7 VisuAlgo.net / /list Login LL Stack Queue DLL Deque
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Linked List is a data structure consisting of a group of vertices (nodes) which together represent a sequence. Under the simplest form, each vertex is composed of a data and a reference (link) to the next vertex in the sequence. Try clicking Search(77) for a sample animation on searching a value in a (Singly) Linked List.
Linked List and its variations are used as underlying data structure to implement List, Stack, Queue, and Deque ADTs (read this Wikipedia article about ADT if you are not familiar with that term).
In this visualization, we discuss (Singly) Linked List (LL) — with a single next pointer — and its two variants: Stack and Queue, and also Doubly Linked List (DLL) — with both next and previous pointers — and its variant: Deque.
Click 'Next' (on the top right)/press 'Page Down' to advance this e-Lecture slide, use the drop down list/press 'Space' to jump to a specific slide, or Click 'X' (on the bottom right)/press 'Esc' to go to Exploration mode.
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We decide to group five related modes involving Linked List (LL, Stack, Queue, DLL, Deque) in one single visualization page. To facilitate more diversity, we randomize the selected mode upon loading this direct URL: _URL_
However, you can use the following URL shortcuts to access individual mode directly:
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Linked List data structure is commonly taught in Computer Science (CS) undergraduate courses for a few reasons:
 1. It is a simple linear data structure,
 2. It has a range of potential applications as a list ADT e.g. student list, event list, appointment list, etc (albeit there are other more advanced data structures that can do the same (and more) applications better) or as stack/queue/deque ADTs,
 3. It has interesting corner/special cases to illustrate the need for a good implementation of a data structure,
 4. It has various customization options and thus usually this Linked List data structure is taught using Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) way.
Another pro-tip: We designed this visualization and this e-Lecture mode to look good on 1366x768 resolution or larger (typical modern laptop resolution in 2017). We recommend using Google Chrome to access VisuAlgo. Go to full screen mode (F11) to enjoy this setup. However, you can use zoom-in (Ctrl +) or zoom-out (Ctrl -) to calibrate this.
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List is a sequence of items/data where positional order matter {a0, a1, ..., aN-2, aN-1}.
Common List ADT operations are:
 1. get(i) — maybe a trivial operation, return ai (0-based indexing),
 2. search(v) — decide if item/data v exists (and report its position/index)
 or not exist (and usually report a non existing index -1) in the list,
 3. insert(i, v) — insert item/data v specifically at position/index i in the list, potentially shifting the items from previous positions: [i..N-1] by one position to their right to make a space,
 4. remove(i) — remove item that is specifically at position/index i in the list, potentially shifting the items from previous positions: [i+1..N-1] by one position to their left to close the gap.
Discussion: What if we want to remove item with specific value v in the list?
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e-Lecture: The content of this slide is hidden and only available for legitimate CS lecturer worldwide. Drop an email to visualgo.info at gmail dot com if you want to activate this CS lecturer-only feature and you are really a CS lecturer (show your University staff profile).
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(Compact) Array is a good candidate for implementing the List ADT as it is a simple construct to handle a collection of items.
When we say compact array, we mean an array that has no gap, i.e. if there are N items in the array (that has size M, where M ≥ N), then only index [0..N-1] are occupied and other indices [N..M-1] should remain empty.
Compact Array Illustration
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Let the compact array name be A with index [0..N-1] occupied with the items of the list.
get(i), just return A[i].
This simple operation will be unnecessarily complicated if the array is not compact.
search(v), we check each index i ∈ [0..N-1] one by one to see if A[i] == v.
This is because v (if it exists) can be anywhere in index [0..N-1].
insert(i, v), we shift items ∈ [i..N-1] to [i+1..N] (from backwards) and set A[i] = v.
This is so that v is inserted correctly at index i and maintain compactness.
remove(i), we shift items ∈ [i+1..N-1] to [i..N-2], overwriting the old A[i].
This is to maintain compactness.
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get(i) is very fast: Just one access, O(1).
Another CS module: 'Computer Organisation' discusses the details on this O(1)
performance of this array indexing operation.
search(v)
In the best case, v is found at the first position, O(1).
In the worst case, v is not found in the list and we require O(N) scan to determine that.
insert(i, v)
In the best case, insert at i = N, there is no shifting of element, O(1).
In the worst case, insert at i = 0, we shift all N elements, O(N).
remove(i)
In the best case, remove at i = N-1, there is no shifting of element, O(1).
In the worst case, remove at i = 0, we shift all N elements, O(N).
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The size of the compact array M is not infinite, but a finite number. This poses a problem as the maximum size may not be known in advance in many applications.
If M is too big, then the unused spaces are wasted.
If M is too small, then we will run out of space easily.
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Solution: Make M a variable. So when the array is full, we create a larger array (usually two times larger) and move the elements from the old array to the new array. Thus, there is no more limits on size other than the (usually large) physical computer memory size.
C++ STL std::vector, Java Vector, or Java ArrayList all implement this variable-size array.
However, the classic array-based issues of space wastage and copying/shifting items overhead are still problematic.
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For fixed-size collections with known max limit of number of items that will ever be needed, i.e. the max size of M, then array is already a reasonably good data structure for List ADT implementation.
For variable-size collections with unknown size M and where dynamic operations such as insert/remove are common, a simple array is actually a poor choice of data structure.
For such applications, there are better data structures. Let's read on...
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We now introduce the Linked List data structure. It uses pointers to allow items/data to be non-contiguous in memory (that is the main difference with a simple array). The items are ordered from index 0 to index N-1 by associating item i with its neighbour item i+1 through a pointer.
Linked List Illustration
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In its basic form, a single vertex (node) in the Linked List has this rough structure:
struct Vertex { // we can use either C struct or C+


text:
In our previous papers, a new concept of a compressive combustion engine (Fugine) was proposed based on the collision of pulsed supermulti-jets, which can enclose the burned gas around the chamber center leading to an air-insulation effect and also a lower exhaust gas temperature due to high single-point compression. In order to examine the compression level and air-insulation effect as basic data for application to automobiles, aircraft, and rockets, a prototype engine based on the concept, i.e., a piston-less prototype engine with collision of bi-octagonal pulsed multi-jets from fourteen nozzles, was developed. Some combustion results [Naitoh et al. SAE paper, 2016] were recently reported. However, there was only one measurement of wall temperature and pressure in the previous report. Thus, in this paper, more experimental data for pressures and temperatures on chamber walls and exhaust temperatures, are presented for the prototype engine. First, pressure over 0.6MPa was measured on the chamber wall. A nearly complete air insulation effect was presumably obtained based on the experimental data for temperature measured on the chamber wall. The measured exhaust temperature was at an intermediate level around 700K. Experimental data are also presented for the air-insulation effect on a small solid wall located downstream from the collision point of the supermulti-jets. Unsteady three-dimensional computations of compressible flow also indicate that the experimental result of 0.6 MPa at the cylinder wall implies pressure of about 5 MPa at the collision point of the jets. The potential for high thermal efficiency is evaluated on the basis of the data.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Automotive Engineering
- Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Group Chat with Teams
From Help Wiki
Revision as of 15:57, 28 December 2020 by Krusea (Talk | contribs) (Pin a Chat)
Teams can be used for group chats with anyone with an Evergreen account.
 - Group chats can be named
 - You can chat with anyone with an Evergreen account
 - You do not need to be on a Team with someone to chat with them
Start a Chat
You can include up to 250 people in a group chat (not recommended).
 1. In the Teams app click the Chat icon on the left sidebar
 2. Click New Chat (the pencil icon) at the top of the chat list
 3. Enter the names of the people you want to add to the chat
 4. Click the down arrow at to the far right of the names field
 5. Enter a name for the group chat
 6. Type a message and click send
Add More People
More people can be added after the chat has started. When new users are added you can select who much of the chat history they can see.
 1. Click the view and add participants icon in the top right of the chat window
 2. Select Add people
 3. Enter the name or email of the new participant.
 4. Select how much of the chat history the new users can see
 - Don't include chat history
 - Include history from the past number of days - Enter a number
 - Include all chat history
 5. Click Add
Pin a Chat
Pinning can be used to keep track of chats
 - Pinned chats appear at the top of the chat list
 - Drag the chats to re-order them
 - You can have 15 pinned chats
 1. Select the chat in you chat list
 2. Select More Options (the three horizontal dots)
 3. Select Pin
Add Files


text:
The familiar design of the blue dot
When designing the live Tube map for TfL Go, we realised displaying the user's location on the map would greatly improve the experience. We wanted to bring the familiar design of a blue location dot, like that found in Google / Apple maps, to the iconic Tube map.
The Tube map intentionally deviates from the actual geographical layout of lines and station to improve clarity and usability. This is achieved by simplifying lines with 45-degree bends, spacing stations more regularly and enlarging central London, emphasising the relationship between stops, rather than their exact geographical locations.
Showing a user's location in this distorted 2D space would prove challenging, especially when their location is not close to a line or station.
"We have data for the positions of lines and stations on both maps and we needed a tool to link these two data sets."
To drive the blue dot, we needed to link the two-dimensional space of a geographical map of London with the distorted space of the schematic Tube map. We have data for the positions of lines and stations on both maps and we needed a tool to link these two data sets.
A unique mapping tool
We created a new internal iOS app to achieve this and included functionality to enable us to visualise the mapping between the two data sets and tweak this where necessary.
The mapping could then be exported from the app as a file containing a huge list of pairs of points spaced 50 meters along every line. These pairs include a geographical coordinate (longitude, latitude) and the corresponding Tube map canvas point (x, y).
Using the coordinate to point mapping data file, we developed an algorithm that takes the user's location coordinate and finds the closest point on a line on the Tube map.
This starts by finding the nearest coordinate on a line, calculates how far this point is between the two adjacent stations, then finds the canvas point in the same proportion along the line on the Tube map.
"The 'snapping' algorithm is ideal when the user is close to a line, as it snaps the blue dot to the closest point."
This 'snapping' algorithm is ideal when the user is close to a line on the map, as it snaps the blue dot to the closest point along that line. When the user is further away from a line, this snapping behaviour isn't desirable, so we developed another algorithm better suited to finding the ideal position for the blue dot in empty spaces on the Tube map.
This algorithm works by finding the closest geographical coordinate on a line in 8 directions (octants) from the user's location. The distance between pairs of these 8 coordinates is then calculated and by comparing to the distance of the 8 corresponding points on the Tube map, we can approximate the average scale (ratio between distances on each map) at the user's location.
Fading between algorithms
Now we can calculate the distance and angle from the user's location to each of the 8 surrounding geographical coordinates and using the same angles and scaled distances, triangulate 8 Tube map canvas points (approximations of the user's location on the Tube map).
The blue dot is then placed at the average of these 8 canvas points. By weighting the points according to proximity before averaging, we achieved more desirable results. We now have two algorithms, the snapping algorithm suited for locations along lines and the triangulation algorithm suited to locations between lines.
The final location algorithm used in TfL Go combines the output of the snapping and triangulation algorithms seamlessly, depending on the user's proximity to a line. If the user is within 25 metres of a line, we use the 100% of the snapping algorithm, between 25 – 75 metres we fade between the two algorithms, and beyond 75 metres, we use 100% of the triangulation algorithm.
Thanks to this algorithm, TfL Go can now accurately display the user's location on the Tube map. Next time you use TfL Go to explore London, keep an eye out for the blue dot moving on the map!

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
The damage that salt crystallization can cause in ancient stone monuments has long been recognized by conservators and conservation scientists. Recent scientific research at the GCI has increased understanding of the ways in which salts can harm cultural heritage. Because of this new work, a wider range of potential mitigation strategies can now be considered.
As part of an ongoing research project, Carlos Rodriguez-Navarro, GCI research fellow, and Eric Doehne, GCI associate scientist, used tools such as time-lapse video and the environmental scanning electron microscope to investigate in detail the behavior of salt-laden stone. The findings from their research help explain why certain salts are more damaging than others and what parameters are likely to be important in determining the extent of the damage. How concentrated the salt solution becomes before the salts crystallize appears to be a key damage factor. Rapid cooling or drying—as the result of wind, for example—was shown to greatly increase damage. Changes in the internal surface roughness of the material may also delay the onset of crystallization. The work also found that the extent of the damage also greatly depends on the properties of the solution, such as its surface tension.
This research opens the way to considering the use of certain materials, such as some surfactants, that might modify the salt solutions and thus reduce the damage they cause. In the meantime, buffering the site of a monument as much as possible from rapid cooling or rapid drying—the result of wind, sun, or low relative humidity—can help reduce the amount of damage from salts. Researchers in Australia, for example, have proposed reducing salt and thermal damage by planting a row of trees in front of a sun-exposed, cliff rock-art site. Another technique is the use of temporary, porous, sacrificial material placed in the area of current damage; this may help move the site of crystallization to above the layer to be preserved.
Much more research is needed to provide a solid foundation of knowledge regarding this complex phenomenon, but future work by the GCI research team and other groups can be expected to shed additional light on these problems. Inquiries regarding the GCI's work can be made directly to Eric Doehne (_EMAIL_). Scientific articles on the research will be added to "Research Webstracts" on the GCI's Web site (_URL_ as soon as they become available.


text:
100+ Reddish Orange Trumpet Vine seeds that produce a reddish orange trumpet shaped flower that attracts hummingbirds.
The seeds were collected last growing season. I haven't done any germination testing on them yet.
The seeds will be in a zip lock bag with a picture of the flower and the year they were collected.
My seeds are collected and counted by hand. You are buying 100 seeds, but we throw in an extra 20+ seeds in each package.
There will be instructions for starting the plants indoors, or you can plant the seeds outside during the Fall or Winter.
Trumpet vine seed germination rates improve after a period of chilling to break their dormancy, and seeds germinate when temperatures rise.
Trumpet vines are hardy in U.S.D.A. zones 4 through 9. It grows 25 to 40 feet tall
Planting trumpet vine seeds:
1: Fill a container with potting soil to 1 inch below the rim. Push three or four seeds gently below the surface of the soil, evenly spaced in the container, to the same depth as the width of the seeds. Water the container and leave it to drain.
2: Put the container with sown trumpet vine seeds inside a clear plastic bag, and wrap the bag loosely around the container. Place the container in a refrigerator, and leave it for two months.
3: Take the container out of the refrigerator, and remove the plastic bag. Place the container on a sunny windowsill, or in a greenhouse or other bright spot where the temperature is no lower than 50 degrees Fahrenheit at night.
4: Check the container every three or four days for signs of growing trumpet vine seedlings. Apply water regularly so that the potting soil is constantly moist but not soaked.
|Shipping and Returns|
|Returns||If you are not happy with your purchase, you have 30 days to return the item for a refund. You will be responsible for the return shipping fees. The item must be returned in the same condition as it was when I shipped it.|
|Shipping||Orders are usually shipped in 24 to 48 hours, not including weekends and holidays.|
100 Reddish Orange Trumpet Creeper Vine Seeds Climbing Perennial Campsis Radican
- Brands Kens Gift Shop
- Stock Code: TVseeds
- Availability: 2


text:
Training, Help, Facilities, Equipment
The Imaging and Computing Center occupies the ground floor of Coram library, and is broken into four areas. It is a cross curricular facility open to all at Bates.
- The Imaging Lab: The Imaging Lab is an image acquisition facility containing a microscope suite and a digital photography studio.
- The Computer Room: The Computer Room workstations give users the tools to process and visualize data and to manipulate and present images.
- The Gallery: The Gallery is an informal space that provides a venue for students and faculty to work in small groups.
- The Office: The Imaging and Computing Center's office houses miscellaneous equipment and the center's staff, Matt Duvall and Will Ash.


text:
CONTEC08E is an LED screen Electronic Sphygmomanometer,simple interface and one-key measurement,it can measure NIBP accurately,NIBP records can be reviewed by the memory button and support voice broad casting(optional). The device is widely used in family,clinic and physical-examination center for routine test.
1.Small volume,one-key measurement,easy to operate,big font in displaying,simple and easy to understand the displayed contents.
2.Support voice broadcasting(optional).
3.Start measuring manually,record each measurement data,and store up to 199 groups of data.
4.LED color screen.Automatic power off when there is no operation for a long time,achieves saving power.
5.High pressure prompt.
6.Low battery and error information indication.
7.Optional units:mmHg and kPa
Measurement mode:upper-arm type
Measurement range:0kPa(0mmHg)~ 39.6kPa(297mmHg)
PR measurement range:40bpm~240bpm
Inflation:automatic inflation by force pump
Deflation:automatic multistep deflation
Display:LED large color screen
Power:Four"AA"batteries/5V Power adapter
Safety character:Class II Type BF
Atmospheric pressure :700hPa~1060hPa
Cuff for adult


text:
Nasogastric decompression versus nondecompression after elective laparotomy at kenyatta national hospital: a camparison of post -operative outcomes
Prophylactic nasogastric decompression after elective laparotomy is being practiced at Kenyatta National Hospital. Available evidence suggests that complications like vomiting and anastomotic leakage cannot be prevented by using nasogastric tubes after elective open laparotomy. The use of nasogastric tubes is associated with increase duration of return of normal bowel function and pulmonary complications hence prolonging hospital stay. Furthermore it increases patient discomfort. Following the above findings, the use of prophylactic nasogastric tubes might not be necessary. Most studies done elsewhere in abdominal surgical centers with a high volume of patients as opposed to our general surgical units do not support its use. In a Study carried out in the neighbouring region among patients undergoing laparotomy, nasogastric decompression was not found to prevent occurrence of complications. There is need for a study to assess the local situation. This study is aimed, at evaluating the differences in outcomes in decompressed versus non-decompressed groups after elective open laparotomy. Objective This prospective randomized clinical study sought to evaluate the difference in outcomes in nondecompressed versus decompressed groups after elective laparotomy. Study design A prospective randomized clinical study. Setting The general surgical, gynecological wards and theatres at Kenyatta National Hospital. Patients and method Eighty eight consecutive patients scheduled for elective laparotomy between 15th July and 15th October, 2011 who met the inclusion criteria (in section 3.3) were recruited. Patients enrolled in this study were randomly assigned to one group in whom decompression was used and another in whom decompression was not used. Randomization was done using a computer generated table of random numbers. The randomization was provided by an independent computer consultant. The surgeon was informed of the group designation just before closure of the abdomen. Results Eighty eight consecutive patients who underwent elective laparotomy randomized into nondecompression and decompression groups were studied with 43(48.9%) and 45(51.1%) being males and females respectively. The age range was 14 to 86 years with a mean of 44.25 years. The commonest reason for laparotomy was closure of gut stomas (43.2%). The occurrence of complications (vomiting, pulmonary and anastomotic leakage) was slightly higher in the decompression group though it did not reach statistical significance. The decompression group stayed longer in the hospital as compared to the non-decompression group 8.67 and 5.19 days respectively with a p-value of 0.0004. Conclusion The use of nasogastric decompression after elective laparotomy did not reduce the occurrence of complications. Decompressed patients spent longer in the hospital postoperatively.


Chromatic Polynomials of Oriented Graphs. (arXiv:1810.05590v1 [cs.DM])
The oriented chromatic polynomial of a oriented graph outputs the number of oriented $k$-colourings for any input $k$. We fully classify those oriented graphs for which the oriented graph has the same chromatic polynomial as the underlying simple graph, closing an open problem posed by Sopena. We find that such oriented graphs admit a forbidden subgraph characterization, and such graphs can be both identified and constructed in polynomial time. We study the analytic properties of this polynomial and show that there exist oriented graphs which have chromatic polynomials have roots, including negative real roots, that cannot be realized as the root of any chromatic polynomial of a simple graph.查看全文
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text:
or nervousness may be directly related to variation in forms of early experience including the social environment and exposure to handling by humans, These aspects of early experience also have effects on other types of behavior. Human handling (socialization) timing, amount of early handling of a kitten and the number of handlers influence its later friendliness to humans.
It may affect how kittens adapt to housing in animal shelters, cats who are not socialized with other cats show more signs of distress when group housed in a shelter than socialised cats, cats not socialised to people are more stressed in single and group housing than socialised cats. Cats can be described as tense, high strung, calm or anything else. There is a huge variation. Many different types of early experience can exert some influence on the expression of a specific behavior pattern at a later date; one aspect of early experience can influence a number of different types of behavioral characteristics.
Paternity and Friendliness
Genetic and environmental factors interact to influence the development of numerous behaviors in the cat. One factor which causes variation in kitten friendliness is paternity. Kittens of different fathers show varied friendliness, though they never see the father. Genetic factors caused this. A friendly father produces kittens who are more friendly, than does the less friendly father. The father's friendliness when young and not when an adult can more accurately predict the friendliness of his kittens. Genes do not code for behavior patterns. Genes from the father generate a difference in behavioral characteristics by indirect routes, i.e. by affecting growth rate, which may in turn affect socialisation to humans in a colony situation and affect subsequent friendliness.
Variation in kitten friendliness is partly explained by kitten paternity. Paternal effects on kitten behavior may be attributed to breed differences between fathers, also, variation in early handling affects subsequent behaviors. Friendly father's offspring who are handled during early life can be quicker to approach a person and spend more time with them than non handled kittens and the offspring of an unfriendly father. A friendly father's offspring are quicker to approach and explore new objects. The effect on friendliness may be a more general effect on boldness, due to paternity, influencing a general response to unfamiliar or novel stimuli, regardless of whether it is a person or inanimate object. Early handling has a specific effect on the cat's behavior towards humans-its friendliness. There is a degree of additive effects in the genetic and environmental effects on some of the cat's responses to humans. Friendly-fathered, handled cats behave in the most positive way to people, from the interactive effects of genetic and environmental factors on individual behavioral characteristics. The paternal effect on friendliness or boldness may only become expressed at a certain point of development and maturity.
Differences Along the Timeline
Early individual differences in predatoriness do not necessarily predict subsequent variation in the predatory abilities of older cats. Variability of individual characteristics early in life, around 3 months, may not always predict subsequent individuality in the cat.
There are a number of other reasons why individual behavioral characteristics at one time may not relate to those at another, i.e. cats may develop at different rates and these differences may be clear at one age but not at another. The behavioral expression of particular characteristics may change with age, as may the factors controlling and functions of particular behaviors. In contrast, some studies have shown cross-time consistency in cat individual characteristics. Boldness and curiosity remain reasonably stable despite changing social environments. When cats are tested in groups rather than singly, they behave differently, showing that individual differences in behavior in a non-social context may become amplified when individuals are allowed to interact with each other. There develops a clear social ranking, which may influence individual behavior and cause the consistency of the patterns within a group. Friendliness is attributed to quick/noisy kittens who are more exploratory and quickest to investigate unfamiliar stimuli. These differences can be present from birth and persist into adulthood. Characteristics are also open to environmental influences.
Individual variation in characteristics, such as timidity and boldness, are present at birth or appear shortly after birth. It has been shown in different species that they are related to constitutional differences in the physiological characteristics of the individuals. In wolves, the dominant cub in a litter differs in heart rate and other autonomic process in some test situations. Physiological systems change with time and situation as do behavioral ones. Physiological differences are related to individual differences in behavior. There may be a physiological basis for certain personality traits, especially those present at birth and behavioral stability across time could be attributed to stability of physiological systems. Certain measures of behavior change dramatically according to the contexts in which they are observed, while others are less variable.
When midway through a quarantine, cats are less relaxed, playful and more aggressive and nervous than prior. At release, they are more friendly, affectionate and timid. Three months later, they are more affectionate, nervous and vocal than before quarantine. The interactions that their people could have with their cats were much more restricted in the small quarantine cages than at home. The experiences changed their relationship with their cat; they may have had expectations of how quarantine would affect the cats, and may have changed their behavior and perceptions accordingly. Time and context changes during the quarantine. Some of the changes may reflect true changes in cat individuality. Important real life contextual changes, such as moving and being quarantined or housed in a cattery may result in change in a cat's behavioral style. The context can dramatically affect a cat's individual character. An aloof, placid and low-ranking cat can become aggressive, energetic and dominant if two cats must compete for one food reward. This has a marked effect on behavior, seen in social competition, even in the same individuals.
Relationship Between Cats and People
Relationships between cats and people may be especially open to contextual influence because in a social situation, the behavior of others has a strong effect on an individual's own behavior. Individuals may also develop complicated context-specific ways of behaving according to past experience with other individuals which act to conceal or constrain the expression of any underlying stable behavioral characteristics. Contextual effects on individuality can be external contact or internal (e.g. hormonal) state of the animal.
These terms are used to describe the behavior in a number of species, to describe individual differences: active/reactive, social and calm, which may underlie many of the behavioral differences in between individuals. Others are active/aggressive, timid/nervous and confident/easy going, though some individuals do not fit into these groupings, showing that there is unlikely to be a limited number of easily definable cat personality types. An expression of friendliness could be the result of an interaction between an individual's general boldness in novel or challenging situations, its specific attraction to humans, both of which are affected by a variety of factors, and influenced by the current situation. There is a complex origin and development of individuality. Situational stability and different behavioral styles help cats to cope with caging or quarantine. This shows a new approach to understanding the consequences of these situations, which has important implications for animal welfare.
Singing Nettles Herbal Clinic by Amanda Dainow is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Based on a work at singingnettles.blogspot.com.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at _URL_
©ALL TEXT AND IMAGES COPYRIGHT


From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Regulation is the management of complex systems. It is based on a set of rules and trends. In systems theory, these types of rules exist in many parts of biology and society, but the term has slightly different meanings. For example:
The opposite of regulation is deregulation.
References[change | change source]


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have a unicode file that contains Chinese characters. I have a local and a remote copy of it.
When I use less on the local file the characters are shown properly:
However, when I ssh to the remote machine and look at the remote version of the same file the characters are just shown like this instead:
How can I properly view the remote unicode file (when connected via ssh)?
(I'm using the standard terminal application on Mac OS.)
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 2 down vote accepted
Does the file display correctly if you cat it (or used head to shorten the output)?
I think the key to making less display the file properly lies in setting LANG or LC_ALL properly. On your local system and the remote system compare the values of those variables and see if they are different and whether changing the remote one to match makes a difference.
From the less man page (Note the last sentence):
 If neither LESSCHARSET nor LESSCHARDEF is set, but any of the strings
 "UTF-8", "UTF8", "utf-8" or "utf8" is found in the LC_ALL, LC_TYPE or
 LANG environment variables, then the default character set is utf-8.
 If that string is not found, but your system supports the setlocale
 interface, less will use setlocale to determine the character set.
 setlocale is controlled by setting the LANG or LC_CTYPE environment
 Finally, if the setlocale interface is also not available, the default
 character set is latin1.
 Control and binary characters are displayed in standout (reverse
 video). Each such character is displayed in caret notation if possible
 (e.g. ^A for control-A). Caret notation is used only if inverting the
 0100 bit results in a normal printable character. Otherwise, the char‐
 acter is displayed as a hex number in angle brackets.
share|improve this answer
Thanks! cat worked fine. And less works now after I set LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8. – user9474 Nov 21 '09 at 0:25
Your Answer


text:
Darsh Ranjan '05
Department of Mathematics
This crystal grows on its black substrate from a pentagonal seed by reflecting it across its 5 vertices and rescaling the new pentagons by a factor of 0.61803..., the "golden mean," back towards the point of reflection, and repeating this for all the new pentagons, ad infinitum. Each seed can have its own rule to determine its color and the colors of its descendants. The growth of a single seed has finite area but infinite detail (possessing a fractal dimension of 2). This crystal is strange because crystals in nature do not possess 5-fold symmetry on any large scale, while this one can fill the entire plane very nicely with appropriately placed seeds. In understanding this shape, the arithmetic of the integers extended by the fifth roots of unity proves very helpful.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The history of Coquitlam can be traced back to the original dwellers of this land, the Coast Salish people, over 9,000 years ago. We get the city's name from "Kwikwetlem" from an old Coast Salish term translating to "red fish up the river".
In 1808, the landscape caught the eye of British-American explorer, Simon Fraser. By the late 1800s, European colonizers began to settle the area. As the town grew it attracted French-Canadian workers from Quebec in the early 1900s. Weaving their stories into Coquitlam's expanding narrative.
With its rich tapestry of the past, seniors with a curiosity for bygone times will find a serene yet invigorating landscape to explore. Whether it's a leisurely stroll through a historic estate or a guided tour unveiling the tales of indigenous peoples. Coquitlam's cultural nexus offers education and enjoyment, perfectly suited for the active and inquisitive senior.
Coquitlam Watershed Tours
Watersheds are a natural resource that cities use to supply drinking water to their residents. The Coquitlam Watershed Tour blends nature walks with historical exploration and education. Traverse through the heart of Coquitlam's natural bounty, encapsulated in the majestic Western Red Cedar and Douglas firs.
The highlight of the tour is a visit to the 1913 water intake tower. Here, you'll have expansive views of the watershed, alongside Coquitlam Island and Coquitlam Lake. A beautifully serene backdrop to this enriching expedition.
This tour isn't merely a visual feast, but a gateway to the history of Coquitlam. Each step is a step back in time. It's an engaging chapter in the Coquitlam cultural exploration for retirees. Discover a renewed respect for these protected lands as you visit different locations and learn about the history of Coquitlam's drinking water. By the end of the tour seniors will have a whole new understanding of how healthy ecosystems are vital to the quality of water you have at home.
While the tour is a peaceful retreat and an educational journey, there will be some light hiking involved. Seniors will need to be comfortable with stairs, walking on uneven ground, as well as going up and down sloped trails.
Mackin House Museum
Mackin House is situated across the street from picnic-worthy Mackin Park in the historic Maillardville neighbourhood. Built in 1909 for Henry James Mackin, the general manager of Fraser River Sawmill Company, it stands as one of the last remaining homes of the Fraser Mill executives. The Mackin House Museum is a testament to Coquilam's early 20th-century heritage.
Today, under the aegis of the Coquitlam Heritage Society, it opens a fascinating window into the past with tales of a rugged industrial era. A tour through Mackin House, with its rotating exhibits and workshops, will immerse seniors in the history of Coquitlam. Edwardian era adorned rooms filled with period furnishings and early 1900s toys provide seniors a tactile journey through history. Making you feel part of its living community heritage.
The museum has been a beloved landmark since its inception, continuing to echo the rich industrial and cultural narratives of Coquitlam. Mackin House is a quintessential part of the city's past, and should be on the list of historic sites for seniors in Coquitlam.
Embark on a nostalgic journey through the quaint lanes of Maillardville in a tribute to Coquitlam's rich history. The Maillardville Walking Tour narrates the tales of old Coquitlam and showcases the living remnants of a bygone era. Seniors will be able to touch, see, and feel the history of Coquitlam. Delve into two distinctive eras, Maillardville in the early 1900s and Maillardville from the 1930s onwards.
As you stroll through the same paths once trodden by French-Canadian pioneers, seniors will be tracing the roots of a community that thrived a century ago. The architecture, an enduring testament to Maillardville's rich past, tells stories of hope, community, and resilience. Every building, every street corner holds tales of those early settlers who were drawn by the promise of a better future, making Maillardville a significant chapter in the Coquitlam cultural exploration for retirees.
Although the riverfront mill and many original homes have yielded to time, the handful that remain stand resolutely, defying the march of redevelopment. Seniors will walk through living history, stepping closer to the essence of Coquitlam.
The Maillardville Walking Tour is available in English or Mandarin and runs rain or shine. It's a blend of exercise and education, so seniors must be capable of walking for an hour (some of it uphill). After the walk you'll be served refreshments.
Nestled amidst the ground of the historic Riverview Hospital, the Riverview Horticultural Centre Society oversees this world-class arboretum. The society is a custodian of the region's botanical heritage, ensuring that the echoes of the past reverberate through the leafy corridors.
The arboretum was created in 1911 by British Columbia's Provincial Botanist, John Davidson, as a therapeutic aid for the patients at Riverview Hospital. Back then, the hospital was for mental health and the verdant gardens were believed to have therapeutic benefits. Today, it stands as a vivid emblem of the history of Coquitlam. Weaving together the region's horticultural past into a lush tapestry that beckons to be explored.
Each tree and each path tells tales of the days gone by, making it one of the cherished senior-friendly historic places in Coquitlam.
The Society for Preservation of Antique Radio in Canada (SPARC)
Embark on a nostalgic voyage at The Society for Preservation of Antique Radio in Canada (SPARC). Located in the serene Riverview Hospital grounds, this museum is a bridge to the past. With rich narratives describing the riveting journey of the evolution of electronic communications. Perfect for seniors to reminisce or discover radio history. It's not merely a visit, but an enriching expedition back to the roots of modern communication.
SPARC meticulously curates and preserves a plethora of radio and electronic artifacts, offering a tactile journey through the evolution of communication. The touch of vintage radios, the aesthetics of antique communication devices, and the stories they hold are bound to resonate with seniors. SPARC explores a heartwarming chapter in the Coquitlam cultural exploration for retirees. As they wander through exhibits, seniors can view devices from various categories such as military and marine to broadcast and amateur.
The past converses with the present at SPARC, making it a cherished destination for those keen or curious about retracing technological advancements. The blend of education, nostalgia, and interactive exhibits makes SPARC a quintessential spot among the senior-friendly historic places in Coquitlam. Where every artifact is a dialogue between the then and now, waiting to be explored and appreciated a new.
Furthermore, SPARC offers hands-on restoration and repair services for old radios. Inviting seniors to rekindle their own memories and experiences.
Coquitlam Cultural Exploration for Retirees
Coquitlam's rich tapestry of history and nature offers a serene yet invigorating landscape for seniors to explore. The blend of historical narratives, verdant gardens, and community heritage makes it a coveted destination for those seeking a fulfilling and culturally rich retirement.
Whether through the whispers of the past at Mackin House Museum, the scenic beauty of Riverview Horticultural Centre, or the technological tales at SPARC, Coquitlam extends a warm invitation to delve into its vibrant heritage. Each site is a chapter in the city's story, waiting to be discovered and cherished.
So, take a leisurely stroll through Coquitlam's historic lanes, and let the city's heritage touch your soul.


Program 4a: getopt() Solution
 - Goals
 1. To develop a command language for DiskSweeper.
 1. To use getopt() to process single-letter options.
 1. To build the rst phase of the DiskSweeper application.
 1. To learn or review some parts of C++ that will be needed in this course.
 - The Project
The Disk Sweeper application will search your hard disk for les that are copies of each other and report the full pathnames of all copies of the le. The command name will be sweep. The arguments will be:
-o lename (required): open and use the named le for output.
-v (optional): provide verbose debugging feedback.
-d (optional): delete all duplicates except the rst.
A small integer (optional): a minimum le size to work on, in kilobytes. (That is, 5 represents 5K bytes.)
A pathname (a string, required): the directory at which to start sweeping.
In stage 4b of this program, we will add some long switches.
 - Instructions
Write a program to parse the command line for DiskSweeper. Due Sept. 22 (Friday).
De ne a class named Params. Members of the class should include:
An ofstream.
The pathname of the starting directory, a C-style string.
An integer: the minimum size le to process. The default should be 0 for this optional parameter.
A boolean variable for each switch. (All are optional, the defaults are all false.)
The Params constructor should have two parameters: argc and argv. Process the command-line arguments using getopt() (instructions follow) and initialize the data members to the settings that you nd on the command line. Open the ofstream for output to the le named on the command line.
print( ): print all the members except the stream in a nice format to the open ofstream.
In your main function, declare an instance of Params and pass argc and argv to its constructor.
When construction is nished, call Params::print() to display the params.
Program 4a: getopt() CSCI 4547 / 6647 Systems Programming 2
 - Using getopt() to Decode Command-line Arguments
The function getopt() automates and vastly simpli es the process of decoding a command line. The example shown here is NOT what you need for your project; it is provided only so that you can understand the syntax of the getopt() function.
Syntax: int = getopt( int argc, char* argv[], const char* opts );
for (;;) f
ch = getopt(argc, argv, "i:avRou");
if( ch == -1 ) break;
switch( ch )f
...
argc and argv are the parameters received from the shell by your program.
opts is a string containing all the short switch options that your program supports: "i:avRou" This string of letters means that the application will accept the switches i, a, v, R, o, u. A command line could give any combination of switches, in any order.
An option letter followed by a colon requires a parameter (usually a le name). In this example, the -i switch must be followed by the name of an input le.
An option letter followed by a double colon has an optional parameter (no example here).
Processing the switches. Your program must use getopt() in a loop, as shown, to read and validate the switches that are present and store that information in Param's variables. Print a usage comment after any error you discover. Getopt returns -1 when there are no more switches to process.
Processing the required arguments. After returning from getopt(), set a local variable, required = optind. Optind is a global variable, so this should be done immediately. The number is the subscript of the rst non-switch argument on the command line, and the rst thing you must process after returning from getopt().
Since there is only one required argument in DiskSweeper, required should be argc-1. If this is not true, print a usage error comment.
Set your path, equal to the required pathname.
Finishing up. After processing the command-line arguments, print a report like the one shown below and end. Test all of the command-line options and capture the results from all tests in one le, using append mode. Here is some sample output:
Command: sweep -v -o dupfiles.txt 10 ~/A_UNH/Teaching
Verbose? Yes
Delete? No
Output file name: dupfiles.txt
Size: 10 K or greater
Directory: ~/A_UNH/Teaching
error: Content is protected!!


text:
Researchers at a museum in the Netherlands have found that one of their Buddha statues contains inside a 1,000-year-old mummified monk. The Drents Museum in the Netherlands explained in a press release that a CT scan has shown that inside the Buddha statue is the self-mummified remains of a Buddhist monk that lived around the year 1100.
The scan initially exposed a human skeleton behind the veneer of the religious statue. While sitting in a lotus position, the mummified man's body perfectly fits the dimensions of the statue. According to further examination, via endoscopy and supplementary CT scans done at the Meander Medical Center in Amersfoort, it was discovered that the mummified man had his internal organs removed. Inside his empty body cavities are scripts with messages written in Chinese.
After careful examination of the scripts, researchers found that the mummified man may be Liu Quan, a Buddhist master of the Chinese Meditation School. They say it is possible that Liu Quan may have endured a punishing self-mummification procedure to emanate a "living Buddha". Self-mummification was a practice undertaken by very few monks many centuries ago that included merciless self-control, a strict diet, and poison.
The process of self-mummification began with a diet that lasted 1,000 days when the monk would only be allowed to eat nuts and seeds. This was followed by an additional 1,000 days of only roots and bark, ridding the body of any traces of fat.
Once the five-year process was completed, the monk then ingested a special type of toxic tea, made from a mixture that included Japanese varnish tree sap, used as lacquer for plates and bowls. The beverage wreaked havoc on the body of the monk, which induced severe vomiting and massive loss of bodily fluids. Astonishingly, this step of the self-mummification process made the bodies of monk so poisonous that even insects and bacteria would not feed on it, thus discouraging decomposition.
The withered monk was then placed into a stone tomb, barley big enough for even the smallest person, in which he assumed the lotus position. The tomb was fashioned with an air tube which allowed the monk additional life support and a small bell which he would ring each day he was still alive. After the bell was sounded no more, his brethren removed the tube and sealed the stone tomb.
After 1,000 days, the former monk's cohorts would reopen the tomb to expose either a well-mummified monk, or a decomposed corpse. Researchers have found that out of hundreds of monks that attempted the practice, only a few were perfectly self-mummified and placed in the temples as Buddha statues. According to researchers, the Buddha could have be stolen from a monastery, considering it was coated in gold paint. The statue eventually found its way to the museum in 1996 after its private owner requested it to be restored.
Using carbon dating, the mummified monk was dated to around the 11th or 12th century. Moreover, the carpet beneath him was dated at 200 years older.
By Alex Lemieux
Photo by Priya Saihgal – Flickr License


text:
The U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) achieved a major milestone yesterday, Friday, Nov. 3, 2017, with the release of a new … More
Tag: climate change
Why Does the Annual Harp Seal Slaughter Continue?
The Canadian seal slaughter began off the coast of Newfoundland this year on March 28th. This is two weeks earlier than usually allowed, as climate change is affecting the seal population. With disappearing ice, Canadian seal hunters are worried that there will be fewer seal pups to hunt, so the Canadian government has allowed the killing of pups as young as 4 weeks this year instead of the usual 6.
Sea Level Problem Much Worse than Previous Estimates: Report
A new report suggests that sea levels will rise as much as five feet in but a single century. Not … More


text:
This work will have two main parts, where the first part will be aimed at understanding the behavior and mind of serial killers. This part begins with an introduction, where an outline of the appearance of serial killing will be given. The remaining text in part one, will be related to a serial killer who named himself "Son of Sam" and killed 6 and wounded 7 others in New York in the year between 1976 and 1977. His real name is David Berkowitz, and he will in this work be refereed to as D.B. This case is used to give insight into a serial killer's life and history. D.B.'s serial killings will first be introduced, then, interpretations of his mind and behavior will be made, based on Heinz Kohut's self psychology. Self psychology is chosen because a complete understanding requires a theory consisting of developmental, personality and psychopathological aspects, and because the problems in D.B's life can be seen to consist of losses of empathic self objects, fragmentations in self and narcissism, which is some of the main concepts in self psychology. Other theories might also have contributed to an understanding, but the use of one main theory in this thesis, is due to the substantial insight that yields, compared to using several theories in a more superficial manner.
One analysis of D.B. has previously been made and published. That has been done by David Abrahamsen, who uses a traditional Freudian approach in his understanding. Abrahamsen is a forensic psychiatrist who made a mental observation of D.B. after he was caught for the murders, and later wrote a biography of him: "Confessions of Son of Sam". The main aspects with his interpretation and understanding will be included in this work. This will be done within a comparing discussion between the understanding of Abrahamsen and the Kohutian based self psychological interpretation. This is to show that there is not only one way to understand a serial killer like D.B., and also to shed light on the differences there are between Kohut's self psychology and the theory it derived from. An aim with discussing them side by side will also cause the ability to find out which theory seems to make the greatest frame of explanation, in relation to the case of D.B. The last paragraph in this part will consider potential critical aspects with the method that has been used and also take a critical look on Kohut's theory.
With the self psychological understanding of the case in mind, part two of this work, will be aimed at giving an insight to what the consequences for serial killings are, and how the consequences for serial killing potentially could be viewed differently. The actual legal consequences for serial killers will be presented, based on laws in Denmark, Norway and in the USA. Then there will be some philosophical and psychological reflections concerning whether people committing multiple murders do have (full) responsibility for their actions and whether they ought to be referred to as evil or ill, as this probably will have implications for deciding whether treatment or/and punishment is the suitable consequence for their behavior. In relation to this, psychological treatment of serial killers will be the focus in the last and main section in part two. What will be done to investigate this issue, is to present the views there are on treatment with patients with criminal antisocial tendencies in general, and also to reflect upon what it is that seems to make them so difficult to treat. There are generally negative attitudes regarding treatment of this clientele, which might cause withdrawal of effort to develop new strategies for treatment and a request for new ways of approximation (Hare 1998, p. 206; Reid & Gacano, 2000). Based on that, it seems necessary first to dig deeper into the understanding of, in this case a serial killer, to be able to make a therapeutic strategy that can lead to a successful outcome. Such a strategy is not to be found in literature. Whether this absence is due to serial killers incurability cannot be stated until it is actually tried. This is the motivation for working out a suggestion for what seems likely to be essential if treatment was given. In the end, there will also be some critical reflections concerning whether it seems possible to use the indicated therapeutic strategies and. A final concluding remark to the treatment aspects will also be given. The contribution in this work, will such consist of a self psychological based theoretical understanding and a planned strategy for what can seem like a constructive intervention method. However, it to be noted that even though a serial killer is used as the case in this, this does not necessarily mean that the understanding and implications for treatment are applicable only for a serial killer, but also for related cases and issues.


Candeo North Scottsdale
"Known for its classical liberal arts philosophy, rigorous curriculum, and joyful learning environment, Candeo Schools has been consistently ranked in Arizona‚Äôs top schools since its inception in 2008.
The complexity and rigor of their curriculum naturally increases each year in order to properly prepare motivated students for the top preparatory high schools and universities in the nation.
Candeo Schools' mission is to grow wisdom and virtue for a life well lived through rigorous knowledge-based schooling in the classical liberal arts. At Candeo, who students become as a result of what they learn is just as important as what they know.
Students wear uniforms, build classroom camaraderie, and adhere to a defined wellness policy that prohibits junk food, encourages healthy eating, and allows for plenty of fresh air and movement throughout the day. Candeo Schools utilizes the nationally recognized Core Knowledge curriculum so students gain rich knowledge that builds year after year. In addition to studying Mathematics, Science, Geography, World and American History, Language Arts, Grammar, Art, Music, and Physical Education, students also learn French, Latin, Art History, Logic, and Civility. Students study the classics and engage with teachers and classmates in open dialogue (the Socratic Method) and read-alouds.
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text:
To develop an application with SYMPHONY, you need to first understand how the source files are organized. Note that in this chapter, all path names are given Unix-style. When you unpack the SYMPHONY source distribution, you will notice at the root level a number of files associated with the automatic configuration system, as well as a number of subdirectories, each of which corresponds to a library used by SYMPHONY for some specific functionality. The files associated with SYMPHONY itself are located in the SYMPHONY subdirectory. Within the SYMPHONY subdirectory are a number of other subdirectories, including one called src containing the source files for SYMPHONY itself.
Also in the main SYMPHONY/ subdirectory, there is a subdirectory called Applications/ (see Sections 184.108.40.206 and 2.2.4) for instructions on building the applications). The Applications/ subdirectory contains the source code for a number of sample applications developed with SYMPHONY, as well as function stubs for developing a custom application using SYMPHONY's callbacks. The subdirectory SYMPHONY/Applications/USER contains the files needed for implementing the callbacks and is a template for developing an application. In this directory and its subdirectories, which mirror the subdirectories of SYMPHONY itself, each file contains function stubs that can be filled in to create a new custom application. There is a separate subdirectory for each module--master ( Master/), tree management ( TreeManager/), cut generation ( CutGen/), cut management ( CutPool/), and node processing ( LP/). Within each subdirectory, there is a file, initially called USER/*/user_*.c, where * is the name of the module. The primary thing that you, as the user, need to understand to build a custom application is how to fill in these stubs. That is what the second part of this chapter is about. Before describing that, however, we will discuss how to build your application.


What Is Autonomous Operations?
By Dick Hill
Industry Trends
Plant operations in the process industries have evolved over time toward Autonomous Operations by using generally well-integrated and well-applied digital automation technologies, such as distributed control systems (DCS), programmable logic controllers (PLC), safety integrated systems (SIS), and manufacturing execution systems (MES). These plant-level technologies all fall under the domain of operations technology or "OT," as distinguished from more enterprise-level information technology, or "IT". In general, OT focuses on safe, deterministic, and high availability for reliable, nonstop operations, while IT focuses on data integrity and security.
In recent years, thanks to further advances in digitalization, the ongoing convergence of OT and IT, and the overall digital transformation of industry and infrastructure, the process industries are gradually moving from "automated" to "autonomous" operations in selected areas. This may also be referred to as "Autonomation". This move presents the opportunity to further advance safe operations and improve overall business value. Furthermore, in addition to minimizing the inevitable human errors, autonomous operations could go a long way toward helping solve the growing issue of finding qualified personnel to run these facilities, many that operate continuously, 24/7. With artificial intelligence (AI)-driven autonomous systems making decisions related to both normal and abnormal operations, this burden could potentially be removed from humans.
Autonomous Operations Maturity Model
Transitioning operations from automated to completely autonomous is not a one-step process. Moreover, the transition is not simply a technology decision. In addition to safe and dependable operations, improvements to business effectiveness and value must be considered. To help industrial organizations understand where they are in the journey to autonomous operations, ARC Advisory Group has developed the following five-level model. Note that the lowest level of the model, level 0, describes operations with no automation whatsoever. In these situations, the operation is totally dependent on humans making the necessary decisions and changes to keep the operation running.
Note that different parts of an industrial plant (e.g. units, lines, etc.) are likely to be at different maturity levels. The decision to drive toward achieving autonomous operations will involve multiple factors related to available technology, personnel, processes, criticality, and business importance.
Autonomous Operations
Levels of Autonomous Operations
Level 0 No Autonomy is the starting point on the journey to autonomous operations in the maturity model. Here, no automatic actions are occurring, with operations relying on humans to make all decisions and perform all functions. Historically, most industrial operations began with significant human intervention required to run and maintain the operations.
Level 1 Operations Assistance is common among many operations today, at least in some parts of the operations. It represents a minimum of automation technology and systems to run the operations. Instead, the OT primary purpose is to provide data and information for decision support, so that human operators, maintenance technicians, planners, and so on can facilitate the mechanics of the operation.
Level 2 Regulatory Automation moves the degree of automatic control further along. For process industries, this includes control functions, such as continuous control loops (e.g., PID control), where the automation system maintains a specific setpoint by manipulating one or more process variables. For example, the controller will manipulate a control valve to maintain a variable, such as flow, that is being measured continuously.
Level 3 Advanced Regulatory adds certain conditional information to the level 2 type of automation. For example, a bottle labeling line with level 2 type of automation will simply paste a label on every bottle on the conveyor. In level 3, the automation functions may be able to recognize bottles that are not full and automatically push them off the line rather than place a label on them. In the process industries, a level 3 example would be the "exception logic" built into batch controllers designed to recognize most abnormal conditions and thus not continue producing an out-of-specification batch. Level 3 type of automation, however, typically requires humans to be available for unexpected abnormalities that the automation programs were not designed to handle.
Level 4 Select Autonomy introduces the first true autonomous operations for certain situations. For example, the level of automation may be able to detect the imminent failure of a pump and automatically transfer operations to a standby pump. The autonomous system will notify humans both when it detects the impending failure and when it has changed the operations to the new pump. However, at this level, it still requires humans to fix the operation conditions that caused the failure. Humans would also be required to return the system to the autonomous operation state (e.g., repair or replace the failed pump).
Level 5 Full Autonomy is fully autonomous operation. At this level of automation, humans may not be needed for any intervention. Humans may be in remote locations, since their immediate presence is not required. An example of this would be a mining operation where the haul trucks operate without drivers. These vehicles would be able to detect when obstacles, such as humans, were in their path and avoid collisions on their way to deliver the ore.
Assessing Your Progress to Autonomous Operations
ARC has developed an assessment process that will allow you to determine where you are in comparison to your peers in industry. If you wish to determine your progress in moving toward "Autonomous Operations", simply click hear "Assessment Survey".
Engage with ARC Advisory Group


text:
Republic of Ireland
Ireland became the first country to enact a comprehensive nation-wide smoke-free law in 2004. The ITC project has been able to monitor the effects of that law on reactions and perceptions of smokers, and will continue to report on the effectiveness of new tobacco control policies as they are implemented. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control was signed and ratified on September 16, 2003, and November 7, 2005, respectively.
|Population (2006 estimate)||4,062,235|
|Life expectancy (2002 estimate)||Males: 75 years, Females: 81 years|
|Healthy life expectancy (2002 estimate)||Males: 68.1 years, Females: 71.5 years|
|Ethnic groups||Celtic, English|
|GDP per capita (2004)||$36, 371|
|Median age||34 years|
Smoking Prevalence and Associated Costs:
- Cigarette smoking is the most common form of tobacco use in Ireland.
- Smoking prevalence for both sexes have been declining since the 1980s, and stood in 2004 at 24%. This is down from 29% in 1994, which was already brought down from 35% in 1980.
- In 2000, smoking accounted for 18% of all deaths in Ireland.
- Ireland is the first country in the world to ban smoking in enclosed workplaces that included bars and restaurants.
- Ireland has no legislation in place that restricts the sale of tobacco in vending machines and self-service displays.
- The minimum age for purchasing tobacco in Ireland is 18 years old.
Shawn Allwright (Principal Investigator)
ITC Affiliated Institutions:
Sources: World Health Organization, CIA World Factbook, Ireland Office of Tobacco Control, Tobacco Control. (14): 73 - 74. 2005.
The ITC Scotland Project launched its first wave in 2004 (along with ITC Ireland) and completed its final wave of surveys in 2007.
|Population (2006 estimate)||5,116,900|
|Life expectancy (2006 estimate)||Males: 74.8 years, Females: 79.7 years|
|Healthy life expectancy (2006 estimate)||Males: 64.6 years, Females: 67.2 years|
|Ethnic groups||White Scottish 88.09%, toher white British 7.38%, Indian 0.3%, Pakistani 0.63%, Bangladeshi 0.04%, Chinese 0.32%, other South Asian 0.12%, Caribbean 0.04%, African 0.1%, Black Scottish/any other Black background 0.02%, Any mixed background 0.25%, Any other background 0.19%|
|GDP per capita (2001)||$23,632|
|Median age (2004)||39.8 years|
Smoking Prevalence and Related Costs:
- 25% of the Scottish populations smokes
- smoking is most common among 25 to 34 year old men (34%) and this is also the age gruop where there is the alrgest differences between men and women. Smoking increases among males between the ages of 16-24 and 25-34 but the same pattern is not seen in women
- in 2004, 1403 men and 1504 women in Scotland died from chronic obstructive and lower respiratory diseases
- in 2005, 2151 mena dn 1772 women in Scotland died from lung cancer
- in 2005, just over a third of all accidental dwelling fire deaths in the UK were caused by smokers' materials (i.e. cigarettes, cigars or pipe tobacco)
- taxation on tobacco is currently 63% of the retail price
- direct advertising is banned on nationa (but not international) TV and radio and local magazines and newspapers
- all healthcare facilities, educational facilities, governmental facilities, and indoor offices and workplaces are smoke-free
- all pubs, bars and restaurants are also smoke-free
- on October 1, 2008, the UK government will require pictoral warnings on cigarette packages (currently require text warnings that cover 30% of display area)
Ireland/Scotland Contact Information
Mary McNally,Project Manager. Email: _EMAIL_
Sources: Registrar General's Review of Scotland's Population, Scottish Publish Health Observatory website, Scottish Government website, Tobacco Information Scotland website, WHO MPower Report 2008


Chapter 2. Installing VoltDB
Documentation
VoltDB Home » Documentation » Using VoltDB
Chapter 2. Installing VoltDB
VoltDB is available in both an open source and an enterprise edition. The open source, or community, edition provides basic database functionality with all the transactional performance benefits of VoltDB. The enterprise edition provides additional features needed to support production environments, such as high availability, durability, and dynamic scaling and schema management.
Depending on which version you choose, the VoltDB software comes as either pre-built distributions or as source code. This chapter explains the system requirements for running VoltDB, how to install and upgrade the software, and what resources are provided in the kit.
2.1. Operating System and Software Requirements
The following are the requirements for developing and running VoltDB applications.
Table 2.1. Operating System and Software Requirements
Operating System
VoltDB requires a 64-bit Linux-based operating system. Kits are built and qualified on the following platforms:
 - CentOS version 6.3 or later, including 7.0
 - Red Hat (RHEL) version 6.3 or later, including 7.0
 - Ubuntu versions 10.042, 12.04, and 14.04
Development builds are also available for Macintosh OS X 10.7 and later1.
CPU
 - Dual core3 x86_64 processor
 - 64 bit
 - 1.6 GHz
Memory4 Gbytes4
Java
Java 7 or 8 — VoltDB supports JDKs from OpenJDK or Oracle/Sun
Required Software
NTP5
Python 2.5 or later release of 2.x
Recommended Software
Eclipse 3.x (or other Java IDE)
Footnotes:
 1. CentOS 6.3, CentOS 7.0, RHEL 6.3, RHEL 7.0, and Ubuntu 10.04, 12.04, and 14.04 are the only officially supported operating systems for VoltDB. However, VoltDB is tested on several other POSIX-compliant and Linux-based 64-bit operating systems, including Macintosh OS X 10.7.
 2. Support for Ubuntu 10.04 is deprecated and will be removed in an upcoming release.
 3. Dual core processors are a minimum requirement. Four or eight physical cores are recommended for optimal performance.
 4. Memory requirements are very specific to the storage needs of the application and the number of nodes in the cluster. However, 4 Gigabytes should be considered a minimum configuration.
 5. NTP minimizes time differences between nodes in a database cluster, which is critical for VoltDB. All nodes of the cluster should be configured to synchronize against the same NTP server. Using a single local NTP server is recommended, but not required.
>


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Our Buzz Survey show who Twitter is talking about, not necessarily who Twitter supports. However, the conversation gravitates to the topic or person perceived as most important and drifts away from the least important. Subsequently, the Buzz Tracker can predict a rise or fall in polls.
Methods are discussed below. Trend lines have been included.
Methods: Tweets mentioning the candidates' _USER_ are collected using the Twitter API and designated either a mention or a retweet. Only tweets containing the _USER_ are considered and only actual mentions are used – retweets are excluded. Next we correct for spammers and overly-enthusiastic supporters who might otherwise affect the outcome. Then, we calculate the percentage of total mentions each candidate has received for the day and the results are put in a graph spanning 14 days.
Why mentions only? Mentions are an indication of importance – a portion of the conversation is inevitably drawn to each candidate in order of their perceived importance.
State polls by nature include less data than the national polls. Less data leads to significantly wider day-to-day variance so we display linear trend lines for ease of interpretation.


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Table Of Contents
Configuring MAC Limiting on the Cisco ASR 903 Router
This document describes how to configure MAC limiting on the Cisco ASR 903 Router.
Restrictions and Usage Guidelines
MAC limiting is supported on the following interface types:
-You can apply MAC limiting only to bridge-domains.
-MAC limiting is supported for dynamic MAC addresses.
Configuring MAC Limiting
Mac address limiting per bridge-domain restricts the number of MAC addresses that the router learns in bridge-domain on an EFP, pseudowire or switchport.
When the total number of addresses in a bridge-domain exceeds the maximum number, the router takes a violation action. You can enable the following actions:
-Warning—The router sends a syslog message and takes no further action. The router continues learning new MAC addresses and forwarding traffic.
-Limit—The router sends a syslog message and generates a trap; MAC learning is disabled on the bridge-domain until the recovery mechanism activates. Flooding of frames with new MAC addresses continues; to disable flooding, use the flood keyword. Flooding continues once the total number of MAC entries drops below the threshold value. This option applies only when you configure the limit keyword.
Note The threshold value must be 80% of the maximum value configured for the recovery mechanism.
-Shutdown—If the number of addresses exceeds the maximum (MAX) value, the router sends a syslog message and moves the bridge-domain (bdomain) to a disabled state. To restore the bridge-domain, disable and re-enable the mac-limiting feature.
Follow these steps to configure MAC limiting on the Cisco ASR 903 Router:
This example shows how to enable per-bridge-domain MAC limiting. The first instance of the mac-address-table limit command enables MAC limiting. The second instance of the command sets the limit and any optional actions to be imposed at the bridge-domain level.Router# enableRouter# configure terminalRouter(config)# mac-address-table limitRouter(config)# mac-address-table limit bridge-domain 10 maximum 100 action limit floodRouter(config)# endRouter#show mac-address-table limit bdomain 10bdomain action flood maximum Total entries Current state-------------+----------+------------+------------+---------------+---------------10 limit Disable 100 0 Within Limit


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Once you have identified that you are in an emotional affair or you have been caught in an emotional affair, there is a specific reconstruction process to follow to heal your relationship.
These are the first 5 things to do once the initial disclosure has come out:
1. Seek IMMEDIATE help from a profession. The longer you wait the harder the healing process is. Don't expect that you and your partner can navigate your own way through this. You are too emotionally involved to stay focused.
2. The person you had the emotional affair with needs to be gone. Completely cutoff contact.
3.Both of you must make a commitment to the long road of healing for it to work.
4.Full disclosure of things such as who it was with, what happened, when, how long, where, and that it ended are important. No new details can come up after this point. Otherwise you will start back from square one.
5. Look at the causes that lead up to the affair.
Once these first steps are taken then you can start the road to recovery. These steps all happen simultaneously, and must continue over a significant period of time to be effective.
1. Rebuild safety in the relationship
2. Rebuild trust
3.Begin the forgiveness process
4. Manage triggers as they arise
This is a difficult yet powerful process to go though. Remember relationships can heal after and affairthere is HOPE!
Written by: Teri Claassen MSW, LCSW
Teri Claassen MSW, LCSW is a licensed therapist at Imagine Hope Counseling Group. Teri enjoys doing marriage counseling, individual counseling, couples and relationship counseling. Teri also does family counseling, child counseling, and adolescent counseling. Imagine Hope serves the Indianapolis area, including the surrounding areas of Carmel, Fishers, Noblesville, Zionsville, and Westfield.


">Moscow
<option value="-300">New York
<option value="60">Paris
<option value="-480">San Francisco
<option value="600">Sydney
</select>
Each of the options displays the city's name in the list box and has its value set to the difference in minutes between that city's time zone (in winter) and UTC. So London, which uses UTC, has a value of 0. Paris, which is an hour ahead of UTC, has a value of 60 (that is, 60 minutes). New York, which is five hours behind UTC, has a value of -300.
There's also a check box with an associated label:

<input type="checkbox" id="chkDst" name="chkDst" />
Adjust city time for Daylight Savings

Checking this check box will add an hour to a city's calculated time.
You'll register the change event listener of the <select/> element and the click event listener of the check box to call the updateTimeZone() function. As with previous versions, you create a global variable to provide easier access to the <form/> element object:
var myForm = document.form1;
Then you register the event listeners:
myForm.lstCity.addEventListener("change", updateTimeZone);
myForm.chkDst.addEventListener("click", updateTimeZone);
The function updateTimeZone() doesn't really update anything, but it does gather information and kick off the update process:
function updateTimeZone() {
var lstCity = myForm.lstCity;
The first four statements of this function create four variables. The first, lstCity, contains a reference to the <select/> element object. You create this variable for convenience purposes—namely for the creation of the second variable: selectedOption:
var selectedOption = lstCity.options[lstCity.selectedIndex];
This selectedOption variable is retrieved by using the lstCity object's options property in conjunction with its selectedIndex property, and now that you have the selectedOption, you can easily get the information attached to the option:
var offset = selectedOption.value;
var selectedCity = selectedOption.text;
Next, you want to determine if the user checked the daylight savings check box:
var dstAdjust = 0;
if (myForm.chkDst.checked) {
dstAdjust = 60;
}
You initialize the dstAdjust variable with 0. If the check box is checked, you modify dstAdjust to contain the value of 60. The value of 60 is for 60 minutes. As you have probably guessed, your time conversion calculation will be with minute values.
In the final part of updateTimeZone(), you call the updateTime() function, passing the values contained within the selectedCity, offset, and dstAdjust variables:
updateTime(selectedCity, offset, dstAdjust);
}
In the function updateTime(), you write the current local time and the equivalent time in the selected city to the output elements.
You start at the top of the function by creating a new Date object, which is stored in the variable now. The Date object will be initialized to the current local time:
function updateOutput(selectedCity, offset, dstAdjust) {
var now = new Date();
Next, you output the local time to the  element with an id of spanLocalTime:
document.getElementById("spanLocalTime").innerHTML = now.toLocaleString();
You use the Date object's toLocaleString() method to format the date and time in your region's format.
You saw in Chapter 7 that if you set the value of a Date object's individual parts (such as hours, minutes, and seconds) to a value beyond their normal range, JavaScript assumes you want to adjust the date, hours, or minutes to take this into account. For example, if you set the hours to 36, JavaScript simply changes the hours to 12 and adds one day to the date stored inside the Date object. You use this to your benefit in the following line:
now.setMinutes(now.getMinutes() + now.getTimezoneOffset() +
parseInt(offset, 10) + dstAdjust);
Let's break down this line to see how it works. Suppose that you're in New York, with the local summer time of 5:11, and you want to know what time it is in Berlin. How does your line of code calculate this?
First, you get the minutes of the current local time; it's 5:11, so now.getMinutes() returns 11.
Then you get the difference, in minutes, between the user's local time and UTC using now.getTimezoneOffset(). If you are in New York, which is different from UTC by 4 hours during the summer, this is 240 minutes.
Then you get the integer value of the time difference between the standard winter time in the selected city and UTC time, which is stored in offset. You've used parseInt() here because it's one of the few situations where JavaScript gets confused and assumes you want to join two strings together rather than treat the values as numbers and add them together. Remember that you got offset from an HTML element's value, and that an HTML element's values are strings, even when they hold characters that are digits. Because you want the time in Berlin, which is 60 minutes different from UTC time, this value will be 60.
Finally, you add the value of dstAdjust. Because it's summer where you are and Berlin uses daylight savings hours, this value is 60.
So you have the following:
11 + 240 + 60 + 60 = 371
Therefore, now.setMinutes() is setting the minutes to 371. Clearly, there's no such thing as 371 minutes past the hour, so instead JavaScript assumes you mean 6 hours and 11 minutes after 5:00, that being 11:11—the time in Berlin that you wanted.
Finally, the updateTime() function creates the resultsText variable and then writes the results to the divCityTime:
var resultsText = selectedCity + " time is " +
now.toLocaleString();
document.getElementById("divCityTime").innerHTML = resultsText;
}
HTML5 FORM OBJECT PROPERTIES AND METHODS
HTML4 was finalized in 1997, and it wasn't until 2012 that the web community saw a push for HTML5. Needless to say, HTML hadn't seen a significant update until the introduction of HTML5. So for fifteen years, web developers have worked with form controls that grossly don't meet developers' and users' needs. Thankfully, that changes with HTML5.
One thing you've done throughout this chapter is respond to various form controls' change, click, focus, blur, and keypress events (among others). All of these events can be used in conjunction with one another so that you can respond to any user input, but that requires a lot of extra code.
A better solution would be to use the input event introduced in HTML5. This new event fires when the value of an element changes. That means you can listen for the input event on a <form/> object and process its data as any field is updated.
The target of the input event is the element that changed. You use the input event later in this chapter.
New Input Types
HTML5 introduces a slew of new types for <input/> elements, and the following table lists them, their descriptions, and a description of their output (the control's value if known). In all cases, the value is a string object.
TYPE
DESCRIPTION
VALUE
color
A control for specifying a color. The value is the color in hexadecimal format.
A hexadecimal value of the number (#ff00ff).
date
Used for entering the date (year, month, and day).
The date in yyyy-mm-dd format (2014-07-14).
datetime
Allows for entering the date and time based on UTC.
Not yet supported.
email
A field for editing an e-mail address. The value is automatically validated.
The text input into the field (even if invalid e-mail).
month
A control for entering month and year; no time zone.
The date in yyyy-mm format (2014-07).
number
Creates a control for numeric input, but does not prohibit alpha-character input.
The numeric data input into the field, or an empty string if not a number.
range
Creates a native slider for imprecise numeric input.
The value of the slider.
search
A single-line text entry control.
The text input into the field. Line breaks are removed.
tel
Creates a control for telephone entry.
The text input into the field. Line breaks are removed.
time
Allows time input with no time zone.
The time in 24-hour format (15:37 for 03:37PM).
url
A control for editing absolute URLs.
The


8 Patient Fibs Pharmacists Hate to Hear
Published on
The following was provided by Pharmacy Times:
When a patient lies to you, you may forgive the first offense, but if it continues, it can become tiresome. Worse yet, it can be dangerous and result in harmful drug interactions, higher treatment costs, or ineffective therapy. In fact, a WebMD survey found that 32% of patients reported "stretching the truth" when dealing with their health care providers. Only 13% admitted to outright lying. Additionally, patients between 25 and 34 years old were most likely to lie to their physicians, and they tended to lie about recreational drug use, sexual history, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Here are 8 patient fibs pharmacists hate to hear: CLICK HERE to read more.
Schedule a Free Demo


text:
The Water Resources Department (MWRD) maintains a 201 Wastewater Facilities Plan for sanitary sewer. This plan defines the overall planned sewer service area for the Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) owned and operated by the City of Murfreesboro. Some service areas (i.e., sub-basins) have been studied to a finer level of detail through a Sub-basin Area Master Plan (SAMP).
This additional, more specific, plan allows the department to determine the optimal routing for major trunk gravity sewer mains, force main alignments and placement of regional and sub-regional pumping stations. These detailed studies use the hydraulic assumptions as provided in the 201 Wastewater Facilities Plan.
The primary purpose of MWRD's Sub-basin Area Master Plans (SAMP) is to define those future planned infrastructure improvements (e.g., gravity sanitary sewer extensions or regional and sub-regional pumping stations) which serve a public purpose.
If a developer solicits an interest in a particular tract of land where a SAMP does not exist, it will be his/her responsibility to provide drawings and planning documents at a level of detail adequate to satisfy MWRD staff in the routing and sizing of the proposed improvement. The study provided by the developer must also show the entire sub-basin potentially served by the proposed improvement.


text: |It is widely known to be in form of a powder since antiquity when it was first discovered in the Far East civilizations, and was mainly used for medical reasons. It is referred in Indian and Sumerian texts that date back to 3000 BC. The Romans used to grind the mustard seeds and mixed them with wine that would make a sauce that did not differ much from what we use today. Even more, in the 6th century BC Pythagoras used it as an antidote to the scorpion bites. Mustard seeds can be of different types and can be used as the base for the manufacturing of other products. It is widely known as a flavor enhancer, which renders it a bona fide novelty in food.


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see also Inter-Becoming
John Cobb on David Bohm
I find the example of David Bohm instructive. He devoted many years to developing a process model to replace the substantive ones that are still in use. He sometimes called his new model holographic since it was based on a radical doctrine of internal relations. In this respect it is highly congenial to process thought. Each entity, instead of being self-enclosed, is seen as fragmentarily containing all the others. Bohm could make sense of many quantum phenomena in this way. Before he died, he completed, together with Hiley, a comprehensive theory that can account for all the known facts in a far less paradoxical fashion than had been thought possible.
- John Cobb, The Potential Contribution of Process Thought, June 24, 2003
David Bohm on the Implicate Order
The quantum theory is, without doubt, the most revolutionary development in modern physics. Unfortunately, a large part of its potential impact on our overall world view has been lost sight of, because it is generally treated as being nothing more than a calculus, for which no general imaginative conception is thought to be possible. The main emphasis in working with this theory has therefore been on the development of a mathematical formalism that can predict the widest possible range of experimental results. In this talk I shall, however, describe in general terms how the quantum theory, understood somewhat more imaginatively than is usually done, can point to a new order in physics, which I call the enfolded order, or the implicate order.
- David Bohm, The Implicate or Enfolded Order: A New Order for Physics by David Bohm. for entire article click here


How do you publish a sheet in AutoCAD?
How do I make a plot sheet in AutoCAD?
To Set the Plot Area
 2. Click Output tab Plot panel Page Setup Manager. …
 4. Click Modify.
11 янв. 2018 г.
How do I plot all sheets in AutoCAD?
Follow the following steps:
 1. Run Print > Batch Plot.
 3. Click Add Sheets to add drawings.
 4. Set any necessary options accordingly.
 5. Click Publish.
23 июн. 2019 г.
How do I show sheet tabs in AutoCAD?
How do you plot from Sheet Set Manager?
 2. In the Sheet Set Manager, under Sheets, select a sheet set, subset, or sheet.
 3. In the upper-right corner of the Sheet Set Manager, click the Publish button.
 4. From the flyout menu, choose an output: Publish to DWF. Publish to DWFx. Publish to PDF. Publish to Plotter.
IT IS INTERESTING: How do you bring an object to the front in Autocad?
How do I select and print in AutoCAD?
 1. Press ctrl+P.
 2. an window called plot will open.
 3. select the printer, paper size (if any change you want other than previously configured page setup)
 4. Then specify what to print in plot area.
How do I print all AutoCAD layouts at once?
To Publish Multiple Layouts in a Drawing
 5. Click Publish.
11 янв. 2018 г.
How do I apply page setup to all layouts in AutoCAD?
Select all the drawings and/or layouts in your publish list. Click the page setup drop-down arrow for the first drawing in the list and choose the desired page setup. This page setup will be replicated to the drawings or layouts in the publish list.
How do I save an AutoCAD drawing as a PDF?
To Export Selected Layouts to a PDF File
 2. Right-click and select Publish Selected Layouts.
29 мар. 2020 г.
How do I show all layouts in AutoCAD?
IT IS INTERESTING: Frequent question: How do you make visibility in Autocad?
How do I show the ribbon in AutoCAD?
On the command line in AutoCAD, type:
 1. RIBBON to show/turn the ribbon on.
 2. RIBBONCLOSE to hide/turn the ribbon off.
14 сент. 2020 г.
What is the Layout tab in AutoCAD?
How do I create a sheet in Autocad 2018?
To Create a Sheet Set
 1. Click Application menu New Sheet Set. Find.
 2. Follow steps in the Create Sheet Set wizard.
 3. Select options to Create a sheet set from scratch. …
 4. Enter the name, description and location of the new sheet set.
 5. Click Finish to display the newly created sheet set in the Sheet Set Manager.
11 янв. 2018 г.
House 3D


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Kinsale is a town steeped in history and colour and a popular tourist destination. Kinsale was the battlefield site where the English forces defeated an Irish/Spanish force in 1601.
Charles Fort, which is a now a popular location for events, dates back to 1677. Charles Fort is a fortification that guards the entrance to Kinsale harbour – naturally it was built to protect the harbour from enemy attacks from France and Spain. On the other side of the cove you will find James's Fort near the Castlepark peninsula.
On May 7, 1915 when the German U-boat sunk the RMS Lusitania, the survivors were brought to Kinsale and the subsequent inquest on the bodies recovered was held in the town's courthouse. In light of the sad tragedy, you will find a statue in the harbour commemorating the effort.


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The Chief's Rule Book
How To Play Oware (Abapa)
Oware Abapa is considered the OFFICIAL standard for the purpose of international competition. It is for this reason that The Chief's Table only uses data from Oware Abapa games towards player analytics and international leader boards. Therefore you must learn how to play Oware Abapa if you want to earn a seat at the chief's table. Click here to learn more about the wider family of Mancala games.
How To Play Oware Abapa - Board Layout
The board is divided into two parts, your side and your opponents side. The row of six cups closest to you is considered your territory. The bigger cup closest to you, or to your right side is also yours and serves as your capture pit. The same applies for your opponent. Their territory is the six cups and the capture pit closet or to their right hand side.
How To Set Up Your Oware Board
 - Place the mancala board between you and your opponent with the long side facing you.
 - Place 4 seeds in each cup, excluding the capture pits. This should total 48 seeds.
* You can use any small item as a playing seed as long as a decent amount will fit in the cups such as pennies, marbles, or even stones.
Deciding Who Starts First
There are several ways to decide who will take the first turn. This is an important consideration because the first player technically has an advantage. When playing The Chief's Table the first player is decided by the "Guess Which Hand" challenge. Player have an equal chance to select who will hide the seed (players can select for either themselves or opponent to hide the seed) and the other player has to guess which hand its hidden in.
 1. A countdown will appear on screen and the first person to make a selection is the decision that will stand – The choices are you can either hide the seed or your opponent hides the seed.
 2. The player hiding the seed will have to choose a hand and their opponent must guess which hand the seed is hidden in. If the guessing player guesses correctly then they take the first turn, if they guess incorrectly, the player hiding the seed takes the first turn.
Players can use many different methods or rules to work out who plays first. A few suggestions include rock-paper-scissors, a coin flip, winner of last game starts, the choices are endless.
How To Play Oware Abapa - Taking A Turn
 1. Choose a cup from your own territory and pick up all the seeds in that cup.
 2. Begin to drop a single seed in each subsequent cup in a counter-clockwise direction around the board (including opponents cups). Continue this until you have no more seeds to drop. This is known as sowing.
 3. DO NOT include your capture pit in the sowing process.
 4. When sowing from a cup with 12+ seeds, the original cup should be excluded from that sowing cycle.
 5. How you proceed is dependent on where your last seed lands. Possible outcomes are capture or end of turn.
 6. Your turn ends once you have sown your last seed.
 7. There is no way to earn extra turns in Oware (Abapa).
How To Capture Seeds In Oware (Abapa)
You can only capture seeds when your last seed lands in YOUR OPPONENT'S TERRITORY and the criteria is met.
 - If the last seed you sow lands in your opponent's territory and results in that cup having 2 or 3 seeds (after yours is placed), you capture all the seeds in that cup.
 - It is possible to capture seeds from multiple cups in a single turn. This is called a chain. If your last seed sown meets the criteria, and the cup previous to it also meets the criteria, you also capture the seeds from that previous cup too. This method of capture can continue for as long as the criteria is met, if the chain is interrupted by a cup that has more than 3 or less than 2, your chain capture goes no further. Also you can not capture seeds from your own side.
How To Win
The winner is the player who captures at least 25 seeds because at this point the player has won over half the seeds in a complete set.
 - You are not allowed to intentionally starve your opponent, so if they have no seeds whilst its your turn to play, you MUST play in a way that will supply your opponents territory with at least one seed. This is a compulsory move when its possible. If it is not possible for you to supply your opponents territory in a single move, then you capture the remaining seeds within your territories and the game is over. Players must still count their seeds to establish who has won.
 - The winner is the person with the most seeds in their capture pit after counting.