STRING ...])
colorstrip() removes all color escape sequences from the provided strings, returning the modified strings separately in array context or joined together in scalar context. Its arguments are not modified.
colorvalid(ATTR[, ATTR ...])
colorvalid() takes attribute strings the same as color() and returns true if all attributes are known and false otherwise.
Constant Interface
Alternately, if you import :constants, you can use the following constants directly:
CLEAR RESET BOLD DARK
FAINT UNDERLINE UNDERSCORE BLINK
REVERSE CONCEALED
BLACK RED GREEN YELLOW
BLUE MAGENTA CYAN WHITE
BRIGHT_BLACK BRIGHT_RED BRIGHT_GREEN BRIGHT_YELLOW
BRIGHT_BLUE BRIGHT_MAGENTA BRIGHT_CYAN BRIGHT_WHITE
ON_BLACK ON_RED ON_GREEN ON_YELLOW
ON_BLUE ON_MAGENTA ON_CYAN ON_WHITE
ON_BRIGHT_BLACK ON_BRIGHT_RED ON_BRIGHT_GREEN ON_BRIGHT_YELLOW
ON_BRIGHT_BLUE ON_BRIGHT_MAGENTA ON_BRIGHT_CYAN ON_BRIGHT_WHITE
These are the same as color('attribute') and can be used if you prefer typing:
print BOLD BLUE ON_WHITE "Text", RESET, "\n";
to
print colored ("Text", 'bold blue on_white'), "\n";
(Note that the newline is kept separate to avoid confusing the terminal as described above since a background color is being used.)
When using the constants, if you don't want to have to remember to add the , RESET at the end of each print line, you can set $Term::ANSIColor::AUTORESET to a true value. Then, the display mode will automatically be reset if there is no comma after the constant. In other words, with that variable set:
print BOLD BLUE "Text\n";
will reset the display mode afterward, whereas:
print BOLD, BLUE, "Text\n";
will not. If you are using background colors, you will probably want to print the newline with a separate print statement to avoid confusing the terminal.
The subroutine interface has the advantage over the constants interface in that only two subroutines are exported into your namespace, versus thirty-eight in the constants interface. On the flip side, the constants interface has the advantage of better compile time error checking, since misspelled names of colors or attributes in calls to color() and colored() won't be caught until runtime whereas misspelled names of constants will be caught at compile time. So, pollute your namespace with almost two dozen subroutines that you may not even use that often, or risk a silly bug by mistyping an attribute. Your choice, TMTOWTDI after all.
The Color Stack
As of Term::ANSIColor 2.0, you can import :pushpop and maintain a stack of colors using PUSHCOLOR, POPCOLOR, and LOCALCOLOR. PUSHCOLOR takes the attribute string that starts its argument and pushes it onto a stack of attributes. POPCOLOR removes the top of the stack and restores the previous attributes set by the argument of a prior PUSHCOLOR. LOCALCOLOR surrounds its argument in a PUSHCOLOR and POPCOLOR so that the color resets afterward.
When using PUSHCOLOR, POPCOLOR, and LOCALCOLOR, it's particularly important to not put commas between the constants.
print PUSHCOLOR BLUE "Text\n";
will correctly push BLUE onto the top of the stack.
print PUSHCOLOR, BLUE, "Text\n"; # wrong!
will not, and a subsequent pop won't restore the correct attributes. PUSHCOLOR pushes the attributes set by its argument, which is normally a string of color constants. It can't ask the terminal what the current attributes are.
DIAGNOSTICS
Bad escape sequence %s
(F) You passed an invalid ANSI escape sequence to uncolor().
Bareword "%s" not allowed while "strict subs" in use
(F) You probably mistyped a constant color name such as:
$Foobar = FOOBAR . "This line should be blue\n";
or:
@Foobar = FOOBAR, "This line should be blue\n";
This will only show up under use strict (another good reason to run under use strict).
Invalid attribute name %s
(F) You passed an invalid attribute name to either color() or colored().
Name "%s" used only once: possible typo
(W) You probably mistyped a constant color name such as:
print FOOBAR "This text is color FOOBAR\n";
It's probably better to always use commas after constant names in order to force the next error.
No comma allowed after filehandle
(F) You probably mistyped a constant color name such as:
print FOOBAR, "This text is color FOOBAR\n";
Generating this fatal compile error is one of the main advantages of using the constants interface, since you'll immediately know if you mistype a color name.
No name for escape sequence %s
(F) The ANSI escape sequence passed to uncolor() contains escapes which aren't recognized and can't be translated to names.
ENVIRONMENT
ANSI_COLORS_DISABLED
If this environment variable is set, all of the functions defined by this module (color(), colored(), and all of the constants not previously used in the program) will not output any escape sequences and instead will just return the empty string or pass through the original text as appropriate. This is intended to support easy use of scripts using this module on platforms that don't support ANSI escape sequences.
For it to have its proper effect, this environment variable must be set before any color constants are used in the program.
RESTRICTIONS
It would be nice if one could leave off the commas around the constants entirely and just say:
print BOLD BLUE ON_WHITE "Text\n" RESET;
but the syntax of Perl doesn't allow this. You need a comma after the string. (Of course, you may consider it a bug that commas between all the constants aren't required, in which case you may feel free to insert commas unless you're using $Term::ANSIColor::AUTORESET or PUSHCOLOR/POPCOLOR.)
For easier debugging, you may prefer to always use the commas when not setting $Term::ANSIColor::AUTORESET or PUSHCOLOR/POPCOLOR so that you'll get a fatal compile error rather than a warning.
It's not possible to use this module to embed formatting and color attributes using Perl formats. They replace the escape character with a space (as documented in perlform(1)), resulting in garbled output from the unrecognized attribute. Even if there were a way around that problem, the format doesn't know that the non-printing escape sequence is zero-length and would incorrectly format the output. For formatted output using color or other attributes, either use sprintf() instead or use formline() and then add the color or other attributes after formatting and before output.
NOTES
The codes generated by this module are standard terminal control codes, complying with ECMA-048 and ISO 6429 (generally referred to as "ANSI color" for the color codes). The non-color control codes (bold, dark, italic, underline, and reverse) are part of the earlier ANSI X3.64 standard for control sequences for video terminals and peripherals.
Note that not all displays are ISO 6429-compliant, or even X3.64-compliant (or are even attempting to be so). This module will not work as expected on displays that do not honor these escape sequences, such as cmd.exe, 4nt.exe, and command.com under either Windows NT or Windows 2000. They may just be ignored, or they may display as an ESC character followed by some apparent garbage.
Jean Delvare provided the following table of different common terminal emulators and their support for the various attributes and others have helped me flesh it out:
 clear bold faint under blink reverse conceal
------------------------------------------------------------------------
xterm yes yes no yes yes yes yes
linux yes yes yes bold yes yes no
rxvt yes yes no yes bold/black yes no
dtterm yes yes yes yes reverse yes yes
teraterm yes reverse no yes rev/red yes no
aixterm kinda normal no yes no yes yes
PuTTY yes color no yes no yes no
Windows yes no no no no yes no
Cygwin SSH yes yes no color color color yes
Mac Terminal yes yes no yes yes yes yes
Windows is Windows telnet, Cygwin SSH is the OpenSSH implementation under Cygwin on Windows NT, and Mac Terminal is the Terminal application in Mac OS X. Where the entry is other than yes or no, that emulator displays the given attribute as something else instead. Note that on an aixterm, clear doesn't reset colors; you have to explicitly set the colors back to what you want. More entries in this table are welcome.


FAQ: How Much Does It Cost To Start A Poultry Farm In Nigeria?
How can I start a small poultry farm in Nigeria?
5 Steps To Starting A Poultry Farm In Nigeria
 1. Step 1 – Choose The Type Of Poultry Bird To Rear.
 2. Step 2 – Select A Suitable Farm Location/Site.
 3. Step 3 – Provide Good Housing And Shelter For The Birds.
 4. Step 4 – Feeding and Medication OF The Poultry BIRDS.
 5. Step 5 – Marketing and Sales of THE POULTRY Birds.
How much money does it take to start a chicken farm?
Generally speaking, it will cost you anywhere between 5,000 and 25,000 dollars to begin a small scale business in the poultry industry, and this includes the costs of your employees' salaries for the first three months of operation.
How much does it cost to build poultry houses?
You might be interested: Quick Answer: How Has Public Radio And Public Television Contributed To Nation Building In Nigeria?
Is poultry farming profitable in Nigeria?
Poultry Farming in Nigeria is one of the most profitable agribusinesses in the Nigerian agriculture sector. It is a lucrative money making venture in Nigeria. As a result, there is an increased demand for local poultry products like chicken, turkey, eggs.
How much do I need to raise 100 broilers?
How many chickens do I need to make a profit?
How many chickens do you need to make a profit? It really depends on the demand in your area but I would say you need at least 16 chickens to make your enterprise worthwhile. Two hybrid chickens would give you a dozen eggs a week and 16 birds would give around 8 dozen eggs a week.
Is chicken farming profitable?
Is poultry a good business?
Poultry farming has proven already that it can be very lucrative. If you have the appropriate space and the knowledge, starting a small poultry farm could be a great source of income for your family. As a poultry farmer, you may also sell the eggs and feathers the birds produce.
What type of farming is the most profitable?
20 Most Profitable Small Farm Ideas
 2. Fish Farming.
 3. Dual Crop Farming.
 4. Dairy Farming.
 5. Herb Gardening.
 6. Bee Farming.
 7. Aquaponics.
 8. Microgreens Farming.
You might be interested: Readers ask: How Much To Register Limited Liability Company In Nigeria?
How much money does a poultry farmer make a year?
The average pay for a Poultry Farmer is $30,742 a year and $15 an hour in the United States.
How much land do you need for chicken houses?
The rule of thumb for chickens is that they each need 3-4 square feet of coop floor space and then a minimum of ten square feet in an enclosed run.
How many bags of feed do I need for 500 broilers?
Like feeders, there are big drinkers which can cost about 500 -700 and the small ones between 170-200. Let's assume we're stocking 100 birds, for broilers, you'll need 16-20 bags of 25kg feed to feed them from day old to table size.
How many eggs can a layer lay in a day?
How much does it cost to start a pig farm in Nigeria?
Obviously, it is hard to calculate exactly how much money you might need to start your own pig farm. Depending on your scale of choice, you can start of from as little as ₦200,000. Your expenses should include buying land, building the pens, making the feed, buying your piglets and hiring a veterinarian.
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text:
10 times as many prostate cancers in 2021?
MANAGED CARE May 2011. ©MediMedia USA
Canadian researchers say there could be as many as 267,329 new cases of prostate cancer diagnosed each year by 2021. That would be 10 times as many as in 2009 (25,355 cases).
Researchers in the department of radiation oncology at the Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center at the University of Toronto calculated prostate cancer cases using best-, most likely-, and worst-case scenarios.
"The trends we're anticipating in Canada are going to be very similar to the United States," says Andrew Loblaw, MD, lead author. He's a staff radiation oncologist and clinician scientist at the center.
"For clinical executives, this would mean about 650,000 men diagnosed in the United States. So there's going to be the need for increased capacity to diagnose these men. You're going to need better quality in active surveillance. You're going to have to increase your treatment capacity — both surgery and radiation. And lastly, it's about cost. Both countries are struggling to effectively manage those health care dollars," he says.
The four factors likely to affect the incidence of prostate cancer are an increase in the aging population, increased prevalence of PSA screening, lowered PSA cutoff to recommend biopsy, and improved sensitivity to prostate biopsy. Of the four factors, the aging population and the possible lowering of the PSA threshold before biopsy are expected to be the major influencers in new cases.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention makes no such predictions. Jun Li, MD, PhD, MPH, an epidemiologist at the CDC, says the latest data available for prostate cancer incidence are from 2006. The agency reports that the incidence of prostate cancer has decreased significantly, by 2.4 percent per year from 2000 to 2006.
With better screening, physicians are better equipped at finding prostate cancer earlier, and plotting an effective treatment plan. Loblaw points out that the "men who died this year from prostate cancer were diagnosed 17 years ago. And those men who are diagnosed today are going to have markedly different treatments, so these men will have different mortality rates 17 years from now."
Source: Quon H, Loblaw A, Nam R. Dramatic increase in prostate cancer cases by 2021. BJUI. Apr 20. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10197.x. [Epub ahead of print]
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. United States Cancer Statistics. 2007

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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What are the differences between cutting fluid and cutting oil?
Views: 7 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2023-03-21 Origin: Site
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Cutting fluid and cutting oil are collectively referred to as metal working fluid. Although they have 4 basic elements, but they are different in some aspects, today Xiaobian for you to sort out and edit the difference between the two to share with you:
1, the difference of components
Cutting fluid and cutting oil are all cooling lubricants for metal working, although they have the same role and function. But there are essential differences in the production and use of material. Cutting oil is mainly composed of base oil and insoluble water additives, such as oil rust inhibitor and lubricant. The main component of cutting fluid is water, and add water-soluble rust inhibitor, lubricant, coupling agent, fungicide, cleaning agent, etc., from the composition of the cutting oil component is simple, the cutting fluid component is complex.
2, the use of performance is different
The main performance is that the cutting oil has good lubrication and rust prevention performance, so the cutting oil is usually used for finishing. Cutting fluid cleaning and cooling performance is good, cutting fluid is mainly used for high speed processing and rough processing need good cooling performance.
3. Maintenance is different during use
Cutting oil according to the specific situation of consumption of new oil can be added. Cutting fluid in the process of use is easy to deteriorate, causing odor. Therefore, in the process of use, pay attention to the concentration value and ph value change at any time and anywhere, and add stock solution and water.
4. The difference between cutting fluid and cutting oil in use cost
Cutting fluid in the process of use need to dilute 10-20 times with water. Cutting oil is used directly, so the cost of using cutting fluid is lower than cutting oil.
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Jiu-Jitsu: Turning Anger into Confidence
On September 4th, 2019, The First Guild (TFG) co-founder, Lana David interviewed a 30-year Jiu-Jitsu black belt and master instructor Gerson Sanginitto, owner of Gerson Sanginitto Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Academy in Culver City, CA.
Gerson Sanginitto Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Academy in Culver City - Black Belt Ceremony - Gerson is in the center of the group in blue uniform.
Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) is one of the fastest growing martial arts in the world. The benefits you can gain from BJJ are both physical and mental.
Lana is the one of the developers of Project: The First Guild (TFG), a large scale community project targeted to help young people with difficulty in the traditional educational system, to acquire the mental, emotional and entrepreneurial skills necessary to make a successful transition from youth to adulthood.
Project: TFG aims to reach youth coping with a good deal of anger, frustration, confusion and anxiety – a range of behaviors that need to be addressed beyond just verbal communication.
Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu is a proven system that can help to detox and re-channel such energy constructively.
BJJ is a major educational component of Project: TFG and we are honored to have Gerson as our Community Partner.
Gerson Sanginitto Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Academy in Culver City
Lana: Our program candidates are foster youth coping with a good deal of anger, frustration, confusion and anxiety often caused by distressing life circumstances. How can Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu help them go beyond the trauma and succeed in life? Could you provide examples.
Gerson: Here is a good example. I am 5 feet 2 inches tall. I was always the smallest in my school. If you are small, if you are the skinny one, usually someone is going to bully you, that's how it goes.
Nothing changed from my time. My daughter is now 11. She's just going to middle school and I told her, hey, it's the same when I was 11. She started to train in BJJ when she was four, I was lucky to start when I was seven years old.
Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu was created not to make the strong, stronger, it was was created to give the opportunity to the weak person fight a strong person.
Gerson Sanginitto Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Academy in Culver City - Gerson's Students
Lana: Project TFG is all about building a strong identity, which we believe is the foundation for success in life. How does BJJ relate to identity formation?
Gerson: It translates completely to identity. People come here and they cannot look me in my eyes. And you can see that their self esteem is very low because life is put them down somehow.
I was just talking to one of my students who is a higher belt here. I remember him one year ago. He changed completely. You see how he's acting now – he stands up, he looks into your eyes, he talks to you like a man, he demands respect, he gives respect. He's not like that guy that he was a year ago who could not look into my eyes and looked to the side when I ask him a question.
Gerson Sanginitto Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Academy in Culver City - Gerson is in the center of the group in blue shorts.
Lana: What is the advantage of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu over other forms of martial arts?
Gerson: In my opinion, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu is the closest martial art to reality. I'm not talking less about other martial arts such as strike martial arts. To me this is one of the most important points of BJJ, it is the closest to reality than other martial arts.
BJJ fighting is closest to the street situation. It's going to be completely the same if someone attacks you on the street. You are not going to feel overwhelmed.That's what we do here every day. You defend yourself every day, fighting every single day.
There are situations with Jiu Jitsu that you feel completely uncomfortable. You cannot breathe well and there is someone bigger is stronger than you on top, trying to suffocate you and make you tap** by a choke hold or joint lock and you still find the strength to survive and get out there. That goes to each day of your life. It's not just the physical aspect. Most important is the mental aspect, that makes you stronger. (** to "tap" is to demonstrate submission and terminate the sparring session).
Video taken on 4/28/18: Gerson Sanginitto Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Academy in Culver City – Tarjei Hass (in white uniform ) will assist Gerson in training students of "project: The First Guild" Read our blog post: "Interview with Tarjei Hass: Why Jiu-Jitsu?"
Lana: I read that BJJ discourages an athlete from attacking an unaware or unprepared person. What is the philosophy behind this?
Gerson: If I tell you to go to that bag every single day and punch it 500 times as hard as you can – first day, first week, first month. you're not going to punch 500 times. After a year you are going to punch that bag 500 times very strong. If something happens and you need to defend yourself, the first thing you're going to do is to punch the person in the face. If I don't teach you anything and you have the anger in you and someone comes and attacks you first, you're gonna try to kick and punch the person.
In Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu we teach you how to defend yourself without harm to the other person, stop that person, control that person. Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu teaches you being in control without anger. Fear makes you do a lot of bad things, but when you don't have that fear inside of you, when you know that you can just defend yourself from someone, you're not going to hurt a person…. unless you have to.
So when you don't have that fear inside of you, when your confidence is up, the fear goes down… the complete opposite direction.
Gerson Sanginitto Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Academy in Culver City - Gerson's Students training
Lana: I read that Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu athletes are strictly discouraged from using techniques that aim at injuring the opponent. Athletes are responsible for the safety of their opponent. Could you comment on this.
Gerson: Exactly. Because we need each other. We become a family and not just here. If you're trained in Jiu Jitsu, you're gonna be well received at any place on this planet.
Also there is the philosophy of the martial arts – we teach respect and good values in general. Respect each other, respect yourself.
I keep joking with my students, but I'm serious: "Jiu Jitsu is like life. Some days you lose, some days you win. You have to know how to lose. You lose and win with grace. You know, everyone wants to win. What you have to do is to prepare to be the winner, that's the thing."
And not just that. We teach dedication, we teach discipline, we teach hierarchy. We have the rank of 5 belts: white, blue, purple, brown, and black. You start with a white belt moving to blue. So why to move to everybody. Blue moves to purple, brown, and black. Purple moves to brown, and black. And that's how you start to understand hierarchy and respect for a higher rank, somebody who's been doing this for much longer than you.
I've been training my whole life since I was seven years old. Next month I'll be 54 and I'm feeling like I'm 34 I'm not kidding. You see my fingers were all broken and I have a pride of this because that shows my work. I don't just sell JJ to those guys. I sell a lifestyle. This is a lifestyle.
Gerson BJJ
Lana: Could you elaborate on what you mean by "Lifestyle" and give examples. Also how quickly can someone get results in Jiu-Jitsu?
Gerson: A young guy about 40 years old who is a CEO of a company just signed with me three weeks ago. This guy told me when he came: "look, I need something because I'm going crazy with work. I heard a lot about Jiu-Jitsu, I have friends who talk a lot about JJ with me. So finally I decided to try."
I said: "We offer two free classes. Try and see if you're like it."
Last Monday, he came after the roll* to me and said: "man, thank you very much! It's only been three weeks, but it's already changed my life." (* "roll" or "rolling" is a form of 'sparring', a way for students to test their skills and abilities against their teammates).
I said: "Yeah man, you are only 40. In 10 years or less, you're going to be a black belt. And it is a journey that will never stop. This journey for me will stop when I die."
And you know, it's very powerful because it gives you power. And this why you don't need to prove or show your power. It is the way you feel.
Here is another example: One day came here a big guy, maybe six-foot


text:
Razlog is a town and ski resort in Razlog Municipality, Blagoevgrad Province in southwestern Bulgaria.
Razlog Cove is a 2.1 km wide cove indenting for 1.7 km the north coast of Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is bounded by Archar Peninsula to the south, and Express Island to the northeast, and is entered between Duff Point and the northern extremity of Express Island.
The Razlog Valley is a valley in southwestern Bulgaria located between the high Rila (to the north and northwest), Pirin (to the south and southwest) and Rhodope Mountains (to the east). The nature of the valley was influenced by both the Alpine character of Rila and Pirin and the Mediterranean climate of the Aegean Sea from the south.
The Kresna–Razlog Uprising named by the insurgents the Macedonian Uprising, was a Bulgarian uprising against the Ottoman rule, predominantly in the areas of Kresna and Razlog in late 1878 and early 1879. It broke out following the protests and spontaneous opposition to the decisions of the Congress of Berlin, which, instead of ceding the Bulgarian-populated parts of Macedonia to the newly reestablished Bulgarian suzerain state per the Treaty of San Stefano, returned them to Ottoman control.
The Razlog dialect is a Bulgarian dialect, member of the Rup dialects. Its range includes the valley of Razlog in southwestern Bulgaria and its immediate neighbours are the Rup Serres-Nevrokop dialect to the south, the Babyak dialect to the east, the Samokov and Ihtiman dialects to the north and the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect to the west.
Razlog Municipality is located in Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria. It has 22,124 inhabitants.The town of Razlog is the administrative centre.
Kirill Emilevich Razlogov is a Russian film critic and cultural studies. President of the Russian Guild of Film Critics (from March 2015).He was the director of the Russian Institute for Cultural Research (_PHONE_).
Rozłogi [rɔˈzwɔɡi] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Świebodzin, within Świebodzin County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland.
Razlom Point is an ice point at the west edge of Lazarev Ice Shelf, about 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) north of Leningradskiy Island, Queen Maud Land. Mapped by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition in 1959 and named Mys Razlom (breach point) because there is a large old break in the ice shelf nearby.
The Razlovtsi insurrection was a rebellion in the areas of Maleshevo and Piyanets in Ottoman Macedonia during 1876. The work on its preparation began in late 1875 in Thessaloniki.
The Razlog's Football team activities page. Related with social media posts of Razlog's games and scheduled events. Match records planned for future dates as well as home and away matches. Plan a trip and experience the excitement of the match on the spot!

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
The MIT Kerberos Consortium, a security authentication and authorization group, announced Monday that Microsoft has joined its shindig.
The consortium, which launched in September with Google, Apple, Sun Microsystems and a collection of universities, noted Microsoft is coming aboard as a founding sponsor.
Kerberos aims to offer consumers the same single sign-on authentication and authorization system that corporate America has been using to allow employees to access network services with one log-on. Kerberos is an offshoot of MIT's Project Athena, which was developed back in the 1980s.
Microsoft uses the Kerberos network authentication protocol in such products as its Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, and Windows Server 2008. And Kerberos also serves as the main authentication tool in Microsoft's Active Directory.
"Microsoft joining the Kerberos Consortium is significant," Stephen Buckley, consortium executive director, said in a statement. "They represent a vast number of users of Kerberos. It is an important step forward towards our common ambition to create a universal authentication platform for the world's computer networks."
What's next? Given its past troubles with its passport authentication efforts, is the next stop for Microsoft the Liberty Alliance Project?


text:
Coin Silver Teaspoon, Henry Biershing of Hagerstown, MD
A lovely American coin silver teaspoon by watchmaker and silversmith Henry Biershing of Hagerstown, Maryland. Biershing was born about 1789 and was working in Hagerstown between about 1809 and 1843, the year of his death. This spoon measures about 5 13/16 inches in length, and weighs about 16 grams. The spoon has an engraved period script monogram of "MF" and a clear maker's mark of H.BIERSHING in a serrated rectangle. Biershing's work is rarely seen, despite his relatively long career. A fine piece of Western Maryland silver, and some would argue Southern coin silver, given the sympathies of many of the inhabitants of that territory leading up to and during the Civil War.


text:
Background: In the Phase III LUX-Lung 3/6 (LL3/LL6) trials in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation-positive lung adenocarcinoma patients, we evaluated feasibility of EGFR mutation detection using circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and prognostic and predictive utility of cfDNA positivity (cfDNA+).
Methods: Paired tumour and blood samples were prospectively collected from randomised patients. Mutations were detected using cfDNA from serum (LL3) or plasma (LL6) by a validated allele-specific quantitative real-time PCR kit.
Results: EGFR mutation detection rates in cfDNA were 28.6% (serum) and 60.5% (plasma). Mutation detection in blood was associated with advanced disease characteristics, including higher performance score, number of metastatic sites and bone/liver metastases, and poorer prognosis. In patients with common EGFR mutations, afatinib improved progression-free survival vs chemotherapy in cfDNA+ (LL3: HR, 0.35; P = 0.0009; LL6: HR, 0.25; P < 0.0001) and cfDNA- (LL3: HR, 0.46; P < 0.0001; LL6: HR, 0.12; P < 0.0001) cohorts. A trend towards overall survival benefit with afatinib was observed in cfDNA+ patients.
Conclusions: Plasma cfDNA is a promising alternative to biopsy for EGFR testing. Detectable mutation in blood was associated with more advanced disease and poorer prognosis. Afatinib improved outcomes in EGFR mutation-positive patients regardless of blood mutation status.
引用本文： . . 华西虚拟期刊, 2000, 1(1): 175-185-. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2016.420 复制


text:
|Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute||Home|
The unit is a sequel to one written in 1982, "Contemporary Education in China," which describes the organization and structure of schools and compares education before and after the Communist revolution of 1949. This years unit is divided into two sections. The first part is strictly a resource paper for teachers, explaining the basis for and characteristics of the three educational models developed in China since the late 1950's. The second part includes activities, sample lessons, possible resources and annotated bibliographies for teachers and students. A set of slides on education in China accompanied by a written text for those slides is available in the Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute Office. Whether a teacher uses these materials for a course on China, a contemporary issues class, a world culture class, an English class on comparisons, etc..., they contain many messages about the quarter of the world's population.
(Recommended for 11th and 12th grade Contemporary Issues China, 10th and 11th grade U.S. Foreign Policy, and 7th through 9th grade World Area Cultures)
China Contemporary Education Chinese

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Splunk's model for logs, where it keeps the raw event and annotates it with data added by the host or extracted from the event, is the most usable that I've seen in production. It works great with structured logging like JSON but also works when you have text logging.
For metrics, have a metric name, dimensions specifying details like what host it was logged on or percentiles, and the time stamp and value. If possible attach a unit, either in the dimension name or as part of the system.
Send your monitoring data goes over UDP
One of the product managers at work asked why we were sending logging data via UDP and not TCP. After all, TCP is a reliable protocol, right? Why would I send my log entries via an unreliable protocol?
First, how unreliable is UDP? Try pinging a site. I use
_URL_ by default. Quickly trying that, I sent 28
packets and had 0% packet loss. TCP's reliability is irrelevant
If the reliability is irrelevant, UDP is much simpler. On the client side, there is no session to establish. You send one event per datagram, which is not much of a limitation, since and a datagram carries up to 65kb of data. On the server, handling large numbers of TCP connections is hard. Handling UDP datagrams from many sources is trivial.
But there's still that problem of packet loss. But when does that occur? In the classic case of a bunch of machines logging to another machine on the local network, packet loss implies that something is very wrong with your network. In these cases, another feature of TCP comes into play which means that it won't help you: throttling.
When TCP connections lose a packet, a request is sent back for the packet to be resent. If lots of packets are being lost, TCP assumes that the network is congested and reduces its transfer rate. If your network has enough trouble where UDP is untenable for local logging, TCP throttles itself almost to a halt. You shouldn't expect any more events to arrive at the logging server via TCP than via UDP.
Network logging to syslog was built in the days when logging to a server on a local network was the ubiquitous case. Its assumptions may not hold anymore. If you're logging to somewhere far away—smartphones logging to a server, or a local machine logging to a virtual machine on AWS—then you have the regular level of packet loss of the Internet, which varies widely based on your connection and where you're sending packets. These are the cases TCP's throttling was designed to handle, where UDP is a poor choice.
However, TCP may still provide more guarantees than you need. It guarantees that packets appear to the reciever to arrive in the same order that they were sent and proper reassembly of streams of data that span packets. In short, you can regard a TCP socket as a two way channel, ignoring the packets going back and forth underneath. It requires session negotiation and figuring out if a session is still alive. This is a lot to pay for if you don't need it. If you don't, the usual route is to implement a thin protocol on top of UDP. John Carmack did this for Quake 3. Plan 9 from Bell Labs uses Reliable UDP for communication between nodes. Many streaming video and audio protocols likewise sit on UDP, as do modern BitTorrent protocols. The design choices between UDP and TCP are endless and depend on the protocol's intended use.


text:
Observation well WSA Unity was constructed in 1967 to a depth of 26.72 metres into an unconfined intertill sand and gravel deposit. Based on the topography it is anticipated the groundwater flow in the aquifer will be toward the Dempster Brook and Killsquaw Lakes area.
The well does not show any obvious seasonal trends and annual water level changes are typically 0.20 metres or less. The hydrograph's minimum water level of about 656.2 metres occurred when monitoring began in 1967, followed by increases of the water levels. From 1974 until 2008 water levels fluctuated between 656.5 and 657 metres, but since 2008 they have been increasing. An unusually large water level increase in 2012 led a record high peak water level of almost 658 metres in 2013.
Water from WSA Unity is of the calcium/magnesium-bicarbonate type and has a sum of ions concentration of approximately 944 mg/L.
|Location ||SE01-28-40-21 W3


text:
A birthstone is a gemstone, usually in the form of personal jewelry and most often in the form of a ring or pendant. Each stone is traditionally associated with various qualities that symbolize the month of birth in the Gregorian calendar.
History of birthstones
The first century Jewish historian Josephus proclaimed a connection between the twelve stones in Aaron's breastplate, the twelve months of the year, and the twelve signs of the zodiac. Translations and interpretations of the passage in Exodus regarding the breastplate have varied widely, however, with Josephus himself giving two different lists for the twelve stones (Kunz argues that Josephus saw the breastplate of the Second Temple, not the one described in Exodus). St. Jerome, referencing Josephus, said the Foundation Stones of the New Jerusalem (Revelation 21:19–20) would be appropriate for Christians to use. In the eight and ninth century religious treaties were written associating a particular stone with an apostle, as Revelation stated their name would be inscribed on the Foundation Stones, and his virtue. Practice became to keep twelve stones and wear one a month. Wearing a single birthstone is only a few centuries old, although modern authorities differ on dates: Kunz places the custom in eighteenth century Poland, while the Gemological Institute of America starts it in Germany in the 1560s.
Modern lists of birthstones have little to do with either the breastplate or the Foundation Stones of Christianity. Tastes, customs and confusing translations have distanced them from their historical origins, with one author calling the 1912 Kansas list "nothing but a piece of unfounded salesmanship."
Ancient traditional birthstones are society-based birthstones. The table below contains many stones which are popular choices, often reflecting Polish tradition.
The Gregorian calendar has poems matching each month with its birthstone. These are traditional stones of English-speaking societies. Tiffany & Co. published these poems "of unknown author" for the first time in a pamphlet in 1870.
By her who in this month (January) is born
No gem save garnets should be worn;
They will ensure her constancy,
True friendship, and fidelity.
The February-born shall find
Sincerity and peace of mind,
Freedom from passion and from care,
If they an amethyst will wear.
Who in this world of ours their eyes
In March first open shall be wise,
In days of peril firm and brave,
And wear a bloodstone to their grave.
She who from April dates her years,
Diamonds shall wear, lest bitter tears
For vain repentance flow; this stone,
Emblem of innocence, is known.
Who first beholds the light of day
In spring's sweet flowery month of May
And wears an emerald all her life
Shall be a loved and happy wife.
Who comes with summer to this earth,
And owes to June her hour of birth,
With ring of agate on her hand
Can health, wealth, and long life command.
The glowing ruby shall adorn,
Those who in July are born;
Then they'll be exempt and free
From love's doubts and anxiety.
Wear a sardonyx or for thee,
No conjugal felicity;
The August-born without this stone,
'Tis said, must live unloved and lone.
A maiden born when September leaves
Are rustling in September's breeze,
A sapphire on her brow should bind
'Twill cure diseases of the mind.
October's child is born for woe,
And life's vicissitudes must know,
But lay an opal on her breast,
And hope will lull those woes to rest.
Who first comes to this world below
With drear November's fog and snow,
Should prize the topaz's amber hue,
Emblem of friends and lovers true.
If cold December gave you birth,
The month of snow and ice and mirth,
Place on your hand a turquoise blue;
Success will bless whate'er you do.—Gregorian Birthstone Poems
In 1912, in an effort to standardize birthstones, the (American) National Association of Jewelers met in Kansas and officially adopted a list. The Jewelry Industry Council of America updated the list in 1952 by adding alexandrite to June and citrine to November; specifying pink tourmaline for October; replacing December's lapis with zircon; and switching the primary/alternate gems in March. The most recent change occurred in October 2002, with the addition of tanzanite as a December birthstone. Britain's National Association of Goldsmiths created their own standardized list of birthstones in 1937.
|This section requires expansion. (May 2012)|
A Hindu text from 1879, Mani Mala, lists gems for each month.
Birthstones by cultures
Early civilizations, such as those in India and Babylon, have attributed gemstones with magical properties and especially to their relationship with the signs of the zodiac. Over time, astrologers assigned gems of certain colors to the twelve signs of the zodiac to help people influence the planets in their favor.
|Aquarius||21 January – 21 February||garnet|
|Pisces||22 February – 21 March||amethyst|
|Aries||22 March – 20 April||bloodstone|
|Taurus||21 April – 21 May||sapphire|
|Gemini||22 May – 21 June||agate|
|Cancer||21 June – 22 July||emerald|
|Leo||23 July – 22 August||onyx|
|Virgo||23 August – 22 September||carnelian|
|Libra||23 September – 23 October||chrysolite|
|Scorpio||24 October – 21 November||beryl|
|Sagittarius||22 November – 21 December||topaz|
|Capricorn||22 December – 21 January||ruby|
Birthday (day of the week) stones
While this word has also been used as synonym of Birth stone (see above), there is a separate list of assignment according to the day of the week of the recipient's birth:
- Monday: pearl, crystal
- Tuesday: ruby, emerald
- Wednesday: amethyst, lodestone
- Thursday: sapphire, carnelian
- Friday: emerald, cat's eye
- Saturday: turquoise, diamond
- Sunday: topaz, diamond
- Kunz, George F (1913). The curious lore of precious stones. Lippincott. pp. 275–306.
- Gleadow, Rupert (2001). The Origin of the Zodiac. Dover Publications. pp. 130–131.
- Kunz (1913), p. 289
- Knuth, Bruce G. (2007). Gems in Myth, Legend and Lore (Revised edition). Parachute: Jewelers Press. p. 294.
- Knuth, p. 299
- Knuth, p. 298
- Knuth, p. 293
- Knuth, p. 310
- Gleadow, p. 132
- Kunz (1913), p. 320
- Farrington, Oliver Cummins (1903). Gems and Gem Minerals. Mumford. pp. 63–64.
- Kunz (1913), p. 317
- Knuth, p. 311
- "Tanzanite". American Gem Trade Association. Retrieved 6 Feb 2012.
- "December Birthstone: Turquoise or Tanzanite". Jewelry Information Center. Retrieved 2011 Dec 20.
- "Birthstones". Goldsmiths. Retrieved 18 Apr 2012.
- Knuth, p. 336
- Kunz (1913), p. 315
- Kunz (1913), p. 315
- "Birthstones". American Gem Trade Association. Retrieved 6 Feb 2012.
- "Tips & Tools: Birthstones". The National Association of Goldsmiths. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
- Knuth, p. 336
- Schwam, Gena. "Birthstones: Myth and History: December - Month of Turquoise". Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
- "December Birthstone". International Colored Gemstone Association. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
- Knuth, p. 318
- Kunz (1913), pp. 345–347
- Kunz (1913), pp. 332–333


Conditional Statements
Conditional statements are formulas that enable you to create additional categories in your data set. When the condition is met, the new category is added to your visualization without modifying the data source itself.
For example, if you want to calculate only certain values according to conditions you define, you can use a conditional statement to include only the values of interest.
Sisense provides several conditional statements that enable you to evaluate criteria and display only the relevant results in your dashboard.
Note: Conditional states work on measures and aggregations only and return numeric values.
IF
IF (Boolean_expression, true value, false value)
Evaluates a boolean expression and returns the first value when evaluated as true, and returns the second value when evaluated as false.
For example:
(if(Sum(Sales) < 10, 0, Sum(Sales) )
Nested IF statements are also supported.
For example:
if (Sum(Sales) < 100 , 1 ,(if (Sum(Sales) < 1000 , 2, 3) )
isNull
ISNULL (<numeric value>)
Returns true if the expression doesn't contain data (Null). Can be used as a condition when writing conditional statements.
For example:
If (ISNULL(sum(deals)), 0, sum(deals) )
Case
CASE
WHEN Boolean_expression THEN result_expression
[ ... ]
[ ELSE else_result_expression ]
END
The CASE function evaluates boolean expressions, and when evaluated as true, returns the corresponding result_expression. If no match is found, the else_result_expression is returned. If there is no default returned and no values match, then Null is returned.
For example:
CASE
WHEN Sum(Sales) < 100 THEN 1
WHEN Sum(Sales) < 1000 THEN 2
ELSE 3
END


R application developer can use the Open IVR Interface to implement call routing (routing client) and monitoring capabilities.
The IVR routing client allows the IVR to send route requests to the Unified ICM via the PG. These requests can include data variables such as Customer ID and Menu Selections. The Unified ICM system uses this data to instruct the IVR where to transfer the call. The application developer uses the IVR monitoring interface to send IVR port and application activity data to the Unified ICM system for call routing and reporting.
IVR Peripheral Gateway
The Cisco IVR interface software runs as a logical PG on a standard Peripheral Gateway hardware platform. A single PG hardware platform can support a maximum of two logical PGs. A single PG platform may run one or two IVR PGs or an IVR PG and an ACD PG. For example, you can have a PG hardware platform that runs an Aspect CallCenter PG and an IVR PG. A logical PG can have PIMs for one type of ACD, plus an IVR PIM. The hardware platform must have sufficient capacity to handle the aggregate load from all attached peripherals.
Note
The multi-instance CTIOS configuration supports up to ten logical PGs on a single PG platform. These PGs are configured as separate customer instances.
In the following figure, a duplexed set of PGs serve both an IVR system and an ACD system. These PGs are equipped with both ACD and IVR interface software.
Note
The IVR can also be on a System IPCC PG or a IPCC Generic PG.
The IVR Peripheral Gateway can run in simplexed or duplexed configurations. In a duplexed configuration, only one side of the PG has an active connection to the IVR at a time.
Note
When multiple IVRs are connected to a PG, IVRs that use poll-based monitoring cannot be mixed with IVRs using any other kind of monitoring.
Figure 7. IVR-to-PG Interface
For information on how IVR systems fit into the Unified ICM data communications networks, see Datacom requirements.


Quarkus - Centralized log management (Graylog, Logstash, Fluentd)
This guide explains how you can send your logs to a centralized log management system like Graylog, Logstash (inside the Elastic Stack or ELK - Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana) or Fluentd (inside EFK - Elasticsearch, Fluentd, Kibana).
There are a lot of different ways to centralize your logs (if you are using Kubernetes, the simplest way is to log to the console and ask you cluster administrator to integrate a central log manager inside your cluster). In this guide, we will expose how to send them to an external tool using the quarkus-logging-gelf extension that can use TCP or UDP to send logs in the Graylog Extended Log Format (GELF).
The quarkus-logging-gelf extension will add a GELF log handler to the underlying logging backend that Quarkus uses (jboss-logmanager). By default, it is disabled, if you enable it but still use another handler (by default the console handler is enabled), your logs will be sent to both handlers.
Example application
The following examples will all be based on the same example application that you can create with the following steps.
Create an application with the quarkus-logging-gelf extension. You can use the following Maven command to create it:
mvn io.quarkus:quarkus-maven-plugin:1.13.4.Final:create \
 -DprojectGroupId=org.acme \
 -DprojectArtifactId=gelf-logging \
 -DclassName="org.acme.quickstart.GelfLoggingResource" \
 -Dpath="/gelf-logging" \
 -Dextensions="resteasy,logging-gelf"
If you already have your Quarkus project configured, you can add the logging-gelf extension to your project by running the following command in your project base directory:
./mvnw quarkus:add-extension -Dextensions="logging-gelf"
This will add the following to your pom.xml:
<dependency>
 <groupId>io.quarkus</groupId>
 <artifactId>quarkus-logging-gelf</artifactId>
</dependency>
For demonstration purposes, we create an endpoint that does nothing but log a sentence. You don't need to do this inside your application.
import javax.enterprise.context.ApplicationScoped;
import javax.ws.rs.GET;
import javax.ws.rs.Path;
import org.jboss.logging.Logger;
@Path("/gelf-logging")
@ApplicationScoped
public class GelfLoggingResource {
 private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(GelfLoggingResource.class);
 @GET
 public void log() {
 LOG.info("Some useful log message");
 }
}
Configure the GELF log handler to send logs to an external UDP endpoint on the port 12201:
quarkus.log.handler.gelf.enabled=true
quarkus.log.handler.gelf.host=localhost
quarkus.log.handler.gelf.port=12201
Send logs to Graylog
To send logs to Graylog, you first need to launch the components that compose the Graylog stack:
 - MongoDB
 - Elasticsearch
 - Graylog
You can do this via the following docker-compose file that you can launch via docker-compose run -d:
version: '3.2'
services:
 elasticsearch:
 image: docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-oss:6.8.2
 ports:
 - "9200:9200"
 environment:
 ES_JAVA_OPTS: "-Xms512m -Xmx512m"
 networks:
 - graylog
 mongo:
 image: mongo:4.0
 networks:
 - graylog
 graylog:
 image: graylog/graylog:3.1
 ports:
 - "9000:9000"
 - "12201:12201/udp"
 - "1514:1514"
 environment:
 GRAYLOG_HTTP_EXTERNAL_URI: "http://127.0.0.1:9000/"
 networks:
 - graylog
 depends_on:
 - elasticsearch
 - mongo
networks:
 graylog:
 driver: bridge
Then, you need to create a UDP input in Graylog. You can do it from the Graylog web console (System → Input → Select GELF UDP) available at http://localhost:9000 or via the API.
This curl example will create a new Input of type GELF UDP, it uses the default login from Graylog (admin/admin).
curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" -H "Authorization: Basic YWRtaW46YWRtaW4=" -H "X-Requested-By: curl" -X POST -v -d \
'{"title":"udp input","configuration":{"recv_buffer_size":262144,"bind_address":"0.0.0.0","port":12201,"decompress_size_limit":_PHONE_},"type":"org.graylog2.inputs.gelf.udp.GELFUDPInput","global":true}' \
http://localhost:9000/api/system/inputs
Launch your application, you should see your logs arriving inside Graylog.
Send logs to Logstash / the Elastic Stack (ELK)
Logstash comes by default with an Input plugin that can understand the GELF format, we will first create a pipeline that enables this plugin.
Create the following file in $HOME/pipelines/gelf.conf:
input {
 gelf {
 port => 12201
 }
}
output {
 stdout {}
 elasticsearch {
 hosts => ["http://elasticsearch:9200"]
 }
}
Finally, launch the components that compose the Elastic Stack:
 - Elasticsearch
 - Logstash
 - Kibana
You can do this via the following docker-compose file that you can launch via docker-compose run -d:
# Launch Elasticsearch
version: '3.2'
services:
 elasticsearch:
 image: docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-oss:6.8.2
 ports:
 - "9200:9200"
 - "9300:9300"
 environment:
 ES_JAVA_OPTS: "-Xms512m -Xmx512m"
 networks:
 - elk
 logstash:
 image: docker.elastic.co/logstash/logstash-oss:6.8.2
 volumes:
 - source: $HOME/pipelines
 target: /usr/share/logstash/pipeline
 type: bind
 ports:
 - "12201:12201/udp"
 - "5000:5000"
 - "9600:9600"
 networks:
 - elk
 depends_on:
 - elasticsearch
 kibana:
 image: docker.elastic.co/kibana/kibana-oss:6.8.2
 ports:
 - "5601:5601"
 networks:
 - elk
 depends_on:
 - elasticsearch
networks:
 elk:
 driver: bridge
Launch your application, you should see your logs arriving inside the Elastic Stack; you can use Kibana available at http://localhost:5601/ to access them.
Send logs to Fluentd (EFK)
First, you need to create a Fluentd image with the needed plugins: elasticsearch and input-gelf. You can use the following Dockerfile that should be created inside a fluentd directory.
FROM fluent/fluentd:v1.3-debian
RUN ["gem", "install", "fluent-plugin-elasticsearch", "--version", "3.7.0"]
RUN ["gem", "install", "fluent-plugin-input-gelf", "--version", "0.3.1"]
You can build the image or let docker-compose build it for you.
Then you need to create a fluentd configuration file inside $HOME/fluentd/fluent.conf
<source>
 type gelf
 tag example.gelf
 bind 0.0.0.0
 port 12201
</source>
<match example.gelf>
 @type elasticsearch
 host elasticsearch
 port 9200
 logstash_format true
</match>
Finally, launch the components that compose the EFK Stack:
 - Elasticsearch
 - Fluentd
 - Kibana
You can do this via the following docker-compose file that you can launch via docker-compose run -d:
version: '3.2'
services:
 elasticsearch:
 image: docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-oss:6.8.2
 ports:
 - "9200:9200"
 - "9300:9300"
 environment


have a one-to-one attribute relationship ________ .
 a.) the two attributes must appear in a relation together
 b.) the two attributes usually only appear in one relation together
 c.) other attributes that are functionally dependent on either of them may appear in a relation
 with them
 d.) either of the attributes can appear in relations without the other
 e.) all of the above
Level: moderate
Page: 139-140
79. If two attributes A and B have a many-to-many attribute relationship in the relation R3(A,B,C),
 then the primary key is .
 a.) A
 b.) B
 c.) A or B
 d.) A and B
 e.) C
Level: easy
Page: 139
80. If two attributes G and H have a many-to-one relationship exist in a relation R4(G, H, J) where
 J is a third attribute appearing in the relation, then .
 a.) G  H and G  J
 b.) G  H, but H  J
 c.) (G, H)  J
 d.) J  (G, H)
 e.) J  G, and J  H
Level: moderate
Page: 139
 4 - 13
 Chapter 4 - The Relational Model and Normalization
81. If two attributes A and B have a many-to-many attribute relationship, it is shown as .
 a.) A  B and B  A
 b.) A  B, but B not  A
 c.) B  A, and A  B
 d.) A not  B and B not  A
 e.) AB
Level: moderate
Page: 139
82. When a relation has a key consisting of multiple attributes, you can add a new attribute to the
 relation ______________.
 a.) without any restriction
 b.) so long as it is functionally dependent on part of the key
 c.) so long as it is functionally dependent on all of the key
 d.) so long as it is functionally dependent on a non-key attribute
 e.) so long as it is a candidate key
Level: moderate
Page: 140
83. If two attributes A and B that have a many-to-many attribute relationship, and a third attribute C
 also appears in the relation expressing the many-to-many relationship, then ______________.
 a.) A  B and B  C
 b.) B  A, but A  C
 c.) (A, B)  C
 d.) C  (A, B)
 e.) C A, and C  B
Level: moderate
Page: 139
84. In general, a row in a relation should have all of the data about ___________.
 a.) one instance of the relation's theme
 b.) each instance of the relation's theme
 c.) every instance of the relation's theme
 d.) no instance of the relation's theme
 e.) the relation's functional dependencies
Level: easy
Page: 141
 4 - 14
 Chapter 4 - The Relational Model and Normalization
85. Database performance can be improved through appropriate use of ____________.
 a.) uncontrolled redundancy
 b.) de-normalization
 c.) data integrity violations
 d.) synchronous dependencies
 e.) both a and b
Level: easy
Page: 143-144
Fill in the Blank Questions
86. A(n) relation is a two-dimensional table.
Level: easy
Page: 120
87. In relational terms, a row is called a(n) tuple .
Level: easy
Page: 122
88. In relational terms, a column is called a(n) attribute .
Level: easy
Page: 122
89. A(n) composite key is a group of attributes that uniquely identifies a row.
Level: easy
Page: 122
90. A(n) candidate key is one of a group of keys that may serve as the primary key.
Level: easy
Page: 123
91. A(n) primary key is a group of one or more attributes that uniquely identifies a row.
Level: easy
Page: 123
92. A key functionally determines the entire row .
Level: easy
Page: 123
93. A(n) functional dependency is a relationship between attributes such that if we know the value
 of one attribute, we can determine the value of the other attribute.
Level: easy
Page: 123
 4 - 15
 Chapter 4 - The Relational Model and Normalization
94. If by knowing the value of A, we can find the value of B, then we would say that
 B is functionally dependent on A.
Level: moderate
Page: 123
95. In functional dependencies, the attribute whose value is known or given is
 referred to as the determinant .
Level: moderate
Page: 123
96. Unlike determinants, primary keys are always unique.
Level: easy
Page: 125
97. For some relations, changing the data can have undesirable consequences
 called modification anomalies .
Level: moderate
Page: 125
98. Every time we break up a relation during the normalization process, we may
 create referential integrity constraints.
Level: moderate
Page: 127
99. Normal forms are nested so that if a relation is in 2NF, it is also in 1NF.
Level: easy
Page: 127
100. A relation that is in domain / key normal form is assured to be free from all anomalies.
Level: moderate
Page: 128
101. Any table that meets the definition of a(n) relation is said to be in first normal form.
Level: easy
Page: 128
102. If a table is a relation then it is in 1NF .
Level: easy
Page: 128
103. To be in 1NF, the cells of a table must contain a(n) single value.
Level: hard
Page: 120
104. A relation is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and all of its non-key attributes are
 dependent on all of the key .
Level: moderate
Page: 128
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 Chapter 4 - The Relational Model and Normalization
105. A relation is in second normal form if all its non-key attributes are dependent on the entire
 key.
Level: easy
Page: 128
106. A relation is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and has no partial dependencies .
Level: easy
Page: 128
107. A relation is in third normal form if it is in second normal form
 and has no transitive dependencies .
Level: moderate
Page: 129
108. A defining requirement for Boyce-Codd normal form is that every determinant must be a
 candidate key.
Level: moderate
Page: 131
109. A relation is in BCNF if it is in 3NF and every determinant is a candidate key.
Level: moderate
Page: 131
110. A relation is in BCNF if it is in 3NF and every determinant is a(n) candidate key .
Level: moderate
Page: 131
111. Relations in BCNF have no anomalies in regard to functional dependencies .
Level: hard
Page: 131
112. A(n) multi-value dependency exists when a relation has at least three attributes, two of them
 are multi-value, and their values depend on only the third attribute.
Level: easy
Page: 132
113. A relation is in 4NF if it is in BCNF and it has no multi-value dependencies .
Level: moderate
Page: 132
114. Fifth normal form deals with obscure dependencies that may not have any practical
 consequences.
Level: moderate
Page: 133
115. Domain / key normal form requires that every constraint be a logical consequence of the
 definition of domains and keys.
Level: moderate
Page: 133
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 Chapter 4 - The Relational Model and Normalization
116. In regard to DK/NF, a constraint is broadly defined to include all types of constraints
 except time-based constraints.
Level: hard
Page: 133
117. If the functional dependencies between two attributes is A  B and B  A, then they
 have a(n) one-to-one attribute relationship.
Level: easy
Page: 138
118. If the functional dependencies between two attributes is A  B, but B not  A, then they
 have a(n) many-to-one attribute relationship.
Level: moderate
Page: 138
119. If the functional dependencies between two attributes is A not  B and B not  A, then they
 have a(n) many-to-many attribute relationship.
Level: moderate
Page: 138
120. When synthesizing relations, if two attributes have the relationship A  B and B  A, then
 create a relation with A or B as the key.
Level: easy
Page: 139
121. When synthesizing relations, if two attributes have the relationship A  B, but not B  A, then
 create a relation with A as the key.
Level: easy
Page: 139
122. When synthesizing relations, if attributes have the dependencies (A, B)  C, then create
 a relation with (A, B) as the key.
Level: moderate
Page: 139
123. Relations are sometimes left unnormalized to improve performance .
Level: easy
Page: 141
Essay Questions
124. Describe the requirements that a table must meet to qualify as a relation.
 In order for a table to meet the requirements of a relation, it must satisfy certain conditions.
 First, the rows contain data about an entity or some portion of the entity. Second, the columns
 contain data that represent attributes of the entity – each column must contain the same kind of
 4 - 18
 Chapter 4 - The Relational Model and Normalization


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Author(s): Brian Perry; Colin Rennie; Andrew Cornett; Paul Knox
Linked Author(s): Colin Rennie
Keywords: No Keywords
Abstract: Due to excessive rainfall in June of 2013, several rivers located in and near the City of Calgary, Canada experienced significant flooding events. These events caused severe damage to infrastructure throughout the city, precipitating a renewed interest in flood control and mitigation strategies for the area. A major potential strategy involves partial diversion of Elbow River flood water to the proposed Springbank Off-Stream Storage Reservoir. A large scale physical model study was conducted to optimize and validate the design of a portion of the new project. The goals of the physical model were to investigate diversion system behaviors such as flow rates, water levels, sediment transport and, debris accumulation, and optimize the design of new flow control structures to be constructed on the Elbow River. In order to accurately represent the behavior of debris within the system due to flooding, large woody debris created from natural sources was utilized in the physical model and its performance was compared to that of debris of the same size fabricated from pressed cylindrical wood dowels. In addition to comparing the performance of these two debris types, the impact of root wads on debris damming was also investigated. Significant differences in damming behavior was shown to exist between the natural debris and the fabricated debris, while the impact of root wad on damming affected the dam structure and formation. The results of this experiment indicate that natural debris is preferred for studies involving debris accumulation.


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When we apply a current to a trace, the trace heats up. It is possible to apply enough current to a trace that the temperature increases to the melting (fusing) point of the copper. We call this amount of current the fusing current. Recall from my previous article that heating is a point concept. That means when a trace melts, it will do so at the weakest (probably thinnest) point along the trace.
If we want to calculate the fusing current for a trace, there are few ways to do it (short of a computer simulation.) Sir William Henry Preece (consulting engineer and later engineer-in-chief for the British General Post Office) developed an equation during the 1880s that has now become known as Preece's Equation:
[Eq. 1] I = 12277 * A3/4
Later, I. M. Onderdonk developed a more complicated equation that introduces a variable for time:
Preece conducted his experiments in a laboratory. He assumed he had reached the fusing temperature when the wire under study began glowing. Onderdonk is believed to have derived his (her) equation, probably in the 1920s. The time frame for validity of Onderdonk's Equation is usually given as under 10 seconds, since this equation assumes there is no cooling effect. For a discussion of what is known about these two people and for references to possible source documents, see .
Consider two possible scenarios:
A. A large sudden current (significantly larger than the fusing current) is applied to a trace. We would expect the current to significantly overload the trace, increasing the temperature, and melting a point on the trace quickly.
B. A current just larger than the fusing current is applied to the trace. The temperature will rise more slowly, ultimately melting the trace at its weakest point.
Figures 1 and 2 illustrate these two scenarios. Which figure do you think goes with which scenario ?
If we apply a sudden, very large current across a trace, the trace heats very quickly. The trace continues to heat until it melts at some point, which (of course) stops the current flow immediately. In one experiment, we applied a sudden current of 6 Amps across a 15 mil wide, 0.5 Oz. trace. The graph of temperature vs time is shown in Figure 3. The trace melted (fused) in 2.75 seconds.
The horizontal axis in the figure is time. The vertical axis is volts across the trace. Converting volts to temperature is problematic. What we know is the initial resistance across the trace, Rt0 , the initial temperature of the trace, the constant current through the trace, and, therefore, the initial voltage across the trace. We also know (we hope) the thermal coefficient of resistivity of the copper, α. Given these parameters, we can infer the temperature of the trace at any point in time by (first) measuring the voltage across the trace, estimating the trace resistance at temperature from Ohm's Law, and finally calculating:
The problems with this approach are at least three-fold:
Therefore, the temperature estimates shown on the graph are approximate (best guess) estimates.
The point of fusing for this type of situation is underwhelming. It is shown in Figure 1. The fusing time occurs within one video frame, or 1/30 second. There is no detectable smoke or damage to the board (other than the melted trace at a point).
If we apply a current to a trace that is approximately equal to the fusing current, the situation is quite different. On one of our test boards, we had a 20 mil wide, 1.5 Oz. thick trace. We applied 8.3 Amps of current to it. The temperature of the trace rose quickly to about 213 oC and then stabilized for over two hours. The next day we applied 8.5 Amps to the same trace. Figure 4 illustrates the pattern of temperature through time that resulted.
As before, the temperature rose quickly to about 214 oC. But then it continued to increase slowly. After about 30 minutes the temperature had increased to about 514 oC, at which point the temperature began rising quickly to the point where the trace melted. The entire process took about 30 minutes . Figure 2 is from a video of this illustration, at about the moment of fusing. There are several board material thermal parameters that are relevant here : Tg: Glass Transition Temperature; Td: Thermal Decomposition Temperature; and Delamination Temperature(s) and Times.
As the temperature of the board reaches each of these thresholds, the effectiveness of the cooling process diminishes, and the rate of heating of the board increases. The threshold points are not easy to identify in Figure 4, but it is not hard to imagine how the process is working.
This process can be impressive to watch. At about 15 minutes, the aroma of burning dielectric began to permeate the room. At about 20 minutes the board began to smoke. At about 25 minutes smoke was exiting out from under the trace at several points, and at some of those points the ejection of the smoke was under some considerable pressure. Finally, a point along the trace erupted in flame as the trace melted. At that point, the circuit opened and the current flow stopped. There was obviously considerable damage done to the board along the trace where the overheating occurred.
(Aside: The melting process itself make take several forms. The trace may vaporize relatively quickly, breaking the circuit. The trace may melt, but the melted copper remains in place, allowing the current to continue flowing for some indeterminate time. Or, the trace may melt, and the melted copper floats away (perhaps through gravity) breaking the circuit.)
An interesting question is whether we can predict this fusing time. In the significant overload case (Figures 1 and 3), the answer is a qualified yes. Onderdonk's Equation assumes there is no cooling process. References suggest that the equation applies for cases under about 10 seconds. But there is evidence that Onderdonk was concerned with (power transmission) wires suspended in the air. Traces on a board will cool much more quickly and efficiently. Our studies suggest that Onderdonk's Equation will apply on a circuit board for up to 1.0 to 1.5 seconds. There are approximations we can apply to extend this time to perhaps up to 4.0 seconds .


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Fort Interior West Palisade Area
The excavation inside the west log wall (palisade) continues to reveal more sections of the cobblestone foundation of a long building, estimated to be over 130 feet long with three double-sided H-shaped fireplaces that divide it into at least six rooms, similar perhaps to a London row house or maybe the Governor's house.
Archaeologists now have portions of the foundation for both long sides of the building and one end, which was recently discovered near the river side of the building. A walking path for visitors has been rerouted so that they can continue looking for the other end of the building under the existing path. They are extending the dig in that direction and hope to define the outline of the building before the end of this dig season.
Based on the findings so far, the building was 18 feet wide, a width that fits traditional Fort Period building dimensions, and places the building 10 feet away from and parallel to the west wall, the same as other earlier buildings inside the fort.
The architecture in this area also appears to be very different from the earth fast mud and stud buildings found at the other end of the fort. Artifacts from the building site include a relatively high concentration of status items compared to other areas of the fort site such as broken Chinese porcelain, delftware wall tiles from the Netherlands, ceramics and glassware in the facon de Venise. This may indicate that people of relatively high status lived here, and it may also indicate a social class separation in the overall design of the fort.
Personal objects such as a small silver wax seal with a scallop shell design, a crucifix made of jet, the cap of the handle of a small silver knife engraved with the initials FP and the date 1622, and other items such as buttons, aglets, oyster shells and food remains have been found in the plow zone in this area.
Other Images From the Fort Interior West Palisade Area:
A brick-lined wine cellar with ten intact wine bottles, one of the oldest wine cellars ever discovered in America, and portions of the foundations of a building constructed near the latter part of the 17th century have also been uncovered this summer inside the west wall area of the fort site. (See Featured Finds for more information about the wine cellar.)
The newer building cuts diagonally across the earlier fort-period building at right angles and was built after the fort was no longer in use. The dimensions of this building are not yet known, but archaeologists have found diamond-shaped window glass and a small section of window lead, which bears the date 1693, associated with the building that may indicate that this was the home of a wealthy family who lived at Jamestown near the end of the 17th century.
William Kelso, APVA director of archaeology said, "It's like a bookend. We've been uncovering the very beginning of Jamestown, and in the process we have also found the end." After the capital moved to Williamsburg in 1699, Jamestown was gradually abandoned, fell into ruin and eventually became an agricultural area.
Other Images From the Wine Cellar:
West Corner Cannon Mount (Bulwark) Trench
As they continue to dig the west corner cannon mount (bulwark) trench, archaeologists may have discovered underneath it part of a saw pit used by the first settlers beside the river. A thick layer of dark soil, about three inches, possibly created by the decay of layers of saw dust over the years, may mark the bottom of the pit. The trench cuts through the saw pit, so the pit was there before the trench was built. According to Kelso, this makes sense because one of the first things the settlers did was saw clapboard to ship back to England, where lumber was scarce.
"Now falleth every man to work: The council contrive the fort, the rest cut down trees to make a place to pitch their tents, some provide clapboard to relade the ships, some make gardens, some nets, etc." --John Smith
They're also carefully excavating the post molds left by the decayed palisade. This makes it possible to determine the shape of the logs that were used to create the fort's corner wall. Visitors can also watch as buckets of dirt scraped away from the trench fill are rinsed with water through a fine mesh screen to unveil even the smallest artifacts.
Throughout the summer, archaeologists at this site have been discovering small bits and pieces of objects lost or discarded by the early settlers, probably sometime between 1607 and 1612, including bits of apothecary jars, Indian pottery, other ceramics, beads, pieces of arms and armor, pipe stems, copper scrap, sturgeon scales (scutes) and bones from food remains. Larger items such as bullet molds, parts from matchlock guns and pieces of armor, and a Lowland Scots basket hilt and pommel have also been found.
Uncovering the Center of the Fort
"In the middest is a marketplace, a storehouse, and a corps du guard, as likewise a pretty chapel..." --William Strachey
Archaeologists are continuing to pursue a path of excavation toward the center of the fort site, hoping to find remains of the first church and other public buildings. An assortment of postholes of varying sizes have been uncovered and appear to be related to structures of some type, however, more ground will need to be uncovered before they can connect the dots and make sense out of what's been found so far.


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The Air Quality Scholars program, sponsored by the Senior Vice President of Academic Affairs, the Sustainability Office, and the Global Change and Sustainability Center, provides scholarships, training, and engagement opportunities to U of U undergraduate and graduate students who are interested in understanding and improving air quality.
Air Quality Scholars will:
- better understand campus and community efforts to improve air quality
- participate in the fall air quality symposium "The Air We Breathe" on October 3, 2019
- complete a campus or community project designed to improve air quality, and
- present their findings at the spring air quality symposium
The student air quality projects may be new initiatives or might develop from existing projects. Students and faculty advisors will determine projects and define how to implement their ideas over the course of the year.
G. David McNay
Environmental & Sustainability Studies & Geography, Applied GIS
Health, Society and Policy
Fine Arts (graphic design)
Professional Masters of Business
Parks, Recreation and Tourism
Biology and Communications


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I transposed "you" and "everyday" at the beginning of the sentence. Is that not allowed in a question?
It is alright, but word order does have a subtle effect on the focus and perspective of the speech, which somehow I think we can ignore first at beginner/intermediate stage.
2019-01-21: I used "你每天都几点回家" and it was marked wrong.
Can a native speaker clarify the nuances between using "每天" and "每天都"?
Does "every day" always have to be before "what time"? I flipped those and got it wrong.
Is it always just biggest to smallest increments of time, or is this some other rule?
Why there's no 都 after 每天in this sentence?
Any reason why we can't use 每天都 instead of just 每天 in this sentence?
It is also acceptable. 都 adds emphasis, but it's used quite often.
i love you


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By Chris Roberts
By Joe Eskenazi
By Albert Samaha
By Mike Billings
By Rachel Swan
By Erin Sherbert
By Joe Eskenazi
By Albert Samaha
Does distant healing actually work? If it works, can scientists really study it? The jury is still out on both questions. Critics of distant healing research question whether a clinical trial should study spirituality, and whether it can measure something so ephemeral and unexplainable. But scientists like Targ say it is possible to use accepted methodologies and "rigorous science" to determine the answers.
"Rigorous science" means subjecting a hypothesis to the Western "gold standard" of clinical trials -- a randomized, controlled, and double-blinded trial, commonly known as an "RCT."
As an example, a simple RCT might be used to test a new medicine. Participants would be split randomly into two groups so external factors wouldn't skew the data. One would be given the medicine and the other "control group" would be given a "placebo" pill (something that looks, smells, and tastes identical to the active medicine), so that true comparisons between these groups could be made. The placebo is also used so that the participants in the study don't know which group they are in -- and their expectations won't interfere too much with the data. None of the participants or researchers knows who is in which group, a safeguard known as "double-blinding," to limit bias or cheating. Both groups would then take the pills, and the researchers would look for objective differences between the two groups to see if the medicine had been effective.
But even if an experiment is designed and executed perfectly, there are many ways in which a trial can be complicated. One is the trial size. An experiment needs to use enough participants to make sure that the study is "statistically significant" -- meaning that the findings didn't happen just by chance.
Dr. Charles Vincent, who co-wrote a book on alternative medicine research methodology, says distant healing research is a viable area of study, though it has its limits. It will never be 'gold standard' in the sense that a drug trial can be, but then neither can many forms of hands-on treatment such as surgery," says Vincent, a professor at University College London.
Though Targ's experiment follows the "gold standard," skeptics raise questions about her methodology. They say researchers will never be able to create a "pure" control group. Even if someone is assigned to a group that does not receive healing, how do the researchers prevent someone's grandmother in Texas from praying for her granddaughter and diluting the control group?
Targ says she expects that most people in the study will have a "baseline" of prayer from friends and family. She says her study is looking at whether an extreme amount of distant healing (20 weeks' worth) has any effect above the prayer the participants may already receive.
There are also questions about consistency of "dosage." With pills, the dosage in an experiment is clear. But with distant healing, how do researchers know that all the healers in the study are as effective as each other? Targ says she anticipated that question by designing her experiment so each patient receives healing from 10 different healers.
Dubious endpoints is another criticism. Are the differences being looked at between the two groups objective? Targ's brain tumor study will be more clear-cut -- comparing whether patients have died or not. But the AIDS study is looking at factors such as hospitalization in a very diverse population, some of whom are IV drug users, homeless, and smokers.
Questions like these are the major stumbling blocks for distant healing research. To explore these issues, an alternative medicine research group has been developed at the Cochrane Collaborative, an international nonprofit organization that provides scientifically sound information about health care.
"There are some challenges and flaws related to clinical trial design for alternative medicine," says Dr. Brian Berman, who heads the Cochrane Collaborative's alternative medicine group. "But you certainly can look into these things scientifically."
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The diagram shows how the smart ping-pong table was built and how it powers itself. (Photo provided to Xinhua)
Researchers from China and the United States have developed a smart table tennis table, powered purely by the bounce of the ball, to provide real-time data to assist training.
In recent years, data analysis including exercise performance, health data and training statistics has been used in sports to assist athletes and referees.
Real-time data collection relies on sensors that are usually powered by conventional energy storage devices such as batteries. Due to batteries' limited lifetime, high replacement costs and environmental issues, scientists have been trying to develop sustainable and maintenance-free sensor technology.
In 2012, a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) was developed as a new power-generation technology to convert various mechanical energy from the living environment into electricity, based on the coupling between the triboelectric effect and electrostatic induction.
Currently, synthetic polymers are major materials used in TENGs. However, the extensive use of this non-degradable material could lead to environmental pollution.
In the new study, researchers from the Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, George Institute of Technology and Purdue University used wood-based TENGs (W-TENGs) for self-powered sensing in athletic data analysis.
They developed a simple approach to process natural wood to increase its mechanical and triboelectric properties, and made flexible, durable and high-performance W-TENGs.
According to the research published in the journal Nature Communications, the researchers made a smart table tennis table with W-TENGs. The energy from the impact of the ball is harvested to power an analysis system.
The system can collect data and display real-time statistics for impact position, velocity and motion-path tracing to assist athletes in training. The impact of the ball is also used to power edge sensors to help referees.
The researchers said their work could open up new forms of athletic analytics.


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road. It's open from May to November and can be used by passenger vehicles.
What are the dangers in Lassen Volcanic National Park?
Because Lassen Volcanic National Park is a large wildlife area, guests should be cautious of black bears, burned areas, high elevations, snow and ice, and vector-borne diseases.
- Black bears: while black bear incidents are rare, they are still inhabitants of the park. To stay safe in the presence of a black bear, do not feed the bears, stay calm, pick up children, and move away slowly. Try to stay at least 100 yards away.
- Burned areas can be unstable due to loose or falling rocks, trees, and hidden holes. Stay out of closed-off areas.
- High elevation: high elevation can cause headache, dizziness, and shortness of breath. When hiking, bring enough water and take breaks as needed. If you begin to feel symptoms of altitude sickness, turn back.
- Snow and ice: Winter weather can quickly turn deadly. Don't go hiking in winter without avalanche training. Make sure you have waterproof and warm gear. When sledding, watch for ice.
- Vector-borne diseases: When camping and hiking, you're in the habitat of many different wild animals. To avoid diseases like hantavirus, plague, and rabies, stay away from wild animals and their droppings.
Where To Stay in Lassen Volcanic National Park
Aside from camping or backpacking, the park has one lodging option. Drakebad Guest Ranch is a secluded piece of paradise in Warner Valley. The ranch offers 19 lodges and bungalows, many with private showers and electricity.
Guests have access to a swimming pool heated by natural hot springs, horseback riding, fishing, and access to hiking trails. The ranch includes a restaurant, and you can include meals in your reservation.
Lassen Volcanic National Park FAQ
Can you drive through Lassen Volcanic National Park?
Driving through Lassen Volcanic National Park is very common. Lassen Volcanic National Highway connects the north and south entrances of the park. The drive is full of beautiful scenery but is closed to through traffic in the snowy months.
The park has three dirt roads that lead to Butte Lake, Warner Valley, and Juniper Lake. These roads also close in the snowy season.
Where do you fly into Lassen Volcanic National Park?
The nearest airport to Lassen Volcanic National Park is the Redding Municipal Airport, about 45 miles away. This is a smaller airport, and it only takes flights from Alaska Airlines, United Airlines, and Avelo Airlines.
The nearest major airports are the Sacramento International Airport, 151 miles away, and the Reno-Tahoe International Airport, 152 miles away.


What Was The Homebrew Computer Club?
The Homebrew Computer Club, also called the Amateur Computer Users Group, was composed of computer hobbyists, electronics enthusiasts, technologists, engineers, and programmers who wanted to exchange information and share new hardware. Though informal in origin, it became vastly important in the creation of the first personal computers. Some of the biggest names in computer development, design, and programming were members of the club, and over twenty computer and technology companies have their roots in the Homebrew Computer Club. The club met from March 1975 until December 1986.
What Was The Homebrew Computer Club?
Beginnings
The first meeting of the Homebrew Computer Club took place in the garage of Gordon French in Menlo Park, California, on March 5, 1975. Computer geeks gathered together in response to a flyer posted on bulletin boards. Thirty-two people attended the first meeting, but within two months over a hundred were attending the gatherings. Meetings were later held in an auditorium at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and at the Oasis bar and grill in Menlo Park. Early members, besides founders Gordon French and Fred Moore, included Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak of Apple Computer, Adam Osborne of the Osborne Computer Corporation, Lee Felsenstein (the designer of the Osborne 1 portable computer), Jerry Lawson (the creator of the video game console cartridge), the famous hacker John Draper (who was also known as Captain Crunch), and many other computer enthusiasts who went on to play important roles in computer design and development for major corporations.
Computers
At the time of the club's founding, the only personal computer on the market was the Altair 8800, based on the Intel 8080 microprocessor. Conversation revolved around hardware, software, and practical applications for this machine. Soon ideas evolved beyond the Altair 8800. In 1976, Wozniak began bringing schematics for the Apple I and Apple II computers to the meetings every two weeks, asking for feedback and offering to help others with their projects. Soon afterwards he and Steve Jobs formed a corporation and worked full time building and promoting Apple Computers.
Newsletters
Twenty-one issues of the Homebrew Computer Club's newsletter were published and distributed from 1975 to 1977. It became an immensely powerful force in the shaping of ideas for personal computers and other facets of the budding computer industry. One of its most famous pieces was Bill Gates' Open Letter to Hobbyists, in which he blasts hackers for pirating software programs.
Reunion
Recently some of the original members of the Homebrew Computer Club launched a Kickstarter campaign to raise money for a reunion. After meeting their goal, they held the event on November 11, 2013, at the Computer History Museum. Famous members Steve Wozniak, Lee Felsenstein, and dozens of other important icons in the history of the personal computer were in attendance, as well as other computer enthusiasts and tech historians. It was a memorable evening that celebrated a seminal organization in the history of personal computing.
Due to the brilliant, iconic people who constituted its membership, the Homebrew Computer Club was one of the most influential forces in the early days of computer development. As the response to the recent reunion attests, the camaraderie among many of its original members still exists today.
Byline
Benjamin Holmes is a freelance writer who focuses on gadgets, gizmos, computers, cell phones, gadget accessories such as the kensington ipad keyboard case, social media and other related subjects.
Image credit goes to Jenn Durfey.


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Because of better equipment and better understanding of the filling process, Today's capsule filling machines produce as many as 200, 000 capsules per hour. For some who are new to the capsule filling, you probably have some basic questions about the operation. Now this article KOS provides will give you some answers to common questions about capsule filling.
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Warehouse storage areas should be temperature-mapped and monitored to ensure the room temperature is under control and that product-specific refrigeration/RH requirements are maintained. Ideally, the storage area would be equipped with alarms and there would be product-specific product handling procedures that explain how to deal with out-of-limit temperature/humidity incidents. Protect the capsules from direct sunlight by storing those away from windows and skylights. They should also be stored away from radiators, heat registers, hot water pipes, and steam pipes. Keep the capsules out from under potential sources of water condensation, such as water pipes, and keep pallet loads off the floor.
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