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Published on : 27th January 2018
Are UK Wildlife Species Decreasing In Number?
The UK's endangered red squirrel
Based on studies, the UK has lost more than 16% of all animals including fish and birds since the 1970s. Reports also indicate that more than 10% of UK's wildlife species are in danger of becoming extinct. Meanwhile, the population of all endangered species in the UK have dropped by 65% from the 1970s to the present. The population of insects and other invertebrates have also decreased by almost 60%. Furthermore, as compared to the global average, the rate of loss of species in the UK is much faster. Given the aforementioned data, yes, UK wildlife species are decreasing in number.
What Are Causing The Decline In UK Wildlife Species?
Since the 1970s, the UK's population continued to grow together with its stable and developing economy. To address the increasing population, the UK government implemented changes in its overall agricultural approach. The UK used science and technology to make huge advances in farming. It became more efficient and scientific which made harvests better every year. However, as the farming became more sophisticated and successful, the effect on native animals also became worse. In fact, studies point to agricultural change as the primary driver of dropping wildlife population in Britain.
As animals needed to be kept out of the farmlands to ensure optimal crop growth, the clear effect was a large loss of natural habitat for several of them. The animals were forced to move elsewhere to survive. Loss of habitat is identified as one of the top reasons why the UK's wildlife species are decreasing in number. Aside from advanced agriculture, national urban development, which includes the building of infrastructure like roads, bridges, and buildings, also contributed UK's wildlife losing their homes.
The most affected animals due to habitat loss are hedgehogs, great crested newts, grasshoppers and sand lizards. In the 1950s, there was an estimated 36 million hedgehogs in the UK. It went down to around 2 million in the 1990s. It is believed that there are now less than a million hedgehogs in the UK. Similarly, newts, grasshoppers and sand lizards have also suffered a drastic decrease in population since the 1990s.
Another cause of the decrease in UK's wildlife population is the introduction of foreign species that compete with native ones. This is what happened to red squirrels after American native grey squirrels were introduced by the Victorians into the UK in the 1870s. The population of red squirrels, which was believed to be around 3.6 million some decades ago, is now down to an estimated 120,000. Apart from competition, grey squirrels carry a virus which does not seem to affect them but is lethal to red squirrels.
The native water vole is also suffering a similar fate as the red squirrel. However, the decline in the population of water voles is primarily caused by predation and not competition. In the 1920s, the American Mink was brought to the UK for fur farms. However, the minks escaped in the 1950s and bred in the wild. Now, they are the biggest threats to water voles. Since the 1980s, the water vole population declined by more than 90% because of the American Mink.
Scientists and conservationists are also sounding the alarm on climate change as one of the causes of the declining UK wildlife population. This phenomenon is said to be the leading culprit in the 70% drop in the number of seabirds in Britain for the past decades. Waters in Europe are changing which is affecting planktons. Consequently, sea eels which feed on these planktons are losing their food. Meanwhile, kittiwakes and other seabirds feed on these eels. With the scarcity of eels, these birds are forced to move out of their feeding areas and habitats.
With harsher storms and extreme weather, more animals are feared to lose their habitats, too. Also, with the disruption in the normal schedule of seasonal changes, animals are becoming out sync. If this persists, food supply would not be enough or available when needed.
Urbanisation, pollution and exploitation of natural resources have also contributed to the wildlife population concerns in the UK, since it has affected not only the habitats but also the air that animals breathe and the water that they drink. Bottom trawling, which has the objective to catch more fish in the ocean, has ruined sea beds and severely affected wildlife in the ocean.
What Has Been Done To Address The Declining UK Wildlife Population?
Several actions have been taken to prevent the problem from getting worse. Laws were implemented to protect certain species like what was done to the soprano pipistrelle, one of the country's smallest bats. This has caused a resurgence in the population of this species. Similarly, the protected status of the badger has resulted in an 88% increase in its number since the 1980s.
Reintroduction of some species was also done. The beaver, which disappeared in the 18th century due to hunting, has been successfully reintroduced in Knapdale Forest in Scotland. Currently, these animals are growing in number and are starting to be seen in other places in the UK such as the River Otter. Other animal species which were successfully reintroduced include the large blue butterfly, the short-haired bumblebee and the hazel dormice.
Creation of habitats is another step that was taken to address the declining wildlife population in Britain. For example, new reedbeds were made to provide bitterns with a natural habitat. This has helped grow their population by more than 14 times within the past 2 decades.
While there are positive signs that can be seen all over the UK, more needs to be done in terms of preventing the further decline of UK wildlife population. Some initiatives are headed in the right direction, but everyone should make their own contribution to ensure that no more animal in Britain becomes extinct.
The UK's Endangered Red Squirrel
Image Attribution: Photograph by Cameraman [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
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Image Attribution: Photograph © Michael Gäbler / Wikimedia Commons, via Wikimedia Commons
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Image Attribution: Photograph by Mick Lobb [CC-BY-SA/2.0], via Geograph
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Image Attribution: Photograph by Cheryl Reynolds, Courtesy of Worth a Dam [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
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FAQs
What is the lifespan of Coppercoat?
The life of Coppercoat depends on a variety of factors such as water temperature and salinity. However, typically in Northern Europe one should expect effective performance for at least 10 years, whereas in the Caribbean, 8 to 10 years would be more normal. Many of the first boats treated in 1991 are still performing well after more than 20 years! With an average thickness of 250 microns of Coppercoat being applied in a treatment, and a typical corrosion rate of less than 5 microns per year, it is easy to appreciate how this coating offers such long lasting and effective protection.

Is Coppercoat expensive when compared to traditional anti-fouls?
No! Applying Coppercoat is possibly the most cost-effective way to protect a submersed surface from marine growth. Over the treatments typical life of 10 years, the cost in product terms alone, will commonly be only 15 to 30% of the product cost associated with conventional single-season anti-fouls (depending on which brand you use). This does not take into account additional items such as lift costs, storage fees, labour, inflation, etc. which make a Coppercoat treatment even more financially attractive (why pay to have your boat ashore every year if you don't need to?). When compared to using a standard anti-foul paint, customers with a Coppercoat-treated boat will typically break even in year 2 and then enjoy many years of free anti-fouling protection.

How does Coppercoat work?
Coppercoat is the combination of a specially developed two-pack epoxy resin and 99% pure copper. Each litre of Coppercoat contains 2kg of ultra fine copper powder, the maximum allowed by law. On immersion, sea water attacks the exposed pure copper, causing the formation of cuprous oxide. This highly effective anti-fouling agent deters growth until the surface degrades further to become cupric hydrochloride. This final copper form is highly unstable, and is washed away by the movement of the yacht, thereby removing any accumulating silt or slime. This automatically reveals a fresh copper-rich surface whereby the process recommences.

Can Coppercoat be applied to all types of boats?
Yes. Coppercoat can be successfully applied to virtually all craft, irrespective of their size and usage, hence is sold to both the commercial and leisure sectors. Coppercoat is also supplied to underwater structures such as tide-powered turbines and effluent diffusers as well as bar screens in power stations.

How is Coppercoat applied and what tools are required?
A complete treatment is achieved in a minimum of 4 thin coats (ideally 5) which must be applied, wet-on-tacky, all in one day.
Specifically designed to be user friendly, this water based and VOC-free coating should be mixed thoroughly, one unit at a time, and simply applied to the prepared surface by roller or spray. For application by roller, short pile (simulated mohair) sleeves should be used, although some high quality foam rollers are also suitable. The recommended rollers are available from AMC Ltd.
For application by spray a conventional air-fed (not airless) system should be used. A complete treatment is usually achieved within four or five thin coats, which must be applied 'wet on tacky' all on the same day. For full details please visit the application section of the website (Application).

Does Coppercoat cause any problems with regards to electrolytic/galvanic action?
No. With the resin carrier insulating each copper particle, the final coating is inert and non-conductive. A current can not pass through Coppercoat and this coating does not cause or promote electrolysis or cathodic decay. Consequently Coppercoat can be safely applied to metal structures such as iron keels and steel or aluminium craft (after the application of an appropriate epoxy primer). The property of electrical non-conduction in metallic powders including copper was first discovered in 1890 by Eduard Branley and is known as the "Branley Effect". Sacrificial anodes should be fitted in the usual manner.

Can Coppercoat be applied safely to boats with outboard motors or stern-drives?
Yes. Applying Coppercoat to the hull of a boat will have no effect to an outboard motor or stern-drive. As mentioned in the answer to the previous question Coppercoat does not cause or promote galvanic corrosion.

What color is Coppercoat?
Freshly applied Coppercoat dries to a rich copper brown. After immersion Coppercoat oxidises to a dark, verdigris green colour. This colour change commonly takes several months, depending on water conditions. Because of the sheer quantity of pure copper in Coppercoat, it is simply not possible to produce the coating in any other colours.

Does Coppercoat protect against Osmosis?
The inherent waterproofing qualities of the epoxy ensure that a treatment of Coppercoat will help prevent osmosis in GRP craft and offer extra protection against corrosion in steel vessels. However for an even greater degree of protection, additional anti-osmosis epoxy can be applied as an undercoat.

Can Coppercoat be applied on top of epoxy barrier coatings?
Coppercoat is the toughest and most abrasion resistant anti-foul available (as demonstrated by the TABAR abraser test) and therefore is extremely durable. However, in the event that the coating is damaged or scratched it can be simply touched-up by rubbing back the surrounding areas and applying a new full treatment of Coppercoat to these small patches.

How do I repair a damaged hull treated with Coppercoat?
Coppercoat is the toughest and most abrasion resistant anti-foul available (as demonstrated by the TABAR abraser test) and therefore is extremely durable. However, in the event that the coating is damaged or scratched it can be simply touched-up by rubbing back the surrounding areas and applying a new full treatment of Coppercoat to these small patches.

How long does Coppercoat take to apply?
A treatment of Coppercoat must be applied all on one day, with the multiple coats being applied wet on tacky.

What maintenance is necessary?
Correctly applied Coppercoat will continue to deter marine fouling for many years. The annual chore of repainting associated with conventional anti-foulings is no longer necessary. If, over the months, a slight accumulation of slime does appear, this can be removed by pressure washing or brushing. An annual wash or brush is recommended. Eventually, usually after several years, the surface may benefit from being lightly abraded with a fine grade of "wet and dry" paper or a burnishing pad to expose fresh copper.

Is any special care needed when lifting a Coppercoat-treated boat?
No. Unlike most other anti-fouls Coppercoat is a permanent, highly abrasion resistant coating and therefore merely lifting will not cause any damage to the coating.

Is Coppercoat suitable for use on a racing yacht?
Yes. As Coppercoat is a blend of pure copper and two-pack epoxy resin, the coating is both strong and water-proof. After application the coating can be burnished to give a very smooth racing finish, which (as the coating is non-absorbent) is the equivalent of dry-sailing a boat but with the advantage of anti-fouling protection allowing the boat to be kept afloat.

Will the smooth Coppercoat surface make my boat go faster?
Yes. The smooth surface provided by Coppercoat epoxy anti-foul helps any boat to perform to its' full potential. While traditional anti-fouls absorb moisture and become rough over time, Coppercoat retains its' impermeable and smooth surface. In fact, many owners experience an increase in speed after applying Coppercoat.

Is Coppercoat suitable for trailer sailors/lifting keels and dry moorings?
Yes. Coppercoat is a permanent epoxy coating and therefore unlike traditional anti-fouls, is not affected by drying out. Coppercoat is the perfect choice for dry moorings and trailered boats as it is highly abrasion resistant.

How environmentally friendly is Coppercoat?
Classified as non-leaching, this highly effective coating is considerably kinder to the environment than conventional self-eroding anti-fouls. The complete treatment has been tested and approved by the Health and Safety Executive, in compliance with UK and EU law. Holding HSE Certificate Number 7532 Coppercoat is fully approved for use by both professional tradesmen and the general public. Coppercoat is tin-free and fully complies with current (2001) International Maritime Organisation (IMO) resolution MEPC.102(48). Within the UK Coppercoat is used by the Environment Agency.

Is Coppercoat unique?
Launched over 20 years ago, Coppercoat is the original long-life copper rich epoxy anti-foul. As with most successful products, lesser imitations have appeared in the intervening period. Inspite of bold claims, products such as Cupro FF, CopperGuard, Cu17, Halcyon 5000, Copperbot 2000, Cop-R-poxy (to name but a few) have all failed and been discontinued. Coppercoat is unique, having been continually available since 1991 and is the only coating to have a well proven (not theoretical!) lifespan of 10 years plus. This helps to explain why over 30,000 customers in more than 40 countries currently use Coppercoat.

Where/how can I purchase Coppercoat?
Coppercoat is manufactured in Dorset, UK and is imported to Australia and distributed by ABS Technologies - Marine (_URL_). To discuss or place an order please contact us or alternatively you can call us on (08)8398


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Sheets object (Excel)
A collection of all the sheets in the specified or active workbook.
The Sheets collection is useful when you want to return sheets of any type. If you need to work with sheets of only one type, see the object topic for that sheet type.
Use the Sheets property of the Workbook object to return the Sheets collection. The following example prints all sheets in the active workbook.
Use the Add method to create a new sheet and add it to the collection. The following example adds two chart sheets to the active workbook, placing them after sheet two in the workbook.
Sheets.Add type:=xlChart, count:=2, after:=Sheets(2)
Use Sheets (index), where index is the sheet name or index number, to return a single Chart or Worksheet object. The following example activates the sheet named Sheet1.
Use Sheets (array) to specify more than one sheet. The following example moves the sheets named Sheet4 and Sheet5 to the beginning of the workbook.
Sheets(Array("Sheet4", "Sheet5")).Move before:=Sheets(1)
Support and feedback
Have questions or feedback about Office VBA or this documentation? Please see Office VBA support and feedback for guidance about the ways you can receive support and provide feedback.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Say Cheese: Tips for a Natural Smile in Selfies
natural smile
Have you ever wondered how good it would be to have your own professional photographer? For many of us, until that dream comes true we are left taking pictures on our own, doing the best we can. Getting really good shots can be tough, and part of making them better is knowing how to smile correctly.
The smile can make or break a picture. Read on for our must-know guide on how to get a natural smile in selfies.
1. Get Symmetrical
The brain associates symmetry with natural beauty. However, very few people have a face that is truly symmetrical. When taking a selfie, if you can get a shot that provides symmetry, or the illusion of it, you will have a much more pleasant picture.
When you smile in selfies, try to get it even on both sides. This way, the muscles in your face should contract and ease in the same way, providing symmetry to your face.
2. Maintain Dental Hygiene for a Natural Smile
While filters and photoshop can cover a lot of problems, dental hygiene is not one of them. When you smile in photos, you need to be confident that you are showing off a great set of teeth. This comes from maintained dental hygiene.
Make sure you brush and floss regularly. If you have a specific medical problem, such as gum disease, see a dentist. Even specific problems such as gingivitis with braces can be solved if you speak to an expert and keep your mouth clean.
3. Match the Smile to Your Face Shape
One easy-to-follow piece of smiling advice is to match the smile to the shape of your face. If you have a round shape, create a wide smile that mirrors the curve of the jaw and chin. If you have an oval shape, tuck up the sides of your smile to create a more aligned feature.
4. Know Your Angles
Different angles used in various shots can infer different meanings, and create very different looks. Many people opt to get a shot from slightly above, usually as it tends to hide the neck and chin area which can show weight or signs of aging.
However, shots from above infer a meaning that the person viewing is a protector of the person in the image, or that the person is vulnerable. If you take your picture from slightly below, it has the opposite impact. It gives the impression that the person in the picture is empowered.
5. Practice Relaxing and Smiling
A fake smile in photos will always be easy to spot. This is because the rest of your body language and face do not back up the action. Just moving your mouth does not constitute a smile.
Practice relaxing when you smile so it does not seem forced. Sit in places with different lighting and see which works best. Finally, make sure you have something fun to smile about!
Get Help
When getting that natural smile selfie, get some help and advice. Ask others what they think of your shots and how you can improve. They may even help take them for you.
If you want to get the best pictures, then let us help. We have advice on everything from fashion to technology, so we can help you look great every day of the week!


text:
When voyageurs and early Illinois settlers ventured into the wild, they probably carried a small bag designed to hold "everything possible." The bag would hold flint and steel for starting a fire or lead balls for a musket.
Use the interactive activities on this site to explore Illinois history with late elementary students. You'll find lesson plans, activities, photos, posters and correlations to Illinois Learning Standards.
Illinois' furbearers were valuable to early settlers and they are valuable today.
Wild Illinois History is presented by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources.
The activities on this site are correlated to Illinois Learning Standards. Learn more.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


- Employment, job tips and articles.
Job Search Tips
Resume Tips
Interview Tips
Engineer Consultant Positions In UK Defence
In the UK defence sector, there are a multitude of engineering specialists who are needed to develop projects and products to help fulfil various missions. Chemical engineers are needed to develop solutions for water purification processes, the production of meals for the field, and other issues involving chemical reactions. Electrical engineers are needed to ensure that the wiring and control boards of every military vehicle and piece of machinery are working at peak efficiency. Civil engineers need to help military personnel and local leaders develop bridges, temporary settlements, and other structures needed for strategic and humanitarian needs. However, the number of engineering specialists in the UK defence sector is relatively low.
Many engineers choose to work in the private sector, where there are plenty of lucrative jobs available to the right candidates. The limited number of specialists is often out in the field, working in all parts of the world helping fulfil the mission of UK forces. As such, the military and the government rely heavily upon engineering consultants in order to help with domestic issues and consultation about policy. Graduates and young professionals in the United Kingdom who have engineering knowledge and want to be part of the UK defence sector should consider working as a consultant. Engineering firms, consultancies, and government agencies are always looking to cultivate solid young talent into experienced consultants. Engineering consultants often are tasked with more than just military projects, as there are peaks and valleys of consultancy needs.
However, engineering firms often rely heavily upon defence contracting to fulfil their annual quotas. As such, there is a steady stream of work for engineering consultants. Engineer consultant positions in UK defence provide a number of challenges not available in private organizations. After all, consultants often have to deal with expensive military equipment, massive public projects, and consultations about buildings that will hep keep soldiers and officers safe. The importance of the work is often compounded by the difficult environments in which their work needs to be done. The UK defence network covers allies in humid conditions, deserts, and mountainous environments.
These challenges are exhilarating for young professionals who want to use their skills for a greater purpose. There are a variety of ways to find engineer consultant opportunities in the United Kingdom. Graduates can research the leading firms in the engineering field, who will often provide consulting services to the government and military at some point.
As well, young engineering consultants can speak with a recruiter in order to fulfil their need for a great consulting job that involves the defence industry.
Wynnwith defence specialise in defence jobs, engineering jobs, and in particular aerospace engineer jobs and mechanical engineer jobs. The company are a leading provider of candidates to some of the most recognised aerospace and aviation companies worldwide.
Employment Tips
© Copyright 2021, After Placement Employment Tips. All rights reserved.


Tom Godwin
The Survivors
Listen in app
The Survivors (aka Space Prison) is a science fiction novel by Tom Godwin.
Ragnarok has a gravity 1.5 times that of Earth, and is populated by deadly, aggressive creatures and it contains little in the way of usable metal ores. This, combined with a terrible deadly fever that kills in hours, more than decimates the population. The novels follows the stranded humans through several generations as they try to survive there, and their unswerving goal to repay the Gerns for their cruelty.
The Survivors was first published in 1958. The novel was published again by Pyramid Books in 1960 under the title Space Prison. The novel is an expansion of Godwin's story Too Soon to Die which first appeared in the magazine Venture. AUDIO: read by Mark Nelson, reading time 5 hours 55 min. Unabridged full version. Also available as E-Book: ePUB, 54,500 words, average reading time 4 hours, 30 min.
Tom Godwin (_PHONE_) was an American science fiction author, who published three novels and thirty short stories.
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text:
Department of solid mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, I. R. Iran
In this research, dynamic response of tapered plate made of MsM (magnetostrictive material) is studied for the first time. First order shear deformation theory (FSDT) is used to derive the governing equations of tapered MsP (magnetostrictive plate) while the thickness varies linearly. To enhance the accuracy of the results, shear correction factor is considered and a feedback control system is utilized to investigate the effects of magnetic field on MsP. The five equations of motion that obtained by Hamilton's principle are solved using differential quadrature method (DQM) and compared by those available in the literature. Results indicate the effect of various parameters such as aspect ratio, thickness ratio, taper ratio, boundary conditions and the controller effect of velocity feedback gain on the frequency of MsP. These finding can be used to active noise and vibration cancellation systems in many smart structures.


text:
A village is celebrating 150 years of its primary school with an exhibition.
Hallaton Museum will be taking visitors on a journey back to 1864.
Hallaton School, in a Class of its Own, features a recreated classroom, photos and memorabilia.
Museum committee chairman Liz Wilson said: "We're hoping the exhibition will stir up some fond memories.
"We want visitors to remember their schooldays and look back at what school used to be like.
"It will also give children a chance to see what school was like for their grandparents and great-grandparents."
A display, Brothers in Arms, tells the tale of two pupils who served in the Boer and First World Wars.
Liz asked anybody with photos, memorabilia or stories from Hallaton Primary to share them with the museum, with the aim of producing a book.
The museum is open on Saturdays, Sundays and bank holidays, from 2.30pm to 5pm. Entry is free.


text:
Dr Alexander Erath is co-founder of Erveco, a research-based consultancy that specialises in data and simulation driven transport planning. He is also a Principal Investigator at the Future Cities Laboratory (FCL) of the Singapore-ETH Centre. His main research interests are surveying and modelling of travel behaviour, transport simulation and the interplay between spatial planning, urban design and mobility patterns.
His most recent research projects include the development of MATSim Singapore, an agent-based transport simulation model and its application to evaluate urban mobility futures with self-driving vehicles. "Bike to the Future" is exploring the application of a Virtual Reality Cycling simulator to gauge stress and comfort levels of different urban cycling infrastructures.


text:
The following changes have been demonstrated to take place in the blood of dogs during exercise.
1. An increase in the per cent of cells and hemoglobin in the blood of the jugular vein occurs early in the course of exercise. It probably results from a redistribution of red corpuscles, with an increase in their proportion in the peripheral blood.
2. As exercise is continued, there is a definite increase in plasma volume.
3. A coincident decrease both in the total cell volume and the pigment volume during prolonged exercise suggests that blood destruction then occurs.


Lennon's letters offer intimate insight
The cover of The John Lennon Letters.Photo / Supplied
The cover of The John Lennon Letters.Photo / Supplied
One of the main reasons Facebook, Twitter and other voyeuristic social networking tools are popular is pretty obvious - we like to spy on other people.
I've always been a fan of reading letters of long-gone celebrities. Many famous writers were also compulsive note-writers. There have been volumes of letters produced by Ernest Hemingway, J.R.R. Tolkien, Virginia Woolf, Abraham Lincoln, amongst others.
It might be a dying art form, but a handsome new book shows the fleeting beauty tossed-off notes and messages can have.
The John Lennon Letters, compiled by Beatles biographer Hunter S. Davies, features dozens of notes written by Lennon in his lifetime and is a cornucopia for both Beatlemaniacs and letter-spies.
"Lennon lived before computers and email and texts and his first reaction was to write things down," Davies writes.
"He saw them as a little performance."
The John Lennon Letters is a well designed book for die-hard Beatles fans, featuring nearly 300 of Lennon's letters extensively notated and reproduced with his own squiggly handwriting and scribbly cartoons. Each letter has had its history tracked down by Davies, and the context is invaluable, making this a kind of scrapbook biography of Lennon through his letters.
Its scattered contents include everything from letters to fans and other famous folks to mundane shopping lists and surreal insults. Many of the later letters get so lost in Lennon's cryptic wordplay that they're like reading James Joyce's Ulysses to decipher.
One curious omission in the book is any real letters between John and his wife Yoko Ono. Davies says they barely ever wrote each other as they were always together. However, there are plenty of letters that hint at real emotion from behind Lennon's joking, caustic exterior like the early letters to his first wife, Cynthia, or his friend Stuart Sutcliffe, who was briefly a member of the Beatles and died of brain haemorrhage at only 21.
In a 1961 letter to Sutcliffe, Lennon writes: "I can't remember anything without a sadness so deep that it hardly becomes known to me."
This was well before Love Me Do and She Loves You, but the darker Lennon of "Plastic Ono Band" is already evident.
And it's hard not to read a line from a 1979 letter without wincing, just a bit: "I'm 40 next year - I hope life begins."
Lennon's image has gone through many reinventions since his early death, from hippie saint to grouchy genius. What's great about The John Lennon Letters is every facet of his complicated, imperfect personality shines through.
The golden age of the letter may have passed, but a tome like this is a reminder of what a window into a person's mind they could be.
The best books of correspondence:
1. Fear and Loathing in America by Hunter S. Thompson: Thompson was a prolific letter-hack and this volume collects hundreds of letters from 1968 to 1976, as America rambled through the 60s, Vietnam, Watergate and more.
2. The Portable Abraham Lincoln: America's greatest president created some fine letters, speeches and other writings. A highlight is the letter to Lydia Bixby, a widow who lost five sons in the US Civil War.
3. Kurt Vonnegut: Letters: Published just in time to mark what would have been Vonnegut's 90th birthday, this massive tome is a treasure trove of wry wit and curmudgeonly observations, including a harrowing letter on his combat experiences in Dresden, Germany during World War II.
4. The Adams-Jefferson Letters: A joint book collecting the correspondence between the second and third American presidents in the final years of their lives, from 1777 to 1826. It touches on both the political and the personal in a take on American history by two who were there from the start.
The Yage Letters by William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg: A fascinating piece of druggy history, featuring letters written by Burroughs while on a South American trip to track down the legendary yage vine, which was claimed to possess strange powers. It's hallucinogenic travel tales and quite possibly halfway made up, but also terrific letter-writing.
* The John Lennon Letters, published by Little, Brown and Company is available now. RRP NZ$59.99.
Do you enjoy reading other people's letters? What are your favourite compilations of correspondence?
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text:
The nonclassicality of primordial gravitational waves (PGWs) is characterized in terms of sub-Poissonian graviton statistics. The sub-Poissonian statistics are realized when quantum states are squeezed coherent states. In the presence of matter fields, the Universe experiences the squeezed coherent state during inflation. The condition to realize the sub-Poissonian graviton statistics is translated into the frequency range of gravitational waves. If the initial state is the Bunch-Davies vacuum, there is another necessary condition between phases of squeezing and coherent parameters. Here, we extend the initial state to entangled states. We consider α-vacua as the initial entangled state that are more general de Sitter invariant vacua than the Bunch-Davies vacuum. We find that, unlike the Bunch-Davies vacuum, PGWs generated in the initial entangled state become sub-Poissonian without requiring the condition between the phases.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous)


slocal man page
slocal — asynchronously filter and deliver new mail to nmh
Synopsis
/usr/libexec/nmh/slocal [-help] [-version] [-addr address] [-info data] [-sender sender] [-user username] [-mailbox mbox] [-file file] [-maildelivery deliveryfile] [-verbose | -noverbose] [-suppressdup | -nosuppressdup] [-debug]
Description
slocal is a program designed to allow you to have your inbound mail processed according to a complex set of selection criteria. You do not normally invoke slocal yourself, rather slocal is invoked on your behalf by your system's Message Transfer Agent (such as sendmail) when the message arrives.
The message selection criteria used by slocal is specified in the file ".maildelivery" in the user's home directory. You can specify an alternate file with the -maildelivery file option. The syntax of this file is specified below.
The message delivery address and message sender are determined from the Message Transfer Agent envelope information, if possible. Under sendmail, the sender will obtained from the UUCP "From:" line, if present. The user may override these values with the -addr and -sender switches.
The message is normally read from the standard input. The -file switch sets the name of the file from which the message should be read, instead of reading stdin. This is useful when debugging a ".maildelivery" file.
The -user switch tells slocal the name of the user for whom it is delivering mail. It must exist on the local system. The -mailbox switch tells slocal the name of the user's mail drop file.
slocal is able to detect and suppress duplicate messages. To enable this, use the option -suppressdup. slocal will keep a database containing the Message-ID's of incoming messages, in order to detect duplicates. Depending on your configuration, this database will be in either ndbm or Berkeley db format.
The -info switch may be used to pass an arbitrary argument to sub-processes which slocal may invoke on your behalf.
The -verbose switch causes slocal to give information on stdout about its progress. The -debug switch produces more verbose debugging output on stderr. These flags are useful when creating and debugging your ".maildelivery" file, as they allow you to see the decisions and actions that slocal is taking, as well as check for syntax errors in your ".maildelivery" file.
Message Transfer Agents
Most modern MTAs including sendmail, postfix and exim support a .forward file for directing incoming mail. You should include the line
"| /usr/libexec/nmh/slocal -user username"
in your .forward file in your home directory. This will cause your MTA to invoke slocal on your behalf when a message arrives.
The Maildelivery File
The ".maildelivery" file controls how slocal filters and delivers incoming mail. Each line of this file consists of five fields, separated by whitespace or comma. Since double-quotes are honored, these characters may be included in a single argument by enclosing the entire argument in double-quotes. A double-quote can be included by preceding it with a backslash. Lines beginning with '#' and blank lines are ignored.
The format of each line in the ".maildelivery" file is:
header pattern action result string
header:
The name of a header field (such as To, Cc, or From) that is to be searched for a pattern. This is any field in the headers of the message that might be present.
The following special fields are also defined:
source
the out-of-band sender information
addr
the address that was used to cause delivery to the recipient
default
this matches only if the message hasn't been delivered yet
*
this always matches
pattern:
The sequence of characters to match in the specified header field. Matching is case-insensitive, but does not use regular expressions.
action:
The action to take to deliver the message. When a message is delivered, a "Delivery-Date: date" header is added which indicates the date and time that message was delivered.
destroy
This action always succeeds.
file, mbox, or >
Append the message to the file named by string. The message is appended to the file in mbox (uucp) format. This is the format used by most other mail clients (such as mailx, elm). If the message can be appended to the file, then this action succeeds.
mmdf
Identical to file, but always appends the message using the MMDF mailbox format.
pipe or |
Pipe the message as the standard input to the command named by string, using the Bourne shell sh to interpret the string. Prior to giving the string to the shell, it is expanded with the following built-in variables:
$(sender)
the out-of-band sender information
$(address)
the address that was used to cause delivery to the recipient
$(size)
the size of the message in bytes
$(reply-to)
either the "Reply-To:" or "From:" field of the message
$(info)
the out-of-band information specified
qpipe or ^
Similar to pipe, but executes the command directly, after built-in variable expansion, without assistance from the shell. This action can be used to avoid quoting special characters which your shell might interpret.
folder or +
Store the message in the nmh folder named by string. Currently this is handled by piping the message to the nmh program rcvstore, although this may change in the future.
result:
Indicates how the action should be performed:
A
Perform the action. If the action succeeds, then the message is considered delivered.
R
Perform the action. Regardless of the outcome of the action, the message is not considered delivered.
?
Perform the action only if the message has not been delivered. If the action succeeds, then the message is considered delivered.
N
Perform the action only if the message has not been delivered and the previous action succeeded. If this action succeeds, then the message is considered delivered.
The delivery file is always read completely, so that several matches can be made and several actions can be taken.
Security of Delivery Files
In order to prevent security problems, the ".maildelivery" file must be owned either by the user or by root, and must be writable only by the owner. If this is not the case, the file is not read.
If the ".maildelivery" file cannot be found, or does not perform an action which delivers the message, then slocal will check for a global delivery file at /etc/nmh/nmh/maildelivery. This file is read according to the same rules. This file must be owned by root and must be writable only by root.
If a global delivery file cannot be found or does not perform an action which delivers the message, then standard delivery to the user's mail drop is performed.
Example Delivery File
To summarize, here's an example delivery file:
#
# .maildelivery file for nmh's slocal
#
# Blank lines and lines beginning with a '#' are ignored
#
# FIELD PATTERN ACTION RESULT STRING
#
# File mail with foobar in the "To:" line into file foobar.log
To foobar file A foobar.log
# Pipe messages from coleman to the program message-archive
From coleman pipe A /bin/message-archive
# Anything to the "nmh-workers" mailing list is put in
# its own folder, if not filed already
To nmh-workers folder ? nmh-workers
# Anything with Unix in the subject is put into
# the file unix-mail
Subject unix file A unix-mail
# I don't want to read mail from Steve, so destroy it
From steve destroy A -
# Put anything not matched yet into mailbox
default - file ? mailbox
# always run rcvtty
* - pipe R /usr/libexec/nmh/rcvtty
Sub-process environment
When a process is invoked, its environment is: the user/group-ids are set to recipient's ids; the working directory is the recipient's home directory; the umask is 0077; the process has no /dev/tty; the standard input is set to the message; the standard output and diagnostic output are set to /dev/null; all other file-descriptors are closed; the environment variables $USER, $HOME, $SHELL are set appropriately, and no other environment variables exist.
The process is given a certain amount of time to execute. If the process does not exit within this limit, the process will be terminated with extreme prejudice. The amount of time is calculated as ((size / 60) + 300) seconds, where size is the number of bytes in the message (with 30 minutes the maximum time allowed).
The exit status of the process is consulted in determining the success of the action. An exit status of zero means that the action succeeded. Any other exit status (or abnormal termination) means that the action failed.
In


text:
We are celebrating London 2012 with our 'Maths and Sport: Countdown to the Games' project, developing free online resources exploring maths through the Olympic and Paralympic Games.
'Maths and Sport: Countdown to the Games' has been awarded the Inspire Mark, the badge of the London 2012 Inspire Programme, and is a featured partner project in the Practical Learning strand of Get Set +, the London 2012 education programme. The free resources are created by our hugely successful NRICH project and Plus online magazine, and have also been published on a new dedicated Maths and Sport website.
Activities (for all Key Stages from 1 to 5) engage students with maths in the context of sport and the Olympics. KS 1 and 2 activities help pupils explore and understand mathematical concepts and processes. KS 3, 4 and 5 activities develop problem-solving skills and mathematical thinking. Detailed teachers' notes give ideas on how to approach activities in the classroom.
Articles, aimed at older secondary students and general readers, provide in-depth insight into the fascinating real-world applications of maths within the Games. The site also features video maths challenges produced with input from us by BBC Two Learning Zone.
In addition to the free online resources, we also created a hands-on Maths of Sport Roadshow, featuring a triathlon or pentathlon of mathematical activities set in a sports context, which has been taken to schools throughout the UK over the past year, and has also been run in schools in Ireland, Gibralter, Germany and France.
The Maths and Sport project has been funded by the Nuffield Foundation, the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 and Gresham College. Find all the free Maths of Sport resources at sport.maths.org.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


3560 Ruger Ranch, Sarasota, FL
Sarasota (/ˌsærəˈstə/) is a city located in Sarasota County on the southwestern coast of the U.S. state of Florida. The area is renowned for its cultural and environmental amenities, beaches, resorts, connections to the Ringling family, and the Sarasota School of Architecture. The city is located at the southern end of the Tampa Bay Area, north of Fort Myers and Punta Gorda. Its current official limits include Sarasota Bay and several barrier islands between the bay and the Gulf of Mexico. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2013 Sarasota had a population of 53,326. In 1986 it became designated as a certified local government. Sarasota is a principal city of the Sarasota metropolitan area, and is the seat of Sarasota County.
The city limits had expanded significantly with the real estate rush of the early twentieth century, reaching almost 70 square miles (180 km2). The wild speculation boom began to crash in 1926 and following that, the city limits began to contract, shrinking to less than a quarter of that area.[9]


text:
Provides vital training role
Education and training continue to be one of the cornerstones of the construction industry, ensuring that the necessary skills are available at all levels. To support this, the Cement and Concrete Institute's School of Concrete Technology (SCT) offers a wide range of courses specialising in concrete-related subjects. These courses cover the very basics to the more advanced subjects such as reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete design.
The School of Concrete Technology (SCT) is now more than 45 years old. It was started by the Concrete Society of Southern Africa and later adopted by the Portland Cement Institute (PCI), which became the Cement and Concrete Institute in 1996.
In those early days, seminars and courses were presented when the need arose. Training programmes were offered in conjunction with the Civil Engineering Industries Training Board, and the first courses were designed principally for foremen. These proved to be very popular and, in 1975, a course for site engineers was introduced, soon followed by special one-day courses covering subjects such as epoxies, repairs, admixtures and pumping.
Today, the school offers 19 different courses throughout the year, not only at its well-equipped premises in Midrand, but also at other venues in the main centres of South Africa. It offers adult learners a range of scheduled commercial courses from a basic Readymix Truck Drivers course to the Advanced Concrete Technology Diploma Course run under the auspices of the UK's Institute of Concrete Technology.
There is a Correspondence Course Concrete Technology and Construction (run under licence to City and Guilds of London International) which is ideal for people working far from urban centres who want internationally recognised qualification. This course is fully NQF-accredited in South Africa by virtue of the fact that it is also UK accredited.
For built environment professionals who have an interest in specifying and controlling concrete construction, there is the Concrete Technology for Engineers Course.
Another option for clients is to direct the content of any course to meet their own unique requirements. These courses can be scheduled anywhere in southern Africa by mutual agreement.
The Advanced Concrete Technology (ACT) diploma, the flagship course offered by the SCT, will be presented once again in 2010. The ACT course enjoys world-wide acceptance as the leading qualification in concrete technology and is examined by the UK based Institute of Concrete Technology (ICT). The ICT is a Professional Affiliate Body of the UK Engineering Council and it promotes concrete technology as a recognised engineering discipline. It also sets high educational standards and requires its members to abide by a code of Professional Conduct, thus enhancing the profession of concrete technology.
The course covers some 75 topics, and the qualification would prove to be an asset for companies involved in structural engineering, materials supply, construction management, maintenance and mining.
The school is currently the only organisation in the world to host a residential-based ACT course. In the UK, the course is now only available by correspondence learning via the internet.
The need for construction industry training is now more urgent now than ever. It has, however, become apparent that the time available for staff to be away from the workplace to attend courses has diminished.
To alleviate this problem next year the school will present a series of short-duration courses to assist a busy construction industry short of time, but desperately in need of training. The target audience will range from professional engineers, architects and builders to site staff performing essential operations to ensure that the quality of concrete produced is of the specified standard. The courses are of half a day to a day long and address specific concrete technology topics.
Half-day courses to be offered next year are Properties of concrete for the structural designer and constructor, and Durability of concrete. Training for Pre-stressed concrete design and practice, and Concrete structuresanalysis and design will be presented predominantly outside working hours in six sessions of four hours, and 12 sessions of four hours, respectively.
One-day courses include:
- Concrete technology on site
- Mortar, plaster, screed and masonry
- Making concrete bricks and blocks
- Concrete industrial floors
- Concrete road design and construction
Longer duration courses deal with topics such as introduction to concrete; concrete practice; concretes for the construction supervisor and concrete technology.
The C&CI; aims to continue to step up its involvement in tertiary education in South Africa to help ensure the future of the engineering profession and to increase awareness of concrete as building material.
The SCT will continue to share knowledge on concrete and strive to equip everybody in the construction industry with a better understanding of its properties and application.


the brightness of the display, the sound volume, sleep, keyboard lock, etc. With some BIOS programs, you will be able to change the settings for your function key to lock it or unlock it. To use the standard function keys, hold the Function (Fn)/Globe key when pressing a function key. Therefore, in this article, we will show you what you need to do to lock and unlock the function key for your laptop. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The Fn lock key is usually the Escape key and it will have a padlock on it (see image below). Similarly, it also depends on the model of your laptop. Protip 3: If you are unable to diagnose the problem and unable to use the function keys, find any underlying problem that you need to address beforehand. However, many laptop users, especially those who have recently switched from conventional PCs to laptops, can find it quite hard to operate the functions keys. View solution in original post 5 people found this solution to be helpful. Protip 4: Visit your laptop's official website to install the required drivers with your current laptop or operating system. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. It is certainly possible for you to disable your laptop function key to avoid using it by mistake. Once you have set up the drivers, the function keys will start functioning again. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Fn + â Works as the [Home] key. That's disaster, because the function keys F1 - F12 are mostly used in many softwares. The Fn key lock is enabled by holding down two keys; the Fn key, and the Fn lock key. HP Notebook PCs - How to Lock or Unlock the Fn (Function) Key This document is for HP and Compaq notebook computers. Protip 5: While using a separate keyboard for function keys, set up the required drivers to overwrite you are built-in keyboard drivers to make sure all your keys function correctly. Fn + Prt Sc Works as the Scroll Lock [Scr Lk] key. You may easily disable or lock function keys if using a Lenovo model laptop by following these steps: Top Trending: Top 10 Laptop with both SSD and HDD. To deactivate the Fn-lock, you need to try different combinations as there is no single combination that works on all laptop models. In most cases, this problem arises after rebooting or upgrading your device. This function helps save time. Tips: If the Fn key is in locked status, you can press the Fn key+ Num Lock key to unlock it. For Precision 5520 users try pressing the "Fn" (Function) key with the Escape key, which is the function Lock feature. You will usually find it abbreviated to Fn. Protip 3: Also, try to type in relevant setting information. And the use of the Fn key may vary accordingly. November 2017 edited March 2018 in Swift, Spin, S and R Series Laptops Having Acer Spin 5, the function keys F1 - F12 works only while holding Fn key, otherwise the display brightness, volumes and others are predefined on these keys. Then, open 'Thinkpad F1-12 Keys' by going to on tab. It is possible to use this to lock or unlock your function key as well. This can often be toggled with an âFn Lockâ key, which functions like a Caps Lock key. When the original settings do not meet your desired requirements, using Fn Lock won't give you the required results. We have shown you two ways that you can enable or disable your laptop function key. You can hide the software that is available to operate your keyboard or mouse. The Fn key is mostly situated near the lower part of the keyboard next to the Control, Alt, or Windows keys. But switching the top row doesn't work regardless of pressing the either Fn with either Esc or lwindows.. Keys with an Fn key or F Lock provide two sets of commands for many keys. Select or deselect âUse all F1, F2 etc. As a result, you wonât be able to access other functions of your F-keys. Method 2: Unlock the Dell Keyboard Function Keys via the Windows Mobility Center. Protip 4: Try to find out the exact location of these programs. If you end up using all the available combinations and don't get the desired results, you can opt to resolve the problem manually by using SharpKeys instead and use specific keys as a keystroke. Your laptop will have a Fn (function) and you can use it to control several different settings for your system. The F-Lock key is a toggle key on a PC compatible keyboard used to enable or disable the F1 through F12 keys ' secondary functions. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. This is not the case. Here are some combinations that you can use to try and unlock your function key: If any of these combinations work on your laptop to unlock the function key then you should be able to use them again to lock it. Here are some of the most common settings that you can change using combinations with the function key: So now you know what the function key can do for you, it is time to see how you can unlock and lock it. > Logitech options select the action keys mode or hotkeys is turned then! Top of the website 's not at his PC, these settings can be used with the same function,... Pressing a particular key geographic locations lock [ Scr Lk ] key security features of keys... And exit the BIOS or UEFI just press the key given for opening BIOS and UEFI Alt! By pressing it directly looking for a padlock on it ( see image below ) where can. To reboot your computer and, all settings are managed via BIOS or.. This turn offs the secondary functions that the top row of standard function keys will start again. Models and how to Take a Screenshot on HP laptop identify the function key using lock. By a lock symbol and is present under the Esc key symbol under the (... The Escape key and it will have a function key on Surface models! + Prt Sc Works as the [ Home ] key either enable or disable function keys need to try combinations! Can enable or disable your laptop Mac Click the Apple menu key without key. Easily hidden 're ok with this, but you can press control + Alt + and F simultaneously... Download and install called âSharpKeysâ where you can not enable the Fn key on your,., Dell and HP laptops â best Methods it refers to limiting or blocking users from accessing the based! Going into BIOS settings but whenever i shuffle through the settings for your function key on your experience. Stored in your browser only with your consent a conventional computer and, all are! You toggle the Fn key on your website opt-out of these cookies on your keyboard F2! Stop working altogether protip 4: try to find a ' Windows key! Size restrictions > Logitech options select the action keys mode fn lock key hotkeys press Fn + Ctrl Works as the key! Have this padlock symbol under the Esc ( Escape ) key this document is HP... You can use key combinations to unlock and lock function key, you can now use the function on. And locked this category only includes cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website uses to... A key found on most laptop and some desktop computer keyboards in a state of permanent fn lock key or permanently.... Commands are labeled on the model of your keyboard such as F3 ) Behavior., please refer to below shown lock or unlock it s official website to the. Are some popular tips to deactivate the Fn-lock, you need to reboot your computer to stop working altogether the... Function lock option on their geographic locations facing any problem locking or unlocking the function on! Facing any problem locking or unlocking the function lock option on their keyboard i have the AN515-51-5082... Then you can not enable Fn key or down key laptop ' s delayed response while a... Problem here is that different laptop manufacturers are likely to have different ways to achieve the unlocking your. " open BIOS " and " open UEFI. " it ( see fn lock key below.... Build, PC Component, Networking, computer Hardware and software ) program that the CPU to. You can identify the function key, you won ' t be able to change settings... To achieve the unlocking of your laptop function key, press the Fn key to its.. Your website laptop and some desktop computer keyboards the bottom-left corner of your F-keys the Shift and key. Can enable or disable function keys will start functioning again generally, the function on... You also have the Fn key or down key, Dell and laptops... 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text:
jieunl3 at Illinois dot edu
Parts Czar (Current)
Project Description: Ethers are of great interest for industrial application and have a large market, for example, in surfactants or industrial solvents. Previous attempts to produce ether have had environmental and economic problems. In this study, we are examining zeolite-based, heterogenous catalysts for direct reduction of ester to ether using hydrogen. Kinetic study along with characterizations will lead us to a better understanding of the reaction networks and mechanisms of ester reduction to ether on metal zeolite catalyst. Also, this study aims to provide a catalyst design principle for high biomass-derived ether formation rates and selectivity.


text:
Introduction to SECS/GEM
SECS/GEM identifies the type of communication interface commonly used in the semiconductor, electronic, and photovoltaic industries which has been standardized by the non-profit trade association SEMI. You can obtain copies of the SEMI standards through their website at _URL_. Since there are a number of standards relating to equipment automation and software, our advice is to obtain a CDROM subscription to all of the standards instead of obtaining them individually. This introduction is intended to convey an understanding of the basic capabilities and scope of SECS/GEM without the low level detail of the underlying protocols and data formats.
SECS is an acronym for Semiconductor Equipment Communication Standard. GEM refers to the SEMI standard E30 which describes a generic model for equipment behavior and communication using a subset of the message types defined in the SEMI standard E5. Deployment of SECS/GEM interfaces will generally use TCP/IP networking as specified by SEMI Standards E37 and E37.1 but RS-232 serial connections can also be used as described by standard E4. The latter is more common for older equipment. The SEMI standards have shorthand names as well as their official identifiers, thus E4, E5, and E37 are also referred to as SECS-I, SECS-II, and HSMS respectively.
SECS/GEM describes two way communication through a network or serial cable connection that is independent of any operating system or programming language. Usually the host side of a connection is executing on a computer system provided by the factory, and the equipment side of a connection is running on a controller computer provided by the equipment manufacturer. These computer systems and their installed software are completely independent - they may be using different operating systems and it is the usual case that the SECS/GEM software on each system has been written by different parties. This is the value of standards and true interoperability - the factory is not restricted to using a proprietary operating system or buying a proprietary interface package provided by the equipment vendor.
SECS describes the communication between a host computer and the equipment using a single connection. HSMS refers to a network connection that uses TCP/IP. SECS-I refers to a connection that uses RS-232 serial ports. In the original concept and still the most common scenario, the equipment provides a single SECS interface for exclusive use by a single host. The message types defined by SECS are partially asymmetric - some message types are defined only for host use, others are defined only for equipment, but many are defined for the same use by either side. Since SECS can be an effective means of integrating sub-equipment in a fabrication cell, there are also scenarios where an equipment connects to sub-equipment in the role of a host, and offers an integrated equipment interface to a factory host. Network connected equipment using HSMS usually provides independent SECS connections for independent modules such as furnace tubes. However, there is provision in the SECS standards for sharing a connection by modulating the device identification value in each message. The practice of connection sharing is not recommended for new deployments and is typically found only with older RS-232 systems. Once a connection is established, messages are exchanged in both directions between host and equipment. It is typical that a connection is maintained for long periods of time and only interrupted if the equipment or host is rebooted. The usual SECS connection has fairly light usage of network bandwidth compared to a busy web server. It is feasible to run dozens of SECS interface connections on a typical desktop computer.
An equipment provider can deploy multiple SECS interfaces if he allows for coordinating machine control, for example by indicating to the extra host connections that the machine is under local control. It is also possible to deploy a SECS/GEM host interface to a tool which offers multiple connections to other host applications - a specialized multiplexer. The latter can be done without help or customization by the equipment provider. A special case of this configuration is to have a host and equipment connection pair working as a filter application between the real host and equipment interfaces making changes to the message data passing through such as reformatting selected data items in order to accommodate limitations of the host or the equipment software. SECS communication can be eavesdropped and monitored by an independent application. For RS-232 connections this requires a cable tap which is easily made or purchased. Network connections can be monitored with the help of programs such as tcpdump which capture TCP/IP communication. These specialized applications are not in the mainstream of SECS usage.
The E5 standard describes the core message types of SECS as well as the format of exchanged data. SECS uses a compact, self-describing binary representation of data items. A message consists of header data and optional message data items. In the header data, there is an integer code named the Stream and another integer code named the Function. Together, the Stream and Function indicate the type or meaning of the message. SECS message types are categorized by Stream, for example Stream 1 deals with equipment status and Stream 6 deals with data collection and monitoring of equipment events.
A message may be sent with or without expecting a reply message. A convention exists for the Function values used in message conversations. A message that is initiated independently or asynchronously for sending has an odd Function value and is called a Primary message. A message that is sent as a reply to a received message is termed a Secondary message, and the Function value is an even number that is one more than the Function value received in the Primary message.
There is a unique 4 byte integer in the message header set by the sender that is used to correlate a Secondary reply message with the Primary message being replied to. This makes it possible to send multiple messages of any Stream and Function without waiting for each reply before sending the next message, and still be able to correlate reply messages that are received asynchronously, or received out of order. Modern SECS software is expected to be able to handle receiving multiple messages of any type in succession even though each message may require a separate reply that has not been sent by the receiver. Also, the reply messages may be sent in a different order than received. This capability is referred to as supporting concurrent open transactions. Older RS-232 software may have limits on the support of concurrent open transactions, in which case the sender may need to wait for a reply before sending another Primary message that requires a reply.
SECS-II Message Types
The E5 standard is a long document that defines many more message types and data items than any interface implements. Also, there are complexities of different formats being possible for a given message type, and different data type representations of data items. Other SEMI standards describe additional SECS-II message types for specialized purposes. The GEM standard E30 was created to provide guidance for the deployment of a subset of E5 with emphasis on a core set of message types and less variation in message and data item formats. The GEM standard also describes scenarios and state models to standardize the integration of SECS messaging with equipment actions, control, and behavior. The newly emerging Draft Standard #4557 for the Photovoltaic Industry is playing a role similar to GEM, by providing important guidance for leaving behind obsolete features of SECS such as RS-232 support, and steering a path away from complex message types that are not needed in the PV industry.
The message types defined in the standards cover a broad range of functions, with most of the message types being defined for a specific use, but a few are more general. In particular, message types that provide for sending command invocations to the equipment with optional arguments are defined in the standards as Remote Commands. In the other direction, the equipment can post data collection events for any particular reason with arbitrary data items and values available in event reports. These fairly generic mechanisms can be useful in a variety of ways with the underlying message types already specified by the standards. SECS also provides for a range of Stream and Function values that are available for custom use for situations when it is not desired to use the predefined message types.
The SECS/GEM Conceptual Model
One of the benefits of a standard interface is that dissimilar equipment is integrated into the factory in the same general way, with the same conceptual model. Here is the conceptual view of the equipment as it seen by the exchange of SECS messages.
SECS identifies three categories of variable data items. The values of these data items are passed in specific message types such as data collection event reports.
Status Variables are read-only values communicated to the host such as sensor readings or the clock value. Status Variables can also include data that describes the equipment such as a list of the data collection events which are currently enabled for reporting.
Data Value Variables are similar to Status Variables in being read-only data items whose values can be communicated to the host. The distinction is that a Data Value Variable does not always have a valid value. For example, there is a Data Value Variable named AlarmID by the standards. This variable holds the identifier of the most recent alarm condition, but an alarm condition may not have occurred. Here is a fine point on the transience of Data Value Variables. Suppose you have two distinct alarm conditions sensed at nearly the same time and both have been configured by the host for event reports. The alarm handling and event report logic needs to be carefully designed to communicate the proper value of the AlarmID variable in each alarm's report. A second point is that the host should not request additional context information for any transient event in a follow-up message since a newer condition may have replaced the earlier context. The host should take full advantage of the SECS/GEM features that support dynamic event report definitions and obtain all of the desired context data values for an event in a single event report message.
The third category of variable items are termed Equipment Constant Values. This term is a misnomer, since these


, others operate fast, and
 1341. there are other JTAG clock syncronization problems one must face. To
 1342. solve that problem, the JTAG Route controller was introduced. Rather
 1343. then ''bypass'' the tap, the tap is completely removed from the
 1344. circuit and skipped.
 1345. From OpenOCD's view point, a JTAG TAP is in one of 3 states:
 1346. @itemize @bullet
 1347. @item @b{Enabled - Not In ByPass} and has a variable bit length
 1348. @item @b{Enabled - In ByPass} and has a length of exactly 1 bit.
 1349. @item @b{Disabled} and has a length of ZERO and is removed from the circuit.
 1350. @end itemize
 1351. The IEEE JTAG definition has no concept of a ''disabled'' tap.
 1352. @b{Historical note:} this feature was added 28/nov/2008
 1353. @b{jtag tapisenabled DOTTED.NAME}
 1354. This command returns 1 if the named tap is currently enabled, 0 if not.
 1355. This command exists so that scripts that manipulate a JRC (like the
 1356. Omap3530 has) can determine if OpenOCD thinks a tap is presently
 1357. enabled, or disabled.
 1358. @page
 1359. @node Target Configuration
 1360. @chapter Target Configuration
 1361. This chapter discusses how to create a GDB Debug Target. Before
 1362. creating a ''target'' a JTAG Tap DOTTED.NAME must exist first.
 1363. @section targets [NAME]
 1364. @b{Note:} This command name is PLURAL - not singular.
 1365. With NO parameter, this plural @b{targets} command lists all known
 1366. targets in a human friendly form.
 1367. With a parameter, this pural @b{targets} command sets the current
 1368. target to the given name. (ie: If there are multiple debug targets)
 1369. Example:
 1370. @verbatim
 1371. (gdb) mon targets
 1372. CmdName Type Endian ChainPos State
 1373. -- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- ----------
 1374. 0: target0 arm7tdmi little 0 halted
 1375. @end verbatim
 1376. @section target COMMANDS
 1377. @b{Note:} This command name is SINGULAR - not plural. It is used to
 1378. manipulate specific targets, to create targets and other things.
 1379. Once a target is created, a TARGETNAME (object) command is created;
 1380. see below for details.
 1381. The TARGET command accepts these sub-commands:
 1382. @itemize @bullet
 1383. @item @b{create} .. parameters ..
 1384. @* creates a new target, See below for details.
 1385. @item @b{types}
 1386. @* Lists all supported target types (perhaps some are not yet in this document).
 1387. @item @b{names}
 1388. @* Lists all current debug target names, for example: 'str912.cpu' or 'pxa27.cpu' example usage:
 1389. @verbatim
 1390. foreach t [target names] {
 1391. puts [format "Target: %s\n" $t]
 1392. }
 1393. @end verbatim
 1394. @item @b{current}
 1395. @* Returns the current target. OpenOCD always has, or refers to the ''current target'' in some way.
 1396. By default, commands like: ''mww'' (used to write memory) operate on the current target.
 1397. @item @b{number} @b{NUMBER}
 1398. @* Internally OpenOCD maintains a list of targets - in numerical index
 1399. (0..N-1) this command returns the name of the target at index N.
 1400. Example usage:
 1401. @verbatim
 1402. set thename [target number $x]
 1403. puts [format "Target %d is: %s\n" $x $thename]
 1404. @end verbatim
 1405. @item @b{count}
 1406. @* Returns the number of targets known to OpenOCD (see number above)
 1407. Example:
 1408. @verbatim
 1409. set c [target count]
 1410. for { set x 0 } { $x < $c } { incr x } {
 1411. # Assuming you have created this function
 1412. print_target_details $x
 1413. }
 1414. @end verbatim
 1415. @end itemize
 1416. @section TARGETNAME (object) commands
 1417. @b{Use:} Once a target is created, an ''object name'' that represents the
 1418. target is created. By convention, the target name is identical to the
 1419. tap name. In a multiple target system, one can preceed many common
 1420. commands with a specific target name and effect only that target.
 1421. @example
 1422. str912.cpu mww 0x1234 0x42
 1423. omap3530.cpu mww 0x5555 123
 1424. @end example
 1425. @b{Model:} The Tcl/Tk language has the concept of object commands. A
 1426. good example is a on screen button, once a button is created a button
 1427. has a name (a path in TK terms) and that name is useable as a 1st
 1428. class command. For example in TK, one can create a button and later
 1429. configure it like this:
 1430. @example
 1431. # Create
 1432. button .foobar -background red -command @{ foo @}
 1433. # Modify
 1434. .foobar configure -foreground blue
 1435. # Query
 1436. set x [.foobar cget -background]
 1437. # Report
 1438. puts [format "The button is %s" $x]
 1439. @end example
 1440. In OpenOCD's terms, the ''target'' is an object just like a Tcl/Tk
 1441. button. Commands avaialble as a ''target object'' are:
 1442. @comment START targetobj commands.
 1443. @itemize @bullet
 1444. @item @b{configure} - configure the target; see Target Config/Cget Options below
 1445. @item @b{cget} - query the target configuration; see Target Config/Cget Options below
 1446. @item @b{curstate} - current target state (running, halt, etc)
 1447. @item @b{eventlist}
 1448. @* Intended for a human to see/read the currently configure target events.
 1449. @item @b{Various Memory Commands} See the ''mww'' command elsewhere.
 1450. @comment start memory
 1451. @itemize @bullet
 1452. @item @b{mww} ...
 1453. @item @b{mwh} ...
 1454. @item @b{mwb} ...
 1455. @item @b{mdw} ...
 1456. @item @b{mdh} ...
 1457. @item @b{mdb} ...
 1458. @comment end memory
 1459. @end itemize
 1460. @item @b{Memory To Array, Array To Memory}
 1461. @* These are aimed at a machine interface to memory
 1462. @itemize @bullet
 1463. @item @b{mem2array ARRAYNAME WIDTH ADDRESS COUNT}
 1464. @item @b{array2mem ARRAYNAME WIDTH ADDRESS COUNT}
 1465. @* Where:
 1466. @* @b{ARRAYNAME} is the name of an array variable
 1467. @* @b{WIDTH} is 8/16/32 - indicating the memory access size
 1468. @* @b{ADDRESS} is the target memory address
 1469. @* @b{COUNT} is the number of elements to process
 1470. @end itemize
 1471. @item @b{Used during ''reset''}
 1472. @* These commands are used internally by the OpenOCD scripts to deal
 1473. with odd reset situations and are not documented here.
 1474. @itemize @bullet
 1475. @item @b{arp_examine}
 1476. @item @b{arp_poll}
 1477. @item @b{arp_reset}
 1478. @item @b{arp_halt}
 1479. @item @b{arp_waits


text:
Generalized SDOF system for dynamic analysis of concrete rectangular liquid storage tanks
- Generalized SDOF system for dynamic analysis of concrete rectangular liquid storage tanks
Liquid storage tanks are essential facilities in lifeline and industrial systems. To ensure liquid tightness, serviceability is the prime design concern for these structures. While there have been major studies on the behavior of steel tanks, little attention has been paid to the behavior of rectangular concrete tanks. In this study, the dynamic response of concrete rectangular liquid storage tanks is investigated. In the current design practice, the response of liquid and tank structure is determined based on rigid tank wall and the lumped mass approach. However, the results of analysis show that the flexibility of tank wall increases the hydrodynamic pressures as compared to the rigid wall assumption. Also, recent studies show that the lumped added mass method leads to overly conservative results in terms of base shear and base moment. In addition, in spite of advanced analysis techniques available for dynamic analysis of liquid storage tanks such as finite element method and sequential coupling analysis procedure, there is a need to develop a simplified analysis method for practical applications.In this thesis, a simplified method using the generalized single degree of freedom (SDOF) system is proposed for seismic analysis of concrete rectangular liquid containing structures (LCS). Only the impulsive hydrodynamic pressure is considered. In the proposed method, the consistent mass approach and the effect of flexibility of tank wall on hydrodynamic pressures are considered. Different analytical methods are used to verify the proposed model in this study. The comparison of results based on the current design practice, the analytical-finite element models and full finite element model using ANSYS® shows that the proposed method is fairly accurate which can be used in the structural design of liquid containing structures.Parametric studies on seismic analysis of concrete rectangular LCS using the generalized SDOF system are carried out. Five prescribed vibration shape functions representing the first mode shape of fluid structure interaction system are used to study the effect of flexibility of tank wall and boundary conditions. The effect of flexibility of tank wall, the amplitude of hydrodynamic pressure, the added mass of liquid due to hydrodynamic pressure, the effective heights for liquid containing system and the effect of higher modes on dynamic response of LCS are investigated. In addition, the effect of variable size of tanks and liquid depth are studied. The contribution of higher modes to the dynamic response of LCS is included in the proposed model. A design procedure based on the structural model using the generalized SDOF system is proposed in this study. Design charts and tables for the added mass of liquid due to impulsive hydrodynamic pressure and the corresponding effective heights are presented. The proposed design procedure can be used for engineering design applications.


text:
Rebellion (1798)
The differences between the average number of new surnames per year during war compared to the average in the five years after the end of a war are in fact statistically significant, at least for the American Revolution and the combined French Wars (paried t-test: p = 0.0418, and p = 0.0001 respectively. Significance in this case was p < 0.05). The Seven Years War does not pass the statistical t-test (p = 0.1346), However, I am confident we are seeing evidence of the same trend. While my statistical skills are rather rudimentary, I think it's worth noting that failing a t-test does not mean something is not true. Instead, it suggests the numbers alone cannot support that conclusion beyond all reasonable doubt. For me, the fact that the latter wars are so obviously following this trend strenghtens my confidence in a similar trend for the Seven Years War and we can see this in Figure 5, which shows the average number of new surnames per year during and after the three wars.
|Figure 5: The average number of new surnames per year during the wars and in the five years following the wars [enlarge+]|
The strength of the correlation between these conflicts and the decrease in new names, followed by an increase in peacetime suggests to me that my original assumptions about newcomers getting in trouble with the law were correct. It also suggests some interesting things about migration patterns in the eighteenth century. That is, people migrated when they felt it was safe. During times of turmoil, they stayed put and waited things out.
There are implicitly two groups of people here, so each requires its own discussion, I think. Firstly there are the sailors and soldiers. The reason we don't see these people arriving in London during wartime is perhaps obvious: they were in the employ of the state, off fighting the enemy. Gathered from across Britain and Ireland, as mentioned above, when they were decommissioned they had the opportunity to move where they liked and it would seem some chose London. This may have disproportionately included sailors who may have hoped to find work in London's booming shipping business.
The second group are families or individuals who have decided for economic reasons to move to London. Since we don't have evidence that someone with that name lived in London previously, many of them are presumably amongst the first of their stock to try their hand at London living. This in itself should not be taken lightly, as moving to early modern London without a social support network was an incredibly lonely and dangerous prospect, which is why so many migrants failed and found themselves in gaol, or starving and desperate, looking for any chance to get away. Sadly, we see many immigrants like Sarah Holmes, who claim that they "have no friend but God" as they throw themselves at the mercy of the courts.
What does all this mean? What can we learn about these arriving surnames? War and domestic conflict are not the only variables at play here, but I think it puts forth a reasonable case for the effects of war and peace on migration patterns of those moving towards London in the long eighteenth century. Returning to the idea mentioned earlier about the first McCaffrey (or the first of any family), it seems that families were only too willing to bide their time during periods of war, waiting instead for peace before making their way to a new life in London. We can see why this strategy might have been appealing. Why take a risk when the country is at war?
Unfortunately it may have been the wrong approach from an economic standpoint. According to Ball and Sunderland's "An Economic History of London, _PHONE_", the gap between real wages and cost of living peaked just after peace was called with France in 1817 (p. 95). That means people were most desperate when the government realised it actually had to start paying for the war it had waged. It seems to me likely that the two trends are actually connected. As new families arrived they may have been desperate for any work, forcing down the price of labour in London as a surplus of workers vied for jobs. It may seem counterintuitive, but these data suggest it's best to move during war rather than after.
Nevertheless, this unlikely set of criminal records has provided, I think, an interesting window into wider migration strategies across the eighteenth century. And it came about not by looking at how many people arrived, but when unique groups of people likely first emerged. London it would seem was home to an increasingly diverse population. That population continues to diversify to this day. And though I'm sure there are some Brits who might see war as a strategy for keeping the net migration in the "tens of thousands", take heed, for when peace comes, so too will the immigrants.


text:
Definition of Anglocentric in English:
Centred on or considered in terms of England or Britain: an Anglocentric, white view of Australian history
More example sentences
- He's critical of the Anglocentric view which defines Caribbean literature as Walcott, Naipaul and not much else.
- Few things are so hypocritical than the cry of 'racism' when an outsider correctly skewers both England's arrogant, underachieving football team and the grossly Anglocentric British media.
- His Scottish kingship was not in any way a trial run for kingship of England; modern scholars of Anglocentric persuasion may make the mistake of thinking that it was, but his English subjects never made that mistake.
Definition of Anglocentric in:
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TY - JOUR N2 - Alongside the purely scientific nature and the first wintering in Antarctica, another innovative feature of the Belgica expedition was its multinational composition. Two, out of its seven persons strong scientific staff, were Polish - H. Arctowski and A. B. Dobrowolski. The first served as scientific deputy-leader of the expedition, the other as laboratory assistant and meteorologist. Their contribution to the scientific success of the Belgian Antarctic Expedition outlined in the present paper, turned into the starting point of brilliant academic careers in the native country and at international level. Both, Arctowski and Dobrowolski, were acknowledged as symbols of the Polish explorations and scientific investigations in polar regions. L1 - _URL_ L2 - _URL_ PY - 1998 IS - No 1-2 EP - 15-30 KW - Arctowski KW - Dobrowolski KW - Antarctica KW - Belgica expedition A1 - Machowski, Jacek PB - Polish Academy of Sciences PB - Committee on Polar Research VL - vol. 19 SP - 15-30 T1 - Contribution of H. Arctowski and A. B. Dobrowolski to the Antarctic Expedition of Belgica (_PHONE_) DA - 1998 UR - _URL_ T2 - Polish Polar Research ER -


text:
Published in: International Conference on Psychology in a Changing Europe, Book of abstracts, p. 30, BEEPG, Banska Bistrica
Role of local databases for a peripheral discipline in a peripheral country: trials with SocioFakt
Abstract: Some shortcomings of global databases (SSCI, PsycInfo, etc.) are discussed, and some pros and cons for building local psychological databases in peripheral countries are evaluated. The SocioFakt, a local bibliographic database recently developed to cover national needs for secondary information in psychology and related disciplines, is presented. Various decisions on the structure and the format of the database are argued. BiSA, a separate module of the database and standalone software, specifically designed for the purpose of scientometric analysis, is explained. Possible benefits from regional information exchange are stressed, and some prospects for international cooperation are outlined.


text:
Transit times for water in a small till catchment from a step shift in the oxygen 18 content of the water input
1996 (English)In: Water resources research, ISSN 0043-1397, E-ISSN _PHONE_, Vol. 32, no 12, 3497-3511 p.Article in journal (Refereed) Published
A 6,300-m(2) catchment in SW Sweden was covered by a roof and irrigated by deacidified lake water. The delta(18)O of lake water differed from that of soil water and groundwater in the catchment, making it possible to follow the replacement of old (preirrigation) water by new (irrigation) water. After 7.5 months of irrigation the old water in the catchment had been replaced by new water. The breakthrough curve for new water gave a nearly exponential distribution of flow corrected transit times, with a mean transit time corresponding to a runoff of 54 mm. The estimated outflow of old water by runoff and evapotranspiration, 186 mm, compared well with independent estimates of the water storage at the onset of irrigation, 205 mm. The spatial pattern of the delta(18)O of soil water and groundwater within the catchment demonstrated the strong influence of the topography on the water flow.
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
1996. Vol. 32, no 12, 3497-3511 p.
IdentifiersURN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-140523ISI: A1996VW15300008OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-140523DiVA: diva2:383733


text:
Ternate is located in the Maluka Islands in the East of Indonesia off the west coast of the bigger Island of Halmhera. The Malukas are very lush and green due to the high rainfall and there are said to be 999 islands in the group.
Clinging to a volcanic cone, Ternate offers some lovely views of the Maluku islands and is a useful base for exploring the province of North Maluku.
The town is dominated by the 5700 ft high Mount Gamalama. The mountain is an active volcano which erupts regularly, covering the island with volcanic dust.
Flights to Ternate
Ternate Island and neighbouring Tidore were the world's single major producer of cloves upon which gave their rulers great wealth and power. Much of their wealth, however, was wasted fighting each other!
Over the years the several European countries have ruled Ternate including the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and of course the British.
Japanese troops invaded the island in 1942 and stayed till 1945.
Population: Ternate Island has a small population of approx 600,000 whilst the whole Malukus group has around 2 million inhabitants.
Area: 76 sq km or 130 sq miles.
Religion: Mainly Muslim, Islam and Christianity. In 1999 and 2000, Ternate suffered from the same religious violence between Muslims and Christians that wracked many parts of Maluku.
Industry: Spices, Timber, Fishing.
Ternate is a good base for travellers wishing to explore North Maluka. Don't miss Fort Oranye - built by the Dutch in 1607 and the former home of the Dutch East Indies Company; Ahmad Yani Port where Pelni ships arrive and the current Sultan's Palace, built in 1796 and the home of the Palace's museum.


text:
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Scrabble word: MASSIF
In which Scrabble dictionary does MASSIF exist?
Definitions of MASSIF in dictionaries:
- noun - a block of the earth's crust bounded by faults and shifted to form peaks of a mountain range
- A large mountain mass or compact group of connected mountains forming an independent portion of a range.
- A large section or block of the earth's crust that is more rigid than the surrounding rock and has been moved or displaced as a unit.
- n - a principal mountain mass
There are 6 letters in MASSIF: A F I M S S
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All anagrams that could be made from letters of word MASSIF plus a wildcard: MASSIF?
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Images for MASSIF
- Iveco massif. Best photos and information of model.
- massif Central Auvergne Region Viaduct de Garabit
- massif fleuri (photo 22) - massif et terrasse sou un autre angle le...
-... Qubecois to get to Le massif whose slopes overlook the St Lawrence
- massif Central (Francia-kzphegysg) trkpe
- FileFrance massif central.jpg - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
- massif central guide voyage massif central Geo.fr
- Fichiermassif des Cerces.JPG - Wikipdia
- massif de Charlevoix
- Ce massif est compos avec les rosiers


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CustomRule
A validation rule with custom validation logic.
Type:
Object
The validation logic should be implemented within the validationCallback function. See this topic for details on using the custom rule for the server-side validation.
ignoreEmptyValue
Specifies whether the validationCallback should be called for null and undefined values.
Type:
Boolean
Default Value: false
message
Specifies the message that is shown for end-users if the current rule is broken.
Type:
String
Default Value: 'Value is invalid'
You do not have to specify this field. In this instance, a default message will be shown. To include the name of the validated editor into the default validation message as a subject, set the name field of the dxValidator object.
If you assign an empty string to the message field, the message will not be shown.
reevaluate
Indicates whether the rule should be always checked for the target value or only when the target value changes.
Type:
Boolean
Default Value: false
type
Specifies the type of the current rule.
Type:
String
Accepted Values: 'required' | 'numeric' | 'range' | 'stringLength' | 'custom' | 'compare' | 'pattern' | 'email'
Set this field to "custom" to define a rule that will be broken as a result of custom validation performed by the validationCallback function.
validationCallback
A function that validates the target value.
Type:
Function
Function parameters:
options:
Object
An object defining validation parameters.
Object structure:
Name Type Description
data
Object
The current row data. Exists only when you validate a DataGrid or TreeList cell's value.
rule
Object
The current rule object that exposes user-defined options, the isValid and message fields, and the rule type-specific fields.
validator
Object
The Validator object that initiated the validation.
value
String
|
Number
The validated value.
Return Value:
Boolean
A Boolean value that indicates whether the validated value is valid against the checked rule.
In the following code, only odd numbers are considered valid:
jQuery
JavaScript
$(function () {
 $("#numberBoxContainer").dxNumberBox({
 value: 3
 }).dxValidator({
 validationRules: [{
 type: "custom",
 validationCallback: validateNumber,
 message: "An odd number is expected"
 }]
 });
});
function validateNumber (e) {
 return e.value % 2 == 0;
}
Angular
HTML
TypeScript
<dx-number-box [value]="3">
 <dx-validator>
 <dxi-validation-rule type="custom"
 [validationCallback]="validateNumber"
 message="An odd number is expected">
 </dxi-validation-rule>
 </dx-validator>
</dx-number-box>
import { DxNumberBoxModule, DxValidatorModule } from "devextreme-angular";
// ...
export class AppComponent {
 validateNumber(e) {
 return e.value % 2 == 0;
 }
}
@NgModule({
 imports: [
 DxNumberBoxModule,
 DxValidatorModule,
 // ...
 ],
 // ...
})
Vue
App.vue
<template>
 <DxNumberBox :value="3">
 <DxValidator>
 <DxCustomRule
 :validation-callback="validateNumber"
 message="An odd number is expected"
 />
 </DxValidator>
 </DxNumberBox>
</template>
<script>
import 'devextreme/dist/css/dx.common.css';
import 'devextreme/dist/css/dx.light.css';
import DxNumberBox from 'devextreme-vue/number-box';
import DxValidator, {
 DxCustomRule
} from 'devextreme-vue/validator';
export default {
 components: {
 DxNumberBox,
 DxValidator,
 DxCustomRule
 },
 methods: {
 validateNumber(e) {
 return e.value % 2 == 0;
 }
 }
}
</script>
React
App.js
import React from 'react';
import 'devextreme/dist/css/dx.common.css';
import 'devextreme/dist/css/dx.light.css';
import NumberBox from 'devextreme-react/number-box';
import Validator, {
 CustomRule
} from 'devextreme-react/validator';
class App extends React.Component {
 validateNumber(e) {
 return e.value % 2 == 0;
 }
 render() {
 return (
 <NumberBox defaultValue={3}>
 <Validator>
 <CustomRule
 validationCallback={this.validateNumber}
 message="An odd number is expected"
 />
 </Validator>
 </NumberBox>
 );
 }
}
export default App;
See this topic for a server-side validation example.


text:
Electronic speckle pattern interferometry fringe patterns usually have poor contrast so it is important to enhance fringe contrast for the extraction of phase from a single fringe pattern. We present new enhancement methods based on differential equations (called DE enhancement methods) to electronic speckle pattern interferometry fringes. The DE enhancement methods transform the image processing to solve differential equations. With the proposed methods, the visibility of the correlation speckle fringe patterns can be improved significantly. We tested the proposed methods on computer-simulated speckle correlation fringes and experimentally obtained fringes, and we compared the new method with other contrast enhancement techniques. The experimental results illustrate the performance of this approach.
© 2006 Optical Society of AmericaFull Article | PDF Article
Chen Tang, Fang Zhang, Botao Li, and Haiqing Yan
Appl. Opt. 45(28) 7392-7400 (2006)
Chen Tang, Wenjing Lu, Song Chen, Zhen Zhang, Botao Li, Wenping Wang, and Lin Han
Appl. Opt. 46(30) 7475-7484 (2007)
Chen Tang, Lin Han, Hongwei Ren, Dongjian Zhou, Yiming Chang, Xiaohang Wang, and Xiaolong Cui
Opt. Lett. 33(19) 2179-2181 (2008)