1 is the second. The vertical oscillator is tuned to go to 0 after hitting ~1.001 and the horizontal is at.5 – BobtheMagicMoose Sep 20 '18 at 14:18
 - Thus moving the second field from ~1,0 - 2,1 to intermesh with the first. I would love to mark your answer as 'the answer' when it comes to interlacing, but I feel the other one still is more of an answer to the original question (re: 240p v 480'). Thanks! – BobtheMagicMoose Sep 20 '18 at 14:20
On a CRT, the electron beam moves from top to bottom in a smooth continuous motion, then jerks quickly back to the top, about 60 times per second. The beam moves left to right in a smooth continuous motion, then jerks quickly back to the left, about 15,750 times/second. The jerk back to the left will occur if the start of a sync pulse is received roughly 60-70 microseconds after the previous horizontal jerk. The jerk back to the top will occur if a sequence of long sync pulses are detected 16-17 milliseconds after the previous vertical jerk. The electronics driving the CRT don't care about concepts like even and odd frames. They simply performs the vertical and horizontal motions, independently, as requested by the sync pulses. When a horizontal sync pulse is received, the vertical position of the beam will depend upon the amount of time since the last vertical sync pulse.
Because the electronics of a CRT don't care about even and odd frames, it would be possible to output 60 fields (one second) of interlaced video that were 262.5 lines long, then 59 fields (just under one second) of non-interlaced video that was either 262 or 263 lines long, and then 60 more frames that were 262.5 lines long, and a monitor would be perfectly happy. The image would bounce vertically by a fraction of a scan line when switching between interlaced and non-interlaced modes, but would be relatively stable. A device trying to digitize the video as interlaced frames, however, would have a problem since it would expect to interpret pairs of fields as frames, but there would only be 29.5 pairs of non-interlaced fields between the last frame of the first interlaced batch and the first frame of the next. If a device could distinguish between "even field first" and "odd field first" frames, that could resolve the issue, but otherwise it would be impossible to accurately describe the video as a series of 30Hz frames.
| improve this answer | |
480i (480 lines interlaced) is when the even numbered rows are drawn on the screen in 1/30 second, then the odd numbered rows in the next 1/30 second, then the even rows again and so on. The even rows are one "field" and the odd rows are another field, and the two fields combine to form a "frame," so it's 60 fields per second or 30 frames per second.
240p (240 lines progressive) moves the even field down 1/2 row and the odd field up 1/2 row so now a frame is only 240 lines but it draws it 60 times per second. You can see scanlines because now nothing is being drawn between those 240 lines like with 480i.
That's NTSC. PAL is 576i at 25 frames or 50 fields per second, and 288p at 50 frames per second.
| improve this answer | |
 - So does the TV "know" that it is receiving 240p vs 480i? – BobtheMagicMoose Sep 19 '18 at 20:02
 - 1
 It would need some smarts to determine that the even and odd scan lines coincide on the screen. Analog TVs don't care, but digital TVs might. – snips-n-snails Sep 19 '18 at 20:08
480i is a variation of 240p, in the sense that both write almost 16000 lines per second and almost 60 fields per second. The difference is that 240p writes the same field twice, whereas 480i writes every second field in the space between the lines of the first field. Why repeat the same information twice, right? This gives approximately 1.5 times vertical resolution, not 2 times. You have to balance the benefits against the "line flicker" artefacts. This does not work well with sharp graphics or text, then you may prefer 240p after all.
The display knows that the signal is interlaced from the phase of the vertical sync signal: for one field it coincides with the horizontal sync, for the other field it lies midway between 2 hor sync pulses. Thus both fields are 525/2 lines long. This causes the vertical deflection of the CRT to nicely interleave the 2 fields, without any special effort, even with pre-WW2 technology.
The cost of a CRT display application depends strongly on the (horizontal) line frequency. Thus 480i (interlaced) is somewhat superior to 240p (progressive), for the same cost. Also for the same cost you could have 480p at 30 frames per second, but that is unwatchable because of the flicker. 480p at 60 frames per second is superior to 480i, but it requires a line frequency of almost 32 kHz which runs very hot. This only became feasible somewhere in the 1970's-1980's. In Europe this was used for 100 Hz interlaced display, rather than 50 Hz progressive.
Then came flat matrix displays which are naturally progressive, like 480p. They require an up-conversion, or de-interlacing, and this is where the troubles began. Affordable de-interlacers create visible artefacts, giving 480i a bad reputation. On a CRT it did not look too bad, though. All modern digital video signals are progressive now: 720p, 768p, 900p, 1080p, 1440p, 2160p (UHD).
Source: I've spent more than half my life in a TV lab.
| improve this answer | |
Your Answer


exercise in any three consecutive exercises. We need the following constraint to achieve that. For any three exercises i , j , k E such that highMET[i] = highMET[k] = 1 and highMET[j] = 0:
f i j + f j k 1 (4.2)
Constraint (4.2) prevents i, j, k being consecutive exercises when highMET[i] = highMET[k] = 1. But note that (4.2) does not prevent f i j = 1 when highMET[i] = highMET[j] = 1. Thus, (4.1) should be required along with (4.2) to achieve that there is no more than one high-intensity exercise in three consecutive ones. In that sense, (4.2) complements (4.1) to achieve the goal.
(I3) A more relaxed restriction would be requiring at least one low-intensity exercise in any three consecutive exercises. In other words, it is allowed to have two consecutive high-intensity exercises but not three consecutive high-intensity exercises. We need the following constraint. For any three exercises i , j , k E such that highMET[i] = highMET[j] = highMET[k] = 1,
f i j + f j k 1 (4.3)
The constraint provides that fij and fjk cannot be 1 at the same time; but just one of them can be 1.
(I3g) We can generalize constraint (I3) the following way. At least one low-intensity exercise is required in any p consecutive exercises. For any p high-intensity exercises i 1 , i 2 , , i p E ,
f i 1 i 2 + f i 2 i 3 + + f i p 1 i p p 2 (4.3g)
The constraint will force that the f-variables in the left-hand side cannot be all 1 at the same time; thus, i 1 , i 2 , , i p cannot be consecutive exercises in the circuit.
(I4) Lower and upper bounds for the average intensity level.
One can set a goal for an average intensity level through the circuit. While it is hard to achieve an exact target value for the average intensity it is possible to have lower and upper bounds for it. Let LBavgMET and UBavgMET be the lower and upper bounds for the average intensity. Then we have the following constraints:
LBavgMET 1 N i E MET ( i ) x i UBavgMET (4.4)
The middle entry in the double inequality represents the average intensity of the N exercises included in the circuit.
4.2. Relationships among Constraints (I1) - (I4)
Relationships among (4.1), (4.2), and (4.3).
We have the following chain of logical implications for the constraints.
[(4.1) and (4.2) together: no more than 1 high-intensity in 3 consecutive exercises] ®
[(4.1): no more than 1 high-intensity in 2 consecutive exercises] ®
[(4.3): no more than 2 high-intensity in 3 consecutive exercises]
Relationship between (4.4) and other constraints.
Constraint (4.4) gives intensity limits for the whole circuit and can be given in combination with any other constraints.
4.3. Suggestions for Including the Intensity Constraints in the Model
Not all of the above constraints should be included in the model but rather some combination of those, based on the constraint relationships discussed above. We suggest the following three combinations.
Model 1 (low-intensity workout).
Both constraints (4.1) and (4.2) are included to force no more than 1 high-intensity in 3 consecutive exercises. No need for constraint (4.3) since it is implied by (4.1). Constraint (4.4) is included with relatively low LBavgMET and UBavgMET values.
Model 2 (medium-intensity workout).
Constraints (4.1) is included but (4.2) is not to force no more than 1 high-intensity in 2 consecutive exercises. No need for constraint (4.3) since it is implied by (4.1). We might have high-intensity and low-intensity exercises alternating in this kind of circuit. Constraint (4.4) is included; LBavgMET and UBavgMET values are chosen by the user to control the average intensity of the circuit.
Model 3 (high-intensity workout).
Constraints (4.3) is included (but constraints (4.1) and (4.2) are not) to force no more than 2 high-intensity in 3 consecutive exercises. Constraint (4.4) is included with relatively high LBavgMET and UBavgMET values.
5. Computational Results
We give the full AMPL model for the integer program developed in previous sections in Section 5.1. The model includes both muscle group and intensity constraints discussed in Sections 3 and 4 correspondingly. The intensity constraints are given for the medium-intensity workout. Section 5.2 gives guidelines and references for choosing input data for the model. We also describe a sample data set on which the model was tested. The output for the sample data set is given in Section 5.3.
5.1. The AMPL Model
###### SETS AND PARAMETERS #######
set Exercises;
param duration{Exercises};
# duration of each exercise
param number_of_exercises;
# number of exercises in a circuit
param time_between_exercises{i in Exercises, j in Exercises: i!=j};
# asymmetric, equal to zero if i and j are the same
###### Muscle parameters #######
set Muscles;
param work{i in Exercises, j in Muscles};
# amount of work on muscle j from exercise i
param used{i in Exercises, j in Muscles}:= if work[i,j]==0 then 0 else 1;
# is 1 muscle j is used in exercise i, otherwise is 0
param muscle_lower_limit{j in Muscles};
# lower limit on the amount of work for muscle j
param muscle_upper_limit{j in Muscles};
# upper limit on the amount of work for muscle j
###### Intensity parameters #######
param MET{i in Exercises};
# MET value for each exercise
param T_MET;
# threshold MET value for high intensity exercises
param highMET{i in Exercises}:= if MET[i] >= T_MET then 1 else 0;
# is 1 for high-intensity exercises, 0 for low-intensity exercises
param intensity_lower_limit;
# lower bound on average intensity level in the circuit
param intensity_upper_limit;
# upper bound on average intensity level in the circuit
###### VARIABLES #######
var included{Exercises} binary;
# is 1 if exercise i is included
var next_exercise{i in Exercises, j in Exercises: i!=j} binary;
# is 1 if exercise j immediately follows exercise i in the circuit
var exercise_order{Exercises} >= 0, <= number_of_exercises;
###### OBJECTIVE FUNCTION #######
minimize total_circuit_time:
sum{i in Exercises} duration[i]*included[i] +
sum{i in Exercises, j in Exercises: i!=j} time_between_exercises[i,j]*next_exercise[i,j];
###### CONSTRAINTS #######
###### Primary constraints #######
s.t. number_of_exercises_in_circuit: sum{i in Exercises}included[i] = number_of_exercises;
s.t. number_of_following_exercises_in_circuit: sum{i in Exercises, j in Exercises: i!=j} next_exercise[i,j] = number_of_exercises - 1;
s.t. follow_exercise_only_if_included1{i in Exercises, j in Exercises: i!=j}:
next_exercise[i,j] <= included[i];
# exercise i can be followed by exercise j only if exercise i is in the schedule
s.t. follow_exercise_only_if_included2{i in Exercises, j in Exercises: i!=j}:
next_exercise[i,j] <= included[j];
# exercise i can be followed by exercise j only if exercise j is in the schedule
s.t. at_most_one_exercise_follows{i in Exercises}:
sum{j in Exercises: i!=j} next_exercise[i,j] <= 1;
s.t. at_most_one_exercise_precedes{j in Exercises}:
sum{i in Exercises: i!=j} next_exercise[i,j] <= 1;
s.t. no_cycle{i in Exercises, j in Exercises: i!=j}:
exercise_order[i] - exercise_order[j] + (number_of_exercises + 1) * next_exercise[i,j] <= number_of_exercises;
s.t. dummy_zero_if_not


text:
DOUBLE WALLED FUEL TANK
They are tanks that allow the safe and large amounts of fuel types called fuel oil and liquid fuel to be stored under and above the ground. Underground fuel tanks are cylindrical horizontal containers that are used to store flammable and non-flammable water contaminating liquids underground. Aboveground tanks have their own feet. Fuel oil fuel tanks produced in accordance with TSE EN 12285-1 and 12285-2 standards are manufactured from ST 37-2 carbon steel. These tanks, which consist of two interlocking tanks, ie layers, are called double-walled tanks.
In fuel tanks, it is called the sheet metal partition forming the outer surface of the wall tank. If this partition is made up of double layers, it is double skinned. In double-walled fuel tanks, S235JR (black sheet) or optional stainless steel is available.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


EIT
From MythTV Official Wiki
Revision as of 19:18, 5 May 2006 by Phatmonkey (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
The EIT (Event Information Table) is extra data that is broadcast with a television signal, much like Closed Caption Text in the VBI stream. EIT provides program data for the current show and future shows which can be then used to view on-screen program information, such as title, length, description and more. This can also be gathered to build a program guide for current and future shows on all your available channels. MythTV uses an Electronic Program Guide, or EPG. Most cable and satellite services do. Even many modern digital televisions can have a program guide by gathering and storing EIT.
EIT is typically available over digital television signals, either terrestrial, cable or satellite. With terrestrial signals, each channel provides it's own EIT. Information is usually only available for the upcoming 24 hours. With satellite, the EIT is broadcast on it's own stream, or an Aggregate Event Information Table (AEIT), and contains information for all the channels broadcasted, and can provide scheduling information for more than a week.


A Greek word referring to the imitation of nature or culture. Often used as a term to describe recognisibility, it is the opposite of abstract (Abstract Sounds). A mimetic sound, is similar to a sound from nature or human culture. For example: the way in which a flute might imitate a bird, or the way in which granualr textures might sounds like pebbles / rocks falling.


2.1.7 Advanced rhythmic commands
Partial measure
Music Glossary: anacrusis.
\partial 8 f8 |
c2 d |
[image of music]
Music Glossary: note value, triplet.
Tuplets are made with the \tuplet keyword. It takes two arguments: a fraction and a piece of music. The fraction is the number of tuplet notes over the number of notes normally filling the same duration. For triplets, there are three notes instead of two, so triplets have 3/2 as their fraction.
\tuplet 3/2 { f8 g a }
\tuplet 3/2 { c8 r c }
\tuplet 3/2 { f,8 g16[ a g a] }
\tuplet 3/2 { d4 a8 }
[image of music]
Grace notes
Music Glossary: grace notes, acciaccatura, appoggiatura.
c2 \grace { a32 b } c2 |
c2 \appoggiatura b16 c2 |
c2 \acciaccatura b16 c2 |
[image of music]
See also
Notation Reference: Grace notes, Tuplets, Upbeats.
About automatic language selection.
LilyPond — Learning Manual v2.18.2 (stable-branch).


text:
In 2002, WOREC conducted a situational analysis of violence and its impact on youth in Udayapur and Morang districts. One thousand eight hundred sixty-one youth between the ages of 14 and 25 were interviewed individually and sixty-eight focus group discussions were conducted. The findings demonstrated that youth in rural Nepal are subjected to varied forms of psychosocial violence, including receiving threats and humiliating remarks from family and non-family members, being ridiculed or pestered as being worthless and unsuccessful by family and non-family members, and allegations of being 'charitrahin', (of bad character, particularly in relation to sexual orientation) for girls. Moreover, youth are also very aware of the types, causes and effects of such violence, and many feel that violence is the most effective way of expressing frustration or resolving conflicts.
This report provides useful information to organizations and individuals engaged in the prevention of violence against women, children, youth and adolescents, and the recommendations of the study are useful for policy and program formulation in reducing the extent and level of violence against women, children, youth and adolescents.
For a copy of this report, or for more information, contact WOREC at _EMAIL_.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
AfriGeneas Military Research Forum Archive
Re: Civil War Pension Question
In Response To: Civil War Pension Question ()
In the pension application files, there are numerous cases of men with the same last name, and equally numerous cases of men who served under more than one name. So, you will see files with Jones, Washington/Demus, Abraham W.....or similar. In some of the Black units especially, there were several men with the same name. As you can imagine-the George Washingtons, Thomas Jeffersons, Smiths, Jones, Black, etc were frequent occurrences. It was frustrating for both the officers and men. In one regiment alone, there could be more than thirty men with the same name.
Yet another problem was in the contested pensions-where a man had left more than one widow/family who claimed to be his heirs. I know of at least one case, where four women claimed to be the spouse, and quite possibly were.
What exactly did the message you received say? It might be a clue as to why there was a problem. Small details like mispellings in the records-or changes over time within the family, uses of initials, nicknames or middle names used as given name, location of enlistment, regiment/company, etc. all will complicate your efforts.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Professor John Michael McNamara FRS
Professor of Mathematics and Biology, School of Mathematics, University of Bristol
McNamara has developed fundamental approaches, methods and modelling tools for the functional analysis of behaviour. His work provides a consistent logic and mathematical rigour for the theoretical and conceptual basis of the field of behavioural ecology. The general framework he proposed and developed exposes the logic of how individual actions contribute to lifetime reproductive success, and provides a common currency for actions. The framework has provided a natural way of building more holistic and realistic models of behaviour, allowing it to depend on state and time, and has had a profound influence on the modelling of behaviour across the entire field.
New Fellows Seminar presentation: Modelling adaptive behaviour (MP3)


text:
Visa and a consortium of industry organizations have released Digital Transformation of SMBs: The Future of Commerce, a look at the opportunities and challenges faced by small and medium size business owners in an increasingly digital world.
The report provides a snapshot of how SMBs can capture revenue opportunities through digital loyalty programs, online storefronts and, of course, digital payments.
"One immediate opportunity for SMBs to go digital is by digitizing checkout and other business processes," a Visa press release said.
The company offered three survey findings in support of SMBs' transition to digital payments:
- Based on survey responses, Visa estimates that the SMB's average cost of processing digital payments — inclusive of direct expenses and labor costs — is 57 percent less than that of nondigital payments.
- Further, 65 percent of SMBs agree that customers spend more when they use cards versus cash.
- 78 percent of consumers surveyed rank a digital payment method, such as paying with a card or mobile device, as their number one preferred payment option.
According to the release, the report offers actionable tips that business owners can use to implement technology and digital upgrades and grow their business.
Maru/Matchbox, a consumer intelligence firm, surveyed 425 businesses representing business payment decision makers and nearly 2,500 consumers in 2018 to develop the Maru/Matchbox 2018 Small Business and Consumer Surveys. ESI ThoughtLab, an economics consultancy firm, collaborated with Visa to develop equations that enable the cost analysis to realize the impact of digital versus non-digital payments.


text:
What are the risks of using improper ergonomics while using a virtual assistant device?
Virtual assistants have become an integral part of many households and work environments. These devices, while convenient and technologically advanced, also bring about new ergonomic challenges that many users may not be aware of.
One of the primary concerns with improper ergonomics while using virtual assistant devices is the risk of physical strain. This could be a result of repetitive movements, poor posture, or staying in one position for prolonged periods. Over time, this can lead to ailments such as:
- Neck and back pain
- Eye strain
- Repetitive strain injuries
Beyond the physical, there's also the cognitive load to consider. Continuously talking to and receiving feedback from a device can be mentally draining. Our brain is designed to process human-to-human interaction differently than human-to-machine interaction. Prolonged use without breaks can lead to:
- Mental fatigue
- Decreased focus and concentration
- Increased stress levels
Engaging too frequently with virtual assistants can lead to reduced human interaction, which might have social implications. Over-reliance on these devices can result in:
- Decreased interpersonal communication skills
- Feelings of isolation
- Dependency on technology for basic tasks
It's undeniable that virtual assistant devices offer a plethora of benefits. However, it's crucial to balance their use with proper ergonomics to avoid the risks mentioned above. For those who spend a significant amount of time on computers and are concerned about the adverse effects of prolonged usage, BLiiNK might be the perfect solution. BLiiNK is an AI-powered desktop app that aids computer users in mitigating the negative impacts associated with prolonged computer use. Explore BLiiNK today and ensure that your virtual interactions are both efficient and ergonomically sound.


text:
Cato Perkins was a Huntingdonian Methodist preacher. The Huntingdonian church he founded in Sierra Leone is one of the only remaining churches of that faith remaining in the world today. He was ordained in 1786 by John Marrant as a traveling preacher of the faith. Marrant chose Perkins to lead the Nova Scotia Huntingdonians in Marrant's absence.
In 1790 Perkins took on the duty of chief pastor to black Huntingdonians in Nova Scotia. He was appointed by Marrant as he left for England, and carried it out after his death.
At the time of the Sierra Leone exodus almost Cato Perkins' entire congregation went to Sierra Leone. His congregation was perhaps one quarter of the Christian population of Nova Scotia who left for Sierra Leone. Perkins continued to preach while in Sierra Leone and also was involved in organizing missions to the native African populations.
During the rebellion of the Nova Scotians against the white English leaders at Sierra Leone almost all of the Huntingdonian population supported the rebels. Perkins was nominated by the blacks to travel to England with their petition of grievances. To avoid being suspected by the Colony's administration, it seems that Perkins probably had to risk passage on a slave ship. Unfortunately for him, his petition was rejected.
Perkins died in Sierra Leone in 1805. However, even to this day a Huntingdonian society exists in Sierra Leone, evidence of the success of Perkins' missionary efforts.


text: This is a study of the Protestant utopian movement that began in Germany, inspired in large measure by the writings of Johann Valentin Andreae and came to England through the efforts of the emigre Samuel Hartlib. The first chapters examine Andreae's utopian writings, including the Rosicrucian manifestos, as part of his lifelong commitment to found a Societas Christiana, a spiritual elite that would improve religious and intellectual life. His writings sparked a transnational movement in early modern Europe. The most significant of the German learned societies are discussed: The Societas Ereunetica, Unio Christiana and Antilia. The latter chapters consider Hartlib's English circles and various utopian and learned societies in the 1650s. The text seeks to contribute to the understanding of the role that "secret" societies and epistolary networks had in the republic of letters.


text:
This past week marked the anniversary of a truly terrible and bizarre piece of Boston history; the great molasses flood of 1919 when a tsunami of molasses covered two blocks of Boston's North End with a 15 foot wave of hot, sticky molasses. If you take a look at these pictures from the Boston Globe you'll see the absolute devastation that the molasses flood brought to the densely packed neighborhood. Boston was the center of the molasses universe in those days as the area was home to many rum distilleries. Because of its abundance, molasses also was a key ingredient in local cuisine.
Molasses was the main sweetener for early settlers too. American style baked beans were introduced to the Pilgrims by local Indian tribes. While the Indian tribes used maple syrup and, the Pilgrims used molasses that was readily available and familiar because it was imported to Europe from the West Indies. The early settlers used molasses to sweeten everything from bread to beans to desserts such as Indian Pudding. While many Americans are not familiar with Boston Brown Bread and Indian Pudding, almost everyone is familiar with baked beans. While even today in northern New England they still use maple syrup, using molasses to sweeten the beans turns plain baked beans into Boston Baked Beans. It's no surprise that the combination of beans and molasses became so popular that it earned Boston the name "Beantown".
Traditional Yankee cuisine is still available here, although it's a little harder to find than it used to be. Baked beans and brown bread were the traditional Sunday meal for much of New England for hundreds of years because it can be made ahead of time and kept warm; so locals could observe their religious rules of not cooking on the Sabbath. Now, there are restaurants that still serve traditional baked beans, but they are more of a novelty than a sought-after dish, except maybe by tourists. The real exception to this is Durgin Park – a touristy, yet all the same historical restaurant that still serves traditional Yankee fare. Here you can still get Yankee pot roast, baked beans, brown bread, Indian Pudding and cracker crumb cod. I worked right next to Durgin Park for several years, and it is where I was first introduced to Yankee cooking.
Whenever I want to tackle a traditional dish I'm torn between modernizing it or embracing the traditional recipe. Never has this been more so than with baked beans. Living in New England I feel obliged to make such a traditional dish the way it was intended: the way I first encountered it at Durgin Park fifteen years ago. But, that's just foolish, because I want to make them vegetarian; that's not the way they were intended. So, with this recipe I've thrown out the rule book and instead embraced the spirit of the original recipe. This is still a hearty winter dish full of rich sweet flavors, but I've replaced the fatty pork belly with a hearty dose of veggies. Not really an even trade is it? All the same, this is still a full meal, especially when paired with a slice of the heavy and hearty classic brown bread.
The brown bread is another traditional recipe. For this one I have adapted several very old recipes which I found in a few ancient cookbooks I have around. They all have variations of the same recipe. Most of them call for equal parts of rye and graham flour and corn meal. All of them call for sour milk and baking soda. I noticed that most new recipes for brown bread use whole wheat flour, white flour and corn meal, not rye flour, but why add white flour to a recipe that traditionally calls for something much healthier? The quick bread is sweetened with molasses and steamed – always. I use a Bundt pan (or you can use a tube pan) placed in a dutch oven for steaming instead of the traditional can, but the finished product is still hearty, sweet and the perfect accompaniment for the beans. It's even better toasted with butter and jam the following morning. Enjoy!
These beans re-heat beautifully in the microwave. Just add a half cup of water, cover and cook for 10 minutes on 50% power, stirring once half-way through the cooking time.
2 cups great northern or navy beans soaked overnight
2 tablespoons olive oil
1 large onion, chopped fine
1 carrot, chopped fine
1 celery stalk, chopped fine
1 apple, peeled, cored and chopped fine
4 cups water, divided
1/2 cup molasses
1/4 cup brown sugar
1/4 cup tomato paste
1/8 teaspoon ground cloves
1 bay leaf
1 teaspoon dry mustard powder
1 tablespoon whole-grain mustard
1 tablespoon apple cider vinegar
1 1/2 teaspoon salt
Preheat oven to 325 degrees. Heat a medium sauce pan over medium heat. Add the oil and heat until it begins to simmer then add the onions, celery, carrots and apple. Cook until the onions are translucent, about five minutes. While the vegetables are cooking combine the molasses, brown sugar, tomato paste, cloves, bay leaf, mustard powder, whole-grain mustard and vinegar in a small bowl. Add the molasses mixture once the vegetables are soft. Add two cups of water and bring the mixture to a boil.
Place the soaked beans in a large oven-safe dish. Pour the vegetable and molasses mixture over the beans and seal tightly with a piece of foil. Put the baking dish on a baking sheet and place in the oven. Cook for 2 hours.
When 2 hours have passed, remove the pan from the oven and stir the beans. Add the salt dissolved in another cup of water. Recover the beans with foil and return to the oven. Check once an hour stirring the beans and adding more water as needed. The finished beans should be a rich brownish-red in color and very tender. The total cooking time will vary depending on the type of bean you use; about 4 hours for navy beans and 6 hours for the larger great northern bean.
Steamed Boston Brown Bread
Makes 1 large tube pan loaf, about 30 slices
This is essentially a graham flour bread that is leavened with baking soda instead of yeast. Most of us don't have a steamed pudding pan hanging around, and I don't even have a 1 pound coffee can. So, this recipe is adapted to use a large dutch oven and a standard metal loaf or Bundt pan. This means that it produces a much larger than normal loaf. If you're not that into brown bread, you can half this recipe and steam it in a 1 pound coffee can (oh, and the cans really don't hold one pound of coffee anymore, but people still refer to them as such). Do not use a glass loaf pan for this as it could shatter when steamed on the stove.
2 cup rye flour
2 cup graham flour
2 cup corn meal
2 teaspoons salt
2 teaspoons baking powder
1 cup molasses
3 cups buttermilk
Grease a 12-cup tube pan or Bundt pan and set aside. Bring 1 inch of water to boil in a large dutch oven set over medium-high heat. While the water boils, combine the flours, salt and baking powder. In another bowl combine the molasses and buttermilk. Pour the buttermilk mixture into the flour mixture and mix until just combined. Scrape the batter into the loaf or Bundt pan and lower the pan down into the boiling water. Cover the pot and reduce the heat to low. Cook the bread until it is firm to the touch, about two hours.
When the bread has finished steaming use a pair of tongs inserted into the center of the tube to raise the pan out of the pot of water. You can use a paper towel to soak up any water or moisture that has collected around the edges of the bread. Heat an oven to 325 degrees. Bake the bread for about 20 minutes to dry out the edges of the bread and prevent the bread from becoming sticky. When the bread is done, remove and cool for ten minute before turning the bread out onto a wire rack. Serve immediately warm or toasted the following day. Can be kept covered for three days or frozen for two months.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm learning about generators and conservation laws and have derived the equation (1)
$$[Q,A]=-i\hbar f(A)$$
which is satisfied by the observable generator $Q$ for a transformation group with elements of form
The lecture notes I'm reading say that this equation (1) defines $Q$ provided we know $f(A)$ for all observables $A$. Why is this true mathematically? And what does all observables mean?
The example in the notes applies it to transformations along the $k-$axis for a system of $r$ particles, obtaining
$$[Q,\hat{x}_i^r]=-i\hbar\delta_{ik}$$ $$[Q,\hat{p}_i^r]=0$$
It then states that $Q = \hat{P}_k=\sum_r \hat{p}_k^r$. This is obviously a solution, but do I know that it's the only one?
Many thanks in advance.
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The statement is not correct, as $Q'=Q+g(A)$ satisfies (for an arbitrary function $g$) the same commutation relation. Thus you need to pay attention to the additional conditions posited in the context of your source.
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What might be some typical additional conditions? How does it relate to the example perhaps? Many thanks! – Edward Hughes Aug 16 '12 at 8:46
I don't know; each context is different. Maybe the source doesn't make use of the uniqueness but just needs some solution. Then sloppiness in the writeup is a sufficient explanation. – Arnold Neumaier Aug 16 '12 at 8:50
Okay thanks. So we have an infinity of possible conserved quantities then? – Edward Hughes Aug 16 '12 at 9:03
There is always an infinity of conserved quantities since if $A$ and $Q$ are conserved then any function of $A$ and $Q$ is also conserved. One is therefore interested in independent conserved quantities, or in additively conserved quantities. – Arnold Neumaier Aug 16 '12 at 9:23
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If a group has an irreducible representation on some vector space, then Schur's lemma says the only operators on that vector space which commute with every element of the group are the scalar operators. From this, If A and B have the same commutation relations with every element of the group, then $A-B$ commutes with everything, and thus must be a scalar. Therefore, the commutation relations determine everything up to the addition of a scalar (ie. up to central extension).
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Very many thanks for this. Do you know of any references where I could read up on this irreducible representation stuff, because I haven't come across it before? Obviously I could look at Wikipedia, but a particular reference with QM in mind would be better! – Edward Hughes Aug 15 '12 at 21:30
No problem. For basic representation theory I like Fulton and Harris' "First Course in Representation Theory". For physical applications, the representation theory of finite groups is a bit of a detour though. For stuff focused on Lie gadgets I like Kirillov's book, which also has the advantage of being freely available online. As for stuff with a focus on quantum, I'm not really sure. I know Peter Woit has written some things about quantum mechanics and representation theory, but I think it is more about "geometric quantization" and would probably not be useful to you. – Ryan Thorngren Aug 15 '12 at 21:37
Actually, I think the greatest reference (or reading guide, perhaps) is John Baez's This Weeks Finds. He talks about representation theory, quantum mechanics, and much much more in a very informal (but informa*tive*) style. – Ryan Thorngren Aug 15 '12 at 21:40
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text: A Kentucky crop used to feed a worldwide addiction may soon help prevent a worldwide epidemic. A protein from the tobacco leaf could be the key ingredient in an HIV prevention drug for women, and the technology is only found in Owensboro, Kentucky. To the average person, a few lab stations, plants in a greenhouse, and an unknown chemical in a jar may not mean much, but to scientists like those at Kentucky Bioprocessing, inside this small jar could be a half a million doses of an HIV preventative solution using the protein Griffithsin found in tobacco leaves. The Owensboro Cancer Research Programs Dr. Kenneth Palmer says this technology could save womens lives around the globe, "In many developing countries women dont have the power to negotiate whether their partner wears a condom or abstains...they need female-controlled intervention methods to protect themselves." The drug is a gel, to be used like a spermicide. Palmer says besides condoms, this may be the only other way to prevent sexually transmitted HIV, and they hope to find a way to produce a lot of it - as cheaply as possible. He says thats the glory of plant-based pharmaceutical, "We can plant acres and acres of greenhouses and farm fields, such as we know how to do in Kentucky." KBPs Hugh Hayden also says this breakthrough gives validation to Owensboros scientific community, "Its groundbreaking because it publicises the development of an important product, its also groundbreaking to have peer reviewed validation of a system we developed here. Palmer and his colleagues are also exploring turning the drug into a film -- dissolving quickly and being less obvious to the womans partner. Scientists say, in preliminary tests the drug has not caused any inflammation in animal subjects nor in human cervical tissue grown in the lab. Researchers say its likely the drug will be into phase one clinical trials within the next few months.


text:
In our separate sections on each tense, you will see that adding information about time changes the intended meaning of your sentence. If the information is left out, this often indicates that the participants in a conversation understand what is left unsaid because of the circumstances in which you are speaking. There are lots of other details which might be unsaid or implied, but we will focus on time, because time is what helps us decide which tenses to use.
Imagine you had a crazy party in your house, and when you wake up in the morning, a good friend offers to help you tidy up. They might say, "I'll help you tidy up", using the Future Simple to express their intent to do something right now, in the Present. In our Tenses Overview, we mentioned how the Future Simple tense can be used to talk about things that you intend to do right now, or maybe have even started doing. Native English speakers use this tense very often to speak about things they are just about to do. Let me give you another example:
You have just stepped up to the counter in your favourite store, and the Sales Assistant asks if you would like to pay by cash or card. You'll also hear this asked very regularly in a Supermarket, maybe when you're buying all that food and drink for your crazy house party. You could either be looking in your wallet or handing your card over when you say, "I'll pay by card". The action of paying hasn't begun yet, but you express your immediate intent to pay by card, using the Future Simple:
You might think that to say, "I'll be paying by card", is exactly the same, but it's not. Instead, this use of the Future Continuous would sound like you intended to pay sometime later. It might be something you'd like to make clear at the start of the meal.
Now, this pattern is easy to remember when the context – the situation – is already clear. You are being asked how you would like to pay, and so you answer the question with a simple, short sentence. The same applies to your messy house after the party. The context of the mess means that when your friend says, "I'll help you tidy up", they mean that they'll help right now:


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I have a WinForms application and a Panel Control. The panel control has a VScrollBar control for vertical scrolling. Everything works fine except right now I have my VScrollBar maximum value set to 100. The problem is, I need the Maximum property to be about 4 billion, however, since Maximum is only an Integer, I can't set it to the proper value. So, my question is, how do I get around this? I know there are text editors and file viewers that claim to view more then 4 gigs of data, so how would a scrollbar in an application like that work?
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A scrollbar is a GUI control. Innately, the number of steps it can display is limited to the number of vertical pixels on your screen. Therefore, you could consider setting the maximum value to anything above that to be simply for developer convenience, to make the math easier.
How do applications deal with scrollbars? In theory, you'd want to parse the file first, to find out how many lines are in the file, and use that as your logical maximum. In reality, reading 4 GB of data when the file is opened would kill performance, so that wouldn't work.
If I were implementing this, I would set the scrollbar maximum is set to a large value, say 10,000. When the scrollbar is used, the scrollbar value is divided by 10,000 to get a percentage, and the editor shows that section of the file.
Don't think of things in terms of scrolling down so many lines. Instead, think of it as jumping to that percentage offset of the file, reading the data there, and displaying that.
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Well, you could just set Maximum to int.MaxValue and scale the retrieved value to your real maximum value. This should be enough precision to avoid loading too much data.
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You use a percentage. There is no need to set it to the same as the number of lines.
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This is a good idea except when on my Scroll handler, I am getting ScrollEventArgs that has a property called NewValue which is an int. So if it returns to me 58, for example, meaning 58%, how do I know how far down to scroll? 58% is a large chunk of data when your talking about a total of 4 gigs. – icemanind Jun 29 '11 at 17:47
If you set maximum to int.MaxValue and minimum to int.MinValue you should be pretty close. – Alex Peck Jun 29 '11 at 18:00
Also consider that unless you have 1 byte of data per line, you will have a lot less than 4 billion lines, even for 4 gigs of data. – Mike Caron Jun 29 '11 at 18:07
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text: Overland flow is the initial driver of slope surface erosion. To discover resistance characteristics of overland flow influenced by rainfall intensity and roughness, indoor simulated rainfall experiments with six kinds of roughness, five flow discharges, and five rainfall intensities were investigated. Results showed that overland flow over rough surfaces could be considered as laminar and turbulent flow when using flow Reynolds number. According to roll waves observed, flow regimes belonged to the laminar transitional zone based on the viscosity-to-depth ratio. A critical water depth formula for overland flow was re-derived, and it showed that this test water flow consisted of supercritical flow in most cases, and subcritical flow in only a few cases. The flow resistance coefficient increased with increasing roughness, whereas it decreased as rainfall intensity increased. Considering the 'increasing resistance' phenomenon, this study focused on frictional resistance, thickness of the viscous sublayer, pressure drag and roll waves. Finally, a formula for sheet flow resistance was proposed based on resistance segmentation and multi-element linear regression. These findings are of significance both for understanding the characteristics and development of overland flow and overland flow dynamics.


text:
Title: Application of exergy analysis for quantification and optimisation of the environmental performance in wastewater treatment plants
Authors: Salar Khosravi; M. Hassan Panjeshahi; Abtin Ataei
Addresses: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran ' Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran ' Department of Energy Engineering, Graduate School of the Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract: This paper presented a new approach to estimate the degradation of environmental resources in a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) using exergy analysis. In first part, a method was described to calculate various quantities of the wastewater exergy. Furthermore, units were analysed to determine the most defective unit. In second part, a case study was analysed based on the environmental exergy concepts. Two environmental indexes include Environmental Exergy Efficiency (EEE) and the Total Pollution Rate (TPR) were considered for quantification of environmental impacts. In third part, the primary clarifier was determined as the most defective unit. At least, the optimised network was presented to performance improvement and environmental impacts reducing. EEE and TPR indexes were changed from 6.14 and 0.14 to 1.79 and 0.36, respectively. In addition, the results of this paper showed that exergy analysis can be used as a tool for quantification and optimisation of WWTP.
Keywords: exergy analysis; optimisation; wastewater treatment plants; environmental sustainability; sustainability indexes; sustainable development; environmental performance; environmental degradation; exergy efficiency; total pollution rate; environmental impact.
International Journal of Exergy, 2013 Vol.12 No.1, pp.119 - 138
Received: 21 Jun 2012
Accepted: 28 Oct 2012
Published online: 11 Mar 2013 *


TxStyle · Textile Documentation
The Textile Markup Reference for Textpattern
Paragraphs are separated by a blank line.
Input (editable)
More about: Paragraphs
1) Above example's output is identical to explicitly identifying a paragraph with p.
p. A paragraph.
p. And a paragraph with
a line break.
2) Paragraphs are separated by blank lines. Each paragraph of text is transformed into a XHTML ... paragraph block. Line breaks within paragraphs are transformed into XHTML line breaks as is also shown in the example box above.
A paragraph with
a line break.
3) But a line beginning with a space will be left untouched, and not wrapped in ... tags:
This is a normal paragraph.
With a continuation line.
 But no paragraph tags here.
4) Paragraphs can be aligned left, right, centered, or justified:
p<. Aligned left paragraph (default).
p>. Aligned right paragraph.
p=. Centered paragraph.
p<>. Justified paragraph.
5) Indentation can be specified by one or more parentheses for every 1em to the right or left.
p(. Left indent 1em.
p((. Left indent 2em.
p(((. Left indent 3em.
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Happiness is Contagious This Emotional Life on PBS
Helping others
What's the best way to help others be happier? The answer is simple.
Be happy yourself, and treasure friends and family. Relationships are the single greatest source of happiness. And happy people are more attractive to others and better connected to friends and family.
Helping others
Helping others
Researchers have found that happiness is surprisingly contagious.
Psychologist James H. Fowler studied the data of 5,000 people over 20 years and found that happiness benefits other people through three degrees and that the effects last for a year. He says: "We found a statistical relationship not just between your happiness and your friends' happiness, but between your happiness and your friends' friends' friends' happiness."
Happiness as a collective phenomenon
Fowler says his research shows that we should think of happiness as a collective phenomenon. Researchers are increasingly turning their attention to happiness in communities and institutions. Dr. Barbara Fredrickson says that "by creating chains of events that carry positive meaning for others, positive emotions can trigger upward spirals that transform communities into more cohesive, moral and harmonious social organizations." Dr. Martin Seligman and his colleagues at the VIA Institute on Character are studying positive institutions.
Happiness and public policy
Does what we're learning about happiness have implications for public policy? Some social scientists are arguing that it should. Perhaps the data and tools coming out of positive psychology can help us understand how to relieve suffering and promote the greatest good.
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OMG moment affects GPAs
Chemistry professor uses Hogwarts-styled 'House Cup' challenge to improve learning
Organic chemistry students choose House Cup teams.
Organic chemistry students choose House Cup teams.
Professor Angela King had an OMG moment last year at a teaching retreat, which led her to change how her organic chemistry classes operate.
King realized, "What a student expects to learn and how they expect to do in a class actually impacts their learning."
For example, a student might take a divisional class and assume they will get an A because it's viewed as their "easy" class. "They are already calculating their GPA based on that A and will do whatever it takes to get that A," she said, "while a student who takes a class perceived as more difficult, like my organic chemistry course, just wants to pass the class."
Read more at Wake Forest News


text:
wikiHow is a "wiki," similar to Wikipedia, which means that many of our articles are co-written by multiple authors. To create this article, volunteer authors worked to edit and improve it over time.
This article has been viewed 42,048 times.
Heather (Calluna vulgaris), also known as Scotch heather and ling, are often used as groundcover plants and in borders or as background landscape plants. Heather can be rather difficult to grow well but they will thrive in colder climates and when grown properly and maintained, will display a thick mat of green or gray-green foliage. Though heather blooms profusely in the summer in hues of pink, purple, red and white, they will develop a purple or bronze blush in the fall and winter.
Method 1 of 2:Part 1: Creating the Right Soil For Planting
1Plant heather in sandy loam soil that contains organic matter. These plants do not do well in slow-draining, clay soil, as wet conditions can lead to stem and root rot. Organic matter like sphagnum peat moss, well-aged cow manure, pine bark humus, leaf mold or compost will help heather grow properly and beautifully.
- If your heather has root rot, the stems will wilt as though they are drought-stressed and develop soft rotten spots. Heather plants are rarely salvageable when they develop rot and should be replaced with a new, healthy plant.
2Test the soil to make sure it has an acidic pH of 6.1 to 6.8. Heather grows best in soil with higher pH levels. They will develop chlorosis or very pale green leaves if they are grown in neutral to alkaline soil as they cannot absorb certain, necessary nutrients.
- Use a soil pH test kit to test the soil. The kit can be purchased at your local garden center.
- To determine the soil's pH, dig 4 inches deep into the soil to get a good test sample. Avoid touching the soil as contact with your skin can change the soil pH. Let the soil sample dry before testing it. Pour the sample into a clean glass container, add distilled water and the chemicals that are in the test kit. Stir or shake the mixture vigorously and let it sit until the soil settles to the bottom. Compare the color of the liquid to the test strip to determine the soil pH.
3Adjust the soil pH if it is at 6.0 or lower or above 6.8. You can do this by mixing in lime, iron sulfate, or organic matter into the soil.
- Sandy soil will require about 1 ¼ pounds of lime per 25 square feet to bring the pH up from 5.5 to 6.5 or about 1/3 pound of iron sulfate to adjust the pH down from 7.5 to 6.5. Mix the lime or iron sulfate into the top 6 inches of soil thoroughly before planting the heather. If the heather has already been planted, gently work the lime or iron sulfate into the top 1 inch of soil, being careful not to disturb the plant's roots.
- Before planting the heather, a 3- to 6-inch layer of sphagnum peat moss, well-aged cow manure, pine bark humus, leaf mold or compost should be mixed into the top 8 to 10 inches of soil thoroughly with a tiller. If the heather has already been planted, spread a depth of 2-inches of organic matter around the plant and mix it into the top inch of soil. Spread a 1-inch depth of sphagnum peat moss over the soil around the heather to help keep the area moist.
Method 2 of 2:Part 2: Maintaining Your Heather Plant
1Use a thin metal rod to determine the depth of the wet soil. To avoid under watering or overwatering the heather, check the soil often with a thin metal rod.
- Push the rod into the soil until it meets some resistance. Grasp the rod just above the soil when it hits dry dirt, pull the rod out and measure the depth of the wet soil.
2Give the heather two inches of water every week. You may need to water the plant more in hot weather or a hot climate. When heather is not being watered enough, it will wilt and turn yellow so check the soil often to make sure it doesn't dry out.
- Pour enough water over the soil around the heather to moisten it to a depth of 6 inches. You can measure the depth with the thin metal rod.
3Don't worry about fertilizing your heather plant. Heather rarely needs fertilizer, especially if organic matter like well-aged cow manure and compost are mixed into the soil. In fact, too much fertilizer will kill heather plants.
4Prune the heather in the fall after it finishes flowering. Trim off the faded flowers with sharp hand pruners or hedge shears. Snip off the tips of the taller stems to tidy up and better shape the heather.
- Be sure to rake up all of the trimmings and remove them from the garden to reduce the possibility for fungal or bacterial disease like stem or root rot.
QuestionDoes this plant, now potted, need a lot of sun or shade?Top AnswererThe plant can grow in shade, but prefers direct sunlight. Note that pale foliage cultivars prefer half shade.
QuestionWhat if all the flowers are faded?Top AnswererHeather plant flowers don't usually last long. They will fade and dry with the sun.
QuestionDo the flowers stay year-round indoors?Community AnswerMost plant nurseries use a water soluble plant food mix in their water about twice a week. This keeps a plant from going into its dormant stage and continues to produce flowers.
Things You'll Need
- A soil pH test
- Lime or iron sulfate
- Organic matter like sphagnum peat moss, well-aged cow manure, pine bark humus, leaf mold or compost
- A thin metal rod
- Hand pruners or hedge shears


text:
This appendix provides examples and guidelines concerning safety issues prior to or during combat operations. It also provides some basic rules of safety. Commanders or their representatives must ensure that safety is an ongoing process during wartime, as well as during peacetime training. Each unit must refer to basic regulations and directives for additional information.
Commanders and leaders must be involved in the function of safety in their unit. The following are some administrative safety considerations.
The commander must ensure that the safety annex of the unit tactical SOP is current and covers all field training operations.
The commander and or safety officer must be familiar with the safety portions of the SOPs.
The commander ensures that adequate provisions for safe practices, procedures, and physical standards are incorporated into unit functions, activities, exercises, and combat operations. The unit safety officer must keep the commander informed of the unit safety status by reporting all accidents, injuries, and incidents, and recommending corrective actions.
Every training exercise or combat operation carries with it inherent risk. Identifying, evaluating, and reducing risk are leader tasks. The following are methods for evaluating risk:
How great the risk is.
Vehicle movements and convoys require leaders to think about safety. The following list is not comprehensive, but is meant to be a start for building a complete safety list for movements:
Patriot equipment represents a significant threat to safety if procedures are not properly adhered to. The following list, also not comprehensive, is a look at some things leaders must consider when operating Patriot equipment:


text:
Novel Advanced Product Announcement
Theme: PP anti-sagging adhesive cured at room temperature
Author: Miss Fan Shi-Yu
Thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) can be used in the automotive industry (vehicle bumpers, dashboards, steering wheels, etc.), consumer products, building materials, adhesives, coatings and other industrial products because of their inexpensiveness and excellent performance. However, due to the low surface energy of TPO, general adhesive cannot directly adhere to TPO substrates. Hence, we have recently successfully developed an anti-sagging adhesives (brand name: KA003) that can be cured at room temperature without the need for surface treatment or primer to successfully and easily attach TPO substrates. The anti-sagging characteristics of KA003 can be easily constructed on vertical, horizontal or inclined surfaces (Fig. 1). Fig. 2 shows the shear strength test of KA003 applied to two PP substrates. The result shows that the PP substrate has become whitened and elongated (PP stretching), but the adhesive area is not damaged at all, which proved that the adhesive strength of KA003 is much greater than the tensile strength of PP itself. KA003 can also be applied to common plastic substrates such as PMMA, PVC, PC, PET, ABS, and PS. The results show that the substrate has been destroyed, but the adhesive area has still originally maintained (Fig. 3). Fig. 4 shows the shear strength of various substrates (unit: Kgf/cm2), PMMA (85), PVC (82), PC (73), PET (68), ABS (62), PS (48), and PP (43). Recently, we are experimenting and developing new products that can be used for Hetero Material Adhesive jointing common plastic substrates and metal substrates, so please continue to support and advise us.
The product packaging is as follows:
For any comments or questions, please feel free to call us.


Swedish museum to recover lost scientific artifact
Updated at: 08/20/2013 2:35 PM
The collector, whose name was not made public, had not been seeking any reward and was "beyond reproach" in the case, Marinello said.
Bengt Kylsberg of Skokloster Castle, north of Stockholm, said Tuesday he is "just happy to get the piece back" and his museum is not planning to press any charges.
Kylsberg said Burius had also had access to Skokloster's collections during the period of the thefts, but stopped short of saying Burius was thought responsible for the astrolabe's disappearance.
"It's still a mystery how it was taken," he said, adding "we don't intend to investigate it further."
Known since ancient times, astrolabes use stars for a variety of measurements. They can be used among other things to tell what time it is; to determine when sunrise and sunset will be; to determine latitude; and to quickly locate celestial bodies in the sky.
"It's as good today as it was in 1590," he said. "It still can be used, if you know how to work it and do the calculations."
German scholar Petra Schmidl of Bonn University, who studies astrolabes, described them as a "two-dimensional model of the three-dimensional world."
Schmidl, shown images of the Skokloster astrolabe, said it was interesting that Weiler appeared to have used silver for the "rete," or part of the astrolabe that denotes the position of stars, and brass for the Earthly plates behind it.
She said that modern clocks, while precise, tend to leave our understanding of time "stripped from its astronomical origins."
Meanwhile, modern astronomy is sometimes more about abstract physics, and less about things that have been important to people historically, such as the length of a year or the phases of the moon. "Before telescopes, the astrolabe was the way you could say: 'What time does the sun rise? When will it set?,'" she said.


text:
Project: Medical Devices
Categories: Imaging - Medical
Manager: Dr Abigail Watts
Intelligent Adaptive X-ray Imaging System
Available For: Licensing and co-development
Professor Robert Speller and his team at University College London (UCL) have developed a new X-ray imaging system that adapts to the imaging task according to the diagnostic features within the image, resulting in optimum diagnostic information. Adaptive imaging enables optimisation of the recorded information at the same time as minimising the radiation dose or duration of examination.
The Technology and its Advantages
Adaptive systems that control the X-ray source output, such as automatic exposure control in planar imaging and CT, optimize how a detector receives exposure of the radiation so as to ensure that the detector receives an exposure within its operating dynamic range. The detector may be optimally exposed but the object may not be. The results in the problems of excess exposure to radiation, increased duration of examination or reduced signal-to-noise in the image.
As part of an international consortium, inventors at University College London have designed an intelligent imaging system which addresses these issues. The image from the radiated object is firstly analysed in order to assess its diagnostic quality, and subsequently the exposure conditions are adapted accordingly in real-time. This new system will revolutionise the way in which X-ray image information is collected and processed because of the ability to respond to changing conditions during image recording and hence optimise their performance in real time. The region of high information content within the subject is investigated most closely whilst the remaining regions of low interest are recorded with the minimum amount of radiation. The result is that maximum information collected with the minimum penalty – the ideal imaging system.
-Optimum diagnostic information is recorded in a single pass of the object
-Optimises image recording therefore producing a superior image
-Minimises radiation dose or duration of examination
-Other medical imaging e.g. encephalography
Intellectual Property Status
A US patent has been granted on this novel technology. Claims cover the method and arrangement of the system which enables the subject of the x-ray imaging system to be so exposed, as to provide improved diagnostic information.
Please contact Dr Chris Williams, UCL Business PLC, T: +44 (0)20 7679 9000 E: _EMAIL_
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gpls_field_validation_message
 1. Description
 2. Usage
 3. Parameters
 4. Since
 5. Examples
 1. Change Validation Message for a specific field
Description
Filter the message that shows if a field fails validation due to a GP Limit Submission rule. Note, this does not impact form-wide validation.
Usage
Filter validation message for all fields that fail GP Limit Submission rules.
add_filter( 'gpls_field_validation_message', 'my_custom_function' );
Filter validation message for all fields that fail GP Limit Submission rules in a given form.
add_filter( 'gpls_field_validation_message_FORMID', 'my_custom_function' );
Filter validation message for a specific field in a specific form when it fails a GP Limit Submission rule.
add_filter( 'gpls_field_validation_message_FORMID_FIELDID', 'my_custom_function' );
Parameters
 - message boolean
 Validation message to be shown by the field when it fails a GP Limit Submission rule.
 - gpls_enforce_instance GPLS_Enforce
 The GPLS_Enforce instance.
Since
This filter is available since GP Limit Submissions 1.0-beta-1.21.
Examples
Change Validation Message for a specific field
The following example changes the GP Limit Submission validation message on field ID 4 in form ID 123.
<?php
/**
 * Gravity Perks // Limit Submission // Change Validation Message for a Specific Field
 * _URL_
 */
// Update "123" to your form ID and "4" to your field ID.
add_filter( 'gpls_field_validation_message_123_4', function( $message ) {
 return 'Example validation message.';
} );


text:
The Commission on Certification for Health Informatics and Information Management (CCHIIM) is an AHIMA commission dedicated to assuring the competency of professionals practicing HIIM. CCHIIM serves the public by establishing, implementing, and enforcing standards and procedures for certification and recertification of HIIM professionals. CCHIIM provides strategic oversight of all AHIMA certification programs. This standing commission of AHIMA is empowered with the sole and independent authority in all matters pertaining to both the initial certification and ongoing recertification (certification maintenance) of HIIM professionals.
Commissioners represent a broad spectrum of health informatics and information management professionals, and must be AHIMA-certified and meet certification, work experience, and leadership requirements in order to serve on the commission.
The Standards is a comprehensive technical guide that provides criteria for the evaluation of tests, testing practices, and the effects of test use. It was developed jointly by the American Psychological Association (APA), the American Educational Research Association (AERA), and the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME). The guidelines presented in The Standards, by professional consensus, have come to define the necessary components of quality testing.
AHIMA / CCHIIM certification exams are valid, reliable, and legally defensible assessment instruments which measure the competency of potential certificants against a codified and relevant body of health informatics and information management (HIIM) competencies (also referred to as knowledge, skills, and abilities). The subject matter (also referred to as a body of knowledge, or BOK for short) represented by these competencies is further segmented across specific roles and disciplines throughout the HIIM profession as a whole by the requisite levels of depth, breadth, and experiences necessary for successful job performance, as exemplified by each respective AHIMA certification.
CCHIIM EDCs are comprised of experienced, credential-specific subject matter experts, representing HIIM leaders, practitioners, and other relevant stakeholders. EDCs are responsible for the specific oversight and performance of their respective credential's certification examination. EDC responsibilities are codified in the CCHIIM operating code, and typically include recurring review of content relevancy, both item-level and examination-level performance data, and expertise with respect to establishing the cut score for their respective certification examinations.
CCHIIM plans for and conducts comprehensive job analyses for each certification examination, depending how quickly and substantively the competencies assessed by a given certification examination changes. Typically, the frequency of these job analyses is approximately every three to five years. Consistent with best practices, the job analysis process involves a diverse and representative sample of stakeholders, including recently certified professionals and employers / supervisors. These stakeholders assess the criticality of current workplace practices, skills, tasks, and responsibilities, with respect to importance and frequency of performance. The results of the job analysis influence to what extent the competencies are revised for each respective certification examination. Ultimately, the job analysis process is a fundamental quality assurance component of the relevancy, currency, and validity of competencies assessed by each certification examination.
The job analysis serves as the foundation for the examination blueprint. First, the individual competencies are grouped into domains that represent specific and similar areas of content. Next, the percentage weighting of each content domain is determined, in part, through the individual competency statement criticality scores, considered collectively, within each domain. This weighting of domains relative to one another allows the EDCs to determine how much, or to what extent, each domain is assessed (both by the number and difficulty of test items), relative to the other domains. For example, domains with competencies that have higher criticality scores (i.e., more important and / or more frequently performed) typically represent a larger percentage of test items than those domains with lower criticality scores for its respective competencies.
The examination specifications are typically established or revised at the same time as the development of the examination blueprint. The specifications usually include the total number of test items (both scored and non-scored), test item type(s), such as multiple-choice or other, total test duration, scoring methodology, etc.
Items appearing on each certification examination are created, reviewed, revised, and ultimately approved by CCHIIM-authorized item writers and item reviewers. These item writers receive extensive training prior to creating any raw test items. Potential item writers must apply for consideration and receive approval prior to beginning their training in item writing. First, item writers must complete an introductory, online course covering the basics of item writing. After completion of the online course, potential item writers then participate in an interactive, web-based seminar on advanced item writing techniques. Once an item writer completes both the online, introductory course and the interactive, web-based seminar on advanced item writing, they are then allowed access to the secure online item writing platform, where they can begin entering draft items.
Experienced item writers further facilitate item development from this point forward through a continuous, two-step process involving review and revision of draft items for content accuracy (performed by content reviewers) and conformity to the item writing guidelines (performed by guideline reviewers). All potential items must be approved through both steps before being added to the pool of non-scored, or experimental, items within the master item bank. All approved items are assigned to the corresponding certification examination queue for eventual inclusion as a non-scored, experimental item.
All certification examination items begin their testing life as a non-scored, experimental item, often referred to as pre-test items. Each certification exam has a small percentage of predetermined, pre-test items, and the specific number of pre-test items is included within the publicly-available examination blueprint. Only after the performance data demonstrate that any pre-test item meets or exceeds previously established statistical criteria, will an experimental item be considered for inclusion as an operational, or scored item.
Examination performance is periodically reviewed by each respective EDC. As dictated by item performance, continuous and routine revisions occur with respect to removing poorly-performing items and replacing them with effectively-performing pre-test items. More substantive updates or revisions to certification examinations require that subsequent versions are equated to prior versions, and also that multiple, concurrent forms are also equated to one another. Changes to the examination blueprint and / or specifications resulting from a job analysis dictate that that the cut score or performance standard is revisited, and adjusted through a widely-accepted, best-practice methodology, such as the Angoff method, when warranted. Aggregate data for all certification examinations is publicly available to candidates, certificants, and other relevant stakeholders. This aggregate data includes the passing rates of first-time test takers and total number of credentials awarded during the stated period of time.


text:
Basic Guide to Squash
Wear sports clothing and sports shoes, preferably white soled
Bring some water, and a lot of energy
If you don't have equipment, just ask at the courts - there is generally equipment to use or hire.
Let's get started!
Don't forget to warm up - both yourself and the ball (squash balls bounce better when warm)
Try a few stretches, then hit the ball to the front wall for 5 minutes or so to help warm up your arm and the ball.
Two players take turns to hit the ball onto the front wall. A point is awarded each time a player wins a rally.
How to serve
- Stand with one foot in either service box
- Hit the ball to the front wall landing it above the service line, below the out line
- The ball then must travel from the front wall to the opposite back corner (behind the short line and on the other side of the half court line from where it was served)
- The ball can rebound off other walls or be hit on the full (a volley)
During the rally
- The ball MUST hit the front wall each shot but can hit other walls before or after
- The opponent must hit the ball before the 2nd bounce
- Players can hit the ball before it bounces on the floor (a volley)
- Players can use all of the court after the serve is hit, there are no restrictions on where to run
When is a ball out?
- When it hits the tin or out line
- When it hits above the out of court line (on a serve or during a rally)
- When it bounces on the floor more than once before being hit
- When a serve lands in the incorrect area (a fault)
- The player who wins the rally scores a point
- A game goes up to 11 points, if the score is 10 all the game continues until a player wins by 2 points
- A match is the best of 5 games


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business intelligence
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Understanding different kinds of Data Reporting. Why and how is done.
In business, the words reporting, data reporting, audit reports, big data, and analytics are used very loosely sometimes. So, I thought I'd put in writing some thoughts about reporting as a reference point for anyone scratching their heads.
We've all heard the parrots say "DATA is King", but how do we get "DATA"?
Data for almost ANY application can be categorized into one of 3 categories:
 1. Operational Data (aka. Configuration Data)
 2. Event Data (aka. Business Event Data)
 3. Audit Data (aka. Tech Data)
The patterns to display and materialize these data sources generally follow a very ordered and logical process where:
 1. Operational Data is shown in small digestible chunks so a human being can easily analyze and modify what is presented to him/her at the moment.
 - Most often than not, it takes the form of a UI in a webpage or a native app.
 - Some other times, the configuration data is shown in printable format. More often than not, these take the form of counters and aggregate live data. A common use case is to keep counters of live metrics, KPI alerts, and application heartbeats.
 - Operational data is modeled to support full CRUD operations.
 - Regardless of the format, this kind of data is never presented with thousands of rows or configuration entries... and the reason for that is: is not human readable. Just imagine your reaction if every time you do right-click on a file in Windows you get a menu with 2 thousand lines; not very useful.
 - Last but not least, configuration data is ALWAYS live data, it NEVER holds historical significance.
 1. Event Data exists with the sole purpose of fulfilling business intelligenceand analytics.
 - Event Data is always decentralized, meaning there is no magic bullet that can fulfill all applications, since the nature of the events being logged is usually tightly coupled with the actions that occur within applications, and those have some semantic meaning around the business of the application.
 - Event Data usually take the form of a separate database, or a different schema within the same database where events are logged in an asynchronous way so they don't interrupt the main flow of the application in question.
 - Event Data is WRITE-ONLY data. There are NO UPDATES, and NO DELETES, only writes to drop the events when they occur and reads to generate the reports. This usually makes event databases grow very rapidly depending on the number of events being reported.
 - Event data generally follows a star data model with multiple correlated tables holding DUPLICATED data from the operational data, with the additional time stamp on each event dropped.
 - Depending on the needs and performance boundaries allowed by the reporting tool, reports can run directly from the Event database, or from a Data Warehouse (DW). The DW is nothing more than a centralized database or collections of databases that are highly optimized to run reports as fast and efficient as possible, so business folks can run analytics and complex searches on the data from different perspectives.
 - Reports running from a Data Warehouse repository usually perform better and faster, since the tables are flattened to match exactly the dimensions of the reports. The data is said to be 'curated' when is transformed and loaded into the DW, since the schema of the data after ETLs are run, can be totally different from the way it was designed on for the operation of the application (the Operational Data)
 - If you run your reports from Event database, your queries will likely have a lot of joins; whereas if you run them from the DW, very few joins will be necessary (because the data is curated to match those reporting needs, and perform faster).
 - Last but not least, event data ALWAYS holds historical significance and ALWAYS report on BUSINESS data.
 1. Audit Dataexists with the sole purpose of reporting on Technology events. That is everything that is NOT BUSINESS data, but relates to the performance, security, functionality, etc, from the application.
 - Audit Data usually follows a very similar path to the Event data in terms of implementation and consumption (like having an Audit database with Star schema, and moving to the DW, blah, blah, blah).
 - The main differentiator between Audit Data and Business Data is that one relates to the business events, while the other relates to technology events.
 - Just like events, audit data ALWAYS holds historical significance and ALWAYS reports TECHNOLOGY-DRIVEN data.
When asked to generate reports and such, ask yourself what type of report it is and don't be afraid to ask questions and challenge the true business need for the 'report'. If someone is looking for operational (live) data, and there are UI/Screens already available that show such data for configuration or anything else, then ask yourself if you want to go on a limb and create a lot of overhead duplicating the effort, or simply adding a "Save as PDF" button or link in the screen will do the trick.
The last piece is about BIG DATA. That's the new hot word around IT these days. Big Data is nothing more than a group of very large data sets (in the order or exabytes) whose relationships and business semantics are so broad and messy, that is very difficult to drive analytics using the traditional DBA tools found in a DW environment. You can think of it like the next level to data warehousing.
When a DW gets big enough, or when massive amounts of data from different DW needs business analysis, then it becomes BIG DATA. The challenges are different and harder when you are trying to put order to this kind of mess, but once you do, a lot of goodies can come out of it, including predictive analytics based on past performance and events. Predictive business analytic engines are one of the hardest things to do, and it is a valued asset, especially for large corporations that have been hoarding data for decades, and now want to use it as a competitive advantage to plan ahead.
Good luck with your reporting adventures!
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SharePoint Site Architecture
In this post:
 - WSS vs MOSS
 - SharePoint site architecture
SharePoint is an ecosystem of software and server products as it was described in this previous post. To understand it better let's look at the architecture and object model that it is offered with SharePoint. The basic component of SharePoint is Windows SharePoint Services (WSS from now on). WSS is a free server component that must be installed in a Windows Server OS and contains the basic framework and infrastructure that supports any other SharePoint offerings like the different Microsoft Office SharePoint Server (MOSS from now on) versions.
You can think of it the same way selling cars work. You get the basic model with a chassis, 4 tires and a steering wheel (that will be WSS) and then you can add stuff to it like a great sound system, a dynamic design, GPS and Cruise Control, etc (those nifty things being the analogous to MOSS).
So now that we have an idea of how WSS relates to MOSS, let's see exactly how their offerings stand apart.
As we can see all MOSS trims are nothing more than a very useful set of extensions and additions to the WSS platform, offering users a more powerful and pleasant experience out of the box. These extensions are supported thanks to a very complex architecture and framework that has evolved quite a bit over time.
In a nutshell the industry refers to a SharePoint installation (be it WSS only or MOSS) as a SharePoint FARM. A Farm is a collection of physical SharePoint servers that serve the content to users. A Farm can be formed using different topologies that we'll explore later, before we get to that, let's actually see what is going to be served, how does SharePoint structures its web sites and content.
Farm: A collection of SharePoint Web Applications.
SP Web Application: A collection of Site Collections.
SP Site Collection: Formed by a single root site (aka Top-Level site) and a collection of sub-sites.
SP Sub-Site: A collection of pages, lists, libraries and content that are displayed through the browser.
Each of these components in the SharePoint site architecture have different rules and security settings and restrictions. As you can see, this is a tree structure and very successful way to isolate users and content to ensure confidentiality, availability and integrity in the data security. This model is very user friendly since everyone can understand a tree structure and most people are already used to it.
I always like to compare a SharePoint Farm with a physical hard drive. If the Farm is the hard drive, then we can think of the Web Applications as partitions of the Farm. Likewise Site Collections will be Folders directly on the root of the partition. Sub-Sites are also represented by folders that only go inside of the Site Collections and so on, you get the idea.
Because is easy to understand the site architecture SharePoint offers, users can quickly provision (a fancy word for 'create') web sites with the click of a button. Because of this, planning for a successful deployment and IT infrastructure to support all the greatness SharePoint offers does not come at ease. Planning the right topology that will hold all of this together is very important for a successful SharePoint deployment. More on SharePoint topology and planning in upcoming posts.
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SharePoint? What is that?
The first questions people ask themselves when they hear the SharePoint Buzz for the first time is What the heck is SharePoint? I will explain in a friendly and simplistic way what SharePoint is, and how it has fold out


This 5000-year-old Mask of Warka is believed to be the oldest surviving mask.
"The whole company, indeed,
seemed now deeply to feel
that in the costume and bearing of the stranger
neither wit nor propriety existed."
E. A. POE, The Masque of the Red Death
Masks have been used since antiquity for ceremonial, aesthetic, and practical purposes and are worn whenever a person doesn't want to be recognised… IF there is a person to be recognised indeed… there is alway an UNHEIMLICH aspect in a mask as well…
What is a PERSON? The word derives from the Latin persona (per-sonare = to sound through) meaning "mask" or "character". Persona was originally called the mask worn by the actors at the Greek theatre. It was used to intensify the voice of the actor and to show the type of his role.
The word MASK came via French masque and either Italian maschera or Spanish máscara. Possible ancestors are Latin (not classical) mascus, masca = "ghost", and Arabic maskharah = "jester", "man in masquerade".
Nowadays people hide virtually behind an AVATAR which is derived from the Sanskrit word avatāra meaning "descent" (avatarati) and usually implies a deliberate descent into lower realms of existence for special purposes. Thus today's people usually are not wearing masks to amplify the characterization of their person but prefer incarnations into a lower (online) world where nobody should know their true identity… like some voluptuous Greek deities at that time….


text:
Pierre Corneille, the French dramatist, was born in Rouen in 1606. After a Jesuit education he worked as Crown Counsel in Rouen, and for many years kept playwriting as his leisure activity. He wrote tragedies and comedies, and his first success came in 1636 with Le Cid, a tragi-comedy which made Corneille's reputation as a master of serious drama and established the genre known as French classical tragedy. During the next forty years Corneille produced over twenty-five plays. He died in 1684.
Find Books by Pierre Corneille


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Two Methods:Writing Your AdSample Ad Language
The best way to advertise your yard sale is most surely the newspaper. But you don't want to write the wrong things and give people the wrong ideas! So what do you do... read this article and find out!
Writing Your Ad
 1. 1
 Find a paper to post your ad. Make sure it gets read often. The only bad thing is, is that the more viewers weekly the more an ad is. So choose wisely.
 2. 2
 Grab a pen and lots off paper, this is your rough draft. Make sure that you include time and date, the address of the sale and a few big ticket items.
 3. 3
 Once you have the rough draft done, read through it thoroughly. Correct any grammatical errors and incomplete sentences.
 4. 4
 In your neatest handwriting rewrite the ad on a clean sheet of paper.
 5. 5
 Give the ad to whomever owns the printer or newspaper for the company you choose is and wait for that flock of customers.
Sample Ad Language
Article Info
Categories: Garage and Yard Sales
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text: The genus Populus consists of dioecious woody species with largely unknown genetic mechanisms for gender determination. We have discovered genetic and genomic features in the peritelomeric region of chromosome XIX that suggest this region of the Populus genome is in the process of developing characteristics of a sex chromosome. We have identified a gender-associated locus that consistently maps to this region. Furthermore, comparison of genetic maps across multiple Populus families reveals consistently distorted segregation within this region. We have intensively characterized this region using an F(1) interspecific cross involving the female genotype that was used for genome sequencing. This region shows suppressed recombination and high divergence between the alternate haplotypes, as revealed by dense map-based genome assembly using microsatellite markers. The suppressed recombination, distorted segregation, and haplotype divergence were observed only for the maternal parent in this cross. Furthermore, the progeny of this cross showed a strongly male-biased sex ratio, in agreement with Haldane's rule that postulates that the heterogametic sex is more likely to be absent, rare, or sterile in interspecific crosses. Together, these results support the role of chromosome XIX in sex determination and suggest that sex determination in Populus occurs through a ZW system in which the female is the heterogametic gender.


text:
Images show never-before-seen fault lines – plus cows, trees
COLUMBUS, Ohio – Researchers have completed the most meticulous survey ever made of the San Andreas Fault, and they've found detailed features that nobody could have seen before.
Michael Bevis, Ohio Eminent Scholar in geodynamics and professor of civil and environmental engineering and geodetic science at Ohio State University, unveiled the first images from the ambitious new survey Wednesday at the American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco.
His team will spend the next year processing the rest of the survey data, which they gathered using ultra-high-resolution global positioning system (GPS) technology and a radar-like system called lidar.
Short for "light detection and ranging," lidar measures the time it takes for light to reflect off the surface of an object. The combined GPS and lidar technologies enabled the researchers to map the surface of the San Andreas Fault with 5-centimeter (1.97 inches) vertical resolution.
The researchers dubbed their survey the "B4" Project, because the data will form the "before" images that scientists will compare to "after" images of the next big San Andreas earthquake when it inevitably happens.
Scientists know more or less what happens away from a fault line during an earthquake, Bevis said. But what happens near or in the fault, or how an earthquake starts – these things are not well known, and are frequently debated among scientists.
"By having this high resolution image of before and after a quake, we should be able to resolve some of these debates," Bevis said.
They loaded their equipment on board a twin-engine Cessna airplane, and covered nearly 1,000 kilometers (621.37 miles) of the fault in two months of flights, during May and August of 2005.
Bevis recalled that the flights required near-heroic effort from the team pilots. "We had to fly low and closely manage the orientation of the aircraft at all times so we knew exactly where the laser on the lidar instrument was pointing," he said.
A less-controlled airborne photographic survey would have been easier, but also much more time consuming. "To do this kind of survey the traditional way would take years – just to process the photographs. We'll have preliminary results in a month, and refined results in six months," Bevis said.
The San Andreas fault splits in the south, with one of the two offshoots becoming the San Jacinto Fault. The B4 Survey covered both, tracing the main fault lines and countless smaller lines branching from them.
Looking at one of the images, Bevis easily picked out the SUV belonging to team members who drove along the fault ahead of the plane. Even the tripod holding one of their portable GPS stations was visible. He identified other dots on the image as cows and small trees.
How could he tell which ones were cows? "When we looked back later, some of them had moved," he said.
The team will post its maps on the Web. "As we do each day's processing, we'll make it available to the whole scientific community," Bevis said. "People are going to find all kinds of faults and other features that they never knew about before.
"Often a fault line is fairly subtle," he continued. "There are some spots where, if you were actually standing on the ground, and you weren't a geologist who knows the area really well, you probably couldn't even see it. But in these images you can."
Scientists anticipate that a "Big One" – an earthquake of magnitude 8 or more on the Richter scale – will eventually strike California via the San Andreas. The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake was blamed on the fault, and scientists believe it would have registered near magnitude 8, had the scale existed then. But when another Big One will strike is an open question.
As detailed as the new survey is, Bevis said it can't be used to predict the future.
"The point of the B4 Project is to learn more about earthquakes in general," he said. "People think we may one day find a way to predict earthquakes, but I think it may be impossible. Not all processes are predictable."
Source: Eurekalert & othersLast reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
If a woman is sufficiently ambitious, determined and gifted -- there is practically nothing she can't do.
-- Helen Lawrenson


text:
Stéphane GRECO, the creative head of GRECO Watches, presents a one-of-a-kind and absolutely unique Asteroid timepiece.
The mechanism of the Asteroid timepiece is fitted intimately into the ferrous heart of a meteorite: A fragment of the Campo del cielo «Field of heaven», a meteorite discovered in Argentina in 1576.
Movement: ETA 7001, skeleton, hand-engraved fluorescent cogwheels in ruthénié anthracite
Crown: White gold 30g
Bracelet: Anthracite buffalo
Clasp: Barbed of Gibeon meteorite


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I have an array of objects, some of which respond to :description, and I want to get the description from the first one with a truthy description. I could do this:
objects.detect{|o| o.try(:description)}.description
or this:
objects.map{|o| o.try(:description)}.detect{|o| o}
but the first isn't DRY (description is in there twice) and the second iterates through the whole array before finding the value. Is there anything in the ruby standard library, or in Rails' extensions to it, which would let me do something like this:
objects.detect_and_return{|o| o.try(:description)}
I know I could write it easily enough, but the standard libraries are big enough that I might not need to. Is there a function which works like my detect_and_return?
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Is there a functional programming term for this (apart from lazy evaluation)? – Andrew Grimm Aug 14 '11 at 23:29
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up vote 6 down vote accepted
I haven't seen such a method, and the closest I found was a method capture_first which I found in the gem merb-cache. Seems they stumbled on the same problem and implemented this:
module Enumerable
 def capture_first
 each do |o|
 return yield(o) || next
You could also take a look at the Array and Enumerable methods in the Ruby facets library and see if you find something similar. Facets contains quite a lot of goodies, so you might get lucky.
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Indeed - Enumerable#find_yield, aka Enumerable#map_detect. Thanks - I'd not heard about facets before. – Simon Aug 3 '11 at 13:45
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text:
Definitions for salamisəˈlɑ mi
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word salami
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
a spicy, garlic-flavored sausage.
Origin of salami:
1850–55; < It, pl. of salame < VL *salāmen, der. of *salā(re) to salt
highly seasoned fatty sausage of pork and beef usually dried
Kernerman English Learner's Dictionary
a type of spicy sausage eaten cold in slices
a salami sandwich
A highly seasoned type of large sausage of Italian origin, typically made from chopped pork or beef and often garlic, and served in slices.
A grand slam.
Origin: plural of salame. From sale, from sal.
Salami is cured sausage, fermented and air-dried meat, originating from one of a variety of animals. Historically, salami was popular among Southern European peasants because it can be stored at room temperature for periods of up to 30–40 days once cut, supplementing a possibly meager or inconsistent supply of fresh meat. Varieties of salami are traditionally made across Europe.
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text:
Effect of rear-end extensions on the aerodynamic forces of an SUV
Paper i proceeding, 2014
Under a global impulse for less man-made emissions, the automotive manufacturers search for innovative methods to reduce the fuel consumption and hence the CO2-emissions. Aerodynamics has great potential to aid the emission reduction since aerodynamic drag is an important parameter in the overall driving resistance force. As vehicles are considered bluff bodies, the main drag source is pressure drag, caused by the difference between front and rear pressure. Therefore increasing the base pressure is a key parameter to reduce the aerodynamic drag. From previous research on small-scale and full-scale vehicles, rear-end extensions are known to have a positive effect on the base pressure, enhancing pressure recovery and reducing the wake area. This paper investigates the effect of several parameters of these extensions on the forces, on the surface pressures of an SUV in the Volvo Cars Aerodynamic Wind Tunnel and compares them with numerical results. To decrease the dependency of other effects within the engine bay and underbody, the SUV has been investigated in a closed-cooling configuration with upper and lower grille closed and with a smoothened underbody. These results might change if the study would be conducted with a less smooth underbody and in an open-cooling configuration. Extensions with different shapes and dimensions have been placed around the perimeter of the base exterior. The chosen design philosophy of the extensions allowed for different combinations with variable inclination angles depending on their position along the base perimeter, multiple extension lengths and shapes to be investigated. The results show that the extension shape is an important factor in reducing the aerodynamic drag. Significant drag reductions could be obtained while maintaining the vehicle's rear lift within acceptable levels for stability with a kicker attached to the extension. The investigation shows the reduction with a kicker holds for up to 7.5° yaw angles. With a beneficial shape, the extension length can be significantly reduced. The reduced drag is visible in the wake by a more concentric wake.