simulations. This paper presents a first attempt to retrieve the melt pond fraction from hybrid-polarized compact polarization (CP) SAR imagery, which has wider swath and shorter revisit time than the quad-polarization systems, e.g., from RADARSAT-2 (RS-2). The co-polarization (co-pol) ratio has been verified to provide estimates of melt pond fractions. However, it is a challenge to link CP parameters and the co-pol ratio. The theoretical possibility is presented, for making this linkage with the CP parameter C22/C11 (the ratio between the elements of the coherence matrix of CP SAR) for melt pond detection and monitoring with the tilted-Bragg scattering model for the ocean surface. The empirical transformed formulation, denoted as the "compact polarization and quad-pol" ("CPQP") model, is proposed, based on 2062 RS-2 quad-pol SAR images, collocated with in situ measurements. We compared the retrieved melt pond fraction with CP parameters simulated from quad-pol SAR data with results retrieved from the co-pol ratio from quad-pol SAR observations acquired during the Arctic-Ice (Arctic-Ice Covered Ecosystem in a Rapidly Changing Environment) field project. The results are shown to be comparable for observed melt pond measurements in spatial and temporal distributions. Thus, the utility of CP mode SAR for melt pond fraction estimation on first year level ice is presented.
 4. Dust in the small Magellanic cloud. 1: Interstellar polarization and extinction data
 Science.gov (United States)
 Magalhaes, A. M.; Rodrigues, C. V.; Coyne, C. V.; Piirola, V.
 1996-01-01
 The typical extinction curve for the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), in contrast to that for the Galaxy, has no bump at 2175 A and has a steeper rise into the far ultraviolet. For the Galaxy the interpretation of the extinction and, therefore, the dust content of the interstellar medium has been greatly assisted by measurements of the wavelength dependence of the polarization. For the SMC no such measurements existed. Therefore, to further elucidate the dust properties in the SMC we have for the first time measured linear polarization with five colors in the optical region of the spectrum for a sample of reddened stars. For two of these stars, for which there were no existing UV spectrophotometric measurements, but for which we measured a relatively large polarization, we have also obtained data from the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) in order to study the extinction. We also attempt to correlate the SMC extinction and polarization data. The main results are: the wavelength of maximum polarization, lambda(sub max), in the SMC is typically smaller than that in the Galaxy; however, AZC 456, which shows the UV extinction bump, has a lambda(sub max) typical of that in the Galaxy, but its polarization curve is narrower and its bump is shifted to shorter wavelengths as compared to the Galaxy; and from an analysis of both the extinction and polarization data it appears that the SMC has typically smaller grains than those in the Galaxy. The absence of the extinction bump in the SMC has generally been thought to imply a lower carbon abundance in the SMC compared to the Galaxy. We interpret our results to mean that te size distribution of the interstellar grains, and not only the carbon abundance, is different in the SMC as compared to the Galaxy. In Paper 2 we present dust model fits to these observations.
 5. A closer look at Arctic ozone loss and polar stratospheric clouds
 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
 N. R. P. Harris
 2010-09-01
 Full Text Available The empirical relationship found between column-integrated Arctic ozone loss and the potential volume of polar stratospheric clouds inferred from meteorological analyses is recalculated in a self-consistent manner using the ERA Interim reanalyses. The relationship is found to hold at different altitudes as well as in the column. The use of a PSC formation threshold based on temperature dependent cold aerosol formation makes little difference to the original, empirical relationship. Analysis of the photochemistry leading to the ozone loss shows that activation is limited by the photolysis of nitric acid. This step produces nitrogen dioxide which is converted to chlorine nitrate which in turn reacts with hydrogen chloride on any polar stratospheric clouds to form active chlorine. The rate-limiting step is the photolysis of nitric acid: this occurs at the same rate every year and so the interannual variation in the ozone loss is caused by the extent and persistence of the polar stratospheric clouds. In early spring the ozone loss rate increases as the solar insolation increases the photolysis of the chlorine monoxide dimer in the near ultraviolet. However the length of the ozone loss period is determined by the photolysis of nitric acid which also occurs in the near ultraviolet. As a result of these compensating effects, the amount of the ozone loss is principally limited by the extent of original activation rather than its timing. In addition a number of factors, including the vertical changes in pressure and total inorganic chlorine as well as denitrification and renitrification, offset each other. As a result the extent of original activation is the most important factor influencing ozone loss. These results indicate that relatively simple parameterisations of Arctic ozone loss could be developed for use in coupled chemistry climate models.
 6. Role of polarity fractions of effluent organic matter in binding and toxicity of silver and copper.
 Science.gov (United States)
 Yoo, Jisu; Shim, Taeyong; Hur, Jin; Jung, Jinho
 2016-11-05
 This study evaluates the effect of the physicochemical properties of effluent organic matter (EfOM) from industrial and sewage wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on the binding and toxicity of Ag and Cu. EfOM was isolated into hydrophobic, transphilic, and hydrophilic fractions depending on its polarity, and was characterized by elemental, specific ultraviolet absorbance, and fluorescence excitation-emission matrix analyses. Our results suggest that the EfOM consists of microbially derived non-humic substances that have lower aromaticity than the Suwannee River natural organic matter (SR-NOM). The Freundlich model was better at explaining the binding of Ag and Cu onto both SR-NOM and EfOM than the Langmuir model. In particular, the hydrophilic fractions of sewage EfOM showed higher binding capacities and affinities for Ag and Cu than the corresponding hydrophobic fractions, resulting in better reduction of the acute toxicity of Ag and Cu towards Daphnia magna. However, in the case of both SR-NOM and industrial EfOM, the hydrophobic fractions were more efficient at reducing metal toxicity. These findings suggest that the EfOM has different physicochemical properties compared with NOM and that the binding and toxicity of heavy metals are largely dependent on the polarity fractions of EfOM. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
 7. Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMCs) Observed by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on Aura
 Science.gov (United States)
 DeLand, Matthew T.; Shettle, Eric P.; Levelt, Pieternel F.; Kowalewski, Matthew G.
 2010-01-01
 Backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) instruments designed for measuring stratospheric ozone profiles have proven to be robust tools for observing polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs). These measurements are available for more than 30 years, and have been used to demonstrate the existence of long-term variations in PMC occurrence frequency and brightness. The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on the EOS Aura satellite provides new and improved capabilities for PMC characterization. OMI uses smaller pixels than previous BUV instruments, which increases its ability to identify PMCs and discern more spatial structure, and its wide cross-track viewing swath provides full polar coverage up to 90 latitude every day in both hemispheres. This cross-track coverage allows the evolution of PMC regions to be followed over several consecutive orbits. Localized PMC variations determined from OMI measurements are consistent with coincident SBUV/2 measurements. Nine seasons of PMC observations from OMI are now available, and clearly demonstrate the advantages of these measurements for PMC analysis.
 8. Temporal and spectral cloud screening of polar winter aerosol optical depth (AOD: impact of homogeneous and inhomogeneous clouds and crystal layers on climatological-scale AODs
 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
 N. T. O'Neill
 2016-10-01
 Full Text Available We compared star-photometry-derived, polar winter aerosol optical depths (AODs, acquired at Eureka, Nunavut, Canada, and Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, with GEOS-Chem (GC simulations as well as ground-based lidar and CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization retrievals over a sampling period of two polar winters. The results indicate significant cloud and/or low-altitude ice crystal (LIC contamination which is only partially corrected using temporal cloud screening. Spatially homogeneous clouds and LICs that remain after temporal cloud screening represent an inevitable systematic error in the estimation of AOD: this error was estimated to vary from 78 to 210 % at Eureka and


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Origin of Introductions
Regulatory officials need to know the origin of the ALB infestations to be able to prevent further introductions from the same sources and to understand the spread of existing infestations. Also, there are some biological differences between the populations that may require slightly different eradication methods used so knowing the origin will be critical.
Developing molecular methods to identify the origins of North American infestations of ALB. Several different DNA marker types will be used.
Origins of infestations will be identified.
The mtDNA haplotype of beetles from Carteret, NJ differed from that of New York City/Jersey City beetles by 18 nucleotide sites, from that of Toronto beetles by 17 nucleotide sites, and from the Chicago/New York City mtDNA haplotype by 4 nucleotide sites. Ranking them in terms of genetic distance from the New York City/Jersey City, population, we have the Chicago/New York City mtDNA haplotype most similar (4 different nucleotide sites) followed by the Toronto mtDNA haplotype (7 different nucleotide sites) followed by the Carteret mtDNA haplotype (18 nucleotide sites) as indicated by clade distances. We show that beetles from the Toronto and Carteret populations each have their own unique mtDNA haplotype. This suggests that these invasions were initiated separately from each other and from the primary New York/Jersey City invasion. This data does not support the hypothesis that beetles dispersed from New York City/ Jersey City to Carteret. All of the Jersey City beetles share only one of the two mtDNA haplotypes found in the New York City beetles. This might indicate that one or only a few beetles spread from one of the populations in Queens to found the Jersey City population, and that it was not a separate introduction event. We can say that two distinct haplotypes invaded New York. They must have been introduced from distinct source populations or from one heterogeneous population. Research is ongoing to sample potential source populations across China and Korea.
Maureen E. Carter, E. Richard Hoebeke, Richard G. Harrison, Steven M. Bogdanowicz, Melody Keena and Alan Sawyer. Analysis of mtDNA sequence data for the Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis): evidence for multiple invasions in North America Proceedings, 16th U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on gypsy moth and other invasive species 2005 GTR-NE-337 pp 3
- Maureen E. Carter, Cornell University Dissertation Research
- E. Richard Hoebeke, Cornell University
- Richard G. Harrison, Cornell University
- Steven M. Bogdanowicz, Cornell University
- Melody Keena, USDA-Forest ServiceNRS Research Entomologist
- Alan Sawyer, USDAAnimal and Plant Health Inspection ServicePlant Protection and Quarantine Ecologist
Last Modified: 09/15/2009

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Main page content begins here
The City owns approximately 9,000 titled properties (22,000 acres/8900 hectares). An important part of managing these land assets is understanding and addressing any potential risks associated with possible environmental contamination. In order to do this, the City has created a formal city-wide Contaminated Sites Management Program (CSMP). The CSMP includes 4 main components which address the following:
 - Site identification
 - Site management
 - Real estate related concerns
 - Third party liability
The City manages sites to ensure that potential risks to public health and the environment are mitigated to the satisfaction of Alberta Environment and Parks and Alberta Health. The City is in the early stages of implementing the CSMP, which is expected to take several years due to the large number of properties owned by the City. Work is proceeding based on a ranking of properties using characteristics such as site information, land use activities, public access and operational requirements.
What does contamination mean?
Contamination of land and water can occur for a variety of reasons and from a variety of sources. Activities such as the operation of a fuelling site, salt storage for roadway maintenance, fire suppression and waste disposal are all activities which could result in environmental contamination. Sites operated in the past, when environmental concerns were not well understood or recognized, are often at risk for contamination. Sites constructed now are usually engineered to manage potential contaminant sources to prevent pollution of the environment.
Not all contaminants pose a risk to human health. Each contaminant listed in the Tier 1 and Tier 2 Soil and Groundwater Remediation Guidelines published by Alberta Environment and Parks poses different risks to each receptor category in the guidelines. Receptors are the organisms that may be affected by the contaminants, for example freshwater aquatic organisms, agricultural plants, or people. Contaminants are evaluated for their harm to the receptor including effects such as human health, fish mortality and even soil structure. Not all contaminants are harmful to human health. Those that are harmful to human health do not always fall into the category of toxins, poisons or carcinogens.
Most contaminants are not considered 'hazardous.' Hazardous waste is defined through legislation and regulation in Alberta. There are specific requirements for the management of hazardous waste. Typically, environmental contamination is not found in concentrations that would be considered hazardous waste.
What is a contaminated site?
For the purposes of the CSMP, a contaminated site comprises one or more properties where substances exist in soil, groundwater, or surface water in a greater concentration than is allowed under the Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act (Alberta) Tier 1 and Tier 2 Soil and Groundwater Remediation Guidelines. Contamination can occur through operational use, such as at fuelling sites or maintenance yards, as well as through historical activities due to human occupation, such as filling of low areas, fires, coal mining or the unmanaged dumping of refuse.
Why manage contamination?
Unidentified and unmanaged contamination can affect the City in many ways including:
 - Impacts on the environment and public health and safety
 - Financial loss due to unanticipated liabilities
 - Legal liability due to non-compliance with legislation
 - Impacts to reputation as a responsible, sustainable and transparent municipality
 - Ability to successfully deliver facilities and infrastructure that support communities and contribute to Edmontonians' health and wellbeing
How is contamination managed?
Sites in the CSMP are managed to ensure there is no risk to public health or the environment using a number of approaches including:
 - Remediation - involves activities such as excavation and disposal of contaminated soils at an approved Class II (municipal type) landfill, treatments such as biodegradation or chemical oxidation and groundwater treatment.
 - Risk Assessment - involves the application of statistical calculations based on contaminant concentrations and distribution to determine the risk to specific receptors (people, plants and the environment) through a specific pathway (for example skin contact, consumption of water). Risk Assessment can be used to calculate site specific guideline values for the contaminants, following approved protocols published by Alberta Environment and Parks.
 - Risk Management - occurs after a Risk Assessment has been conducted and includes measures to mitigate the risks that are identified. These could include preventing site access through fencing, placing a barrier to the contaminated soils such as asphalt, concrete or a maintained turf layer, using administrative controls such as development permits and zoning restrictions to prevent unapproved excavation.
CSMP Site Locations
Notice: All information on the City of Edmonton website, including but not limited to the contaminated site information map and site location information (the "Information") is subject to our Conditions of Use.
Geo-Environmental Report Request Form
There is a fee of $75 per search. Report copies are subject to photocopying or digital copying fees.
For More Information
Geotechnical and Environmental Services
Engineering Services Section, Integrated Infrastructure Services
11004 190 Street NW
Edmonton, AB T5S 0G9
Title Geo-Environmental Information Coordinator


text:
At times, you may want to make the form unavailable and communicate the status to your users. You have two choices. You can take the form offline immediately, or you can take it offline automatically at a specified date and time. You can also edit the message that users see.
- In the Form Designer Toolbar choose Settings > Extensions > Form Availability. The Form Availability Settings window, appears.
- In the Status field, click Enable Availability Options. Three fields appear.
- In the Current Form Availability field, you can see the current status of your form. By default it is online. If the "Form is Offline" field is checked, it is offline. Note that changes are not visible in Preview mode. You must access it like a user to confirm the status.
- Optionally if you select "Offline at specified date", two mandatory fields appear. Click the calendar to choose a date, and select the time from a dropdown list.
- Optionally, in the Offline Message field click Launch Editor. The default message in a yellow box is "The Requested Form is Currently Offline and can not be accessed at this time". You can use the Text Editor to customize this message for your customers.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


possible outcomes and side effects.
 3. Healers share with clients prior to their sessions logistical considerations such as: length of session, punctuality and lateness policy, cancellation policy, and fees.
 3. Recording, Securing and Releasing Records:
 1. Healers record accurate client records.
 2. Healers store records in a secure and safe place.
 3. All information contained in the clients' records is confidential.
 4. Healers share information with other parties only with the written consent of the client, in accordance with guidelines and regulations of their professional organization and of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).
 4. Client Education:
 1. Healers understand that a person's ability to retain information is limited and therefore provide written information about the session.
 2. Healers provide clients with appropriate educational materials that will aid in the process of self-care for clients after the healing session. Educational materials might include but are not limited to: written instructions regarding specific practices or exercises to enhance well-being; dietary suggestions; visualization or meditative practices; breathing exercises; affirmations; suggestions for journaling and other educational guides specific to individual healing practices.
If you have any questions, please contact us.


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Where do you begin when you want to move an entire studio, including the walls, and everything in the room? In some ways Francis Bacon's studio was like a jigsaw puzzle. A specially trained team of people, including archaeologists, noted the exact location of everything in the studio by making drawings and maps of the studio. There were over 7000 items in Francis Bacon's studio and these included his brushes, paint tubes, drawings, canvases, music records, photographs, books and letters he had written and received from his friends. When drawings and photographs of their location were made, all Francis Bacon's belongings were carefully placed in boxes and brought to Dublin.
In Dublin City Gallery The Hugh Lane each item was studied and the information gathered was put onto a computer database so more can be learned about how Francis Bacon painted and what his inspirations were. The studio was reconstructed and each item was carefully replaced piece by piece exactly where it was.


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Everyone wants to have a full bank account — including bank accounts that hold seeds.
The U.S. Forest Service recently held a workshop with the Dominican Republic Ministry of Environmental and Natural Resources in Dry Branch, Ga., focusing on ways to increase the capacity to develop and maintain a seed bank for reforestation in the Dominican Republic.
The workshop discussed methods and approaches to compiling the seeds and best practices for preservation. The workshop included seed biology and procedures that contribute towards the success of the bank. Dry Branch is the home of the USFS National Seed Laboratory. Participants of the workshop will manage the Nigua Seed Bank in the Dominican Republic. Official protocols for seed purity throughout the Dominican Republic were drafted for the new seed bank based on workshop outcomes.
Technical expertise was provided by the Forest Service with the help of an agreement with the US Agency for International Development. Through the agreement, the Forest Service aids in equipment administration as well as the training of staff and facility management.
According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, the Dominican Republic enacted the Forestry Action Plan in 1991 that established the goal of becoming a self-sufficient timber and fuelwood producer by 2016. The seed laboratory work will contribute to the achievement of this goal and the forestry improvements that the nation plans to make towards reforestation.
In November, an unprecedented Presidential Decree was passed to solidify the Government's commitment to biological diversity and protected area habitat conservation. The seed bank workshop contributed to these goals.
For more information on these and other projects, take a look at the U.S. Forest Service International Programs website.


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The Minister of Education, Mrs Betty Mould –Iddrisu, on Sunday said the Government considered early childhood education a priority as a long term solution to Ghana' s economic and social problems.
She said Government through the Municipal, Metropolitan and District Assemblies demonstrated its commitment to the wellbeing of the Ghanaian child and ratification of various global policy framework such as the UN Convention on the Rights of the child, framework for Action and the Millennium Development Goals.
Mrs Mould-Iddrisu said these at the opening of the first Annual Conference on International Research and Early Childhood Education at the University of Cape Coast( UCC) in the Central Region.
The two-day conference, jointly organised by the Faculty of Education of UCC and Monash University, Australia, is being attended by more than 150 participants from Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, Burkina Faso, Zambia, Uganda, Mozambique, Senegal Cameroon. Bangladesh, UK, USA, Australia, and China, who would deliberate on issues concernnig early childhood education.
Mrs Mould-Iddrisu said Ghana has realised that early childhood education could lay a good foundation for children and the Government has incorporated early childhood education into national public education system in 2007, to improve access to quality, affordable and sustainable early childhood education to all Ghanaian children.
She said: "our goal is that every Ghanaian and African child must be valued equally and our early childhood education and development service must meet their needs whether they live in slums remote communities or cities" she added.
Professor Ingrid Pramling-Samuelson, Coordinator for Early Childhood Education at the Department of Education University of Goteborg, Sweden, said quality teacher education was a key to early childhood education, and called for the effective training of teachers to handle early childhood education programmes.
Prof Nana Jane Opoku-Agyeman, Vice-Chancellor of UCC, commended the two universities for organising the conference and requested that the conference be used to provide new perspectives on issues affecting children, deliver practical and innovative research ideas to enhance the educational, economic and social lives of children throughout the world.
She asked Government to endeavour to meet the deadline of the MillenniumDevelopment Goals on education.
He appealed to African Governments to provide infrastructural needs of the schools, and improve the feeding and general welfare of school children at the basic level since malnutrition was a barrier to teaching and learning in most schools.
The participant would discuss issues on family and community development, early childhood education, curriculum and pedagogy, early childhood development psychology, inclusive education, achievement of UN Global Millennium goals, maternal and infant/child health, contemporary theoretical research on children's learning, and the global migration, military conflict and the education of refugee children. GNA


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The definition of a root is the part of the plant that is generally underground or the origin of something.(noun)
Root is defined as to establish or become settled.(verb)
An example of root is to firmly teach your child how to be polite.
Root means to completely remove.(verb)
An example of root is to find the source of a drug problem in a school and get rid of it.
See root in Webster's New World College Dictionary
Origin: ME rote < Late OE < ON rot, akin to OE wyrt, Ger wurzel < IE base *wrād-, twig, root > Gr rhiza, L radix, root, ramus, branch
Origin: formerly also wrote, rout < ME wroten < OE wrotan, to root up < wrot, snout < IE base *wer-, to tear up > L rostrum, beak
See root in American Heritage Dictionary 4
Origin: Middle English rot
Origin:, from Old English rōt
Origin:, from Old Norse; see wrādin Indo-European roots.
verb root·ed, root·ing, roots verb, transitive
Origin: Middle English wroten
Origin:, from Old English wrōtan.
intransitive verb root·ed, root·ing, roots
Origin: Possibly alteration of rout3.
, John Wellborn _PHONE_.
Learn more about root


Extraction of silver ore
Home Home > News > Mineral Solution > Extraction of silver ore
Extraction of silver ore
2020-04-27 XinHai Views (1234)
If you want to know more information, like quotation, products, solutions, etc., please contact us online.
There are many kinds of silver ores in nature, among which the silver-bearing ores with production value include natural silver, gold and silver ore, argentite, pyrargyrite, horn silver, dyscrasite. The silver ore is often associated with lead-zinc, copper, gold, and limonite, and can be recovered with other minerals. In this paper, we will start with the mineral properties of silver ore, take you to understand the method used for the extraction of silver ore.
In the silver-bearing ores, the disseminated grain size of silver Mosaic is fine and the occurrence state of silver is complex. Therefore, the grinding stage is very important in the preparation stage of the silver extraction process. Due to the complex composition of the silver-bearing ores, the methods used for the extraction of silver are diverse, including the flotation method, cyanidation method, flotation- cyanidation method, gravity separation-flotation method. In the following, we will describe the preparation stage and the separation stage for the extraction of silver respectively.
Use the table of contents below to navigate through the guide:
01One. Preparation stage for the extraction of silver
In the preparation stage for the extraction of silver, the grinding stage has the large influence on the recovery effect of silver, the grinding section and grinding fineness are decided according to the dissemination characteristics and occurrence state of silver ore, and the crystal size of the silver mineral is between 5-10μm, its main carrier size is coarser than silver mineral itself. Therefore, the silver mineral does not need to achieve monomer separation absolutely in the grinding stage, but the carrier needs full separation.
grinding-mill
However, the above is a relatively ideal condition. Apart from some silver minerals with copper, lead, zinc and other minerals as carriers, some silver minerals are still dispersed in gangue minerals in an irregular form, or the silver minerals are embedded in fine grains, while other sulfide minerals are relatively low in content. For the extraction of these silver ores, the monomer dissociation of fine-grain embedded silver minerals can be achieved by adding the fine grinding stage.
02Two. Separation stage for the extraction of silver
1. Flotation used for the extraction of silver
In the silver extraction process, the flotation process is often used to extract silver and its associated metals. According to the characteristics of the silver ore, the optional flotation processes include priority flotation process, mixed flotation process, partial priority flotation process, partial mixed flotation process, asynchronous flotation process, distributed flotation process, equi-flotation process, branch stream flotation process. For the flotation process used for the extraction of silver, the factors needed to be focused mainly include the pH value of pulp and the flotation reagent combination.
flotation
◆ The adjustment of pH value
For the flotation process used for the extraction of silver, it is necessary to avoid the use of some regulators, because the regulators (such as lime, cyanide) has the inhibiting effect on the silver mineral. Besides, the dosage of sodium sulfite, sodium sulfate, starch shall be paid attention to when they are used, the excessive dosage will be against the silver flotation. The suitable pH value of silver flotation is 6-8, which shall be adjusted according to the recovery of other minerals under the comprehensive recovery condition.
◆ Appropriate flotation reagent combination
Except for the grinding fineness, pH value of the pulp, the appropriate flotation reagent system is the key factor influencing the ore dressing indexes of the extraction of silver. The main collectors of silver and its carrier of metal sulfide minerals mainly include ammonium dibutyl dithiophosphate, dianilinodithiophosphoric acid, sodium ethylxanthate, sodium n-butylxanthate, ethyl thio carbamate, thionocarbamates, etc. Adopting the mixed collectors on the basis of a single collector can enhance the flotation effect for the extraction of silver. The common collector combinations used for the extraction of silver include di-iso-butyl dithiophosphate and xanthate, dianilinodithiophosphoric acid and xanthate, etc.
2. Cyanidation used for the extraction of silver
The cyanidation method is applicable to the gold and silver symbiotic minerals, as well as the silver ore that has little sulfide content, fine-grained dissemination and the quartz is the main gangue mineral. The leachable silver minerals include silver oxide, elemental silver and silver sulfide. The principle of this silver extraction process is to dissolve the silver mineral in the precious solution by cyanidation solution and then extract the silver by zinc replacement. At this stage, the factors affecting the extraction of silver include the amount of sodium cyanide, the dosage of oxygen or leaching agent and the leaching time.
3. Combined beneficiation used for the extraction of silver
The gravity separation-flotation process is suitable for the silver ore with high-grade but uneven particle size, easy to dissociate, which can improve the recovery rate of silver and reduce a certain of mineral processing cost. The flotation-cyanidation process is suitable for the extraction of silver minerals embedded in gangue minerals, which can prompt the recovery rate of silver.
gravity-separation-flotation
The above is the aspect of the extraction of silver. In the actual production, please carry out the mineral processing test first, then decide the method used for the extraction of silver in a scientific and reasonable way, thus getting the ideal mineral processing index.
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主催: 一般社団法人 日本機械学会
開催日: 2017/11/09 - 2017/11/11
This paper deals with the estimation of gait velocity and distance by the velocity compensation using adaptive Kalman filter. This method compensates gait velocity by using the velocities calculated by forward time integration and backward time integration. We conducted the measurement experiment the 5m gait test and the 10m gait test. The motion capture was used to the experiment in the 5m gait test. The results for gait distance in the 5m gait test indicated the results by proposed method is corresponding to that by the motion capture. Furthermore, the proposed method indicated the effective results in the 10m gait test. This method can be used for the gait analysis using the wearable force plates.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Pollution in Border Reservoir Worries Armenia
Future health of the vital water resource ultimately depends on restoration of ties between Armenia and Turkey.
By Yeranuhi Soghoian in Gyumri (CRS No. 492, 8-May-09)
Armenian environmentalists fear the important reservoir dividing their country from Turkey is increasingly polluted, posing dangers to the health of people consuming crops grown from its waters.
The Akhurian reservoir is a crucial asset to both Armenia and Turkey. Holding 525 million cubic metres of water, it irrigates almost 104,000 hectares of agricultural land in both countries.
The reservoir, which entered into active service in 1980, straddles 20 kilometres of the state border in the middle reaches of the Akhurian river.
Armenian researchers first raised the alarm after delving into the ecosystem of the reservoir a few years ago. They say the water system is polluted with heavy metals and different toxic materials.
But with no cooperation between Armenian and Turkish ecologists, they fear there is little they can do about it.
The ecologists say the reservoir contains no self-cleaning mechanisms that can either absorb or remove excess traces of heavy metals.
These move from one biological system to another, interacting with various living organisms and having potentially dangerous consequences for humans who consume them.
"Our investigation discovered small concentrations of heavy metals in the reservoir that can't be overlooked," said Levon Martirosian, head of the of the Geophone Research Institute that carried out the survey.
"Heavy metals can intoxicate the cultivated vegetation through irrigation water; these pollutants also accumulate in different fish tissues."
Heavy metals and their compounds can penetrate into the human body through mouth, skin and mucus membrane. They exit through the kidney, liver, stomach, gut membrane, perspiratory glands and salivary glands, infecting the organs as they do so.
A characteristic feature of mercury and lead intoxication is stomatitis, complicated by gum erosion, ulcers and bleeding, while arsen and copper poisoning more often results in gastric problems. Blood intoxication is accompanied by hematocytolysis (more characteristic of arsen and copper poisoning) and anemia.
Martirosian says his team became aware of the problem in the reservoir after a Swiss company bought a 60-hectare apricot orchard near the reservoir a few years ago.
Intending to export the fruit, the company wanted packages with labels designating the fruit an ecologically clean product.
For this purpose, they ordered an examination of the irrigation water. And so, in 2002, environmental research on the ecosystem of the Akhurian reservoir began.
From the start, the Armenian specialists knew their survey would be incomplete, because they had no means of finding out the quantity or dynamics of harmful substances penetrating the reservoir from the Turkish side.
Since the 1980s, Armenian and Turkish officials have met monthly from spring till autumn in the village of Jrapi to talk over the issue of water and particularly the Akhurian reservoir.
But these meetings solely concern the amount of water to be released for irrigation, while other issues are not addressed.
Owing to the lack of official cooperation or sharing of environmental information between ecologists, Martirosian visited Turkey in a private capacity to sound out some contacts.
"I went to Kars for three times as a tourist in 2004 and 2005 because it was impossible to organise an official visit connected with our investigation," recalled Martirosian.
"I tried to find some environmental organisation or stakeholders there but it was useless.
"There wasn't a single public organisation with which to start even informal cooperation."
Moreover, on his visit to Kars, Martirosian spotted some alarming sights: a leather recycling plant in the town and a sugar factory on the outskirts.
The expert says he feared waste from those plants might be flowing into the reservoir through the river Kars.
An additional area of concern is the amount of domestic garbage flowing into the lake from the river Akhurian on the Armenian side.
The river Gyumri also carries sewage to the reservoir. The amount of waste brought in by another river, the Kars, is not yet known.
Armenian ecologists want a more detailed survey of the entire reservoir ecosystem, including surveys on the territory of neighbouring Turkey.
They want an investigation into the annual dynamics of the water, micro-flora and fauna, as well as the local foliage and particularly the cultivated vegetation areas irrigated by the reservoir.
The reservoir is now almost half a century old – fruit of the once cordial relations between Turkey and the old Soviet Union.
A mixed Soviet-Turkish commission signed the agreement to construct the lake on April 25, 1963. The agreement regulated the flow of four rivers into the lake – the Akhurian, Kars, Karakhan and Chorli.
Seyran Minasian, head of the Laboratory Investigations Department of the Environmental Impact Monitoring Centre (part of the Armenian environment ministry), who took part in the survey of Akhurian reservoir ecosystem in 2002, is more optimistic than some of his colleagues.
He maintains that the extent of heavy metal pollution is not as alarming as some say and that levels of concentration are not dangerous.
But Minasian agrees that the Turkish government is unlikely to be much concerned about pollution in the remote east of the country.
"We know the Turkish government carries out water monitoring but prefers not to spend money on the eastern regions of the country," he said.
"It's obvious that the quantity, not quality, of the Araks and Akhurian rivers water is what's most important for Turkey."
The Armenian side, in turn, says that since 2006, at the request of the environment ministry, the Environmental Impact Monitoring Centre, has been surveying the reservoir periodically.
But Minasian says these investigations cost money, and even richer, developed countries only monitor water whenever it is necessary.
Many river protection groups in Europe and America successfully involve community members in research and monitoring works.
These groups mainly consist of high-school pupils and residents of the river and reservoir areas. They participate in special seminars, which explain the impact of water and environmental pollution to local people. It often turns out that as a result, people simply stop polluting the environment.
Meanwhile, Armenian researchers say the issue of starting a dialogue with Turkey on the reservoir, its maintenance and development, remains a primary goal.
Artush Mkrtchian, head of the Caucasus Business and Development Network Gyumri office, links the fate of the reservoir to the overall issue of the closed borders.
He has been working in the field of Armenian-Turkish relations for nine years, organising programmes aimed at creating dialogue between the estranged peoples.
Mkrtcian has always believed the borders will re-open some day, mainly as a result of European Union pressure on Turkey.
"Turkey's long-standing attempts to become a member of the European Union as well as Armenia's own economic and national interests mean that sooner or later they will open the borders, " said Mkrtchian.
He notes that business cooperation between the two countries has quietly grown in recent years.
As one example of collaboration, he cites an agreement hateched in 2007 between cheese-makers from Gyumri in Armenia, Ninotsminda in Georgia and Kars in Turkey to market a single product.
As a result of this cooperation, a new brand of "Caucasian" cheese was launched in Gyumri in May 2008, whose label notes that it was produced in all three towns. Producers from Georgia and Turkey came to Armenia for the event.
Currently, there are similar plans to market a new brand of Caucasian wine, involving vintners from Cappadocia in Turkey and the Ararat Valley.
Artush Mkrtchian notes that trade between the two countries has always been active, and is currently worth about 100 million US dollars a year.
Mkrtchian says the problems concerning dialogues between businessmen occur mainly when those businessmen have close ties to their respective political structures.
As for the ecological problems, he believes their resolution hangs on the success, or failure, of the current efforts to end the Turkish-Armenian diplomatic impasse.
"Water resources are state property, which means that the problem should be talked over by the governments of Armenia and Turkey," he said.
"But these countries simply do not exist for each other [diplomatically]. Hence, the problem will remain unresolved until the establishment of diplomatic relations."
Levon Martirosian, of the Geophone ecological organisation, says international pressure on both sides remains the reservoir's best hope.
Steps should be taken to ensure the opening of a dialogue with Turkey through the mediation of some international ecological organisation or other stakeholders.
There have been several successful examples of international mediation in environmental matters in the region in recent years.
Since 2006, for example, branches of the international conservation organisation WWF in Armenia and Germany and Armenia's environment ministry have been working on a programme to protect the Armenian-populated Samtskhe Javakheti region in Georgia, which Armenians call Javakhq, and the Shirak region in Armenia. The programme is funded by the German government-owned development bank, KFW.
The programme aims to maintain the biological diversity of the uplands of the Javakhq and the Shirak regions and support local communities through the creation of the Arpi Lake National Park.
Initially, three countries were involved in the programme – Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan. But as Azerbaijan refused to join, Turkey's participation is being discussed, because the Shirak region borders also with Turkey.
Goyets Shuerholts, an international expert on land-utilisation issues, says European countries are very interested in water protection issues well beyond Europe's borders.
"From an ecological view borders don't exist, as the elements


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Thematica souvenir sheets feature unused designs of prolific stamp artist
By Larry Rosenblum
When we look at a postage stamp, we don't see evidence of the long process involved in its creation. The design generally takes many months, sometimes years, before it is finalized.
Once in a while, we get a glimpse at the design process with alternate designs that were not used.
A series of show souvenir sheets distributed at Britain's Thematica stamp exhibitions from 2002 to 2009 displayed examples of unused designs by designer Jeffery Matthews.
Connect with Linn's Stamp News:
Matthews' efforts for Royal Mail extend across more than four decades. He designed more than a dozen sets of commemoratives, starting with the United Nations 20th Anniversary set in 1965 (Scott 440-441).
Much of his work related to royal and heraldic themes. He also did substantial work on the Machins, including developing a new typeface and a comprehensive color palette.
Matthews was named a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 2004 for his "services to graphic design, particularly postage stamps."
The Thematica 2004 souvenir sheet shows early designs for the 1984 set marking the 500th anniversary of the College of Arms.
The college, founded in 1484 by Richard III, is the heraldic authority for most of Great Britain and the Commonwealth, with the main exception of Scotland, which has its own equivalent.
The college grants coats of arms and is responsible for related matters.
The images on the sheet show one approach that Matthews pursued. The designs picture a joust scene showing Henry VIII; messengers on horseback; the banner, helmet, shield, and coat of a knight; and two coats of arms.
Ultimately, another idea was used for the issued stamps (Scott _PHONE_). Matthews interpreted four different coats of arms so they fit in a similar area of space: the College of Arms (16 pence); Richard III (20½p), the earl marshal head of the college (28p), and the city of London (31p).
Two of the Thematica souvenir sheets involve the familiar Machin definitives that are approaching their 50th anniversary.
Arnold Machin, the sculptor who created the famous image of the queen and for whom the series is named, designed the original stamps. He was responsible for the typeface, colors, and arrangement, as well as the portrait.
Soon thereafter, it was necessary to extend the Machins to include designs for use in the major regions of Great Britain other than England: Isle of Man, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales.
Regional stamps, which were sold in their respective areas but were valid throughout Britain, were first issued in 1958.
The precedent had been set for using symbols of each region on the stamps. The 2008 Thematica sheet shows Matthews' preliminary designs for all four regions (left to right): the triskelion (three legs) and Celtic chain for Isle of Man; St. Andrew's Cross and thistle for Scotland; the Red Hand of Ulster and flax flower for Northern Ireland; and a dragon and leek for Wales.
These symbols take up a large part of the left side of the stamps.
However, a simpler design was chosen. A single symbol for each region was located at the upper left of the stamp so that the value tablet could remain in its normal position at lower left.
The symbols used were a chained triskelion for the Isle of Man, the heraldic lion for Scotland, the dragon of Wales, and the Red Hand of Ulster in a six-pointed star under a crown for Northern Ireland.
Perhaps the most interesting of the Jeffery Matthews Thematica souvenir sheets is the first, from 2002. It pictures two stamps with the Machin head but in an unusual horizontal format. The text reads, "Conceptual ideas, created by Jeffery Matthews for the presentation of the Machin portrait on British definitives … "
This modest text doesn't give any indication of the story behind these designs. In the early 1980s, Matthews was involved in a project to develop a new, more current portrait of the queen to replace the one used on the Machins. After much work, it became known that the queen liked the Machin portrait and did not want it replaced.
Royal Mail then began efforts to see if the Machin head could be used in a new way to freshen the design that had been in use for almost 20 years. The horizontal stamps shown on the 2002 sheet were from this project.
Ultimately, though, the original Machin design was retained.
This experience was helpful to Matthews a few years later. Royal Mail began experimenting with self-adhesive stamps and wanted a Machin that could be easily spotted when used. Matthews developed horizontal Machins not much different from the ones on the sheet.
The horizontal stamps were used in a booklet in 1993 (Scott MH243a) and coils in 1997 (MH308-09). Once the experiments were complete, the traditional vertical design replaced the horizontal one.
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can tell, there is no given formula. I merely read the graph to come up with my numbers. $\endgroup$ – Dave Coffman Sep 7 '17 at 20:14
This is another chance to use one of my favorite approximations ever! I first offered it as an answer to a question about how deep a platform diver will go into the water. Now is the chance to use it again!
Issac Newton developed an expression for the ballistic impact depth of a body into a material. The original idea was expressed for materials of approximately equal densities when the ballistic body is moving fast enough for the target material to behave as a fluid (think cannon ball into dirt, meteorite into lunar regolith, etc). For a human body into snow, we can assume it will behave in a granular enough fashion.
The human body has a density of roughly $985 kg/m^3$. Using the two limits for the density of snow provided in another answer to this question, snow has a density between $300$ and $900 kg/m^3$. Let's assume the characters are 5 feet tall (you can easily change the number used, it's not a complicated formula). This gives us two limiting expressions:
$$d = 5 \times 985/300 = 16.4~\text{feet}$$
$$d = 5 \times 985/900 = 5.5~\text{feet}$$
So it really would depend on the actual density of the snow, but if you assume that it starts out around $300 kg/m^3$ and can reach a maximum of $900 kg/m^3$, we can assume that the final depth will be close to the same as assuming the average value as $600 kg/m^3$ which would give:
$$d = 5 \times 985/600 = 8~\text{feet}$$
That will give you a pretty good idea of the penetration depths over that range of densities. These numbers are all pretty close to what is given assuming the ideal deceleration given by this answer.
If you want to do a much more complicated analysis of penetration depth, check out the other, more detailed answer to the platform diver question. There it is actually shown that the penetration depth approaches this Newtonian approximation pretty well! It is also interesting to note that the penetration depth does not depend on the impact velocity/original height. Assuming one is going "fast enough" for the material to behave like a fluid, the expression seems to hold.
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ "the girls are 5 feet tall" - Anna is female, Kristoff is male, and listed as "tall": disney.wikia.com/wiki/Kristoff $\endgroup$ – mskfisher Feb 26 '15 at 12:01
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ Yeah... Like I said, never saw it and my ignorance is showing... $\endgroup$ – tpg2114 Feb 26 '15 at 17:02
Nice theoretical answers (I can certainly appreciate them, I'm a mathematician). But why delve into theory when experiment is available? In this video you can see a skier jump from more than 200 feet and get head first into the snow, without a helmet.
The video starts with the aftermath, if you want to see the jump right away fast forward to about 1 minute into it.
 - $\begingroup$ Spoiler: the linked clip title indicates this was a planned world-record attempt. He goes in head-first and is buried far enough that only his skis are showing. The voiceover from the paramedic (who was standing by) is that he split his lip but is otherwise fine. The clip ends with the skier slaloming off down the rest of the hill. $\endgroup$ – brichins Sep 5 '17 at 21:59
About 50 years ago in Reader's Digest there was an article about a Soviet airplane pilot who bailed out at high altitude. He fell into a snow-filled ravine and survived. If the angle of the snow is high enough it is no big deal. At Squaw Valley I have seen skiers do drops that might have been 100 feet. If the landing is steep enough it is OK. It is "flat landings" that will get you.
Rock climber Lynn Hill fell 100 feet onto a dirt slope. She not only survived, she recovered completely.
Stunt men do quite high jumps onto airbags. 100 feet onto 20 feet of snow seems possible, but I wouldn't try it if I had any alternative.


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From World of Entorais WikiJump to navigationJump to search
- Common Names
- Moon Melon, Vajo Tempt (Waejir)
- Herbaceous, Vine, Flower, Fruit
- This common cultivar produces large dark green melons with distinct silvery circular patches on their ground-ward surface. The flowers of the moon melon vine are large purple trumpets. The fruit itself has a lavender coloured flesh, and a sweet kiwi-like flavour. The melon contains seeds of red and white colouration. These seeds if eaten are soporific and can induce hallucinations or vivid dreams.
- Tropical through temperate, forests, savannas, plains, or hills.
- Life Cycle
- Annual, flowering in early summer, this vine produces large melon fruit by early autumn.
- A common cultivar popular for the sweet tasty fruit.
- edible (fruit)
- hallucinogen (seeds), soporific (seeds)
- In Waejir, it is commonly believed that the red seeds will bring on bad dreams while the white seeds will bring good dreams.


Home >> Technology >> What should I pay attention to when welding sheet metal processing?
What should I pay attention to when welding sheet metal processing?
GPU miner
With the booming development of China's manufacturing industry, sheetsheet metal fabrication company metal parts have been widely used for their light quality, high precision, beautiful appearance and other advantages. Welding is an indispensable part of the sheet metal processing process. It connects two separate metal objects by pressing or heating to produce inter-atomic bonding force, thus achieving the purpose of processing or welding the edge seam of a single part to improve its strength. Do you know what to look for when welding thin plates? The following mini series are for your introduction:
Sheet metal processing welding should pay attention to GPU minerthe following aspects:
The weld seam is carried out smoothly, presenting an analysis of fish scale, and shall not appear at the same time as the goods pile up convex package and uneven phenomenon.
After the sheet metal workpiece is welded, the appearance is re-polished with abrasive cloth, and there shall be no hand feeling edges, welding slag, weld points and burrs, and the weld seam shall be smooth and even.
When welding in sheet metal processing, the "edge and plane" of the workpiece should be ensured, including the vertical parallelism of the workpiece at the edge of the opening.
The weld seam on the plane of the workpiece of the box type shall not be higher than the plane. In principle, the weld seam shall be covered up and not visible after the putty is applied.
The sheet metal processing parts should be cleared of rust layer, oxide skin, weld slag and other debris before painting.
For turnover parts, especially unprocessed planes after welding, they should be strictly protected during the welding process to avoid arc damage or slag damage, and should not be polished under the premise of uniform weld seam.
For thin sheet metal after welding and processing of blue, electroplated thin sheet metal parts, after the completion of welding to meet the relevant requirements for uniform sandblasting treatment. In the process of turning should be strictly protected from collision and scratches, and shall not be regrinded.
To sum up the above analysis, these are some of the problematic aspects to be noted in sheet metal processing when welding. In order to be able to better ensure the quality of sheet metal welding technology processing, we should learn to implement a symmetrical arrangement as well as welding seams and joints when designing the structure of the sheet metal welding system, and avoid convergence, aggregation, overlap, secondary welding seams and joints can be interrupted, and the main welding seams and joints should be connected in such aspects.
網站熱門問題
Does mining shorten GPU lifespan?
If a GPU ran at temperatures exceeding 80°C or even 90°C for an extended period of time during mining, harm could result. The GPU lifetime will indeed be shortened by this.
Is shaping sheet metal affordable?
Because sheet metal can be twisted or stretched into a wide range of intricate shapes, complex structures can be built with little material and high strength. The most economical method for producing parts in big quantities nowadays is sheet metal forming.
What do GPU miners earn?
A single GPU Ethereum miner's expected daily profit on day 27 was $4.59. Comparatively, miners were predicted to lose $0.58 daily on Feathercoin. Nevertheless, you'd need to host a lot of GPUs using these calculations in order to make a sizable profit.


decorative image of earth-ride, 2017-07-06 12:49:55
Earth's Wild Ride
Show Length: 25 Minutes.
For Ages: Grades: 2 – Adult.
Earth's Wild Ride is a fast paced movie that immerses audiences in a 3-D tour of Earth's history and natural wonders. Set on the surface of the Moon in the year 2081, the movie opens with a grandfather and his grandchildren gazing into space on the evening of an Earth eclipse. As they watch the shadow of the Moon move across the Earth, the grandfather tells stories of crashing asteroids, erupting volcanoes, roaring dinosaurs, and electrifying lighting in a booming thunderstorm. While learning about eclipses, the ice age, Earth's water cycle and differences between the Earth and Moon, the audience is taken on a roller-coaster like ride through canyons of raging rivers and hot flowing lava.


text:
Link to publisher version (URL)
Over the years, there has been fierce debate about the definition of numeracy and literacy for Academic Language and Learning (ALL) practitioners and at times, we seem to work in parallel universes, but on reflection, we have more in common than is originally supposed. For students enrolled in mathematics courses in higher education, especially those in Education fac-ulties or schools, previous experience of studying mathematics does not al-ways equal competency with, and confidence in dealing with numeracy at tertiary level. McNaught and Hoyne (2011) argue that these concepts are co-dependent. Also, our diverse student population often struggles to achieve confidence and competency with academic language and literacy. This paper discusses our similar approach to teaching and learning where initially con-fidence is generated before challenges are issued and where explanation is privileged over discipline knowledge transference. Through our shared teaching in an ALL-focused program developed at our university, we are able to find common ground and greater understanding of each other's expertise.


Mental Math Essential
Mental Math Essential is a mental math training software focusing on mental math of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division up to 9+9, 18-9, 9x9, and 81/9, which is an essential skill for any further math studies. The uniqueness of Mental Math Essential is that it can detect and remember how well you master every single question. This way, it can give you questions in a very efficient way.
Price USD 14.95
License Free to try
File Size 2.01 MB
Version 2.2
System Requirements Windows 98/Me/NT/2000/XP


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Mathematical Models for the Biofilm Formation of Geobacillus and Anoxybacillus on Stainless Steel Surface in Whole Milk
- Basar Karaca Sencer Buzrul Arzu Coleri Cihan
- Food Science of Animal Resources
- Food Science of Animal Resources 제41권 제2호
- 등재여부 : KCI등재
- 288 - 299 (12 pages)
Biofilm formation of Geobacillus thermodenitrificans, Geobacillus thermoglucosidans and Anoxybacillus flavithermus in milk on stainless steel were monitored at 55℃, 60℃, and 65℃ for various incubation times. Although species of Geobacillus showed a rapid response and produced biofilm within 4 h on stainless steel, a delay (lag time) was observed for Anoxybacillus. A hyperbolic equation and a hyperbolic equation with lag could be used to describe the biofilm formation of Geobacillus and Anoxybacillus, respectively. The highest biofilm formation amount was obtained at 60℃ for both Geobacillus and Anoxybacillus. However, the biofilm formation rates indicated that the lowest rates of formation were obtained at 60℃ for Geobacillus. Moreover, biofilm formation rates of G. thermodenitrificans (1.2–1.6 Log10CFU/mL∙h) were higher than G. thermoglucosidans (0.4–0.7 Log10CFU/mL∙h). Although A. flavithermus had the highest formation rate values (2.7–3.6 Log10CFU/mL∙h), this was attained after the lag period (4 or 5 h). This study revealed that modeling could be used to describe the biofilm formation of thermophilic bacilli in milk.


Ghent University Academic Bibliography
Project: Eroding or changing citizenship?
project duration
31-DEC-99 – 31-DEC-99
An ethical study and a research in the sociology of public morality concerning the ethico-political identity of the Fleming and their subjective attitudes vis a vis the public domain. How do Flemish people approach the public domain and how do theyintegret their responsibilities confronting public spaces.


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Code Inspection: why, when and what
Why should you inspect software?
We advise you to inspect software because it saves time and money:
Code Inspection Pays For Itself—Software code inspection offers both immediate and long-term return on investment. This statement is founded upon these research findings:
- Code inspection is up to 20 times more efficient than testing,
- Code reading detected about 80% more faults per hour than testing,
- Debugging and associated rework takes about 50% of the time spent in a typical software development cycle.
Code Inspection Powers Up Testing Strategies—Software code inspection is more cost-effective and isolates defects more efficiently than testing. Combine inspection and testing to get the best strategy for defect removal. This statement is founded upon these research findings:
- Microsoft's applications division has found that it takes 3 hours to find and fix a defect using code inspection compared to 12 hours by using testing,
- The combination of design and code inspections usually removes at least 70% of the defects in a product,
- Detection of design defects costs 6 times more using testing than by using inspections,
- Code inspection at NASA's Software Engineering Laboratory found 20 to 60 percent more errors than testing did.
Code Inspection Boosts Productivity—When preparing for code reviews, developers find the majority of bugs that would otherwise be found by testers and users. This statement is founded upon these research findings:
- A study of 13 reviews at AT&T found that the importance of the review meeting itself was overrated; 90% of the defects were found in preparation for the review meeting and only about 10% were found during the review itself,
- IBM found that each hour of inspection prevented about 100 hours of related work,
- As much as 90% of development effort on a typical software system comes after its initial release, with two-thirds being typical,
- Designers and programmers learn to improve their work through participating in inspections and inspections improve productivity by 20% or more.
Code Inspection Makes Testing Cheaper—Software code inspection identifies defect indicators from Day One, making it more cost-effective than functional and system testing. This statement is founded upon these research findings:
- About 85% of errors can be fixed in a few hours if caught in the development stage,
- Construction errors detected during system testing cost 10 times more to fix than in the construction phase and 10-25 times more to fix when detected post-release,
- Correcting defects earlier rather than later in a project can cut overall development costs by factors of two or more.
Code Inspection Increases Agility—Regular code inspection helps make software more receptive to change. Improve the maintainability of software so that you can implement changes in a uniform and consistent manner. This statement is founded upon these research findings:
- ICI found that maintaining a portfolio of about 400 programs was only about 10% of the cost of maintaining a similar set of programs that had not been inspected,
- A study of large programs found that every hour spent on inspections avoided an average of 33 hours of maintenance,
- Increased quality assurance is associated with a decreased error rate but does not increase overall development cost.


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Do you really need to know how thermal properties of polymers affect extrusion? Isn't this stuff just for the guys in the lab? Yes and no. To troubleshoot many processing issues, you'll need at least a basic understanding of how polymer thermal properties impact your process—from the feed hopper through the final product dimensions. Much of this data is hard to come by. But to understand many aspects of equipment performance, you should bone up on key polymer properties that usually aren't available in data sheets:
- Viscosity vs. shear rate data at several temperatures in the processing range.
- Specific heat.
- Thermal conductivity.
- Solid and melt density or their specific weights.
- Melting point or processing temperature.
Viscosity affects melting rate, output, melt temperature and die flow, among other things. The higher the viscosity, the higher the melting rate in the screw, extruder power usage, discharge pressure, and melt temperature. In order to determine the viscosity ranges of your materials, you'll need data from a rheometer, which applies differing loads to develop various shear rates. The rheometer can also be run at various temperatures to show how polymer viscosity responds to changes in both shear rate and temperature. Polymers such as PP are quite shear sensitive, meaning the higher the relative velocities in the screw or flow channel, the more the viscosity decreases. Other polymers such as PET are more temperature sensitive, meaning the viscosity changes a lot with temperature. Some polymers are considered to be both shear and temperature sensitive.
Specific heat defines how much energy it takes to raise the temperature of a polymer. HDPE, for example, requires an average of 0.55 BTU/lb-°F, while HIPS requires 0.4 BTU/lb-°F. Therefore, it takes almost 40% more energy to raise the temperature of 1 lb of HDPE than 1 lb of HIPS. This means more drive power is required to process HDPE than HIPS at the same lb/hr and the same melt temperature. It also takes 40% more cooling capacity to extract that heat from HDPE, which means larger cooling rolls for sheet and flat film and longer spray tanks for pipe, tubing, and profiles.
Thermal conductivity is the ability of the polymer to conduct heat. Polymers with high thermal conductivity melt easier and cool faster. For example, HDPE has an average thermal conductivity of 0.15 BTU/ft-°F-hr, while HIPS is 0.08 BTU/ft-°F-hr. Because of its higher thermal conductivity, HDPE melts more easily from heat transferred from the surrounding melted polymer or from the barrel. Likewise, it is more difficult to cool HIPS of the same thickness and temperature because of its lower thermal conductivity.
Solid and melt density are particularly important in screw design and extruder sizing. Some polymers have a modest change in density as they soften or melt, while others change significantly. Typically, crystalline polymers have a much larger change in density during processing than amorphous polymers. HDPE (crystalline) density changes 18% from 0.95 to 0.78 g/cc when melted, while HIPS (amorphous) changes only 15% from 1.04 to 0.88 g/cc when raised to the processing temperature. This means that a specific screw design would be expected to have a slightly lower lb/hr output with HDPE than HIPS, since screw output is volumetric. This change in density has to be calculated into a screw design.
Melting point can be confusing, as only crystalline polymers have a defined melting point, while amorphous polymers simply soften as they get hotter. As a result, it is best to compare polymers by their typical extrusion processing temperatures. By multiplying the specific heat and the temperature rise necessary to heat polymers to their processing temperature, you can estimate the relative power required to process various polymers. This data is important in the design of the screw and the sizing of the extruder drive.
Thermal diffusivity is a combination of the thermal conductivity divided by the specific weight and specific heat. Specific weight is the density multiplied by 64.43 lb/ft³, which is the weight of a cubic foot of water. Diffusivity combines three thermal properties to provide a reference for the energy necessary to reach the processing temperature at a specific thickness and the cooling necessary for removing that heat. For example, the diffusivity for HDPE and HIPS are 0.0046 and 0.0031, respectively. This result shows that it is almost 50% more difficult to add or remove heat from HIPS than HDPE.
The more you know about polymer properties the easier it will be to quickly find the correct answer to many processing problems.
About the Author
Jim Frankland is a mechanical engineer who has been involved in all types of extrusion processing for more than 40 years. He is now president of Frankland Plastics Consulting, LLC. Contact _EMAIL_ or _PHONE_.


, the polynom stated above is the polynom used for interpolation. However the result at x = 1,5 does not match Lerp(blend = 0.5). Consequently either the calculation in Lerp is incorrect or (more likely) it is not using equidistant points as input.
How does this code work? (Lerp function) by [deleted] in cpp
[–]zhnmju123 -2 points-1 points (0 children)
No, interpolation != estimation.
The reason why Lerp gives a different value is that the points are not equidistant, just as "zugi" already assumed.


text: In the face of challenges like drought and growing demand in many European Union countries, it will be important to achieve a balanced mix of pricing and non-pricing measures to ensure efficient household water use. This report commissioned by the European Environment Agency (EEA) analyzes existing pricing and non-pricing measures for managing water demand in eight European countries. It finds that all monitored countries have mechanisms in place to provide an incentive for a more efficient water use in the domestic sector. But the evidence on the real incentives created by existing pricing (tariffs) for more efficient water use is scarce, if available at all. In some countries (Germany, Denmark, Spain and France) price does not appear to be a significant determinant of water demand. The report concludes that while water pricing will continue to be an important instrument to signal water scarcity and water costs, it should be complemented with non-price policies, such as education or awareness campaigns. The report is available to download on the Eionet website.


text: MUZAFFARGARH: Officers and field staff of extension and plant protection directorates of the agriculture department attended a one-day training workshop at Zila council hall here Tuesday to have their knowledge and skills refreshed on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) technology for biological control of pests on cotton crops. Deputy Secretary of Agriculture (technical) South Punjab Dr. Haidar Karrar gave a detailed briefing to officials on modern cotton production technology and the IPM model to control enemy pests. He said that experiments last year showed early sowing of triple-gene cotton varieties delivered the best production results. He advised farmers to prefer triple gene varieties including CKC-1, CKC-3, Ghauri-2, CKC-6, CKC-5, Hatf-3 and ICS-386 pleading they possessed better resistance against pests and diseases and give good yields. He said the workshop was aimed at improving officials' capacity to extend proper guidelines to farmers on early cotton sowing and IPM technology. Farmers should complete early cotton sowing by Mar 31 and treat the seed with some anti-fungus pesticide before sowing. Do not apply any pesticides during the first 60 days of the crop, the deputy secretary said. Deputy director of Agriculture Muhammad Iqbal Khan Niazi suggested deep ploughing for land preparation. Assistant Director of Plant Protection Khawaja Abdul Hayee Abid briefed officials on nurturing friendly pests and killing enemy pests through IPM technology. Assistant directors extension Malik Abdur Razaq, Mian Muhammad Afzaal Qureshi, Rana Muhammad Ejaz, Malik Wajid Ali and their field staff were present.


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AOH :: CROWLY14.TXT|
Definition of Magick
THE DEFINITION OF MAGICK
From MAGICK IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
by Aleister Crowley
DEFINITION: MAGICK is the Science and Art of causing Change to occur
in conformity with Will.
POSTULATE: ANY required Change may be effected by the application of
the proper kind and degree of Force in the proper manner
through the proper medium to the proper object.
1) Every intentional act is a Magical Act.
2) Every successful act has conformed to the postulate.
3) Every failure proves that one or more requirements of the postulate
have not been fulfilled.
4) The first requisite for causing any change is thorough qualitative
and quantitative understanding of the conditions.
5) The second requisite of causing any change is the practical ability
to set in right motion the necessary forces.
6) "Every man and every woman is a star."
7) Every man and every woman has a course, depending partly on the
self, and partly on the environment which is natural and
necessary for each. Anyone who is forced from his own course,
either through not understanding himself, or through external
opposition, comes into conflict with the order of the Universe,
and suffers accordingly.
8) A Man whose conscious will is at odds with his True Will is wasting
his strength. He cannot hope to influence his environment
9) A man who is doing his True Will has the inertia of the Universe
to assist him.
10) Nature is a continuous phenomenon, through we do not know in all
cases how things are connected.
11) Science enables us to take advantage of the continuity of Nature by
the empirical application of certain principles whose interplay
involves different orders of idea connected with each other in a
way beyond our present comprehension.
12) Man is ignorant of the nature of his own being and powers. Even his
idea of his limitations is based on experience of the past, and
every step in his progress extends his empire. There is
therefore no reason to assign theoretical limits to what he may
be, or to what he may do.
13) Every man is more or less aware that his individuality comprises
several orders of existence, even when he maintains that his
subtler principles are merely symptomatic of the changes in his
gross vehicle. A similar order may be assumed to extend
14) Man is capable of being, and using, anything which he perceives,
for everything that he perceives is in a certain sense a part of
his being. He may thus subjugate the whole Universe of which he
is conscious to his individual Will.
15) Every force in the Universe is capable of being transformed into
any other kind of force by using suitable means. There is thus
an inexhaustible supply of any particular kind of force that we
16) The application of any given force affects all the orders of being
which exist in the object to which it is applied, whichever of
those orders is directly affected.
17) A man may learn to use any force so as to serve any purpose, by
taking advantage of the above theorems.
18) He may attract to himself any force of the Universe by making
himself a fit receptacle for it, establishing a connection with
it, and arranging conditions so that its nature compels it to
flow toward him.
19) Man's sense of himself as separate from, and opposed to, the
Universe is a bar to his conducting its currents. It insulates
20) Man can only attract and employ the forces for which he is really
21) There is no limit to the extent of the relations of any man with
the Universe in essence; for as soon as man makes himself one
with any idea the means of measurement cease to exist. But his
power to utilize that force is limited by his mental power and
capacity, and by the circumstances of his human environment.
22) Every individual is essentially sufficient to himself. But he is
unsatisfactory to himself until he has established himself in
his right relation with the Universe.
23) Magick is the Science of understanding oneself and one's
conditions. It is the Art of applying that understanding in
24) Every man has an indefeasible right to be what he is.
25) Every man must do Magick each time that he acts or even thinks,
since a thought is an internal act whose influence ultimately
affects action, though it may not do so at the time.
26) Every man has a right, the right of self-preservation, to fulfil
himself to the utmost.
27) Every man should make Magick the keynote of his life. He should
learn its laws and live by them.
28) Every man has a right to fulfil his own will without being afraid
that it may interfere with that of others; for if he is in his
proper place, it is the fault of others if they interfere with
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Today we continue with more great international Earth Day stories from the Earth Day Network!
In Malta, Earth Day Network partner Nature Trust is mobilizing on Earth Day to help young people understand the importance of a healthy environment.
Nature Trust, one of the oldest and largest environmental organizations in Malta, is collaborating with the U.S. Embassy in Malta to organize local schools to send students to an Earth Day talk by a climate change expert. The following morning, the students will attend an event at Xrobb I-Ghagin Nature Park. And that afternoon, there will be a roundtable discussion on climate change between representatives from the University of Malta and local politicians from Malta's three main political parties.
"The event is to commemorate Earth Day in Malta and focus this year on the issue of climate change." – Vincent Attard, President of Nature Trust
Oman's Ministry of Education is mobilizing to hold Earth Day events in 1,043 schools, engaging more than 524,000 students throughout the country. They also published Earth Day Network's green schools lesson plans on their education portal in Arabic and English.
* This event is one of thousands being held around the world for Earth Day 2012. To find or start a local event and learn how you can get involved in Mobilize the Earth™, go to _URL_


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The word score can have several meanings. Originally it meant: keeping count of something by making notches in a tally stick. This might be for keeping count of how much money they owed (e.g. how much tax or debt).
- A footballer who kicks the ball into the goal scores a goal.
- A person who helps to count the points during a game is "keeping score".
- a score is the sheet music written for a group of players such as an orchestra.
- A score can mean a "soundtrack" in a movie.
- Score is an old word for the number 20. It is used in the famous expression from the Bible: "three score years and ten" meaning: "seventy years old" (3x20+10) (Psalm 90). This was thought to be a normal life span. And in the beginning of the Gettysburg Address: "Four score and seven years ago..." = (4*20+7)years = 87years.
- a score is an American 20 dollar bill (banknote).
|This disambiguation page lists articles with similar titles.
If a link brought you here, you can go back and fix it so it goes straight to the right page.


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at the temperament of French Bulldogs, they are generally known as a calm breed. Despite being playful and energetic as puppies, they often grow up to be quite lazy dogs, enjoying their time lounging and sleeping. This makes them fantastic companions for those living in smaller homes or apartments, as they do not require a significantly active lifestyle. However, while French Bulldogs love to laze about, it is also crucial to ensure they get a reasonable amount of exercise to prevent obesity and promote their overall well-being.
Animal husbandry has played a significant role in dog grooming when it comes to the brindle coat variant. Canines, in general, acquire unique characteristics through selective mating over generations. This is performed under the careful watch of professional breeders aiming towards a particular set of characteristics, and in this case, the brindle pattern in French Bulldogs. Breeding is a topic for another time, but it's safe to say it plays a crucial role in defining the breed and its coat variants.
A lover of brindle French Bulldogs is usually aware of their unique features and peculiarities. Their coat type, size, and amicable nature make them a preferred pet choice for many households. So, next time you find yourself contemplating how much is a brindle French bulldog, consider their beautiful coat, their distinct attributes and, most importantly, the love and companionship they offer their owners.
Raising a Healthy Pooch: Nutrition, Exercise and Preventative Health Measures
As a first-time owner, understanding how much is a brindle French bulldog as well as the breed's nutrition, exercise, and preventative health measures are essential in raising a healthy pooch. French Bulldogs, known for their muscular build and compact size, require a well-balanced diet to maintain their optimal body weight and overall health.
Nutrition plays a vital role in every stage of your pet's life. A balanced, nutrient-rich diet is essential to ensure your French bulldog's growth, overall well-being, and longevity. The breed's diet typically requires a healthy mix of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and essential vitamins and minerals.
- Dry dog food is a popular choice for its convenience, but ensure it's from a reputable brand that meets the nutritional needs of a French bulldog.
- High-quality canned food is also an option, as it often contains higher protein and fewer carbohydrates than dry food.
- Some owners opt for a raw diet, a controversial topic in the pet world, and should only be done under a veterinarian's guidance to ensure essential nutritional needs are met.
Exercise is as essential as nutrition in raising a healthy brindle French bulldog. Despite their laid-back nature, every French bulldog needs a moderate amount of physical activity to stay in shape and prevent obesity, a common health issue among this breed.
Regular walks and playtime can help keep your pet's weight at a healthy level. Agility training can also be a fun way to provide mental and physical stimulation.
Besides diet and exercise, another key factor in determining how much is a brindle French bulldog or rather how healthy it is, includes preventive health measures. Regular vet check-ups and consistent vaccinations as directed by your vet, can shield your pet from various health issues. Preventative measures include:
- Regular checks for common bulldog health issues such as hip dysplasia and brachycephalic syndrome.
- Maintaining a schedule for regular vaccinations and deworming as required.
- Regular grooming can prevent skin conditions that are prevalent among French bulldogs due to their wrinkly skin.
Raising a Brindle French Bulldog involves a lot more than just identifying how much is a brindle French bulldog. It requires responsible ownership, understanding your pet's unique needs, and providing the right nutrition, exercise, and preventative health measures.
Understanding the Cost Aspect: From Purchasing a Brindle French Bulldog Puppy to Caring For It
The financial responsibility of owning a dog extends far beyond the initial purchase price. When considering how much is a brindle French bulldog, it's crucial to take into account the expenses that will accompany the lifetime of your pet. These typically include costs for nutrition, ongoing health care, grooming, and beyond.
If you're wondering, 'how much is a brindle French bulldog?' you should know that initially, the price can range anywhere from $1500 to $8000, with the average being around $2500. Breeders can charge more for dogs that have distinctive physical features, such as the brindle coat. This cost disparity between a purebred dog and a brindle French bulldog puppy is often due to factors such as lineage, breeder reputation, quality of care and potentially, regional variance.
Once you bring your brindle French bulldog home, other regular expenses will kick in such as:
- Food: Premium dog food tailored to the nutritional needs of the breed can range between $2 to $5 per pound.
- Regular medical checks: Dogs should typically have annual veterinary checkups, and French Bulldogs may require more frequent vet visits due to potential breed-specific health issues.
- Grooming: While this breed's short coat does keep grooming requirements to a minimum, regular bathing, nail trimmings, and teeth cleanings are still necessary.
- Training: Sometimes, professional assistance might be required if certain behavioral challenges arise.
While these costs do add up, there are many ways to mitigate some of these expenses. Smart shopping can help find affordable but high-quality pet food and grooming products. Regular home care can reduce veterinary costs and potential health problems.
Don't forget to take into consideration unexpected costs too. Things like accidents, sudden illnesses or breed-specific health issues can quickly increase your annual dog care budget. Also remember, larger dogs like the French bulldog typically have a higher cost of living compared to smaller breeds, primarily due to their bigger appetites and the cost of medications being often dose-dependent.
Make no mistake, owning a dog, especially a brindle French bulldog, is a considerable financial commitment. However, with careful planning and budgeting, this unique and lovable breed is very much worth the investment.
Educating on French Bulldog Care: Training, Breeding and the Value of Pet Insurance
Owning a French bulldog, particularly a brindle, entails more than just knowing how much is a brindle French bulldog. It's crucial to understand how to care for this breed, including their training, breeding, and the importance of pet insurance. French bulldogs are known for their amicable temperament, but proper training remains essential.
Training a French Bulldog can be a rewarding process as this breed is typically eager to please their owners and quick learners. However, challenges may arise due to their stubborn and playful nature. Hence, it's important to maintain patience and consistency throughout training sessions. Here are some tips for successful French bulldog training:
- Start training at an early age to instill good behavior patterns
- Keep training sessions short and engaging
- Use positive reinforcement strategies such as treats and praises
- Ensure regular exercise to help burn off excess energy
Breeding French Bulldogs can be a significantly complex process. This is due to the breed's unique physical structure, which often requires them to be artificially inseminated and give birth via Caesarian section. Furthermore, French Bulldogs are known to have a high prevalence of certain health issues such as Brachycephalic Syndrome and Hip Dysplasia. Therefore, responsible breeding practices are vital to ensure the health of both the parent dogs and puppies. To limit health risks, potential breeders should:
- Choose healthy parents with regular veterinary screenings
- Seek professional guidance on the breeding process
- Ensure adequate prenatal and postnatal care for the mother and puppies
When considering how much is a Brindle French Bulldog, one must also factor in potential future costs which can be managed effectively with pet insurance. French Bulldogs are prone to a number of breed-specific health conditions that can result in substantial veterinary costs. Pet insurance can serve as a financial safety net and provide peace of mind for the owner. Some advantages of pet insurance include:
- Offsetting the cost of routine check-ups and preventative care
- Covering emergency medical expenses
- Including options for coverage of prescriptions and treatments
However, it is important to understand that insurance coverage and costs can vary significantly based on diet breed and size. Always consider multiple options and read the fine print of any policy before making a decision.
Conclusion: The Worth of a Brindle French Bulldog
After delving into the many financial aspects of owning a brindle French bulldog, like dog care costs, pedigree considerations, and pet insurance, the question still on many potential owners' lips may be, "how much is a brindle French bulldog really worth?" The answer encompasses more than just monetary value.
A brindle French bulldog, like any pets, offers its owner companionship, trust, and loyalty. These dogs are known for their playful and affectionate characters, making them great companions for people of all ages. Their unique brindle coats and engaging personalities are simply priceless. These companions bring enormous joy and happiness to a home, offering a sense of comfort and an everlasting bond that money can't buy.
Indeed, the value of a brindle French bulldog goes beyond how much it costs to buy or care for one. The emotional support, companionship, and captivating charm they possess make them incredibly rewarding pets.
Why do people wonder, "how much is a brindle French bulldog?" Perhaps because they are considering the commitment to a new furry family member, willing to shower them with love and care. They need to remember that despite initial outlay and ongoing costs, the true worth of their furry friend is in the love, companionship, and happiness that they provide.
It is important to remember that any pet, including a brindle French bulldog, needs a loving and responsible owner open to the commitment and responsibility of pet


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Take a look at your Bible Study group. Everyone sits around a table or in some group setting. Bibles are open and pens are poised for note taking. Some will say very little, fearful of sounding unintelligent. Others willingly share their knowledge and ideas. But the focus is the Lord.
Now take a look at the knitting or crochet group. Everyone sits around, project in hand, with conversation and laughter around. The ease of the setting makes it easy to talk and share.
Let's combine the two. Take the ease and comfort from the knitting/crochet group setting and add the conversation guidelines of the Bible Study which is to be focused on the Lord. While the others are working on projects, one person reads the lesson and scripture. Discussion questions are stated.
With the relaxed atmosphere and hook or needles in hand, a sense of sharing instead of studying prevails. For many having the project in hand makes it more comfortable to join in. Insights are made with in depth discussions into how the Word has affected the lives of those involved.
That is a Knit and Crochet Bible Study. A few guidelines are stated up front:
All conversation must be God honoring. This is not a stitch and bitch session. Are you mad at your husband or children? You can speak but no demeaning words may be spoken. Male bashing will not be allowed.
You must be respectful of all persons whether in the room or not.
Prayer requests are confidential. They are not to be discussed outside the group. They are not to be forwarded with email.
Prayer requests must not be something that would be harmful information about another. Every family has secrets. Honor those secrets. Seek counsel from your pastor or another trusted person on a one-to-one basis.
Respect each others view. Don't argue the gospel. Don't speculate on the gospel. Use the Word as written.
There is only one gospel, but when it comes to knitting and crochet, there are many techniques. Just because someone doesn't do the stitch or hold the yarn the same way you do doesn't make them wrong. Work together without criticism of needlework abilities.
And there you have a Knit and Crochet Bible Study.
With that that in mind, grab your Bible, yarn, needles and/or your hooks; let's get started.


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Given a measure space $X$ with its measure $\mu$, it can be shown (I'll provide a proof if asked for) that $\displaystyle \forall f \in L^\infty(X,\mu),~\textrm{if } \exists p_0:\forall q \geq p_0, f\in L^q\cap L^\infty, \textrm{ then } \lim_{p \to \infty}\|f\|_p = \|f\|_\infty$ (whih by the way justify this notation)
This convergence implies the following: $\forall f, \forall \epsilon > 0, \exists q:= q(f,\epsilon),\textrm{ such that } \forall p\geq q, |\|f\|_p-\|f\|_\infty| < \epsilon$
This means that given an approximation error of the infinity norm bounded by $\epsilon$, I should be able to compute an (let's call it) index so that, I don't need to go any further, but I have a priori knowledge of the potential error.
The idea is, I am working on some pattern recognition problems and I am using the infinity norm somewhere there. However, as it is quite unreliable against outliers, using a p-norm approximation allows to "average out" the local outliers and get a more robust result. The higher the power the more importance the local outliers (or singularities) have, and the less I like it :)
If you have any idea on a proof or a results, it would be very helpful.
share|cite|improve this question
In general it sounds not too good to "average" outliers (since they are outliers and hence, distort the mean quite heavy). How about calculating the infinity norm, but leaving out a few of the largest contributions? – Dirk Mar 22 '12 at 10:08
Well, even though some points can be considered as outliers, they may carry a bit of information anyway, or we cannot distinguish if they proper information carrier or information destroyer sometimes (see for instance the problems in OCT imaging). As a basic example, you can think of the Hausdorff distance in image alignment:… The two sets seem to be pretty well aligned, if we take out the peak, but taking this peak into consideration tells us also that the shapes are quite different. – Jean-Luc Bouchot Mar 22 '12 at 10:38
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From 2D to 3D Bifurcation Structures in Field Oriented Control of a PMSM
- *Corresponding Author:
- Wahid Souhail
Electrical Engineering Department
National Engineering School of Monastir Monestir
Ibn al Jazar 5019, Tunisia
E-mail: [email protected]
Received Date: August 30, 2016; Accepted Date: September 09, 2016; Published Date: September 16, 2016
Citation: Souhail W, Khamari H, Mimouni MF (2016) From 2D to 3D Bifurcation Structures in Field Oriented Control of a PMSM. J Electr Electron Syst 5: 196. doi: 10.4172/2332-0796._PHONE_
Copyright: © 2016 Souhail W, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
This paper presents new aspects of bifurcation structures in a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) in both motor and generator operating modes. It considers the case where the PMSM speed is regulated with a Field-oriented control (FOC). A period doubling bifurcation cascade under the variation of a proportional control parameter leading to chaotic states, was identified. The investigation of parametric singularities allows us to identify a complex bifurcation structure including three generic bifurcations. Such structure is made of the Limit Point (LP), the Hopf (H) and the Bogdanov-Takens (BT) bifurcation sets. Sufficient conditions of the existence of the main bifurcations are given analytically. An overview of the phase space singularities associated to the parametric singularities is presented. Moreover, embedding 2D bifurcation sets in a 3D parametric space, led to identify certain bifurcation surface structures. The bifurcation surfaces established correspond to limit point bifurcation for the motor and generator operating mode, and for period doubling period bifurcation. The 3D bifurcation sets play an important role to study the combined effect of three different parameters on the PMSM dynamics, and permit to control the complex PMSM dynamics to a stable equilibrium dot by an adequate tuning of either control and system parameters.