Delete file content matlab software
If you just want to delete figures with know extension of you could use. Mathworks is the leading developer of mathematical computing software for. You can delete a file on the raspberry pi hardware. Delete files with specific names matlab answers matlab central. Optional choose whether to delete download archive files. Introduction to matlab for engineering students northwestern. Usually, uninstalling matlab from either windows addremove programs or by its default uninstaller only remove the main executable files of matlab, while its personal settings, cache folder, temporary files and specially the leftovers in the windows registry still linger on your computer. Uninstall mathworks products from a client computer. When i execute this program, most of the text files are deleted.
How to delete all the contents in a folder using matlab. Matlab toolbox directories for example, by adding or deleting files, the path information. To change whether the specified file is permanently deleted or sent to the recycle bin, change the deleting files preference. How to delete this files matlab answers matlab central. On systems running windows xp, click the start menu, select settings control panel add or remove programs. Use operating system features and commands to add or remove files in. From the list of products displayed, click matlab r2019b. The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement. To delete a row or column of a matrix, use the empty vector operator.
This is explained in the rmdir documentation, which states that for the syntax you used foldername must be empty. You can use this syntax with any of the input argument combinations in the previous syntaxes. Mathworks is the leading developer of mathematical computing software for engineers. In second column i want to remove all those rows which falls between 279 to 291. Warnings and errors are not thrown to the command window.
I use fopen to create a file, and want to use \b to delete something, but it doesnt work. In matlab online, you can only delete files in the default working directory, homematlabrpi. Delete files or objects matlab delete mathworks nordic. Documentation, the government hereby agrees that this software or documentation. Opening, running, and viewing the content of files. How to delete all the contents in a folder using matlab mathworks. Select matlab r2019b from the list of products and click changeremove. Then i used restore previous version to restore that folder to yesterday. In the control panel, select uninstall a program in the programs category. This matlab function removes all variables from the current workspace. How to remove content from file matlab answers matlab central. When you specify the file name, you can use path information and wildcards. If your matlab installation folder contains the archive files for downloaded products, the uninstaller displays a message asking if you want to delete these archive files. To do so, go to the home tab and in the environment section, click preferences.
If file already exists, this will overwrite the all old contents of text file and you can write simply new contents. I have a number of figures saved in the folder which i want to delete using matlab. Well, hardwipe is another lightweight windows 10 tool on the list that can be used to delete files and folders. This will delete all the files in the directory specified by pathtofolder, where pathtofolder could be either the absolute or relative path.
757 459 230 935 _PHONE_ _PHONE_ 658 659 18 _PHONE_ _PHONE_ 221 _PHONE_ 31 _PHONE_ _PHONE_ _PHONE_ 1056 832 _PHONE_ _PHONE_ 242 932 993 301 862 677


text:
Authors: Judi A. Turner, M.D., Ph.D. et al
Anesthesiology published on 4 2016.
Background: This multicenter, retrospective study was conducted to determine how resident performance deficiencies affect graduation and board certification.
Methods: Primary documents pertaining to resident performance were examined over a 10-yr period at four academic anesthesiology residencies. Residents entering training between 2000 and 2009 were included, with follow-up through February 2016. Residents receiving actions by the programs' Clinical Competency Committee were categorized by the area of deficiency and compared to peers without deficiencies.
Results: A total of 865 residents were studied (range: 127 to 275 per program). Of these, 215 residents received a total of 405 actions from their respective Clinical Competency Committee. Among those who received an action compared to those who did not, the proportion graduating differed (93 vs. 99%, respectively, P < 0.001), as did the proportion achieving board certification (89 vs. 99%, respectively, P < 0.001). When a single deficiency in an Essential Attribute (e.g., ethical, honest, respectful behavior; absence of impairment) was identified, the proportion graduating dropped to 55%. When more than three Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Core Competencies were deficient, the proportion graduating also dropped significantly.
Conclusions: Overall graduation and board certification rates were consistently high in residents with no, or isolated, deficiencies. Residents deficient in an Essential Attribute, or multiple competencies, are at high risk of not graduating or achieving board certification. More research is needed on the effectiveness and selective deployment of remediation efforts, particularly for high-risk groups.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Jaundice in Newborns May Be Linked to Autism
Study Shows Newborns Who Have Jaundice Are More Likely to Be Diagnosed With Autism
Oct. 11, 2010 -- As many as 60% of full-term newborns and 80% of babies born prematurely develop jaundice in their first few days of life. Now new research suggests the condition may be linked to a higher risk for autism.
Babies with jaundice develop yellowish skin due to excess of the chemical bilirubin, which is a byproduct of the breakdown of red blood cells. Most cases resolve within a week or two of birth. But in very rare cases, jaundice can result in brain damage, cerebral palsy, and even death.
The newly reported study included more than 700,000 children in Denmark. About 35,000 were diagnosed with jaundice as newborns.
More Babies With Jaundice Diagnosed With Autism
Babies who developed jaundice were 67% more likely to be diagnosed with autism during early childhood.
The risk was even higher for babies born in the fall and winter. The risk disappeared in babies whose mothers had not given birth before and in babies born in the spring and summer.
The study suggests a link between jaundice and autism, but it is not clear what that link is, study researcher Rikke Damkjaer Maimburg, PhD, of Denmark's Aarhus University School of Public Health, tells WebMD.
"We can't say from a study like this one that the association is causal, so parents shouldn't worry that a child who has jaundice will develop autism," she says. "It may be some genetic predisposition is associated with the development of jaundice and autism."
Published today in the online issue of the journal Pediatrics, the study included all children born in Denmark between 1994 and 2004. Almost 36,000 developed jaundice and 532 were later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.
Winter Babies Most at Risk
Among children who developed autism, those born in the fall and winter were almost twice as likely to have had jaundice following birth as those born in the spring and summer.
Exposure to sunlight breaks down bilirubin and is considered protective against jaundice. Several studies have also suggested a link between autism and lack of vitamin D, which is known as the sunshine vitamin because the body produces it in response to sun exposure.
"Children born in the winter are also kept indoors more, exposing them to more infections," Maimburg says. "This might also have an impact on autism risk, although this is just speculation."
While there is widespread agreement that both genetic and environmental factors influence autism risk, researchers have yet to identify specific environmental risk factors for the disorder.
Earlier research by the Danish researchers also showed the jaundice-autism link, but findings from a California study published in 2005 showed no association.
Alycia Halladay, PhD, who is director of research for the advocacy group Autism Speaks, says parents should not be concerned that their children will develop autism if they had jaundice as newborns.
"This study does not address whether jaundice or elevated bilirubin plays a causal role in autism," she says.
Autism Speaks is funding a study designed to determine if vitamin D deficiency in newborns is linked to autism.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


_USER_{Yan2012Efficient, abstract = {This paper proposes efficient estimators of risk measures in a semiparametric GARCH model defined through moment constraints. Moment constraints are often used to identify and estimate the mean and variance parameters and are however discarded when estimating error quantiles. In order to prevent this efficiency loss in quantile estimation, we propose a quantile estimator based on inverting an empirical likelihood weighted distribution estimator. It is found that the new quantile estimator is uniformly more efficient than the simple empirical quantile and a quantile estimator based on normalized residuals. At the same time, the efficiency gain in error quantile estimation hinges on the efficiency of estimators of the variance parameters. We show that the same conclusion applies to the estimation of conditional Expected Shortfall. Our comparison also leads to interesting implications of residual bootstrap for dynamic models. We find that these proposed estimators for conditional Value-at-Risk and expected shortfall are asymptotically mixed normal. This asymptotic theory can be used to construct confidence bands for these estimators by taking account of parameter uncertainty. Simulation evidence as well as empirical results are provided.}, address = {London}, author = {Yang Yan and Dajing Shang and Oliver Linton}, copyright = {_URL_ doi = {10.1920/wp.cem.2012.2512}, keywords = {C14; C22; G22; 330; Empirical Likelihood; Empirical process; GARCH; Quantile; Value-at-Risk; Expected Shortfall}, language = {eng}, number = {CWP25/12}, publisher = {Centre for Microdata Methods and Practice (cemmap)}, title = {Efficient estimation of conditional risk measures in a semiparametric GARCH model}, type = {cemmap working paper}, url = {_URL_ year = {2012} }


text:
Fig. 1 shows a photo of the liquid sample holder filled with sunscreen lotion, and Fig. 2 shows qualitative analysis results for two types of sunscreen. The main component of both lotions is zinc oxide, but it is evident that the sunscreen lotion from Company A (PA+++) contains talc, and the sunscreen lotion from Company B (PA++++) contains titanium oxide.
Advanced state-of-the-art high-resolution XRD system powered by Guidance expert system software
Highly versatile multipurpose X-ray diffractometer with built-in intelligent guidance
New 6th-generation general purpose benchtop XRD system for phase i.d and phase quantification

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Why Do Games Come With Special Labelling On Their Pack?
In this article, we will discuss why are game packs having special labels stick on them.
Also, we will discuss what the capability and safety feature of the gaming devices in the market is.
Why do game packs have special labelling?
Game packs are coming with a special pack nowadays because they don't want people to get hurt.
This means that when you purchase games, it usually comes inside of a safe package.
They mostly do this to protect the game from any kind of external harm done to them.
These packs are specially made for the games to tell the people about their content.
They do this because they want the people to not give the wrong games to the small children.
This is because if a person or a child gets addicted to games, they will play every game.
They will even try to play those games which are not within their age limit, like 18+ or 16+ games.
This is the common thing that is done by small children, and this needs to be stopped.
This is why to make the parents aware and also the children aware about the contents of it.
Many of the children back out from playing games, not in their age limit, but most of them play.
This usually happens because the parents are not careful enough, and they are letting them free.
This means that most of the children are given money randomly to buy anything.
Many of the children save the money that has been given to them as a treat and then purchase the game.
This is a wrong thing to do, and the parents should keep a watch on their children and what they are doing.
Play games unlimited
Many of the parents are not that careful, and their kids get into doing all kinds of wrong stuff.
This can affect their life ahead in the future, which is very bad and should be avoided.
This is a committee made which is called as Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB).
These are the people who are there to test out these games and then rate them accordingly.
These people also rate the game and then keep the age limit of the game for the people and children to enjoy.
By looking at the ESRB ratings, the parents can now make a clear decision on what they are doing.
If they take t
he wrong steps, then it will have a severe effect on their child, and it will spoil them.
Friv EZ is a website that does not even want an ESRB rating because they are an online website.
This means that they have games that are there in a different category.
Each of these games is of a different genre, and each of them is operated very differently and is unique.
You can play games like UNO, Snooker, Pool, Chess, business, and many other games here.
The best thing about this website is that it is free of cost, and you can play with real players online.
You will need to have a good internet connection and need to be in an allowed country zone.
What are the capabilities and safety features of these devices?
Earn Money from Gaming
Game consoles that are being released in the market are all coming with a family safety option.
This means that there will be parental control and also timing for these consoles, which can be set.
This means that they can either limit the time for the console being operated in a day.
Along with that, the parents can also block and game or website on the console using the control feature.
When playing an online game, they can interact with a real player from around the world.
They also have an online safety program that you can switch on, and it will keep you safe.
This means that it will stop the user from entering the website that contains a virus.
They have the full authority to do, and they also stop them from doing something wrong.
These are the best things about these consoles that make them very unique and also the best in the market.
If you have a computer as you're playing device, then it already has an inbuilt parental control that you can use.
This means that it will limit any user of the game to play on the PC for a certain time.
How to control the game
You can also have these kinds of locks and controls on mobile phones and other devices.
If you are having a hand-held device or any other latest gaming device.
Then they have a feature called Bluetooth, which is most common nowadays.
The blue tooth is the thing that can make the console and also the other devices connect.
This means that it can connect phones, laptops, blue tooth speakers, headphones, and also earphones.
Blue tooth is an essential part of people's lives, and it can also help you to interact with the child's session.
For this to happen, you need to be close to the device that you have parental control on.
Then only you will be able to show them different things on their screen and communicate.
The games are played online, which means that you will interact with real people on the internet.
Some of the people in these games are very nice and humble, while some of them are very rude.
This means that they get angry very quickly and most of the time, and then they can also destroy things.
While doing this, they can also harm themselves, which is a possibility and should be avoided.
This is the reason why most of the parents in this world are going against online gaming.
This is very wrong as the person who plays these games is the one who is doing wrong things.
They have been instructed and also alerted many times before they buy and play the game.
They must listen to the different things said to them and follow them.
Most of them just ignore it and keep on playing and then hurting themselves and breaking stuff.
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description of the transaction.
The value is of Python type str. Method note() is the intended way to set the value. Storages record the description, as meta-data, when a transaction commits.
A storage may impose a limit on the size of the description; behavior is undefined if such a limit is exceeded (for example, a storage may raise an exception, or truncate the value).
addAfterCommitHook(hook, args=(), kws=None)
Register a hook to call after a transaction commit attempt.
The specified hook function will be called after the transaction commit succeeds or aborts. The first argument passed to the hook is a Boolean value, true if the commit succeeded, or false if the commit aborted. args specifies additional positional, and kws keyword, arguments to pass to the hook. args is a sequence of positional arguments to be passed, defaulting to an empty tuple (only the true/false success argument is passed). kws is a dictionary of keyword argument names and values to be passed, or the default None (no keyword arguments are passed).
Multiple hooks can be registered and will be called in the order they were registered (first registered, first called). This method can also be called from a hook: an executing hook can register more hooks. Applications should take care to avoid creating infinite loops by recursively registering hooks.
Hooks are called only for a top-level commit. A savepoint creation does not call any hooks. Calling a hook "consumes" its registration: hook registrations do not persist across transactions. If it's desired to call the same hook on every transaction commit, then addAfterCommitHook() must be called with that hook during every transaction; in such a case consider registering a synchronizer object via a TransactionManager's registerSynch() method instead.
getAfterCommitHooks()
Return iterable producing the registered addAfterCommit hooks.
A triple (hook, args, kws) is produced for each registered hook. The hooks are produced in the order in which they would be invoked by a top-level transaction commit.
savepoint(optimistic=False)
Create a savepoint.
If the optimistic argument is true, then data managers that don't support savepoints can be used, but an error will be raised if the savepoint is rolled back.
An ISavepoint object is returned.
setExtendedInfo(name, value)
Add extension data to the transaction.
name is the name of the extension property to set, of Python type str; value must be picklable. Multiple calls may be made to set multiple extension properties, provided the names are distinct.
Storages record the extension data, as meta-data, when a transaction commits.
A storage may impose a limit on the size of extension data; behavior is undefined if such a limit is exceeded (for example, a storage may raise an exception, or remove <name, value> pairs).
beforeCommitHook(_ITransaction__hook, *args, **kws)
Register a hook to call before the transaction is committed.
THIS IS DEPRECATED IN ZODB 3.6. Use addBeforeCommitHook() instead.
The specified hook function will be called after the transaction's commit method has been called, but before the commit process has been started. The hook will be passed the specified positional and keyword arguments.
Multiple hooks can be registered and will be called in the order they were registered (first registered, first called). This method can also be called from a hook: an executing hook can register more hooks. Applications should take care to avoid creating infinite loops by recursively registering hooks.
Hooks are called only for a top-level commit. A savepoint does not call any hooks. If the transaction is aborted, hooks are not called, and are discarded. Calling a hook "consumes" its registration too: hook registrations do not persist across transactions. If it's desired to call the same hook on every transaction commit, then beforeCommitHook() must be called with that hook during every transaction; in such a case consider registering a synchronizer object via a TransactionManager's registerSynch() method instead.
note(text)
Add text to the transaction description.
This modifies the .description attribute; see its docs for more detail. First surrounding whitespace is stripped from text. If .description is currently an empty string, then the stripped text becomes its value, else two newlines and the stripped text are appended to .description.
abort()
Abort the transaction.
This is called from the application. This can only be called before the two-phase commit protocol has been started.
user
A user name associated with the transaction.
The format of the user name is defined by the application. The value is of Python type str. Storages record the user value, as meta-data, when a transaction commits.
A storage may impose a limit on the size of the value; behavior is undefined if such a limit is exceeded (for example, a storage may raise an exception, or truncate the value).
setUser(user_name, path='/')
Set the user name.
path should be provided if needed to further qualify the identified user. This is a convenience method used by Zope. It sets the .user attribute to str(path) + " " + str(user_name). This sets the .user attribute; see its docs for more detail.
addBeforeCommitHook(hook, args=(), kws=None)
Register a hook to call before the transaction is committed.
The specified hook function will be called after the transaction's commit method has been called, but before the commit process has been started. The hook will be passed the specified positional (args) and keyword (kws) arguments. args is a sequence of positional arguments to be passed, defaulting to an empty tuple (no positional arguments are passed). kws is a dictionary of keyword argument names and values to be passed, or the default None (no keyword arguments are passed).
Multiple hooks can be registered and will be called in the order they were registered (first registered, first called). This method can also be called from a hook: an executing hook can register more hooks. Applications should take care to avoid creating infinite loops by recursively registering hooks.
Hooks are called only for a top-level commit. A savepoint creation does not call any hooks. If the transaction is aborted, hooks are not called, and are discarded. Calling a hook "consumes" its registration too: hook registrations do not persist across transactions. If it's desired to call the same hook on every transaction commit, then addBeforeCommitHook() must be called with that hook during every transaction; in such a case consider registering a synchronizer object via a TransactionManager's registerSynch() method instead.
commit()
Finalize the transaction.
This executes the two-phase commit algorithm for all IDataManager objects associated with the transaction.
doom()
Doom the transaction.
Dooms the current transaction. This will cause DoomedTransactionException to be raised on any attempt to commit the transaction.
Otherwise the transaction will behave as if it was active.
getBeforeCommitHooks()
Return iterable producing the registered addBeforeCommit hooks.
A triple (hook, args, kws) is produced for each registered hook. The hooks are produced in the order in which they would be invoked by a top-level transaction commit.
interface transaction.interfaces.ITransactionDeprecated
Deprecated parts of the transaction API.
begin(info=None)
Begin a new transaction.
If the transaction is in progress, it is aborted and a new transaction is started using the same transaction object.
register(object)
Register the given object for transaction control.
interface transaction.interfaces.ITransactionManager
An object that manages a sequence of transactions.
Applications use transaction managers to establish transaction boundaries.
begin()
Begin a new transaction.
If an existing transaction is in progress, it will be aborted.
The newTransaction() method of registered synchronizers is called, passing the new transaction object.
registerSynch(synch)
Register an ISynchronizer.
Synchronizers are notified about some major events in a transaction's life. See ISynchronizer for details.
get()
Get the current transaction.
unregisterSynch(synch)
Unregister an ISynchronizer.
Synchronizers are notified about some major events in a transaction's life. See ISynchronizer for details.
savepoint(optimistic=False)
Create a savepoint from the current transaction.
If the optimistic argument is true, then data managers that don't support savepoints can be used, but an error will be raised if the savepoint is rolled back.
An ISavepoint object is returned.
isDoomed()
Returns True if the current transaction is doomed, otherwise False.
abort()
Abort the current transaction.
commit()
Commit the current transaction.
doom()
Doom the current transaction.
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An improved infrared carbon monoxide analyser for routine measurements aboard commercial Airbus aircraft: technical validation and first scientific results of the MOZAIC III programme
Abstract. The European-funded MOZAIC programme (Measurements of ozone and water vapour by Airbus in-service aircraft) has been operational since 1994 aboard 5 commercial Airbus A340. It has gathered ozone and water vapour data between the ground and an altitude of 12 km from more than 20 000 long-range flights. A new infrared carbon monoxide analyser has been developed for installation on the MOZAIC equipped aircraft. Improvements in the basic characteristics of a commercial CO analysers have achieved performance suitable for routine aircraft measurements : ±5 ppbv, ±5% precision for a 30 s response time. The first year of operation on board 4 aircraft with more than 900 flights has proven the reliability and the usefulness of this CO analyser. The first scientific results are presented here, including UTLS exchange events and pollution within the boundary layer.


text:
Dear Concordia Students,
My name is Abigail Hirsch, and I served as a dedicated volunteer at Community University Television (CUTV) for two years under previous management. I am writing to express my concerns about the current state of CUTV and its potential impact on our student community.
As you know, CUTV is funded by your student association fees, which you contribute along with your Concordia fees. It is crucial that the organization, representing the entire student body, adheres to principles of fairness and honesty and avoids divisive or discriminatory practices.
Regrettably, I have observed a noticeable shift in CUTV's approach since September 2010, coinciding with the appointment of Laith Marouf as the new programming manager. I want to draw your attention to a few key points.
- When I signed up, Laith Marouf banned me from CUTV's learning lab because of my pro-Israel posts.
- When I sought help from Concordia's administration and the ombudsman, I learned that the Concordia Students Association operates as a legal workers' union under Quebec union law. This means it's outside the authority of the Concordia Academic Apparatus, giving the Student Association the freedom to operate and manage a substantial budget using student fees.
During my research into CUTV and Laith Marouf, I uncovered the following:
- Unethical Reporting: Marouf has a track record of engaging in dishonest reporting, as evidenced by his conviction by McGill radio station 'The Olive Tree.' This was due to baseless claims he made about Israel's involvement in the Abu Ghraib scandal. His subsequent retraction lacked sincerity and repentance.
- Controversial Content: Under Marouf's leadership, CUTV published a news piece that characterized Elie Wiesel, a Holocaust survivor, writer, and Nobel Prize winner, as a "war crimes apologist." Such content is not only inflammatory but also disrespectful.
Now is the time for all of us to consider the future of news reporting at Concordia. Do you endorse biased and malicious reporting? Is Laith Marouf the right person to lead the media at our university? Is CUTV deserving of your financial support?
A former volunteer at CUTV
Summary of Recent Developments:
Regrettably, Laith Marouf and the student councils, marked by bias and libels about Israel, continue to operate without consequence. Laith'Marouf's outright antisemitism was only exposed to public outcry in July of 2023 when it was revealed that the Canadian governemnt had awarded him an antiracism grant. $122,000 CAD. The CBC review of the government's attempt to retract this grant can be found here.
Context Leading to the Current Situation:
Since 2011, I have closely monitored instances of antisemitism on Montreal campuses and globally, mainly linked to "BDS," "Israel apartheid," and the claim that "Zionism is racism." These narratives originated from a UN resolution which first appeared in 1975, was retracted in 1991 and was reintroduced and accepted in 2001 at the UN World Conference against Racial Discrimination in Durban, South Africa.
The suspicion of the influence of foreign entities in sponsoring Palestinian students who are active in university student unions has also been raised. In any case it is clear that these student unions have been the source of libelous indoctrination regarding Israel and worst of all they have been alowed to exist while actively prohibiting frredom of exprssion on university campuses. This situation demnds responsible and immediate action.
Following the October 7 attack by Hamas on Israel, discussions about the role of student unions at universities like McGill and Concordia have also emerged recenlty in US congressional hearings. These student unions have clearly functioned as propaganda outlets for the Palestine cause..Sadly the October 7th Hamas attack on Israel has emboldened them to violent protests against pro-Israel students. A notable event at Concordia involved a situation where police and ambulances had to be called when pro-Palestine students attacked pro-Israel students distributing pro-Israel pamphlets in the lobby of the Hall building.
At McGill, an ongoing contested vote within the Student Union proposing the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) of Israel is another indication of the power that these student unions feel they can wield.
Anti-Israel discussion which leads to attacks on students cannot be permitted on any campus or indeed anywhere in Canada. When any one group is threated that affects the safety of all groups. It erodes the Canadian value of tolerance and freedom of expression for all.
It is crucial to approach these matters with sensitivity and respect for diverse perspectives, acknowledging their impact on university communities.
I do believe it would be a public service for the CBC and indeed all media to address this issue with claity and integrity.


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- Boy Names
What does the baby name Leonidus mean? Learn about what Leonidus means, its history & origin, popularity in our random name database, pronunciation, similar names, nicknames & spelling variations.
Leonidus - Name Meaning, Origin & Popularity
- Spelling of Leonidus
- L-E-O-N-I-D-U-S, is a 8-letter male given name.
- Pronunciation of Leonidus
- lee oh NY das
- Meaning of Leonidus
- Lion like, strong like a lion.
- Origin of Leonidus
- The name 'Leonidus' originates from ancient Greece, where it was derived from the Greek word 'leon', meaning 'lion'. In Greek mythology, the lion was a symbol of strength, courage, and nobility, and the name 'Leonidus' reflects these qualities. The earliest known use of the name can be traced back to ancient Sparta, where it was given to male children in honor of the renowned Spartan king Leonidas I, who led the Greeks against the Persians in the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 B.C.
- Greek Names
- Popularity of Leonidus
- Over time, the popularity of the name 'Leonidus' has varied. While it has never been one of the most common names, it has experienced periods of increased usage. In ancient Greece, the name was relatively common among Spartan families, as it was seen as a symbol of bravery and warrior spirit. In more recent times, the name has seen a resurgence in popularity, particularly in the United States, where it gained attention through its association with the fictional character King Leonidas in the blockbuster film '300' released in 2006.
- Leonidus currently has no likes. Be the first to like this name.
Etymology of Leonidus
The etymology of the name 'Leonidus' is deeply rooted in the Greek language. As mentioned earlier, 'leon' means 'lion' in Greek, and 'idus' is a suffix denoting belonging or association. Therefore, 'Leonidus' can be interpreted as 'belonging to the lion' or 'associated with the lion'. This etymology further reinforces the name's connection to strength, courage, and nobility.
Cultural Significance of Leonidus
The name 'Leonidus' holds great cultural significance in ancient Greek history. It is closely associated with the heroic figure of King Leonidas I, who epitomized the ideals of Spartan society, including discipline, bravery, and self-sacrifice. King Leonidas and the Battle of Thermopylae have become legendary symbols of resistance against overwhelming odds. The name 'Leonidus', therefore, carries with it a sense of honor, valor, and a warrior spirit deeply ingrained in the Greek cultural heritage.


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Polygon Boundaries Side by Side
Hello. I'm trying to show two polygons with two different color outlines, however, where the two polygon boundaries intersect, one of the outlines will overlap the other. I want to be able to show the two boundaries next to each other rather than having one overlap the other. Please see attached file for an example of what I am looking for.
Mapping Center Answer:
There is no automated way to do what you're asking for. However, by converting your symbology to cartographic representations, you can manually adjust the symbol geometry for the polygons that share an edge to produce the outcome you want.
Once you convert the symbols to representations, and start editing, you will use the Direct Select tool on the representation toolbar to select the shared portion of the geometry of one polygon, and then use the Move Parallel tool to move that edge.
Here is the help topic about selecting a portion of a representation's geometry.
If you would like to post a comment, please login.


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A three-year field study conducted by Ohio State University's School of Environment and Natural Resources in partnership with the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRD) has resulted in a valuable collection of research that can benefit the Calumet region. The results of this study will be presented to the public on Jan. 18 from 1:30 p.m. to 2:30 p.m. at the Stickney Water Reclamation Plant Auditorium, 6001 W. Pershing Road, Cicero. This seminar is eligible for Professional Development Credits/Continuing Education Units, and reservations are required.
The study compared the performance of MWRD's biosolids with the United States Composting Council's certified vegetative compost to determine its restorative qualities in degraded soil. Dr. Nicholas Basta, Professor of Soil and Environmental Chemistry, lead the study.
"Our goal was to evaluate the potential impacts of biosolids and compost application on surface water quality in the Calumet region," explained Dr. Thomas Granato, MWRD Director of Monitoring and Research. "This joint effort grew from a one day workshop in 2008 where members of the Calumet Government Working Group and experts in the field of ecological restoration discussed the state of the science of using biosolids for restoration and reconstruction of degraded land in the Calumet region. Biosolids are a cost-effective resource and are in abundant supply."
Biosolids are nutrient-rich, highly organic material developed through extensive treatment and are a superior, yet less expensive alternative to chemical fertilizer. Biosolids can be used in landscaping, for turf at parks and athletic fields and for agricultural crops. MWRD's biosolids are of exceptional quality based on federal standards and, as a service to municipal and commercial users in Cook County, the MWRD offers and delivers biosolids at no cost.
"Many area golf courses, park districts and communities in the Chicago area are using biosolids to improve the quality of their turf, and farmers in the nearby counties like the benefits of higher yields they receive by using biosolids," said Commissioner Mariyana Spyropoulos, Chairman of the MWRD Monitoring and Research Committee.
Reservations for the Jan. 18 presentation can be made by calling _PHONE_. The program and parking are complimentary.
Additional information about the MWRD's biosolids program can be found at _URL_.
Our water environment…Take it personally.
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I recently attended the Bio Manufacturing Summit 2011 in San Diego focused on managing the supply chain in the bio pharma industry. My background is with the high tech electronics supply chain and I found the similarities and differences very interesting. I had the opportunity to attend a few presentations. Topics ranged from outsourcing to managing material supply to capacity utilization. I think that there are many lessons learned from the electronics supply chain that can be applied to pharma but the reverse is also true. Let me explain. Degree of outsourcing
- In electronics there are many examples where 100 percent of manufacturing is outsourced. OEM's (or as they often call them in pharma 'sponsors') have shed all overhead from their manufacturing environments.
- In pharma most OEM's outsource a portion of their manufacturing. They still see manufacturing as a core competency.
- Electronics have made a noble effort to create a strategic relationship between the OEM and the outsourcing partner. The same exists with pharma as it is very difficult and costly to change partners.
- In electronics, agreements are created with rules around upside/downside flexibility, firm commit zones and cancellation policies.
- In pharma, regulations have forced a far more comprehensive approach to a partner agreement. Agreements can be up to 300 pages!
- The need for a well defined agreement may be a lesson learned from pharma. During the downturn many electronics companies were exposed with 'weak links' in their agreements that did not clearly define the liability associated with demand decreases and inventory levels.
- A majority of electronics companies have adopted elements of lean manufacturing. Kanbans and supermarkets are used frequently, and postponement strategies are the hot topic of the day.
- Capacity is important in both industries but the cost associated with pharma capital equipment is much higher. Utilization is very important in pharma. Pharma are considering lean and see the benefit of reducing inventory levels but there is a constant struggle between capacity utilization and pull based lean principles.
- For many electronics companies, material can represent up to 90 percent of their cost of goods. Much time has been spent stratifying inventory, adopting various days of supply policies based on value/volume and min max replenishment programs.
- In the bio pharma conference they spoke about the need to mitigate their supply chain risk through various inventory strategies to eliminate shortages of low dollar items like vials. I sensed that more attention is required in this area.
- Electronics companies struggle to maintain on time delivery objectives and when the product is not on the shelf they may face perishable demand where the consumer goes elsewhere
- In bio pharma, on time delivery is mandatory. Lives are at stake. When there are debates about inventory or delivery, delivery has to be the priority. This makes supply chain management very challenging in this industry. As pressure to reduce cost increases, it can never compromise delivery.
- The challenges here are very similar between both industries. Both are struggling with disparate data from different systems, and mergers and acquisitions.
- Both have complex integrated supply chains where their vertical network can span many levels with many dependencies.
- Once again I saw many similarities here. Both industries agree that evaluating opportunities and risk in demand changes, or product launches or supply issues can better prepare them for the future. This requires the need to continuously plan, monitor and respond.
During the conference high tech electronics was often referenced as a role model for the bio pharma industry. I came away with a great deal of respect for the challenges of the pharma industry but also an enthusiasm for the opportunities for improvement and the increased level of attention directed to the supply chain.


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Why does your school need to be involved in the IAP project?
Schools are having to deal with an increasing number of children who struggle to cope with mainstream education due to learning, wellbeing and safeguarding challenges. This can lead to children being excluded from mainstream classrooms, or excluding themselves through non-attendance.
Internal Alternative Provision (IAP) can be an essential part of the system to support these children in school. IAP can increase attendance, limit the use of internal exclusion and reduce suspensions.
This project is suitable for both primary and secondary settings.
- To reflect on the school's current context, systems and practice to develop a clear intent for Internal Alternative Provision.
- To use a framework to create a plan for a trauma-informed, relational, asset-focussed Internal Alternative Provision.
- To know what structures, systems and practices are required for effective referral, intervention and reintegration from Internal Alternative Provision.
The project will include four interactive and practical online sessions led by Will across the academic year. Following each session, participants will be set a short practice-based assignment (not mandatory but helpful!) relating to supporting children at risk of exclusion and/or persistent absence.
This session will focus on the desired intent of your IAP and the context of your school. It will include;
- Key principles for inclusive, relational IAP and introducing the framework
- Different models of IAP, their advantages and disadvantages
- Measuring success; data and impact measurement
This session will focus on referral to IAP and the induction of children (and their families).
- Being authentically collaborative with families – systemic and asset-based approaches
- Curiosity to understand underlying causes of challenging behaviour and/or persistent absence.
- Developing effective student profiles and support plans.
This session will focus on the intervention phase (what happens) of IAP.
- Reflection on what works and what doesn't in relation to our intent.
- SEMH needs, trauma-informed and relational practices.
- Curriculum design and interventions to support children's assets and needs.
This session will consider the reintegration from IAP to mainstream lessons as well as focus on the next steps for developing effective IAP in your school.
- Key challenges for sustainable reintegration.
- Components of an effective transition / reintegration plan.
- Reflection on intent and how this can be measured.
- Action planning next steps.
Internal Alternative Provision Project
Will is an experienced senior leader and Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator. He has spent more than 10 years working with children with social, emotional and mental health (SEMH) needs in Alternative Provision, Pupil Referral Units, primary, secondary and special schools. Too many times he has seen children excluded from school who needn't be. His experience as a senior leader in a range of settings as well as a specialist foster carer has helped him realise collaboration between schools, families and the wider network is the most effective way to help children thrive.


NCLOAD is the jCommon module of jLab.
 NCLOAD Load all variables from a NetCDF file and convert trajectories to cells.

 NCLOAD(FILENAME) loads all variables from the NetCDF file FILENAME and
 places them into a structure of the same name in the calling workspace.
 The extension '.nc' in FILENAME is optional.

 If FILENAME contains a full pathname, only the final portion after the
 last '/' or '\' is used for the structure name.

 Note that any hyphens '-' in the filename are replaced with underscores
 in the structure name, as the former are not allowed in variable names.

 For example, if FILENAME='/Home/data' contains variables 'num', 'lat',
 and 'lon', then the result of calling NCLOAD('data') will be a
 structure 'data' with fields 'data.num', 'data.lat', and 'data.lon'.

 Then USE can be used to map these variables into the main workspace.

 NCLOAD(FILENAME,VAR1,VAR2,...,VARN) will only load the variables with
 the names VAR1, VAR2,...VARN.

 NCLOAD will convert any variables that are numeric but not doubles to
 doubles. This is because experience has shown using other data types
 in code that is expecting doubles can lead to errors in Matlab.
 __________________________________________________________________

 Convert trajectory data

 In addition, if FILENAME has the global attribute

 featureType = 'trajectory'

 then any variables in FILENAME are have 'Dimensions: obs' will be
 interpreted as concatentated trajectory data, following the NetCDF
 Climate and Forecast (CF) Metadata Conventions Appendix H.4.3

 _URL_

 NCLOAD adopts the convention that a variable named 'ids', having
 'Dimensions: obs', provides the id for all other variables.

 All variables of dimension obs will be converted to cell arrays by
 first calling COLBREAKS using ids as the first argument, then COL2CELL.

 Alternatively, all variables with 'Dimensions: obs' will be
 interpreted as being in the NaN-separated column format used by
 COL2CELL, which will be called to put then in cell array format. This
 format is supported to provide for reverse compatibility; it is
 recommended to use the CF trajectory convention instead.
 __________________________________________________________________

 The following formats also work:

 ncload filename
 ncload filename var1 var2 ... varN

 In this format, the input strings have to be the actual names of the
 file and variables, as opposed to variables containing those names.

 This is basically a way to conveniently work with small NetCDF files as
 if they were mat-files. Typically, NetCDF files load much faster.

 Usage: ncload(filename);
 ncload filename
 ncload(filename,'num','lat','lon');
 ncload filename num lat lon
 __________________________________________________________________
 This is part of JLAB --- type 'help jlab' for more information
 (C) 2019--2020 J.M. Lilly --- type 'help jlab_license' for details
contents | allhelp | index


Editor add-on authorization
In most cases, you must authorize an add-on before you can use it. For many Apps Script projects such as web apps, authorization is straightforward—the script project asks for any missing permissions it needs when you attempt to use it. Once authorized, you can use the script project freely. Everyone using the script project authorizes it separately.
The authorization model for editor add-ons is more complex. Because these add-ons function on files residing in Google Drive—files that can be shared with others—you must build editor add-ons with the different authorization modes in mind. The G Suite editor applications also provide an Add-ons menu in their UIs which is populated by the add-ons you've installed—even if you haven't authorized those add-ons yet. This adds some additional complexity to the authorization model.
Authorization model
Two properties of editor add-ons make them especially easy to share and use:
 - Once you get an editor add-on from the store, you see it in the Add-ons menu for every document you open or create. Collaborators on those documents won't see the add-on except in documents where you actually use it.
 - Once you use an editor add-on in a document, your collaborators also see it in the Add-ons menu, but just for that document (unless they have also installed that add-on).
This sharing model feels natural for most users. However, because an editor add-on automatically runs its onOpen(e) function to add menu items when a document opens, the behavior above adds some complexity to Apps Script's authorization rules. After all, users wouldn't be comfortable with an add-on accessing personal data every time they open a document. This guide should help you understand what your code can do and when.
Installed versus enabled
If you see an editor add-on in the menu, it's in one (or both) of two states: installed and enabled. An editor add-on is installed for a particular user after he or she chooses the add-on in the store and authorizes it to access their Google data. By contrast, an add-on is enabled in a given document when anyone uses it there. If two people collaborate on a document, and one of them uses an add-on, it is installed for the one user and enabled for the document.
The table below summarizes the two states. Note that when testing a script as an add-on you can choose to run the test in either or both of these states.
Installed Enabled
Applies to User Document
Caused by Getting an add-on from the store Getting an add-on from the store while using that document, or
Using a previously installed add-on in that document
Menu visible to Only that user, in all documents they open or create All collaborators on that document
onOpen(e) runs in AuthMode.NONE (unless also enabled, in which case AuthMode.LIMITED) AuthMode.LIMITED
Authorization modes
An editor add-on automatically runs its onOpen(e) function to add menu items when a document opens—but to protect users' data, Apps Script restricts what the onOpen(e) function can do. If the add-on hasn't been used in the current document, these restrictions become more severe.
Specifically, the installed and enabled states determine which authorization mode the onOpen(e) function runs in. Apps Script passes the authorization mode as the authMode property of the Apps Script event parameter, e; the value of e.authMode corresponds to a constant in the Apps Script ScriptApp.AuthMode enum.
If an editor add-on is enabled in the current document, onOpen(e) runs in AuthMode.LIMITED. If the add-on is not enabled and is only installed, onOpen(e) runs in AuthMode.NONE.
The concept of authorization modes applies to all Apps Script executions—such as running from the script editor, from a menu item, or from an Apps Script google.script.run call—although the e.authMode property can only be inspected if the script runs as the result of a trigger like onOpen(e), onEdit(e) or onInstall(e). Custom functions in Google Sheets use their own authorization mode, AuthMode.CUSTOM_FUNCTION, which is similar to LIMITED but has slightly different restrictions. The rest of the time, scripts run in AuthMode.FULL, as detailed in the table below.
NONE LIMITED CUSTOM_FUNCTION FULL
Occurs for onOpen(e) (if the user has installed an add-on but not enabled it in the document) onOpen(e) (all other times)
onEdit(e) (only in Sheets)
Custom functions All other times, including:
installable triggers
onInstall(e)
google.script.run
Access to user data Locale only Locale only Locale only Yes
Access to document No Yes Yes — read-only Yes
Access to user interface Add menu items Add menu items No Yes
Access to Properties No Yes Yes Yes
Access to Jdbc, UrlFetch No No Yes Yes
Other services Logger
Utilities
Any services that don't access user data Any services that don't access user data All services
The complete lifecycle
If an add-on is either installed for the current user or enabled in the current document, the add-on is loaded in the document, which causes it to appear in the Add-ons menu and start listening for the simple triggers onInstall(e), onOpen(e), and onEdit(e). If a user clicks one of the add-on's menu items, it runs.
Installing
When an editor add-on is installed from the store, its onInstall(e) function runs in AuthMode.FULL. This allows the add-on to run a complex setup routine, but it's important to also use onInstall(e) to create menu items, since the document is already open and thus your onOpen(e) function hasn't run. For convenience, you can just call onOpen(e) from onInstall(e), as shown in this sample:
function onInstall(e) {
 onOpen(e);
 // Perform additional setup as needed.
}
Opening
When a document opens, it loads every editor add-on that the current user has installed or that any collaborator has enabled in the document, and calls each of their onOpen(e) functions. The authorization mode that onOpen(e) runs in depends on whether an add-on is installed or enabled.
If an add-on only creates a basic menu, the mode doesn't matter. This sample shows what a simple onOpen(e) might look like:
function onOpen(e) {
 SpreadsheetApp.getUi().createAddonMenu() // Or DocumentApp.
 .addItem('Insert chart', 'insertChart')
 .addItem('Update charts', 'updateCharts')
 .addToUi();
}
However, if you want to add dynamic menu items based on stored Apps Script properties, read the contents of the current document, or perform other advanced tasks, you need to detect the authorization mode and handle it appropriately. This sample shows what an advanced onOpen(e) function might look like, changing its behavior based on the authorization mode:
function onOpen(e) {
 var menu = SpreadsheetApp.getUi().createAddonMenu(); // Or DocumentApp.
 if (e && e.authMode == ScriptApp.AuthMode.NONE) {
 // Add a normal menu item (works in all authorization modes).
 menu.addItem('Start workflow', 'startWorkflow');
 } else {
 // Add a menu item based on properties (doesn't work in AuthMode.NONE).
 var properties = PropertiesService.getDocumentProperties();
 var workflowStarted = properties.getProperty('workflowStarted');
 if (workflowStarted) {
 menu.addItem('Check workflow status', 'checkWorkflow');
 } else {
 menu.addItem('Start workflow', 'startWorkflow');
 }
 }
 menu.addToUi();
}
Running
When someone clicks one of an add-on's menu items, Apps Script first checks to see whether the user has installed the add-on, and prompts them to do so if not. If the user has authorized the add-on, the script runs the function that corresponds to the menu item in AuthMode.FULL. The add-on also becomes enabled in the document if it wasn't already.


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vehicle's electrical system and the longevity of the LED work lights themselves, we'll explore all the key considerations. Get ready to make an informed decision that will optimize the performance of your LED work lights!
Power and Wattage of the LED Work Light
When considering the power and wattage of the LED work light, it is important to assess the specific requirements for your lighting needs. The power consumption and wattage of LED work lights can vary depending on the model and purpose of use.
|LED Work Light
|Power Consumption (Watts)
When selecting the power and wattage of the LED work light, consider the specific tasks or environments in which the light will be used. Higher wattage lights are suitable for larger work areas or situations that require brighter illumination. Lower wattage lights may be sufficient for smaller projects or tasks that do not require intense lighting.
It is crucial to always check the power supply and ensure it can support the wattage of the LED work light. Using a light with higher wattage than the power supply can handle may result in electrical issues or potential damage. Similarly, using a light with lower wattage than needed may not provide sufficient brightness for your requirements.
By carefully assessing the power and wattage needs of the LED work light, you can ensure optimal performance and achieve the desired lighting levels for your specific tasks.
In a similar vein, my friend Mark recently purchased an LED work light for his garage. He initially chose a light with a lower wattage, thinking it would be sufficient for his needs. However, he soon realized that the light was not providing enough brightness for his projects. After doing some research and considering the power and wattage requirements, he upgraded to a higher wattage LED work light. The increased brightness made a significant difference in his workspace, allowing him to work more efficiently and with better visibility. Mark's experience highlights the importance of carefully evaluating the power and wattage of an LED work light to ensure it meets your specific requirements.
Length and Gauge of the Wiring
When considering the length and gauge of the wiring for LED work lights, it is important to ensure proper functionality and safety. Using the appropriate wire gauge is crucial to prevent overheating and electrical hazards.
|Length and Gauge of the Wiring
|Length of Wiring
|Up to 15 feet
Using wires that are too thin for the length of the wiring can result in voltage drop, which can cause dimmer lighting and reduced performance. On the other hand, using wires that are too thick for a shorter length can be unnecessary and add unnecessary cost.
It is recommended to consult the manufacturer's guidelines or consult a professional electrician to determine the appropriate wire gauge for the specific length of wiring needed for your LED work lights.
Vehicle's Electrical System
When considering whether a relay is needed for LED work lights, it is important to take into account the vehicle's electrical system. Here are some factors to consider:
- Electrical capacity: Check if the vehicle's electrical system can handle the additional power required by the LED work lights. Ensure that the alternator and battery are capable of supplying enough electricity to power the lights without causing any strain on the system.
- Wiring compatibility: Verify if the existing wiring in the vehicle is compatible with the LED work lights. Ensure that the wiring gauge is appropriate for the power requirements of the lights. If the gauge is too small, it may lead to overheating or malfunctioning of the lights.
- Protection: Consider the protection of the vehicle's electrical system. A relay can act as a safeguard by preventing excessive current from flowing through the vehicle's switches and wiring. This can help protect the switches and prevent them from getting damaged due to overloading.
When considering whether a relay is needed for LED work lights, it is essential to evaluate the vehicle's electrical system. This includes taking into account the electrical capacity of the system, the compatibility of the existing wiring, and the overall protection of the system. By ensuring that the electrical system can handle the additional power required, verifying the wiring compatibility, and considering the benefits of a relay for protection, you can make an informed decision regarding the use of LED work lights.
Enhanced Performance and Efficiency
When it comes to achieving enhanced performance and efficiency in LED work lights, there are several crucial factors that you should keep in mind:
- Quality of LED: The performance and efficiency of LED work lights highly depend on the quality of the LEDs used. To ensure optimal performance, it is advisable to choose lights that utilize high-quality LEDs.
- Energy Consumption: LED work lights are renowned for their remarkable energy efficiency. They consume significantly less energy than traditional lighting options, making them an excellent choice for achieving enhanced performance while reducing energy costs.
- Brightness: The brightness of LED work lights is measured in lumens. Greater lumens indicate higher brightness levels, which can significantly enhance performance in various work environments. Therefore, it is essential to consider the brightness requirements of your specific tasks when selecting a light.
- Durability: LED work lights are thoughtfully designed to be robust and long-lasting. They are resistant to shocks, vibrations, and extreme temperatures, ensuring reliable performance even in challenging working conditions.
- Adjustability: Some LED work lights come with adjustable settings that allow you to customize the brightness and focus of the light beam based on your specific needs. This adaptability enhances performance and efficiency by providing optimal lighting for different tasks.
By taking these factors into consideration, you can choose LED work lights that offer enhanced performance and efficiency, consequently improving productivity and reducing energy consumption.
Longevity of the LED Work Lights
The longevity of LED work lights can be enhanced by considering certain factors:
- Quality of components: LED work lights that are made with high-quality components are more likely to have a longer lifespan. Look for lights that use durable materials and are built to withstand harsh working conditions.
- Heat dissipation: Proper heat dissipation is crucial for ensuring the longevity of LED work lights. Lights that have efficient heat dissipation systems, such as heat sinks or fans, can prevent overheating and prolong the lifespan of the LEDs.
- Protection against water and dust: LED work lights that have a high IP (Ingress Protection) rating are more resistant to water and dust, ensuring that they continue to function properly even in challenging environments.
- Optimal usage: Using LED work lights within their recommended voltage range and operating temperatures can help increase their longevity. It is important to avoid overloading or exceeding the specified limits to prevent damage to the lights.
- Regular maintenance: Performing regular maintenance on LED work lights, such as cleaning the lenses and checking for any signs of damage or wear, can help identify issues early on and prevent them from worsening.
Fact: LED work lights have an average lifespan of around 50,000 to 100,000 hours, which is significantly longer compared to traditional lighting options.
Frequently Asked Questions
Do LED work lights need a relay?
LED work lights may or may not require a relay, depending on their amperage power. Smaller LED pods or rock lights with a low amp draw may not need a relay. However, larger LED light bars, such as double row or single row light bars, typically require a relay switch to prevent overheating and ensure proper electrical flow.
What is a relay switch?
A relay switch is an electronic switch that allows a low-current circuit to control a high-current circuit. It helps regulate the flow of electricity and prevents issues like overheating, wire burning, and electrical fires. In the context of LED light bars, a relay switch ensures the safe and efficient operation of the light by controlling the high amount of current required.
Why is a relay switch important for LED light bars?
A relay switch is important for LED light bars because it helps protect the electrical system from potential damage. The high amp draw of larger light bars can overload regular switches, causing them to overheat and potentially melt or burn wires. By using a relay switch, the high current is controlled separately, reducing the risk of electrical issues and ensuring the longevity of the light bar.
How do I wire a relay switch for an LED light bar?
To wire a relay switch for an LED light bar, start by connecting the positive terminal of the battery or a power source (that only receives power with the ignition turned on) to the "30" prong of the relay. Then, connect the positive side of the LED light to the "87" prong of the relay. Next, connect the power source used to control the LED light bar (e.g., high beam wire or backup wire) to the "86" prong of the relay. Finally, connect the "85" prong of the relay to a ground. If you have any specific questions or need step-by-step guidance, our experienced staff is available to assist you.
What gauge wire should I use for a 300-watt light bar?
When installing a relay for a 300-watt light bar, it is recommended to use 14 gauge wire. This gauge of wire is capable of handling the appropriate amount of current without experiencing voltage drop or overheating. Using the correct gauge wire ensures the relay and light bar operate safely and efficiently.
Can I use a separate switch to control my LED light bar without a relay?
Yes, it is possible to use a separate switch to control your LED light bar without a relay. However, there are a few important considerations. Firstly, the light bar should not be directly connected to the battery but on a separate circuit with an appropriate amperage switch. Additionally, it is crucial to avoid using high beams or other lower voltage switches to control the light bar, as this can pose the risk of electrical fires. If you have any doubts or questions about your specific setup, it is recommended to consult with our experienced staff for clarification and guidance.


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UPCOMING EVENTSView full calendar
4-H Mentoring - Utah County
What is 4-H Mentoring?
4-H Mentoring of Utah County is a program which began in 2001 and is designed for youth, ages 9-15, and their families. Youth are matched with young adult mentors, who establish caring relationships with identified youth. All mentors are screened before being matched (interview, reference and background check). This program allows youth to develop their interpersonal and academic skills by participating in structured recreation, community service, and community youth groups.
We are committed to providing an environment which fosters belonging, independence, generosity and mastery (BIG M) among mentors, youth, and families. The four essential elements of positive youth development.
Mentors are a major part of their mentee's life. They provide stability and a caring relationship for their mentees. They provide their kids with something to be excited about and someone who is always looking out for their well being.
- Meet four times each month with their mentor (one meeting each month is sponsored by 4-H)
- Attend weekly 4-H Afterschool Mentoring club
- Attend monthly Family Night Out programs together with their family*
To enroll a youth, sign up here:
Additional information about enrollment for youth and families:
- Be a mentor to a child in Utah County
- Be a guide, advocate, friend and role model
- Help your mentee feel a sense of belonging, develop independence, understand the importance of generosity, and master new skills
- Introduce your mentee to new and different environments
- Meet and socialize monthly with the other mentors at the monthly provided activity for you and your mentee
- Give an hour of time each week for one full year
- Make a year commitment to mentor a youth
- Meet 4 times per month (usually once each week) with the youth you mentor
What youth need most is a caring adult who peacefully resolves conflicts and communicates in a healthy way. They need someone to trust and who trusts them.
Find mentoring resources, here:
For any questions, please contact:
*4-H Mentoring families are expected to attend 50% (6 per year) of the Family Night Out activities. These are typically held on Monday
evening or on Saturday.
**To become a mentor, you need to be at least 18 years of age and have a vehicle. You will need to be formally interviewed at a time which
fits your schedule. You will be required to complete a background check (simply for the safety of the youth) and attend some training prior to
being matched with a child. Once the required paperwork has been completed, the process of matching you with a child will begin.


Electric vehicle in Farming
In India, more than 60% of the total land is used for farming and nearly 70% of the household in rural areas are dependent primarily on income generated by farming. But the use of heavy machinery in India is quite limited to tractors and harvesters. This is a good place to explore the opportunity for Electric Vehicles in Farming. There is a huge market for Electric Powered Machinery in a Farming sector.
a mini electric tractor for plowing and harvesting crops with several attachments.
Organic farming has been rising steadily and its economic status is increasing day by day. In the last decade use of harmful Chemicals pesticides and fertilizers are being banned and heavily criticized in the food industry. while this is a good step but the same farming culture has seen Rise in the use of heavy machinery for farming. this machinery is so big that they require diesel engines for their operation. this diesel engine using fossil fuels for their operation thus creating pollution. the organic food Industries means for the healthy food we are supporting the dirty fossil fuel industry.
Robotic Lawnmower backwards bras and musics the cut glass as a fuel The Robot is guided by Google map and uses electric brakes to cut the grass and then search the grass from the ground and dries then making dry pallets which are used to generate power by burning them which technology can be used for harvesting and separation of crops autonomously this will reduce time in human effort required for the food processing industries are electric forward in can work without in human interface we can load and unload at the predicted time and location
Solar powered High ground clearance Vehicle (Modular Construction)
The concept of organic food is very good and we can use the solar power harvesting methods. Developing a solar-powered vehicle with a very low footprint the vehicle which can be used for various purposes in the agricultural sector. These electric vehicles are capable of carrying more than one ton of a load and can be organized and design for autonomous operation in near future. They would be relying on the sun on their powers source and will be using it for powering the hub electric motors.
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Building a mechanistic understanding of predation with GPS-based movement data
Evelyn Merrill, Håkan Sand, Barbara Zimmermann, Heather McPhee, Nathan Webb, Mark Hebblewhite, Petter Wabakken, Jacqueline L. Frair
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
Abstract
Quantifying kill rates and sources of variation in kill rates remains an important challenge in linking predators to their prey. We address current approaches to using global positioning system (GPS)based movement data for quantifying key predation components of large carnivores. We review approaches to identify kill sites from GPS movement data as a means to estimate kill rates and address advantages of using GPS-based data over past approaches. Despite considerable progress, modelling the probability that a cluster of GPS points is a kill site is no substitute for field visits, but can guide our field efforts. Once kill sites are identified, time spent at a kill site (handling time) and time between kills (killing time) can be determined. We show how statistical models can be used to investigate the influence of factors such as animal characteristics (e.g. age, sex, group size) and landscape features on either handling time or killing efficiency. If we know the prey densities along paths to a kill, we can quantify the 'attack success' parameter in functional response models directly. Problems remain in incorporating the behavioural complexity derived from GPS movement paths into functional response models, particularly in multi-prey systems, but we believe that exploring the details of GPS movement data has put us on the right path.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)2279-2288
Number of pages10
JournalPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
Volume365
Issue number1550
DOIs
StatePublished - Jul 27 2010
Keywords
 - Carnivores
 - Functional response
 - Handling time
 - Kill rates
 - Movement
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Live Coding Workflow
Speed Up Your GUI Development with Python Qt and QML Live Coding
4 minutes read
Are you still hitting the Run button every time you want to verify a GUI element in your Python Qt and QML application looks as you expected?
Or are you relying on your working memory to imagine the changes in your mind?
Both approaches work, but you are wasting a lot of time and energy, which you could spend more productive on coding.
In this article, you will learn about an approach called live coding which I frequently use during GUI development with Qt QML.
The idea is to shorten feedback loops by automatically reloading the GUI whenever you change the source code.
Additionally, we combine the automatic reloading with prototype or playground UIs, where you can work on parts of the UI in an isolated manner.
I see live coding as the GUI counterpart to test-driven development for normal source code. It's all about more consistent development speed thanks to shorter feedback loops. In fact, TDD and live-coding are a great combination when working with Python Qt and QML.
Live coding for QML applications is nothing I have invented. There is also the now official QmlLive Bench. However, so far it only supports Qt/C++ applications.
Moreover, I noticed that for bigger projects you need to write your own live coding environment anyway. For example, I also added live coding to QtQuickVcp as demonstrated in this video.
Components
The live coding environment is fairly simple. In fact, it's so simple that you can easily implement it for each of your projects. It consists of following software components:
 - FileWatcher: Watches your file system for changes and sends out notification signals.
 - ModuleLoader: Searches a directory tree for Python QML modules to load.
 - PythonReloader: Restarts the whole application to re-register alls Python QML modules.
 - ProjectBrowser: Lists all QML files in a directory tree.
 - QML Loader: This is the Loader component provided by Qt. It enables users to load and reload QML code at run-time.
With these few simple components, we can easily build our own small live coding environment. Additionally, we may have some code handle errors attached to sys.excepthook plus a small GUI.
How does it work
The concept is as simple as it is powerful.
Instead of loading our GUI application as normal, we inject the QML part of our live coding environment between the top level window and our GUI code.
Live Coding QML applications
Live Coding QML applications
For production, we can use our GUI code as usual, for development we use the live coding environment.
Sometimes we have resources or loading-time expensive components. For example a 3D simulation window. We can place these components outside of our live coding environment to speed up loading time.
Structuring the Code
When working with Python and QML we have GUI code written int the QML language and business logic written in Python.
Our business logic code is loaded into the GUI as QML component as part of QML module. A QML module is the equivalent of a Python module, but for QML.
A QML module may contain both, QML code and Python code. Therefore, it makes sense to let the Python and QML code live together in a single directory.
For example, a QML module providing logic and GUI representation of a file system browser may look as follows:
- [filesystem]
 - qmldir
 - __init__.py
 - file_system_tree_model.py
 - FileSystemTreeView.qml
The qmldir file registers the QML components into QML module. The __init__.py file does the same for the Python QML components.
To discover Python QML module, the __init__.py contains a register_qml_types method.
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from PyQt5.QtQml import qmlRegisterType
from .file_system_tree_model import FileSystemTreeModel
MODULE_NAME = 'filesystem'
def register_types():
 qmlRegisterType(FileSystemTreeModel, MODULE_NAME, 1, 0, FileSystemTreeModel.__name__)
This makes it easy for our ModuleLoader to automatically find and register any QML Python modules.
The Python Qt Live Coding Environment
To make our life as HMI engineers easier, I created a Python Qt live coding environment that comes with all the required parts to start hacking on a Python QML GUI.
You can find the project on GitHub: python-qt-live-coding
Python Qt Live Coding Environemnt
Python Qt Live Coding Environemnt
You can install it via pip:
pip install python-qt-live-coding
The live coding environment comes with a live runner which enables your to live
code Qt GUIs quickly.
Run following to test drive the example:
python_qt_live_coding examples
You will instantly see the example project in the live runner.
Live Runner Example
Live Runner Example
Now you can either select the MainScreen.qml file or type MainScreen in the filter.
When you type, the file will be automatically selected.
When loaded you will see following.
Live Coding Example 2
Live Coding Example 2
This is the example GUI inside the live runner.
Now press the Edit button. Your favorite text editor should open promptly.
Edit the code inside the editor and you will see the GUI updates instantly when you save the document.
Conclusion
Live coding is a great concept that can be applied to Python Qt and QML applications.
The python-qt-live-coding project brings you everything you need in a box.
Additionally, it can be used a base for a custom live-coding environment for your application.
Happy coding!
Your Machine Koder
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UAB Medicine News
Hand-Knitted Hats Given to Babies in Honor of American Heart Month
UAB's Women and Infants Center will be spotted wearing knitted red hats, instead of the traditional pink and blue, this February for a good cause during American Heart Month.Babies across
The hats, knitted by volunteers and donated by the American Heart Association of Birmingham, are part of the association's "Little Hats, Big Hearts" initiative to spread awareness about congenital heart disease, as well as how families can lead heart-healthy lives.
Congenital heart disease is a problem present at birth that involves defects of the structures of the heart, its valves or blood vessels. It is the most common type of birth defect, affecting one in 100 babies. Many defects can be detected pre-birth and treated shortly after birth, while others are not diagnosed until childhood or even later in one's adult life as symptoms arise."
About 25 percent of cases of congenital heart disease are considered critical, which means that they will require an intervention early in life," said DeeAnne Jackson, M.D., UAB newborn nursery medical director. "However, most of these cases are now diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound screening or through a simple oxygen test measured on the baby's hand and foot at about 24 hours of age."
For the team in the Women and Infants Center, educating newborns' parents on congenital heart disease is a focus, and they hope the red hats donned by the hospital's littlest patients help spark conversation about the disease and heart-healthy practices can be implemented for children early on.
"We aim to inform patients on ways they can improve the lifelong heart health of their children by practicing and teaching a healthy lifestyle from a very early age," Jackson said. "Whether it's about their child's having a diet that includes a variety of fruits and vegetables or making regular physical activity a fun part of the family's daily routine, we try to be resources and help these families lead their healthiest lives."
Source: UAB News
Produced by UAB Medicine Marketing Communications (learn more about our content).
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Study shows some heart disease patients implanted with a VAD have better survival and are more likely to receive a heart transplant
UAB Medicine Helps Patients on Ventilators Get Their Voice Back
UAB Rated Among Best Hospitals for Maternity Care by U.S. News
Tips for Finding More Joy This Holiday Season


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Take a look at the below list of Top 10 Transparent Animals in The World 2017. Some animals are unique and some are just disgusting but these ten transparent animals will make you wonder if your eyes are playing tricks on you. The fact that they are transparent amazes some people. With them being transparent you sometimes don't even realize you are near one. If you look closely at one of these animals you can see there insides because they only have transparent skin. Some live in the water and some live in the forest but either way they look pretty amazing to some people and some may say its gross.These transparent animals range from jellyfish to frogs to butterflies.
List of Top 10 Transparent Animals in The World 2017
This amazing frog has a semi-transparent skin, allowing you to see inside its tiny body. Glass frogs live in and among the trees and plants in the mountain forests in Central and South America. The Glass Frog is active at night so that they can hide easier from there predators. When it comes to breeding season they live along rivers and streams where they can lay there eggs on leaves that hang over the water. The weather where they live is becoming more dry so it is making it harder for them to survive.
9.)Transparent Barreleye FishThe Barrel eye fish lives in the North Pacific and lives at least 600 to 800 meters under water. This fish has large flat fins which allow them to remain motionless in the water. The pigments in the eyes help block out the sunlight from the sea surface in order for them to see other fish and there prey. The Barrel Eyed fish was known since 1939 but was not found alive till 2004.
8.)Glass winged ButterflyThese beautiful glass winged butterflies are found in Central America. The name glass winged came from the fact that there wings are almost completely transparent. Unlike other butterflies these glass winged butterflies use there wings to hide from there predators rather than use colors from there wings. Even though the wings are transparent and look very thin don't let that fool you, they can travel up to 12 miles in a day and are very strong. The males put out pheromones during mating season so that predators will stay away.
There are over 60 different glass squid and all have a unique different look. They are found in the depths of the ocean where the sun light helps them become camouflage. Some have a bio-luminescent light organ on the underside of their eyes. Most squids have a swollen body and short arms.
6.)Transparent Zebra FishThe female zebra fish will swim in swarms to the bottom of the ocean floor and lay clutches of hundreds of eggs that are then fertilized by there partners. Within days of the female laying these eggs the fish will be ready to hunt and find their own prey. Scientist have been known to be using these zebra fish for research because of their transparent bodies. The fact that they can be viewed on the inside helps scientist see how certain diseases move through the body and may help with finding cures for certain things.
5.)Transparent Ice fishThe ice fish also known as the "white crocodile fish" has large eyes, a long toothed snout, and diaphanous fins. It is scaleless and pale, when cut open the blood is transparent as well. The gills of this fish are soft and white, almost like vanilla yogurt. They are known to be the only vertebrates that lack red blood cells or hemoglobin. Having no red blood cells they had to adapt to there surroundings but they have more energy than most fish.
This tiny and transparent amphipod has two large eyes that looks like a space helmet on their heads. It has 32 retinas, 16 on each helping them see a lot better than other fish in the ocean. They live off the cost of California at the depths of 150 to 500 meters. While it swims its eyes are pointed upward to search for prey.
3.)Transparent Larval ShrimpLarval Shrimp go through lots of stages before they become full grown. First the female will lay the eggs, once she releases the eggs the sperm that is attached to her will fertilize them. It only takes 14 to 18 hours for an egg to hatch. Then they go through a stage called nauplii which only takes about 1 to 1 and 1/2 days. They then go through other stages before they are full grown which include, Zoea, Mysis, Post-Larvae. After these stages and about 9 to 14 months later they are fully grown and ready to breed again.
Salp go through waters pumping the water through their bodies.They are more related to humans than jellyfish because of the backbones they have. Some people think because they look like jellyfish that they are related but they are not. There are over 70 species of different salp and they range from 1 to 20 centimeters in length. This is the one of the world's most amazing Transparent Animals 2017.
1.) Transparent JellyfishJellyfish can be as big as a human and as small as a pinhead. You can eat some types of jellyfish. Jellyfish have been on this earth way before the dinosaurs so that makes them older than anything that lives. They have no brains but some have eyes. Jellyfish are only made up of water and protein and a group of them together are called a smack.
So, these are the world's most amazing Top 10 Transparent Animals 2017. All of these animals are very cool. Some seem dangerous and others you just want to pick up and hold because of how cute they are. If you really think about it most of these animals are transparent because it helps them hide from other animals that could harm them or even kill them. Some seem to be helpful to us humans and some just want to be left alone. If you ever see an animal like this do not touch it without doing your research because you could get hurt or you could hurt them.


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One way that landlords gain information about what kind of tenant you will be is by checking your previous rental references. When you fill out a rental application, you'll be asked to provide references from previous landlords. If you've had a negative relationship with a prior landlord and know that she will give you a bad reference, it may cost you the new apartment. Take steps to minimize the impact that a bad reference can have on your application.
Ask for a Letter
Talk to your landlord about why she is giving you a bad reference. You may have an opportunity to clear the air and work out a compromise. If she doesn't change her mind, ask her to write a simple reference letter for you. State that the letter should focus on the positive things, such as paying rent on time, as well as the negative. It's possible that writing a letter may temper her feelings because she knows you will be reading it.
Prove the Landlord Wrong
If the landlord won't give you a letter of reference, and insists on delivering an unfair report, plan to counter with supplementary material. Gather information and documents that reveal your landlord is being unfair in her assessment of your tenancy. For example, if the landlord is falsely saying she received complaints about you from neighbors, ask your neighbors and roommates to provide letters testifying that you are in fact a fine neighbor. If the landlord is incorrectly stating that you were always late on rent, make copies of your rent receipts that show the date. Prepare copies of these documents to the new landlord as part of your application.
Show You've Changed
If your landlord's bad reference is based on truth, you can demonstrate a change in behavior to the future landlord. Present evidence that highlights the circumstances of the problem and how your situation has changed since then. For example, if you were late on your rent for a period of time because of unemployment, present documents showing your termination. If a problem occurred with domestic disturbances but that person is no longer in your household, show evidence to support that. If you were cited for violating a no pet rule, demonstrate that you no longer have that pet.
Add Other References
If your landlord is giving you a bad reference, you can present references from other sources to balance out your application. Seek out letters of recommendation from a different previous landlord, current and past employers, business associates and neighbors. If you have enough positive references, then a single bad reference will not be as influential to the decision-making process.
- Stockbyte/Stockbyte/Getty Images


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For those times when Windows completely freezes and you can't even open the start menu, you can also restart your computer from Task Manager instead of just powering the machine off.
Doing a hard reset isn't as healthy for your computer's internal components, this method would be preferable if possible.
There are two ways you can bring up Task Manager:
- Hit Ctrl+Alt+Del and click on Task Manager.
- Hit Ctrl+Shift+Esc to bring up Task Manager
Once you are in Task Manager, you can restart a hung process in the processes list, or you can click on Shutdown \ Restart to restart your computer.
Pretty simple tip, but very useful


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The Church of England's lead bishop on education has defended the government's new relationships and sex education lessons while stating that parents should have the right to withdraw their children.
The Church of England was part of the government's consultation into the lessons, which will become mandatory across schools in 2020.
Writing for Tes, the teachers' forum, Bishop Stephen Conway sought to allay the fears of some critics about the contents of the lessons.
"It is pleasing to see a focus for primary school children on families of different types and healthy relationships, within the context of a set of shared values," he wrote.
"Primary aged children will not – as has been suggested – be expected to learn about intimate sexual relationships, which rightly comes at the secondary stage."
He said that the Church of England had been "robust" in calling for the lessons to be "carefully targeted and age-appropriate" and for all schools, including those of a religious nature, to be able to teach about faith perspectives on the issues raised in the classes.


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Determination of the luminous flux value is one of the most important measurements at the stage of designing new solutions by manufacturers of light sources and luminaires.
A series of GL OPTI SPHERE integrating spheres will meet all the requirements of both smaller manufacturers, as well as by professional laboratories.
GL OPTIC integrating spheres are designed to be as easy to operate as possible, and with the availability of spheres in several sizes, it is possible to flexibly adapt a dedicated solution to individual customer needs.
GL Optic integrating spheres are manufactured in compliance with international standards, i.e. CIE 025/E:2015, EN 13032-4:2015 and IES LM 79. As a result, they find application with lighting manufacturers and in laboratories around the world.
The availability of spheres in various sizes from the smallest with a diameter of 48 mm, through compact 205 mm and 500 mm, to the largest with s as large as 3 m makes it possible, regardless of whether to test single LEDs or large luminaires, GL Opti Spheres will meet the set requirements.
All integrating spheres are prepared to work with GL Optic spectrometers and, depending on the requirement, can measure spectrum in the extended range or exclusively in the visible range.
Such a system makes it possible to determine all colorimetric parameters of the tested light sources.
Regardless of the scale of production and the size of the luminaires or components that are to be tested, GL Opti Sphere integrating spheres will be an excellent solution to build your own laboratory.
Depending on your needs, the GL Optic measurement systems will work well for both accredited testing units and independent quality control or R&D departments.
With the ever-changing technology in the lighting industry, the ability to take measurements in-house is becoming a major asset and translates into savings and faster product development.
Dedicated GL Spectrosoft analytical software is responsible for controlling the measuring system, auxiliary light source and peripheral devices. The obtained measurement results, along with all data such as power parameters, can be included and generated in a personalized report.
The software is available in multiple languages and is updated regularly to always meet the current requirements of standards.
Depending on the type and shape of the light sources or luminaires to be tested, the standard assumes the measurement of luminous flux values in the integrating sphere in a 4π or 2π geometry. In practice, this means that the tested object is placed centrally in the centre of the sphere or on its wall.
The universal design of the GL Optic's integrating spheres enables measurements in both variants, and in addition, the mounting of the sources themselves is very simple, thanks to adjustable mounts and a built-in laser which facilitates positioning of the luminaires.
Luminous flux measurement at your fingertips
The smallest integrating sphere in the GL Optic's just range is just 48 mm in diameter and was developed with single LED chip performance measurement in mind.
GL Opti Sphere 48 is dedicated for use with the spectrometer series GL Spectis 1.0 Touch. It is ideal for the daily work of electronics engineers, quality controllers and sales representatives who want to verify the quality of the components used.
In-house calibration of the device in the GL Optic laboratory before sale ensures that the results obtained will always be precise and repeatable.
With GL Opti Sphere 48 you will quickly and easily improve the quality of your products.
Bench measurements of LED modules
The compact size of the GL Opti Sphere 205 makes it the ideal for bench verification of the quality of light performance, such as COB LED modules and other small light sources.
Dedicated mounts and adapters
The well-thought-out design of this small sphere and dedicated for different sources adapters and mounts provide a wide spectrum of measurement possibilities, both in 2π and 4π geometries.
All in accordance with the requirements of CIE127:2007 and SE025:2015 standards.
With classic bulbs and retrofits in mind
The GL Opti Sphere 500 is an integrating sphere that was designed for the measurement of classic light sources and so-called LED retrofits, which are used as replacements for classic incandescent lamps with E27, E14 and GU10 caps.
In addition, it can successfully measure LED strips and modules used, for example, in linear luminaires.
Automatic correction of the absorption index
The LED auxiliary light source integrated into the sphere is designed to help obtain the optimal and correct results of the tested luminaires.
The sphere can also be optionally equipped with a module for temperature control GL TEC Control, which guarantees the stability of measurement conditions.
The whole system is controlled by GL Spectrosoft.
Accelerate new product deployments
Another in the GL Optic hierarchy, the 1100 mm diameter integrating sphere was developed for manufacturers of downlight and spotlight luminaires, as well as those using linear LED modules.
High accuracy of luminous flux and color measurements without complicated handling promote faster product development.
The relatively small size of the GL Opti Sphere 1100 eliminates the need for a considerable free space, and by placing the sphere on a mobile rack, it can be moved to another location at any time.
Access to the interior for mounting the test object is very convenient, as the sphere itself is placed at a height that makes it easy to adjust the position of the test source at the geometric center when testing in 4π geometry.
Test high power luminaires
GL Opti Sphere 1500, 2000 and 3000 are designed to measure the luminous flux and energy output and color of large luminaires and LED modules.
These systems enable assessment of compliance with CIE S025 and LM79, as well as the recommendations of Technical Report CIE 127:2007.
Mount and measure
GL Optic's largest spheres are equipped with a mounting table that can be adapted to the installation of many different brackets and types of LED modules. An optional lamp cap in the center of the sphere makes it easy to install Type A products.
GL Spectis series spectrometers, when connected to the sphere, are automatically detected by GL Spectrosoft software for full data analysis.


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About This Item
The rod and level can be used to accurately measure the profile of a pavement. The profile data can be used to evaluate the roughness of the pavement by computing a roughness index such as the International Roughness Index (IRI) or to evaluate effects such as frost heave or swelling of soils. In computing roughness indices, only the relative elevations and not the absolute elevations are needed. The guidelines in this standard practice can be applied to conventional survey equipment such as an optical level and graduated staff, which require the readings to be manually recorded, as well as automated equipment that is capable of automatically storing the measured data.