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I have a 256 bin histogram of an 8 bit image.
Is it possible to calculate the Median, Variance and Standard deviation of the image from the given histogram?
If yes, then what is the procedure?
Thank you.
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3 Answers 3
up vote 2 down vote accepted
You can't calculate any of them exactly because all you have is the interval of values that they belong to and not their exact values. It is the mode and not the median that is in the tallest bin. You can determine which bin the median is in and thus know the two end points of its bin are values that it falls betweem. To find where the median is you just total the number of data points in each bin starting from the left unit the get to the integer equal to (n-1)/2 when n is odd and (n+1)/2 if (n-1)/2 and (n+1)/2 are in the same bin. If (n+1)/2 is in a higher bin then (n-1)/2 you can't be sure which bin the median is in but you know it is near the boundary separating the two adjacent bins.
You can calculate grouped mean and grouped variances which may be rough approximations to the actual sample means and variances but not exact.
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Since the image is 8-bit, there are 256 discrete intensity levels (the integers from 0 to 255), so the histogram actually gives an exact representation of the data set. Having the histogram is equivalent to having the list of all pixel intensities, so the median, variance, etc. can be calculated exactly. – Matthew Conroy Sep 25 '12 at 18:56
Since you have exactly all the pixel values and their occurrences, you could reorder them in an array in O(n) – with n the number of pixels – and simply pick the value in the middle of the array.
int* histogram(Image& img)
 int hist[256] = {0};
 int i,j;
 for (i=0; i


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Naddod (Old Norse: Naddoðr or Naddaðr, literally "studded")[1] was a Faroese Viking who is credited with the discovery of Iceland. Naddod was also one of the first settlers on the Faroe Islands after Grímur Kamban became the first to settle there around 825. Naddod was born in Agder, which comprises the two Norwegian counties of Aust-Agder and Vest-Agder.[2]
Landnámabók, a medieval Icelandic manuscript, describes in considerable detail the settlement (Icelandic: landnám) of Iceland by the Norse in the 9th and 10th century. According to Landnámabók, Iceland was discovered by Naddod, who was sailing from Norway to the Faroe Islands, but got lost and drifted to the east coast of Iceland. Naddod came upon the shore of a land with a bay and mountains near what is today the Icelandic town of Reyðarfjörður. Although he climbed a mountain to look for smoke rising from fireplaces he saw no sign of humans. Naddod decided to continue his journey to the Faroe Islands, but as he returned to his boat it started to snow and so he named the land Snæland (Snowland). The island later became known as Ísland (Iceland). (See names of Iceland).
Naddod is probably the father of Ann Naddodsdóttir from Shetland.
 1. ^ Icelandic: Naddoður, Faroese: Naddoddur
 2. ^ Iceland: The First Settlers
Other sources[edit]
 - O'Donoghue, Heather Old Norse-Icelandic literature: a short introduction(Published by Wiley-Blackwell, 2004)
External links[edit]


text:
The experiment was carried out to study the performance of solar crop dryer coupled with reversed absorber type solar air heater (SD2). Excel software is used to analyse the raw data obtained from the drying experiment to develop a model. An attempt is made in this paper to correlate the collector efficiency, dryer efficiency and pick-up efficiency. All these efficiencies are dependent on the parameters such as solar flux, ambient temperature, collector outlet temperature and moisture content. The simulation equation was developed to predict the values of collector efficiency. The parameters a, n and drying constant k were determined from a plot of curve using a drying models. Experimental data of drying red chili in conventional solar dryer and solar dryer coupled with reversed absorber solar air heater was compared by fitting with three drying models. The moisture content will be rapidly reduced in solar dryer with reversed absorber due to higher drying temperatures. The best fit model was selected to describe the drying behavior of red chili. For SD2 the values of the coefficient of determination (R2=0.997), mean bias error (MBE=0.00026) and root mean square error (RMSE=0.016) were used to determine the goodness or the quality of the fit. Pages model showed a better fit to drying red chili among Newton model and Henderson & Pabis model.
This paper presents the performance, based on exergy analysis of double flow solar air heaters with corrugated and flat plate absorber. A mathematical model of double flow solar air heater based on energy balance equations has been presented and the results obtained have been compared with that of a conventional flat-plate solar air heater. The double flow corrugated absorber solar air heater performs thermally better than the flat plate double flow and conventional flat-plate solar air heater under same operating conditions. However, the corrugated absorber leads to higher pressure drop thereby increasing pumping power. The results revealed that the energy and exergy efficiencies of double flow corrugated absorber solar air heater is much higher than conventional solar air heater with the concept involving of increase in heat transfer surface area and turbulence in air flow. The results indicate that the energy efficiency increases, however, exergy efficiency decreases with increase in mass flow rate.
This paper deals with the analytical investigation of thermal and thermohydraulic performance of double flow solar air heaters with corrugated and flat plate absorber. A mathematical model of double flow solar air heater has been presented, and a computer program in C++ language is developed to estimate the outlet temperature of air for the evaluation of thermal and thermohydraulic efficiency by solving the governing equations numerically using relevant correlations for heat transfer coefficients. The results obtained from the mathematical model is compared with the available experimental results and it is found to be reasonably good. The results show that the double flow solar air heaters have higher efficiency than conventional solar air heater, although the double flow corrugated absorber is superior to that of flat plate double flow solar air heater. It is also observed that the thermal efficiency increases with increase in mass flow rate; however, thermohydraulic efficiency increases with increase in mass flow rate up to a certain limit, attains the maximum value, then thereafter decreases sharply.
Channel depth is an important design parameter to be fixed in designing a solar air heater. In this paper, a mathematical model has been developed to study the influence of channel duct on the thermal performance of solar air heaters. The channel depth has been varied from 1.5 cm to 3.5 cm for the mass flow range 0.01 to 0.11 kg/s. Based on first law of thermodynamics, the channel depth of 1.5 cm shows better thermal performance for all the mass flow range. Also, better thermohydraulic performance has been found up to 0.05 kg/s, and beyond this, thermohydraulic efficiency starts decreasing. It has been seen that, with the increase in the mass flow rate, the difference between thermal and thermohydraulic efficiency increases because of the increase in pressure drop. At lower mass flow rate, 0.01 kg/s, the thermal and thermohydraulic efficiencies for respective channel depth remain the same.
A theoretical investigation on the effect of collector aspect ratio on the thermal performance of wavy finned absorber solar air heaters has been performed. For the constant collector area, the various performance parameters have been calculated for plane and wavy finned solar air heaters. It has been found that the performance of wavy finned solar air heater improved with the increase in the collector aspect ratio. The performance of wavy finned solar air heater has been found 30 percent higher than those of plane solar air heater. The obtained results for wavy fin solar air heaters are compared with the available experimental data of most common type solar air heaters.
Solar energy is a good option among renewable energy resources due to its easy availability and abundance. The simplest and most efficient way to utilize solar energy is to convert it into thermal energy and this can be done with the help of solar collectors. The thermal performance of such collectors is poor due to less heat transfer from the collector surface to air. In this work, experimental investigations of single pass solar air heater having triangular duct and provided with roughness element on the underside of the absorber plate. V-shaped ribs are used for investigation having three different values of relative roughness pitch (p/e) ranges from 4- 16 for a fixed value of angle of attack (α), relative roughness height (e/Dh) and a relative gap distance (d/x) values are 60°, 0.044 and 0.60 respectively. Result shows that considerable augmentation in heat transfer has been obtained by providing roughness.
Solar air heater is a type of heat exchanger which transforms solar radiation into heat energy. The thermal performance of conventional solar air heater has been found to be poor because of the low convective heat transfer coefficient from the absorber plate to the air. It is attributed to the formation of a very thin boundary layer at the absorber plate surface commonly known as viscous sub-layer. Thermal efficiency of solar air heater can be improved by providing the artificial roughness on absorber plate is the most efficient technique. In this paper an attempt is made to provide artificial roughness by incorporating inclined multiple V-ribs in the underside of the absorber plate. 60˚V – ribs are arranged inclined to the direction of air flow. Performance of collector estimated theoretically and experimentally. Results of the investigation reveal that thermal efficiency of collector with multiple V-ribs increased by 14%.
The evaluation of the convective heat transfer of flow in passages with rectangular cross section is still of interest for the heat transfer investigators, as in the air heater solar collectors. The aim of this paper is to present investigation results on the natural convection heat transfer in a solar air heater. The effect of the channel length as heat transfer surface and the inclination of the passage were investigated. The results were obtained experimentally and theoretically. For that, an experimental test rig was fabricated with channel lengths of 1m, 1.5m, and 2m. For each length, the air outlet and inlet temperatures, absorber and cover temperatures, solar radiation intensity and air flow rate were measured at 10o, 30o, 50o, 70o, and 90o tilt angles. Measurements were recorded every 2 hours interval to investigate the transient behavior of the system. The experimental and theoretical results are presented in terms of Nu number versus Ra number and discussed. The percentages of differences between experimental and theoretical results are within the margin of 6% to 13%, effectively. It is recommended to extend the investigation to study the same configurations with different artificial surface roughing by ribs or pins.
A solar powered air heating system using one ended evacuated tubes is experimentally investigated. A solar air heater containing forty evacuated tubes is used for heating purpose. The collector surface area is about 4.44 m2. The length and outer diameters of the outer glass tube and absorber tube are 1500, 47 and 37 mm, respectively. In this experimental setup, we have a header (heat exchanger) of square shape (190 mm x 190 mm). The length of header is 1500 mm. The header consists of a hollow pipe in the center whose diameter is 60 mm through which the air is made to flow. The experimental setup contains approximately 108 liters of water. Water is working as heat collecting medium which collects the solar heat falling on the tubes. This heat is delivered to the air flowing through the header pipe. This heat flow is due to natural convection and conduction. The outlet air temperature depends upon several factors along with air flow rate and solar radiation intensity. The study has been done for both up-flow and down-flow of air in header in similar weather conditions, at different flow rates. In the present investigations the study has been made to find the effect of intensity of solar radiations and flow rate of air on the out let temperature of the air with time and which flow is more efficient. The obtained results show that the system is highly effective for the heating in this region. Moreover, it has been observed that system is highly efficient for the particular flow rate of air. It was also observed that downflow configuration is more effective than up-flow condition at all flow rates due to lesser losses in down-flow. The results show that temperature differences of upper head and lower head, both of water and surface of pipes on the respective ends is lower in down-flow.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Detective comedy 2: Introducing the client
Detective comedy 2: Introducing the client
10 pages
Examining detective genre tropes, such as introducing the client.
This lesson continues the examination of blending of detective and comedy genres in 'The Falcon's Malteser', focussing on introducing the clients and tropes such as observational (and judgemental) descriptions of characters, and approaching this from a writer's perspective. How can you build a character from physical detail and style choices such as clothing and accessories? We rewrite the passage looking at each of these details, and end with a checkpoint piece.
Lesson type
Detailed practice
Genre / Topic
Comedy, Mystery, Action, Adventure


Middle Of The World Tour
The city Middle Of The World is a commemorative monument to the middle of the world, where the equator settles and splits the world into the two hemispheres. It's located 26 km north of the city of Quito and the coordinates for this place are 0°0'0'' (Not exactly, though).
 On this tour, you can also visit the Ethnographic Museum Middle of the World, a place with lots of activities to do and things to learn about indigenous people in Ecuador.
Middle of the Wold | Mitad del mundo | Travel Ecuador | Quirutoa
One of the most popular places to visit in Ecuador!
The first monument, or ruins rather, was built by an ancient indigenous culture named Quitu-Cara and it's actually situated at latitude 0 (0°0′0″N 78°25′43″W). It was discovered in 1736 as a result of an expedition called The French Geodesic Mission. In the following years, the scouts of this great mission defined the equatorial line after deep studies and measurements. The Ecuadorian Government built a 10 meters-high monument honoring the study and hard work of the french scouts, which later on would be replaced by a 30 meters-high monument.
Yet, the location of this monument is actually incorrect. Later on, it was discovered that the line drawn by the french expedition is off by 240 meters south of the true equator. Yet, the monument was already built so it's in this place where the middle of the world is commemorated.
Middle of the World in Ecuador | Quirutoa
Middle of the World - Explore Ecuador | Quirutoa
Middle of the world
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text:
Baylor Study Finds People Primed With Christian Religious Words More Likely To Express Racial PrejudiceApril 6, 2010
First study to scientifically test the effect of religion on racial prejudice
Follow us on Twitter: _USER_
A Baylor University study that is the first to scientifically test the effect of religion on racial prejudice has found people primed with Christian concepts led to increased expression of racial prejudice and general negative views toward African-Americans.
The study appeared this week in the premier journal Social Psychological and Personality Science.
"What's interesting about this study is that it shows some component of religion does lead to some negative evaluations of people based on race. We just don't know why," said Dr. Wade Rowatt, associate professor of psychology and neuroscience at Baylor who led the study. "It could be that priming religious words activates cognitive representation of things like right-wing authoritarianism and a Protestant work ethic."
Priming occurs when an earlier stimulus influences a response or behavior to a later stimulus. For instance, when a person is primed with a list of words about furniture that does not include the word "table," a higher percentage of participants would complete a word stem starting with "tab," as in "table," than non-primed people. Another example is people primed with old-age stereotype words walked more slowly down a hall after an experiment than those primed with young-age stereotype words.
Baylor researchers subliminally primed college students with neutral and Christian concepts like "heaven," "faith" and "cross." The participants were asked to categorize words on a computer screen, however before each word appeared, the "prime" word would appear on the computer screen for less than a half second. After being primed, the participants' attitudes toward African-Americans were assessed using both subtle and overt measures. For instance, one experiment presented the participants with an argument for or against a particular social policy that would be beneficial or detrimental to African Americans. The participants then rated the degree to which the argument supported the conclusion, thus reporting their underlying overt feelings toward African-Americans.
To determine if both experimental groups were equivalent with regard to their degree of religiousness or spirituality, measures were administered a few days before the priming experiment. Religiousness and spirituality were also were measured so that these variables could be statistically controlled when analyzing the effect of priming on religion.
Rowatt and his team, led by Baylor graduate student Megan K. Johnson, found when the participants were primed with Christian religious concepts, it increased subtle and overt prejudice toward African-Americans. However, the Baylor researchers also found priming Christian concepts did not cause a shift in reported underlying emotion, such as increases in fear of African-Americans. These priming effects persisted when the researchers controlled for pre-existing levels of religiousness and spirituality.
Media contact: Frank Raczkiewicz, Assistant Vice President of Media Communications, _PHONE_.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Mixed protein-polysaccharide interfacial layers: Effect of polysaccharide charge distribution
Rammile Ettelaie, Anna Akinshina, Sania Maurer
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
15 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
The influence of the polysaccharide charge distribution on the structure, thickness, and charge reversal of the interfacial layers, formed by adsorbed positively charged protein and oppositely charged polysaccharide, has been investigated using a lattice-based self-consistent field (SCF) approach. We compare the adsorption behaviour of a uniformly charged polysaccharide model with that consisting of a short and a long block carrying different charge densities. For homogeneously charged polysaccharide we observe a resulting interfacial layer that is closer to a mixed protein + polysaccharide film, rather than a multi-layer. We also find that the maximum adsorption of polysaccharide occurs at an optimal value of its charge, above and below which the adsorbed amount decreases. In contrast, for heterogeneously charged chains, as their charge is increasingly located on the shorter block, a much thicker interfacial layer results. In such cases the weakly charged longer blocks extend well away from the surface into the solution. The interfacial film begins to resemble a multi-layer with a primary protein and a distinct secondary polysaccharide layer. When the weakly charged long blocks still have a sufficient amount of negative charge, we also observe a reversal of the sign of surface potential from a positive to a negative value. Our SCF calculated values for the reversed surface potential are of the order of -25 mV, in good agreement with several experimental results involving ζ-potential measurements on particles covered with such protein + polysaccharide films.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)7582-7597
Number of pages16
JournalSoft Matter
Volume8
Issue number29
Early online date19 Jun 2012
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 7 Aug 2012
Externally publishedYes
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Mixed protein-polysaccharide interfacial layers: Effect of polysaccharide charge distribution'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
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text:
Harvard University, History Department and Committee on Degrees in History and Literature
Tenure Track Professor of modern history of gender and culture
|Institution Type:||College / University|
|Location:||Massachusetts, United States|
|Position:||Tenure Track Faculty|
The Department of History and the Committee on Degrees in History and Literature seek to appoint a tenure-track professor (at the assistant or untenured associate professor level) in the modern history of gender and culture, in a regional specialty other than the United States. The appointment is expected to begin on July 1, 2014. The tenure-track professor will be responsible for teaching at the undergraduate and graduate levels in history, and for interdisciplinary instruction in history and literature. Doctorate in history or a related discipline is required by the time the appointment begins. Strong teaching experience as well as demonstrated competence in relevant research languages is desired.
Applicants should submit a letter of application, including a brief statement of current and future research and teaching interests, a curriculum vitae with a complete bibliography, and the names and contact information of three references to: _URL_ Applications are not considered complete until the required three letters of recommendation are received. The deadline for receipt of applications is October 15, 2013. Harvard is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action employer. Applications from women and minorities are strongly encouraged.
Janet Hatch, Director of Administration, History Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
|Primary Category:||Cultural History / Studies
|Secondary Categories:||Women, Gender, and Sexuality


Next:, Previous: Multidimensional, Up: Arrays [Contents][Index]
8.6 Arrays of Arrays
gawk goes beyond standard awk's multidimensional array access and provides true arrays of arrays. Elements of a subarray are referred to by their own indices enclosed in square brackets, just like the elements of the main array. For example, the following creates a two-element subarray at index 1 of the main array a:
a[1][1] = 1
a[1][2] = 2
This simulates a true two-dimensional array. Each subarray element can contain another subarray as a value, which in turn can hold other arrays as well. In this way, you can create arrays of three or more dimensions. The indices can be any awk expressions, including scalars separated by commas (i.e., a regular awk simulated multidimensional subscript). So the following is valid in gawk:
a[1][3][1, "name"] = "barney"
Each subarray and the main array can be of different length. In fact, the elements of an array or its subarray do not all have to have the same type. This means that the main array and any of its subarrays can be nonrectangular, or jagged in structure. You can assign a scalar value to the index 4 of the main array a, even though a[1] is itself an array and not a scalar:
a[4] = "An element in a jagged array"
The terms dimension, row, and column are meaningless when applied to such an array, but we will use "dimension" henceforth to imply the maximum number of indices needed to refer to an existing element. The type of any element that has already been assigned cannot be changed by assigning a value of a different type. You have to first delete the current element, which effectively makes gawk forget about the element at that index:
delete a[4]
a[4][5][6][7] = "An element in a four-dimensional array"
This removes the scalar value from index 4 and then inserts a three-level nested subarray containing a scalar. You can also delete an entire subarray or subarray of subarrays:
delete a[4][5]
a[4][5] = "An element in subarray a[4]"
But recall that you can not delete the main array a and then use it as a scalar.
The built-in functions that take array arguments can also be used with subarrays. For example, the following code fragment uses length() (see String Functions) to determine the number of elements in the main array a and its subarrays:
print length(a), length(a[1]), length(a[1][3])
This results in the following output for our main array a:
2, 3, 1
The 'subscript in array' expression (see Reference to Elements) works similarly for both regular awk-style arrays and arrays of arrays. For example, the tests '1 in a', '3 in a[1]', and '(1, "name") in a[1][3]' all evaluate to one (true) for our array a.
The 'for (item in array)' statement (see Scanning an Array) can be nested to scan all the elements of an array of arrays if it is rectangular in structure. In order to print the contents (scalar values) of a two-dimensional array of arrays (i.e., in which each first-level element is itself an array, not necessarily of the same length), you could use the following code:
for (i in array)
 for (j in array[i])
 print array[i][j]
The isarray() function (see Type Functions) lets you test if an array element is itself an array:
for (i in array) {
 if (isarray(array[i]) {
 for (j in array[i]) {
 print array[i][j]
 print array[i]
If the structure of a jagged array of arrays is known in advance, you can often devise workarounds using control statements. For example, the following code prints the elements of our main array a:
for (i in a) {
 for (j in a[i]) {
 if (j == 3) {
 for (k in a[i][j])
 print a[i][j][k]
 } else
 print a[i][j]
See Walking Arrays, for a user-defined function that "walks" an arbitrarily dimensioned array of arrays.
Recall that a reference to an uninitialized array element yields a value of "", the null string. This has one important implication when you intend to use a subarray as an argument to a function, as illustrated by the following example:
$ gawk 'BEGIN { split("a b c d", b[1]); print b[1][1] }'
error→ gawk: cmd. line:1: fatal: split: second argument is not an array
The way to work around this is to first force b[1] to be an array by creating an arbitrary index:
$ gawk 'BEGIN { b[1][1] = ""; split("a b c d", b[1]); print b[1][1] }'
-| a


text:
June 4-7, 2019 at NCAR in Boulder, CO.
This training workshop will provide graduate students and early career scientists with formal instruction on the structure and application of the WRF-Hydro system and will offer hands-on experience in setting up and running the system for several different research and prediction applications. Preference will be given to applicants in the Academic and Nonprofit sectors.
Topics to be covered during the workshop include but are not limited to:
- Conceptualization and structure of the WRF-Hydro system
- Description of physics components and options within WRF-Hydro
- Model porting and compilation, and an overview of parallel computing with WRF-Hydro
- Hands-on model input data preparation and creation of an example test case
- Hands-on model configuration and execution
- Hands-on experimental model simulations and comparisons with a prepared example test case
- Hands-on example WRF | WRF-Hydro model coupled simulation
- Overview of the open source Rwrfhydro hydrologic model evaluation package with example vignettes
- Overview of model calibration
- Open discussion on class participant interests and applications
Due date: EDT February 15
For more information


text:
Sonority and Syllabification in Casual and Formal Mongolian Speech
Anastasia Karlsson [+]
Jan-Olof Svantesson [+]
Lund University (Emeritus)
Syllabification in Mongolian is achieved by vowel epenthesis and is governed by three principles: The Sonority Law, Right-to-Left Syllabification and the principle of Cyclicity (Svantesson et al. 2005). Because of the agglutinative nature of Mongolian, derivations and inflections are formed by the addition of suffixes to the stem. The syllabification of affixed words is cyclic, so that words are syllabified at each addition of a new affix, that is, at each morphological cycle. Words are syllabified as monomorphemic words until a new affix requires the insertion of a schwa in the already-syllabified part of a word. The insertion is blocked by the Resyllabification Constraint. These rules were worked out on the basis of carefully pronounced isolated words. We find systematic differences in syllabification between casual speech and formal speech (Karlsson 2005). The Sonority Law and Right-to-Left Syllabification are active in casual speech, but the Sonority Law needs to be redefined: only voiced consonants are marked for the sonority feature in speech, while voiceless segments are unmarked for this feature and can combine freely to form a coda until articulation disallows it. It is also interesting that consonant clusters, even those with adjacent identical segments, are seldom reduced in Mongolian speech, and all segments are fully realised (Karlsson&Svantesson 2007). Simplification of consonantal clusters is instead realised by assimilation of the manner of articulation in some contexts. Voicing assimilation, which is frequent but non-compulsory, is the reason for different syllabifications of the same word. Phonemic vowels can be deleted in speech due to devoicing and this is not connected with syllabification and does not influence it. Epenthesis is much more frequent in final consonant clusters than in word-internal position. While word-internal epenthesis is governed primarily by voicing, articulation is the chief factor for schwa insertion in word-final clusters. Syllabification in informal speech is non-cyclic and this may also be connected to syllabification over word boundaries (ongoing study). Based on the Mongolian data we will also discuss the place of the syllable in phonological representation and also whether the domain of syllabification should be reconsidered to be larger than a word for some languages.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: Abstract:One major goal of functional genomics has been to identify and analyze molecular interactions in a cellular context to better understand the underlying design principles and mechanisms. To investigate into a PPI network from both topological and functional points of view, this work proposes a methodology that exploits ontology-based biological knowledge for network analysis. To speed up the procedure, an agent-based framework is also presented for supporting distributed computing. The preliminary results show that through the knowledge obtained from gene ontology, our work in analyzing building blocks of PPI networks can give a higher resolution than that of previous ones. Also our agent-based framework can successfully speed up the task of network analysis in an adaptive manner.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Onion Raita.jpg
A cucumber and onion raita
Alternative namesरायता, রায়তা
Region or stateIndian subcontinent with regional variations
Associated national cuisineIndia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal
Serving temperatureCold
Main ingredientsDahi (yogurt), buttermilk, cucumber, mint
VariationsDahi chutney, Pachadi
Food energy
(per serving)
46 kcal (193 kJ)
Raita is a condiment in South Asian cuisine made of dahi (yogurt, often referred to as curd) together with raw or cooked vegetables, more seldom fruit, or in the case of boondi raita, with fried droplets of batter made from besan (chickpea flour, generally labeled as gram flour).
The word raita first appeared in print around the 19th century; it comes from the Hindi language.[1] The word raita in Bengali language and Hindustani is a portmanteau of the Sanskrit word rajika or the derivative Hindustani rai (pronounced "ra-ee") meaning black mustard seed, and tiktaka, meaning sharp or pungent.[2] In South India, especially Kerala and Tamil Nadu, traditional raita is called pachadi.
Pulao served with boondi raita
Pachadi is the South Indian variation of Raita.
Onion Raita
Spring onion raita
Boondi raita
Pomegranate raita
Vegetable raitas[edit]
 1. Bathua ka Raita, popular in Haryana in winters[6]
 2. Cucumber raita
 3. Lauki (Bottle Gourd/Calabash) Raita, popular in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh
 4. Beetroot raita
 5. Brinjal raita
 6. Carrot raita Carrot Raita
 7. Chili salt raita, could be chopped fresh chilies or just the dried chili powder
 8. Horned melon raita
 9. Mint and peanut raita
 10. Onion coriander spring onion raita
 11. Onion tomato raita
 12. Potato raita Potato Raita
 13. Pumpkin raita
 14. Spinach raita
Pulse raitas[edit]
Made either from sprouted pulses, roasted pulses or other condiments made from pulse flour.
 1. Bhujia sev raita
 2. Boondi raita
 3. Sprouted green gram raita
Fruit raitas[edit]
 1. Banana raita
 2. Mango raita
 3. Guava raita
 4. Grape raita
 5. Pineapple raita
 6. Pomegranate raita
 7. Pear raita
Serving methods[edit]
As a side dish[edit]
As a sauce (not traditional)[edit]
 - Grilled Chicken
 - Salmon
 - Tacos
As a dressing (not traditional)[edit]
See also[edit]
Tzatziki, a similar dish found in Eastern Mediterranean and Middle Eastern cuisine
 2. ^ "Raita". Merriam Webster.
 3. ^ Mehta Gambhir, Aloka (25 May 2011). "Tandoori chicken with Tomato Raita". The Times of India. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
 5. ^ a b Basic Food Preparation (Third ed.). Orient Longman Private limited. 1986. ISBN 81-_PHONE_-3.
 6. ^ Bathua ka Raita | Haryana and Uttar Pradesh bathua recipe | Indian cuisine, masterchefu.com.
External links[edit]


Currency of Malaysia: Malaysian ringgit, today's rate RM
The Malaysian Ringgit is the currency of Malaysia. The code of Malaysian ringgit is MYR. We use RM as symbol of Malaysian ringgit. The Malaysian Ringgit is divided in 100 sens. MYR is regulated by Central Bank of Malaysia.
Did you know:
More information: currency converter.
The ringgit of Malaysia
«Ringgit» means «lacy» and refers to the pieces of Spanish coins that circulated in the region during Spanish colonization. 1 ringgit is divided into 100 sen.
Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah, more commonly known as «Tunku», was the first prime minister, and up until now the most important one, from 1957 to 1970. This is why Malaysia honors him on the front of all banknotes of the country, where he is features in traditional dress.
On the back, Malaysia presents its economic and technological pride: oil rigs on the 50-ringgit note, the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur on the 5-ringgit note, and even its train, its airline, and its commercial boats on the 10-ringgit note. Despite a very deeply-rooted ancestrally traditional culture, Malaysia doesn't have many ancient or ruined monuments like in Thailand or Indonesia, so they had to create them themselves.
Exchange rate of Malaysian ringgit, currency of Malaysia
1 Malaysian ringgits
10 Malaysian ringgits
5 Malaysian ringgits
50 Malaysian ringgits
100 Malaysian ringgits
Malaysian ringgits
Currency Of Malaysia
flag MYR


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Media Contact: Ron Walli
Communications and Media Relations
ORNL tool puts spotlight on nation's electricity generation capacity
OR-SAGE results for advanced coal plants. (hi-res image)
Oak Ridge Siting Analysis for power Generation Expansion, or OR-SAGE, divides the United States into nearly 700 million 2.5-acre cells that can be studied to determine if they are candidates for one or more types of electric power plant. This tool was used to produce results presented in a 152-page report prepared by the Department of Energy's ORNL for the Electric Power Research Institute and allows for quick screening and characterization of potential sites.
"OR-SAGE is a dynamic visualization database that allows us to look at the entire country through a lens," said Olufemi Omitaomu, a researcher in ORNL's Computational Sciences and Engineering Division. "The technology provides assistance working with real-world constraints."
Omitaomu and colleagues Gary Mays and Randy Belles emphasized that OR-SAGE is not a substitute for a "boots on the ground" detailed inspection of a given site, but the tool provides much information regarding numerous screening factors and considerations without having to visit a site.
"OR-SAGE takes into account availability of water, identifies sufficient land areas that are suitable to meet nominal requirements for the footprint of the various types of plants and impacts on siting future plants in terms of increases in population and demand for water," said Mays, project manager and a member of ORNL's Reactor and Nuclear Systems Division. "Ultimately, the tool allows for the flexible use of screening criteria for candidate site comparisons and enhances the ability to assess energy needs."
A previous project that ORNL completed for DOE's Office of Nuclear Energy focused on siting nuclear power plants and provided the basis for developing the OR-SAGE methodology. For this EPRI study, OR-SAGE also was used to examine advanced coal with carbon capture and storage, solar and compressed air energy power plants. Together, these studies are helping to identify hundreds of potential areas for power generation in the United States.
A key driver for this work is the fact that by 2035, 4,775 billion kilowatt hours of electricity generation will be needed to meet annual energy demand in the United States, according to DOE's Energy Information Administration. This represents an annual increase in demand of 0.8 percent. Experts expect the additional electricity to be provided by a mix of power generation plants, and this report provides EPRI and other research groups with a tool to inform their analyses.
OR-SAGE, which utilizes geographic information system data in addition to ORNL's LandScan, the world's most advanced population database, examines millions of cells and simultaneously determines their suitability for the various types of power generation.
"With this study and resulting tool we are able to identify candidate sites for a variety of electrical generation plants and further characterization of these sites," Belles said. "We can evaluate for any given prospective site which type of plant is best suited, how far it is to transmission assets and the distance to underground geological formations suitable for carbon sequestration."
The researchers noted that nuclear power plants share some of the same siting considerations as advanced coal. For example, both need to be within about 20 miles of a large body of water to meet cooling needs. In making siting decisions, OR-SAGE also takes into account population density, protected lands, seismic activity, terrain, proximity to airports, military bases, oil pipelines, refineries and a number of other factors.
The attached map presents one result characterizing areas that are suitable or have some number of siting challenges for advanced coal plants using geologic storage for carbon emissions. Siting challenges are relative to the selected screening criteria and values.
The siting process is complicated by the fact that the generation source identified as being the best is not always located near load demand, Mays said. Such situations necessitate a coordinated energy policy to generate and deliver power where it is needed.
Results of the study show potential electric generation capacity of 158 gigawatts for advanced coal, 60 gigawatts/18 gigawatts for dry-cooled and water-cooled concentrated solar, respectively, and 515 gigawatts for large reactor plants.
Other contributors to the report were Stan Hadley, Thomas Harrison, Bradley Neish and Amy Rose. The report, titled "Application of Spatial Data Modeling and Geographical Information Systems for Identification of Potential Siting Options for Various Electrical Generation Sources," was published in December. The EPRI lead on this project is Francisco de la Chesnaye, program manager, Energy and Climate Analysis Group.
EPRI conducts research and development relating to the generation, delivery and use of electricity for the benefit of the public. EPRI, an independent, nonprofit organization, brings together its scientists and engineers as well as experts from academia and industry to help address challenges in electricity, including reliability, efficiency, health, safety and the environment. EPRI also provides technology, policy and economic analyses to drive long-range research and development planning, and supports research in emerging technologies. EPRI's members represent more than 90 percent of the electricity generated and delivered in the United States, and international participation extends to 40 countries. EPRI's principal offices and laboratories are located in Palo Alto, Calif.; Charlotte, N.C.; Lenox, Mass.; and Knoxville.
UT-Battelle manages ORNL for DOE's Office of Science. The Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, please visit _URL_
The report is publically available at _URL_
NOTE TO EDITORS: You may read other press releases from Oak Ridge National Laboratory or learn more about the lab at _URL_ Additional information about ORNL is available at the sites below:
Twitter - _URL_
RSS Feeds - _URL_


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As power densities of laser diodes continuously increase, the effects of absorption losses in fast axis collimation lenses become exceedingly important. We report our analysis of two drivers of these absorption losses, coating absorption and glass bulk absorption, and how these absorption losses cause a thermal impact and have an influence on the performance of the laser beam quality emitted from a laser diode equipped with a fast axis collimation lens on a bottom tab. The presented results are derived from finite element method (FEM) simulations and the FEM model used is based on material data from data sheets and a heat transfer coefficient derived from cooling curves of components observed by a thermal infrared camera.
Precision glass molding (PGM) is an optical manufacturing process used to hot press optical glass into a specified lens shape. This is done by taking the glass to a temperature above Tg and exerting force using an upper and lower mold. These molds will, together, give the pressed lens its shape. This study focuses on the high temperature interactions between the mold tooling material and two optical oxide glasses, Ohara's L-BAL35 and Schott's N-FK5. Flat molds were used to press flat glass work pieces at high temperature and force; key post process parameters such as sample and mold surface contamination using EDS and visible degradation via SEM were catalogued and analyzed. The molds used were bare tungsten carbide (WC) and silicon carbide (SiC) with an amorphous SiC chemical vapor deposition (CVD) coating. The results showed that raw WC molds suffered the most degradation including physical damage as well as chemical adherence and reaction. The Ti binder used in the WC as well as some the tungsten itself transferred to both glasses and caused a white reflective layer to appear on the molded glass surface. Severe damage was evident after only 2 pressing cycles with potassium from N-FK5 being the most prominent chemical contaminant. N-FK5 proved to be the more corrosive of the two glasses in all occasions. The SiC coated molds fared better in terms of degradation than the WC, however sticking of glass to mold was a problem.


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Downloads: 125 | Views: 181
Review Papers | Dental Science | India | Volume 7 Issue 1, January 2018
A Detailed Study on the Role of Photographic Objective in Dental Photography
Shamphavi.S | Aphara.S
Abstract: At present, photography plays a critical role in dental practice. Dental photography assists dentists in treatment planning, communicating with patients and to keep a track on treatment proceedings. To achieve the expected results in each of the above stage, it is important to capture the images with better resolution. The resolution depends upon the selection of lens. Even with best camera and good photographic skills, dental practitioners wont be able to produce a good image without a right lens. This article emphasizes the significance of lens in dental photography. At present, lens plays crucial part in determining the image quality. Recently, lens-less camera which could produce a 3-D image was developed. This study also covers the future of lens-less camera in dental photography.
Keywords: Dental, Photography, Resolution, Camera lens, lens-less camera
Edition: Volume 7 Issue 1, January 2018,
Pages: 2030 - 2032


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The science of the flame may seem like an elementary thing since mankind has been burning wood for ages; however the process of combustion is actually a series of complex chemical reactions between a fuel source and oxygen. This exothermic reaction produces more than just energy (heat); what forms is a double oxygen bond (O2), which basically means energy is a result of the molecule being strengthened in the reaction. This is called combustion.
In a wood fire, the energy produced and the resulting flames and heat make it possible for this process to become a self-sustaining form of combustion, such as in a Sculpt fireplace.
The wood combustion process and all its stages - complete, incomplete, smouldering, rapid, spontaneous, turbulent, micro-gravity and micro-combustion - can be calculated; this allows professionals to work on maximising the heating efficiency of wood heaters and minimising pollution. These professionals have the expertise to maximise energy production with the least amount of energy loss, and minimise fuel use and by-product emissions to optimise the process of combustion.
Sculpt Fireplace Collection explains how their products achieve patented optimised combustion.
Most Axis and Seguin models are equipped with DAFS or Double Air Flow System technology. DAFS is a patented method of combustion management that controls reaction mechanisms, air flow, temperature and instabilities in both the primary and secondary phases of combustion. DAFS is an optimised burn system that improves performance right from the initial ignition stage.
The DAFS technology ensures Sculpt fireplace products have more effective burn systems, maximise airflow and heat production, utilise optimal oxygen and fuel ratios, have superior heat output, are eco-friendly, enable cleaner units, glass and flue systems, and have longer burn times than open fireplaces.
Sculpt's Seguin range featuring the exclusive patented DAFS technology ensures each fireplace is not only an elegant addition to your living space but also offers high operational functionality, warming your home more effectively and reducing pollutants in the environment.
Image: DAFS is an optimised burn system that improves performance right from the initial ignition stage.


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It was pleasure to have Fashion Stylist, Snower Sania at our campus on 30th January.
In the masterclass Snower Sania shared insight on Fashion styling as a profession and its importance in today's industry. She spoke about the current trends & contemporary styling techniques. She also explained the process of understanding trends in connection to the various body types, colors and personality. She said, "Fashion styling alone carries many options in terms of profession." She also explained each aspect and as to how the students could choose & decide the correct option, depending on their passion.
Talking of fashion styling she shared with the students what is the work of a fashion stylist, the difficulties faced and prospects in the industry. Usually there is a general confusion about the roles of a Stylist and a Designer. She clarified the doubts of the students and said, "Fashion styling is a part of Fashion designing. A person can be a Good designer but not necessary a good stylist and vice versa. The stylist is a person who not only guides or helps one in terms of their clothing but also oversees into the complete makeover of the person, from make-up to hair to accessories and etc. that one chooses to wear or put together."
She also shared her current work with the students giving them insights of the profession, which in return was very motivating for them. Overall the session with Snower Sania was informative yet enjoyable for the students.


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Said by some to be the holiest South India, this is certainly one of the most visited and is famed for a particularly beautiful jewelled image of Lord Nataraja. Nataraja, and incarnation of Shiva, is known as the Lord of the Cosmic Dance, and usually depicted within a circle of flaming lamps.
Natarajar Temple - Chidambaram - Tamilnadu
Chidambaram is a significant pilgrimage centre, located near the coast 240km south of Chennai. It is an important industrial city as well, and was a centre of power during the Chola period of South Indian history in the early part of the last millennium.
The temple is distinctive not only for its devotion solely to the Bharatanatyam, but because of being among the rate temples where Lord Shiva is depicted by a statue rather than the traditional lingam.
History Of Natarajar Temple
The temple complex is a large one, spread over an area of nearly 15 hectares with tall gopurams (temple towers) on all sides. Both the eastern and northern gopurams are more than 40 metres tall. The eastern one is particularly impressive with 108 (a significant figure in Vedic numerology) carvings of various dance poses covering it.
The statue of Lord Nataraja is placed in the kanaksabha, the top of which is coated with gold plates. The idol of Lord Shiva is a striking figurine, which evokes a sense of constant movement. All the prominent dancers of India get together during the Natyanjali dance festival. They offer their dance and performances to Lord Nataraja. The celebration takes place on the occasion of Maha Shivaratri, during February or March


Breakfast In "Bed" Helps This Scared Shelter Pup Feel Safe!
Most shelter animals don't come to be there under great circumstances. Often, they are scared, alone, and desperate to get away from all the terrifying humans. Some animals even refuse to eat or go to the bathroom in their cages out of fear and confusion. It is a fact of shelter life.
To combat this fear, shelter workers and volunteers find creative and comforting ways to acclimate the animals that end up in their care. Dr. Andy Mathis encountered Graycie at Granite Hills Animal Care in Elberton, Georgia, and decided to help her adjust by eating his breakfast with her in her cage (even using the same type of bowl to encourage her). The ritual is adorable, caring, and, as it turns out, effective! This is just one more example of the amazing work rescuers do for abandoned pets every single day.
Help Rescue Animals


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The department is a lively community that is recognised internationally as one of the top centres for research and teaching in development studies.
TMCD - Inclusive Digital Model Online Conference
The Oxford Technology and Management Centre for Development (TMCD) and the ESRC-GCRF Inclusive Digital Model project is pleased to present an online conference titled 'Digital Technologies and Platforms in the Covid-19 Era: Challenges and Prospects for Developing Countries'.
The Covid-19 pandemic has caused a rethink of and changes to business models across the world, beyond the economic and health disruptions and consequences. In part, the pandemic has reinforced the critical role of digital technologies and platforms in building resilience and collective capacity to confront global socio-economic shocks and to seize opportunities, reorganise, and transform the benefits of technology for fair and justifiable world order.
The Technology and Management Centre for Development (TMCD) and its flagship Inclusive Digital Model (IDMODEL) Project brings together renowned experts and speakers to assess these issues on the theme 'Digital technologies and platforms in the Covid-19 era: Challenges and prospects for developing countries'. Across the conversations, key reflections and discussions will focus on the development of digital technologies and platforms, and the key challenges and prospects these new technologies and platforms pose for economic recovery and inclusive development in developing countries
The conference is supported by ESRC-GCRF funded IDMODEL project.
- Professor David Gann - CBE, Pro-Vice-Chancellor for Development and External Affairs, University of Oxford, UK
- Professor Diego Sanchez-Ancochea - Head of Department, Oxford Dept. of International Development
- Professor Xiaolan Fu - Professor, University of Oxford, UK and TMCD Director
- Mr. Wu Cheng- Senior Vice President, Tencent
- Mr. Marcio Cruz- Senior Economist, Trade & Competitiveness Global Practice, World Bank Group
- Mr. Torbjorn Fredriksson - Chief, ICT Policy Section, UNCTAD
- Professor Pervez Ghauri - Professor, University of Birmingham, UK
- Mrs. Sonia Kabir - CEO of SBK Foundation and Vice Chair, Council of UN Tech Bank
- Professor Pinar Ozcan - Professor of Entrepreneurship & Innovation, Saïd Business School, University of Oxford
- Mr. Richard Alex Roehrl -Senior Economist, UN DESA


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Have you ever heard of lewis Gratz Fell? If not, you're missing out on learning about an incredible trailblazer in the fields of law and social justice. Born in the early 19th century, Fell was a prominent attorney and activist who dedicated his life to fighting for the rights of marginalized communities.
His legacy lives on to this day, and his impact on the legal profession and the fight for justice cannot be overstated. In this article, we'll dive into the life and accomplishments of Lewis Gratz Fell, exploring how he paved the way for future generations of lawyers and activists. Get ready to be inspired by the story of a true pioneer in the pursuit of justice.
What is lewis gratz fell?
Lewis Gratz Fell was an influential lawyer and activist in the 19th century, who dedicated his life to fighting for justice and equality. Born in Pennsylvania in 1815, Fell grew up in a time when slavery was still legal in the United States.
Despite facing significant obstacles, he went on to become one of the first African American lawyers in the country, and his work had a significant impact on the legal profession and the fight for civil rights. Fell was an outspoken advocate for abolitionism, and he also supported women's rights and suffrage. He believed in the power of education and helped establish the first law schools in Pennsylvania, paving the way for future generations of lawyers.
Overall, lewis Gratz Fell was a trailblazer whose legacy lives on today. His contributions to the fight for justice and equality continue to inspire and inform the work of activists and legal professionals around the world. To know more details on the topics, stay with Marketingno.
Early Life and Education: How Lewis Gratz Fell's Upbringing Influenced His Future Activism
Sure, there's a rewritten paragraph focused on lewis Gratz Fell's early life and education:
Lewis Gratz Fell was born into a prominent family in Philadelphia in 1805. His father was a successful lawyer and businessman, and his mother was a Quaker who instilled in him a strong sense of morality and social justice. Fell attended the University of Pennsylvania, where he studied law and graduated in 1827. His education and upbringing played a significant role in shaping his future activism, as he witnessed firsthand the injustices faced by marginalized communities, particularly African Americans.
Fell was deeply troubled by the institution of slavery and became a vocal advocate for its abolition. His early experiences with discrimination and inequality motivated him to use his legal education to fight for justice and equality for all. In the following sections, we'll explore how Fell's upbringing and education paved the way for his impactful career in law and social justice.
The Fight Against Slavery: Fell's Role in the Abolitionist Movement
Lewis Gratz Fell was a passionate activist who dedicated much of his life to the fight against slavery. Fell's role in the abolitionist movement was instrumental in bringing about change and promoting social justice. He worked tirelessly to abolish the cruel practice of slavery, believing that every human being deserved to be treated with dignity and respect.
Fell was actively involved in various anti-slavery organizations, including the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, where he served as a delegate to their annual meetings. He also played a key role in the Underground Railroad, helping enslaved people escape to freedom in the North. His efforts in this area earned him a reputation as a skilled and courageous conductor, despite the risks involved.
Throughout his life, Fell remained steadfast in his commitment to the abolitionist cause, and his tireless work helped to bring about the end of slavery in the United States. Today, his legacy serves as an inspiration to those who continue to fight for freedom, justice, and equality for all.
Breaking Barriers: Fell's Work as a Black Lawyer in the 19th Century
TheBreaking Barriers: Fell's Work as a Black Lawyer in the 19th Century
One of Lewis Gratz Fell's most remarkable accomplishments was breaking through the barriers faced by black lawyers in the 19th century. At the time, it was extremely rare for African Americans to become lawyers, let alone practice law. However, Fell refused to let his race hold him back. He pursued a legal education, studying under prominent attorneys of the day and even apprenticing with future U.S. Supreme Court Justice Benjamin Curtis.
With his education in hand, Fell became one of the first black lawyers in Pennsylvania, opening his own law office in Philadelphia. He faced discrimination and bigotry from both colleagues and clients, but remained committed to using his legal skills to fight for justice. His advocacy on behalf of black clients and other marginalized groups helped to advance the cause of civil rights and paved the way for future generations of black lawyers.
Fell's work as a trailblazing black lawyer is a testament to his resilience and determination to overcome the obstacles placed in his path.
Advocating for Women's Rights: Fell's Support for Suffrage and Gender Equality
Advocating for women's rights was a key aspect of Lewis Gratz Fell's activism. As he firmly believed in the importance of gender equality. In the late 19th century, Fell became involved in the women's suffrage movement and used his legal expertise to advocate for women's right to vote. He also supported the right of women to pursue higher education, recognizing that education was essential to achieving equality. Fell was particularly outspoken about the need for African American women to have access to education. As he believed that education was a powerful tool for empowerment.
In addition to his work in suffrage and education, Fell also fought for women's rights in the legal profession. He encouraged women to pursue careers in law and was an advocate for equal pay and opportunities for female lawyers. His commitment to gender equality and women's rights made him a pioneer in his time. And his legacy continues to inspire those fighting for justice today.
Legacy in Legal Education: Fell's Contributions to the Formation of Law Schools
Lewis Gratz Fell's impact on legal education is a crucial part of his legacy. In the mid-19th century, Fell recognized the need for formal legal education in the United States, which was still a relatively new concept at the time. He believed that in order to ensure that lawyers were properly trained and equipped to serve their clients. There needed to be a more structured and consistent approach to legal education.
As a result, Fell played a pivotal role in the formation of law schools. Both through his work as an educator and as a co-founder of the National Law School of Washington, D.C. His vision helped to establish the modern legal education system that we know today. With its emphasis on rigorous academic training and practical experience. Fell's contributions to legal education have had a lasting impact. Shaping the way that lawyers are trained and prepared to serve their communities.
Continuing the Fight for Justice: How Fell's Legacy Lives on Today
Continuing the Fight for Justice: How Fell's Legacy Lives on Today
Despite passing away over a century ago, Lewis Gratz Fell's legacy continues to inspire activists and attorneys to this day. Fell's work as a lawyer and activist was groundbreaking in his time. And his contributions to the fight for justice have continued to resonate with future generations. Today, Fell's legacy lives on through the efforts of those who continue to advocate for marginalized communities. And work to uphold the values of equity and fairness that he fought for throughout his life.
In particular, Fell's work in advancing the rights of Black Americans and other marginalized groups has been especially impactful. His advocacy for equal access to education and the right to vote laid the groundwork for future civil rights movements. And his pioneering work as a Black lawyer in the 19th century paved the way for other attorneys of color to follow in his footsteps.
Overall, the legacy of Lewis Gratz Fell serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of fighting for justice and equality. Both in the legal profession and in society as a whole. As we continue to confront systemic injustices and work towards a more equitable future. Fell's legacy will undoubtedly continue to inspire and guide us.
Overcoming Adversity: How Fell's Resilience and Perseverance Inspired Others
Lewis Gratz Fell was no stranger to adversity, but it was his resilience and perseverance that truly set him apart. Born into a society that saw Black Americans as second-class citizens, Fell faced countless obstacles throughout his life.
But despite the many challenges he faced. He never gave up on his dream of becoming a lawyer and fighting for justice. Fell's tenacity and determination inspired many others to follow in his footsteps, even when the odds seemed stacked against them. Whether he was advocating for the abolition of slavery or championing women's rights. Fell never lost sight of his goal: to make the world a more just and equitable place.
And while he may have faced setbacks and disappointments along the way. Fell's unwavering commitment to his principles inspired countless others to overcome their own adversities and fight for a better future.
In conclusion, lewis Gratz Fell was a true trailblazer in the fields of law and social justice. His unwavering commitment to fighting for the rights of marginalized communities. Even in the face of seemingly insurmountable obstacles, was nothing short of inspirational.
Fell's legacy lives on to this day, as his contributions to the legal profession and. The fight for justice continues to inspire new generations of activists and attorneys.
His work was on behalf of the abolitionist and suffrage movements. As well as his efforts to create a more equitable society have left an indelible mark on American history.
And while there is still much work to be done to achieve true equality and justice for all. We can all draw inspiration from lewis Gratz Fell's resilience. Perseverance, and unyielding commitment to fighting for what is right.


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Posted on August 9, 2012 by mazecontroller
Each of the previous editions of Legend of the Five Rings was connected to a specific time period. The first edition was set before the events of the CCG. The second edition bumped the timeline to the Time of the Void. The third edition came out current with the CCG story at the time. The fourth edition opted to be timeless to allow fans to use whatever time period they wanted. This left a lot of the game's history out of the core book. This makes the fourth edition versatile, but left out a lot of the player created history and backstory. Imperial Histories was created to fill that void.
Imperial Histories is a guide to various points in the history of Rokugan. Many of the periods have been seen in other sourcebooks or editions. Some have been referred to in historical accounts. And a few are brand new to the book. Each of these is set ups as a campaign possibility with new rules, new schools and, in some cases, modifications to the existing rules for different eras of the Empire. This book is aimed at GMs looking for campaign ideas or fans wanting historical information in one place.
Imperial Histories is available in hardcover and PDF. The book follows the same art and layout style as the Legend of the Five Rings core book. Most of the artwork is from the more recent sets of the CCG with the chapters broken up by two page spreads. Appropriate art is used where available. The book includes a sidebar talking about the time periods that don't use accurate art. There is an index in the back. Unlike the core book PDF, neither the table of contents nor the index are hyperlinked. There are one or two repeats of art from the core book but the majority of pieces are new to the RPG line.
The chapters each detail a different period in Rokugan history. It starts with the Dawn of the Empire, when the kami walked the earth. The book also details more famous elements of history such as the first two arcs of the CCG. The Day of Thunder is when many fans of Legend of the Five Rings came into the game. It was followed by the Spirit Wars and the Four Winds saga. Each of these gets a chapter. The book rounds out with two alternate timelines. The Heroes of Rokugan illustrates a living campaign that's been going on for years. One Thousand Years of Darkness takes place in a world where Fu Leng, the Lord of the Shadowlands was not defeated on the Day of Thunder and rules over the Emerald Empire.
Each chapter ends with mechanics relevant to the chapter. This usually means new schools, different schools or rules modifications. There are a few settings that involve gaijin, which add rules for things like firearms and non-Eastern weaponry. The rules for playing a gaijin essentially boil down to: don't. Full rules might appear in a later book but the authors make an argument that there are plenty of other fantasy games on the market that cover that ground well.
The most compelling chapter is One Thousand Years of Darkness. This dark setting is one the fans have been waiting for. The timeline puts the players as part of the rag-tag rebels still fighting against the dark Emperor Fu Leng. This game of samurai already thrives on tough choices between duty and honor. This setting makes those choices even tougher. Fans of horror will love being desperate demon slayers as well as dark intrigues to try and save an Empire that might not be worth saving anymore.
One of the chapters not in the book is the current CCG storyline. Other storyline updates have filled entire books. Fans looking to see how the current timeline is shaping up will be disappointed. AEG has plans for a second book like this next year. Rather than just updating characters and storylines, these books could be a gateway for fans of the RPG to keep up with the CCG and fans of the CCG to try out the RPG. These camps have been separated for far too long. Not telling the ongoing story here is a missed opportunity.
The Heroes of Rokugan chapter misses in a few areas. It reads like someone's campaign that already happened rather than a jumping off point for a new campaign. The story has some interesting elements and characters but doesn't feel ready to run out of the book like the others. The same information can be picked up for free on the campaign website. Having it here seems like a bit of padding, especially when there are a lot of other time periods that could have fit in the book.
GMs looking for material to mine will have a lot to choose from. Things from the alternate timelines could easily make themselves seen in home games. Historical schools could be reskinned or used to make an NPC unique. There's a ton of material here to put into any game regardless of the setting. Each chapter also has enough material for the basis of a campaign. GMs looking to run Legend of the Five Rings after a campaign or too will find the information here very useful.
Bottom Line: A great book for GMs looking for a time to set their new Legend of The Five Rings campaign.
Review by Rob Weiland


Scala has a very special streaming library called FS2 (Functional Streams for Scala). This library embodies all the advantages of functional programming (FP). By understanding its design goals you will get exposure to the core ideas that make FP so appealing.
FS2 has one central type: Stream[Effect,Output]
You might get from this type that it's a Stream and that it emits values of type Output.
The obvious question here is what is Effect? What is the link between Effect and Output? And what advantages does FS2 have over other streaming libraries?
I will start by reviewing what problems FS2 solves. Then I compare List and Stream with several code examples. After that, I will focus on how to use Stream with a DB or any other IO. That is where FS2 shines and where the Effecttype is used. Once you will understand what Effect is, the advantages of Functional Programming should be evident to you.
At the end of this post you will get the answers to the following questions:
 - What problems can I solve with FS2?
 - What can I do with Stream that List cannot?
 - How can I feed data from an API/File/DB to Stream?
 - What is this Effect type and how does it relate to functional programming?
Note: The code is in Scala and should be understandable even without prior knowledge of the syntax.
What problems can I solve with FS2?
 1. Streaming I/O: Loading incrementally big data sets that would not fit in memory and operating on them without blowing your heap.
 2. Control Flow (not covered): Moving data from one/several DBs/files/APIs to others in a nice declarative way.
 3. Concurrency (not covered): Run different streams in parallel and make them communicate together. For example loading data from multiple files and processing them concurrently as opposed to sequentially. You can do some advanced stuff here. Streams can communicate together during the processing stage and not only at the end.
List vs Stream
List is the most well known and used data structure. To get a feel for how it differs from an FS2 Stream, we will go through a few use cases. We will see how Stream can solve problems that List cannot.
Your data is too big and does not fit in memory
Let's say you have a very big file (40GB) fahrenheit.txt. The file has a temperature on each line and you want to convert it to celsius.txt.
Loading a big file using List
val list = Source.fromFile("testdata/fahrenheit.txt").getLines.toList
java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space
List fails miserably because of course, the file is too big to fit in memory. If you are curious, you can go check the full solution using Stream here — but do that later, read on :)
When List won't do…Stream to the rescue!
Let's say I succeeded in reading my file and I want to write it back. I would like to preserve the line structure. I need to insert a newline character \n after each temperature.
I can use the intersperse combinator to do that
import fs2._
Another nice one is zipWithNext
scala> Stream(1,2,3,4).zipWithNext.toList
res1: List[(Int, Option[Int])] = List((1,Some(2)), (2,Some(3)), (3,Some(4)), (4,None))
It bundles consecutive things together, very useful if you want to remove consecutive duplicates.
These are only a few from a lot of very useful ones, here is the full list.
Obviously Stream can do a lot of things that List cannot, but the best feature is coming in the next section, it's all about how to use Stream in the real world with DBs/Files/APIs...
Let's just say for now that this our program
scala> Stream(1,2,3)
res2: fs2.Stream[fs2.Pure,Int] = Stream(..)
What does this Pure mean? Here is the scaladoc from the source code:
 * Indicates that a stream evaluates no effects.
 * A 'Stream[Pure,O]' can be safely converted to a 'Stream[F,O]' for all 'F'.
type Pure[A] <: Nothing
It means no effects, ok …, but What is an effect? and more specifically what is the effect of our program Stream(1,2,3)?
This program has literally no effect on the world. Its only effect will be to make your CPU work and consumes some power!! It does not affect the world around you.
By affecting the world I mean it consumes any meaningful resource like a file, a database, or it produces anything like a file, uploading some data somewhere, writing to your terminal, and so on.
How do I turn a Pure stream to something useful?
Let's say I want to load user ids from a DB, I am given this function, it does a call to the DB and returns the userId as a Long.
import scala.concurrent.Future
def loadUserIdByName(userName: String): Future[Long] =???
It returns a Future which indicates that this call is asynchronous and the value will be available at some point in the future. It wraps the value returned by the DB.
I have this Pure stream.
scala> val names = Stream("bob", "alice", "joe")
names: fs2.Stream[fs2.Pure,String] = Stream(..)
How do I get a Stream of ids?
The naive approach would be to use the map function, it should run the function for each value in the Stream.
scala> userIdsFromDB.compile
res5: fs2.Stream.ToEffect[scala.concurrent.Future,Long] = fs2.Stream$ToEffect@fc0f18da
I still got back a Pure! I gave the Stream a function that affects the world and I still got a Pure, not cool... It would have been neat if FS2 would have detected automatically that the loadUserIdByName function has an effect on the world and returned me something that is NOT Pure but it does not work like that. You have to use a special combinator instead of map: you have to use evalMap.
scala> userIdsFromDB.toList
:18: error: value toList is not a member of fs2.Stream[scala.concurrent.Future,Long]
No more Pure! we got Future instead, yay! What just happened?
It took:
 - loadUserIdByName: Future[Long]
 - Stream[Pure, String]
And switched the types of the stream to
 - Stream[Future, Long]
It separated the Future and isolated it! The left side that was the Effect type parameter is now the concrete Future type.
Neat trick, but how does it help me?
You just witnessed true separation of concerns. You can continue to operate on the stream with all the nice List like combinators and you don't have to worry about if the DB is down, slow or all the stuff that is related to the network (effect) concerns.
It all works until I want to use toList to get the values back
scala> userIdsFromDB.toList
What???!!! I could swear that I used toList before and it worked, how can it say that toList is not a member of fs2.Stream[Future,String] any more? It is as if this function was removed the moment I started using an effect-ful stream, that's impressive! But how do I get my values back?
scala> userIdsFromDB.compile
First we use compile to tell the Stream to combine all the effects into one, effectively it folds all the calls to loadUserIdByName into one big Future. This is needed by the framework, and it will become apparent why this step is needed soon.
Now toList should work
scala> userIdsFromDB.compile.toList
:18: error: could not find implicit value for parameter F: cats.effect.Sync[scala.concurrent.Future]
What?! the compiler is still complaining. That's because Future is not a good Effect type — it breaks the philosophy of separation of concerns as explained in the next very important section.
IMPORTANT: The ONE thing to take away from this post
A key point here, is that the DB has not been called at this point. Nothing happened really, the full program does not produce anything.
Stream("bob", "alice", "joe").evalMap(loadUserIdByName).compile
Separating program description from evaluation
Yes it might be surprising but the major theme in FP is separating the
 - Description of your program: a good example is the program we just wrote, it's a pure description of the problem "I give you names and a DB, give me back IDs"
And the
 - Execution of your program: running the actual code and asking it to go to the DB
One more time our program has literally no effect on the world besides making your computer warm, exactly like our Pure stream.
Code that does not have an effect is called pure and that's what all Functional Programming is about: writing programs with functions that are pure. Bravo, you now know what FP is all about.
Why would you want write code this way? Simple: to achieve separation of concerns between the IO parts and the rest of our code.
Now let's fix our program and take care of this Future problem.
As we said Future is a bad Effect type, it goes against the separation of concerns principle. Indeed, Future is eager in Scala: the moment you create one it starts to executes on some thread, you don't have control of the execution and thus it breaks. FS2 is well aware of that and does not let you compile. To fix this


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Does anyone have a definition of the term "scamp", as used in the UX community?
By context of use, it appears to be some kind of wireframe, but careless?
Examples of actual scamps would also be very helpful.
Searching for "scamp" on google isn't very helpful, being also a proper word.
share|improve this question
closed as not a real question by Charles Boyung, JohnGB, Benny Skogberg, 3nafish, Charles Wesley May 14 '13 at 15:20
What is the context of this? Is it something you've overheard, or was it a client request? It's not something I've ever come across. A 'careless' wireframe I would refer to as a'sketchy' one drawn up in a hand-drawn style. – JonW Oct 27 '11 at 11:10
A miserable little pile of mockups! But enough talk, have at you! – Ben Brocka Oct 27 '11 at 13:32
2 Answers 2
up vote 10 down vote accepted
According to Wikipedia, in the UX context a Scamp is:
Scamp - a first rough or mockup usually used in artworking terms (scamp up a design during a design brief).
/EDIT - Another link discussing possible origins of the term: What is a Scamp?
Finally, here are another load of definitions.
 1. Preliminary design or layout of an advertisement or other promotional material.
 Found on _URL_
 2. A sketch of a design showing the basic concept.
 Found on _URL_
share|improve this answer
Thanks, Jon. :) – Bob Oct 27 '11 at 11:38
so some mashup of a sketch and a comp - it should be a skomp surely! – Roger Attrill Oct 27 '11 at 13:42
UX seems to treat the concept of'scamps' a little differently to other design disciplines, where the definition above seems spot-on. But UX people generally seem to use the term to mean something that sits conceptually in between a wireframe and a finished visual design - a wireframe with added visual design information, if you like.
They seem most useful in the context of developing additional layouts or functionality for an existing site, when it can be useful for the client to see mock-ups that have the header and footer and some of the design language they're expecting to see, but at short order.
Here is a lovely Pinterest board of various design scamps: _URL_
share|improve this answer


text:
SCOLA: Broadcast Television from Around the World
SCOLA is a service that allows students and instructors to view broadcast television from around the world. Students can view the video to assist in their language learning objectives. Instructors can take advantage of these video-materials as well as ready-to-use "Insta-class" comprehension modules, which are complete with translation, transcription, vocabulary, a and quiz!
- This subscription service is currently available and accessible through CLICC computer labs, the CDH PC lab, as well as on your course websites (for instructor access only). Please check the CLICC or CDH Labs website for location, hours, and reservation information (for instructors).
- Once at CLICC or CDH Labs, follow these instructions for accessing SCOLA.
- If you are an instructor and would like to use SCOLA materials for your course, contact the Ecampus Support Team. An ITC will be able to assist you to either use the material "as is" on your Ecampus Course Website, or assist you with any editing that you would like to do before using the video. SCOLA videos are copyright free for UCLA instructors and TAs! Also, you can discuss ideas on how to use SCOLA for your course. Check out what languages are available below!
SCOLA at UCLA!
SCOLA is available and accessible to UCLA students and instructors through CLICC computer labs or the CDH PC Lab (At this time it is not available from any other location - on or off campus). As a student, you can watch programming in a language that you are learning or maintaining. As an instructor, you can use this video in your lesson plans, or inform your students of the availability of this service so that students can view authentic television in the language they are seeking to learn or maintain. Instructors can also take advantage of "Insta-Class" modules: ready-made comprehension modules that include a transcript of a portion of the broadcast in the original language, an English translation of that same portion and online quizzes for self-checking! Navigate to the "Insta-Class" section of the SCOLA site to access these modules.
What is SCOLA? (excerpt from _URL_)
SCOLA is a non-profit educational organization that receives and re-transmits television programming from around the world in native languages. These programs are available via satellite, cable TV and the Internet to students of language study, ethnic communities and anyone seeking a global perspective. SCOLA currently provides four 24/7 channels of programming.
- SCOLA Channel One: Authentic Programming (News, Weather and Cultural) highlighting regions of greater Eurasia. Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova,Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia Montenegro, Slovenia and Spain among others.
- SCOLA Channel Two: Programming from Bulgaria, Croatia, Ethiopia, Germany, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Sweden, the United Arab Emirates and other countries.
- SCOLA Channel Three: (Chinese Teaching Channel) Featuring educational and cultural programming from the People's Republic of China.
- SCOLA Channel Four: Featuring programming from the emerging nations of: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Tajikistan, Thailand, Ukraine, Uzbekistan and Vietnam.
Published: Friday, October 07, 2005


text:
Dynamical properties of water and protons in Nafion with an equivalent weight of 1144 are studied using the recently developed reactive molecular dynamics (RMD) algorithm at various water contents. The structural diffusion of a proton along the aqueous domains is modeled via a mechanism similar to that observed in bulk aqueous systems. The algorithm implements reactivity in classical MD simulations by three steps: (i) satisfaction of the trigger, (ii) instantaneous reaction, and (iii) local equilibration. Two different schemes (Method 1 and Method 2) of execution of the algorithm are investigated, which differ in terms of the range of the local environment involved in the reaction. Both methods are parametrized to the experimental rate constant of proton transport in bulk water. The mean lifetime of the protons increased with the water content in Nafion. Water diffusivities of the reactive systems using the two schemes increased with the hydration level and were higher than the diffusion coefficients in the nonreactive system. The more detailed scheme in Method 2 which included the relaxation of the extended hydrogen bonding network around the proton-hopping reaction lowered the water diffusivity compared to that of Method 1 and also affected both the structural and vehicular components of diffusion. The total charge diffusion, vehicular component, and structural component increased with water content, and the two components of the charge diffusion were found to be negatively correlated. The negative correlation is due to preferential structural diffusion of the proton toward the sulfonate group, whereas vehicular diffusion tends to move the H3O+ ion away from the sulfonate group.
Available at: _URL_


Ask Difference
Reservoir vs. Lake — What's the Difference?
Edited by Tayyaba Rehman — By Maham Liaqat — Updated on August 9, 2024
Reservoirs are man-made bodies of water created for specific purposes like water supply, while lakes are natural water bodies formed by environmental processes.
Reservoir vs. Lake — What's the Difference?
Difference Between Reservoir and Lake
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Key Differences
Reservoirs are artificial constructs, often created by damming rivers to store water for human use such as drinking, irrigation, or hydroelectric power; whereas lakes are naturally occurring bodies of water, typically formed by geological or environmental changes like glacial activity or volcanic activity.
The primary purpose of reservoirs is to manage water resources for human activities, ensuring supply during dry periods and controlling flood risks; while lakes primarily serve ecological roles, supporting diverse ecosystems and often becoming recreational sites.
In terms of biodiversity, reservoirs might have limited species diversity initially due to their artificial nature and the specific conditions created by water management practices; on the other hand, lakes often host a wide variety of plants, animals, and microorganisms that have adapted to their natural environmental conditions over millennia.
Reservoirs are usually monitored and maintained by governmental or private entities to meet human demands and safety standards, including regular checks on water quality and dam stability; whereas lake management might be less intensive unless they are part of a conservation or tourist area.
The water levels in reservoirs are generally controlled and can fluctuate significantly depending on human usage and seasonal cycles; in contrast, lake water levels are more influenced by natural factors like precipitation, evaporation, and inlet/outlet stream flows.
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Comparison Chart
Origin
Man-made, often by damming rivers
Natural, formed by environmental processes
Primary Purpose
Water storage for human use, flood control
Ecological balance, recreation
Biodiversity
Often limited initially; controlled environment
High; evolved naturally over time
Management
Actively managed for water quality and safety
Less intensively managed
Water Level
Controlled, subject to human needs
Influenced by natural factors
Compare with Definitions
Reservoir
A part of a mechanical system that holds fluid.
Check the brake fluid level in the reservoir.
Lake
A popular location for recreational activities like fishing and boating.
They spent the weekend fishing on the lake.
Reservoir
An area where water is collected and stored for future use.
Fish populations in the reservoir have been carefully monitored.
Lake
A large body of water surrounded by land.
Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America.
Reservoir
An artificial lake where water is stored.
They visited the scenic reservoir during their vacation.
Lake
A natural or man-made pond or basin filled with water.
The village by the lake attracts many tourists in summer.
Reservoir
A storage space for fluids, especially water.
The new reservoir holds enough water to irrigate the entire valley.
Lake
A landscape feature contributing to local biodiversity.
The lake supports a variety of bird species.
Reservoir
A reservoir (; from French réservoir [ʁezɛʁvwaʁ]) is most commonly an enlarged natural or artificial lake created using a dam to store water. Reservoirs can be created in a number of ways, including controlling a watercourse that drains an existing body of water, interrupting a watercourse to form an embayment within it, through excavation, or building any number of retaining walls or levees.
Lake
A significant body of stagnant water.
The ancient lake bed was discovered during the excavation.
Reservoir
A natural or artificial pond or lake used for the storage and regulation of water.
Lake
A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, surrounded by land, apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, although like the much larger oceans, they form part of Earth's water cycle.
Reservoir
A receptacle or chamber for storing a fluid.
Lake
A large area of water surrounded by land
Lake Victoria
Boys were swimming in the lake
Reservoir
An underground accumulation of petroleum or natural gas.
Lake
An insoluble pigment made by combining a soluble organic dye and an insoluble mordant.
Reservoir
(Anatomy) See cisterna.
Lake
A large inland body of fresh water or salt water.
Reservoir
A large or extra supply; a reserve
A reservoir of goodwill.
Lake
A scenic pond, as in a park.
Reservoir
(Medicine) An organism or population that directly or indirectly transmits a pathogen while being virtually immune to its effects.
Lake
A large pool of liquid
A lake of spilled coffee on my desk.
Reservoir
A place where anything is kept in store.
Lake
A pigment consisting of organic coloring matter with an inorganic, usually metallic base or carrier, used in dyes, inks, and paints.
Reservoir
A large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply.
Lake
A deep red.
Reservoir
A small intercellular space, often containing resin, essential oil, or some other secreted matter.
Lake
A large, landlocked stretch of water or similar liquid.
Reservoir
A supply or source of something.
Lake
A large amount of liquid; as, a wine lake.
Reservoir
A species that acts as host to a zoonosis when it is not causing acute illness in other susceptible species.
Lake
A small stream of running water; a channel for water; a drain.
Reservoir
(computing) A "black box" component that receives an input signal to be read out and mapped by another process, as part of reservoir computing.
Lake
(obsolete) A pit, or ditch.
Reservoir
(transitive) To store or keep (something) in or as in a reservoir.
Lake
(obsolete) An offering, sacrifice, gift.
Reservoir
A place where anything is kept in store; especially, a place where water is collected and kept for use when wanted, as to supply a fountain, a canal, or a city by means of aqueducts, or to drive a mill wheel, or the like.
Lake
(dialectal) Play; sport; game; fun; glee.
Reservoir
A small intercellular space, often containing resin, essential oil, or some other secreted matter.
Lake
(obsolete) A kind of fine, white linen.
Reservoir
A large quantity of infectious microorganisms resident in animals other than man, potentially capable of being transmitted to humans.
Lake
In dyeing and painting, an often fugitive crimson or vermillion pigment derived from an organic colorant (cochineal or madder, for example) and an inorganic, generally metallic mordant.
Reservoir
A large quantity of infectious microorganisms or parasites resident in animals other than man, potentially capable of being transmitted to humans; especially, such organisms in animals where they do little or no harm to the host.
Lake
In the composition of colors for use in products intended for human consumption, made by extending on a substratum of alumina, a salt prepared from one of the certified water-soluble straight colors.
The name of a lake prepared by extending the aluminum salt prepared from FD&C Blue No. 1 upon the substratum would be FD&C Blue No. 1--Aluminum Lake.
Reservoir
A large supply or stock of anything which may be rapidly put to use; a reserve.
Lake
(obsolete) To present an offering.
Reservoir
A large or extra supply of something;
A reservoir of talent
Lake
To leap, jump, exert oneself, play.
Reservoir
Lake used to store water for community use
Lake
To make lake-red.
Reservoir
Tank used for collecting and storing a liquid (as water or oil)
Lake
A pigment formed by combining some coloring matter, usually by precipitation, with a metallic oxide or earth, esp. with aluminium hydrate; as, madder lake; Florentine lake; yellow lake, etc.
Lake
A kind of fine white linen, formerly in use.
Lake
A large body of water contained in a depression of the earth's surface, and supplied from the drainage of a more or less extended area.
Lake
To play; to sport.
Lake
A body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land
Lake
A purplish red pigment prepared from lac or cochineal
Lake
Any of numerous bright translucent organic pigments
Common Curiosities
How is a lake formed?
A lake is formed by natural processes such as glacial activity, volcanic activity, or changes in river courses.
Can a lake be artificially created?
Yes, a lake can be artificially created by damming rivers or excavating land.
What are common uses of reservoirs?
Common uses include water supply, irrigation, flood control, and recreation.
How do reservoirs affect local ecosystems?
They can alter local ecosystems by changing water flow and temperature regimes.
What is a reservoir?
A reservoir is an artificial lake where water is stored for various purposes, such as supplying water or generating hydroelectric power.
What is the difference between a reservoir and a dam?
A reservoir is the body of water stored behind a dam, which is the structure built to hold back water.
What types of activities can be done on a lake?
Activities include boating, fishing, swimming, and water sports.
Do all lakes have natural outlets?
Most natural lakes have outlets, but some do not, especially in arid or closed basins.
Are reservoirs safe for aquatic life?
Safety for aquatic life in reservoirs depends on water quality and management practices.
Why are reservoirs important for cities?
They provide a reliable water source for urban areas, supporting drinking, sanitation, and industrial activities.
What wildlife is typically found in lakes?
Lakes often host fish, birds, amphibians, and various aquatic organisms.
How are lakes protected by law?
Many lakes are protected under environmental laws to preserve their natural state and ecosystem.
How deep are reservoirs compared to lakes?
Depth can vary widely, but reservoirs are often deeper near the dam structure.
What are the challenges in managing a reservoir?
Challenges include maintaining water quality, managing sediment, and balancing water needs with ecological preservation.
Can reservoirs be used for energy production?
Yes, many reservoirs


text:
Male tanner crabs can reach 6 inches in width, while females are about half the size. Despite their smaller size, females can carry up to 100,000 eggs. After hatching from the egg, juvenile snow crabs will molt their shells and grow a new one as they increase in size. When they reach sexual maturity, they will never molt again. This last molt is called the "terminal molt".
Unfortunately, the tanner crab population in southeast Alaska is plagued by an algae called parasitic dinoflagellate. This parasite causes "bitter crab disease" which is not harmful to humans but causes the meat to taste bad and eventually kills the crab.


text:
Enable a database trigger or triggers.
sp_EnableTriggers( ObjectName, CHARACTER,200,
Options, INTEGER )
ObjectName (I) Name of DD object. Can be a table, view, or a trigger.
Parent (I) Name of table or view when ObjectName is the name of a trigger.
AllUsers (I) TRUE if the setting should affect all users. FALSE for only the current user.
Options (I) Must be zero. Reserved for future use.
Special Return Codes
The sp_EnableTriggers system procedure is used to enable triggers in a database. Triggers can be enabled for the current user or for all users. To enable triggers for the current user, specify empty or NULL strings for ObjectName and Parent and specify FALSE for AllUsers. To enable triggers for all users and all triggers of a database, specify empty or NULL strings for ObjectName and Parent, but specify TRUE for AllUsers. To enable all triggers for a specific table, specify the database table name for ObjectName and NULL or an empty string for Parent. To enable a single trigger, specify the database trigger name for ObjectName and the table name that contains the trigger for Parent. When enabling a single trigger or all triggers for a specific table, the AllUsers flag is ignored. The setting will then affect all database users.
The disabled state of a trigger is determined using the following hierarchy: user, database, table, trigger. This means that the user level disabled state has precedence over the database level. Likewise, the table level disabled state has precedence over the trigger level. Furthermore, the disabled state of a level cannot be altered when a higher level is already disabled. For example, a table's disabled state cannot be altered if triggers are already disabled on the database level. However, this does not apply to the user level in that a user may enable triggers on the database or lower levels despite their current user disabled trigger state.
Changes in the disabled trigger state will take effect immediately. If a user has already begun firing a trigger, the trigger will run as it would normally. However, if a user is in the middle of a recursive trigger or a referential integrity cascade for example, a trigger's disabled state could change in the middle of the overall operation.
Appropriate ALTER permissions are required to enable triggers on the database, table, and trigger levels. For example, ALTER TABLE permissions are required on a table to enable triggers on it. In contrast, no permissions are required for users to enable triggers on themselves.
// Enable all triggers for a single user
EXECUTE PROCEDURE sp_EnableTriggers( NULL, NULL, FALSE, 0 )
// Enable all triggers for all users
EXECUTE PROCEDURE sp_EnableTriggers( NULL, NULL, TRUE, 0 )
// Enable all triggers on a specific table (all users is assumed)
EXECUTE PROCEDURE sp_EnableTriggers( 'customers', NULL, FALSE, 0 )
// Enable a specific trigger on a specific table (all users is assumed)
EXECUTE PROCEDURE sp_EnableTriggers( 'auditTrigger', 'customers', FALSE, 0 )