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Monday, August 16, 2010
mumbai's golden era of mafia
Mumbai's first recorded bank robbery was committed by a man with a fake name,'Anokhelal'. He came to Mumbai from Delhi after seeing the American movie Highway 301 (1950). He formed a gang of local criminals and committed the robbery after doing two rehearsals at the bank which were not noticed by the staff. The movie was later banned in Mumbai. The bank attacked was The Lloyds Bank at Fort in Mumbai. Rs 16 lakhs were stolen and the security guard was killed. The police solved the robbery based on information about a Rs 10,000 worth "Chaddar" that was laid at HajiAli durgah.
The first of mafia elements, or syndicates, perhaps had their origins in the gambling and bootleg liquor dens set up by a criminal named Karim Lala[1] in the 1940s.there was also a don named rama naik who hailed from byculla a close associate of bada rajan and mentor of arun gavli. he reigned from 70 to 1987 when he was encountered on the behest of dawood.Bada Rajan 1970-83. Currently the biggest such underworld leader is Dawood Ibrahim, who is probably living in Karachi, Pakistan.
In the illegal opium trade, the earliest dated mafia family was the Thane-based (Mumbai) Thanevale gang that was responsible for over 80% of the opium and heroin traficking in the 1860s according to an article by Harkisondas Thanawala (1965). Crime films revolving around the Indian mafia, particularly the Mumbai underworld, have been common in Indian cinema since the 1950s, evolving into a distinct genre known as Mumbai noir in the late 1990s.[4] The genre has its origins in the 1950s, with the Raj Kapoor films Awaara (1951) and Shree 420 (1955) being some of the earliest films involving the Mumbai underworld. In the 1960s, Shakti Samanta's China Town (1962), starring Shammi Kapoor and Helen, dealt with the criminal underworld that existed in Chinatown, Kolkata, at the time. It was the earliest film to introduce the plot element of a look-alike working as an undercover agent impersonating a gangster, an idea that was used again Don (1978) and many later films inspired by it.[5]
In the 1970s and early 1980s, many of the most well-known classic Bollywood movies were based around themes of fighting criminals and corruption at a time when crime was rising and authorities were powerless. Classic Amitabh Bachchan films depicted the underworld and the protagonists attempting to overcome it, including Prakash Mehra's Zanjeer (1972), Yash Chopra's Deewar (1975),Manmohan Desai's Amar Akbar Anthony (1977), Chandra Barot's Don (1978) and Vijay Anand's Ram Balram (1980). In particular, Deewar, which Danny Boyle described as being "absolutely key toIndian cinema", was a crime film pitting "a policeman against his brother, a gang leader based on real-life smuggler Haji Mastan", portrayed by Bachchan.[6] Most Bollywood crime movies at the time were fairly unrealistic with the masala style of action and plots. In Parallel Cinema on the other hand, the Calcutta trilogies of Bengali film directors Mrinal Sen and Satyajit Ray, particularly the 1976 filmJana Aranya (The Middleman), dealt with the Calcutta underworld in a more realistic manner.
In the late 1980s, Parallel Cinema filmmakers began producing more realistic Bombay underworld films, with an early example being Mani Ratnam's Tamil filmNayagan (1987), based on the life of the Bombay donVaradarajan Mudaliar, portrayed by Kamal HaasanNayagan was included in Time Magazine's "All-Time 100 Best Films" list, issued in 2005.[7] In Malayalam AbhimanyuAaryan directed by priyadarshan and Indrajaalam directed by Thambi kannamthanam depicts story or Munmbai underworld. The Bombay underworld was also depicted in Mira Nair's Academy Award nominated Hindi film Salaam Bombay! (1988). The underworld was also depicted in several other National Film Award winning films, including Vidhu Vinod Chopra's Parinda (1989) starring Anil KapoorMukul S. Anand's Agneepath (1990) starring Bachchan, and Sudhir Mishra's Dharavi (1991) also starring Om Puri.
Movie poster for Ram Gopal Varma'sSatya (1998), considered the beginning of the Mumbai noir genre.
In the late 1990s, Ram Gopal Varma's Satya (1998) marked the introduction of a new genre of film making, Mumbai noir, of which he is the acknowledged master.[4] The critical and commercial success of Satya led to an increased emphasis on realism in later Mumbai underworld films. Varma's next Mumbai noirfilm was Company (2002), based on the D-Company, a real-life criminal organization. Satya and Company both gave "slick, often mesmerizing portrayals of the Mumbai underworld", and displayed realistic "brutality and urban violence."[6] Satya won six Filmfare Awards, including the Critics Award for Best Film, while Company won seven Filmfare Awards. A prequel to Company was released in 2005, entitled D (2005), produced by Varma and directed by Vishram Sawant. Varma's three films SatyaCompany and D are together considered an "Indian Gangster Trilogy".[8] Varma also directed an Indian adaptation of The Godfather novel in a Mumbai underworld setting, called Sarkar (2005), and has more recently filmed an original sequel called Sarkar Raj (2008).
Mahesh Manjrekar's Vaastav: The Reality (1999) is another film that depicts the Indian mafia. Anurag Kashyap's Black Friday (2004) is based on S. Hussein Zaidi's book of the same name about the 1993 Bombay bombings, which involved the underworld organization, the D-Company.[6] Vishal Bharadwaj's Maqbool(2004) and Omkara (2006) are modern-day Indian mafia interpretations of the William Shakespeare plays Macbeth and Othello, respectively. Farhan Akhtar'sDon - The Chase Begins Again (2006) is a remake of Barot's original 1978 Don with Shahrukh Khan taking Bachchan's place in the title role. Apoorva Lakhia'sShootout at Lokhandwala (2007) is based on a real-life 1991 incident involving Commissioner Aftab Ahmed Khan and the Lokhandwala ComplexWaaris(2008) is an Indian television series on Zee TV with the Indian mafia as its background. The Mumbai underworld has also been depicted in Madhur Bhandarkar's Traffic Signal (2007) and Rajeev Khandelwal's Aamir (2008).
Danny Boyle's Academy Award winning film Slumdog Millionaire (2008), based on Vikas Swarup's Boeke Prize winning novel Q & A (2005), has also portrayed the Indian mafia, under the influence of earlier Mumbai noir films.[9] Boyle has cited previous Bollywood portrayals of the Mumbai underworld inDeewarSatyaCompany and Black Friday as direct influences on the film.[6][10] The Hollywood film Shantaram, based on Gregory David Roberts'sShantaram novel, also features the Indian mafia in its storyline. The film is being directed by Mira Nair and stars Johnny Depp in the lead role.
Indian mafia was widely potrayed in 2009 Bollywood's 2009 critically acclaimed film Kaminey.
[edit]Bollywood connections
D-Company is a term coined by the media for the criminal organization headed by wanted terrorist Dawood Ibrahim. Other prominent members of the gang include Chhota ShakeelTiger Memon andAbu Salem, who is now in the custody of Indian police. It is closely linked to a range of organized criminal and terrorist activities in South Asia, especially in MumbaiIndia, and the Persian Gulf


Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English homepage
1 containing poison or producing poison:
Some mushrooms are extremely poisonous.
poisonous gases such as hydrogen sulfide
poisonous substances
She was bitten on the ankle by a poisonous snake.
poisonous to
The berries are poisonous to birds.
2 full of bad and unfriendly feelings:
the poisonous atmosphere of the office
3 British English someone who is poisonous seems to get pleasure from causing arguments, unhappiness etc:
That poisonous bastard Lucett told Morris I was seeing his wife.
poisonously adverb
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Conservation of the San Francisco Bay
As we all know, the Coronavirus has taken a toll on all aspects of society. Recent data shows that it is temporarily helping the environment due to a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions. We must take care of our environment to prevent future coronavirus like diseases. The coronavirus is believed to have come from animals and jumped to humans as their habitats are being threatened and are forced to live alongside humans to a greater extent each day. Living in the Bay Area is a luxury, the beautiful mountains, redwood trees, ocean, and bay. It would be a disservice to not treat our natural surroundings with the utmost care and attention it needs to thrive.
Why Algae?
In the past few years, algal blooms in the San Francisco Bay have become much more abundant which threatens the health of the bay's vital ecosystems. There are several types of algae but the important distinction is between moderate, harmful, and toxic algae. Algae is formed from excess nutrients in the water and the perfect amount of sunlight and water movement. The nutrients it uses are nitrogen and phosphorus so when greenhouse gas emissions are high, there is a lot more nitrogen in the atmosphere that goes into the water which makes algae grow more. As you can see in the graphics below, algae blooms have only been increasing.¹
algae bloom map 2010
algae bloom map 2020
Eutrophication is the process in which nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus from agriculture and greenhouse gases end up in the water, causing algae growth to erupt.² As temperatures are rising, it creates a more suitable environment for rapid algae growth.³
Harmful algal blooms are caused when so much algae is made that it blocks sunlight from underwater habitats, which hurts the plants and animals that live there. When the algal blooms die off, their decomposition consumes an excessive amount of oxygen which creates "dead zones" called hypoxia, and only a small number of species can survive in that environment
In addition, HABs kill eelgrass plants due to lack of oxygen. Eelgrass are extremely important because they keep mud and silt at the bottom, keeping the water clearer and allowing for more aquatic life. Areas where eelgrass grow are very rich in biodiversity so when the eelgrass dies, so does the life around it.&sup4;
Toxic Algae
Toxic algal blooms are different from harmful algal blooms because they consist of blue-green algae or cyanobacteria which are bacterial cells (prokaryotic) while algal cells are eukaryotic.&sup5; There have to be specific conditions for toxic algae to form that depends on water temperature, sunlight, salinity, water circulation, and movement. Cyanobacteria produce toxins called microcystins which can be a potential carcinogen to animals and humans. Microcystins can also drift out to sea and contaminate marine shellfish which then accumulates in the shellfish and it takes about 8 weeks to purge it.&sup7; Another type of toxin produced by a specific type of algae, Pseudo-nitzschia australis, is demoic acid. Demoic acid accumulates in small fish and works its way up the food chain.&sup8; Demoic acid can also accumulate in Dungeness crab, which is eaten by humans and makes us sick. In winter of 2019, a commercial ban was placed on Dungeness crab causing many crab fishermen to struggle financially because they had tested for an unsafe amount of demoic acid, making people sick. Toxic algae blooms can kill animals, make people sick,&sup9; and cause financial ruin for fishermen. We need to manage and monitor algal blooms to avoid these disastrous outcomes.
Heron and algae bloom
How to tell the difference between a good or bad algal bloom?
Research and follow local authorities' instructions because often times they have already looked into it and know if it is safe or not. The health department or other local organizations usually publish this in articles, online, newspapers, and on signs near the body of water. It is also key to look out for any dead fish or animals in or near the water.¹&sup0;
How has the coronavirus affected water quality?
The coronavirus has drastically improved the levels of Nitrogen dioxide in the air as you can see in the graphs below.¹¹ Since NO fuels algal blooms, we can expect to see an improvement in water quality, due to NO₂ levels being lower than usual. Not only does this help the bay, but it also helps the environment as a whole. It improves air quality, wildlife health, plant growth, and decreases the number of air pollutants created from high levels of NO. Although these are good results, their effects will only be temporary unless we take action to make permanent changes decreasing our carbon footprint.¹²
NO2 map 1
NO2 map 2
 1. Wells, M. (2019, August 13). Toxic algae, deadly for dogs, found in Bay Area lakes. Retrieved July 21, 2020, from
 2. Gibble, C., Peacock, M., & Kudela, R. (2016, October 03). Evidence of freshwater algal toxins in marine shellfish: Implications for human and aquatic health. Retrieved July 21, 2020, from
 3. Algae vs. "harmful algae" – what's the difference? (2015, July 14). Retrieved July 21, 2020, from
 4. Potter, S. (2020, June 24). NASA, Partner Space Agencies Amass Global View of COVID-19 Impacts. Retrieved July 21, 2020, from
 5. Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae) Information. (n.d.). Retrieved July 21, 2020, from
 6. Kgo, & Didion, T. (2020, April 08). Coronavirus impact: Maps show how much pollution has dropped in the Bay Area since shelter-in-place orders. Retrieved July 21, 2020, from
 7. Stressor Impacts and Mitigation. (2019, July 08). Retrieved July 21, 2020, from
 8. Toxic Algae. (n.d.). Retrieved July 21, 2020, from
 9. Devika Garg-Bansal, S. (2016, October 31). Toxic freshwater algae contaminate marine shellfish in San Francisco Bay. Retrieved July 21, 2020, from
 11. Algal Blooms in the Ocean. (n.d.). Retrieved July 21, 2020, from
 12. Why Care About Eelgrass? A Swedish Perspective... (2018, May 25). Retrieved July 21, 2020, from
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text:
Since no drug or combination of drugs can eliminate the causes of chronic diseases, but only their symptoms, the answer is that there is no such drug.
For the demonstration, we will make an analogy of the human body and chronic illness to paint on rust. (Oxidation of iron)
You need to preserve a wholly rusted item (the human body). If you paint it with standard paint (conventional medicine), the rust continues to bubble and crumble the paint; after a not-long period, it is necessary to repaint (new drug) because the condition of the iron deteriorates. Sometimes, the rusty iron breaks or folds, which is needed to make mechanical repairs. (Surgeries) Compared to regular paint, rust paints can perform the opposite action of oxidation to stabilize the rust (medicine for self-healing). In addition, a complex and sealed protective layer is formed, preventing the iron's continued oxidation for long periods.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Krishna And Radha Love?
Did Radha and Krishna make love?
He was the Parama Purusha with only pure love in his heart.
This is a matter of great sorrow that some people think that Lord krishna and Radha were involved in love affairs.
krishna never entercoursed Radha.
They did not get sexual enjoyment.
Why did Krishna and Radha not marry?
Since there is the only element, they did not marry each other. According to some versions of the story, it is noted that Radha refused to marry Lord Krishna because she felt that she wouldn't be able to adjust in his household because of the fact that she was a cowgirl and people expected Kanha to marry a Princess.
Who is the husband of Radha?
What is the end of Radha Krishna love story?
Radha and Krishna love story is an exemplary for teens where he says marriage is materialistic. Furthermore, Radha was in love with Krishna so much that she believed Krishna was God and she used to love him as a devotee. She was lost in 'bhakti love' which people started mistaking as a physical love.
How did Radha died?
Radha abandoned her body while listening to the tunes of the flute. Lord Krishna could not bear Radha's death and broke his flute as a symbolic ending of love and threw it into the bush. Since then, Sri Krishna has not played the flute or any other instrument of life.
Did Radha and Rukmini meet?
No, they never met. Rukmini and other seven wives of Lord Krishna knew that, apart from them, there are two more females, who are very dear to their husband. All wives of Shri Krishna met Draupadi during rajyabhishek of King Yudhishtir. But they never met Radha.
Who married to Radha?
Radha gets married to Ayarn leaving Krishna shocked in RadhaKrishn.
At what age did Krishna left Radha?
BUT in answer to your question I think you meant the time he left vrindavan. That was when he was eleven years old. But some works say he left at 7. P.S Sorry for giving such a long answer but their love story is divine and we shouldn't really cloud it by telling that krishna left radha.
Why did Krishna marry 16000 wives?
Their number is mentioned as 16,000 or 16,108 in different scriptures. Krishna accepted them as his wives upon their insistence to save themselves from the society who saw them as slaves of the demon king Narakasura. The chief amongst them is sometimes called Rohini.
At what age Krishna died?
125 years and 7 months
Who is the real wife of Krishna?
Is Radha Rukmini same?
As Anupama Kurup mentions, some qualities are similar-but that is precisely because they come from the same source (but are not the same as Radha). Specifically, Rukmini devi is considered an incarnation of the gopi-Candravali and/or Lakshmidevi. Radha's name is mentioned in Bhagavatam many times, but indirectly.


text:
Illegal Trade Of Caviar Curbed By International Regulation
DNA testing of retail black caviar conducted by scientists from the Institute for Conservation Science at Stony Brook University and American Museum of Natural History indicates trade policy can help reduce the incidence of caviar mislabeling
Research that used mitochondrial DNA-based testing to compare the extent of fraudulent labeling of black caviar purchased before and after international protection shows conservation benefits. A team of scientists from the Institute for Conservation Science at Stony Brook University and the Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) repeated a market survey of commercially available caviar in the New York City area that was conducted before the protection was put in place, and the results showed nearly a 50 percent decrease in fraudulently labeled caviar.
"Testing the effectiveness of an international conservation agreement: marketplace forensics and CITES caviar trade regulation," published online on July 25 in the journal PLoS ONE, compared the results of two market surveys conducted 10 years apart. The previous market survey conducted during 1995 through 1996, before the listing of the sturgeon by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) came into effect in 1998, revealed that 19 percent of commercially available caviar in the New York City area was mislabeled with respect to species origin. When sampling the same market from 2006 through 2008, fraudulently labeled caviar occurred in 10 percent of the caviar, and only occurred in the samples bought online.
"The results of our analysis suggest that the international trade regulation of sturgeon products due to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species listing is having a positive effect in the marketplace," said Dr. Phaedra Doukakis, lead author, who was a senior research scientist with the Institute for Ocean Conservation Science at Stony Brook University at the time the study was conducted. "CITES is clearly an important tool for regulating trade and serves as an important complement to management in the regions where fishing occurs. More marine and aquatic species could benefit from being listed under the Convention."
Sturgeons and paddlefishes (Order Acipenseriformes), the producers of black caviar, are protected by CITES due to widespread population abundance declines from overfishing, habitat degradation, and illegal trade in caviar. Intentional mislabeling of caviar products can thwart trade regulations and diminish their impact on the conservation of the sturgeon. The conservation status of many sturgeon species has not improved, and has worsened in several cases, since the CITES listing, with most species now listed as "Critically Endangered" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) because overfishing remains a problem.
"It's encouraging that the extent of illegal trade has diminished in recent years since international trade restrictions have come into force. Consumers can now be highly confident that what's written on the label accurately describes what's in the tin," said Dr. Ellen K. Pikitch, co-author and executive director of the Institute for Ocean Conservation Science and professor at Stony Brook University. "However, preventing the extinction of critically endangered species such as the beluga sturgeon requires a full court press. Importantly, smaller fishing allowances, including bans on fishing in key geographic areas and better enforcement of fishing regulations, are needed to give depleted sturgeon populations a fighting chance to recover."
In addition to demonstrating the conservation benefits of trade regulation for threatened and endangered species, the research results also underscore the utility of such testing for enforcement of these regulations.
"The results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of DNA-based methods to identify the species of origin for detection of illegal products in the marketplace," said George Amato, co-author and director of the Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics at the American Museum of Natural History. "Moreover, these results demonstrate if this type of genetic testing is used by inspection officials in real time, it can help detect and discourage illegal harvesting of threatened and endangered marine species in the geographic regions in which it is occurring."
On The Net:

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The Colouring Puzzle
Colouring in puzzles are all the rage, but as you know, we like to do things differently so have created a puzzle within a colouring puzzle (still with me?!)
What you have to do
- Download the colouring puzzle
- Get some colouring pens/pencils ready (you will need the following: black, blue, purple, pink, red, yellow and green)
- Colour in each shape the appropriate colour (this is shown by a small blob in each shape - i.e. if there is a green blob then you need to colour that shape green)
- Once you have coloured in the all the shapes, you will need to look hard (and possibly cross-eyed!) at the picture to see a dingbat style clue which reveals a location in the UK needed to solve the next part of the puzzle
- Once you have worked out the location in the UK (by solving the Dingbat style clue) go to Google Maps (desktop or laptop only - sorry, a phone or tablet won't help you here!) and type this location in
- Zoom in and find an 'island of adventure'
- Follow the line which runs SSE from this location. One of the blue circles near the end of this line holds the answer to this puzzle! Pick up the golden Google man (in the bottom right hand corner of your screen) and drop him on one of the blue circles to have a good look around (you may need to use the zoom function!).
- Search them all until you find the answer to the following question:
"What can you not do overhead?"
Solved it, or just need to know the answer?!Enter your answer by clicking on the button below and we will let you know if you are correct or not, along with how the final answer can be reached. On the 30th September 2016 we will draw 5 correct answers at random to win a Treasure Trail of their choice!
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How to compress and decompress files with GZip in .NET C#
You have probably seen compressed files with the "gz" extension. These are files that hold a single compressed file according to the GZIP specifications.
GZip files are represented by the GZipStream object in .NET. It's important to note that the GZip format doesn't support adding multiple files to the same .gz file. If you need to insert multiple files in a GZip file then you'll need to create a "tar" file first which bundles the individual files and then compresses the tar file itself. The result will be a ".tar.gz" file. At present tar files are not supported in .NET. They are supported by the ICSharpCode SharpZipLib library available here. We'll look at tar files in another post soon.
With that in mind let's see how a single file can be gzipped:
FileInfo fileToBeGZipped = new FileInfo(@"c:\gzip\logfile.txt");
FileInfo gzipFileName = new FileInfo(string.Concat(fileToBeGZipped.FullName, ".gz"));

using (FileStream fileToBeZippedAsStream = fileToBeGZipped.OpenRead())
{
 using (FileStream gzipTargetAsStream = gzipFileName.Create())
 {
 using (GZipStream gzipStream = new GZipStream(gzipTargetAsStream, CompressionMode.Compress))
 {
 try
 {
 fileToBeZippedAsStream.CopyTo(gzipStream);
 }
 catch (Exception ex)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
 }
 }
 }
}
…and this is how you can decompress the gz file:
using (FileStream fileToDecompressAsStream = gzipFileName.OpenRead())
{
 string decompressedFileName = @"c:\gzip\decompressed.txt";
 using (FileStream decompressedStream = File.Create(decompressedFileName))
 {
 using (GZipStream decompressionStream = new GZipStream(fileToDecompressAsStream, CompressionMode.Decompress))
 {
 try
 {
 decompressionStream.CopyTo(decompressedStream);
 }
 catch (Exception ex)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
 }
 }
 }
}
Read all posts dedicated to file I/O here.
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Committal hearings
Committal hearings (also known as committal proceedings) are heard in the Magistrates' Court for indictable offences.
They occur after a person has been formally charged with an offence and either released on bail or held in remand. They mark the initiation of formal proceedings against an accused by the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP).
Purpose of committal hearings
The purpose of these proceedings is for the Magistrate to determine whether the DPP has sufficient evidence to gain a conviction at trial in a higher court (i.e. whether there is a "prima facie" case). If the Magistrate deems that there is enough evidence for a conviction, he or she will commit the defendant to stand trial.
If there is insufficient evidence, the Magistrate can dismiss a case, and the defendant will be released. However, if further evidence is found, the defendant can be charged again.
Another purpose of committal hearings is to ensure efficiency in the operation of County and Supreme courts, as they will not have to waste time with weak prosecution cases.
There are two types of committal hearings:
 - Traditional method: prosecution witnesses give oral evidence in a courtroom under oath. As in a formal trial, these witnesses are examined and cross-examined. The defence may enter a plea, and occasionally call witnesses. However, the focus is on the prosecution.
 - Hand-up-brief method: prosecution witnesses give evidence through sworn written statements. This is the most common method of committal hearing.
See also:
Criminal pre-trial procedures
Bail and remand
Purposes of criminal pre-trial procedures


text:
Allows Use Of Radar
The production of the piston engine powered Commanders first began in 1952 and ended with the 500S "Shrike" series in 1979. During its long production run, the basic design continued to evolve and be perfected. It is possible to take an older Twin Commander and install airframe mods to make it look and perform like the later models.
In 1965, a company by the name of JW Miller designed an extended fiberglass nose cone for the Twin Commander aircraft. The extended nose greatly improved the appearance of the Twin Commanders. The factory was so impressed by the streamlined nose, that they purchased 100 nose kits from the JW Miller Company. They incorporated the nose in their production run for several years. In 1969, Aero Commander started building their airplanes with a metal nose similar to the "Miller" nose. The Aircenter, Inc. aerodynamic extended nose fits right over the existing shell and the enclosed landing lights blend into one smooth continuous line. The old blunt appearance is gone and you now have an updated new appearance.
The Shrike nose adds greater stability, control, speed, and reduces drag. The radome nose will accommodate most Radars. All skins are constructed of lightweight vacuum formed, honeycomb reinforced fiberglass construction. The nose weighs only 38 pounds. The Shrikes built from 1969 and later are heavier due to the nose cone being constructed of aluminum instead of lightweight fiberglass. The Shrike Nose STC is approved for all 500 and 600 series Twin Commanders and is made of lightweight fiberglass. The kit can be installed in 80 hours.
For more information on this modification, contact Gary L. Gadberry.


Allen charge
An instruction given by a court to a deadlocked jury to encourage it to continue deliberating until it reaches a verdict. Some states prohibit Allen charges, because they deem them coercive, but the U.S. Supreme Court upheld their use in Allen v. U.S., 164 U.S. 492 (1896). Also called dynamite charge, nitroglycerine charge, shotgun charge, and third-degree instruction.
Illustrative caselaw
See, e.g. Lowenfield v. Phelps, 484 U.S. 231 (1988) and Allen v. U.S., 164 U.S. 492 (1896).
See also


Developing lld Readers
The purpose of a "Reader" is to take an object file in a particular format and create an lld::File (which is a graph of Atoms) representing the object file. A Reader inherits from lld::Reader which lives in include/lld/Core/Reader.h and lib/Core/Reader.cpp.
The Reader infrastructure for an object format Foo requires the following pieces in order to fit into lld:
class ReaderOptionsFoo : public ReaderOptions
This Options class is the only way to configure how the Reader will parse any file into an lld::Reader object. This class should be declared in the lld namespace.
Reader *createReaderFoo(ReaderOptionsFoo &reader)
This factory function configures and create the Reader. This function should be declared in the lld namespace.
class ReaderFoo : public Reader
This is the concrete Reader class which can be called to parse object files. It should be declared in an anonymous namespace or if there is shared code with the lld::WriterFoo you can make a nested namespace (e.g. lld::foo).
You may have noticed that ReaderFoo is not declared in the.h file. An important design aspect of lld is that all Readers are created only through an object-format-specific createReaderFoo() factory function. The creation of the Reader is parametrized through a ReaderOptionsFoo class. This options class is the one-and-only way to control how the Reader operates when parsing an input file into an Atom graph. For instance, you may want the Reader to only accept certain architectures. The options class can be instantiated from command line options or be programmatically configured.
Where to start
The lld project already has a skeleton of source code for Readers for ELF, PECOFF, MachO, and lld's native YAML graph format. If your file format is a variant of one of those, you should modify the existing Reader to support your variant. This is done by customizing the Options class for the Reader and making appropriate changes to the.cpp file to interpret those options and act accordingly.
If your object file format is not a variant of any existing Reader, you'll need to create a new Reader subclass with the organization described above.
Readers are factories
The linker will usually only instantiate your Reader once. That one Reader will have its loadFile() method called many times with different input files. To support multithreaded linking, the Reader may be parsing multiple input files in parallel. Therefore, there should be no parsing state in you Reader object. Any parsing state should be in ivars of your File subclass or in some temporary object.
The key function to implement in a reader is:
virtual error_code loadFile(LinkerInput &input,
 std::vector> &result);
It takes a memory buffer (which contains the contents of the object file being read) and returns an instantiated lld::File object which is a collection of Atoms. The result is a vector of File pointers (instead of simple a File pointer) because some file formats allow multiple object "files" to be encoded in one file system file.
Memory Ownership
Atoms are always owned by their File object. During core linking when Atoms are coalesced or stripped away, core linking does not delete them. Core linking just removes those unused Atoms from its internal list. The destructor of a File object is responsible for deleting all Atoms it owns, and if ownership of the MemoryBuffer was passed to it, the File destructor needs to delete that too.
Making Atoms
The internal model of lld is purely Atom based. But most object files do not have an explicit concept of Atoms, instead most have "sections". The way to think of this is that a section is just a list of Atoms with common attributes.
The first step in parsing section-based object files is to cleave each section into a list of Atoms. The technique may vary by section type. For code sections (e.g..text), there are usually symbols at the start of each function. Those symbol addresses are the points at which the section is cleaved into discrete Atoms. Some file formats (like ELF) also include the length of each symbol in the symbol table. Otherwise, the length of each Atom is calculated to run to the start of the next symbol or the end of the section.
Other sections types can be implicitly cleaved. For instance c-string literals or unwind info (e.g..eh_frame) can be cleaved by having the Reader look at the content of the section. It is important to cleave sections into Atoms to remove false dependencies. For instance the.eh_frame section often has no symbols, but contains "pointers" to the functions for which it has unwind info. If the.eh_frame section was not cleaved (but left as one big Atom), there would always be a reference (from the eh_frame Atom) to each function. So the linker would be unable to coalesce or dead stripped away the function atoms.
The lld Atom model also requires that a reference to an undefined symbol be modeled as a Reference to an UndefinedAtom. So the Reader also needs to create an UndefinedAtom for each undefined symbol in the object file.
Once all Atoms have been created, the second step is to create References (recall that Atoms are "nodes" and References are "edges"). Most References are created by looking at the "relocation records" in the object file. If a function contains a call to "malloc", there is usually a relocation record specifying the address in the section and the symbol table index. Your Reader will need to convert the address to an Atom and offset and the symbol table index into a target Atom. If "malloc" is not defined in the object file, the target Atom of the Reference will be an UndefinedAtom.
Once you have the above working to parse an object file into Atoms and References, you'll want to look at performance. Some techniques that can help performance are:
 - Use llvm::BumpPtrAllocator or pre-allocate one big vector and then just have each atom point to its subrange of References in that vector. This can be faster that allocating each Reference as separate object.
 - Pre-scan the symbol table and determine how many atoms are in each section then allocate space for all the Atom objects at once.
 - Don't copy symbol names or section content to each Atom, instead use StringRef and ArrayRef in each Atom to point to its name and content in the MemoryBuffer.
We are still working on infrastructure to test Readers. The issue is that you don't want to check in binary files to the test suite. And the tools for creating your object file from assembly source may not be available on every OS.
We are investigating a way to use YAML to describe the section, symbols, and content of a file. Then have some code which will write out an object file from that YAML description.
Once that is in place, you can write test cases that contain section/symbols YAML and is run through the linker to produce Atom/References based YAML which is then run through FileCheck to verify the Atoms and References are as expected.


A Split-Apply-Combine strategy to apply common R functions to a Filebacked Big Matrix.
big_apply(X, a.FUN, a.combine = NULL, ind = cols_along(X),
 ncores = 1, block.size = block_size(nrow(X), ncores), ...)
Arguments
X
A FBM.
a.FUN
The function to be applied to each subset matrix. It must take a Filebacked Big Matrix as first argument and ind, a vector of indices, which are used to split the data. For example, if you want to apply a function to X[ind.row, ind.col], you may use X[ind.row, ind.col[ind]] in a.FUN.
a.combine
Function to combine the results with do.call. This function should accept multiple arguments (...). For example, you can use c, cbind, rbind. This package also provides function plus to add multiple arguments together. The default is NULL, in which case the results are not combined and are returned as a list, each element being the result of a block.
ind
Initial vector of subsetting indices. Default is the vector of all column indices.
ncores
Number of cores used. Default doesn't use parallelism. You may use nb_cores.
block.size
Maximum number of columns (or rows, depending on how you use ind for subsetting) read at once. Default uses block_size.
...
Extra arguments to be passed to a.FUN.
Details
This function splits indices in parts, then apply a given function to each subset matrix and finally combine the results. If parallelization is used, this function splits indices in parts for parallelization, then split again them on each core, apply a given function to each part and finally combine the results (on each cluster and then from each cluster).
See also
Examples
X <- big_attachExtdata() # get the means of each column colMeans_sub <- function(X, ind) colMeans(X[, ind]) str(colmeans <- big_apply(X, a.FUN = colMeans_sub, a.combine = 'c'))
#> num [1:4542] 1.32 1.59 1.53 1.63 1.09 ...
# get the norms of each column colNorms_sub <- function(X, ind) sqrt(colSums(X[, ind]^2)) str(colnorms <- big_apply(X, colNorms_sub, a.combine = 'c'))
#> num [1:4542] 33.6 38.4 37.5 39.2 29.6 ...
# get the sums of each row # split along rows: need to change the "complete" 'ind' parameter str(rowsums <- big_apply(X, a.FUN = function(X, ind) rowSums(X[ind, ]), ind = rows_along(X), a.combine = 'c', block.size = 100))
#> num [1:517] 6243 6168 6242 6249 6212 ...
# it is usually preferred to split along columns # because matrices are stored by column. str(rowsums2 <- big_apply(X, a.FUN = function(X, ind) rowSums(X[, ind]), a.combine = 'plus'))
#> num [1:517] 6243 6168 6242 6249 6212 ...
## Every extra parameter to 'a.FUN' should be passed to 'big_apply' # get the crossproduct between X and a matrix A # note that we don't explicitly pass 'ind.col' to 'a.FUN' body(big_cprodMat)
#> { #> check_args() #> assert_lengths(ind.row, rows_along(A.row)) #> if (length(ind.row) > 0 && length(ind.col) > 0) { #> big_apply(X, a.FUN = function(X, ind, M, ind.row) { #> crossprod(X[ind.row, ind, drop = FALSE], M) #> }, a.combine = "rbind", ind = ind.col, ncores = ncores, #> block.size = block.size, M = A.row, ind.row = ind.row) #> } #> else { #> matrix(0, length(ind.col), ncol(A.row)) #> } #> }
# get the product between X and a matrix B # here, we must explicitly pass 'ind.col' to 'a.FUN' # because the right matrix also needs to be subsetted. body(big_prodMat)
#> { #> check_args() #> assert_lengths(ind.col, rows_along(A.col)) #> if (length(ind.row) > 0 && length(ind.col) > 0) { #> big_apply(X, a.FUN = function(X, ind, M, ind.row, ind.col) { #> X[ind.row, ind.col[ind], drop = FALSE] %*% M[ind, #> , drop = FALSE] #> }, a.combine = "plus", ind = seq_along(ind.col), ncores = ncores, #> block.size = block.size, M = A.col, ind.row = ind.row, #> ind.col = ind.col) #> } #> else { #> matrix(0, length(ind.row), ncol(A.col)) #> } #> }


text:
Washington, D.C. (KINY) - As part of the U.S. Department of Transportation, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) announced that 70 Tribes will receive approximately $21 million for 93 projects that improve road safety on Tribal lands.
Traffic crashes occur more frequently in Tribal and rural communities, and addressing that is one of the safety goals laid out in the Department's National Roadway Safety Strategy.
Federal Highway Administrator Shailen Bhatt said, "This funding from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law will not only improve safety on Tribal roads for drivers, but it will improve safety and accessibility for other users such as road work crews, pedestrians and bicyclists."
"We're pleased to help Tribes implement these projects that will help save lives in Tribal communities," Administrator Bhatt said.
The funding comes from FHWA's Tribal Transportation Program Safety Fund. The list of grant recipients announced today includes 16 Tribes that have not previously participated in the program and will now receive funding to develop their first transportation safety plan. The funding is provided directly to Tribes for a range of projects, including the development of safety plans, data analysis activities, pedestrian infrastructure improvements, roadway departure countermeasures, intersection safety, visibility and traffic calming.
A number of Alaskan tribes have been included as grant recipients to either update their existing transportation safety plans or to begin developing their first transportation safety plan.
The President's Bipartisan Infrastructure Law provides the largest funding ever in the history of the Tribal Transportation Program, which includes the safety fund, by increasing the total authorized from $2.4 billion under the Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act to $3 billion for Fiscal Years 2022 through 2026. This is in addition to the new Safe Streets and Roads for All discretionary grant program that will provide $1 billion this year to support regional, local, and Tribal plans, projects and strategies that will prevent roadway deaths and serious injuries. Today's announcement follows USDOT's announcement earlier this week of $800 million for the first round of Safe Streets and Roads for All grants to 500 communities across the country.
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What Is Cyclical Structure In Literature?
Is real estate cyclical?
Real estate is considered a cyclical industry because its demand side is impacted by economic cycles, and also because demand has historically outweighed supply.
The typical pattern for the real estate cycle is actually quite simple and straightforward..
What are the 5 parts of narrative structure?
What is the opposite of cyclical?
Antonyms of CYCLICAL opposite, direct, noncyclic, noncyclical, paired.
What is an example of cyclical unemployment?
One concrete example of cyclical unemployment is when an automobile worker is laid off during a recession to cut labor costs. During this downturn, people are buying fewer vehicles, so the manufacturer doesn't need as many workers to meet the demand. … High or low cyclical unemployment is only temporary.
What are some characteristics of something that is cyclical?
The definition of cyclical is something that goes in cycles, or something that occurs in a repeating pattern. The change of seasons each year is an example of something that would be described as cyclical. Cyclic. Tending to rise and fall in line with the fluctuations of the business cycle.
What are the five rules of narrative writing?
By observing these basic ideas, you can improve your narrative essay.Clarity. Complex words and syntax are a hindrance to clarity and should be avoided. … Don't describe each and every one of your own movements. … Avoid the second-person narrative. … To interest the reader, dynamic word choice is key. … Limit references.
What is another name for dynamic?
What is another word for dynamic?energeticvitalvigorousactivelivelypowerfulspiriteddrivingelectricforceful225 more rows
What is cyclical growth?
What's circular plot structure?
A circular plot structure is one in which story nodes are connected to other ones in a circle. … A circular plot structure is defined by the fact that each of the story nodes is connected to only one other story node, yet they must go in the same order in the story.
What are the elements of narrative structure?
Storytelling 101: The 6 Elements of Every Complete NarrativeSetting. The setting is the time and location in which your story takes place. … Characters. A story usually includes a number of characters, each with a different role or purpose. … Plot. The plot is the sequence of events that connect the audience to the protagonist and their ultimate goal. … Conflict. … Theme. … Narrative Arc.
What are the 8 elements of a story?
What does cyclical structure mean?
The structure of Of Mice and Men is cyclical – there is a sense of things happening in a certain order and being repeated. This is reflected in the way that the book starts and ends in the same place – the brush by the Salinas River.
What is circular structure in literature?
CIRCULAR STRUCTURE: A type of artistic structure in which a sense of completeness or closure does not originate in coming to a "conclusion" that breaks with the earlier story; instead, the sense of closure originates in the way the end of a piece returns to subject-matter, wording, or phrasing found at the beginning of …
What is another word for cyclical?
In this page you can discover 12 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for cyclical, like: cyclic, isochronal, isochronous, periodic, periodical, recurrent, like-clockwork, repetition, noncyclic, gradual and business cycle.
What are the most cyclical sectors?
What is circular structure English?
A story that ends in the same place it began is commonly called a circular or cyclical narrative. … Although the narrative's beginnings and ends mirror each other, as do the introduction and conclusion of an essay, the narrative almost never leaves characters or events unchanged.
What are the 7 Elements of Literature?
Is Apple a cyclical stock?
Electronics manufacturers – Makers of high-end smartphones, such as Apple, can be considered cyclical because sales are driven by buyers' discretionary income. Makers of flat-screen TVs or other products, such as Sony, would be in a similar category.
What does cyclical mean?
1a : of, relating to, or being a cycle. b : moving in cycles cyclic time.
What is the difference between cycle and cyclical?
As adjectives the difference between cyclic and cyclical is that cyclic is characterized by, or moving in cycles, or happening at regular intervals while cyclical is recurring at regular intervals.
What is repetitive mean?


text:
A "learning council" is made up of a group of individuals within a school that meets to share knowledge and ideas around effective learning in order to accomplish two major goals: Communicating the existing learning and developing new and improved learning ideas.
At Yardley Gobion CE Primary our Learning Council two representatives from each year group, from Year 3 to Year 6 and representatives for Key Stage 1, from the Year 2 Class.
Miss Birch (Dragon Class Teacher) attends the meeting to support the councillors and to answer any questions regarding school policy and procedure. She facilitates the meetings but does not lead them; the older pupils are developing their chairing skills.
Our Key Aims for 2019/20:
- strengthen Class council work to feed into the Pupil Council
- provide pupil voice evidence to support the monitoring of Teaching and Learning
- to provide areas to improve the Yardley Gobion School experience for all pupils

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
When I first heard of touchdown PCR, I thought of a landing aircraft, which, as it turns out is not a bad way to think about it.
But despite it's amenability to analogies and dreadful puns (see title), touch-down PCR (TD-PCR), a very useful technique for improving PCR amplification specificity, is trickier that it might seem at first. So in this article I'll provide a primer on touchdown PCR (TD-PCR) and some tips and references for perfecting it.
So let's start with…
What is touchdown PCR?
TD-PCR is a modification of PCR in which the initial annealing temperature is higher than the optimal Tm of the primers and is gradually reduced over subsequent cycles until the Tm temperature or "touchdown temperature" is reached, much like the touchdown of an airplane.
A gradual lowering of temperature to a more permissive annealing temperature during the course of cycling favors amplification of the desired amplicon.
Why does TD-PCR work better?
Optimal annealing temperature is a requirement in PCR. This is normally determined based on the melting temperature (Tm) of the primer-template pair. But, primer Tm is affected variously by the individual buffer components, even primer and template concentrations so any calculated primer Tm value is only an approximation (1). Therefore, it is often difficult to find the right annealing temperature for a given primer/template combination.
To-low annealing temperatures, can lead to primer-dimer formation and non-specific products while too-high temperatures reduce yield due to poor primer annealing.
By using temperatures higher than the calculated Tm in the initial cycles, TD-PCR favours only accumulation of amplicons whose primer-template complementarity is the highest. The stepwise transition to a lower temperature during subsequent cycle guards against lower yields by making use of the desired amplicons in the reaction that now outcompetes any non-specific products or primer-dimers if present.
What are TD-PCR cycling conditions?
The protocol published in Nature Protocols (2) works very well and is a good reference to start off with TD-PCR.
The suggested cycling program has two phases. The first phase of touchdown programming uses a Tm that is approximately 10°C above the calculated Tm. The temperature is reduced by 1°C every successive cycle until the calculated Tm range is reached. This is done for a total of 10-15 cycles.
Phase 2 follows generic PCR amplification of up to 20-25 cycles using the final annealing temperature reached in the touchdown phase.
The cycles and temperature drop during touchdown phase can be adjusted from 1-3 cycles per 1-3°C drop in temperature if non-specific products are still observed or if the yield is low.
General Tips for TD-PCR:
- Keeping all reactions cold until thermal cycling starts is crucial to avoiding non-specific priming even with TD-PCR.
- A hot start setup is preferred. Since the main aim of TD-PCR is to eliminate non-specific interactions during the initial cycles, it is important to use a hot-start set up.
- TD-PCR can address problems with monoplex reactions better than multiplex reactions.
- Total number of PCR cycles, including the touchdown phase should be kept low (below 35). Too many cycles will lead to appearance of non-specific bands in the gel.
- An extra 1 min denaturation cycle at 96°C or 97°C may be extremely useful for difficult templates.
- Roux KH. Genome Research. 1995. 4: S185-194.
- Korbie DJ and Mattick JS. Nature Protocols. 2008. 3(9). 1452 – 1456.


Base& e) // Note the base class. Exception is caught polymorphically.
 {
 // Handle the exception. May modify the original exception object.
 throw e; // Warning! Object slicing is underway.
 }
The throw e statement does not throw the original exception object. Instead, it throws a sliced copy (only ExceptionBase part) of the original object because it considers the static type of the expression in front of it. Silently, the derived exception object was not only lost but also translated into the base type exception object. The catch blocks up in the stack do not have access to the same information this catch had. There are two ways to address the problem.
 - Simply use throw; (without any expression following it). It will rethrow the original exception object.
 - Use polymorphic exception idiom again. It will throw a copy of the original exception object because the raise() virtual function uses throw *this.
Use of throw; should be strongly preferred in practice, because depending on the implementation, it may preserve the original throw-location in case the exception goes unhandled and the program dumps core, thus easing post mortem analysis of the problem.
try {
 foo(e); // throws an instance of ExceptionDerived as before.
 }
 catch (ExceptionBase& e) // Note the base class. Exception is caught polymorphically.
 {
 // Handle the exception. May modify the original exception object.
 // Use only one of the following two.
 throw; // Option 1: Original derived exception is thrown.
 e.raise(); // Option 2: A copy of the original derived exception object is thrown.
 }
Known Uses
Related Idioms
Virtual Constructor
References
Polymorphic Value Types
Intent
Support run-time polymorphism of value types without requiring inheritance relationship.
Also Known As
Run-time Concept
Motivation
Solution and Sample Code
Known Uses
Poly Library
Related Idioms
References
Sean Parent: Value Semantics and Concepts-based Polymorphism @ C++ Now! 2012, Aspen, CO
Recursive Type Composition
Intent
Also Known As
Motivation
Solution and Sample Code
Known Uses
Related Idioms
References
Compile Time Recursive Objects in C++ - Jaakko Jarvi
Requiring or Prohibiting Heap-based Objects
Intent
 - Require or prevent creation of objects on heap
Also Known As
Motivation
C++ supports different ways to create objects: stack-based (including temporary objects), heap-based, and objects of static storage duration (e.g., global objects, namespace-scope objects). Sometimes it is useful to limit the ways in which objects of a class can be created. For instance, a framework may require users to create only heap-based objects so that it can take control of the lifetime of objects regardless of the function that created them. Similarly, it may be useful to prohibit creation of objects on the heap. C++ has idiomatic ways to achieve this.
Solution and Sample Code
Requiring heap-based objects
In this case, programmers must use new to create the objects and prohibit stack-based and objects of static duration. The idea is to prevent access to one of the functions that are always needed for stack-based objects: constructors or destructors. Preventing access to constructors, i.e., protected/private constructors will prevent heap-based objects too. Therefore, the only available way is to create a protected destructor as below. Note that a protected destructor will also prevent global and namespace-scope objects because eventually the objects are destroyed but the destructor is inaccessible. The same is applicable to temporary objects because destroying temporary objects need a public destructor.
class HeapOnly {
 public:
 HeapOnly() {}
 void destroy() const { delete this; }
 protected:
 ~HeapOnly() {}
};
HeapOnly h1; // Destructor is protected so h1 can't be created globally
HeapOnly func() // Compiler error because destructor of temporary is protected
{
 HeapOnly *hoptr = new HeapOnly; // This is ok. No destructor is invoked automatically for heap-based objects
 return *hoptr;
}
int main(void) {
 HeapOnly h2; // Destructor is protected so h2 can't be created on stack
}
Protected destructor also prevents access to delete HeapOnly because it internally invokes the destructor. To prevent memory leak, destroy member function is provided, which calls delete on itself. Derived classes have access to the protected destructor so HeapOnly class can still be used as a base class. However, the derived class no longer has the same restrictions.
Prohibiting heap-based objects
Dynamic allocation of objects can be prevented by disallowing access to all forms of class-specific new operators. The new operator for scalar objects and for an array of objects are two possible variations. Both should be declared protected (or private) to prevent heap-based objects.
class NoHeap {
protected:
 static void * operator new(std::size_t); // #1: To prevent allocation of scalar objects
 static void * operator new [] (std::size_t); // #2: To prevent allocation of array of objects
};
class NoHeapTwo : public NoHeap {
};
int main(void) {
 new NoHeap; // Not allowed because of #1
 new NoHeap[1]; // Not allowed because of #2
 new NoHeapTwo[10]; // Not allowed because of inherited protected new operator (#2).
}
The above declaration of protected new operator prevents remaining compiler-generated versions, such as placement new and nothrow new. Declaring just the scalar new as protected is not sufficient because it still leaves the possibility of new NoHeap[1] open. Protected new [] operator prevents dynamic allocation of arrays of all sizes including size one.
Restricting access to the new operator also prevents derived classes from using dynamic memory allocation because the new operator and delete operator are inherited. Unless these functions are declared public in a derived class, that class inherits the protected/private versions declared in its base preventing dynamic allocation.
Known Uses
Related Idioms
References
Resource Acquisition Is Initialization
Intent
 - To guarantee release of resource(s) at the end of a scope
 - To provide basic exception safety guarantee
Also Known As
 - Execute-Around Object
 - Resource Release Is Finalization
 - Scope-Bound Resource Management
Motivation
Resources acquired in a function scope should be released before leaving the scope unless the ownership is being transferred to another scope or object. Quite often it means a pair of function calls - one to acquire a resource and another one to release it. For example, new/delete, malloc/free, acquire/release, file-open/file-close, nested_count++/nested_count--, etc. It is quite easy to forget to write the "release" part of the resource management "contract". Sometimes the resource release function is never invoked: this can happen when the control flow leaves the scope because of return or an exception. It is too dangerous to trust the programmer that he or she will invoke resource release operation in all possible cases in the present and in the future. Some examples are given below.
void foo ()
{
 char * ch = new char [100];
 if (...)
 if (...)
 return;
 else if (...)
 if (...)
 else
 throw "ERROR";
 delete [] ch; // This may not be invoked... memory leak!
}
void bar ()
{
 lock.acquire();
 if (...)
 if (...)
 return;
 else
 throw "ERROR";
 lock.release(); // This may not be invoked... deadlock!
}
This is a general control flow abstraction problem. Resource Acquisition is Initialization (RAII) is an extremely popular idiom in C++ that relieves the burden of calling "resource release" operation in a clever way.
Solution and Sample Code
The idea is to wrap the resource release operation in a destructor of an object in the scope. The language guarantees that the destructor will always be invoked (of a successfully constructed object) when control flow leaves the scope because of a return statement or an exception.
// Private copy constructor and copy assignment ensure classes derived
// from class NonCopyable cannot be copied.
class NonCopyable
{
 NonCopyable (NonCopyable const &); // private copy constructor
 NonCopyable & operator = (NonCopyable const &); // private assignment operator
};
template <class T>
class AutoDelete : NonCopyable
{
 public:
 AutoDelete (T * p = 0) : ptr_(p) {}
 ~AutoDelete () throw() { delete ptr_; }
 private:
 T *ptr_;
};
class ScopedLock : NonCopyable// Scoped Lock idiom
{
 public:
 ScopedLock (Lock & l) : lock_(l) { lock_.acquire(); }
 ~ScopedLock () throw () { lock_.release(); }
 private:
 Lock& lock_;
};
void foo ()
{
 X * p = new X;
 AutoDelete<X> safe_del(p); // Memory will not leak
 p = 0;
 // Although, above assignment "p = 0" is not necessary
 // as we would


text:
Rev. Raymond Percy Pelly
His mother, Louisa, was the daughter of Elizabeth Fry, famous for her efforts to reform the prison system in Britain in the early nineteenth century. Wikipedia Reference (external link)
His Father was the son of Baronet Sir John Henry Pelly, Director of the Hudson's Bay Company & Governor of The Bank Of England.
On 4th February 1864 he married Alice Schaffalitzky Larkins, daughter of Colonel George Larkins of the Bengal Artillery. They had eight children, Douglas (1865), Alice (1867), Ellen (1870), Margaret (1871), Raymond (1882), Dorothy (1884), Ina Marjorie (1885), & Raymond (1888).
He studied at Trinity College Cambridge gaining a B.A. in 1864 and an M.A. in 1867. He was ordained Deacon in 1864 by the Bishop of Winchester and as a Priest in 1865 by the Bishop of London.
He was curate of Mitcham, Surrey (1864/5), curate of Wanstead, Essex (1865-69), Vicar of Matlock Bath from 1869 to 1875 and of All Saints, Woodford Wells (external link), until 1881, when he came to St John's.
After leaving St Johns in 1889 he was Vicar of St Mary's, Saffron Walden (external link) until 1896 and then Vicar of Great Malvern, Worcester (external link), until 1909. He also held the office of Hon. Canon of Worcester in 1901.
He died on 17th October 1911 at Hollington, St Leonards-on-Sea, Sussex
Tolliss.com (external link)


Potentiation
(redirected from posttetanic potentiation)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Acronyms.
Potentiation

an increase in the efficiency of the physiological mechanisms after a period of activity. Potentiation is widespread in nature, but its underlying mechanisms vary from case to case.
An important part in neural activity is played by postsynaptic potentiation, manifested by facilitated transmission of a signal across a synapse for many seconds or several minutes after a period of synaptic activity. Postsynaptic potentiation is based on the increased probability of a mediator's quanta being released from presynaptic nerve endings and is believed to be one of the mechanisms involved in learning and memory.
Potentiation is also characteristic of muscular activity (contraction potentiation) and of the sensory organs (light and sound potentiation). Here it results from the slowly subsiding effects of afterdischarge.


text:
Career Profiles and Employment Projections
Chemical Plant and System Operators: Career Information
Chemical Plant and System Operators
Top 3 chemical system operator Jobs
Water Treatment Operator
- Aboitiz Power Generation Group
Ensures integrity of water basins/pools and chemical tanks in accordance with internal safety policies and established procedures, including but not limited…
- Moog Inc.
The operator is responsible for chemical cleaning, treatments and coatings which can help in extending the lives of metals and ensuring the safety of people…
- Luen Thai Macao Commercial Offshore Company Limited
- Central Luzon
Boiler operators are responsible for maintaining heating systems in large buildings in the boiler, engine, and mechanical rooms.
See all chemical system operator jobs
What Chemical plant and system operators Do
Control or operate entire chemical processes or system of machines.
Chemical plant and system operator Salaries
- 2014 employment: 38,100
- May 2015 median annual wage: $59,320
Job Outlook for Chemical plant and system operators
Projected employment change, 2014–24:
- Number of new jobs: -3,500
- Growth rate: -9 percent (Decline)
How to Become a Chemical plant or system operator
Education and training:
- Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent
- Work experience in a related occupation: None
- Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training
Get the education you need: Find schools near you!
*Some content used by permission of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.


text:
Pilot continues to operate his Elevator along his unique fifth-dimensional lines.
I am a writer
I am a designer, architect..
So what, who am I?
PILOT here, what do said reports mean?
What difference should I expect, now?
- Is Pilot paid?
- Is Pilot human?
- Does Pilot have a profession?
- What is Pilot's 'modus operandi'?
Perspective, extract from THE ELEVATOR PILOT
Perspective is a vital concept in our 'enlightened' world. My first experience of perspective was in learning how to draw the world on paper. Using paper and pencil, we are able to express a three-dimensional view of the world in a two-dimensional realm. At first, when learning to draw using perspective, the rules of logic as we understand them seem to tease us:
- How can a line in space that is level (i.e. a floor) rise sharply at an angle in the (flat) world of two-dimensional space?
- Why is it that what in physical space might occupy the largest portion of space, (for instance the sky) occupies only a small fraction of the space on the paper?


text:
Duwamish Hill Preserve Nursery, 3800 S. 115th St., Tukwila, WA 98168
Owned by Seattle City Light
The Duwamish Hill Preserve Nursery is adjacent to the Duwamish Hill Preserve, a 10.5 acre parcel of historical, cultural and ecological significant land in Tukwila; serving as an outdoor classroom for students, a gathering place for restoration volunteers, a culturally significant location for Native Americans. The Preserve is managed as a public open space preserve dedicated to the conservation and enhancement of its rich Native American cultural history, ecological importance and community impact.
The Preserve's unique ecosystem within the Duwamish Watershed hosts many rare species of flora and fauna. To aid in the restoration of the Preserve's natural habitat, in a joint effort with Seattle City Light and Forterra, volunteers are now beginning to propagate these rare plant species in the newly created Duwamish native plant nursery adjacent to the Duwamish Hill Preserve. These plants will support the habitat needs of the many creatures living in this unique area while reflecting the historical fauna. Plants are grown from seed gathered from native plants which were common to this area but have been crowded out from invasive plants and development.
Due to its elevated position above the Duwamish River, the Hill offered a vantage point from which Native Americans could watch for incoming groups and communicate with fellow tribe members along the Duwamish River Valley. Additionally, the Hill is associated with the southern Puget Sound Salish oral tradition as the key location in the stories collectively known as the "Epic of the Winds" as the location of Chinook Wind's mother's home:
The hill from which the preserve gets its name is a glacial remnant and within the preserve many species of flora and fauna that are rarely seen along the banks of the Duwamish River can be found.


text:
A new and improved version of this page is live! Click the button below to find more up-to-date information about the North Pond Restoration.
We have developed an innovative plan to revitalize the North Pond Nature Sanctuary and re-envision the 36-acres surrounding it. The pond is over 130 years old and time has taken its toll; it needs help to stay healthy and survive for the next 100 years.
Our goal is to ensure this important sanctuary remains a natural, healthy place for both people and wildlife for generations to come.
Our top three objectives are to:
A functional destination spot, to be located on the north side of North Pond, includes a native sedge meadow critical to the ongoing health of the pond. Native sedges will naturally filter both city and stormwater to healthfully replenish the Pond. Each year millions of gallons of potable city water are added to maintain pond depth and temperature. As fresh water becomes more valuable on our planet, we must find ways to ensure North Pond Nature Sanctuary is sustainable. This lovely feature is the first step to making that a reality. It also has wonderful side benefits: connecting the north and south sections of the park, opening up views across the pond, and improving open space at the park's north end for all the activities people love such as picnics, soccer, frisbee, sunbathing, and playing with your children and dogs. Vehicular guardrails and other safety features will be added along the nearby roads to ensure a safe play environment.
This new concept in outdoor play is sure to engage children of all ages and abilities in a safe, fun environment. To be located on a pretty, tree-lined opening north of Mt. Prospect (aka: the sledding hill), and replacing the existing Sunshine Playlot, the Sunshine Playscape will blend traditional equipment such as swings and sandboxes with new natural features such as hillside slides and discovery activities. Certain features, like willow tunnels, will be changed every few years, to provide frequent visitors with the opportunity to make fresh discoveries. Studies increasingly illustrate the importance of regular exposure to outdoor nature settings, which can benefit children in many ways: reduce ADHD symptoms, increase testing scores, improve critical thinking, and reduce stress, anxiety, and depression. It's not bad for parents and grandparents either!
Being 130 years old isn't easy for a pond. Today, the North Pond is only about 3.5 feet at its deepest, and that is just at a small area in the center. Most areas are about knee or ankle-high, and it continues to fill with sediment and algae. This is not a hospitable environment for aquatic wildlife (an important part of the food web). If left unattended, the pond would eventually become a mosquito-infested marsh. By deepening the pond, with a proposed long-term maintenance plan, we can ensure the health of the Pond and its inhabitants for generations. The Chicago Park District recognized the importance of North Pond in 1999, attempting to fight the same ecological challenges we are facing today by putting $1.5 million toward improving water health and planting native shoreline plants. Unfortunately, that did not address the deeper causes to the deterioration of the site, which is why our project is necessary today. Our Concept Plan is much larger in scale, and includes a dredge of the pond, which is critical to the pond's survival.
The land area containing North Pond officially became part of Lincoln Park in 1867. Landscape gardeners Swain Nelson and Olaf Benson created the plan to expand the park from North Avenue to Diversey Parkway including the addition of the 10-acre North Pond, which was completed in 1884 and used for leisure activities.


text:
New Savi Cargo Tracking System Introduced
The latest software release from Savi Technology dramatically improves insight into cargo shipments and logistics.
Shippers, logisticians, customs agents and supply chain professionals can now dedicate more time to action and less time gathering data with today's introduction of Savi Mobile Tracking System 2.2. The latest release from Savi Technology gives professionals greater detail on real-time field conditions and events to quickly identify conditions that require an immediate response to a potential cargo theft, lost shipment or supply chain delay.
SMTS 2.2 introduces new journey management features including several web services that automate the capture of vital information such as assets, tags and journeys in the system. Additionally users can more accurately define approved cargo corridors with the ability to resize a corridor fence using handles, create a corridor fence around a line or point on the map, and enter a specific street address.
"Savi Mobile Tracking System highlights Savi's deep understanding of tracking, logistics and supply chain, and the technologies that are best suited to specific challenges," said Ann Grackin, CEO, ChainLink Research. "With increasing risks in global logistics, companies can use SMTS to gain real-time knowledge and conditioning monitoring to identify risks of assets in motion."


ToolBox
Voltage drop in electrical wiring
Conditions
Please note that the result is an estimation based on normal conditions (68°F or 20°C). The actual voltage drop can vary and depends on the type (number of strands in wire) and the condition of the wire, the conduit being used, the temperature, the connectors, the frequency etc.
Limits
Negative values and "0"
The input of negative values and zero "0" is not allowed. EXCEPT for the input of AWG wire sizes, where 0 (0 or 1/0), -1 (00 or 2/0), -2 (000 or 3/0), -3 (0000 or 4/0), -4 (00000 or 5/0) and -5 (000000 or 6/0) are accepted. "0" is also allowed for the resistivity [Ω·m].
AWG
In this case, values for AWG range from -5 (000000 or 6/0) to 40. Attention: Only integers will be accepted. All decimals will be truncated automatically! Thus, 3.3 or 3.9 will become 3.


Commit fc50b198 authored by Utkarsh Ayachit's avatar Utkarsh Ayachit
Adding README and CONTRIBUTING instructions.
parent da500375
......@@ -11,5 +11,7 @@
!CMake/*
!ParaView/*
!ParaViewCatalyst/*
!README.md
!CONTRIBUTING.md
ParaView/Extras
.*
Contributing to ParaView Guide - Community Edition
==================================================
Contritbutions are always welcome. There are several ways of contributing.
1. You can may your contributions through **[merge requests][]** made to this [GitLab][]
repository.
2. You can also post your edits to the [Mailing List][], coordinating with any of
the ParaView developers to get your updates in.
3. Alternatively, you can also post your text changes directly on a new issue on the
[issue tracker] or in a [snippet].
For those interested in making changes through the **[merge requests][]**, the workflow
is as follows:
1. Register with [GitLab Access] to create an account and select a user name.
2. [Fork ParaViewGuide-CE][] into your user's namespace on GitLab.
3. Clone the repository:
$ git clone _URL_ ParaViewGuide
$ cd ParaViewGuide
The main repository will be configured as your 'origin' remote.
4. Add your fork as a the 'gitlab' remote.
$ git remote add gitlab _URL_
You can use configure the remote to use SSH access instead, if needed.
5. Edit files and create commits (repeat as needed):
$ git checkout -b my-topic origin/master
$ edit file1 file2 file3
$ git add file1 file2 file3
$ git commit
6. Push commits in your topic branch to your fork in GitLab:
$ git push gitlab HEAD
7. Visit your fork in GitLab, browse to the "**Merge Requests**" link on the
left, and use the "**New Merge Request**" button in the upper right to
create a Merge Request.
Please refer to [ContributorNotes.tex][] to guidelines on contributing content
for the guide.
[merge requests]: _URL_
[GitLab]: _URL_
[Mailing List]: _URL_
[ParaView Git]: _URL_
[ContributorNotes.tex]: ParaView/ContributorNotes.tex
[GitLab Access]: _URL_
[Fork ParaViewGuide-CE]: _URL_
[issue tracker]: _URL_
[snippet]: _URL_
\ No newline at end of file
The ParaView Guide (Community Edition)
======================================
Introduction
------------
This repository contains the *LaTeX* files for the **Community Edition** of
**The ParaView Guide** and **ParaView Catalyst User's Guide**.
You can download the PDF for the latest release or buy a printed version of
**The ParaView Guide** [online][ParaView Books]. In addition to the chapters in
the *Community Edition*, the printed versions include 3 extra chapters that
cover using ParaView for CFD analysis, AMR processing, and case-studies.
Editions
---------
The guide will be updated with each significant release of ParaView.
Versions of the guide for specific ParaView releases starting with ParaView 4.3.1
can be found [here][tags].
[ParaView Books]: _URL_
[tags]: _URL_
License
-------
**The ParaView Guide (Community Edition)** and
**ParaView Catalyst User's Guide** are released under [CC BY 4.0][].
The printed editions of **The ParaView Guide** are released under [CC BY-ND 4.0][].
[CC BY 4.0]: _URL_
[CC BY-ND 4.0]: _URL_
Build Instructions
------------------
This is **CMake** based project and can be built similar to ParaView. We use **LaTeX**
for typesetting the guides. Thus, unless you are familiar with setting up LaTeX on your system,
you may want to simply download the pregenerated PDF from the [ParaView homepage][ParaView Books].
1. Clone the repository
$ git clone _URL_ ParaViewGuide
The main repository will be configured as your 'origin' remote.
2. Run CMake. This step requires you have LaTeX (and necessary modules) installed
on your system. You can turn **ENABLE_PARAVIEW_GUIDE** (default: ON) and/or
**ENABLE_CATALYST_USERS_GUIDE** (default: OFF) ON or OFF based on your preference.
On Unix-based systems, the steps are:
$ mkdir ParaViewGuildBuild
$ cmake <PATH>/ParaViewGuide
$ make
3. On successful build, the **ParaView/ParaViewUsersGuide.pdf** and/or
**ParaViewCatalyst/ParaViewCatalystUsersGuide.pdf** will be generated based
on the options you chose in Step 2.
Note that Step 2 can take a long time, especially *rendering* the images.
To speed things, you can edit [ParaViewUsersGuide.tex][] file to change
the documentclass mode to '[draft]'.
\documentclass[draft]{InsightSoftwareGuide}
This will generate the the draft PDF without any images.
[ParaViewUsersGuide.tex]: ParaView/ParaViewUsersGuide.tex
Reporting Bugs
---------------
1. If you have a edits or updates, please see [CONTRIBUTING.md][] document.
2. For build issues and other inquiries, please join the
[ParaView Mailing List][].
2. You can also report issues or errata on the [issue tracker][].
[issue tracker]: _URL_
[ParaView Mailing List]: _URL_
Contributing
------------
See [CONTRIBUTING.md][] for instructions to contribute.
[CONTRIBUTING.md]: CONTRIBUTING.md
Markdown is supported
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Finish editing this message first!
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Global Assembly Cache
What Does Global Assembly Cache Mean?
The Global Assembly Cache (GAC) is a folder in Windows directory to store the .NET assemblies that are specifically designated to be shared by all applications executed on a system.
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The concept of GAC is the result of the .NET architecture whose design addresses the issue of "DLL hell" that existed in COM (Component Object Model). Unlike in COM, there is no need for the assembly in GAC to be registered before its use. Each assembly is accessed globally without any conflict by identifying its name, version, architecture, culture and public key.
Techopedia Explains Global Assembly Cache
The GAC is a machine-wide code cache used for side-by-side execution of assemblies. The GAC implements the feature of shared library where different applications reuse the code placed in the files located in a common folder. In .NET 4.0, its default location is: %windir%Microsoft.NETassembly
The GAC is also the first in the search path while loading a .NET assembly. The only requirement for an assembly to be deployed in GAC is that it should have strong name. The CLR (Common Language Runtime) refers an assembly based on specific version mentioned by the calling application. The virtual file system of GAC helps to fetch the version-specific assembly.
The two tools related to GAC are GAC Tool (gacutil.exe) and Assembly Cache Viewer (shfusion.dll). GAC Tool is used to check for assembly existence, register a shared assembly, view and manipulate contents of GAC, etc. Being a system folder, it requires administrator privileges to be used. Assembly Cache Viewer is used to display the details (version, culture, etc.) associated with the assemblies contained in the cache.
GAC provides the benefits of code reuse, file security (due to its installation in 'systemroot' directory and hence deletion is only by users with Administrator privileges), side-by-side execution (allowing multiple versions of an assembly maintained in the same folder), etc.
One of the drawbacks in using GAC are that the version of .NET Framework installed in the system where GAC is used and the one used for compiling the application need to be same. Also, strong names cannot be applied to assemblies (like third party code) on which the assemblies residing in the GAC folder depend upon.
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Related Terms
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Margaret Rouse
Margaret Rouse is an award-winning technical writer and teacher known for her ability to explain complex technical subjects to a non-technical, business audience. Over the past twenty years her explanations have appeared on TechTarget websites and she's been cited as an authority in articles by the New York Times, Time Magazine, USA Today, ZDNet, PC Magazine and Discovery Magazine.Margaret's idea of a fun day is helping IT and business professionals learn to speak each other's highly specialized languages. If you have a suggestion for a new definition or how to improve a technical explanation, please email Margaret or contact her…


text:
By definition, pterygium forms if there is scar tissue in the nail matrix. Since the nail matrix at that particular site cannot manufacture nail plate, the proximal nail fold skin grows out with the skin of the nail bed, giving rise to the triangular formation known as pterygium.
Scarring of the proximal nail fold region involving the matrix (nail growth center) is referred to as pterygium. This disorder is actually an overgrowth of the proximal nail fold onto the nail bed. Pterygium is derived from a Greek word, pterygion, which means "little wing" or "fin." It is also referred to as wing-like. By definition, pterygium forms if there is scar tissue in the nail matrix. Since the nail matrix at that particular site cannot manufacture nail plate, the proximal nail fold skin grows out with the skin of the nail bed, giving rise to the triangular formation known as pterygium.
A number of skin and nail disorders may cause pterygium to form. One skin disorder citedmost frequently is lichen planus, which occurs in the nails in approximately 100% of people who have this disorder. Severe destruction of the matrix with subsequent scar formation (pterygium) indicates the presence of lichen planus. Lichen planus of the nail may be very destructive to the nail plate in the adult form as a result of nail matrix destruction. Interestingly enough, when it occurs in children it is not destruction and it usually does not produce permanent scarring as it doe in adults.
Another disorder that can give rise to pterygium formation is pemphigus vulgaris, which usually affects the skin but can affect the nail as well. It is characterized by huge blisters called bullae and small blisters called vesicles. When this condition involves the nail matrix, it can result in permanent scar formation. There are some hereditary disorders of the skin which are characterized by bullous changes, such as epidermolysis bullosa, which is a severely deforming condition that occurs at birth, or shortly thereafter, and manifests itself in childhood with destruction of the nails and pterygium formation.
Pterygium formation may also occur secondary to injury such as from a severe blow from a hammer or a car door, which results in destruction of the nail matrix.
Some patients who have impaired circulation to the fingers, such as a condition known as Buerger's Disease, can also develop permanent destruction of the nail matrix and pterygium formation.
Another disorder, a collagen vascular disease known as systemic scleroderma, may give rise to pterygium formation if the nail matrix is scarred and or destroyed. In addition to the characteristic pterygium that forms in scleroderma cases, inverse pterygium can also occur. This condition causes scarring in the tip of the finger rather than in the cuticle area, resulting in destruction at that site. Its appearance is very different than the usual wing-like pterygium that is generally seen with scleroderma.
Raynaud's phenomenon, the condition that may occur after exposure to cold and causes the fingers to turn red, white, or blue, is a precursor to some patients with scleroderma. Severe Raynaud's, where the nail matrix is affected and scarred, can give rise to pterygium.
Clients who severely and extensively bite their cuticle (a psychologically induced nail disorder) risk infection and destruction of the nail matrix, which may cause pterygium formation.
There are two approaches to treat pterygium. The first is used if the pterygium is now permanent due to scarring, but the primary disease is now inactive. Under some circumstances, these clients may be helped by surgical reconstruction with removal of the pterygium and the scar tissue in the matrix, which results in a nail more cosmetically acceptable than it was before. In patients whose pterygium formation is due to pemphigus of lichen planus and is still is an active stage, then the treatment would be directed at the primary disorder. Once the disorder is brought under control, further scarring will not occur and pterygium can be reduced or even prevented. This is also true in patients with circulatory problems in the fingers that give rise to vasospasm (sharp and often persistent contraction of a blood vessel reducing its caliber and blood flow) and permanent destruction of the nail matrix. If these disorders are treated with medications that open up the blood supply to the fingers, then the condition will not progress to further damage and more extensive pterygium formation.


text:
Non-Thermal Soot Denuder
Small Business Information
Aerodyne Research, Inc.
45 Manning Road, Billerica, MA, -
AbstractWe propose to develop a non-thermal soot denuder for measuring chemical components of the nucleation mode particulate matter emissions from gas turbine engines, in combination with an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS). This proposed approach will effectively eliminate the contribution of soot particles to the AMS-measured volatile PM mass spectrum. It is capable of identifying the semi-volatile composition of the nucleation mode particles based on their characteristic mass spectra and also determining the particle size distribution in aerodynamic diameter.
* information listed above is at the time of submission.


Does the DNR patient belong in the ICU?
Abstract
A small but significant percentage of ICU patients are designated DNR at some time during their ICU stay. DNR patients in the ICU are more ill, use more resources (including nursing care) and have a higher mortality rate than non-DNR patients. In an age of a critical care nursing shortage, spiraling health costs, and an emphasis on the just allocation and… (More)
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text:
Industry-standard hydraulic hammers are powered with charged nitrogen over hydraulic fluid. In order to optimize the hydraulic power component, a hydraulic flow meter should be set up on the machine that is being attached to the hydraulic hammer. The machines typically attached to a hydraulic hammer are either a skid steer, mini-excavator, loader backhoe or Excavator.
These machines are sent into the field with a standard flow rate already set by the manufacturer to hook up to attachments like hydraulic hammers. However, more often than not the flow rate is not optimized for the particular brand of the hydraulic hammer that is being attached to the machine. Flow Testing can quickly diagnose if there are issues with the machine's hydraulic pump(s), regulator valve, shutoff valve, or even the operator control panel.
With hydraulic fluid flow rate/pressure, there is typically an acceptable minimum and maximum range provided by the hydraulic hammer manufacturer. Too little flow and the hydraulic hammer will hit slow and not be effective in hitting. Too much hydraulic fluid flow and the hydraulic hammer will hit too rapidly and be susceptible to internal damage and costly repairs. As previously mentioned, the pressure at which the hydraulic fluid runs thru the hydraulic hammer can also give you an indicator of the health of the machine attached to the hydraulic hammer. Optimizing the machine prior to attaching a hydraulic hammer will save both time and money down the road.
If the hydraulic fluid temperature is too cold, you will not get an accurate reading on your flow meter (ideal running conditions are about 100 degrees for testing). If the temperature of the fluid becomes too hot, the oil loses viscosity and the hydraulic hammer will have less impact power.
Also, never operate a Hydraulic Hammer without knowing the system pressure of the Auxillary Circuit. For HydroRam models, the recommended relief values are as follows:
HK10 thru HK45 – 2200 PSI / HK60 – 2500 PSI / HK80-HK130 – 2900 PSI / HK220 – HK580 – 3000 PSI
These are the basics when flow testing a newly attached hydraulic hammer to a machine. There are additional considerations when selecting the type of flow meter, operating conditions, use of the hydraulic Hammer | Breakers, and others.
In the end, it's always recommended to flow test a machine prior to setting up a hydraulic hammer as it can help improve performance and reduce overall maintenance costs.
To watch an actual Hydraulic Hammer | Breaker flow test click on the following link: _URL_


Mon - Sat: 9:00 - 18:00
We are a law office located in Lisbon, Portugal
Portuguese Nationality for Individuals Born in the Former Portuguese Colonies
Portuguese Citizenship and the Former Portuguese Colonies
Decree-Law 308-A/75
Specific guidelines exist concerning the procurement of Portuguese citizenship for individuals connected with:
· Angola
· Brazil
· Cape Verde
· Portuguese India
· Guinea Bissau
· East Timor
· Macau
· Mozambique
· São Tomé and Príncipe
Portugal ratified the 24 June 1974 Decree-Law 308-A/75 to address the matter of Portuguese citizenship for those born or living in the overseas Portuguese territories that had gained independence. The assumption was that these persons would take the citizenship of the new state. The Decree-Law thus merely stipulated that Portuguese citizenship would be retained by those persons who had been born in Portugal but lived in one of the colonial territories. This law also applies to those who, though born in the colonial territories, had resided long-term in Portugal. All those not covered by one of these situations lose their Portuguese citizenship ex lege.
We will be gald to consider your case and examine the documents you already have.
Don't hesitate to mail us with your questions. Kindly scan existing documents to facilitate the examination.
Mail to:


text:
How to make the mouse left-handed in Mac OS X
This page explains step-by-step how to make the mouse left-handed in Mac OS X. Unless you have a single-button mouse, your mouse is set up for a right-handed person by default, with the primary button on the left. However, you can swap the function of the mouse buttons from the default left click, so that a right click is instead used for selection and dragging. You'll just need to remember to press the opposite button to what is called for when you are following instructions (for example, if you are requested to right-click on something).
Note: The following abbreviations for keys on the Mac are used: Ctrl is used for the Control key, Apple is used for the Command key, and Alt is used for the Option key. For keyboard access, make sure 'Full keyboard access' is turned on - you can turn it on or off by pressing Ctrl + F1 at any time.
Step 1: Open the 'Keyboard & Mouse' window
Make sure you are in 'Finder'. If necessary, press Apple + Tab to cycle through the open applications until you return to 'Finder'.
Click on the 'Apple' icon on the menu bar or press Ctrl + F2.
Click on 'System Preferences', as shown in Fig 1, or press the down arrow key to highlight it and then press Enter.
In the 'System Preferences' window (shown in Fig 2), click on the 'Keyboard & Mouse' icon, or press Tab repeatedly (you might need to press Ctrl + F7 first) to cycle through the icons until the 'Keyboard & Mouse' icon is highlighted and then press the Spacebar.
Step 2: Swap the primary and secondary mouse buttons
In the 'Keyboard & Mouse' window, make sure the 'Mouse' tab is selected. If it is not, click on it, or press Ctrl + F7 to highlight one of the tabs and then press the left or right arrow key to select it. Depending on the mouse you are using, you will see something like the window shown in Fig 3, which shows the default button settings for a right-handed person.
Click on the drop-down button to the right of the picture of the mouse and select 'Primary Button' from the list, or press Tab until the drop-down button is highlighted and then use the up and down arrow keys to scroll through the options.
Click on the drop-down button to the left of the picture of the mouse and select 'Secondary Button' from the list, or press Tab until the drop-down button is highlighted and then use the up and down arrow keys to scroll through the options.
(If you prefer to use your mouse as if it had a single button, select 'Primary Button' from the drop-down lists to both the right and the left of the picture of the mouse.)
You can also change the function of the side buttons and scroll ball (or scroll wheel), if your mouse has these.
When you are finished, click on the window's red close button or press Apple + W.