be used in most syntactical roles. However, by the Middle Aramaic period, its use for nouns, but not adjectives, had been widely replaced by the emphatic state.
 2. The construct state is a form of the noun used to make possessive phrases (for example, kṯāḇaṯ malkṯâ, 'the handwriting of the queen). In the masculine singular it is often the same as the absolute, but may undergo vowel reduction in longer words. The feminine construct and masculine construct plural are marked by suffixes. Unlike a genitive case, which marks the possessor, the construct state is marked on the possessed. This is mainly due to Aramaic word order: possessed[const.] possessor[abs./emph.] are treated as a speech unit, with the first unit (possessed) employing the construct state to link it to the following word. In Middle Aramaic, the use of the construct state for all but stock phrases (like bar-nāšâ, "son of man") begins to disappear.
 3. The emphatic or determined state is an extended form of the noun that functions a bit like a definite article (which Aramaic lacks; for example, kṯāḇtâ, "the handwriting"). It is marked with a suffix. Although its original grammatical function seems to have been to mark definiteness, it is used already in Imperial Aramaic to mark all important nouns, even if they should be considered technically indefinite. This practice developed to the extent that the absolute state became extraordinarily rare in later varieties of Aramaic.
Whereas other Northwest Semitic languages, like Hebrew, have the absolute and construct states, the emphatic/determined state is a unique feature to Aramaic. Case endings, as in Ugaritic, probably existed in a very early stage of the language, and glimpses of them can be seen in a few compounded proper names. However, as most were short final vowels, they were never written, and the few characteristic long vowels of the masculine plural accusative and genitive are not clearly evidenced in inscriptions. Often, the direct object is marked by a prefixed l- (the preposition "to") if it is definite.
Adjectives agree with their nouns in number and gender but agree in state only if attributive. Predicative adjectives are in the absolute state regardless of the state of their noun (a copula may or may not be written). Thus, an attributive adjective to an emphatic noun, as in the phrase "the good king", is written also in the emphatic state malkâ ṭāḇâ—king[emph.] good[emph.]. In comparison, the predicative adjective, as in the phrase "the king is good", is written in the absolute state ṭāḇ malkâ—good[abs.] king[emph.].
"good" masc. sg. fem. sg. masc. pl. fem. pl.
abs. ṭāḇ ṭāḇâ ṭāḇîn ṭāḇān
const. ṭāḇ ṭāḇaṯ ṭāḇê ṭāḇāṯ
det./emph. ṭāḇâ ṭāḇtâ ṭāḇayyâ ṭāḇāṯâ
The final in a number of these suffixes is written with the letter aleph. However, some Jewish Aramaic texts employ the letter he for the feminine absolute singular. Likewise, some Jewish Aramaic texts employ the Hebrew masculine absolute singular suffix -îm instead of -în. The masculine determined plural suffix, -ayyâ, has an alternative version,. The alternative is sometimes called the "gentilic plural" for its prominent use in ethnonyms (yəhûḏāyê, 'the Jews', for example). This alternative plural is written with the letter aleph, and came to be the only plural for nouns and adjectives of this type in Syriac and some other varieties of Aramaic. The masculine construct plural,, is written with yodh. In Syriac and some other variants this ending is diphthongized to -ai.
Possessive phrases in Aramaic can either be made with the construct state or by linking two nouns with the relative particle d[î]-. As use of the construct state almost disappears from the Middle Aramaic period on, the latter method became the main way of making possessive phrases.
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For example, the various forms of possessive phrases (for "the handwriting of the queen") are:
 1. Kṯāḇaṯ malkṯâ – the oldest construction: the possessed object(kṯāḇâ, "handwriting") is in the construct state (kṯāḇaṯ); the possessor (malkâ, "queen") is in the emphatic state (malkṯâ)
 2. Kṯāḇtâ d(î)-malkṯâ – both words are in the emphatic state and the relative particle d[î]- is used to mark the relationship
 3. Kṯāḇtāh d(î)-malkṯâ – both words are in the emphatic state, and the relative particle is used, but the possessed is given an anticipatory, pronominal ending (kṯāḇt[â]-āh, "handwriting-her"; literally, "her writing, that (of) the queen").
In Modern Aramaic, the last form is by far the most common. In Biblical Aramaic, the last form is virtually absent.
The Aramaic verb has gradually evolved in time and place, varying between varieties of the language. Verb forms are marked for person (first, second or third), number (singular or plural), gender (masculine or feminine), tense (perfect or imperfect), mood (indicative, imperative, jussive or infinitive) and voice (active, reflexive or passive). Aramaic also employs a system of conjugations, or verbal stems, to mark intensive and extensive developments in the lexical meaning of verbs.
Aspectual tense[edit]
Aramaic has two proper tenses: perfect and imperfect. These were originally aspectual, but developed into something more like a preterite and future. The perfect is unmarked, while the imperfect uses various preformatives that vary according to person, number and gender. In both tenses the third-person singular masculine is the unmarked form from which others are derived by addition of afformatives (and preformatives in the imperfect). In the chart below (on the root K-T-B, meaning "to write"), the first form given is the usual form in Imperial Aramaic, while the second is Classical Syriac.
Person & gender Perfect Imperfect
Singular Plural Singular Plural
3rd m. kəṯaḇ ↔ kəṯaḇ kəṯaḇû ↔ kəṯaḇ(w)/kəṯabbûn yiḵtuḇ ↔ neḵtoḇ yiḵtəḇûn ↔ neḵtəḇûn
3rd f. kiṯbaṯ ↔ keṯbaṯ kəṯaḇâ ↔ kəṯaḇ(y)/kəṯabbên tiḵtuḇ ↔ teḵtoḇ yiḵtəḇān ↔ neḵtəḇān
2nd m. kəṯaḇt ↔ kəṯaḇt kəṯaḇtûn ↔ kəṯaḇton tiḵtuḇ ↔ teḵtoḇ tiḵtəḇûn ↔ teḵtəḇûn
2nd f. kəṯaḇtî ↔ kəṯaḇt(y) kəṯaḇtēn ↔ kəṯaḇtên tiḵtuḇîn ↔ teḵtuḇîn tiḵtəḇān ↔ teḵtəḇān
1st m./f. kiṯḇēṯ ↔ keṯḇeṯ kəṯaḇnâ ↔ kəṯaḇn eḵtuḇ ↔ eḵtoḇ niḵtuḇ ↔ neḵtoḇ
Conjugations or verbal stems[edit]
Like other Semitic languages, Aramaic employs a number of conjugations, or verbal stems, to extend the lexical coverage of verbs. The basic conjugation of the verb is called the ground stem


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The High Mountain Habitats
The mountain heights of Wales may seem an
inhospitable environment, but there are some surprising species
that thrive amongst the crevices, ledges, rocks and scree slopes of
even our highest mountains.
Ledges and crevices
High mountain ledges and rock crevices are important places for
some of the rarest mountain plants, particularly where veins of
base-rich rock break the surface. Their inaccessibility to sheep
makes them a refuge for many plants with a sensitivity to
Such places include the tall-herb ledges, where the mineral-rich
water flushing through them and the shade of the north-facing
slopes create conditions suitable for species that would normally
be associated with woodland. In summer, these aptly named tall-herb
ledges can provide some of the most attractive and spectacular
displays of wild plants in the mountains. They often have the
appearance of hanging gardens, supporting plants with names such as
wild angelica, ladies mantle, globeflower and roseroot
Also well adapted to this mountain habitat are the
arctic-alpines – plants usually found in high Alpine mountains or
far north in the arctic. They are found here in Wales on the very
edge of their distribution, and include the Saxifrages, mountain
avens and moss campion.
Many of these species survive by growing in pockets of soil in
cracks and crevices. They are generally small and often hug the
rock by means of creeping stems, or by adopting a cushion shape to
minimise their exposure to strong winds. They survive in this
hostile environment because under gentler conditions they would
soon be overcome by competition from more aggressive species.
These plants would appear to be safe in their mountain refuges
but even they face challenges – from rising temperatures, acid
rain, overgrazing by sheep and the attentions of increasing numbers
of feral goats in parts of North Wales.
Scree slopes and summits
Another rocky habitat of the mountains occurs on scree slopes.
These distinctive landforms are widespread, reflecting the geology
of their parent cliffs. Where screes are unstable and acidic (the
most common type in Snowdonia), the vegetation is usually composed
of a pioneer community of parsley fern, with various mosses and
Extremes of wind and temperature on the summits of the higher
mountains mean that few plants can survive. Nevertheless, species
such as the stiff sedge and the hardy dwarf willow are virtually
confined to this high ground. The latter species is locally common
in montane heath communities in Snowdonia that are not too heavily
grazed. The small size of its stems and leaves initially give the
impression of a low-growing bilberry, but closer inspection reveals
it to be a tree in miniature.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Nine-Week Shift
Emily Walker, Co-Editor-In-Chief
For years, schools in our district have used a six-week grading period. However, FISD has decided to shift secondary schools into a nine-week schedule in hopes to better students' education experience starting in the 2019-2020 school year.
There are a few changes that will happen to the school year. Each school year will have two nine-weeks per semester, with a total of four grading periods for the year. Another change is that IPR (Interim Progress Reports) will still come out every three weeks but now there will be two every grading period before the final grade.
This change in schedule will have no effect on school day length, holidays, or STAAR/other state and national testing.
FISD has stated the reason for this change is to allow students more time to learn the material before they are tested. This will also allow more time and flexibility for teachers to teach lessons and input grades.
Overall, this change is meant to benefit students and create a smoother learning environment.


Joppa to Caesarea distance, location, road map and direction
Joppa is located in USA at the longitude of 34.76 and latitude of 32.05. Caesarea is located in Israel at the longitude of 34.9 and latitude of 32.52.
Distance between Joppa and Caesarea
The total straight line distance between Joppa and Caesarea is 54 KM (kilometers) and 0 meters. The miles based distance from Joppa to Caesarea is 33.6 miles. This is a straight line distance and so most of the time the actual travel distance between Joppa and Caesarea may be higher or vary due to curvature of the road.
The driving distance or the travel distance between Joppa to Caesarea is 62 KM and 927 meters. The mile based, road distance between these two travel point is 39.1 miles.
Time Difference between Joppa and Caesarea
The sun rise time difference or the actual time difference between Joppa and Caesarea is 0 hours, 0 minutes and 35 seconds. Note: Joppa and Caesarea time calculation is based on UTC time of the particular city. It may vary from country standard time, local time etc.
Joppa To Caesarea travel time
Joppa is located around 54 KM away from Caesarea so if you travel at the consistent speed of 50 KM per hour you can reach Caesarea in 1 hours and 12 minutes. Your Caesarea travel time may vary due to your bus speed, train speed or depending upon the vehicle you use.
Midway point between Joppa To Caesarea
Mid way point or halfway place is a center point between source and destination location. The mid way point between Joppa and Caesarea is situated at the latitude of 32.284175535307 and the longitude of 34.831265711495. If you need refreshment you can stop around this midway place, after checking the safety,feasibility, etc.
Joppa To Caesarea road map
Caesarea is located nearly North side to Joppa. The bearing degree from Joppa To Caesarea is 14 ° degree. The given North direction from Joppa is only approximate. The given google map shows the direction in which the blue color line indicates road connectivity to Caesarea. In the travel map towards Caesarea you may find en route hotels, tourist spots, picnic spots, petrol pumps and various religious places. The given google map is not comfortable to view all the places as per your expectation then to view street maps, local places see our detailed map here.
Joppa To Caesarea driving direction
The following diriving direction guides you to reach Caesarea from Joppa. Our straight line distance may vary from google distance.
Travel Distance from Joppa
The onward journey distance may vary from downward distance due to one way traffic road. This website gives the travel information and distance for all the cities in the globe. For example if you have any queries like what is the distance between Joppa and Caesarea? and How far is Joppa from Caesarea?. Driving distance between Joppa and Caesarea. Joppa to Caesarea distance by road. Distance between Joppa and Caesarea is 10317 KM / 6410.8 miles. distance between Joppa and Caesarea by road. It will answer those queires aslo. Some popular travel routes and their links are given here :-
Travelers and visitors are welcome to write more travel information about Joppa and Caesarea.
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enter your email address to receivea daily dose ofThe Genealogue
Ogden Driggs had a very eventful trip to Europe when he was a boy.Why did his family have to leave Continental Europe in a hurry, and what famous person came home to America on the same ship?
The Driggs family had to leave Paris because the Germans had invaded France. They spent six months in England before returning to the US on Feb. 23, 1915 on the S.S. St Paul. Robert Frost and family were also on the ship.
Ogden Driggs was aboard the St. Paul when it returned to NYC 13 Feb. 1915. Poet Robert Frost and his family were also aboard. I'm guessing the quick return was due to the outbreak of WWI.
Correction: Arrival date was the 23rd of Feb.
Ogden Driggs traveled on the USS St. Paul from Liverpool, leaving Great Britain on 13 Feb 1915, along with poet Robert Frost & family. Just 3 days before, Germany had declared all waters surrounding Great Britain as a war zone. Interesting enough, Driggs also traveled as a boy from the Phillipines, via Havana, in 1913 during the height of the Moro Rebellion. On that return voyage he traveled with Chess Master Frank J. Marshall.
The Driggs family left Continental Europe in February 1915 most likely due to the danger during World War I, and on their ship (the St. Paul) was Robert Frost.
You're all correct! By his own account, Ogden and his family were evacuated to England aboard the U.S. destroyer Tennessee in 1914, and spent six months in England before heading home. He was only nine, so he probably didn't remember seeing Robert Frost aboard ship. Frost was then an up-and-coming poet, having published his first two collections while living in England.Thanks to kac for pointing out Ogden's earlier brush with war and celebrity. His folks sure knew how to pick vacation spots!
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The Modern Maximum refers to the period of relatively high solar activity which began with Solar Cycle 15 in 1914. It reached a maximum in Cycle 19 during the late 1950s and may have ended with the peak of Cycle 23 in 2000, as Cycle 24 is recording, at best, very muted solar activity. Another proposed end date for the maximum is 2007, with the decline phase of Cycle 23. In any case, the low solar activity of Cycle 24 in the 2010s marked a new period of reduced solar activity.
This maximum period is a natural example of solar variation, and one of many that are known from proxy records of past solar variability. The Modern Maximum reached a double peak once in the 1950s and again during the 1990s.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


the data crawler, you can press CTRL-A and then type PRINT FormStatement$ and it will print out the uncompiled form statement for the file.
Utilities
Now that you have your file layouts defined, you have access to several powerful utilities right out of the box using Fileio. Additionally, several more utilities are available as Add-Ons, including our most popular development tool ScreenIO. You can read more about them in their section below.
But for now, lets take a look at some of the wonderful free utilities that come built into Fileio.
Some of these utilities are accessible from your code via library functions, but the primary way you access any of them is by simply loading the FileIO Library and running it directly.
DataCrawler
The data crawler is the original utility of FileIO. This utility shows you first a list of all data files allowing you to select one.
Select a data file and press enter, and FileIO will then display a listview containing all the data in the data file. This list is sized based on the size of your main BR window (window 0) automatically to take up the full size available to it, so if you want to see more, try opening window 0 larger before running FileIO.
At the top of the window is a filter box, and you can type anything you want in there and click "Refresh" and it will reread the data file, shortening the list to show only those records that match (case insensitive) what you have typed.
If you have ScreenIO installed, then FileIO's data crawler will take advantage of the included Animation Engine in ScreenIO to animate a loading window while the listview is displaying. If you don't have ScreenIO then FileIO will simply load the listview.
If you don't want to wait for the entire file to load, press ESC to stop the load process.
If the file is empty, FileIO will display a message box letting you know.
This tool is very useful for sorting out data errors. It will allow you to look inside any data file you have a layout for and directly view the data there.
At the bottom of the Data Crawler are several buttons. There's a Jump button that repositions the file by a key you specify and then loads the list with the data from that key on down to the end of the file.
There is a "Columns" button which you can use to decide which columns should show up on the listview. Fewer columns means faster loading so sometimes for large files I press ESC immediately when the file first starts loading to cancel the load. Then I click "Columns" and check only the columns I want to see. Finally I press the "Refresh" button to trigger it to read the file again and this time it loads much faster then before.
Next you'll find an Export button which starts the process for exporting a file to CSV. You can read more on that in the next section. And next to that is a Quit button.
In this example, we loaded the file "Read Only" so it put everything in a listview. But there are times when its useful to fix data errors this way too, especially during development. So if you want to directly edit your data file, on the first page select the file you want to edit and instead of pressing "Enter" or clicking "View", this time press "F5". F5 is the secret Edit button that loads a data file into a grid instead.
You can use the grid to change records, delete them or add them, and in addition to the buttons listed above, it also has an "Import" button for importing a CSV file into this data file.
Any changes you make to the data file are not saved until you click the "Save" button (which also only appears when you're in Edit mode).
In the 01/2015 release of FileIO, each records rec # is displayed in the listview, to aid in debugging bad data problems.
Debugging Tip
Any time you're viewing a file layout in the Data Crawler, you can see the Uncompiled Form Statement by pressing CTRL-A to get to an ATTN prompt, and then entering the command:
 print FormStatement$
and it will print out the original form statement.
Another Debugging Tip
The FileIO Datacrawler ignores records that it cannot read. This is to allow for data files that have multiple record layouts in one data file. You make a custom layout for each record type and the data crawler shows just the records that match that type in the file.
However that becomes a problem when you're making a layout to work with an existing data file. Error 726 indicates that something minor in the file layout doesn't match the data on the disk, but these errors are ignored so you might see either an empty data file, or a data file with some records missing. If that happens, you need to see the missing records in order to figure out what is wrong with your layout. It's very important that you don't try to use a file layout that isn't quite working right. Make sure your layout works and can read every record of a file that it should read before using it.
To see the records that could not be read in a file, run the data crawler on the layout, then press CTRL-A to get an ATTN prompt. From there, enter the command
 print mat BadRead$
and it will print all the records that were ignored because the file layout didn't match them. It prints out the raw data from the file.
Function Access to use Data Crawler in your programs
You can use the data crawler in your own programs by using one of the following functions:
 - fnDataCrawler - Open a Listview showing the data file
 - fnDataEdit - Display the data in an editable grid
 - fnShowData - This function does the same thing as the above two, but with many many more options allowing you to customize exactly what appears and exactly what they're allowed to change.
Note: its not recommended to allow your customers to use the data crawler to access your data files directly. There's no way to specify validations or do anything complicated, so unless you're careful, there are lots of ways your customers could use this tool to do damage to your data files. It is a programmer tool only.
If you do decide to use it for your end users, be careful how you implement it.
Import/Export to CSV
You can use FileIO to export your data files to CSV or import from CSV into your data file. To do this, you want to run the data crawler and select the file layout you're looking for. Then, view it (or press F5 to edit if you want to import something). Click on the Export button and it will ask you to select a file. Once that is selected it will ask a couple other simple questions, and when you've specified the options to your satisfaction, click the Export! button. A new CSV file will be created.
Import is even more simple. To import, you must be in Edit mode (press F5 to select the file instead of the enter key) and then simply select the Import button. It will ask you again to choose the file, and then it will ask you if it should update all files by Record Number (if record number is recorded in the CSV file) or by Key (if the file has keys) or to just Add all information to the file. Select what you want and press Import and the CSV file is added to the BR data file.
Function Access to Import/Export from your programs
You can use the following functions to call the Import and Export functionality from your code.
These functions are intended to give you the ability to use our functionality to write your own import and export routines for your customers, because its not a good idea to let your customers run the Data Crawler.
Generate Layout Wizard
There is also a Generate Layout Wizard utility in FileIO. This utility is there to help you build your file layouts. It is designed to work with a certain style of BR programming that was common in the 80s and 90s. So if your software is written in a style that opens the file directly, and reads/writes the data to a long series of individual variables, the Generate Layout Wizard is for you.
To use it, start by running FileIO. Then, don't select a layout - instead, click on the "Generate Layout" button.
You'll see a screen with a bunch of large text boxes, a small grid, and some buttons.
The first thing you want to do is select the "Browse" button and then select a .wb or .br file that contains a program that reads or writes Most of the File.
When you select one, press the Scan All button and it fileio will search the whole program looking first for all the open strings. It will take the file that is opened the most times and then search for all read statements to that file. It will look for the longest read statement and then find the Form statement associated with that Read statement, and any DIM statements for any variables used.
If you don't like the file its chosen, click the "Open Scratch Pad" button to open the temp work file it uses into the program of your choice (I use myEdit for BRS files). Simply select all the open statements for the file you DO want to build off of, then click the Paste button to paste those open


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Subject: Programs for Examination
Last Revised: 01/11/2018
To ensure timely and ongoing attention to programmatic vitality, all academic programs within the UMS will be examined annually for the (a) number of graduates being produced, (b) the number of undergraduate majors, and (c) the number of faculty available to the program. The Programs for Examination process is intended as a proactive mechanism by which to foster broader collaborative discussions among faculty and academic administrators regarding program size in the context of mission, quality, and sustainability.
- Programs for Examination Thresholds – Programs not meeting the thresholds listed below must be examined by the Chief Academic Officer (CAO) and other appropriate academic administrators, in collaboration with the faculty, the Chief Academic Officers Council (CAOC), and the UMS Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs (VCAA):
– number of graduates per year:
– Undergraduate: average five graduates per year over three years
– Master's: average of three graduates per year over three years
– Doctorate: average of two graduates per year over three years
– number of undergraduate majors: 15 (as determined by the number of active majors at the end of each academic year)
– number of tenure-track or just-cause eligible faculty: 3 (as determined by the headcount of faculty at the end of each academic year)
- Programs for Examination Academic Year Timeline –
a. By August 1 of each year – UMS IR office will provide a dashboard summary of graduates, majors and faculty by campus for each program in the UMS program inventory, and will have identified for the CAOs those programs not meeting the above thresholds;
b. In November of each year – each CAO will notify the VCAA of the following items for discussion with the CAOC:
i. reason(s) of why any program need not be examined further because of meeting critical university needs, regardless of the Programs for Examination criteria;
ii. programs not meeting the Programs for Examination criteria for which more examination is needed; for those programs for which questions remain, the CAO will communicate to the appropriate academic unit(s) the need for further information, analysis, discussion, etc.;
iii. progress on actions to address concerns for programs identified in the previous year of the Programs for Examination process;
c. In March of each year –
i.For discussion with the CAOC, the VCAA will have provided a written summary of those programs identified by the Programs for Examination process, but determined to meeting critical university needs.
ii.the CAOC will engage in a discussion of action plan outlines developed by each CAO to address low numbers of graduates, majors and/or faculty for any remaining program(s) identified by the Programs for Examination process.
- Other Considerations: Simple measures of numbers of graduates, majors and faculty are clearly only a subset of variables that provide insight into a program's role and function. Thus, for programs not meeting the thresholds, other considerations for subsequent discussions include: SCH production, provision of service courses, centrality to institutional mission or strategic plan, societal or workforce need, relevance and access to underrepresented groups, program uniqueness, K-12 or community college pathways, research impact, accreditation, ratio of part-time to full-time instructors, certification pass rates or other assessment outcomes, instructional cost, etc.


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Southmoor has adopted i-Ready as its primary progress monitoring and assessment program. i-Ready is a common core aligned online program tool that we will used for both assessment and instruction. It uses a criterion-referenced program to assess student learning in reading and mathematics, and it also creates individualized lessons and objectives for student-users. Students will use the i-Ready program throughout the year for assessment and supplemental instruction. They will have i-Ready available as an option in the classroom throughout the year, and they will also be able to access interactive lessons from home for homework. As the year progresses and we have more data available, families will be provided with i-Ready assessment scores and diagnostic reports. To learn more about the i-Ready program, visit the website: _URL_.
iReady login information:The username is your child's student number (this is also their lunch number) and the password is their birthday MMDDYYYY. Please keep the information in a safe place so that you can help your child log in to the iReady software. Students should eventually be able to log in on their own, but they will need assistance now. Students can access their i-Ready accounts at: _URL_ Again, Each student's Username is his or her Student ID.Each student's Password is his or her eight-digit date of birth, entered in the following format: MMDDYYYY. Once logged in, students have the option to choose reading or math.Once a content area is selected, students should select the one, large button that reads "Begin Lesson."i-Ready's software continuously and automatically updates lessons to meet students' needs, and it assesses students' learning as they move through content. At home, thus, students' use of i-Ready should be a hands-off process in relation to parent involvement.
1. log into Reflex _URL_ 2. click login up in the right hand corner (it's pretty tiny) 3. a pop up box will open and enter the username: brady18 4. select your class: Mrs. Brady 5. Click on student name 6. enter your students birthday: mmddyyyy (same as in i-ready)


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Location: Northern Great Plains Research LaboratoryTitle: Long-Term soil change in the Great Plains: an evaluation of the haas soil archive
|EBERLY, JED - Montana State University|
|Van Pelt, Robert - Scott|
|DUTTENHEFNER, JESSICA - North Dakota State University|
Submitted to: Meeting Abstract
Publication Type: Abstract Only
Publication Acceptance Date: 11/8/2020
Publication Date: 11/8/2020
Citation: Liebig, M.A., Durso, L.M., Calderon, F.J., Eberly, J., Jin, V.L., Stewart, C.E., Van Pelt, R.S., Vigil, M.F., Duke, S.E., Clemensen, A.K., Duttenhefner, J. 2020. Long-Term soil change in the Great Plains: an evaluation of the haas soil archive. Meeting Abstract. 1.
Technical Abstract: Sustained delivery of ecosystem services from agricultural lands in the North American Great Plains requires an understanding of long-term effects of management on soil properties. However, climatic and edaphic drivers throughout the region often relegate the detection of soil change to a decadal timescale, underscoring the importance of exploiting long-term research sites and associated soil archives for potential insight into trends in soil condition. Given this context, we analyzed a suite of soil properties in archived and contemporary soil samples at locations in the northern, central, and southern Great Plains. Using documentation recorded by Howard Haas in the late 1940s, modern soil mapping capabilities, and historical knowledge of dryland cropping experiments, we screened 14 locations in the Great Plains for potential inclusion in the study. Of those 14, three locations (Moccasin, MT; Akron, CO; Big Spring, TX) were found to have a convergence of historical and current information that permitted resampling. This presentation will review context for the evaluation, attributes of the soil archive and sampled locations, and analyses conducted by members of the research team.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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The hyperlane to this system was mapped by members of the Wayfarer's Guild within the past 3 years. Vamora is a medium sized yellow sun which has several large belts of asteroids around it. There is one small intact planet called Boscage that was reported to be covered with lush jungle-like plant growth. This planet and system have been the subject to very little exploration or exploitation. The Wayfarer's Guild is said to have sent one shuttlecraft to the surface of Boscage. The survey team detected strange energy readings, but could not locate the source. They did report encountering a wide variety of exotic plants and animals.
STAR WARS - E-MAIL - LORDS OF RPG


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This project will define the microbial processes and species responsible for oxidation of ferrous iron (where the iron ion shares two of its electrons) and consequent weathering of iron-containing mineral aggregates. Understanding the link between the rates of oxidation and the presence of specific microbial community composition allow geoscientists to better understand susceptibility and rates of chemical weathering of iron-bearing minerals.
The investigators will use state-of-the-art high throughput sequencing approaches to hunt for relevant genes in and reconstruct microbial genomes from three natural environments, including one in the Central Sands area of Wisconsin.
Mineral weathering plays a fundamental role in soil formation, with attendant impacts on agriculture and other applied aspects of soil science. This project will provide the first comprehensive microbiome-style analysis of microbial communities associated with chemical weathering in terrestrial environments.


Parabola recording
The Macaulay Library is here to help you meet the challenges of recording birds and other animals in the wild. This page contains tips on how to maximize the quality of your recordings.
Know your gear
Check that your gear is functioning properly before taking it into the field. Be sure you know how it works and you feel comfortable setting it up and using it. This makes it more likely you can take advantage of great recording opportunities in the field. The more comfortable you are with your equipment, the more enjoyable your experience and the better your recordings will be. For information on choosing recording gear, check out our recording equipment pages, as well as our 2019 gear review.
Create uncompressed.WAV files
WAV is the standard audio format used at the Macaulay Library, the Library of Congress, and other sound archives dedicated to the long-term preservation of audio. WAV is an uncompressed audio format that provides an accurate copy of wildlife sounds, maximizing the usefulness of your recordings for research and conservation today and in the future. By contrast, compressed file types like MP3 and M4A are often the default on smartphones and other recorders, but discard audio information that can be important. Learn more about WAV files and compression.
Get close to your subject
Getting closer dramatically increases the volume of your target compared to the background, resulting in a cleaner, more audible recording. Cutting your distance in half doubles the perceived loudness of the desired signal, and is a good goal to strive for when approaching a bird. Get closer, but try to move slowly and quietly, being careful not to disturb your subject.
Aim your microphone
Position the microphone to minimize obstructions between it and the vocalizing animal. When using a directional microphone, aim it directly at the subject. This is especially important when using a parabolic microphone system, given its extreme directionality. Keep your eye on your subject (if you can see it) so you can follow its movements and keep it "in focus." Consider adjusting your position to reduce interfering noise: put your back to unwanted noise if you are using a parabola and put the noise to the side if you are using a shotgun microphone. The proper aim will increase the quality of the recording while reducing the interference of background noise.
Set the record level to avoid distortion
If your recorded sound is louder than your recorder's maximum level (0 dB on the recorder's meter), you will introduce distortion into your recording. To avoid this, set your record level so that the loudest part of the target vocalization peaks at a safe level (such as -12 dB). Check the record level of your target species and adjust the level before you press record. Note that with 32-bit recorders like the Sound Devices MixPre-3 II, level-setting is much less important and distorted recordings can be recovered. Most recording devices still do not enjoy this benefit, however.
Peaking at a safe level (left); distortion occurring (right)
Don't adjust the record level during the recording
Set the record level at the start of each recording and, if possible, leave it unchanged for the remainder of the recording. Changing the record level during a recording results in an uneven sound that affects the quality of the recording. Try to only adjust the level if your subject becomes so loud that you risk distortion (see above.)
Make longer recordings
The most valuable recordings are ones that capture many calls or songs, or capture the variation of calls and songs. If you are in a good situation, it is worth recording for several minutes. However, also consider whether you have the opportunity to get closer or otherwise take action to obtain a better recording. If so, you may wish to end your first recording after a minute or two and try for a better opportunity. The better the quality of the recording, the more worthwhile it is to keep going. And the longer you record, the more likely it is that your subject will do something interesting!
Find quiet, be quiet
Microphones are sensitive and will pick up everything around them. Everyday sounds like traffic, airplanes, and moving water can be tuned out by our brains, but show up as unwanted background noise in recordings. If you can find an area where these noises are less prominent, it will be much easier to obtain a clean recording.
It is also important to remember that microphones pick up sounds close to them better than distant birds, and nothing is closer to the microphone than you. Be aware of the sounds you or your companions make. Try not to move, walk, talk, or otherwise make noise during a recording, and ask any companions with you ahead of time to do the same. Minimize handling noise by being careful about how you hold your microphone or recording device. A shock mount for a microphone is very useful for reducing unwanted bumps and clicks caused by your hand. A windscreen also reduces the impact gusts of wind have on your recordings. Finally, keeping yourself quiet is easier when you wear "quiet" clothing like fleece, wool, or cotton, rather than noisier clothing like a raincoat.
Make a voice announcement
It's easy to lose track of exactly what happened during a particular recording, especially if you're cataloging it days or weeks after it was made. Making a voice announcement at the end of each recording can help you and future listeners figure out what was going on and capture important contextual information that may be relevant to the sound the bird was making. Describe basic information such as the species, date, time, and location. Most importantly, describe the behavior of the bird. Where was it when you recorded it? What was it doing? Was it moving around or on a perch? Were there other individuals or species that made sounds in the recording or that may have influenced the vocalizations of your subject? Anything you can say about what was going on is valuable information and can be hard to figure out later on. Habitat, weather, and recording equipment can also be useful to mention, perhaps in your first recording of the morning.
Review, organize, edit, and upload your field recordings
You put in a lot of hard work to get your recordings, so don't waste your efforts, share them with the world! The sooner you can organize your files and get them archived, the less likely it is that any data will be lost. Try keeping them organized in folders by day, then follow our archival editing suggestions and upload them to your eBird checklist!


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32 CFR Part 275, Appendix H to Part 275 - Procedures for Delay of Notice
Appendix H to Part 275—Procedures for Delay of Notice
A. The customer notice required when seeking an administrative subpoena or summons (paragraph B. of appendix C to this part), obtaining a search warrant (paragraph B. of appendix D to this part), seeking a judicial subpoena (paragraph B. to appendix C to this part), making a formal written request (paragraph B. to appendix C to this part), obtaining emergency access (paragraph C. of appendix F to this part), or transferring information (paragraph C. of appendix G to this part), may be delayed for an initial period of 90 days and successive periods of 90 days. The notice required when obtaining a search warrant (paragraph B. of appendix D to this part) may be delayed for a period of 180 days and successive periods of 90 days. A delay of notice may only be made by an order of an appropriate court if the presiding judge or magistrate finds that:
1. The investigation is within the lawful jurisdiction of the Government authority seeking the records.
2. There is reason to believe the records being sought are relevant to a law enforcement inquiry.
3. There is reason to believe that serving the notice will result in:
a. Endangering the life or physical safety of any person.
b. Flight from prosecution.
c. Destruction of or tampering with evidence.
d. Intimidation of potential witnesses.
e. Otherwise seriously jeopardizing an investigation or official proceeding or unduly delaying a trial or ongoing official proceeding to the same degree as the circumstances in paragraphs A.2.a. through A.2.d. of this appendix.
B. When a delay of notice is appropriate, legal counsel shall be consulted to obtain such a delay. Application for delays of notice shall be made with reasonable specificity.
C. Upon the expiration of a delay of notification obtained under paragraph A. of this appendix for a search warrant, the law enforcement office obtaining such records shall mail to the customer a copy of the search warrant, along with the following notice:
"Records or information concerning your transactions held by the financial institution named in the attached search warrant were obtained by this [agency or department] on [date].
Notification was delayed beyond the statutory 180-day delay period pursuant to a determination by the court that such notice would seriously jeopardize an investigation concerning [state with reasonable specificity]. You may have rights under the Right to Financial Privacy Act of 1978."
D. Upon the expiration of all other delays of notification obtained under paragraph A. of this appendix, the customer shall be served with or mailed a copy of the legal process or formal request, together with the following notice which shall state with reasonable specificity the nature of the law enforcement inquiry.
"Records or information concerning your transactions which are held by the financial institution named in the attached process or request were supplied to or requested by the Government authority named in the process or request on (date). Notification was withheld pursuant to a determination by the (title of the court ordering the delay) under the Right to Financial Privacy Act of 1978 that such notice might (state the reason). The purpose of the investigation or official proceeding was (state the purpose)."
Title 32 published on 2014-07-01.
No entries appear in the Federal Register after this date, for 32 CFR Part 275.


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In today's blog, I'll provide you a step-by-step guide on growing okra in South Africa. Yes, that is how okra is grown.
This information may be applicable to areas with climate conditions similar to South Africa. Keep your eyes concentrated on the page and read all the way through.
I was recently asked if farming okra was profitable in South Africa.
Yes, if recommended production standards are followed, okra can be a successful crop. After harvesting begins, it can return an income in 10 to 12 weeks.
Hibiscus esculentus is the botanical name for okra.
Always get certified seeds from a reputable seed company.
Climate-related needs/requirements for Growing Okra in South Africa
Okra can be grown anywhere in Ghana, although it thrives in warm, moist soils as a warm-season crop. Low-lying zones with an equitably distributed annual precipitation of up to 1000 mm and temperatures ranging from 25 to 350 degrees Celsius are often acceptable. The yield can resist extreme temperatures, such as those experienced during the dry season.
Choosing a Location
It grows best in sandy to clay soils, but relatively light, depleted, rich soils are also good. It is recommended to use heavily manured loamy soils with a pH of 6.0-6.8 (acidic).
Arrangements for land
The ground should be cleared of trees, grasses, and root stumps, and the soil should be harrowed to a fine tilth. To increase the dirt surface and air circulation, apply 20 MT/ha of highly disintegrated fertilizer. Edges and creases should be separated by 60cm.
Soak seeds in water for 24 hours or in ethyl liquor with CH3)2CO for 30 minutes. Sow 2-5 cm deep into a damp soil at a depth of 20-40 cm inside columns and 60-90 cm between lines. After germination, reduce each stand to one plant.
The seeding rate is normal.
3-5 kg/ha, depending on seed availability and selection.
Management of Nutrients
Test the soil to determine the amount of fruitfulness and adjust the rates to satisfy the yield's supplement requirements.
Application of Fertilizer
If in doubt, plant with NPK 15-15-15 at a rate of 220 kg/ha. During flowering, add 110-150 kg of ammonium sulfate or 75 kg of urea per hectare.
system of water supply
For optimal development and productivity, adequate soil moisture is required. For the best returns, a standard water system timetable of 350 mm of water per hour is recommended.
Between column cultivators, keep the field weed-free by applying approved pre- and post-eminent herbicides, hoeing, or handpicking. Avoid causing damage to plant roots.
Control of Pests and Diseases
Aphids, Diamondback moth Whitefly, Bollworm, Jassids, Cotton stainer and bollworm, Leafroller, Mealybug, and Sting bug are common Okra pests.
Embrace IPM rehearsals to get control. Apply EPA-approved and/or Neem seeds separately (700g-1kg of very much dried neem seeds/15L of water rucksack). Follow the producers' advice at all times.
Nematodes that cause root knots
Nematodes feed on young roots, causing them to shrink and producing large nerves on the roots, lowering organic product production. To control, use neem cake at a rate of 250 kg/ha and/or EPA-approved nematicides.
Powdery mildew is characterized by a white dusty growth on the leaves that fades to an earthy tone. To keep weeds at bay, spray seedlings with sulfur-based fungicides and remove weeds.
Aphids and Whiteflies both send Leaf Curl and Mosaic.
Leaf curl: The leaves are small and cup-shaped, with distinct veins on the underside. Plants are hampered.
Mosaic: Leaves are typical in size and shape, but the shading is mottled green or yellow. Plants are hampered. Plant safe assortments to keep things under control. Before diseases spread, use EPA-approved bug sprays and insecticidal cleansers to control vectors. When working with seedlings or transporting cigarettes to the ranch, refrain from smoking or bringing cigarettes with you. Maverick out influenced plants as soon as possible. Practice crop pivoting with harvests that aren't powerless.
Read also:How To Farm Okro In Kenya
5-6 days following flower opening, gather cases while they are still tender. Okra should be harvested twice a week. Picking regularly increases yield. In the cooler parts of the day, cut or snap units off the plant. The units should be kept in a cool place. To avoid injury, collected okra should be handled with caution. Within a few hours, wounded cases will turn dark or earthy in color. To avoid injury, okra harvesters should always wear cotton gloves when reaping and dealing with cases.
Sort, appraise, and pack in boxes or bushels by market needs.
Okra is pressed in 6kg cartons for the fare markets.
Yields of okra are determined by the cultivar, harvest season, and reap frequency. A usual yield is 6-12 tons per hectare.


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In the April issue of the American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology (AJOG), a team lead by John Williams, III report on their findings of the impact of NIPGS' introduction into clinical practice.
The team reviewed the cases of all women referred for genetic counseling and prenatal testing at the Cedars-Sinai Prenatal Diagnosis Center from January 1, 2010 – December 31, 2011, the two years preceding NIPGS, and January 1, 2012 – December 31, 2013, the two years following NIPGS.
The full article can be reviewed here (subscription required). Here are the highlights:
- Pre-NIPGS, 3,944 women were referred for genetic counseling and diagnostic testing; Post-NIPGS, 2,824, a reduction of 28.4%.
- Pre-NIPGS, 26.2% of women declined diagnostic testing; post-NIPGS, 31%.
- There was a 48% reduction in the number of procedures performed in 2013 as compared to the number performed in 2010.
- Pre-NIPGS, 467 women not candidates for NIPGS were referred for genetic counseling and diagnostic tesing; post-NIPGS, 285, a reduction of 38.9%.
- Of the women who had CVS during study period, NIPGS would not have identified 32.4% of the aneuploidies identified due to NIPGS' limited scope of conditions.
The authors note that there was no difference in the referral rate for genetic counseling and diagnostic testing based on first-trimester combined or second trimester quad-screen results, suggesting a greater reliance on the accuracy of NIPGS than traditional screening. Further, there was no apparent decrease in the overall birthrate to account for the reductions in referrals post-NIPGS.
From the report, the authors draw the following conclusions and concerns:
- The decrease in referrals for genetic counseling is not consistent with the American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists and Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine joint statement recommending informed pretest counseling prior to accepting NIPGS.
- "Genetic counseling has been shown to identify additional significant genetic risks in 35.6% of women. As fewer women are being referred for genetic counseling, the potential for missing additional risks for genetic orders is likely to increase."
- "An even greater concern" is women at an increased risk for fetal aneuploidy and single gene conditions not detectable by NIPGS relying only on NIPGS results and not having these conditions identified through prenatal testing.
This concern of NIPGS' limited scope missing a significant number of other conditions has been noted in other studies, which the graphic with this post illustrates.
Williams et al. further are concerned about the reduction in diagnostic testing due to the appeal of NIPGS being noninvasive and therefore not carrying a risk of miscarriage. They note that:
[I]nvasive diagnostic procedures (CVS and amniocentesis) have been shown to be relatively safe, particularly in the hands of experienced operators. In experienced hands, both have been reported to carry procedure-related loss rates of approximately 1 in 400.
To their credit, the authors recognize the impact decreased invasive procedures will have on increasing the risk of those procedures:
[A]s the number of referrals for diagnostic testing continues to decline, some CVS and amniocentesis practitioners may lose their technical skills. … It is possible that practitioners who were able to perform enough diagnostic procedures to maintain competency prior to the introduction of [NIPGS] into clinical practice may not be able to maintain their skills.
(I wrote about this inverse relationship between the number of procedures and the risk of invasive testing for a presentation at the 2013 American College of Medical Genetics & Genomics annual conference).
Finally, Williams et al. make an observation that may not be appreciated by the laymen or their professional colleagues.
The "greater concern" noted above, of women with single-gene conditions not being referred for diagnostic testing, the authors postulate could be due to a misunderstanding on the limitations of NIPGS by patients and clinicians. Williams et al. suggest that future studies assess patient and clinician "understanding of the differences between prenatal screening and diagnostic tests."
NIPGS is resulting in fewer women being referred for genetic counseling and diagnostic testing due to an apparent reliance on the accuracy of NIPGS which may be misplaced, particularly for conditions not detected by NIPGS. This reduction may lead to more misdiagnoses, i.e. women not being diagnosed who otherwise would have but for relying on the limited scope of NIPGS, and an increased risk for invasive testing due to the plummeting number of procedures. As a result, the article's final sentence is suitable for ending this post as well:
In addition, with the current and future complexities of diagnostic genetic testing, genetic counseling should be offered to all patients considering any type of genetic screening or diagnostic testing.


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Barnard 150, also catalogued as LDN 1082, is a dark nebula located some 1,200 light-years from Earth in the Cepheus constellation. Unlike emission or reflection nebulae that emit or reflect light, dark nebulae are composed of dense, cold gas and dust that block the light from objects or stars behind them. They are often seen as inky, black patches against the background of brighter stars or nebulae.
Also known as the Seahorse nebula, it takes the name due to its shape that appears against a rich, luminous background field of stars. Dark nebulae like B150 are regions where interstellar dust and gas are so thick that they obscure the light from stars or other objects located beyond them. This nebula is part of a larger complex of dark nebulae known as the Barnard Dark Nebulae catalog, which was compiled by the American astronomer Edward Emerson Barnard in the early 20th century.
About the image and a deep Ha approach:
Thanks for taking your time on this site.
L: 403 x 300″ (33h35′)
RGB: (120,120,120) x 30″ (3h)
Ha: 341 x 300″ (28h25′)
Calibrated with darks, flats and dark-flats.
Total exposure: 65h
Moon at 15% (on average)
Image resolution: 1.46"/pixel
FOV (full image): 2º28′ x 1º38′
FSQ106 EDX4 + ASI2600MM + LRGB Astrodon filters + Ha3nm Antlia – with ZWO EFW 7 pos
FSQ85 + ASI294MM + SHO LRGB Baader filters – with ZWO EFW 8 pos
Guiding with ASI120MM and ZWO Mini Guide Scope
SGP, PHD2, APP, PIX, LR, TPZ, PS.
Aleix Roig, September 2023
Prades (Tarragona, Catalonia – Spain).
Full HD image on Astrobin.


Create a new table with the properties of an old table and without duplicates using MySQL LIKE Operator?
MySQLMySQLi Database
To achieve this with LIKE operator, the following is the syntax −
CREATE TABLE yourTableName2 LIKE yourTableName1;
To understand the syntax, let us create a table and insert some records into it. The following is the query to create a table −
mysql> create table Employee
−> (
 −> EmployeeId int
 −> ,
 −> EmployeeName varchar(100)
−> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.54 sec)
Inserting records into the table with the help of insert command. The query is as follows −
mysql> insert into Employee values(1,'Carol');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.18 sec)
mysql> insert into Employee values(2,'John');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.16 sec)
mysql> insert into Employee values(3,'Johnson');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.11 sec)
Displaying all records with the help of select statement. The query to display all records are as follows −
mysql> select *from StudentTable;
The following is the output −
+------+---------+
| Id | Name |
+------+---------+
| 3 | Johnson |
+------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
Now you can implement the above syntax which I discussed in the beginning. The query is as follows to create a table with the help of LIKE operator.
mysql> create table StudentModifyTableDemo Like Employee;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.50 sec)
You can check the definition of the new table with the help of desc command. The query is as follows −
mysql> desc StudentModifyTableDemo;
The following is the output −
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| EmployeeId | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| EmployeeName | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.12 sec)
Now you can insert all records of Employee table to StudentModifyTableDemo table.
The query is as follows −
mysql> insert into StudentModifyTableDemo select *from Employee;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.16 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
Now you can check all records are present in the second table or not. The query is as follows −
mysql> select *from StudentModifyTableDemo;
The following is the output −
+------------+--------------+
| EmployeeId | EmployeeName |
+------------+--------------+
| 1 | Carol |
| 2 | John |
| 3 | Johnson |
+------------+--------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
raja
Published on 10-Jan-2019 06:49:29
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text: Marty Leeds has been writing songs and poetry for over 18 years and has had an interest in everything from philosophy, to esoterica, mathematics and the sciences. He was born and raised in southern Wisconsin and has lived in Washington, Oregon and Colorado. Marty returns to Red Ice Radio to discuss "mathemagics," Gematria and the English alphabet. In his new book, Leeds has constructed a cipher that is based on the phalanges of the hands, breaking down the English alphabet in two major sections, just as we have two hands and then assigning each letter with a number corresponding to the sections of the hand. He'll discuss the words that have a numerical value and significance according to Pi and speak about other mathematical constants. In the second hour, we discuss science, knowledge, perception, the potential of mankind and people's convictions of their own beliefs. Later, Marty deconstructs Skull and Bones. He talks about mirroring, opposition, games and rituals.


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Special appearance by Jackie
Power supply have recently been highlighted as another area where animals are being unnecessarily used for human benefit – so how Vegan is your home energy?
Veganism is consistently on the rise, with approximately 3% of Americans now identifying as vegan. Many vegans choose to use vegan, cruelty-free products in all aspects of their lives, but one thing that isn't usually thought about is whether the energy supply to your home is vegan. It may seem absurd to think that the energy powering your TV is derived from animals and their by-products, but it's recently been highlighted as another area where animals are being unnecessarily used for human benefit.
Why isn't energy Vegan?
Most energy suppliers around the world aren't vegan. One of the most common ways of producing energy is through anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion is a series of biological processes that break down when there's no oxygen. This produces biogas, which can then be used for generating heat, electricity, and fuel. Most often, the microorganisms used for anaerobic digestion are derived from animal by-products or from dead animals themselves. Energy companies often get these animals from factory farms, something that vegans strive to avoid and not fund. Unfortunately, most energy companies won't disclose what they're using to create their energy, but it's safe to assume that, unless they state otherwise, it's probably not vegan.
Produce your own energy
While only 6% of American homeowners currently have solar panels, a further 46% say they have seriously considered installing them, and more so when they've been undertaking cleaner, greener property renovations. Solar power is one of the best ways to produce energy for your own home and, depending on where you live, you may be able to generate enough to make a profit by selling it to the energy company. If enough people do this, eventually energy suppliers won't need to use animals or their by-products to produce energy as they can run on other's solar energy. Of course, this is likely a long way off, so it's important to look at which companies you're selling your excess solar energy too, as you may be getting paid by, and supporting, non-vegan companies.
Vegan and green energy
One of the biggest arguments in favor of using animals for biogas is that it's a lot less harmful to the planet than using fossil fuels, and it's generally considered a green and renewable source. Ecotricity, a UK energy company, is the first to produce both green and vegan energy. They use wind, sea, and sun, with plans of using grass too, to produce their energy and have been certified 100% vegan, showing that it can be done. The hope is that other energy suppliers will follow suit and that Ecotricity will expand into other countries to make green and vegan energy available for everyone.
Many vegans don't consider if their energy supply is vegan or not as they tend to think about things like their diet, clothes, and cosmetics as the places where changes need to be made. Generating your own solar power at home is an easy way to have green, vegan energy, especially if the energy companies available to you don't have suitable similar options.
Thank you Jackie for sharing with us another great post!
Don't forget to pin this post to share the love ♥
I wish you a love-filled day xoxo


WILDLIFE -- Life in the Wetlands: The Bird Paradise of Rural Lithuania
Synopsis
In the Baltic meadowlands of Lithuania, there remains a land where humans and wildlife live in harmony. During the harsh winter, as the river mouths are clogged with thick ice, the farmlands are flooded with icy water that freezes over. When this melts in spring, the landscape turns into a huge wetland that attracts large flocks of greater white-fronted geese. The farmers begin work when the water recedes and eagles and storks are busy raising their young. This episode reveals the dramatic, natural landscape of Europe.


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The most important crop for the Inca, as well as the Maya, was and still is maize — corn. Corn was used in ceremony, offered to the Apus — the mountain Gods — and planted during sacred rituals timed with the motions of the stars. We have even found corn carved in gold in underground tunnels in Peru, showing how the Inca worshipped this food. Researchers say corn was used in ceremonies in Ayacucho four thousand years ago. The first mention of corn is found in the writings of Pedro Martir de Angleria in 1492. The Spaniards said the bread of the Inca was maize or corn. It also was their wine. They brewed corn and made a drink known today as azua or chicha, similar to beer. Chicha comes in both purple and white versions, both quite powerful.
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IUCN Director General Julia Marton-Lefèvre has officially launched the Northern Bald Ibis Project in the Syrian Palmyra desert. This project aims to establish new standards and practices for protected areas design and management in Syria, where activities to conserve the Bald Ibis will be undertaken in the Palmyra Ibis Protected Area (IPA) which was established in 2004.
The Northern Bald Ibis (NBI) Geronticus eremita is listed in the IUCN Red List 2006 as a "Critically Endangered" species on a global scale. Unexpectedly, a relict wild colony of 7 individuals was discovered in the Syrian Palmyra desert in 2002.
The project is being co-managed by the Desert Commission (DC) of Palmyra, a newly established institution managing protected areas in the Syrian desert, and it is strongly supported by Her Excellency the Syrian First Lady since its very inception.
The IUCN Director General visited Palmyra as part of her overall mission to the Levant countries accompanied by IUCN West Asia Regional Director Dr Odeh Al-Jayyousi and other staff from the region.
"This project is a great example of IUCN's mandate to demonstrate the link between nature conservation and human well-being. We are inviting the Desert Commission to become an IUCN member to exchange experience and knowledge and become part of the global environmental community," said Marton-Lefèvre in her speech.
"We are pleased to work with IUCN especially after they have given us the honour of visiting Palmyra. We are glad that five ibises have made their migratory come back to Palmyra during the second half of February 2009," said Ali Hamoud Director of the Syrian Desert Commission. "Hopefully if extended beyond the summer, the Ibis Project will be extended to other component areas including the sustainable development of local communities living within the Ibis Protected Area," he added.
"The project will build the technical capacity of local staff in the IPA and develop a management plan and an ibis national action plan. It will also collect baseline information both in Syria and at the Ethiopian ibis wintering grounds," said Khaldoun Al Omari, IUCN West Asia Protected Areas Officer. "The Northern Bald Ibis, one of the critically endangered species according to the IUCN Red List, is a perfect flagship species for both sites in Syria and in Ethiopia."
Through the project, eight staff members from the IPA will be trained by the Royal Society for Conservation of Nature (RSCN) in Jordan, considering RSCN's experience in the management of protected areas. Training courses will be developed for staff, scientists and rangers in that area.
A memorandum of cooperation was signed recently between IUCN Regional Office for West Asia and BirdLife Middle East to join forces on the protection, monitoring and research efforts at the IPA, during the present ibis breeding season, in cooperation with RSPB.
The Italian Cooperation (DGCS) is providing a Trust Fund for this project, while matching funds were raised locally thanks to the Finnish and Netherlands Embassies in Damascus. Additionally, the National Geographic Society released a grant for tracking the young ibises along the Arabian Peninsula next autumn.
For more information or to set up interviews, please contact:
Rania Faouri, Communications Officer, IUCN Regional Office for West Asia,
Tel: +962 6 _PHONE_/3/4 Fax: +962 6 _PHONE_ Mobile +962 777888522, _EMAIL_


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Follow my step by step tutorials to make them quickly. Let's see how to make these easy paper rose bud.
Take a piece of tissue paper prepared to wrap in floral wire to create thickness for stigma.
First, prepare the template for petal to save time with detailed sizes: 2.5cm*5cm(1inch*2inch).
Next, pasting the petals together to the stamen
cover the calyx with glue to attach to the bud, then use green crepe paper to wrap the trunk. So, you've completed a beautiful rose bud.
Paper Rose Bud Craft
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RTET 2013 Syllabus for Level 2, Download RTET Paper 2 Syllabus 2013 (class 6 to 8)
To analyze the paper pattern of RTET it is necessary for the candidates to roll through the syllabus. The Level 2 paper consists of five sections. Child Development and Pedagogy, the first section, weighs 30 marks in total. The paper will contain only objective type questions, 30 questions from this section will be asked. No marks will be deducted for any of the wrong answer.
Language I and Language II are the second and the third sections. These include seven languages which are Hindi, English, Urdu, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi and Guajarati. Both the sections contribute equally in the paper. There will be 30 questions from each of the above sections, having one mark each.
The fourth section is Mathematics and Science. The subject includes 5 units in all. The first unit is Algebra in which different operations will be performed on numbers. The second chapter is includes problems based on Interest, ratio and proportion and percentage in which birth rate and death rate are calculated. The third unit is the game of figures. It includes geometry of lines and angles, plane figures, the area, surface area and volume based calculations. The next unit contains data figures that basically come under Statistics and Graphs. The fifth and the sixth unit includes the community and the language of mathematics, the problems of teaching, evaluation, nature of math and the rank of math in Curriculum.
Science includes five units too. The first one includes the study of Micro-organisms, Living Being, and the process of Reproduction and Adolescence in animals. The second unit includes the study of Force and Motion, Heat, Light and Sound. The next part of the syllabus includes perusal of Science and Technology throwing some light on our solar system, the structure of matter and chemical substances.
The last subject in the Level 2 RTET examination is the Social Studies. It comprise of reading of History of India, Geography and Civilization in India. A candidate must be good in all the above mentioned subjects to clear the RTET Level 2 examination.
Download Syllabus for RTET Level 2-
L2 Child Development and Pedagogy
L2 Language1 Hindi, English, Sanskrit, Urdu, Sindhi, Punjabi and Gujrati
L2 Language2 Hindi, English, Sanskrit, Urdu, Sindhi, Punjabi and Gujrati
L2 Mathematics and Science
L2 Social Studies


HIV effects not only the person with HIV but also their family
 - There are an estimated 2.4 million people living with HIV/AIDS in India
 - Costs for monitoring HIV is extremely high, both in terms of economics (e.g. lost wages, lost hours of work) and social burden (e.g. family members need to take care of sick relatives).
 - Although centrifuging blood is not necessary for all diagnostic test for HIV/AIDS, those tests we saw and were supplied by the government in India required separated blood. CentriCycle will also be able to support diagnosis by allowing preservation of blood in case tests cannot be performed on-site


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Sobre o livro
Message is one of the greatest poems in the whole of Portuguese literature. It was also Fernando Pessoa's only book written in Portuguese to be published during his lifetime. At the time of its release, in October of 1934 (just over a year before the author's death), Europe of the Enlightenment and freedom was succumbing to the advance of modern dictatorships, the escalation of expansionary nationalisms and a brand of imperialism based on atheistic materialism which, half a decade later, would trigger the Second World War.
It is out of this atmosphere of general European decline, and with unwavering focus on his own country in particular, that Pessoa orchestrates his Message: a telling of the great events and protagonists behind the genesis of Portugal, of the golden age of maritime discovery and of subsequent national entropy, all of it predictive and flowing towards the future construction of a new and different empire: the Fifth Empire, which, in the author's vision, would be a matrix of spirituality, messianism and millenarianism.
Introduced and annotated by António Apolinário Lourenço, the present bilingual edition of Message offers to its readers both a guide for understanding and an interpretation of the poem in light of the history of Portugal and the doctrines of esoteric and heterodox Christianity, all of which played a central role in the intellectual education of Fernando Pessoa.
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Livros > Livros em Português > Literatura > Poesia


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Almost 23% of people in Ghana do not have access to any sanitation facility, and only 15% use improved unshared sanitation facilities1. Several challenges exist both on the demand (households' ability and willingness to pay) and the supply side (capacity of the private sector to meet the demand).
This article presents the findings from two studies conducted for Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP) and The World Bank:
Analyzing the customer base for sanitation financing products
This study focuses on the accessibility of toilet loans in Ghana. It generates evidence on some of the areas that prevent financial institutions from effectively catering to the current and potential demand for toilet loans in Ghana.
Supply-side assessment of the MSME sanitation ecosystem
This study presents the challenges faced by MSMEs (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) in constructing toilets for households. It identifies actionable solutions to support quicker implementation of the Greater Accra Metro Metropolitan Area (GAMA) Sanitation and Water Project, as well as broader sanitation interventions in Ghana.
1. Customers segmentation for sanitation financing products
Under USAID's Sanitation Service Delivery program, WSUP implemented a sanitation market project in Accra and Kumasi. It sought to catalyze the market for sanitation products and improve access to adequate and safe sanitation for households and groups of households sharing a compound.
Financial barriers are a major issue affecting toilet uptake. People are deterred by the apparent high costs of building a toilet facility and may back away from making a purchase due to actual/perceived lack of affordability. Thus, bridging the finance gap is critical to achieve the country's household toilet coverage goal.
Athena supported WSUP to examine financing models that could help address this financing issue.
An Ideal Toilet Loan: Flexible and Accessible Repayment Plans, Easier Applications
Using data collected through household surveys, we were able to build a profile of some of the key features of an ideal toilet loan:
- Easy payments – the loan should be both flexible in terms of repayment and offer different repayment methods (such as mobile money).
- Simpler application process – the loan application process should have low documentation requirements as these are onerous and often a barrier for loan applicants. Our study also found applicants travel around 8 hours just to obtain information about sanitation loans.
- Lower interest rates – toilet loans should be offered at a lower interest rate to make them more accessible to the economically disadvantaged. This may not be possible in the short term given Ghana's recent history of high interest rates.
2. Supply-side assessment of MSME ecosystem in sanitation
Athena also worked alongside WSUP, supporting the World Bank's GAMA Sanitation and Water Project. The project intends to expand the number of households with access to toilets and aims to support provision of 12,500 toilets by the end of May 2020. The project is providing an asset-based subsidy of 70% to stimulate and encourage households to construct toilets. A network of contractors, empanelled by the Local Government Project Coordinating Unit (LGPCU), is helping households identify and build the most appropriate toilet technology.
Challenges Facing MSMEs: Finance Flows
The major challenges faced by MSMEs center around financing and processes. Smaller MSMEs face limited cash flows, which affect their ability to finance toilet construction operations. Four major constraints hindering MSMEs' ability to finance operations include:
- MSMEs didn't account for the cost of borrowing in their contract with LGPCU, affecting their ability to scale-up.
- Differences in site conditions generate additional costs that are in practice borne by the MSMEs, rather than by the beneficiary and the project.
- The current caps on beneficiary costs, which have been established to ensure demand creation, have not been evolving in alignment with construction costs.
- The lack of standardized WASH loan products makes it challenging for sanitation MSMEs to identify loans that are suitable to their needs and capacity to pay.
These studies consider both sides of the toilet construction and usage ecosystem in Ghana: the issues facing the end user and loan accessibility, and the issues faced in providing subsidies for construction and construction support. For the end user, ensuring that loans become affordable and attractive is key to ensuring toilets can actually be constructed. At the supply side, re-examining finances – such as ensuring regular cash flows and improving MSMEs' access to finance – will help improve construction rates among beneficiaries. The studies propose a wide range of actions from partnerships to technological adoptions and capacity building to achieve these objectives.
You can find the Practice Note for these studies here.
1. UNICEF, 2015. "UNICEF Ghana internal statistical bulletin – Basic Sanitation".


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The antimatter costs 62.5 trillion per gram. In the future it is theoretically possible to use antimatter as fuel for spaceships to other planets. The problem is that its production requires extremely expensive technology, and to create just 1 gram, the world would have to work a whole year (global GDP is 65 trillion dollars). In physics the'anti-matter is a conglomeration of antiparticles corresponding to the particles that constitute the ordinary matter...
Californium costs $ 27 million per gram. Why is it needed? An element of californium is so expensive to produce, the isotopes of californium do not have any practical application. In the West it was created only once since its opening in 1950. The californium is a'chemical element with the symbol Cf and the atomic number 98. It is a transuranic element, synthetic, radioactive : californium has very few practical uses and was discovered by bombarding c...
The price of diamonds is of 55 000 dollars per gram. The colorless stone can cost more than 11 thousand dollars per carat, but colored diamonds are worth more. Why do we need diamonds? The natural diamonds are most often used in the jewelry industry. Also, the extreme hardness of diamonds finds its application in ind...
materials substances the most expensive substances in the world gold which are the most expensive substances in the world saffron platinum rhodium methamphetamine rhino horn heroin cocaine lsd plutonium taffeit precious metals the most expensive metals gems stone gems precious stones diamonds taaffeite jewels jewelry


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Grow and Glow Workshops for Students
Looking for a hands-on activity for your students? This science and self-care activity connects mental wellness habits and taking care of plants. (Check out our latest Instagram post on this.) Your students will have a sensory experience planting a *spider plant and discovering the magic of soil, roots and leaves -- they won't even realize there was learning going on! It's like a craft project, horticultural therapy and an ecology lesson all in one!
Ideal for 5-17 year olds if you think they'd *dig* it.
*plants and pots depend on availability
What will mystudents experience and learn?
- All about the cool science of soil, roots, and the spider plant itself;
- How to care for their spider plant and other plants in general;
- A few new ideas about how to care for their own mental and physical wellness;
- The calming effects of working with soil and plants.
What comes in the kit?
- a spider plant (with multiple sprouts) in a galvanized steel pot;
- a white paint pen to decorate your pot;
- a set of mini gardening hand tools;
- kelp meal and soil infused with compost so you can fertilize and plant some more later;
- a colourful worksheet (paper or PDF).
Who is the teacher?
Sarah Peel is the right person to create a learning experience that connects your head, heart and hands! She is the Founder of Petit Soleil, but also an experienced classroom teacher with a degree in Environmental Studies. For many years she taught young people ecology, organic gardening and nature appreciation at the Community Garden of Friends, High Park Nature Centre, High Park Children's Garden, and the Boyne River Outdoor Education Centre. She has grown her own garden and tended to house plants for as long as she can remember, but over this year of the pandemic, she really became curious about the connection between mental wellness, self care, and tending to house plants. What recent brain and productivity science reveals on this topic is really stunning! Your students will be sparked by the magic (mystery + science) of plants and inspired to care for their mental wellness in ways that can last a lifetime!
Where and when does it take place?
Sarah will travel anywhere in the Durham District School Board. It requires about 1.5 hours (but can be augmented or trimmed to be 75 or 150 minutes). Workshops can take place in the classroom, or be adapted for virtual learning.
What are the safety precautions?
Masking at all times. Any protocols of the school will be followed.


Jonathan Stein Jonathan Stein - 8 months ago 49
Python Question
Are objects erased from memory when a function finishes? Python
Say there is
class thing(object):
def __init__(self):
self.text = "foo"
def bar():
obj = thing()
_TAG_ something with the object
Is obj deleted from memory after bar() finishes, or is it still in memory, just can't be accessed since it is a local variable of bar? (This assumes obj is not put into a global or external container such as a dictionary or list, of course).
The object obj references will be deleted when the function exits.
That's because CPython (the default Python implementation) uses reference counting to track object lifetimes. obj is a local variable and only exists for the duration of the function. thing() is an instance with just one reference, obj, and when obj is cleaned up, the reference count drops to 0 and thing() is immediately deleted.
If you are using PyPy, IronPython, Jython or some other implementation, object destruction can be delayed as implementations are free to use different garbage collection schemes. This is only important for implementing a __del__ method, as their invocation can be delayed.
I recommend you read the excellent Facts and myths about Python names and values if you want to know more about how Python names work.


King Bruce and the Spider – Short Story
There was a king in Scotland. His name was Robert Bruce. He fought many battles and won them. But once he was badly defeated.
He ran away from the battle field to save his life. He took shelter in a cave where he hid himself. He was immersed in deep sorrow and out of disappointment he gave up all hope and struggle.
But one day he saw a spider in that cave. It was trying to reach the roof of the cave where it had a cobweb. It made six attempts to reach its web but every time it slipped down.
Now the king got interested and watched the spider carefully. He was astonished to see that spider did not lose heart but continued its efforts to reach up at the top. At the seventh attempt the spider was successful in its attempt of reaching its web.
This incident boosted up the spirit of King Bruce. He gained new strength and fresh courage. He gathered his forces and fought another battle.
This time he fought with new vigour and enthusiasm and was ultimately successful in making his country free.
Try, try, try again.


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Several years ago for a period of more than a year, I kept several live Rumina saharica, the smaller relative of the better known land snail Rumina decollata (actually, neither species is that well known). I had kept copious notes and took some photographs. So, recently I decided that I had enough data for a short paper and started working on it.
One activity that I was lucky enough to witness and photograph was R. saharica's mating.
In fact, I observed 2 pairs mating simultaneously next to each other. When I took this photograph, one pair had separated, but one snail (on the left) still had its penis everted (white arrow). The pair on the bottom was still mating. Their mating position is interesting: one snail lies on its side, while the other, also on its side, stretches its head over that of the lower snail. As far as I can tell, each snail inserts its penis into its mate's genital opening (red arrow).
Rumina decollata is known to be a facultative selfer, that is, it can reproduce without mating (Selander et al. 1974. Self-fertilization in the terrestrial snail Rumina decollata. Veliger 16: 265). Can R. saharica also reproduce without mating? You have to wait for my paper to learn the answer.


uconvert_size(3) Number of bytes needed to store a string after conversion. Allegro game programming library.
SYNOPSIS
#include <allegro.h>
int uconvert_size(const char *s, int type, int newtype);
DESCRIPTION
Finds out how many bytes are required to store the specified string 's' after a conversion from 'type' to 'newtype', including the mandatory zero terminator of the string. You can use U_CURRENT for either 'type' or 'newtype' as a shortcut to represent whatever text encoding format is currently selected. Example:
 length = uconvert_size(old_string, U_CURRENT, U_UNICODE);
 new_string = malloc(length);
 ustrcpy(new_string, old_string);
RETURN VALUE
Returns the number of bytes required to store the string after conversion.


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2001 October Report of the Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development
Photograph 1.6.5—Fish Habitat
Fish habitat refers to places that fish need to spawn, feed, grow, and live. Water temperature, oxygen levels, food sources, and shelter are important factors in habitat quality.
Source: Cold Comfort, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources


Course Designer Video Tutorials
Pronunciator's Course Designer is a powerful tool for teachers (homeschool, K-12, higher education, etc.) to create language courses for their students and track student progress.
Courses can be created either in any of the 163 languages that Pronunciator offers, or in over 1,000 other languages. When you create a course in a language that Pronunciator already offers, you can reuse any of the more than 1 million instructional phrases, audio clips, and video clips that are already in Pronunciator. When you create a course in a "custom language" (a language that Pronunciator doesn't offer), you can easily add your own phrases and audio.
Below are video tutorials, presented in logical order, on how to build courses in Course Designer, deploy them to your students, and track student progress.
Tutorial 1: Creating a teacher account
Tutorial 2: Creating a course using an existing language
Tutorial 3: Creating levels
Tutorial 4: Adding units to levels
Tutorial 5: Adding phrases to units
Tutorial 6: Adding an optional micro note to a phrase
Tutorial 7: Adding events (drills/quizzes/notes) to a unit
Tutorial 8: Providing students access to your course
Tutorial 9: Tracking student progress
Tutorial 10: Managing custom phrases in a Custom Language course


Proof of Life: Understanding the Uniform Simultaneous Death Act
It's more common than most people realize to have spouses, relatives or other beneficiaries die at the same time or in close proximity to the decedent. Sometimes this occurs due to a common accident (car, plane, etc.) while other times we see spouses simply lose the will to live upon the death of their husband or wife. In these circumstances, Personal Representatives and attorneys must refer to the Uniform Simultaneous Death Act to determine whether or not party passing after the decedent will qualify as a survivor.
January 2014 brought about substantial changes to the S. C. Probate Code. Included in these changes were significant amendments to the Uniform Simultaneous Death Act as found in §62-1-500 through §62-1-508. In order to be qualified as a survivor after January 2014, you must be able to show that the individual outlived the decedent by at least one hundred twenty (120) hours.
A certified copy of a death certificate is considered proof of the fact, place, date and time of death, and the identity of the decedent. If a death certificate has not been issued because the party is missing or presumed dead, a certified or authenticated copy of any record or report of a governmental agency is considered evidence of the status and of the dates, circumstances, and places disclosed by the record or report. If neither of these is available, the fact of death may be established by clear and convincing evidence, including circumstantial evidence. For example, a person who is absent for a continuous period of five years, during which he or she has not been heard from, and whose absence is not satisfactorily explained after diligent search or inquiry, is presumed to be dead. The death is presumed to have occurred at the end of the period unless there is sufficient evidence for determining that death occurred earlier.
The time of death can become a highly contested matter when it might substantially change the beneficiaries of the estate. A party litigating this issue should understand that although a death certificate may be considered proof of death, another party may contest its accuracy. In order to successfully do so, they too would have to meet the clear and convincing evidence standard to dispute the document.
Now that you're armed with a better understanding of how to establish a time of death, our next post will explain how the January 2014 changes have expanded its relevance to include both intestate (no last will exists) and testate (the decedent left a will) estates.


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The vario PYRO cube combines a pyrolysis analyzer (up to 1,500 °C) with a fully functional elemental analyzer for carbon, nitrogen, and/or sulfur determination with combustion and reduction tubes. Examples of sample types analyzed include soils & sediments, organic materials, chemicals, and food & beverages.
The vario PYRO cube can be operated in OH or CNS mode making it possible for the isotope ratio analysis of C, N, S, O and H. The cube has advanced purge and trap (APT) technology for exceptional separation of combustion gases resulting in reliable data acquisition. The APT technology makes it possible for dynamic measurement ranges; samples from the low microgram to the two-digit milligram maintain high data quality.
Year of Manuf:
Location: Morse Room 345
- OH and CNS isotope ratio analysis all in one universal instrument
- The only instrument for blank-free δ18O analysis
- A patented backflushing technique in pyrolysis mode that completely separates contaminant N2 from CO prior to analysis
- Two compartment pyrolysis reactor for highest accuracy and extended long lifetime
- Patented ball valve for blank-free sample transfer
- 120-position sample carousel that can be added to in real time, as well as being temperature-controlled to reduce water vapor contamination
Principal Scientist: Andrew Ouimette
The Knowledge Base contains forms, instruction and training material, minutes, policies, tools and other resources to support your research efforts by topic area.
- UIC: Online Instrument Reservation
- UIC: Training Request Form
- UIC: Sample Submission Form
Morse Hall Rm 345,
Durham, NH 03824
Phone: _PHONE_
Email: Andrew Ouimette


Why Is It Beneficial To Drink Water Out Of A Copper Vessel?
1961
Water is one of the key elements that nature has gifted to us. It is one of the most beneficial things you could offer to your body. God knows how did the Ayurveda experts of ancient India manage to derive various theories and conclusions in those times without any technology and much of tools. But the fact is that today modern science is slowly, one after another accepting these theories and conclusions of those times. To the extent that some of the Indian mannerisms of daily living are also now being accepted by the west which otherwise has a very different culture.
The age-old Indian tradition of drinking water stored in a copper vessel is an example of that. The water stored for a long time in such a vessel is highly beneficial for health is an ancient belief and practice in India. Even today in India, many temples use copper vessels to store water. Not only in India, even ancient Egyptians also used to use copper vessels for purifying water.
alignthoughts-why-drinking-water-from-copper-vessels-is-good-for-heath
ImgCredits – pexels
To test this claim, in February 2005, two scientists of New Castle University carried out an experiment. They mixed the bacteria of Escherichia Coli (E. Coli is the simpler version of the name) in three vessels. One vessel was made up of plastic, the other one was an earthen pot and the third one was made up of brass. And they stored the water for 48 hours.
Why E. Coli?
Well, E. Coli is the leader of the gang of bacteria, which cause water-borne diseases such as diarrhea (Yes, this E. Coli is the culprit for our tiring multiple visits to toilet when affected by diarrhea).
What the scientists witnessed under the microscope after those 48 hours was astonishing.
They observed that the E.Coli bacteria was alive and swimming around in the vessel made of plastic and the earthen pot. While, the water in copper vessel was completely bacteria free.
After this first experiment, both the scientists that forwarded the chain of experiment to an Indian professor of Biology in Punjab University, Mr. Sanjay Chibbar. To repeat and verify the experiment conducted in Britain, Mr. Chibbar conducted the experiment in a different manner altogether.
He used the water, which was supplied in villages to fill the vessels made up of copper, plastic, and earth. The reason for this is, that the water used in laboratory is distilled water and its pH value might be helping the release of copper from the vessels, which ultimately results in the mass murder of the bacteria. But the potable water is where the real test should be done. Especially in countries like India where potable water is sometimes not so potable.
But, surprisingly here also the results were exactly the same.
Later, each sample was tested in lab and analysed. Over a period of few hours, it was observed that there is release of copper ions, when water is stored in the vessel. And these copper ions have the special talent to kill the E.Coli bacteria. Yes, no other metal, including even Gold can kill these bacteria which copper does.
One may ask a question that isn't the leaching of copper in water bad for us? Well, the leaching occurs at such a slow pace and in such a negligible quantity that it doesn't affect the human body and its functioning at all. In technical terms, the amount of copper found in water was 1/20th time the permissible limit of World Health Organisation. While, for the micro-organism, for the E. Coli, this small dose also proves to be lethal.
Not only E.Coli. Copper water over the time and across various experiments has proved to be effective in neutralizing other bacteria such as Salmonella and its various types too.
In most of the developing countries of the world today, potable drinking water is a major challenge. Including India, there are many such countries, which faces this severe challenge. According to World Health Organisation, almost a million deaths every year in the world are attributed to diarrheal diseases. And in children below 5 years, diarrhea remains as one of the leading causes of death.
While, political activism has its own role in pushing the government for expediting the efforts for providing potable drinking water for everyone, but science itself has a lot to offer as a solution.
Just by replacing the other water storing vessels such as the glowing steel/plastic with copper can bring some impressive results. One can understand that in villages, the cost of copper vessel might be a concern, but it should be kept in mind that the cost of medications in rural villages are very high due to medications each year. These costs can be avoided.
Also, in cities, various restaurants and roadside food stalls are major source of food poisoning. If at all these restaurants and food stalls just start storing water in copper vessels, then a majority of the water-borne diseases can be avoided. Especially the kids would not fall prone to such unhealthy meals or drinking water served at public places.
Final Thoughts,
It is important to understand that, science is not just to know. Science can also help us lead our lives in a much healthier, much better way. Studies also reveal that the strong antioxidant properties of copper can also prevent the development of cancer cells.
Share your thoughts and other ways of how using copper can help us live healthy in the comments section below. Do not forget to subscribe with us for amazing posts sent freely to your inbox.