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A HISTORY OF CRAWL STROKE TECHNIQUES TO THE 1960s: AN AUSTRALIAN PERSPECTIVE: SECTION IV
At the Olympic Games in 1932, Japanese men dominated the swimming events, winning five out of a possible six gold medals and gaining 11 out of a possible 18 places. The USA took four places.
Japan first entered swimmers at the Olympics in 1920, but none advanced beyond the semi-finals. At Paris in 1924 several Japanese qualified for finals, including Takaishi (fifth in 100 m and 1,500 m) and Saiti (sixth in back-stroke). In Amsterdam four years later Takaishi moved up to third place in the 100 m, Tsuruta won the gold medal for the 200 m breast-stroke, and the Japanese 4 x 200 m team finished second. Following this, a surge of confidence and optimism swept through Japanese swimming circles. The world's best swimmers, including Weissmuller and Borg, accepted invitations to compete in Japan practically every year in the 1920s and 1930s, and Japanese swimmers competed in international meets all over the world, just as once again they have since 1960. They were making every effort to learn.
Their training was well organized and for those days severe. During a period of three months of hard training a total of four or five miles was covered each day. This was done in two training sessions. Stretching and flexibility exercises were a feature of their preparation.
Progress was rapid under the centrally organized and enthusiastic Japanese National Swimming Association. By 1932, Japan's swimmers in all strokes were nearly unbeatable. Throughout the 1930s there was a great deal of discussion about the Japanese successes. The world wanted to know why. Naturally their techniques came under close observation. This is what Matsuzawa, the chief Japanese coach said after the Los Angeles Games:
"The 1932 victory of the Japanese was probably due to the better use of the American crawl and European racing strokes than the Americans or Europeans themselves. Added to this, the Japanese swimmers were imbued with the national spirit and if there be any one main difference it was this fact. But for the Japanese swimmers to adopt the foreign racing style in its entirety was disadvantageous. In the crawl and back-strokes Japanese swimmers endeavored to aid the pull of the arms by the very strong beating of the legs. They have flexible ankles which gives them a lot of propulsion from their kicks without much effort."
Although it was claimed by the Japanese coach that there was nothing new about the Japanese crawl technique, certainly by 1936 a distinct stroke had emerged. The famous Japanese swimmer Katsuo Takaishi, veteran of three Olympic Games and a great student of swimming, maintained that there was a gulf of difference between the Japanese style and either the American or the European styles when he wrote in 1936 for Ashi Sports Magazine.
The model the Japanese had studied most was John Weissmuller, and Miyazaki the sprint winner at Los Angeles, carried his arms around in the recovery with an arm sweep characteristic of the American. However, as we shall see, this feature soon disappeared from the Japanese crawl, then developing along its own lines.
The Japanese Crawl
The arm recovery became quickened and shortened, the hand entering only a short distance in front of the shoulder, followed by a long underwater glide forwards. The arm pull was made on a line under the shoulder parallel to the backbone with the elbow slightly bent. There was a'snap" finish to the arm drive by most Japanese, although the hands came out relatively short at the line of the hips.
Some Japanese swimmers also developed a marked "over-lapping" action of the arms, due to the very quick recovery. Both arms were clearly in the water at the same time, one finishing its drive whilst the other was pushing forwards and downwards. During the arm recovery and early arm drive a continuous, powerful leg beat drove the body forward over the leading hand. In contrast to the Americans the Japanese did not carry their heads and shoulders high in the water, although the body position was sloping, the knees were the lowest part of the body. With this stroke considerable body roll was introduced for the first time amongst modern champions. As the arms drove downwards, the shoulders in turn were allowed to follow.
The leg action was based on the low hip position. The knees were moderately bent during the kick -- very distinctly a downward and backward thrust with the feet. The feet did not come below the level of the knees so that the kick was relatively shallow.
The Japanese leg action was generally a continuous, "independent" six-beat without accent, like Kitamura's, the 1,500 m winner at Los Angeles. Kitamura's kick can best be described as a continuous 123-123-123, but it is very interesting to find that the 1,500 m winner Terada in 1936 was using a leg action with a resting phase. We shall have more to say later about this "resting phase" in the leg action.
Because of the generally small stature of the Japanese, with rounded shoulders and short legs with well developed calves, the stroke they evolved was probably with good reason, called a "masterpiece of adaptation." It is a style well suited to the body build of most Japanese, who are not tall and broad-shouldered like Weissmuller and Devitt, with their tapered bodies.
Takaishi in the book Swimming in Japan, published in 1935, wrote an article on the crawl-stroke explaining the Japanese line of thought, and what he said then is still worthy of careful study today. I believe it is an excellent analysis:
"There are a few who have the opinion that the pressing movement of the arm at the beginning of the stroke is of no use or can even be detrimental for increasing speed, but the writer believes that this very movement decides whether one is a good swimmer or not. A good swimmer must learn to press the water skillfully. It is better to let the arm into the water before it is completely extended. If one extends the arm fully before letting it into the water, the time for pressing will be too long. Both shoulders draw ellipses while swimming. One of them should be lifted when the other is dropped. Accordingly, the upper part of the body should roll to both sides, but the position of the body line does not change. This movement is called rolling the body and it has a very close relation with the crawl stroke. If one swims without rolling the body on the longitudinal axis he must swim in a very unnatural position, such as pushing the head above the surface of the water or floating the upper part of the body by sinking the legs deeply in order to breathe easily. If one tries to stroke without rolling the body the power required is produced only by the muscles of the arms and shoulders, but when the power of the rolling of the body is added to that of the arms the force will be greatly increased. But one must understand that there is a limit even for rolling, as too much will destroy the form or will slow down the stroke. Rolling of the body is necessary and the power produced by it greatly strengthens the stroke when it is combined with the arm movements. This strength is increased according to the degree of rolling, consequently it is natural that the more one rolls the body, the larger the arm movement becomes. The larger the movement, the slower the tempo of the stroke. The best method of speed swimming for a fixed distance is to swim with the largest and strongest stroke and with as high a tempo as possible. However it is difficult for a swimmer of limited power and strength to enlarge his stroke without dropping his tempo. Thus, we must consider the limit of rolling. In considering this it is important to decide whether the rolling suits a swimmer or not for on this decision rests whether he will succeed. This limit cannot be decided uniformly for every person. It is very difficult to find the limit of rolling which is most suitable for each individual. If one rolls the body too much he is compelled to let the arm stop while pressing on the water before it commences the catching movement. In short, the maximum of rolling is when the power gained by that rolling is all applied to the arm movement and each arm carries on its stroke without wasting time and energy. If the secret of speed swimming is to swim with the largest and strongest strokes and at the highest tempo, then the ideal would be for one with great strength to swim a certain distance with very strong strokes of the arms without rolling of the body because rolling drops the tempo. It is more understandable to call the pressing movement the supporting movement. One may think that this movement is done only by hand and wrist but in the crawl-stroke every part of the arm must press the water and even the shoulder helps this movement. It is the power of the finishing movement of the arms which actually increases the speed. Consequently the finishing movement should be done very quickly and strongly. While an arm is above the surface of the water it is of no use for increasing the speed. At this time the arm should be relaxed, and the only effort should be raising the elbow by using the muscles of the shoulder. The form of the arm recovery varies in each individual, but in general the best form is this -- lift up the elbow after an arm finishes the stroke movement and take it out of the water as if pulling the hand with the elbow. Carry it forward drawing a circle with the shoulder as the center and extend the arm forward and straighten the elbow when it is parallel with the body line. If one takes this method, the hand from the point of catching traces a parallel line with the central


PS3 power requested for research project
Sony invites PlayStation 3 owners to loan their machines' processing power to Stanford study of protein chemistry. Images: Harnessing PS3 power for Folding@home
If you bought a PlayStation 3 thinking it was just for games or watching movies, Sony wants you to know you can use the powerful device for something a lot more important.
Sony announced on Thursday that owners of any Internet-connected PS3 will be able to participate in a wide-ranging, distributed, scientific experiment led by Stanford University's Folding@home program, which is seeking to better understand a process called protein folding and its relationship to several serious diseases.
According to a release from Sony, the Stanford program is focusing on how two-dimensional protein strands in the human body fold into the three-dimensional molecules that determine their biological functions, and why incorrect folding can lead to debilitating diseases such as cancer, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
But studying the folding process is an extremely complex task requiring vast amounts of computing power, Sony said in its release. Hence the PS3/Folding@home initiative. PS3 participants will be able to lend their console's massive processing power to the effort, much as PC users are able to assist in the SETI@Home project, which is seeking to identify extraterrestrial life.
PS3 users are expected to be able to start lending their machines to the project on March 23, accessing Folding@home via the PS3's XrossMediaBar, the console's interactive menu system. Once participating machines are connected to the project and idle, Folding@home will tap the devices' unused processing power. Users will be able to watch the scientific simulations in real time, Sony said, as well as interact with the research by manipulating protein strands.
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Sun & clouds behaviour chart as used in schools
Sun and Clouds Behaviour chart is an ideal chart for home so your child can instantly see how they are behaving it also encourages them to stay around the sun and not go in the black cloud.
Supplied with 1 x A4 fully laminated board, 5 x sun strips
To use, just write your childs name on the sun strips using a ball point pen or sharpie, then with blue tac (not supplied) just place the sun strip around the sun, if their behaviour deteriorates move the sun strip in to the grey could and if it continues to get bad into the black also if their behaviour improves move them back into the sun.
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Labyrinth Presents Talk On John James Audubon
Gregory Nobles will be talking about his new book, John James Audubon: The Nature of the American Woodsman (Univ. of Penn. Press $34.95) at Labyrinth Books on Wednesday, July 19 at 6 p.m.
According to Scott Weidensaul, author of Of a Feather: A Brief History of American Birding, "More than a century and a half after his death, John James Audubon — flamboyant, intense, garrulous, insecure, and yet gifted beyond measure — remains one of the most compelling figures in American history. In this fine new biography, Gregory Nobles brings 'the American Woodsman' back to full, vivid life, capturing the artist's many facets as Audubon himself captured the essence of his beloved birds."
Gregory Nobles is professor of history emeritus at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Among his previous books are American Frontiers: Cultural Encounters and Continental Conquest and, with Alfred F. Young, Whose American Revolution Was It? Historians Interpret the Founding.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Planning today for tomorrow's water
Lake Agassiz Water Authority (LAWA) is working to provide a reliable drinking water supply for the communities, businesses and residents of the Red River Valley. LAWA was created by North Dakota's State Legislature to coordinate planning efforts and determine the best method to supply the Valley with drinking water for sustainable long-term growth and development.
LAWA represents local water users in the Red River Valley Water Supply Project. The purpose of the Red River Valley Water Supply Project is to provide a solution to water supply and quality problems by providing a supplemental water supply to users along the pipeline.


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Italian art: Bernardino India
- WTI Magazine #120 Oct 19, 2019
In Verona, restoration work on the "Allegorie di Verona, Rovigo and Trento by Bernardino India, one of the greatest Veronese artists of the sixteenth century, has been completed. The work is in the Museum of frescoes at the Tomb of Juliet and comes from a cycle of frescoes painted in 1555 on the southern facade of the Palazzo Fiorio della Seta, commissioned by the Veronese merchant Fiorio dei Flori. The building facing the Adige river was located at the height of the present Ponte Nuovo (New Bridge); in 1891, in view of its demolition to build the wall containing the water, the paintings were torn, placed on a new support and preserved in the Civic Museums.
The restoration of the work began last March, giving the public the opportunity to see the fresco for the duration of the work. This has also allowed the realization of guided tours promoted for the occasion by the Direction of the Civic Museums of Verona, the main supporter of the project, with a donation of 20 thousand euros for the year 2019. The occasion was also to promote the museum of frescoes G.B. Cavalcaselle as part of a rich calendar of initiatives organized for the celebrations of the bicentenary of Giovanni Battista Cavalcaselle, including, in particular, the restoration of the fresco by Bernardino India.
The work depicts a woman in the middle, personification of the city of Verona, with at her feet the Adige river represented as an elderly man with a beard. On the right there's the city of Rovigo with part of a vase with the inscription "Eridanus", of which only the letters US remain. On the left we fid the city of Treviso with the three faces of a woman as from the Latin etymology of her name, which bears in its hand the oval coat of arms of the client with the initials FDF. The painting was part of a trompe l'oeil of grisailles made by India's master, Domenico Brusasorzi: a two-coloured painting that divided the façade into five horizontal bands, accentuating the marking of the floors in imitation of Renaissance palaces with sculptures and low reliefs on the façade.
Bernardino India is an exponent of the sixteenth-century art that has its roots in the Emilian currents derived from Parmigianino and the strong Venetian tradition. Mannerism and Venetian painting merge to create a style of great effect that India skillfully handled especially with the chiaroscuro, making them stand out on almost black backgrounds and in the combination of very bright colors approaching the style of his famous contemporary Paolo Veronese.
Very interested also in architecture, India collaborated with architects such as Sanmicheli and Palladio, of whom he decorated part of the Villa Pojana completed in 1563. Again Bernardino India interprets the classic theme of the exempla virtutis (example of virtue) emperors with amiable gracefulness, to preserve only the evasive and disengaged liveliness of the set. The small adjoining room is also remarkable, with landscapes in the lunettes and grotesques on the walls and the cross vault, where the artist shows his remarkable mastery of the graphic sign and to a brilliant and refined colouring: the unusual intersection between landscape and old-fashioned decoration here recalls the decorations of the Raphael school in the dressing room of Cardinal Bibiena Bernardo Dovizi, in the Vatican palaces, or in the small bathroom of Clement VII in Castel Sant'Angelo.


How Trombone is Similar to Electric Guitar
When comparing the two instruments side by side, it's hard to see any similarities, but brass and wood have more in common than you think. They don't look the same, are made out of completely different materials, and aren't played in nearly the same way.
But look again. Mark Mullins, of New Orleans, Louisiana, electric trombonist and lead vocalist in brass-fronted rock band Bonerama (, plays anything from "Helter Skelter" by The Beatles to "When the Levee Breaks" by Led Zeppelin. While typically thought of as guitar songs, Mullins was drawn to the sound and worked hard on translating classic rock riffs to his trombone.
electric trombone
While transcribing guitar music on the trombone, Mullins was pleased to find that the differences in the two instruments are only skin deep–frets and strings have more in common with breath and slides than you might think.
Slide and Frets
A trombone slide has seven positions that are similar to the frets on a guitar. "Each position on a trombone is a half step, just like traveling down the fret board," Mullins says. "It's easiest to think of it like a fretless instrument."
Screaming Rock Sounds
Of course, the other similarity between a distorted rock guitar and a trombone is that throaty, dark sound, which can be made even dirtier with stomp boxes. Mullins runs his trombone signal through a wah-wah pedal, harmonizer, and distortion pedal, and then into a guitar amplifier for a real guitar god sound.
Lips and Strings
For every fret on a guitar, there are six different notes you can play just by changing strings. Similarly, you can get several different notes for each slide position by changing the air flow. "The strings are invisible on the trombone, because the strings are similar to the size of the air opening of your lips," Mullins explains. "Make a smaller hole, and jump to another string. It's really very similar."
Thriving on a Riff
The similarities mean that riff-based rock music is very accessible on a trombone, as well as special effects and techniques. "The ability to bend notes with the slide in a subtle way is like the way a guitar player would pull on a string," says Mullins. "All of these things together contribute to the ability for riff-based guitar music to translate seamlessly to the trombone."
This article is from our November-December 2010 issue. Click to order!
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San Francisco Bay named 'wetland of importance'
Published: Thursday, January 31, 2013 at 4:50 p.m.
Last Modified: Thursday, January 31, 2013 at 4:50 p.m.
SAN FRANCISCO — The San Francisco Bay estuary has been added to a list of protected wetlands under a 1971 international treaty among 163 countries meant to limit damaging development along ecologically important waterways.
Ramsar Convention officials on Friday announced the U.S. government had added the bay as the nation's 35th "wetland of importance" under the treaty.
The designation means the country is committed to not promoting projects that alter designated ecosystems.
The San Francisco Bay estuary is the largest on the U.S. Pacific coast, and comprises 77-percent of California's remaining wetland areas. It is home to more than 1,000 animal species.
Melissa Pitkin, spokeswoman for PRBO Conservation Science, said decades of research informed this designation, and while it doesn't come with new regulations, it helps bolster local conservation efforts through international pressure.
All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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For generations, the second born child of the Lion King has always been the leader of the Lion Guard; a team of animals whose duty is to protect the Pride Lands and the Circle of Life. Another reason why the second-born child of the Lion King is the leader of the Lion Guard is because they possess the Roar of the Elders; an intensely powerful roar that is bestowed on them by the Great Lions of the Past.
The first lion to be bestowed the power of the Roar was Askari, the second born son of one of the previous Lion Kings.
Generations later, Askari's descendant, Scar was leader of the Lion Guard and was blessed with the power of the Roar, however, after Scar after got bitten by a cobra, the venom in his body started to corrupt him, making him more prone to anger and irrational impulses as he let the power go to his head to the point where he believed he was worthier of being king than his older brother, Mufasa. He tried to get his Lion Guard to help him overthrow Mufasa and take the throne. When the rest of the Lion Guard refused, Scar destroyed them using the Roar. However, because he used the Roar for evil, Scar lost it and the abilities it gave him forever, resulting in him becoming weakened and even more determined to kill Mufasa and become king himself.
When Mufasa became king, he only had one child named Simba. Because of this, many Pride Landers believed that the Roar and the Lion Guard were gone forever. However, after overthrowing his uncle and becoming king, Simba had two children: Kiara and Kion. Being the second-born, Kion inherited the Roar and assembled the new Lion Guard, but vowed not to use it for evil as his great-uncle did.
During his final battle against the ghost of Scar, Kion is bitten and poisoned by Ushari. The venom inside Kion caused him to constantly lose control of the Roar, leading the Lion Guard to go on a journey to the Tree of Life. Once healed, Kion realized the Roar doesn't determine his identity and is willing to let it go. This willingness made Kion qualified to learn how to master the Roar completely. Under Askari's spirit's guidance, Kion trained his Roar and it became far more powerful than before, allowing him to swiftly defeat Makucha's army and help him and his friends in taking a shorter route to the Pride Lands.
When Kion and his friends are back to the Pride Lands, conflict arise between them and Vitani and her team over who should be the Lion Guard. The two teams decided to settle it through a competition. However, in the final round between Kion and Vitani, Kion decides to relinquish his role to Vitani after she proved herself worthy by bravely challenging him without needing the Roar. Kion bestowed Vitani with the Roar, allowing her to use it. Askari then appeared and stated that Kion had truly mastered the Roar. Kion demonstrated his mastery of the Roar by using it to lift Pride Rock. He then decided to use the Roar to protect the Tree of Life together with his friends, becoming its protector and King, and finally returning the Roar to its true home and proper place in the Circle of Life.
List of Known Powers and Abilities
- Sonic Roar: When the leader of the Lion Guard uses the Roar of the Elders, deceased lions roar along with him/her, instilling real power in their Roar. With this roar, he/she has flattened plains, held floods back and torn down rock-slides. The Roar is so powerful that it can actually kill the user's opponents if they willed it, such as when Scar used it to destroy his own Lion Guard when they refused to help him overthrow Mufasa.
- Mark of the Guard: Whoever the leader of the Lion Guard chooses to become part of his/her team, he/she marks them with a roaring lion head, symbolizing their positions as members of the Lion Guard, when the leader of the Lion Guard inherits the Roar of the Elders; a lion head automatically appears on his/her left shoulder. The leader can also bestow their own tittle as the Fiercest and the Roar of the Elders to another lion to be their successor, this also cause all the other marks on the Predecessor's Lion Guard to disappear and normally cause the original leader to loose the Roar. However since Kion mastered the Roar he was able to keep it.
- Precision: In "Never Roar Again", it is revealed that the Roar can be used to hit precise targets. For example, when Makuu and his float took Nala hostage, she encouraged Kion to use the Roar. When he did, instead of using the Roar on everything, he controlled it to only take out the crocodiles holding Nala before turning on Makuu and the rest of the float.
- Soul/Spiritual Summoning: The Roar can also be used to summon the lion spirits of the past like Mufasa. However, when used out of anger, the Roar is capable of summoning the evil lion spirits from their afterlife, though the effect won't work unless a bakora staff is engulfed in a fire and roared upon by the user. In "The Rise of Scar", Kion was tricked into summoning Scar over a volcano when he uses the Roar raging against Janja threatening of his family. After evil spirits are summoned, they are capable of acting on their own accord, not needing to be called on by the user.
- Atmokinesis: The Roar is also capable of manipulating the weather to the user's wishes.
- Hyetokinesiss: In "Lions of the Outlands", when Zira told Kion to use his roar on a cloud, it produced a rain cloud over Jasiri's watering hole. He uses this same feature again "Swept Away", "Battle for the Pride Lands", and "Journey to the Pride Lands". However, these rains only last for a short while. While the Roar can produce rain when the user roars at clouds, the rains are very brief, but can be powerful enough to create floods.
- Aerokinesis: In "Triumph of the Roar", it is revealed that the Roar can create a whirlwind attacks like producing tiny twisters to pick up objects.to lift objects from the ground. Kion used this ability to help carry Beshte and Bunga in order to defeat Makucha's army's biggest assault. In the next episode, he uses it to transport Bunga, Beshte, Jasiri, Janja, and himself across a dried ravine.
- Electrogenesis: In "Triumph of the Roar", Kion uses the Roar to summon a bolt of lightning to free Makini and the Night Pride from inside the Tree of Life after Beshte failed to push a large boulder aside himself. Near the end of "Journey to the Pride Lands", lightning creates a hole in a huge stone dam not far from the Pride Lands.
- Geokinesis: In addition to causing earthquakes, the Roar can create pillars and rifts in the earth. Kion was also able to lift Pride Rock with no difficulty. If blasted on a volcano, it will cause an eruption that will cause mass destruction in the process.
- Evil Deeds: If the leader of the Lion Guard ever uses the Roar of the Elders for evil, he/she will lose this power permanently.
- Rage: If the leader of the Lion Guard ever uses the Roar of the Elders in anger, he/she will temporarily lose control of the Roar and he/she could unintentionally hurt or even kill someone, as well as accidentally summon evil lion spirits.
- Accidental Natural Disasters: If the Roar is used in anger or not it can cause natural disasters by accident, like volcanic eruptions or earthquakes. In "The Accidental Avalanche", Kion accidentally started an avalanche while using the Roar on a mountain.
- Duration: The Roar of the Elders can't last long when used prolong, which could exhaust the user as seen in "Journey to the Pride Lands" when Kion tried to hold water in place for how long using the Roar.
- The first mention of this ability was in the book Hear Me Roar!.
- According to the Disney Life app, the Roar can be heard up to five miles away. (That is the same distance as a regular roar by a fully grown lion.)
- When Kion uses the Roar, he always tells everyone to get behind him as to avoid hurting them.
- "David Oyelowo to Voice 'Scar in Disney Jr's Animated Series THE LION GUARD". BroadWayWorld.com (June 23, 2017).

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Research paper topics, free example research papers
Free research papers and essays on topics related to: damsel in distress
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text:
Estimated Time Until Zero Stock Explained
One of the most popular methods of calculating when you should order is the estimated time until zero stock method. Simply keep your estimated time until zero stock number above your lead time and you're in the safe zone. If it approaches or goes below, then you are running the risk of a stock outage.
It's important to note that it is a primitive method of inventory management and doesn't account well for unexpected spikes in sales.
There are two methods through which you can see the estimated time until zero stock.
- Select "Dashboard" and scroll down until you see SKUs – you can sort them by fastest or slowest moving, and you can see whether a reorder is recommended.
- Select "Reorder Point". Use the "Column" button to activate and deactivate filters – select the "Estimated Time until Zero Stock" filter, and optionally the "Reorder" filter to let the app show you which SKUs you need to reorder.


== == A phase is like a group of input controls, but it represents a whole page within the graphical interface. A complicated tool may have too many controls to fit on one page, even if you use groups. Or, it may have a series of tasks that must be linked together to form a complete analysis. Each page of input is represented by a phase. Note that instead of a ''Simulate button'', the phases are arranged one after another, in a ''Next'', ''Next'', ''Next'' manner. The very last ''Next'' operation is ''Simulate''. [[rpimage(zoo_phase1.gif)]] [[BR]] [[rpimage(zoo_phase2.gif)]] [[BR]] [[rpimage(zoo_phase3.gif)]] {{{ one two }}} You can see working code in the [browser:trunk/examples/zoo zoo of examples] in the [browser:trunk/examples/zoo/phase phase example] or on the hub in the directory /apps/rappture/examples/zoo/phase.


the --perf:collect option
Collected data
Currently the API generates different output files with the collected data:
Format Data
csv File contaning statistics of the collected metrics
etl Trace file (Windows only)
md Markdown file with statistics rendered as a table (github friendly)
xml Serialized raw data of all of the tests with their respective metrics
Authoring Scenario-based Benchmarks
A Scenario-based benchmark is one that runs in a separate process. Therefore, in order to author this kind of test you need to provide an executable, as well as some information for xunit-performance to run. You are responsible for all the measurements, not only to decide what to measure but also how to get the actual numbers.
 1. Create a new Console Application project
 2. Add a reference to the "xUnit" NuGet package
 3. Add a reference to the latest xunit.performance.api.dll
 4. Define PreIteration and PostIteration delegates
 5. Define PostRun Delegate
 6. In the main function of your project, specify a ProcessStartInfo for your executable and provide it to xunit-performance.
You have the option of doing all the setup for your executable (downloading a repository, building, doing a restore, etc.) or you can indicate the location of your pre-compiled executable.
PreIteration and PostIteration are delegates that will be called once per run of your app, before and after, respectively. PostRun is a delegate that will be called after all the iterations are complete, and should return an object of type ScenarioBenchmark filled with your tests and metrics names, as well as the numbers you obtained.
Example
In this example, HelloWorld is a simple program that does some stuff, measures how much time it spent, and outputs this number to a txt file. The test author has decided that it only has one Test, called "Doing Stuff", and this test has only one metric to measure, "Execution Time".
The authoring might look something like this:
private const double TimeoutInMilliseconds = 20000;
private const int NumberOfIterations = 10;
private static int s_iteration = 0;
private static double[] s_startupTimes = new double[NumberOfIterations];
private static double[] s_requestTimes = new double[NumberOfIterations];
private static ScenarioConfiguration s_scenarioConfiguration = new ScenarioConfiguration(TimeoutInMilliseconds, NumberOfIterations);
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
 // Optional setup steps. e.g.)
 // Clone repository
 // Build benchmark
 using (var h = new XunitPerformanceHarness(args))
 {
 var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo() {
 FileName = "helloWorld.exe"
 };
 h.RunScenario(
 startInfo,
 PreIteration,
 PostIteration,
 PostRun,
 s_scenarioConfiguration);
 }
}
private static void PreIteration()
{
 // Optional pre benchmark iteration steps.
}
private static void PostIteration()
{
 // Optional post benchmark iteration steps. For example:
 // - Read measurements from txt file
 // - Save measurements to buffer (e.g. s_startupTimes and s_requestTimes)
 ++s_iteration;
}
// After all iterations, we create the ScenarioBenchmark object, and we add
// only one test with one metric. Then we add one Iteration for each iteration
// that run.
private static ScenarioBenchmark PostRun()
{
 var scenarioBenchmark = new ScenarioBenchmark("MusicStore") {
 Namespace = "JitBench"
 };
 var startup = new ScenarioTestModel("Startup");
 scenarioBenchmark.Tests.Add(startup);
 var request = new ScenarioTestModel("Request Time");
 scenarioBenchmark.Tests.Add(request);
 // Add the measured metrics to the startup test
 startup.Performance.Metrics.Add(new MetricModel {
 Name = "ExecutionTime",
 DisplayName = "Execution Time",
 Unit = "ms"
 });
 // Add the measured metrics to the request test
 request.Performance.Metrics.Add(new MetricModel {
 Name = "ExecutionTime",
 DisplayName = "Execution Time",
 Unit = "ms"
 });
 for (int i = 0; i < s_scenarioConfiguration.Iterations; ++i)
 {
 var startupIteration = new IterationModel {
 Iteration = new Dictionary<string, double>()
 };
 startupIteration.Iteration.Add("ExecutionTime", s_startupTimes[i]);
 startup.Performance.IterationModels.Add(startupIteration);
 var requestIteration = new IterationModel {
 Iteration = new Dictionary<string, double>()
 };
 requestIteration.Iteration.Add("ExecutionTime", s_requestTimes[i]);
 request.Performance.IterationModels.Add(requestIteration);
 }
 return scenarioBenchmark;
}
Once you create an instance of the XunitPerformanceHarness, it comes with a configuration object of type ScenarioConfiguration, which has default values that you can edit to properly apply to your test requirements.
public class ScenarioConfiguration
{
 public int Iterations { get; }
 public TimeSpan TimeoutPerIteration { get; }
}
Controlling the order of executed benchmarks
To control the order of benchmarks executed within a type you need to use an existing xunit feature. All you have to do is to implement a type which implements ITestCaseOrderer interface and configure it by using [TestCaseOrderer] attribute.
Example:
public class DefaultTestCaseOrderer : ITestCaseOrderer
{
 public IEnumerable<TTestCase> OrderTestCases<TTestCase>(IEnumerable<TTestCase> testCases) where TTestCase : ITestCase
 => testCases.OrderBy(test => test.DisplayName); // OrderBy provides stable sort ([msdn](_URL_
}
[assembly: TestCaseOrderer("namespace.OrdererTypeName", "assemblyName")]
Note: Please make sure that you have provided full type name (with namespace) and the correct assembly name. Wrong configuration ends up with a silent error.
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text:
Farm excursion fires desire for agribusiness entrepreneurship
Nothing in contemporary times seems to spark or heighten the desire to become a farmer or expand farming operations more than a practical study tour of a highly successful and profitable farm. This became evident again as a fresh group of agro tourists return from a study tour of Songhai Farm in Port Novo, Benin Republic, (a five-day tour) organised by Hadur Travel and Tours this February.
Apart from producing fresh foods, farms can become even more sustainable and profitable by operating mini-processing plants, training, restaurants to sell farm fresh foods, bars to sell drinks produced on the farm – such as fruit juices, accommodations, which is desirable for holidaymakers or tourists who want to stay close to nature.
Farms can also ensure that nothing is wasted by using wastes in some sections as raw materials in other sections; all these are practised in Songhai Farm Centre. But interestingly, for every mechanisation and large-scale production, the farm has a mini farmland of about one hectare, where every production on large scale is done on very small scale within the small size of land, and smaller machines most of which are manually operated, are used.
The small-size farm called Songhai Village is to demonstrate that even with a small amount of money, a sustainable farm can be started and operated profitably. Olufunke Taiwo, chief executive, Hadur Travel and Tours, that also takes agro tourists on a tour of Israel to assess the country's agricultural expertise, says, "I realised that many people with interest in agriculture would have wanted to visit Israel to hone their skills or agricultural expertise to produce more and earn more from agribusinesses, but some may not yet have the funds to undertake such a tour.
"So, we searched and discovered another good place where our people can learn farming techniques and how to run agribusiness ventures profitably. Every time we take tourists on agro tours, they come back loaded with ideas and these have produced results for many and we shall continue taking people to anywhere in the world they can acquire knowledge on running their businesses profitably, and this includes exhibitions."
Some of the agro tourists on this month's tour speak on what they have learnt and how they intend to use it. Ojo Adewale Elisha, a fresh graduate of economics, from the Obafemi Awolowo University, says – "Food is consumed daily by people, so a venture in agriculture if done the right way would always yield profit, even if it is not a mega profit to start with. I plan to go into agriculture on a very large scale. I am impressed by how crops such as vegetables that are grown organically with livestock wastes without any fertiliser still grow big and luscious. Before now, I thought only crops grown with fertilisers could produce such results, but now I have learnt how to do this organically. I am also impressed by how nothing is wasted on the farm, waste materials in some aspects of the farm are used as raw materials in another aspect of the farm."
Osajeyfo Aigbomian, an IT graduate, says "I have learnt how to get massive results from crop production by using techniques utilised on Songhai Farm, which can be practised anywhere," citing the example of mulch which is got from waste plants and used in fertilising the soil.
Kolawole Oyedeji, a poultry farmer and agric consultant, plans to utilise the knowledge he gained from conversion of livestock wastes to biogas and compost, saying "disposal of poultry wastes has been a major problem to farmers, but I have seen how it can be converted to biogas and compost. So, I shall partner with others to invest in it."
Chidinma and Olumide Akinola want to expand their farming operations. Chidinma, a medical doctor, is particularly impressed with the knowledge she acquired in production of small size livestock. She says, "My husband is already a farmer and we have a cocoa and banana plantations and we want to expand our production through what we learnt. I am personally interested in snail and poultry production. I am also interested in mushroom farming, it is very easy to start, with low capital and it is very profitable and I have learnt the techniques I would need."
Mbaegu Chuks is a graduate of agriculture from Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Abia State. He says, "I run Sun City Farm, owned by Olumide Akinola. We have plans of expanding it. It is currently in Edo State, we want to set up more farms in Enugu and Ibadan. Songhai Farm is indeed a place many Nigerians should come to change their orientation about farming, from consumption to production. I learnt that whether small or big, a farm can be sustainable and the same techniques can be applied."
Also at the tour were Esther Jury and Tabat Yusuf, lecturers at the Kaduna State College of Education, who came on the tour to deepen their knowledge of agriculture so as to pass it over to their students and fire up their desire for agricultural entrepreneurship.
There was also Okoye Azubuike, a manufacturer and oil and gas businessman, who came to gather knowledge so as to venture into agribusiness.
Wednesday, 27 February 2013 00:00 OLUYINKA ALAWODE
Registration commences for July21st – 25th Songhai tour


text:
Think You Got it Down?
Test your knowledge again:
The Winter's Tale: Symbols Quiz
Think you've got your head wrapped around The Winter's Tale? Put your knowledge to
the test. Good luck — the Stickman is counting on you!
Q. An important symbol is Perdita's
Q. One of the most controversial issues is Hermione's
Q. Unlike other plays, this one spanned how many years?
Q. What is an allegory in this play?
Q. The first half is set in/at


Skip to main content
Cognitive systems using perception-action learning
Objective
Central topics of the COSPAL project are a new system architecture and new learning strategies for artificial cognitive systems (ACSs). The novelty of the approach lies in the interaction of continuous and symbolic perception and action, which results in robust and stable motor and sensorial capabilities of the system and allows a purposive behaviour. Moreover, the system is able to extend itself through exploration of the environment and has therefore the potential to solve problems of a large range of complexity levels.
The new learning strategy is based on the assumption that perception is shaped by incremental (online) learning of percept-action mappings and by introducing rules at an appropriate level of tasks. The necessary system structure to achieve this goal is a multi-level network consisting of different layers, using new kinds of networks and a new type of information representation, the channel representation, whose locality property allow a fast convergence in learning. In the demonstrator of the COSPAL project we will show that after an initial bootstrapping phase such a system can autonomously solve shape-sorter puzzles of various kinds.
The investigation of the sketched design requires the following tasks to be addressed by the COSPAL project:
- mimicking human movements to achieve an optimal manipulator control,
- investigation of heterogeneous and homogeneous multi-level network structures for associating percepts and actions,
- development of methods for incremental learning,
- development of methods for reinforcing context dependent purposes to the network after the bootstrapping phase,
- investigation of interfaces between associative networks and symbolic layers, and
- development of suitable symbolic methods for supervising network states.
We expect the COSPAL ACS design being capable of forming sufficiently complex models of the environment to perform autonomous actions, which would lead to fundamental progress in the field.
Coordinator
LINKOEPINGS UNIVERSITET
Address
Campus Valla
581 83 Linkoeping
Sweden
Participants (3)
CHRISTIAN-ALBRECHTS-UNIVERSITAET ZU KIEL
Germany
Address
Olshausenstrasse 40
24098 Kiel
CZECH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE
Czechia
Address
Zikova 4
166 36 Praha 6
THE UNIVERSITY OF SURREY
United Kingdom
Address
GU2 7XH Guildford


text:
Skip to Main Content
In traditional compressed sensing MRI methods, single sparsifying transform limits the reconstruction quality because it cannot sparsely represent all types of image features. Based on the principle of basis pursuit, a method that combines sparsifying transforms to improve the sparsity of images is proposed. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can well recover different types of image features and can be easily associated with total variation.
Date of Publication: January 21 2010


text:
You probably don't notice display latency on your computer much these days thanks to the improvements in IPS technology. The refresh rates are good enough for even the fastest games. However, VR comes with its own set of challenges. NVIDIA has shown off an experimental display with a refresh rate of 1,700Hz at GTC that could one day find its way into gaming-oriented VR headsets.
VR headsets like the Oculus Rift and HTC Vive run at a refresh rate of 90Hz. That's enough for most people to view comfortably. Nvidia's 1,700Hz display is many times faster, though. It can display a new frame every 0.58ms compared to once every 11ms with a current 90Hz screen. This is important because it actually requires a lot of movement to make objects in VR look like they're standing still. As you move your head, the objects rendered by the headset have to move around the screen to maintain their location in the virtual space. If the display can't refresh fast enough, you can end up feeling disconnected from your movements. It can actually make you a bit queasy in games.
To demonstrate how fast its new display is, Nvidia's Vice President of Research David Luebke showed a magnified image of the screen. The display was moved back and forth on rails as the Nvidia logo remained stationary in front of the camera. The rail system is actually part of the demo too. The input information from moving the screen is routed directly into the display tracking, allowing it to take advantage of the faster refresh. Luebke says that 20ms of input latency is acceptable for VR, but getting below 10ms unlocks the power of hyper-fast displays like the one Nvidia has made.
VR is just starting to reach average consumers, and we don't know how it's going to evolve yet. Maybe in a generation or two, Nvidia's experimental displays will help make VR more realistic than ever.


-5
This question already has an answer here:
How can i group a series of integer numbers, eg., [4, 2, 3, 3, 2, 4, 1, 2, 4] to become [4, 4, 4, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 1] without using any sorting algorithm.
Note that i don't need the result to be in any sorted order, but i do need the suggested algorithm to group a million of numbers faster than qsort.
marked as duplicate by user2100815, πάντα ῥεῖ, cow, geza, Makyen May 3 at 23:58
This question has been asked before and already has an answer. If those answers do not fully address your question, please ask a new question.
 - 1
 It might be faster to sort it (say, with std::sort) than to do the kind of grouping you suggest. – Fred Larson May 1 at 21:16
 - What is the range of your numbers? – geza May 1 at 21:20
 - The ranges can be wide as the numbers can 8/16/32/64 bits. Actually i need the algorithm to be generalized for float/double or even strings. – cow May 1 at 21:22
 - It might worth checking out a hash table based solution. But maybe it will be slower than quicksort because of bad cache utilization. – geza May 1 at 21:26
 - 1
 why bother optimizing with such a small dataset? just stick to std::sort – skeller May 1 at 21:42
2
This should work if you don't care too much about using extra space. It first stores the number of occurrences of each number in an unordered_map and then creates a vector that contains each value in the map, repeated the number of times it was seen in the original vector. See the documentation for insert for how this works. The [] operator for an unordered_map works in O(1) on average. So creating the unordered_map takes O(N) time. Iterating through the map and populating the return vector again takes O(N) time, so this whole thing should run in O(N). Note that this creates two extra copies of the data.
In the worst case, the [] operator takes O(N) time, so the only way to really know if this is faster than qsort would be to measure it.
#include <vector>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <iostream>
std::vector<int> groupNumbers(const std::vector<int> &input)
{
 std::vector<int> grouped;
 std::unordered_map<int, int> counts;
 for (auto &x: input)
 {
 ++counts[x];
 }
 for (auto &x: counts)
 {
 grouped.insert(grouped.end(), x.second, x.first);
 }
 return grouped;
}
// example
int main()
{
 std::vector<int> test{1,2,3,4,3,2,3,2,3,4,1,2,3,2,3,4,3,2};
 std::vector<int> result(groupNumbers(test));
 for (auto &x: result)
 {
 std::cout << x << std::endl;
 }
 return 0;
}
 - Grouping can be done in basically O(n) using partitioning and using no extra space. – PaulMcKenzie May 1 at 21:35
 - worth a try but i'd expect this to be slower because of overhead of hashing, the missing memory alignment of map and the copies – skeller May 1 at 21:37
 - @PaulMcKenzie: How? Here you say O(n), under the question you say O(n*m). O(n*m) seems OK, but O(n) is not (Note: this solution is O(n) as well, but with a much larger constant factor than qsort likely has). – geza May 1 at 21:41
 - It depends on the number of unique groups. If there are a million numbers and only a few unique groups, then the complexity is O(n*(m-2)). We don't really know what the OP's dataset looks like, but if it's where there are a lot of numbers and only 3 or 4 groups, a grouping algorithm will beat a sorting algorithm. – PaulMcKenzie May 1 at 21:45
 - 2
 did measurement, this takes about 1.5 times longer than std::sort for 1 mio and about 2.5 times longer for 10 mio numbers. – skeller May 1 at 22:19
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.


text:
This four-day workshop in Charleston, SC focused on practical
techniques and procedures used in amphipod taxonomy and
identification. Through a series of presentations, demonstrations,
and hands-on exercises, participants gained knowledge and
expertise on the biology, ecology, and behavior of this
diverse and abundant peracarid crustacean group. The instruction
methods of Dr. James D. Thomas emphasized a blend of traditional
taxonomic methodology and the tools of modern technology.
Upon completing the workshop, participants were able to
readily identify and diagnose amphipod crustaceans, as well
as prepare identification guides and keys. (click
here for agenda)
James D. Thomas, Nova Southeastern University
Richard Heard, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, University
of Southern Mississippi
Sara LeCroy, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory,
University of Southern Mississippi
The workshop was conducted at the Marine
Resources Research Institute, SCDNR, at Ft. Johnson,
near Charleston, SC.
To obtain further information
Contact Dr. Rachael King:
Photos from the workshop
Dr. James Thomas and Dr. Rachael King discuss amphipod morphology
Dr. Rachael King presenting amphipod morphology material
Sara LeCroy prepares a specimen for viewing on the video
Students using the workshop manual and other keys and guides
to identify specimens.
Students examining amphipod specimens.
Assistants Joe Cowan and Nadia Meyers select live amphipods
collected from the field trip to use in lab practical session.


text:
Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Serdang - Sungai Buluh - Putrajaya Line (KVMRT) Line 2 Project
The Project entails the DDC7 Civil and Structural Design Services which is one of seven detailed design packages for the Underground Works section of the Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Serdang - Sungai Buluh - Putrajaya Line (known as KVMRT Line 2) in Kuala Lumpur.
It consists of three underground stations, namely Conlay Station, Chan Sow Lin Station, as well as alteration and additional works to Tun Razak Exchange Station.
CECI's role as designer involves the following types of activities:
Structural Engineering Design including foundation design;
Geotechnical Engineering Design;
Additional and alternation works to the existing railway station and its facilities (links and systems);
Infrastructure works in relation to or connected to the stations including earthworks, road works, drainage works, utility diversions, traffic diversions and management, walkways, substations and pedestrian bridges;
Coordination with other detailed design consultants;
Other activities, such as, Building Information Modelling (BIM), Risk Management, Interface Management, Value Engineering, etc.


text:
For many of our students, a learning disability goes hand in hand with fine motor, social-emotional, social skill, and speech and language deficits, delays, and differences. To address these differences, Chelsea School provides assistance through our related services program. The related services program is designed to enhance our students' abilities in the classroom. Our related service providers work closely with students, teachers, and parents/guardians to make sure our students can access learning and are successful. To further these aims, all related service providers possess licensure and certification required by state law and approved by the Maryland State Department of Education. We provide the following related services described below: Counseling, Occupational Therapy, and Speech and Language.
involves individual and group sessions as needed and in accordance with a student's IEP. Sessions focus upon issues related to a student's social-emotional concerns that may impact his or her education. Using such activities as active listening, delineating alternatives, helping to articulate goals, and providing needed information, our counselors work to help students reach their highest potential within the classroom and community.
involves individual and group sessions in accordance with a student's IEP. Sessions promote a variety of functional activities to help improve and advance skills that students need in the classroom. Sessions address fine motor skill development, eye-hand coordination, motor planning, sensory regulation, and organizational skill.
Middle Division groups address self-awareness and self-esteem, improving critical thinking skills and facilitating the importance of interacting with others in a positive and respectful manner. Sessions work on enhancement of social skills as an aspect of a student's personal growth. All middle school students participate in social skills groups which culminate in exciting outdoor education activities such as camping, caving, traversing obstacle courses, etc.
Speech and Language Therapy
Involves individual and group sessions in accordance with a student's IEP. Sessions focus upon students' difficulties with articulation, pragmatic skills, and auditory processing skills. Sessions address receptive and expressive language skills, phonological processing, and memory skills.


text:
August 13, 2016 12:59:56 pm
A new study says that students who receive more negative attention from teachers, experience increases in problems with emotional regulation, concentration and disruptive behaviour.
The researchers at University of Missouri-Columbia also found that teachers gave Afro-American students and students who received free or reduced lunch more negative attention than other students.
"Finding an efficient, accurate and consistent way to observe teachers' interaction with students is important, not only for educational research, but also for evaluating and coaching teachers," said researcher Wendy Reinke.
"Student-teacher interaction is important because students will repeat actions if those actions garner attention. If a teacher gives attention to a student for prosocial behavior, such as praising them for good work, then the student is more likely to do similar good work in the future. If a teacher gives attention to a student for problem behavior, such as reprimanding them for disrupting the class, the student also may be more likely to repeat this behavior–especially if this is the only way to get a teachers' attention," she added.
Subscriber Only Stories
The observational model developed by Reinke and her fellow researchers is called the Brief Student-Teacher Classroom Interaction Observation (ST-CIO) model and features a five-minute observation developed to quickly assess teacher interactions.
Classroom observers can use the ST-CIO to monitor short student-teacher interactions to determine the nature of those interactions (positive or negative) and is efficient enough to allow observers to make note of teacher interactions with every student in the classroom in a relatively short period of time.
In their study, Reinke and her team used the ST-CIO to observe 53 teachers and 896 students in K-3 classrooms. They found that their observational method allowed them to capture nuanced interactions that were consistent with previous research.
She said this model can help researchers more efficiently study student-teacher interaction, as well as serve as a tool for principals.
"We have shown that this method is an effective and efficient tool for researchers. However, the method is very simple to practice and could provide principals doing classroom observations or coaches and consultants working with teachers with a tool to observe teachers and give them consistent, valuable feedback. This feedback can be helpful to provide teachers with awareness of how they interact with students. This will help teachers learn to direct positive attention toward students with whom they may be having regular negative interactions," Reinke further said.
The study has been published in Assessment for Effective Intervention.
For more news on education, click here
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worn out files and ground to shape. See Figs. 112 and 113. The edges must be kept very sharp to do good work. The bull nose is used to scrape grooves smooth and to clean out bearings. The flat scraper is used for cleaning joints. The instructor will demonstrate the uses of these scrapers.
Fig. 112
Fig. 112
Fig. 113
Fig. 113
THE THREE CORNER SCRAPER is used for scraping the burrs from the edges of oil grooves, for cleaning out oil grooves, for chamfering sharp corners on small work, and other similar jobs. See Fig. 114. A worn out three square file makes a good three corner scraper. If the
scraper is bent at a slight curve it may be used to better advantage in many places. The instructor will demonstrate the use of the three corner scraper.
THE STRAIGHT SCRAPER is made from a discarded half round file, bent at a slight curve, and ground. See Fig. 115. This scraper is used for scraping out bearings while the bearings are being fitted to a shaft. The scraper is sometimes known as a "spoon" scraper. The edges are kept sharp by rubbing with an oil stone. The instructor will demonstrate the use of a straight, or spoon, scraper.
Fig. 114
Fig. 114
Fig. 115
Fig. 115
A STRAIGHT PACKING HOOK, see Fig. 116, is a very useful tool for digging packing out of a deep stuffing box. When the packing has become old and dry, it is very difficult to remove it with a straight hook. Then the SCREW PACKING HOOK is used. See Fig. 117. The screw hook may be used the same as a cork screw and the picking pulled out with very little trouble.
Some straight packing hooks have a bend at the point. See Fig. 118. This bend forms a foot which may be used to stuff the packing tightly into the stuffing box. This is a distinct advantage when loose packing is used. The bend also serves to pull the packing out of a stuffing box. The instructor will demonstrate the use of these packing hooks.
Fig. 116
Fig. 116
Fig. 117
Fig. 117
Fig. 118
Fig. 118
When it is necessary to remove a tightly fitted pin from a hole, never use a center punch to do the job. The point of the center punch will be ruined if the pin is hardened, and also there is a tendency to enlarge the end of the pin and thus make removal more difficult. Use a drift punch. See Fig. 119. A drift punch is made of good steel, not easily bent, and ground to a square point. The body of the punch is larger than the punch point.
When driving out a pin, use a punch that is only slightly smaller than the pin. If it is a tapered pin, be governed by the size of the small end. Drift punches are made with the drift end from 1/8" up to 3/8" and are long or short to suit the job.
Fig. 119
Fig. 119
Always use an approved type of goggles. These are equipped with shatter-proof glass and side shields. When the machinist is grinding or chipping, a good pair of goggles will prevent eye injury. Goggles may be secured from the tool crib. It is better to be safe than sorry. Obey safety rules.
Oil stones are furnished by the tool crib. They are usually fine on one side and coarse on the other. Use a little light oil on the stone when wetting a scraper or when sharpening dividers, trammel points, and scribers. The stone is also used to remove nicks and rust spots. Small stones are used to smooth gear teeth.
These wrenches are sometimes made in the shop by cutting off a piece of pipe and forming one end to fit a hexagon nut. Holes are drilled through the other end for a rod, to use as a handle. See Fig. 120. The length of the wrench makes it possible to reach into deep places not easily done with another type of wrench. While these wrenches are very useful, they will not withstand so heavy a strain as the socket wrenches mentioned in the next paragraph.
This end of the pipe has been heated and formed to shape over a piece of hexagon stock of the correct size.
Fig. 120
Fig. 120
These wrenches come in sets of six or more sockets, a ratchet handle, and an extension to reach into deep places. See Fig. 121. The wrench sockets are forged and will withstand a good, strong pull. The advantage of a socket wrench is that the nut is not damaged; neither will the wrench slip off easily. Never use a hammer on a ratchet handle.
Fig. 121
Fig. 121
This is much the same as a 12 point wrench but has only six points of contact with the nut. See Fig. 122. In a narrow space, the hexagon box wrench may be used to better advantage than a socket wrench. The socket wrench works well in a deep pocket. Allen wrenches are used where hexagon socket-type set screws are used. A special wrench must be used for turning this type set screw. See Fig. 123.
Fig. 122
Fig. 122
Fig. 123
Fig. 123
Fig. 124
Fig. 124
Trammels are used-in place of dividers where the scribing leg must stand at right angles to the work. See Fig. 124. There are several sizes and styles of trammels which make it possible to get into many different places that would ordinarily be hard to reach.
The beam is a good grade of steel. The points are tool steel, hardened and tempered. The points are kept sharp by using the oil stone. Large! unusually shaped trammels are kept on the job until the work is finished.
Trammels are useful in measuring distances that are pre-determined by marking the correct distances with prick punch marks. The trammel legs are then adjusted so that the points register exactly in the prick punch marks. The measurement thus obtained may be transferred to the job. These prick punch marks are known as "tram marks".
When fitting chocks, place tram marks on the base and foundation, directly in line, and as the fitting proceeds, use the trams in the prick punch marks to check the distance for accuracy. Any difference in the height of the base from the foundation, all around the job, is quickly noticeable. One leg trams are used for special jobs. The instructor will demonstrate many uses of trammels.
While a six-inch scale may be used as a straight edge on small jobs, there are many times when the scale will be unsuited to the job. A straight edge is true and level for the entire length. Because much depends on the accuracy of a straight edge, the tool is made of material that is not likely to spring or change shape. Cast iron, machined very accurately, has been found quite satisfactory. See Fig. 125.
Never drop a straight edge. Never pile other material on a straight edge. Keep the machined surfaces oiled to prevent rust.
Fig. 125
Fig. 125
Straight edges are usually kept in the tool crib, but some mechanics prefer to keep their own straight edges.
1. Explain the difference between the purposes for which dividers and calipers are used.
2. Name two measuring jobs performed with outside calipers.
3. What tool should be used to scribe a line at right angles to the edge of a steel plate?
4. Name the two types of files which are used mostly on outside machinist jobs.
5. Explain the difference between straight flute and spiral reamers and point out the principal uses for both reamers.
6. What type of wrench is used to the best advantage on general work?
7. For what purpose is a center head and blade used?
8. Explain the use of the tool which is generally employed to locate a point on the inner bottom of the ship directly below a point on the weather deck.
9. What is the name of the tool which is used to test a surface that is supposed to be vertical?
10. When the packing in a stuffing box has hardened and will not come out easily, what type of packing hook may be used to loosen it up?
11. Explain the advantage of a 12 point box wrench.
12. For what purposes are trammels used?
13. What size wrench opening is required for a 3/4" standard hexagon nut? Commercial? U. S. Navy?
14. Explain the difference between a stillson wrench and a monkey wrench.
15. State the way a fox wedge is made and the purpose for for which it is generally used.
16. What type of socket wrench is made in the shop?
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Study: Men spend if women are few
By Carolyn Y. Johnson
Globe Staff / January 23, 2012
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In the animal world, an overabundance of males can increase competition and skirmishes among would-be suitors seeking scarce partners. Now, a study finds hints that in the human world, too, a male-female imbalance affects complex mating behaviors, causing men to spend their paychecks faster, take on more debt, and increase the amount they would spend to woo a woman.
Economic behavior is clearly complex; it was not heartsick overspending on diamond rings and dinner dates that triggered the global recession. But the new work, published in the January issue of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, is part of a growing body of research that examines evolutionary factors that contribute to everyday consumer decisions.
"Different numbers of men and women trigger a competitive motive, a desire to compete,'' said Joshua Ackerman, an assistant professor of marketing at the MIT Sloan School of Management and a coauthor of the paper. "The core underlying theme, the evolutionary piece to this, is having different numbers of men and women signals different opportunities for romantic partners,''
Although, he added, "It's not that people are consciously thinking this stuff.''
Sex ratios have been extensively examined by biologists, with studies looking at how different proportions of males and females affect behavior in animals that range from the gray mouse lemur to the European bitterling, a freshwater fish.
Human studies have tended to study gender imbalance and its effect on behaviors such as aggression. But in the new study, the researchers gathered data from 134 US cities, including the sex ratios of unmarried people, average consumer debt, and the number of credit cards per person.
The researchers found that in cities that had more unmarried men than women, there tended to be greater average personal debt and more credit cards per person.
This overall trend, however, was just a correlation and did not suggest a male-female imbalance played a causal role - or rule out other explanations for the differences in debt.
The average debt level and number of credit cards were not broken down by sex, making it impossible to know the specific role single men were playing in the trend. So the researchers conducted a set of laboratory experiments to try and pinpoint the possible origins of the financial differences.
They used various means to prime research participants with the sense they were in an environment dominated by either men or women.
In one experiment, participants were led to believe they were participating in a memory task. They read 500-word news stories about the local community being either maleor female-dominated and then were told they would be asked a series of unrelated financial questions, which were supposedly just to pass enough time to cause their memories to fade.
But researchers were most interested in their answers to a few questions: how much money they would spend from a monthly paycheck and how much they would borrow.
The males who had read the article "Fewer Women for Every Man for Today's Students'' said they would borrow 84 percent more money each month. They also opted to save 42 percent less per month. Sex ratio did not affect women's financial behavior in the experiment.
In another experiment, the researchers tested how much people expected men to spend on "mating-related products.'' They found that in the male-dominated experimental condition, people of both sexes expected men to pay more to woo women. Men were expected to spend $6.01 more on a Valentine's Day present, $1.51 more for a dinner entrée, and $368 more on an engagement ring.
Jill Sundie, an assistant professor of marketing at the University of Texas San Antonio, who was not involved in the research, said the results provided fresh insight into an evolutionary force that influences consumer behavior.
"The effects are not enormous, meaning that if we really want to understand why someone decides to run up credit card debt or not,'' you can't just focus on the availability of potential mates, Sundie said.
"Most of the research we do in consumer behavior is not about explaining the whole thing - it's looking at individual factors that might have an effect on certain kinds of circumstances.... It doesn't tell the whole story, but it tells a novel part of the story, that might get people thinking.''
The authors, a team that included researchers from five institutions across the country, also hope to study other cultures - specifically in China, where male-biased imbalances are extreme. There are more men than women in China, and there is more overall saving there. However, the authors suggested that is because the tradition of paying a "bride price'' to the woman's family is important, and so saving might be more beneficial for a man seeking a partner.
Geoffrey Miller, associate professor of psychology at the University of New Mexico, said the study is innovative and that sex ratios have been largely overlooked when thinking about consumer behavior.
He added that he was glad to see the authors draw attention to the important issue of sex imbalances in China, something that he sees as potentially frightening given what is known about male-dominated populations in the animal world, where aggression and fighting become more common.
"The more worrying thing, to me, is that with too many males per female, you could get more aggression,'' Miller said.
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BlinkM in Energy Mementos By: James Pierce
Energy Mementos are small objects for collecting (generating) small amounts of electrical energy, keeping (storing) the energy, and recording and storing energy metadata related to the various qualities of its production such as direction, magnitude, age and time of energy generation; the energy metadata is used in various ways to share (distribute) and activate (use) the energy to which it refers.
For this project I built two functional Energy Mementos prototypes: The Shake-light bottle and the Turn-light Box. The basic idea is to generate small amounts of energy (by shaking a magnet in a coil winding, or turning a small DC motor), store the energy, store energy metadata about the magnitude of the energy generated, and then later "play back" the energy in interesting ways using the energy metadata.
One of many possible envisioned scenarios is to give the Turn-light Box to a loved one as an expression of the giver's personal energy. The recipient could then keep the box in a special place, such as a shelf or drawer in the home. The recipient could, perhaps in a moment of longing for the giver, activate the giver's energy using the box. The energy is activated as a unique pattern of light colors and intensities corresponding to the amplitude and direction of the electrical current generated and stored within the box.
The following circuit uses a voltage divider and zener diode to measure voltage and direction of power generated by turning a small DC motor by hand (100:1 gear ratio). An Arduino mini is also used. The Arduino is programmed to wake when voltage is detected on the SPEED pin and begin sampling voltage and direction. The measured energy metadata is stored in the onboard 512 bytes of EEPROM. A small switch is used to "play back" recorded energy an BlinkM RGB LED.
ProjectBlog_Energy Mementos (Downloadable PDF)


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Waterfield Family History
14-Day Free Trial
Waterfield Name Meaning
English (of Norman origin): habitational name from Vatierville in Seine-Maritime, France, so named from the personal name Walter + Old French ville 'settlement'.
Source: Dictionary of American Family Names ©2013, Oxford University Press
Similar surnames: Dangerfield, Wakefield, Canfield, Haverfield, Battenfield, Sherfield


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Earth, Moon and Sun | Fujitsu Planetarium
May 14 @ 2:45 pm - 3:45 pm$10.00
Today: Earth, Moon and Sun at Fujitsu Planetarium at De Anza College.
Description: Explore the relationship between the Earth, Moon and Sun with the help of an amusing character adapted from Native American oral traditions who has many misconceptions about our home planet and its most familiar neighbors. How do the Earth, Moon and Sun work together as a system and what is the myth and science behind it? Why does the Sun rise and set? Why do we see different constellations during different seasons? What is an eclipse? Learn about the Moon's phases and orbit. Explore past and future space travel to our Moon and beyond.
Family Audience/ Children 6yrs and older.


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Do some research on peer-to-peer networks (e.g., you may search "crime activity peer to peer networks", "crime activity P2P", "pornography P2P", "child pornography peer to peer network", etc.). What kind of network crimes may use P2P networks? Find the most challenging crimes that could be based on P2P networks and write a report on how to do forensic investigations on these crimes.
Crimes on Peer to Peer Networks
The key factor behind the working of Peer-to-Peer networks is that it allows users to be connected to the Internet to link their computers with other computers around the world. These networks are established for the purpose of sharing files. Generally, the users of Peer-to-Peer networks install free software on their computers which allows them to (Fbi.gov, n.d):
(1) Find and download files located on another Peer-to-Peer user's hard drive.
(2) Share with those other users files located on their own computer.
However, the most challenging cases involving forensics investigation in my opinion are:
a) Copyright Infringement
b) Child Exploitation and Obscenity
c) Computer Hacking
These three above mentioned issues are of great concern and are increasing on a daily basis. The computer forensic investigators have a tough time dealing with issues. One such example is the MyDoom virus wreaked mayhem on personal and corporate e-mail systems across the...
This shows the steps of how to investigate P2P software related crimes


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The measuring speed and accuracy of Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM's) are improving every year. Newer CMM's are being designed and built to be shop floor "hardened" so they can function with repeatability right on the production floor. Vibration is one environmental factor which can compromise a CMM's accuracy and repeatability.
Ideally, if all components of a CMM, including the part to be measured, were to vibrate in unison at a specific frequency, amplitude, phase and orientation, no degradation in measured performance would result.
Without compromising accuracy, CMM manufacturers provide their users with the maximum levels of vibration which their machines are capable of withstanding. This allowable vibration criteria is an important factor when considering if a machine requires vibration isolation or not.
When isolation is required, it is typically low frequency (less than 30 Hz) vibration that requires attenuation. Fabreeka pneumatic isolators (PAL Isolators and PLM Mounts) provide significant vibration isolation for metrology equipment requiring low frequency vibration control.


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UK Gambling Commission preparing for extensive look at regulations
16 November 2023
(PRESS RELEASE) -- The UK Gambling Commission (UKGC) is preparing for an extensive examination of gambling regulations by commencing seven new consultations with industry stakeholders.
This initiative is in harmony with the government's continuous endeavors to enhance its forthcoming gambling White Paper, ensuring that this crucial legislation remains responsive to the dynamic landscape of the digital age.
The latest series of consultations is anticipated to span approximately 12 weeks, concluding in the February-March 2024 timeframe. These consultations aim to delve into crucial aspects of the industry, such as socially responsible incentives, customer-driven tools, transparency in safeguarding customer funds, annual financial contributions to research and treatment, regulatory data reporting, financial penalties, and reporting of fiscal events.
Since its official release on 27 April, the White Paper has already initiated four consultations focusing on essential components like age verification, financial risk assessments, marketing strategies, and remote game design. These efforts have played a significant role in shaping the upcoming legislation, enabling the UK Gambling Commission (UKGC) to navigate the increasing complexity and global reach of the gambling industry.
In a recent development, the UKGC engaged in discussions with industry stakeholders regarding the implementation of a mandatory levy, aiming to replace the existing voluntary system. This measure is designed to mitigate the influence of the gambling industry on the operation of gambling harm treatment services. Estimates suggest that the levy could generate up to £100 million for the NHS, contributing to the advancement of gambling research and the treatment of gambling-related issues.
The forthcoming consultations will scrutinize proposals related to incentives such as free bets and bonuses, with the objective of ensuring they do not encourage harmful or excessive gambling behaviors. This proactive approach to address operator concerns underscores the UK Gambling Commission's (UKGC) dedication to fostering a constructive rapport with the gambling industry, striking a balance between commercial interests and consumer protection.
Moreover, these consultations will delve into potential adjustments to the calculation of financial penalties, aiming to establish a transparent framework where prohibitive non-compliance costs hold operators accountable. The current financial penalties often prove inadequate, creating a disincentive for some gambling companies to implement necessary reforms.


A pair of the statues.
The Sith Jedi Statues were statues on Dromund Kaas, inside the Dark Force Temple. The Temple was once inhabited by the Prophets of the Dark Side, known practitioners of Sith alchemy.
The Jedi statues of the Sith were always motionless and steady, as with the temple's Sith statues, and held a lightsaber. Created as guardians against intruders, their stone bodies were animated by the Force when trespassers got too near, presumably through some sort of Sith magic. On alien presence, the lightsaber was ignited and they came to life like stone automatons to fight the intruder.
Any non-lightsaber wielder who met them was doomed since the Dark Force aura of the planet meddled with all mechanical weapons except lightsabers.
Behind the scenes[edit | edit source]
While the name Sith Jedi seems awkward, being an oxymoron, this is the production name of the enemy unit in the Mysteries of the Sith official site. There is not enough information on their origins or nature to challenge its naming.
The in-game statue models themselves were based visually on the Dark Jedi Yun and Jerec from Star Wars: Jedi Knight: Dark Forces II, using the same animations and similar textures.
Appearances[edit | edit source]
Sources[edit | edit source]
In other languages


4 Reasons Why Your Agency Should Try Sales Enablement
Does your agency abide by sales enablement best practices? If not, why not? Here's everything you need to know about how sales enablement can better your agency.
Written by Matt Tomlinson
Sales enablement | 3 minute read
Sales enablement can be massively beneficial to your business. Whether it's improving productivity, generating better-qualified leads or just generally increasing profit, implementing sales enablement best practices can be massively effective for your company.
But don't just take our word for it. This post will explain what sales enablement is and why your business should be using it. Trust us, once you've started implementing sales enablement best practices, you'll never look back.
What is Sales Enablement?
Sales enablement is the process that focuses on giving your sales department the tools to hold more valuable conversations with prospects and form more qualified leads. Sales enablement is proven to increase productivity. By targeting capabilities within the team, it enables them to work more efficiently and all pull in the same direction towards an agreed end goal.
Sales enablement encourages the alignment of both your sales and marketing departments. Although, in the past, it hasn't been as simple as that. It's often the case that sales and marketing departments don't have the strongest relationship between each other so in some cases, it's proved difficult for them to dovetail and work well in a partnership.
But, that mentality needs to be left in the past. Your marketing and sales departments need to be aligned more than ever. This is due to buyer behaviour evolving over the years. They're now more in control of the situation than ever before. Buyers are now more digitally-driven than they've ever been, which reiterates the need for your sales and marketing teams to work together and continuously integrate.
Both departments know different things about the customer, therefore can bring their own ideas and research to the plate. This is a no-brainer that it'll undoubtedly lead to more detailed leads, so why agencies are opting against it is beyond us.
What are the Benefits of Sales Enablement?
1. Provides Sales Departments With Valuable Data
The more background information that your sales department know about your prospects, then the more angles and scope of conversation they can lead with. You're cutting out the potential guesswork and saving time that it'd take a salesperson to find out this information in the first place.
By providing your sales team with information surrounding buyer behaviour, motivations and pain points, you're giving them so many angles to target their sales. Your sales team can dictate how the conversation will flow and what points they're going to draw on to cement in a sale.
It leaves them in an authoritative position of the sale which is the position you always want to be in.
This increases the chances of converting leads substantially. If you can tailor your approach to something you know that the buyer is struggling with and appeals to them, then you're starting off in a winning position.
2. Build Strong and Lasting Relationships
Everybody loves receiving a tailored service, don't they? Whether it's the local chippy remembering your usual or a marketing agency remembering a prospect's pain points, needs and concerns, tailored service is always the way to go.
Think of it this way. As a prospect, are you likely to opt to work with a partner who understands you from top to bottom or the one who is giving a generic speech to just another random name on a list? It's going to be the first one.
Sales enablement ensures that your sales team has all the information they require in order to develop lasting, meaningful relationships with different prospects over time. So, you're likely to be in better stead to close a deal.
3. Keep in Touch with Buyers More Effectively
Nurturing a lead is a vital part of maintaining a relationship with a prospect and maximising the potential chances of closing a lead. Randomly calling or dropping an email to leads who haven't shown any interest is a waste of time for everyone involved.
Sales enablement allows your department to continually nurture qualified leads by providing them with relevant information based on their unique needs. Nurturing leads keeps your company in the mind of the prospect, especially when they're still in the process of making a decision.
4. More Successful Sales Figures and Increased Revenue
This is the main reason why your company should try sales enablement best practices. If your sales figures and revenue is going to increase, then why would you ever opt against trying it?
Sales enablement results in the increase of closed deals and deal opportunities, therefore the more deals you agree on, the more revenue you're going to have coming into your business. Winner. All of the above reasons are the explanation for why sales enablement increases your revenue.
Interested in Closing More Deals With Sales Enablement?
Sales enablement is a relatively new concept and not everyone knows the true benefits of aligning both teams and helping sales teams close more deals, which is where we come in. At Digital 22, we're industry experts and have all the right tools in place to help your business succeed with sales enablement.
To make it much easier to understand, we've created a comprehensive eBook about all things sales enablement to help your sales team close more leads.
From the current state of the sales landscape right through to succeeding with sales enablement and tips on how to realign both teams, grab your free copy and get stuck into all the useful knowledge by hitting the download button below.
We're just tying up the loose ends now so while you're waiting (which won't be very long, we promise!), sign up to our Facebook group, Inbound After Hours. We'll be talking about inbound marketing, sales enablement and more.


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Record temperatures and dry weather ramping up risk of wildfires, research led by Manchester academic finds
The likelihood of blazes breaking out has reached record levels this summer, the experts say, and there is the possibility of more fires before the summer is over.
This year's record-breaking temperatures and exceptionally dry weather is putting the UK at unprecedented risk of wildfires breaking out, research led by an academic at The University of Manchester has found.
And with further hot, dry spells to come before the summer is over the experts are warning that the danger of wildfires in 2022 is far from over. In addition, ongoing climate change means we should expect higher levels of fire risks more frequently in future, the academics say.
What has the research team found?
The team, which includes experts from the University of Birmingham, University of Exeter, Swansea University, London School of Economics, Portsmouth University and Forest Research, looked at the index which measures the likelihood of extreme fires breaking out.
They found that on 19 July this reached its highest level since records began in 1979. This was the day in which there were a number of devastating fires in England, with grasslands and arable lanes close to densely-populated areas going up in flames and some houses being completely destroyed.
The team says in some areas vegetation was so dry that the usual scales of measurement could not be used, and noted with concern that the fires happened mainly in areas where people were sheltering from the record heatwave in homes or gardens.
By contrast, more remote rural areas, where moorland fires can be seen in hot, dry summers, saw fewer incidents when temperatures reached record highs. The academics suggest anecdotal evidence indicates this could be because fewer people were out and about due to it simply being too hot.
The index is calculated from long-term and short-term weather measurements, including temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and wind strength.
Why has this research been done and what action do the academics think should be taken now?
The academics say the fire risk this summer is not over, with further periods of hot, dry weather forecast.
And these unprecedented fire weather and extreme fuel moisture conditions are expected to occur more frequently in the coming decades driven by human-caused climate change,the researchers say.
While this year's worst fires were seen around London and the South East of England the researchers say incidents in recent years in Greater Manchester on Saddleworth Moor and Winter Hill in Bolton have brought the issue to attention locally as well.
Dr Clay said: "The Met Office provide a Fire Severity Index (FSI) - an assessment of how severe a fire could become if one were to start - but this does not provide an assessment of the risk of wildfires occurring.
"To fill this critical gap, our project team are researching the key components that allows the building of an effective, tailored fire danger rating system that can establish the likelihood and impact of wildfires in the country.
"Climate change is going to lead to extend our wildfire season across the UK with longer, drier periods in the summer months, particularly in the south but also in our neck of the woods around Manchester.
"Fire weather is just one part of the equation. There's also fuel, whether vegetation is ready and able to burn and flammable, and ignition sources. Most fires are caused by people, whether accidental or deliberate. We're trying to better understand all these different components."
The researchers also say there is a lot that can be done to reduce the likelihood of really damaging wildfires breaking out.
Professor Claire Belcher, of the University of Exeter, said: "Major retailers stopping the sale of disposable barbeques in some regions is one welcome contribution to reducing accidental ignitions, but with the dry hot weather currently continuing in parts of the UK, the overall fire risk remains very high."
Dr Clay added: "It's about exercising caution and being careful in the countryside, so if you're going for a walk on the moors take a picnic rather than a disposable barbecue. Also, having barbecues in the garden when there's a high fire risk could be problematic.
"If you're working with motorised equipment that's hot it could need to be on hardstanding rather than next to tinder-dry grass. It's about telling people at times of high-fire weather that if a fire started it could become quite problematic."