text:
RPM2000 PathTrak module
Fully programmable measurement plans
Scans all 8 ports 5 to 10 times per second
Measures transient noise as short as 1 microsceond
Optimized monitoring plans for specific reverse services applications
Real-time fast spectrum trouble-shooting without interrupting monitoring
Three unique features ensure that all relevant ingress is captured
– Ultra fast parallel scan rate
– 1 microsecond burst detection
– Selectable dwell time
In-service C/N measurements on TDMA cable modem signals
The RPM2000 module is an eight port, high-speed return path spectrum analyzer, which is optimized for the noise and ingress analysis and monitoring functions of the PathTrak Performance Monitoring System. Each of the eight ports is an independent and isolated test port. The RPM2000 module switches automatically between the eight ports and measures spectrum performance on each port individually.
The measurement settings and functions of the RPM2000 consist of all of the typical spectrum analyzer settings, such as resolution bandwidth, video bandwidth, dwell time, span, marker control, max hold, min hold, peak search, and zero span. The RPM2000 provides flexibility in order to adjust these parameters in monitoring plans or interactive analysis according to individual preferences.
Fast Scanning–Catches the Most Transient Noise and Ingress
The RPM2000 consists of a single spectrum analyzer measurement receiver with eight individual input ports that are switched into the receiver.
The overall measurement speed across the ports is optimized through the use of an integral high-speed switch, unique measurement algorithms, fast tuning DDS technology, and a new DSP hardware architecture.
In Monitoring mode, the measurement speed at a resolution of 300 kHz, monitoring all eight ports, reaches ten times per second for each port – that's an equivalent rate of 80 scans per second. The speed is even faster if some of the ports are deactivated or if less than 150 frequency points per port are measured.
In addition, the RPM2000 is designed with a fast detector for measuring very fast transient noise, ingress, and bursty signals. The RPM2000 can reliably detect and measure bursts of noise as short as one microsecond in duration.
Flexible Measurement Plans to Adapt to User Preferences
Users have ultimate flexibility in programming the RPM2000 for realtime troubleshooting and monitoring. Measurement parameters can be varied for each individual port, allowing the user to program each of the eight ports on a single RPM2000 with different measurement plans. In addition, within an individual port, the measurement parameters can be varied by frequency, allowing different spans of the return spectrum to be scanned with different resolutions or certain spans of the return spectrum to be skipped altogether.
Expands and Scales with No Degradation in Performance
As part of the PathTrak Performance Monitoring System, the RPM2000 monitoring modules are VME-based cards that mount into a modular HCU control chassis (HCU400 or HCU1500). Thus, a monitoring system can be designed to serve the existing number of test points today and can then be expanded easily by adding additional RPM2000 modules. Furthermore, because each RPM2000 module is an independent spectrum analyzer receiver, adding modules to accommodate more test points does not adversely affect the overall system speed or performance.


text:
What are the advantages of PFR plug flow reactor?
|Kinds of Phases Present||Usage||Advantages|
|1. Primarily Gas Phase||1. Large Scale 2. Fast Reactions 3. Homogeneous Reactions 4. Heterogeneous Reactions 5. Continuous Production 6. High Temperature||1. High Conversion per Unit Volume 2. Low operating (labor) cost) 3. Continuous Operation 4. Good heat transfer|
Which is the disadvantage of batch reactor?
However, the drawbacks associated with this type of operation limit its industrial use: (1) the control of the polymer properties is impracticable; (2) the productivity is low considering the load, unload, and cleaning times; (3) the heat generation rate is high and the control of the reactor temperature is very …
What is a PFR used for?
The plug flow reactor model (PFR, sometimes called continuous tubular reactor, CTR, or piston flow reactors) is a model used to describe chemical reactions in continuous, flowing systems of cylindrical geometry.
How big is a plug flow reactor?
Plug flow reactors may be configured as one long tube or a number of shorter tubes. They range in diameter from a few centimeters to several meters.
How do you calculate the volume of a reactor?
By definition, space velocity can be expressed mathematically as SV = Vo / V. In this expression, Vo represents the volumetric flow rate of the reactants entering the reactor and V represents the volume of the reactor itself.
In which cases CSTR is preffered over PFR?
To achieve the desired conversion with smaller reactor volumes, use a combination. In this case, use a CSTR then a PFR. By doing so, the reactor volume is less than the area underneath the curve. For competing parallel reactions, selectivity for desired product can dominate the choice.
How to calculate the PFR volume of a reactor?
The integral to calculate the PFR volume can be evaluated using a method such as Simpson's One-Third Rule (pg 925): NOTE: The intervals ( ) shown in the sketch are not drawn to scale. They should be equal. Given that the system is gas phase and isothermal, determine the reactor volume when X = 0.8 X e . First calculate X e :
What is the difference between molar balance equation and batch reactor equation?
There may be a inflow and a outflow in a reactor and reactions are happening inside the reactor (but batch reactor do not contain inflow and outflow. In batch reactor, reactants are filled and products are taken after the reaction). Therefore molar balance equation includes several terms to describe each of those processes.
What is molar balance in Chemical Engineering?
Molar Balance for Reactor Systems – Reaction Engineering Molar balance is very important concept for chemical engineering undergraduate students. For reactor systems in chemical engineering, this phenomenon is widely applied. This theory is helped to calculate flow rates, reaction rates in industrial applications.
What is the formula for concentration in PFR?
In an ideal PFR, concentration is a function of both distance along the flow path, x, and time, t: C = C(x,t) For a mass balance on a reacting compound, take mass balance on differential axial element with uniform reaction potential (concentration), where dV = differential volume A = cross sectional area dx = differential distance and

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
The state is warning that moss balls, which are used in home aquariums, purchased since Feb. 1 are possibly contaminated with an invasive and potentially destructive fresh water species called zebra mussels.
North Carolina's Department of Environmental Quality, Wildlife Resource Commission and Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services are collaborating to protect water quality and resources from these invasive species, the state announced Tuesday.
The commission confirmed moss balls contaminated with live zebra mussels were sold at pet stores across North Carolina. Juvenile mussels are small and extremely difficult to see.
If released into sewer systems, streams or lakes, zebra mussels are very likely to cause adverse effects to native species and costly impacts to public water systems. The mussels rapidly multiply inside pipes, causing them to clog, according to the state.
The U.S. Geological Survey reports zebra mussels were found inside moss balls being sold at pet stores in 21 states. The zebra mussels have already adversely impacted water treatment facilities in other states.
NCDEQ, Wildlife Resources Commission and and Agriculture and Consumer Services created the Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan in a collaborative effort to proactively address this type of threat.
Wildlife Resources Commission has provided public outreach efforts, by issuing a public alert notice and instructional video about how to properly destroy and discard aquatic moss balls and disinfect aquariums and moss ball packaging.
"This is a very serious issue. Zebra mussels can affect water systems by clogging pipes, screens, and other intake structures. Damage can occur quickly and be costly to remove. We encourage folks who may have purchased contaminated moss balls to follow NCWRC guidelines for disposal," said DEQ Water Planning Section Chief, Karen Higgins in a release.
Wildlife Resources Commission recommends to anyone who has purchased moss balls since Feb. 1 to dispose of them immediately by placing moss balls in a plastic bag and freeze for two days or boiling the moss balls at a rapid boil for five minutes, and dispose of the moss balls in a sealed plastic bag in the trash.
To treat an aquarium, remove the fish and apply either a bleach solution or potassium chloride solution and let it set for at least two hours with the bleach solution or 48 hours with the potassium chloride solution before disposing the water down a household drain. Disinfect filters, gravel and structures as described above and dispose of the water down a household drain.
"Never pour any untreated aquarium water, and in this case water that has been in contact with moss balls or zebra mussels, down storm drains, creeks or local waterways. Not only could it harm drinking water, but also North Carolina wildlife," said Todd Ewing, fisheries biologist with Wildlife Resources Commission.
For more information, contact Wildlife Resources Commission's Mindy Wharton at _PHONE_, or at _EMAIL_.


Complemento eVis 257
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19.6.3 Especificando o local e o nome de outros documentos suportados
Supporting documents such as text documents, videos, and sound clips can also be displayed or played by eVis. To
do this, it is necessary to add an entry in the file reference table that can be accessed from the Configure External
Applications window in the Generic Event Browser that matches the file extension to an application that can be
used to open the file. It is also necessary to have the path or URL to the file in the attribute table for the vector
layer. One additional rule that can be used for URLs that dont contain a file extension for the document you want
to open is to specify the file extension before the URL. The format is file extension:URL. The URL
is preceded by the file extension and a colon; this is particularly useful for accessing documents from wikis and
other web sites that use a database to manage the web pages (see Table evis_examples).
19.6.4 Using the Event Browser
When the Event Browser window opens, a photograph will appear in the display window if the document refer-
enced in the vector file attribute table is an image and if the file location information in the Options window is
properly set. If a photograph is expected and it does not appear, it will be necessary to adjust the parameters in the
Options window.
If a supporting document (or an image that does not have a file extension recognized by eVis) is referenced in the
attribute table, the field containing the file path will be highlighted in green in the attribute information window if
that file extension is defined in the file reference table located in the Configure External Applications window. To
open the document, double-click on the green-highlighted line in the attribute information window. If a supporting
document is referenced in the attribute information window and the file path is not highlighted in green, then it
will be necessary to add an entry for the files filename extension in the Configure External Applications window.
If the file path is highlighted in green but does not open when double-clicked, it will be necessary to adjust the
parameters in the Options window so the file can be located by eVis.
If no compass bearing is provided in the Options window, a red asterisk will be displayed on top of the vector
feature that is associated with the photograph being displayed. If a compass bearing is provided, then an arrow will
appear pointing in the direction indicated by the value in the compass bearing display field in the Event Browser
window. The arrow will be centered over the point that is associated with the photograph or other document.
To close the Event Browser window, click on the [Close] button from the Display window.
19.6.5 Ferramenta ID de Evento
The Event ID module allows you to display a photograph by clicking on a feature displayed in the QGIS map
window. The vector feature must have attribute information associated with it to describe the location and name of
the file containing the photograph and, optionally, the compass direction the camera was pointed when the image
was acquired. This layer must be loaded into QGIS before running the Event ID tool.
Iniciando o mdulo Identificao de Evento
Event ID
To launch the Event ID module, either click on the icon or click on Database eVis Event ID
Tool. This will cause the cursor to change to an arrow with an i on top of it signifying that the ID tool is active.
To view the photographs linked to vector features in the active vector layer displayed in the QGIS map window,
move the Event ID cursor over the feature and then click the mouse. After clicking on the feature, the Event
Browser window is opened and the photographs on or near the clicked locality are available for display in the
browser. If more than one photograph is available, you can cycle through the different features using the [Previ-
ous] and [Next] buttons. The other controls are described in the ref:evis_browser section of this guide.
19.6.6 Conexo com o Base de Dados
The Database Connection module provides tools to connect to and query a database or other ODBC resource,
such as a spreadsheet.
258 Captulo 19. Complementos
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eVis can directly connect to the following types of databases: PostgreSQL, MySQL, and SQLite; it can also
read from ODBC connections (e.g., MS Access). When reading from an ODBC database (such as an Excel
spreadsheet), it is necessary to configure your ODBC driver for the operating system you are using.
Iniciando o mdulo Conexo com a Base de Dados
eVis Database Connection
To launch the Database Connection module, either click on the appropriate icon or click
on Database eVis Database Connection. This will launch the Database Connection window. The window
has three tabs: Predefined Queries, Database Connection, and SQL Query. The Output Console window at the
bottom of the window displays the status of actions initiated by the different sections of this module.
Conectar a uma base de dados
Click on the Database Connection tab to open the database connection interface. Next, use the Database Type
combo box to select the type of database that you want to connect to. If a password or username is required,
that information can be entered in the Username and Password textboxes.
Enter the database host in the Database Host textbox. This option is not available if you selected MS Access as
the database type. If the database resides on your desktop, you should enter localhost.
Enter the name of the database in the Database Name textbox. If you selected ODBC as the database type, you
need to enter the data source name.
When all of the parameters are filled in, click on the [Connect] button. If the connection is successful, a message
will be written in the Output Console window stating that the connection was established. If a connection was not
established, you will need to check that the correct parameters were entered above.
Figura 19.12: The eVis Database connection window
1. Database Type: A drop-down list to specify the type of database that will be used.
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2. Base de dados hospedeiro: O nome da base de dados hospedeiro.
3. Port: The port number if a MySQL or PostgreSQL database type is selected.
4. Database Name: The name of the database.
5. Connect: A button to connect to the database using the parameters defined above.
6. Output Console: The console window where messages related to processing are displayed.
7. Nome de Usurio: Nome de usurio para uso quando uma base de dados protegida por senha.
8. Senha: Senha para uso quando uma base de dados protegida por senha.
9. Consultas pr-definidas: Guia para abrir a janela Consultas pr-definidas.
10. **Conexo com a base de dados **: Guia para abrir a janela Conexo com a Base de dados.
11. Consulta SQL: Guia para abrir a janela Consulta SQL.
12. Help: Displays the online help.
13. OK: Fecha a janela principal do Conexo com a Base de Dados.
Execuo de consultas SQL
SQL queries are used to extract information from a database or ODBC resource. In eVis, the output from these
queries is a vector layer added to the QGIS map window. Click on the SQL Query tab to display the SQL query
interface. SQL commands can be entered in this text window. A helpful tutorial on SQL commands is available at
_URL_ For example, to extract all of the data from a worksheet in an Excel file, select
* from [sheet1$] where sheet1 is the name of the worksheet.
Click on the [Run Query] button to execute the command. If the query is successful, a Database File Selection
window will be displayed. If the query is not successful, an error message will appear in the Output Console
window.
In the Database File Selection window, enter the name of the layer that will be created from the results of the
query in the Name of New Layer textbox.
1. Janela de Texto de Consulta SQL: Uma tela para escrever consultas SQL.
2. Run Query: Button to execute the query entered in the SQL Query Window.
3. Janela Console: A janela console onde as mensagens relacionadas ao processamento so exibidas.
4. Help: Displays the online help.
5. OK: Closes the main Database Connection window.
Use the X Coordinate and Y Coordinate combo boxes to select the fields from the database that
stores the X (or longitude) and Y (or latitude) coordinates. Clicking on the [OK] button causes the vector layer
created from the SQL query to be displayed in the QGIS map window.
To save this vector file for future use, you can use the QGIS Save as... command that is accessed by right-clicking
on the layer name in the QGIS map legend and then selecting Save as...
Dica:


text:
10 Amazing Things Seen For The First Time In The Animal World
The animal kingdom is constantly under a microscope, having been gazed upon by thousands of researchers over the centuries. Even so, every year, mind-blowing new fauna appears and old familiars break the rules in dramatic ways.
The most wonderful discoveries are often the weirdest—things that burst, bones that glow, and a language that resembles human speech in almost every way.
10 The Pompeii Horse
The disaster of Pompeii is mostly remembered for its gray human bodies frozen in agony. Around 2,000 perished when the Mount Vesuvius volcano overcame the Roman city in AD 79.
Researchers have found a few animals skeletons, including mules and donkeys, but only managed to make two successful casts, that of a dog and pig. These casts are what visitors see when they look at the "bodies" of Pompeii today.
In 2018, archaeologists were clearing the ruins of a stable outside the city when they found the first horse of Pompeii. A clearly defined ear showed that this was not another mule. The animal had perished inside the stable and was found on its side where it had fallen.
In life, the horse stood barely 152 centimeters (5'0″) tall at the shoulder and would have been considered small by today's standards. But it was by no means unimportant. Pieces of a bronze-and-iron metal harness unearthed near its head suggested that the horse was used during parades.
9 Chameleons Glow In The Dark
In 2018, researchers placed a few scaly subjects in the dark and zapped them with a UV lamp. In response, many of the chameleons began to glow an electric blue.
The bright biological light had nothing to do with the creatures' famed ability to switch shades. Remarkably, the neon radiance came from their bones. This ability of bones to glow under UV light is not new to science and is often used by those seeking fossils.
But living skeletons are wrapped in muscle and skin, making it harder to detect. This newly identified ability in chameleons was easy to spot thanks to a more shallow structure.
The reptiles' skeletons are lined with bony protrusions that almost touch the skin, allowing for an unobstructed fluorescence. Since chameleons can see ultraviolet light, they probably glow to look romantic (males have more shiny protrusions) or to communicate.
Not every chameleon has wattage, though. The trait is particular to rain forest–dwelling species where fluorescence flourishes in dark habitats. Interestingly, their skin could also boost the effect by filtering wavelengths of blue light.
8 Dolphin Suffocated By Octopus
In 2015, a dolphin washed up south of Perth. It was a male bottlenose in peak condition. The cause of death bulged from its mouth—a Maori octopus. The mammal appeared to have choked to death, but the finer details made this case unusual. From the onset, it was something that had never been recorded before.
Dolphins hunt these creatures, but never before did one fatally gag on an octopus. During the autopsy, the smallish lump protruding from the bottlenose's mouth surprised the doctor by turning out to be a lengthy specimen. The tentacles measured 1.3 meters (4.2 ft) long, and the cephalopod weighed 2 kilograms (4.6 lb).
To gulp down larger prey, dolphins temporarily disrupt their own breathing structure by dislodging the tissue connecting the blowhole and larynx. However, the octopus wrapped a tentacle around the larynx and the dolphin could not rebuild its breathing system.
He never choked on the octopus—it suffocated him. There is even a chance that the dolphin was actively killed by dead prey. After death, an octopus's arms can remain reactive for quite some time.
7 World's Most Bizarre Squid
In the Gulf of Mexico floats a creature that may or may not be a squid. Even researchers who specialize in tentacled oddities have no idea what they're dealing with.
NOAA's Okeanos Explorer, a remote submarine, encountered the bright red animal in 2018 when the sub was thousands of feet under the sea. The creature had stubby arms, but other tentacles appeared to be missing. Strangely, the squid also swam like a nautilus.
What stumped biologists was its posture. Some arms were rolled up its back, some were underneath, and some stuck out to the side. This could have been a defensive posture because the squid was aware of the submarine.
Another possibly for the scrunched-up look is that the arms keep "marine snow" from falling off the squid's back so that it can be harvested later. These food particles come from shallower waters and feed many deep-sea mouths.
If so, this survival tactic is a new one for the record books. Additionally, this could be Discoteuthis discus, a squid known only from fragments and which had never been seen alive.
6 Paramedic Ants
When matabele ants get hunger pangs, they like to march over to a termite nest and make a meal of the insects. Since termites are no pushovers, this always leads to a battle before dinner. Termites may have brute force, but the tiny sub-Saharan ant attackers have numbers, thanks to one unique behavior seen for the first time in 2017.
Matabele ants rescue their wounded comrades and carry them back home. No other ant species does this. By saving lives, their colonies are up to 30 percent bigger than if they had left the wounded behind.
Once snug and safe, the injured soldiers recover within days. Most rejoin the raids. Before getting fuzzy feelings because you believe that insects are showing compassion, researchers warn that empathy has little to do with the ants' decision to pick up fallen friends.
Pheromones from the hurt ants' mandibles trigger the paramedics to come running. In fact, it is highly likely that the rescuers are not even aware that help was needed.
5 Killer Whale Infanticide
Jared Towers have been studying killer whale pods in Canadian waters for years. In 2016, the cetacean expert's equipment lit up with frantic calls. They came from orcas northeast of Vancouver Island.
When Towers arrived to investigate, he found two family groups. The scientist recognized a 32-year-old male with his mother, and the pair was troubling another pod with a newborn calf.
As lethal aggression between killer whales is unheard-of, the scientist was shocked when the mother-and-son team worked together to kill the calf. They did not mutilate or consume the baby but simply drowned it. The calf's mother could not stop them, even after she attacked the male so violently that he shook and blood flew.
Infanticide (the killing of an infant of the same species) has never been recorded among orcas. Researchers suspect that the pair attacked the family for the same reason that other species kill unrelated young—to pass on their own genes. The involvement of the adult male's parent is the first hint that killer whale mothers help their sons (who often stay with them for life) with mating opportunities.
4 Exploding Ants
In the forests of Borneo, a new ant species defends its home in a really weird way. Discovered in 2018, Colobopsis explodens is full of toxic goo. When it encounters something perceived as unwelcome, the ant pops and splatters the enemy with a yellow poison. This tiny explosion is fatal to the popping ant but remains an effective weapon during territorial warfare with other nests.
There are about a dozen ant species that burst in defense, but this one is by far the most bizarre. In addition, not every member of Colobopsis explodens goes kamikaze on the neighbors. Only the minor workers have the ability to sacrifice themselves.
The major workers, identified by their larger heads, also have a strange tactic to protect the colony. The entrance hole of the nest has a diameter that is a close match to the noggin of a major worker. When there's danger, one ant simply jams its head into the front entryway, refuses to budge, and then nothing can invade the nest.
3 Sharks Missing Their Livers
The fishing town of Gansbaai in South Africa does not mind being near shark-infested waters. Taking tourists to see the fearsome predators is critical to the town's prosperity.
In 2017, something strange started happening when several great white sharks washed ashore on the beach. Though their bodies appeared several days or months apart, all the sharks had one thing in common—a missing liver. More disturbingly, when scientists examined the mutilated predators, they found that the organs had been extracted with surgical precision.
The sharks were massive, with one female measuring 4.9 meters (16 ft) long. With scientists looking toward a bigger and bolder enemy, suspicion fell on local orcas. Killer whales are known to consume shark organs, but plucking out the liver while leaving the rest is a first for South African waters.
Orcas may fancy the shark livers because they are packed with healthy vitamins and squalene. Responsible for the production of vitamin D, squalene also makes cholesterol and steroid hormones. Then again, maybe the livers just taste awesome to orcas.
2 Deer Eating A Human
In Texas, a 26-acre piece of land regularly sees bodies being dumped in the woods. Far from being the local Mafia's killing grounds, the land is a so-called body farm. Used by the Forensic Anthropology Research Facility from

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Plane Generic Defra
This category is deprecated. The latest DEFRA methodology for plane transport can be found here and here.
This category allows users to calculate greenhouse gas emissions from aeroplane travel using the latest Defra data and advice. The calculation is based on a given emission factor, dependent on the users drill-down choices, and a distance flown. The distance can be calculated in one of three ways: (1) directly, by specifying an actual distance flown; (2) indirectly, by specifying departure and destination locations; or (3) approximately, by using generic distance categories. In all cases, the returned value represents CO2 equivalent emissions attributable to the journey specified, which includes contributions from carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide.
Directly specifying a distance
Users can alternatively specify the distance travelled. To use this method, select either domestic, short haul, or long haul via the type drill down choice and the appropriate passengerClass (unspecified, economy, economy plus, business, first), via the second drill-down. Next, set the distance flown in the distance profile item value. CarbonKit calculates emissions according to this distance and the selected emissions factor (kg CO2e per mass km). In this case it is up to the user to ensure that the correct drill-down options have been chosen for the specified distance travelled. For example, if a distance of 50 miles was entered for a long-haul flight, the result of the calculation will be incorrect. In this example ''domestic'' travel should be specified instead.
Specifying departure and destination locations
Users can enter either the latitude/longitude of the departure and destination locations or IATA codes for the respective airports involved in travel. In both cases, CarbonKit calculates the distance based on a 'great-circle' calculation (using the haversine formula), and inflates by 9% to account for congestion and indirect routing.
To use this method, select the auto category via the type drill choice and the appropriate passengerClass (unspecified, economy, economy plus, business, first), via the second drill choice. Next, enter departure and destination locations by setting one of the following groups of profile item values:
 - lat1, long1, lat2, long2 (i.e. a pair of latitude and longitude coordinates)
 - IATACode1, IATACode2 (i.e. a pair of airport IATA codes)
The IATA code calculation made by reference to airport longitude and latitude data obtained from the /transport/plane/generic/airports category. If no IATA codes are specified but long1 is set to a valid value then the great circle distance is calculated directly between long1, lat1 and *long2, lat2 (and inflated by 9%). Longitude must be in the range -180 to 180 with negative numbers representing eastern longitudes. Latitudes must be in the range -90 to 90 with negative numbers representing southern latitudes.
Depending on the distance calculated, CarbonKit selects the appropriate CO2e emissions factor (kg CO2e per mass km). A short haul emissions factor is used for flights under 3700 km, while a long haul factor is used for those greater than 3700 km. For flights originating and landing within a single country, the domestic emissions factor is used.
Generic distance categories
If flight distances, or specific freight departure and destination locations are not available, users can calculate flight emissions based on 'typical' distance categories. CarbonKit follows DEFRA in assuming the following typical one way flight distances:
 - domestic = 463 km
 - short-haul = 1108 km
 - long-haul = 6482 km
To use this method, specify the type of flight and passengerClass as above, but leave the distance profile item value unspecified. In this case, CarbonKit calculates freighting emissions according to the the appropriate typical distance.
Other optional parameters
There are four other optional profile item values that can be set: numberOfPassengers, journeys, useRFI and radiativeForcingIndex.
The *numberOfPassengers profile item value can be used if the user wishes to calculate emissions for multiple people. The journeys profile item value can be used if the specified journey has been flown multiple times. In both of these cases the calculated emissions are multiplied by the number of passengers and the number of journeys entered by the user. The number of passengers and number of journeys are set to 1 if nothing is entered.
If users wish to incorporate the effects of radiative forcing, the useRFI profile item value should be set to true (default value is false). The value of the the radiative forcing index can be set using the radiativeForcingIndex profile item value, defaulting to 1.9 otherwise. For an explanation of the radiative forcing index (RFI) see the here.
9NXO9UPQ5HCD auto, business
6UOGQRRZ340O auto, economy
DLBG37CVAURM auto, first
3DSYP6FKBDWV auto, unspecified
FX27YQ5QS76G domestic, unspecified
TLN78V1EH0HC long haul, business
UDWFSHY85RCZ long haul, economy
24OE2KXK45UR long haul, economy plus
1HTIUMIZYA2U long haul, first
U9QA6NW5JFCO long haul, unspecified
FBUMHI6P4U06 short haul, business
BH25NRVNBDYU short haul, economy
VTDR6WZDERZH short haul, unspecified
Log in to perform calculations on this data
Name: Plane_Generic_Defra
Full path: /transport/plane/generic/defra
Parent Category: Generic plane transport
Provenance: UK government agency DEFRA


Asked by: Dmytro Yamini
asked in category: General Last Updated: 1st March, 2020
How do you play the game washers?
When playing a game of washer toss players, stand directly next to the box. Your foot should be in line with the cup inside the box. To determine who will "pitch" first, both players will line up and pitch a washer at the opposite box. Whoever gets closer to the box will be the first to toss; this is called the diddle.
Click to see full answer.
Simply so, what are the rules for the game of washers?
The game field consists of two washer pits, each containing one recessed cup of 4 inches in diameter. The distance from the cup centers is 25 feet. Each player throws three washers toward the opposite cup. Players are not allowed to step in front of the box.
Furthermore, how do you score in washer toss? TOSSING TALLIES Points are scored based on how close to the cup or hole the washers are thrown. Once all eight washers are tossed, the points from the round are added together. However, only one team will finish with points in each round because of cancellation scoring.
Also to know, how many washers do you throw?
What is a washers tournament?
Washers is a game of skill, similar to Horseshoes, in which individuals or teams compete against one another in an effort to be the first to reach a winning score of 11, 17 or 21 points. The game consists of two washer pits located opposite one another, each with a recessed cup.
20 Related Question Answers Found
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Where did the game washers originate?
Can you go over 21 in bags?
How do you make a 3 hole washer game?
How do you make a hole in a washer board?
How do you paint a washer?
How do you play ring toss?
How do you score in Ladder Ball?


text:
Hacksaws are handy cutting tools that are useful additions to a homeowner's toolbox or small garage shops.What is a Hacksaw
A hacksaw is a metal-framed saw used primarily for cutting plastic and metal pipes and other small household materials. The U-shaped bow frame holds a thin, wide blade between its spigots (clips) and a plastic or wood handle at one end. Some models use an adjustable frame to accommodate 8-, 10-, or 12-inch blades as needed. Depending on the cut desired, metal blades will have 14, 18, 24, or 32 teeth per inch, with the denser teeth best for cutting smaller objects.How to Safely Use a Hacksaw
To install a blade, turn the adjuster on the handle or frame until there is slack and the holes at each end of the blade can be inserted into the spigots. Make sure that the teeth are pointed away from the handle. Tighten the adjuster.
To safely use a hacksaw, firmly place the material to be cut into a vice (if possible). Place the saw's central teeth on the line to be cut and push the saw in a short stroke to start the cut. Continue the cut, making sure the end of the object being cut is held and will not crack due to the unsupported weight. For safety, keep hands and other objects away from the sharp teeth.How to Maintain a Hacksaw
Replacement hack saw blades are available at most hardware stores. Make sure you select the appropriate blade as indicated by the number of teeth per inch. Do not use a thinner coping saw blade in a hacksaw.Tools Related to the HacksawNot what you're looking for? Try these:
- Home Repair Tools: Whether you prefer to use the Yellow Pages for anything that needs fixing around the house or consider yourself a regular do-it-yourselfer, there are a handful of tools that everyone should have in their tool box. Learn all about them in this article.
- Hand Tools: Learn about some of the most common tools you'll want to have around the house, most of which are used by hand, in this helpful article.
- Handsaws: A handsaw is just what it sounds like -- a tool you use to manually cut something. Some of the most common handsaws include ripsaws, coping saws, and hacksaws. Find out more about handsaws here.
- Coping Saw: A coping saw in another useful handsaw to have around the house. It is used most often to make curved cuts on thin materials. Learn more about coping saws here.


text:
The Dobongsan Car Park was initially planned by the Municipal Government of Seoul, as the part of a new traffic system at the boundary of the two metropolitan cities Seoul and Uijeongbu. Also, the client, Seoul Metropolitan Infrastructure Headquarters, wished to include public amenities such as a café and a lounge. This programmatic directive allowed the typical parking building to be re-imagined.
In this project, reinventing the parking structure began by rethinking the performance of the building envelope. Taking into account one of the primary problems with a typical parking structure–the dominance imposed by a large volume–the Dobongsan Car Park proposes a building envelope with a series of separated bands. Also, the main concept of the project, a parking structure as public space, is realized on the rooftop. Here the bands of the facade are manipulated to form an artificial landscape that creates a public garden and plaza.
In this way, the project successfully showcases a new type of a parking structure. It proves that a parking building can be more than a storage container for vehicles, it can also be a place for community and new encounters.


text:
This month, Oregon leaders celebrated two new hydropower projects that generate clean energy at irrigation districts while saving energy, supporting agriculture, increasing drought resilience and bolstering local economies.
On October 16, Three Sisters Irrigation District capped a decade of the district's investments in efficient irrigation at a ribbon-cutting ceremony for the 700-kilowatt Watson Hydropower Facility. The facility uses pressure from recently installed irrigation pipes to generate renewable electricity, while delivering much-needed water to the district's farmers and maintaining flows in Whychus Creek. The Watson Hydropower Facility generates about 3.1 million kilowatt hours of electricity annually—enough to power about 275 average Oregon homes.
Three Sisters Irrigation District increased the efficiency of its water delivery systems with help and support from the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Deschutes River Conservancy, Energy Trust and many other stakeholders. By enclosing and installing more than 50 miles of pipe in more than 75 percent of its open canals, the district has been able to continue delivering irrigation water to farmers during historic drought conditions, even while improving stream flows for basin fish populations.
One week later, Farmers Irrigation District unveiled a 3-megawatt hydropower turbine that generates energy from water flowing through irrigation pipes, replacing two older turbines and repowering the district's operations with a more efficient system. The district began investing in hydropower in 1986 as a way to generate revenue and defray the cost of delivering water to approximately 5,800 acres and 1,900 residential and agricultural users, including the high-value pear, apple, wine grape and cherry crops for which the region is known.
The new turbine and generator at Farmers Irrigation District will produce 12 percent more renewable power than the older turbines, bringing in $130,000 more in revenue. In addition, the district expects to save its customers $100,000 to $150,000 per year in maintenance costs. The project was made possible in part by Energy Trust, which provided a $900,000 incentive for the $4.96 million project delivering power to Pacific Power.
Together, these projects are two of about 20 small-scale hydropower systems in Oregon that together have generated nearly $90 million in revenue and led to increased summer stream flows, installation of fish screens, removal of passage barriers and increased collaboration within watershed communities.
"The potential exists over the next decade for irrigation districts across the state to upgrade to more modern infrastructure, saving water, restoring streams and generating green, renewable energy," said U.S. Senator Jeff Merkley. "These investments in irrigation systems are also investments in the future resiliency, competitiveness and livability of Oregon's rural economies."


Beka Modebadze | All You Need To Know About Python 3.10's Pattern Matching
Finally, Gods of Python decided to add a highly requested feature pattern matching. As a part of the PEP634, a structural pattern matching feature has been added to Python 3.10 and currently is in beta mode for testing. Why is this a good news and how does structural pattern matching will make Python developer's life easier? In this post I'll:
 - Introduce what is a structural pattern matching and it's syntax.
 - What's the difference between switch and match statements?
 - Where does match statement fits in Python and it's advantages over if/elif/else statement
Structural Pattern Matching
Soon (Official release is planned in October) we'll see a Python's structural pattern matching with a form of match/case statement. Pattern matching will be available for primitive data types matching, extracting data from more complex data types, and then applying specific instructions based on retrieved values.
Example syntax for Python's pattern matching:
When the pattern is evaluated case compares value to the pattern_1 if it's true action_1 will be executed and the program will break. If evaluated result is false then case #2 will copared to pattern_2 and if matched action_2 will be executed, etc. up until program reaches _ which stands for default execution, if no other match is found.
If we left out _ case from our code and none of the other cases match, default will be a no-op that is similar to pass i.e. no action will be conducted. We can also use a | ("or") operator if we want to evaluate two or more cases for a single action.
This is a simple review of the syntax of this anticipated feature. Before diving into examples and use cases let's explore what's the difference between switch and match as often these words are used interchangeably but mean two different attributes.
Switch vs Match
Many popular programming languages like Java, C, C++ have a switch statement. It is used extensively due to its readability and fast execution speed compared to if/else statements when you have to evaluate multiple if-else cases. On a lower level switch case is executed faster compared to multiple if-else statements.
This is because the switch evaluates the data type of the subject and creates a look-up/hash table of the expected cases. Then comparison to identify which case to execute can be done in a near-constant time. The difference in runtime is minuscule for 99% of the time but good readability and clean design give preference to the switch cases on many occasions.
However, limitations of the switch case is that, for example in C it can't go beyond primitive data types like int, char, and enum. For example, let's look at this simple C code:
 #include <stdio.h>
 int main()
 {
 float val = 2.1;
 switch (val) {
 case 1.1: printf("Value = %f\n", val);
 case 2.1: printf("Value = %f\n", val);
 default: printf("No match found");
 }
 return 0;
 }

If we try to pass a String or a float we'll get a compiler error (though Strings are allowed in Java):
error: statement requires expression of integer type ('float' invalid)
 switch (val) {
 ^ ~~~
1 error generated.
So here is the difference with match statement. It can be used as a statement (to just evaluate primitive data types) and as an expression. What's the difference between statement and expression? The rule of thumb is that statements are instructions. They perform actions. Expressions hold data; they resolve to some value. So we can do more complex pattern evaluations using match statement/expression, which we'll demonstrate below.
Match Case Examples
Python pattern matching can be used in diverse ways. It can be used as a match statement for the literals and a match expression for more complex situations. We can capture patterns in the following style:
match string:
 case "":
 print('The boy has no name')
 case "Edward":
 print(f'His name is {string}')
We can use an underscore _ as a wildcard. This is a special kind of pattern that always matches but never binds:
match point:
 case (x, _):
 print(f'x is located at {x}')
Mapping pattern is also a thing that allows matching a key, value pair. It's done by unpacking the iterable where both key and value are evaluated as patterns. The syntax is similar to dictionary display and can even use **rest to extract remaining items from the data:
match score:
 case {'five': 5}:
 return 5.1
 case {'four': 4}:
 return 4.1
 case {**rest}:
 return 0.1
The variety of patterns we can match allows us to get creative and I'm sure the Python community will give us a great use case. Now, let's look at how it compares to the if/else statement and how we can match classes and a variety of other patterns within a single run.
Match-Case vs If-Elif-Else
Let's say we've two classes Color that has three mandatory fields for red, green, and blue and StabilizedColor which has all above mentioned fields plus an alpha field. We want to have a function that takes various types of numerical arguments (and not only) and returns StabilizedColor object. This's how we'd implement it using match expression.
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 @dataclass
 class Color:
 red: int
 green: int
 blue: int

 @dataclass
 class StabilizedColor:
 red: int
 green: int
 blue: int
 alpha: int

 def stabilize_rgb_color(color) -> StabilizedColor:
 match color:
 case (r, g, b, a):
 return StabilizedColor(r, g, b, a)
 case (r, g, b):
 return StabilizedColor(r, g, b, 0)
 case Color(r, g, b):
 return StabilizedColor(r, g, b, 0)
 case StabilizedColor(_, _, _, _):
 return color
 case _:
 raise TypeError("Only supports RGB color")

 # match based on a tuple
 print(stabilize_rgb_color((123, 22, 22)))
 print(stabilize_rgb_color((123, 22, 31, 1)))

 # match based on a list
 print(stabilize_rgb_color([220, 225, 100]))
 print(stabilize_rgb_color([55, 75, 120, 1]))

 # match based on a class
 print(stabilize_rgb_color(Color(255, 255, 0)))
 print(stabilize_rgb_color(StabilizedColor(100, 100, 1, 1)))

 from collections import namedtuple

 BlackAndWhite = namedtuple('BlackAndWhite', ['r', 'g', 'b'])
 print(stabilize_rgb_color(BlackAndWhite(255, 255, 255)))

We can pass heterogeneous data types like lists, tuples, Color class, StabilizedColor class, namedtuple, and every other object that will contain at least three numerical data fields and get a StabilizecColor object in return. What if we try to do the same without match expression and use good ol' if/elif/else? It gets messy:
def stabilize_rgb_color(color) -> StabilizedColor:
 if (
 isinstance(color, (list, tuple))
 and len(color) >= 3
 and isinstance(color[0], int)
 and isinstance(color[-1], int)
 ):
 if len(color) > 3:
 return StabilizedColor(
 color[0], color[1], color[2], color[3]
 )
 else:
 return StabilizedColor(
 color[0], color[1], color[2], 0
 )
 elif isinstance(color, Color):
 return StabilizedColor(
 color.red, color.green, color.blue, 0
 )
 elif isinstance(color, StabilizedColor):
 return color
 # Some other elif's for each Data Type we want to cover
 # elif...
 # elif...
 else:
 raise TypeError("Only supports RGB color")
There are just too many things we need to evaluate and check before deciding what to do. What if our function goes beyond lists and tuples and expects some custom data classes? we need to add elif statement for each case and the function gets cumbersome fast.
Summary
Match case not only is more readable in many instances, but it can also handle complex situations with grace, and evaluate various patterns. Its syntax is very intuitive, as it borrows many aspects from other languages but maintains pythonic sway. This is a great addition to the language and we should be excited about it.
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text: In this study, we objectively tracked the duration, frequency, and the preferred practices chosen by novice mindfulness practitioners following a mindfulness meditation (MM) intervention. A sample of 55 mildly stressed participants, aged 50 to 80 years old, underwent an individual 6-week MM intervention and had their guided meditation home practice electronically recorded during the intervention and the 8-week post-intervention period. Participants' psychological well-being was assessed through self-report measures of mindfulness, quality of life, and symptoms of depression and stress. Results evidenced a high adherence to practice, with an average of ~23 minutes per day during the intervention and ~16 minutes per day in the follow-up period. Body scan, sitting meditation, and breathing space were the most popular meditation practices among participants. Our results showed significant alterations in self-reported measures over time, suggesting improvements in stress and overall quality of life. Changes in the self-report measures did not correlate with MM practice time, which suggests that other psychological phenomena, including quality of meditation practice, influence these outcomes.


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9.4 Protocols for external access
You can set up Org for handling protocol calls from outside applications that are passed to Emacs through the emacsserver. For example, you can configure bookmarks in your web browser to send a link to the current page to Org and create a note from it using capture (see Capture). Or you could create a bookmark that will tell Emacs to open the local source file of a remote website you are looking at with the browser. See for detailed documentation and setup instructions.


- Home
 - How many miles should a car last?
How many miles should a car last?
Author of the blog (work in a car repair shop)
Ask Q
How many miles should a car last?
Can cars last 300 000 miles?
What is high mileage for a used car?
What is considered high mileage on a car? Often, 100,000 miles is considered a cut-off point for used cars because older vehicles often start requiring more expensive and frequent maintenance when mileage exceeds 100,000.
How many miles can an engine last?
Can cars last 300 000 miles?
Can a car last 500000 miles?
Is mileage more important than age?
Is Mileage More Important Than Age? The short answer is no. There is no clear winner in the battle of mileage vs age. This is because, when shopping for a used car, you don't just base your decision on either one.
What mileage is too high?
Up to 1000 miles a month – or 12,000 miles per year – is seen as average car use, any more than that would be considered high mileage – a two-year-old car with 40,000 miles, say. That said, the term 'high mileage' is usually reserved for cars that have covered 100,000 miles or more.
Should I buy a car with 75000 miles?
If you would like to drive your next used car for five years, for example, you'll want to find a car that has at least another 75,000 miles of expected life ahead of it. With that in mind, a good mileage range for a used car would be between 75,000 and 100,000 miles, since many cars last beyond the 150,000-mile point.
When should I replace my car?
Know what your car is worth. Use tools available from sites like Kelley Blue Book and Edmunds to determine trade-in or retail value of cars similar to yours. A good rule of thumb is to employ the so-called "50-percent rule." When repairs cost 50 percent of what your car is worth, it's time to replace.
At what mileage do cars start having problems?
Generally, vehicles are likely to start experiencing problems after the 100,000-mile mark. Also, in most cases, they no longer have a valid manufacturer's warranty, meaning you have to pay for repairs out of your own pocket when something goes wrong.
How long should you own a car?
In general, however, people don't really keep their cars forever. Research by R.L. Polk says that the average age of a modern vehicle is 11.4 years, while the average length of time drivers keep a new vehicle is 71.4 months — around 6 years. So even if you plan to own a car forever, the statistics are against you.
What percentage of cars make it to 300 000 miles?
Can a car last 250000 miles?
Today's cars are built to last for 250,000 miles or more with regular care. This is according to Bob Weber, who's a Chicago Tribune auto columnist. Sure, there are some cars that lend themselves well to running for a long time, and those that need a little more work, but the effort is often worth it.
Can cars last 300 000 miles?
Can a car engine run forever?
In a vacuum (and with infinite fuel), your engine would continue to run forever. But in reality, several things might occur if your car idles for too long. To avoid running your car for too long, you should only idle your vehicle for a few minutes at most before either moving your vehicle or turning the engine off.
Can you make a car last forever?
Okay, you really can't make your car last forever. But more and more people are moving away from the cycle of buying or leasing new vehicles every 2-3 years, instead electing to save money by keeping their current vehicles in the best-running shape possible for the longest period of time.
Can a car engine last forever?
Most engines on the road today are designed to last well over 100,000 miles. An engine will last much longer if the engine is not abused in any way and all maintenance that the manufacturer recommends is done on or before it is due.
What is the best age to buy a used car?
In retaining "like new" quality and inheriting a slower depreciation rate, the best used car age for buying is 2-3 years. In fact, Americans are saving up to $14,000 on a 3-year-old vehicle. For example, a car that may have cost you $30,000 when new would cost around $16,000 after just 3 years.
Is it OK to buy an old car with low mileage?
It's typically a general rule of thumb to go for the car with the lowest number of miles on it. The more miles a car has, the more likely it is to need repairs and maintenance. This raises the question of whether buying a used car with unusually low miles on it can lead to problems down the road.
What is considered an old car?
On the average, though, for a car to be considered a "Classic Car" it must be at least 25 years old, and 50 years old for it to be considered an "Antique Car". However, some states consider anything made after the end of the Forties a Classic, and anything from 1949 back to be an Antique.
Is it worth buying a car with over 100K miles?
Is it worth buying a car with high mileage?
Here's the answer: Overall, a car that has been driven enough, has been maintained well, and has high mileage will be a reliable choice. Thanks to modern technology, lifespans have increased. At one point, 100,000 miles were considered to be a long life for a car.
How many miles should a 10 year old car have?
Is it cheaper to fix an old car or buy a new one?
How often should you buy a new car?
Many car owners make the mistake of assuming that they need to replace their vehicles every few years. The average age of a vehicle on the road is about 11 years, but most drivers keep a car for about six years. Here are some factors to consider when deciding if it's time for a newer model.
How long should a car last?
How Long Should a Car Last? Many modern vehicles can last up to or even past 200,000 miles, according to automotive experts. Today's cars, SUVs, and trucks are more durable than ever and require less maintenance to run correctly, which has boosted the average age of a car on the road in the United States to nearly 12 years old.
How many miles left on a car should I buy?
For example, if you're looking at a car with 100,000 miles that's in good condition and from a brand whose vehicles are known to pass the 200,000-mile mark, then you could have as many as 100,000 miles left on that vehicle. If you drive fewer than 10,000 miles per year, that could mean at least 10 years of life.
How many miles will a General Motors SUV last?
The Suburban is, probably, the only General Motors SUV that will make the list of cars capable of lasting longer than 300,000 miles. Many Suburban owners reported having clocked more than 200,000 miles, but owners who take good care of their cars will see the 300,000 mark. Besides the durability, the car looks stunning.
What is the average mileage on a car?
When you're looking for any car, its mileage is an important thing to consider. In general, the average mileage on a car is assumed to be between 12,000 and 15,000 miles per year, according to...
Below you will find two interesting articles on a similar topic 👇
Is it worth repairing a car after an accident?
What to do with a car that needs more repairs than it's worth?
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Video Answer below 👇
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FAQ for the last Day
 - What drains my battery so fast?
 - Avoid situations where your phone can overheat, especially when your battery is fully charged. Your battery drains much faster when it's hot, even when not in use. This kind of drain can damage your battery. You don't need to teach your phone the battery's capacity by going from full charge to zero, or zero to full.Why is my battery draining so fast? A heavy application (like gaming or any other d...
 - Does anybody make a battery operated heater?
 - They don't exist. Don't worry, we'll look into cordless battery-operated heater alternatives further on. A battery-operated heater is basically a pipedream. In theory, a cordless heater operated by a battery would provide heating for a tent when we're camping, or use batteries to heat up entire rooms or homes.Do battery based heaters use a lot of electricity? Battery based heaters use electric res...
 - Does location drain battery?
 - Sending out signals to satellites to pinpoint a location consumes battery power, but there are steps mobile owners can take to conserve their lives. Running the app in the background is one of the things your crew can easily do to save battery life.Does location consume a lot of battery? Conclusion. Enabling GPS uses zero extra power except when location services are actually being used. You'll us...
 - Why does my car battery die when the car is off?
 - But when the engine is off, the


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I am working on the statement " A graph $G$ is a $nKn$ (collection of $n$ number of complete graph each of order $n$) graph if and only if $\bar{G}$ is $α(G) = α(\bar{G}) = n$ and $(p-n)$-regular, where $p$ is the order of $G$ and $α(G)$ is the independence number of $G$ with $n\geqslant 1$."
The converse part seem to be a confusion. Kindly help me with it.
share|improve this question
Perhaps you could edit the meaning of $a(G)$ into your question. – Gerry Myerson May 9 '12 at 12:58
α(G) is the independence number of G – James Alex May 9 '12 at 14:07
I'm not sure I'm understanding the question properly. Can you clarify why the graph $G$ consisting of a 3-cycle and a 4-cycle would not be a counterexample? It would seem to satisfy $n=3$, $p=7$, but it is obviously not a $3K_3$. – Will Orrick May 10 '12 at 16:48
_USER_ The graph you mentioned is 2 regular, not (7-3)=4 regular. – Graphth May 10 '12 at 20:20
_USER_ : Hmmm. I had understood that it was $\overline{G}$ that was required to be $(p-n)$-regular, rather than $G$. Perhaps this is the root of my confusion. I'm now not sure that I understand how $3K_3$ is defined. Wouldn't $p$ equal 9 in that case, and $G$ have to be 6-regular? – Will Orrick May 10 '12 at 21:41
1 Answer 1
(Extended compilation of comments.)
While it is true that the disjoint union of $n$ copies of $K_n$ has the properties
 1. $\alpha(G)=\alpha(\overline G)=n$ (where $\alpha$ is the independence number)
 2. $\overline{G}$ is $p-n$ regular (where $p$ is the number of vertices of $G$)
the converse is not true. not every graph with properties 1 and 2. Will Orrick gave the following counterexample in comments: let $G$ be the disjoint union of two cycles $C_3 $ and $C_4$; then $\alpha(G)=\alpha(\overline G)=3$ and $\overline{G}$ is $4$-regular where $4=7-3$.
Brian M. Scott then observed that if $\alpha(\overline G)=n$ is strengthened to
(*) every maximal independent set in $\overline G$ has cardinality $n$
then the conclusion $G=nK_n$ follows. Indeed, (*) says that every maximal clique of $G$ has cardinality $n$. Therefore, every vertex is contained in a copy of $K_n$. Since $G$ is $n$-regular (by virtue of 2), it is a disjoint union of some copies of $K_n$. The condition $\alpha(G)=n$ places the number of the copies of $K_n$ at $n$.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
The Cultural Engagement Framework celebrates our diversity and creates opportunities for all Australians to participate in our cultural life. It includes:
- Indigenous Australians
- People with a disability
- Multicultural Australia
- Young people
- Regional and marginalised communities
Young People and the Arts
The Australia Council values the important contribution that young people make to the vitality of Australian cultural life. We recognise the fundamental importance of work created by, for and with young people including within educational settings.
We recognise that young people's opportunities to participate in and enjoy the arts may also be affected by issues relating to disability, cultural diversity, Aboriginality and living in regional or remote communities.
We aim to
- develop pathways for young artists into the arts profession
- promote, recognise and publish Australian best-practice examples of art by, for and with young people and the arts, including partnerships between artists and teachers
- develop research programs for young people and the arts, and education and the arts
- support for work that is produced for young people
- support for work that is produced by young people
- support for work that is produced with young people
- support for initiatives to develop young artists' capacity to professionalise their practice
- evidence of the benefits of investing in young people's artistic development and experience.
- Opportunities for Young and Emerging Artists program, which provides $6.6m over four years (2008-2011) to build skills and experience for young and emerging artists. It is a comprehensive, national initiative to help seed the future of Australian arts.
- ArtStart, which provides financial assistance to recent creative arts graduates who are committed to establishing a career as a professional artist.
- Creative Education Partnerships: Artist in Residence Initiative, managed in partnership with state and territory arts agencies and education departments, provides opportunities for artists and teachers to work together and deliver the benefits of creative practice in schools.
A young person is considered to be under the age of thirty (30). Please note that for certain categories of funding, artform boards and committees may determine a different upper age limit.
Resources and Links

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The xylophone, a percussion instrument with a bright and distinct sound, captivates audiences with its resonant tones. To comprehend the magic behind these melodic vibrations, one must delve into the intricate science that governs the xylophone's unique mechanism. In this article, we will explore the fundamental principles that make a xylophone vibrate, offering insight into the harmonious world of this timeless instrument.
The Anatomy of a Xylophone: A Percussive Marvel
Before dissecting the vibrations, let's first understand the xylophone's basic structure. Comprising wooden bars of varying lengths arranged in a graduated manner, the xylophone's bars are suspended above resonators or a resonant chamber. These resonators, typically made of metal tubes or wooden pipes, play a crucial role in amplifying and enhancing the instrument's sound.
Striking the Right Note: Mallets and Bar Interaction
The xylophone's vibrant sound begins with the interaction between the player's mallets and the wooden bars. Mallets, often made of materials like rubber, plastic, or yarn, impact the bars with a percussive force. This impact sets the bars into motion, initiating a sequence of vibrations that eventually produce the audible tones we associate with the xylophone.
Natural Frequencies: The Key to Vibrations
Each wooden bar on the xylophone is designed to vibrate at specific natural frequencies. When struck, the bar resonates at these frequencies, creating a fundamental pitch along with various harmonics. The combination of these frequencies produces the xylophone's characteristic sound. The longer bars produce lower pitches, while the shorter ones generate higher pitches, allowing for a broad range of musical expression.
Resonators' Resonance: Enhancing and Sustaining Vibrations
The resonators beneath the xylophone bars play a pivotal role in shaping and sustaining the instrument's vibrations. When a bar is struck, it sets the air inside the resonator in motion. The resonator, tuned to the same frequency as the bar, amplifies the vibrations and projects the sound outward. This synergy between the vibrating bar and the resonator enhances the overall resonance and volume of the xylophone.
Materials Matter: Wood's Role in Vibrational Excellence
The choice of wood for xylophone bars is crucial to the instrument's vibrational qualities. Hardwoods like rosewood or padauk are commonly used due to their density and ability to transmit vibrations effectively. The unique properties of these woods contribute to the xylophone's distinct timbre, ensuring that the instrument produces clear and resonant tones.
Mode of Vibration: Understanding Harmonics
When a xylophone bar is struck, it vibrates not only at its fundamental frequency but also at multiples of that frequency, known as harmonics. These harmonics contribute to the rich and complex sound of the xylophone. The mode of vibration, influenced by factors such as the bar's shape and material, determines the distribution of these harmonics and shapes the overall tonal quality.
Damping: Controlling Vibrations for Artistic Expression
Damping is a technique used by xylophone players to control the duration of vibrations and shape the expressive qualities of their performance. By placing their hand on the bar immediately after striking it, players can shorten the duration of the vibrations, creating staccato or marcato articulations. Mastering damping techniques adds a layer of artistic control to the xylophone's dynamic range.
Environmental Factors: Temperature and Humidity Effects
Environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, can influence the xylophone's vibrational behavior. Changes in these factors may impact the elasticity and resonance of the wooden bars, affecting their vibrational frequencies. Musicians often need to acclimate their instruments to the performance environment to ensure optimal vibrational characteristics.
Microscopic World: Vibrations at the Molecular Level
At the molecular level, the xylophone's vibrational journey is a dance of atoms and molecules within the wooden bars. When struck, the impact sends waves of energy through the wood, causing its molecular structure to vibrate. This microscopic movement is integral to the transmission of sound waves, converting mechanical energy into the auditory experience we perceive as music.
Tuning and Maintenance: Fine-Tuning Vibrations for Precision
To maintain the xylophone's vibrational integrity, regular tuning and maintenance are essential. Over time, factors like temperature changes and wear can affect the instrument's pitch and resonance. Tuning involves adjusting the length of the bars or altering their density to ensure that they resonate at the correct frequencies. A well-maintained xylophone guarantees consistent and accurate vibrations.
Educational Insights: Teaching the Science of Vibrations
Understanding the science of vibrations in the xylophone provides valuable insights for educators and students. Teachers can explore concepts like harmonics, damping, and resonant frequencies to deepen students' appreciation for the instrument. By delving into the physics of xylophone vibrations, students gain a holistic understanding of the interplay between art and science in the world of music.
In conclusion, the enchanting vibrations of the xylophone are a result of a harmonious interplay between materials, design, and the laws of physics. From the impact of mallets on carefully crafted wooden bars to the resonance of tuned resonators, each element contributes to the instrument's unique sound. By unraveling the science behind xylophone vibrations, we gain a deeper appreciation for the craftsmanship and artistry that bring this percussive marvel to life, resonating with audiences across musical genres.


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In our River Sounding project, Bill Fontana has produced a work in response to the river Thames, and sounds associated with it. I thought I'd take a look through the Bmic collection and see how other artists have made work based on this iconic river...
The River Thames once flowed into and alongside Somerset House, the home of Sound and Music, with ships sailing in through the Great Arch. River Sounding is a new installation with sound artist Bill Fontana that returns the Thames to the building, taking you on an acoustic journey in which the river once again flows through the Great Arch and into the underground Lightwells surrounding the courtyard, immersing you in airborne and underwater sounds and revealing contemporary and historical connections.
Bill Fontana is neither the first, or the last to be inspired by the great river. This gathering of scores, found in Sound and Music's 'The Collection' explore the beauty and menace of London's muse – the Thames.
Nigel Hess – Thames Journey (1991)
In this work Hess looks at the entire length of the river, with the piece beginning with a trickle from the Thames' source in Kemble, Wiltshire; flowing though Oxfordshire, Berkshire and finally through London and into the North Sea. However there are not only references to the geography but also history of those areas; the main theme of the piece is an 18th Century Wiltshire melody; 'Through the Groves'. There are other references in the journey, including other local folk tunes, ancient plainsong, the world pooh sticks championship and Gustav Holst as the river flows past his house in Barnes, West London.
Elizabeth Maconchy – Proud Thames (1953)
The piece, an orchestral overture again follows the course of the river geographically. However it relies less on direct references and more on musical development as the river flows and gains momentum. Proud Thames won a competition in 1953 to become the Coronation overture for Queen Elizabeth II.
Andrzej Panufnik (words: Camilla Jessel) – Thames Pageant (1970)
A cantata for young players and singers, this piece focuses entirely on the history of the river going all the way back to the Roman invasion. Other events covered are the signing of the Magna Carta at Runnymede and the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race.
Full Score is available from Boosey and Hawkes
Jonathan Dove – Fanfares Across the Thames (1999)
Exactly what it says in the title, written for the Dedication Ceremony for London's Millenium Bridge. Instead of looking at the historical and geographical context of the riverit's used as a setting for a live performance of the piece. Brass and percussion fire salvoes to each other from either side of the river whilst a woodwind section and brass section is introduced in the second section floating on a barge in the middle of the river.
Full score available from Edition Peters


APIs) for mapping object references into an hierarchical naming structure (JNDI in this case).
 - Commands for displaying bindings and for binding and unbinding naming context objects and application objects into the namespace.
 6. IDL client applications can locate an object by asking the CORBA Name Service to look up the name in the JNDI tree of WebLogic Server. In the previous example, you run the client by entering the following command:
 Client.exe -ORBInitRef NameService=iioploc://localhost:7001/NameService


text: This study presents a rain area detection scheme that uses a gradient based adaptive technique for daytime and nighttime rain area detection and correction from reflectance and infrared (IR) brightness temperatures data of the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite. First, multiple parametric rain detection models developed from MSG's reflectance and IR data were calibrated and validated with rainfall data from a dense network of rain gauge stations and investigated to determine the best model parameters. The models were based on a conceptual assumption that clouds characterised by the top properties, e.g., high optical thickness and effective radius, have high rain probabilities and intensities. Next, a gradient based adaptive correction technique that relies on rain area-specific parameters was developed to reduce the number and sizes of the detected rain areas. The daytime detection with optical (VIS0.6) and near IR (NIR1.6) reflectance data achieved the best detection skill. For nighttime, detection with thermal IR brightness temperature differences of IR3.9-IR10.8, IR3.9-WV73 and IR108-WV62 showed the best detection skill based on general categorical statistics. Compared to the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Integrated Mult-isatellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) and the gauge station data from the southwest of Kenya, the model showed good agreement in the spatial dynamics of the detected rain area and rain rate.


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Some designers in London are taking an invasive mussel species and turning it into beautiful tiling.
Aside from preventing the mussel shells breaking down in landfills, the process creates a rigid material that is translucent—something that has never been done before.
Invasive species can require tens of millions in financing to eradicate, but what if the incoming investment was paired with outgoing profits—how much faster could invasive species be cleared out then?
When London water pipes began being clogged by an invasive species native to the Dnieper River in Ukraine called the quagga mussel, Thames Water had to spend millions of pounds to remove them. Most of the load ended up in landfills around the British capital, but a certain amount is now found in the workshop of designer Lulu Harrison, and at the London Craft Week's Beautility exhibit, where her use of quagga mussel shell powder to make glass caught the eye.
Glass is infinitely recyclable, making it one of the least polluting container materials available. However sand mining is an ecologically-damaging practice, particularly for rivers.
Harrison has said that her method is similar to ancient glass-making techniques. She uses about 60% River Thames sand, 20% mussel shells, 20% locally-sourced wood ash, and a bit of "soda ash," which is the principle ingredient in normal glass. Harrison thinks manufacturers following in her footsteps could make a "geo-specific glass" industry, by producing glass products based on locally-available substrates to produce different colors and levels of translucence.
MORE: This Gorgeous Leather is Made From the Hide of an Invasive Predatory Fish
Bureau de Change, an architecture firm founded by Katerina Dionysopoulou and Billy Mavropoulos, teamed up with Harrison to produce Thames Glass, a series of tiling for building façades that celebrate the patterns of old London.
"Looking back at the Royal Doulton, which manufactured the city's water pipes in the mid-19th century, as well as the city's ornamental terracotta chimney pots, the cast glass tiles replicate some of the same intricate 19th-century patterns," write Bureau de Change.
RELATED: Sustainable Wind Turbine Towers Being Made of Eco-Friendly Wood
To make the tiles, the mussels are washed, dried in the sun, ground and sieved into a fine powder, cooked into molten glass, then rapidly cooled to be shattered and ground up again. This is finally fed into a 3D printer to create the tiles.
CHECK OUT: Students Create Edible Tortilla Tape to Keep Your Wraps Wrapped
English building codes are famously strict, and expensive tests will need to be performed on the tiles before they can be approved for use on actual buildings—but given that the quagga mussel is known to invasively reside in many locations, including in the Great Lakes of North America, the hope is that we'll soon be seeing beautiful tiles like these wherever they could make a difference.
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Lower School
Since 2016, Lower School students have had the opportunity to produce videos in their very own broadcast studio complete with anchor desk and green screen.
Fourth-grade students produce a weekly news show. Other grade levels use the studio for special projects. Students learn technical skills, leadership skills, public speaking, writing, and collaboration while using this unique space.
Summer Enrichment and Afterschool Tiger Times
Additionally, Lower School students may sign up for broadcast programs geared specifically to their age during after-school programs or in the summer.


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Seahorses and typography
After being saddened because so many people lack the ability to use an apostrophe, it's lovely to see that the punctuation mark being used as a yardstick in the National Geographic, albeit because of its size, not its grammatical function. It still amazes me what is constantly being discovered in the world.
At under half an inch tall (13 millimeters), Satomi's pygmy seahorse—named after dive guide Satomi Onishi—is a strong contender for the world's smallest seahorse. With their tails stretched out straight, two Satomi's pygmy seahorses would fit head-to-head across the face of a penny.
These miniscule seahorses from Indonesian reefs have been seen giving birth to tiny offspring, each about the size of a 12-point apostrophe.
Article from National Geographic.


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Definition of comeuppance in English:
noun[in singular] informal
A punishment or fate that someone deserves: he got his comeuppance in the end
More example sentences
- By any reasonable moral reckoning he deserves all the comeuppance of his bad faith.
- I kept turning the pages, anticipating the comeuppance that he so richly deserved.
- Among the more baffling parts of this showdown is why Madam Secretary would have invited such a comeuppance in the first place.
Words that rhyme with comeuppancetuppence, twopence
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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[I prepared this post together with the one on the portrait of nine-year-old Edward Lear by his sister Ann over three years ago, but then inexplicably forgot to post it; like the previous one it is mostly based on material from the New Zealand collection that was brought to my attention by Charles Lewsen and photographed by Stephen A'Court. I was recently reminded of it when I received further information clarifying the Lear family-Frederick Harding connection unearthed by Steve Uglow: I am enclosing his findings at the end of the post.]
The New Zealand collection includes a second portrait, which Lily Bowen – the Lear family descendant who provided information to Lear's first biographer, Angus Ddavidson – identified as Edward Lear; but, as Vivien Noakes demonstrated , Lily Bowen's family history was not always reliable, and pride in the connection with Edward Lear, as well perhaps as failing eyesight, may have encouraged her to suppose that he was the young child depicted in this portrait:
The label on the back reads:
Edward Lear, painted by his sister, Anne Lear. ?F. Harding.
Edward Lear Gillies New-Zealand, from L.B.
The picture itself, however, has an "FH 1830" signature inside the right arm of the chair, which rules out the attribution to Ann as well as the possibility that this is a portrait of Edward, who in 1830 would have been 18.
As the picture was passed among the descendants of Sarah Street – Edward Lear's sister who emigrated to New Zealand in the 1853 – it seems possible that it depicts her son Charles Henry Street who was born on 28 March 1824, and would therefore have been 6 in 1830.
The signature 'FH' – as well as the back label – suggests that it may be the work of Frederick Harding who, according to Vivien Noakes (2004 edition, p. 218), being his mother's sister's child, was Edward's cousin. Harding, a miniaturist, obtained prizes from the Society of Arts in 1814 and 1815. He exhibited in London at the Royal Academy and at the Society of British Artists from 1825 to 1857. He practised in London and, towards the end of his life, in Totnes.
Here is an example, among the many aailable on the web, of Harding's work from ArtPrice (also): all those I found are watercolours on ivory, with signatures which do not at all look like the one on the above portrait, though perhaps this is to be expected, given the different medium, and the fact that Charles Street's portrait may have been done quickly as a favour to relatives:
On Easter Monday, 8 April 1822, after Frederick had been "bought out of his regiment and was staying at Bowman's Lodge" (Noakes, p. 218, who gives no source) something happened which Edward would never forget; on hearing of his cousin's death in 1871, he wrote in his diary:
[…] 2 letters, & Times
Mary Ann North of the 14th & 15th ― sending post stamps, & pleased with the sketches I sent
Ellen Newsom. Her Leatherhead Minister is dead, & so, on June 7th Frederick Harding.
It is just 50 years since he did me the greatest evil done to me in life, excepting that done by C.: ― & which must last now to the end ― spite of all reason & effort.
Afterwards, looked over a lot of things lately turned up, Turners rivers &c. &c. & ― & likenesses of Cordelia, Florence, Sarah, & "Mother."
Bed ― nearly 10[.]
(Diary 19 June 1871.)
He marked the date in the diary entry for 8 April 1882, drawing a box around the passage:
The 8th of April 1822 was the wretched Easter Monday, at the old Highgate House; ― when I was nearly 10 years old, & F. was, I fancy ― 19.
Four years later he was still looking for confirmation of the date:
Wrote a letter to Frank Lushington, from whom a card comes at this moment, ― "Easter Monday fell on April 8 ― in 1822 which was much as I thought.
(Diary 17 April 1886.)
Whatever happened in 1822, it had no consequences on the relationship between the Lears and Frederick Harding: in June 1825 (the date is given in the caption to the reproduction in Noakes's biography) he was painting Jeremiah's miniature portrait, which is also part of the New Zealand collection:
It is not surprising that Lear did not find Harding's miniatures attractive when he examined them in 1866 – apparently there were others, and perhaps not all by Harding:
At 10 ― walked to Waterloo Stn. & so to Letherhead [sic] by 12. ― A very fine, but cold day. Dined with Ellen ― who ages very much & is sadly deaf ― so that I lose my voice in 2 or 3 hours of talk. After dinner, sat in that delightful Bay-window north room ― so quiet: & looked at miniatures & photographs. (Mary was married in 1821 ― Sarah in 1822 ― & Ellen in 1823;) The miniatures by F.H. are not marked by any talent ― only the color is fresh & delicate: the portrait of my father is good but less agreable in face than he was.
(Diary 10 October 1866.)
[What follows has been written by Steve Uglow, researching "Lear's cousins" for the upcoming biography from his wife Jenny:]
Anne Clark Skerritt (or Skerrett) [Edward Lear's mother] was born around 1769 – when she died at Dover on 26th May 1844, she was in her 75th year, the relict of Jeremiah and, like Jeremiah, late of Milton, Gravesend, Kent. She married Jeremiah on 24th August 1788.
Ann was the daughter of Edward John Skerritt and Florence Usher who had moved to London from Durham. Ann had 3 siblings
- William Clark was baptised on 4th September 1769 at St Mary's, Whitechapel – he must have been close in age to Ann, if not her twin. There's no baptismal record for Ann
- Sarah was baptised on 10th April 1771, also at St Mary's
- Charlotte was baptised on 17th February 1773 again at St Mary's – ?Charlotte Carleton m. James Chidgey 10/7/1806, St Bartholomew The Great – children baptised St Dunstans, Stepney
It's Sarah, Edward Lear's aunt, who provides the link to Frederick Harding. On 4th July 1789, she marries George Harding at St John's, Hackney – one of the witnesses is Ann Skerritt – although by now she is married to Jeremiah. George Harding was born around 1763 and died on 30th August 1818 in Whitechapel. The baptismal records of their children include:
- Elizabeth on 11th April 1790 at St Mary's Whitechapel
- George on 13th January 1797 at St Leonard's, Shoreditch
- Frederick on 25th June 1799 at St John's, Hackney
- Catherine on 2nd March 1800 at St Mary's Whitechapel
After George's death, the census evidence from _PHONE_ suggests that Sarah remarries to a Mr Knight. In all three census years, Sarah is living with Frederick and in 1851 and 1861 is referred to as 'mother'. When Lear talks of 'Aunt Knight' (and perhaps Aunt Kitty?), it is Sarah to whom he is referring.
Frederick went into the army but after George's death he was bought out in 1822. He became a miniaturist – the websites of some auction houses say "active _PHONE_".
There was a Harding dynasty of miniaturists and paints – Silvester Harding (_PHONE_) from Staffordshire and his son George Perfect Harding (1780 Malling, Kent -1853 Newington, London). Possibly Frederick was a pupil of George Perfect, although clearly not his son. George Perfect married Mary Thornton in 1804 and they had a son, Frederick John, baptised at St Martin in the Fields on 23rd November 1815. It is not clear what the link was between George Harding, Frederick's father, and George Perfect.
What is clear from the census record is that Frederick was an artist and miniaturist. In 1841, he was living in Chingford, Essex, occupation was artist and he was aged 40. Also in the house is Sarah Knight, independent means. Frederick marries quite late in life – in the 3rd quarter 1849 to Martha Steele Perkins in Exeter. The couple, with Sarah Knight, were in Woodford Green, Essex in 1851. Frederick is described as a portrait artist and born 1801 in Hackney. Martha S. was born 1825 in Exeter.
By 1861, they have moved to south west London, to York Lodge, Richmond Rd, Twickenham. Again Frederick is described as a miniature painter and this is repeated in 1871. Frederick dies in the second quarter 1871 and his death is registered in Brentford. In 1881, Martha is living at Blenheim Place, Marylebone .
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LP,HP FEEDWATER HEATERS IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS
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Presentation Description
feedwater heater is a power plant component used to pre-heat water delivered to a steam generating boiler In a steam power plant (usually modeled as a Rankine cycle), feedwater heaters allow the feedwater to be brought up to the saturation temperature very gradually.
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LP,HP FEEDWATER HEATERS IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS:
LP,HP FEEDWATER HEATERS IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS SHIVAJI CHOUDHURY
FEEDWATER HEATERS:
FEEDWATER HEATERS A feedwater heater is a power plant component used to pre-heat water delivered to a steam generating boiler In a steam power plant (usually modeled as a Rankine cycle), feedwater heaters allow the feedwater to be brought up to the saturation temperature very gradually.
PURPOSE OF FEEDWATER HEATERS:
PURPOSE OF FEEDWATER HEATERS Feedwater heaters serve three purposes in the power plant. They provide efficiency gains in the steam cycle by increasing the initial water temperature to the boiler, so there is less sensible heat addition which must occur in the boiler, They provide efficiency gains by reducing the heat rejected in the condenser, and they minimize thermal effects in the boiler. Steam is extracted from selected stages in the turbine to shell and tube heat exchangers or to open feed water heaters where the steam and feed water are in direct contact.
FEEDWATER HEATERS IN POWER CYCLE:
FEEDWATER HEATERS IN POWER CYCLE
FEED WATER HEATERS:
FEED WATER HEATERS In shell and tube or closed type feedwater heaters the feedwater flows through the tubes and the extracted steam condenses on the shell side. The condensed steam from each feedwater heater drains successively to the next lower pressure heater and is returned to the feedwater through a heater drain pump or through the condenser.
FEEDWATER HEATER DESIGN:
FEEDWATER HEATER DESIGN
FEEDWATER HEATER:
FEEDWATER HEATER
PRESSURE CLASSIFICATION:
PRESSURE CLASSIFICATION Low Pressure Heater : A heater located (with regard to feedwater flow) between the condensate pump and either the boiler feed pump . It normally extracts steam from the low pressure turbine. High Pressure Heater : A heater located downstream of the boiler feed pump. Typically, the tube side design pressure is at least 100 KG/CM2, and the steam source is the high pressure turbine.
HEATERS TO POWER PLANT CYCLE:
HEATERS TO POWER PLANT CYCLE The heating process by means of extraction steam is referred to as being regenerative. The feedwater heaters are an integral portion of the power plant thermodynamic cycle. Normally, there are multiple stages of feedwater heating. Each stage corresponds to a turbine extraction point. These extraction points occur at various stages of the expansion of steam through the turbines. The presence of the heaters in the cycle enhances the thermal efficiency of the power plant; the greater the number of extraction stages, the lower the amount of thermal energy required to generate a given amount of electrical energy.
ORIENTATION:
ORIENTATION Horizontal: Most heaters are of this configuration. These are the most stable in regard to level control ,although they occupy more floor space. Disassembly is by means of either shell or bundle removal. Most are floor mounted, although some are mounted in the condenser exhaust neck. Vertical , Channel Down: Although these conserve floor space, the amount of control area available for liquid level fluctuation is less. Disassembly is by shell removal. Installation and removal may be more difficult than for horizontal heaters. Vertical , Channel Up. These are the least frequently used. Disassembly is by means of bundle removal. If a subcooling zone is present, it must extend the full length of the bundle, since the water must enter the bottom and exit at the top end of the heater.
ZONES:
ZONES Condensing Zone: All feedwaters have this zone. All of the steam is condensed in this area, and any remaining non condensable gases must be removed. A large percentage of the energy added by the heater occurs here. Subcooling Zone: The condensed steam enters this zone at the saturation temperature and is cooled by convective heat transfer from the incoming feedwater. Desuperheating Zone: The incoming steam enters this zone, giving up most of its superheat to the feedwater exiting from the heater.
TUBE MATERIAL:
TUBE MATERIAL Both copper alloys & non-ferrous alloys are used for the LP Heaters & HP Heaters tubes. Copper alloys are used extensively in the LP Heaters tubes. These alloys have got excellent thermal conductivity but on the other hand these alloys have problems of copper carry over & ammonia attack, which may require a complex boiler cleaning after short intervals. To avoid all the above problems, the stainless steel tubes are invariably used for LP Heaters. Stainless steel is unaffected at all operating conditions, except that, it is susceptible to chloride induced stress corrosion. Most common materials used for HP Heaters are carbon steel, stainless steel & monel metal.
TUBE MATERIAL- 500 MW:
TUBE MATERIAL- 500 MW TUBE :Stainless steel as per ASTM A 213 Gr. TP 304 for seamless tubes without circumferential joints and ASTM A 688 Gr. TP 304 for welded tubes. Tube sheet :carbon steel as per ASTM A 266 Class II or SA 350-LF-2 or SA 516 Gr- 70 welded to shell and water box.
HP HEATERS ( 500 MW) :
HP HEATERS ( 500 MW)
LP HEATERS -500 MW :
LP HEATERS -500 MW
LP HP FEEDWATER HEATERS:
LP HP FEEDWATER HEATERS
HEATERS IN CONDENSATE SYSTEM IN 210 MW :
HEATERS IN CONDENSATE SYSTEM IN 210 MW
FEEDWATER HEATER EFFICIENCY:
FEEDWATER HEATER EFFICIENCY Two variables are used to monitor a feedwater heaters efficiency. The heater Terminal Temperature Difference or TTD is a measure of how close the outlet feedwater temperature is to the feedwater heater saturation temperature. The heater Drain Cooler Approach or DCA is a measure of how close the heater drain outlet temperature is to the feedwater inlet temperature.
IMPACT ON THERMAL PERFORMANCE:
IMPACT ON THERMAL PERFORMANCE The impact of a 1°F (0.56°C) increase in the TTD of the top heater is approximately a 0.016% increase in heat rate. For the other feed water heaters, a 1°F (0.56°C) increase in TTD increases the heat rate by approximately 0.013. If there is a 1°F (0.56°C) Increase in DCA, the corresponding increase in heat rate is 0.005%. The impact can be less at part load.
ITEMS AFFECT PERFORMANCE OF FEEDWATER HEATERS:
ITEMS AFFECT PERFORMANCE OF FEEDWATER HEATERS x Improper heater level can cause flashing in the drain cooler section and tube damage. — Check operation of automatic controls and level instrumentation. — Check for possible tube leaks in feedwater heater. If a number of tube leaks have occurred in a feedwater heater tests should be run to verify proper level setpoint for optimum performance. — Vent valves may not be set up properly. x Improper extraction line pressure drops. — Possible problem with extraction line check valve. x Tube fouling due to corrosion affects the heat transfer in the heater and also increases the problem of deposition of oxides on heat transfer surfaces of boilers. This can lead to boiler leaks and turbine damage — Reduce the level of dissolved gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide in feedwater and adjust pH of the feedwater. — Clean tube bundles x Continuous vent orifice plugging. x Channel pass partition/gasket leak.
Efficiency Improvement as an Emissions Control Strategy:
Efficiency Improvement as an Emissions Control Strategy Feedwater heaters are designed into the turbine cycle to improve efficiency (lower heat rate). As the heat rate decreases (heat rate improves), the amount of fuel for the same generation also goes down. Of course with less fuel burned, emissions are lowered.
BOILER OPERATION WITHOUT HP HEATERS:
BOILER OPERATION WITHOUT HP HEATERS Some plants have been designed for peaking by allowing the removal of HP heaters out of service but there is a significant heat rate penalty for this. Even if the boiler was designed for a low feedwater temperature condition,the increased gas temperature and weight through the superheater from higher firing to compensate for the lower feedwater heat input increases tube and support temperatures. The high temperature ferritic tubes are life limited by creep, as are ferritic to austenitic dissimilar welds and support or alignment casting attachment welds. Low feedwater temperature operation results in closer approach to tube "alarm" temperatures, and may require load reduction to stay within temperature limits.
Safety Issue during Tube Leaks:
Safety Issue during Tube Leaks As per HEI (14), section 6.1.2 (b), a feedwater heater shell-side safety valve shall be sized to pass the flow from a clean break in one tube resulting in the flow from two tubes. If a heater is not isolated promptly when a tube leak occurs, more tubes may be damaged resulting in a higher flow into the shell than the safety can relieve. Obviously as the heater becomes more susceptible to tube leaks, the risk of this scenario increases.
TUBE PLUGGING:
TUBE PLUGGING The majority of feedwater heaters are U-tube type. Consequently, it is very difficult to replace damaged tubes unless they are located on the periphery of the tube bundle. The most common practice is to plug both the inlets and outlets of damaged tubes. Once tube plugging begins, a feedwater heater's performance starts to decline.
AFFECTS OF TUBES


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How art reflects the society
Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper on how art reflects the society in" rel="nofollow">in which it was made that responds to the followin" rel="nofollow">ing:1.What image of America was communicated by the in" rel="nofollow">innovations and buildin" rel="nofollow">ings presented at the 1883 Chicago's World Fair?
2.How was this image communicated? -How and why was the art produced by the Ashcan School different from that of the Gilded Age?
3.To what changes in" rel="nofollow">in social history were artists reactin" rel="nofollow">ing? -How is art a reflection of society? Explain" rel="nofollow">in with at least two examples to illustrate the relationship between art and society. These two examples may be from the text or of your own selection. Discuss the subject or theme of your selected works.


Hampton Roads hospitals urge visitors to don masks
NORFOLK, Va. (AP) — Hospitals in Hampton Roads are urging patients and visitors to wear a mask at their facilities to help stop the spread of the flu.
The medical facilities making the recommendations include Bon Secours Health System, Sentara Healthcare and Naval Medical Center Portsmouth.
The hospitals say the recommendations come at a time when seasonal influenza cases have doubled compared with the same period last year.
Symptoms of flu include fever and respiratory illness such as cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle aches, chills, and sometimes vomiting and diarrhea.