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 - Open Access
Multiple-Clock-Cycle Architecture for the VLSI Design of a System for Time-Frequency Analysis
 - Veselin N. Ivanović1Email author,
 - Radovan Stojanović1 and
 - L Jubivša Stanković1
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing20062006:060613
_URL_
Received: 29 September 2004
Accepted: 25 May 2005
Published: 12 March 2006
Abstract
Multiple-clock-cycle implementation (MCI) of a flexible system for time-frequency (TF) signal analysis is presented. Some very important and frequently used time-frequency distributions (TFDs) can be realized by using the proposed architecture: (i) the spectrogram (SPEC) and the pseudo-Wigner distribution (WD), as the oldest and the most important tools used in TF signal analysis; (ii) the S-method (SM) with various convolution window widths, as intensively used reduced interference TFD. This architecture is based on the short-time Fourier transformation (STFT) realization in the first clock cycle. It allows the mentioned TFDs to take different numbers of clock cycles and to share functional units within their execution. These abilities represent the major advantages of multicycle design and they help reduce both hardware complexity and cost. The designed hardware is suitable for a wide range of applications, because it allows sharing in simultaneous realizations of the higher-order TFDs. Also, it can be accommodated for the implementation of the SM with signal-dependent convolution window width. In order to verify the results on real devices, proposed architecture has been implemented with a field programmable gate array (FPGA) chips. Also, at the implementation (silicon) level, it has been compared with the single-cycle implementation (SCI) architecture.
Keywords
SiliconFourierFourier TransformationInformation TechnologyConvolution
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Authors' Affiliations
(1)
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Serbia and Montenegro
References
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Copyright
© Ivanović et al. 2006
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Here's the part 15 wifi spectrum as seen from a directional antenna at one of our sites. The strong signal at 5800 is some part of Towson University's wifi network, about a mile away, directly in the path of this dish:
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The ProSol global program works in seven countries, including Kenya, India, Burkina Faso, Benin, Ethiopia, Tunisia and Madagascar, and aims to implement agroecological approaches for sustainable and climate-intelligent soil protection and restoration. In all its country activities, transnational learning and co-creation are highly valued, and various exchange events are organized to share experiences and promote mutual learning.
Recently, ECO Consult with its team of ProSol Madagascar organized an international knowledge exchange workshop (KEW) and welcomed around 60 participants in its main implementation area, Boeny. The overall objective of this event was to facilitate learning and co-creation of knowledge between ProSol country components and to focus on agroecological approaches and techniques that can support agroecological transition.
There was an exchange on practices and implementation approaches to facilitate agroecological transition in Madagascar with different stakeholders (farmers, bridge builders, government officials, etc.) and discussions on challenges and achievements of different ProSol country components. The event provided a real opportunity to network with international and national actors working in the field of agroecology and to discuss the scaling up of agroecological practices. During numerous field visits, the results of the activities of the ECO Consult/GOPA consortium, which is responsible for scaling activities at the regional level, were shared.
The KEW in Madagascar focused on four main themes: the model for dissemination of agroecological practices, in particular the activity of relay farmers to share knowledge between producers; the system for access to quality seeds to ensure wide dissemination of seeds adapted to the local agricultural context; sustainable agro-sylvo-pastoral planning, which guarantees integrated management of the territories by combining agriculture, livestock and forestry based on agroecological principles; and the integration of agroecology in the school sector to sensitize and train students on good agroecological practices. Several visits were made to ProSol Madagascar beneficiaries' areas of operation to present to participants the results of applying sustainable land management techniques.
Following these exchanges and based on the experiences from Madagascar, each country component identified the approaches to be adapted in their respective context.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Each employee is expected to make an important contribution to the University. A formal performance review is conducted annually to discuss training and professional development needs and interests, to set goals for the coming year that support organizational goals, and to review job performance during the preceding twelve months. Newly hired employees will also receive a performance review within the first 90 days of their employment.
The performance of an employee is reviewed at least annually. To help departments with this process, Human Resources has developed an online performance review and goal setting form.
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text:
Although there may be several origins of Yohe, there is no doubt that some with this name are directly related to the Joho line. In the ship's manifest of the Snow Two Sisters arriving Philadelphia in 1738, Johannes Joho's name is also spelled Johe.
I have found various records throughout the years where the same person is spelled Yoho, Yohe, and Yoh. I have also received several letters from families in the Western US who indicated their parents or grandparents changed their name of Yoho to Yohe, because apparently there are more families living in that part of the US with the Yohe spelling. One such letter came from William Yohe in Des Moines Iowa who had traced his line back to Peter Yoho.
There is strong evidence that the perhaps the majority of those with the name Yohe derived it from the Joh spelling. There are several sources that relate the names Yohe and Joh and some that relate Yohe to Yoha. Some accounts of the origin of Yohe follow:.
|Sources of Johe/Yohe Genealogy|
In 1998 I received a copy of a recent family history entitled "The Old Eberbacher Families. The origin of the Swiss Immigrant Conrad Joho to Schinznach in Aargau" by Hermann Eiermann dated 1997. I have partially translated this book (from German) that accounts for the history of Conrad Joho dating from 1395 in Baden Switzerland.
This book contains a few references to the Name Johe and Joh. Some of my translation is as follows:
The investigations of Joho must expand to include similarly written surnames, but it is not clear from where these other names take their origin. The surname Johe is very common in South Hessen. This name however is not found in the documents of the Erbacher's files around 1450. When and from where this name originated is also not recogonized from the oldest church books. The original (church? book?) burned and was recreated again in a way of a so-called inspection by the minister, by citing and indicating the living citizens to approximately 1650.
Three citations of the name Johe and Joh were found in Eiermann's book:
In 1998, I received a letter from Richard Yohe that included historical information from Scott Yohe of Washington D.C.
Our records start in 1668, when members of the Huguenot family named Joe (Joseph) fled religious persecution in France and settled in a Lutheran area (specifically, near Beerfelden, Erbach. The spelling was soon changed to Joh but pronounced Yo-uh. Sometime in the mid-1700s the "e" was put back on the end of the name to make it more like the original. Our ancestor, Michael, Sr., was a young boy when brought to Easton, PA in 1754 by his mother and step-father. It seems that she and his late father were cousins, and her brother, Adam Yohe (the "J" was quickly changed to "Y" and the "e" made long), also settled in Easton. After the revolution, Michael moved west and settled in Monogahela City, south of Pittsburgh. His son, Michael, Jr., got a land grant in Ohio (one of my cousins still has the document) and settled near Canton. Our grandfather, an uncle, and his sons operated (and still do) a hardware business. Our great grandfather, George Washington Yohe was an enterprising character, who, among other things, taught political science at Mt. Union College, named many of the streets in Canton, and owned a lot of real estate, including Hotel Yohe.
With regard to Yohe/Yoho... I have never heard anyone even suggest there was a connection between these two names (Yoho and Yohe). At one time ( 20 years) a grandfather was doing all sorts of research into the family name, tracing it back to wherever... and there wasn't a word about that spelling. "Yoh" was the root name and when it hit the US they added the "e" for so folks could pronounce it...at least that's what I was told.
Chris Stern from British Columbia Canada sent the following e-mail about the name Yoh and Yohe:
We are interested in the 3 names Johann Jacob Joh, Johan Adam Joh, and Johann Michel Joh who were aboard the ship Albany in 1749 listed on your website. All three go back to Jacob Joh ea. 1630 Germany.
I am also corresponding with others doing research on the Yohe line. They all have similar information as to the Yohe name going back to Germany in 1630. From all their correspondence, it seems that Joh was changed to Yohe when the 3 came over. Johann Adam and Johann Jacob were brothers Johan Michael was their cousin.
I can find no Issac Yohe, but the information I have doesn't include any children for Johann Jacob. I have descendants for their sister Anna Maria Barbara which is also the mother of Johan Michael Joh(Yohe) that came on the Albany. They are also related to the Shouse. My genealogy site contains a small page on Yohe, although this page is still under construction.
Chris also included an early partial Family Lineage from Beerfelden Parish Church in Odenwald Germany:
Hans Peter Joh(1691-?) Married Anna Elizabeth Ulrich (_PHONE_);
Hans Georg Joh (1693-?) Married Anna Margareta Ulrich (?-1767)
George Conrad Joh Married Anna Maria Barbara Joh (This is the daughter of the above Hans Peter Joh and Anna Ulrich)
I saw your family page on the Internet. I've been doing research on the YOH, YOHE, JOH family who settled in Schuylkill Co. These Yohs don't seem to fit in with your family but since you mentioned Jacob and William Yoh of Schuylkill Co. I thought I would fill you in on some details.
This Jacob Yoh was born about 1755 and died in Schuylkill Co. in 1829. According to his will his children were Henry, Adam, William, Benjamin, Ester, Peggy, Catherine and Jacob.
William Yoh was born in 1787 and died in 1827. He is buried at Flowery Field Cemetery, near Pottsville, Pa. He married Maria Boyer, the daughter of another early settler in Schuylkill Co. They had a son, James, who died in Jefferson Co. Pa. in 1899 at age 82. Adam Yoh, another son of Jacob, also moved to Jefferson Co. Pa.
Jacob was apparently the son of George (b. abt 1720 and died 1782) and Elizabeth Yoh of Windsor Twp. Berks Co.
There are a lot of Yohs buried in the Mifflinville Cemetery, Mifflin Twp, Columbia Co. Pa. Supposedly they are descendants of Peter Yoh of Berks Co. who may have been a son of George-- and thus a brother of Jacob.
I have some more information about this family, if you are interested. Let me know.
Bea Leemhuis 2631 W. 6th St. Erie, Pa. 16505; _EMAIL_
The following account was found in Joseph H. Zerbey History, Pottsville and Schuylkill County PA. The original article quoted in the account is from the Pottsville Republican Morning Paper, September 1934:
New Castle Township, so named after the famous coal centre of England was formed from Norwegian in 1847. Prior to its organization as a separate township it was a part of Norweigian Township, one of the nine original townships of Schuylkill.
The first settlers in what is now New Castle Township were Jacob Joh, John boyer, and Necho Allen. The Necho Allen Hotel in Pottsville perpetuates the memory of this early Schuylkill County Pioneer. Yoh settled on the turnpike leading west from Wadesville near the present residence of Owen Loftus and which at an earlier date was the home of Evan Evans, early coal operator and the father of Wm. J. Evans, present Prothonotary of Sch. County.
Boyer located about a mile north of Yoh, on the road leading to Mt. Laffee. This dwelling was later occupied by Tobey hire, and was but recently removed due to mining operations.
Necho Allen settled at the Big Spring about one-half mile above the later site of the village of New Castle on the summit of Broad Mountain. His residence was called the "black Cabin".
In one of his hunting expiditions in 1790, Allen camped on Broad Mountain for the night and kindled a fire among some rocks. During the night he wakened to find a mass of glowing fire, having accidently set fire to an outcrop of an anthracite coal-bed.
Later a tavern was erected on the spot along the Centre Turnpike and called the "Second Tavern" to distinguish it from another tavern located in the village of New Castle, and known as the "First Tavern". This latter building was recently removed, its last occupant being Peter McCloskey. These three early settlers took up residence in the township about the year 1800.
William Yoh (Yohe), son of Jacob Yoh and son-in-law of John Boyer, built the first tavern along what became the Centre Turnpike, about 1810. This tavern was burned in 183

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Fighter Squadron 32 "Swordsmen" VF-32
United States Navy (USN)
U. S. Navy (USN) Fighter Squadron 32 (VF-32) was descended during the 1930s from CVW-3 Fighter Squadron 3 (VF-3). On February 1, 1945 VBF-3 was created from VF-3 aboard the USS Yorktown and participated in the first carrier strikes against Japan.
On August 7, 1948 the squadron was redesignated as Fighter Squadron Thirty-Two (VF-32). During the Korean War, the squadron operated the F4U Corsair aboard USS Leyte CV-32. Nicknamed the "Swordsmen".
On December 4, 1950 six Corsairs from VF-32 took off from USS Leyte (CV-32) on a strike mission over the Chosin Reservoir (Changjin). Over the target, F4U Corsair 97231 piloted by Ensign Jesse LeRoy Brown crash lands and wingman F4U Corsair 82050 piloted by Lt(jg) Thomas J. Hudner crash landed beside him in an attempt to rescue his flight leader. Brown was pinned in the cockpit and he was unable to free him but spoke with Brown until he expired. Later, Hudner was rescued by helicopter and returned to duty.
During 1951, the first squadron to operate the F9F Cougar. During 1956 operated the F8 Crusader. In 1958 participated in the Lebanese conflict. During the Cuban Missile Crisis flew 96 support missions and began operating the F-4B Phantom II. Three line patrols during the Vietnam War totaling 940 combat sorties. Starting in 1974 operated the F-14 Tomcat. During 1984 flew missions in support of Grenada and Lebanon.
Known as VFA-32 with the nickname "Fighting Swordsmen" operating the F/A-18F Super Hornet.
The US Leyte CV, CVA, CVS-32, AVT-10 [PDF]
Do you have photos or additional information to add?


How Did Sylvia Plath Die?
Sylvia Plath was a child prodigy, and she was a perfect child and student. She was praised by everyone for her perfectionist nature; as she did everything right from the word go. When she was eight years old, her father died. This left Sylvia quite sad and also she developed suicidal tendencies later in her life.
She attempted to commit suicide when she was in junior college by taking seeping pills and overdosing on them. However, she survived that incident.
Plath ended her life when she was only thirty years old. She locked herself in a room with her children in another room. Plath put her head into the oven and turned on the gas. The next morning she was declared dead. However, it was comprehended that Plath really did not intend on killing herself or never thought she would succeed. Also, she asked her neighbor Mr. Thomas at what time he would be leaving the next morning. She also left a note that was a reminder to call Dr. Horder and even had his phone number written down. The next morning the baby sitter could not get into the apartment and had a workman help her get in. It is then that the baby sitter and the handyman found Plath. Her head was still inside the oven.
However, in her biography it was written that she pushed her head deep into the oven and she had all intentions of killing herself. Also, there were claims that her husband was abusive towards Plath. The exact reasons for her suicide were never known even to her good friends.
More Articles :
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Poet :
Sylvia-Plath-Poems Sylvia Plath started writing poems when she was only eight years old. She published her first poem at 8. When she was studying on scholarship in junior college, she had written more than 400 poems. She was considered to be a prodigy, could write really fast. More..
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text:
Liquid nails are glue used in construction. It is developed on the basis of polymers and rubber.
Glue "liquid nails" is on sale more often in cartridges, their capacity is 310 ml.
One drop of such glue is sufficient to hold a load weighing up to 40 kilograms.
If the usual Nails Spoil the surface and rust, then liquid theseThere are no shortcomings. They are used to glue ceiling and wall panels, wood, gypsum board, fibreboard and chipboard, metal products, etc. They can be used for gluing to various surfaces, even rough and porous. But "liquid Nails"There are various technical properties. Some are designed only for plastics, others are only used in dry rooms.
To make a connection using liquid nails,Reliable and durable, observe the simplest requirements: carefully read the instructions when choosing an adhesive, consider which surfaces, you will glue at what temperature.
Prepare the surface in advance. Make sure that it is dry, clean and free from grease. If you glue light materials, then apply glue pointwise, if heavy, for example a tile, then in this case, apply glue with a snake.
After you have already applied glue onPaste the piece, press it to the base, gently turn it around so that the glue spreads well over the entire surface, and hold it up if necessary, so that it clings. The adhesive dries from 12 to 24 hours. The time depends on the air temperature, the thickness of the applied adhesive layer.


SV.EXEC.DIR
This error is detected when user input is used, unchecked, for all or part of a working directory used to select a command executed by the application.
Vulnerability and risk
In general, process creation or execution of external commands within an application is a security concern. This particular vulnerability occurs when all or part of the working directory used for the command or process is derived from unvalidated user input. An attacker can manipulate the working directory and cause undesired behavior, possibly running commands planted by the attacker rather than the intended command.
Klocwork security vulnerability (SV) checkers identify calls that create potentially dangerous data; these calls are considered unsafe sources. An unsafe source can be any data provided by the user, since the user could be an attacker or has the potential for introducing human error.
Mitigation and prevention
Prevent process or command injection attacks from user input by validating any and all input from outside the application (user input, file input, system parameters, etc.). Validation should include length and content. Typically only alphanumeric characters are needed (i.e., A-Za-z, 0-9). Any other accepted characters should be escaped. Perform validation at each source of data, such as when each parameter is read from the HTTP request, or user interface such as an application or the console.
Example 1
15 public void dataQuery(ServletRequest req) throws IOException {
16 String var = req.getParameter("username");
17 File userRoot = new File(webRoot, var);
18 Process proc = Runtime.getRuntime().exec("processRequest", null, userRoot);
19 // parse results of command
20 // ...
21 }
SV.EXEC.DIR is reported for line 18: 'var' contains data coming from an HTTP request parameter and might be tainted (line 13). This value is used to create an object of type 'java.io.File' on line 17, which is later used as the working directory for the process being executed on line 18.
Security training
Application security training materials provided by Secure Code Warrior.
Extension
This checker can be extended through the Klocwork knowledge base. See Tuning Java analysis for more information.


_USER_{NBERw16462, title = "Government, Openness and Finance: Past and Present", author = "Panicos O. Demetriades and Peter L. Rousseau", institution = "National Bureau of Economic Research", type = "Working Paper", series = "Working Paper Series", number = "16462", year = "2010", month = "October", doi = {10.3386/w16462}, URL = "_URL_ abstract = {We explore the role of government in the nexus of finance and trade starting from the earliest days of organised finance in England and then broadening the analysis to 84 countries from 1960 to 2004. For 18th century England, we find that the government expenditures and international trade did have a positive long-run effect on financial development when measured as the value of private loans issued at the Bank of England. For the wider panel of countries and more recent data, we find that government expenditures and trade have positive effects on financial development for countries that are in the mid-ranges of economic development as measured by their per capita incomes, but have little effect for poor countries and strongly negative effects for the wealthiest ones.}, }


text:
Pointer, Rotational Curved, Pointer Straight, and Ortho Grip Knee Pointer are intended for use with the Stryker navigation system – Hip Modules. The Ortho Grip Knee Pointer and the Pointer Straight are also intended for use with the Knee Modules. All these pointers are used to indicate the spatial relationship between the patient and the pointer. The instrument's position, as it relates to the patient anatomy, is displayed on the monitor. Moreover, the pointers may be used to control the navigation system software and, in addition, to validate an instrument with mounted Instrument Tracker REF 6007-008-000 or Patient Tracker, Blue, REF 6007-010-000.
Function and Features
SELECT Button (A)
- Press to initialize the pointer.
- After initialization, press to select software interface functions displayed on the navigation system monitor.
- After initialization, turn clockwise to move forward through the software or highlight an item below, in a list of menu selectable items.
- After initialization, turn counterclockwise to move backward through the software or highlight an item above, in a list of menu selectable items.
Validation Disks (E)
- Used as reference points, touch the disk cross hairs with the instrument tip to validate the instrument.
Green Status Light (D)
- During instrument initialization, the light flashes rapidly.
- During normal operation, the light flashes every few seconds.
- If instrument power is low, the light illuminates continuously. Replace the battery.
Battery Holder (G)
Infrared LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) (F),
Transmit LED (B) and Receiver (C)
- Emit and receive infrared light signals that are used to provide a wireless communication link to the Navigation System camera.


Chapter 9 – A Biblical Model For Decision Making
Upon completion of this chapter you will be able to:
 - Write the Key Verse from memory.
 - Explain the purpose of a model.
 - Explain the value of a model for decision making.
 - Use a Biblical model for decision making to help you make wise choices.
This chapter presents a Biblical model for decision making. A model is an example of something. Its purpose is to provide an example for you to follow. A decision is a choice. You must determine an answer for a real life situation and choose what action you will take. This is called decision making. A model for decision making provides an example to follow when making decisions. Life is an endless succession of choices and decisions. Making choices is a responsibility. Constantly refusing to make a decision is in itself a decision.
The Biblical model presented in this chapter will help you make wise choices within the will of God:
A man's heart deviseth his way; but the Lord directeth his steps.
(Proverbs 16:9)


All Junior Cert French posts
 - avatar image
 french help needed bennydog
 ok so im completely stuck on what way to go about studying for french higher level my teacher was useless and thought us nothing!!!!
 1. avatar image
 You will want to focus on the listening comprehensions and vocabulary as 44% goes for the listening alone
 2. avatar image
 Learn vocabulary!
 3. avatar image
 The listening section is a major part of the exam as was said above. Some parts come up every year, such as a weather report, somebody asking for directions, a telephone number etc. These are relatively easy to learn off if you study the vocab.
 Make a list of common phrases that come up in letters and postcards/notes each year. For example, you'll almost definitely be asked to describe "where you're staying and who you are with" regarding a holiday in a letter OR postcard, and to mention "when you will be back" in a note. Just learning the layout for these will guarantee some marks, and at this late stage I'd focus on learning the most popular phrases. :)
 Comprehensions are also important of course, but there is a lot of vocab to be learned, if your teacher hadn't prepared you well enough it will be hard. You can focus on the comprehensions that are guaranteed such as the signs as the first question and a recipe comprehension, as you may be able to secure some marks. After that, just practice lots and try to pick up as much as you can.
 4. avatar image
 Cooking instructions and meal preparations usually come up
 5. avatar image
 I found higher level French very difficult. The comprehension used to knock me off completely. Although the listening is over a pass in the paper, I focused more on the written section. I found the written a lot more easy than the listening. In the mock I got 71%- B. Go back through all the exam papers, especially the older ones like 2010 and backwards as they were harder papers and you will learn alot more from them. In the written exam make sure you know:
 1. Places in town
 2. Foodit will come up as a recipe so try and translate the method too as a help with verbs
 3. SportAn interview usually comes up for that topic.
 4. AnimalsUsually about Q3/4 of the paper, could be about any animal which usually saves the day in some way..
 5. MusicUsually an interview like sport
 For section 3- poscard/note and letter.
 The postcard questions are usually much the same every year.. Usually its something similar to this.. when you arrived/where you are staying/who you are with/how you travelled... I will send you on 2012 now if you check the question in your exam papers or this site. Place, le 7 juin 2016
 Cher Marc,
 Me voici en vacances à Bruges avec ma famille. Je l'adore ici. Il fait beau et il fait chaud tous les jours.- openingwhich can be used for every postcard
 Nous sommes arrivés il y a trois jour. Nous avons voyagés en avion. - point 1
 Nous restons dans un hôtel près de la gare.- point 2
 J'irai au restaurant pour celebrater d'anniversaire de ma mèrepoint 3
 C'est tout por l'instant. Dis bonjour á ta famille de ma part.
 Your name.
 6. avatar image
 c'est tout... is the closingwhich can be used in all postcards
 7. avatar image
 I think a postcard is coming up these year over a note as it goes every second year! So practise phrases for letter and postcard, be able to ask questions!! And then just vocab for comprehension and listening! I know how you feel, my French teacher last year was useless thankfully this year we switched!! Just lots of re doing past questions I think :)
 8. avatar image
 I'm the exact opposite Elisha hahaha. I got a new French teacher this year and she is horrible. I went from tests with marks of +90% like my 2nd year Summer exam I got 95% on down to 51% on my mock with this new teacher.
 9. avatar image
 learn phrases off for the note and postcard
 also the difference between ce sera, c'est and c'etait
 10. avatar image
 Every three and four years it a postcard/note comes up twice in a row. Last year was year 3 so this year (year 4) is a note also....that's what I think idk
 11. avatar image
 12. avatar image
 omg thanks so much guys!!!!! gl to everybody tommorow, its my hardest exam!!!
 13. avatar image
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text:
Playworks is helping schools continue to reimagine recess.
For the past 24 years, Playworks has partnered with elementary schools to help kids stay active and build valuable social-emotional skills through play. As schools prepare re-opening plans, we want to help provide resources for implementing both in-school and virtual play or recess experiences. We developed Recess Guidelines to include options for what recess could look like based on CDC and state guidelines as of July 2020. We know states, districts, and individual schools are developing many plans for reopening, and no matter what variation of online or in-person experiences they offer next school year, Playworks is here to help.
COVID-19 is changing the way we move, interact, and play on or off the playground.
As we move toward a new school year that will be impacted by COVID-19, we need to approach play differently. This game guide will help with transitioning to safe and healthy play and is appropriate for adaptations of the school experience for kids. It uses the Playworks SEL Game Guide and The Aspen Institute's Return to Play Guidelines to break down the return to play into three phases by using a stoplight system to define risk categories. The recommendations below will help you understand how games can safely be integrated as kids, teachers, and school staff go back to school.
Risk categories are assigned relative to other ways of participating in that game or activity, based on the public health and scientific understandings of COVID-19 and how it can be transmitted as of July 2020. Activities are segmented into three types of risk posed both to participants and others.
For more information about Playworks or any of our programs please contact _EMAIL_.


What is the difference between the Express and Comprehensive Diagnostic modes?
The express diagnostic checks every device on you laptop once to determine how much power it consumes, the comprehensive diagnostic checks three times. Testing multiple times improves the accuracy of the results generated from the diagnostic. We recommend that you try a comprehensive diagnostic as it will give you better results for future use of the product.
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text:
James Layton and David Pierce, authors of the new publication The Dawn of Technicolor, 1915–1935 (George Eastman House, 2015), illustrate Technicolor's origins during the silent film era. Before Technicolor achieved success in the 1930s, the company had to overcome countless technical challenges and persuade cost-conscious producers that color was worth the extra effort and expense. Rare photographs from the Technicolor corporate archive and extracts from rarely seen films chart the development of Technicolor's early two-color process and the films that established the company's reputation. Highlights include behind-the-scenes accounts of The Gulf Between (1917), Ben-Hur (1925), The Black Pirate (1926), and the troubled production of The Mysterious Island (1929). 70 min. Progam silent.
Great Events (Manchu Love). 1929. USA. Directed by Elmer Clifton. 18 min.
With Sojin Kamiyama, Tetsu Komai, Etta Lee. 35mm print courtesy George Eastman House.


text:
Of New Testament origin: from a post-classical Latin personal name, a feminine diminutive of the Roman family name Priscus 'ancient'. Priscilla was the name of a woman with whom St Paul stayed at Corinth (Acts 18:3), referred to elsewhere as Prisca. The name was in regular use in the late 16th century and enjoyed a modest vogue in the 19th century.
German and Jewish (Ashkenazic): occupational name for a tiler, from an agent derivative of Middle High German ziegel 'roof tile' (Old High German ziagal, from Latin tegula), German Ziegel. In the Middle Ages the term came to denote bricks as well as tiles, and so in some cases the term may have denoted a brickmaker or bricklayer rather than a tiler.


text:
The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources engaged Deloitte to conduct a
review of any duplication of effort and unnecessary costs caused by agricultural and veterinary (agvet) chemicals complying with both work health and safety (WHS) and agvet chemical legislation.
The WHS legislation requires many agvet chemical labels to include additional hazard and precautionary statements based on the Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS).
Deloitte's review incorporated a desk-top assessment of approaches to implementing the GHS for agvet chemicals in several overseas jurisdictions. The countries examined were the United States of America (USA), Canada, New Zealand, and Japan. This work is reflected in the report:
Other findings from Deloitte's review are provided in its
Chemical Labelling Duplication Review report.
Summary of Findings
All countries examined have adopted the hazard-based GHS for chemicals generally and operate risk-based regulatory systems for agvet chemical labelling. New Zealand allows both risk and hazard-based approaches for agvet chemicals.
Deloitte concluded that the USA, Canada and Japan do not apply GHS label statements to pesticides. However, in the USA, safety data sheets (which incorporate GHS information) are captured by the legal definition of labelling when they accompany a chemical product; this has caused some issues due to potential inconsistencies between the information provided on the label attached to the package and that on the safety data sheet.
Deloitte found no evidence that the USA, Canada or Japan require GHS labelling for veterinary medicines.
Deloitte noted that New Zealand provides a degree of flexibility to allow for both risk and hazard-based labelling of agvet chemicals and that GHS label statements are optional in New Zealand. New Zealand legislation also recognises labels from Australia, the USA, Canada and other jurisdictions as meeting its labelling requirements for agvet chemicals.
Deloitte also found that the GHS envisages that competent authorities would continue to implement and maintain risk-based regulatory approaches for chemicals (such as that applied to agvet chemical regulation in Australia). It noted that risks associated with the use of veterinary medicines are not part of the GHS. Deloitte also concluded that few additional benefits for agvet chemicals in Australia are likely to arise from international harmonisation under the GHS.
If you need further information about:
- GHS labelling requirements for hazardous workplace chemical products in your state or territory, contact the work health and safety authority near you.
- National GHS labelling requirements, contact Safe Work Australia
- Mandatory labelling requirements for agricultural chemicals and veterinary medicines, contact the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority
- Australian policy for access to safe agvet chemicals, contact the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources on Ph: +61 2 6272 3324.
Information about the United Nations' Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) is available at UNECE.


text:
First United Methodist Church
Owner: First United Methodist Church
Architect: HBL Architects, Inc.
Square Footage: 16,300 sq. ft.
This project consisted of a new 500 seat worship area, a welcome center, and classrooms, all connected seamlessly with the existing church building. The worship area was a large open space with sloping and hipped roofs and a significant clerestory to allow for large quantities of natural light, all accentuated by 60-ft tall tower feeding additional natural light into the worship area. The tower roof is topped by 20-ft of unique framing supporting a crucifix. A new porte cochere was also included in this design.
The large, open clerestory provided a significant challenge on this project. The high roofs and vertical sides of the clerestory had to span 86-ft to create the open worship area. Pinnacle designed 16-ft deep trusses to span this distance and minimize the weight and cost of the structural members. Spanning 45-ft between these trusses were additional scissors trusses, creating the sloped ceiling and allowing for the abundance of natural light. Additional complication stemmed from the varying roof slopes, hips, and valleys, and the four unique roof framing plans that were required. Also, the number of windows throughout the building envelope effectively eliminated the possibility of using braced frames, which resulted in the full lateral capacity being developed in a series of multistory moment frames.
The roof structure consisted of open web steel joists framing between wide flange steel beams, covered with 1 1/2" metal roof deck. The large trusses above the worship area were designed using top and bottom chord wide flange members and tube steel web members. The curved from entry area was constructed using cantilevered wide flange beams of varying lengths. The entire lateral system consisted of wide flange moment frames along six exterior faces of the building. The foundations were designed using 9-ft deep bell bottom piers and grade beams.


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Shaft Lead A.K.A "Twist"
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Shaft Lead A.K.A "Twist"
Whitepapers On Whiteboard

EXPERT LEVEL:
3 of 5
LENGTH:
8:45
INSTRUCTOR:
Andrew Rommann

SUMMARY
For optimum performance of seals, the shaft surface texture must be optimal. A rough surface texture will cause the seal to wear out quickly, while a smooth texture will cause the seal to bed incorrectly. The shaft lead, also called twist, is formed during the manufacture of shafts and has to be ideally zero.
Andrew Rommann explains the different types of shaft lead, what it does to a sealing system, and methods to measure.
Click on the image to open in a New Tab.

VIDEO TRANSCRIPT
Shaft lead also known as twist. Shaft lead, if not well understood and defined on your specifications, can have a detrimental impact to the performance of a dynamic sealing system.
Typical rotary applications have an elastomeric sealing element interfacing with a rotating shaft. On the shaft surface, the characteristics are very important and critical to the proper operation of the sealing system. One of those characteristics is shaft lead.

Macro Shaft Lead
A typical manufacturing process may be the use of a single point tool against a rotating shaft where the tools actually traversing the surface of the shaft. This operation will result in a spiraling groove pattern around the circumference of the shaft. In this type of pattern, we refer to it as macro lead – has a continuous thread-like structure.

Micro Shaft Lead
An alternative process maybe traverse grinding.
In this case, we don't have a single point tool rather a stone with multiple points that contact the rotating shaft. The stone is still traversing along the surface of the shaft and it does result in micro lead. The threadlike structures are not continuous, but they do have a deviation from the circumferential direction of the surface of the shaft resulting in shaft lead.

Two Orientations of Shaft Lead
Shaft lead can have two orientations. It can be a right-hand orientation. Where it's shown here on the moving from the bottom right to the top left corner of the image and left-hand lead where you're actually the threadlike pattern is from the bottom left to the top right.

Results In A Sealing System
So what does this do in a sealing system?
Again, in a rotary sealing system, we have an elastomeric sealing element that is interfacing with a rotating shaft.
If we look closer at the surface of the shaft and in this illustration, I actually have drawn a right-hand lead type structure. We can see where the oil is in contact with the shaft surface and the sealing lip.
As the shaft rotates depending on the direction of rotation, it will actually transport oil from left to right or right to left. Because this is right-hand twist if we have a right-hand rotation – so the top of the shaft moving towards the bore – we will actually end up with movement of the oil from left to right. So in this case out of the sealed system resulting in leakage.
If we have left-hand rotation, so in this case, the top of the shaft moving out away from the bore you will result in movement from right to left. So left-hand transport. This will help retain the oil in the system.
However, if it's aggressive enough transportation of the oil it will actually result in a lack of proper lubrication at the interface between the sealing lip and the shaft surface could lead to premature wear of the sealing lip.

Twist, Rotation, Transport
 So again right-hand twist right-hand rotation – the transport is to the right. A right-hand twist with a left-hand rotation – the transportation is to the left.

String Method & Optical Method
So how can we measure and hopefully quantify shaft lead on an actual physical component? There are two major categories out there. There are a lot of different methods developed over the years, but the oldest and most well-known method is referred to as the string method or the thread method.
In this method, you mount a shaft in a rotating device. You drape a thread with a weight attached to it over the shaft. From the side view as you slowly rotate the shaft you may observe movement to the left or to the right from its original position.
If you do observe movement, you are observing that the shaft likely has lead. You cannot easily and precisely quantify accurately the amount of lead that exists in the shaft, but you can get a qualitative sense of whether or not you have left-hand or right-hand shaft lead.
A more precise and accurate method of measurement is using an optical method. In an optical method, you are creating a 3D mapping or 3D profiling of the entire surface of the shaft.
Software can then collect the data and process it to produce a representation of the effective shaft lead of the system.
The image on the left you can see as you move in the circumferential direction from 0 to 360 Degrees. You actually have axial movement along the shaft. In the one on the right-hand side you can see as you move from 0 to 360 Degrees, you actually have zero movement along the axial position of the shaft. This one we would refer to as having right hand lead this one having zero lead.
Using the optical methods, you can get a precise and accurate quantification of the lead angle, which can be useful when you are inspecting or qualifying components for a new product.

Industry Specifications
Some of the specifications that exist and are used in the industry that you may see include ISO 6194 – 1 and DIN 3760. Both of which specify zero lead. RMA OS-1-1 actually does tolerate lead to a very small level.
There are other specifications out there. There are also specifications that exist for most major OEMs where they have expanded on the information that's available in the industry standard specifications.

Conclusion

The main thing to remember is that if you are not aware of what your tolerances for shaft lead in your sealing system, or you're not aware of what your actual lead is, you could end up with performance issues that are not easy to identify the root cause.
And in many cases we find that in a situation where you're not able to identify the root cause of a sealing system failure in a rotating system – if it's not a tribute attributable to the elastomeric seal or to other obvious installation design issues – in some cases it's actually result of the presence of lead that is hard to detect and again not very well understood.
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text:
Acoustic design for education
Good acoustic design is required for environments where communication is critical for teaching and learning activities. Various types of spaces have different acoustic design requirements, including classrooms, music departments, performance spaces, theatres, multi-purpose halls and sports halls. Schools have regulatory acoustic performance requirements; further education facilities and university departments also require specialist acoustic design.
Sound Solution Consultants can deliver a complete service of design stage consultancy and pre-completion testing for developments within the education sector, including:
- Acoustic design for schools to Building Bulletin 93 (BB93) performance criteria (including
classrooms, music departments, multi-purpose halls, theatres and sports halls)
- Acoustic design advice for music departments and performance spaces
- Room Acoustics Computer Modelling for large spaces
- Enhanced acoustic design for special educational needs
- Building envelope and ventilation design guidance
- BREEAM design-stage and pre-completion works for Hea and Pol credit compliance
Further information about our services can be found on our Schools Services page.


text:
The bug destroys kudzu, but it also likes soybeans and ornamental flowers. For anyone with a white house, watch out: the kudzu bug is inexplicably attracted to light colors and may try to burrow into the attic for the winter.
Like kudzu, the bugs came from Asia, probably Japan, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported. Scientists theorize they hopped a flight to Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport.
They produce a smell that can be fairly offensive, said Joe Eger, an entomologist with an expertise on stinkbugs.
Aside from the annoyance of its smell, the insect also poses a potential threat to farmers, especially those who grow soybeans, experts say.
"We take that very seriously," said Tracie Jenkins, an associate professor of entomology at the University of Georgia's Griffin campus. Jenkins is working with specialists at Emory and the University of Montana to learn more about the bug.
University of Georgia tests indicate that the bug can cut soybean yields by 20 to 25 percent. In 2012, Georgia farmers grew nearly 8 million bushels of soybeans worth about $120 million. A 25 percent reduction would equal $30 million.


text:
TC On Transient Analysis of Transmission Systems
Purpose: to create a manual of practice for the application of hydraulic transient modeling in the design of transmission pipelines. At present, there is no stand alone manual of practice in the civil engineering profession that advises the Owner and Engineer on the basics of transient analysis, the control of transients in transmission pipelines, and the management of transient modeling tasks during design. The core content of the proposed manual will be an update of the surge control section of Pressure Pipe Design for Water and Wastewater published by ASCE in 1992. New sections will be added to address planning level activities for locating control facilities and selecting profiles that are more conducive to surge control. Also, advances in control strategy will be included. The committee will develop guidelines to use for the qualification of modelers, career mentoring, and quality control. The experience of Owner's engineers with various approaches to transient control will be gathered and the results will be published in the manual of practice as case histories.
Scott C Williams, P.E., M.ASCE
David Hamilton Axworthy, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE
James Arthur Cathcart, P.E., L.S., F.ASCE
Russell Lee Gibson, P.E., M.ASCE
David Heckert Marshall


text:
We are working hard to make what3words available offline in every language. Currently English, Spanish, Portuguese and Swahili 3 word addresses can be searched and discovered without a data connection. All other languages require a stable connection; therefore if your app is using an online language, it will switch to English when entering offline mode.
Articles in this section
- Can I open a link to a 3 word address in satellite view?
- How can I see a 3 word address as latitude,longitude coordinates?
- How do I find my 3 words?
- Can I save 3 word addresses?
- Why don't the map and satellite locations match?
- How does what3words work at the North and South pole?
- Is what3words more accurate than GPS?
- When I search for a place or street address why does it sometimes show the wrong location?
- Why do I see different words every time I press the location button?
- Which app is best for me to use what3words offline?


heading and then clicking the drop-down menu next to its name. These options are:
 - Sort Ascending: Sort the entire table based on this column in ascending order.
 - Sort Descending: Sort the entire table based on this column in descending order.
 - Column Settings: This dialog is used to change the properties of the column within the staging table.
 - Name: The name of the column, displayed in the header.
 - Column Type: The type of data used in the column.
 - Convert Column Type: Select the new type from this drop-down menu.
 - Exclude column from import: Select this to remove this column from the data being imported.
 - Delete custom column: Select this to delete the column. (Available for custom columns only.)
Downloading Data from a Staging Table
You can download data from a single staging table.
To download data from a single staging table, follow these steps:
 1. Click the down arrow in a table heading in the Tables to Import section.
 2. Select Download Data.
 3. At the prompt "This operation will send an email with a url to download the data," click Send. Adaptive Integration sends an email containing a URL to the email account associated with the data designer.
 4. Open the email and click the URL. The data is downloaded in .csv format.
Using the Advanced Filter
Below the Source drop-down menu, you can click Advanced Filter to reveal options for filtering the data in the Tables to Import preview area. The Advanced Filter provides tools to view and browse a subset of the data within a staging table or directly from the remote source (if you select JDBC Database from the Source drop-down menu). By changing filter properties, you can change the view of the data shown within the preview window without changing the data in the staging area.
The preview area is specifically for previewing a small portion of the data in the staging area (or JDBC database). You can explore the data that is available from the JDBC Data source and verify that you are getting the data you expect by examining the staging area. You can also use this to refine the data import filter you want to use. (Filters set in the preview function do not affect the actual data in the staging area.)
The options for the Advanced Filter are:
 - Distinct Rows: Check this box to hide duplicate rows.
 - Max Rows: Limit the number of rows displayed in the preview area by entering a number in the text box.
 - Columns: Check or uncheck columns in this drop-down menu to show or hide the columns displayed.
Removing a column from this list does not remove the column from the import list.
 - SQL Filter: Click the large text box to display the Edit SQL Filter dialog box (shown earlier), where you can enter a SQL filter to restrict the rows being previewed. Click Apply to automatically check the SQL syntax of the filter. (If there are any errors, the error is indicated in the expression.) The expression you entered appears in the Advanced Filter field. For detailed SQL syntax help, you can click online help in the Notes section.
Click Remove Filter (next to the Source drop-down menu) to clear all advanced filter settings.
As part of the table customization process, you can also create join tables and custom columns using SQL expressions.
Importing Data from a JDBC Database
When you have set up and saved your JDBC data source, you can import data.
To import data from a JDBC database, do the following:
 1. Click Import data in the Actions menu.
 The selected data is filtered by any SQL expressions and loaded into the staging area. You can preview the data in the staging area
Information remains in the staging area until you clear it manually, or until a subsequent data load clears it in accordance with the import mode.
To clear data from the staging area, do the following:
 1. Click Clear staging tables in the Actions menu.
 The staging area for all the tables in the data source is cleared.
To remove specified characters from Input Text Streams in JDBC data sources:
Refer to Remove Specified Characters from Input Text Streams in JDBC and Microsoft Dynamics GP
JDBC Data Source Excluded Schemas
JDBC data sources that connect to Oralce or MS SQL Server explicitly exclude some schemas that do not relate to financial data.
Oracle JDBC Data Source Excluded Schemas
CTXSYS, MDSYS, SYSTEM, SYS, XDB
MS SQL Server JDBC Data Source Excluded Schemas
INFORMATION_SCHEMA, SYS
Troubleshooting Tips
There are a few data source problems you may run into that have solutions that are not immediately apparent.
When you import the structure for a database and the database has more than 1000 tables, you get an error advising you to filter the table list. You can get past this error by doing either of the following:
 - Editing the JDBC data source and entering a schema filter.
 - Changing the permissions associated with the login you're using to access the server so fewer tables are accessible through that login.
When you import the structure of an Oracle database, the following schemas are not imported as part of the structure: CTXSYS, MDSYS, SYSTEM, SYS, and XDB. These are Oracle systems schemas and are not necessary for data integration purposes.
When you import the structure of an MS SQL database, the following schemas are not imported as part of the structure: INFORMATION_SCHEMA and sys. These are MS SQL systems schemas and are not necessary for data integration purposes.
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regions. Both these data give us important information regarding our Sparse file, and help us manage the allocations within the Sparse file better. Remember, for those who have set quotas on their directories, the quota is based on the full size of the Sparse file and not just the allocated size on disk. There are two Win32 API functions that are useful for getting our file sizes. The first is GetFileSizeEx() and the other is GetCompressedFileSize(). The code snippet below illustrates a function that will take the name of the file and then print out both the full size of the file and the on-disk size of the file.
BOOL GetSparseFileSize(LPCTSTR lpFileName)
{
 // Retrieves the size of the specified file, in bytes. The size includes
 // both allocated ranges and sparse ranges.
 HANDLE hFile = CreateFile(lpFileName,
 GENERIC_READ,
 FILE_SHARE_READ,
 NULL,
 OPEN_EXISTING,
 FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
 NULL);
 if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
 return FALSE;
 LARGE_INTEGER liSparseFileSize;
 GetFileSizeEx(hFile, &liSparseFileSize);
 // Retrieves the file's actual size on disk, in bytes. The size does not
 // include the sparse ranges.
 LARGE_INTEGER liSparseFileCompressedSize;
 liSparseFileCompressedSize.LowPart = GetCompressedFileSize(lpFileName,
 (LPDWORD)&liSparseFileCompressedSize.HighPart);
 // Print the result
 _tprintf(_T("\nFile total size: %I64uKB\nActual size on disk: %I64uKB\n"),
 liSparseFileSize.QuadPart / 1024,
 liSparseFileCompressedSize.QuadPart / 1024);
 CloseHandle(hFile);
 return TRUE;
}
Finally, some applications will need to find out all the allocated ranges within the Sparse file. This is useful for an application to make effective allocations based on the available vacant ranges within the Sparse file. We need to use the file system control code FSCTL_QUERY_ALLOCATED_RANGES in order to get all the allocated ranges. When a DeviceIoControl is issued on the file, a buffer with the allocated ranges is returned in the FILE_ALLOCATED_RANGE_BUFFER (FARB) structure. The DeviceIoCOntrol returns an array of the FARB structure equal to the number of allocation ranges found on the Sparse file. The code snippet below shows how the Sparse file can be queried for the Sparse ranges and all the ranges can be obtained.
BOOL GetSparseRanges(LPCTSTR lpFileName)
{
 // Open the file for read
 HANDLE hFile = CreateFile(lpFileName,
 GENERIC_READ,
 FILE_SHARE_READ,
 NULL
 OPEN_EXISTING,
 FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
 NULL);
 if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
 return FALSE;
 LARGE_INTEGER liFileSize;
 GetFileSizeEx(hFile, &liFileSize);
 // Range to be examined (the whole file)
 FILE_ALLOCATED_RANGE_BUFFER queryRange;
 queryRange.FileOffset.QuadPart = 0;
 queryRange.Length = liFileSize;
 // Allocated areas info
 FILE_ALLOCATED_RANGE_BUFFER allocRanges[1024];
 DWORD nbytes;
 BOOL bFinished;
 _putts(_T("\nAllocated ranges in the file:"));
 do
 {
 bFinished = DeviceIoControl(hFile, FSCTL_QUERY_ALLOCATED_RANGES,
 &queryRange, sizeof(queryRange), allocRanges,
 sizeof(allocRanges), &nbytes, NULL);
 if (!bFinished)
 {
 DWORD dwError = GetLastError();
 // ERROR_MORE_DATA is the only error that is normal
 if (dwError != ERROR_MORE_DATA)
 {
 _tprintf(_T("DeviceIoControl failed w/err 0x%8lx\n"), dwError);
 CloseHandle(hFile);
 return FALSE;
 }
 }
 // Calculate the number of records returned
 DWORD dwAllocRangeCount = nbytes /
 sizeof(FILE_ALLOCATED_RANGE_BUFFER);
 // Print each allocated range
 for (DWORD i = 0; i < dwAllocRangeCount; i++)
 {
 _tprintf(_T("allocated range: [%I64u] [%I64u]\n"),
 allocRanges[i].FileOffset.QuadPart,
 allocRanges[i].Length.QuadPart);
 }
 // Set starting address and size for the next query
 if (!bFinished && dwAllocRangeCount > 0)
 {
 queryRange.FileOffset.QuadPart =
 allocRanges[dwAllocRangeCount - 1].FileOffset.QuadPart +
 allocRanges[dwAllocRangeCount - 1].Length.QuadPart;

 queryRange.Length.QuadPart = liFileSize.QuadPart -
 queryRange.FileOffset.QuadPart;
 }
 } while (!bFinished);
 CloseHandle(hFile);
 return TRUE;
}
End note
Sparse files find many interesting uses, some of them are in databases, snapshots, file based volumes, storing persistent sparse matrix for math applications etc. The above set of functions can be used as is to integrate Sparse file support and management from within your application. I have found this to be very useful especially while fixing some defects and testing a third party file system for Sparse file support on Windows.
Reference
MS SDK documentation and samples.
License
This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL)
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About the Author
Rajkumar-Kannan
Engineer Hewlett Packard
India India
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Comments and Discussions

QuestionGetSparseRange fails to return ranges? Pin
ehaerim8-Oct-15 20:16
memberehaerim8-Oct-15 20:16
QuestionQuestions Pin
Swarajya Pendharkar1-May-12 4:53
memberSwarajya Pendharkar1-May-12 4:53
GeneralMy vote of 5 Pin
T800G25-Dec-11 10:09
memberT800G25-Dec-11 10:09
GeneralGood article Pin
0pal31-Mar-10 20:05
member0pal31-Mar-10 20:05
GeneralRe: Good article Pin
Member 996029722-Jan-14 14:20
professionalMember 996029722-Jan-14 14:20
GeneralRe: Good article Pin
ehaerim8-Oct-15 13:48
memberehaerim8-Oct-15 13:48
QuestionManaged Wrappers? Pin
elwardrm25-Jan-10 10:25
memberelwardrm25-Jan-10 10:25
Cool article and can have use in engineering computing where there is lots of sparce matrix storage requirements. Any chance you have managed wrappers for these APIs?
AnswerRe: Managed Wrappers? Pin
OvermindDL125-Jan-10 17:32
memberOvermindDL125-Jan-10 17:32
Generalgood job Pin
Arlen Navasartian19-Jan-10 21:27
memberArlen Navasartian19-Jan-10 21:27
GeneralBug in sparse files [modified] Pin
xanatos19-Jan-10 21:23
memberxanatos19-Jan-10 21:23
Generalvote 5 Pin
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text:
The Battle River Watershed
The Battle River Watershed is a large area of land covering most of east-central Alberta that drains into the Battle River. The Battle River itself is a modest prairie-fed (as opposed to glacier-fed) river. There is increasing pressure on the Battle River's water supply.
A watershed (or basin) is the area of land that catches snow and rain and drains it to a larger body of water, such as a marsh, lake, stream or river. Topography defines the entire watershed, as it shapes the course and speed of water moving through the area.
The Battle Watershed covers approximately 30,000 square kilometres (17,667 square miles). 83% of this area is within Alberta; the remainder is in Saskatchewan.
Read our Frequently Asked Questions to learn more about the watershed!
There are seven major river basins (watersheds) in Alberta: the Peace/Slave, Athabasca, Hay, North Saskatchewan, South Saskatchewan, Beaver and Milk.
The Battle River Watershed is a sub-basin of the North Saskatchewan Watershed.
The North Saskatchewan River Basin covers about 80,000 square km of the province. Major centers within the basin include Rocky Mountain House, Edmonton, and Fort Saskatchewan. The basin begins in the icefields of Banff and Jasper National Parks and generally flows in an easterly direction towards the Alberta-Saskatchewan border. The Brazeau, Nordegg, Ram, Clearwater, Sturgeon and Vermillion Rivers all flow into the North Saskatchewan River. The Battle River also forms part of the basin and joins with the North Saskatchewan River at North Battleford, Saskatchewan.
For more information click here.


[ aws . sagemaker ]
create-endpoint
Description
Creates an endpoint using the endpoint configuration specified in the request. SageMaker uses the endpoint to provision resources and deploy models. You create the endpoint configuration with the CreateEndpointConfig API.
Use this API to deploy models using SageMaker hosting services.
Note
You must not delete an EndpointConfig that is in use by an endpoint that is live or while the UpdateEndpoint or CreateEndpoint operations are being performed on the endpoint. To update an endpoint, you must create a new EndpointConfig .
The endpoint name must be unique within an Amazon Web Services Region in your Amazon Web Services account.
When it receives the request, SageMaker creates the endpoint, launches the resources (ML compute instances), and deploys the model(s) on them.
Note
When you call CreateEndpoint , a load call is made to DynamoDB to verify that your endpoint configuration exists. When you read data from a DynamoDB table supporting ' Eventually Consistent Reads _URL_ , the response might not reflect the results of a recently completed write operation. The response might include some stale data. If the dependent entities are not yet in DynamoDB, this causes a validation error. If you repeat your read request after a short time, the response should return the latest data. So retry logic is recommended to handle these possible issues. We also recommend that customers call DescribeEndpointConfig before calling CreateEndpoint to minimize the potential impact of a DynamoDB eventually consistent read.
When SageMaker receives the request, it sets the endpoint status to Creating . After it creates the endpoint, it sets the status to InService . SageMaker can then process incoming requests for inferences. To check the status of an endpoint, use the DescribeEndpoint API.
If any of the models hosted at this endpoint get model data from an Amazon S3 location, SageMaker uses Amazon Web Services Security Token Service to download model artifacts from the S3 path you provided. Amazon Web Services STS is activated in your Amazon Web Services account by default. If you previously deactivated Amazon Web Services STS for a region, you need to reactivate Amazon Web Services STS for that region. For more information, see Activating and Deactivating Amazon Web Services STS in an Amazon Web Services Region in the Amazon Web Services Identity and Access Management User Guide .
Note
To add the IAM role policies for using this API operation, go to the IAM console , and choose Roles in the left navigation pane. Search the IAM role that you want to grant access to use the CreateEndpoint and CreateEndpointConfig API operations, add the following policies to the role.
 - Option 1: For a full SageMaker access, search and attach the AmazonSageMakerFullAccess policy.
 - Option 2: For granting a limited access to an IAM role, paste the following Action elements manually into the JSON file of the IAM role: "Action": ["sagemaker:CreateEndpoint", "sagemaker:CreateEndpointConfig"] "Resource": [ "arn:aws:sagemaker:region:account-id:endpoint/endpointName" "arn:aws:sagemaker:region:account-id:endpoint-config/endpointConfigName" ] For more information, see SageMaker API Permissions: Actions, Permissions, and Resources Reference .
See also: AWS API Documentation
Synopsis
 create-endpoint
--endpoint-name <value>
--endpoint-config-name <value>
[--deployment-config <value>]
[--tags <value>]
[--cli-input-json | --cli-input-yaml]
[--generate-cli-skeleton <value>]
[--debug]
[--endpoint-url <value>]
[--no-verify-ssl]
[--no-paginate]
[--output <value>]
[--query <value>]
[--profile <value>]
[--region <value>]
[--version <value>]
[--color <value>]
[--no-sign-request]
[--ca-bundle <value>]
[--cli-read-timeout <value>]
[--cli-connect-timeout <value>]
[--cli-binary-format <value>]
[--no-cli-pager]
[--cli-auto-prompt]
[--no-cli-auto-prompt]
Options
--endpoint-name (string)
The name of the endpoint.The name must be unique within an Amazon Web Services Region in your Amazon Web Services account. The name is case-insensitive in CreateEndpoint , but the case is preserved and must be matched in InvokeEndpoint .
--endpoint-config-name (string)
The name of an endpoint configuration. For more information, see CreateEndpointConfig .
--deployment-config (structure)
The deployment configuration for an endpoint, which contains the desired deployment strategy and rollback configurations.
BlueGreenUpdatePolicy -> (structure)
Update policy for a blue/green deployment. If this update policy is specified, SageMaker creates a new fleet during the deployment while maintaining the old fleet. SageMaker flips traffic to the new fleet according to the specified traffic routing configuration. Only one update policy should be used in the deployment configuration. If no update policy is specified, SageMaker uses a blue/green deployment strategy with all at once traffic shifting by default.
TrafficRoutingConfiguration -> (structure)
Defines the traffic routing strategy to shift traffic from the old fleet to the new fleet during an endpoint deployment.
Type -> (string)
Traffic routing strategy type.
 - ALL_AT_ONCE : Endpoint traffic shifts to the new fleet in a single step.
 - CANARY : Endpoint traffic shifts to the new fleet in two steps. The first step is the canary, which is a small portion of the traffic. The second step is the remainder of the traffic.
 - LINEAR : Endpoint traffic shifts to the new fleet in n steps of a configurable size.
WaitIntervalInSeconds -> (integer)
The waiting time (in seconds) between incremental steps to turn on traffic on the new endpoint fleet.
CanarySize -> (structure)
Batch size for the first step to turn on traffic on the new endpoint fleet. Value must be less than or equal to 50% of the variant's total instance count.
Type -> (string)
Specifies the endpoint capacity type.
 - INSTANCE_COUNT : The endpoint activates based on the number of instances.
 - CAPACITY_PERCENT : The endpoint activates based on the specified percentage of capacity.
Value -> (integer)
Defines the capacity size, either as a number of instances or a capacity percentage.
LinearStepSize -> (structure)
Batch size for each step to turn on traffic on the new endpoint fleet. Value must be 10-50% of the variant's total instance count.
Type -> (string)
Specifies the endpoint capacity type.
 - INSTANCE_COUNT : The endpoint activates based on the number of instances.
 - CAPACITY_PERCENT : The endpoint activates based on the specified percentage of capacity.
Value -> (integer)
Defines the capacity size, either as a number of instances or a capacity percentage.
TerminationWaitInSeconds -> (integer)
Additional waiting time in seconds after the completion of an endpoint deployment before terminating the old endpoint fleet. Default is 0.
MaximumExecutionTimeoutInSeconds -> (integer)
Maximum execution timeout for the deployment. Note that the timeout value should be larger than the total waiting time specified in TerminationWaitInSeconds and WaitIntervalInSeconds .
RollingUpdatePolicy -> (structure)
Specifies a rolling deployment strategy for updating a SageMaker endpoint.
MaximumBatchSize -> (structure)
Batch size for each rolling step to provision capacity and turn on traffic on the new endpoint fleet, and terminate capacity on the old endpoint fleet. Value must be between 5% to 50% of the variant's total instance count.
Type -> (string)
Specifies the endpoint capacity type.
 - INSTANCE_COUNT : The endpoint activates based on the number of instances.
 - CAPACITY_PERCENT : The endpoint activates based on the specified percentage of capacity.
Value -> (integer)
Defines the capacity size, either as a number of instances or a capacity percentage.
WaitIntervalInSeconds -> (integer)
The length of the baking period, during which SageMaker monitors alarms for each batch on the new fleet.
MaximumExecutionTimeoutInSeconds -> (integer)
The time limit for the total deployment. Exceeding this limit causes a timeout.
RollbackMaximumBatchSize -> (structure)
Batch size for rollback to the old endpoint fleet. Each rolling step to provision capacity and turn on traffic on the old endpoint fleet, and terminate capacity on the new endpoint fleet. If this field is absent, the default value will be set to 100% of total capacity which means to bring up the whole capacity of the old fleet at once during


text:
Wes Willie- Navajo
Wes grew up in Tec Nos Pos Arizona on the 25000 square mile reservation. His parents were traditional people, shepherding and pastoral pursuits occupying their days. Wes started his career as a pipeline welder working in the oil fields from coast to coast.
Nearing forty years old in 1995, he became interested in the inlay work of Charles Loloma and Preston Monongye and decided to try his hand at inlaid jewelry. Over time he became an heir apparent to these early jewelry pioneers. Today, he has won every prize at competitions such as Santa Fe Indian Market, Gallup ceremonial and the Heard Museum. He is famous for his use of gem grade materials in his jewelry. Only the finest turquoise and oxblood coral are incorporated in his designs. In addition, he uses fine gems and materials wherever he can locate them.
Showing all 9 results


LK functional
V = V1 + V2 + V3 only changes in its first contribution V1 because the integrals in
V2 and V3 are not affected. In this way, the condition V = V1 0 for x M =
T 1 Imag K amounts to the negative semidefiniteness, P 0, of
P = K  T  (AR P AR P ) T 1 K,

(P )
(4.59)
4.6 Delay-Dependent Conditions in the Time Domain
167
which defines (P ). But, it can be seen that

P = K  T  P T 1 K = K  (P )K.

(4.60)
This is true because AR and T 1 commute, due to their block-diagonal structure.
Now, partitioning P = (Pij ) for i, j = 1, 2, 3, it holds that
0
(P ) = 0
P
13
0
0
P
23
P13
P23 .
P33
(4.61)
Introducing K in (4.57), we get
0
P = K  (P )K = 0
K
P13
1
0
0

P23
K1 P13
P23 .
P33
(4.62)
Recall that (ii) V 0 for x M is true iff P 0. And this is equivalent,
imposing that the off-diagonal terms are zero, to
P33 0,
P23 = 0,
and M :

P13
= M C 1 ,
(4.63)
as Imag K1 = Ker C 1 , for some column matrix M of appropriate size. Then, using
T  P T = P , we can say that

(0, 0, In3 )P = P13
(4.64)
, P23 T12 , P33 = (M C 1 , 0)T12 , P33 ,
and using (4.48) and P33 = P33 , one immediately obtains (4.55) = (4.64), proving
the fact that (4.55) holds iff P 0 iff V 0 for x M , which concludes the
proof.

T = In , and P = P ,
Remark 4.2 Notice that when C2 = 0, one can take C = C,
which is the case in [9]. In this way, the result here extends the previous results not
only to the delayed case, but also to a more general form of the resetting hypersurface M , with C2 = 0.
Remark 4.3 Usually, the term V3 in (4.52) is expressed by replacing Ax(t + ) +
Ad x(t + h) by x (t + ) [26]. Here, this is possible only in the continuous mode
of operation. At the reset instants, the relation is no longer valid, so that the correct
expression for V3 is the one in (4.52).
Remark 4.4 Delay margin. If the delay h is not given, it is important to estimate the
set of values h Ireset for which (4.54) and (4.56) are feasible. Notice that stability
of the reset system is more restrictive than stability of the linear system, so that
Ireset Ilin . Determining those h Ilin for which x = Ax + Ad x(t h) is stable
168
Stability of Time-Delay Reset Control Systems
is well known. It is known that h can have an effect of conditional stability: Ilin =
[0, 1 ) (2 , 3 ) (m1 , m ), with the k easily computable [16].
With this is mind, as Ireset is bounded by Ilin , one can always define a fine mesh
of values {hk }N
k=1 covering this set and check feasibility of the N related LMIs.
Furthermore, (4.56) can be written as F + hG < 0, and one can always force negative definiteness by checking Fk + hk Gk < k I , for some k > 0. Then, it is
easy to show that we have a stable
0 range (hk k , hk + k ) =: Ik provided that
k = k /Gk . Thus, the union k Ik =: Inum provides a numerically guaranteed
stable range Inum Ireset that can be made arbitrarily close to Ireset by increasing
the number of LMIs tested.
4.7 Delay-Dependent Conditions in the Frequency Domain
This section presents frequency domain conditions related to (4.55) and (4.56)
to verify stability. One standard tool for moving from time-domain LMIs to
frequency-domain conditions is the KalmanYakubovichPopov (KYP) lemma
used in Sect. 4.4. The KYP lemma could have been used here as well, however,
we prefer to present here an approach based on passivity, with useful connections
between resetting and control by impulses.
The approach is based on the notion of passivity of a system with respect to
certain storage function (the Lyapunov functional). The IDDE system will be interpreted as equivalent to the base-linear subsystem (BLS) in feedback connection
with the resetting subsystem. It will be shown that the reset subsystem is passive, so
that the global system will be stable if the BLS (with certain inputs and outputs) is
strictly passive. This last condition has an easy frequency domain interpretation.
Thus, to give a frequency-domain interpretation of Proposition 4.7, note that condition (4.55) can be rewritten as B  P = H or
H  = P B,
(4.65)
with
B  = (O, O, In3 ),
H = (M C1 , M C2 , P33 ).
(4.66)
After this, consider the base linear system
(BLS) x (t) = Ax(t) + Ad x(t h),
and the base linear system with inputs and outputs

x (t) = Ax(t) + Ad x(t h) + Bu(t),
(BLSio )
y(t) = H x(t).
(4.67)
(4.68)
Proposition 4.8 If the conditions (4.55) and (4.56) hold, then the base-linear system BLSio is strictly passive with respect to the storage functional V (xt ) (4.49).
4.7 Delay-Dependent Conditions in the Frequency Domain
169
Proof The arguments are sketched as follows. Recall that the system BLSio is
strictly passive with respect to V (xt ), by definition, when
y  (t)u(t) > VBLSio (xt ),
xt = 0,
(4.69)
for all u(t), y(t), xt solutions to the system. By rebuilding the time derivative of the
LyapunovKrasovskii functional, it can be seen that
1
1
VBLSio = VBLS + x (t)P Bu(t) + u (t)B  P x(t),
2
2
(4.70)
where the subindex of the V denotes the system where the time derivative of V is
computed. The last expression is easy to deduce and shows that the only influence
of u in BLSio affecting V = V1 + V2 + V3 is through the term V1 . The derivatives of
the remaining integral terms V2 , V3 can be written [26] as:
V2 = x (t)Qx(t) x (t h)Qx(t h)
and
V3 = hF (t)
F (t + ) d,
with
F (t) = (Ax(t) + Ad x(t h)) A
d XAd (Ax(t) + Ad x(t h)) .
And hence V2 , V3 depend only on past values x(t + ), 0 of the state and not
on the input u(t), so that (4.70) is true. Then, the passivity condition amounts to
y  (t)u(t) = x (t)H  u(t) > VBLS (xt ) + x (t)P Bu(t).
(4.71)
Now, the only possibility for the previous relation to hold is (setting u = 0) that
VBLS (xt ) < 0 (ensured by (4.56)) and (as u(t) is completely free) that (4.65) is satisfied (equivalent to (4.55)). Notice that (4.56) is only a sufficient condition for
VBLS (xt ) < 0, according to [26]. This is the reason why the only if direction cannot be proved here.

Now, it is useful to show that the overall IDDE (4.5) is passive (and stable) by
proving that it is the negative feedback connection between BLSio and certain suitable subsystem R that performs the resetting actions. To show this, consider the
ideal resetting system R : y(t) u(t) =: v(t) with input y(t) = H x(t) and output u(t) = v(t) given by

1
(R) v(t) =
(t tk )P33
y(t),
(4.72)
k
where (t tk ) is a Dirac impulse applied at t = tk , the instants when the reset
condition holds. This resetting system has


text:
Case histories : the packaging and presentation of the Victorian photographic portrait _PHONE_ / John Hannavy.
- Other Title:
- Case histories, the presentation of the Victorian photographic portrait
- [Suffolk, UK ; Easthampton, MA : Antique Collector's Club], 2005.
144 p. : ill. ; 22 x 28 cm.
- Portrait photography -- Great Britain -- History -- 19th century.
Portrait photographers -- Great Britain -- History -- 19th century.
Great Britain -- History -- Victoria, _PHONE_ -- Pictorial works.
- Includes bibliographical references and index.
"The cased photographic portrait was fashionable from the early 1840s until the end of the 1860s ... Case Histories examines the history of the portrait and its packaging as component parts of a single integrated industry. The book looks at the structure of the case, and its evolution, as well as exploring the range of materials used in case manufacture, the manufacturing techniques employed, and the emergence of moulding technology."--Book jacket.
|Location||Notes||Your Loan Policy|
|Description||Status||Barcode||Your Loan Policy|


text:
Masking in Adobe After Effects 2023 and it's Fundamental
Masking is one of the Essential tools in Adobe after Effects. This tool helps you in many ways like to create Transitions, Motion Graphics, Rotoscopy and are the basic of Visual Effects and compositing work in after effects.
What's a mask? How does it Work
- Masking allows you to cut out image or video and combine with different footage together. We can Create Masking through Pen Tool, Shapes and track matte also. Masks in after effects allow you to determine the visibility of specific parts of a layer. This Feature is similar like in Photoshop mask and illustrator mask if you use these 2 applications or any photo editing app.
2. If you want to create a mask so firstly you need to select that layer in layer panel then grab pen tool or shape tool as per your requirement. Let's create mask and therefore we go to pen tool icon at the top bar menu or we can press G on your keyboard. There are some more option in pen tool your need to click on pen tool and hold it for a second then it show you some more options like for adding subtracting and modifying press G repeatedly will cycle through these different modes.
3. And then create mask around your subject or footage but make sure the layer should be selected otherwise it will create a shape layer that is a different topic. When you draw path and close path you will get alpha channel and you can composite with different image or video and don't forget to close the path of the shape otherwise it will not work properly.
4. After drawing the shape around the subject, subject separate from the main footage and you can place or composite image and video behind the subject called compositing.
5. We also have some other tool to cut out a mask if you go over next to the pen tool the rectangle tool. We have multiple tools in shape tool like Rectangle tool, Rounded rectangle tool, Ellipse tool, Polygon tool, star tool simply create masks in these specific shapes.
Some useful shortcut which helps you while doing your work. If you draw mask through shapes you can see your mask will draw from the top left corner side. if you're creating a rectangle or ellipse shape by holding down control the mask will be centered around your mouse if you add the shift button to that will keep all the sides equal and allowing you to make perfect square or circles.
and by holding down the space bar while creating the mask you can also position it while creating it.
- let's hit m twice and you will see its properties to reveal it on the timeline the first option or property you'll see on the mask is the mode which determines what the mask actually does. you can control all the mask property from there, like feather the mask and keyframe to mask path bring down the opacity and play with the expansion which will make it bigger and or smaller as we can see all these properties is keyframeable. when you are working with a mask but still need to be able to see the rest of the layer. We can set these modes as we drawing the mask by pressing the corresponding key before releasing your mouse click.
N – None
A – Add
S – Subtract
I – Intersect
D – Darken
6. If a draw second mask on in the same selected layer notice after effects adds a new mask right here in the timeline show as mask2 and again draw mask will add mask3 and so on. We can also rename by any mask clicking on the name and pressing enter, also change the color of mask in the left side of name by simply click on the small box.
7. If you need to get specific feather on the mask corner there's mask feathering tool in pen tool option that allows you to finesse this as much you like.
8. for the mask free transform double click on the mask path and you can move it around or scale it to close that out double click again directly on the path any anywhere outside of it.
9. You can also selected the individual point called vertexes. Just Deselect mask only select layer and then click to any single point or vertex and then manipulate points at once or you can either hold shift and select more points. We can also animate our mask by simply adding some keyframes on mask path property.
10. One important note if you don't select the footage and create the mask it will create shape not the mask also called shape layer.


text:
Picture - Ethnos newspaper
Greek supermarkets are reducing food prices, but at a rather slow pace. The reason is the economic crisis, or more precisely the fact that many consumers are struggling to buy even essential products.
Data from the Ministry of Development's Observatory of prices are extremely indicative. The last analysis makes it clear that despite the average increase of 0.32 per cent in prices of products from 56 major categories over the last year, there has been a 1.60 per cent decrease in consumption in the first half of 2012.
The recession made supermarket chains begin adjusting their prices according to the negative changes on the labour market after salaries fell by around 23 per cent, cuts in pensions exceeded this rate, and unemployment reached 22 per cent. If we add over-taxation on income with very high taxes to all this, it is clear that in the coming months supermarkets will be forced to make even "bolder" price reductions.
What the data show so far:
- The only product category where there is still a price increase are fresh fruit and vegetables. In particular, in the first half of the year their prices rose by about 6.32 per cent, considering that last year they had fallen by about 11 per cent. Analysts, however, highlight that the prices of fruit and vegetables are highly dependent on climatic conditions and production volume. Furthermore, very recently their prices have been liberalized and it is not excluded that supermarkets will use this fact to account for the losses from price reductions of other goods.
- In the first half of the year, consumption of food products fell by 2.27 per cent, whereas last year the prices of this category had increased by about 1.64 per cent.
- The prices of goods for personal use decreased by 1.37 per cent vs. a 1.87 per cent fall in the period June 2011 - June 2012. Alcoholic beverages are down by 0.07 per cent vs. a 0.39 per cent decrease over the past 12 months, and products for quick consumption - by 0.07 per cent against an overall decline of 0.52 per cent.
- There is an impressive change in soft drinks' prices, which fell in the first half of the year, although last year they had risen. The total drop amounts to 1.77 per cent, despite the jump of 5.79 per cent in the period June 2011 - June 2012. Mineral and table water, juices and soft drinks are down by 1.13 per cent vs. last year's increase of 7.88 per cent. The prices of coffee, cocoa and tea have also fallen by 2.56 per cent, although last year they rose by 3.24 per cent.
- Since the beginning of the year, dairy produce prices have declined by 0.58 per cent. In the period June 2011 - June 2012 they jumped by 1.64 per cent. Oat flakes and their derivatives recorded the largest drop - 2.64 per cent vs. 0.57 per cent last year. Olive oil, butter, margarine and oil, whose prices "jumped" by 0.76 per cent last year, fell by 3.89 per cent in the period from January to June 2012. After they rose to 1.67 per cent, prices of sugar, sweets, chocolates and ice cream fell by 1.32 per cent.
- Compared to these large deviations, prices of meat products have remained almost unchanged. From June 2011 to June 2012, they fell by 0.66 per cent, and since the beginning of the year to date - by 0.58 per cent. Prices of vegetables have also registered a drastic drop - from 0.12 last year to 8.68 per cent during the first six months.
- During the same period, the rest of the products were down by 1.20 per cent, although from June 2011 to June 2012 prices increased slightly by 0.06 per cent. Prices of fresh and frozen fish have followed suit. In the first six months of the year, they fell by 3.52 per cent, and over the past 12 months - by 2.27 per cent.
At the same time, in May, the main index of consumer prices rose by 1.4 per cent compared to the same period last year. Food and soft drinks have increased by 1.75 per cent, which means that supermarkets have reduced the prices of their goods. According to the National Statistical Office's data, in May the price of alcohol rose by 0.42 per cent.
With a 0.9 per cent harmonized index of consumer goods, Greece occupies the 29th place in the European ranking among 32 countries. As representatives of the Ministry of Development note, "lately, Greece is below the average values for the European Union and the euro area, which are 2.6 and 2.4 per cent, respectively. In May, the country was last among the eurozone countries".
According to them this is mostly due to the increase in the rate of VAT on food products from 13 to 23 per cent, the excise duty on heating oil and the international oil prices. They add, however, that "our position compared to the other European countries is improving and this proves that the reforms, "the awakening" of the consumer and reduced consumption are exerting pressure on prices".


Common Protein Analysis Methods to New Developments
Originally Published: November 21, 2014
Last Updated: March 3, 2021
Common protein analysis methods to new developments.
November 21, 2014 – Protein is vast and complicated and, as such, needs equally complex methodologies to analyze it. Joe Katzenmeyer, Chemistry Supervisor of rtech Labs, provided a crash course on common protein analysis methods to new developments used in determining protein quality.
"I like to tell people that the work my lab does bridges the gap between very traditional technology and very modern technology," Katzenmeyer said, adding that his lab analyzes between 1,500-2,000 protein samples per month.
On the traditional side, there's the Kjeldahl Method, which has evolved quite a bit since 1883 and is still widely used. In it, samples are boiled in sulfuric acid to convert the nitrogen into ammonium sulfate. The distillation involves adding sodium hydroxide and steam heat to release the nitrogen as ammonia; then the ammonia is captured in a boric acid solution that is titrated with hydrochloric acid.
"The majority of our work is done by this method. In a good day, we have two shifts that can run about 10 racks of samples," Katzenmeyer said. "It's our most high-throughput method and the most commonly used for nutritional labeling."
The Dumas Method is another traditional technique for protein analysis that involves the combustion of the sample and collection of the resulting gases. It involves far fewer chemicals and far less time than Kjeldahl, which is increasing its popularity, Katzenmeyer said. It involves applying high heat in a pure oxygen atmosphere; collecting gases; removing carbon dioxide and water; and analyzing the remaining nitrogen with a thermal-conductivity detector.
Both the Dumas and Kjeldahl methods are highly precise, with easily comparable results, but they have some obvious drawbacks. Non-protein nitrogen can be interpreted as protein, so one doesn't know which proteins are involved, and one needs a multiplication factor to turn the nitrogen content data into protein.
More modern methodologies rectify those issues, and separation systems have been developed to determine the presence and amount of non-protein nitrogens and individual proteins, such as myoglobin, denatured/undenatured whey, casein and alpha-lactalbumin.
Gel electrophoresis, for instance, uses electricity to separate and quantify protein macromolecules and fragments based on their size and charge. Liquid chromatography is another example, which takes liquid proteins (often dairy) and passes them through a column for the same purpose.
There is also mass spectrometry, which ionizes the components of a sample with an electron beam and then separates them with electromagnetic fields.
Of the more recent methods, however, near-infrared reflectance is most on the rise because of its incredible speed. It uses an infrared light directed at the sample, which causes vibrations in the chemical bonds and creates an energy spectrum that is analyzed and calibrated. "You could have a protein content reading on the production line in, say, 30 seconds," Katzenmeyer added.
These recently developed methods, while more informative and specific, are generally more costly to execute. "They don't separate very well, which is the difficulty with proteins. Imagine you have 10,000 proteins—you can't fit all those peaks [one for each protein] in one little window. So, it gets much more complicated; more labor-intensive; and more expensive," Katzenmeyer said.
Joseph Katzenmeyer, Chemistry Supervisor of rtech Laboratories,, _PHONE_
The summary above is an excerpt from the "2014 Protein Trends & Technology Seminar Magazine: Formulating with Proteins."
Tags: Nutrition
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