intended primarily for use by IBM Service. FFDC instantly collects events and errors that occur during the WebSphere Application Server runtime. The information is captured as it occurs and is written to a log file that is analyzed by an IBM Service representative. For more information, see the Information Center.
Question: As I am new to WebSphere, I want to know the following:
 1. What is the file structure of WebSphere?
 2. How will I deploy EJBs in WebSphere?
 3. Can I directly copy *.ejb to WebSphere, or do I need to make *.war for that?
Answer: I suggest you pick up our book, IBM WebSphere: Deployment and Advanced Configurations, which answers all these questions directly.
 1. WebSphere Application Server is designed to try to shield developer and administrators. The Admin Console and scripting language give you a full range of coverage. There are several underlying files and directories that get updated for various actions. In addition, if you use WebSphere Application Server Network Deployment, multiple sets of directory structures get replicated. Figure 3 illustrates some of the important elements to keep in mind.
 Probably the most interesting portion of the WebSphere Application Server directory structure is the config directory under a specific profile. WebSphere Application Server supports various scopes of configuration visibility relative to where the application is deployed. The configuration for the scope is defined within several XML files under the directory of the scope. Update the configuration through one of the WebSphere Application Server administrative tools and not by hand editing XML files. XML file editing should only happen if there is some configuration that has caused severe errors. If anyone makes any changes, that person should have a deep understanding of WebSphere Application Server. WebSphere also has a backup and restore capability of configuration that allows you to restore configurations. Use these features religiously instead of hand editing.
 Figure 3. Directory structure
 Directory structure
 2. The J2EE specification requires that you package EJB applications in an EJB jar file and follow the EJB directory structure. In addition, J2EE applications are packaged into EAR files that can contain several EJB Jar files. You can deploy EJB applications as EAR files or as standalone EJB jar files, although the EAR approach is recommended for portability. WebSphere Application Server supports several tools for deploying applications:
 - WebSphere Application Server admin console
 - Wsadmin scripting language
 - Specialized ANT tasks
 - Rational Web Developer, Rational Application Developer, Rational Software Architect, or the Application Server Toolkit
 - WebSphere Rapid Deploy (allows the deployment of unpackaged annotated java classes directly into WAS)
 3. I am not sure what you mean by *.ejb. EJB applications are made up of several Java files and XML deployment descriptors that are packaged into an EJB jar file and deployed as a module.
Question: I have installed WebSphere Application Server 6 and now I want to change the hostname (and IP address) for deployment. How do I do that?
Answer: There are several places where the hostname and IP need to be updated. We provide scripts that enable you to do this. You can download the sample scripts.
Question: How is it possible for hot deployment in WebSphere 6.0? Is there any ANT task that supports hot deployment for WebSphere 6.0?
Answer: Yes, we provide a new feature in version 6 of WebSphere Application Server called WebSphere Rapid Deploy (WRD). WebSphere Rapid Deploy enables you to setup a special directory for automatic deployment of J2EE modules or loose annotated Java classes. There are two modes supported:
 - AuotAppInstall: Deployment of J2EE modules
 - Free Form: Deployment of annotated Java files
AutoAppInstall: You can use WRD to create a style that automates the installation, modification, and de-installation of J2EE compliant applications or modules. Instead of taking an EAR file and using wsadmin or the Web Admin UI to install that application through a multi-step wizard, you can use WRD to create a monitored directory in which you can simply place the EAR. Upon placing the EAR in the directory, WRD detects the addition of the new file and builds of the project Of course, WRD would, in addition to handling EAR files, consume individual J2EE modules (WARs, EJB jars, RARs) and construct EARs as part of its execution.
Figure 4. WebSphere Rapid Deploy
WebSphere Rapid Deployment
There is also the option of enhancing the EAR file. This enhanced EAR file contains information to allow WRD to automatically create the resources. Here is an example of using AutoAppInstall:
 - Configure the WRD workspace
 1. export WORKSPACE= C:\WRDAutoInstall
 2. $WAS_HOME/bin//wrd-config -project DeployProject -style AutoAppInstall -runtime "was60" -runtimePath "D:/WebSphere_60/AppServer" -monitor
 - Start the WRD daemon: $WAS_HOME/bin/wrd -monitor
 - Copy EAR into directory
Free form: You can also use WRD to reduce the complexity of application construction. In this scenario, instead of providing a fully-constructed J2EE application, you place in a directory the individual parts of the application, such as Java Source files that represent Servlets or EJBs, static resources, XML files, and so on. You then configure WRD to construct a J2EE compliant application and deploy that application on a target server. Free form is ideal for initial prototyping of applications or development of library code. However, use caution when using free form development for enterprise applications. Developers can quickly lose control of their build and deployment process. Here is an example of using free form:
 - Configure the WRD workspace:
 1. export WORKSPACE=D:/WRDWorkSpace
 2. $WAS_HOME/bin//wrd-config -project "MyProject" -style "freeform" -runtime "was60" -runtimePath "D:/WebSphere_60/AppServer" -monitor
 - Create a Java Servlet or EJB class in the directory using any editor.
For more information on WRD, see the WebSphere V6 Information Center.
Here is an example of the code. These were the only artifacts developed.
package com.wrdtest;
import javax.naming.InitialContext;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
 public void doGet (HttpServletRequest req,
HttpServletResponse res) throws ServletException, IOException {
 PrintWriter out = res.getWriter();
 try {
 InitialContext ctx = new InitialContext();
 HelloHome helloHome = (HelloHome)ctx.lookup("ejb/Hello");
 HelloRemote hello = helloHome.create();
 out.println("Hello, world!");
 } catch (Exception e) {
 // TODO Auto-generated catch block
package com.wrdtest;
 * _USER_ Admin
 *_USER_.session name="Hello" type="Stateless"
 * local-jndi-name="ejb/Hello"
public class MyService {
 * _USER_ symbol
 * _USER_
 * _USER_ StockException
 * _USER_.interface-method view-type="both"
 * _USER_.transaction type="Required"
 public String getMessage()
 return "Hello EJB";
Question: I am working with RAD and WebSphere 6.0. I want to deploy an EAR file with log4j, but an error appears during deployment. What is wrong? The log4j.xml is in the ear file.
[7/25/05 17:39:54:269 CEST] 00000062 ResourceMgrIm I
WSVR0049I: Binding ENT13000 as jdbc/ENT13000
[7/25/05 17:39:54:284 CEST] 00000062 EJBContainerI I
WSVR0207I: Preparing to start EJB jar: TDSLRechercheEJB.jar
[7/25/05 17:39:54:312 CEST] 00000062 EJBContainerI I
WSVR0037I: Starting EJB jar: TDSLRechercheEJB.jar
[7/25/05 17:39:54:904 CEST] 00000062 MDBListenerIm I
WMSG0058I: Listener Port ListenerPortNI will attempt to
restart in 60 seconds
[7/25/05 17:39:54:937 CEST] 00000062 ApplicationMg E
WSVR0101W: An error occurred starting, TDSLRechercheJ2EE
[7/25/05 17:39:54:945 CEST] 00000062 ApplicationMg A
WSVR0217I: Stopping application: TDSLRechercheJ2EE
[7/25/05 17:39:54:988 CEST] 00000062 EJBContainerI I
WSVR0041I: Stopping EJB jar: TDSLRechercheEJB.jar
[7/25/05 17:39:55:034 CEST] 00000062 ApplicationMg A
WSVR0220I: Application stopped: TDSLRechercheJ2EE
[7/25/05 17:39:54:770 CEST] 00000062 SystemErr
R log4j:ERROR Could not open [./log4j.xml].
[7/25/05 17:39:54:


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Following on from the last post on integrating some rmathlib functionality with kdb+, here is a sample walkthrough of how some of the functionality can be used, including some of the R-style wrappers I wrote to emulate some of the most commonly-used R commands in q.
Loading the rmath library
Firstly, load the rmathlib library interface:
Random Number Generation
R provides random number generation facilities for a number of distributions. This is provided using a single underlying uniform generator (R provides many different RNG implementations, but in the case of Rmathlib it uses a Marsaglia-multicarry type generator) and then uses different techniques to generate numbers distributed according to the selected distribution. The standard technique is inversion, where a uniformly distributed number in [0,1] is mapped using the inverse of the probability distribution function to a different distribution. This is explained very nicely in the book "Non-Uniform Random Variate Generation", which is availble in full here: _URL_
In order to make random variate generation consistent and reproducible across R and kdb+, we need to be able to seed the RNG. The default RNG in rmathlib takes two integer seeds. We can set this in an R session as follows:
and the corresponding q command is:
Conversely, getting the current seed value can be done using:
The underlying uniform generator can be accessed using
3.102089 3.854157 3.369014 3.164677 3.998812 3.092924 3.381564 3.991363 3.369..
produces 100 random variates uniformly distributed between [3,4].
Then for example, normal variates can be generated:
-0._PHONE_ -0.334377 -0._PHONE_ -0._PHONE_ -0._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_ 1.633248 -0._PHONE_ -1.199814 0.04405314
This produces identical results in R:
> rnorm(10) -0._PHONE_ -0._PHONE_ -0._PHONE_ -0._PHONE_ -0._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_ _PHONE_ -0._PHONE_ -_PHONE_ 0._PHONE_
Normally-distributed variables with a distribution of \( N(\mu,\sigma) \) can also be generated:
Or we can alternatively scale a standard normal \( X ~ N(0,1) \) using \( Y = \sigma X + \mu \):
q) 'int$ (avg x; dev x)
q) 'int$ (avg y; dev y)
Probability Distribution Functions
As well as random variate generation, rmathlib also provides other functions, e.g. the normal density function:
computes the normal density at 0 for a standard normal distribution. The second and third parameters are the mean and standard deviation of the distribution.
The normal distribution function is also provided:
computes the distribution value at 0 for a standard normal (with mean and standard deviation parameters).
Finally, the quantile function (the inverse of the distribution function – see the graph below – the quantile value for.99 is mapped onto the distribution function value at that point: 2.32):
We can do a round-trip via
q)'int $ qnorm[ pnorm[3;0;1]-pnorm[-3;0;1]; 0; 1]
Thats it for the distribution functions for now – rmathlib provides lots of different distributions (I have just linked in the normal and uniform functions for now. There are some other functions that I have created that I will cover in a future post.
All code is on github: _URL_
[Check out part 3 of this series]

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Transcoding in C with FFmpeg
Google doesn't provide much information on transcoding video in C with FFmpeg – there are no examples anywhere of how to specifically do this. However, with a significant amount of determination and perseverance, I have successfully produced a system capable of transcoding a video file. It might have taken a day and a half to have it perfected, but I now feel that I fully understand aspects of video encoding and FFmpeg that I did not understand before.
In my tests, I have successfully transcoded an MP4 file using H.264/AAC to another MP4 file using the same codecs. The emphasis for this transcoding system was to produce something capable of parsing the individual audio and video frames, thus allowing manipulation of this data at a later stage. The work I have done thus far has hopefully set the foundations for data manipulation to follow shortly. Given this progress, I remain cautiously optimistic that I will be able to adapt what I have done to embed data into video.
Over the last couple of days, I have had to deal with the issues associated with processing multiplexed audio and video data. At first, this didn't seem too challenging. All I had to do was process a packet correctly as either audio or video and then successfully interleave it in the output stream. There were a couple of nuances that did crop up, but most significantly was the problem of the PTS (Presentation Time Stamp) of each video frame. When an incorrect PTS was defined, the video frame would not interleave, or the playback of the video would be hideously affected. In essence, PTS is used to synchronise separate streams. In the instances that the video would playback, the PTS would affect the stream to the point where the image was static or playing at a rate that was significantly more rapid than the audio playback.
After correcting the PTS, dealing with frame noise produced by the decoder and managing frame rate issues, I ended up with my current solution, which thankfully works!


text:
For Full-Text PDF, please login, if you are a member of IEICE,|
or go to Pay Per View on menu list, if you are a nonmember of IEICE.
Two High Accuracy Frequency Estimation Algorithms Based on New Autocorrelation-Like Function for Noncircular/Sinusoid Signal
Kai WANG Jiaying DING Yili XIA Xu LIU Jinguang HAO Wenjiang PEI
IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences
Publication Date: 2018/07/01
Online ISSN: _PHONE_
Type of Manuscript: PAPER
Category: Digital Signal Processing
frequency estimation, autocorrelation-like function, complex-valued least squares, complex-valued reformulation of Pisarenko's method,
Full Text: PDF>>
Computing autocorrelation coefficient can effectively reduce the influence of additive white noise, thus estimation precision will be improved. In this paper, an autocorrelation-like function, different from the ordinary one, is defined, and is proven to own better linear predictive performance. Two algorithms for signal model are developed to achieve frequency estimates. We analyze the theoretical properties of the algorithms in the additive white Gaussian noise. The simulation results match with the theoretical values well in the sense of mean square error. The proposed algorithms compare with existing estimators, are closer to the Cramer-Rao bound (CRLB). In addition, computer simulations demonstrate that the proposed algorithms provide high accuracy and good anti-noise capability.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
I'm looking for a method to stop the gripper servo when holding an object.
I tried a few options:
1) servo potentiometer analog read
The values are noisy, and needs constant calibration, requires short delays between the readings (flood issue?)
2) Force sensor analog read (picture)
The values are noisy and depends on the touching surface.
3) Tactile button/pad digital read (picture)
similar to a bumper switch (picture) seems more simple to detect (digital signal) but so far nothing small to fit the gripper.
Any suggestions ?


text:
You are looking at the manual for Wusage 7.1. This product is three years old! Check out Wusage 8.0 and its remarkable new features.
Wusage 7.1 Manual
If you prefer to manually edit your configuration files, use the following syntax for this option:
topos 10 (or another number, or all)Description
The How Many Operating Systems? (topos) option indicates how many
of the most frequently used operating systems should be shown
in each Chart Top Operating Systems (os) report. By default, the top ten operating systems
are shown. The sorting order is determined
by the Top Operating Systems Report: Sort by (osorder) option.
You may specify any whole number of user agents
or the word
Topical Configuration Editor Reference
Alphabetical Configuration Editor Reference
Alphabetical Configuration File Reference
Glossary of Frequently Used Terms


text:
One of the most turbulent and romanticized eras in ancient Chinese history is that of the three kingdoms period. During the third century AD in China, warlords battled for supremacy. This turbulent and bloody era is known as the three kingdoms period. It's also one of the most romanticized eras in Chinese history; heroes and villains like Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Zhuge Liang have served has inspiration for poetry, novels, opera, and song in China.
"Best get it in Whispersync"


text:
A $24.95 value, FREE with your Go Los Angeles Card!
From "rich and famous" party boat of the 1930s to WWII service boat, the Queen Mary is one of the most famous ocean liners in history. Find out how it got its nickname the "Grey Ghost" and learn about this storied vessel's haunted past.
Walk aboard the legendary Queen Mary on this Self Guided Ship Tour, and learn about this vessel's haunted past with the exhilarating Ghosts and Legends Tour! Take a trip back in time to the glory days of one of the most famous ocean liners in history. The Queen Mary was themode of transportation for the elite of western society. 2011 marks the 75th anniversary of the Queen Mary's maiden voyage and a tour of the deck is as impressive now as it was then.
Construction on the R.M.S. Queen Mary began in 1930 in Scotland, and the ship was, from the beginning, destined to be in a class of its own. The maiden voyage in 1936 brought the Queen Mary to Cherbourg, France. The ship quickly became popular with the rich and famous. Future voyages would see the likes of Fred Astaire and the Duke and Duchess of Windsor on her decks. In 1939, the Queen Mary was drafted into service and used as a troopship during World War II. Given the ship's camouflaged grey exterior, she earned the nickname of "the Grey Ghost", and played a vital role in the success of the Allied Forces.
HoursDaily, 10:00 am-6:00 pm
ClosingsOpen 365 days a year
Redemption InstructionsIncluded General Admission Passport (includes Ghosts and Legends Tour and Self Guided Ship Tour) with the Go Los Angeles Card. Proceed to Ticket Booths to redeem offer.
Address1126 Queen's Highway Long Beach, CA 90802
Driving DirectionsFrom LAX: Take the 405 Freeway south to the 710 Freeway south (23 mi). From John Wayne (Orange County): Take the 405 Freeway north to the 710 Freeway south (25 mi.) From Long Beach Airport. Take the 405 Freeway north to the 710 Freeway south (8 mi.)
The self-guided audio tour of the Queen Mary lasts approximately 1.5 to 2 hours, and visitors have the opportunity to experience an extra treat- the 30-minute Ghosts & Legends Show! The Ghosts & Legends Show brings you an interactive, special effects display that highlights the ship's eerie paranormal hotspots, in the capable hands of a tour guide.
The Queen Mary was first said to have been home to paranormal activity after being permanently docked in California. People have reported hearing children crying, seeing wet footprints mysteriously appear when not a drop of water sits in the swimming pool, and seeing women in vintage bathing suits taking a swim when the pool has been closed for more than 30 years. The passengers and crew members and their supposed sightings have been reported and documented, and the staff of the Queen Mary invites you to see for yourself the site of these haunting and spooky legends…is it real, or the imagination at work?
Enjoy your Self Guided Ship Tour aboard the Queen Mary, and let your imagination run wild as you experience the Ghosts and Legends Tour. Your time aboard the Queen Mary will give you a unique and historic perspective of this once-popular mode of transportation, the elegant steam liner.


text:
When the USMCA entered into force on 1 July 2020, the general view was that the agreement would limit the ability of investors to file investment arbitration claims because the new rules offered limited access to the ISDS mechanism compared with NAFTA. Furthermore, investors from Canada and the U.S. face an additional restriction as ISDS rules expired between the two countries after a three-year transition period that expired on 30 June 2023. As of that date, U.S. investors cannot file an ISDS claim against Canada, and Canadian investors cannot file an investment claim against the U.S. Regarding Mexico and Canada, the situation is similar with one distinction. Since Mexico and Canada are Contracting Parties to the CPTPP, investors from those countries still have access to ISDS.
Due to all the new features in the ISDS rules, there was also an expectation that investors of the three countries would use the transition period to file ISDS cases under the NAFTA rules to the extent possible instead of using the new ISDS rules under the USMCA during the first three years of its existence. As this post shows, the expectation proved to be correct because the number of cases registered during the first three years of the USMCA was higher in comparison to the last three years of the NAFTA.
In light of the recent conclusion of the transition period, this post examines some of the new features in the USMCA Investment Chapter, reviews the cases registered during the first three years of the agreement, and identifies some areas of potential interpretation of the new provisions that will likely start emerging in 2024.
ISDS Rules at a Glance
As plenty of experts have written about the USMCA Investment Chapter, this post will provide an overview of some of the new features of the ISDS rules instead of discussing the chapter itself.
Unlike NAFTA Chapter 11 (Investment), the ISDS rules were segregated into annexes designed to address different procedural requirements and claims (see Table 1 below). Under Annex 14-C, investors of the three Parties could submit a Chapter 11 claim within three years of USMCA's entry into force, subject to certain conditions. For instance, the access to that annex, known as the Legacy Investment Clause, was limited to investments of an investor of a Party in the territory of another Party established or acquired between 1 January 1994, and the termination of the NAFTA and in existence on the date of entry into force of the USMCA (i.e., 1 July 2020). However, as of 1 July 2023, Annex 14-C is no longer available for submission of claims to arbitration.
Annex 14-D contains the main body of ISDS rules available to U.S. and Mexican investors regardless of the economic sector in which they have invested, similar to NAFTA Chapter 11, Section B. However, two significant differences between the two agreements arise regarding claims that an investor can submit to arbitration. First, under the USMCA Annex 14-D, only breaches of the following USMCA obligations can be arbitrated: (i) National Treatment, (ii) Most-Favored-Nation Treatment, and (iii) direct expropriation.
Second, the application of an exhaustion of local remedies clause. Investors (when filing a claim on its own behalf) and the investor and the enterprise owned or controlled by the investor (when filing a claim on behalf of the enterprise) must: (i) have first initiated a proceeding before a tribunal or court of the respondent party, and (ii) obtained a final decision from a court of last resort or 30 months have elapsed from the date the proceeding was initiated. The requirement is not applicable if recourse to domestic remedies is "obviously futile."
USMCA Annex 14-E takes the opposite approach with respect to the two limitations mentioned above. First, the investor may submit a claim to arbitration for any standard of protection outlined in Chapter 14. Second, the limitations on the exhaustion of local remedies in Annex 14-D are not applicable. However, Annex 14-E is only available to investors (and, in some cases, an enterprise of the host country owned or controlled by the investors) that are a party to a contract with the government of the host country in five sectors: oil & gas, power generation, telecommunication services, transportation services, and infrastructure projects (i.e., roads, railways, bridges, or canals).
Finally, the USMCA maintains specific ISDS rules in the Financial Services Chapter (see post).
In the first three years of USMCA, 19 cases were registered (see Chart 2) compared to nine cases during the last three years of NAFTA (see Chart 1 below). Remarkably, Mexico is the respondent party in 14 of the 19 claims filed under the USMCA, representing 73.6% of the total cases. However, it should be mentioned that one case was discontinued in 2022 (L1bre v. Mexico), and another one stayed in 2023 (Sepadeve v. Mexico). Canada and the U.S. are respondents in four and one cases, respectively (see Chart 2 below).
Interestingly, in the case of Mexico, 10 of 14 arbitration cases under the USMCA were registered in 2023, mainly filed by U.S. investors. That figure represents 71% of USMCA cases against Mexico in the first three years. Overall, it is yet to be seen if more claims will be registered in the last part of 2023. Still, this year can be considered atypical due to the vast number of claims filed, but the expiration of the Legacy Investment Clause at the end of June 2023 could explain the increment in claims. Thus, a significant decrease in claims filed during the rest of 2023 should be expected.
Like NAFTA, U.S. investors continue to be the primary users of ISDS in the USMCA era, followed by Canadian investors with 26% of claims (see Chart 3 below). Mexican investors still have not filed an ISDS case under the USMCA.
A review of the economic sectors involved in cases filed under the USMCA, as per the classification used by the ICSID, reveals that 48% of the cases related to the oil, gas, and mining industries. Additionally, 16% relate to transportation. Other sectors report one case as shown in Chart 4, and three cases are classified as "other industry".
As discussed in this blog, there was speculation about potential ISDS cases against Mexico due to the reforms and policies that President Lopez-Obrador sought to adopt to roll back the 2013 constitutional reform that opened the energy sector to private investment. However, although the cases filed under the USCMA mostly pertain to the energy industry, none are related to President Lopez-Obrador's reforms.
Development of USCMA Case Law
With the claims filed under the USMCA, we will witness the formation of case law on the new investment provisions.
In TC Energy v. U.S., the claimants filed a notice of arbitration under NAFTA using Annex 14-C, alleging that President Biden's revocation of a permit to construct a pipeline on 20 January 2021, breached the NAFTA Investment Chapter. The U.S. challenged the tribunal's jurisdiction to hear the claim, alleging that in Annex 14-C, Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. only extended their consent to arbitrate claims that arose before NAFTA's termination (i.e., 1 July 2020). At the core of the dispute is Annex 14-C(1), which provides that:
As discussed in this post, Annex 14-C does not explicitly address the question at issue as it does, for instance, regarding the duration of the USMCA Parties' consent to arbitrate disputes under NAFTA upon termination. Thus, the disputing parties have been arguing different interpretations, and recently, Mexico filed a non-disputing Party submission under NAFTA Article 1128, siding with the U.S. At the moment, the position of Canada on this matter remains unknown. The tribunal will interpret Annex 14-C to decide whether the USMCA Parties consented to arbitrate claims under NAFTA only with respect to alleged breaches of the agreement that occurred while it was in force or, as TC Energy claims, also during the first three years of the USMCA.
The tribunal's decision (or award) on this matter will set an important precedent for cases filed more recently under USMCA Annex 14-C against Mexico and Canada. One of the cases that would probably benefit from the precedent is Access v. Mexico, where the claimant alleges that its investment was expropriated by SEDATU (a federal agency) after 1 July 2020.
Another relevant case to follow is Finley v. Mexico, which is the first case with claims filed under Annex 14-E (i.e., ISDS related to covered government contracts). The claimants allege that Pemex Exploration and Production, a PEMEX subsidiary (Mexico's oil and gas state-owned enterprise), repudiated three contracts the claimants entered into with the company for oilfield services. Some claims in this case were submitted under NAFTA (via Annex 14-C), while others were filed under Annex 14-E. Among other arguments, Mexico contends that the tribunal lacks jurisdiction to hear the claims because the USMCA Parties did not consent to submit claims before a single arbitral tribunal under different international investment treaties (i.e., NAFTA and USMC


text:
Interested in whether your protein uses oxygen to mediate reactions? Wondering if oxygen is keeping your enzyme from its duty? Then what you need as an anaerobic tent!
These tips provide some basic knowledge to help you perform experiments using an anaerobic tent.
What is an anaerobic tent?
Most biologists who work in oxygen-free environments use anaerobic tents. These soft-sided vinyl chambers (and attached gloves) contain an inert mixture of gases and are given shape by a metal frame. They generally have a smaller footprint than glove boxes, and provide a greater range of motion during experiments. In addition, the anaerobic tent's soft sides are more forgiving to changes in internal atmospheric pressure, though they are less sturdy overall.
Items (experimental materials) enter and exit both types of chamber through an attached airlock. Items within the airlock are subjected to multiple 'cycles' of alternating vacuum and repressurization using inert gas to purge as much excess oxygen as possible before they are brought into the main chamber. The interior of the anaerobic tent may or may not be sterile, depending on the needs of its users.
Establishing and maintaining an anaerobic environment is tedious and time-consuming. The misuse of an anaerobic tent, particularly the airlock, can cause both property damage and physical injury. Keeping in mind a few basic safety measures and good etiquette will keep you safe and on the good side of the team who normally uses the anaerobic tent.
Safety with anaerobic tents
1. Know how to cycle items through the airlock
The procedure for bringing items into or out of the anaerobic tent should be posted on or around the pump and gas tanks; regardless, you should still have one of the regular users walk you through the protocol. Save your memory: write down any relevant details that aren't posted.
2. Know where the air monitoring gauges are, and keep an eye on them during your experiment
Ask one of the regular users of the anaerobic system what the expected gas ratios are, and record the appropriate minimum and maximum acceptable numbers. Many systems have alarms to warn users when the oxygen concentration becomes too high. Ask a lab member to demonstrate, but don't depend on the alarm; be aware of oxygen levels during your experiment.
Etiquette for using an anaerobic tent
1. Plan ahead
It takes time for items that have been kept on the shelf in the lab to equilibrate in an anaerobic environment, and it takes time for the anaerobic tent to purge oxygen carried in with each set of fresh items. Plastics usually take a couple of days to 'breathe' off the oxygen adhering to their porous surfaces.
Any equipment (probes, etc.), that you want to use in the tent will also need to be brought in. Make sure that your labmates won't need to use them and there is a power outlet available in the tent. Depending on the equipment's composition, it may also need a day or two to off-gas before you start.
If the anaerobic tent is used as a sterile environment, make sure that it stays that way—prepare your materials appropriately and practice aseptic technique as necessary.
2. Do not leave large bottles of solution open in the tent for an extended period of time
If you won't be using the solution for more than a day or so, stopper the bottle tightly to prevent evaporation. Water vapor can cause mold as well as contribute to oxygen levels.
3. Remove your supplies and experimental waste as soon as possible once you are finished with your experiment
If you are running a multi-day experiment, remove waste materials at least daily to keep the tent clean and minimize the possible contamination sources. Strong acids and bases are not nice to the inside of the anaerobic box, and water evaporates.
4. If you plan to use the tent for more than a few days, offer to help with minor maintenance
Anaerobic boxes require regular upkeep, even when they are not in use. Be sure to ask if there is any light regular maintenance you can perform while using the tent. You may be asked to replace the hygroscopic pellets or palladium catalyst, a task generally performed every few days. You may not need to do anything, but it doesn't hurt to ask.
Pro tips for anaerobic solution prep
If you only need a small amount of solution, check anaerobic solvents already in the tent.
Large-volume solutions (buffers, etc.) created in room atmosphere should have as much excess oxygen removed as possible before they are introduced to the anaerobic tent. Below are details on how to perform this, but don't hesitate to ask a lab member for help with this process!
- Stopper the bottle and run an appropriate inert gas through the solution as it is vigorously stirred. Be sure you provide an avenue for the oxygen to escape!
- Once the bottle has been degassed for an hour or so, seal it (usually with a screw-top lid) and cycle it into the tent.
- Once the system appears stable, let the solution stir in the tent without the stopper for another couple of hours or overnight. Keep an eye on the tent's oxygen levels during this process, and restopper the bottle once you are done.
Performing an experiment under anaerobic conditions introduces many factors into your experiment (including how to handle microcentrifuge tubes while wearing enormous kitchen gloves), but can also provide you with invaluable information about whether your protein requires oxygen or its absence.
These tips should help make sure your experiment is a success!


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Read the first chapter of Rediscovering Your Happily Ever After.
Read the first chapter of What To Do When You're Scared To Death.
Art/History Unit Studies
PeggySue has homeschooled for 25 years. A foundational component has been this series she developed for her own children. These unit studies can be used individually or with a group. These 11 study guides focus on the highlights of each time period in the areas of historical events, literature and theater, music, art, and science. This is a unique look at how contemporaries influenced each other and the world.
Download and use the first in the series, The Genesis.
Additional units available for purchase at $9.95 are:
Early Kingdoms: -1000 to -501
The Renaissance Period (The 14th Century): 1401 to 1600
The Classic Years (17th – 18th Century): 1751 – 1800
The Romantic Period (19th Century): 1801 to 1900
The Twentieth Century: 1900 – present

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


FolderItemDialog.Result
From Xojo Documentation
Read-Only Property (As FolderItem )
FolderItemValue = aFolderItemDialog.Result
Supported for all project types and targets.
Holds the result of calling ShowModal() or ShowModalWithin.
Notes
If the user validates the dialog, Result contains the FolderItem corresponding to the selection; otherwise, Result is Nil.
Example
This example displays the NativePath to the mp4 file that the user selects using the Result property.
Dim dlg As OpenDialog
Dim f As FolderItem
dlg = New OpenDialog
dlg.PromptText = "Select a file"
f = dlg.ShowModal
If dlg.Result <> Nil Then
MsgBox("You selected: " + dlg.Result.NativePath)
Else
// User Cancelled
End If


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Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Melodic dictation is a cognitively demanding process that requires students to hear a melody, then without any access to an external reference, transcribe the melody within a limited time frame. Despite its ubiquity in curricula within School of Music settings, exactly how an individual learns a melody is not well understood. This dissertation aims to fill the gap in the literature between aural skills practitioners and music psychologists in order to reach conclusions that can be applied systematically in pedagogical contexts. In order to do this, I synthesize literature from music theory, music psychology, and music education in order to demonstrate how tools from both cognitive psychology as well as computational musicology can be used to help inform pedagogical practices.
In the second chapter, I discuss factors that might play a role in a student's ability to take melodic dictation and put forward a taxonomy of factors that are assumed to contribute to an individual's ability to take melodic dictation. The third chapter of the dissertation investigates individual factors that are theorized to contribute to melodic dictation using a cross-sectional experimental design. The chapter corroborates claims on the importance of understanding individual differences in working memory capacity in research on melodic dictation. The fourth chapter discusses how aural skills pedagogy can incorporate methodologies from computational musicology in order to inform teaching practice. In my fifth chapter, I introduce the MeloSol corpus, a new collection of 783 digitized melodies encoded in the **kern format. In the sixth chapter, I synthesize the previous research in a melodic dictation experiment to show how using robust statistical methods can be used model melodic dictation. Finally, in my seventh chapter, I introduce a computational, cognitive model of melodic dictation with the goal of helping explain how students improve at melodic dictation. I demonstrate how modeling the cognitive decision process during melodic dictation helps provide a precise framework for pedagogues to understand student's inner cognition during melodic dictation and can help inform teaching practice.
Baker, David John, "Modeling Melodic Dictation" (2019). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 4960.


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"We need space to get to know each other … Only in dialogue — and as Pope Francis says, only in the culture of encounter — do we get to understand each other's inner culture."
Immaculate Heart of Mary Sister Ruth Bolarte, keynote speaker, shared this insight and many others during the Diocese of Trenton's "Walking Together as Church" conference Nov. 18 at St. Anthony of Padua Parish, Hightstown. The 50-some parish leaders of various ministries who attended explored the differences between cultural interpretations of behavior and styles of communication, which can sometimes be barriers to better understanding of people from diverse backgrounds.
PHOTO GALLERY: "Walking Together As Church" conference
Observing the Terrain
"It's interesting to know the sea you are swimming in," said Terry Ginther, diocesan chancellor and executive director of the Office of Pastoral Life and Mission, who shared statistics of the various cultures represented in the Diocese's 97 parishes. Ginther stressed the understanding of an "intercultural" Church — one that recognizes and appreciates the tapestry of various expressions of the Catholic faith. "Step back and look at what culture means; it's so much deeper than different foods, languages and dress."
Sister Ruth pointed out that the theological term "inculturation" speaks to the relationship between culture and God. "How do we experience God and manifest our spiritual life?" she asked. "As missionaries, we need to take into consideration the culture of the people we are working with. We are called to affirm the Gospel that is already in the culture, but we are also called to purify, according to Gospel values."
Participants had several opportunities for small-group discussions. One in particular addressed both old and new interpretations of the cultural mix of America and its Church.
"What are you working toward in your parishes?" Sister Ruth asked. Formerly described as a "melting pot," the parish is currently compared to different metaphorical images: a salad, a mosaic or a stew. Although all have some relevance, Sister Ruth pointed out, there are limitations.
"The mosaic is not dynamic but fixed … the pieces are together, but not really mixed," she explained. "The salad contributes various ingredients, but the limitation is that you can pick out what you don't want." In the stew metaphor, however, the ingredients remain distinct, "but they are changed through being together… because of our living together, I have changed."
Cultural Differences as Strengths
Sister Ruth broke down the differences between "enculturation," adapting to the norms of society; "acculturation," changes that occur from continuous first-hand contact with another culture; and "inculturation," a theological term for one's ethnic dimension intersecting with spiritual life.
Immaculate Heart of Mary Sister Ruth Bolarte speaks about various cultural groups in church communities. EmmaLee Italia photo
Ethnocentrism — judging others through one's own cultural reference, thinking "my way is normal, their way is weird" — is part of being human, Sister Ruth noted. "Our job is to recognize that by self-reflection and engaging in dialogue."
One's internal culture, she pointed out, can influence the way a person expresses their faith — either through a lens of collectivism, in which the group and relationships are prioritized, common in Asian and African cultures; or individualism, which starts with the well-being of the individual's rights and opportunities, embraced by many Western cultures.
"Both are OK — they are just different; both have strengths and limitations," she said, noting that more work may need to be done to engage with people whose inner culture encourages them to seek group approval first or to save face by pretending that "everything is fine."
Engaging the Faithful
Deacon Tom Garvey of St. Anthony Parish, who is proud of the work his parish is already doing to bring its different cultures together for shared events, said, "I see how much our Spanish community brings enrichment to the spiritual life of the parish, with their great enthusiasm and celebrations of their culture.
"I would like to see more explanation — some background on what it's all about — of what another culture is doing for different events," he continued, pointing out that many English-speaking parishioners are unfamiliar with their significance.
Kathleen McGrorry, youth minister and catechetical leader in St. Teresa of Calcutta Parish, Bradley Beach, said "What stood out to me was the [discussion of] ethnocentrism, where we judge others through our own eyes." She also was intrigued by the topic of the "survival mode" many people from non-Western cultures enter when adapting to the Church in the United States. Moving forward, her ideas include "trying to meet people where they are, not just to include but to accommodate."
"Today I've been able to recognize and accept that there are different ways not only to connect with the community, but with the Catholic Church overall," said Ana Acatitla Cosme, religious education secretary and catechetical leader in Our Lady of Guadalupe Parish, Lakewood. Training opportunities like the Walking Together as Church conference are important, she said, because "you get to see that certain things you have been doing [in ministry] aren't so normal for other people. I'm definitely taking some ideas back [to my parish], such as being able to [recognize how] people's traditional and cultural events connect with the Catholic Church."


Saving Docket Entries to Activities
AdvoLogix downloads all of the docket entries attached to a UniCourt case when it is saved. Docket entries represent a series of activities grouped by virtue of a common timeline objective in UniCourt. This results in the ability to assign important events or task to individuals within your organization with ease.
Saving Docket Entries
A new proposed action for saving docket entries is added to the UniCourt case by AdvoLogix. This action is available only when your case is already attached to a matter. The action will take users to an interface where they can configure the docket entries before being saved as events or tasks.
AdvoLogix saves each selected docket entry to a task or an event with dates already filled out by respective docket entries.
From left to right, the column headings are described as follows:
 1. Create Activity - Enable this checkbox to create an AdvoLogix activity for the docket entry.
 2. Type - Can be either task or event.
 3. Activity Date - The activity due date is automatically determined by the docket entry. Events also have the ability to set a start time and duration.
 4. Duration - The duration of the event. Only shown when the activity type is an event.
 5. Subject - Identifies the task or event; in the same manner served when creating a calendar activity manually. The default for this value is provided by respective docket entries.
 6. Assigned To - Represents the individual or user to which the activity will be scheduled. As with standard activities, when enabled, multiple assignees may be selected for events.
 7. Priority - Represents the priority for the specified task. Only shown when the activity type is task.
 8. Reminder - Will enable a reminder for the specified activity.
 9. Mass Assign - Allows activities to be mass assigned to a specific user or the user specified on a matter lookup field. Completed activities will not be reassigned.
 10. From/To - The ability to filter the docket entries by a date range provided.


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Renting Basement Illegal - If you are living in the Tampa Bay area, you might not be used to visiting many houses with basementsnonetheless, believe it or not, there are numerous homes throughout the area that do in fact have basements. Most houses in Florida are built without cellar due to hurricane related issues. Building codes insist that home floors be built above storm surge elevation. When a basement is permitted to be built, it generally is built as a "non-livable" area, therefore, in other words, homeowners can possess the basement for additional storage minus bedrooms.
In regards to basement problems, moisture is the most common problem in the cellar. The moisture commonly enters from exterior sources though are also produced inside as well. Often, most homeowners are unaware that the dirt around the basement walls can contain a lot of moisture.
The cause of high moisture content in the dirt could include surface water that's seeping into the soil or even out of a high water table. A high water table could be clarified by heavy rains which cause the water table to rise higher than the cellar floor. Often, water can find its way within a cellar by gravity or through a crack or defect in the water protection layer of the base. Water can also be dragged up with a " wicking action" or " pushed up" by hydrostatic pressure from the soil beneath the walls or floor.
At the summer, warm moist air from outside could enter the home and lead to condensation on the trendy basement walls or floor. With every cold season, the crack will gradually get larger as a result of expansive properties of the frozen water.


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Texturing in XSI
The aim of this tutorial is to introduce you to the world of texturing and explain how to work your textures in Half-Life 2 as well. It's assumed that you have read the tutorial on the basics of XSI: XSI Beginner Tutorial.
- 1 Texturing Outline
- 2 Texturing Basics
- 3 Texturing in XSI
- 4 The Texture Editor
- 5 Texturing our Cube
- 6 Selecting Good Textures
- 7 Helpful Links
In order to view your model in HL2 you have to texture it with at least a plain white texture, or else it will be purple boxed or possibly not even show up at all. Here we will discuss the principles of texturing, what you should look for in good textures, and how to get those textures into HL2 and Hammer so you can actually use your model. It is assumed you know how to make a TGA file and also how to compile it for Source using VTEX. The proper steps to texturing your model are as follows:
- Find a texture and convert to TGA
- Import into XSI
- Map the texture onto your model
- Convert TGA to VTF
- Export model, place into Hammer, compile, view in-game!
Whether you want to or not, it is essential to understand the basics of texturing before you even attempt to texture a model.
UV or Not UV - That is The Question
The basics of texturing involve some simple math to map coordinates in a 2D plane to a 3D model. In order to do this, the 2D texture has its own coordinate system in the U and V axis. U is the horizontal axis and V is the vertical axis of your texture, and they both go from 0 to 1 (eg. 0.5,0.5 would be the middle of the texture). An object in XSI can only be mapped with ONE texture, possibly, so when building your textures you must combine several into one 512x512 image and use that for all your objects.
Normal Mapping and other Peculiarities
A bump map is a texture that changes the way light interacts with the applied surface, much like small bumps on an object in the real world. There are 2 types of bump maps. Grayscale (black and white) and RGB normal maps. Bump maps (Called height maps in some engines) change the depth of the rendered pixel (Since we are taking about pixel shaders here), so its job is to give the illusion of depth. Height maps are useful for rivets, screws, gashes and stuff that isn't very complex. Normal maps are RGB (Red, green, blue) images depicting where there is change in the angle of the rendered pixel. This is much more useful for intricate details like folds, wrinkles, complex surfaces like faces and bodies, unlike height maps. There are several tutorials out there on how to make and apply normal mapped textures, but that is beyond the scope of this article. It usually involves creating a low poly game mesh and a high poly detail mesh, then UV mapping the low poly and baking the high-res model's polygon normals into a texture. You should NOT apply a normal map in XSI unless you are doing it to show off how your model will look before compiling it.
Using Ultimapper in XSI for normal map creation
Ultimapper is the tool used within XSI for rendering out normal maps from a high resolution mesh for mapping onto your game resolution mesh. General workflow is as follows; create a group of high resolution objects that define the detail areas of your mesh, or create a subdivided refinement of your base mesh. If you're using more than one object to make a detailed mesh, use the edit: group command from the Main Command Panel (MCP). Once defined and selected, you can render out your tangent space normals, high resolution ambient occlusion maps for texturing, and any other material infomration you may need (in the albedo map). One note of caution, you need to invert the up and down channel of the resulting normal map to match the rendering inside of the engine. Open the normal map in photoshop, open the channel section in the layer window, then select the green channel. You'll now need to invert this channel(ctrl+I). Save this and re-export your vtf. (this refers to version 5 and up of XSI, previous versions use the "GPU surface FX" property, which functions in a similar manner).
Texturing in XSI
Now you can begin getting textures into XSI and pasting them onto our models! Follow closely and look at the images if you get lost.
Importing a Texture
It's a good idea to use TGA (Targa) files because they are compressionless and are the same format that will be used by VTEX to create the HL2 materials, therefore WYSIWYG. First you need to make the texture local to our cube so that it will display properly, and more importantly, export properly. 'MAKE SURE YOUR OBJECT IS SELECTED BY OBJECT!' Click Render at the top of the screen, go down to Get - Texture, then press Image. Now you are ready to start texturing (see Left Image). What you see in front of you is the XSI default mapping texture, which is good to use if you are trying to see how certain sections of your model will map to a texture. Click edit next to the name of the texture (it should be nolcon_pic) at the top of the window (circled in the pic). This will bring up a new property window that you can use to change the image properties of this texture. Go to about the middle of the page using the scroll bar and where you see C:\somedir click the... button on the far right (circled in pic) and find the image you want to use as a texture on your computer. Congratulations your image is now imported into XSI, click the little left arrow on the top of the current properties window to return to the Texture Map properties page.
Following the UV Textured Road
Having imported your texture into XSI (in the pic you can see it is a new image, and it should be different in yours too) we can now map it to our object. With your object you want to texture selected, press the New button in the Texture Projection box. Then go down to Unique UV's (polymesh) to create a UV mapping of our model's mesh for use with our texture. Now to view our texture on the model, do what's depicted in the image titled Getting your view setup, in the 3D view. Now press ALT+7 to open the Texture Editor Window. Your object has been broken down into its polygons and laid out naked onto our texture!
The Texture Editor
So far, you have taken the TGA texture on your computer and imported it into XSI. Then you created a UV mapping of our object. Now we have our mapped polygons laid out on our texture ready to go.
In this box you have your basic select, move, and manipulate tools. The button on the far left is your select button and it will select depending on the settings you put in the upper blue box (more on that later). The next button is the move button, and will move whatever you click and drag depending on what is selected in the upper blue box. The button after that is the crop button and can be used to crop out your texture image. The last three buttons are for collapsing your selection into a single point, a horizontal line, or a vertical line respectively.
In this box are all the buttons you need to start off wraping your model onto the texture correctly. On the left is the linear wrapping button. Think of this as if you take your texture and paste it onto whatever surface you select. The second button is for cylindrical wrapping and is like taking a soda can and cutting it down vertically one side and pulling it apart into a sheet. This is basically what you are doing to the polygons of your selection (Good for a soda can model). The third button is spherical mapping, and as its name states, is good for mapping a texture onto a sphere.
There are only 2 buttons you should worry about here. The one with the circular arrows checks to see what you have selected in the 3D view and applies that selection to the texture editor, and the one with the horizontal arrows does the opposite. Very useful if you are mapping certain objects and it isn't selecting right in the texture editor.
In this upper blue box you designate what things you want to select or move using the tools from the orange box. This is exactly like what you have in the modeling portion of XSI only it is in the texture editor. V is for vertex, E is for Edge, and P is for polygon. The lower blue box is the same things in the modeling portion of XSI in which you can Scale, Rotate, and Translate whatever is selected. Unlike the move arrow in the orange box, when you select one of these, it applies to the entire selection.
In the green box are your commands for showing and hiding selections, just like in Hammer. Press the S button to show only what is selected. Press the H button to show everything not selected. Press the A button to show everything.
Texturing our Cube
Now you are going to take your texture and apply it to our cube. The cube shown in the picture has some extra details.
Back to the Texture Editor
In the 3D view with ray-cast polygon selection, select one side of your cube. Now back in the texture editor click the linear wrapping button and select Best Fit.


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Roman salad, or English salad?
The next recipe is from the desserts section of the book:
Makaroni-porgandivorm (Carrot and Macaroni Bake)
150g macaroni, cooked in salted water
400g carrots, parboiled and puréed
2-3 tbs sugar
A pinch of grated nutmeg or orange peel
With this recipe the instructions ask that you mix all of the ingredients with the carrots and then toss with the pasta. The pan is then greased and floured. The dish is baked for 30 minutes (temperature not specified). It is suggested that you serve this dish with a red juice sauce. The recipe for this sauce was not included in the book.
Pasta in an Estonian context certainly takes on a different form but as with any new food, you have to find a way to make it yours.
May 23, 2011 § 2 Comments
Salme Masso, widow, homemaker, mother, teacher and home economist published over 30 books throughout her career. Most Estonians either in Estonia or abroad own at least one of her cookbooks. Masso's first book entitled Kodu korrashoid (Home Maintenance) was published in 1935. Her writing career was then put on hold with the start of the Second World War and the sudden death of her husband in 1948. She moved to Tallinn to continue her education in home economics and began a career as a teacher.
The late 1950s, referred to as the Khrushchev Thaw renewed interest in home economics, which had since the start of the war been repressed. Women's magazines began publishing articles on home management and cooking, many of which Masso was commissioned to write. Her writing career had been revived. She went on to publish over 30 cookbooks and household management guides, many of which were used in schools.
For a home economist whose writing career fell into a period of great repression, censorship and scarcity, it is interesting to look at what she was allowed to publish. The post-war Estonian diet was relatively uneventful. Private restaurants had been banned and all cafeterias and eateries were nationally owed. All recipes and cookbook content had to be approved in Moscow. Often these recipes would either leave out significant ingredients or include ingredients that were difficult to come by, rendering a cookbook more a work of fiction than a practical guide.
Salme Masso's 1975 cookbook Rahvaste toite (People's Food) explores recipes from around the world, covering international cuisine from countries such as Japan, Canada and Australia. The author states in the foreward that the recipes have been "revised to suit Estonia's palate."
For example, the recipe for Röstitud kala või liha or teriyaki as Masso translates, asks the following ingredients for the marinade:
4 tbs. unspecified flavouring, soy sauce perhaps
4 tbs. dessert wine
4 tbs. dry white wine
optional 1 clove of garlic
The wide selection of recipes in the American and Canadian chapters are an interesting look into a certain period of North American culinary history. In the American food chapter, while the introduction discusses the popularity of hamburgers, a recipe is not included. Instead the chapter contains recipes for:
Cheese sandwiches with oranges or Hawaiian sandwiches
Summertime Melon Bowl
California Slaw (cabbage, orange, mayonnaise, walnuts)
Cabbage Salad with boiled dressing
Marinated Fish ( white vinegar, pepper, chili pepper, onion)
"Fat Fish Soup" or Cioppino
Tomato Sauce (to be served with meat, fish and eggs)
White Sauce (Béchamel)
Aztec Baked Beans
Deep-fried Cheese Balls
Eggs on Noodle Casserole
Porcupine (Baked Apples)
Banana Steaks (Fried Bananas)
Pennsylvania Cracker Pudding
Milk and Honey Baked Custard
Poppy Seed Cake
Masso refers to a bibliography for further reading and perhaps the sources for the some or all of the recipes in the book. The American bibliography includes:
America's Cook Book. New York, 1937.
Consumers All. the Yearbook of Agriculture. Washington. 1965.
Food. The Yearbook of Agriculture. Washington, 1959.
Herman, B. and Z. Taylor. A Time for Cooking. USA. 1963
Hughes, O. Introductory Foods. New York, 1962.
Krause, M.V. Food, Nutrition and Diet Therapy. Philadelphia, 1963.
Proft, S. The Master Chef's Outdoor Grill Cookbook. Chicago, 1960.
Stevenson, G. and C. Miller. Foods and Nutrition. New York, 1960.
Vail, G.E. Foods. Boston, 1967.
The American bibliography is probably the most extensive of the sources with Canadian cookbooks, mostly French Canadian following closely behind.


The omni-directional mobility gear (立体機動装置 Rittai kidō sōchi?) is a type of equipment developed by humans that allows great mobility when facing the Titans in combat. It allows the user to fight in a 3D space as opposed to a 2D one. The equipment itself takes the form of a body harness that encompasses much of the body below the neck.
Although the equipment can grant a skilled user tremendous mobility, it is a demanding art that requires both strength and skill, both of which must be honed through constant practice.
Some tools involved in the apparatus include:
 - Hand grips
 - Piston-shot grapple-hooks
 - Gas-powered mechanism
 - Iron wire propeller with plug-in blades
Soldiers using ODM gear
The simplest move possible with the ODM gear is simply aiming and firing the grapple hooks at an object and then activating the gas mechanism to reel oneself toward the said object. They can then disconnect the hook and continue moving forward.
Usually however, soldiers must be able to move around in order to navigate in general. Therefore, they tend to use their momentum in order to swing around targets, not only in rectilinear patterns, but also slaloming between objects and Titans. The gas mechanism is so powerful that it can stop a person from falling without using the hooks.[1]
The ODM gear tends to be less efficient in open spaces because the user does not have too many spots where the hooks can be reeled. However, the hooks are able to pierce Titan flesh and ODM gear can be as fast or even faster than a Titan.
More advanced techniques include changing directions while still being reeled in as demonstrated by Jean Kirschtein.[2]
Main Housing — The winch resides inside a housing, located on the wearer's lower back. There are two independent shafts, with spools of steel wire.[3]
Controller Grip — The system is control via a pair of hand held controllers which also serve as hilts for the wearer's swords. The inner workings of the controllers are a closely guarded secret. The technical department manages and improves this system under strict security.[3] The top trigger fires the anchor with the bottom trigger firing compressed gas. Pulling the lever reels the wire back in, letting go makes it stop. The hammer switch located at the back allows the angle of fire for both anchor mechanisms to be adjusted while the auxiliary switchs release and lock the blades in place. The control grip is approximately 18cm in height.
Compressed Gas Cylinder — Two cylinders, one on each sheath, store compressed gas which is used to both fire and retract the grapples.[3]
Blades — The blades are made from an Ultrahard steel, which is both supple and strong, capable of rending Titan flesh. It can only be manufactured in the blast furnaces of factory cities.[4] Soldiers usually carry more blades in boxes built at the sides of their thighs.
Turbine — Gas from the cylinders is blown directly into the turbine powers the winch to retract the grapple cables. The pressure of the gas is regulated to control how quickly the cable are retracted.[5]
ODM gear training is a rigorous process that allows humans, which are limited to two-dimensional movements, to adapt to movement in the third dimension.[6]
Great physical strength, particularly in the legs, coupled with spatial recognition abilities, as well as the mental strength to not waver in the midst of a panic, are crucial qualities.[6]
One of the first things done after enlisting in training is the ODM gear aptitude evaluation. Those unable to remain upright are dismissed.
Those incapable [of staying upright] aren't suited to even be used as decoys![7]
Three years of training are needed before officially becoming a soldier. Many run away or are driven out before graduating. The training is so intense that some people actually die during the process.[8]
The training strengthens the soldiers' muscles to a degree far greater than any normal civilian when you consider the requirement of force of acceleration, shock of landing, performing consecutive quick leaps repeatedly and accelerating at extremely high speeds. This leads to the soldiers acquiring a low body fat percentage.
 - The Beast Titan showed great interest in the ODM gear, apparently having never encountered it before his meeting with Miche Zacharius.[9]
 - A variation of this device involves using the standard body and harnesses of the equipment, but replacing the sword blades with explosive rods used to incapacitate or destroy armored opponents (such as the Armored Titan).
 1. Attack on Titan anime: Episode 24
 2. Attack on Titan anime: Episode 17
 3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Attack on Titan anime: Episode 8 — Currently Publicly Available Information.
 4. Attack on Titan anime: Episode 6 — Currently Publicly Available Information.
 5. Attack on Titan anime: Episode 9 — Currently Publicly Available Information.
 6. 6.0 6.1 Attack on Titan anime: Episode 3 — Currently Publicly Available Information.
 7. Attack on Titan anime: Episode 3
 8. Attack on Titan anime: Episode 5
 9. Attack on Titan anime: Episode 26


library to allow you to place your file layouts any place you want. The only requirement is that they are all together in one folder by themselves.
If you use a nonstandard path in the fileIO library, it is necessary to make a change to the fnSettings code in your copy of fileio.br.
Prompt on Create:
The FileIO library automatically creates any data files that it can't find. This was done to make it easier to deploy your finished programs - if you had any empty data files you could omit them from the packages and they would be created when they were needed, on the fly.
The current version of the FileIO library contains the same ability. However, it prompts you before creating any data files. This helps to avoid bugs that happen from incorrectly specifying the path to your data files.
However, if you do intend for your data files to be autocreated, then you probably don't want your end users to modify them. Therefore, you can use the PromptOnCreate setting in the fnSettings code to specify. If this value is set to true, then the fileIO library will prompt you whenever it attempts to Autocreate a data file. If it is set to false, then the fileIO library will create the data files without prompting you, like it always did before.
fnSettings:
The newest version of the FileIO library supports some features that require you to specify Global Settings values. These are done by modifying the contents of the fnSettings routine at the beginning of the fileIO library.
Fall 2006
Many improvements have been made in the FileIO library over the summer. This section is intended to acquaint you with the highlights of those changes. Most of these improvements were built from ideas generated during the discussion at the April conference.
Intermixed String and Numeric Specs: The File Library has been expanded to allow the reading of data files that contain mixed string and numeric specs. This is to aid those of you who are planning on implementing the FileIO Library on existing data files which may not be organized with strings first and numbers second.
The central idea of the FileIO Library is based upon the reading of your data files into a String and Numeric array. This will enable you to refer to the fields in your file by using a named subscript, saying F$(FM_NAME) to refer, for example, to the farm file's name field. The advantage to this is that when you change the file layout, all your existing programs will not have to be modified, because they will only be looking at F$(FM_NAME). If the name field changes from the third string field to the fourth, the value of FM_NAME will also change, and you won't have to worry about updating your data files.
However, in order to support the reading of a data file with intermixed string and numeric specs, the generated form statement will actually calculate the position of any fields that are not in order, so that the file read statement will still return all string fields first (into your string array) and the numeric fields second (into your numeric array). You do not need to worry about this; the library does it for you. All you have to do is read your file and use the data values.
The only thing that is required is making sure that all your string subscript names end with a "$". This will tell the library that they are strings. Thank you, George, for this suggestion.
Versioning / Automatic Updates: The file layouts have been expanded to contain a version number. This version number will be used to determine when a file needs to be updated. The version number is the third parameter in the file layout.
Any time you wish to change your file layouts, simply increment this version number. Each time the library attempts to open a data file, the file's version is checked and compared with the version in the file layout. If the file layout has been changed (if the version in the file layout is greater then the version in the file) then the file will be updated to the latest version. Depending on the file size this may take a couple of moments. A simple progress bar will be displayed on screen while this is happening. The progress bar will be displayed in its own window, so it should not affect anything your programs may have had on screen.
The library uses the following procedure for updating a file. First, the file is copied to a backup file (prefixed by the letter 'o' for old). So color.dat would become ocolor.dat, and color.key would become ocolor.key. Then the new file is created and marked with the proper version number. (color.dat, color.key). The old file is opened in read-only mode, and the new file is opened for OutIn. The update routine actually reads through the old file layout, and one record at a time creates a new record, using the new file layout, with the same data, saving it to the new data file.
When it is done upgrading, the progress bar window is closed, and the file is reopened in the fashion you described in your call to fnOpen, and flow returns to your program as though nothing unusual has happened.
If an error occurs during processing, the routine will do what it can to roll your data files back to the previous version, but please make frequent backups of your data files anyway, just to be safe.
Error Checking – If there is a mistake in the file layout: The routine attempts to discover the cause of the error in the case that one is encountered due to a missing file, a file sharing violation, or an invalid or corrupt file layout. If this should happen, the program is paused, and a text message is printed out explaining the most likely source for the error, including what part of the file layout, if any, may have caused the error.
You may then examine the printed text, and the contents of the BR system variables ERR and LINE to determine the problem. If you type "GO", the next line will be execute "system", ending your program.
If the file was in the middle of an upgrade when the error happened, it will be automatically rolled back to the previous version, so that when you fix the problem and try to run your program again, the file will again attempt to update from the beginning, and you won't have to worry about corrupted data.
However, please backup your data before upgrading your data files anyway, just to be safe.
Implementation of Keys / Creation of New Data Files: The library has been expanded to automatically create all new data files, and to automatically update any existing files. This means that in the file layout header, two new fields that were previously ignored are no longer ignored. The RECL value that you specify in your file layout will be used, along with the description/definition of your keys file. When you open a new file (or update an existing one), the library will calculate the proper kps and kln by evaluating the key description. This key description must match up with subscript values from the data elements in your file, and more then one may be specified, but they must be separated with slashes (/). If I wanted my Farm File to be keyed based on CODE and NAME, the proper key description would be:
 farm.key, CODE/NAME
The library will then look up the position and length on disk of the CODE and NAME fields and put them together to create the proper keys during an update or creation of a new file.
DataCrawler: Perhaps the most exciting new addition to the library is the addition of a programming tool I like to call a DataCrawler. If you run the FileIO Library directly as a program, instead of using it as a library, it will function as a DataCrawler. The DataCrawler requires a New Gui version of BR, as it requires a ListView to be able to properly and easily display the data in your files.
If you run it in an older version of BR you will get a message, telling you to run it in a newer copy. If you run it in a New Gui version of BR with CONFIG GUI OFF, then GUI will be turned temporarily on for the use of the DataCrawler and then turned off again when you are finished. If you run it in a New Gui version of BR with GUI ON, it will just run normally.
When you run the DataCrawler, first you will see a ListView displaying every file layout it can find in the filelay folder. If you select a file, the DataCrawler will open a large ListView with as many columns as there are fields in the file. The Column Headings will come from the element descriptions in your data files, and the column widths will come from the displayed width of the fields. There will be a row for every record in your data file, and you can resize the column widths, and scroll around the data file to view the raw data of your BR data files on disk.
If you are dealing with a particularly enormous data file (50,000+ records) it can take a moment to populate the ListView with the data in your data file. You may hit ESC to stop loading if you like, and view only the already loaded records.
If you would like to look up a particular record (based only upon the primary key for the data file), you may press F4. This will give you a window which asks you to input the key or partial key. When you press enter, the file will


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Customer Satisfaction & Goals and Priorities Committee
This committee exists to carry out specific duties contained in federal regulation for the Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) program. These include:
- 1. Conduct a review and analysis of the effectiveness of and consumer satisfaction with:
- The functions of the Department of Employment and Economic Development,
- Vocational Rehabilitation services provided within the state (except adjustment to blindness and technology services), and
- The employment outcomes of persons served.
- In collaboration with SSB, evaluate the extent to which SSB achieved its goals and priorities, strategies used, and factors that impeded success and performance on the federal standards and indicators.
- Jointly with other committees of the Council, and in partnership with SSB, develop and, as necessary, revise an annual statement of goals and priorities.
The product of this committee must include a statement of goals and priorities, a customer satisfaction report, and a joint report with SSB on progress made in improving the effectiveness of the VR program, including progress concerning goals and priorities. Quarterly progress shall be reported to the Council.
With the approval of the SRC-B, the Council chairperson shall appoint members and a chairperson for this committee. Not all committee members need be members of the SRC-B but the committee shall include at least two Council members. The committee shall consist of no more than five persons.
Rules, Relationships, Authorities, and Resources
For information which applies to all committees, please see General Information section.


and those of the warmest month, August, about 25 °C (77 °F). But heat waves can occur, due to African anticyclone since June. From mid-June to mid-September, rain is a rare event, reduced to some storms in the afternoon. The rainy season starts in September, but the first cold days come in December, usually the wettest month as well.
Winds are frequent, especially the mistral and sirocco; in summer days a marine sirocco breeze (called s'imbattu in the local language) lowers the temperature and the heat.
Climate data for Cagliari Elmas Airport (Elmas about 8 km northwest of Cagliari, 7 km from sea)
Average high °C (°F) 14.3
Daily mean °C (°F) 9.9
Average low °C (°F) 5.5
Rainfall mm (inches) 49.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 136.4 139.2 186.0 213.0 269.7 288.0 334.8 310.0 246.0 198.4 147.0 127.1 2,596
Source: Servizio Meteorologico,[24] Hong Kong Observatory[25] for data of sunshine hours
According to ISTAT,[26] in 2014 there were 154,356 people residing in Cagliari (+3.0% than in 2011), of whom 71,522 were male and 82,834 were female; the sex rate was 0.86. Minors (boy and children ages 18 and younger) totalled 12.92% of the population compared to pensioners that number 24.81%. The average age of Cagliari residents is 47.44. The ratio of the population aged >65 and the minor one, under age <18, is 53.39%. The elderly >65 population in the last 10 years has increased by 21.95%. The current birth rate of Cagliari is 6.29 births per 1,000 inhabitants. The average number of any components per household is 2.11 and the percentage number of households composed by a single person is 42.53%. The population of Cagliari is structured like those of all the countries of the first world, but especially with the prevalence of the elderly population. The trend of these rates is proportionally inverse with Cagliari metropolitan areas and suburbs, where most younger families move.
In 1928, during the fascist regime, the neighboring municipalities of Pirri, Monserrato, Selargius, Quartucciu and Elmas, were merged with that of Cagliari. Mussolini's regime wanted to streamline the local administration eliminating many small towns and at the same time show that Italy was a major power with many major cities. After the war these small municipalities gradually regained their autonomy except the former town of Pirri.
The first table shows the inhabitants of the town in its present borders, the second one the commune population with the others merged municipalities.
Metropolitan area
Aeral view of part of Cagliari Metropolitan area.
The metropolitan area of Cagliari totals 464,396 inhabitants according to ISTAT,[27] a slight increase (2.4%) compared to 2011 census. It is composed of 24 municipalities along the coast of its gulf and in the inner Campidanu plain, until 20 kilometres (12 mi) inside.
It covers an area on the plain of Campidanu between large basins (Santa Gilla lagoon and salt mills of about 1,300 hectares (3,200 acres), ponds (Molentargius, 1,622 hectares (4,010 acres) and the depopulated mountains up to 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) above sea level, largely covered by forests and mostly managed by the Ente Foreste of the Autonomous Region of Sardinia, which to the west on mountains Capoterra and Pula amount to 256 square kilometres (99 sq mi) and on Monte Arcosu WWF Natural Reserve another 36 square kilometres (14 sq mi), and to the east on Mount Serpeddì and Sette Fratelli a total of 132 square kilometres (51 sq mi).
The metropolitan area is strictly statistical and does not imply any kind of administrative unity or function, even if it is fully included in the Cagliari Province. It is based on municipalities where there has been, between the last two censuses, an increasing population, in a region where the population is generally decreasing. These municipalities welcome immigrants to the urban area whose main nucleus, the city of Cagliari, has a high rate of aged population which is decreasing due to the high cost of homes, not accessible to young
In the last century, the population of the municipalities of the metropolitan area increased by 354% and in the last 50 years by 158% (1911: 128,444; 1961: 288,683; 2011: 454,819). For the whole of Sardinia this increase respectively was 88% and 15% (1911: 868,181; 1961: 1,419,362; 2011: 1,639,362). The urbanization towards the area of Cagliari was, in percentage terms, impressive, making the capital of the island a metropolis surrounded by rural areas increasingly depopulated. This urbanization is also reflected in the concentration in Cagliari of most of the economic activities and wealth.
According to 2010 data of Italian Ministry of Economy, the inhabitants of Cagliari returned an individual income tax per capita that was 127% of National average, while entire Sardinia returned only 81%. The metropolitan area returned 97% of national average. As usual, the urban area income is greater than that of boroughs or countryside but in Sardinia the occurrence is particularly acute.[28]
Cagliari is the capital city of the Autonomous Region of Sardinia. It is its administrative hub and headquarters, as well as of the regional and provincial offices of the Italian central administration. Cagliari is also the main trade and industrial center of the island, with numerous commercial sites and factories within its metropolitan boundaries.
The first department store (La Rinascente) was opened in 1931, in the center of the city, and it is still opened today. Nowadays there are many commercial centers in the metropolitan area (Le Vele, Santa Gilla, La Corte del Sole, Marconi) with most European chains of stores such as Auchan, MediaWorld, Euronics, Carrefour, Bata Shoes and others.
Cagliari is the main operational headquarters of the Banco di Sardegna, which belongs to BPER Group and is listed on the Milan Stock Exchange (BSRP), of the Banca di Cagliari and The Banca di Credito Sardo that belongs to the Intesa Sanpaolo Group.
The Macchiareddu-Grogastru area between Cagliari and Capoterra, in conjunction with a large international container terminal port at Giorgino[29] is one of the most important industrial areas of Sardinia. Cagliari also has one of the largest fish markets in Italy with a vast array of fish for sale to both the public and trade. The communications provider Tiscali has its headquarters in town, and Cagliari also has one of the biggest container terminals on the Mediterranean sea.
Multinational corporations like Coca Cola, Heineken, Unilever, Bridgestone and Eni Group have factories in town. Within its metropolitan area, at Sarroch, is one of the six oil refinery supersites in Europe, Saras.
Main sights
Considerable remains of the ancient city of Karalis are still visible, including those of the Tuvixeddu necropolis, the Roman Amphitheatre, traditionally called Is centu scalas ("One hundred steps"), and of an aqueduct, used to provide a water in which it is generally scarce. Still visible are also some ancient cisterns of vast extent, the ruins of a small circular temple, and numerous sepulchres on a hill outside the modern town, which appears to have formed the necropolis of the ancient city[30] The Amphitheatre still stages open-air operas and concerts during the summer.
San Saturnino Basilica, 5th century
The Palaeo-Christian Basilica of San Saturnino, dedicated to the martyr killed under Diocletian's reign, Saturninus of Cagliari (patron saint of the city), it was built in the 5th century. Of the original building the central part remain and the dome, to which two arms (one with a nave and two aisles) was added. A Palaeo-Christian crypt is also under the church of San Lucifero (1660), dedicated to Saint Lucifer, a bishop of the city. This has a Baroque façade with ancient columns and sculpted parts, some of which found in the nearby necropolis.
Skyline of Cagliari
The old medieval town (called Castello in Italian, Casteddu de susu in Sardinian, the upper castle) lies on top of a hill, with a view of the Gulf of Cagliari (also known as Angels Gulf). Most of its city walls are intact and include two early 14th-century white limestone towers, the Torre di San Pancrazio and the Tor


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Milksha UK & NNECA Partnership
In 2022, Milksha UK have teamed up with NNECA, a charity that aims to protect children from abuse, through their prevent-ED campaign. As part of the campaign, Milksha have committed to raise money through regular sponsorship and activity events.
Milksha and NNECA aim to educate and empower over 50,000 children in the UK and across the world, and are both passionate and committed to keeping children safe and happy.
NNECA believe child sexual abuse is preventable through better education and awareness. We currently operate in the UK, Europe, US and Asia, and share our awareness material in over 50 countries across multiple languages.
NNECA believes schools must adopt a 'whole-school' approach to child sexual abuse, meaning every teacher, every staff member, every child and every parent are empowered and equipped with the relevant age-appropriate prevention training to identify the signs of abuse, and possess the knowledge for next steps.
We learnt the most effective prevention strategies revolved around early-stage education. Using this approach, we truly believe that 90% of child sexual abuse and exploitation is preventable through education and awareness.
Our PreventEd Legislation
Legislation to introduce mandatory accredited training for all teachers and school staff in child sexual abuse prevention. Schools need to adopt a "whole school" approach to tackling and preventing systematic abuse. This legislation looks for every staff member to understand, identify, and manage the reporting phase.
Should we succeed in our mission to push the government into changing legislation, the PreventEd training course will be delivered through online and mobile E-Learning applications providing the necessary flexibility for teachers. E-Learning allows continuous reinforcement of content and skills, and will allow all primary schools to be trained within months, unlike school-based workshop training. We advocate that the Department for Education certifies best practice guidelines and quality assurance.


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[Editor's note: This interactive visualization browses the CIA World Factbook topology of geography by country. Featured edge relationships include neighboring countries, spoken language, and more.]
Republished from Moritz.Stefaner.
This radial browser was designed to display complex concept network structures in a snappy and intuitive manner. It can be used to visualize conceptual structures, social networks, or anything else that can be expressed in nodes and links.
The CIA Factbook demo
displays the relations of countries, continents, languages and oceans found in the CIA world factbook database
. Click the center node for detail information or click adjacent nodes to put them in the center. The arrows on the top left can be used to navigate your click history. Use the dropdown in the upper right to directly access nodes by name. The varying distance to the center node for nodes with many neighbors was only introduced to enhance legibility and does not have a special semantics.


In a board design, what are the methods for reducing the junction temperature?
There are the following methods for reducing heat.
-Use heat sink,
-Choose a package with superior heat dissipation
-Add thermal via holes
-Increase pattern area
-Increase pattern thickness
For reducing the junction temperature, please refer to "Thermal Design and Attachment of a Thermal Fin: Power MOSFET Application Notes"
開啟新視窗


text:
Tenants may have multiple overlays across a data center network where different
VLANs belonging to the same tenant are mapped to different VXLAN Network Identifiers (VNIs).
Tenants require routing between the VLANs, and VXLAN gateway nodes would need to act as Layer 3
gateways that are capable of routing traffic between tenant VLANs. Inter-overlay routing involves
- Routing traffic from a tenant VLAN into a
tunnel with the destination overlay's VNI.
- Routing traffic from a tunnel to a tenant
VLAN that is different from the tenant VLAN associated with the VNI in the received packet's
- Routing traffic from a tunnel to the same or
A VXLAN tunnel endpoint (VTEP) is designated as the gateway for an overlay by manually
configuring it or by running a first hop redundancy protocol (FHRP), such as VRRP
on the tenant VLAN on the gateways and letting the protocol determine the
placement of the router. ARP is not learned by VXLAN tunnels when the destination MAC address is
the VRRP MAC address.
Routing between a
normal VLAN and a VXLAN tenant VLAN is supported on allExtremeSwitching
When MLAG and VRRP is configured on the tenant VLAN, VRRP should be active-active mode
between the MLAG peers.


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A teal-colored plasma arc next to the iconic Andromeda Galaxy stole the show in this year's Royal Observatory Greenwich's Astronomy Photographer of the Year competition, whose 2023 winners were announced this week. The dazzling image and overall winner of the competition, Andromeda, Unexpected, was taken by Marcel Drechsler, Xavier Strottner and Yann Sainty.
"It's an enormous honor for our team to receive this important award and we are grateful for all the support, friendship and encouragement we have received along our journey. It encourages us to continue to pursue our passion for astrophotography and, of course, research with dedication," the winners said in a Royal Observatory Greenwich press release.
Within one of the most observed and photographed areas in the night sky, the amateur astronomers captured a blue arc of ionized oxygen gas that was only discovered earlier this year. Scientists are now investigating the arc, dubbed Strottner-Drechsler-Sainty Object 1 (SDSO-1), as it could be the largest structure of its type so near to Earth. The winning image will be on display alongside other winners from other categories at the National Maritime Museum in London starting September 16.
Now in its 15th year, the competition features over 100 photographs of shimmering skies, the brilliant Moon, and vibrant stars. In total there are 11 categories, including Best Newcomer and Young Astronomy Photographer of the Year, as well as the subject categories: Galaxies, Aurorae, Our Moon, Our Sun, People and Space, Planets, Comets and Asteroids, Skyscapes, and Stars and Nebulae.
Andromeda, Unexpected was named appropriately as the team did not expect to capture the plasma arc. "It was an absolute accident. No one expected to see it and that's why it's called Andromeda, Unexpected, because we wanted to take a beautiful image of the Andromeda Galaxy. And we looked at the first data and we spotted this hazy smudge on the edge of the image," said Drechsler. Initially, the team thought the smudge was distortion or scattered light.
The award-winning image took over 22 nights, 110 hours of data, and various filters and exposure times to capture. "This astrophoto is as spectacular as [it is] valuable. It not only presents Andromeda in a new way, but also raises the quality of astrophotography to a higher level," said judge and astrophotographer, in the release.
While the overall winner also gained the top spot in the Galaxies category, here is a list of winners in the other fields.
An abstract aurora in the shape of a brushstroke. Unusually, the photographer decided to photograph the aurora in isolation.
Taken with a Nikon D850 camera, 14 mm f/2.8, ISO 3200, 4-second exposure.
Location: Utsjoki, Lapland, Finland
An occultation of Mars that took place on 8 December 2022. During the occultation, the Moon passes in front of the planet Mars, allowing the astrophotographer to capture both objects together. The image shows Mars behind the Moon's southern side in impressive detail.
Taken with a Celestron EdgeHD 14 telescope, iOptron CEM70 mount, Astro-Physics BARADV lens, ZWO ASI462MC camera, 7,120 mm f/20, multiple 15-millisecond exposures.
Location: Cibolo, Texas, USA
A photograph of the Sun with a huge filament in the shape of a question mark. Solar filaments are arcs of plasma in the Sun's atmosphere given shape by magnetic fields. The photo is a mosaic of two panels.
Taken with a Sky-Watcher Evostar 150ED DX Doublet APO refractor telescope, Daystar Quark Chromosphere filter, Baader ERF frontal filter, iOptron CEM70G mount, Player One Apollo-M Max camera, Gain 100, 840 mm focal length 120 mm aperture, 2 panels of 115 x 3.47-millisecond exposures.
Location: Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
People & Space
The most northerly part of Namibia's Atlantic facing coast is one of the most treacherous coastlines in the world and has gained the name the Skeleton Coast.
The ship in this photo, Zeila, was stranded on 25 August 2008 and is still in a well-preserved state. The image shows the delicate colours of different star types.
Taken with a Nikon D850 camera, 135 mm f/2.8, ISO 200, 30-minute exposure.
Location: Heintesbaai (Henties Bay), Erongo Region, Namibia
Sprites are an extremely rare phenomenon of atmospheric luminescence that appear like fireworks. An took this photograph from the highest ridge of the Himalaya mountains.
Taken with a Sony ILCE-7S3 camera, 135 mm f/1.8, ISO 12800, 4-second exposure
Location: Lake Puma Yumco, Tibet, China
Stars & Nebulae
A team of amateur astronomers, led by Marcel Drechsler from Germany and Xavier Strottner from France, were able to make an important contribution to the study of the evolution of binary star systems: on old images of sky surveys, they discovered a previously unknown galactic nebula. At its centre, a pair of stars surrounded by a common envelope was found. On over 100 nights, more than 360 hours of exposure time were collected. The result shows an ultra-deep stellar remnant that the team has baptised 'the heart of the Hydra'.
Taken with an ASA Newtonian 500 mm telescope, ASA DDM85 mount, FLI ProLine 16803 camera, 1,900 mm f/3.8, 890 x 1,200-second exposures, 672 x 300-second exposures and 15 x 1,800-second exposures
Location: Ovalle, Chile
The Sir Patrick Moore Prize for Best Newcomer
The Sh2-132 complex lies near the border of the Cepheus and Lacerta constellations and contains multiple deep sky structures. The photograph includes 70 hours of data, the rich interplay of all the gasses reveals something different each time you look at it.
Taken with a William Optics Fluorostar132 mm telescope, Chroma 3 nm/50 mm SII/H-alpha/OIII filters, Astro-Physics Mach2GTO mount, ZWO ASI6200MM Pro camera, 910 mm f/6.9, SII: 87 x 900-second exposures; H-alpha: 92 x 900-second exposures; OIII: 87 x 900-second exposures, 66 hours and 30 minutes total exposure
Location: Santa Monica, California, USA
Young Astronomy Photographer of the year
The Running Chicken Nebula, IC2944, is located in the constellation of Centaurus, 6,000 light-years away from Earth. Embedded in the nebula's glowing gas the star cluster Collinder 249 is visible.
Taken with an ASA N20 f/3.8 Newtonian telescope, ASA DDM85 mount, FLI Proline 16803 camera, 1,900 mm f/3.8, 5.5 hours total exposure
Location: El Sauce Observatory, Río Hurtado, Chile
Annie Maunder Prize for Image Innovation
Taking audio source material from NASA's Chandra Sonification Project, White visually captured the sound of the black hole at the center of the Perseus Galaxy.
The audio was played through a speaker onto which White attached a petri dish, blacked out at the bottom and then filled with about 3 mm of water. Using a macro lens and halo light in a dark room, White experimented with the audio and volumes to explore the various patterns made in the liquid.
Original data from the NASA Chandra X-Ray Observatory, May 2022.


deepesh deepesh - 11 days ago 7
R Question
Difference between paste() and paste0()
Being new to R, can someone please explain the difference between paste() and paste0(), what I had understood from some post is that
paste0("a", "b") === paste("a", "b", sep="")
Even I tried something like this
a <- c("a","b","c")
b <- c("y","w","q")
paste(a,b,sep = "_")
**output**
"a_y" "b_w" "c_q"
using paste0()
a <- c("a","b","c")
b <- c("y","w","q")
paste0(a,b,sep = "_")
**output**
"ay_" "bw_" "cq_"
Is it just that paste() uses separator between elements and paste0() uses separator after the elements?
Answer
As explained here
paste has 3 arguments.
paste (..., sep = " ", collapse = NULL) The ... is the stuff you want to paste together and sep and collapse are the guys to get it done. There are three basic things I paste together:
 - A bunch of individual character strings.
 - 2 or more strings pasted element for element.
 - One string smushed together.
Here's an example of each, though not with the correct arguments
paste("A", 1, "%") #A bunch of individual character strings.
paste(1:4, letters[1:4]) #2 or more strings pasted element for element.
paste(1:10) #One string smushed together. Here's the sep/collapse rule for each:
 - A bunch of individual character strings – You want sep
 - 2 or more strings pasted element for element. – You want sep
 - One string smushed together.- Smushin requires collapse
paste0 is short for: paste(x, sep="") So it allows us to be lazier and more efficient.
paste0("a", "b") == paste("a", "b", sep="") ## 1 TRUE
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