May Cottage Teaching Room
The room where I teach is light and airy with views of the garden through the panoramic windows as well as views of the trees through the skylight as you lie in semi-supine.
When you find the front gate, do come through to reach the front door, if you have made an appointment I will be ready to teach you a lesson.
You will feel more comfortable in loose clothing (preferably no hoodies), as you learn through this hands on technique how to perform regular movements such as sitting, standing, walking and semi supine. You will be asked to take your shoes off.


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Please help me understand the sentence
I have this sentence from a game:
From what I can tell it says something like:
"If the demon king's last words spread throughout the world, people would continue living in fear [can't make much sense of the last part]"
Can anyone help me with this? Please explain the way the words in the second part of the sentence are connected and the forms used there - I'm especially interested in grammar.
For learning: Japanese
Base language: English
Category: Language
 Please enter between 2 and 2000 characters.
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 Best Answer - Chosen by the Asker
 Your translation is almost perfect! If I add some explanations from a point of grammar, 「～ねばならない」 means "have to ~" or "must ~". So the phrase:「暮らしていかねばならない」 can be divided into these two parts:「暮らしていく」+「～ねばならない」. So the second sentence means "people will/would (still) have to continue to live in fear. "
 I hope you have a great time with a Japanese RPG!
 I'm not a native speaker, and they probably know better than I do, but another way to think about is to look at the grammatical construction for "must":
 Basically, for "must not do X" you use "if you do X, it won't come to anything (good)":
 "X-eba naranai" or "X-eba ikenai". The -eba form is one of the conditionals.
 For "must do X", you use a double negation and negate X as well, as in "if you don't do X, it won't come to anything".
 If you negate "iku", you get "ikanai", and the conditional is "ikanakereba", as Shuntaro-san has already said. That's why ku changes to ka. The vowel a followed by n already indicates the negation, so shortening it to "ikan(aker)eba" doesn't loose any important information: both the negation and the conditional indicators are still clearly recognizable.
 If you want to learn more about Japanese grammar, I can only recommend reading all of I found it incredibly helpful.
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 Please enter between 2 and 2000 characters.


Definition of: 486
The fourth generation of the Intel x86 family of CPU chips. The term may refer to the chip or to a PC that used it. Introduced in 1989, it was the successor to the 386 and the first chip in the line to include a built-in math coprocessor. Providing acceptable performance for DOS, it was bare minimum for Windows. Later versions of the chip doubled and tripled internal speeds (see DX2 and DX4). See OverDrive CPU, PC and x86.
Technical Specs
Type: 32-bit multitasking microprocessor
Transistors: 1,100,000 to 1,200,000 (1.0 micron)
Package: 168 or 169-pin PGA
Registers: 32 32-bit


text:
Substation Rehabilitation | philadelphia, pa
Meliora Design is providing Structural Engineering to SEPTA to support the Rehabilitation of 16 Traction Power Substations within SEPTA's transportation system. Nine of them are AC substations; seven of them are DC substations; and all of them were taken to a 50% completion level for a Design Build Contractor to complete.
The structural work began with a thorough inspection of all the substations with input into a complete assessment report. The remaining structural work entailed construction documents and specifications detailing rehabilitation of existing structural steel and foundations, modifications to existing structural elements - steel gantries, foundations, masonry walls, structural building frames, as well as new steel and foundations. The modifications were required to support new loads, new equipment and to add safety features to the existing construction. Two of the substations require entirely new buildings (masonry and steel framed) and one underground substation requires a new building added above grade supported on strengthened existing structural elements and slabs.
The project required close coordination between all the disciplines (electrical, mechanical, architectural, civil) to avoid conflicts. All the work products were shared using ProjectWise Design Integration and AutoCAD.
Further construction related services support is being providing during the design build phase.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Related Internet Sites:
This cool page designed that I designed will tell you all about my study!
The Effects of Background Music on Shopping Behavior
Many marketing practitioners have accepted the notion that
music affects human beings in various ways.Music is increasingly used as
a stimulus in the retail environment as well as in radio and television
advertising to evoke responses advertisers want to see. This paper reviews
literature concerning the effects that various types of background music
have on individuals while shopping online. Past research has shown individuals
to react differently while listening to background music in a store settings.
It was hypothesized that background music does effect several areas of
individual shopping behavior on the internet also.
(note: all important numbers are blue)
experiment was designed to determine whether background music effected
online shopping behaviors. It was hypothesized that background music
would lead to and increase in product likability, increase in the number
of items purchased, increase in the amount amount of money spent
and an increase in the amount of time shopping online.
Independent sample t-tests were used to calculate the results of this study. The hypothesis of background music affecting product likability was not supported T(18)=1.23,p=.233.
Although, the product likability hypothesis was not supported, the results do show background music to have some effect on other aspects of shopping behavior.
However, the hypothesis that background music would lead to an increase in the number of items purchased was supported. On average, participants who were exposed to background music did purchase more items (M=5.50) than those who were not exposed to background music (M=3.60).
difference of only an average of 2 items, substantiated over a number of
customers, is significant
As shown in figure 3, on average participants who were exposed to background music while shopping online, spent more time online (M=13.50 minutes) than those without background music (M=7.50 minutes). These participants were given the option to stop shopping at any time during the experiment and still, the experimental group with the background music stayed online for a longer period of time.
the hypothesis that background music would lead to an increase in the amount
of money spent was not supported T(18)=.589,p=.563.
The background music did not seem to have an effect on the amount of money
spent, but only the amount of products purchased.
examining the average amount per item spent per group, significance was
not found. The experimental group spent an average of $81.75
per item and the control group averages $80.67.
These dollar amounts are too close to be significant.
Although not every finding supported the hypothesis that background music affects shopping behavior, two aspects of shopping behavior were found to be significantly different. Both amount of time spent shopping online and number of items purchased were affected by the music. However, this research shows that money and product likability do not seem to be affected by background music.
The main findings were as follows: as hypothesized, background music did not have an effect on how much individuals liked the products they purchased. However, background music did lead to an in an increase in the amount of products purchased along with an increase in the amount of time spent online. Although more items were purchased while background music was playing, a less amount of money was spent while listening to background music. These findings indicate background music does affect different aspects of online shopping behavior.
some significance was found with the data, there were also several limitations
to this study. The mixed results may have been the cause of the participants
not actually purchasing the products but rather just placing the items
in the shopping cart. If the purchase intentions were real, the participants
may have been more conscientious of what they were buying and how music
money they were spending. There may have been many underlying reasons why
participants purchased more items with background music than those without
music. Impulse shopping behavior may have played a role in this study.
The findings indicate that increased time spent online resulted in an increase
in the number of items purchased. This may be a result of participants
jumping at the first item they see and buying it. How much the participant
liked the background music should have been assessed to see if music preference
played a role in the purchasing of the items. Also, computer literacy among
participants was not measured and may have played a role in how quickly
individuals shopped online.
Also, past experience with shopping online may have caused some participants to move around online quicker than others.
Maturation may have also played a role in the shopping behavior. Individuals who caught on faster by the end of the experiment probably were able to purchase more items than those who never understood the directions on how to shop online. Likability for computers and the Internet may have been a confound variable in this study. Participants who prefer to use computer programs may have felt more comfortable and at ease in front of the computer than those who do not feel comfortable with computers.
To avoid some of these confounding variables, future experimenters may want to access the participantís computer literacy and whether or not they feel comfortable shopping online, along with other demographic variables of the participants.
Although only some significance was found in this study, this data does expand our knowledge of background music and online shopping behavior. This study helps us to understand why some shopping online networks get more business. If online shopping networks included background music on their shopping homepages, increases in time spent online and amount of produce purchased could be hypothesized for these big online shopping networks.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


length of the input array.
Explanation
è@=ä-)d Implcit input of array U
 @ For each value in U...
 =ä-) Update U to be equal to its subsections, each reduced by subtraction
 d Check if any values in that are truthy
è Count how many items in that mapping are true
By the end, this will map the array
[1, 3, 9, 26, 66, 150, 313, 610] to [true, true, true, true, true, true, false, false],
which contains 6 trues.
Previous 10 byte version
@=ä-)e¥0}a
Try it online!
\$\endgroup\$
0
4
\$\begingroup\$
Perl 6, 37 bytes
{($_,{@(.[] Z- .[1..*])}...*.none)-2}
Try it online!
Explanation: The function takes the input as one list. It then builds a recursive sequence like this: the first element is the original list ($_), the next elements are returned by {@(@$_ Z- .[1..*])} being called on the previous element, and that is iterated until the condition *.none is true, which happens only when the list is either empty or contains only zeroes (or, technically, other falsey values). We then grab the list and subtract 2 from it, which forces it first to the numerical context (and lists in numerical context are equal to the number of their elements) and, at the end, returns 2 less than the number of elements in the list.
The weird block {@(@$_ Z- .[1..*])} just takes the given list (.[] — so called Zen slice — indexing with empty brackets yields the whole list), zips it using the minus operator (Z-) with the same list without the first element (.[1..*]) and forces it to a list (@(...) — we need that because zip returns only a Seq, which is basically an one-way list that can be iterated only once. Which is something we don't like.) And that's it.
\$\endgroup\$
1
 - \$\begingroup\$ Changing @(.[] Z- .[1..*]) to [.[] Z-.[1..*]] should save two bytes. \$\endgroup\$
 – nwellnhof
 Sep 12, 2017 at 15:04
4
\$\begingroup\$
Java 8, 191 + 58 = 249 198 140 bytes.
Thanks PunPun1000 for 51 bytes.
Thanks Nevay for 58 bytes.
int f(int[]a){int x=a.length-1,b[]=new int[x];for(;x-->0;)b[x]=a[x+1]-a[x];return java.util.Arrays.stream(a).distinct().count()<2?0:1+f(b);}
Try it Online!
Try it Online (198 byte version)
So, this is my first time posting here in PPCG (and the first time ever doing a code golf challenge). Any constructive criticism is welcome and appreciated. I tried to follow the guidelines for posting, if anything's not right feel free to point it out.
Beautified version:
int f(int[] a) {
 int x = a.length - 1, b[] = new int[x];
 for (; x-- > 0;) {
 b[x] = a[x + 1] - a[x];
 }
 return java.util.Arrays.stream(a).distinct().count() < 2 ? 0 : 1 + f(b);
}
\$\endgroup\$
11
 - 3
 \$\begingroup\$ Welcome to the site! \$\endgroup\$
 – DJMcMayhem
 Sep 12, 2017 at 16:44
 - \$\begingroup\$ Instead of importing those modules you can just use java.util.stream.IntStream k = java.util.Arrays.stream(a); \$\endgroup\$
 – PunPun1000
 Sep 13, 2017 at 14:26
 - \$\begingroup\$ In fact, there are a couple of changes you can make for free. 1) public doesn't need to be included in the byte count. 2) You should not be accepting a second parameter, but removing it can actually save bytes. 3) you can remove some unneeded brackets there \$\endgroup\$
 – PunPun1000
 Sep 13, 2017 at 14:38
 - \$\begingroup\$ 4) Not a saver but you should include a TIO if possible, here is an example with those suggestions at 198 bytes TIO \$\endgroup\$
 – PunPun1000
 Sep 13, 2017 at 14:39
 - 1
 \$\begingroup\$ 140 bytes \$\endgroup\$
 – Nevay
 Sep 14, 2017 at 9:23
3
\$\begingroup\$
Haskell, 46 bytes
g l|all(==l!!0)l=0|0<1=1+g(zipWith(-)l$tail l)
this simply recurses - zipWith(-)l$last l is the difference list of l. and g is the function that answers the question.
\$\endgroup\$
2
 - \$\begingroup\$ the recursive solution was the good one. \$\endgroup\$
 – jferard
 Sep 13, 2017 at 18:33
 - \$\begingroup\$ @jferard that's very true \$\endgroup\$ Sep 13, 2017 at 20:36
3
\$\begingroup\$
Java (OpenJDK 8), 98 94 bytes
a->{int o=0,i,z=1;for(;z!=0;o++)for(i=a.length-1,z=0;i>o;a[i]-=a[--i])z|=a[o]^a[i];return~-o;}
Try it online!
\$\endgroup\$
3
\$\begingroup\$
Kotlin, 77 bytes
first post, tried to edit last answer on kotlin 2 times ;D
{var z=it;while(z.any{it!=z[0]})z=z.zip(z.drop(1),{a,b->a-b});it.size-z.size}
took testing part from @jrtapsell
TryItOnline
\$\endgroup\$
1
 - \$\begingroup\$ Welcome to PPCG! Nice first answer, an outgolf too. \$\endgroup\$
 – H.PWiz
 Sep 14, 2017 at 22:37
3
\$\begingroup\$
APL (Dyalog Classic), 22 17 bytes
{1=≢∪⍵:0⋄1+∇2-/⍵}
Try it online!
Thanks to @ngn for -5 bytes!
How?
 - { ... }, the function
 - 1=≢∪⍵:0, if every element is equal in the argument, return 0
 - 1+∇2-/⍵, otherwise, return 1 + n of the differences (which is n-1, thus adding one to it gives n)
\$\endgroup\$
1
 - \$\begingroup\$ it's shorter if you sacrifice tail-recursiveness: {1=≢∪⍵:0⋄1+∇2-/⍵} \$\endgroup\$
 – ngn
 Jun 15, 2018 at 8:21
2
\$\begingroup\$
Jelly, 7 bytes
IÐĿEÐḟL
Try it online!
Explanation
IÐĿEÐḟL Main link
 ÐĿ While results are unique (which is never so it stops at [])
I Take the increments, collecting intermediate values # this computes all n-th differences
 Ðḟ Filter out
 E Lists that have all values equal (the first n-th difference list that is all equal will be removed and all difference lists after will be all 0s)
 L Take the length (this is the number of iterations required before the differences become equal)
-1 byte thanks to Jonathan Allan
\$\endgroup\$
3
 - 1
 \$\begingroup\$ @Gryphon Done! :) \$\endgroup\$
 – hyper-neutrino
 Sep 11, 2017 at 23:41
 - \$\begingroup\$ IÐĿEÐḟL for seven (I see Miles also found a seven using recursion). \$\endgroup\$ Sep 12, 2017 at 1:00
 - \$\begingroup\$ @JonathanAllan Cool thanks! \$\endgroup\$
 – hyper-neutrino
 Sep 12, 2017 at 1:17
2
\$\begingroup\$
05AB1E, 7 bytes
[DË#¥]N
Try it online!
Explanation
[ # start loop
 D # duplicate current list
 Ë # are all elements equal?
 # # if so, break


Tells the physics engine that this object is a bullet.
Returns: Boolean
This variable defines whether or not the instance is extremely fast moving (for example a bullet). The default value is false but if set to true this tells GameMaker: Studio that the instance will be moving at such high speeds that it will require more expensive collision detection to ensure it doesn't pass through other instances undetected.
with (instance_create(x, y, obj_Shoot))
 phy_bullet = true;
 physics_apply_local_impulse(0, 10, 0, 200);
The above code creates a new instance and then defines it as being a "bullet" in the physics world before giving it a massive impulse along the y axis.
Back: Physics Variables
next: phy_speed
© Copyright YoYo Games Ltd. 2018 All Rights Reserved


text:
The John Templeton Foundation has awarded three grants totaling $2.05 million to Boston College's Lynch School of Education and Human Development to fund three separate projects, each led by a different faculty member.
The first initiative, titled "Cura Psychologia," aims to transform the way that psychological science is conceptualized, taught, and practiced at six Jesuit universities: Fordham, Georgetown, Holy Cross, Loyola Marymount (Los Angeles), Seattle, and Boston College. Helmed by David M. Goodman, faculty member and the associate dean for Strategic Initiatives and External Relations, the three-year program seeks to enrich the connections between the respective psychology, philosophy, and theology departments at each of the campuses.
"If psychology is to reach its full potential as a means of not only informing our understanding of the human condition, but also aiding in the development of moral and civic virtue, then the disciplines that have traditionally dealt with character — theology and philosophy — must become essential aspects of psychological education and training," said Goodman. "The ultimate objective is to create fertile ecosystems in which these three fields of inquiry and practice can illuminate one another on topics of moral, ethical, and communal significance."
The second undertaking, led by Martin Scanlan, an associate professor in the department of Educational Leadership and Higher Education, examines the organizational, curricular, and institutional factors that advance character formation in networks of Catholic elementary, middle and secondary schools. The three-year investigation will identify the resources and constraints that schools face while holistically educating their students, and build multimedia case studies and professional development offerings to promote pedagogies of character formation more broadly, both within and beyond the field of Catholic education.
"Character formation is at the heart of Catholic schooling," said Scanlan. "Yet little is known about the challenges that schools face, as well as how to effectively capitalize on their assets in their effort to achieve that goal. The project's outcomes will help mission-driven schools across sectors leverage communities of practice to fortify their formative education methodology."
It's wonderful to see the Templeton Foundation recognize the distinctive projects being done by our faculty in the area of formative education and character development. Understanding and fostering the development of whole people, including ethical and spiritual aspects, is a particular strength of the Lynch School. It's great that one of the most important foundations in this area is recognizing the breath and importance of our work."
The third program also centers on pre-college education through a collaboration with EL Education (formerly Expeditionary Learning), a national nonprofit that partners with K-12 educators in diverse, high-need communities to transform public schools and districts into hubs of opportunity for all students. A distinctive feature of EL Education, founded over 20 years ago through the collaboration of the Harvard Graduate School of Education and Outward Bound, is its goal of developing the "curiosity, skills, knowledge, and courage needed to imagine a better world and work toward realizing it" among its students.
"A promising opportunity in EL schools for the development of such civic character is a daily meeting called 'Crew,'" said Scott Seider, an associate professor in the Counseling, Developmental & Educational Psychology department. "Students gather with a small group of peers and a teacher to build relationships and engage in honest and courageous conversations about issues that impact their lives. Although a common structure across EL schools, there is substantial variation in how educators lead their respective Crews. Our project will engage EL educators across the network to identify, test, and refine promising practices within Crew that nurture students' civic character strengths such as knowledge of social issues, feelings of social responsibility, and efficacy to effect change."
Slated to begin during the 2022-23 school year, a key outcome will be a multimedia toolkit designed to bolster the capacity and effectiveness of Crew leaders throughout the EL Education network and the 45,000 students they serve, as well as educators throughout the U.S. who are interested in implementing such advisories.
"It's wonderful to see the Templeton Foundation recognize the distinctive projects being done by our faculty in the area of formative education and character development," said Stanton E. F. Wortham, the Charles F. Donovan, S.J., Dean of the Lynch School of Education and Human Development. "Understanding and fostering the development of whole people, including ethical and spiritual aspects, is a particular strength of the Lynch School. It's great that one of the most important foundations in this area is recognizing the breath and importance of our work."
One of the nation's 25 largest grant-making philanthropies, the Templeton Foundation supports efforts to advance human wellbeing through rigorous scientific research and field-leading scholarship across the sciences, theology, and philosophy.
Phil Gloudemans | University Communications | July 2022


text:
The biologists confirmed the importance of water fluctuation using experimental ponds on UCF's main campus. Willow seedlings and saplings planted on the pond banks grew poorly when the biologists raised the water level and flooded the plants for several months. At the same time, control plants just above the waterline grew over 3 feet tall.
Combined, the two experiments show that the key to controlling willow is allowing water levels to fluctuate in early spring. Seedlings and small saplings cannot survive dry conditions and are easily drowned in wet marshes. Once plants become larger, willows can survive droughts and tolerate floods and are very difficult to eradicate, Fauth said.
Based on the conclusions of the study, the UCF biologists are helping scientists at the water district develop new ways to reduce willow cover and slow down the expansion, Fauth said.
"It's important that these trees be controlled to maintain water quality and availability, conserve wildlife and continue enjoying recreational activities in the river, " Fauth said.
The study may also aid other countries fighting the Carolina willow, including Australia and South Korea where they were introduced for erosion control.
Quintana-Ascencio joined UCF in 2003 after working at El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, in San Cristbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico. He has a Ph.D. in ecology and evolution from State University of New York at Stony Brook. He has been a guest scholar at institutions around the world including the University of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia, and the Universidad Rey Juan Carlos in Madrid, Spain. He also has earned several fellowships and has published more than 60 articles and book chapters.
Fauth also joined UCF in 2003. Previously he had worked at the College of
Charleston and at Denison University. He has a Ph.D. in zoology from Duke Unive
|Contact: Zenaida Gonzalez Kotala|
University of Central Florida

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


s the enemy towards the given direction
SetAutomaticDirection(bool bFlag)
enables/disables automatic direction based on velocity
{"X":int, "Y":int} GetPosition()
gets the enemy's coordinates
{"X":int, "Y":int} GetPlayerPosition()
gets the player's coordinates
casts a spell in the direction faced by the enemy
Whenever the player enters a room, the game application checks if a cutscene is available, in which case, control of the player is temporarily relinquished from the user while the cutscene is played. Cutscenes are implemented as script-defined functions in a script file Cutscenes.cns. The application locates the function on the assumption that the function's name is of the format Cutscene_RNN where RNN is the room identifier. The cutscene function consists of a sequence of host function calls that control the character interactions during the scene. The following script function defines the cutscene for the central room R32. This particular scene encourages the player to explore the North exit:
// centre cut-scene
function Cutscene_R32()
 // do scene only first time round
 if (s_canSeeLight!= null) return;
 s_canSeeLight = true;
 // disable player control
 // move uo to room centre and talk
 Player_MoveTo(320, 160);
 while(Player_Moving()) yield;
 Player_Say("I can see strange lights coming beyond this doorway!");
 while(TextWindow_IsActive()) yield;
 // move closer to door and talk some more
 Player_MoveTo(320, 170);
 Player_Say("Maybe I should have a look...");
 // return control to player
Screenshot - DOD03.jpg
Screenshot - DOD06.jpg
To support scripted cutscenes, the following host functions are defined in the game application:
Player_SetActive(bool bFlag)
enables/disables player control
Player_SetPosition(int iX, int iY)
sets the player's position
Player_MoveTo(int iX, int iY)
requests the player to move to the given position
bool Player_Moving()
returns true if the player is moving
Player_Say(String strMessage)
makes the player say something in the chat window
bool Player_HasAllVials()
returns true if the player has collected all four vials
Boss_SetActive(bool bFlag)
shows/hides the enemy boss
Boss_SetPosition(int iX, int iY)
sets the boss' position
Boss_MoveTo(int iX, int iY)
requests the enemy boss to move to the given position
bool Boss_Moving()
returns true if the enemy boss is moving
Boss_Say(String strMessage)
makes the boss say something in the chat window
Boss_SpawnEnemy(String strType)
spawns an enemy of the given type
bool TextWindow_IsActive()
returns true if the chat window is still open
Points of Interest
Conceptually, DOD is a very simple game that could have easily been developed without the use of embedded scripting. However, thanks to scripting, it is possible to not only alter the dungeon layout, but also the A.I. behaviour of the enemies and the game's overall plotline. Handing more power to the scripting system increases the "moddability" of the game. In the next article, I will present a complete IDE application for Conscript that demonstrates the use of the Conscript API in a more sophisticated way, such as the provision of debugging functionality and the implementation of a host function module plug-in mechanism.
Screenshot - DOD08.jpg
Screenshot - DOD10.jpg
Related Articles
 - EezeeScript: A simple embeddable scripting language for.NET
 - Conscript: An embeddable, compiled scripting language for.NET
 - Conscript IDE: An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) implementation for the Conscript scripting language.
 - 20/Jul/2007 - First version released
About the Author
Colin Vella
Software Developer (Senior)
Malta Malta
No Biography provided
Comments and Discussions
GeneralMy vote of 5 PinmemberMahesh Gholap13-Nov-10 0:38
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text:
It's not about Milliamps Alone when Building an Effective Sense and Control Network
A fox or a squirrel, which one is stronger? Most people will answer "the fox", because it is a larger, more powerful animal. But if you define the question more precisely, the answer is different: "A fox or a squirrel, who is better placed to live through live through cold, harsh winters?" The answer is "the squirrel". A squirrel hibernates during the darkest and coldest periods and is able to survive by changing its metabolism. The fox, in contrast requires constant supply of food and water and is the lesser of the two animals relative to living through the winter.
A remarkable analogy exists with low-power wireless sensor applications. Many solutions solve the low-power in a traditional fashion: they reduce power by decreasing the current consumption during operation. However, this "traditional" way of reaching low power in not sufficient to answer the needs of wireless sensor applications. They require a different way to optimize for low power. In a way, many current solutions for wireless sensor applications have a "fox-based" design, whereas a real answer to the application needs requires out-of-box thinking to come up with the hibernation capabilities of the squirrel.


text:
rancheria (ränchāˈrēä) [key], type of communal settlement formerly characteristic of the Yaqui Indians of Sonora, Mexico, and of various small Native American groups of the SW United States, especially in California. These clusters of dwellings were less permanent than the pueblos (see Pueblo) but more so than the camps of the migratory Native Americans. Rancherias were small sedentary farming villages located on the flood plain; their location was frequently shifted due to flooding and changes in the river course. Houses were usually flat-roofed structures with woven cane or wattle and daub walls. House clusters shared ramadas, or unwalled, roofed patios that provided a ventilated and shaded space for food preparation, lounging, and sleeping.
More on rancheria from Fact Monster:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: North American indigenous peoples, Culture


text:
Protecting Millions of People from Disease
The best measure of the END in Africa project's impact is the number of people previously at high risk of lymphatic filariasis (i.e., elephantiasis), which causes gross swelling of various body parts, or of slowly going blind from painful trachoma, who are no longer at risk. The chart below shows the number of people no longer at risk for these two diseases in each END in Africa project country. As of the end of FY 2017, a total of 44,608,010 people are no longer at risk for lymphatic filariasis and 29,869,752 people are no longer at risk for blinding trachoma across all six END in Africa project countries.
Districts That Have Reached Stop-Treatment Thresholds
END in Africa's ultimate goal is to get to the point where lymphatic filariasis, blinding trachoma, and onchocerciasis prevalence is so low that drug treatments are no longer necessary in every health district in all six countries. Once districts reach minimum disease prevalence thresholds, which are set by the WHO for each NTD, countries can stop mass drug administration (MDA) treatments. The number of districts no longer administering treatments is a good measure of the END in Africa project's impact because every person living in those districts is no longer at risk for disease.
Achievements as of FY 2017
55.9%* of LF-endemic districts have been able to stop MDAs for LF in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, Niger, Sierra Leone and Togo.
*165 out of 295 districts
69.8%** of trachoma-endemic districts have been able to stop MDAs for trachoma in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, Niger, Sierra Leone and Togo.
**90 out of 129 districts
As of the end of FY2017, END in Africa countries reported meeting the criteria to stop MDA as follows:
- In Burkina Faso, 55 health districts (HD) have met the criteria to stop MDA treatments for LF, out of 70 HD that were initially endemic. In the case of trachoma, 29 out of 48 originally endemic districts have stopped treatments.
- In Ghana, 83 out of 98 endemic health districts have stopped MDA for LF, and all 37 trachoma-endemic districts have stopped treatment for trachoma continue to report prevalence rates below 5%. Ghana has submitted its final dossier to WHO for the verification of elimination of trachoma as a public health problem.
- In Cote d'Ivoire, 1 of 9 endemic health districts have stopped MDA for trachoma.
- In 2017, Togo became the first sub-Saharan African country to eliminate LF as a public health problem. Trachoma is not a public health problem in Togo.
- In Niger, 11 of 31 endemic health districts stopped MDA for LF and 23 of 35 districts stopped treating for trachoma.
- In Sierra Leone, 8 of 14 endemic health districts stopped MDA for LF. Trachoma is not a public health problem in Sierra Leone.
Assessing the Treatment Impact
According to the World Health Organization, many neglected tropical diseases (NTD)—including the seven that are the focus of END in Africa's efforts–can be successfully eliminated after six years of mass drug administration treatments in endemic regions. As the END in Africa countries get closer to disease elimination, they will begin to shift their efforts from mass drug administration to treatment evaluation and monitoring for disease cases.
In the second half of FY 2017, the following disease surveillance activities (DSA) were conducted through END in Africa:
Assessments conducted in Q 3–4, FY2017, by country, type of assessment and disease*
* Epi Eva: Epidemiological evaluation; Ento: Entomological; Pre-TAS: Pre-transmission assessment survey; TAS1:Transmission assessment survey conducted several years MDA has been stopped; TAS2: TAS conducted five years after MDA has been stopped.
A survey is a survey is a survey?
How countries measure progress towards disease elimination: An overview of disease transmission surveys and assessments
Deciding when to stop MDA interventions in a community, region or district can be tricky. Stop MDA too soon and NTDs can regain their foothold and re-infect populations that were thought to be disease-free. Keep MDA going too long and valuable time, energy and resources are wasted.
To complicate matters further, transmission assessment is done a little differently for each NTD. So, it's not surprising that NTD country programs and their partners, including END in Africa, put substantial time and effort into monitoring and evaluating the impact of their MDA interventions.
The various disease transmission instruments used to evaluate the impact of MDA interventions for each NTD addressed by END in Africa are summarized below.
A transmission assessment survey measures whether each countries' pre-determined evaluation units (i.e. districts) have lowered the prevalence of infection to a level where disease recurrence is unlikely, even after MDA interventions have stopped. In the case of lymphatic filariasis (LF), current WHO guidelines recommend that countries conduct a formal Transmission Assessment Survey (TAS) to determine whether MDA can be stopped in an area that has had at least five rounds of annual MDA.
Prior to doing a formal TAS, END in Africa countries typically monitor the effectiveness of MDA interventions through so-called "Pre-TAS" surveys, including spot checks and sentinel site surveys. Both sentinel site surveys and spot checks collect data on parasitological data to measure disease prevalence in pre-determined geographical areas. However, the geographical locations of sentinel sites do not change over the course of the program, while spot checks may be done at different locations each time. In the case of LF, districts with parasite prevalence below 1% of the group surveyed are considered "non-endemic."
The WHO has produced a table outlining disease-specific guidelines for the neglected tropical diseases addressed by END in Africa.
Number of people no longer at high risk for LF*
*FY 2017 data
Number of people no longer at high risk for blinding trachoma*
*FY 2017 data
Photo Credit: FHI 360


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Vermont Land and PropertyEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Land records are primarily used to learn where a person lived and when he or she lived there. They often reveal other family information as well, such as the name of a spouse, an heir, other relatives, or neighbors. You may learn a person's previous residences, his occupation, if he had served in the military, if he was a naturalized citizen, and other clues for further research.
1600s - Vermont was part of Massachusetts.
1749 - New Hampshire claimed a large portion of the area and granted land for 129 towns in Vermont.
1764 - New York claimed jurisdiction over a large portion of the land held by New Hampshire.
1777 - Vermont became independent, and claimed the land was under its jurisdiction. The towns remained the same, and the town records contain the land deeds without regard to the political jurisdiction of the time.
Land disputes before 1777 mean that land transactions for those early years could be located in New Hampshire, New York or Vermont:
- New York
Information about New York land transactions in Vermont can be found in:
- Vermont. Secretary of State, New York Land Patents, _PHONE_ Covering Land and Included in the State of Vermont (Not Including Military Patents), (Montpelier, Vermont : Secretary of State, 1947)FHL book 974.3 B4s v. 7
- - O'Callaghan, Edmund Bailey, comp. Calendar of New York Colonial Manuscripts, Indorsed Land Papers in the Office of the Secretary of State of New York, 1643–1803. 1864. FHL book 974.7 R2n. This indexes the Land Grant Application Files, 1642–1803, commonly referred to as the New York Colonial Manuscripts, Endorsed Land Papers, in 63 volumes at the State Archives. The records pertain to New York and Vermont.
- New York
After 1777, land records are in the town clerk's office. Most records have been microfilmed and are available in central repositories such as the Vermont Historical Society and the Family History Library.
Vermont's first landholders were called proprietors. There are many proprietors' records in the town records of each town. Most of these records are available at the Vermont Public Records Division, General Services Center. Vermont is a state-land state. After the Revolutionary War, the land was controlled and dispersed by the state government.
Some records of early land transactions are:
- 1763 to 1803 Holbrook, Jay Mack. Vermont's First Settlers. Oxford, Massachusetts: Holbrook Research Institute, 1976. FHL book 974.3 R2h. This source is an alphabetized list of persons who received land grants in Vermont from 1763 to 1803. Each listing identifies the time and location of the property and the page number of the source in volume 2 of the State Papers of Vermont. See Vermont Public Records.
- 1749 to 1803 Holbrook, Jay Mack. Vermont Land Grantees 1749–1803. Oxford, Massachusetts: Holbrook Research Institute, 1986. FHL fiche _PHONE_. This does not circulate to Family History Centers. This source contains a listing of the first 15,000 land grants by New Hampshire, 58 percent of which are in present-day Vermont. The remainder of the land became Vermont land charters. New York did not recognize the legality of the New Hampshire land grants, and New York issued its own land patents for much of the Vermont territory. This book lists the land grant townships with maps of the localities. It includes an alphabetical list of those persons who received the grants and shows the name, year, and source of the information.
- Sequestration, Confiscation, and Sale of Estates. State Papers of Vermont, v.6. Montpelier, Vermont: Secretary of State, 1941. FHL book 973.6 B4s v.6; film _PHONE_, item 4. This source includes an index. During the Revolutionary War, many residents would not sign an Oath of Allegiance to the rebel government. Their lands and property were confiscated, and by 1778 many fled to Canada. In 1783, after the war, many returned to Vermont, decided to sign the Oath of Allegiance, and petitioned to have their property returned. This 465-page source lists their names, claims, and value.
- 1688 to 1786 Vermont. Secretary of State. New York Land Patents 1688–1786: Covering Land Included in the State of Vermont, (Not Including Military Patents). State Papers of Vermont, v.7. Montpelier, Vermont: Secretary of State, 1947. FHL book 974.3 B4s v.7. New York and New Hampshire both claimed disputed land now in Vermont. This volume shows names and dates and includes an index.
- 1778 to 1881 Vermont. Secretary of State. Petitions for Grants of Land 1778–1881. State Papers of Vermont, v.5. Montpelier, Vermont: Secretary of State, 1939. FHL book 974.3 B4s v.5. This source includes an index. Each petition describes the property, location, and the reason for the petition.
Before 1780 jurisdiction over land records was with the county. During the 1780s the town clerks were given jurisdiction over land records and have that jurisdiction today. You should consult records of the town clerks to find deeds.
Deed books in Vermont often included information about births, marriages, and deaths until about 1850.
Vermont, Land Records, Early to 1900 have digitized records for many towns. This is not a name index. You need to look at the town index first to find your ancestor's name with the volume and page number for his entry, then look in the appropriate digitized deed book. For additional information, see Vermont Land Records (FamilySearch Historical Records).
Deeds and other land records for most Vermont towns are on film and can be found in the Family History Library Catalog by using a Place Search under:
VERMONT, [COUNTY], [TOWN]- LAND AND PROPERTY
VERMONT, [COUNTY]- LAND AND PROPERTY
VERMONTLAND AND PROPERTY
- My Vermont Genealogy explains Vermont land records and how to find them.
- State Papers of Vermont and Miscellaneous Archives Publications lists with a descriptive title the various volumes of the State Papers of Vermont.
- ↑ O'Callaghan, Edmund Bailey, comp. Calendar of New York Colonial Manuscripts, Indorsed Land Papers in the Office of the Secretary of State of New York, 1643–1803. 1864. Revised reprint, Harrison, New York: Harbor Hill Books, 1987
A wiki article describing this collection is found at:
- Vermont Land Records (FamilySearch Historical Records)
- Vermont Town Records (FamilySearch Historical Records)
New to the Research Wiki?
In the FamilySearch Research Wiki, you can learn how to do genealogical research or share your knowledge with others.Learn More


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New Era Michigan Real Estate
New Era is a small village located in the Shelby Township of Oceana County. New Era is almost at the precise midway point of the Hart-Montague Trail, which is a benefit to local business owners – especially during the warm seasons in which cyclists from various international locations come to visit.
New Era, MI Geography
The Village of New Era covers an area of only 0.9 square miles – all of which is land. The soil is rich and fertile and makes New Era a prime agricultural area.
New Era, MI Demographics
There are not quite 500 people living in New Era, and they are all contained within approximately 165 households. Families account for over 80% of all households in New Era. Whites account for 91.31% of the population; Hispanic/Latino races are the next largest group at 4.34%, and they are followed by '2 or more races,' which account for 2.39% of the local population and 'other races,' which make up 1.52%. Native American and Asian wrap up the population with equal representation of 0.22%. There are approximately 8% more females in New Era than males.
The New Era median household income is right at $46K, which is quite close to the median family income of $50K. Containing a much larger cap, the per capita income is about $18,500. Males tend to earn about $12K more than females on an annual basis.
New Era, MI History
New Era was founded in 1870 by Dr. Spaulding and Gilbert B. Globe. In 1872 a post office was created in the Chicago & Western Michigan Railway depot, and Gilbert Globe was the village's first postmaster. It wasn't until 1948 that New Era was officially incorporated as a village.
New Era, MI Schools
New Era only has 2 elementary schools, which both report some of the least impressive student test scores in the area. Students in higher grades must attend schools in surrounding townships and cities and many parents prefer to send their younger children to alternate elementary schools, as well.
New Era, MI Industry
The primary industry in New Era is that of agriculture – which includes fishing, hunting, lumbering and farming.


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There are a number of methods that can be utilised but by far the best method of measurement for low resistance values below 100Ω is the 4 Wire technique (also known as the Kelvin Method). All Seaward low resistance ohmmeters use this method to ensure accuracy of readings. The principle of this method negates any additional resistances due to test lead resistance. These measurements are made using 4 separate wires. 2 wires carry the current, known as the source or current leads and pass current through the sample under test. The other 2 wires known as the sense or potential leads, are used to sense the voltage drop across sample. Whilst some small current will flow in the sense leads, it is negligible and can be ignored. The volt drop across the ohmmeter's sense terminals is therefore virtually the same as the volt drop across test sample. This method of measurement will produce accurate and consistent results when measuring resistances below 100Ω.
For optimal accuracy of measurement, the current wires must always be placed outside the potential leads, although the exact placement is not critical. The potential wires must be connected exactly at the points you want to measure between. The measured value will be between the potential points. For example if we wanted to measure the resistance of a sample of cable, lets say 1m, it would be normal practice to place the potential leads exactly 1m apart, with the current leads placed outside of these.
Whilst the above method gives the best measurement results it is often not the most practical, We live in a non perfect world and sometimes small compromises have to be made, for example it may not always be possible to place the leads apart due to the available connection point. For this reason Seaward can offer a number of practical measurement solutions, including Kelvin Clips and Cable clamps to aid connections in any application.


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For Gotsatlinskoy plant, which is being built on the river Avar Koisu in Dagestan, produced water intake hydromechanical equipment — repair and emergency gate.
The gates are designed to cut the access of water to the hydraulic units station for repairs or emergency situations.
Design Gotsatlinskoy plant provides the water supply to the building from the water intake plant on the vertical shaft, and further construction and operational tunnel, branching into two water main in front of hydro turbines. In addition to the closures, hydromechanical equipment includes receiving water intake screen and a special mechanism for the extraction of floating debris — grapple. Repair gate weighing 98 tons and trash screens are raised and lowered by means of a special gantry crane.
In order to improve the safety of hydroelectric considering the accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station in the working draft Gotsatlinskoy plant was amended to ensure reliable operation of the equipment in emergency situations. In particular, the maneuvering of the emergency gate weight of 238 tonnes is produced using a special rope mechanism to ensure complete closure of the gate in less than 2 minutes. Shutter control can be done either remotely from a central control station and from the local console, located at the intake. To ensure security of energy supply gate drive to the crest of the dam will be installed stand-alone source of power supply with automatic start.
Currently, the construction of the power plant continues Gotsatlinskoy concrete work in the building station, trench weir maintenance discharge and water intake, is finishing the approach tunnel number 3 to the tunnel spillway. In the near future is expected to supply a second rotor wheel, on which deliveries of large equipment are completed.
Construction Gotsatlinskoy plant with capacity of 100 MW and annual output of 350 million kWh is from January 2007. Organizer of construction — of "Sulak HydroCascade" — 100% subsidiary of JSC "RusHydro".
After the completion of the power plant will be the fourth Gotsatlinskaya in power to Dagestan. Putting it into operation will significantly reduce the shortage of electricity in the power of Dagestan, which more than a billion kWh per year.
Gotsatlinskoy hydro facilities include pebbly dirt dam 68 m high, shore power house with two types of hydraulic, water-supply path, the service spillway, outlet channel.


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There's no question that transformational change is required to mitigate and adapt to the impact of climate change. At the Adecco Group, we believe that one key element lies at the heart of transitioning to a truly sustainable economy: investing in reskilling and upskilling. Skills and the Green Economy shape each other.
To highlight this crucial role, we recently hosted our "Skills for the Green Economy" webinar, bringing together public and private stakeholders to discuss the important role that policies play and share best practices. By embracing the need for investments into skills, all stakeholders can contribute to ensuring a fair transition towards the Green Economy, helping counter rising unemployment, poverty, and inequality.


How to install build-essential in Ubuntu?
The build-essential package is a reference for all the packages needed to compile a package in Ubuntu or other Linux distribution. It generally includes the gcc/g++ compilers and libraries and some other tools to compile/build software.
It is a meta-package available in the default Ubuntu repository that includes GNU compiler collection, GNU debugger, and other development libraries and tools required for compiling software.
In this article, I will discuss how to install build-essential on Ubuntu.
Installing build-essential in Ubuntu
Before you install build-essential on your system run the given command to update the local package database –
sudo apt update
Now use the following command to install build-essential –
sudo apt install build-essential -y
You can verify the installation by using –
gcc --version
gcc version
Check g++ compiler by using –
g++ --version
g++ version
Compile and run a sample program
We will compile and run a simple hello world program which is written in C. Open a text editor and copy the given code, save it with .c extension.
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
 printf("Hello, world!\n");
 return 0;
}
You can see this in the image below.
sample c program
Now compile this program into an executable.
gcc sample.c -o sample
This will create a binary file in your current working directory.
Use the given command to execute this program –
./sample
You can see the output of this program in the given image –
output
To compile and install complex softwares such as Ruby, OpenCV, etc from the source you need to have build-essential with some other tools like CMake installed on your system.
Conclusion
So here we have discussed what build-essential is and why it is necessary for compiling softwares. You also learned how to install it on a Ubuntu system.
Now for any queries write us in the comments below.
Leave a Comment


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Sala Seminari (Dip. Matematica).
In this talk we introduce a notion of functions of fractal bounded variation. Here, the sup-norm of test functions as used in the classical definition is replaced by the Hoelder norm with respect to some exponent. Characteristic functions of domains with fractal bounderies are particular examples that belong to this class. Among a characterization in terms of currents, we state some properties that naturally extend those of classical BV functions such as higher integrability, decomposition into Hoelder functions and push forwards.


The Community for Technology Leaders
Green Image
Issue No. 02 - February (2011 vol. 33)
ISSN: 0162-8828
pp: 427-432
Chang-Hee Won , Temple University, Philadelphia
Jong-Ha Lee , Temple University, Philadelphia
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a relaxation labeling process with the newly defined compatibility measure for solving a general nonrigid point matching problem. In the literature, there exists a point matching method using relaxation labeling; however, the compatibility coefficient takes a binary value of zero or one depending on whether a point and a neighbor have corresponding points. Our approach generalizes this relaxation labeling method. The compatibility coefficient takes n-discrete values which measure the correlation between point pairs. In order to improve the speed of the algorithm, we use a diagram of log distance and polar angle bins to compute the correlation. The extensive experiments show that the proposed topology preserving relaxation algorithm significantly improves the matching performance compared to other state-of-the-art point matching algorithms.
INDEX TERMS
Point pattern matching, graph matching, registration, relaxation labeling, nonrigid point matching.
CITATION
Chang-Hee Won, Jong-Ha Lee, "Topology Preserving Relaxation Labeling for Nonrigid Point Matching", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis & Machine Intelligence, vol. 33, no. , pp. 427-432, February 2011, doi:10.1109/TPAMI.2010.179
98 ms
(Ver 3.3 (_PHONE_))


Fakahina airport (Fakahina)
Country: French Polynesia
ISO country code: PF
City: Fakahina
Airport name: Fakahina
IATA code: FHZ
Time zone: +10.0 GMT
Height above sea level: 1 meters
The length of the runway: 900 meters
Cheap tickets to Fakahina
Contacts Fakahina airport
Latitude: -15.992222000000
Longitude: -140.164722000000
Hotels near Fakahina airport
To find hotels near Fakahina airport, paste in search form the name of the city of (Fakahina), then select the dates of Check In and Check Out, select the number of guests and click Search.
FHZ airport Fakahina transcript or FHZ which airport?
The name of the airport: Fakahina. The airport is located in the country: French Polynesia. The city location of the airport in Fakahina. IATA airport code Fakahina: FHZ. The IATA airport code is a 3 letter unique identifier, assigned airports world International air transport Association (IATA). ICAO airport code Fakahina: NTKH. The ICAO airport code is a 4 letter unique identifier that is assigned to the airports by the International civil aviation organization (ICAO).
The geographic coordinates of the airport Fakahina.
The latitude at which the airport is located: -15.992222000000, the longitude of airport: -140.164722000000. Geographic coordinates of latitude and longitude define the position of the airport on the earth's surface. To fully define the position of the airport in three-dimensional space, we should also know the third coordinate is the height. The height of the airport above sea level is 1 meters. The airport is located in the time zone: +10.0 GMT. The airline always indicates local time of departure and arrival airport according to the time zones.


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Quality Analysis of Summer-Annual Forages. I. Sample Preparation Methods and Chemical Characterization of Forage Types and Cultivars1
- D. S. Fisher and
- J. C. Burns2
The effects of sample preparation on the chemical composition and the subsequent estimation of nutritive value of silage from different sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) cultivars and millet (Pennisetum americunum L.) may alter experimental results and conclusions. The objectives of this study were to determine the differential effects of oven-drying, freeze-drying, and ensiling on the concentrations of the Van Soest fiber fractions, total N, and several carbohydrate fractions of summer-annual forages with major interest in cultivar rank. One millet, one corn (Zea mays L.), and eight sorghum cultivars, including one sudangrass [Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf], one sorghum × sudangrass hybrid, two grain sorghums, two intermediate sorghums, and two forage sorghums, were ensiled. The study was conducted as a randomized complete block design with four replications and grown at two locations in two different years. The soil type was a fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudult (Norfolk loamy sand) at Location 1 and a clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludult (Cecil clay loam) at Location 2. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and apparent cellulose showed significant cultivar × sample preparation method interactions from both locations. Cultivars partitioned total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) differently between sugars and starch, with significant cultivar × sample preparation interactions occurring for total sugar, starch, and TNC from both locations. The interaction of cultivar and sample preparation can affect the results of cultivar comparisons. Oven-drying should not be used to prepare either fodder or silage samples for quality determinations.Please view the pdf by using the Full Text (PDF) link under 'View' to the left.
Copyright © . .


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Tubes as Thin as Fine Thread
Tubes with an outer diameter as small as 0.15 mm are available from Goodfellow (Coraopolis, PA) in lengths ranging from a fraction of a meter to large production runs. Applications for ultra-thin tubes are many, and often relate to the need for greater miniaturization, lighter weight, or flow restriction. Features include:
- A 99.95% gold design.
- An inner diameter of 0.05 mm.
- The availability of 37 pure metal, alloy, and polymer ultra-thin tubes (OD ≤0.5mm).
For more information visit _URL_.


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What is fragmentation short answer?
Fragmentation is the breaking of the body into parts and then the organism develops all the parts of the body. The fragmentation is the type of reproduction in lower organisms. The fragments which are produced can develop into new organisms.
What is fragmentation with diagram?
During the process of fragmentation, a fragment of the parent forms a new being. It occurs when a shoot that is rooted becomes detached from the main group. Multicellular organisms with simple body organization can divide or reproduce by fragmentation. But, it cannot be used by all multi-cellular organisms.
What is fragmented?
1 : broken or separated into distinct parts Another fragmented language group is the Austroasiatic family, whose most widely spoken languages are Vietnamese and Cambodian.—
Where do you use critical thinking?
A simple rule to determine whether you should employ critical thinking in a given situation is when the result of a problem, initiative, goal, or circumstance (a headscratcher) is substantial. In other words, use critical thinking when the outcome makes a significant difference in your business or personal situation.
What is fragmentation give example?
fragmentation is a method of Asexual Reproduction, where the body of the organism breaks into smaller pieces, called fragments and each segment grows into an adult individual. ❤. Examples: Hydra, Spirogyra, etc.
What does mean by fragmentation?
Fragmentation most generally means the process of fragmenting—breaking into pieces or being divided into parts. The verb fragmentate, which comes from fragmentation, means the same thing as the verb fragment—to separate something into parts or to break it into fragments.
What is the difference between fragmentation and regeneration?
Fragmentation occurs when an organism literally breaks off from itself. The broken fragments of the organism grow into individual separate organisms. On the other hand, regeneration is a form of asexual reproduction where the organism is capable of regrowing certain parts of its body when it loses them.
What is another word for fragmented?
Fragmented Synonyms – WordHippo Thesaurus….What is another word for fragmented?
What is an example of fragmentation?
Fragmentation is observed in nonvascular plants as well, for example, in liverworts and mosses. Small pieces of moss "stems" or "leaves" are often scattered by the wind, water or animals. If a moss fragment reaches a suitable environment, it can establish a new plant.
How do you become a linear thinker?
Linear thinkers use information they have learned from one situation to apply it to another situation in order to solve problems. They use consistency, rules, formulas or patterns to make decisions in life.
What is another name for thinking?
What is another word for thinking?
What is called budding?
Budding, in biology, a form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from some generative anatomical point of the parent organism. In some species buds may be produced from almost any point of the body, but in many cases budding is restricted to specialized areas.
Why is fragmentation not possible in humans?
Fragmentation is not possible in all multicellular organisms because : Different levels of complexity is found in different multicellular organisms. Specialised tissues are organised as tissues, and tissues are organized into organs. These need to placed at definite positions in the body.


text:
Some examples of these materials are the raw ingredients processing aids etc. 1100 gcm3 From a representative sample the following values were determined.
Pin On Certificate Template
Certificate of analysis example TESTING FOR PESTICIDES VOLATILES AND HEAVY METALS These and other tests are conducted with every new batch of a.
Certificate of analysis example. For the same pharmaceutical quality control laboratories prepare and issue a certificate upon detailed testing and analysis inspection of the drug samples that they collect. For example Name of the company remark or product name can be added in it and later printed. Since we know that goods which are meant for the consumption purpose either orally or the externally needs.
Iii External Certificate of Analysis. Certificate of analysis coa not available for all products and thus no hyperlink appears to open the coa based on batch number. These details require special consideration as they help project the likelihood of hemp crop compliance.
This certificate is the COA or Certificate of Analysis in the medical field. In marginal zone of eatery tasks for example table reservations and occasion appointments the utilization of a free caf scheme Certificate Of Analysis Template could stir up valuable particularly during summit seasons bearing in mind the volume of clients increment and more unique deeds occur than in some supplementary month. Certificate of Analysis Sample Name.
Certificate of Analysis is created for all manufactured goods once they have been released. An Internal CofA is used to support transfer of bulk-finished products between manufacturing sites. Examples of certificate of analysis in a sentence.
Standard Reference Material 2581. Laboratory Name _____ Laboratory Address _____ Laboratory Contact _____. BERRY BLOSSOM HEMP SEEDS FEMINIZED COA A COA or Certificate of Analysis outlines any potential contaminants including heavy metals and pesticides.
See All 11 Certificates of Analysis. The QA department needs to have sound technology and laboratories for running the tests of quality check. Concentrate Total Sample Weight.
It can be personalized in any way. Approval and acceptance of the product. Certificate of Analysis Product PHOSPHORIC ACID 85 Micropur Grade V LSI Lot Number 031124 Manufacturing Date 28052015 Expiration Date 28052018 Analysis Specifications Results Assay 86 1 851 Specific gravity 20C 170 170 Color 10 APHA.
See Form-320 for a standard template of Certificate of Analysis. Certification of analysis and findings. CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS EXAMPLE _____ Test Item Specification Results Shell Source Species Alaskan Crab Conforms Form Solution Conforms Appearance Clear light amber odorless Conforms Mesh size mm 60 Mesh Conforms Moisture 120 110 Ash content 150 065 Insoluble 20 Conforms.
The standard language to be used is English. Koi CBD Sample ID. More importantly the COA lists the cannabinoid content of the seeds parent.
Iv Certificate of Analysis for Mutual Recognition Agreement markets. A the registration number of the sample. This is important to have such details in the template.
Sample Certificate of Analysis. Parameter Specification Result Assay GC on anhydrous basis _PHONE_ Color APHA Pt-Co. A Raw Material CofA is used for API intermediates and excipients.
C the name and address of the laboratory testing the sample. CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS EXAMPLE _____ Test Item Specification Results Appearance White to light yellow powder Conforms Deacetylation 85 – 95 901 Molecular weight kDa 250 – 300 Conforms pH 7 – 8 74 Ash content 20 071 Mesh sizesieve analysis 100 pass 80 mesh Conforms Loss on drying 10 64 Heavy Metals. Certificate of Analysis are manually created based on a standard template system or from another manufacturers Certificate of Analysis.
SRM 2581 is composed of paint collected from the interior surfaces of housing. A certificate of analysis is prepared for each batch of a substance or product and usually contains the following information. Powdered Paint Nominal Mass Fraction of 05 Lead This Standard Reference Material SRM is intended for use in the evaluation of methods and for the calibration of apparatus used to determine lead in paint.
52 Certificates for Registration Samples. 1 Gram Cannabinoid Test Results Cannabinoid analysis utilizing High Performance Liquid Chromatography HPLC QSP 5-4-4-4 Cannabinoid Summary Total THC Δ9THCTHCa Total. The document contains the actual results that are derived from the tests performed as part of the quality control of an individual batch of a product.
BIONICHE shall perform or cause to be performed certain tests requested by CUMBERLAND in writing and as indicated in the Specifications on each batch of the Drug Product manufactured pursuant to this Agreement before delivery to CUMBERLAND. When are Certificates of Analysis to be generated. A certificate of analysis is the most used certificate to certify the assurance of quality.
A certificate of analysis coa specific to testing of each lotbatch must accompany each shipment. This certificate is mostly used in the manufacturing sector particularly in the fast moving consumer goods FMCG as a check in the quality assurance. Certificate of analysis template is a document that is issued to a company by the Quality Assurance departments so as to confirm that the products of the company meet the required tested criteria.
B date of receipt. CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS Product. Koi CBD Isolate A Tested for.
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text:
Hyderabad: A team of trainee IAS officers visited HMWSSB
Eight trainee IAS officers of the IAS Cadre-2019 batch assigned to the State of Telangana visited the Water Board on Wednesday, as part of a one-day Orientation Training Program.
As part of this, the Water Board first visited the Kodandapur Freshwater Treatment Plant which collects and purifies water from the Krishna River which supplies fresh water to the city of Hyderabad and then pumps it to the city. There they were briefed at the field level by the Water Board Transmission Wing officials on issues such as water purification methods, the process of water purification at various stages, chlorination and finally the pumping of heavy motors to Hyderabad.
Later in the afternoon, at the Water Board Headquarters in Khairatabad, they were received by Water Board MD Shri. Dana Kishore briefed them on the ongoing development projects in the water board and future activities. Explaining the reforms carried out in the Water Board after the emergence of the state of Telangana …
He said the Prime Minister's Office has been lauded for its non-human sanitation work in the country and has become a compass for the country in non-human sanitation work. The water board ranks second in providing the safest, cleanest fresh water available. He also said that the water board has received ISO certification for adhering to quality standards in transmission, distribution pipeline, chlorination and treatment. It is also at the forefront of resolving consumer issues.
The Executive Director of the Water Board, Dr. M. Satyanarayana, ENC, Director Operations-1 Ajmira Krishna, Director Project D.. Sridhar Babu, Technical Director P. Ravikumar, Revenue Director V.L. Praveen Kumar, Director Operations-2 M. Swamy and Transmission CGM Dasharth Reddy were also present.


text:
Graford, TX is a small town located in Palo Pinto County in North Texas. Although it is small, there have been several important historical events that have taken place near Graford. Here are 7 of the most significant ones:
1. The Spanish Conquest: The Spanish Conquest is a major part of Texas history. The Spanish came to Texas in the 1500s to colonize the land and spread their religion. The first recorded Spanish expedition in Texas was led by Francisco Vázquez de Coronado in 1540. His expedition reached the Palo Pinto Mountains, which are just east of Graford.
2. The Civil War: Texas was part of the Confederacy during the Civil War. In 1863, Confederate General Henry Hopkins Sibley led a campaign to take control of New Mexico and Colorado. His troops traveled through Texas and crossed the Brazos River near Graford.
3. The Chisholm Trail: The Chisholm Trail was a cattle drive route that stretched from Texas to Kansas in the late 1800s. Many cowboys drove cattle through Graford on their way north to the railheads.
4. Oil Discovery: In the early 1900s, oil was discovered in nearby Ranger. This led to the oil boom that helped transform Texas into an economic powerhouse. Many oil companies set up operations in the area, including Texaco and Gulf Oil.
5. World War II: During World War II, several military bases were built in Texas. The closest base to Graford was Camp Wolters, which was located in Mineral Wells. The base trained soldiers for the war effort and was active from 1925 to 1946.
6. Nuclear Power: In the 1970s, Comanche Peak Nuclear Power Plant was built just south of Graford. The plant still generates electricity to this day and provides power to more than 1 million homes in the area.
7. Space Exploration: The Johnson Space Center in Houston is one of the most important space exploration centers in the world. Many astronauts, engineers, and scientists who worked on the space program are from Texas. Graford is just a few hours' drive from Houston, and many Texans are proud of their state's contributions to space exploration.
In conclusion, Graford may be a small town, but it has been a witness to many significant historical events. From the Spanish Conquest to the Nuclear Power Plant, the area has been an important part of Texas history. Texans are proud of their state's contributions to history, and Graford plays an important role in that story.
- Tags: TX


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In this paper, an automated approach to register CT and MR brain images based on mutual information and landmark features is described. Images are first rigidly registered by maximization of mutual information. A geometrical feature is then exploited by a differential geometrical operator. Landmarks are searched in the geometrical feature and registered elastically by thin-plate splines. Experimental results of 2D MR-TI to CT and MR-T2 to CT registration are presented.


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provide some indication as to the period of its origin. Based on this information most jewelry experts believe that the Golash pearl brooch appear to be of Victorian origin, belonging to the mid-Victorian or Grand period, extending from 1860 to 1885. Circle brooches were a common design during the mid-Victorian period. Materials used for these brooches included gold, enameling, cabochon-cut deep-red garnets, pearls, and rose-cut diamonds. Margaret Flowers' book "Victorian Jewelry" gives black and white photographs of several circle brooches of the Mid-Victorian period. One of the circle brooches designed in 1865 is mounted with a large cabochon-cut deep-red garnet in the center, surrounded by a layer of pearls and rose-cut diamonds. A pendant made of pearls hangs from the brooch, with two loops of pearls on either side. Another circle brooch designed by Giuliano between 1865 and 1870, is made of enameled gold, with a cabochon-cut deep-red garnet in the center, surrounded by rows of rose-cut diamonds, and eight pearls placed symmetrically along the vertical and horizontal diameter of the circle. A drop-shaped pendant hangs from below the brooch, whose centerpiece is a drop-shaped deep-red garnet.
More circle brooches designed by Howell and James and displayed at the 1862 exhibition, are given on page 180. A photograph on page 181 also shows several circle brooches designed by Richard Green, and displayed at the 1862 exhibition. One of these brooches show a double row of pearls, surrounding a cabochon-cut gemstone in the center.
Evidence to show that Golash Quahog Pearl Brooch originated in the mid-Victorian period from 1860 to 1885
The Gholash Quahog pearl brooch, is essentially based on the same design as the above brooches of the mid-Victorian period. The brooch is made of enameled gold, a common material used for brooches during this period. The gemstone used as the centerpiece of the brooch is the large purple colored quahog pearl, known as the "Pearl of Venus." The black enamel design on a white enamel background, also depicts a trend that was common during the mid-Victorian period, a period of mourning for the Queen after the death of her beloved husband Prince Albert in 1861. During the first year of full mourning, black clothing and black jewelry were worn by the mourners. Black enameling of jewelry became popular during this period. Dark stones such as onyx, jet and vulcanite, were used in mourning jewelry. After the first year of mourning, half-mourning colors such as gray, mauve and purple clothing were used. Then purple amethysts, deep-red garnets and white pearls were also used in the mourning jewelry. The deep-red garnets used in the brooches described above, were a part of the mourning jewelry of this period. In the Gholash pearl brooch instead of a purple amethyst, a purple quahog pearl is used, the purple color being another feature of the half-mourning period. Another feature in the Gholash pearl brooch, similar to the Victorian brooches is the incorporation of a pendant to the brooch, whose centerpiece is another drop-shaped quahog pearl.
The mid-Victorian features in the Golash pearl brooch may be summarized as follows :-
1) The shape of the brooch being a circle, a common shape of brooches during this period.
2) The use of enameled gold for the brooch.
3) The use of a black enamel design on a white enamel background.
4) The use of a purple quahog pearl as the centerpiece of the brooch, purple being an accepted color during the half-mourning period.
5) The incorporation of a short pendant to the brooch, whose centerpiece is another purple drop-shaped quahog pearl. The use of purple color for the pendant again conforms to the accepted use of colors in jewelry during this period.
Thus the Gholash pearl brooch most probably originated in the mid-Victorian period from 1860 to 1885, nearly 150 years ago.
Golash seeks Benjamin Zucker's advice to obtain a reasonable price for his rare pearl brooch
Benjamin Zucker, renowned New York based gem expert, merchant and author
Golash had been seeking the advice of Benjamin Zucker, the president of Precious Stones Co. in New York, a renowned gemexpert, merchant and author, to obtain a reasonable price for his rare pearl brooch, by putting it up for sale at a reputed auction house like Christie's or Sotheby's. Zucker who was impressed by the pearl brooch, and described the quahog pearls in it as exceedingly rare and difficult to be valued, as there was nothing to compare it with, advised Golash to promote the pearl brooch by exhibiting it in natural history museums and exhibitions conducted by these museums, as well as in international gem and jewelry shows. He also advised Golash to find out everything about the provenance of the brooch, including its possible period of origin by consulting jewelry experts and historians, as a major part of the value of famous and historical pieces of gems and jewelry, was their provenance.
Was the Golash Quahog Pearl Brooch designed and crafted in Rhode Island, the hub of the jewelry industry in the United States, in the mid 19th-century?
Accordingly, Golash first met the owners of the antique shop at Newport, Rhode Island, where the pearl brooch was purchased. That was in the year 2002, two years after he purchased the pearl brooch. The antique shop was no more, and the two elderly ladies had since retired to Florida. He showed a picture of the pearl brooch to the old women, and asked them if they could provide more information on the history of the brooch. But unfortunately, the women said they could not remember it, which obviously meant that they could not even remember selling the piece to him. Drawing a blank in his efforts to trace its history, Golash consulted jewelry historians, who placed the probable origin of the pearl brooch to the Victorian period, somewhere between 1850 and 1875.
But, historians were not able to explain how such an antique piece of jewelry containing two exceedingly rare purple quahog pearls, made its appearance in the "Quahog capital of the World," Rhode Island, famous for its purple quahog pearls. The fact that the pearl brooch appeared in Rhode Island undoubtedly shows that the purple quahog pearls incorporated in it also originated in Rhode Island. The question now arises as to who designed the brooch and where it was crafted. The answer to these questions can only be a matter of conjecture. However, since the origin of the pearls was in Rhode Island, one can safely assume that the brooch was most probably designed and crafted, in one of the jewelry crafting centers in the United States at that time. The most important jewelry crafting center at that time in the United States, was Providence in Rhode Island. Thus, it was quite possible that the Golash Pearl Brooch was designed and crafted in Rhode Island itself. Though Rhode Island was famous as the center of the costume jewelry industry, it was quite possible that among the hundreds of jewelry firms that operated in Rhode Island at that time, there were at least some jewelry firms that still specialized in the manufacture of fine jewelry, such as the Golash Pearl Brooch. The designs for the jewelry manufacture was of course borrowed from the jewelry designers of Paris and London. Thus, the design of the Golash Pearl Brooch would have been inspired by the design of brooches produced during the mid-Victorian period, from _PHONE_
The history of the jewelry industry in Providence, Rhode Island
The history of jewelry manufacturing in the United States dates back to the period immediately after the revolution of 1776. The first jewelry shop where jewelry manufactured in the United States was sold, was opened in Providence, Rhode Island in August 1784, by a jeweler named Seril Dodge, who manufactured watches, clocks, and gold and silver jewelry. Dodge's business prospered as Providence became the center of the maritime trade, and soon several other jewelry shops were also opened. In 1794, as Seril Dodge was about to retire from business, his nephew Nehemiah Dodge opened his own jewelry shop for the manufacture of 18k gold jewelry. However, Nehemiah Dodge soon developed a technique for plating base metal like copper with gold. He became the first manufacturer of roll plated gold, which was used for turning out cheaper jewelry for the less wealthy. This was the beginning of the costume jewelry industry in the United States.
Providence, Jewelry Manufacturing Historic District
On the foundation laid by the Dodge family, the jewelry industry of Providence grew rapidly in the mid 19th-century, and soon expanded to other regions of New England. From 27 jewelry firms in 1830, employing 280 workers, the jewelry industry of Providence, Rhode Island, expanded to 150 companies, employing 2,700 workers by 1875, and by 1880, Rhode Island was the leading state in the manufacture of jewelry in the United States, accounting for more than one-quarter of the entire national jewelry production. By the year 1890, the number of jewelry firms in Providence, had grown to 200, employing 7,000 workers. Thus Rhode Island became the hub of the jewelry industry in the United states, at the turn of the


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Suppose X is a complete metric space, and $f:X↦X$ a continuous surjective function. Let D be a dense set. Suppose $f:D↦D$ is injective and $f^{-1}(D)=D$.
Is $f$ injective?
Is there a family of metric spaces where you can conclude $f$ is injective?
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nice question... why should we close it? – Pietro Majer Oct 31 '11 at 8:16
_USER_: is it obvious that one can 'symmetrize' the examples in the question you link to so as to apply to the present question? – Yemon Choi Oct 31 '11 at 8:27
Related: mathoverflow.net/questions/73719/… – Joel David Hamkins Oct 31 '11 at 8:28
Yemon, no, I guess not. This question is more interesting! – Joel David Hamkins Oct 31 '11 at 8:47
Joel, I understand from the text that $f$ splits into $f_{|D}:D\to D $ which is bijective and $f_{|X\setminus D}:X\setminus D\to X\setminus D $ which is surjective. – Pietro Majer Oct 31 '11 at 11:49
6 Answers 6
up vote 8 down vote accepted
Sorry but I could not resist:
alt text
The map is defined on $[0,1]\times[0,1]$, and can be written as $$ f(x,y) = \begin{cases} (x, (2-x)y) & \text{ if }y\leq 1/2, \\ (x, xy+1-x) & \text{ if }y> 1/2. \end{cases} $$
Just take $D$ to be the set of $(x,y)$ with rational coordinates in $(0,1)\times(0,1)$, then $f$ is bijective on $D$ (because it can be easily inverted), but it is clearly not injective on $[0,1]\times[0,1]$.
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Here is another example which is easy to visualize. Let $X=[-1,1]^2$, $I$ be the segment between $(-1,0)$ and $(1,0)$ and $I_0$ its subsegment between $(-1/2,0)$ and $(1/2,0)$. There is a homeomorphism $f$ between $X\setminus I_0$ and $X\setminus \{0\}$ which sends $I\setminus I_0$ to $I\setminus\{0\}$ and extends continuously by setting $f(I_0)=0$. (Think of contracting the segment $I_0$ to the center while deforming the rest of the square continuously.) This map can be given by an explicit formula which is piecewise linear on each horizontal segment. Now define $D=X\setminus I$ and we are done.
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The answer to the second question is "yes, for discrete spaces where metric is $d(x, y) = 1,$ for $x \neq y.$
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This is by far the best answer to a question that I am surprised was not closed immediately. – Bill Johnson Nov 3 '11 at 18:18
I think I can prove that if X=[0,1] (or 1-dimensional) then the claim of FelipeG is true.
Indeed, let $X=[0,1]$ and $D,f$ be as above, and proceed by contradiction. Assume there are points $a,b\in [0,1]$ such that $ar$). On the other hand, by continuity of $f$, for every value $y\in D\cap (r,s)$ (which is not empty) there is an element $x_1\in (a,c)$ such that $ f(x_1) = y $ and an element $x_2\in (c,b)$ such that $ f(x_2)= y $. But, since $f^{-1}D=D$ both $x_1, x_2$ belong to $D$, which contradits the injectivity of $f_{|_D}$.
PS: this construction works if $f_{|_D}$ is a bijection (as one might argue from the title), otherwise there is a counterexample
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I took the liberty of fixing your LaTeX -- hope you don't mind – Yemon Choi Oct 31 '11 at 8:24
_USER_ Choi I was trying to fix it as well... In fact I still cannot visualize my comment correctly: may be the fact we were both working on the file simultaneously has generated some mess – ccarminat Oct 31 '11 at 8:28
Let me have another go... – Yemon Choi Oct 31 '11 at 8:28
[_USER_ Choi] now it works: thanks! – ccarminat Oct 31 '11 at 8:32
Nice. I understand that $r:=f(a)$, right? – Pietro Majer Oct 31 '11 at 12:41
There are counterexamples.
Let $X$ be the ordinal $\omega^2+1$, which as a topological space is the same as infinitely many convergent sequences, whose limit points converge. This space is homeomorphic to a countable closed subset of the unit interval and is therefore completely metrizable. Let $D$ be the isolated points of $X$, which is exactly the set of successor ordinals below $\omega^2$. This is dense, since the closure adds the missing limit ordinals. Let $f$ be the function that interleaves two successive sequences together into one. That, we combine the successor ordinals in the interval $[\omega\cdot 2n,\omega\cdot 2(n+1))$ to those in $[\omega\cdot n,\omega\cdot(n+1))$ by an injective function that simply interleaves the two sequences into one. This is injective on $D$ and also surjective. The function $f$ extends continuously to $X$ by mapping the limit points of the successive sequences, $\omega\cdot2n$ and $\omega\cdot2(n+1)$ both to $\omega\cdot n$, and $\omega^2\mapsto \omega^2$. Note that the extension $f$ is not injective.
A simpler version of this example, without ordinals, is to take $X$ to be the positive integers, plus a sequence converging to each of them in the interval below. Specifically, let $X$ have points $k$ and also $k-\frac 1n$ for positive integers $k$ and $n$. Thus, $X$ is a countable closed subset of $\mathbb{R}$. Let $D$ be the isolated points $k−\frac1n$, and let $f$ be the function that interleaves successive convergent sequences into one. That is, for each adjecent pair of sequences, converging to $2n$ and $2(n+1)$, we map the isolated points of the sequences bijectively to the sequence converging to $n$. This is bijective on D, but extends continuously to $X$, and is not injective on $X$.
(I have removed the earlier flawed example.)
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I don't understand. You have $1\in D$ and $f(-1)=1$, so $-1\in f^{-1}(D)$ but $-1\not\in D$. – Guillaume Brunerie Oct 31 '11 at 11:07
Oops. I go back to my first examples, where $f$ is bijective on $D$. – Joel David Hamkins Oct 31 '11 at 12:36
Here's an example. First take a countable family $\lbrace A_n:n\in\mathbb{N}\rbrace$ of countable dense sets in $(0,1)$ and then let $f:[0,1]\to\[0,1]$ be continuous such that for each $n$ the maps $f$ is an order-isomorpism between $A_n\cap(0,1/1)$ onto $A_{2n}$ and an order-reversing isomorphism between $A_n\cap(1/2,1)$ and $A_{2n+1}$. Thus $f$ is a bijection between $D=\bigcup_{n]1}^\infty A_n$ and itself, but it is not injective on $[0,1]$. The map $f$ is readily constructed, first recursively on $D$ and then by continuous extension to all of $[0,1]$.
Addendum: to construct the restriction of $f


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This paper investigates first the influences of ancient Chinese culture on Ezra Pound, and then Pound's influence on the New Culture Movement of modern China (1917). It is a kind of circular journey of literary texts and theories from ancient China to the West and then back to China. This journey, or "circle model," involves textual appropriation, variation, transformation and misunderstanding in every stage.
"China Question of US-American Imagism."
CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture
This text has been double-blind peer reviewed by 2+1 experts in the field.
The above text, published by Purdue University Press ©Purdue University, has been downloaded 160 times as of 07/08/21.
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text: Metabolic, respiratory and haematological parameters were investigated for the Little Pocket mouse during circadian torpor cycles. The rate of O2, consumption decreased from 7.04 to 0.05 ml O2· g-1· hr-1, with a corresponding decrease in respiratory minute volume from 49.4 to 0.9 ml · min-1 during torpor at an ambient temperature of 10 C. No changes in haemoglobin concentration (19.7 g/100 ml), haematocrit (54 %), red blood corpuscle count (12.4 106/μl), mean corpuscular volume (43.6 μm3), mean corpuscular haemoglobin content (16.2 pg), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (37.4 %) and [2,3-DPG] (9.6 μmol/g Hb) were observed during torpor cycles. The half saturation tension of P. longimembris haemoglobin was 41 mm Hg (37 C, pH = 7.28) and 19.7 mmHg (10 C, pH = 7.51).The effect of temperature on P50was Δlog P50/ C = + 0.0106(pH = 7.4). Venous blood parameters were: euthermic mice (37 C); PCO2 = 36.8 mm Hg, PO2 = 49.5 mm Hg, pH = 7.28,[HCO3-] = 17.3mmol/l ; torpid mice (10 C) ; PCO2 = 14.6,PO2 = 35.7,pH = 7.51,[HCC3] = 18.8. These data indicate a new, relatively acidotic acid-base status during torpor, characterised by a higher H+/OH- ratio. The respiratory sensitivity to inspired CO2 of pocket mice was, despite their being semi-fossorial, typical of other mammals. High concentrations of CO2, did not induce, or facilitate, entry into torpor. © 1977.


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There are generally two techniques to increase the memory throughput of the global memory on a CUDA kernel on compute capability 1.3 GPUs; memory accesses coalescence and accessing words of at least 4 bytes. With the first technique accesses to the same memory segment by threads of the same half-warp are coalesced to fewer transactions while be accessing words of at least 4 bytes this memory segment is effectively increased from 32 bytes to 128.
Update: solution based on talonmies answer. To access 16-byte instead of 1-byte words when there are unsigned chars stored in the global memory, the uint4 vector is commonly used by casting the memory array to uint4. To get the values from the uint4 vector, it can be recasted to uchar4 as below:
_TAG_
_TAG_
_TAG_
__global__ void kernel ( unsigned char *d_text, unsigned char *d_out ) {
 int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
 extern __shared__ unsigned char s_array[];
 uint4 *uint4_text = reinterpret_cast(d_text);
 uint4 uint4_var;
 //memory transaction
 uint4_var = uint4_text[0];
 //recast data to uchar4
 uchar4 c0 = *reinterpret_cast(&uint4_var.x);
 uchar4 c4 = *reinterpret_cast(&uint4_var.y);
 uchar4 c8 = *reinterpret_cast(&uint4_var.z);
 uchar4 c12 = *reinterpret_cast(&uint4_var.w);
 d_out[idx] = c0.y;
int main ( void ) {
 unsigned char *d_text, *d_out;
 unsigned char *h_out = ( unsigned char * ) malloc ( 16 * sizeof ( unsigned char ) );
 unsigned char *h_text = ( unsigned char * ) malloc ( 16 * sizeof ( unsigned char ) );
 int i;
 h_text[i] = 65 + i;
 cudaMalloc ( ( void** ) &d_text, 16 * sizeof ( unsigned char ) );
 cudaMalloc ( ( void** ) &d_out, 16 * sizeof ( unsigned char ) );
 cudaMemcpy ( d_text, h_text, 16 * sizeof ( unsigned char ), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice );
 kernel<<<1,16>>>(d_text, d_out );
 cudaMemcpy ( h_out, d_out, 16 * sizeof ( unsigned char ), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost );
 printf("%c\n", h_out[i]);
 return 0;
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2 Answers 2
up vote 1 down vote accepted
If I have understood what you are trying to do, the logical approach is to use the C++ reinterpret_cast mechanism to make the compiler generate the correct vector load instruction, then use the CUDA built in byte sized vector type uchar4 to access each byte within each of the four 32 bit words loaded from global memory. Using this approach, you are really putting trust in the compiler knowing the optimal way to do byte wise access within each 32 bit register.
A completely contrived example could look like this:
_TAG_
_TAG_
void kernel(unsigned int *in, unsigned char* out)
 int tid = threadIdx.x;
 uint4* p = reinterpret_cast(in);
 uint4 i4 = p[tid]; // vector load here
 uchar4 c0 = *reinterpret_cast(&i4.x);
 uchar4 c4 = *reinterpret_cast(&i4.y);
 uchar4 c8 = *reinterpret_cast(&i4.z);
 uchar4 c12 = *reinterpret_cast(&i4.w);
 out[tid*4+0] = c0.x;
 out[tid*4+1] = c4.y;
 out[tid*4+2] = c8.z;
 out[tid*4+3] = c12.w;
int main(void)
 unsigned int c[8] = {
 _PHONE_, _PHONE_, _PHONE_, _PHONE_,
 _PHONE_, _PHONE_, _PHONE_, _PHONE_ };
 unsigned int * _c;
 cudaMalloc((void **)&_c, sizeof(int)*size_t(8));
 cudaMemcpy(_c, c, sizeof(int)*size_t(8), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
 unsigned char * _m;
 cudaMalloc((void **)&_m, sizeof(unsigned char)*size_t(8));
 kernel<<<1,2>>>(_c, _m);
 unsigned char m[8];
 cudaMemcpy(m, _m, sizeof(unsigned char)*size_t(8), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
 fprintf(stdout, "%d %c\n", i, m[i]);
 return 0;
which should produce a readable string of characters embedded in the array of unsigned integers supplied to the kernel.
One caveat is that the open64 compiler used for compute 1.x targets would often defeat this strategy of trying to generate vector loads if it could detect that not all of the words in the vector were actually used. So make sure that you touch all of the input words in the input vector type to ensure the compiler plays nicely.
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Edited the question to add a working example of what i am currently doing. I am not familiar with reinterpret_cast as my code is in pure c – charis Oct 28 '12 at 13:33
_USER_: CUDA is a subset of C++, there is no such thing "pure C" in CUDA. – talonmies Oct 28 '12 at 13:45
_USER_: also you do understand that the casting in my sample is happening after the global memory load, as you have stressed in your latest edit? – talonmies Oct 28 '12 at 15:31
Yes of course. I will try it out and update my question accordingly – charis Oct 29 '12 at 10:16
Yes, this works. So it seems that the solution is to recast uint4 to uchar4. Interestingly i haven't seen any performance increase when substituting bitwise operations (as per the original post) with recasting (as per your post). In order to update my question, which one is better, straight recasting or using reinterpret_cast? Both of these work: uint4 *uint4_text = ( uint4 * ) d_text and uint4 *uint4_text = reinterpret_cast(d_text); – charis Oct 29 '12 at 10:46
Casting to char* will work just fine. Did you try? If so, what happened that prompted this question?
In your example, it looks like you could just cast s_array to an int* and do a single copy from var.x (multiplying j with 4 instead of 16).
If you need more flexible shuffling of the bytes in a word, you can use the __byte_perm() intrinsic. For instance, to reverse the order of the bytes in the integer x, you can do __byte_perm(x, 0, 0x0123);
It may be that you won't gain anything by using the vector types, or even a single int, to store the bytes. On Fermi, global memory transactions are 128 bytes wide. So, when your warp hits an instruction that does a load/store from/to global memory, the GPU will do as many 128-byte transactions as are necessary to service the 32 threads. Performance will depend largely on how many separate transactions are necessary, not on how each thread loads or stores its bytes.
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Edited the question to be more clear. In practice i can't figure out what to recast var to. Moreover, this optimization is valid for GT200 cards (a compute capability 1.3 GPU) where a memory transaction serves 32 bytes when 1-byte words are accessed from global memory – charis Oct 28 '12 at 0:48
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Date: 28 January 2012
Cost: $15 Garden member, $20 non-members
Location: Oakhurst Community Garden, Decatur, GA
Mary Hines, Master Gardener, will teach you important methods to keep those pesky pests away. Learn how to use crop rotation, companion planting, garden maintenance and organic products to control insects of the lawn in your ornamental landscape and vegetable garden. Mary will show you the most common pests (insects, fungi, bacteria, animals, viruses, etc.) of the garden and how to identify them; how to deter pests, how to select the best organic pesticide and to apply it properly; and knowing when to use chemical pesticides.