has ended, dew begins to fall, wild geese begin to migrate to the south, and birds begin to stock food for the long winter. Yet, it may still be very hot in the south. The Yangtze River and Huaihe River valleys are usually very humid during this period. Customs related to the White Dew also vary greatly from one area to another. For example, people in Fuzhou Fujian Province often eat longans to build up their health on this day while residents living around Taihu Lake in Anhui Province hold a ceremony to worship Yu the Great (the legendary founder of the Xia Dynasty and the ancient hero who successfully controlled floods).


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Excel - Movie Expenses for Two
Create an Excel Chart Showing Movie Expenses for Two
Instructions: A student and a family member go to the movies and buy two movie tickets along with some food and drinks. Students should select as many items as they can from the Mega Movies menu and price list without spending more than $55.00. Students create a spreadsheet using the items and prices chosen from the list. Students use a formula (SUM) to calculate the total cost. Students create a chart illustrating their movie expenses.
Mega Movies Menu and Price List:
Excel - Movie Expenses Chart - Finished Example
Excel Spreadsheet Rubric for Grading Assignments:
Make a Chart in Excel - A Two Minute Tutorial
This video shows you how to make a chart like the one in this assignment. It shows you how to increase the font size, widen a column, merge and center the title, format numbers with the dollar sign, total a column of numbers with autosum, create the chart, and change the colors of the chart column bars.
This video is available in HD.
For PC's and Microsoft Office


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Sunday, May 1, 2011
21. How to measure easily the negativity and the positivity of our thinking.
Our thinking is reflected in our language. And if we trace the number of negative words versus positive words about a situation we can easily derive a measure. The dictionaries give for example that in the English language there are almost 10 time more words describing negative emotions that words describing positive emotions. This is obviously due to the hard experiences that humans had in maybe hundreds or thousand years before, when the languages were formed.
But if you as a person in a modern world you want to live in an environment of thoughts and words fitting your current level of evolution then certainly you must be very careful with the balance of negative and positive words or phrases about situations, persons, yourself, society, physical reality etc. Positive words may help the health, negative words may be like vampires to your health and other people's health that you discuss with an maybe insidious poison.


How to roleplay a Death Knight
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How to Roleplay a Death Knight
So, you want to RP the warriors of death that instill fear into the living? There are a few things you should consider.
1.Which Generation of Death Knight are you? (There are commonly 3 but a fourth is possible.)
2.Is it possible and likely that your race would become a Death Knight during that generation?
3.Why would your Death Knight wander in society?
The Generations of Death Knights
Death Knights come in different varieties. The first generation being the death knights of Gul'dan who were made from Orc souls infused in Stormwindian knights bodies. The second generation being the Death Knights corrupted by the Scourge during Arthas' rampage before he became the lich king. And the third generation is the Death Knights of Acherus, hinted in the game to be former Argent Dawn Members, but your backstory can be whatever you want, as long as it works. The possible fourth generation that was mentioned, was discovered during Eastern Plaguelands when Gidwin Goldbraids was kidnapped and almost turned into a death knight by some higher ranking remaining scourge. Aurius Rivendare fits into this category.
How the Death Knights Act
Despite popular belief, Death Knights are not cold, cruel, mindless beings. Take Thassarian for example. Death Knights are in most ways exactly how they were before they became what they are now. They search for a purpose, now that the Lich King is dead, but it's not hard to find one with the current conflicts going on between the Alliance and the Horde.
Death Knights are normally solitary in nature but might summon a minion if they prefer a pawn to use. Death Knights have varying morals, some willing to raise even the most holy of paladins from the grave as their minion.
Unique Qualities of Death Knights
The first generation's abilities are undefined as far as their necromantic powers, the second generation pretty much shares the same powers as the first generation. The Fourth generation possibly different powers.
A unique quality of generation three is that they require a Runeblade to use their magic, contrary to game mechanics a Runeblade is necessary for all their powers. And the saronite armor they don is mostly unpierceable (See Adamantine) and can absorb magics and reflect them back after awhile, this armor is exclusive only to the Undead who can resist Yogg'Saron's whispers. Death Knights have a constant addiction to slaughter and hurt others, sadism a common trait in their kind.
Generation two and four Death Knights do not require a runeblade to use their powers. Generation Three Death Knights need the Runes in their Runeblades to use their powers, although game mechanics doesn't show it. Razuvious tells you a Death Knight can't fight without his Runeblade. This is mainly because third generation Death Knights use Vrykul Rune Magic, while second generation Death Knight use Necromancy, Shadow, Blood or Frost magic.
Anyway, some generation two Death Knights (Those who got a Vampiric Runeblade) are extremely weaker without their Runeblade, as it stores their soul and power. This is the case of Arthas, but not all of generation two Death Knights use this kind of Runeblade or a runeblade at all.
Contrary to belief (Mostly due to game mechanics), Death Knights are Undead and cannot be living for long using their dark powers. Those who take up the Runeblade and use its powers eventually lose their lives to the dark magics and become Undead, as Arthas lost his soul to Frostmourne and was turned Undead. The other way a Death Knight could become a Death Knight other than to become Undead from corruption, is to be killed and raised by a powerful necromancer into a Death Knight. As Death Knights you can manipulate the life you siphon from others to make undead minions or pull your enemies to you, or just strangle them. The Death Knight being Undead is immune to effects of poison, disease, bleeding, as you need to be living in order for those things to really affect you. Death Knights also have a vulnerability to light and holy land as shown at Light's Hope Chapel where the land weakened the Death Knights of Acherus.
Death Knights usually have allegiance to the leader of their current faction. Those free from the scourge or Old Horde likely suit their own needs and crush all opposition, Death Knights when it comes to authority can range from devout to possibly traitorous and as far as personality range from irritable to cold and rational.
Death Knights of the third generation are all the humanoid races. Each one being either a member of the Argent Dawn or a former warrior of the Horde or Alliance, or any other threat to the Scourge. The 2nd Generation consists of only humans and a few high elves or Dwarfs. The first of only human (Orc soul) knights.
The Worgen Death Knights are the former minions of Arugal who fled from him only to die by the hands of the scourge and be raised into their armies, but these are a rare commodity among the Death Knights, not being as abundant as the other races to be turned. Also, Pandaren Death Knights are extremely rare, as only a few of them were traveling around the world before the Lich King (Athas) was defeated.
Death Knights typically have pallid skin and eyes of varying colours, from grey to black to blue. The first generation have red or grey or black, the second generation typically green, to black, to blue. The third generation typically has only blue eyes. Dwarf death knight would usually have blue facial and scalp hair.


// Created by Mauricio Santos on 2/19/15. // Copyright (c) 2015 Mauricio Santos. All rights reserved. // import Foundation /// A simple directed graph: that is, one with no loops (edges /// connected at both ends to the same vertex) and no more than one edge /// in the same direction between any two different vertices. /// All vertices in the graph are unique. /// The preferred way to insert vertices and edges is using subscript notation. Example: /// 'graph["NY", "Boston"] = distance' /// /// Conforms to 'SequenceType'. public struct Graph<Vertex: Hashable, Edge> { private typealias GraphNode = VertexNode<Vertex, Edge> // MARK: Creating a Graph /// Creates an empty graph. public init() {} // MARK: Querying a Graph /// Number of vertices stored in the graph. public var count: Int { return nodes.count } /// Returns 'true' if and only if 'count == 0'. public var isEmpty: Bool { return count == 0 } /// Returns 'true' if every pair of distinct vertices is connected by a /// unique edge (one in each direction). public var isComplete: Bool { return !nodes.values.contains { $0.adjacencyList.count != count - 1 } } /// Returns 'true' if there's not a path starting and ending /// at the same vertex. public var isAcyclic: Bool { var visited = Set<GraphNode>() for sourceNode in nodes.values { var path = [Vertex]() for neighbor in sourceNode.successors { if containsPathFrom(neighbor, to: sourceNode, visited: &visited, path: &path) { return false } } } return true } /// Returns the vertices stored in the graph. public var vertices: Set<Vertex> { return Set(nodes.keys) } /// Returns the edges stored in the graph. public var edges: [Edge] { var edges = [Edge]() for node in nodes.values { edges += node.edges } return edges } /// Returns 'true' if the graph contains the given vertex. public func containsVertex(vertex: Vertex) -> Bool { return nodes[vertex] != nil } /// Returns 'true' if the graph contains an edge from 'source' to 'destination'. /// Subscript notation is preferred. public func containsEdgeFrom(source: Vertex, to destination: Vertex) -> Bool { return edgeFrom(source, to: destination) != nil } /// Returns the edge connecting 'source' to 'destination' if it exists. /// Subscript notation is preferred. public func edgeFrom(source: Vertex, to destination: Vertex) -> Edge? { if let sourceNode = nodes[source], destinationNode = nodes[destination] { return sourceNode.edgeConnectingTo(destinationNode) } return nil } /// Returns the set of direct successors of the given vertex. An empty set /// is returned if the vertex does not exist. public func neighbors(source: Vertex) -> Set<Vertex> { if let node = nodes[source] { return Set(node.successors.map{$0.data}) } return [] } /// Returns an array of vertices representing a path from 'source' to 'destination', if it exists. /// /// - returns: An array containing at least two vertices ('source' and 'destination') or an empty array. public func pathFrom(source: Vertex, to destination: Vertex) -> [Vertex] { if let sourceNode = nodes[source], destinationNode = nodes[destination] { var path = [Vertex]() var visited = Set<GraphNode>() for successor in sourceNode.successors { if containsPathFrom(successor, to: destinationNode, visited: &visited, path: &path) { return [source] + path } } } return [] } /// Returns a generator iterating over the vertices in the specified order starting at the given vertex. /// Valid options are .DepthFirst and .BreadthFirst. /// /// The generator never returns the same vertex more than once. public func generateAt(source: Vertex, order: GraphTraversalOrder) -> AnyGenerator<Vertex> { if let sourceNode = nodes[source] { let nextNode: () -> GraphNode? let visitEventually: (GraphNode) -> Void switch order { case .DepthFirst: var nextVertices = Stack<GraphNode>() nextNode = {nextVertices.pop()} visitEventually = {nextVertices.push($0)} case .BreadthFirst: var nextVertices = Queue<GraphNode>() nextNode = {nextVertices.dequeue()} visitEventually = {nextVertices.enqueue($0)} } return vertexGenerator(sourceNode, nextNode: nextNode, visitEventually: visitEventually) } return anyGenerator(EmptyGenerator()) } // MARK: Adding and Removing Elements // Gets, sets, or deletes an edge between vertices. // The vertices are inserted if they don't exist in the graph, except when removing. public subscript(source: Vertex, destination: Vertex) -> Edge? { get { return edgeFrom(source, to: destination) } set { if let newValue = newValue { insertEdge(newValue, from: source, to: destination) } else { removeEdgeFrom(source, to: destination) } } } /// Inserts the given vertex to the graph if it doesn't exist. public mutating func insertVertex(vertex: Vertex) { if !containsVertex(vertex) { copyMyself() nodes[vertex] = GraphNode(vertex) } } /// Removes and returns the given vertex from the graph if it was present. public mutating func removeVertex(vertex : Vertex) -> Vertex? { if containsVertex(vertex) { copyMyself() let value = nodes.removeValueForKey(vertex)?.data for other in nodes.keys { removeEdgeFrom(other, to: vertex) } return value } return nil } /// Connects two vertices with the given edge. If an edge already exists, it is replaced. /// Subscript notation is preferred. public mutating func insertEdge(edge: Edge, from source: Vertex, to destination: Vertex) { if source == destination { fatalError("Simple graphs can't have edges connected at both ends to the same vertex.") } copyMyself() insertVertex(source) insertVertex(destination) removeEdgeFrom(source, to: destination) nodes[source]?.connectTo(nodes[destination]!, withEdge: edge) } /// Removes and returns the edge connecting the given vertices if it exists. public mutating func removeEdgeFrom(source: Vertex, to destination: Vertex) -> Edge? { if containsVertex(source) && containsVertex(destination) { copyMyself() return nodes[source]!.removeConnectionTo(nodes[destination]!) } return nil } /// Removes all vertices and edges from the graph, and by default /// clears the underlying storage buffer. public mutating func removeAll(keepCapacity keep: Bool = true) { nodes.removeAll(keepCapacity: keep) } // MARK: Private Properties and Helper Methods /// Adjacency lists graph representation. private var nodes = [Vertex: GraphNode]() /// Unique identifier to perform copy-on-write. private var tag = Tag() /// Finds a path from 'source' to 'destination' recursively. private func containsPathFrom(source: GraphNode, to destination: GraphNode, inout visited: Set<GraphNode> , inout path: [Vertex]) -> Bool { if visited.contains(source) { return false } visited.insert(source) path.append(source.data) if source == destination { return true } for vertex in source.successors { if containsPathFrom(vertex, to: destination, visited: &visited, path: &path) { return true } } path.removeLast() return false } /// Returns a generator over the vertices starting at the given node. /// The generator never returns the same vertex twice. /// Using nextVertex and visitEventually allows you to specify the order of traversal.


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If the Reynolds number is small enough (Re<<1), then two fluids can flow in parallel in direct contact, exchanging momentum and species only by diffusion. If the interface is
stable, then this system can be used as a filter. In this problem, the flow fields in both fluids are found.
2008 Carlos Martinez and Matthew John M. Krane
Difficulty level: Junior; Solution time: 1 hour; Reference: J. P. Brody,et al., "Biotechnology at Low Reynolds Numbers," Biophysical Journal., v.719, pp. 3430-3441,