text:
The Hall of Fame number you chose was 95999989.
Congratulations! You have found an extremely cool number! It has a Universal Coolness Index of 99.28%
- 95999989's digits sum to 67. In 0.0013% of 8-digit numbers, the digits sum to at least 67.
- 95999989 contains a 6-of-a-kind. Only 0.023% of 8-digit numbers have this combination.
- 95999989 contains a 4-of-a-kind together. Only 0.46% of 8-digit numbers have this combination.
- 95999989 has 3 unique digits. In 0.71% of 8-digit numbers, there are 3 or fewer unique digits.
Hall of Fame


In the context of alcohol consumption, it is generally advised to abstain from drinking to minimize potential risks and ensure the safe and effective use of the medication. Alcohol and Accutane (isotretinoin) interaction can be significant, not just moderate. It is generally advised to avoid alcohol while taking Accutane sleep drunkenness due to the increased risk of liver damage and elevated triglyceride levels. Consultation with a healthcare provider is crucial to understand your specific risk factors. Otherwise, it's important to avoid drinking alcohol or using products that contain alcohol, such as some mouthwashes or cough medicines.
Recommendations from Healthcare Professionals
The excess amount of alcohol in your system can also upset your digestion, leading to symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and indigestion. Alcohol consumption is the most common cause of porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT). This condition causes painful, blistering lesions on the skin following exposure to the sun. People of East Asian descent are more likely to be affected by facial flushing relating to alcohol.
Increased Risk of Side Effects
Accutane alone can, in certain cases, damage the liver, so combining it with alcohol can increase that damage. Also a combination of alcohol and Accutane can cause major alterations in the lipids in one's blood. In some individuals, Accutane has been shown to cause elevations in blood cholesterol and triglycerides, a blood fat. However most patients see a decrease of those lipids to normal levels after the course of Accutane is completed. Accutane, also known as isotretinoin, is a medication primarily used to treat severe acne.
Question: Is it safe to drink alcohol while on Accutane?
Accutane was pulled off the market in 2009 because of concerns and lawsuits over its possible risks and side effects. Plenty of other brands and generic isotretinoin 3 stages of methamphetamine withdrawal medications are still available, however. Many refer to these medications as "Accutane" because of the brand's widespread use and recognition.
Alcohol can pose several concerns when used in conjunction with Accutane. One primary reason is that both alcohol and Accutane can have an impact on the liver. Accutane is known to potentially affect liver function, and alcohol consumption can further strain the liver. Combining the two may increase the risk of liver damage and other adverse effects. It is important to note that Accutane is a potent medication and should only be taken under the supervision of a healthcare professional.
 1. The severity of a person's withdrawal symptoms may get worse each time they stop drinking, and can cause symptoms such as tremors, agitation and convulsions (seizures).
 2. Isotretinoin may cause bone or muscle problems, including joint pain, muscle pain or stiffness, or difficulty moving.
 3. Consuming alcohol while on Accutane can interfere with the treatment process and hinder its efficacy.
 4. They can assess your individual situation and provide guidance on managing side effects.
 5. It is always best to consult with your healthcare provider for personalized advice regarding alcohol consumption while on Accutane.
 6. Contraception must be continued during the period of treatment, which is up to 20 weeks, and for 1 month after isotretinoin is stopped.
Alcohol is a powerful chemical that can have a wide range of adverse effects on almost every part of your body, including your brain, bones and heart. People with underlying skin conditions, such as psoriasis and rosacea, will need to continue treatment to prevent flare-ups. A person should speak with a doctor or dermatologist to find the best treatment.
It is important to consider the potential risks and side effects that may arise from combining alcohol and Accutane. Accutane is a medication commonly prescribed for the treatment of severe acne. Understanding the key aspects of Accutane treatment is essential for individuals considering or currently undergoing this therapy.
Ultimately, the decision to consume alcohol while on Accutane should be made in consultation with your healthcare provider. They can provide personalized guidance based on your individual health profile and help you make informed decisions about your treatment plan. While healthcare professionals provide guidelines and recommendations, the decision to consume alcohol while on Accutane ultimately lies with the individual. It is essential to exercise personal responsibility and make informed decisions. This means avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and following the recommended guidelines for alcohol intake. It is also essential to disclose your alcohol consumption habits to your healthcare provider, as they can provide guidance and monitor your liver function appropriately.
Accutane, a former popular brand name drug, was widely prescribed to treat acne that didn't respond to other treatments. Though the drug has been off the market since around 2009, its generic version isotretinoin, is still in use and can cause serious side effects, including liver toxicity. By following proper dosage and timing instructions and working closely with your healthcare provider, you can safely and effectively use Accutane to manage severe acne. Taking Accutane at the same time each day can help regulate blood levels of the medication and ensure consistent efficacy.
Tell your care team right away if you have changes in your eyesight. A special MedGuide will be given to you by the pharmacist alcohol and sleep with each prescription and refill. Unlock the facets of substance abuse treatment plans for a successful journey to sobriety.
You may experience a flare in your acne during the initial treatment period. You will need to see your doctor or care team monthly to get a new prescription and to check on your progress and for side effects. It is often prescribed when other acne medications do not work well enough or cannot be tolerated. Additionally, alcohol can impair judgment and coordination, just like Accutane. When both substances are present in the body, the effects may be intensified, leading to increased impairment. This can be particularly risky when operating machinery or engaging in activities that require alertness.
It is crucial to follow the prescribed dosage and treatment plan provided by a healthcare professional. However, for skin conditions related to AUD, liver disease, or excessive alcohol consumption, the best preventive measure is to stop drinking alcohol. No, it is not recommended to drink any amount of alcohol while taking Accutane. Even a small amount of alcohol can increase the risk of liver damage and other negative side effects. Another reason to avoid alcohol while taking Accutane is the heightened risk of pancreatitis. Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas that can cause severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.


By Kurt Lejaeghere
Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Published on
It is often computationally expensive to predict finite-temperature properties of a crystal from density-functional theory (DFT). The temperature-dependent thermal expansion coefficient α, for example, is calculated from the phonon spectrum, and the melting temperature Tm can only be obtained from ab initio molecular dynamics. Alternatively, semi-empirical relations already provide good estimates at a significantly lower computational cost. These relations link complex quantities, such as α and Tm, to much simpler DFT predictors, such as the cohesive energy or the bulk modulus. The difference between these semi-empirical estimates and experiment is governed by three sources of errors: the numerical accuracy of the DFT implementation 1,2, the limitations of the exchange-correlation functional 1, and the approximations involved in the semi-empirical relation itself 3. We quantify each of these errors, and find them to contribute according to the order of listing: least for the implementation dependence and most for the effect of the semi-empirical relation. Despite these deviations, some semi-empirical relations do outperform more fundamental methods. An estimate for the Grüneisen parameter that is based on the pressure derivative of the bulk modulus, for example, yields better predictions for the thermal expansion coefficient at room temperature than quasiharmonic phonon theory 3.
Sponsored by
 1. K. Lejaeghere, V. Van Speybroeck, G. Van Oost, and S. Cottenier,'Error Estimates for Solid-State Density-Functional Theory Predictions: An Overview by Means of the Ground-State Elemental Crystals', Crit. Rev. Solid State 39, 1-24 (2014). [open access at DOI: 10.1080/_PHONE_.2013.772503]
 3. K. Lejaeghere, J. Jaeken, V. Van Speybroeck, and S. Cottenier, 'Ab-initio-based thermal property predictions at a low cost: an error analysis', submitted to Phys. Rev. B.
Cite this work
Researchers should cite this work as follows:
 - Kurt Lejaeghere (2014), "IMA 2013 UQ: DFT-based Thermal Properties: Three Levels of Error Management,"
 BibTex | EndNote
Lind Hall, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN


text:
Film and TV show American's anxiety about immigrant groups, from 'Broncho Billy and the Greaser' in 1914 to 'Modern Family' today.
TV and Film Have Mixed Portrayals of Immigrants
Jason Ruiz is an assistant professor of American studies at the University of Notre Dame.
Updated November 16, 2012, 10:12 AM
Popular culture is one of the major arenas that determines a group's "outsider" status.
Mainstream media — especially film and television — are a fascinating barometer of Americans' ongoing anxieties regarding the assimilation of immigrant groups (and whether they can be assimilated). When I teach about race and popular culture at Notre Dame, many students of color and immigrant students see the representation of their particular ethnic or national group on television as an affirmation that they have become part of mainstream America. Indeed, it is tempting to see the increasing presence of, say, Latinos in mainstream film and television as a sign of progress, as if more Latino characters means that we no longer reside at the margins of American society? And yet those same media continually and aggressively mark Latino immigrants as outsiders and "others."
Take Sofia Vergara's breakout role as Gloria in "Modern Family" on ABC. One student passionately defended this character in a class discussion last semester, rightly convinced that Vergara brought a much-needed presence of a strong Latina to network television. The student argued that Vergara's performance as a Colombian woman newly married into a closely knit and well-to-do white family was downright revolutionary in its depiction of Latina agency. In other words, unlike so many Latina and Latin American actresses before her, Vergara does not play a maid. But the character of Gloria also relies upon stereotypes of the sexy, saucy, spicy Latina that date back to Carmen Miranda and, in fact, have not changed very much since Miranda became a celebrity in the United States in the late 1930s — except, perhaps, for the banana hats. In this sense, Gloria is both an affirmation of Latina power and somewhat retrograde, a contradiction that Vergara herself seems to relish in interviews.
And Vergara plays one of the good guys. Countless other movies and television series, including "Savages" from Oliver Stone and "Breaking Bad" on AMC, replay the old stereotype of the Mexican (or other Latin American) baddie-as-outsider, a trope that dates to the earliest days of narrative film (see the 1914 western "Broncho Billy and the Greaser") and continues to define who belongs and who does not in an America that remains sharply divided on matters of immigration.
Although film and television portrayals still imply that immigrants can only dream of ceasing to be outsiders, those same media have also provided an important counter-narrative for decades. When Gregory Nava's grueling but great 1983 film "El Norte" was first shown on PBS, my parents summoned my brother and me to the television and made it required viewing. Though both of my parents were born in the United States, the stories of my grandparents' and great-grandparents' migrations had always been a part of our identity as a family. Though our roots were in Mexico and Poland, we came to see Nava's movie about young Guatemalan migrants struggling to improve their odds as our own story. Though it looks increasingly dated and I find myself less and less tolerant of its sometimes-treacly sentimentality, I still teach it as a watershed moment in Latino and immigrant film history.
It also takes me back to that moment in the 1980s when my mixed-race Latino family could marvel at the novelty of seeing immigrant stories on screen. More recent films like "A Better Life" by Chris Weitz, which won its star an Oscar nomination, provide a more complex picture of immigration and assimilation, one that refuses to insist that immigrants can or should easily assimilate into the U.S. body politic. While these films cannot undo America's complex love-hate relationship with immigrant groups, they can give us all a sense that a better life is possible.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
PDF Studio 9 and above is capable of creating Signature Fields. Signature Fields allow you to create fields that your users can use to digitally sign the PDF document.
Creating Signature Fields
- Open the document that you wish to add Signature Fields to
- On the menu bar select Forms->Create/Edit Form
- Click on the Signature Field button located on the tool bar
- Once you click on the button you can place the Signature Field wherever you need it on the PDF document
- Use the black dots on the corners and edges to resize the shape of the box so that it fits the area that you need
- Once you have completed placing the Signature Field you can edit the Signature Fields's specific settings to customize the field even further. To open the Signature FIeld's settings menu either double click on the form or right click and select properties.
- Repeat steps 1-10 to create as many Signature Fields as you need.
- Once complete click on the Stop Form Editing button on the toolbar to close the form editor and save the document
- The Signature Fields will now be ready for you to use

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: The properties of knots are exploited in a range of applications, from shoelaces to the knots used for climbing, fishing and sailing. Although knots are found in DNA and proteins, and form randomly in other long polymer chains, methods for tying different sorts of knots in a synthetic nanoscale strand are lacking. Molecular knots of high symmetry have previously been synthesized by using non-covalent interactions to assemble and entangle molecular chains, but in such instances the template and/or strand structure intrinsically determines topology, which means that only one type of knot is usually possible. Here we show that interspersing coordination sites for different metal ions within an artificial molecular strand enables it to be tied into multiple knots. Three topoisomers—an unknot (01) macrocycle, a trefoil (31) knot, and a three-twist (52) knot—were each selectively prepared from the same molecular strand by using transition-metal and lanthanide ions to guide chain folding in a manner reminiscent of the action of protein chaperones. We find that the metal-ion-induced folding can proceed with stereoinduction: in the case of one knot, a lanthanide(iii)-coordinated crossing pattern formed only with a copper(i)-coordinated crossing of particular handedness. In an unanticipated finding, metal-ion coordination was also found to translocate an entanglement from one region of a knotted molecular structure to another, resulting in an increase in writhe (topological strain) in the new knotted conformation. The knot topology affects the chemical properties of the strand: whereas the tighter 52 knot can bind two different metal ions simultaneously, the looser 31 isomer can bind only either one copper(i) ion or one lutetium(iii) ion. The ability to tie nanoscale chains into different knots offers opportunities to explore the modification of the structure and properties of synthetic oligomers, polymers and supramolecules.


and as the name for a place. A moiety always defines a name for a place; you can use your own names for places instead, and indeed, for rings you will have to. A name is just
Name: ... Name is often the name of a moiety like CH3, but it need not to be. Any name that begins with a capital letter and which contains only letters and numbers is valid:
First:
bond bond 30 from First

Miscellaneous
The specific construction
bond ... ; moiety
is equivalent to
bond
moiety
Otherwise, each item has to be on a separate line (and only one line). Note that there must be whitespace after the semicolon which separates the commands. A period character . or a single quote ' in the first column of a line signals a troff command, which is copied through as-is. A line whose first non-blank character is a hash character (#) is treated as a comment and thus ignored. However, hash characters within a word are kept. A line whose first word is pic is copied through as-is after the word pic has been removed. The command
size n scales the diagram to make it look plausible at point size~n (default is 10~point). Anything else is assumed to be pic code, which is copied through with a label. Since chem is a pic preprocessor, it is possible to include pic statements in the middle of a diagram to draw things not provided for by chem itself. Such pic statements should be included in chem code by adding pic as the first word of this line for clarity. The following pic commands are accepted as chem commands, so no pic command word is needed:
define Start the definition of pic macro within chem.
[
Start a block composite.
]
End a block composite.
{
Start a macro definition block.
}
End a macro definition block.
The macro names from define statements are stored and their call is accepted as a chem command as well.

WISH LIST
This TODO list was collected by Brian Kernighan. Error checking is minimal; errors are usually detected and reported in an oblique fashion by pic. There is no library or file inclusion mechanism, and there is no shorthand for repetitive structures. The extension mechanism is to create pic macros, but these are tricky to get right and don't have all the properties of built-in objects. There is no in-line chemistry yet (e.g., analogous to the $... $ construct of eqn). There is no way to control entry point for bonds on groups. Normally a bond connects to the carbon atom if entering from the top or bottom and otherwise to the nearest corner. Bonds from substituted atoms on heterocycles do not join at the proper place without adding a bit of pic. There is no decent primitive for brackets. Text (quoted strings) doesn't work very well. A squiggle bond is needed.
FILES
/usr/share/groff/1.22.3/pic/chem.pic
A collection of pic macros needed by chem.
/usr/share/groff/1.22.3/tmac/pic.tmac
A macro file which redefines .PS and .PE to center pic diagrams.
/usr/share/doc/groff-1.22.3/examples/chem/*.chem
Example files for chem.
/usr/share/doc/groff-1.22.3/examples/chem/122/*.chem
Example files from the classical chem book 122.ps.

BUGS
Report bugs to the bug-groff mailing list Include a complete, self-contained example that will allow the bug to be reproduced, and say which version of groff and chem you are using. You can get both version numbers by calling chem --version. You can also use the groff mailing list but you must first subscribe to this list. You can do that by visiting the groff mailing list web page See groff(1) for information on availability.
SEE ALSO
groff(1), pic(1), groffer(1). You can still get the original chem awk source Its README file was used for this manual page. The other classical document on chem is 122.ps
COPYING
Copyright [co] 2006-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of chem, which is part of groff, a free software project.
You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 (GPL2) as published by the Free Software Foundation.
The license text for GPL2 is available in the internet at
AUTHORS
This file was written by Bernd Warken <_EMAIL_>.
It is based on the documentation of Brian Kernighan's original awk version of chem at

Index
NAME
SYNOPSIS
OPTION USAGE
DESCRIPTION
THE LANGUAGE
Setting Variables
Bonds
Rings
Moieties and Strings
Names
Miscellaneous
WISH LIST
FILES
BUGS
SEE ALSO
COPYING
AUTHORS
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The CONCATENATE function will allow you to combine the text values from multiple cells into a single text string. The "Text" values can be a combination of absolute cell references and text.
This function is most commonly used for creating dynamic titles within a dashboard based on the combination of selections. This function is also used for generating queries with parameters defined from the Xcelsius model.
All rights reserved Goodman Group LLC


text:
A portable Autonomous Surface Vessel (ASV) developed for brown water
RiverScout is a man portable Autonomous Surface Vessel (ASV) that CCD has developed with a mix of internal and external funding to serve as a low cost ASV experimentation platform. The purpose of the ASV is for surveillance and reconnaissance in promotion of situational awareness with focus on command and control through a tactical robotic controller (TRC). Riverscout uses advances in sensing, analyzing, communication, and navigation to perform tasks assigned by an operator. This program implements the US Navy's first ASV for a "brown water" environment, support to combat operation, or patrol waterways with virtual capabilities. This cost-effective ASV will reduce risk of missions by increasing the number of assets while minimizing the demands on the human operators.
- GUI developed for camera integration, post mission analysis, and virtual testing
- Host software interfaces through IP radio to cameras using JAUS
- Integrations of Falcon View with dynamic waypoint tracking


text:
Columbine Elementary students are going to get a lot more hands-on experience growing veggies and flowers, thanks to a greenhouse that will make the growing season match the school year.
Parents at the Boulder school spent five years raising almost $30,000 to buy the greenhouse for the school's garden-to-table program. A team of about 30 parents and community members, plus two supervisors from the greenhouse company, spent four days earlier this month building the greenhouse, and an open house was Friday.
"It will be a hands-on education lab," said Micah Parkin, a Columbine PTA member who led the greenhouse project. "Kids can do art and math and science. It's also so important that children are aware of where food comes from. It's a great way to get kids really excited about healthy food."
Columbine already has outdoor garden beds built with the help of the Growe Foundation, which provides seeds, plants and curriculum for teachers. But, with Colorado's short growing season, the school was limited to involving students in the garden in the fall and spring.
The only other Boulder Valley school that has a greenhouse is the Arapahoe Campus, which uses it for its high school greenhouse and urban agriculture programs. Parkin said she's hoping the project will serve as a model for other schools.
Columbine's greenhouse is a 33-foot-diameter geodesic dome — the shape is created by triangles — from a company called Growing Spaces.
A large, above-ground pond captures the heat from the sun, acting as a battery to keep the greenhouse warm overnight and regulating the heat on hot days. The greenhouse is "off the grid" with automatic vents for cooling, solar-powered fans and LED motion-sensor lighting.
Parents also raised money to create a new memorial to a former student, Natasha Pettus, who died in an apartment fire in 1988 at the age of 12. The original was lost when the school was rebuilt a couple of years ago.
Money came from Columbine Elementary families, staff and community members, as well as Whole Foods Market, Growing Spaces, ReSource Boulder, the Maxwell Family Fund, Morningstar Homes, Skycastle Construction, Green Roofs of Colorado, Western Disposal, Boulder Family Resource Schools, and Boulder Valley facilities.
"The community really came together," said Steve Cavanaugh, program manager at ReSource Boulder and one of the greenhouse volunteers. "There were a lot of hands involved in this project."
This week, the 24 students in the school's garden club checked out the new greenhouse and, using their feet, helped mix sand, clay, straw and water into "cob" to build raised beds.
"It's definitely warm in there," said kindergartner Max Wood as he braved the cold outside to help sift rocks out of a pile of sand. "We can grow food for our kitchen. I want to grow every vegetable. I like lots of them."
Students said they're excited to stock the pond with goldfish and start planting the themed gardens — a South American salsa garden, a pizza garden, an African garden, an Asian garden and a Native American "three sisters" garden with squash, corn and beans.
Once the greenhouse is planted, Growing Gardens educators will teach classes to Columbine students on seeds, edible parts of plants, life cycles, aquaponics, gardening for health and greenhouse growing design and planting.
Haven Nasif, a fourth-grader, called the greenhouse "a really big accomplishment."
"It's a really fun way to grow your own food," she said.
Contact Camera Staff Writer Amy Bounds at _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_.


.
Example use: discriminationSearch(0.1, 0.99, 0.01, causalandgroup) returns all characteristics such that either the causal or the group discrimination score is between 9% and 11% (10% \pm 1%) with confidence of at least 99%.
printSoftwareDetails()
Prints the input scema for the software.
getTestSuite()
Must be called after a discrimination-computing function (causalDiscrimination, groupDiscrimination, or discriminationSearch). Prints the test suite used for the last discrimination-computing function.
Subject systems
The evaluation in [1] applied Themis™ to eight subject software systems (named A-H), trained in different ways, for a total of twenty different software system instances. The subjectSystems/ folder contains the code for these subject systems.
A/ Discrimination-aware logistic regression [2] and Themis™ wrapper scripts for executing it.
B/ Discrimination-aware decision tree classifier [3] and Themis™ wrapper scripts for executing it.
C/ Discrimination-aware naive Bayes classifier [4] and Themis™ wrapper scripts for executing it.
D/ Discrimination-aware decision tree classifier [5] and Themis™ wrapper scripts for executing it.
fairness_unaware/ Four standard discrimination-unaware classifiers, described as systems E (naive Bayes), F (decision tree), G (logistic regression), and H (support vector machines) in [1].
Collaborators
Sainyam Galhotra Yuriy Brun Alexandra Meliou
Sainyam Galhotra Yuriy Brun Alexandra Meliou
Funding
This work is supported by the National Science Foundation under grants no. CCF-_PHONE_, IIS-_PHONE_, and CNS-_PHONE_.
References
[1] Sainyam Galhotra, Yuriy Brun, and Alexandra Meliou, Fairness Testing: Testing Software for Discrimination, in European Software Engineering Conference and ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering (ESEC/FSE), pages 498-510, Paderborn, Germany, September 2017.
[2] Muhammad Bilal Zafar, Isabel Valera, Manuel Gomez Rodriguez, and Krishna P. Gummadi. Learning fair classifiers. CoRR, abs/1507.05259, 2015.
[3] Faisal Kamiran, Toon Calders, and Mykola Pechenizkiy. Discrimination aware decision tree learning. In International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM), pages 869-874, Sydney, Australia, December 2010.
[4] Toon Calders, Faisal Kamiran, and Mykola Pechenizkiy. Building classifiers with independency constraints. In Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM) Workshops, pages 13-18, Miami, FL, USA, December 2009.
[5] Indre Zliobaite, Faisal Kamiran, and Toon Calders. Handling conditional discrimination. In International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM), pages _PHONE_, Vancouver, BC, Canada, December 2011.
Licensing
Themis™ is distributed only to end users and for academic use only.
Themis™ can also be licensed for commercial use through the University of Massachusetts Amherst. To obtain a license, contact Thomas Ferguson (_EMAIL_) and Robert MacWright (_EMAIL_), and copy Yuriy Brun (_EMAIL_).
About
Themis™ is a software fairness tester.
Resources
License
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No packages published


text:
Global Health Lecture Series: Maternal to Child Transmission of HIV by Breastfeeding in Africa
December 14, 2011
Edward Janoff, MD, Tim Gill Professor of Medicine & Microbiology and Director, Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, University of Colorado
Dr. Janoff focuses on diseases of international importance, such as diarrheal disease, respiratory infections, and HIV-1/AIDS. His team characterizes mucosal responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae in the lung and to HIV-1 in the intestine, reproductive tract, and in breast milk.
Each study has been supported by a field site in Africa (Uganda, Burkina Faso, Botswana and South Africa) with collaborators from these African nations, the U.S. and Europe. The goal of his laboratory is to provide a scientific foundation for mucosal vaccines to prevent pneumococcal infections and transmission of HIV /AIDS. He integrates clinical and basic laboratory approaches to determine how pathogens interact with the host at the mucosal surface and how innate and humeral mechanisms, individually and in concert, serve to protect against infection.
Back to Online Grand Rounds

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Due to years of drought that severely restricted the irrigation water and cultivation of cotton, the area of cotton planted in Australia has fallen to its lowest level in 40 years. The Australian Bureau of Agricultural Resources and Economics (ABARES) said in its June report that due to insufficient irrigation water supply, cotton lint output is expected to decline by 72% in 2019 - 2020 to 134,000 tons. According to the report, the area under cotton cultivation is estimated to have decreased by 83% to 60,000 hectares, the lowest level since 1978 - 1979.
The low supply of cotton in Australia is in stark contrast to the United States and most countries in the world: due to the continued blockade of the COVID-19 pandemic and the deterioration of the retail environment, global cotton is facing an oversupply situation.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture lowered its forecast for global cotton consumption in 2020 -2021 by 1.8% in June, and raised its forecast for global cotton reserves in August 2021 to at least the second highest level since 1960.
Michael o'rielley, chairman of the Australian Cotton Shippers Association, said the fall in cotton prices was due to lower demand for cotton in the global market, but the smaller scale of cotton cultivation (reduced supply) in Australia compared with competing countries provided some support for the price. However, he said: "As (global) demand continues to fall, prices will face greater pressure than it currently is."
ABARES pointed out that due to the closure of some factories this year and the price competition of synthetic fibers, the global cotton index price is expected to decline by 12% from the same period last year to an average of 63 cents per pound from 2020 to 2021.
"We expect that this year's processed cotton output will reach 550,000 to 600,000 bales." Adam Kay, chief executive of Cotton Australia, said. A bag contains about 227 kg of fiber. "It was 2.2 million bales last year, and 4.1 million bales the year before, so you can see the impact of the drought." Kai said. However, he said that the rains in February and March this year have caused rivers to flow and dams to store water, so he is optimistic about next year's harvest, which may be as high as 1.7 million bales. "It is starting to move in the right direction." Kay said most of this year's and next year's production has been pre-sold to China, which has relieved Australian farmers when coronavirus-related demand has declined.
However, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's June Global Cotton Supply and Demand monthly report predicts that China mainland's cotton consumption may decline by 218,000 tons from 2020 to 2021.


text:
Referring to the divisor definition of Webster [link to that definition] suppose that we start with a divisor so large that no party gets a seat. Then let's start lowering the divisor so that parties will begin getting seats. As we keep lowering the divisor, more parties will get seats, more seats will be awarded. The object is to lower the divisor till (if 100 seats are desired) 100 seats are awarded.
So start with a divisor so large that no party gets a seat. As we lower the divisor, some party will get the 1st seat. Which party? This depends on which party can get a seat with the largest divisor. When every party has 0 seats, we want a party to qualify for 1 seat instead of 0. This means that, when we divide its votes by the divisor, we want to get.5, since that can be rounded off to 1 instead of 0.
For a particular party, what divisor, when divided into its votes, will give us.5? Find out by dividing.5 into that party's votes. This will tell you what divisor will round that party up to 1. So we do this for each party, dividing its votes by.5 The party with the largest result of that division is the party which will be the 1st one rounded up as the divisor is lowered. It gets the 1st seat.
We keep doing this: Say a party has 1 seat. It qualifies for 2 seats if dividing its votes by the divisor results in 1.5 What divisor, divided into its votes, will result in 1.5? We find out by dividing 1.5 into its votes.
So, in general: Divide each party's votes by.5 more than its current number of seats. We can call this division result that party's "score". The party with largest score gets the next seat. Then we again divide each party's votes by.5 more than its current number of seats, to determine which party gets the next seat, etc.
To clarify where it comes from, I've written that wordily. Here's a briefly stated electoral law for this systematic procedure for Webster:
All parties initially have 0 seats. Repeatedly, each party's votes are divided by.5 more than its current number of seats, and the party with largest division-result receives the next seat. This procedure is repeated till the desired number of seats has been awarded. The advantage of this systematic procedure rule is that it avoids the trial-&-error that would be needed to carry out Webster's method, directly from Webster's definition. The countries using Sainte-Lague must have felt that this is important, because they use a systematic procedure.
Actually, though, the systematic procedure that they use differs slightly from the above one: If you double all those numbers ending in.5, by which you divide the parties' votes, you get odd numbers. _That_ is the version of the Webster systematic procedure that is actually used in Sainte-Lague countries. It's the procedure that's given in books, under the name "Sainte-Lague".
The reason, most likely, why Sainte-Lague, as used, uses odd numbers instead of the numbers ending in.5, is that, in pre-computer days, doubling those numbers ending in.5, to get odd numbers, would reduce the number of digits, and get rid of fractions, which would make a non-computerized calculation easier.
But the way I worded it before makes for a much briefer & clearer wording. The odd-numbers procedure could be worded:
"Repeatedly, each party's votes are divided by the odd number equal to one more than twice that party's current number of seats, and the party with the highest division result gets the next seat. This is repeated till the desired number of seats have been awarded"
Obviously a more complicted wording.
The _World Atlas of Elecions_, available in most university libraries, refers to the above procedure as "pure Sainte-Lague". Another version of this is referred to in that book as "Modified Sainte-Lague". Modified Sainte-Lague has a provision to make it more difficult for a small partyk to get its 1st seat. Though some proportionalists are proposing pure Sainte-Lague, no one is proposing modified Sainte-Lague. But it's worth mentioning because some of the Sainte-Lague countries use it:
Where pure Sainte-Lague (odd numbers procedure), when a party has 0 seats, would divide that party's votes by the 1st odd number, 1, modified Sainte-Lague instead divides by 1.4, just to make it more difficult to get a 1st seat, in order to discourage small parties.
But if one isn't using a computer, that can amount to a lot of work, actually using that procedure. There's a quicker way for doing a systematic procedure without a computer:
You'd start as in the quota definition of Webster: If there are 100 seats to be allocated, then the 1st quota is 1/100 of the total vote. So you determine how many votes this quota is, and divide it into each party's votes, to determine how many quotas it has.
If, when you round each party to the nearest whole number and give it that number of seats, let's say this only awards 99 seats:
We have to award one more seat, so we simply do what we did before: Divide each party's votes by.5 more than its current number of seats to find out which party would be the 1st to round up if we were to begin lowering the quota. We give the 100th seat to the party with largest division-result.
Of course it we instead had 98 as the initial number of seats, instead of 99, we'd simply have to repeat the procedure, as described before.
But what if the initial quota awards 101 seats. Then we have to find out which party should lose a seat. An argument analogous to the previous one, this time involving raising the quota until a party loses a seat, leads to the following: Divide each party's votes by.5 less than its current number of seats. The party with lowest division-result is the one that loses a seat.
Why this is--if a party has 3 seats, we want to find out what divior or quota it would take to round it down to 2. So we want to find out what divisor, when divided into that party's votes, would give 2.5 And we find that out by dividing 2.5 into the party's votes. The 1st party to lose a seat as we raise the divisor will be the one with the lowest result of dividing its votes by.5 less than its current number of seats.
This is just essentially the same as the previous arguments, except that it's about finding out who should lose a seat, when the initial quota has awarded too many.
I emphasize that all these procedures (Websters definition, *The systematic procedure starting with 0 seats, dividing by numbers ending in.5 * The systematic procedure dividing by odd numbers, with all parties initially having 0 seats * The systematic procedure I've just described)--All these procedures give the same identical seat allocation.
It may be that a sytematic procdeure makes for a better electoral law, but Webster's definition, either his divisor definition, or the quota definition, is the one that is based directly on the principle of putting each party's seats as close as possible to what is called-for by a common ratio between seats & votes.
Most books on PR give, for Sainte-Lague, the odd numbers formula, without any word on where it comes from, leaving the impression that Sainte-Lague is an arbitrary unexplained procedure. I've approached Sainte-Lague from principle, deriving the systematic procedures from the definition based on principle.
An argument analogous to the ones used above leads to the following
systematic procedure for Jefferson's method:
All parties initially have 0 seats. Repeatedly divide each party's
by 1 more than its current number of seats, and give the next seat
to the party with the largest division-result. Repeat this till
the desired number of seats has been awarded.
All parties initially have 0 seats. Repeatedly divide each party's by 1 more than its current number of seats, and give the next seat to the party with the largest division-result. Repeat this till the desired number of seats has been awarded.
The reason why it's "1 more than the current number of seats, instead of ".5 more than the current number of seats" is that with Jefferson there's no such thing as rounding up, and so to for a party with 2 seats to qualify instead for 3 seats, the result of dividing its votes by the common divisor has to actually equal 3. But the argument leading to the above systematic procedure for Jefferson's method is the same as that for Webster, except for that one difference in rounding.
As I said, this systematic procedure for Jefferson's method is called "d'Hondt". Most countries use it in the form I've written, although it has also been used in an implementation similar to the quicker systematic procedure I described for Webster, for when a computer isn't being used. In that implementation, the parties aren't started with 0 seats, but rather a 1st quota is used, to get an initial result closer to the desired result. The country that was doing this is no longer using d'Hondt, and (as of 1995) it may be that no country is using this quick implementation.


Flèche (fencing)
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This article is about the fencing term. For the architectural element, see Flèche. For other uses, see Flèche (disambiguation).
Rubén Limardo attacks Ulrich Robeiri (left) with a flèche, Masters épée 2012
Fabian Kauter (right) hits Diego Confalonieri (left) with a flèche attack, Trophée Monal 2012 (épée)
The flèche /ˈflɛʃ/ is an aggressive offensive fencing technique used with foil and épée.
In a flèche, a fencer transfers his weight onto his front foot and starts to extend the arm. The rear leg initiates the attack, but the ball of the leading foot provides the explosive impulse that is needed to drive the fencer toward the opponent.[1] Continuing to bring the weapon, arm, and front shoulder forward, he picks up his back foot, crossing his front leg, and landing it in front of the other foot - as if taking an exaggerated walking stride. It is at this point, when the back foot lands and just after that arm has become fully extended, that the hit should be made. In foil, the attack is considered over when the back foot lands, and the opponent can seize Right of Way by initiating an attack.
After attempting the hit, the fencer continues to move forward, running past his opponent, to avoid the riposte if he was parried, or a counterattack. If the fencer moves past as quickly as possible the opponent generally only has one chance to hit the fleching fencer as he/she passes. Rules prevent body contact with the opponent in foil. Infraction of the rule may result in a warning, awarding a touch to the opponent, and/or expulsion from the competition.[2] In épée, contact merely results in a stopping of play without penalty, unless it was done with jostling, brutality, or to avoid being hit.
The flèche involves speed and an element of surprise. The flèche is absolutely not a charge down the piste at an opponent at distance. The flèche utilizes timing, not distance, so the distance shouldn't be greater than a step-lunge.
The flèche is not allowed in some types of tournaments, especially in high school fencing. For example, the flèche is forbidden in New Jersey interscholastic fencing.
The term flèche is a French term meaning "arrow," referring to the surprising style of the attack. Under FIE rules it is illegal for a sabreur to cross his or her legs, making the flèche illegal. Sabreurs can instead use a flunge - a portmanteau of flying and lunge - where a lunge (generally cutting to head) is made with a leap to give speed and close the extra distance.
 1. ^ Garret, Maxwell R. and Mary Heinecke Poulson. Foil Fencing. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1981, p. 49.
 2. ^ Garret


text:
Water conveyance project to operate under BOT system
Nov 14 2021
The official spokesman for the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Omar Salama, has said that the National Water Conveyance Project will be implemented on a (build-operate-transfer (BOT) system, according to Alrai news. •
The ministry has studied presentations from five companies regarding the project. Under BOT systems, a company is responsible for construction and operation of a project, which is then transferred to the government after 25 years. The National Water Conveyance Project, which is supposed to be implemented in 2023, will provide around 300 million cubic meters of water and aims to contribute to supporting agriculture, halting well drilling, and countering the effects of climate change.


Analysis According to NEN (Buismann, Ladd) | Settlement Analysis | GEO5 | Online nápověda
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Analysis According to NEN (Buismann, Ladd)
This method computes both the primary and secondary settlement. When computing the method accounts for overconsolidated soils and differentiates between two possible cases:
 - Sum of the current vertical effective stress in the soil and stress due to external surcharge is less than the preconsolidation pressure so that only additional surcharge is considered.
 - Sum of the current vertical effective stress in the soil and stress due to external surcharge is greater than the preconsolidation pressure so that the primary consolidation is set on again. The primary settlement is then larger when compared to the first case.
Primary settlement
Primary settlement of the ith layer of overconsolidated soil (OCR> 1) is provided by:
for: σor+ σz ≤ σp (sum of the current vertical stress and its increment is less than the preconsolidation pressure):
for: σor+ σz > σp (sum of the current vertical stress and its increment is greater than the preconsolidation pressure):
where:
σor,i
-
vertical component of geostatic stress in the middle of ith layer
σz,i
-
vertical component of incremental stress (e.g. stress due to structure surcharge) inducing layer compression
σp,i
-
preconsolidation pressure in the ith layer
eo
-
initial void ratio
hi
-
thickness of the ith layer
Cc,i
-
compression index in the ith layer
Cr,i
-
recompression index in the ith layer
Primary settlement of the ith layer of normally consolidated soil (OCR= 1) reads:
where:
σor,i
-
vertical component of geostatic stress in the middle of ith layer
σz,i
-
vertical component of incremental stress (e.g. stress due to structure surcharge) inducing layer compression
eo
-
initial void ratio
hi
-
thickness of the ith layer
Cc,i
-
compression index the ithlayer
Secondary settlement
Secondary settlement of the ith layer assumes the form:
for: σor+ σz ≤ σp (sum of the current vertical stress and its increment is less than the preconsolidation pressure):
for: σor+ σz > σp (sum of the current vertical stress and its increment is greater than the preconsolidation pressure):
where:
hi
-
thickness of the ith layer
Cαr,i
-
secondary compression index below preconsolidation pressure in the ith layer
Cα
-
index of secondary compression in the ith layer
tp
-
time to terminate primary consolidation
ts
-
time required for secondary settlement
If we specify the value of preconsolidation index of secondary compression the same as for the index of secondary compression, the program does not take into account in the computation of secondary settlement the effect of preconsolidation pressure.
Literature:
Netherlandish standard NEN6740, 1991, Geotechniek TGB1990 Basisen en belastingen, Nederlands normalisatie-Institut.
Vyzkoušejte si programy GEO5. Zdarma, bez výpočetních omezení.


text:
23.0 x 16.0cm
The Mingei movement was a Western-inspired craft movement, distinguished by its appreciation of, and inspiration from, European and Japanese folk crafts. Its most representative artist is perhaps Hamada Shôji. In 1920 Hamada accompanied the British potter Bernard Leach (who had studied pottery in Japan) to England. After Hamada returned to Japan in 1924, the two potters kept in touch, visiting and holding exhibitions together. Their works were largely inspired by English slipware and other folk pottery, and were given a theoretical support by Yanagi Soetsu (_PHONE_), a religious philosopher who claimed that the supreme beauty of craft was found in pieces made by anonymous craftspeople for use by ordinary people. The theory, rather ironically promoted by works of prominent artists such as Hamada and Leach (who published Yanagi's theory under the title 'The unknown craftsman'), was embraced by many craftspeople. In Japan, the style has been continued by potters such as Kawai Takeichi and Shimaoka Tatsuzô.
'The Mingei Style', The Asian Collections, AGNSW, 2003, pg.268.
'Ceramics', The Asian Collections Art Gallery of New South Wales 2003, 2003, 268 (colour illus.).


PHONE_
 [2,] 0.023472598 0._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_
 [3,] 0.001858455 0._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_
 [4,] 0.269611100 0._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_

 Note: the function runif(n) returns a vector of n random numbers between 0 and 1. If one of the arguments to [,] is empty, then all elements of that dimension are returned. So X[2:4,] gives all columns of rows 2,3,4 and so is a matrix with 3 rows and the same number of columns as X.
 10. Lists. A list is a structure whose components can be any type of object of any length. Lists can be created by the list function, and the components of a list can be accessed by appending a $ to the name of the list object followed by the name of the component. The dimension names of a matrix or array are a list with components that are the vectors of names for the respective dimensions. Components of a list also can be accessed by position using the [[]] function
 > X = seq(20)/2
 > Y = 2+6*X + rnorm(length(X),0,.5)
 > Z = matrix(runif(9),3,3)
 > All.data = list(Var1=X,Var2=Y,Zmat=Z)
 > names(All.data)
 [1] "Var1" "Var2" "Zmat"
 > All.data$Var1[1:5]
 [1] 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
 > data(state)
 > state.x77["Texas",]
 Population Income Illiteracy Life Exp Murder HS Grad
 12237.0 4188.0 2.2 70.9 12.2 47.4
 Frost Area
 35.0 262134.0

 11. The dimension names of a matrix can be set or accessed by the function dimnames(). For example, the row names for state.x77 are given by
 dimnames(state.x77)[[1]]
 and the column names are given by
 dimnames(state.x77)[[2]]
 These also can be used to set the dimension names of a matrix. For example, instead of using the full state names for this matrix, suppose we wanted to use just the 2-letter abbreviations:
 > StateData = state.x77
 > dimnames(StateData)[[1]] = state.abb

 12. Example. Suppose we wanted to find out which states have higher Illiteracy rates than Texas. We can do this by creating a logical vector that indicates which elements of the Illiteracy column are greater than the Illiteracy rate for Texas. Then that vector can be used to extract the names of states with lower Illiteracy rates.
 > txill = state.x77["Texas","Illiteracy"]
 > highIll = state.x77[,"Illiteracy"] > txill
 > state.name[highIll]
 [1] "Louisiana" "Mississippi" "South Carolina"

 13. Matrix Operations. Matrix-matrix multiplication can be performed only when the two matrices are conformable, that is, their inner dimensions are the same. For example, if A is $n\times r$ and B is $r\times m$, then matrix-matrix multiplication of A and B is defined and results in a matrix C whose dimensions are $n\times m$. Elementwise multiplication of two matrices can be performed when both dimensions of the two matrices are the same. If for example D,E are $n\times m$ matrices, then
 F = D*E

 results in an $n\times m$ matrix F whose elements are
 \begin{displaymath}
F[i,j] = D[i,j]*E[i,j],\ 1\le i\le n,\ 1\le j\le m.
\end{displaymath}
 These two different types of multiplication operations must be differentiated by using different symbols, since both types would be possible if the matrices have the same dimensions. Matrix-matrix multiplication is denoted by $A\%*\%B$ and elementwise multiplication is denoted by $A*B$. The same situation occurs if A and B are both vectors that have the same length n. In that case, $A\%*\%B$ represents the dot product of these vectors,
 \begin{displaymath}
A\%*\%B = \sum_{i=1}^n A_iB_i.
\end{displaymath}
 Note that this result is a scalar. $A*B$ represents elementwise multiplication. The result is a vector C with $c[i] = a[i]*b[i]$.
 14. Factors. A factor is a special type of character vector that is used to represent categorical variables. This structure is especially useful in statistical models such as ANOVA or general linear models. Associated with a factor variable are its levels, the set of unique character values in the vector. Although print methods for a factor will by default print a factor as a character vector, it is stored internally using integer positions of the values corresponding to the levels.
 15. A fundamental structure in the S language is the data frame. A data frame is like a matrix in that it is a two-dimensional array, but the difference is that the columns can be different data types. The following code generates a data frame named SAMP that has two numeric columns, one character column, and one logical column. It uses the function rnorm which generates a random sample for the standard normal distribution (bell-curve). Each time this code is run, different values will be obtained since each use of runif() and rnorm() produces new random samples.
 > y = matrix(rnorm(20),ncol=2)
 > x = rep(paste("A",1:2,sep=""),5)
 > z = runif(10) > .5
 > SAMP = data.frame(y,x,z)
 Y1 Y2 x z
 1 0._PHONE_ _PHONE_ A1 FALSE
 2 0._PHONE_ -_PHONE_ A2 FALSE
 3 -_PHONE_ _PHONE_ A1 TRUE
 4 _PHONE_ 0._PHONE_ A2 TRUE
 5 -0._PHONE_ -0._PHONE_ A1 TRUE
 6 -0._PHONE_ _PHONE_ A2 FALSE
 7 -_PHONE_ _PHONE_ A1 TRUE
 8 0._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_ A2 FALSE
 9 -0._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_ A1 TRUE
 10 -_PHONE_ _PHONE_ A2 TRUE

 Note that the rows and columns have names, referred to as dimnames. Arrays and data frames can be addressed through their names in addition to their position. Also note that variable x is a character vector, but the data.frame function automatically coerces that component to be a factor:
 > is.factor(x)
 [1] FALSE
 > is.factor(SAMP$x)
 [1] TRUE

 16. The S language is an object-oriented language. Many fundamental operations behave differently for different types of objects. For example, if the argument to the function sum() is a numeric vector, then the result will be the sum of its elements, but if the argument is a logical vector, then the result will be the number of TRUE elements. Also, the plot function will produce an ordinary scatterplot if its x,y arguments are both numeric vectors, but will produce a boxplot if the x argument is a factor:
 > plot(SAMP$Y1,SAMP$Y2)
 > plot(SAMP$x,SAMP$Y2)

 If the argument to plot is the result of a linear model fit using lm(), then the plot function will produce a set of diagnostic residual plots. (More about this later in the course.)
 17. Reading Data from files. The two main functions to read data that is contained in a file are scan() and read.table().
 scan(Fname) reads a file whose name is the value of Fname. All values in the file must be the same type (numeric, string, logical). By default, scan() reads numeric data. If the values in this file are not numeric, than the optional argument what= must be included. For example, if the file contains strings, then
 x = scan(Fname,what=character(0))
 will read this data. Note that Fname as used here is an R object whose value is the name of the file that contains the data.
 Note: if the file is not located in the working directory, then full path names must be used to specify the file. R uses unix conventions for path names regardless of the operating system. So, for example, in Windows a file located on the C-drive in folder StatData named Data1.txt would be scanned by
 x = scan("c:/StatData/Data1.txt")

 The file name argument also can be a web address.
 Data Frames and read.table(). Tabular data contained in a file can


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In the Introduction to the previous edition of this textbook, the senior editor, David Sugarbaker, presented an elegant history of the emergence of thoracic surgery. Our field evolved from general surgery in the early 1900s, largely as a response to chest morbidities prevalent at the time, including pulmonary tuberculosis and World War I–related trauma. Over the course of the twentieth century, thoracic surgery experienced a series of dramatic and tumultuous changes that initially threatened but ultimately strengthened the integrity of the discipline. In 1953, the first successful application of extracorporeal circulation in humans began an era of precipitous innovation in chest surgery in the United States, resulting in a paradigm for cardiothoracic training that married cardiac and thoracic surgery. In the 1990s, transformative developments in cardiovascular disease diverted funding in cardiothoracic programs in favor of cardiac training; however, it was not long before this model was recognized as suboptimal for training leaders in thoracic surgery.
Meanwhile, events transpired somewhat differently in Canada, where thoracic surgery emerged as an independent discipline with dedicated training programs and surgical services. Dr. F. Griffith Pearson, a pioneer in lung transplantation and thoracic oncology, was the first chief of the Division of General Thoracic Surgery at Toronto General Hospital. Dr. Pearson is widely regarded as the father of modern thoracic surgery. He mentored countless surgical leaders around the globe and was known for his role in establishing thoracic surgery as an independent discipline in North America. American surgeons with an interest in noncardiac thoracic surgery sought training in Canadian programs and brought their experiences and commitment back to the United States. The first independent division of thoracic surgery in the United States was founded in 1988 at the Brigham and Women's Hospital and was led by David Sugarbaker following his training with Dr. Pearson. It was there, in 1993, that the first training program in the United States with a track dedicated to general thoracic surgery was approved by the Residency Review Committee of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), the body that oversees the accreditation of all residency programs in the United States.
Since the start of the twenty-first century, there has been a vast increase in the number of thoracic surgery training programs, driven by a wave of surgical innovation in our specialty. Technological advances have been rapid in recent years, including improvements in minimally invasive thoracic surgery, endoscopic therapies such as per oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), and techniques to facilitate lung transplantation, such as ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP). As a specialty, thoracic surgery is viewed as a leader in minimally invasive surgical technique with the widespread application and advancement of thoracoscopic, robotic, and uniportal approaches. Two decades ago, most surgeons would not have foreseen that more than half of all lobectomies or one-third of all esophagectomies among participants in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database would be performed via minimally invasive approaches.1,2...
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text:
"Treemaps display hierarchical (tree-structured) data as a set of nested rectangles. Each branch of the tree is given a rectangle, which is then tiled with smaller rectangles representing sub-branches. A leaf node's rectangle has an area proportional to a specified dimension on the data. Often the leaf nodes are colored to show a separate dimension of the data." - Wikipedia
This example shows a breakdown of Design Optimization Competition 2012 participants.
Participants of Design Optimization Competition 2012
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rt _2 =1\) and \(\Vert \pi _{\theta }^{(1,1)}(f)H_\varepsilon \Vert _2 < \varepsilon \). By approximating the \(H_\varepsilon \) by continuous functions we may obviously assume that each \(H_\varepsilon \) is continuous.
Let q be a rational prime, and let p satisfy \(|\theta -p/q|<1/q\). Then
$$\begin{aligned} \int |H_\varepsilon |^2 d\nu _q \quad \text {and} \quad \int |\pi _{\theta }^{(1,1)}(f) H_\varepsilon |^2 d\nu _q \end{aligned}$$
are Riemann approximations to the corresponding integrals with respect to \(\lambda \). Hence,
$$\begin{aligned} \lim _{q \rightarrow \infty } \int |H_\varepsilon |^2 d\nu _q =1 \quad \text {and} \quad \lim _{q \rightarrow \infty } \int |\pi _{\theta }^{(1,1)}(f) H_\varepsilon |^2 d\nu _q \le \varepsilon ^2\,. \end{aligned}$$
Furthermore, as \(q\rightarrow \infty \), \(\pi _{p/q}^{(1,1)}(f) H_\varepsilon \) converges uniformly to \(\pi _{\theta }^{(1,1)}(f) H_\varepsilon \). From this we deduce that
$$\begin{aligned} \limsup _{q \rightarrow \infty } \int |\pi _{p/q}^{(1,1)}(f) H_\varepsilon |^2 d\nu _q \le \varepsilon ^2. \end{aligned}$$
This clearly violates the hypothesis that \(\pi _{p/q}^{(1,1)}(f)\), q prime, have uniformly bounded inverses.
Finally, assume that \(\pi _{\theta }^{(1,1)}(f)\) has no dense image in \(L^2({{\mathrm{\mathbb {T}}}},\lambda )\). In that case the adjoint operator \((\pi _{\theta }^{(1,1)}(f))^*=\pi _{\theta }^{(1,1)}(f^*)\) is not injective.3 Furthermore, by our assumptions, \(\Vert \pi (f^*)^{-1}\Vert \le c\) for every finite-dimensional irreducible representation \(\pi \) of \({{\mathrm{\mathbb {H}}}}\). The same arguments as in the first part of the proof lead to a contradiction. \(\square \)
5 Invertibility in group algebras of discrete nilpotent groups
In this section we aim to find more evident conditions for invertibility in group algebras for discrete countable nilpotent groups than the one given in Theorem 9. The main objects of our investigations are the primitive ideal space and the class of irreducible monomial representations of the group.
5.1 Wiener's Lemma for nilpotent groups
Let \(\varGamma \) be a countable discrete nilpotent group. As we have seen earlier, \(\ell ^1(\varGamma ,{{\mathrm{\mathbb {C}}}})\) is inverse-closed in \(C^*(\varGamma )\). Hence we concentrate on the group \(C^*\)-algebra \(C^*(\varGamma )\).
In order to establish a Wiener Lemma in this more general setting we are first going to reinterpret Wiener's Lemma for the discrete Heisenberg group. From the discussion in Sect. 4.2 one can easily see that the irreducible unitary representations \(\pi _\theta ^{(s,t)}\), \(\theta ,s,t\in {{\mathrm{\mathbb {T}}}}\), those representations which correspond to ergodic \(\text {R}_\theta \)-invariant measures on \({{\mathrm{\mathbb {T}}}}\), generate the primitive ideal space \(\text {Prim}(C^*({{\mathrm{\mathbb {H}}}}))\). Moreover, since \(\pi (C^*({{\mathrm{\mathbb {H}}}})) \simeq C^*({{\mathrm{\mathbb {H}}}}) / \ker (\pi )\) for every \(\pi \in \widehat{{\mathrm{\mathbb {H}}}}\) the study of invertibility is directly linked to invertibility of projections onto the primitive ideals. We may interpret this as a localisation principle.
Before formulating a Wiener Lemma for an arbitrary discrete nilpotent group let us fix some notation. Let \(\mathcal A\) be a unital \(C^*\)-algebra. For every two-sided closed ideal \(\mathtt J\) of \(\mathcal A\), denote by \(\varPhi _{\mathtt J}\) the canonical projection from \(\mathcal A\) onto the \(C^*\)-algebra \(\mathcal A/ \mathtt J\).
Theorem 14
(Wiener's Lemma for nilpotent groups) If \(\varGamma \) is a discrete nilpotent group, then \(a \in C^*(\varGamma )\) is invertible if and only if \(\varPhi _\mathtt {I}(a)\) is invertible for every \(\mathtt I \in \text {Prim}(C^*(\varGamma ))\).
This theorem links questions about invertibility in \(\ell ^1(\varGamma ,{{\mathrm{\mathbb {C}}}})\) and \(C^*(\varGamma )\) to their representation theory and, to be more specific, to the primitive ideal space \(\text {Prim}(C^*(\varGamma ))\). At the same time this result provides us with a sufficient family of ideals in order to study invertibility and hence, Wiener's Lemma for nilpotent groups describes a localisation principle. We will learn in the next subsection that for discrete nilpotent groups \(\varGamma \) the class of irreducible representation which are induced by one-dimensional representations of subgroups of \(\varGamma \) provide us with an effective tool to generate \(\text {Prim}(C^*(\varGamma ))\). In other words, it is a feasible task to determine the primitive ideal space \(\text {Prim}(C^*(\varGamma ))\).
Theorem 14 can be generalised to all unital \(C^*\)-algebras. Moreover, we provide a sufficient condition for a family of ideals in order to check invertibility via localisations.
Suppose \(\mathfrak I\) is a collection of ideals of a \(C^*\)-algebra \(\mathcal A\), such that
 1. (i)
 every \(\mathtt I\in \mathfrak I\) is closed and two-sided,

 2. (ii)
 for any primitive ideal \(\mathtt J\in \text {Prim}(\mathcal A)\) there exists \(\mathtt I\in \mathfrak I\) such that \(\mathtt I\subseteq \mathtt J\).

Theorem 15
Let \(\mathcal A\) be a unital \(C^*\)-algebra. Suppose \(\mathfrak I\) satisfies conditions (i) and (ii) above. Then an element a in \(\mathcal A\) is invertible if and only if for every \( \mathtt I\in \mathfrak I\) the projection of


text:
With Soundwhich, anyone can combine these ingredients in any way they like to create a fully-realized piece of music, just like using meat, veggies and condiments to make a sandwich.
SAN FRANCISCO (PRWEB) February 20, 2018
Music is math that moves people. That's the conceit behind Soundwhich, an online platform that allows users to access, combine and share the basic "ingredients" of music to create their own songs, all without preexisting musical knowledge.
"It's well-known that musicians use widely-accepted formulas to compose the bulk of the music we hear every day," says Soundwhich tech lead Roger Chen of San Francisco-based Varidada Inc. These formulas specify tempo, chords and song structure. This is the minimum information a musician needs to know to compose an "ingredient" such as a bass line or a vocal harmonic that can be mixed with musical elements by other musicians using the same formula.
Soundwhich's innovation is to transform these formulas into algorithms called "musical guidelines." Using these common guidelines, musicians can create "ingredients" (divided into melody, harmony, bass and drums) that can be combined in nearly infinite variations. Soundwhich collaborated with hundreds of vocalists, guitarists, pianists, drummers and electronic producers around the world to source these ingredients.
"When you talk about sampling, whether that's digging in the crates at the record store or using a program to remix digital files, you're talking about composition as assemblage," says Chen. "The existing elements have their own meaning and context, but it's the distinctive way you put them together that makes the song new. We're trying to make that process more accessible to those with no previous musical knowledge. With Soundwhich, anyone can combine these ingredients in any way they like to create a fully-realized piece of music, just like using meat, veggies and condiments to make a sandwich."
Using the platform to create songs is simple and intuitive. Once a user has selected their formula, they can search for ingredients by category and tag, adding and dropping elements from the mix in real time. Stick to ingredients within a single "genre" to snap together a jazzy instrumental, or wander further afield to create a heretofore-unknown fusion of house, latin and metal. Without human intervention, Soundwhich has produced over 150 billion songs by using every possible combination of the samples in its database—but the one thing software can't yet do is immediately recognize when it's scored a hit like a human can.
Users are able to purchase their best creations directly from Soundwhich under royalty free music terms. Custom music from Soundwhich can be used to soundtrack films, corporate videos, podcasts, games and advertisements.


how can I make the "Home" and "End" keys on the Apple Extended Keyboard work as line commands rather than Page commands?
ie pressing "Home" key makes cursor jump to beginning of current line of text, and pressing the "End" key makes cursor jump to the end of the line of text.
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 - While this does not directly answer the question a cmd+right arrow moves you to the end of the sentence and the cmd+left arrow moves you to the start. Also the opt+right arrow moves you to the end of a word while opt+left arrow moves you to the start of a word. Unless someone comes up with a modifier you will need to go to some keyboard program like simple keys to redefine the keys. I do not think you can redefine there actions in the keyboard preference.
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Career and Education Opportunities for Biological Sciences Technicians in Seattle, Washington
For those living in the Seattle, Washington area, there are many career and education opportunities for biological sciences technicians. There are currently 3,410 working biological sciences technicians in Washington; this should grow 16% to about 3,960 working biological sciences technicians in the state by 2016. This is not quite as good as the nation as a whole, where employment opportunities for biological sciences technicians are expected to grow by about 17.6%. In general, biological sciences technicians assist biological and medical scientists in laboratories.
Biological sciences technicians earn approximately $18 hourly or $38,880 annually on average in Washington. Nationally they average about $18 hourly or $38,400 per year. Incomes for biological sciences technicians are not quite as good as in the overall category of Life Science Technical in Washington, and not quite as good as the overall Life Science Technical category nationally. Biological sciences technicians work in a variety of jobs, including: babcock tester, medical lab assistant, and research specialist.
There are sixty-five schools of higher education in the Seattle area, including three within twenty-five miles of Seattle where you can get a degree to start your career as a biological sciences technician. Biological sciences technicians usually hold a Bachelor's degree, so it will take about four years to learn to be a biological sciences technician if you already have a high school diploma.
CAREER DESCRIPTION: Biological Sciences Technician
In general, biological sciences technicians assist biological and medical scientists in laboratories. They also set up, operate, and maintain laboratory instruments and equipment, monitor experiments, and calculate and record results.
Biological sciences technicians clean, maintain and ready supplies and work areas. They also assemble and troubleshoot laboratory and field equipment. Equally important, biological sciences technicians have to keep detailed logs of all work-related efforts. Finally, biological sciences technicians use computers, computer-interfaced equipment, robotics or high-technology industrial applications to perform work duties.
Every day, biological sciences technicians are expected to be able to listen to and understand others in meetings. They need to see details at a very fine level of focus. It is also important that they read and understand documents and reports.
It is important for biological sciences technicians to feed livestock or laboratory animals. They are often called upon to analyze experimental data and interpret results to write reports and summaries of findings. They also conduct research or help in the conduct of research, including the collection of data and samples. They are sometimes expected to measure or weigh compounds and solutions for use in testing or animal feed. Somewhat less frequently, biological sciences technicians are also expected to monitor laboratory work to insure adherence to set standards.
Biological sciences technicians sometimes are asked to use computers, computer-interfaced equipment, robotics or high-technology industrial applications to perform work duties. They also have to be able to examine animals and specimens to uncover the presence of disease or other problems and participate in the research or manufacturing of medicinal and pharmaceutical preparations. And finally, they sometimes have to conduct research or help in the conduct of research, including the collection of data and samples.
Like many other jobs, biological sciences technicians must be thorough and dependable and be reliable.
Similar jobs with educational opportunities in Seattle include:
- Environmental Technician. Perform laboratory and field tests to monitor the environment and investigate sources of pollution, including those that affect health. Under direction of an environmental scientist or specialist, may collect samples of gases, soil, and other materials for testing and take corrective actions as assigned.
- Forensic Investigator. Collect, identify, and analyze physical evidence related to criminal investigations. Perform tests on weapons or substances, such as fiber, hair, and tissue to determine significance to investigation. May testify as expert witnesses on evidence or crime laboratory techniques. May serve as specialists in area of expertise, such as ballistics, fingerprinting, or biochemistry.
- Forester. Manage forested lands for economic, recreational, and conservation purposes. May inventory the type, amount, and location of standing timber, appraise the timber's worth, negotiate the purchase, and draw up contracts for procurement. May determine how to conserve wildlife habitats, creek beds, and soil stability, and how best to comply with environmental regulations. May devise plans for planting and growing new trees, monitor trees for healthy growth, and determine the best time for harvesting. Develop forest management plans for public and privately-owned forested lands.
- Forestry and Wildlife Manager. Compile data pertaining to size, content, and other characteristics of forest tracts, under direction of foresters; train and lead forest workers in forest propagation, fire prevention and suppression. May assist conservation scientists in managing, improving, and protecting rangelands and wildlife habitats, and help provide technical assistance regarding the conservation of soil, water, and related natural resources.
- Scientist. Study the chemical composition and physical principles of living cells and organisms, their electrical and mechanical energy, and related phenomena. May conduct research to further understanding of the complex chemical combinations and reactions involved in metabolism, reproduction, and heredity. May determine the effects of foods, drugs, and other substances on tissues and vital processes of living organisms.
- Soil Conservation Technician. Plan and develop coordinated practices for soil erosion control, soil and water conservation, and sound land use.
EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES: Biological Sciences Technician Training
Seattle Community College-Central Campus - Seattle, WA
Seattle Community College-Central Campus, 1701 Broadway Avenue, Seattle, WA 98122. Seattle Community College-Central Campus is a medium sized college located in Seattle, Washington. It is a public school with primarily 2-year programs and has 7,402 students. Seattle Community College-Central Campus has an associate's degree program in Biology Technician/Biotechnology Laboratory Technician which graduated one student in 2008.
Shoreline Community College - Shoreline, WA
Shoreline Community College, 16101 Greenwood Ave N, Shoreline, WA 98133-5696. Shoreline Community College is a medium sized college located in Shoreline, Washington. It is a public school with primarily 2-year programs and has 5,823 students. Shoreline Community College has a less than one year and an associate's degree program in Biology Technician/Biotechnology Laboratory Technician which graduated six and two students respectively in 2008.
Bates Technical College - Tacoma, WA
Bates Technical College, 1101 S Yakima Ave, Tacoma, WA 98405. Bates Technical College is a medium sized college located in Tacoma, Washington. It is a public school with primarily 2-year programs and has 2,807 students. Bates Technical College has a one to two year and an associate's degree program in Biology Technician/Biotechnology Laboratory Technician which graduated one and three students respectively in 2008.
Assistant Laboratory Animal Technician: The technician certification designations of ALAT, LAT, and LATG are well known and widely used throughout the varied fields of laboratory animal care.
For more information, see the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science website.
Laboratory Animal Technician: The technician certification designations of ALAT, LAT, and LATG are well known and widely used throughout the varied fields of laboratory animal care.
For more information, see the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science website.
Registered Environmental Laboratory Technologist: RELT -- Registered Environmental Laboratory Technologist is a special registration/certification for persons engaged in the laboratory management and/or analysis of environmental samples.
For more information, see the National Registry of Environmental Professionals website.
LOCATION INFORMATION: Seattle, Washington
Seattle is located in King County, Washington. It has a population of over 598,541, which has grown by 6.2% in the past ten years. The cost of living index in Seattle, 126, is far greater than the national average. New single-family homes in Seattle are valued at $206,700 on average, which is well below the state average. In 2008, five hundred ninety-five new homes were built in Seattle, down from seven hundred seventy-five the previous year.
The three big industries for women in Seattle are health care, professional, scientific, and technical services, and educational services. For men, it is professional, scientific, and technical services, construction, and educational services. The average commute to work is about 25 minutes. More than 47.2% of Seattle residents have a bachelor's degree, which is higher than the state average. The percentage of residents with a graduate degree, 17.3%, is higher than the state average.
The unemployment rate in Seattle is 7.8%, which is less than Washington's average of 8.7%.
The percentage of Seattle residents that are affiliated with a religious congregation, 37.3%, is less than the national average but more than the state average. The largest religious groups are the Catholic Church, the LDS (Mormon) Church and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
Seattle is home to the Berth 5 and the Akli Point Lighthouse as well as Lincoln Park and Myrtle Edwards Park. Shopping centers in the area include Lake City Shopping Center, Westwood Village Shopping Center and Oak Tree Village Shopping Center. Visitors to Seattle can choose from A-1 Motel, Arlington Suites and Marriott Sea-Tac Airport for temporary stays in the area.


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With the first roundabout soon to open on Rest Acres Road, Brant County is issuing safety tips for the public.
"The roundabouts on Rest Acres Road are the first ones in the county," said Mark Eby, Brant's director of infrastructure.
"We want residents to feel comfortable and safe using the roundabouts".
The first roundabout is at Rest Acres and Powerline roads.
An additional six roundabouts are also planned for Rest Acres over the coming years.
The county says that roundabouts help improve traffic flow by keeping vehicles moving rather than stopping at intersections.
According to the Ministry of Transportation, roundabouts:
- Are safer because vehicles travel at lower speeds and there is less chance for serious crash and injury.
- Are more efficient because they can better handle a high volume of vehicles turning left rather than left-turn signals at traditional intersections.
- Result in fewer stops and shorter delays which saves driving time and reduces time idling and air pollution.
- Are more cost effective because they eliminate maintenance and electricity costs associated with traffic signals.
The ministry recommends the following safety tips for motorists approaching roundabouts:
- Slow down;
- Use the correct lane for your intended destination;
- Pay special attention to pedestrians who may be crossing the roadway;
- Yield to cyclists and any traffic already driving through the roundabout;
- Stop if there are vehicles already inside the roundabout and the way is not clear;
- Enter when there is a safe gap in traffic When you're driving in the roundabout:
- Keep to the right of the centre island and drive in a counter-clockwise direction until you reach your exit;
- Don't pass large vehicles or change lanes;
- And don't stop inside the roundabout, except to avoid a collision
To exit the roundabout:
- Use your right-turn signal;
- And if you miss your exit, continue around the roundabout and then exit.
For emergency vehicles, if you are still outside the roundabout, pull over to the right, if you can do so safely. Let the emergency vehicle pass you before you enter. If you are inside the roundabout already, drive around to your intended exit. Leave the roundabout completely before you pull over to the right and then let the emergency vehicle pass you.
Large vehicles, such as transport trucks and farm equipment, may need to use more than one lane when they enter, drive through and exit a roundabout. Within the roundabout, they may also need to use the truck apron. Motorists are urged to give large vehicles plenty of room.
The county says that roundabouts are generally safer for pedestrians than traditional intersections.
Pedestrians are urged to follow these tips to safely cross a roundabout:
- Cross the roads that lead into the roundabout one at a time (cross the road to the splitter island, cross again when the way is clear);
- Never cross a roundabout by walking over the central island;
- Wait for a gap in traffic. Cross only when it is safe.
Since there is no signal to control the traffic moving through a roundabout, this can make it hard to spot gaps in the traffic and make it difficult for visually impaired pedestrians to cross safely, the county warns. If possible, visually impaired pedestrians should ask someone to help them, the county says.
Cyclists can move through the roundabout the same as a motor vehicle:
- Merge into the centre of the vehicle lane before the bike lane or shoulder ends
- Stay in the middle of the lane to avoid collisions with other vehicles exiting to the right.
- New cyclists should get off their bicycles and cross the roundabout as pedestrians.
Visit _URL_ for more information.
Brantford Expositor 2018 ©


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Aerogels are ultra-lightweight materials composed of almost 99.98 vol.% of porosity and present excellent opportunities for developing lightweight composite materials. Special properties such as electrical insulation and controlled dielectric constant can be generated in such composites. Ultra-low density and hydrophobic nature of aerogels make it difficult to mix them in epoxy resins. The present research is aimed at developing fabrication methods for aerogel/epoxy composites. The development of such methods requires encapsulating the aerogel particles in epoxy resin without infiltrating them. Compression tests are conducted on these composites and their deformation and fracture behavior is studied. The composites are found to have compressive failure strain of over 25%. It is observed that the higher density composites showed higher compressive modulus but lower yield strength. The reduction in the yield strength is attributed to the early crack initiation in these specimens.
- Polymer matrix composite
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Ceramics and Composites
- Computer Science Applications
- Metals and Alloys
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering


text: **Please note that Combined Honours degrees at Liverpool Hope University are split 50/50. This means both subjects will be studied equally.** **Art & Design History** Art and Design History is an exciting discipline that encompasses the study of visual artefacts, museum and gallery practices and the production and circulation of meaning around art and design. The Art and Design History combined honours degree **provides a systematic understanding of art and design practices** and theories with a strong emphasis on critical thinking. Exclusive partnerships with National Museums Liverpool and Tate Liverpool, plus close collaborations with FACT and Bluecoat Gallery and Display Centre, offer you **privileged access to important collections in Liverpool** and experts working in the field. There is also the possibility to participate in overseas study tours – in recent years the department has visited Amsterdam, Barcelona, Bilbao, Milan, Paris, Florence, Venice, Berlin and New York. Another distinctive element of this degree is the curriculum, which covers key developments in art and design history. Furthermore, students in the second and third year will take **'Professional Practice for Art and Design History'.** These courses look at theoretical approaches to museology, as well as more practical considerations such as conservation, exhibition planning and design, curatorial practices and educational activities. **Film & Visual Culture** Film and Visual Culture is an intellectually stretching, stimulating and challenging degree that probes social issues and confronts inequalities and prejudices such as race, class, and gender through their representation in national and international films throughout history. Critical practice on the degree enables you to **study the history, theory and contemporary subject of film**, whilst having the opportunity to apply this understanding to creative practice in the fields of **screenwriting, filmmaking (drama and documentary), photography and animation.** You will graduate with a degree underpinned by academic rigour, but with the transferable skills needed if you intend to work in the creative industries. The degree is **taught by leading international scholars and practitioners** and are supported by outstanding library resources and practical equipment. Extra curricula activities support the curriculum whilst widening critical and creative horizons. These include fieldtrips to the national Museum of the Moving image, and a London fieldtrip, which in recent years included a visit to the Media Department at the Ministry of Defence, and photographic exhibitions at Tate Britain.


Karkyra tract
Tup District
Our tours passing through Karkyra tract
Baibol services
The Karkyra River originates from the eternal glaciers of Kungei Ala-Too. It is the natural border between Kyrgyzstan and the Kazakh Republic. Along the banks of the river broke the homonymous tract. The place got its name thanks to cranes. These majestic birds make a halt here in early autumn and summer during seasonal flights. In translation from Kyrgyz "karkyra" means a crane. In this wonderful period the district is filled with a crane cry, birds are gaining strength to continue their journey. The territory is 60 000 ha. The green plain blooms, warmed by the rays of the sun, and from the west draws its peaks to the sky of Kungei Ala-Too. The tract begins with a small gorge and smoothly passes into the valley. In the valley you can see the contrast of green and blue colors - it is in the horizon in contact with the lines of emerald grass and azure sky. In ancient times, through the tract, the path of caravans of the Great Silk Road lay, the famous Carcarina fair was held. Grazing is often carried out here. The waters of the Karkyra River irrigate the fields of the Issyk-Kul region. In the 80s of the last century a bridge was built across the river, and on the right bank a small point was built to acclimatize Kazakh climbers. Soon, the camp of mountaineers Char-Kuduk was opened from the Kyrgyz side. The area is rich in medicinal plants. Honey, produced by local beekeepers, is very appreciated and has a unique aroma. In this picturesque place there are many ways to spend leisure time: from horseback riding and fishing to rafting.


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After You're Accepted
- Express your interest in music study at CSUEB
- Application Form
- After You're Accepted
Auditions & Advisory Examinations for New Students
New Undergraduate Music Majors
After you have received notice of acceptance to the Music Major and the University, please contact the Music Department office at _PHONE_, or _EMAIL_, to arrange appointments for the following:
- Theory Advisory Examination (for undergraduate transfers)
- Piano Proficiency Examination (for undergraduates)
- Applied Music Audition and application for Jazz Concentration (if desired)
- Performance Group Audition (Jazz Ensembles, Orchestra, Wind Symphony)
Note: Use the Choral Auditions Calendar to schedule auditions for choral performance groups
- Academic Advising
New Graduate Music Majors
- Applied Music Audition
- Graduate History Advisory Exam [Sample exam]
- Graduate Theory Advisory Exam [Sample exam]
- Academic Advising
Complete the Music Department Info Sheet:
- Music Department Info Sheet
Print, complete, and bring this sheet with you to your audition.
- Schedule of events for auditions and placement examinations
Detailed listing of dates, rooms, and other info for auditions and exams
New to campus? Download a campus map and print driving directions.
Upon acceptance into the Music Major and the University, new transfer and graduate students are required to complete placement examinations in music theory and music history (graduate students only). The purpose of these examinations is to validate your knowledge of theory and history in order to properly place you in the correct courses. A few important details:
- New freshman do not take the exams. Freshman wishing to test out of musicianship courses (theory, sight singing, and basic piano) must talk to the instructors of the courses in order to arrange for a challenge exam. Please note that the instructor may refuse such a request.
- If you are a transfer student missing the requirement for a course, you may not place into a higher course as you will need to complete the course in order to mark the requirement down. For example, if you feel you have second-year music theory knowledge but you don't have any first-year music theory units from another college, you may not place into second-year theory. You will be required to take first year theory (when enrolled, you may request a challenge of the course from the instructor).
- If you are a transfer student, and you have taken equivalent music theory courses at another institution, you still must successfully pass the respective theory placement exam in order to move on to other music theory courses.
- Freshman Theory Exam
For validation of freshman-level knowledge of music theory
- Sophomore Theory Exam
For validation of sophomore-level knowledge of music theory
Graduate exams in music theory and music history are administered at the start of fall quarter. Performance on these exams will determine the amount of remedial work, if any, is required.
- Graduate History Exam
For validation of graduate-level knowledge of music history
- Graduate Theory Exam
For validation of graduate-level knowledge of music theory
Contact Dr. Peter Marsh, the graduate coordinator, for more information.
Do you see yourself in music?
We'd love to hear from you. Express your interest in music study at CSUEB.


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Tragic News Reports Weigh More Heavily on Women: Study
Physiological response was evident in reaction to later events.
WEDNESDAY, Oct. 10 (HealthDay News) -- Bad news in the media increases women's sensitivity to stressful situations but does not affect men, a new study finds.
University of Montreal researchers asked 60 people to read actual news stories. The articles were either neutral stories about events such as the opening of a new park or the premiere of a film, or negative stories about events such as accidents and murders.
Before and after the participants read the news stories, the researchers collected saliva samples in order to measure levels of the stress hormone cortisol. Higher levels of the hormone indicate higher levels of stress.
After reading the news stories, the participants were given memory and intellect tasks designed to evaluate how they react to stressful situations. Saliva samples were collected again after this part of the study.
"Although the news stories alone did not increase stress levels, they did make the women more reactive, affecting their physiological responses to later stressful situations," study lead author Marie-France Marin said in a university news release.
She and her colleagues found that women who read negative news stories had higher cortisol levels after doing the stressful tasks than women who read neutral news stories. This difference was not seen in men.
The study was published Oct. 10 in the journal PLoS One.
"It's difficult to avoid the news, considering the multitude of news sources out there," Marin said. "And what if all that news was bad for us? It certainly looks like that could be the case."
Additional studies are needed to learn more about how negative news affects different people, she added. Although the study found an association between reading negative news stories and increased stress, it did not prove a cause-and-effect relationship.
The U.S. National Institute of Mental Health has more about stress.
(SOURCE: University of Montreal, news release, Oct. 10, 2012)
Copyright © 2012 HealthDay. All rights reserved.
HealthDay news articles are derived from various sources and do not reflect federal policy. Womenshealth.gov does not endorse opinions, products, or services that may appear in news stories.
A federal government website managed by the Office on Women's Health in the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
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Home / World Economy / IMF/OECD News / IMF: How social unrest can inspire changes in policy
IMF: How social unrest can inspire changes in policy
Protests driven by the pandemic's economic fallout are on the rise, with potentially long-lasting economic consequences.
Protests can be catalysts for political reform and social change. But what impact do they have on the economy?
According to the latest Global Peace Index, the number of riots, general strikes and anti-government demonstrations around the world have increased by a staggering 244 percent in the last decade. Lockdowns and fears of contagion forced a temporary lull. But in virtually every region of the world, demonstrators are making a comeback. Causes range from frustration over governments' handling of the crisis to mounting inequality and corruption—factors that tend to heighten existing tensions and disparities, and have led to social unrest in the aftermath of previous pandemics.
Using the Reported Social Unrest Index (RSUI)—an index developed by IMF staff based on press coverage—we find that the short to medium-term economic costs of social unrest can in fact be quite large, especially in emerging markets and developing economies (we do not study the potential long-term impacts).
A new wave of unrest could affect the recovery
In our working paper, we estimate the macroeconomic impact of social unrest over the period _PHONE_. In addition, we identify social unrest events—events that create an unusually high increase in the RSUI—and classify these into three categories, based on the underlying cause of the trigger: political, socio-economic and mixed.
To give a real-world example, think of the demonstrations that followed former Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto's election in 2012 or Chile's presidential election in 2013—this is a less significant shock equivalent to one standard deviation, which can reduce GDP by about 0.2 percentage points six months after the shock.
On average, GDP remains 1 percentage point below its pre-shock level a year after a major protest. Image: IMF
By comparison, the protests of July 2019 in Hong Kong SAR and the yellow vest protests of 2018 in France—which meet the threshold of social unrest events as defined above—resulted in an increase of 4 standard deviations in the RSUI causing a GDP reduction of about 1 percentage point.
These effects on GDP seem to be driven by sharp contractions in manufacturing and services (sectoral dimension), and consumption (demand dimension). Our findings also suggest that social unrest affects activity by lowering confidence and increasing uncertainty.
Not all countries and events are equal
We also find that the adverse impact of unrest is typically larger in countries with weak institutions and limited policy space. Thus, countries with weak fundamentals pre-pandemic are expected to suffer the most should social discontent turn into unrest.
The economic impact of unrest also differs by the type of event: protests motivated by socio-economic concerns result in sharper GDP contractions compared to those associated mainly with politics/elections. Demonstrations triggered by a combination of both socio-economic and political factors—not unlike what we saw in Tunisia and Thailand earlier this year—have the biggest impact.
Policy matters
Public protests can be an important expression of the need to change policy. Governments need to listen and respond, but also try to anticipate people's needs with policies aimed at giving everyone a fair shot at prosperity. Boosting employment, containing the long-term impact of the crisis and protecting those who have been left behind must remain priorities. To ensure success and avoid strife, recent IMF staff research notes that reforms require a broad social dialogue on the role of the state and how to sustainably finance budget pressures. Otherwise, the economic costs of the pandemic will likely be compounded by those of the ensuing unrest.
Source: World Economic Forum
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