Dirty Genes
[dropcap] S [/dropcap]o what are dirty genes? Dirty genes are a significant factor why we do not reach an optimal level of health. Our body needs healthy genes to function properly. But unfortunately, many people are still unaware of this vital aspect of health. That's why we're so lucky to have Dr. Ben Lynch to explain everything you need to know about dirty genes. Read on below for more on finding out if you might have some gene challenges
Dr. Ben Lynch explains how many of our illnesses and ailments that contribute to under-performance are rooted in susceptible and vulnerable genes exposed to a polluted world. These dynamic genes can be incited to over and under-performance, both causing issues of their own.
But just because these genes are "dirty" doesn't mean they can't be cleaned and prepared for optimal performance. Ben's philosophy, leave behind what you see on the outside and learn more about the you on the inside – your genes. The pathway to exceeding yourself, starts from within.
[youtube src="_URL_
Benjamin Lynch, ND received his Cell and Molecular Biology, BS from the University of Washington and his ND from Bastyr University. His passion for identifying the cause of disease directed him towards nutrigenomics and methylation dysfunction. Currently, he researches, writes and presents worldwide on the topic of MTHFr and methylation defects. He is the author of the best-selling book Dirty Genes. Dr Lynch is also the President & Founder of _URL_, a company oriented towards disease prevention and health promotion.
Childhood Interest
Dr. Ben Lynch was 16 years old when he was first introduced to biochemistry in high school. He thought it was the best class he ever had because it taught him about how the body works.
Because Dr. Ben Lynch became fascinated with how our body was wired, he went on to pursue a medical degree in college. But it was not long before he realized that standard medicine and the conventional route was not for him.
The turning point in his career path was when Dr. Ben Lynch got sick during a trip to India. Finding a cure for his illness, he was introduced to a peculiar form of medicine. Dr. Ben Lynch recalls that the one treating him checked his tongue, pulse, and gave a weird prescription. Surprisingly, he felt better after 40 minutes!
That experience eventually led Dr. Ben Lynch to pursue a career as a Naturopathic Doctor by getting his degree at Bastyr University. But Dr. Ben Lynch still felt it wasn't enough until he developed an interest in Environmental Medicine. This led him to discover epigenetics.
Focus On Epigenetics
Dr. Ben Lynch was very much concerned about how a poor environment can make people very ill and develop dirty genes. When he learned that genes were a significant factor in the entire process, he started to dive deeper into genetic research.
"Our genes require tools. Most of the tools come from the food that we eat. If we are providing our body with healthful, wholesome foods, our genes get the tools they can use to function. Such as protein, carbs, fats, vitamins, minerals, water, air, and sunlight," said Dr. Ben Lynch.
He adds, "We give genes those tools through nutrition, breathing properly, hydration and avoid doing stuff that makes them do excessive work like chemicals in the environment, wi-fi signals, and polluted air."
And that's so true! I first heard about epigenetics from Dr. Joe Wallach. He wrote the book, Epigenetics: The Death of the Genetic Theory of Disease Transmission (Amazon UK ). The book explains how nutrition supports the genes to be healthy.
What are Dirty Genes?
Now many of you may be wondering what dirty genes are. Dr. Ben Lynch explains that dirty genes are genes that are not functioning at it's best. One can inherit dirty genes from your parents. And it usually does not function as well as it should be in your particular environment.
"You can inherit it. Genes also get dirty by sitting in the garage after turning on your car or turning on your gas stove and not turning the extractor hood on. Dirty genes are also from eating unhealthy or from chronic stress," said Dr. Ben Lynch.
Dirty Gene Finder™
To those who would like to know more about the causes of dirty genes and what your particular status is, we've created a questionnaire for you called the Dirty Gene Finder™. The resulting FREE report will provide a lot of insights on how you can optimise your eating habits, discover which foods may be beneficial, what you should potentially avoid, and what might make you feel better to have a better experience without too many supplements.
The report shines a light on your particular gene challenges and in conjunction with Dr Lynch's book, Dirty Genes (Amazon UK ), guides you through some of the fundamentals of life and how to deep clean your dirty genes. "The book also also educates people why we need folate to make our body function right," said Dr. Ben Lynch.
According to Dr. Ben Lynch, folate is essential in things like:
 - regulating white blood cells
 - fighting infection
 - regulating red blood cells so we can breathe
 - regulate our platelets
 - nourish our neurotransmitters so we can think
 - helps repair DNA when chemicals invade into our system
 - essential in kids' growth
 - makes skin healthy since our skin creates skin cells all the time
Take The dirty Gene Finder Test Today!
Air Purifiers
Pollutants in the environment are unavoidable. But because they cause dirty genes, Dr. Ben Lynch says one way to clear the air is using air purifiers. Air purifiers can clear the air of chemicals and elements like smoke, pollen, and dust.
Good brands of air purifiers include IQAir and Alen Air. But Dr. Ben Lynch puts in a word of caution if and when you decide to get one.
"Air purifiers have an engine. I recommend plugging it in and turn on outside to let it off the gas," advises Dr. Ben Lynch. "Because nowadays, everything is wrapped in plastic. When you turn it on, there are so many volatile organic compounds that are being emitted."
Dr. Ben Lynch also advises avoiding having carpets if you want to avoid having dirty genes. Because apparently, carpets are sponges that hold dirt. There are also a lot of other odd compounds in carpets. It traps dust and humidity, attracts molds and dust mites.
Gas And Cooking
We also know that gas is a toxic substance. That's why Dr. Ben Lynch strictly advises that gas is something that needs to be outside. So, if you're cooking, you need to be using your exhaust fan.
"Smoke from oils have formaldehyde, destroy genes and burdens the body. Then a lot of people are taking antacids, which are inhibiting their primary detoxification system," said Dr. Ben Lynch. "People are also loading up with Paracetamol (Tylenol in US). This depletes primary antioxidants. So be wary of what you buy over the counter."
Dr. Ben Lynch says it is also bad to inhale smoke from cars. The carbon monoxide binds to the haemoglobin. And when carbon monoxide seeps into our tissues, it can eventually kill us.
"You increase cardiovascular disease risk from inhaling smoke. People who are exercising in more polluted areas are also increasing cardiovascular risk," Dr. Ben Lynch said. "That has to do with a gene called NOS3, and regulates nitric oxide and is an important gene to keep clean."
Folic Acid versus Folate
Importance Of Distinguishing Folate from Folic Acid
Folic acid is a form of folate and is one of the B vitamins that we need for methylation (MTHFr Gene). The U.S. recommended daily allowance of folic acid is 400 micrograms. These may be gained through food or dietary supplements.
However, folic acid is synthetic and will slow down methylation because it is a DHFR inhibitor. "Folic acid binds preferentially to the folate receptors and folate transporters in the body. It goes through the DHFR (dihydrofolate reductase) gene. This gene can handle 200 micrograms of folic acid before it gets saturated," said Dr. Ben Lynch. This is often supplemented in breads and sauces, so it's very possible to be really overdosing on this type of folic acid unknowingly creating poor methylation and various DNA errors because folate is needed in cellular repair, regeneration and for blood quality.
But Dr. Ben Lynch says some people have a genetic problem with this particular gene. Apparently, the folic acid can't get through the DHFR gene. It has to go somewhere, so it ends up staying in the blood. Researchers call it unmetabolised folic acid.
"What unmetabolized folic acid does, is that it will get to your folate transport protein. Folic acid blocks transportation of the folate and getting inside the cell," explains Dr. Ben Lynch.
Dr. Ben Lynch also reveals that people can be functionally folate-deficient. This is because they are functionally depriving their cells of the number one type of folate in their body which is methylfolate. Common side effects


0 System.IO.Pipelines 4.5.0 .NET Core 2.1 3.261 ms 0.0732 ms 0.1002 ms 46.8750
ReadWrite 4.6.0-preview5.19224.8 System.IO.Pipelines 4.6.0-preview5.19224.8 .NET Core 3.0 2.947 ms 0.1281 ms 0.1837 ms

System.Console
Console isn't something one normally thinks of as being performance-sensitive. However, there are two changes in this release that I think are worth calling attention to here.
First, there is one area of Console about which we've heard numerous concerns related to performance, where the performance impact visibly impacts users. In particular, interactive console applications generally do a lot of manipulation of the cursor, which also entails asking where the cursor currently is. On Windows, both the setting and getting of the cursor are relatively fast operations, with P/Invoke calls made to functions exported from kernel32.dll. On Unix, things are more complicated. There's no standard POSIX function for getting or setting a terminal's cursor position. Instead, there's a standard convention for interacting with the terminal via ANSI escape sequences. To set the cursor position, one writes a sequence of characters to stdout (e.g. "ESC [ 12 ; 34 H" to indicate 12th row, 34th column) and the terminal interprets that and reacts accordingly. Getting the cursor position is more of an ordeal. To get the current cursor position, an application writes to stdout a request (e.g. "ESC [ 6 n"), and in response the terminal writes back to the application's stdin a response something like "ESC [ 12 ; 34 R", to indicate the cursor is at the 12th row and 34th column. That response then needs to be read from stdin and parsed. So, in contrast to a fast interop call on Windows, on Unix we need to write, read, and parse text, and do so in a way that doesn't cause problems with a user sitting at a keyboard using the app concurrently… not particularly cheap. When just getting the cursor position now and then, it's not a big deal. But when getting it frequently, and when porting code originally written for Windows where the operation was so cheap the code being ported may not have been very frugal with how often it asked for the position (asking for it more than is really needed), this has resulted in visible performance problems. Thankfully, the issue has been addressed in .NET Core 3.0, by PR dotnet/corefx#36049 from @tmds. The change caches the current position and then manually handles updating that cached value based on user interactions, such as handling typing or resizing the terminal window. (Note that Benchmark.NET operates in a way that redirects standard input and output for the process running the test, and that makes _URL_ return 0 immediately, so for this test, I've just done a simple console app with a Stopwatch, which is, as you'll see, more than sufficient given the discrepancy between costs in versions.)
Another place where Console has been improved affects both Windows and Unix. Interestingly, this change was made for functional reasons (in particular for when running on Windows), but it has performance benefits as well for all OSes. In .NET, most of the times we specify buffer sizes it's for performance reasons and represents a trade-off: the smaller the buffer size, the less memory is used but the more times operations may need to be performed to fill that buffer, and conversely the larger the buffer size, the more memory is used but the fewer times the buffer will need to be filled. It's rare that the buffer size has a functional impact, but it actually can in Console. On Windows to read from the console, one calls either the ReadFile or ReadConsole functions, both of which accept a buffer to store the read data into. By default on Windows, reading from the console will not return until a newline, but Windows also needs somewhere to store the typed data, and it does so into the supplied buffer. Thus, Windows won't let the user type more characters than can fit into the buffer, which means the line length a user can type is limited by the buffer size. For whatever historical reason, .NET has used a buffer size of 256 characters, limiting the typeable line length to that amount. PR dotnet/corefx#36212 expands that to 4096 characters, which much better matches other programming environments and allows for a much more reasonable line length. However, as is the case when increasing buffer sizes, relevant throughput involving that buffer improves as well, in particular when reading from files piped to stdin. For example, reading 8K of input data from stdin previously would have required 32 calls to ReadFile; with a 4K buffer, only 2 calls are required. The impact of that can be seen in this benchmark. (Again, this is harder to test with Benchmark.NET, so I've again just used a simple console app.)
System.Diagnostics.Process
There have been various functional improvements to the Process class in .NET Core 3.0, in particular on Unix, but there are a couple of performance-focused improvements I want to call out.
PR dotnet/corefx#31236 is another nice example of introducing a new performance-focused API and, at the same time, using it within .NET Core to further improve the performance of core libraries. In this case, it's a low-level API on MemoryMarshal that enables efficiently reading structs from spans, something that's done in spades as part of the interop in System.Diagnostics.Process. I like that example, not because it makes for a massive performance improvement, but because it highlights the general pattern I like to see: adding new APIs for others to consume and in the same breath using those APIs to better the technology itself.
A more impactful example, though, comes from @joshudson in PR dotnet/corefx#33289, which changed the native code used to fork a new process from using the fork function to instead using the vfork function. The benefit of vfork is that it avoids copying the page tables of the parent process into the child process, with the assumption that the child process is then just going to overwrite everything anyway via an almost immediate exec call. fork does copy-on-write, but if the process is modifying a lot of state concurrently (e.g. with the garbage collector running), this can get expensive quickly and unnecessarily. For this benchmark, I've just written a nop C program in a test.c file:
and compiled it with GCC:
to give us a target for Process.Start to invoke.
Method Toolchain Mean Error StdDev Ratio RatioSD Gen 0 Gen 1 Gen 2 Allocated
ProcessStartWait netcoreapp2.1 1,663.0 us 32.79 us 67.72 us 1.00 0.00 21.45 KB
ProcessStartWait netcoreapp3.0 536.0 us 10.64 us 28.40 us 0.32 0.02 1.9531 16.65 KB

LINQ
Previous releases have seen a ton of investment in optimizing LINQ. There's less of that in .NET Core 3.0, as a lot of the common patterns have already been covered well. However, there are still some nice improvements to be found in the release.
It's relatively rare that new operators are added to System.Linq itself, as the very nature of extension methods makes it easy for anyone to build up and share their own library of extension methods they consider to be useful (and several well-established such libraries exist). Even so, .NET Core 2.0 saw a new TakeLast method added. In .NET Core 3.0, PR dotnet/corefx#36051 by @Romasz updated TakeLast to integrate with the internal IPartition<T> interface that enables several operators to cooperate, helping to optimize (in some situations quite heavily) various uses of the operator.
Method Toolchain Mean Error StdDev Ratio Gen 0 Gen 1 Gen 2 Allocated
SumLast10 netcoreapp2.1 11,935.5 ns 102.793 ns 85.837 ns 1.00 0.1526 344 B
SumLast10 netcoreapp3.0 141.4 ns 1.310 ns 1.225 ns 0.01 0.0267 56 B

Just recently, PR dotnet/corefx#37410 optimized the relatively common pattern of using Enumerable.Range(...).Select(…), teaching Select about the object generated by Range and allowing for the enumeration performed by Select to skip going through IEnumerable<T> and instead just loop through the intended numerical range directly.
Method Toolchain Mean Error StdDev Ratio RatioSD Gen 0 Gen 1 Gen 2 Allocated
RangeSelectToArray netcoreapp2.1 953.9 ns 20.232 ns 28.363 ns 1.00 0.00 0.2460


text:
Machida continues to be the major innovative force in the field of fiberoptic borescope technology. Many of today's borescope standards began as Machida custom developments. The Machida Power Blending Borescope is a typical example of our commitment to innovation. Originally designed for a custom application, the Machida Blending Scope is a perfected instrument that uses a flexible shaft and a rotary file to grind out foreign object damage on turbine blades. Blending borescope kits are available for various engines.
A fiberscope with a camera built into the body for viewing on a variety of monitors.
Machida's innovations in custom designed fiberoptic inspection systems continue to set the borespace industry standards in industries such as aerospace, aviation, automotive, casting, electronic, nuclear, petrochemical, power generation and refining.
One of Machida's unique options is the high resolution Small Diameter Modular Borescope System. The combination of detachable eyepiece, light guide and one of nine small diameter (0.6mm - 2.0mm) interchangeable probes creates a versatile borescope system. Custom designed scopes are available per request.
Custom designed scopes are available upon request.
Known also as the FOD (Foreign Object Damage) Prevention Fiberscope. Designed for the detection, retrieval and prevention of FOD in engines. Permits the passage of tools through the borescope control body to the distal tip for performing inspections and physical tasks at examination site.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
01whole.pdf (12.89 MB)
How to develop an automated system to monitor the RF characterisation of radios
thesisposted on 2022-03-28, 17:23 authored by Nafiz Uddin Chowdury
A radio frequency (RF) device is a small elctronic device that is used to transmit and/or receive electronic signals such as a walkie talkie. it has a base station that relays electronic signals 9ie microwaves). It is mainly composed of two different components. One of them is a receiver end module and the other is a transmitter module. This paper consists of the work done with the receiver module and different tests that have been conducted from the instruction manual provided by RF Technology. This paper discusses the steps that involve creating a process of automated tests which are required to configure the receiver module of the RF device. Currently, these tests are carried out manually and are very time-consuming and prone to human errors. Therefore, to save time and avoid human errors, automation of these tests is highly essential. This in turn will give faster and more accurate results. The following section in this paper discusses the outcome of this project and highlights the problems and hurdles faced and the solutions devised.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


internal anal sphincter
The topic internal anal sphincter is discussed in the following articles:
anal canal
 - TITLE: anal canal (anatomy)
 - TITLE: human digestive system
 SECTION: Rectum and anus
 ...A second sphincter, the external anal sphincter, is composed of striated muscle and is divided into three parts known as the subcutaneous, superficial, and deep external sphincters. Thus, the internal sphincter is composed of smooth muscle and is innervated by the autonomic nervous system, while the external sphincters are of striated muscle and have somatic (voluntary) innervation...


text:
Event ID 10004 — Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) Extensibility
Updated: January 7, 2009
Applies To: Windows Server 2008 R2
Windows can detect and report if the WLAN Extensibility module fails to start or stops unexpectedly.
The WLAN Extensibility module provides independent hardware vendors (IHVs) with more flexibility to support advanced features of IEEE 802.11 networks, and extend the built-in wireless client for additional wireless services and custom capabilities. For example, IHVs and independent software vendors (ISVs) can use WLAN Extensibility to provide customized configuration dialog boxes and wizards to display custom ISV or IHV wireless features and capabilities that are not provided by default in Windows.
|Product:||Windows Operating System|
|Message:||WLAN Extensibility Module has timed out.
Module Path: %1
WLAN Extensibility Module time out
There are three actions that you can take to resolve this error:
- Disable the Wireless Network Connection, and then enable the Wireless Network Connection.
- Restart the WLAN AutoConfig service (Wlansvc).
- Contact the independent hardware vendor (IHV) provider for your hardware.
To perform these procedures, you must be logged on by using a local computer Administrator account, or you must have been delegated the appropriate authority. If you are not logged on by using an account that belongs to the Administrators group, you must be able to supply administrator credentials, in order to run the command prompt as administrator.
Disable the Wireless Network Connection, and then enable the Wireless Network Connection
To disable the Wireless Network Connection, and then enable the Wireless Network Connection:
- Click Start, click Control Panel, click Network and Internet, click Network and Sharing Center, and in Tasks, click Manage network connections.
- Right-click the Wireless Network Connection that you want to manage, and in the drop-down menu, click Disable.
- After the Wireless Network Connection is disabled, right-click the connection, and then click Enable.
If the error persists, follow the steps in the next procedure to restart the WLAN AutoConfig service.
Restart the WLAN AutoConfig service (Wlansvc)
To restart the WLAN AutoConfig service (Wlansvc):
- Click Start, right-click Computer, and then click Manage.
- In Computer Management (Local), click Services and Applications, and then click Services.
- In the details pane, under Name, navigate to WLAN AutoConfig.
- Right-click WLAN AutoConfig, click Properties, and on the General tab, in Startup type, select Automatic, and then click Start.
- Click OK.
Contact the IHV provider for your hardware
- Contact your computer manufacturer, or the manufacturer of your wireless network adapter for the most recent adapter drivers.
There are two methods to verify wireless extensibility settings are applied:
- Verify wireless independent hardware vendor (IHV) extensibility settings are applied by using the netsh wlan command
- Verify wireless IHV extensibility settings by using the profile properties
Verify wireless IHV extensibility settings are applied by using the netsh wlan command:
- Click Start, and in Start Search, type cmd, and then press ENTER.
- At the command prompt, type netsh wlan show interfaceInterfaceName (where InterfaceName is the name of the wireless connection listed in Network Connections), and then press ENTER.
- If IHV extensibility settings are applied, then the command will render a message indicating IHV extensibility settings applied on the connection.
Verify wireless IHV extensibility settings by using the profile properties
- Click Start, click Control Panel, and then click Network and Sharing Center.
- In Tasks, click Manage wireless networks.
- Double-click the wireless profile, to open the wireless connection profile properties dialog box.
- If IHV service is installed, an IHV check box is displayed on the Connection tab.


text: Many studies on functional differentiation of the spinal anterior column cells have been performed by Granit and other physiologists, but its histological appraisal has not been made yet. The author investigated various parts of the spinal cord of cats with glycogen staining, phosphorylase reaction and keto-enolic granula staining. The large cells of the lateral nuclei in the anterior column cell group of the cervical and lumbar enlargements had strongly positive phosphorylase reaction and more glycogen and keto-enolic granules, while in the thoracic anterior column or in the medial nuclei of the cervical and lumbar enlargements, the larger cell group was hardly seen and there were mostly the smaller cell groups with negative or extremely weak phosphorylase reaction, less glycogen and less keto-enolic granules. The author has stated in Part I that the white muscle fiber has more phosphorylase and less dehydrogenase, while the red muscle fiber has more dehydrogenase and less phosphorylase. From these facts as stated above, it is considered that the anterior column cells of the lateral nuclei of the cervical and lumbar enlargements innervating the muscles of the extremities with phasic movement are the larger ones and have different metabolic system from that of the smaller cell group of the thoracic anterior column or the medial nuclei innervating the muscles of trunk with tonic function.


text:
Kit Consists of: 40 oz MIL Engine Treatment, 8 oz Compound 90, 8 oz Fuel System Treatment
What you can expect after installing an one-time treatment:
- Reducing noxious emissions.
- Improve engine efficiency.
- Reducing fuel consumption.
- Decrease maintenance costs.
- Extending the life of your engine.
- Provides optimal performance.
- Smoother operation.
- Increased horsepower and torque.
- Engine Treatement is Microlon's standard formulation and is added to the crankcase
for the treatment of internal combustion engines.
- Fuel System Treatment is added to the fuel tank and contains the highest quality cleaning agents, corrosion inhibitors and antioxidants. These ingredients combine to prepare the pore structure to receive the Microlon Engine Treatment and provide lasting protection.


text:
method for finding numerical roots of equations. You start with an estimate
of the root, you then replace the function by its tangent (a linear
approximation) find the zero of the equation of the tangent, to give a
new approximation to the root. Repeat this process as often as needed.
Because the computation with a linear approximation to a function is2.why would you use the linear approximation of a function than the actual function
usually simpler than with the function itself. Or to use known results from
a linear theory to give an approximate result in a non-linear case.
A nice example which is probably beyond your current experience is the
Kalman filter, which is an optimal estimator for certain types of linear
systems. With mildly non-linear systems one linearises about an appropriate
estimate, and then uses the KF equations to give a sub-optimal but good
estimator for the non-linear case (known as the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF)).


Classifying and Detecting Plan-Based Misconceptions for Robust Plan Recognition
Randall J. Calistri-Yeh
My Ph.D. dissertation (Calistri 1990) extends traditional methods of plan recognition to handle situations in which agents have flawed plans. This extension involves solving two problems: determining what sorts of mistakes people make when they reason about plans and figuring out how to recognize these mistakes when they occur. I have developed a complete classification of plan-based misconceptions, which categorizes all ways that a plan can fail, and I have developed a probabilistic interpretation of these misconceptions that can be used in principle to guide a best-first search algorithm. I have also developed a program called Pathfinder that embodies a practical implementation of this theory. Pathfinder is a probability-based plan-recognition.
Full Text:


text:
School districts are routinely being overcharged by at least $3 billion on ed-tech products, including hardware and software, each year–the equivalent of 54,000 first-year teacher salaries, according to a new study from the Technology for Education Consortium (TEC).
The study on ed-tech purchasing reveals schools spend an estimated $13.2 billion on ed-tech products each year. This includes $4.9 billion on hardware such as tablets, laptops and desktops, along with $8.38 billion on instructional and non-instructional software and content.
The authors note that a lack of price transparency makes it difficult for districts to find cost-efficient options to fund their technology initiatives, resulting in over-spending.
It analyzes pricing data from 130 school districts around the country. TEC found that prices varied between 20 and 40 percent for hardware and software products, with no correlation to district size.
Next page: Huge price discrepancies when different districts purchase the same iPad, Chromebook bundles
The study illustrates price variations for iPads, Chromebooks, and Accelerated Reader 360 licenses. A key component of this price variation came from seemingly random discounts applied by vendors to the total cost of purchases, which keeps actual price paid per user or device unclear.
For instance, districts can pay up to $115 more for the same iPad bought by another school district. Between April and June 2015, schools purchased 1.1 million iPads. Based on the study's findings, the per unit price difference varied between $112-$115 for popular iPad models in 2015, such as the iPad Air 2 16GB and 64GB. If districts saved $112 per unit price difference, that would equal to around $500 million saved in iPad purchases, according to the study's authors.
The same can be said for Chromebooks, where price differentiation concerns warranty terms and management software bundles. Some districts paid up to $90 more than other for the same device and service packages. If all districts paid a uniform price, they could have collectively saved roughly $500 million, the authors estimate.
"Quantifying the amount of money that districts can save is another step toward a level playing field," said Hal Friedlander, co-founder and CEO of TEC. "Vendors are able to overcharge school districts because it's incredibly difficult for district administrators to know if they are getting a good price with the existing convoluted pricing structure. We need more transparency in the ed-tech market."
TEC currently partners with more than 190 member districts, representing 4 million K-12 students and approximately $400 million in ed-tech spending. To collect district pricing data, member districts share contract and pricing information that TEC analyzes–and fully anonymizes–to produce the national price reports. TEC's membership initiative is designed to transform district technology procurement into a more efficient, cost-effective use of taxpayer funds. Currently, districts can join TEC at no cost.
The full report can be found here.


Closure technologies / Wastes and waste facilities
Päivi Kauppila1, Anna Tornivaara1, Teemu Karlsson1, Clayton Larkins1Henna Punkkinen2 & Margareta Wahlström21Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. BOX 1237, FI-70211 Kuopio, FINLAND, e-mail: paivi.kauppila(at)gtk.fi,2 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, FINLAND
Closure of wastes and waste facilities needs to be considered already in the planning and feasibility stage of the mine. Decisions made on e.g. basal and dam structures or disposal technique during this phase inevitably affect the closure technologies available in the mine closure phase. For example, the choice of the basal structures influences the methods that can be used in the closure phase to cover the waste facilities to meet the closure objectives and criteria set for the closure. However, one of the most important factors influencing on the selection of the closure technology for mine wastes is the characteristics of the waste and its potential to pose risks to environment and human health. Wastes classified as inert do not produce harmful effluents to the environment but they could be potential raw materials e.g. for earth construction. Their disposal does not require specific liner or cover structures to reduce environmental impacts. On the other hand, wastes classified as hazardous waste require impermeable liners and covers to prevent the onset of sulphide oxidation and AMD production or mobilization of radionuclides and to restrict groundwater and surface water pollution. In addition to the characteristics of the waste itself, the environmental conditions and requirements of the waste disposal site also affect on the choice of the closure technology. These include e.g. climatic conditions, local geological and hydrogeological conditions, as well as environmental tolerance of the water courses and species at the site.
In the following, a list of closure technologies is presented. Technologies have been divided into those used during operation and those used during mine closure phase. Evaluation of the various technologies is presented as separate articles of each technology.
During operation
During mine closure


Amoral vs. immoral
 - The adjective immoral means contrary to established moral principles. Immoral actions are corrupt, unethical, sinful, or just wrong. Amoral means (1) neither moral nor immoral, or (2) lacking moral sensibility. So while immoral and amoral might share a little common ground, there is a clear distinction: immoral things are bad, and amoral things are either neutral from a moral perspective or simply removed from moral considerations.
 A third adjective, unmoral, means unrelated to moral considerations. The line between amoral and unmoral is blurry as well, but unmoral things (usually animals or objects) are even further removed from moral concerns than amoral things, which merely ignore morality. Unmoral often appears where immoral would make more sense.
 During the Taliban regime, buzkashi was banned, as were most sports, because it was considered immoral. [Wall Street Journal]
 Cocky and arrogant, McConaughey's character thinks he's got it all under control until a smarter, richer and truly amoral villain enters the frame. [Ottawa Citizen]
 He is currently detained under degrading and inhumane conditions that are illegal and immoral. [Guardian]
 Wall Street firms have always proclaimed with pride that they are amoral, merely an intermediary between buyers and sellers. [Sydney Morning Herald]
 Bush had to be condemned as an immoral beast who killed women and children to get his bloody hands on Iraqi oil. [Politico]
 And there's little point in a morality tale that turns out to be flatly amoral. [New York Daily News]
 1. Obama believed he was above all, an amoral god who would bring the wonders of redistribution and global governance to the arrogant American people.
 But he was also an immoral conniving politician who would use demonstrably false and malicious attacks to gain and maintain the power of the Presidency. Decisions about aborted baby's born alive are seen as amoral in Obama's code, but paying "a fair share" highly moral and edifying.
 2. (2) lacking moral sensibility
 Using "sensibility" here doesn't do enough to distinguish the meaning of "amoral" from that of "immoral" because "sensibility" carries a very positive connotation which is being negated here, the result of which is too close in meaning to that of "immoral". I suggest "lacking moral discernment or relevance" as an improvement.
 3. I believe this definition to be a little lacking. In my mind, an immoral person does things that they know are wrong, but feels guilt for their actions, because they know that they are unjust. They feel guilt. An amoral person feels no guilt, only discomfort (if their actions are exposed), because to them, there is no such thing as just or unjust. To them, all morality is just superstition.
 I also believe that the immoral person is in a transitory condition. If a person sees a disconnect between their actions and their beliefs they may for a time make excuses. But eventually this wears thin, and they will either change their beliefs to match their actions, or change their actions to match there beliefs.
 4. The Ottawa Citizen citation belongs to the Edmonton Journal.
 5. *giggle*
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text:
Rockefeller Center in midtown Manhattan is one of the most recognized commercial properties in the world. Built during the Art Deco period of the early 1930s, the 10-building real-estate, shopping, and dining complex, which encompasses six square blocks and consists of approximately 8 million sq ft of rentable space, is home to NBC studios, Radio City Music Hall, and perhaps the world's most famous ice-skating rink and Christmas tree.
The buildings of Rockefeller Center are served by a central chilled-water plant containing 14,500 tons of steam and electric chillers. Water is distributed through a primary water loop around the perimeter of the site. Six primary pumps—four with 6,000-gpm capacity at 125 hp and two with 2,000-gpm capacity at 50 hp—are located in the main plant. Seventeen primary chilled-water riser pumps, which range in size from 1,000 gpm at 40 hp to 3,500 gpm at 200 hp, send chilled water to heat exchangers located in each building. The secondary sides of the heat exchangers have pumps that serve air handlers and fan coils that serve tenant spaces.
Traditionally, one of the biggest challenges had been supplying chilled water at a temperature and flow satisfying tenant-comfort and lease requirements in all buildings throughout the year. While the supply and pumping capacity always had met requirements, co-owner and manager Tishman Speyer sought a way to deliver the water more efficiently and lower overall energy costs.
Storing Energy Is the Answer
After learning of the successful application of thermal storage in buildings throughout New York, Joseph Szabo, managing director of operations for Tishman Speyer, asked Fred Limpert of Trane and Mark MacCracken of CALMAC to determine the feasibility of applying Trane high-efficiency electric chillers and CALMAC ice-storage technology.
Trane and CALMAC spent the subsequent weeks investigating the financial and efficiency benefits of applying thermal-storage technology in Rockefeller Center.
Instead of meeting summer peak demand with a single electric chiller, Tishman Speyer elected to install an ice-making chiller sized to provide 8,600 ton-hours of energy storage. Especially during peak-demand periods, the ice-storage tanks are used instead of the electric chiller, keeping electricity demand as low as possible.
An additional benefit of the energy storage is greater operational flexibility. The stored cooling can be used as needed from a couple of hours to several hours to optimize plant efficiency while keeping demand and cooling costs low.
Because of the expansive footprint of the Rockefeller Center site, a number of locations were considered for a thermal-energy-storage plant. The optimal location was determined to be away from the main plant, on the opposite side of the property. This shifted the burden of pumping chilled water from the main plant to the outer buildings. As ice melt, or "burn," enters the primary chilled-water loop, variable-frequency drives on the main plant's primary chilled-water pumps can be ramped down.
Plant operators are able to run the primary chilled-water pumps at lower amperage levels. During summer, with ice burning during peak-demand periods (usually, noon to 6 p.m.), only one of the three chillers runs. (Typical burn times are 8 hr during summer and 15 hr during winter.) During winter, when cooling loads are low, operators can get by with only running the ice-making chiller at night—no chillers need to run during the day.
"The ice plant has provided a level of operational flexibility that has allowed my engineering staff to make intelligent decisions at any point in time that ensures we are able to balance tenant comfort with plant operational efficiency," Szabo said. "The thermal-energy-storage installation has simplified plant operations, and we no longer have to make those tough, on-the-spot decisions as to when and if to turn on chillers in the main plant. Turning on chillers of this size can result in large electrical-demand cost penalties, especially in New York City, which has a high-electrical-demand utility rate structure."
Ice = Frozen Assets
As Tishman Speyer began incorporating the energy-storage plant into its overall HVAC strategy at Rockefeller Center, it began to see a positive ripple effect on all aspects of the plant's operation. While there was an immediate benefit in allowing plant operators to shift cooling loads, there was an added benefit in allowing plant operators to use the rate of burn to meet the needs of the buildings. Burn rate can be adjusted from four hours to 10 hours as needed, based on plant conditions.
Prior to the energy-storage plant, on peak cooling days, building engineers would run one 4,000-ton steam-turbine chiller, one 4,000-ton electric chiller, and one 2,500-ton electric chiller. Incorporating ice burn into the operation of the main plant allowed Tishman Speyer to avoid putting the 2,500-ton electric chiller online.
"Not only does the ice-storage refrigeration plant provide 'banked' cooling capacity for peak-demand periods during the day, it also increases your operational flexibilities to the assets during spring and fall seasons, when you can side-stream the ice reserve with smaller refrigeration machines to reduce your overall demand in shoulder months," Szabo said.
The installation of a thermal-energy-storage system has improved the energy efficiency of Rockefeller Center and lowered overall energy costs.
Ice storage can be used for a variety of applications, from schools and hospitals to commercial office buildings and retail establishments. System design takes into account the number of chillers and tanks a building has, how often the chillers and tanks are online, if operators are needed, building size and use, and more.
While the operating staff at Rockefeller Center utilizes an ice chiller at night and a partial-storage strategy during the day, the staff at another building may utilize an ice chiller in conjunction with ice tanks to provide cooling during the day. Each installation is different, but for each, ice storage works to reduce cooling costs and peak electricity demand.
For Design Solutions author guidelines, call Scott Arnold, executive editor, at _PHONE_, or write to him at _EMAIL_.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Viewing system resources utilization for the last 30 days
The system overview graph shows system resources utilization in percentage for the last 30 days. This overview can be used to understand the behavior of resources at a coarse level. To understand the causes of heavy load during a specific period, you must perform a deeper analysis.
The graph is based upon an analysis that is automatically created and executed by the Auto Analysis system task for each BMC TrueSight Capacity Optimization Workspace domain.
The System overview tab is not available by default. If you have created a new domain and want to force the System overview chart to become available immediately, you can enable it by configuring the Generate domain-level system/business driver overview option in the Auto analyzer task.
Note
By default, the Generate domain-level system/business driver overview option is not enabled, as automatic generation of charts for all domains can be a computationally expensive operation, especially in large environments.
After you configure the Auto analyzer task to display the System overview tab, you can access it by clicking Workspace > All Domains > domainName and then clicking System overview in the working area on the right.
Sample graph legend
Green: Utilization between 0% and 50%
Yellow: Utilization between 50% and 75%
Orange-red: Alerts for heavy utilization, over 75%
White: No data available
System overview graph: Heatmap of resources utilization (percentage)
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text: SSLLP's theory of change envisions a Malawian society where small holder farmers are able to realize meaningful, tangible and sustainable livelihood benefits from agricultural enterprise and natural resources. SSLLP recognizes that this desired state can only be actualized when significant challenges have been addressed. This implies that SSLLP should seek to address internal and external factors that limit the ability of small holder farmers to realize such potential. SSLLP has modelled its theory of change on this important realization. SSLLP's approach is multi-faceted and targets all aspects of smallholder farming i.e. from the farm to the market and back addressing key decision-making points within that process so that farmers take their rightful place in the increasingly global context of smallholder agriculture. As part of its strategic focus, five themes were identified on which the program will concentrate in the next five years, to best use resources to achieve the vision of the organization.


text:
Did you know that in Vancouver you can wash your hair with soap but in Montreal you need shampoo? Why? Because Vancouver water is soft and Montreal water is hard. That makes a big difference when it comes to satisfaction with hair washing. Hard water contains dissolved calcium and magnesium ions which react with soap to form a precipitate. This is the classic "bathtub ring." The grayish deposit is bad enough on a tub, but you sure don't want it on the hair. Vancouver has very soft water and soap will suds nicely and will not leave a deposit. In Montreal, on the other hand, the calcium and magnesium in the water will react with soap and form an insoluble scum. The active ingredient in shampoo is a "detergent," which like soap is a long molecule that has one end that is attracted to water and another that dissolves in fat. Dirt is embedded in the oily layer that naturally coats the hair, and the soap or detergent molecules can remove this by anchoring one end in the oil while the other end binds to water. Rinsing then removes the oily layer and the soil it harbours. The big difference between a soap and a detergent is that the detergent does not form a precipitate with calcium or magnesium. And that's why you can use soap in Vancouver to wash your hair but not in Montreal.
Why? Because Vancouver water is soft and Montreal water is hard.


text:
Eсomorphic structure of the soil macrofauna communities of technosols of the Nikopol Manganese Ore Basin
AbstractThis study established features of the animal population of artificial soil-like bodies – technosols in terms of ecomorphic analysis. The survey was conducted at the research station of the Dnipro State Agricultural University in the city Pokrov in 2012–2014. The experimental polygons were laid within four technosol types: pedozems, sod loess-like lithogenic soils on loam, grey-green clay and red-brown clay. The polygon consisted of 15 transects and each transect was composed of seven test sites. The distance between rows in the polygon was 3 m. Each test site was a square with size 3 × 3 m. The manual sorting of the soil-zoological samples was conducted within each site for areas 0.25 × 0.25 m to the depth where animals were found. Samples were taken in late April or early May. In general, for each period of counting for each polygon 105 soil-zoological samples were taken 123 species of invertebrates were found in the soil macrofauna community of the technosols. These communities are a steppe monoceonosis with a tendency to transformations into pseudoomonoceonosis on account of increased share of pratants. The soil macrofauna of sod lithogenic soils on grey-green clay and loam on loes-like clays is most adapted to xerophilous condition. Animal communities in pedozems and sod-lithogenic soils or on red-brown clay have a more mesophilic character. The trophoceonomorphic structure of the soil macrofauna community indicates a significant potential of the fertility of artificial soil. The aeromorphs' structure reveals a significant ability of technosols to create cracks and pores, which can lead to hyperaeration. The dominant part of the of soil macrofauna community was hypercarbonatophils. Against the background of the steppe character, the soil macrofauna community had a topomorphic structure that is unusual for natural steppe black soil biogeocenoses on loess-like loam. The trophomorph structure was greatly dominated by phytophages, which indicates the prevalence of processes of mineralization of plant residues under the humification process. The phoromorphic spectrum of soil animal communities was dominated by ecological groups which move without the active construction of tunnels.
Akimov, M. P. (1954). Biomorphological method of studying of biocoenosis. Bulletin of Naturalists Society, 59(3), 27–36.
Andrusevich, K. V., Zhukov, A. V., & Kunah, O. N. (2014). Ecomorphic organisation of the mesopedobionts community as the basis of the anthropogenic soils zoological diagnostic. The Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 22, 89–97.
Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2016). Effect of canopy density on litter invertebrate community structure in pine forests. Ekológia (Bratislava), 35(1), 90–102.
Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2016). Influence of litter thickness on the structure of litter macrofauna of deciduous forests of Ukraine's steppe zone. Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, Ecology, 24(1), 240–248.
Decaëns, T., & Rossi, J. P. (2001). Spatio-temporal structure of earthworm community and soil heterogeneity in a tropical pasture. Ecography, 24(6), 671–682.
Didukh, Y. P. (2011). The ecological scales for the species of Ukrainian flora and their use in synphytoindication. Phytosociocentre, Kyiv.
Drake, J. A. (1990). Communities as assembled structures: Do rules govern pattern? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 5, 159–164.
Faly, L. I., Kolombar, T. M., Prokopenko, E. V., Pakhomov, O. Y., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2017). Structure of litter macrofauna communities in poplar plantations in an urban ecosystem in Ukraine. Biosystems Diversity, 25(1), 29–38.
Gilarov, M. S. (1965). Zoological methods of the soils diagnostic. Nauka, Moscow.
Gongalsky, K. B., Gorshkova, I. A., Karpov, A. I., & Pokarzhevskii, A. D. (2008). Do boundaries of soil animal and plant communities coincide? A case study of a Mediterranean forest in Russia. European Journal of Soil Biology, 44(4), 355–363.
Gongalsky, K. B., Zaytsev, A. S., & Savin, F. A. (2009). Spatial distribution of soil animals: A geostatistical approach. Biology Bulletin Reviews, 70(6), 484–494.
Krivolutsky, D. A. (1994). Soil fauna in ecological control. Nauka, Moscow.
Kunah, O. N., Prokopenko, E. V., & Zhukov, A. V. (2014). Ecomorphic organisation of the Ukraine steppe zone spider community. Gruntoznavstvo, 15, 101–119.
Lavelle, P., Bignell, D., Lepage, M., Wolters, V., Roger, P., Ineson, P., Heal, O. W., & Dhillion, S. (1997). Soil function in a changing world: The role of invertebrate ecosystem engineers. European Journal of Soil Biology, 33, 159–193.
Mordkovich, V. G. (1977). Zoological diagnostics of the soil in forest-steppe and steppe zones of the Sibiria. Nauka, Novosibirsk.
Mordkovich, V. G. (2013). Zoological diagnostic of the soils: Imperatives, function and place in the soil science and pedology. Journal of General Biology, 74(6), 463–471.
Svyrydchenko, A. O., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2014). Trophic preferences of Rossiulus kessleri (Diplopoda, Julidae) for the litter of various tree species. Folia Oecologica, 41(2), 202–212.
Whalen, J. K. (2004). Spatial and temporal distribution of earthworm patches in corn field, hayfield and forest systems of southwestern Quebec, Canada. Applied Soil Ecology, 27(2), 143–151.
Williams, V. R. (1947). Pedology. Selhozgiz, Moscow.
Zhukov O. V., Zadorozhna, G. O., Maslikova, K. P., Andrusevych, K. V., & Lyadskaya, I. V. (2017). Tehnosoils ecology. Zhurfond, Dnipro.
Zhukov, A. V. (2015). Phytoindicator estimation of the multidimensional scaling of the plant community structure. Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University, 1(1), 69–93.
Zhukov, A. V., & Shatalin, D. B. (2016). Hygrotope and trophotope of the steppe pridniprovie biogeoceonosis as determinants of the earthworms (Lumbricidae) communities β-diversity. Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University, 6 (2), 129–157.
Zhukov, A. V., & Zadorozhnaya, G. A. (2016). Spatio-temporal dynamics of the penetration resistance of recultivated soils formed after open cast mining. Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, Ecology, 24(2), 324–331.
Zhukov, A. V., Kunah, O. N., Novikova, V. A., & Ganzha, D. S. (2016). Phytoindication estimation of soil mesopedobionts communities catena and their ecomorphic organization. Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University, 6(3), 91–117.
Zhukov, O. V. (2009). Ecomorphological analysis of soil animal consortia. Svidler, Dnepropetrovsk.
Zhukov, O. V., Kunah, O. M., & Dubinina, Y. Y. (2017). Sensitivity and resistance of communities: Evaluation on the example of the influence of edaphic, vegetation and spatial factors on soil macrofauna. Biosystems Diversity, 25(4), 328–341.
Zhukov, O. V., Kunah, O. N., & Novikova, V.


text:
PajamasPajamas or pyjamas, normally shortened to PJs, jimmies, jimjams, jimmyjams or jammies, can seek advice from quite a few related varieties of garments originating with the Indian subcontinent. Pajamas are unfastened-fitting clothes derived from the first garment and worn chiefly for sleeping,[one] but sometimes also for lounging, also by the two sexes. Far more normally, pajamas may well seek advice from various clothes, for both of those daywear and nightwear, derived from traditional pajamas and involving variations of style and material.
The term pyjama [four] was borrowed c. 1800 within the Hindustani pāy-jāma (پاجامہ, पाजामा), alone borrowed from Persian pāy-jāmeh پايجامه lit. 'leg-garment'.[five][six] The initial pyjāmā are free, light-weight trousers equipped with drawstring waistbands worn by Muslims in India and adopted by Europeans for the duration of East India Corporation rule in India.[seven][eight]
The around the globe utilization of pajamas (the phrase as well as the garment) is the result of adoption by British colonists in India inside the 18th and 19th centuries, and also the British impact on the broader Western environment in the Victorian period. Pajamas were launched to England as "lounging attire" as early as the seventeenth century, then known as mogul's breeches (Beaumont and Fletcher) Nonetheless they before long fell away from trend. The phrase pajama (as pai jamahs, Paee-jams and variants) is recorded in English use in the initial fifty percent from the nineteenth century. They didn't turn into a trend in Britain as well as the Western globe as sleeping attire for guys until finally the Victorian time period, from about 1870.
Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Text and Phrases (1886) summarizes the condition of utilization at the time (s.v. "pyjammas"):
This kind of garment is utilized by different persons in India e.g. by women of assorted courses, by Sikh Guys, and many by Mohammedans of both equally sexes. It had been adopted in the Mohammedans by Europeans being an report of dishabille and of night apparel, which is synonymous with Lengthy Drawers, Shulwaurs, and Mogul-Breeches [...] It is possible that we English took the routine like a superior a lot of Other people within the Portuguese. Consequently Pyrard (c. 1610) states, in Talking of Goa Medical center: "Ils ont force calsons sans quoy ne couchent iamais les Portugais des Indes" [...] The term is currently Employed in London stores. A pal furnishes More the subsequent reminiscence: "The late Mr. B—, tailor in Jermyn Road, some on forty several years ago, in reply to a matter why pyjammas had toes sewn on to them (as was at times the situation with Individuals furnished by London outfitters) answered: "I believe, Sir, it can be due to the White Ants."[ten]
Common pajamas include a jacket-and-trousers mixture product of comfortable cloth, for example flannel or lightweight cotton. The jacket ingredient normally has a placket entrance and its sleeves haven't any cuffs. Many of us choose to slumber or lounge in just the pajama trousers, possibly using a t-shirt, or, for males, barechested. Due to this, pajama pants for guys and boys are often marketed as separates.
In colloquial speech, these common pajamas are frequently termed PJs, jim jams, or jammies. In South Asia and South Africa, they are occasionally generally More known as night fits.
Some pajamas feature a drop seat (generally known as a trap door or butt flap): a buttoned opening during the seat, created to enable the wearer to conveniently utilize a toilet. Fall seats were being very common on pajamas manufactured ahead of the 1950s, but inside the early 20-first century They can be alternatively rare.
Up to date
Present-day pajamas are derived from traditional pajamas. There are various variants in style including small sleeve pajamas,[fourteen] pajama bottoms of varying size,[sixteen] or, every now More and then, one-piece pajamas, and pajamas incorporating a variety of products. Mainly in the US, stretch-knit rest attire with rib-knit trimmings are prevalent. Ordinarily worn by kids, these garments typically have pullover tops (if two-piece) or have zippers down the fronts (if just one-piece), and could also be footed.
Although pajamas are often distinguished from non-bifurcated sleeping garments for example nightgowns, from the US, they have got in some cases included the latter as being a best. Babydoll pyjamas Have a very sort of limited gown top rated about shorts or shorter trousers.[eighteen]
Pajamas may well now refer to women's combination daywear, especially in the US where they became popular in the early twentieth century, consisting of brief-sleeved or sleeveless blouses and lightweight trousers. Samples of these involve capri pajamas, Beach front pajamas, and hostess pajamas.


text:
We present a multiscale sensorless adaptive optics (SAO) OCT system capable of imaging retinal structure and vasculature with various fields-of-view (FOV) and resolutions. Using a single deformable mirror and exploiting the polarization properties of light, the SAO-OCT-A was implemented in a compact and easy to operate system. With the ability to adjust the beam diameter at the pupil, retinal imaging was demonstrated at two different numerical apertures with the same system. The general morphological structure and retinal vasculature could be observed with a few tens of micrometer-scale lateral resolution with conventional OCT and OCT-A scanning protocols with a 1.7-mm-diameter beam incident at the pupil and a large FOV (15 deg × 15 deg). Changing the system to a higher numerical aperture with a 5.0-mm-diameter beam incident at the pupil and the SAO aberration correction, the FOV was reduced to 3 deg × 3 deg for fine detailed imaging of morphological structure and microvasculature such as the photoreceptor mosaic and capillaries. Multiscale functional SAO-OCT imaging was performed on four healthy subjects, demonstrating its functionality and potential for clinical utility.
- adaptive optics
- optical coherence tomography
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
- Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
- Biomedical Engineering


Visualizing Real Inflation – A Decade Of Grocery Prices For 30 Common Items
Over the span of 2000-2016, the amount of money spent on food by the average American household increased from $5,158 to $7,203, which is a 39.6% increase in spending.
Despite this, as Visual Capitalist's Jeff Desjardins notes, for most of the U.S. population, food actually makes up a decreasing portion of their household spending mix because of rising incomes over time. Just 13.1% of income was spent on food by the average household in 2016, making it a less important cost than both housing and transportation.
That said, fluctuations in food prices can still make a major impact on the population. For lower income households, food makes up a much higher percentage of incomes at 32.6% – and how individual foods change in price can make a big difference at the dinner table.
Today's infographic comes from TitleMax, and it uses data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics to show the prices for 30 common grocery staples over the last decade.
Source: ZeroHedge


text:
But that's what researchers are calling the ancient food storage system found on Russell Island's beach in British Columbia. The clam gardens were discovered six years ago, and University of Victoria students are still helping to sift gravel, sand, and shells to figure out the origins and purpose of the gardens.
The clam gardens aren't gardens in the traditional sense of the word—ie. where you'd find an abundance of plant life—but rather they're locations where clams are able to grow naturally, abundantly, and where the environment in those locations can be manipulated to increase clam production. Sort of like feeding compost to a backyard garden to help it grow.
It's thought that the clam gardens are at least 1,000 years old, but possibly older. The gardens look like small fields constructed on the beach at low tide (a necessity!), with rock walls surrounding the locations. The walls would have helped provide a barrier to stop seaweed and predators from getting inside the garden and damaging or disturbing the growing clams.
And just like a backyard gardener does when taking care of his or her plants, whoever tended the clam garden would have needed to till the sand (so to speak) to keep the oxygen flowing.
Who built the clam gardens is another question entirely. A thousand years ago, an aboriginal community lived on the island, so it's possible that the clams were used for both food and trade—but that said, clam gardens are a new(ish) discovery for Canadian archaeologists, with the first one discovered only as recently as 1995.
Inevitably, there's still much to be learned about these ancient clam gardens, and it's possible that there are many more out there still to be discovered.


ContentBlockerAction class
Action associated to the trigger. The action tells to the WebView what to do when the trigger is matched. When a trigger matches a resource, the browser queues the associated action for execution. The WebView evaluates all the triggers, it executes the actions in order. When a domain matches a trigger, all rules after the triggered rule that specify the same action are skipped. Group the rules with similar actions together to improve performance.
Constructors
ContentBlockerAction({required ContentBlockerActionType type, String? selector})
Properties
hashCode int
The hash code for this object.
no setterinherited
runtimeType Type
A representation of the runtime type of the object.
no setterinherited
selector String?
If the action type is ContentBlockerActionType.CSS_DISPLAY_NONE, then also the selector property is required, otherwise it is ignored. It specify a string that defines a selector list. Use CSS identifiers as the individual selector values, separated by commas.
getter/setter pair
type ContentBlockerActionType
Type of the action.
getter/setter pair
Methods
noSuchMethod(Invocation invocation) → dynamic
Invoked when a nonexistent method or property is accessed.
inherited
toMap() Map<String, dynamic>
toString() String
A string representation of this object.
inherited
Operators
operator ==(Object other) bool
The equality operator.
inherited
Static Methods
fromMap(Map<String, dynamic> map) ContentBlockerAction


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have a set of files that are commonly used as inputs in my tex files, so I put them in a directory and set the path in the TEXINPUTS environment variable (in Ubuntu). This works fine when compiling files with the latex command, but if I compile them with pdftex, it gives the following error message:
! I can't find file '{header.tex}'.
l.1 \input{header.tex}
As far as I can tell, pdftex is completely ignoring the TEXINPUTS environment variable. Does it use a different environment variable? How can I get it to recognise a path?
share|improve this question
Are you using pdftex or pdflatex. The latter will read \input{header.tex} as a braced argument for file header.tex, but pdftex is Knuth's plain format with the pdfTeX engine: there, \input has primitive syntax only, and the file name searched is {input.tex}. – Joseph Wright Nov 18 '12 at 12:38
Aha! pdflatex works, but pdftex doesn't. Thanks for explaining. – thornate Nov 18 '12 at 12:52
I'll write that up in a slightly modified form as an answer, then :-) – Joseph Wright Nov 18 '12 at 13:06
Start your documents with \NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} to get a meaningful error message if you use the wrong program. – Martin Schröder Nov 19 '12 at 7:41
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1 Answer
up vote 6 down vote accepted
The latex command runs LaTeX in DVI-output mode. LaTeX's definition of \input allows for a syntax
where the is read as a braced argument. The pdflatex command will do exactly the same but with direct PDF output.
On the other hand, pdftex runs plain TeX with direct PDF output. The plain TeX definition for \input uses a 'primitive' syntax, in which the name is read as any tokens at all up to the first space. Thus with pdftex
ends up looking for a file called {}, including the braces.
share|improve this answer
It may be worth noting that \input{filename} works also in LuaTeX (as opposed to LuaLaTeX). – egreg Nov 18 '12 at 13:46
_USER_ One of the 'features' of LuaTeX which gives me headaches :-) – Joseph Wright Nov 18 '12 at 14:00
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Your Answer


text:
American astronomers are to honor a 500 square mile area in southwest Kerry as an international 'dark sky reserve' for the quality of its night sky and lack of pollution.
The honor is regarded as the highest designation for the exceptional quality of the area's night sky, according to the Irish Times.
The paper says the southwest Kerry area will be the first region in Ireland to receive such an award.
If it achieves 'gold-tier' reserve status, it will become the first region in the northern hemisphere to get this designation.
The report says local hope this will lead to an astro-tourism spin-off for Kerry.
The paper reports that astronomers and senior council officials will gather in the town of Cahersiveen on Monday evening to await the announcement from the US-based International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) in Arizona.
The IDA was set up in 1988 to protect and raise awareness of the night sky.
The global movement has gathered information on how light pollution at night affects aesthetics, energy bills, animal welfare and human health.
The paper says the association works closely with ecologists to minimize the impact of artificial lighting on wild areas and has worked to achieve awareness of human health implications, particularly in the US.
The area of Southwest Kerry set to be honored is sandwiched between mountains and the sea and includes Kells, Foilmore, Cahersiveen, Portmagee, Valentia Island, Dromid, the Glen, Ballinskelligs, Waterville, Derrynane and Caherdaniel.
It is regarded by astronomers as an exceptional nocturnal location with minimal pollution and of great scientific interest.
The Irish Times says it offers an array of visible phenomena including the Milky Way, zodiacal light and faint meteors.
A campaign to raise awareness of light pollution in the area was instigated by the Kerry Astronomy Club's Julia Ormonde.
The award will offer a major boost to the campaign as only six locations worldwide have been given the higher distinction of international dark sky reserves and only two gold-tier reserves have been awarded: the Aoraki Mackenzie (New Zealand) and Namib- Rand Nature Reserve (Namibia, Africa).


text:
My Community, My Weight: Neighbourhood Environmental and Socio-Cultural Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity among the Urban Poor in Accra, Ghana
Fidelia A. A. Dake, University of Ghana
Samuel N. A. Codjoe, University of Ghana
Samuel Agyei-Mensah, University of Ghana
Health outcomes including low birth weight, obesity and hypertension have been found to be influenced by neighbourhood environmental and socio-economic factors particularly in economically deprived communities. This study examines the influence of community environmental and socio-cultural factors on overweight and obesity among residents of Ga-Mashie in Accra, Ghana. Among the problems reported in the community were high crime (23.8%) and lack of trust among community members (57.2%). Overweight (23.9%) and obesity (20.5%) were highest among those who reported lack of community physical activity space(s) and also among those who perceived their body size to be larger than the community ideal body size (24.8% and 47.1% respectively). Social cohesion (close-knit community), level of crime and access to community physical activity space(s) were found to have a significant influence on overweight and obesity. The results reveal overweight and obesity as outcomes of a complex interaction between individuals, their behaviours and their community.
Presented in Poster Session 7


text:
Change inches to centimeters and vice versa
To change measurement units in Word, do the following:
1. On the File tab, click Options:
2. In the Word Options dialog box, on the Advanced tab, under Display, in the Show measurements in units of drop-down list, choose the measurement units you need:
3. Click OK.
Note: Be careful, 1 cm = 0.3937 inch and 1 inch = 2.54 cm. By default, Word uses 1-inch margins and 2.5 cm. So, after changing the measurement units from centimeters to inches, you will see 0.98 inch, not 1 inch.
See also this tip in French: Comment changer les centimètres en pouces et vice versa.


University of Cambridge > Talks.cam > Semantics Lunch (Computer Laboratory) > Interoperability in a Scripted World
Interoperability in a Scripted World
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If you have a question about this talk, please contact Sam Staton.
Scripting languages, such as JavaScript, are used to quickly and easily develop small programs. Frequently, these programs are combined with libraries and other programs from "conventional" languages, such as Java, to build larger and more robust applications.
Bridging the gap between languages requires data conversions and runtime checks at the border. Relying on programmers to write either is tedious and can introduce subtle errors, so instead we add language and compiler support for the border-crossing operations. Current techniques only support combining languages with similar data representations and runtime semantics, which excludes popular language combinations.
In this talk, I will explain the current state of interoperability and then present advances which support combining Java and JavaScript. These languages have different means of inheritance, representation, and operations—Java, with class-based extension, separation of fields and methods, and a statically fixed structure, and JavaScript, with prototype-based extension, uniform members, and fully mutable structure. To allow a Java object to pass to JavaScript, I use a contract-like embedding which causes the JavaScript program to treat the value as a JavaScript object, and vice-versa. This allows programs written in languages with differing semantics to cooperate in one program safely and soundly.
Class-extension and prototype-extension are the two predominate means of inheritance in the object world and programs using existing libraries may need to support extension through the appropriate style of inheritance. I show how we can mix these two styles, with the contract-like embeddings preserving safety-properties and data representations across inherited methods and fields.
This talk is part of the Semantics Lunch (Computer Laboratory) series.
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Chennapalli Village Population - Hosur, Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu
Chennapalli is a village located in Hosur Taluk of Krishnagiri district in Tamil Nadu. Around 605 families reside in Chennapalli village. Chennapalli village is administered by Sarpanch(Head of village) who is elected every five years.
As per the Census India 2011, Chennapalli village has population of 2764 of which 1428 are males and 1336 are females. The population of children between age 0-6 is 331 which is 11.98% of total population.
The sex-ratio of Chennapalli village is around 936 compared to 996 which is average of Tamil Nadu state. The literacy rate of Chennapalli village is 57.71% out of which 67.23% males are literate and 47.53% females are literate. There are 18.42% Scheduled Caste (SC) and 0.4% Scheduled Tribe (ST) of total population in Chennapalli village.
Chennapalli Population Facts
Number of Households605
Male Population1428 (51.66%)
Female Population1336 (48.34%)
Children Population331
Male Literacy67.23%
Female Literacy47.53%
Scheduled Tribes (ST) %0.4%
Scheduled Caste (SC) %18.42%
Share your suggestions, thoughts


text:
We teach children to dream by sculpting castles made of sand. How fitting, teaching children to build with crumbs of rocks - instead of teaching them to quarry out mountains, cut down trees, and mix mortar to create structures that last. We teach them to climb mountains if they want to be tall, and to read novels and text-books to make their minds deep. With unseen paper-cut fingers, and oxygen tanks to reach those high peaks,
we never teach them that they will fall. Or how when they fall, and their dreams shatter, how to sweep up the broken crumbs and turn them back into castles.


text:
Ellipsis Monday Photo Shoot #42: Playing In The Water
"Don't you realize that the sea is the home of water? All water is off on a journey unless it's in the sea, and it's homesick, and bound to make its way home someday."
-Zora Neale Hurston
EMPS #42: PLAYING IN THE WATER. It's the middle of June, and time for some fun in the water. Rubber duckies bobbling along. Babies being bathed. Dogs out for a swim. Pelicans catching fish. Teens running a car wash. Children running through the sprinklers. There are lots of places you might find someone, or something, enjoying water. I will also accept a photograph of a beautiful waterfall or some other body of water that is moving, but if possible, please try to include someone or something engaged with the water. And please, rather then tapping into your archives, lets go out and do some photography this week.
Extra Credit: Write a paragraph or two about how you used your senses while you were taking your photos for this assignment. What did you hear? What did you smell? Did you touch the water? Did you find something about the experience uniquely different then when you photograph other subjects? I want to hear about your experiences with the camera during this assignment.


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Four of every five sick children in the United States who died after their parents put their trust in faith healing could probably have survived if medical treatment had been sought, according to a study published yesterday in Pediatrics, the journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics.
The report, which examined 172 child deaths in faith healing families from 1975 to 1995, concluded that 140 of the deaths, or 81 percent, were due to conditions that had a survival rate exceeding 90 percent with treatment.
Eighteen other children would have had better than a 50 percent chance of living with treatment, and all but three children would have benefited from medical help, the report said.
The study was done by the University of California at San Diego and a Sioux City, Iowa, group called Children's Healthcare Is a Legal Duty.
In one case cited in the report a child choked on a banana and showed signs of life for nearly an hour while her parents reacted by calling people to pray.


The University of Texas at Tyler
Tyler • Longview • Palestine
A centerpiece for learning,
culture and natural beauty
Research
Rowe Cell
Saturated fine-grained soils can experience large settlements over a long period of time. Estimation of the magnitude and time rate of settlement for soils under field loading conditions are essential for geotechnical engineering settlement design and analysis. Laboratory consolidation testing has traditionally been performed manually using dead weights to produce an instantaneous increase in load. This in turn causes an instantaneous increase in the excess pore water pressure within the soil sample, and the sample subsequently begins to consolidate. The empirical equations and calculations provided in current testing standards are based on the theory of instantaneous loading. The Rowe Cell is a laboratory testing device that allows for automated consolidation testing. However, because the load is applied hydraulically, the test equipment must ramp up to the desired load state for each test increment.
Research is currently underway to determine the effects of loading rate on the consolidation test results. This research has thus far determined that there are indeed differences in the test results for an automated Rowe Cell test performed on a homogenous, cohesive soil, when compared to the standard consolidation test method of instantaneously applied loads. Further research continues to explore the effects of initial deformation of the sample during the loading phase of an automated test to the empirically determined time rate of consolidation parameters.
Rowe Cell
©


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The plum tree borer is one of the most destructive insect pests of plum trees in South Dakota. The early death of most of our plum trees may be attributed largely to this insect. Through various avenues, such as surveys, nursery inspection, correspondence, etc., we have found it to be widely distributed over our state.
plum tree borer, synanthedon pictipes
South Dakota Experiment Station, South Dakota State College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts
Gilbertson, G.I., "The Plum Tree Borer: Its Distribution, Life History, Economic Importance and Control" (1934). Research Bulletins of the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station (_PHONE_). 288.


9951 explained code solutions for 126 technologies
javascript-lodashHow can I use Lodash to remove empty properties from an object in JavaScript?
Lodash is a JavaScript library that provides utility functions for common programming tasks. One of these tasks is removing empty properties from an object. This can be done using the _.omit() method.
const object = {
 name: 'John',
 age: '',
 address: '123 Main Street'
};
const result = _.omit(object, ['age']);
console.log(result);
Output example
{ name: 'John', address: '123 Main Street' }
The _.omit() method takes two arguments: the object and an array of keys to omit. In the example above, we pass in the object and an array with the key age to omit. The result is a new object without the age property.
The _.omit() method is just one of many Lodash methods that can be used to manipulate objects. For more information, see the Lodash documentation.
Edit this code on GitHub


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Welcome to the world of Maurice Costello, where we unveil the details that make this iconic figure come to life. Maurice Costello, known for his remarkable talent, leaves a lasting impact on the entertainment industry. Let's dive into his height, weight, age, biography, husband, and more, and unravel the fascinating story of this incredible individual.
Maurice Costello, a name that echoes through the annals of cinematic history, captivated audiences with his mesmerizing performances. But who was he? How did he become a legendary figure in the world of entertainment? In this article, we will explore the fascinating life and career of Maurice Costello, shedding light on his personal and professional journey.
From his humble beginnings to his rise to stardom, Maurice Costello's biography is a tale of determination, passion, and immense talent. Join us on this captivating journey, as we delve into the life of this extraordinary individual, uncovering intriguing details about his height, weight, age, and even his relationships. Prepare to be amazed as we unravel the enigma that is Maurice Costello.
Some Hidden Facts About Maurice Costello
|Date of Birth||February 22, 1877|
|Age||144 years old (as of 2021)|
|Net Worth||$1 million (estimated)|
|Height||5′ 8″ (173 cm)|
|Birthplace/Hometown||Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States|
|Sun Sign (Zodiac Birth Sign)||Pisces|
|Shoe Size (UK)|
|Parents||Maurice Costello Sr., Mae Costello|
|Siblings||Helene Costello, Dolores Costello|
Maurice Costello: Height, Weight, Net Worth, Personal Details, Income, Family, Professional Achievements
In this article, we delve into the life and achievements of Maurice Costello, a prominent figure in the entertainment industry. From his physical attributes to his net worth, personal details, income, family, and professional achievements, we explore it all. Join us as we take a closer look at the fascinating life of Maurice Costello.
Maurice Costello: Early Life and Rise to Stardom
Maurice Costello, born on February 22, 1877, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was an American actor and one of the pioneering figures of the silent film era. Costello initially worked as a vaudeville actor before making his way into the world of film. He entered the nascent film industry in the early 1900s, working for the Vitagraph Company of America, one of the leading film production companies of the time.
Costello quickly established himself as a versatile actor, appearing in a wide range of roles across various genres, including drama, comedy, and romance. His charming and charismatic on-screen presence endeared him to audiences, and he became one of the most popular actors in the silent film era.
Costello's career soared during the 1910s, and he emerged as a prominent leading man in Hollywood. His talent and dedication to his craft earned him critical acclaim and a massive fan base. Throughout his career, Costello appeared in over 200 films, leaving an indelible mark on the history of cinema.
Maurice Costello: Personal Life and Family
While Costello had a successful career in film, his personal life was also of great interest to his fans. He married actress Mae Costello in 1902, and they had three children together, including actor and future film star Dolores Costello. The Costello family became renowned in the entertainment industry, with several family members achieving success as actors and actresses.
Despite his professional achievements, Maurice Costello faced personal hardships. In the late 1910s, he and Mae Costello separated, leading to a tumultuous period in his life. However, he remained dedicated to his career and continued to excel in the film industry, paving the way for future generations of actors in his family lineage.
Regrettably, Maurice Costello's life took a tragic turn in his later years. He faced financial difficulties and struggled to maintain the success he had enjoyed earlier in his career. After several years battling health issues, Costello passed away on October 28, 1950.
Maurice Costello: Professional Achievements and Legacy
Maurice Costello's impact on the entertainment industry cannot be overstated. During his prolific career, he contributed significantly to the development of early cinema, starring in numerous films that delighted audiences around the world. His versatility as an actor allowed him to portray a wide range of characters, captivating viewers with his performances.
Costello's collaborations with the Vitagraph Company of America played a crucial role in establishing the studio's reputation and the emerging American film industry. He also worked alongside other notable actors and actresses of the time, leaving behind a rich and diverse body of work.
While Maurice Costello faced personal struggles and financial challenges in his later years, his impact as an actor continues to resonate even today. His contributions to cinema paved the way for future generations of actors, and his legacy remains an integral part of the history of film.
As we reflect on the life and career of Maurice Costello, we are reminded of the enduring power of cinema and the indelible mark left by pioneering figures in the industry. Costello's dedication to his craft, his talent as an actor, and the impact he made on early cinema make him a true icon of the silent film era. Though time may pass and trends may change, Maurice Costello's contributions to the world of entertainment will forever be cherished.
- Maurice Costello was a famous actor known for his work in the early 1900s.
- He had a charming personality and was loved by audiences for his talent.
- Although his exact height and weight are unknown, he had a commanding presence on screen.
- Throughout his career, Maurice Costello achieved significant professional success and recognition.
- While his net worth is not disclosed, he was able to provide for his family through his acting income.
Frequently Asked Questions
Below are answers to some frequently asked questions about Maurice Costello, including details about his height, weight, net worth, personal life, income, family, and professional achievements.
Q1. What is Maurice Costello's height and weight?
Answer: Maurice Costello's exact height and weight are not publicly available. However, during his acting career in the early 20th century, he was described as having a tall and slim physique.
Costello's appearance on screen showcased his elegance and charm, captivating audiences with his charismatic presence.
Q2. What is Maurice Costello's net worth?
Answer: As of now, the specific net worth of Maurice Costello is not disclosed. However, he had a successful career as an actor during the silent film era, earning a considerable income.
Costello's popularity and contributions to the film industry likely contributed to his financial success, although the exact figures remain undisclosed.
Q3. Can you provide some personal details about Maurice Costello?
Answer: Maurice Costello was born on February 22, 1877, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. He was an influential figure in the early days of silent cinema, known for his talent and versatility as an actor.
Costello had a captivating on-screen presence, and his contributions to the film industry helped shape the development of the medium. He passed away on October 28, 1950, leaving behind a lasting legacy.
Q4. How did Maurice Costello contribute to the film industry?
Answer: Maurice Costello played a significant role in shaping the early days of silent cinema. He appeared in numerous films, showcasing his acting skills and captivating audiences with his performances.
Costello is often regarded as one of the pioneers of the film industry, contributing to the development of storytelling techniques and paving the way for future actors and filmmakers.
Q5. Did Maurice Costello have a family?
Answer: Yes, Maurice Costello had a family. He was married to actress Mae Costello, with whom he had three children. Two of their children, Dolores and Helene Costello, followed in their parents' footsteps and became successful actors in their own right.
The Costello family's contributions to the entertainment industry spanned generations, leaving a significant mark on the history of film and theater.
Maurice Costello was a famous actor in the early days of silent films. He made over 200 movies and was known for his charming and dashing characters. Costello was also the first film star to have a fan club, showing the impact he had on audiences.
Costello's career spanned from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, and he played a significant role in shaping the film industry. He paved the way for future actors with his natural acting style. Despite facing obstacles, such as the transition to sound in films, Costello's legacy as a trailblazer and talented actor lives on. His contributions to the film industry continue to be celebrated and remembered today.


Posted on
Write a Python program WSDpy that implements the Naive Bayes algorithm for word
Write a Python program WSD.py that implements the Naive Bayes algorithm for word sensedisambiguation, as discussed in class. Specifically, your program will have to assign a giventarget word with its correct sense in a number of test examples. You are not to use externallibraries such as pandas, scikit-learn, or NLTK.Please implement the Naive Bayes algorithm and cross-validation yourself, do notuse scikit-learn (or other machine learning library).You will train and test your program on a datase
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Criminal Defense Attorney in Clearwater, St. Petersburg, & Tampa for Juvenile Cases
No matter what your age, being charged in with a crime is a frightening ordeal. Juvenile offenders are especially vulnerable in the criminal justice system, as their youth and inexperience may lead them to make unwise decisions. Young offenders are also easily manipulated and confused during interviews and investigations.
Many times, it is up to parents or guardians to ensure that juvenile defendants receive proper representation by a criminal defense attorney. Charles Holloway, P.A., a criminal defense attorney in Clearwater, Florida, is fully aware of the special circumstances surrounding juvenile cases. Attorney Holloway is committed to providing juvenile defendants with aggressive representation that will ensure their rights are protected. For more information about discussing a juvenile case with attorney Holloway at his office in Clearwater, Florida, please call _PHONE_.
Florida law defines a juvenile as anyone less than 18 years of age. When a juvenile is arrested, a number of decisions must be made quickly within the Juvenile Court, the State Attorney's Office, and the Department of Juvenile Justice. The following offers a brief insight into some of these proceedings which should prove helpful:
I. Evaluation
The juvenile is evaluated immediately by detention screening, using a Detention Risk Assessment Instrument (DRAI) form to determine whether they should be detained in secure detention, placed on home detention, or released to the parents until an Arraignment Hearing. Secure Detention refers to holding the juvenile in a secure facility and Home Detention refers to a form of house arrest.
The DRAI form uses a point system to score a juvenile for detention or release. Points are assessed on the following criteria:
 1. Most serious current offense
 2. Other pending charges
 3. Prior criminal record
 4. Legal status (e.g. currently on probation)
 5. Aggravating or mitigating circumstances
 6. Mandatory aggravating circumstance: illegal possession of a firearm
Aggravating Factors:
 1. Juvenile's attitude indicates danger to alleged victim or witnesses
 2. Offense committed in a premeditated manner
 3. Alleged victim suffered substantial injury
 4. History of absconding
 5. Coerced others into involvement
 6. Extreme amount of prior offenses
 7. Threatens not to appear in Court
 8. Engaged in organized gang activity
 9. Weapon used in instant offense
 10. Numerous other offenses charged with main offense
Mitigating Factors:
 1. Intellectual impairment affecting decision-making
 2. Coerced into involvement
 3. Offense committed in impulsive manner
 4. Alleged victim suffered little or no injury
 5. Alleged victim suffered little or no property loss
 6. Charge seems more serious than facts indicate
 7. Unrelated adult accompanied and influenced juvenile's involvement
 8. Passive participant and not directly involved
II. Detention or Release
If the juvenile is released to his or her parents, the juvenile is free and will not return to court until the Arraignment Hearing. If they are placed in secure detention or home detention, they will have to appear before the Court within 24 hours of placement.
The Judge will determine whether probable cause exists and will review the DRAI to ensure it is correct. In Domestic Violence cases, the matter is reviewed every 48 hours. In Contempt of Court cases, the case is reviewed every 72 hours. The Court is required to consider alternatives to secure detention.
III. Intake
Next, the Department of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) will appoint a Juvenile Probation Officer (JPO) to make a disposition (charge and sentence) recommendation to the State Attorney and the Court, as well as make referrals for counseling and educational services.
In order to make the recommendations and referrals, the JPO will set an appointment to meet with the juvenile and his or her parents. This meeting with the JPO is voluntary. The JPO does not interrogate the juvenile about the charges. The JPO will consider the following criteria in making the recommendation:
Whether the juvenile admitted the offense to law enforcement
 1. The seriousness of the offense
 2. The previous number of offenses
 3. The age and maturity of the juvenile
 4. Whether involved in a street gang
 5. Attitude of the juvenile
 6. Attitude of the parents
 7. Ability of the parents to control the juvenile
 8. Social information (e.g. substance abuse, mental health, school performance and attendance)
 9. Attitude of alleged victim
 10. Restitution amount, if any
The recommendation must be completed within 24 hours after the juvenile is ordered to be kept in detention, and at the latest, must be completed within 20 days after the juvenile is first arrested.
The JPO may recommend the following:
 1. A non-judicial disposition (Juvenile Diversion Programs)
 2. A Judicial disposition
 3. Referral to adult Court
1) Diversion: These options are available prior to the filing of the official charges by the State Attorney's Office:
a) Juvenile Arbitration: Usually reserved for first time misdemeanor offenses. Can include community service work, substance abuse evaluation and counseling, and restitution. Lasts approximately 6 to 8 weeks.
b) Juvenile Arbitration S.T.O.P.: Usually reserved for repeat misdemeanor or 3rd degree felonies. Includes more intensive sanctions and contact with the juvenile. Lasts approximately 4 months.
c) Drug Court: For drug-related offenses.
d) Teen Court: Sanctions determined by a panel of juvenile peers.
e) Early Delinquency Intervention Program (EDIP): Intensive residential treatment in a secure facility for 7 days to 6 weeks. Six to 9 months of follow-up.
f) Intensive Delinquency Diversion Services (IDDS): Higher level of intervention with juvenile.
2) Judicial Disposition: These are options available after official charges (a Petition) are filed by the State Attorney's Office:
a) Plan: This generally requires that the juvenile enter a plea, admitting the charges. If the Court accepts the Plan, it will hold the plea in "escrow" until the juvenile successfully completes the terms of the Plan, at which time the case is dismissed.
b) Adjudicatory Hearing: A trial without a jury. The Court can find that the evidence did not sustain the allegations (i.e. not guilty) or that the allegations were sustained, (i.e. guilty). If guilty, the Court will then decide whether to impose probation supervised by the DJJ or whether to impose residential commitment. If residential commitment is anticipated, then the Court will conduct a Disposition Hearing, and consider aggravating and mitigating factors in the sentencing decision.
c) If the Court orders commitment, the term will end when the juvenile turns 19, unless the juvenile is placed in a serious habitual offender program, an intensive residential program for young offenders, a sexual offender program, or a maximum risk program, in which case the term will end when the juvenile turns 21.
3) Adult Court: Certain crimes are considered so serious, that the State Attorney's Office is permitted to file charges that will treat the juvenile as an adult. Some charges are required to be filed as adult, regardless of the child's age. Some charges are discretionary, permitting the State Attorney to decide whether to file in adult court or not. The Court has the ultimate authority to decide whether the juvenile should be sentenced as an adult or subjected to juvenile punishment.
The juvenile system is complex enough, and the various outcomes serious enough, that is important that the juvenile and parents obtain legal advice as soon as possible after allegations are made or the juvenile is arrested. A criminal defense attorney can assist in discussing the various options available and help the juvenile as they navigate the legal system, in search of a resolution that best meets the client's needs.
For more information about hiring a lawyer to represent juvenile defendants in the Tampa Bay area, e-mail or call Clearwater criminal defense attorney Charles Holloway today. As a former prosecutor with decades of experience, attorney Holloway will be glad to meet with juvenile defendants and their parents regarding current or possible criminal charges. Attorney Holloway has a convenient office in Clearwater to conveniently assist juvenile defendants in Pinellas, Hillsborough, Pasco, and the greater Tampa Bay area.


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A new infographic by National Geographic shows just how much money per person the U.S. government invests in the system…and how little it gets for that investment.
Just how bad is the health care system in the United States? Canada invests a bit more than half as much as the U.S. per capita, and gets more average life expectancy for its investment.
The problem? Overall cost, access to services and a lack of accountability for those results.
(Click the chart to the right to see the entire infographic. Each nation is shown with its per capita investment compared to its average life expectancy.)
While the U.S. is the most pronounced example of a downward slope, you'll notice other nations have similar problems: Switzerland, Luxembourg and Denmark are all getting less bang for their buck, while Mexico, Portugal and New Zealand reap more than the rest.
There's another interesting aspect to the infographic, too: the thickness of the line denotes how frequent a citizen vists the doctor. Surprisingly, the average American barely visits the doctor, while the average Japanese or Czech visits often — hinting that preventative monitoring might be better than throwing a lot of money at pharmaceuticals.