text:
The determination of stormwater drainage retention potential based on hydrodynamic model for Gniewino commune.
The aim of the project was determining the required retention potential for stormwater drainage based on hydrodynamic model for Gniewino village.
The scope of study consisted of:
- collecting and verifying data and other studies necessary for the preparation of the model,
- preparing a hydrodynamic model of drainage system based on the acquired data,
- preparing redevelopment plans for the drainage system together with the constuction of a retention basin on parcel no. 380 in Gniewino,
- preparing a number of hydrodynamic simulations for different versions of redevelopment of the drainage system using different precipitation scenarios,
- summary analysis of the simulation led to giving a recommendation about the necessity to increase retention in the system (determining the capacity of the retention basin on parcel no. 380) and partial redevelopment of the stormwater canal draining stormwater to the R15 drainage ditch in the area of Gniewino.


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volume: 40, issue:
Ground-based mechanized forest operations often lead to increased runoff and soil loss on unbound forest roads and machine operating trails, which in turn can impede the technical trafficability of machines and cause negative impacts on the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of three Best Management Practice (BMP) treatments used to control erosion occurring on machine operating trails. The treatments included water bar, water bar and hardwood brush (H-brush), and water bar and softwood brush (S-brush). For a more comprehensive assessment of both brush treatments, two levels of brush thickness were tested; 0.5 m and 1.0 m. Results indicate that the most effective BMP treatments were the water bar and softwood brush followed by the water bar and hardwood brush and finally the least effective was the water bar. The average runoff rates and soil loss from the machine operating trails with the water bar treatment (52.64 l per plot, 8.49 g m-2) were higher than runoff and soil loss at the trails protected with hardwood brush (23.75 l per plot, 4.5 g m-2), and the trails protected by the hardwood brush had higher runoff and soil loss compared to trails covered by softwood brush (15.83 l per plot, 2.98 g m-2). Furthermore, results of this study showed that regardless of the treatment, the amount of runoff and soil loss decreased consistently as the thickness of the brush mat increased. Overall, erosion control techniques similar to either H-brush or S-brush that provide direct soil coverage should be used for erosion control, and final selection should be based on costs, availability of material, or landowner objectives.
volume: 40, issue:
Effective skid-trail design requires a solid understanding of vehicle-soil interactions, yet virtually no data exist on the effects of harvest traffic on soils in the switchback curves common in mountainous terrain. We contrast for the first time the effect of skidding on dry bulk density, total porosity, macroporosity, and microporosity in the straight segments of the skid trail and in various positions within switchbacks of differing trail curvature (deflection angle) on different slope gradients. Treatment plots with three replications included combinations of two classes of curvature (narrow = high deflection angle, 60–70°; wide = low deflection angle, 110–130°) and two categories of slope gradient (gentle = ≤20%; steep = >20%). The Cambisol soil was sampled in control and trafficked areas both before and after three passes with a rubber-tired skidder. After only three passes, significant effects were seen for dry soil bulk density (+), total porosity (–), macroporosity (–), and microporosity (+), with steady trends from undisturbed controls to straight segments to wide curves to narrow curves. Soil damage increased gradually and consistently toward the apex of the curve, particularly in narrow curves on gentle slopes. Our results establish that curvature and switchback position are important factors affecting soil compaction in ground skidding. The strong observed effects of even low harvest traffic volume on soil physical properties in curves indicate that the degree of soil compaction in skid trails may be underestimated in areas with numerous switchbacks, the placement of which within a skid trail system may require careful consideration on mountainous terrain.
volume: 42, issue:
Forest operations often enhance runoff and soil loss in roads and skid trails, where cut slopes and fill slopes are the most important source of sediment. This study evaluated the effectiveness of four erosion control treatments applied to cut slope and fill slope segments of forest roads of different ages in the Hyrcanian forest in northern Iran. The treatment combinations, each replicated three times, included four classes of mulch cover (bare soil [BS], wood chips cover [WCH], sawdust cover [SC], and rice straw cover [RSC]), two levels of side slope (cut slope and fill slope), two levels of side slope gradient (20–25% and 40–45%), and three levels of road age (three, 10 and 20 years after construction). Mulch cover treatments significantly reduced average surface runoff volume and sediment yield compared to BS. Regardless of erosion control treatment, greater surface runoff volume and soil loss under natural rainfall occurred on steeper slope gradients in all road age classes and decreased with increasing road age on both slope gradients. On cut slopes, average runoff and soil loss from the plots covered with WCH (17.63 l per plot, 2.43 g m–2) was lower than from those covered with SC (22.81 l per plot, 3.50 g m–2), which was lower than from those covered with RSC (29.13 l per plot, 4.41 g m–2 and BS (34.61 l per plot, 4.94 g m–2). On fill slopes, average runoff and soil loss from the plots covered with WCH (14.13 l per plot, 1.99 g m–2) was lower than from plots covered with SC (20.01 l per plot, 3.23 g m–2), which was lower than from plots covered with RSC (24.52 l per plot, 4.06 g m–2) and BS (29.03 l per plot, 4.47 g m–2). Surface cover successfully controlled erosion losses following road construction, particularly on steep side slopes with high erosion potential.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
The MA920 probe is a food grade probe for use with the MW101 or MW102 PRO pH meters.
The Milwaukee food grade probe is specifically designed for the pH analysis of semisolid foods such as processed meats, soft cheeses, soups, sauces, and sushi rice.
Top features include:
The open junction design reduces clogging from suspended solids and proteins found in food and dairy products for a more stable pH measurement and reduced maintenance.
CONICAL GLASS TIP
The conical shaped tip design allows for penetration into solids, semi solids, and emulsions for the direct measurement of pH in a variety of food products.
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a food grade plastic that is resistant to most chemicals and solvents used for disinfection in the food sector, including chlorine (bleach).
USE AND CARE
pH meters usually start performing poorly because of problems with the probe. The two parts of the pH probe that cause problems are the glass sensing bulb and the reference junction.
The glass bulb loses sensitivity with use and will eventually fail. This is true of all pH probes.
The reference junction is a small hole that allows the meter to compare the sample to a reference. The reading is generated based on the electrical difference between the sample and reference. If the junction hole gets clogged, the pH probe will no longer function.
You can extend the life of your pH electrode in the following ways.
The pH probe needs to be kept hydrated. Long periods of dry storage will damage the sensitivity of the probe. Allowing the probe to dry out may also result in the junction hole getting clogged.
Storing in pH probe storage solution or pH calibration buffers will help address both these issues. Do not store in tap water and DI water. This will damage the sensitivity of the probe.
The best way to store the probe is with the probe's cap filled with storage solution or calibration buffer and the cap tightened to prevent leakage. It is also recommended that to store the electrode upright to further reduce the potential for leakage.
Residue from the sample can impact the sensitivity of the sensing bulb and clog the junction. This is especially true if the sample has a lot of organic material. We recommend regularly soaking your electrode in cleaning solution.
The pH sensing bulbs become less sensitive over time so make sure that you are calibrating regularly to keep your PRO pH meter accurate. Also, calibrate after cleaning or a long period of storage.
- pH Range: 0 -12
- Temperature Range: -5 - 40 C / 23 - 104 F
- Body Material: PVDF
- Reference Electrolyte: Viscolene Gel
- Reference Type: Singe, Ag / AgCl
- Reference Junction: Open
- Max Pressure: 0.1 bar
- Tip Shape: Conic
- Diameter: 0.24 inches
- Body Length / Overall Length: 2.95 / 5.1 inches
- Cable length: Coaxil, 3.3 feet
- Connection: BNC
Made in ITALY

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Learn how to use captive Wi-Fi networks on your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch.
Captive Wi-Fi networks are public Wi-Fi networks that you subscribe to or pay to use. These networks are also called "subscription" or "Wi-Fi Hotspot" networks. You can find captive Wi-Fi networks in coffee shops, Internet cafes, hotels, airports, and other public locations. In some countries, captive networks are sponsored and maintained by wireless carriers (like AT&T wireless hotspots in Starbucks).
Join a captive Wi-Fi network
 1. Tap Settings > Wi-Fi.
 2. Tap the name of the network you want to join. You'll see a Log In screen.
To use the captive Wi-Fi service, you might need to enter a username and password, enter an email address, or acknowledge terms and conditions (or, see what happens if you tap Cancel). Options vary depending on the captive Wi-Fi provider. You might see options like this:
If you cancel before logging in to the network
If you joined the network from the Wi-Fi screen using the button, or you joined less than eight minutes ago, you'll see a message telling you the network isn't connected to the Internet. You can choose one of these options:
Join Wi-Fi networks automatically
Your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch will remember the network and login information so you can automatically reconnect to that network when you're in range.
 1. Tap Settings > Wi-Fi
 2. Tap next to the network name.
 3. Make sure Auto-Join is turned on.
Turn Auto-Join off if you don't want to connect automatically. Turn Auto-Login off to skip the Welcome screen the next time you connect to the network.
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Are there still descendants of Aaron serving as priests in Jerusalem?
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Very related and near duplicate:… – HodofHod Apr 3 '13 at 5:53
1 Answer 1
As you are asking on a Judaism site, I assume you want the Jewish belief on the subject...
There are many Jews today who are descended paternally from Aharon the High Priest. How they have that knowledge and whether they can prove it genealogically is another question.
Do they still serve in Jerusalem? Well, the Holy Temple is no more, and it will not be rebuilt until the coming of Moshiach, so they don't serve there.
But there are still many priestly functions that they fulfill, both in Jerusalem, and around the world. The Priestly Blessing and the Redemption of the Firstborn are two examples.
You may wish to read this Wikipedia article's section dealing with the modern day applications of priesthood.
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You may want to add that Kohanic lineage(even for those who can prove an unbroken patrilineal line) is still in question because of the possibility of disqualifiers having mixed in and so no Kohanim could serve in the Temple today. – Rabbi Michael Tzadok Apr 3 '13 at 7:34
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One of the most important aspects of car setup is the static weight distribution and the cross-weight percentage. Why? Picture the following:
Your car is really fast in right-hand turns, but understeers in left turns. If you get the car neutral in left turns, it oversteers in right turns. The situation is frustrating. You've tried springs, shocks, different bars, neutralizing the anti-roll bar, and nothing seems to work. Even on a track with mostly right-hand turns, the problem in the left-hand turns cost a lot of time.
While several different setup parameters could have caused this situation, a likely cause is excessive cross-weight.
Static Weight Distribution
Static weight distribution is the weight resting on each tire contact patch with the car at rest, exactly the way it will be raced. This means the driver should be in the car, all fluids topped up, and the fuel load should be such that the car makes your minimum weight rule at the designated time-usually after a race. The car should be at minimum weight, using ballast as needed to make the proper weight.
When working with static weight distribution, we use two percentages to analyze the car's corner weights: Left weight percentage and rear weight percentage. These tell us all we need to know about the setup relative to the weight distribution. The left weight percentage is found by adding the LF weight to the LR weight and dividing the sum by the total weight.
The rear weight percentage is found in a similar manner: Add the LR and the RR weight together and divide the sum by the total weight. Many electronic scales will perform the calculations for you.
For road racing and autocrossing, the ideal left weight percentage is 50 percent. This makes the cornering force balanced from left to right and offers the best performance overall. However, many cars cannot make the 50 percent left-side weight percentage due to driver offset. Still, it is a worthwhile goal to strive for 50 percent left-side weight.
Rear weight percentage for road racing and autocrossing is less definite. The more power a car has, the more that static weight over the drive wheels helps acceleration off the corners. Additionally, it is much more difficult to change rear percentage much, since rear weight is mostly a design function. It still pays to be thoughtful about weight placement fore and aft in your car.
The only way to change the static weight distribution percentages is to physically move weight around in the car. Jacking weight will not alter the left side or the rear percentages.
Cross-weight percentage compares the diagonal weight totals to the car's total weight. To calculate cross-weight percentage, add the RF weight to the LR weight and divide the sum by the total weight of the car. Cross-weight is also called wedge: If the percentage is over 50 percent, the car has wedge; if below 50 percent, the car has reverse wedge.
More wedge means that the car will likely understeer more in a left turn. The advantage to wedge is that the left rear tire carries more load, so the car drives off the turns better. But in a right turn, the opposite occurs and the handling is worse. In almost all cases, the loss of cornering performance in one direction is greater than the gain in the other direction.
On oval track cars, cross-weight is usually used in conjunction with stagger (where the right rear tire is larger in circumference than the left rear tire) to balance handling. More stagger usually loosens the handling in left turns, so more cross-weight is used to tighten it up. But stagger is not a good idea on a road course or autocross either, where the ideal is 50-percent cross-weight and no stagger.
One of the problems with cross-weight is that it will change the handling balance from a left to a right turn. This can make maneuvering in traffic difficult, even dangerous. On a road course, the cross-weight percentage should be very close to 50 percent, within a half-degree either way, to keep the handling balance similar in a right-hand turn compared to a left-hand turn. In the example at the beginning of the article, this was the problem: a cross-weight percentage that was less than 50 percent, and probably off by at least two percent.
One of the keys to obtaining a good setup is using the correct procedure to weigh your race car.
How to Weigh Your Race Car
Here are some points to remember when weighing your race car:
- Make sure the floor is perfectly level; use shims under the scale pads if needed. Small angles can throw off your readings significantly.
- Set tire pressures first.
- Check stagger at each tire, even if using radials.
- Put the driver weight in the car, preferably the driver.
- Use a load of fuel for where you you want the car balanced, either at the start of the race, the end of the race or an average between the two.
- Disconnect the shocks, when possible, and the anti-roll bars.
- Use blocks the same height as your scale pads to move the car off the scales to make adjustments.
- Bounce the car at each corner to free the suspension from any bind, then roll the car onto the scales.
- Make sure the tires are centered on the scales.
- Recheck air pressure often to assure ride heights stay consistent.
Setting Static Weight Distribution:
- Check static weight before working on cross-weight.
- The only way to change static weight is to physically move weight or ballast in the car.
- To increase left-side weight, move weight as far to the left as possible.
- To increase rear weight, move weight as far back as possible.
- Move ballast first, since it's easier. Then move components like the battery or fuel cell.
- It is best to get 50 percent left-side weight when possible.
- Get the rear percentage as close to the manufacturer's specs as possible.
- Once static weight percentages are set, work on cross-weight percentages.
- You cannot change the left or rear percentages by jacking weight around in the car, although this will change cross-weight.
- Changing the ride height at any corner will change the cross-weight percentage.
- If you raise the ride height at a given corner (put a turn in or add a round of wedge), the weight on that corner will increase, as will the weight on the diagonally opposite corner. The other two corners will lose weight.
- If you lower the ride height at a given corner, that corner will lose weight as will the diagonally opposite corner. The other two corners will gain weight. This will not change the left-side or rear weight percentages.
- To add weight to a given corner, raise the ride height at that corner or lower the ride height at an adjacent corner. For example, if your initial setup is 52 percent cross-weight, and you want 50 percent cross-weight, lowering the right front or left rear corner will decrease cross-weight percentage. You could also raise the left front or right rear ride heights to do the same thing.
- It is best to make small changes at each corner, instead of a big change at one corner. This keeps the ride heights as close to ideal as possible. In the above example, to go from 52 percent to 50 percent cross-weight, try lowering the right front and the left rear one-half turn on the weight jack bolt or spring perch while raising the left front and right rear the same amount.
- Always record the cross-weights and ride heights for reference at the race track in case changes are needed.
- Measure control arm angles after each change. The angles are another way to set the suspension for the desired ride height and cross-weight percentage.
- The distance from the ground to an inner suspension arm pivot point will also accomplish the above goal.
- Remember that changes in stagger, tire pressures and springs will change the ride height and alter the cross-weight percentage.
Change at the Track:
- Make small changes at the track, and make only one change at a time.
- If the car understeers or oversteers in only one direction, check the cross-weight percentage.
One of the most important aspects of racing is having a good handling balance. Setting static weight distribution and adjusting cross-weight percentage is one way to assure good handling. Taking the time and making the effort always pay dividends.


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Wrinkles is an adorable and well balanced elephant. Flappy is a cute and energetic dragon. They live in a wondrous world together, filled with mysteries.
They are each special in their own way and they have super-powers that they can use whenever an emotional 'alarm' is triggered.
Wrinkles and Flappy become separated, putting their mission in jeopardy. In this book, you will learn about the two secrets that bring them back together and help them to get back on track and accomplish their mission.
Why choose this book?
The story, through the characters in this book, represent the process we all go through when controlling our emotions and allows children to visualize this process. It offers parents simple, helpful prompts in teaching children emotional and impulse control. It illustrates and describes, through rhyme and funny and accessible characters, the benefits of emotional control of all parts of the brain.
Rhyming lyrics help children to remember to tell the story, enabling them to remember how to access their internal resources in order to process events and emotions. Free on Kindle


×
On minimally thin and rarefied sets in \(R^ p\), p\(\geq 2\). (English) Zbl 0594.31014
Let \(p\geq 2\), \(D=\{x\in R^ p:\) \(x_ 1>0\}\) (where \(x=(x_ 1,...,x_ p))\). If u is subharmonic in D, \(y\in \partial D\), put \(u(y)=\lim \sup u(x),\) \(x\to y\), \(x\in D\). If \(u\leq 0\) on \(\partial D\) and if sup u(x)/x\({}_ 1<\infty\), then it is known that \(u(x)/x_ 1\to \alpha\), \(x\to \infty\), \(x\in D-E\), where the exceptional set E is minimally thin at infinity. If \(p\geq 3\), it is also known that \((u(x)-\alpha x_ 1)/| x| \to 0,\) \(x\to \infty\), \(x\in D-F\), where the exceptional set F is rarefied at infinity. In the present paper precise descriptions of the geometric properties of the exceptional sets E and F are given in terms of a covering by balls.
Reviewer: M.Dont
MSC:
31B05 Harmonic, subharmonic, superharmonic functions in higher dimensions
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||This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. (December 2011)|
A fail-safe or fail-secure device is one that, in the event of failure, responds in a way that will cause no harm, or at least a minimum of harm, to other devices or danger to personnel.
"Fail-safe[ty]" should not be confused with "fail-secur[ity]." A fail-secure component of a system secures that system (or at least the portion to which the component is dedicated) in the event of a failure either of that component or elsewhere in the system. For example, during a failure of an ingress-egress control system, e.g., a user propping a door open somewhere in a building, a fail-secure lock will close, lock, and remain locked even when a user attempts to unlock it with the key that the user usually employs. In such a case, an independent release, such as a reboot or disarming of the securing mechanism, is required. In contrast, a component may be considered fail-safe even if its failure does not secure the system. For example, if a door locked from the inside is left unlocked or is unlocked at the wrong time, it has failed (in some cases, along with the entire system), the door may be (but is not necessarily) fail-safe if its being unlocked does not open it or attract additional attention to its unlocked state.
Significantly, despite popular belief to the contrary, a system's being "fail-safe" means not that failure is impossible/improbable, but rather that the system's design prevents or mitigates unsafe consequences of the system's failure; that is, if and when a "fail-safe" system "fails", it is "safe" or at least no less safe than when it is operating correctly.
Mechanical or physical
- Aircraft landing on an aircraft carrier increases the throttle to full power at touchdown. If the arresting wires fail to capture the plane, it is able to take off again.
- Coiling/rolling fire doors that are activated by building alarm systems or local smoke detectors must close automatically when signaled regardless of power. In case of power outage the coiling fire door does not need to close, but must be capable of automatic closing when given a signal from the building alarm systems or smoke detectors. A temperature sensitive fusible link may be employed to hold the fire doors open against gravity or a closing spring. In case of fire, the link melts and releases the doors, and they close.
- Operation of some airport luggage carts requires that one hold down a given cart's handbrake switch at all times; if the handbrake switch is released, the brake will activate, and assuming that all other portions of the braking system are working properly, the cart will stop. The handbrake-holding requirement thus both operates according to the principles of "fail-safety" and contributes to (but does not necessarily ensure) the fail-security of the system.
- See dead man's switch, a more extreme example that, depending on its placement in the system, can be used to render a system "safe" and/or "secure" against a failure that disables it.
- Lawnmowers and snow blowers have a hand-closed lever that must be held down at all times. If it is released, it stops the blades or rotors rotation.
- Air brakes on railway trains and air brakes on trucks. The brakes are held in the "off" position by air pressure created in the brake system. Should a brake line split, or a carriage become de-coupled, the air pressure will be lost and the brakes applied. It is impossible to drive a train or truck with a serious leak in the air brake system.
- Motorized gates — In case of power outage the gate can be pushed open by hand with no crank or key required. However, as this would allow virtually anyone to go through the gate, a fail-secure design is used: In a power outage, the gate can only be opened by a hand crank that is usually kept in a safe area.
- During early Apollo program missions to the Moon, the spacecraft was put on a free return trajectory — if the engines had failed at lunar orbit insertion, the craft would have safely coasted back to Earth.
- Elevator cabins have a safety mechanism that wedges securely onto the guide rails to arrest a fall if the hoist cables were to fail.
- Various devices that operate with fluids use fuses or valves as a fail-safe mechanism.
- A railway semaphore signal is designed so that should the cable controlling the signal break, the arm returns to the "danger" position, preventing any trains passing the inoperative signal.
- On diving watches, the rotating bezel used to measure dive time contains a ratchet so it can only be turned counter-clockwise. If the bezel is inadvertently rotated during the dive, it will only rotate so as to give a false reading of increased time spent below, prompting the underwater diver to return to the surface earlier than intended, rather than later. This protects the diver from, for example, underestimating their decompression obligation, an error which could result in decompression sickness.
Electrical or electronic
- Many devices are protected from short circuit with fuses. The destruction of the fuse will prevent destruction of the device.
- Avionics using redundant systems to perform the same computation with voting logic to determine the "safe" result.
- Traffic light controllers use a Conflict Monitor Unit to detect faults or conflicting signals and switch an intersection to all flashing red, rather than displaying potentially dangerous conflicting signals, e.g. showing green in all directions.
- The automatic protection of programs and/or processing systems when a computer hardware or software failure is detected in a computer system. A classic example is a watchdog timer. See fail-safe (computer).
- A control operation or function that prevents improper system functioning or catastrophic degradation in the event of circuit malfunction or operator error; for example, the failsafe track circuit used to control railway block signals.
- The iron pellet ballast on the Bathyscaphe is dropped to allow the submarine to ascend. The ballast is held in place by electromagnets. If electrical power fails, the ballast is released, and the submarine then ascends to safety.
- Inside a modern CPU are features to prevent damage through overheating. In the event of cooling failure, the CPU will throttle then shut down beyond a critical temperature threshold to avoid damage.
- In industrial automation, alarm signals are usually "normally closed" (or active at 0). This insures that in case of a wire break the alarm will be triggered. If the signal were normally open, no wire failure would be detected.
- In control systems, critically important signals can be carried by a complementary pair of wires ( and ). Only states where the two signals are opposite (one is high, the other low) are valid. If both are high or both are low the control system knows that something is wrong with the sensor or connecting wiring. Simple failure modes (dead sensor, cut/unplugged wires) are thereby detected. An example would be a control system reading both the NO and NC poles of a SPDT selector switch against common, and checking them for coherency before reacting to the input.
- In HVAC control systems, actuators that control dampers and valves may be fail-safe, for example, to prevent coils from freezing or rooms from overheating. Older pneumatic actuators were inherently fail-safe since if the air pressure against the internal diaphragm failed, the built-in spring would push the actuator to its home position. Newer electrical/electronic actuators need additional components (springs or capacitors) to automatically drive the actuator to home position upon loss of electrical power.
As well as physical devices and systems fail-safe procedures can be created so that if a procedure is not carried out or carried out incorrectly no dangerous action results. For example:
- In railway signalling signals which are not in active use for a train are required to be kept in the 'danger' position. The default position of every signal is therefore "danger", and therefore a positive action — setting signals to "clear" — is required before a train may pass. This practice also ensures that, in case of a fault in the signalling system, an incapacitated signalman, or the unexpected entry of a train, that a train will never be shown an erroneous "clear" signal.
- Train drivers are instructed that a railway signal showing a confusing, contradictory or unfamiliar aspect (for example a colour light signal that has suffered an electrical failure and is showing no light at all) must be treated as showing "danger". In this way, the driver contributes to the fail-safety of the system.
Other terminology
Fail-safe (foolproof) devices are also known as poka-yoke devices. Poka-yoke, a Japanese term, was coined by Shigeo Shingo, a quality expert. "Safe to fail" refers to civil engineering designs such as the Room for the River project in Netherlands and the Thames Estuary 2100 Plan which incorporate flexible adaptation strategies or climate change adaption which provide for, and limit damage, should extreme events such as 500 year floods occur.
See also
|Look up fail-safe in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
- Control theory
- Dead man's switch
- Elegant degradation
- failing badly
- Fault-tolerant design
- Fault-tolerant system
- IEC 61508 (Safe Failure Fraction - SFF)
- Safe-life design
- Safety engineering
- "Fail-safe". AudioEnglich.net. Accessed 2009.12.31
- e.g., David B. Rutherford, Jr., "What Do You Mean — It

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


German Museum Has a Living Copy of Van Gogh's Famous Ear
Diemut Strebe, Sugababe (2014). Photo: courtesy the artist.
Diemut Strebe, Sugababe (2014). A living bioengineered replica of Vincent van Gogh's ear, grown from tissue engineered cartilage cells procured from a direct male descendant, Sugababe contains natural DNA from Vincent and genetic engineered components of historical and synthetic DNA.
Photo: courtesy Ronald Feldman.
Everyone knows that tortured Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh cut off his own ear. As if the actual act was not disturbing enough, another Dutch artist has for some reason fabricated the long-dead artist a new ear from genetic material provided oneby of the artist's relatives, reports the Guardian.
When Van Gogh, in the midst of a psychic breakdown (or, depending on who's telling the story, in a fight with Gauguin) chopped off his ear and presented it as a gift to a horrified prostitute way back in 1888, he had no idea that he was reserving a place in the art history textbooks for his now-missing appendage, which has since become one of the most famous body parts in human history.
Now, artist Diemut Strebe has taken genetic samples from Lieuwe van Gogh, the great-great-grandson of the artist's brother Theo van Gogh, and created a new ear, titled Sugababe, with computer imaging technology ensuring that the ear is a faithful copy of the artist's body part.
The science of growing artificial ears dates back to 1995 and was developed by Robert Langer of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University's Charles Vacanti. Believe it or not, the Van Gogh ear, which is displayed suspended in a clear nutrient solution inside a glass case, is probably less disturbing than Langer and Vacanti's first ear, which was incubated on the back of a mouse.
Before Strebe tracked down Lieuwe van Gogh, she actually tried extracting DNA from a postage stamp the famed Impressionist had allegedly licked. Eventually, she settled for a living relative, who willingly provided saliva and cartilage samples. The two should share the same Y-chromosome, and about one sixteenth of their genes in total.
The admittedly creepy project, a strange hybrid of art and science (the artist calls it a "living art-piece"), is on view at Centre for Art and Media in Karlsruhe, where visitors can use computer software that simulates nerve impulses to talk to the ear (whatever that means).
While the ear is just one of a limited edition, neither Van Lieuwe nor Amsterdam's Van Gogh Museum is interested in owning a copy, according to Dutch News.
Nevertheless, artificially-grown ears are becoming a trend of sorts. An episode of this season of Elementary, the Sherlock Holmes television series starring Johnny Lee Miller and Lucy Liu, featured a pair of replacement ears secretly incubated on a woman's back, that figured in an elaborate murder frame-up job. According to the show, convincing faux ears are very easy to cultivate, and can be grown around a cartilage frame.
Sugababe will be on view at the museum through July 6, 2014, but Strebe may have plans to bring it to New York for her show at Ronald Feldman Fine Arts next spring.
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PBS KIDS GO!dragonflytv
Find out when DragonflyTV is on in your town.
Do It
photo of rainbow paper disc grab
 - a piece of string about two feet long
 - a cardboard circle about 6 inches in diameter, painted with rainbow colors. Poke two small holes near the center of the circle, about 1 inch apart
 1. Thread the string through one of the holes in the circle in one direction, then come through the other hole in the other direction. Tie the string ends into a loop. Center the cardboard circle on the loop.
 2. Hold the ends of the loop and twirl the wheel so the string winds up. Pull the ends of the string, and watch the wheel spin!
 3. Do you see the separate colors anymore? What do you see?
what happened?
Try the experiment, tell us what happens and watch DFTV for your results! What do you see when the color wheel spins quickly?
 view results
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text:
This activity can be used to discuss protective factors, resiliency, and self-esteem (finding beauty in the imperfections). By using a shell as a symbol of the body, nature can be used as a healing agent in therapy.
- (For religious teens and to use this activity for grief, pair with book: My Beautiful Broken Shell: Words of Hope to Refresh the Soul by Carol Hamblet Adams)
- Seashells (at least 3.5″, white, flat surfaces are best. Have multiple so client can choose)
- Primary paint colors (acrylic or water-color)
- Small paintbrushes
- Water (for cleaning brushes)
- Paint palette or paper plate
- Begin by asking, "How are our bodies like shells?"
Begin the dialogue with clients of how shells protect animals in nature the way our bodies protect ourselves.
"Shells are symbols of protection."
"Shells all used to have animals living in them."
"Some shells still have animals in them and they are in the sea."
"Other shells have washed up on the beach, like your shell," (point to shell in front of child). "Just like us, shells are all different and they've all been through different things."
"Even though some shells may have cracks or be worn down from the ocean, they are still strong and beautiful with stories to tell."
2. Next, have the client think of a happy memory, safe place, or relaxing scene.
This step is about how a child/teen can use the shell as a reminder of protection and embracing imperfections.
The shells can also be used as grounding items when a client is upset or needs comforting. You may choose to facilitate this step by first discussing and practicing mindfulness.
Instruct the client that they are free to paint any images or symbols that bring them peace and feelings of protection.
3. Discuss while painting.
While the client is painting, you can engage in a dialogue about what protection means to them and how they feel protected. Or for other clients, how even the imperfect shells can still be beautiful and have stories to tell.
"Since this shell represents safety and protection, you might consider keeping it in your safe space. Where are you planning on keeping your shell?"
"Who keeps you safe?" (Or for teens, "How do you keep yourself safe?")
"Which safe place are you choosing to paint?" etc.
Some kids may want to show their shell to their caregiver and explain what the shell means to him or her.
Example of using inspirational words and safe places on shells.
Have the Client think of a special place in his/her home to keep the shell as a daily reminder of protective factors, motivating words, and safe places.
Want more therapeutic activities?


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Midwest in the Far East - Math Ed 3
UWO Students at at Ningbo Elementary School
Ningbo is a port city located about 130 miles south of Shanghai that focuses mainly on fishing and importing/exporting. Having about 5 million residents, Ningbo is quickly morphing into a major Chinese city. Because it has deeper waters than Shanghai, Ningbo can handle the larger and heavier boats, thus becoming stiff competition with other importing/exporting cities like Shanghai. With a newly developed downtown district, several universities and a per capita three times larger than the average, Ningbo has become a place for wealthy Chinese to live. The city even has ties to Wisconsin. Ningbo and Milwaukee officials signed an agreement in 2006 to help promote business and cultural exchange between the two cities.
Class Begins
In Ningbo the UW Oshkosh students, who stayed at the international dormitory at Ningbo University, spent most of their time immersed in Chinese education. They learned about Chinese culture from Ningbo University professors, participated in math lectures with UW Oshkosh professors Eric Kuennen and John Beam, and took field trips to observe local schools.
The students first observed fourth and fifth-graders at the Ningbo Huizhen Academy, a private primary school. On the day of the visit, the study abroad group arrived to a sea of children doing their daily morning exercises in the school's playground.
Ryan King plays Basketball
Jump shot: UW Oshkosh math education student Ryan King (l) plays
basketball elementary schoolchildren in Ningbo, China.
Before long, junior Ryan King jumped into the fray of activity. To the delight of the younger students, he joined a friendly game of pick-up basketball. Others jumped rope with the Chinese youngsters.
The Chinese students showed no fear of the Western visitors and were happy to show off their English language skills. They greeted the UW Oshkosh students with shouts of "What's your name? Are you from America?"
After recess, the UW Oshkosh students sat in on a fifth-grade math class filled with 30 students wearing identical red track suits and matching red handkerchiefs tied around their necks. Despite their grade, the class was actually studying sixth-grade math.
During the class, the teacher asked the students to solve a variety of geometry problems, including finding the degrees of missing angles and the area of circles.
One at a time, students came to the front of the class to explain the specific way he or she solved the problem.
Jackie Hoffman and students in China
Making friends: UW Oshkosh math education student
Jackie Hoffman chats with the schoolchildren at Ningbo
Huizhen Academy, a private primary school.
The Oshkosh students and faculty marveled at what they observed.
"By coming up with their answers, it gives them ownership of math," UWO math professor Kuennen said. "It gives them ownership of their knowledge."
Junior Jackie Hoffman said she was amazed how enthusiastic the students were at discovering new ways to figure out their class assignments.
"The student comes up with one answer, the class comes up with other answers, and it teaches them not to limit their thinking," she said. "It's like opening some new doors."
Mary Glaza
UWO Math Ed China Mary Glaza Ningbo Primary School
UW Oshkosh math education student Mary Glaza explains the differences
between the Chinese and American way of teaching after she observed
math classes at the Ningbo Huizhen Academy.
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Lunar hair care for short hairstyles
If you like to keep your hair short and sassy with the principles of traditional western astrology, then read on here for lunar hair care guidelines.
First, the moon cycle.
We know that the moon's light fades more each night after the full moon. Wisdom from country living tells us what people observed about the waning moon by word of mouth over many generations.
People learned that certain activities had a predictable result after the full moon when the light decreases or is waning.
For instance, woodcutters noticed that when sap moved downward on a tree, it was the best time to cut timber for strength.
Also after the full moon, farmers recognized that grass grew back more slowly after a cut. Astrologers have long applied the same principles to hair care.
Second, lunar gardening.
Lunar gardening is closely linked to lunar hair care. Gardeners and even winemakers around the world use the moon cycle to grow, maintain, and harvest plants and grapes. The terms and uses of the moon's phases and astrological signs for lunar gardening are similar for lunar hair care.
Let's take Aries and Gemini for examples
Aries class is dry, hot and semi-barren.
Gemini class is wet, hot and barren.
What Aries and Gemini have in common is being called barren or semi-barren.
The principles of lunar gardening hold that when the moon is in the barren signs it means that it's time for maintenance, not for planting which is saved for fertile times.
Finally, lunar hair care.
For lunar hair care, all of these reasons translate to cutting or trimming hair during the waning moon to maintain a short hairstyle. The waning moon and the class of astrological signs support the goal of slower growth especially when the moon is in the sign of Aries or Gemini.


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Dionne Quintuplets, Cheaper by the Dozen, Semicolon, Hashtag History
Constant Wonder
 - Nov 25, 2019
 - 01:41:07
 - 0
 - 0
The Miracle and Tragedy of the First Surviving Quintuplets Guest: Sarah Miller, author, "The Miracle and Tragedy of the Dionne Quintuplets" Yvonne, Marie, Annette, Cécile, Émilie, and Marie Dionne were the first quintuplets to survive past birth. Born on a farm in Ontario, their upbringing took a strange turn when the government assumed guardianship of them and then exploited them as a tourist attraction. The Real Story of an Iconic American Family Guest: Jane Lancaster, Visiting Fellow, Brown University, and author, "Making Time: Lillian Moller Gilbreth--A Life Beyond 'Cheaper by the Dozen'" Published in 1948, then adapted into several movies by the same name, "Cheaper by the Dozen" is an American favorite. While many think they know the story, few know the real history of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth and their 13 children. Why You Should Love the Semicolon Guest: Cecelia Watson, faculty, Language and Thinking, Bard College, and author, "Semicolon: The Past, Present, and Future of a Misunderstood Mark" Punctuation as a rule is a relatively recent invention, with different marks going in and out of style, and with their usage changing over time. Cecelia Watson calls for a return to the freedom of an understanding of punctuation as a stylistic art rather than part of the didactic dictatorship of grammarians. \_TAG_ Guest: Chris Messina, inventor of the hashtag How has the hashtag changed the way we communicate? It was meant to be a way of finding people with similar interests, but it's now morphed in to a tool with many uses. Show More...
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Example sentences for: jennerated
How can you use "jennerated" in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
 - Why can't they be Jennerated (ah, that devilish imp, Paronomasia, intrudes again).
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Version: 2020.3
ParallelForTransform jobs
Multiplayer and Networking
C# Job System tips and troubleshooting
When using the Unity C# Job System, make sure you adhere to the following:
Do not access static data from a job
Accessing static data from a job circumvents all safety systems. If you access the wrong data, you might crash Unity, often in unexpected ways. For example, accessing MonoBehaviour can cause crashes on domain reloads.
Note: Because of this risk, future versions of Unity will prevent global variable access from jobs using static analysis. If you do access static data inside a job, you should expect your code to break in future versions of Unity.
Flush scheduled batches
When you want your jobs to start executing, then you can flush the scheduled batch with JobHandle.ScheduleBatchedJobs. Note that calling this method can negatively impact performance. Not flushing the batch delays the scheduling until the main thread waits for the result. In all other cases use JobHandle.Complete to start the execution process.
Note: In the Entity Component System (ECS) the batch is implicitly flushed for you, so calling JobHandle.ScheduleBatchedJobs is not necessary.
Don't try to update NativeContainer contents
Due to the lack of ref returns, it is not possible to directly change the content of a NativeContainer. For example, nativeArray[0]++; is the same as writing var temp = nativeArray[0]; temp++; which does not update the value in nativeArray.
Instead, you must copy the data from the index into a local temporary copy, modify that copy, and save it back, like so:
MyStruct temp = myNativeArray[i];
temp.memberVariable = 0;
myNativeArray[i] = temp;
Call JobHandle.Complete to regain ownership
Tracing data ownership requires dependencies
See in Glossary
to complete before the main thread can use them again. It is not enough to check JobHandle.IsCompleted. You must call the method JobHandle.Complete to regain ownership of the NativeContainer types to the main thread. Calling Complete also cleans up the state in the safety system. Not doing so introduces a memory leak. This process also applies if you schedule new jobs every frame that has a dependency on the previous frame's job.
Use Schedule and Complete in the main thread
You can only call Schedule and Complete from the main thread. If one job depends on another, use JobHandle to manage dependencies rather than trying to schedule jobs within jobs.
Use Schedule and Complete at the right time
Call Schedule on a job as soon as you have the data it needs, and don't call Complete on it until you need the results. It is good practice to schedule a job that you do not need to wait for when it is not competing with any other jobs that are running. For example, if you have a period between the end of one frame and the beginning of the next frame where no jobs are running, and a one frame latency is acceptable, you can schedule the job towards the end of a frame and use its results in the following frame. Alternatively, if your game is saturating that changeover period with other jobs, and there is a big under-utilized period somewhere else in the frame, it is more efficient to schedule your job there instead.
Mark NativeContainer types as read-only
Remember that jobs have read and write access to NativeContainer types by default. Use the [ReadOnly] attribute when appropriate to improve performance.
Check for data dependencies
In the Unity ProfilerA window that helps you to optimize your game. It shows how much time is spent in the various areas of your game. For example, it can report the percentage of time spent rendering, animating or in your game logic. More info
See in Glossary
window, the marker "WaitForJobGroup" on the main thread indicates that Unity is waiting for a job on a worker thread to complete. This marker could mean that you have introduced a data dependency somewhere that you should resolve. Look for JobHandle.Complete to track down where you have data dependencies that are forcing the main thread to wait.
Debugging jobs
Jobs have a Run function that you can use in place of Schedule to immediately execute the job on the main thread. You can use this for debugging purposes.
Do not allocate managed memory in jobs
Allocating managed memory in jobs is incredibly slow, and the job is not able to make use of the Unity Burst compiler to improve performance. Burst is a new LLVM based backend compiler technology that makes things easier for you. It takes C# jobs and produces highly-optimized machine code taking advantage of the particular capabilities of your platform.
Further information
 - 2018–06–15 Page published
 - C# Job System exposed in 2018.1 NewIn20181
ParallelForTransform jobs
Multiplayer and Networking


Main Content
Display, Volume Rendering, and Surfaces
2-D and 3-D medical image display, 3-D surface generation, and volume rendering
Medical Imaging Toolbox™ provides tools to visualize 2-D and 3-D medical image data. Interactively display medical images in the Medical Image Labeler app, which automatically orients images in the anterior/posterior, left/right, and inferior/superior directions. Use volume rendering to visualize volumes in 3-D using display presets or customized display settings. You can also publish snapshot images and animations. Outside the app, you can generate and render surfaces for efficient display or 3-D printing or modeling applications. To get started, see Choose Approach for Medical Image Visualization.
Apps
Medical Image LabelerInteractively explore, label, and publish animations of 2-D or 3-D medical image data (Since R2022b)
Functions
expand all
implayView 2-D medical image series in Video Viewer app (Since R2023a)
montageDisplay medical image slices or frames as montage in patient coordinates (Since R2023a)
montageDisplay medical image slices or frames as montage in patient coordinates (Since R2023a)
volshowDisplay medical volume in patient coordinates (Since R2023a)
viewer3dCreate 3-D viewer object (Since R2022b)
SurfaceDisplay surface in 3-D viewer (Since R2022b)
sliceViewerBrowse slices of medical image volume in patient coordinates (Since R2023a)
extractIsosurfaceExtract isosurface from volume using marching cubes algorithm (Since R2022b)
dicomContoursExtract ROI data from DICOM-RT structure set (Since R2020a)
createMaskCreate volumetric mask from dicomContours object (Since R2020b)
Topics
Volume Rendering
Surface Generation


text:
Continuous Krapcho Dealkoxycarbonylation in API Synthesis
A high pressure and high temperature continuous flow reactor has been used to intensify a Krapcho dealkoxycarbonylation reaction in the context of API synthesis. The reactor enables operation of the reaction above temperatures possible in batch and thus significantly increased conversion rates are achieved. Also a broader choice of solvents is possible by the use of the continuous process. Batch and continuous reaction are compared in terms of operation range and space-time-yield. Despite lower concentrations of the reactants in the continuous process, space-time-yield exceeds that of the batch process by more than an order of magnitude due to the higher reaction rates.
Use and reproduction:
All rights reserved


text:
For each of the past several years, PHMC has selected a theme to focus research and programming. Our 2008 theme underscores the seventy-fifth anniversary of the New Deal in Pennsylvania.
The historical lessons of the New Deal are many. It was a period during which both state and nation faced extreme economic hardships and people worked together to overcome adversity. Although New Deal projects were funded through national programs, many of them were strongly rooted in local and regional identity. State histories described local points of interest and customs, and the Index of American Design recorded unique regional folk arts. In Pennsylvania, Governor George H. Earle III, a friend of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and an ardent supporter of FDR's New Deal, crafted a series of innovative programs for economic relief which earned it the appellation "Pennsylvania's Little New Deal."
Among the greatest legacies of the New Deal are an appreciation for local history and the significance of the experiences of ordinary individuals. As PHMC commemorates the seventy-fifth anniversary of the New Deal, we celebrate the legions of people--millions across the Commonwealth and the country--who, working shoulder to shoulder, helped bring not only a sense of normalcy, but also one of belonging, to their lives.
Barbara Franco, Executive Director
Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
Download The New Deal Poster
A Common Canvas: Pennsylvania's New Deal Post Office Murals
The poster features the artwork "Steel Industry" by Howard Norton Cook, 1936. This mural currently resides in the United States Post Office & Courthouse, Pittsburgh, Pa., and is provided courtesy of the General Services Administration, Fine Arts Program.


text:
Cambridge Phenomenon: Global Impact
The second book in the Cambridge Phenomenon series explores how Cambridge's thriving entrepreneurial ecosystem has led to the creation of some of the world's most important science and technology companies.Buy now
Our interactive showcase highlights some of the globally significant discoveries and innovations that have their origins in Cambridge.Explore showcase
Take a look at our various initiatives that explore the factors behind Cambridge's success and celebrate the city's leading achievements.View our Initiatives
A unique cluster of innovation
The Cambridge Phenomenon charts the continuing evolution of globally significant companies and innovations across bioscience, medicine and technology.Learn about the phenomenon
This continually evolving community is like a perpetual motion engine attracting fresh, bright people inspired to do things differently.
Founder, Cambridge PhenomenonLearn about the company


text:
Use of Management Accounting Practices in Carbon Emission Management: Evidence from Australian Companies
Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government,
2015, Volume 21, Issue 1, Pages 5-22
AbstractThis study examines the use of management accounting practices by companies in managing carbon emission issues. The sample consists of 69 Australian companies that participated in the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) 2009 survey. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses of survey responses are conducted. In this investigation, relative absence of the use of accounting practices was uncovered. Given that the companies examined were large companies and the majority of them operated in carbon intensive or climate change exposed sectors, it is likely that this under-utilisation of accounting practices translates into a corresponding under-performance in carbon emission management. Acknowledgement: This paper is drawn from Kumarasiri' s (2015) unpublished PhD thesis.
- Article View: 13
- PDF Download: 37


text:
Turbot, GreenlandAlaska (bottom longline caught)
Greenland Turbot are found in the northern regions of the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. In the North Pacific, Greenland Turbot are mostly found in western Alaska, within the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands (BSAI).
Greenland Turbot grow slowly, may live for more than 30 years, and reach sexual maturity between 5 and 10 years of age.
Greenland Turbot were heavily fished in the 1970's, but numbers have increased due to good management and abundance is currently at medium levels.
Bottom longlines are commonly used to catch Greenland Turbot, particularly in state waters, and likely cause little damage to the seafloor. Longlines do accidently catch seabirds and other fish, but there are several management measures in place to reduce this bycatch.


text:
I have a question for you about sex that may seem a little silly. I had a cold recently with a badly running nose. My boyfriend and I started having sex. While we were having sex, my nose stopped running completely. After we were done, my nose started running again. Do you know the reason for this?
If you're looking for a method to stop your running nose, taking some cold medicine may be more practical than having continuous sex, though probably not as much fun. A runny nose occurs because the small blood vessels in your nose are swollen and irritated. Your nose may have stopped running during sex if you were in a prone, horizontal position, similar to not having to blow your nose as much at night when you are lying down. It may be that lying in a prone position somehow reduces the dripping.
More likely, your nose stopped running temporarily because of the effects of adrenaline, a hormone also known as epinephrine. Any type of physical activity (including sex), stress, and fear trigger the release of adrenaline by the adrenal gland. Adrenaline's actions include constricting blood vessels in the skin, increasing blood flow to muscles, and opening up airways. Regarding your runny nose, adrenaline helps shrink the mucous membranes of your nose, reducing your nasal congestion. In this way, adrenaline acts as a temporary natural decongestant.
Once exercise (or sex) is over, adrenaline levels will recede and your symptoms will likely return. So while having sex or other physical activity may not cure your runny nose, the temporary reprieve it can provide may be just what you're looking for!
Sending sniffle-free wishes,Alice!


text:
We study the effects of structural inhomogeneity on the quasi-static growth of strike-slip faults. A layered medium is considered, made up of an upper layer bounded by a free surface and welded to a lower half-space with different elastic property. Mode III crack is employed as a mathematical model of strike-slip fault, which is nucleated in the lower half-space and then propagates towards the interface. We adopt FEM-β, newly proposed analysis method for failure, to simulate the quasi-statistic crack growth governed by the stress distribution in layered media. Our results show that along planar traces across interfaces a compliant upper layer has significant effects on promoting/ suppressing crack growth before/after its extension into the layer and vice versa for a rigid one. This proposes a possibility that surface breaks due to strike-slip faulting could be arrested by deposit layers at the topmost part of the Earth's crust.
- Dynamics and mechanics of faulting
- Earthquake dynamics
- Fracture and faults
- Mechanics, theory and modelling
- Numerical solutions
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Geochemistry and Petrology


language-c-0.4.2: Analysis and generation of C code
Safe HaskellNone
This module provides the notion of identifiers in C, speed up using hashing. Identifiers are associated optionally associated with a NodeInfo, i.e. with a unique Name and a source location (Position). The ordering relation on identifiers is based on the hash and does not follow the lexical order.
data SUERef Source
References uniquely determining a struct, union or enum type. Those are either identified by an string identifier, or by a unique name (anonymous types).
isAnonymousRef :: SUERef -> BoolSource
Return true if the struct/union/enum reference is anonymous.
mkIdent :: Position -> String -> Name -> IdentSource
build an identifier from a string.
 - only minimal error checking, e.g., the characters of the identifier are not checked for being alphanumerical only; the correct lexis of the identifier should be ensured by the caller, e.g., the scanner.
 - for reasons of simplicity the complete lexeme is hashed.
builtinIdent :: String -> IdentSource
returns a builtin identifier (has builtin position and no unique name)
internalIdent :: String -> IdentSource
returns an internal identifier (has internal position and no unique name)
internalIdentAt :: Position -> String -> IdentSource
return an internal identifier with position info
isInternalIdent :: Ident -> BoolSource
return True if the given identifier is internal
identToString :: Ident -> StringSource
string of an identifier
dumpIdent :: Ident -> StringSource
dump the identifier string and its positions for debugging purposes


How to Write Correct Sentences
Basic English Grammar Help
If you are unsure where to put full stops you need some basic English grammar help. You should always keep in mind that writing is about communication. Keeping your written work clear and simple will make it easier for the reader to understand.
English grammar help image 1
Where do full stops go?
What is a subject, and what is a verb?
The subject is the person or thing you are writing about. It can be:
 - You
 - Me
 - Him
 - Her
 - John
 - Sarah
It can also be things like:
 - A house
 - A tree
 - A guitar
Therefore the subject of a sentence can be almost anything.
What is a verb?
The verb is what the subject is doing.
For example:
John is driving.
This is an example of a very short sentence. It is grammatically correct because it includes both john (the subject) and driving (the verb).
Therefore a verb is something you do. It could be:
 - Walking
 - Running
 - Sitting
 - Cutting
 - Talking
Basically any word you can add 'ing' to the end of.
English grammar help image 2
Verbs of being:
Existing and just being alive is something we are all constantly doing. Therefore it is a verb.
For example:
I am Brendan.
This is a grammatically correct sentence because it has both the 'I' (the subject) and 'am' (the verb). The sentence is simply saying that I exist as a person called Brendan. I've been doing it all my life and will continue to do it till the day I die. That is why it is called a verb of being.
Other examples include:
 - You are mad.
 - She is tall.
 - The wall is thick.
Therefore whenever a person or thing exists in time and space it is doing something, it is existing.
The point is, you must make sure a sentence always has, both, a subject and a verb before you give it a full stop.
A good way to think about it is, if a sentence you have written seems too long try breaking it into two pieces. If both parts have a subject and verb you've got two sentences.
I Hope you found this basic English grammar help useful. You should now have a clearer idea of how to break your writing down into sentences, and understand where to put full stops.
Return from Basic English Grammar Help to Home Page.


text:
ElecFreaks Sonar:bit for micro:bit Ultrasonic Sensor Distance Measuring 3V/5V
Sonar:bit is an ultrasonic module with 3-5V working voltage. It is available to be used to 3.3V or 5V micro-controller system. With only one 3-wire(GVS) cable, it can work properly. Compared to the normal 4-wire ultrasonic module, it has saved one IO port. The measurement range of sonar:bit is 4cm-400cm. It can output stable and accurate measurement data with ±1cm tolerance only. You can use this module to occasions like short-distance measurement, smart cars, robots, micro:bit and arduino teaching, etc..
Enable to drive micro:bit or arduino directly.
Standard 3-wire GVS connecotr, which occupies 1 IO port only.
Transmitter is used to send ultrasonic signals
Receiver is used for collecting ultrasonic signals.
Connect sonar:bit to P2 port on sensor:bit and connect micro:bit to your computer.
Input Voltage DC 3~5V
Measurement Range 4~400cm
Accuracy Tolerance ±1cm
Size 40.6mm x 51.06mm
Net Weight 12g
1x GVS Jumper Cable


text:
Senior citizen health checkup is a matter that should not be overlooked
There are several diseases that depend on age. In brief, there are some certain kinds of diseases that start to grow after a person starts aging. This is one of the prime reasons why the senior citizens need to go for a health check-up even more frequently than the children and adults. In other words, a senior citizen must be under some strict restrictions, which is necessary to live a healthier life in a proper manner.
Key benefits of Senior citizen health check-up
- People who are elder in age must stay alert for each and every kind of potential diseases, which is only possible through a proper health checkup.
- Senior citizens often suffer from the lack of immunity power, so they catch physical damages very easily and that's why they should always be under a health checkup.
- This is also necessary to detect such diseases that generate no symptoms at the initial stage.


What is a Genset?
What is a Reefer Genset
For situations that require powered engines in remote locations and during inland transport, a genset offers the solution. Several industries use gensets for fulfilling their [...]
Read more
What Is a Reefer Container?
The terms "reefer container" and "reefer" are short for "refrigerated container." These containers maintain a stable temperature inside while controlling humidity and promoting adequate airflow. [...]
Read more


text:
About Plus One Robotics
Plus One Robotics builds vision software for logistics robots. Their software helps power robotic arms to automate a range of tasks in warehouses and distribution centers.
Plus One's PickOne product relies on a system of 2D and 3D cameras paired with AI algorithms to detect packages and determine the ideal place to pick them up. This enables a system of robot arms to handle the manual work of sorting packages. Meanwhile, a team of human Crew Chiefs can monitor groups of robots and intervene to handle certain difficult scenarios.
Plus One partners with companies like FedEx, Yaskawa, and FANUC to sort thousands of packages an hour. By playing to the strengths of robots and humans, Plus One's technology helps alleviate the severe labor shortage in the logistics industry and helps get packages where they need to go.
Plus One's software relies on having accurate predictions from their AI models. In some cases, the Plus One AI team works to enable new tasks or new customer deployments by developing new models. In other cases, they work to improve the performance of models in use with existing customers to address failure cases or handle new types of packages.
Plus One wanted to improve the picking performance of their robot system for their customers. To do so, they focused on the following areas:
- Continuous model deployment: Frequently and consistently ship improved models to customers.
- Catching issues early: Find and fix critical model failures before shipping new software, preventing regressions from making their way to customers.
- Reducing load on the Machine Learning team: Scale the impact of the machine learning team to more tasks across more customers.
Plus One Robotics partnered with Aquarium to manage their machine learning iteration process. The Plus One team wanted to do model validation, comparison, and exploration in order to iterate on their datasets and their models. Aquarium provided a range of functionality to speed up this workflow.
- Intuitive user interface: Basic tasks of visualizing datasets and model inferences, querying for interesting scenarios, and plotting dataset distributions could be done in a matter of clicks from the Aquarium web UI.
- Collaboration with stakeholders: Aquarium's web UI and collaboration features made it easy to communicate model results with team members, managers, and customers.
- Advanced surfacing of failure patterns: Embedding analysis and visualization quickly exposed areas in the dataset where the model struggled, allowing the Plus One team to prioritize data collection on important object types and adjust learning parameters based on the errors they saw.
- Model performance comparison: Aquarium made it easy to compare the performance of different models through overviews of model performance metrics and drill-down visualizations of the exact scenarios where the model outputs differed.
- The entire machine learning workflow in one place: The Plus One team was able to find and diagnose model failures, address failures with proper data curation, and ensure that retrained models resolved those failures, all in Aquarium.
"With Aquarium, we are more confident that we're consistently delivering good models."
Dr. Dan Grollman, Senior Engineer
Aquarium significantly streamlined Plus One's AI workflow by providing a fast and objective framework for iterating on their models. At the end of the day, Plus One saw:
- 25% absolute improvement in F1 score for a model used for container decanting, in addition to performance gains to a variety of other models. This produced impressive demos for new clients and assisted in retaining existing customers.
- Hundreds of hours saved for the machine learning team as compared to the previous spreadsheet-based workflow.
- Systems integration engineers empowered to take on the day-to-day heavy lifting of data curation and model improvement, freeing up machine learning engineers to focus on deep model research.


text:
Torque Made Easy
ePropelled starter generators provide the power generation of an alternator but have enough torque to start the engine from the onboard battery. They allow for extended flight time, reduced noise, and increased power, and can support hybrid applications.
Our starter generators are able to withstand temperatures of up to 400F. The starter generators are robust in a way that they are able to absorb uneven combustion produced by engine torque.
ePropelled starter generators can be paired with our intelligent power systems (iPS) and electronic engine starters (EES) for the smartest onboard systems in the industry.
Starter Generators (SGs)
Sufficient power to assist the internal combustion engine. The engine can then be sized for steady flight rather than exclusively for peak power requirements.
Battery power to extend flight time or land the aircraft in the event of a fuel emergency.
Convert to electric power temporarily to reduce the noise of internal combustion engines.
SG750 is small (fitting in the palm of your hand) and weighs just under one pound (440 g). It can produce up to 1,000 W of output power.
SG1500 is 5 inches (127 mm) in diameter and weighs 2.5 pounds (1,132 g). It can produce up to 2,000 W of output power.
SG3000 is small and weighs only 2.5 pounds (1,132 g). It can produce up to 4,000 W of output power.
SG6000 weighs only 5.4 pounds (2,450 g). It can produce almost 9,000 W of output power.
SG12000 is the largest model in the family, weighing just under 10 pounds (4,300 g). It can produce over 14,000 W of output power.


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One Gene Linked with Hearing Loss, Tooth Decay
July 31, 2014
By Nancy Volkers
InteliHealth News Service
INTELIHEALTH - A gene that can cause hearing loss may also lead to a higher risk of tooth decay, says a new study.
The study focused on the estrogen-related receptor beta (ESRRB) gene. Mutations in this gene are known to cause hearing loss.
Researchers studied 1,731 people, including 2 families with ESRRB mutations that cause hearing loss. They found that certain mutations in ESRRB were linked with higher levels of tooth decay.
As part of the study, researchers tested the hardness of 100 extracted teeth from people in the study. They compared their results with the results of DNA testing to see if people with certain ESRRB mutations also had differences in their teeth. The authors concluded that some mutations in ESRRB might change the way that tooth enamel is formed, making it softer and more vulnerable to decay.
The study appears in the July issue of the journal BMC Medical Genetics.


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Sheep Farming in Australia
This is a topic suggestion on Sheep Farming in Australia from Paper Masters. Use this topic or order a custom research paper, written exactly how you need it to be.
What is perhaps most unique about sheep farming is the fact that it does not take place in close proximity to urban areas. The land required to raise large amounts of sheep for profit requires that the typical sheep farmer live hundreds of miles from the nearest town. On average, sheep farms range in size from 2,500 to 5,000 square miles and these farms are generally located 150 to 300 km from their nearest neighbor.
Sheep Farming in Australia
The duties associated with sheep farming are as diverse as they are numerous. Dealing specifically with the sheep, the most common tasks include: mustering, droving, branding, tagging, shearing and injecting. When dealing more broadly with the sheep farm, the tasks of repairing fences, removing fallen trees, and growing rudimentary crops are also facets of sheep farming in rural Australia. The number of jobs available on sheep farms (or stations as they are referred to in Australia) is so numerous that many farms hire extra help during shearing season just to meet the daily functioning requirements of the farm.
One of the greatest challenges facing the sheep farmer, and more broadly any type of farming in Australia, is the lack of water available for livestock and crops. Because rural Australia is comprised mostly of desert-like land finding and securing water resources from season to season often proves quite problematic. Although Australian farmers employ the use of boreholes—large holes drilled into the ground to bring up water—the threat of drought is pervasive as rainfall in some regions of Western Australia occurs only once annually. To protect themselves from the threat of drought, farmers typically purchase 5,000 gallon tanks for storing water. This ensures that if a borehole goes dry and it is a few days before a new sources of water can be found, the farm will be able to function in the interim.
Related Research Paper Topics
Cattle Farming in Australia - Paper Masters can help write a custom research paper on cattle farming in Australia and examine the sheep farming industry.
Wheat Harvesting in Australia - Wheat Harvesting in Australia Research Papers discuss when to plant the crop.
Animal Domestication - Animal Domestication research papers examine the process by which wild animals, through selective breeding, are made dependent upon human beings for survival.
Cultures in Oceania - The Cultures in Oceania are made up of the tribal societies of the Polynesians who are well known for their history of war and their navigation skills.
Sustainability and Culture Research Papers on how many of today's manufacturing and consumer practices contribute to environmental destruction.
Wheat Harvesting in Australia - Wheat Harvesting in Australia has developed a crop rotation cycle that permits nutrients such as nitrogen from being completely expended from the soil during heaving farming and harvesting.
Environmental Politics Research Papers explore the relationship between practical politics and environmental issues in areas such as ethics.


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The best flowers to plant in Richmond Hill, Georgia are the ones that will grow well in the climate of the city. Richmond Hill has a humid subtropical climate with hot summers and mild winters. Most parts of the state have an average temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit during the summer months, but some areas can get as hot as 100 degrees. The soil conditions in Richmond Hill are mostly sandy and acidic.
As you can see, this introduction paragraph is short and simple.
Best Flowers Richmond Hill Georgia
Here are the Best Flowers Richmond Hill Georgia
1. The Bird of Paradise (Strelitzia reginae)
This is the most popular flower to grow in Arizona and it's easy to see why. They are one of the most beautiful flowers you can grow and they're pretty hardy too. This plant is a tropical plant that does well in our desert climate. It will produce long, elegant leaves and beautiful flowers that look like birds as they open up. The bird of paradise produces a flower stalk that rises up from the center of the plant and has dozens of blooms on it at once. This makes for a very dramatic display in your garden or on your patio. They also produce seed pods that hang down from the stalk after flowering which makes them even more attractive to wildlife such as birds and butterflies.
2 . Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis)
The Bougainvillea is another popular choice for landscaping because it's so diverse and hardy. There are several varieties available including ones with purple or pink flowers, ones with white or cream colored flowers, ones with variegated leaves, and even ones that have all three colors! These plants love full sun but can tolerate some shade as well. They do best when planted near a wall where they can climb up into the sunlight but still get some shade from the wall during hot weather. You can find these plants at nurseries or home improvement stores in containers ranging from 5 gallons to 15 gallons depending on how big you want them to grow!
Handy Tips to Know About Best Flowers Richmond Hill Georgia
Here are some tips (explained in detail) you should know about Best Flowers Richmond Hill Georgia's climate and soil conditions if you're interested in growing a lawn:
The watering of flowers richmond hill georgia is very important because it allows the plant to maintain its hydration and therefore, to be able to develop well. You can do this by watering with a sprayer or by simply pouring water on the soil. It is also possible to put some water in the vase, but make sure that you do not overdo it because this could lead to rotting. In addition, it is recommended to take care of the soil by adding fertilizer from time to time.
2. The place where you put your flowers richmond hill georgia
The location where you put your flowers richmond hill georgia can have a significant impact on the life of these plants. Indeed, if they are placed in a dark place, they will not be as beautiful as if they were placed in a bright place. In addition, if you put them near a source of heat such as a radiator or an oven, you run the risk of cooking them and thus killing them! Finally, do not forget that fresh air allows plants to breathe and develop well. So open windows from time to time!
How to Take Care of Flowers
1. Water your flowers regularly
The most important thing you can do to keep your flowers healthy is to make sure they are getting enough water. If you see the leaves starting to wilt, it's a good idea to give them a drink of water. It's also a good idea to water them before they get thirsty because it will help avoid wilting and allow the roots to grow stronger.
2. Keep them out of direct sunlight and heat
Keep your flowers away from any direct sunlight and heat sources like air conditioning vents or radiators. Cold drafts and sudden changes in temperature can cause the stems to become brittle and break easily, so try not to move your arrangement too much if possible. If you have an arrangement that has been damaged by cold temperatures, don't worry! You can simply cut off the stem below the damaged part and re-cut it at a lower height so that all of the remaining flowers stay within their container. Just be sure not to trim too short or you may lose some of your greenery!
3. Trim stems as needed for optimal health
If there are any dead petals or leaves on your stems, it's ok to trim them off as long as you don't remove more than half of each stem at once (or more than 1/3 if those stems are really thick). This will help ensure that your flowers stay healthy for as long as possible! It also helps prevent bacteria from growing on those dead parts which could lead to mold or other problems later on down the road! We recommend using a sharp pair of scissors when trimming stems since this will reduce damage to the remaining parts of the flower and encourage growth back into those areas where you trimmed away dead petals/leaves. If you notice any discoloration on the ends of your stems after cutting, just use some rubbing alcohol with cotton balls or swabs dipped in alcohol (the same kind used for cleaning wounds) on those spots until they look clean again! Be sure not use rubbing alcohol near any open water sources though, since it is flammable! ?
Ideal Time of Year for Best Flowers Richmond Hill Georgia
The best time to plant bulbs is in the fall. This allows them to settle into their new home and begin growing before winter arrives. If you do plant in the fall, be sure to choose a location that gets plenty of sun and has well-drained soil.
Plant spring-flowering bulbs in early October for blooms in late February or early March. Bulbs that bloom later in spring can be planted as late as December, although they may not bloom until the following year.
If you're looking for summer flowers richmond hill georgia, plant your bulbs from mid-July through August. The flowers will bloom in June or July the following year.
How can I convince my best flowers richmond hill georgia lawn to do more than just sit there?
You can convince your best flowers richmond hill georgia lawn to do more than just sit there by watering it.
A lawn that is the fault in our stars free ebook for android will be a happy one.
You should apply the fault in our stars free ebook for android fertilizers regularly.
Your the fault in our stars free ebook for android will thank you with increased profits. If you're one of looking for alaska review john green pdf download pdf why not make some money from your hard work. There are many ways that you can go about selling your services george rr martin game of thrones book pdf free download freelancing. If you have a special area of specialization that you think would be of interest to others and you possess great writing skills, an Ebook could be a profitable option for you. Ebook writing can bring incredible profits from sales with a low initial investment, other than your time. Below is a list of some surefire tips for writing a successful Ebook: This is probably the one key factor for insuring that your ebook will generate sales online marketing management books free download In order to make sales, you need to generate interest from your potential customers. One of the most effective ways to do this is to find a title that attracts your customer base. Basically, your goal in selecting a title is to make it keyword-rich in order to show up on relevant searches and to entice future customers by being well-written and persuasive.


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The potato and the industry that surrounds it has become more than just a cash crop that is produced in abundance here on Prince Edward Island. For nearly a century, the potato has been part of many Islanders' lives. It was a staple of life on small family farms, providing great nutritional value and a crop that could be relied upon year-after-year with proper management. For others, the potato industry represents a lifetime of work that was as fulfilling as any career. The industry provided an opportunity for Islander's to maintain their independence and pride. And for others, the potato was a symbol that invoked pride in the province and region. Like the cod industry for Newfoundland or the oil industry for Alberta, the potato unified and gave a strong foundation for other industries to survive and prosper in Prince Edward Island.
The industry has met many challenges over the past few decades, including border closures, changing markets, devastating diseases and conservation issues. Through these challenges have come many changes to the face of the industry such as a greater emphasis on processing and a struggling seed sector. These changes that appear to spell disaster for the industry have been met with determination. Every aspect of the important industry has gone through some degree of change. Mechanization has changed the physical harvest and modernization has changed the markets that Island farmers are able to supply. With time comes change and it is that change that the Island Potato industry has been struggling through for the past several years.


text: From 1889 to the present - 130 years of shared history. This three-part documentary film weaves together many archives and new testimonies to tell us about contemporary French black history over 130 years. This film gives a voice to both the protagonists and the heirs of this history and relays the building of a French Black identity. An old history, a presence which becomes visible with the 1889 World's Fair. A story illustrated with archive footage which goes through two World wars, the colonial period, the Independencies, and the time of the migrations from the West Indies and Africa, but also from the Indian Ocean, New Caledonia, and from the African American influence since the Interwar period.


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Can you trademark a flavor or taste?
No, you cannot trademark a flavor. While a flavor will distinguish the taste of your product from another competing product, it cannot be trademarked as it serves an "essential functional aspect" of the product.
Trademarks cover the identifying factors of a product, such as its name, logo, or associated slogan. Trademarks serve to strengthen a company's reputation by distinguishing it from its competitors; a flavor cannot do so, as a consumer cannot experience the flavor prior to purchasing the product.
If you give a unique name to a flavor, that unique name can be trademarked. A distinct flavor name can serve as a product's name or slogan in a way that could be trademarked. If you utilize a unique flavor name in relation to a particular product, then over time the unique name will develop a secondary meaning that is associated with the specific product. That secondary meaning is grounds for trademarking, and will prevent competitors from applying a similar name to flavors associated with their products.
Contact us today if you are curious about trademarking a unique flavor name, as this branch of trademark law can be quite confusing.
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You've been consistently training for 4 months. You are stronger, but your oversized belly has not budged.
You think you eat generally healthily, but despite all the workouts, there is little progress to show. One good way to start your investigation into how much you are really eating is using a food log.
What is a food log?
A food log is a record of all foods and drinks consumed within a specified period of time. Food intake is typically tracked for 1 to, ideally, 7 days. Since patterns can differ between the weekend and the workweek, the more days that are tracked, the better. Ideally you would always include a weekend in your Food Log before analysing it.
At its most basic, a log lists the type and amount of every food and drink item consumed. The log can be written on a piece of paper or preprinted blank form (you can find many online), typed into an online nutrition website or entered into a smart phone (iPhone apps are available).


text: The device works by firstly sticking it into an Alpha. Once the contact with Alpha is made, the device directly connects to Omega. In Cage case, the device helped him to locate the Omega by showing its location through visions. The transponder works only with a live Alpha or a human infected with its blood. When in use the perception of time for the user slows down.


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Show Me Some Science! Can Crush
A metal can and a hose are filled with water, and the hose is lowered off of a second floor balcony. The water drains and the can is crushed!
In a fluid, like water or air, the pressure is always greater on the bottom than on the top. This is because the weight of all of the fluid pushes down on the fluid below it. Water is a fluid, and the bottom of the hose has the same pressure as the atmosphere since it is open to the air. As gravity pulls the water out of the hose and the can, the pressure inside of the hose and can decreases. Eventually the pressure on the inside is so low that the pressure on the outside of the can is enough to crush it!


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Exploring an organometallic redox complex for the remediation and reclamation of ionic contaminants.
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Ion exchange for the removal of ionic contaminants is typically considered a mature technology. However, recovery of extracted contaminants in a minimal volume of secondary waste and regeneration of ion exchange materials for use in subsequent extraction cycles continue to represent significant challenges for the separation chemist. Substantial progress in overcoming these barriers has been made by employing redox-switchable organometallic complexes for the extraction and recovery of ionic contaminants. As compared with traditional ion exchange, this approach offers an alternative redox-based stripping mechanism and affords quantitative recovery of a target contaminant in a minimal volume of secondary waste. In contrast to previous redox extraction and recovery processes (R2ER) which focus on selectivity and design of an organometallic extractant, we have developed a novel redox process with potential for adaptation to any existing ion exchanger. The lipophilic metal complex Fe(η5-C5H5)(η5-(3)-1,2-C2B9H9(n-C12H25)2) has been used in combination with tetra-n-heptylammonium salts to demonstrate an improved R2ER paradigm for aqueous anions. Liquid-liquid extraction of a generic contaminant was shown to follow a traditional ion-exchange equilibrium. Subsequent recovery of the extracted contaminant as a compact solid was promoted by treatment of the water-immiscible phase with zinc powder, and the spent solvent was regenerated by treatment with an aqueous oxidant. Using this method, 100 L of industrial waste simulant can be reduced to 25 mL of secondary waste in a single reductive step. As compared to previously reported R2ER processes for anions, the new process alleviates potential stability concerns related to the presence of charge dense anions and enables efficient regeneration of a variety of counter ions in tetra-n-heptylammonium ion pairs, including NO3−, Br−, Cl−. Repeatable extraction/regeneration cycles demonstrated no loss in extraction efficiency. Extracted contaminants were recovered in yields ranging from 97% to 100%. R2ER regeneration of OH is also discussed. Liquid-liquid extraction studies demonstrating the feasibility of the approach and extension of this chemistry to a polymer-supported format is presented.


Tuesday, September 22, 2020
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Split Row Into Multiple Rows
For this request we needed to loop through a number of rows and where candidate data was separated by a comma split the text into however many separate values are found between the comma's. As part of the split process to also divide an amount by the number of candidates to be split
Split Function
The Split function is a VBA function that is used for breaking strings into an array. The separation of string is identified by indicating a character or set of characters which are called delimiters. This function comes in handy, for example, when you have a list of whole names of people in a column of your worksheet and you want to split them in order to get the first and last names of each person.
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Load Amazon CLI parameters from a file - Amazon Command Line Interface
Services or capabilities described in Amazon Web Services documentation might vary by Region. To see the differences applicable to the China Regions, see Getting Started with Amazon Web Services in China (PDF).
Load Amazon CLI parameters from a file
Some parameters expect file names as arguments, from which the Amazon CLI loads the data. Other parameters enable you to specify the parameter value as either text typed on the command line or read from a file. Whether a file is required or optional, you must encode the file correctly so that the Amazon CLI can understand it. The file's encoding must match the reading system's default locale. You can determine this by using the Python locale.getpreferredencoding() method.
Note
By default, Windows PowerShell outputs text as UTF-16, which conflicts with the UTF-8 encoding used by JSON files and many Linux systems. We recommend that you use -Encoding ascii with your PowerShell Out-File commands to ensure the Amazon CLI can read the resulting file.
How to load parameters from a file
Sometimes it's convenient to load a parameter value from a file instead of trying to type it all as a command line parameter value, such as when the parameter is a complex JSON string. To specify a file that contains the value, specify a file URL in the following format.
file://complete/path/to/file
 - The first two slash '/' characters are part of the specification. If the required path begins with a '/', the result is three slash characters: file:///folder/file.
 - The URL provides the path to the file that contains the actual parameter content.
 - When using files with spaces or special characters, following the quoting and escaping rules for your terminal.
The file paths in the following examples are interpreted to be relative to the current working directory.
Linux or macOS
// Read from a file in the current directory $ aws ec2 describe-instances --filters file://filter.json // Read from a file in /tmp $ aws ec2 describe-instances --filters file:///tmp/filter.json // Read from a file with a filename with whitespaces $ aws ec2 describe-instances --filters 'file://filter content.json'
Windows command prompt
// Read from a file in C:\temp C:\> aws ec2 describe-instances --filters file://C:\temp\filter.json // Read from a file with a filename with whitespaces C:\> aws ec2 describe-instances --filters "file://C:\temp\filter content.json"
The file:// prefix option supports Unix-style expansions, including "~/", "./", and "../". On Windows, the "~/" expression expands to your user directory, stored in the %USERPROFILE% environment variable. For example, on Windows 10 you would typically have a user directory under C:\Users\UserName\.
You must still escape JSON documents that are embedded as the value of another JSON document.
$ aws sqs create-queue --queue-name my-queue --attributes file://attributes.json
attributes.json
{ "RedrivePolicy": "{\"deadLetterTargetArn\":\"arn:aws-cn:sqs:us-west-2:0123456789012:deadletter\", \"maxReceiveCount\":\"5\"}" }
Binary files
For commands that take binary data as a parameter, specify that the data is binary content by using the fileb:// prefix. Commands that accept binary data include:
 - aws ec2 run-instances: --user-data parameter.
 - aws s3api put-object: --sse-customer-key parameter.
 - aws kms decrypt: --ciphertext-blob parameter.
The following example generates a binary 256-bit AES key using a Linux command line tool, and then provides it to Amazon S3 to encrypt an uploaded file server-side.
$ dd if=/dev/urandom bs=1 count=32 > sse.key 32+0 records in 32+0 records out 32 bytes (32 B) copied, 0.000164441 s, 195 kB/s $ aws s3api put-object \ --bucket my-bucket \ --key test.txt \ --body test.txt \ --sse-customer-key fileb://sse.key \ --sse-customer-algorithm AES256 { "SSECustomerKeyMD5": "iVg8oWa8sy714+FjtesrJg==", "SSECustomerAlgorithm": "AES256", "ETag": "\"a6118e84b76cf98bf04bbe14b6045c6c\"" }
For another example referencing a file containing JSON-formatted parameters, see Attach an IAM managed policy to a user.