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Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
Department of Anthropology
Arctic Studies Center
ARCTIC CRASHES is a cross-disciplinary research project with multiple scientific and social perspectives. The idea of this ambitious undertaking is to combine these perspectives to get a more congruent and comprehensive idea of the forces at work in interactions between different organisms in various arctic ecosystems. The understanding gained from ARCTIC CRASHES will be theoretical and practical, as well as historical and applicable to current needs.
In the past, conflicting interpretations of population crashes have been expressed by polar indigenous people, environmentalists, commercial hunters, biologists, and government conservation agencies. By combining disciplines and perspectives, ARCTIC CRASHES aims to create a more unified point of view of population change and the human-animal-habitat relationship.
Anthropology, the study of humankind, social and biological science: Drs. Crowell, Fitzhugh, Krupnik, and Loring will provide the anthropological perspective for ARCTIC CRASHES. By studying archeological sites dating back over the last 1000 years, the team will gain an understanding of the patterns and frequency of population fluctuations amongst arctic indigenous people. The anthropological perspective will play a key role in understanding the nature of human-animal relationships and their impact on population crashes.
Botany, the study of plant life, physical science: Dr. Adey will provide the marine botanical and paleo-environmental perspective for ARCTIC CRASHES. Studying the cycles of plant life recorded in coralline algae in the arctic over the period of study provides important insight into the habitat and ocean climate history that affected human and animal populations
Paleobiology, the study of fossils and current life, physical science: Dr. Pyenson will provide the biological and paleontological perspectives for ARCTIC CRASHES. It is necessary to analyze fossil records to understand population cycles, since the scale of ARCTIC CRASHES stretches far beyond the record of modern study and indigenous testimony. Knowledge of fluctuations from 1000 years ago and earlier is essential in determining whether current fluctuations are unprecedented and caused by modern influences as opposed to natural occurrences.
Vertebrate Zoology, the study of backboned animals, physical science: Dr. Wilson will provide zoological perspective for ARCTIC CRASHES. Zoology will provide information on the animal side of the human-animal-habitat relationship. The dynamics of large arctic mammal populations are especially important, since they are essential to the subsistence of arctic people.
Science History, humanities: Dr. Madison will provide the history of science perspective for ARCTIC CRASHES. In order to create new research synergies among different disciplines, it is important to understand past methodologies and ways of thinking. Participation of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service will help us understand management regimes and preservation efforts.
Environmental Studies, humanities: Dr. Ray will provide the ES perspective for ARCTIC CRASHES. Environmental studies are especially important for understanding population trends given the new paradigm of thinking that is prevalent among environmentalists. The return of the 'extinction paradigm' puts greater emphasis on human-induced climate change as a determining factor in the habitat-human-animal relationship. Creating a consensus on the impact of human-induced and natural climate change on arctic populations is a primary goal of ARCTIC CRASHES.
Indigenous Perspective: One of the innovations of ARCTIC CRASHES is the project's reliance on indigenous knowledge testimony to gain a broader perspective on understanding the causation and consequences of animal population trends in both the terrestrial and marine arctic ecosystems. Laboratory science cannot give us the same in-depth perspective of these 'full-time ecologists' who, as a community, constantly dedicate their time to understanding their environment and the species that constitute their ecosystems.
Content prepared by Joshua Fiacco
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text:
Have you ever wonderedthat there are dinosaurs that thrived in the whole world but non in India? Then let me tell you-There are some fearsome and powerful dinosaurs ( not only herbivores, Carnivores too!) that thrived in India. One of them is the Rajasaurus, Raja means Rex/King and Saurus means Reptiles/Lizards, technically it's king lizard. It was one of the largest carnivorous dinosaur found in India! It was about 25 to 30 feet (7.6 to 9 meters) long, and about 8 feet (2.4 meters) tall. It fed upon carnivorous dinosaurs like Compsosuchus and Pradhania, and some herbivorous dinosaurs such as Kotasaurus, Isisaurus and Barapasaurus.
Rajasaurs had a real tough timedealing with some dinosaurs such as Orthogoniosaurus, Dahalokely and Indosuchus for food and territory. There were some dinosaurs like Dravidosaurusthe true relative of Stegosaurus and also the Brachypodosaurus-the Indian Ankylosaurus,which could take the head out of the Rajasaurus in just one swipe.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Nutrition, Science
Exploding Milk Bottles! When Ice and Dairy collide…
Sub-zero temperatures can be hazardous. If frostbite, hypothermia and road accidents weren't bad enough; now our milk bottles are exploding!
In a previous post, Ruth wanted to know the answer to her milk bottle saga:
Sweet-tasting cream erupting from a bottle of milk!
"My milk was frozen this morning so that the cream erupted out of the bottle in a column. I see why that happened but why did this bit of cream taste really sweet?"
After promising to investigate and learning about the science behind a simple bottle of milk, it seems Ruth has discovered an ingenious way to get naturally sweet cream…
What happens when you freeze milk?
Milk is mostly water, so when it turns into ice (at about -0.5 degrees C) it expands as it freezes. So if the bottle is pretty full then an eruption is likely…
Water expands by about 10% when it freezes, which is why frozen pipes tend to burst!
Milk isn't just water though; it contains fats, proteins and sugar (lactose). If you've ever made an olive oil salad dressing, then you will know that fats (oil) and water don't like to mix. It is the same with the milk fats: They help to give milk its nice white colour and they are dissolved, but only just. If you freeze milk slowly, then as the water turns to ice the fats 'condense' out and rise to the top as cream.
Fat is suspended in milk as microscopic globules. When milk freezes slowly, the globules come together as cream
So why did Ruth's cream taste so sweet?
Why does frozen cream taste sweet?
Ruth's main question had me stumped: milk contains sugar (called lactose) but why would the cream taste particularly sweet? Well, I eventually found the answer in a 1935 research paper where researchers in Washington, USA devoted months of research to what finding out all the different things that happen to milk when you freeze it!
Those of you who have sugar in your tea will testify: sugar mixes and dissolves well in water with a bit of a stir. The sugar in milk (lactose) is a bit different, and doesn't dissolve in water as well.
Lactose (milk sugar): Looks like normal sugar but doesn't dissolve well
So, in the same way cream separates from milk when freezing, so does the sugar. The researchers found that cream from frozen milk had sucked up lots of lactose from the milk and so tasted sweet!
Is it safe to freeze milk?
If you forego the risks associated with potentially exploding milk bottles, drinking milk that has been frozen is perfectly safe. If you fancy stock-piling a few bottles of milk for a rainy day, then freezing is good way of stopping it going off. If you freeze it quickly, it is less likely to separate. But when it is defrosted, a good shake will mix the cream and the liquid back together again, giving you the perfect accompaniment to your morning Cheerios!
Another danger of milk delivered to your front door
Read More:
Advice on freezing milk from the Food Standards Agency
Guidance on storing and freezing breast milk
Read all about the Chemistry and Physics of Milk!
Web, BH and Hall, SA. (1935) Some Physical Effects of Freezing upon Milk and Cream. Journal of Dairy Science Volume 18, Issue 5, Pages 275-286
About Stuart Farrimond
5 thoughts on "Exploding Milk Bottles! When Ice and Dairy collide…
 1. Thanks Dr Stu,
 I was thinking is this a way to make lactose free milk for people who are lactose intolerant? Happy Christmas. Ruthie
 Posted by Ruth Behan | December 23, 2010, 12:09 pm
 - It could be… but it probably wouldn't get rid of all the lactose. You can buy lactose-free dairy milk. They get rid of the lactose by adding an enzyme to break it down into simple sugar. The enzyme they add is the same one that is missing in people who are lactose intollerant (lactase) – so it should have exactly the same nutritional benefits as normal milk (Apparently, it makes the milk taste a bit sweeter).
 Posted by Stuart Farrimond | December 29, 2010, 10:50 am
 2. Dr Stu，
 Could you please tell me if these's any sucrose and fructose in milk？Thanks a lot
 Posted by NanZhang | October 31, 2012, 9:16 am
 - Hi there – thanks for the question.
 In a word, no.
 The main sugar in milk is lactose. There are minute traces of other sugars (e.g. glucose). Fructose comes from plants (fruits and vegetables). Sucrose is present in fruit and vegetables, but is principally isolated from sugar cane and sugar beets.
 Lactose is actually a disaccharide – meaning it is made of two, more basic, sugars. When digested, it is broken down into glucose and galactose.
 Hope that answers your question!
 Posted by Stuart Farrimond | October 31, 2012, 6:53 pm
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Water Sensor Circuit with Alarm
If you are looking for a Water level indicator or a Water level controller, there are pretty good circuits we have developed. This one is just a fun project made for hobby purpose! You can call this a water sensor circuit for sure!
This is a simple musical alarm circuit which produces a musical tone when water or some conducting liquid comes in contact with the two sensor wires provided. The circuit is based on four transistors and one melody generator IC (M 3482).
When water comes in contact with the sensors wires A & B, the base of Q1 gets connected with the negative and it conducts. This makes Q2 and Q3 ON. When Q3 is ON the power is available for the music generator circuit and it starts producing 12 different melodies one after another. The music continues as long as there is water between the sensor wires. The POT R12 can be used as a volume controller.
Circuit diagram with Parts list.
- Assemble the circuit on a good quality PCB or common board.
- Two insulated aluminum wires can be used as the sensor.
- The IC1 must be mounted on an IC holder.
- The speaker can be a 8 Ohm, ½ W tweeter.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


U'} \simeq G_{U'}$ whose specialization at any $g' \in U'(k)$ is right-translation on $G$ by the corresponding point $g \in U(k)$. Suppose ${\rm{char}}(k) = 0$, so $U' = U$ and the composite morphism $${\rm{pr}}_1 \circ \rho:G \times U \rightarrow G$$ on $k$-points is the group law restricted to $U(k)$ in the 2nd variable. For any $g \in G(k)$ the right translation morphism $\rho_g$ carries $U$ to another open subscheme $\rho_g(U)$, and I claim that these opens cover $G$. It suffices to check the covering property on $k$-points, so for $h \in G(k)$ we seek $g \in G(k)$ such that $h \in \rho_g(U)$, or equivalently $hg^{-1} \in U(k)$. Pick any $u \in U(k)$ and let $g = u^{-1}h$. This proves the covering property, and the multiplication map $G(k) \times U(k)g \rightarrow G(k)$ arises from a morphism, namely the composition of ${\rm{pr}}_1 \circ \rho$ and the morphism $\rho_g$. We conclude (in char. 0) that the group law on $G(k)$ is induced by a morphism $G \times G \rightarrow G$.
Now we can deduce in char. 0 that inversion is a morphism (so we have a group variety), even though we never used the left-translation or inversion conditions. Indeed, the "universal right-translation" $G \times G \rightarrow G \times G$ defined by $(x,y) \mapsto (xy,y)$ between fppf $G$-schemes (via ${\rm{pr}}_2$) is a scheme isomorphism between fibers over all points in $G(k)$ and therefore is a scheme isomorphism (by fibral isomorphism criteria, adapted to the peculiarities of $k$-points when $k$ is alg. closed). This yields the morphism property for inversion for free! This was a char-free argument, but it required the composition law to be a morphism. Anyway, char. 0 is now settled.
Assume ${\rm{char}}(k) = p > 0$, so for sufficiently large $n \ge 0$ the finite flat $n$-fold relative Frobenius morphism $G^{(1/p^n)} \rightarrow G$ of $G^{(1/p^n)}$ dominates $U'$ over $U$ (namely, pick $n \ge 0$ so that the finite purely inseparable extension $F/k(G)$ is contained inside $k(G)^{1/p^n}$). Since the initial choice of $F$ could be replaced with a finite purely inseparable extension at the outset if we wish, we may therefore assume that $U'$ is open inside $G^{(1/p^n)}$. Using a covering and translation argument similar to characteristic 0, we arrive at a morphism $$m_r:G \times G^{(1/p^n)} \rightarrow G$$ that recovers the given group law on $k$-points via the natural identification of $G^{(1/p^n)}(k)$ with $G(k)$ (for some $n \ge 0$). Our problem is precisely to show that $m_r$ factors (in the sense of morphisms of varieties) through the $n$-fold relative Frobenius morphism in the 2nd variable.
Now we shall use that left-translations are morphisms too. At the cost of increasing our $n$ if necessary, we can run through the same arguments with "left" instead of "right" to arrive at another morphism $$m_{\ell}:G^{(1/p^n)} \times G \rightarrow G$$ which recovers the given group law on $k$-points (with the same $n$).
Returning to our task of checking that $m_r$ factors through the appropriate iterated Frobenius in the 2nd variable, since that iterated Frobenius is fppf (as $G$ is smooth!) we conclude via fppf descent that it is harmless to check the existence of such a factorization after precomposing $m_r$ with an fppf morphism in the first variable. So let's compose with the same iterated Frobenius in the first variable, arriving at a morphism $$G^{(1/p^n)} \times G^{(1/p^n)} \rightarrow G$$ that recovers the composition law of $G(k)$ on $k$-points. It suffices to show that this latter map factors through the $n$-fold Frobenius in its 2nd variable, but this factorization is clear: it is the composition of $m_{\ell}$ with that iterated Frobenius (as we may check by computing on $k$-points, since we're working with reduced $k$-schemes of finite type). QED
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This is a very nice answer! – Olivier Benoist Nov 18 '12 at 2:41
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text:
Living history celebration explores secret behind Powder Valley Nature Center name
St. Louis — Just what is in a name? Today, Powder Valley Conservation Nature Center in Kirkwood is an ideal place to peacefully enjoy nature.
But the origins of its name come from war.
As part of the Nature Center's year-long 20th anniversary celebration, Powder Valley will present a living history weekend Friday and Saturday, May 13 and 14, for a special two-day program called "Blast to the Past: A History Festival". Visitors will explore the history behind the Powder Valley name and enjoy a fascinating and educational glimpse into the past of the area.
"Although we've only been here 20 years," said Assistant Nature Center Manager Catherine McGrane, "this land has its own history."
The powder was gunpowder. The "valley" was a series of caves that once existed under what is now I-270. According to McGrane, during the Civil War, Federal forces stockpiled gunpowder in the caves to use in blowing up bridges should the Confederate army attempt to invade St. Louis by way of the Meramec River.
The celebration begins Friday night from 7 to 9 p.m. with presentations by three first-person interpreters, each representing a different Civil War-era perspective: a Union soldier, Confederate soldier and a slave. A reception will follow the program allowing visitors to talk with each interpreter.
McGrane thinks it will be an ideal way to get a feel for what people were really like back then. "It's one thing to stand and talk about it," said McGrane, "it's another thing to become the person. Your audience can relate better and be more passionate about it."
The exploration of the past continues on Saturday from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. with events at both the Nature Center and nearby Emmenegger Nature Park. A free shuttle will allow guests to park at either site and visit both.
A variety of historic crafts will be demonstrated such as candle making, storytelling, wood carving and fire starting. Civil War re-enactors will be encamped at Emmenegger Nature Park. Local historian and musician Dee Ban will perform and interpret 19th-century music. A Civil War doctor will display medical instruments of the era. Participants will even have a chance to try their hand at historical skills like archery and the atlatl, an ancient spear-throwing device.
All events during Powder Valley Nature Center's "Blast to the Past: A History Festival" weekend are free of charge and open to all ages. Reservations are required for the Friday evening program, but not for the events on Saturday. For reservations and more information, call _PHONE_.
Powder Valley Conservation Nature Center is located 11715 Cragwold Road, near the intersection of I-44 and I-270 in Kirkwood. Emmenegger Nature Park is also off Cragwold Road, just west of the Nature Center.
The Nature Center will continue to feature special events each month this year to commemorate its 20th Anniversary. Powder Valley first opened its doors to the public in October 1991.


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The term "porcelain" appears occasionally in the Git documentation. What does it mean?
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7 Answers 7
up vote 151 down vote accepted
"Porcelain" is the material from which toilets are usually made (and sometimes other fixtures such as washbasins). This is distinct from "plumbing" (the actual pipes and drains), where the porcelain provides a more user-friendly interface to the plumbing.
Git uses this terminology in analogy, to separate the low-level commands that users don't usually need to use directly (the "plumbing") from the more user-friendly high level commands (the "porcelain").
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I think the answer makes sense to me, but then again, I'm assuming Linus was the one that coined the term, so I tend to adjust my brain to be a little more direct and crass when parsing his world. :) – Nick Klauer Oct 21 '11 at 4:16
Makes you wonder if Linus was imagining the potential streams of excrement his plumbing would be used to transport. Plumbing for open source code is a dirty job but someone's got to do it. – Evan Plaice Feb 18 '14 at 22:02
And a few of us feel that the actual git porcelain is more like a layer of paint over the plumbing. – hemflit Sep 20 '14 at 0:11
More importantly, the term "porcelain" applies to high-level commands, with output:
 - meant to be readable by human
 - not meant to be parsed
 - susceptible to changes/evolutions
That is key: if you script, you should use if possible plumbing commands, with stable outputs. Not porcelain commands.
However, you can use in script the output of a porcelain command which has a --porcelain option (see below), like:
git status --porcelain
git push --porcelain
git blame --porcelain
See "How do I programmatically determine if there are uncommitted changes?" as an example to using plumbing commands instead of porcelain ones.
Note: A porcelain command can have a --porcelain option.
For instance: git status --porcelain, which designates an output meant to be parsed.
The thread mentioned above details:
This is my fault, to some degree.
The "short-status" form is meant for human eyeballs, and was designed by Junio.
Some people wanted a scriptable status output, too, so I slapped a "--porcelain" on the same format that turns off configurable features like relative pathnames and colorizing, and makes an implicit promise that we won't make further changes to the format.
The idea was to prevent people from scripting around --short, because it was never intended to be stable.
So yeah, while --porcelain by itself is stable and scriptable, it is perhaps not the most friendly to parsers. The "-z --porcelain" format is much more so, and I would recommend it to anyone scripting around "git status"
That reflects the need, for git users, to using porcelain commands in their scripts!
But only with stable output (with --porcelain)
As commented by william-berg, the same goes for git push!
Produce machine-readable output.
The full symbolic names of the refs will be given.
As John Glassmyer proposes in the comments:
Perhaps the meaning of --porcelain here is "produce output suitable for consumption by porcelain scripts".
And that could be supported by the very first case of "--porcelain option" introduction
(before git status --porcelain, commit 6f15787, September 2009, git 1.7.0,
before git push --porcelain, commit 1965ff7, June 2009, git 1.6.4):
git blame --porcelain:
Show in a format designed for machine consumption.
Commit b5c698d, October 2006, git 1.4.4
The new option makes the command's native output format to emit output that is easier to handle by Porcelain.
share|improve this answer
+1 Nice answer, in particular for pointing out the oddity with git status --porcelain! – Mark Longair Aug 8 '11 at 8:41
_USER_: yes, that one kind of boggles my mind... – VonC Aug 8 '11 at 9:16
_USER_: thank you for the edits :) – VonC Mar 20 '12 at 16:42
I notice git push has a similarly anomalous machine-readable --porcelain. – william.berg May 1 '13 at 11:15
Perhaps the meaning of --porcelain here is "produce output suitable for consumption by porcelain scripts". – John Glassmyer Dec 5 '13 at 20:48
The coinage and usage of the term "porcelain" in git was actually by Mike Taht, while otherwise losing a heated argument with Linus Torvalds.
In fact, one of my hopes was that other SCM's could just use the git plumbing.
But then I'd really suggest that you use "git" itself, not any "libgit". Ie you take all the plumbing as real programs, and instead of trying to link against individual routines, you'd script it.
If you don't want it, I won't do it.
Still makes sense to separate the plumbing from the porcelain, though.
share|improve this answer
Interesting. +1. My own answer above is from using the product, but your link references what seems to be the origin of that term. – VonC Dec 8 '13 at 9:38
Porcelain is cute name for programs and program suites depending on core git, presenting a high level access to core git. Porcelains expose more of a SCM interface than the "plumbing".
--Porcelain, Git Wiki
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share|improve this answer
Porcelain commands are designed for human consumption, as opposed to commands whose output is easy for computers to parse. git status would be one example.
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"Porcelain"... "for human consumption"... I can eat glass. (just kidding / noting mixed metaphor for anyone who may be easily confused) – ajm475du Apr 6 '14 at 15:20
Greg Hewgill's answer is exactly correct. Note that there are alternative porcelains available for Git, including Easy Git, yap, pyrite, and vng. Each is intended to make Git easier to learn/use for some part of the community. Links to all of these projects is on the Easy Git page: _URL_
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Collapsing Metal Can WIP
Meta Description
Exerting a change in pressure in a metal can by creating a vacuum inside, resulting in an implosion caused by the atmospheric pressure.
Learning Objectives
To investigate the effects of change in pressure.
To understand how a vacuum is created when water vapour condenses in a confined space.
Key Terms
A space void of matter.
Atmospheric pressure
The pressure caused by the weight of the atmosphere.
The change of state from gas to liquid, commonly used to denote the formation of water from water vapour.
Step 1
Pour some water in the metal can.
Step 2
Place the metal can on the fire stove and start heating.
Step 3
Wait a couple of minutes until the water starts boiling and water vapour is seen coming out of the can.
Step 4
Use safety gloves to seal the can using the rubber stopper and place the metal can in a tray of cold water.
Step 5
Pour more cold water on the metal can, to cool all the surfaces.
Step 16
Wait until the metal can implodes.
 1. Wear safety gloves when handling the hot metal can.
 2. Make sure the water is boiling before sealing the can with a rubber stopper.
 3. The metal can must be thoroughly cooled by placing it in a tray of cold water and also pouring water on it.
Sometimes it might feel like the weight of the world is pressing down on your shoulders, but it turns out this is only partly true. You may not notice it, but the air around you and above your head is pressing down on you all the time. It's actually pretty heavy! So why are we not crushed by the weight of it all? Well, it turns out, we have the same pressure in our bodies, applying an equal and opposite force against the air pressure. Things only get dangerous when these pressures are different. When the pressure inside you is greater than that of the air around you, you explode! If the pressure in your body is less than the air pressure, you implode! Either way, not a great way to go.
For safety sake we are going to use a metal can instead of your body to demonstrate the crushing power of the tonnes of air above your head.
What is happening to the water as it boils?
The water turns from a liquid to a gas, taking up more space.
What happens upon cooling the can with water?
The vapour inside condenses back to water, creating a vacuum.
Why does the can collapse?
The vacuum creates a change in pressure causing atmospheric pressure to crush the can.
When water is boiling in the metal can, water vapour occupies most of the volume within the can. As soon as the can is sealed with a rubber stopper no gases can escape. When the metal can start to cool the vapour inside condenses back to liquid which occupies much less volume, resulting in a rapid fall in internal pressure.
Standard atmospheric pressure exerts 101.3 kilopascals, which is more than sufficient to crush the metal can as shown in the demonstration.
The ideal gas law describes the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature within a system, it is described by the following equation:
where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n the number of moles, R is the universal gas constant and T is the temperature in Kelvin.
Assuming that the temperature is just above the boiling point of water, i.e. 100°C, for one mole of water we have:
P = 101325 Pascals
T = 373 K
R = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1
n = 1 mol
V = 0.0306 m3.
Meaning that one mole of water converted into steam occupies 0.0306 m3 of volume.
The mass of one mole of water is 0.018 kg and thus the density of one mole of water at atmospheric pressure is
density (steam)=0.018/0.0306
0.588 kg m-3
Now, the density of liquid water at room temperature is 1000 kg m-3, so the relative density of liquid water to steam at atmospheric pressure is:
density (water)/density (steam)=1000/0.588
= 1700
Thus, the volume of steam occupies 1700-times less volume when converted back to water. This explains why when the hot can, filled with water vapour is cooled, a pressure difference is created large enough for the external atmospheric pressure to completely crush the can. Notice that when the can is crushed the volume inside is minimized such that the external and internal pressure are equilised.
In meteorology, the change in atmospheric pressure is used to forecast weather. Changes in atmospheric pressure cause mass air movement and thus changes in pressure can be a good indication of the upcoming weather conditions.
In Ireland, research has been carried out on a hull design optimisation of a service vessel used in an offshore wind farm. The main objective of the research was in making better designs that can withstand high pressures.
 - Cool the metal can with different water temperatures and investigate the time it takes for the can to collapse.
 - Investigate how different geometries of the metal container used can resist pressure differently.
Download as PDF
Time Required
 - ~1 hour
 - Preparation: 15 mins
 - Conducting: 20 mins
 - Clean Up: 15 min
Recommended Age
Number of People
Metal can or drum
Gas stove
Rubber stopper
Safety specs
Safety gloves
Imploding drum
Offshore Wind Farm Service Vessel, Hull Design Optimisation/span>
Additional Content
Imploding Drum (Beginner)
Imploding Drum (Moderate)
Offshore Wind Farm Service Vessel, Hull Design Optimisation
Cite this Experiment
Vella, R., & Styles, C. (2019, November 12). Collapsing Metal Can. Retrieved from
First published: November 12, 2019
Last modified: July 28, 2020
0 0
We can always improve. Tell us how.


text:
The Çukurova University Botanical Garden, Turkey
Volume 3 Number 5 - December 2000
Prof. Dr. Erdogan Gültekin
The first attempt to set up a botanic garden in Turkey was in about 1949 with the establishment of an Arboretum in Bahçeköy near Istanbul with the support of the University of Istanbul Faculty of Forestry. In spite of the rich biodiversity and high number of species both in flora and fauna in Turkey, the number of botanical gardens are quite few.
Early initiatives for a botanical garden at Çukurova University took place in 1972.. Some activities such as corresponding with some foreign countries were carried out by the Department of Landscape Architecture between _PHONE_. After collecting a variety of plant seeds from different countries and also from the mainland, some successful results were obtained with some outdoor plants such as Bauhinia variegata, Parkinsonia aculeata, Duranta repens and Cassia tomentosa which gave impetus for the development of a botanic garden.
In 1994 an evaluation and advisory committee with 12 members was formed to develop new strategies and policies which met twice a year. At the same time a planning and project team with 6 members mainly from the Department of Landscape Architecture was organized and a Master Plan was drawn in accordance with natural, edaphic and climatic conditions and the needs and interest of the public.
The botanic garden is located in south-eastern Turkey. The Çukurova area is 20 meters above sea level and only 40 kilometers to the north of the Mediterranean Sea; it is surrounded by the chain of Taurus Mountains which reach up to 300 meters. The Garden has a total area of 200 acres. The most spectacular part of the Botanic Garden is the Maquis (Macchia) and the Native Plant Garden.
Maquis (Macchia) and Native Plant Garden
With an area of 100 acres, this garden consist of native plants that unique to region. The garden is situated in a wide valley from the south to the north west part of the botanic garden. Some woody maquis elements are listed below:
The nursery of the botanic garden covers nearly 5 acres of which 150 m² is reserved for offices, laboratory and library. An area of 2 acres is added to the main site for maintenance work, with watering facilities. A small green house and screen house are being established in the nursery.
Projects have been started in parts of the garden, woody plants (trees and bushes) have been sown for research and collections have been planned for the coming period.
A work programme on the implications and practical work relating to plantation and dendrology lessons for the students from the Department of Landscape Architecture have been scheduled.
The Darwin Technical Manual
Everything you could want to know about starting and running a botanic garden is contained in this unique resource. Written in collaboration with 87 people from 22 countries, it is available in French, Spanish and English. New BGCI Members are given the Manual along with lots of other key resources.


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Malawi Congress Party
Alternate title: MCP
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design of Malaŵi flag
 - TITLE: flag of Malawi
 Malawi's first national flag was hoisted at independence, on July 6, 1964. The design of the flag, three equal horizontal stripes of black, red, and green, corresponded to the flag used by the Malawi Congress Party, then the dominant political force in the country. The stripes on the flag symbolized respectively the African people of the country, the blood of martyrs for independence, and the...
government leadership role
 - TITLE: Malawi
 SECTION: Political process
 Malawi was a de facto one-party state from August 1961, when the first general elections were held, until 1966, when the constitution formally recognized the Malawi Congress Party (MCP), led by Banda, as the sole political organization. The 1966 constitution was amended in 1993 to allow for a multiparty political system, and since then several other political parties have emerged, with the...
 - TITLE: Malawi
 SECTION: The Banda regime, 1963–94
 Malawi's 1966 constitution established a one-party state under the Malawi Congress Party (MCP), which in turn was controlled by Banda, who consistently and ruthlessly suppressed any opposition. From independence the MCP government became a conservative, pro-Western regime, supported by a bicameral National Assembly whose members were elected within the single-party system.
history of Southern Africa
 - TITLE: Southern Africa
 SECTION: Malawi and Zambia
 ...were persuaded to move toward decolonization. By 1961–62 the nationalists had been released and new constitutions drawn up, and in 1963 the federation was dissolved. In the following year the Malawi Congress Party under Hastings Kamuzu Banda and the United National Independence Party (UNIP) under Kenneth Kaunda won the first universal suffrage elections in Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia,...
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Contents in this Article
JK RMSA Teacher Exam Syllabus 2017 Pdf
Download RMSA JK Syllabus 2017 Pdf available now. Candidates those applied for Rashtriya Madhymik Shiksha Abhiyan, J&K Teacher Recruitment 2017 can get their required syllabus and exam pattern. Therefore, Download the RMSA JK Teacher Exam Syllabus 2017 from this article. – JK RMSA Official website: _URL_.
Individuals those applied for Jammu & Kashmir Government Jobs in Rashtriya Madhymik Shiksha Abhiyan can be selected through Written Test and Qualification. Hence we provided the Teacher Exam Syllabus & Paper Pattern. Before starting the exam preparation, once go through the exam syllabus and Test Pattern. This may help to know on what related topics, that questions asked in the examination. The provided RMSA Jammu and Kashmir Teacher Syllabus 2017 Pdf consists the topics that might need to prepare for written test. Visit the RMSA J&K Website _URL_ for exam details. To get a good score in the written test, practice the model papers given on our website. By practicing the sample papers, individuals can improve their knowledge and Time management skills. So, Download RMSA JK Syllabus Pdf and Model papers in below enclosed links.
Jammu & Kashmir RMSA Teacher Exam Syllabus 2017 – _URL_
|Organization Name||Rashtriya Madhymik Shiksha Abhiyan, J&K|
|Total Vacancies||550 Posts|
|Advertisement No||Advt. Notice No: Edu/RMSA/Adm/24791-824/2017|
|Name of the Posts||Teacher Posts|
|Starting date to apply||24th March 2017|
|Closing date to apply||10th April 2017|
|Selection Process||Written Exam|
|Job Location||Jammu and Kashmir|
RMSA JK Teacher Exam Pattern 2017
RMSA JK Teacher Syllabus 2017 Pdf
From the exam pattern, candidates can examine the Structure of the examination. After referring the test pattern, check the RMSA JK Syllabus 2017 for Teacher Exam. Based on the topics, make preparation accordingly.
- Time & Work.
- Partnership Business.
- Algebra & Elementary surds.
- Common tangents to two or more circles.
- Congruence and similarity of triangles.
- Decimals fractions and relationships between numbers.
- Ratio & Proportion.
- Square roots.
- Time and distance.
- Whole numbers.
- Basic algebraic.
- Profit and Loss.
- Graphs of Linear Equations.
- Mixture and Alligation.
- Regular Polygons.
- Triangle and its various kinds of centers.
- Circle and its chords.
- Angles subtended by chords of a circle.
- General Science
- Current Affairs
- International & National Organizations
- Indian Economy
- General Knowledge
- Fill in the Blanks
- Word Formation
- Passage Completion
- Unseen Passages
- Sentence Completion
- Theme detection
- Idioms & Phrases
- Subject-Verb Agreement
- Error Correction
- Sentence Rearrangement also.
- JK General Knowledge.
- Important Financial & Economic News.
- Important Days.
- Science – Inventions & Discoveries.
- Countries & Capitals.
- Budget and Five Year Plans.
- Computers Basics
- Current Affairs – National & International.
- Awards and Honors.
- Books and Authors.
- International & National Organizations etc.
- Social Studies.
- Urdu/ Hindi Language.
Teacher exam syllabus 2017 – General Science
- Arithmetic reasoning
- Verbal and figure classification
- Everyday science.
- Non-verbal series
- Statement conclusion
- Syllogistic reasoning
- Problem-solving analysis
- Spatial visualization
- Visual memory
- Spatial orientation
- Arithmetical number series
- Decision making
- Similarities and differences
- Coding and decoding etc.


text:
Diatomic Constants (DC)
Diatomic molecules are found everywhere – in the oxygen we breath, as well as in stars and exoplanets. Astronomers can use their knowledge of diatomic molecules to investigate astrophysical bodies without ever going there. Some diatomics have unusual properties that allow them to be cooled to very low temperatures, e.g. calcium monofluoride, so a detailed knowledge of how diatomics behave has diverse applications including environmental studies, industrial processes, astrophysics, cold molecules and quantum computers.
The Huber-Herzberg database of spectroscopic constants for diatomic molecules was published in 1979 and is still cited approximately once a day.
The ORBYTS Diatomic Constant (DC) project aims to update the Huber-Herzberg database with the vast increase in knowledge of molecular constants over the 50 years since the data was originally produced.
Teams working on an ORBYTS DC project:
- Participate in real research
- Contribute to wider science
- See firsthand how science is changing
- Have opportunities to co-author a published scientific paper in the future.
If you would like to find out more:
Download an ORBYTS DC Session Programme for 2017-2018
Visit the ORBYTS users site

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps)
is a poverty reduction and social development strategy of the national government that provides conditional cash grants to extremely poor households to improve their health, nutrition and education particularly of children aged 0-14.
4Ps has dual objectives:
- Social Assistance - to provide cash assistance to the poor to alleviate their immediate need (short term poverty alleviation); and
- Social Development - to break the inter-generational poverty cycle through investments in human capital.
- Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
- Achieve Universal Primary Education
- Promote Gender Equality
- Reduce Child Mortality
- Improve Maternal Health
The poorest households in the municipalities are selected through a Proxy-Means Test. This test determines the socio-economic category of the families by looking at certain proxy variables such as ownership of assets, type of housing, education of the household head, livelihood of the family and access to water and sanitation facilities.
- Residents of the poorest municipalities based on 2003 Small Area Estimates (SAE) of NSCB;
- Households whose economic condition is equal to or below the provincial poverty threshold.
- Households that have children 0-14 years old and/or have a pregnant woman at the time of assessment;
- Households that agree to meet conditions specified in the program.
To avail of the cash grants beneficiaries should comply with the following conditions:
- Pregnant women must avail preand post-natal care and be attended during childbirth by a trained health professional;
- Parents must attend responsible parenthood sessions, mother's classes and parent effectiveness seminars;
- 0-5 year old children must receive regular preventive health check-ups and vaccines;
- 3-5 year old children must attend day care or pre-school classes at least 85% of the time.
- 6-14 year old children must enroll in elementary or high school and must attend at least 85% of the time.
- 6-14 years old children must receive deworming pills twice a year.
4Ps operates in 45 provinces covering 255 municipalities and 15 key cities.
At present, 700,000 households are enrolled in the program and are receiving cash grants.
The implementation of 4Ps Program follows the 8-step cycle starting from the 1) selection of target areas, 2) supply side assessment, 3) selection of household beneficiaries, 4) registration and validation of beneficiaries, 5) Family Registry preparation, 6) initial payment, 7) verification of compliance and 8) 2nd and succeeding release of cash grants.
4Ps provides cash grants to the beneficiaries to wit:
- P6,000 a year or P500 per month per household for health and nutrition expenses; and
- P3000 for one school year or 10 months or P300/month per child for educational expenses. A maximum of three children per household is allowed.
In cases where payment through cash card is not feasible, the beneficiaries shall be provided their cash grants through an alternative payment scheme such as over-the-counter transactions from the nearest Landbank branch or offsite payments through Landbank.
- Angeles City Population Growth Rate
- Apagmaragul mu bang Kapampangan ka?
- Bakit ganito sa Pilipinas?
- Barangay Cutcut Health and Household Statistics
- History of Angeles City
- History of Barangay Cutcut
- How to Hack Globe Tatto?
- Mission and Vision
- Population of Barangay Cutcut
- Profile of Angeles City
- What is Barangay?
- What is Sangguniang Kabataan?
- Which do you prefer; Cutcut Cemetery or Holy Mary Memorial Park?
- Why do they call it Fields Avenue?


Numerology – 5
Why is the highest military rank a 5-star general, who wears 5, 5-pointed gold stars? Why do Sheriffs wear a 6-pointed gold star? What do these occult amulets/symbols have to do with protecting the country?
"In Kritias, Plato wrote that the numbers 5 and 6 were sacred in Atlantis, where they were encoded in architecture, art, and ceremonial life 'to honor the odd and even days.' The Atlanteans' choice of these numerals reflects their holistic religion, the 'Navel of the World,' whose adherents strove for spiritual synthesis and balance. The number 5 represents the male principle of conscious outward action, while 6 stands for female intuitive receptivity." -Frank Joseph, "The Atlantis Encyclopedia" (206)
The Atlantis significance will become more important later on, but for now suffice to say 5 represents the male principle of outward action. Ancient cultures all over the world shared the belief that the Sun represented the male principle while the Moon represented the female. So a "soldier," or Sun warrior, wearing 5, 5-pointed golden stars most certainly resonates strongly the male principle/energy.
Modern occultists believe 5 to be the Number of Death. The greatest intensification of any number is its triplicate, making 555 literally "Highest Death." Could this be why the highest military rank (5-star generals) wear 5, 5-pointed stars on their uniform? Could this be why the US Pentagon building is 5 concentric, 5-sided pentagons, with an inner-court of exactly 5 acres? The co-designer of the Pentagon, Jack Whiteside Parsons, was indeed an occultist and high priest in the OTO secret society.
During World War II, the US Department of War began construction of the Pentagon and changed its name to the Department of Defense. Since then, the US government has conducted countless undeclared wars and propagated them to the public as merely defensive measures, pre-emptive strikes, or unavoidable conflicts/stand-offs.
Both the notorious Illuminists John D. Rockefeller and Amschel Bauer Rothschild had 5 sons. If 5 is the male energy of outward action, then 5 sons/suns is the highest resonator of that principle. It is also interesting that so many of the corporate pre-planned boy/girl bands, bands created by corporations, not by the musicians themselves, such as the Spice Girls, Pussy Cat Dolls, New Kids on the Block, Backstreet Boys, and N'Sync all have 5 band members and each member represents/acts/dresses in a certain unique way – the bad boy, the pretty boy, the prep, the hippie, etc. The whole idea seems to follow an occult/zodiacal agenda, using personality types to sell products.
"In ancient and modern occultism the "E" is very important because it represents the fifth essence or the quintessence … It represents a spiritual power of transcendence – The number 5. So you will always find something in a corporate logo that will tweak the "E" for a reason. It will always be highlighted in some way, or separated in some way, or dropped in some way." -Michael Tsarion, "The Subversive Use of Sacred Symbolism in the Media" Lecture at Conspiracy Con 2003
Take note of Es in corporate logos, since E is the 5th letter of the alphabet it is very often highlighted or drawn differently than the other letters. Intel drops the E, Acer makes the E super-thin, Crest and Lee place a sunburst behind the E. E-Force has the Illuminati pyramid and Microsoft Internet Explorer uses the "e" icon with Saturn's ring around it. Take special note of logos like E-Bay, E-Trade, ESPN, Dell, Esprit, Express, EB, EA Sports/Games, A&E, FedEx, Enconcept Academy and many more. There are most certainly occultists in high places on Madison Avenue and the advertising industry.
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To: J3 J3/14-158 From: Reinhold Bader Subject: atomic subroutine semantics and example for Annex Date: 2014 May 26 References: N1999, N2007 Discussion: ~~~~~~~~~~~ Starting from my comments on section A.3.2.2 in N1999, this paper proposes a rewording of the text that defines the atomic subroutine semantics as well as addition of another example to A.3.2.2. The text in N2007/[34:4-7] does not appear in section 7.2; conversely, the changes made in 7.2 are not completely applied in section 8.8. Fixes for both these issues are included. EDITS to N2007: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ [17:12-15] Replace "The effect... any other." by "For any two executions of atomic subroutines in unordered segments by different images on the same atomic object, the effect is as if one of the executions is performed before the other in one segment on a single image, without access to the object in either execution interleaving with access to the object in the other. Which is executed first is indeterminate." [[Reword in terms of the simplest building block that provides full generality, based on a suggestion by John Reid. Assure that the implementation is obliged to make the effect of all atomic updates visible on all images, independent of the presence of image control statements. "processor-dependent" appears misleading since the ordering may change between subsequent program runs as well as appear to be different on different images.]] [17:16+] After "2010.", insert "If two variables on image P are updated by a sequence of atomic memory operations, and the changes to them are observed by atomic accesses from an unordered segment on image Q, the changes need not be observed on image Q in the same order as they are made on image P, even if the updates on image P are made in ordered segments." [[This is a reworded version of the text from [34:4-7] essentially suggested by Bill Long, including a replacement of "sequence or atomic" by "sequence of atomic" - presumably a typo. Also, I've moved the text to an earlier location since this seems topically appropriate; in fact it may be desirable to turn [17:16-19] "For invocation... atomic action." into a separate para.]] [17:19+] Add "NOTE 7.1- These properties support the use of atomic subroutines for designing customized synchronization mechanisms. The programmer needs to account for all possible orderings of sequences of atomic subroutine executions that may arise as a consequence of the above rules; the orderings may appear to be different on different images for the same program run." [[The above is intended to replace NOTE 13.1 of 10-007]] [34:1-7] Replace para by {In 13.1 Classes of intrinsic procedures, replace paragraph 3 by paragraph 1 [[maybe 1 and 2, see above]] of 7.2 Atomic subroutines, with these changes: Delete "of ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010"} {In 13.1 Classes of intrinsic procedures, replace the text of NOTE 13.1 with that of NOTE 7.1- in 7.2 Atomic subroutines.} [47:26+] "Example 4: Assuming the declarations INTEGER(ATOMIC_INT_KIND) :: x[*]= 0, z = 0 the statements CALL ATOMIC_ADD(x[1], 1)! (A) IF (THIS_IMAGE() == 2) THEN wait : DO CALL ATOMIC_REF(z, x[1])! (B) IF (z == NUM_IMAGES()) EXIT wait END DO : wait! (C) END IF will execute the "wait" loop on image 2 until all images have completed statement (A). The updates of x[1] are performed by each image in the same manner, but arbitrary order. Because the result from the complete set of updates will eventually become visible by execution of statement (B) for some loop iteration on image 2, the termination condition is guaranteed to be eventually fulfilled, provided that no image failure occurs, no image branches around the above code, and no other code is executed in an unordered segment that performs updates to x[1]. Furthermore, if two SYNC MEMORY statements are inserted in the above code before statement (A) and after statement (C), respectively, the segment started by the second SYNC MEMORY on image 2 is ordered after the segments on all images that end with the first SYNC MEMORY."


text:
The Order Batrachoidiformes is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Family (1): Batrachoididae
- Species: ZipcodeZoo has pages for 121 species and subspecies in the Order Batrachoidiformes.
Batrachoididae is the only family in the ray-finned fish order Batrachoidiformes. Fish in this family are usually called toadfish: both the English common name and scientific name refer to their toad-like appearance (batrakhos is Greek for frog). [more]
At least 90 species and subspecies belong to the Family Batrachoididae.
More info about the Family Batrachoididae may be found here.
- The text on this page is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
- Photographs on this page are copyrighted by individual photographers, and individual copyrights apply.
- The GMapImageCutter is used under license from the UCL Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis.
- The technology underlying this page, including the Image Browser and controls behind Keep Exploring, is owned by the BayScience Foundation. All rights are reserved.


Flowchart Example 1 The algorithm sums all the even... - FTSM
Document Sample
Flowchart Example 1 The algorithm sums all the even... - FTSM Powered By Docstoc
 Flowchart Example 1:
The algorithm sums all the even numbers between 1 and 20 inclusive and then displays the sum. It uses
a repeat loop and contains a null else within the repeat loop.
The equivalent pseudocode is:
sum = 0
count = 1
 IF count is even THEN sum = sum + count
 count = count + 1
UNTIL count > 20
Some rules for flow charts
Well-drawn flow charts are easy to read. What must you do to draw well-drawn flow charts? Here are a
few rules:
 a. Every flow chart has a START symbol and a STOP symbol
 b. The flow of sequence is generally from the top of the page to the bottom of the page. This can
 vary with loops which need to flow back to an entry point.
 c. Use arrow-heads on connectors where flow direction may not be obvious.
 d. There is only one flow chart per page
 e. A page should have a page number and a title
 f. A flow chart on one page should not break and jump to another page
 g. A flow chart should have no more than around 15 symbols (not including START and STOP)
Flow Chart Example 2:
Draw a flowchart to find the sum of first 50 natural numbers.
Answer: The required flowchart is given in Fig. 1.
 Fig. 2 Sum of first 50 natural numbers
Flow Chart Example 2
Draw a flowchart to find the largest of three numbers A, B, and C.
 Fig 3 Flowchart for finding out the largest of three number
Flowchart Example 4
Draw a flowchart for computing factorial N (N!)
Where N! = 1?2?3?....N.
The required flowchart has been shown in fig 3
 Fig 4 Flowchart for computing factorial N
Flowchart Example 5:
A product assembly team in a gaming machine manufacturer were looking for ways of building the
product more efficiently. They broke down the assembly process into a set of Flowcharts, showing how
sub-assemblies were made and then built into the final product. Analysis of the reel assembly process
revealed two improvements:
The kit of parts was already checked by the kit assembly line, who were sometimes careless, as they
knew the kit would be rechecked. The assembly line process was improved so the check here could be
removed. This saved over two minutes per reel in checking, and up to fifteen minutes when the kit was
Fitting the reel band after the reel had been attached to the base was awkward. Fitting the band before
the reel was attached to the base was more comfortable and saved about a minute per reel.
The process Flowcharts, before and after improvement, are shown in Fig. 5.
Fig 4 Flowchart for gaming machine manufacturer
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text:
Electronic communication of cells with a surface mediated by boronic acid saccharide interactions
Stephenson-Brown, Alex and Yong, Sue and Mansor, Muhammad H. and Hussein, Zarrar and Yip, Nga-Chi and Mendes, Paula M. and Fossey, John S. and Rawson, Frankie J. (2015) Electronic communication of cells with a surface mediated by boronic acid saccharide interactions. Chemical Communications, 51 (97). pp. 17181-17330. ISSN 1364-548X
The fabrication of a molecularly tailored surface functionalised with a saccharide binding motif, a phenyl boronic acid derivative is reported.The functionalised surface facilitated the transfer of electrons, via unique electronic interactions mediated by the presence of the boronic acid, from a macrophage cell line. This is the first example of eukaryotic cellular-electrical communication mediated by the binding of cells via their cell–surface saccharide units.
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text:
Interleaving the binary encodings of the two numbers a and b seems to be the best solution:
For example the encoding of
a = 20d = 10100b
b = 5d = 101b
We interleave the bits starting with the least significant bits (we pad shorter numbers with 0's so they are the same length).
The two original numbers resulting paired number is 0100110010b = 306d
This pairing function can be easily decoded in computed and reversed by a constant time.depth (see _URL_ depth 1?) circuit and so is in FAC0.
- Pigeon, P. Contributions à la compression de données. Ph.D. thesis. Montreal, Université de Montréal, 2001. (page 115)


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Example of an Enhanced Transition Schematic, modelled with IDEF3.
IDEF3 or Integrated DEFinition for Process Description Capture Method is a business process modelling method complementary to IDEF0.[1] The IDEF3 method is a scenario-driven process flow description capture method intended to capture the knowledge about how a particular system works.[2]
The IDEF3 method provides modes to represent both[2]
 - Process Flow Descriptions to capture the relationships between actions within the context of a specific scenario, and
 - Object State Transition to capture the description of the allowable states and conditions.
This method is part of the IDEF family of modeling languages in the field of systems and software engineering.
One of the primary mechanisms used for descriptions of the world is relating a story in terms of an ordered sequence of events or activities. The IDEF3 Process Description Capture Method was created to capture descriptions of sequences of activities, which is considered the common mechanisms to describe a situation or process. The primary goal of IDEF3 is to provide a structured method by which a domain expert can express knowledge about the operation of a particular system or organization. Knowledge acquisition is enabled by direct capture of assertions about real-world processes and events in a form that is most natural for capture. IDEF3 supports this kind of knowledge acquisition by providing a reliable and wellstructured approach for process knowledge acquisition, and an expressively, yet easy-to-use, language for information capture and expression.[1]
Motives for the development of IDEF3 were the need:[1]
 - to speed up the process of business systems modeling,
 - to provides mechanisms to describe this data life cycle information,
 - to supported project management techniques by an automated tool,
 - to provide the concepts, syntax, and procedures for building system requirements descriptions, and
 - to work well both independently and jointly with other methods which address different areas of concentration (e.g., the IDEF0 Function Modeling method) as a complementary addition to the IDEF method family.
The original IDEFs were developed since the mid-1970s for the purpose of enhancing communication among people who needed to decide how their existing systems were to be integrated. IDEF0 was designed to allow a graceful expansion of the description of a systems' functions through the process of function decomposition and categorization of the relations between functions (i.e., in terms of the Input, Output, Control, and Mechanism classification). IDEF1 was designed to allow the description of the information that an organization deems important to manage in order to accomplish its objectives.[2]
The third IDEF (IDEF2) was originally intended as a user interface modeling method. However, since the Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) Program needed a simulation modeling tool, the resulting IDEF2 was a method for representing the time varying behavior of resources in a manufacturing system, providing a framework for specification of math model based simulations. It was the intent of the methodology program within ICAM to rectify this situation but limitation of funding did not allow this to happen. As a result, the lack of a method which would support the structuring of descriptions of the user view of a system has been a major shortcoming of the IDEF system. The basic problem from a methodology point of view is the need to distinguish between a description of what a system (existing or proposed) is supposed to do and a representative simulation model that will predict what a system will do. The latter was the focus of IDEF2, the former is the focus of IDEF3.[2]
IDEF3 basic concepts[edit]
Descriptions and models[edit]
IDEF3 want to offer alternative descriptions of the same process from multiple viewpoints on the process.
The distinction between descriptions and models, though subtle, is an important one in IDEF3, and both have a precise technical meaning.[1]
 - The term description is used as a reserved technical term to mean records of empirical observations; that is, descriptions record knowledge that originates in or is based on observations or experience.
 - The term model is used to mean an idealization of an entity or state of affairs. That is, a model constitutes an idealized system of objects, properties, and relations that is designed to imitate, in certain relevant respects, the character of a given real-world system. Frictionless planes, perfectly rigid bodies, the assumption of point mass, and so forth are representative examples of models.
The power of a model comes from its ability to simplify the real-world system it represents and to predict certain facts about that system by virtue of corresponding facts within the model. Thus, a model is a designed system in its own right. Models are idealized systems known to be incorrect but assumed to be close enough to provide reliable predictors for the predefined areas of interest within a domain. A description, on the other hand, is a recording of facts or beliefs about something within the realm of an individual's knowledge or experience. Such descriptions are generally incomplete; that is, the person giving a description may omit facts that he or she believes are irrelevant, or which were forgotten in the course of describing the system. Descriptions may also be inconsistent with respect to how others have observed situations within the domain. IDEF3 accommodates these possibilities by providing specific features enabling the capture and organization of alternative descriptions of the same scenario or process, see figure.[1]
Description capture[edit]
IDEF focus on Description Capture, that enables reuse.
Modeling necessitates taking additional steps beyond description capture to resolve conflicting or inconsistent views. This, in turn, generally requires modelers to select or create a single viewpoint and introduce artificial modeling approximations to fill in gaps where no direct knowledge or experience is available. Unlike models, descriptions are not constrained by idealized, testable conditions that must be satisfied, short of simple accuracy.[1]
The purpose of description capture may be simply to record and communicate process knowledge or to identify inconsistencies in the way people understand how key processes actually operate. By using a description capture method users need not learn and apply conventions forcing them to produce executable models (e.g., conventions ensuring accuracy, internal consistency, logical coherence, non-redundancy, completeness). Forcing users to model requires them to adopt a model design perspective and risk producing models that do not accurately capture their empirical knowledge of the domain.[1]
The notion of a scenario or story is used as the basic organizing structure for IDEF3 Process Descriptions. A scenario can be thought of as a recurring situation, a set of situations that describe a typical class of problems addressed by an organization or system, or the setting within which a process occurs. Scenarios establish the focus and boundary conditions of a description. Using scenarios in this way exploits the tendency of humans to describe what they know in terms of an ordered sequence of activities within the context of a given scenario or situation. Scenarios also provide a convenient vehicle to organize collections of process-centered knowledge.[1]
Process-Centered Views[edit]
IDEF3 Process Schematics are the primary means for capturing, managing, and displaying process-centered knowledge. These schematics provide a graphical medium that helps domain experts and analysts from different application areas communicate knowledge about processes. This includes knowledge about events and activities, the objects that participate in those occurrences, and the constraining relations that govern the behavior of an occurrence.[1]
Object-Centered Views[edit]
IDEF3 Object Schematics capture, manage, and display object-centered descriptions of a process—that is, information about how objects of various kinds are transformed into other kinds of things through a process, how objects of a given kind change states through a process, or context-setting information about important relations among objects in a process.[1]
IDEF3 process description language[edit]
IDEF3 descriptions are developed from two different perspectives: process-centered and object-centered. Because these approaches are not mutually exclusive, IDEF3 allows cross-referencing between them to represent complex process descriptions.[1]
Process Schematics[edit]
Process schematics tend to be the most familiar and broadly used component of the IDEF3 method. These schematics provide a visualization mechanism for processcentered descriptions of a scenario. The graphical elements that comprise process schematics include Unit of Behavior (UOB) boxes, precedence links, junctions, referents, and notes. The building blocks here are:[1]
Symbols Used for IDEF3 Process Description Schematics.
 - Unit of Behavior (UOB) boxes
 - Links : Links are the glue that connect UOB boxes to form representations of dynamic processes.
 - Simple Precedence Links : Precedence links express temporal precedence relations between instances of one UOB and those of another.
 - Activation Plots : Activation plots are used to represent activations.
 - Dashed Links : Dashed links carry no predefined semantics.
 - Link Numbers : All links have an elaboration and unique link numbers.
 - Activation Semantics for Nonbranching Process Schematics.
 - Junctions : Junctions in IDEF3 provide a mechanism to specify the logic of process branching.
 - UOB Decompositions : Elaborations capture and structure detailed knowledge about processes.
 - UOB Reference Numbering Scheme : A UOB box number is assigned to each UOB box in an IDEF3 Process Description.
 - Partial Descriptions : UOB boxes are joined together by links. Because of the description capture focus of IDEF3, it is possible to conceive of UOBs without links to other parts of an IDEF3 schematic.
 - Referents : Referents enhance understanding, provide additional meaning, and simplify the construction (i.e., minimize clutter) of both process schematics and object schematics


Catholic Character
We aim to help improve our world with a unique perspective,
Research at a Catholic university should include faculty expertise that can solve global challenges for people in extreme need living in developing countries. The Pulte Institute for Global Development engages faculty to partner on applied innovation projects to design new technology and research solutions, carry out impact evaluations, and provide world-class education and training.
Based on Catholic social justice teaching,
The Pulte Institute promotes programming that looks at a holistic approach to solving development challenges, considering the different dimensions of the whole person and of society in an effort to promote Integral Human Development (IHD), a concept founded in Catholic social teaching. The Institute draws upon existing teaching and research faculty in multiple disciplines to provide multidisciplinary solutions to country programs and implementing partners.
In order to be a force for good,
The Pulte Institute aligns closely with the mission of the University of Notre Dame and the vision of its founder, Rev. Edward F. Sorin, C.S.C., who wanted Notre Dame to be "a powerful force for good." Global development work helps to protect national security, and furthers American economic, humanitarian, and strategic interests in the world.
Making a demonstrable impact and,
Serving as the University's liaison to Catholic Relief Services (CRS), the Pulte Institute emphasizes rigorous, data-driven performance monitoring in its programming, which assists humanitarian organizations like CRS to track the impact of humanitarian projects in developing countries.
Inspiring a new generation of Catholic leaders.
Notre Dame students and others around the globe, such as visiting fellows, benefit from Pulte Institute development projects. They work hand-in-hand with expert faculty to provide technological and innovative solutions for developing countries. These experiences impact students and visiting fellows in profound ways and encourage many of them to continue to address global development challenges long after leaving campus.


1. Decide
The lesson plans in Decide expand on students' existing knowledge of current community issues. In groups, they choose one that they care about and want to change. Before deciding, they are supported to understand the complex notions of issues, communities, power and influence, rights, government, responsibility and point of view.
Students must select their own issue, rather than teacher providing suggestions or steering student projects. If you are delivering course content in upper primary or lower secondary we suggest, as a starting point, focusing on school-based issues; in middle secondary school on Queensland state-based issues; and in senior classes on either national or global issues. Students contacting their local representative (either MP or local councillor) works really well.
A 'red' button signifies that this lesson is essential for active citizenship learning.
 1. download thumbnail
 Lesson 1: People and Democracy
 This lesson explores students' understanding of values and rights, and how they influence, contribute to, and participate in community based issues.
 Lesson 1 activity sheets 65.50 KB
 2. download thumbnail
 Lesson 2: What's the problem?
 Identifying and selecting an issue or challenge is the main objective of this lesson. The emphasis is on students expressing how they feel about a range of issues or challenges in our community.
 Lesson 2 activity sheets 65.50 KB
 3. download thumbnail
 Lesson 3: Who is responsible?
 Who is responsible for what? Is it the government or the citizen? Students will explore the responsibilities of each when it comes to a range of community issues or challenges. Prior to or at the end of this lesson students should complete the Who Decides? activity.
 Lesson 3 activity sheets 84.00 KB
 4. download thumbnail
 Lesson 4: Getting your way
 Who is a decision maker and how can you influence them? What are other key questions that need to be considered?
 Lesson 4 activity sheets 828.50 KB


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fast little loans
Rome - For centuries, the life of Giotto, considered the father of European painting, has been wrapped in mystery. His exact birth date was not known, his remains were never found.
Now, an Italian anthropology expert claims that he has identified a skeleton unearthed 30 years ago beneath Florence's Duomo cathedral as Giotto's.
A chalk reconstruction based on analyses of the skull shows a strong resemblance to a presumed self-portrait of the master in Giotto's famous cycle of frescoes in Padua's Scrovegni Chapel, Francesco Mallegni told The Associated Press in a telephone interview on Thursday.
Some Italian scholars expressed scepticism. Mallegni said he plans to make DNA tests on the skeleton's teeth to back up his claim.
An anthropology and paleontology professor at the universities of Pisa and Palermo, Mallegni said that he studied the bones for three months.
Results of the analyses portray a short, squarely built man, with a huge head and a hooked nose, Mallegni said. The bones show signs of osteoporosis, corroborating the theory that Giotto died quite old, perhaps at the age of 70, in 1337.
Also found on the skeleton were high levels of aluminum, arsenic, zinc, lead and other chemical elements used in paints in the 14th century materials that Giotto's body probably would have absorbed during his lifetime.
"All the pieces in the jigsaw puzzle fit," Mallegni said.
Bones of the neck show a contraction, suggesting that the man spent a lot of time looking upward, perhaps at frescoes, the professor said. Analyses of the teeth suggest that the man may have held a paintbrush in his mouth, he said.
The research also indicates that he ate a lot of meat, a sign that he was well off.
Considered the father of European painting, Giotto achieved great personal fame in his lifetime. His works point to the innovations of the Renaissance style that developed a century later.
The Scrovegni Chapel's frescoes are considered his masterpiece. Three years before he died, he started working on Florence's bell tower which bears his name.
Mallegni said that the skeleton was not very well preserved. It was found, along with 14th-century coins, in a grave of the Church of Santa Reparata, which was later replaced by the Duomo cathedral. When Giotto died, Santa Reparata was still in use while the cathedral was being built around it.
The skeleton had been studied before, but could not be identified.
Mallegni's theory has been received with some scepticism by other Italian scholars.
Art historian Alessandro Parronchi told the Milan daily Corriere della Sera that the chalk reconstruction used is not realistic. He also pointed out that the Scrovegni Chapel painting used for the comparison may not be Giotto's self-portrait - a long-standing doubt that has divided experts.
Others have said that the skeleton might belong to another painter active in Florence in the 1300s. - Sapa-Ap


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Do Whooping Cranes Migrate in Small Groups and Leave at Different Times?
The crane departures from the wintering grounds take place over a period of around 3-5 weeks. Many of the cranes leave at different times. Whooping cranes travel in small groups, often in groups of 5 or fewer. Single cranes sometimes even make the migration by themselves.
Migrating in small groups and leaving at different times gives an advantage to the flock in case they encounter hazards on the migration. For example, they could encounter severe blizzards and actually be killed by freezing sleet. Or they could stop in a wetland where they might be exposed to a disease outbreak. But the largest source of crane mortality is collision with power lines that the birds don't see when flying, especially late in the day or early in the morning when making short flights from their stopover locations in seach of food
With cranes leaving at different times and stopping at different places, not all the cranes are exposed to the same hazards. That ensures that some cranes will survive and means a real advantage for the flock to migrate in small groups at different times.
Discussion or Journal Questions


Image segmentation for PnP optical placement
Quick 'n dirty (but working!) image segmenter for randomly-strewn part identification. About 1 page worth of scripting takes an image of objects on background, determines which part is the background, determines the outside contour of each object and numbers each as a separate object. Now that it's known where to look for one specific object, the task of identifying that object (or just matching it to another just like it) becomes a whole lot simpler. Combined with the auto-aligner, this reduces a "naive" (bruteforce cross-correlation between needle and haystack images) image matcher to only having to scan against 4 orientations (90-degree rotations) to find which has Pin 1 in the right place (and whether it's the same part, etc.) Hopefully as I dig deeper into opencv, there is a less-naive algorithm builtin for this that does not rely on contrast/color historgrams: most electronic parts basically consist of a flat black body and shiny reflective metal leads (i.e. appearing the same color as your light source and/or the background, and/or whatever happens to be nearby at the moment). Edge-based stuff still seems like a better approach, though I would welcome being proven wrong if it means not having to write the identifier from scratch myself :-)
Steps in brief:
The first image was taken using the actual webcam that will be attached to the pick n place head, looking at a handful of representative parts on a piece of white paper. This image was dumbly processed using a Sobel edge-detector (it's builtin to Gimp and I was feeling lazy), Gaussian blur to expand the soon-to-be-resulting mask around the part a little and close any gaps in the edge-detection result, and finally threshold the result to produce the second image. The goal in these steps is to produce a closed-form contour blob for each part that's at least as wide as the part, while minimizing stray blobs from random noise / dirt specs / etc. (internal, fully-enclosed blobs/noise due to part features/markings is OK). Finally, opencv's FindContours function is run (mode=CV_RETR_EXTERNAL) on the resulting image, returning a vector that contains a polygonal approximation of each external contour found. Each discrete (non-touching) contour blob is returned separately, that is, every part in the frame is now effectively tagged and numbered!
There are a couple noise points identified in the image above. Better-chosen constants for the initial image operations (threshold, blur radius, …) may help, but I'll probably end up having it measure the area of the blobs and throw away any that's too small to possibly contain a valid part. Switching to a more advanced edge-detector, e.g. Canny, may help too. In any case, the full image matcher should figure it out eventually :-)
Code Demo – basically ripped straight from the pyopencv examples
Segmentation example – requires Python (2.6) and opencv 2.1.0 / pyopencv.
Tags:
6 Responses to "Image segmentation for PnP optical placement"
 1. Utkarsh says:
 Hi! Instead of the gaussian blur you could use some morphological operations like closing to fill up the gaps!
 2. Yann says:
 Looks great so far! Have you setup any code repositories or other stuff yet?
 Also, what are you using EMC2 with in order to control your table? Do you have any details of your table?
 3. PC.Tech says:
 Pls chk PM's @ boards.cexx.org … soon.
 4. Tom Smith says:
 Have repeated your experiment with the above photo in RoboRealm (windows software for CV, its cheap and fast as it has a gui). I can detect the objects without doing edge detection, just using a filter that merges similar colors (to deal with the lighting artifacts on the background, no threshold), then a blob detector.
 I can also make out the IC pin locations this way.
 Might be worth trying the software out, even if you just use it to do the prototyping, its a lot faster then coding.
 It also includes matching functionality, which would find component location + orientation, if you have a sufficient training set of images.
 You would be better off with a distinct background color, and multiple diffuse light sources (like a led ring light). This will remove the shadowing.
 Im building my own pnp next week, so am starting to get some of the software issues done.
 5. David says:
 Wow, open-source pick-and-place could be a pretty cool project.
 Brainstorming:
 Have you considered dropping the parts on a frosted glass surface and backlighting them?
 That gives black=object, white=no object, no matter if it is black or white or metal.
 I hear rumors that the plastic tape holding the parts is transparent or at least translucent to near-IR light.
 So you could put a light under it, and remove the IR filter from your camera …
 On the other hand, if you could somehow reliably distinguish "metal" as a distinct "color" (perhaps by somehow moving a light around and watching the shiny highlights move?),
 perhaps that would make it easier to distinguish one part from another — in particular, easier to distinguish an upside-down SMT inductor or SMT cap or D2PAK transistor from the right-side-up version:
 big, shiny metal pads visible on the bottom;
 homogenous matte plastic on top.
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The DP Diag+ Rep extension is provided with a D-subminiature connec- tor and can thus open a segment.
It is simply connected to the head and is coupled with the backplane bus directly. It is according to the need of a separate voltage supply. Not only peripheral participant and devices can be connected to the segments but also other master systems.
Up to five extension modules can be connected to every head. It is thus possible to create up to five segments per head module. The PROFIBUS can be converted from its original line topology to a star topology and spur lines designed without reservation.
Each individual segment is monitored by the integrated diagnosis. The alarm LED displays errors diagnosed during monitoring. These DP Diag+ Rep modules require the E-head for design. According to the web in- terface the device matrix can be displayed and the relevant diagnoses (error telegrams repeat telegrams etc.) read out. The bus physics, too, is permanently monitored for the first time and can be displayed by a bar chart for the quality characteristics or an oscilloscope recording.


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Single Women: An Alienated Social Group in Nepal
Women are considered to be a significant contributor in building a culture of peace and nurturing cultural practices. However, being a patriarchal society, it is no surprise to see single women living a dejected life ignoring every reason to be happy as if they have committed a sin. In Nepal, single women are also known as marginalized group (Regmi 2001), who are forced and sometimes prefer to live alone without men. Although single women are the bread winner and active decision maker (Women Human Right Defenders [WHRD] 2005-2006), they are alienated from the community because they deny to follow the social norms. Widows, badi, divorced, and unmarried women are categorized under single women. Moreover, widows and badi situations are more exacerbated than divorced and unmarried women.
Issues of Single Women in Nepal
In Nepal, widows contain 99% of single women who are shunned by the society (Burathoki 2009). After the death of their husbands, their freedom is taken away by the society. Women for Human Rights reported that 67% of widows resulted from 10 years long armed conflict. Additionally, widows are merely between 20-35 years of age with 3-4 children (Luitel 2009). The status of widows in the country is very depressing because they are shunned by our society. Widows are not allowed to wear colorful dresses, participate in special occasions such as wedding ceremony and religious festival. Moreover, there is a believe that if people see widows while walking on the street for any new work, they will immediately post pond their job because looking widows face before their new work is considered to be a bad luck. Especially young widows are assumed to be witches and are blamed for the death of their husbands.
On the other hand, widows are the ones who are blamed for their own condition. Although their husbands have been killed in the war or an accident, most of them think that their husband died because of their misfortune. They are most likely to become the victim of human trafficking because they have lack of education and skills to work and survive (Thapa 2007). On July 15, 2009, Nepal's government introduced a new incentive to give Rs. 50,000 cash as a reward for marrying a widow (Joanna 2009). The government has brought the program from the suggestion of economists for social security, but offering cash to marry widows only emphasize the fact that, women cannot be empowered until and unless they have husbands (Basnet 2009).
Badi are the women who came to Nepal from northern India to entertain people by dancing, singing and making madals, a musical instrument, in 1890s. However, later in 1950s, they lost their customers so sex work became their main income (Gurung 2002). After having frequent unprotected sex, the women are giving birth to children whose fathers are unknown. Those children have to face poor nurturing and social insecurities after their birth because of their unidentified fathers. Similarly, citizen certificate is impossible for those children, although Nepal citizenship act (2006) defines "Any person born at the time when his father or mother is a citizen of Nepal, shall be a citizen of Nepal by descent" (Nepal citizenship act 2006). However, it has been practiced only in the name of father. Additionally, marriages with badi are against the social norms in the country because people think that all badi are involved in sex work although there are some young badi who are not involved in sex work (Cox 1992). Ultimately, widows and badi who are involved in sex work to survive have a high risk of HIV and AIDS as well as many other diseases that are found in the country. Thus, the government should bring new incentives to empower them through education, vocational courses and employment oriented training so that they could earn a livelihood with a healthy life.
Divorced and Unmarried Women
In Nepal, there are many women who are aware of their rights but are not satisfied with their marriage for various reasons and get divorced. However, about 465 Muslim women are forcefully thrown out of the house by their husbands without any support (Parajuli 2008). Likewise, unmarried women who are above 35 years age are also known as single women. There are some feminists, who prefer to stay alone and call themselves as 'single women' to remove the discrimination against single women (Women for Human Rights 2003). However, both of them are being gossiped and criticized by society for refusing the social norms. Thus divorced and unmarried women are less exploited than others.
There is a famous quote of Mahatma Gandhi that says "If the women of Asia wake up, they will dazzle the world" (V Mohini n.d.). Thus, the government of Nepal should not delay to recognize the rights of single women, and the women should be considered to be the assets of the country.
Basnet, Sunita. (2009, July 28). Marriage or sales advertisement. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from World Pulse website _URL_
Burathoki G, Kanchan. (2009, August 10). Marriage incentive riles single women. Retrieved December 8, 2009, from Republica Social Affairs website _URL_
Cox, Thomas. (1992, January). The badi-prostitution as a social norm among an untouchable caste of west Nepal. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from Scribd website _URL_
Giri, V Mohini. (2000). Transforming approached to conflict resolution. Retrieved November 25, 2009, from CAPWIP: Center for Asia-pacific Women in Politics website _URL_
Gurung, Trishna. (2002, July 05-11). Badi women must now contend with vigilante. Retrieved December 1, 2009, from Nepali Times website _URL_
Jolly, Joanna. (2009, July 16). Nepal widows dismiss marriage incentive. Retrieved November 25, 2009, from BBC NEWS website _URL_
Luitel, Anjana. (2009, June 24). International widow day. Retrieved on November 30, 2009, from World Pulse website _URL_
Nepal citizen act 2063 (2006). (2006, November 26). An act enacted for amendment and integration of matters relating to Nepal citizenship act. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from British Citizen website: _URL_
Parajuli, Kalpit. (2008, December 1). Nepal: Muslim women in the street against 'talak' divorce. Retrieved December 7, 2009, from Women living under Muslim laws website _URL_
Regmi, Chandra Shibesh. (2001, March). A marginalised group: listening to badi community. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from ActionAid Nepal: western regional office, Nepalgunj website _URL_
Thapa, Lily. (2007, December 8). Nepal's widow : 16 days against gender violence. Retrieved November 24, 2009 from Opendemocracy 50.50 inclusive democracy website _URL_
Women for Human Rights (WHR). (2003, June 9-11). Single women empowerment workshop in Dang. Retrieved December 8, 2009, from Friedrich Ebert Stiftung website _URL_
Women Human Right Defenders (WHRDs). (2005-2006). Urgent: badi women human rights defenders attacked and detaine. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from Women's rehabilitation center (WOREC) website _URL_


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This page includes the academic calendar for 2024-2025. The academic year, holidays celebrations, Academic year and Holidays are also accessible. Calendars can be printed and downloaded for a more detailed view. Learn more about Leap years. These tips should aid you in finding the perfect calendar for you. Be sure to review the article before download the calendar.
2024 will be leap years. Instead of 360 days the year 2024 will have 366. This will add one day to make up for the lost day. Leap years help align Earth's orbit around the sun by bringing the months closer to each other. This web site uses the Gregorian date. There are two crucial dates to keep in mind when you are looking for the 2024 calendar.
The 2024 calendar has holidays in the United States and other holidays around the globe. This calendar is available as PDF, Word, Excel, MS Word and MS Word formats. The origins of each holiday are also included. Download the calendar right now and have it printed for you. Knowing the dates for each holiday can help you plan for next year. This is a short guide to 2024's calendar holidays. Let's get started!
There are many reasons to celebrate 2024. There are plenty of reasons to celebrate. The queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain will be the longest reigning monarch since Louis XIV. UEFA Euro 2024 will be held in Germany. Mexico will hold its presidential election during July. The Summer Paralympics, however, will be held in Paris. The United States will experience a lunar eclipse on the 25th of March, 2019. In addition, the first solar eclipse in 2024 will be observed in the year 2024. Additionally, the complete solar eclipse can be seen in the Central Pacific Ocean in northern Mexico. In addition to the general elections in India of the new Prime Minister this year, we will also witness the halving of the Bitcoin value.
The academic year was earlier, and ran from September until the beginning of October. The new calendar could allow the new academic calendar to begin the month of August/September 2023 to end in the month of October/November 2024. The academic year 2024 will begin again in October or November. There should not be a significant pandemic. This cycle could repeat in subsequent years. In 2025 the academic year begins in January and will end in October.
Calendar of academics at UCSD
Important dates are highlighted in the UCSD academic calendar 2024. It provides dates for holidays, exams and other major campus activities. It's a great source to help you make plans for your studies and keep on top of campus happenings. Click here to open the UCSD academic calendar for 2024. A printable version of the calendar is available. The official UCSD calendar is available on the school's site.


I'm looking for a solution for a certain problem. I have two sets of vertically evenly-spaced circles with equal gaps between circles in each column. I would like to know a way to find a point to achieve a perfect snap of both columns, so that they form an "interlocking" pattern.
I have a feeling it has to do with tangents, but the best I can do is to run a script that builds tangents between two circles. I tried it and I can't see a way for it to be helpful. I also tried googling for a solution, but none of the keywords that I used yielded a helpful result.
I tried drawing an equidistant line between two vertical circles, snapping another circle (1) to the bottom circle (2), and rotating it (1) so that its centre snaps with said line, but it's far from elegant. The cursor floats and I can only get a snap if I do that 15 times, checking how far the center point is from the line.
Reference image attached (right element is snapped manually and not in a perfect way): enter image description here
Many thanks!
Draw the circles one on top of each other then use the rotate tool (r. Yes rotate tool not selection tool), move the pivot to center of each successive circle and rotate.
Alternate approach use numeric input in linetool and draw a zig zag with length of 2 times radius (or sum of different radiuses). Then move circles to snap centers to zigzag corners.
If you have trouble figuring angle to use darw a circle at first position with double the radius and find intersection with horizontal line.
Thats mathematics for you.
 - PS sorry no computer at hand so no pictures – joojaa Oct 4 '20 at 12:42
 - Thanks! All it took was drawing two circles with 2x radius, aligning them with two vertical circles and the point of intersection is what I'm looking for. Thanks! – Jerry Oct 4 '20 at 13:48
 - _USER_ you should consider accepting the answer if it solved the problem. Otherwise the webpage stops working correctly. But no hurry. – joojaa Oct 4 '20 at 15:58
Your Answer


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This study investigates the potential of different stages of the bioethanol production process (pretreatment, hydrolysis, and distillation) for bioethanol and biomethane production, and studies the critical steps for the liquid and the solid fractions to be separated and discarded to improve the efficiency of the production chain. For this, Napier grass (a fast-growing grass) from Effurun town of Delta State in Nigeria was used and the novel pretreatment method, nitrogen explosive decompression (NED), was applied at different temperatures. The results show that the lowest glucose (13.7 g/L) and ethanol titers (8.4 g/L) were gained at 150 °C. The highest glucose recovery (31.3 g/L) was obtained at 200 °C and the maximum ethanol production (10.3 g/L) at 170 °C. Methane yields are higher in samples pretreated at lower temperatures. The maximum methane yields were reported in samples from the solid fraction of post-pretreatment (pretreated at 150 °C, 1.13 mol CH4/100 g) and solid fraction of the post-hydrolysis stage (pretreated at 150 °C, 1.00 mol CH4/100 g). The lowest biomethane production was noted in samples from the liquid fraction of post-pretreatment broth (between 0.14 mol CH4/100 g and 0.24 mol CH4/100 g). From the process point of view, samples from liquid fraction of post-pretreatment broth should be separated and discarded from the bioethanol production process, since they do not add value to the production chain. The results suggest that bioethanol and biomethane concentrations are influenced by the pretreatment temperature. Napier grass has potential for bioethanol and further biomethane production and it can be used as an alternative source of energy for the transportation sector in Nigeria and other countries rich in grasses and provide energy security to their population.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited