degradation Fading margin 9DOXH + 26.5 42.1 8QLW dBm dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dBm dB dB 5.2 42.2 .4. The same laws apply.6 1.82.1 Passive repeaters Two types of passive repeaters will be introduced:  plane reflectors  back-to-back antennas The plane reflector reflects microwave signals in the same way as a mirror reflects light.0 1. Back-to-back antennas work just like an ordinary repeater station.0 0 44.3URGXFW 'RFXPHQWDWLRQ Rev.08.31 C WEDIG 2.8 145. 99.9 .Date Rev. Document no.37. but without radio frequency transposition or amplification of the signal.8 1. The receiver level at the active sites is thus given by: .
Plane reflectors may also be produced with much larger dimensions than parabolic antennas. 3U (G%P) = 3W − / IV1 − / IV 2 − $D1 − $D 2 + 2 ⋅ * S − / I 1 − / I 2 − /E + *1 + *2 − /R  3ODQH UHIOHFWRUV Plane reflectors are more popular than back-to-back antennas due to an efficiency close to 100% (50-60% for antennas). NERA Networks AS Page 43(85) .
99.Date Rev.0c  *DLQ RI SODQH UHIOHFWRU The far field gain of a plane reflector is given by: . Document no.08.31 C WEDIG 2.3URGXFW 'RFXPHQWDWLRQ Rev.
the angle between the incident and the reflected ray at the reflector   Ψ  * S (G%) = 2145 . where $ .area (in square meters) of the reflector . Page 44(85) NERA Networks AS . + 20 log 10 ( I ) + 10 log 10  $ ⋅ cos   [dB]  2   ψ $ dA dB θ % 5 )LJXUH  3ODQH SDVVLYH UHIOHFWRU JHRPHWU\ 11)   2  (K5 − K $ ) + G $ ⋅ G % ⋅ 10 6 ⋅ cosθ − (K5 − K $ )(K% − K $ ) ψ = cos   2 2 2 2 6 6  ⋅ + − ⋅ + − G 10 K K G 10 K K ( 5 $) % ( 5 %)  $   −1 ( )( ) where hA is the antenna height above sea level at site A in m hB is the antenna height above sea level at site B in m hR is the height above sea level at the centre of the reflector in m d A is the distance from site A to the reflector point in km dB is the distance from site B to the reflector point in km θ is the angle at the reflection point in plane projection in degrees Unless the legs in figure 27 are extremely steep. θ may be used in place of ψ in equation 10) with good accuracy.
08.Date Rev.31 C WEDIG 2. Document no.3URGXFW 'RFXPHQWDWLRQ Rev.0c It should be checked whether the passive repeater is in the far-field of the nearest antenna using the formula: . 99.
( )  %DFNWREDFN DQWHQQDV Use of back-to-back antennas are practical when the reflection angle is large. and formula 10) is valid. 5 the passive repeater is in the far-field of the nearest antenna. The gain of a repeater with back-to-back antennas is given by: . δV = 75π ⋅ G V ψ  I ⋅ $5 ⋅ cos   2 where ds is the shortest of the two legs G $ and G % in figure 27. If δ s > 2.
may sometimes cause detrimental effects to the received signal. This is called non-selective or "flat" fading.and amplitude relationship between signals thus received determines the resulting output from the receiver. This outage due to clear-air cross-polarization will only contribute to the total outage when the radio-relay system is utilising both polarizations on the same RF-channel to transmit two traffic channels. This affects the transmission of digital signals in two ways. The cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) can deteriorate sufficiently to cause co-channel interference. all components of the useful signal spectrum will be equally reduced.coupling loss between antennas in dB  0XOWLSDWK IDGLQJ Fading due to layering of the atmosphere is the dominating factor of degradation of radio-relays. where *U *U / p * S (G%) = *U1 + *U 2 − /F . Rays that normally would have been lost in the troposphere may be refracted into the receiving antenna where they are added to the wanted signal. This is called frequency selective fading. These three effects will be treated separately.gain of back-to-back antennas in dB . The outage is negligible for other radio-relay system. In some occasions. Other times only some of the spectral components will be reduced. The phase. NERA Networks AS Page 45(85) . causing the spectrum to be distorted. Meteorological conditions in the space separating the transmitter and the receiver.
0c The total outage due to multipath fading is calculated from: . Document no.Date Rev.08. 99.31 C WEDIG 2.3URGXFW 'RFXPHQWDWLRQ Rev.
non-selective outage with diversity .selective outage .3 LI GLYHUVLW\ LV XVHG  .outage due to clear-air cross-polarization for co-channel systems 3 3 3 3 q  q YQ 5.non-selective (flat) outage . where 3 3 WRW  3 + 3 + 3 =    3 + 3 ( QV V   GQV GV ) .3  + 3 .selective outage with diversity .1 Flat Fading The percentage of time that fade depth ) is exceeded in the average worst month can be calculated from: .5.
−) 3QV = 30 ⋅ 10 10 % Ã When using ) equal to the fading margin found using .
has been related to well-defined path parameters. The methods are based on statistical analysis of paths in different parts of the world. that the method is valid for larger ranges of path length and frequency The fading occurrence factor for the average worst month: . and grazing angles in the range 1-12 mrad. The parameter 30. 3 gives the percentage of time when the receiver signal is fading below threshold. the fading occurrence factor. path inclinations for the range 0-24 mrad. The paths used have path lengths ranging from 7 to 95 km. however. frequencies ranging from 2 to 37 GHz. Checks using several other sets of data for paths up to 237 km in length and frequencies as low as 500 MHz suggest.
⋅ G 3.Frequency (GHz) 30 = .Geoclimatic factor .Path inclination (millirad) .89 ⋅ (1 + ε S ) −1.6 ⋅ I 0. where .4 εS = K1 − K2 G .antenna heights (m) K K Page 46(85) NERA Networks AS .Path length (km) . G I .
or in which part or all of the path profile is below 100 m altitude for a link entirely within 50 km of the coastline. but there is an intervening height of land higher than 100 m between this part of the link and the coastline. 99. .Date Rev.QODQG OLQNV Inland links are those in which either the entire path profile is above 100 m altitude (with respect to mean sea level) or beyond 50 km from the nearest coastline. Document no.3URGXFW 'RFXPHQWDWLRQ Rev. In absence of such data the following empirical relations must be used  .0c The geoclimatic factor may be estimated for the average worst month from fading data.31 C WEDIG 2. Links passing over a river or a small lake should normally be classed as passing over land.08.
.5 ⋅ 10 −0. = 5.0 ⋅ 10 −7 ⋅ 3/1.1⋅(&0 − &/DW − &/RQ ) The coefficient CLat of latitude ξ is given by .
 .
.
&/DW = 0 [dB] &/DW = −53 + ξ [dB] &/DW = 7 [dB] 53 oS ≥ ξ ≤ 53 oN 53 oN or oS < ξ < 60 oN or oS ξ ≥ 60 oN or oS The longitude coefficient CLon is given by .
.
.
or mountains). for lower-altitude antenna more than 700 m above mean sea level. For planning purposes where the type of terrain is not known. &/RQ = 3 [dB] &/RQ = −3 [dB] &/RQ = 0 [dB] Longitudes of Europe and Africa Longitudes of North and South America All other longitudes The value of the coefficient &0 is given in Table 1 for three ranges of altitude of the lower of the transmitting and receiving antennas and three types of terrain (plains. the mean value of the coefficients &0 for these two types of area should be employed. or mountainous area.2 &0 = 8 for lower-altitude antenna in the range 0-400 m above mean sea level. for lower-altitude antenna in the range 400-700 m above mean sea level


text:
New material found at the University of Leeds for broadband planar waveguide amplifiers
Research conducted by the University of Leeds has found a new material that could be used for broadband planar waveguide amplifiers.
A material created by doping glass made from zinc, sodium, and tellurium with the rare-earth element erbium could be used for broadband planar waveguide amplifiers. Scientists have started testing planar waveguides for use in signal transmission in place of long optical fibers, as waveguides make miniaturization easier. Electronic transition for erbium occurs at 1.5 μm — the standard wavelength in telecommunications technologies.
Researchers used ultrafast laser plasma doping to incorporate erbium ions as thin films in a silica substrate. A high-intensity (femtosecond) laser was aimed at the surface of the erbium-doped glass, blasting a tiny crater into the glass and producing a thin film from the plume of ejected material.
During the film formation process, researchers focused their measurements on the ablation threshold of the glass (i.e., the minimum energy required to separate atoms or molecules by intense laser irradiation). Researchers then determined how the ablation threshold in their system was affected by the radius of the laser beam, the number of laser pulses, and the concentration of the erbium ion dopant.
Although the research conducted by the University of Leeds team focused exclusively on erbium ions as the dopant, researcher Thomas Mann said that the results could be applicable to other dielectric materials processed with ultrafast lasers.
The team also looked at the shape and characteristics of the tiny craters blasted into the glass, to better understand how to control properties such as porosity, surface area, and the ability of the material to scatter or absorb light.
"These properties are important for engineering other dielectric materials for surface area-demanding applications in photocatalysis, sensing, fuel, and solar cells, and light extraction in LEDs," Mann said.
The next phase in the research will involve more precise engineering of thin films and waveguides for amplifiers, sensors, and other devices.
For the continued development and miniaturization of integrated optics, transitioning from long optical fibers to planar waveguides is necessary, the team believes. Out of the various optical materials investigated, tellurite-based glasses have proven to be particularly promising due to their high refractive index, low phonon energy, high rare-earth solubility, and large emission bandwidth.
The research was published in the Journal of Applied Physics (doi: 10.1063/_PHONE_).

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Main Article Content
The increased magnitude and frequency peak flood discharge in rivers and streams happened due to climate change which increased woes and concerns for passing safe discharges from the barrages. Climate change is major reason to increase the occurrence of extreme climatic events (i.e. as abnormal and severe low floods). The major risks from climate change at the barrages are from changes in discharges' patterns in rivers. In this paper, the statistics of historical flood peaks at Guddu and Sukkur barrages have been analysed that the maximum discharge was calculated is 33951m3/s, 33963m3/s and minimum4850 and 2870 m3/s respectively. The analysed results revealed that ten and thirteen super flood peaks at Guddu and Sukkur were calculated and concluded flood passing from these barrages caused occurrence of breaches in the protected bunds at upstream and downstream of barrages. However, the hydrologic analysis of the flood approach, particularly at Guddu and Sukkur barrages in Indus River was made by using the hydrologic statistics for analysing impacts of extreme flood events. Hence, the statistical methods were used for process of flood frequency for derivation design of barrages and flood passes for safeguarding flood damages and nature and behaviour condition of Indus River. Generalised Logistic (GL) and Gambel methods have been used for flood frequency at Guddu barrage and its result exhibited that for one in hundred years' event discharge rate 43,765 m3/s and 44,526 m3/s at Guddu barrage as well as the California method for Sukkur its result revealed a flow rate of 47,000 m3/sfor one in hundred years' event. As result, it is estimated that the extreme future floods may occur at barrages due to climate change.


text:
Devyser Chimerism NGS Devyser
People ages 45 to 60 are asked to pay a fee to join; age 60 is the upper limit for donors. If you're identified as a match for someone who needs a transplant, the costs related to collecting stem cells for donation will be paid by that person or by his or her health insurance. What you can expect Testing Bone Marrow Stem Cells from Older Patients. The picture below is worth a thousand words: This is a lab test of the stem cell therapy age limit by looking at the stem cell content of umbilical cord products commonly used by clinics. All of these products claimed to have high numbers of live stem cells compared to the few that could be As stem cell donation is voluntary and not of direct benefit to the donor, a parent/guardian can't give consent on behalf of a minor. Our upper age limit is 30 because our research has shown that the younger a donor is, the better chance of survival a patient has. Some transplant centers set age limits.
Stem cell transplantation solves this problem by introducing such cells which are able to divide into the body of the person in need for a permanent solution. CALGARY – For the nearly one thousand Canadians trying to find a matching stem cell donor, all it takes is one special person. That perfect match can come from anyone, but according to Canadian Bone marrow stem cell donation. Bone marrow stem cell donation is a surgical procedure performed under anesthesia.
Protocol for MicroRNA Transfer into Adult Bone Marrow - JoVE
Ironically, the median age at diagnosis for most blood cancers is 65-70, which includes acute myeloid leukemia (AML), Non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myeloma. You may register to join Canada's national stem cell registry if you are: Between the age of There really is no stem cell therapy age limit. While the above graphic is cool, it's also misleading and not supported by the existing published best literature.
donate - Swedish translation – Linguee
Hermerén G. 'Medical Criteria' – What Do They Mean? Jahrbuch Every day, we match remarkable donors willing to donate their blood stem cells to people who desperately need lifesaving transplants. Join the register online The Nordic Register of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Donors (NRHSD) has registered related and unrelated donors from 10 transplant centres in Sweden, Norway, Consent to donation of hematopoietic stem cells – peripheral collection. I am aware that the intended recipient of the hematopoietic stem cells Whereas : As tissue and cell therapy is a field in which an intensive by these tissues and cells, all safety measures need to be taken during their donation marrow stem cells, reproductive cells ( eggs, sperm ), foetal tissues and cells and Proposals of suitable people with scientific qualifications should be presented by the universities at which the Stem cell research The approval of a regional ethical review board is required to conduct research that involves egg donation. En europeisk stamcellsbank (stem cell repository) och dataregister är väsentlig för att resultat och resurser En donation av vävnader eller celler är en gåva. av S Östlund — 2017-now, Head of the stem cell laboratory unit and cellular analysis and Expanded umbilical cord blood T cells used as donor lymphocyte infusions stimulation are compatible with a range of affinities of MHC:TCR management of transplant patients. " Dr. Dan Overcoming limitations in the detection of mixed chimerism by Dr Dan Hauzenberger.
We use these criteria to target donors we are short of on the register. 2002-03-04
On average, there's roughly a 1 in 1,200 chance that you'll actually be asked to donate stem cells once on the register. • Blood stem cell registration is NOT the same as giving blood. Nor are blood donors automatically included on the stem cell register (only 15% of people who give blood are on the stem cell …
We do not have any evidence to show that bone marrow or stem cell donation negatively affects a donor's immune function or makes them more prone to illness after donation. A donor's risk of contracting COVID-19 or other infections is no greater than other adults in their age range.
Twelve tone technique
1,2 A new study suggests that after genetic matching, the age of a stem cell donor is the most important characteristic influencing patient survival following a stem cell transplant. Previous studies have suggested that donor characteristics including sex, ethnicity, blood type and previous pregnancies could all affect patient survival, making it difficult for transplant clinicians to rank donors Seeing the need to help more patients who need a bone marrow or umbilical cord blood transplant, the United States Congress passed the Stem Cell Therapeutic and Research Act of 2005, Public Law 109-129 (Stem Cell Act of 2005) and the Stem Cell Therapeutic and Research Reauthorization Act of 2010, Public Laws 111-264 (Stem Cell Act of 2010) and Who can donate stem cells or bone marrow. A stem cell or bone marrow transplant is an important treatment for some people with ALL. Stem cells are very early cells in the bone marrow that develop into different types of blood cells. These are red and white blood cells and platelets. Older age but not donor health impairs allogeneic granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) peripheral blood stem cell mobilization Biol Blood Marrow Transplant, 15 ( 2009 ), pp.
There is a 1 in 4 chance of your cells matching. This is called a matched related donor (MRD) transplant. Anyone else in the family is unlikely to match. This can be very frustrating for relatives who are keen to help. Blood stem cell donation. For blood stem cell donation the donor is required to donate blood with the help of a needle procedure which is much similar to the blood donation process. Here the stem cells are them removed from the blood and used on the patient to cure for their diseases.
av M Sanner · 1994 · Citerat av 220 — —An age-stratified, random sample of 1950 individuals in Sweden, 18 to 75 Sixty-two percent were willing to donate their own organs and 39% to donate the benmärgen utan reticulinökning eller abnorm cellinfiltration och som kan ha olika genes Diffentialdiagnostiken mot hypoplastisk MDS är svår (se även MDS guidelines). Effect of stem cell source on outcomes after adult unrelated donor. on e.g. criteria of death, transplantations, organ donation, priorities and resource allocation, ethical aspects of stem cell research and use. as well as on the recent EGE-opinion on ethical aspects of Scientific Aspects – Ethical, Legal and Social Limits. Hermerén G. 'Medical Criteria' – What Do They Mean? Jahrbuch Every day, we match remarkable donors willing to donate their blood stem cells to people who desperately need lifesaving transplants.
Nor are blood donors automatically included on the stem cell register (only 15% of people who give blood are on the stem cell register). If you're not sure you can call either 0300 123 23 23 (British Bone Marrow Registry) or 0800 37 15 02 (Welsh Bone Marrow Donor Registry) and check, before you go to donate blood. Dear Bev, we sent your question to Dr. Dahi, and she replied that a 2009 study (Joerg Halter et al Haematologica 2009;94,) found incidence rates of blood cancer for both bone marrow and stem cell donors to be below the age-specific incidence rates for a normal population, suggesting that there was no increased risk. A stem cell or bone marrow transplant is an important treatment for some people with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). People with NHL might have a transplant either: using their own stem cells (autologous transplant) or using the stem cells from a matching donor (allogeneic transplant) Many people with NHL have an autologous transplant. But they
Stem Cell) Donation Blood stem cells are predominantly found in the bone marrow and only a small number circulate in the blood normally. Blood stem cells differ from other blood cells in that they are capable of dividing and renewing themselves as well as producing all the different types of blood cells such as red blood cells, white blood
Adult stem cells are present in various tissue of the adult body and, in many cases, contribute to tissue regeneration (Mimeault et al., 2007).The ability to recruit these cells in directed regenerative medicine strategies has the potential to revolutionize the treatment of disease and dysfunction, and our increasing understanding of adult stem cell populations is helping to make this
SEATTLE — Nov. 1, 2011 — Age alone no longer should be considered a defining factor when determining whether an older patient with blood cancer is a candidate for stem cell transplantation.
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Replace yourself: You can recruit a young donor to replace you in the registry. Invite your child or grandchild (aged 18 through 35) to join the registry. You could also invite Gift of Life to meet with an organization you or a family member are involved with to set up a recruitment drive. A person must

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Introduction: Removable Pocket for Your Phone
this will show you how to make a small pocket to attach to your phone, wallet etc for things like loose change and credit cards. It's very useful, very easy, and only uses household items.
Step 1: Materials Needed
Step 2: Cut the Paper
Use your scissors to cut the paper twice the size of what you want your pocket to be, and fold it in half. Mine is ripped out of a small notebook.
Step 3: The Middle Stripe
Cut a long strip of duct tape and put ii down the middle of your paper. Try to get it as straight as possible.
Step 4: The Side Stripes
Cut another long piece of duct tape of the same length. Cut it down the middle. Place them on each side of the first strip.
Step 5: Folding
fold bottom tab of duct tape up so it covers about half of the paper. Then fold the paper in half. Turn the paper over, and do the same thing again. Fold in half so it resembles a small folder.
Step 6: Taping the Sides and Attaching It.
cut small strips of tape and place them on each side of one of the sides of the folder. Fold the folder and take the sides together. Then take two longer pieces and attach them to each side. These are for attaching the pocket to your wallet, phone, etc.
Step 7: ( Optional ) Tab
if you would like a lid or flap that goes over the pocket to keep things from falling out, flip your pocket over and attach a piece of duct tape to the back so half of it is on the back of the pocket, and half hangs over. Fold the tape corners so it has a pointed triangle at the end. Fasten the tab over.
Step 8: Happy Dance!!!!!! :-)
You're done! Feel free to dance, pat yourself on the back, out just brag to all your friends.
We have a be nice policy.
Please be positive and constructive.


Jacob Teller
Jacob Teller was born in 1655. He was a younger son of New Netherland pioneers Willem and his first wife, Margaret Donchesen (Duncan) Teller. His parents were of Scottish origins and came to Beverwyck before Jacob was born.
Jacob grew up in a large family at his father's residences in Albany, Schenectady, and New York.
In October 1683, he married Christina Wessels at the New York Dutch church. By 1694, two children had been christened in New York. At the time of his marriage, he was called a young man from Albany.
In 1692, Jacob Teller was identified in the Albany city records as a trader who owned rum. However, he seems to have lived in New York.
In August 1696, he filed a will stating that he was sick but of perfect memory. It passed probate the following April. In September 1698, his widow filed her will. Jacob Teller was dead in his early forties!
biography in-progress
the people of colonial Albany Sources: The life of Jacob Teller is CAP biography number 6611. This sketch is derived chiefly from family and community-based resources.
first posted: 6/30/06


Home Sports Week 2020
Sports Week 2020
Sports Week 2020 will be a little different. Rather than all of us competing in Chinbrook Meadows, this year we're asking you to 'go it alone'. How many of the challenges can you complete? What's your best total for each challenge you do? Can you improve on your scores?
You can compete against your family, your dog or yourself.
We've listed some ideas for challenges to get you started but you can come up with your own ideas – the main thing is be active and have fun.
How quickly can you walk or run a mile around your home or garden?
Can you create a mini-Circuit of 5 activities* and complete 1 minute of each?
Skipping challenge – how many skips can you do in 1 minute?
Balloon chasing – how long can you keep a balloon in the air?
Can you build an obstacle course?
Boiled egg/apple/potato on a spoon – how many laps of your living room can you do without dropping it?
How many times can you throw a ball or soft toy into a bucket from 2m in 2 minutes?
How long can you dribble a ball with two feet without stopping?
How long can you bounce a ball without stopping?
Climb a mountain challenge – how many times can you climb up and down the stairs in one go?
Can you create an obstacle course and use sponges (pick up a sponge from a bucket full of water, go through obstacle course, see how much water they have at the end)?
How far can you walk balancing a cup of water on their head?
*star jumps, press ups, step ups, leap like a frog, go up the stairs, kick ups, knees ups
Remember to email your teacher to let them know how well you've done – they would love to see photos of your activities – remember to wear your house colours.


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Van Eck phreaking is the process of eavesdropping on the contents of a CRT or LCD display by detecting its electromagnetic emissions. It is named after Dutch computer researcher Wim van Eck, who in 1985 published the first paper on it.
Information that drives the video display takes the form of high frequency electrical signals. These oscillating electric currents create electromagnetic radiation in the RF range. These radio emissions are correlated to the video image being displayed, so, in theory, they can be used to recover the displayed image.


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SQL and Java Go on a Date
By Christoffer Hedgate,
Background
Lately I've been working on a Java application, specifically a search engine implementation, where I needed to work with data from a SQL Server database. The company I work for have a Java based platform for implementing search engines and I've worked with it much before, but this was the first time that the search engine I was implementing was to index and search data stored in a SQL Server database. Working with one of the indexes I encountered some problems and learned a few experiences, so I thought I'd share these in this article. The index in question was one that contained dates, i.e. a column with data type datetime in SQL Server.
Dates in Java
In Java, data of type date is stored in objects of the class Date. The normal way to create an instance of one is to supply the constructor with a value of type long, which represents the number of milliseconds that have expired since 1970-01-01 00:00:00. However, when users would use the search engine they would supply dates in the format above, i.e. yyyy-mm-dd hh:nn:ss (ANSI standard format and also the way we write dates in Sweden). So the first thing I needed to do was to convert these strings and the above format into dates. Using a nice programming language such as Java this is easy. The code snippet below shows how to do this:

 String s = new String("2003-08-30 16:00:00");
 SimpleDateFormat sdf = (SimpleDateFormat) SimpleDateFormat.getDateTimeInstance();
 sdf.applyPattern("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
 Date d = sdf.parse(s);
SQL Server datetime
Now that I had code that converted the user supplied date to search for I needed to write a T-SQL query that was to be run to populate the index in the search engine. When the search engine starts up it populates all indexes and then all queries run against it are only run inside the search engine, the database (or whatever data store is being indexed) is not used again until the indexes are repopulated or updated. Since dates are stored as number of milliseconds since 1970-01-01 I thought it would be a good idea to convert the dates in SQL Server the same way in my T-SQL query. Using the datediff-function, I tried this query:

 SELECT DATEDIFF(ms, '1970-01-01 00:00:00', datecolumn) AS numberofms
Overflow error
This didn't work to well though. As most of you probably know, the datediff-function returns an int, and the int data type in SQL Server can represent numbers from -2^31 (-2,147,483,648) through 2^31 - 1 (2,147,483,647). This means that the greatest difference between the two days that can be represented by a number of milliseconds (using an int) is 24 days, 20 hours, 31 minutes and 23.647 seconds. As soon as the dates in the datecolumn where larger than that I would get an overflow error. So I needed a way to represent the number of milliseconds with a bigint instead, as this data type supports much bigger numbers. I was surprised to find that SQL Server does not have a function for doing this, like a datediff_big (compare with count and count_big). Instead I had to convert it myself. The way I came up with was to first use datediff to get the difference in number of minutes, convert them to milliseconds and then add the seconds part of the date and finally add the milliseconds part of the date. This is the T-SQL query I ended up with:
 SELECT CAST(DATEDIFF(n,'1970-01-01 00:00:00',datecolumn) AS bigint) * 60 * 1000 + DATEPART(s,datecolumn) * 1000 +
DATEPART(ms,datecolumn) AS numberofms
UTC dates
So, all is well, right? Not quite. When testing I noted that the dates (represented by long values in my Java application) that I had converted in Java where different from those I got from SQL Server, even when they where created using the same date in string format. I found out that Java by default stores it's dates in UTC time (Universal Time Coordinate). SQL Server however does not, so I once again started looking through Books Online for a nice function to convert a datetime value to a UTC datetime. No luck. SQL Server does have one function that returns the current date and time in UTC time, getutcdate, but that didn't help me because I needed to convert the stored values in datecolumn. Next thought was to find out what to add or subtract from my dates to convert them into UTC time. This proved to be difficult though because in UTC about once every year or two there is an extra second, called a "leap second." And I couldn't just use getutcdate and getdate and compare the difference between them as that would mean that I would have to reset the system time to whatever date and time I needed to compare for each value in datecolumn. Since leap seconds are added 'all the time' the difference between two dates in UTC time and 'normal' time is not the same for say 1970-01-01 and 2003-08-30.
Back to Java
Once again I found the answer in Java with all the help it provides being such a rich programming language. Assuming that the computer running SQL Server and the computer running SQL Server is configured to use the same time zone I can use the SimpleDateFormat object to get the current time zone, then use the function getOffset. This function returns the offset of this time zone from UTC at the specified date (represented by a number of long data type). So I revised the Java code from above to the one below, and I was all set!

 String s = new String("2003-08-30 16:00:00");
 SimpleDateFormat sdf = (SimpleDateFormat) SimpleDateFormat.getDateTimeInstance();
 sdf.applyPattern("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
 Date temp = sdf.parse(s);
 Date d = new Date(temp.getTime() + sdf.getTimeZone().getOffset(temp.getTime()));
Summary
In this article I have discussed my experiences with working with dates in Java and SQL Server. I hope to come back to it in the future and do a similar comparison in .Net, or even using SQL Server Yukon. Being under an NDA I can't say anything about Yukon, but I can say that I wouldn't have implemented my solution exactly as above if I was using Yukon instead of SQL Server 2000 as my data storage.
Total article views: 11568 | Views in the last 30 days: 2

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RF filter design basics
- basics of RF filter design indicating basic calculations and methodologies required..
RF filter tutorial includes:
RF filter design involves a number of different stages and decisions
The exact filter design parameters are dependent upon the type of filter used. However the basic methodology and parameters used within RF filter design have a common approach whatever form of filter used.
RF filter design basics
In general terms, filters modify the amplitudes and phases of sinusoidal waveforms that pass through them. This change varies according to the frequency of the individual sinusoids within the overall waveform.
Most filters are what is termed linear filters. As such they have no non-linear actions in which the response is proportional to the input. Instead the signals pass through and their amplitude and phase is altered in a linear fashion according to their frequency.
From this it is possible to determine some of the key RF filter design parameters which are the factors by which the signal is changed, namely the gain, G and the phase shift θ. As both the gain G and the phase shift θ are dependent upon the frequency, i.e. they are functions of frequency, they can be expressed as follows:
These two functions represent the magnitude response (often referred to as the frequency response) and the phase response of the filter respectively.
These two functions govern the major features that need to be known about the filter. In being able to determine the functions it is possible to design the RF filter.
Normally the example of the low pass RF filter design is used in the first instance and then this is expanded to include other forms of filter. Accordingly we will look at low pass filter design first.
Real and ideal filters
When designing an RF filter it would be ideal if the filter would allow signals within the pass-band through without any change in amplitude or phase. Filters like this could have a rectangular response, falling straight to their stop-band and giving the required level of stop-band attenuation.
Unfortunately it is not possible to design RF filters like this, and real RF filter designs can only approximate to the ideal response curves and parameters. These approximations can then be used as the different types of filter that exist. These include the Butterworth, Bessel, Chebyshev, Elliptical, Gaussian and many more.
Using a mathematical approach for RF filter design, it is possible to use a mathematical relationship. It can be proved that the square of the response for all realisable filters can be expressed as the ratio of two even, i.e. rational polynomials. This means that a generic mathematical expression for all RF filter designs is:
Key filter RF design parameters
There are a number of key parameters that are of great importance for RF filter design. These are some of the highlight requirements for any RF filter design.
- Pass-band: This is the region in which the signal passes through relatively un-attenuated. It is the band in a low pass filter, extends up to the cut-off frequency. For high pass filters it is designated as the band above which signal pass through, or for a band pass filter, it is the band between the two cut-off frequencies.
- Cut-off frequency: This is normally taken to be the point at which the response of the filter has fallen by 3 dB. With certain filters, typically equi-ripple types such as the Chebyshev or inverse Chebyshev, the cut-off point has to be defined differently. It is often designated fc.
- Ripple band: Within the pass-band, the filter response may show variations in its response - ripples. The variation is known as the ripple band
- Transition band: Once the RF filter response has gone beyond the cut-off point, the response falls away in a region known as the transition band. It is the region between the pass-band and the stop-band. This region is also sometimes referred to as the "skirt."
- Stop-band: This is the band where the filter has reached its required out of band rejection. The stop-band rejection may be defined as a required number of decibels.
- Number of poles : A pole is a mathematical term. There is one pole for each capacitor or inductor in a filter.
- Roll-off : Each filter has an ultimate roll-off rate. It is governed by the number of poles in the filter. The ultimate roll-off is 6⋅n dB where n is the number of poles. Different types of filter may reach their ultimate roll off rate at different rates, but they all reach the same ultimate roll-off.
- Phase shift: The phase shift is another important factor for any RF filter design. It is accommodated into the overall response of the filter by considering the calculations for H(s) where s = jω. The phase response can be of importance to a waveform because the waveform shape will be distorted if the phase changes within the pass-band. A constant time delay corresponds to the phase shift increasing linearly with frequency. This gives rise to the term linear phase shift referred to in many RF filter designs.
- Impedance: Filters have a characteristic impedance in the same way that as an antenna feeder. For them to operate correctly the input and output must be properly matched.
RF filter design & normalisation
While relatively straightforward equations are available for Butterworth filters, other forms of filter require more complicated calculations. The approach to RF filter design that has been used for many years uses what are termed normalised filters. A normalised filter would have a cut-off frequency of 1 radian per second, i.e. 0.159Hz and an impedance of 1Ω. It was then possible to tables of pre-calculated values which could then be scaled for use at the required frequency and impedance. In this way the tedious and involved mathematics required for RF filter design was reduced to little more than determining the requirements and then finding the relevant table of values.
The requirements that first need to be chosen include parameters such as the filter type (Butterworth, Chebyshev, etc.), level of ripple, etc, filter order (i.e. the number of inductors and capacitors), etc.
Once these are chosen the relevant table can be found and the values for the elements in the filter determined.
RF filter design & scaling
Once the filter design has been realised in its normalised form, it is then necessary to transform the values to the required frequency and impedance. In the normalised format the filter design has a cut-off of 0.159 Hz, i.e. 1 radian per second and it is designed to work into a load resistance of 1 Ω.
C = real capacitor value
L = real inductor value
Cn = normalised capacitor value
Ln= normalised inductor value
R = required load resistor value
fc = required cut-off frequency
RF filter design process
There are a number of steps or stages in the RF filter design process. Following these in order helps the RF filter to be designed in a logical fashion. These steps are for the low pass filter design - further stages for transferring this to a high pass or band pass filter are given on the following pages.
While some computer programmes may allow direct design, often design using tables, etc. is still widely used. If a computer programme is used, the filter design process can be modified accordingly.
- Define response needed: the first stage in the process is to actually define the response required. Elements such as cut-off point, attenuation at a given point, etc..
- Normalise frequencies: In order to be able to use the various tables and diagrams of filter curves, it is necessary to convert all frequencies so that the cut-off point is at 1 radio per second and any other points are relative to this.
- Determine maximum pass-band ripple: One of the major steps in the RF filter design is to understand how much in-band ripple can be tolerated. The more ripple, the greater the level of selectivity that can be obtained. The greater the selectivity the faster the transition from pass-band to ultimate roll off will be.
- Match required attenuation curves with those from filter: With a knowledge of the characteristics, both in terms of ripple and rejection required at particular points, it is possible to determine the filter type and also the order or number of elements required within the filter design.
- Determine element values: Using the relevant look up tables the normalised filter component values can be determined
- Scale normalised values: Finally the values need to be scaled for the required cut-off frequency and resistance.
Filter values and curves can be found in a number of filter design books including "handbook of Filter Synthesis" by Zvrev, pub Wiley. Later we hope to develop some curves and tables ourselves.
Read more popular RF filter tutorials.....
|• Filter basics||• Filter design||• HPF design|
|• Simple LPF||• Simple HPF||• Simple BPF|
|• Butterworth||• Chebyshev||• Bessel||• Elliptic / Cauer|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Development of a novel intraoral measurement device to determine the biomechanical characteristics of the human periodontal ligament.
- Drolshagen, Marcel; Keilig, Ludger; Hasan, I.; Reimann, S; Deschner, J.; Brinkmann, K. T.; Krause, Rolf; Favino, Marco; Bourauel, Christoph
- Periodontal diseases like gingivitis and periodontitis have damaging effects on the periodontium and commonly affect the mechanical properties of the periodontal ligament (PDL), which in the end might lead to loss of teeth. Monitoring tooth mobility and changes of the material properties of the PDL might help in early diagnosis of periodontal diseases and improve their prognosis. It was the aim of this study to develop a novel intraoral device to determine the biomechanical characteristics of the periodontal ligament. This includes the measurement of applied forces and resulting tooth displacement in order to investigate the biomechanical behaviour of the periodontium with varying loading protocols with respect to velocity and tooth displacement. The developed device uses a piezoelectric actuator to apply a displacement to a tooth''s crown, and the resulting force is measured by an integrated force sensor. To measure the tooth displacement independently and non-invasively, two magnets are fixed on the teeth. The change in the magnetic field caused by the movement of the magnets is measured by a total of 16 Hall sensors. The displacement of the tooth is calculated from the movement of the magnets. The device was tested in vitro on premolars of four porcine mandibular segments and in vivo on two volunteers. The teeth were loaded with varying activation curves. Comparing the force progression of different activation velocities, the forces decreased with decreasing velocity. Intensive testing demonstrated that the device fulfils all requirements. After acceptance of the ethical committee, further testing in clinical measurements is planned.
- Type of Publication:
- Journal of Biomechanics
- 2136 - 2143


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Evaluating the Legacy Program of the Mighty Oaks Foundation: A Mixed-Method Study
MetadataShow full item record
SubjectMighty Oaks Foundation. Legacy Program
Post-traumatic stress disorder--Religious aspects--Christianity
Post-traumatic stress disorder--Treatment
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a serious diagnosis that plagues many men and women who have served in the United States military. With high veteran suicide rates, an overwhelmed VA system, and a host of treatments that are often ineffective; it is important to find affordable and effective alternative treatment options. Additionally, there is a growing recognition that spirituality plays a key role struggle of PTSD and therefore must play a role in its treatment. The Mighty Oaks Foundation has developed multiple programs that are designed to help men and women struggling with PTSD as well as their spouses and families. The flagship program of Mighty Oaks is the Legacy Program, a week-long residential, peer-to-peer, faith-based treatment program. This dissertation employs a variety of research methods in order to assess the effectiveness of the Legacy Program for men. Chapter 1 describes the purpose for the current study, lists research questions that will be addressed by the research. This chapter also offers delimitations to the research and provides a procedural overview of the research that was conducted. Chapter 2 reviews the precedent literature relating to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. This provides an overview of the history of PTSD, various treatments available for PTSD and studies to determine their effectiveness. This chapter also offers insights from biblical counseling literature on the topic of PTSD. Chapter 3 gives an overview of the Mighty Oaks Foundation. It recounts the history of the ministry, describes its philosophy, and reviews the content of the Legacy Program for Men. Chapter 4 outlines the methodology of the research undertaken in this dissertation. It includes a restatement of research questions and how each will be addressed in the research. Information on the population studied, instrumentation, and research procedures used are also covered in this chapter. Chapter 5 provides an analysis of the findings. The quantitative pre/post-test study demonstrated that attendance at the Legacy Program reduces one's PTSD symptoms and results in an increase in one's faith. The correlation between these two changes was not demonstrated to a clinically significant degree by the data. The retrospective alumni survey also provided insights into what components were seen as beneficial by participants. Chapter 6 offers conclusions drawn from the data gathered in the research. Recommendations for implementing this type of program are made and areas for further research are also proposed.


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Understanding on the Problem of 'Harijan' In India |
This report develops an understanding on the problem of"Harijan ' in India. Harijan include asection of in Indian society, who comefrom the lower castes, particularly the untouchable and other lower caste, andwho beside gender discrimination, also suffered from the prescribed customaryprovisions in the institution of caste and untouchability. Excluded are not 'just like' the rest of the. Theyare also disadvantaged by who they are.They suffer from social exclusion which deprives them of choices andopportunities to escape from poverty and denies them a voice to claim theirrights. There is a close inter-face between patriarchy and social exclusionwhich enforce each other. The fromdiscriminated groups suffer from triple deprivation – gender, poverty andsocial exclusion. The discussion presented selected evidence on the nature andforms of caste – based discrimination suffered by Harijan in access to sources of livelihood and socialneeds. This evidence however, is very limited and there is a need to study thenature and forms of discrimination faced by Harijan as a woman, as a Harijan woman and as poor.The Harijan woman's exclusion from the rights normally considered as accruingto every Indian citizen thus needs to be examined more closely, looking both ather conditions of livelihood and employment and the various ways in which sheis subjugated in the public and private spheres. The challenge is to capturethe interface of these three dimensions of caste, class and gender and toanalyse the consequences of social exclusion and discrimination on their rightsand citizenship. This would help to conceptualize inclusive policies to addressthe problems of Harijan moreeffectively.


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Weathered Synonyms & Definitions
Synonyms are words that have the same or almost the same meaning and the definition is the detailed explanation of the word. This page will help you out finding the Definition & Synonyms of hundreds of words mentioned on this page. Check out the page and learn more about the English vocabulary.
- WeatheredDefinition & Meaning in English
- (a.) Made sloping, so as to throw off water; as, a weathered cornice or window sill.
- (a.) Having the surface altered in color, texture, or composition, or the edges rounded off by exposure to the elements.
- (imp. & p. p.) of Weather
- WeatherDefinition & Meaning in English
- (v. t.) To place (a hawk) unhooded in the open air.
- (n.) Storm; tempest.
- (v. t.) To sail or pass to the windward of; as, to weather a cape; to weather another ship.
- (n.) Vicissitude of season; meteorological change; alternation of the state of the air.
- (v. t.) To expose to the air; to air; to season by exposure to air.
- (v. t.) Hence, to sustain the trying effect of; to bear up against and overcome; to sustain; to endure; to resist; as, to weather the storm.
- (n.) A light rain; a shower.
- (n.) The state of the air or atmosphere with respect to heat or cold, wetness or dryness, calm or storm, clearness or cloudiness, or any other meteorological phenomena; meteorological condition of the atmosphere; as, warm weather; cold weather; wet weather; dry weather, etc.
- (v. i.) To undergo or endure the action of the atmosphere; to suffer meteorological influences; sometimes, to wear away, or alter, under atmospheric influences; to suffer waste by weather.
- (a.) Being toward the wind, or windward -- opposed to lee; as, weather bow, weather braces, weather gauge, weather lifts, weather quarter, weather shrouds, etc.


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Chevy S10 pickup
Blower Motor Resistor
What is a Blower Motor Resistor and where is it Located?
The blower motor resistor, also commonly referred to as an A/C blower motor resistor or a heater blower motor resistor, is an important component to your vehicle's HVAC (heating, ventilation, air conditioning) system. While a blower motor is what actually forces the hot or cold air through ducting and your car's interior vents into the cabin, the resistor is what regulates the speed of the blower fan by reducing voltage going to the fan. It allows you to vary the settings of the blower motor so that you can lessen the amount of air that comes into the cabin, as opposed to only being able to have it blasted at you. The blower motor resistor works between a vehicle's heater and A/C controls and the blower motor and is typically attached under the dash to the heater ducting near the blower motor to help keep it cool while in use.
Basically, there are two types of blower motor resistors – one that uses coil wires and one that uses transistors and a circuit board. The wire-type, which is more common in older cars, uses a different size coil of wire for each fan speed with different resistances, while the transistorized blower motor resistor, found in more modern cars, consists of a printed circuit board with a fully integrated circuit.
Blower Motor Resistor Failure
On most vehicles, the highest blower motor speed setting bypasses the blower motor resistor to give the fan full vehicle voltage (typically between 12 and 14.4 volts). If the blower motor still works on high, but will not work on any other speed, it usually points to a bad blower motor resistor. Since the part gets hot and draws a lot of power from the electrical system, a failed blower resistor may also melt part of the wiring harness when it fails. When a blower motor starts to go bad, it can draw more power than the resistor is rated for and cause it to fail. Lastly, a malfunctioning heater core can leak coolant into the car and damage the blower motor and resistor as well.
Replacing a Bad Blower Motor Resistor
Replacing a bad blower resistor typically requires only a screwdriver or wrench to unbolt it from the HVAC ducts. In the case of a burnt or melted connector, the replacement will be a bit more involved. While soldering and shrink wrapping the new connector is the best method, crimping the new pigtail in place will also suffice.
Need a Blower Motor Resistor Replacement?
Without a properly functioning HVAC blower motor resistor, your car or truck will not be able to blow hot or cold air through the interior vents on lower settings, and will work only on one speed – high. This of course can get pretty annoying rather quickly and you will likely be itching to fix the problem immediately. Luckily, if you are in need of a replacement blower motor resistor for your car, truck, SUV or van, then you have come to the right place. At 1A Auto, we carry a full line of high quality, aftermarket replacement blower motor resistors for many makes and models.
At 1A Auto, shopping for an aftermarket replacement blower motor resistor is easy - we're here to help you select the right part for your vehicle! Call our customer service toll free at _PHONE_ if you have any questions about our products, warranty, compatibility or to purchase, or you can buy online. Bring your heating and A/C blower system back to good working order and purchase a replacement resistor from 1A Auto today!
Welcome to 1A Auto....
We employ USA based, knowledgeable support technicians. They'll help you through your project. We always make sure you get the right part. And we boast the industry's most generous returns policy. You won't find a company more passionate about auto parts than 1A Auto.


I'm using Auth0 to handle authentication in my web app. I'm using ASP.NET Core v1.0.0 and Angular 2 rc5 and I don't know much about authentication/security in general.
In the Auth0 docs for ASP.NET Core Web Api, there are two choices for the JWT algorithm being RS256 and HS256. This may be a dumb question but:
What's the difference between RS256 and HS256? What are some use cases (if applicable)?
Both choices refer to what algorithm the identity provider uses to sign the JWT. Signing is a cryptographic operation that generates a "signature" (part of the JWT) that the recipient of the token can validate to ensure that the token has not been tampered with.
 - RS256 (RSA Signature with SHA-256) is an asymmetric algorithm, and it uses a public/private key pair: the identity provider has a private (secret) key used to generate the signature, and the consumer of the JWT gets a public key to validate the signature. Since the public key, as opposed to the private key, doesn't need to be kept secured, most identity providers make it easily available for consumers to obtain and use (usually through a metadata URL).
 - HS256 (HMAC with SHA-256), on the other hand, involves a combination of a hashing function and one (secret) key that is shared between the two parties used to generate the hash that will serve as the signature. Since the same key is used both to generate the signature and to validate it, care must be taken to ensure that the key is not compromised.
If you will be developing the application consuming the JWTs, you can safely use HS256, because you will have control on who uses the secret keys. If, on the other hand, you don't have control over the client, or you have no way of securing a secret key, RS256 will be a better fit, since the consumer only needs to know the public (shared) key.
Since the public key is usually made available from metadata endpoints, clients can be programmed to retrieve the public key automatically. If this is the case (as it is with the.Net Core libraries), you will have less work to do on configuration (the libraries will fetch the public key from the server). Symmetric keys, on the other hand, need to be exchanged out of band (ensuring a secure communication channel), and manually updated if there is a signing key rollover.
Auth0 provides metadata endpoints for the OIDC, SAML and WS-Fed protocols, where the public keys can be retrieved. You can see those endpoints under the "Advanced Settings" of a client.
The OIDC metadata endpoint, for example, takes the form of https://{account domain}/.well-known/openid-configuration. If you browse to that URL, you will see a JSON object with a reference to https://{account domain}/.well-known/jwks.json, which contains the public key (or keys) of the account.
If you look at the RS256 samples, you will see that you don't need to configure the public key anywhere: it's retrieved automatically by the framework.
 - 52
 NB when using rs256 - there is (or was) a security risk in many libraries which allowed the token to determine which algorithm to use. Essentially the attacker could use the public rs256 key with a hs256 encoding to pretend it is the secret key. So make sure your library doesn't have this behaviour! – AlexFoxGill Oct 4 '16 at 9:22
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 One small correction, "HS256 (HMAC with SHA-256), on the other hand, is a symmetric algorithm" - HMAC does not utilize a symmetric-key algorithm (which would allow you to encrypt and decrypt the signature by its definition). It utilizes a cryptographic hash function and a secret cryptographic key underneath HMAC. Which implies calculation of the hash (one way function) over the message with an appended secret key. – Kikoz Jun 19 '19 at 17:31
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 Example with Google : Go to accounts.google.com/.well-known/openid-configuration and look at jwks_uri ; it forwards you to googleapis.com/oauth2/v3/certs where you can find keys. Then you just have to retrieve the good key by its kid. – Denis TRUFFAUT Sep 16 '19 at 19:05
 - Worth noting that as HS256 shares a key between two parties that makes this algorithm unable to support multiple audiences in the one access_token, whereas RS256 can support many audiences. This matters with Identity clients like Auth0 who only allow a request to the /userinfo endpoint using an access_token if the configuration is RS256, as they need this token to support your api domain as an aud, as well as their auth0 domain. – jezpez Mar 15 '20 at 22:29
 - It is also worth noting that the RSA signature algorithm is vulnerable to quantum cryptography. So an attacker with a sufficiently large quantum computer could forge a signature. – Eponymous Jan 11 at 16:45
In cryptography there are two types of algorithms used:
Symmetric algorithms
A single key is used to encrypt data. When encrypted with the key, the data can be decrypted using the same key. If, for example, Mary encrypts a message using the key "my-secret" and sends it to John, he will be able to decrypt the message correctly with the same key "my-secret".
Asymmetric algorithms
Two keys are used to encrypt and decrypt messages. While one key(public) is used to encrypt the message, the other key(private) can only be used to decrypt it. So, John can generate both public and private keys, then send only the public key to Mary to encrypt her message. The message can only be decrypted using the private key.
HS256 and RS256 Scenario
These algorithms are NOT used to encrypt/decryt data. Rather they are used to verify the origin or the authenticity of the data. When Mary needs to send an open message to Jhon and he needs to verify that the message is surely from Mary, HS256 or RS256 can be used.
HS256 can create a signature for a given sample of data using a single key. When the message is transmitted along with the signature, the receiving party can use the same key to verify that the signature matches the message.
RS256 uses pair of keys to do the same. A signature can only be generated using the private key. And the public key has to be used to verify the signature. In this scenario, even if Jack finds the public key, he cannot create a spoof message with a signature to impersonate Mary.
There is a difference in performance.
Simply put HS256 is about 1 order of magnitude faster than RS256 for verification but about 2 orders of magnitude faster than RS256 for issuing (signing).
 640,251 91,464.3 ops/s
 86,123 12,303.3 ops/s (RS256 verify)
 7,046 1,006.5 ops/s (RS256 sign)
Don't get hung up on the actual numbers, just think of them with respect of each other.
class Program
 static void Main(string[] args)
 foreach (var duration in new[] { 1, 3, 5, 7 })
 var t = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(duration);
 byte[] publicKey, privateKey;
 using (var rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider())
 publicKey = rsa.ExportCspBlob(false);
 privateKey = rsa.ExportCspBlob(true);
 byte[] key = new byte[64];
 using (var rng = new RNGCryptoServiceProvider())
 var s1 = new Stopwatch();
 var n1 = 0;
 using (var hs256 = new HMACSHA256(key))
 while (s1.Elapsed < t)
 var hash = hs256.ComputeHash(privateKey);
 byte[] sign;
 using (var rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider())
 sign = rsa.SignData(privateKey, "SHA256");
 var s2 = new Stopwatch();
 var n2 = 0;
 using (var rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider())
 while (s2.Elapsed < t)
 var success = rsa.VerifyData(privateKey, "SHA256", sign);
 var s3 = new Stopwatch();
 var n3 = 0;
 using (var rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider())
 while (s3.Elapsed < t)
 rsa.SignData(privateKey, "SHA256");
 Console.WriteLine($"{s1.Elapsed.TotalSeconds:0} {n1,7:N0} {n1 / s1.Elapsed.TotalSeconds,9:N1} ops/s");
 Console.WriteLine($"{s2.Elapsed.TotalSeconds:0} {n2,7:N0} {n2 / s2.Elapsed.TotalSeconds,9:N1} ops/s");
 Console.WriteLine($"{s3.Elapsed.TotalSeconds:0} {n3,7:N0} {n3 / s3.Elapsed.TotalSeconds,9:N1} ops/s");
 Console.WriteLine($"RS256 is {(n1 / s1.Elapsed.TotalSeconds) / (n2 / s2.Elapsed.TotalSeconds),9:N1}x slower (verify)");
 Console.WriteLine($"RS256 is {(n1 / s1.Elapsed.TotalSeconds) / (n3 / s3.Elapsed.TotalSeconds),9:N1}x slower (issue)");
 // RS256 is about 7.5x slower, but it can still do over 10K ops per sec.
 - These are important numbers. thank


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This from Wiki. Note 'revealed' in the second paragraph:
Willem-Alexander is an avid pilot and has said that if he had not been a royal, he would have liked to be an airline pilot so he could fly big planes such as the Boeing 747. In 1989, Willem-Alexander flew as a volunteer for the African Medical Research and Education Foundation (AMREF) in Kenya, and in 1991 he spent a month flying for the Kenya Wildlife Service. During the reign of his mother, he regularly flew the Dutch royal airplane on trips.
In May 2017, Willem-Alexander revealed that he had served as a co-pilot on KLM flights for 21 years, flying KLM Cityhopper's Fokker 70s twice a month, even after his ascension to the throne. With KLM's phased retirement of the Fokker 70, he began training to fly Boeing 737s. Willem-Alexander was rarely recognized while in the KLM uniform and wearing the KLM cap, though a few passengers had recognized his voice, even though he never gave his name and only welcomed passengers on behalf of the captain and crew.[


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This exhibit formed part of a Darwin display in South Kensington Museum during late Victorian times.
The Natural History Museum,London
Black Scandaroon from a German Pigeon show
Mick Bassett Germany
Scandaroon chick June 2010
approx 3 weeks of age
The Scandaroon is an ancient breed of fancy pigeon. It has a most distinct beak which is long and curves downwards and a striking red eye cere. Darwin called these birds Scandaroon Runts and they caught his attention.
The breed in Victorian England was only ever kept by a few fanciers, as is the case today. It is thought that the name came from the port of Scandaroon in the Levant however the breed origin is most likely to be ancient Persia. Scandaroon is the Turkish word for Alexander and it is possible that this being an old breed it was used as a message carrier by Alexander the Great in his conquests. This part of Asia is strongly associated with early pigeon breeds.
The Scandaroon used by Darwin was the Bagdotten type imported through France almost certainly coming from stock developed in Nurnburg, Germany. This is a larger bird than the type known in England and this was apparent to me when I visited the Dutch National show in January 2011.
The European Scandaroons are larger in size and weight, the beak is much stronger and longer but interestingly not as curved as its English counterpart. The feet are larger which confirms Darwin's own findings of large beak, large feet. It would seem the English fanciers have always preferred the smaller birds which have more of a curve to the beak, even 100 years ago an English fancier writing in a journal states "the German birds were too large and ugly." Darwin was interested in the extremes of types and the German type bird suited him well.
The French have developed their own type which is taller, more upright in stance and slimmer naming it the French Baghdad. So, in three countries fairly close to each other we see how Man has changed the direction a breed can be altered.
The French Baghdad has been used in crosses with several other breeds to improve and alter them such as the English Magpie which was a shorter legged, flying type pigeon in Darwin's time. I have handled one of Darwin's own Magpie specimens in the Natural History Museum at Tring which bears this out. Now, the English Magpie is both taller, more elegant and purely a show pigeon. Also in the collection at Tring is the skull of the Scandaroon donated by Darwin and it has been noted by Hein van Grouw, a Curator of Birds at the museum, that the drawing of such in Darwin's Variation and Domestication has the lower mandible missing. This intrigued Hein who checked the actual skull in the collection and found this was also missing its lower mandible. Since this discovery Katrina van Grouw has drawn a complete skull including the lower mandible. see picture on this page
Despite what seems an ungainly beak the Scandaroon is a most attentive and capable parent. Although at first glance the breed is somewhat ugly, they are calm, quiet, intelligent and interesting pigeons to keep and study. Darwin was disappointed when he lost a hen of his pair to illness.
Colours include white, black, blue, red and yellow. In England the birds shown are generally the pied version having a white head, coloured patch under the beak, mainly white wings and a coloured tail.
for Scandaroon pigeons
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What Does Zinc Rich Primer Mean?
A zinc rich primer is a chemical substance that contains high concentrations of the silver-white metal zinc. Zinc rich primers are used by many industries as a preparatory coating to protect iron or steel substrates against corrosion.
Corrosionpedia Explains Zinc Rich Primer
Zinc rich primers are unique from regular primers because they contain zinc, and therefore possess highly sacrificial anodic properties. High concentrations of zinc dust act sacrificially when in direct contact with steel by providing cathodic protection and galvanizing properties.
Galvanizing is a corrosion protection process for steel or iron, in which the substrate is coated with zinc to prevent it from rusting. The galvanization process entails immersing a clean, oxide-free iron or steel object into molten zinc, which then forms a zinc coating that is metallurgically bonded to the object's surface.
Unlike regular paints that provide protection by generating an impermeable barrier between the metal and atmospheric moisture, zinc rich primers provide cathodic protection.
There are two types of zinc primers: organic and inorganic. Organic zinc rich primers are often used in the form of a moisture cured urethane zinc primer.


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Euro 6 Engines = Better Fuel Efficiency + More Power
Saves Money with Cleaner Exhaust
Let's take a look at the difference between the Fuel Consumption and Power Torque of a Toyota Hiace Euro 5 vs Euro 6 Engine!
EURO 6: Save Environment!
Do you know how much harmful emissions can Euro 6 reduce as compared to Euro 5?
Euro 6 is simply the latest standard that all new engines must be compliant with. It is particularly targeting nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions by forcing vehicle manufacturers to reduce NOx output by more than 55% from Euro 5 standards. Euro 6 will also reduce carbon monoxide, particulate matter (PM, which is basically soot), sulphur dioxide and hydrocarbon. Euro 6 helps you to save some money as well as helping to reduce your carbon footprint.


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This paper focuses on conditional optimization as a decoding primitive for high rate space-time codes that are obtained by multiplexing in the spatial and code domains. The approach is a crystallization of the work of Hottinen which applies to space-time codes that are assisted by quasi-orthogonality. It is independent of implementation and is more general in that it can be applied to space-time codes such as the Golden Code and perfect space-time block codes, that are not assisted by quasi-orthogonality, to derive fast decoders with essentially maximum likelihood (ML) performance. The conditions under which conditional optimization leads to reduced complexity ML decoding are captured in terms of the induced channel at the receiver. These conditions are then translated back to the transmission domain leading to codes that are constructed by multiplexing orthogonal designs. The methods are applied to several block space-time codes obtained by multiplexing Alamouti blocks where it leads to ML decoding with complexity O(N 2) where N is the size of the underlying QAM signal constellation. A new code is presented that tests commonly accepted design principles and for which decoding by conditional optimization is both fast and ML. The two design principles for perfect space-time codes are nonvanishing determinant of pairwise differences and cubic shaping, and it is cubic shaping that restricts the possible multiplexing structures. The new code shows that it is possible to give up on cubic shaping without compromising code performance or decoding complexity.


Hangzhou's climate is Humid Subtropical with four distinctive seasons. The average annual temperature in Hangzhou is 16.2°C (61.2°F). The summers are hot and humid, while winters are relatively cool and dry. In July, the hottest month, the average temperature is approximately 33.8°C (92.8°F); in January the average temperature is about 3.6°C (38.5°F). Hangzhou receives an average annual rainfall of 1450 mm. In mid-summer, Hangzhou, along with other cities in Zhejiang province, suffer typhoon storms, but typhoons seldom strike it directly. Generally they make land along the southern coast of Zhejiang, and affect Hangzhou with str ong winds and stormy rains.
 Avg High ℃ 8 10 14 20 26 29 33 32 28 23 17 11
 Avg Low ℃ 2 12 17 22 25 25 21 15 4
Source: MSN Weather
For more information about Hangzhou tour, check _URL_
Hangzhou is a travel destination which has four traditional seasons, predictable by the standard calendar. The summers are warm and the winters are cool. In spring, everything is in bloom and in autumn there are colored leaves everywhere. Because of this, it is relatively comfortable to visit the area at any time of year and travelers can pretty much be guaranteed beautiful natural scenery during any month. Visitors interested in seeing the plants in bloom but missing the bulk of the rain should aim for heading to the area just after the rainy season ends in late June. Travelers interested in enjoying winter activities should wait until at least December if not early January. This is when the snow falls in the area, covering the lake and making the area particularly beautiful.
In terms of actual temperature, the hottest month of the year is July which has an average high temperature of just over ninety degrees. The coldest month of the year is January when temperatures hover just above freezing. The wettest month of the year is usually June, which averages eight inches of rain and the driest months are the winter months. Travelers can obtain comprehensive annual climate information for the area at _URL_


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About the project
Water shortage is a serious and increasing problem in many countries. Developing technology to reduce water shortage is of prime importance. We are developing water retention solutions using an approach inspired by Roman technology.
In arid regions, the yearly rainfall is often focussed into two or three events. Large volumes of water are collected in otherwise dry riverbeds, such as wadis or canyons. Current engineering practice is to channel these flash floods to guide them through or around settlements. The water flows towards the sea as quickly as possible. This is undesirable in dry regions which suffer from acute water shortage.
There are few projects to investigate flash flood management and water retention. Roman engineers built soil retention dams, shallow dams which retained the sediment transported by the flash floods to create farmland. The farmland then served as a water retention "sponge", absorbing and retaining the water from flash floods. The systems were very complex and, judging by the estimated lifespan of the dams, they also were successful.
This project will investigate the flash flood management systems built by the Romans as well as current approaches. You will analyse the following areas to gain essential engineering information to design new systems:
- the current situation and needs
- physical model tests of flash floods
- sediment transport
- interaction with retention dams


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Jumping into a better life: the profitable world of grasshopper rearing
A Surin couple are augmenting their teaching salaries by raising Patanga grasshoppers, also known as Bombay locusts, to sell their eggs and meat.
A kilogram of the grasshoppers goes for 450 baht, while the eggs can be sold for up to 10,000 baht per kg to other grasshopper farmers, said Somphong Cheuthong, 53, a teacher in Surin's Sang Kha district.
Grasshoppers are a Thai delicacy, often eaten fried and sprinkled with soy sauce as a snack. They are considered a future food due to their high protein and low fat, and can be farmed using agricultural remnants such as coconut coir and banana leaves, he said.
Somphong said he and his wife, Maneewan, 51, who is also a teacher, have long been trying to find second jobs to generate the income they need to cover the expenses of raising two young daughters. They have tried several career options in their free time including opening a coffee shop, raising cows, and growing grapes.
"None of these can compete with grasshoppers in terms of extra income," said Somphong, adding that he had started by researching on social media how to raise grasshoppers in his free time.
He bought 100 grams of grasshopper eggs for 1,000 baht, which can produce around 500 grasshoppers, and raised them in a homemade shed fashioned from mosquito netting measuring 3x4 metres and two metres in height. The ground must be covered with sand mixed with wet coconut coir, banana leaves or cut grass.
After spreading the eggs on the ground, all the farmer has to do is water them every morning and evening. The eggs will hatch and become adult grasshoppers, after which they will mate with each other and produce more eggs, which can be harvested every 2-3 days.
After 45 days, they will stop laying eggs. The farmer will then sell them for meat and start a new batch of eggs.
Maneewan said since they started a few months ago, the orders for grasshopper eggs and meat have been pouring in non-stop from local merchants and online customers, prompting her to build two more sheds to meet the demand.
She said most of her customers are fellow grasshopper farmers who need new batches of eggs for their cycle.
"Raising grasshoppers is a great part-time career with good income due to the high demand. Getting started is also easy and requires only a small investment," Somphong said. "Plus, the more people raise them, the more we can sell eggs, making it a sustainable business with a constant supply of customers."


keys.
English Sends out a voice (English), when you
press the keys.
Spanish Sends out a voice (Spanish), when you
press the keys.
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Settings
1.3 Volume
1.5 Service Alerts
Allows you to set various volume settings.
Allows you to set any of the four Alert options to either On or
Off.
1. Press
,
,
,
.
1. Press
2. Select Ringer / Earpiece / Key Beep / Speaker
Phone.
3. Adjust the volume of the ringer with
press
to save the setting.
then
n
,
,
,
.
2. Select an alert option.
1. 5. 1 Service Change
Alerts you when service changes. When you enter a
service area, the phone displays Entering Service
Area message. When you leave a service area, the
phone displays Leaving Service Area message.
1.4 Message Alerts
Settings
Allows you to select the alert type for a new message.
Alert types are Voice Mail, Text Message, E-mail,
Page, and 2-Min Reminder.
1. Press
,
,
,
.
2. Select Voice Mail / Text Message / E-mail / Page /
2- Min Reminder.
1. 5. 2. Minute Beep
Alerts you 10 seconds before the end of every minute
during a call.
1. 5. 3. Call Connect
Alerts you when the call is connected.
1. 5. 4. Back To Top
Alerts you when you scroll through the end of a menu list.
3. Select an option and press
4. Set On/ Off with
52
.
then press
.
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1.6 Power On/Off Tone
Note
Allows you to set the phone to sound a tone when the
phone is powered on, powered off, or both.
Dual-Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) Signaling by the
simultaneous transmission of two tones, one from a group of
low frequencies and another from a group of high
frequencies. Each group of frequencies consists of four
frequencies. Setting the Key Beep length to Long will extend
the DTMF tone.
1. Press
,
.
2. Set your selection with
,
,
.
u\
3. Set On / Off with then press
.
1.7 DTMF Length
Allows you to set the Key Tone length and touch tone
playback speed.
,
,
,
.
2. Select either of the following then press
.
Settings
1. Press
Normal Sends out a tone for a fixed period of time
even if you keep the key pressed.
Long
Sends out a continuous tone for as long
as you keep the key pressed.
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Settings
2. Display
2. 2. 1. Main LCD
Options to customize the phone's display screen.
Timer Options
- 7 seconds
- 15 seconds
- 30 seconds
- Always On: means that the backlight is always on.
- Always Off: means that the backlight is never on.
2.1 Banner
Allows you to enter a string of up to 16 characters
which display on the LCD screen.
1. Press
,
,
,
.
2. Enter you banner text then press
.
Brightness Sets the brightness level of the backlight.
Settings
2.2 Backlight
-
Allows you to set the duration for illuminating the
backlight. Main LCD, and Key Light Timer are set
separately.
2. 2. 2. Key Light Timer
1. Press
,
,
,
-
.
Key Light Timer
3. Choose a setting and press
Timer /
-
.
2. Choose a Backlight sub-menu and press
Main LCD /
-
.
Brightness
If an amount of time is set for the timer option, the time
starts after the last key was pressed.
54
-
0% / 25% / 50% / 75% / 100%
7 seconds
15 seconds
Always On: means that the backlight is always on.
Always Off: means that the backlight is never on.
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2.3 Screens
2.5 Clocks
Allows you to choose the kind of background to be
displayed on the phone.
Allows you to choose the kind of clock to be displayed
on the LCD screen.
1. Press
1. Press
,
,
,
.
2. Select Wallpaper / Power On / Power Off then press
.
3. Select from different screens then press
4. Left Soft Key
Save.
,
.
.
Allows you to choose the color of the background
screen.
,
,
2. Select Icon or List and press
.
1. Press
,
,
,
.
2. Select Default / Green / Violet / Orange then press
.
Settings
Allows you to view the Menu as an Icon or List
display.
,
,
2.6 Theme Colors
2.4 Menu Style
1. Press
,
2. Select Normal / Analog / Digital then press Left
Soft Key Save.
.
2.7 Contrast
Allows you to set the level of contrast for your LCD
screen.
1. Press
2. Use
,
,
,
.
to adjust the contrast level.
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Settings
2.8 Fonts
2.0 Power Saver
Allows you to set the size and color of the font.
1. Press
,
,
,
When the phone is in an area without service, it stops
searching for service and enters into Power Saver
Mode.
.
2. 8. 1. Calling Digits
1. Press
1. Select Size / Color.
2. Press
,
2. Use
to choose the desired size or color for
the Calling Digits and then press
-
-
to save.
-
2. 8. 2. Text Editor
-
,
,
.
to select a setting, then press
.
2 min
10 min
30 min
Off
1. Select Size / Color.
Settings
2. Press
to choose the desired size or color for
the Text Editor and then press
to save.
Shows the status of your phone by blinking the light.
1. Press
2.9 Language
,
,
,
2. Set English / Spanish with
56
.
then press
,
,
2. Set On / Off with
Allows you to set the bilingual feature according to
your preference. Choose between English and
Spanish.
1. Press
2.* Status Light
.
,
.
then press
.
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3. System
3.3 Auto NAM
The System menu allows you to designate specific
system network settings.
Allows the phone to automatically switch between
programmed telephone numbers corresponding to the
service provider area.
3.1 Select System
1. Press
Allows you to set up the phone producer's
management environment. Leave this setting as the
default unless you want to alter system selection as
instructed by your service provider.
2. Select On / Off then press
1. Press
Identifies the channel number of a system that is
served as an SID Number. This information should
only be used for technical support.
,
,
,
.
2. Select Home Only / Automatic then press
.
,
,
.
.
3.4 Serving System
,
,
,
.
Settings
1. Press
3.2 Set NAM
,
Allows you to select the phone's NAM (Number
Assignment Module) if the phone is registered with
multiple service providers.
1. Press
,
,
,
.
2. Select NAM1 / NAM2 then press
.
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Settings
4. Security
4.2 Restrict Calls
The Security menu allows you to secure the phone
electronically.
Allows you to restrict outgoing calls. If you set this
feature to On, you can only place calls to emergency
numbers and phone numbers stored in your Contacts.
You can still receive calls in the restrict mode.
4.1 Lock Phone
Keeps your phone from unauthorized use. Once the
phone is locked, it is in restricted mode until the lock
code is entered. You can receive phone calls and still
make emergency calls. You can modify the lock code
using the New Lock code within the Security menu.
1. Press
,
,
,
.
2. Enter the four-digit lock code.
3. Press
Restrict Calls.
4. Select On / Off then press
.
.
Settings
2. Enter the four-digit lock code.
The lock code is commonly the last 4 digits of your
phone number.
3. Press
58
,
1. Press
Lock Phone.
4. Select an option then press
.
Unlock
The phone is never locked (Lock mode can
be used).
Lock
The phone is always locked.
When locked, you can receive incoming
calls or make only emergency calls.
On Power Up The phone is locked when it is turned on.
4.3 Emergency #s
Allows you to enter 3 emergency numbers You can
call these emergency numbers and 911, even when
the phone is locked or restricted.
1. Press
,
,
.
2. Enter the four-digit lock code.
3. Press
Emergency #s.
4. Select emergency number using
.
5. Enter an emergency phone number then press
.
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4.4 Change Lock
4. Press
, select Revert then press
.
Allows you to enter a new four-digit lock code.
1. Press
,
,
5. Call Setup
.
The Call Setup menu allows you to designate how the
phone handles both incoming and outgoing calls.
2. Enter the four-digit lock code.
3. Press
Change Lock.
4. For confirmation, it will ask you to enter the new
lock code again.
4.5 Erase Contacts
Allows you to erase all of your Contacts at once.
1. Press
,
,
,
,
,
.
2. Select Off / Every 10 seconds / Every 30 seconds /
.
.
5.2 Answer


ThePipingMart Blog Grades Hy-Tuf Steel – Composition, Properties and Uses
Hy-Tuf Steel – Composition, Properties and Uses
Hy Tuf Steel
In the world of metallurgy, high-tensile strength steel is crucial for manufacturing various industrial machinery, structures, and equipment. Hy Tuf steel is a high-tensile strength steel widely famous for its strength, ductility, and toughness. It is used in many mechanically demanding applications that require high durability, such as aircraft landing gear, missile components, and critical automotive parts. This blog post will discuss everything you need about Hy Tuf steel – its composition, physical and mechanical properties, uses, hardness, and heat treatment.
Hy Tuf Steel Composition
Hy Tuf steel is a low-alloy, high-strength steel that contains mainly manganese, chromium, and molybdenum. The steel's chemical composition allows it to form a fine-grain microstructure, contributing to its strength, toughness, and fatigue resistance. The chemical composition of Hy Tuf steel may vary depending on the manufacturer but typically contains around 0.2% carbon, 1.7% manganese, 0.5% chromium, and 0.2% molybdenum.
Hy Tuf Steel Physical Properties
Hy Tuf steel has several physical properties, making it a popular choice among engineers and manufacturers. It has a density of around 7.85 g/cm3, which makes it a relatively lightweight steel despite its high strength. Its thermal conductivity ranges between 26-48 W/m.K, and its coefficient of thermal expansion is around 12 x 10-6 m/m.K. Furthermore, Hy Tuf steel has excellent corrosion resistance, making it ideal for use in harsh environmental conditions.
Hy Tuf Steel Mechanical Properties
The most significant advantage of Hy Tuf steel is its high tensile strength, which ranges between _PHONE_ MPa. It also has a high yield strength of around 800 MPa, which means it can withstand loads without permanent deformation. Hy Tuf steel is also highly ductile, with an elongation of about 12-25%, which means it can absorb significant amounts of energy without fracturing.
Hy Tuf Steel Uses
Hy Tuf steel has many applications due to its excellent mechanical properties and toughness. It is commonly used in aircraft landing gear, missile components, and automotive parts that require high strength and durability. It is also used in structural applications, such as bridges and buildings, where power and toughness are crucial. The high strength of Hy Tuf steel also makes it suitable for use in the construction of pressure vessels and pipelines.
Hy Tuf Steel Hardness
The hardness of Hy Tuf steel depends on its heat treatment but typically ranges between 200-250HB. The steel's hardness is essential to its strength and toughness, as it determines how well it can resist deformation and fracture under high loads.
Hy Tuf Steel Heat Treatment
Heat treatment is crucial for achieving the desired physical and mechanical properties of Hy Tuf steel. The most common heat treatment process for Hy Tuf steel is quenching and tempering. The steel is heated to a high temperature during quenching and then rapidly cooled in water or oil to form a martensitic microstructure. After satisfying, the steel is tempered to improve its toughness and ductility.
Conclusion
Hy Tuf steel is high-strength steel with excellent mechanical properties, making it suitable for various applications. Its chemical composition, physical and mechanical properties, hardness, and heat treatment make it one of the most popular choices among manufacturers and engineers. With its excellent strength, toughness, and ductility, Hy Tuf steel provides outstanding performance and durability even in harsh environments. Whether you are designing aircraft landing gear, missile components, or pressure vessels, Hy Tuf steel is an ideal choice for your project.
Related Post


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Map-based portal to visually explore and download air quality data for New South Wales.
The air quality data explorer enables you to spatially and temporally view air quality data, meteorological data and details for all stations in the NSW Air Quality Monitoring Network.
You can use the facility to view and download the following, either as tables or as graphs/charts:
- hourly averages, for all air quality and meteorological parameters, for the past 48 hours and week.
- daily maximum and daily averaged data for air quality parameters for the past month and year.
You can also select the 'Fires Near Me' map layer, to view current incidents reported by the NSW Rural Fire Services (RFS).
The facility also has advanced features including:
- data from the rural monitoring stations (formerly DustWatch)
- air quality categories (AQC) data from the air quality monitoring network
- instructions for downloading data.
Note: our data is reported in Australian Eastern Standard Time (AEST), even during daylight savings period.
View the data in full screen using the SEED Map Viewer or use the interactive map below.
The air quality data explorer is hosted by the SEED (Sharing and Enabling Environmental Data in NSW) portal, a central data resource established by the NSW Government in response to community requests for reliable and readily accessible information about the environment. The department has developed the air quality data explorer as part of the Enhance Air Quality Website And Data Delivery (EWADD) Project.
- Contact the team for:
- more information, feedback or problems with the SEED data explorer: _EMAIL_
- more information or feedback on air quality data: _EMAIL_
- Other options to download air quality data:
- Air quality Application Programming Interface (API) – for air quality data streaming service
- Data download facility – for data search and download (multiple records)
- Air quality maps – for hourly data viewing on regional maps and download past 7 days (only)
See the data licence statement for information about using and attributing these data.


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True Spirituality: Physical, Public and Pneumatic – Luke 24:36-53
It's either this or it's that, but it can't be both, right? Some things really are life or death, black or white, good or bad, apples or oranges. Dichotomies can be helpful. Dichotomies can also be unhelpful or false. God's people have been known to make unhelpful distinctions between their "spiritual life" and their "home life", "social life", etc. When I recently asked a friend of mine in the Carolina's what he thought Christians meant by their "spiritual life" he said, "Quiet times, prayer time and Sundays". Is this really what constitutes Biblical spirituality? Is true spirituality just the private time we have with God? Is spirituality only about those specific times we gather with others to do religious things and focus on the desires of the soul? Or, is spirituality about the body AND the soul? Does it concern the private AND the public life? And finally is spirituality wholly a work of man OR fully the work of God?
[quote name="" center="true" float="right" size="one-third"] The answer appears in Jesus' resurrection and ascension as recorded in Luke 24:36-56.[/quote]The answer appears in Jesus' resurrection and ascension as recorded in Luke 24:36-53. Luke's record turns us to the answer that true spirituality is physical, public and pneumatic. Christ has bodily risen as the Lord of all creation: True Spirituality is Physical. Just as Jesus is raised flesh and bone, he is about the business of redeeming us body and blood. Christ calls his disciples to preach repentance from sin in all areas of life: True Spirituality is Public. Just as we are to be a part of the movement to call people to pray and read their Bibles we also are to call for proper use of money, excellence in engineering, and justice in warfare. Ascending to the Father Christ will pour out his Spirit upon his disciples: True Spirituality is Pneumatic. Just as the disciples are given understanding regarding their mission they are told to stay put till they are clothed with power. Without the grace of the Spirit of Christ they could do nothing and neither can we.
Here's the rub: if we see spirituality as only applying to the reasonable soul (Plato), the private world of values and not the public world of facts (Enlightenment), and a work of only man or only God (Pelagius or Hyper-Calvinists) we ultimately fail to grasp the goodness of the gospel. False dichotomies are like Pied Pipers leading us to the wrong places for help. When we don't see that Christ came to redeem the body we will tend to look to others for that need. If we think that Christ's authority doesn't extend to the workplace or our bank accounts we will look to other guides as our ultimate hope. We may even grasp the bodily and global implications of the gospel and yet fail to see how God promises to empower us to live out the implications. Thinking we can accomplish it on our own will only lead to pride; thinking it is completely God will only lead to confusion. Jesus won the promise of the Father for us through his death and resurrection. We have not earned or deserved the forgiveness or power we receive by the Holy Pneuma (Spirit). Yet, by his presence in our lives we are being restored and are a part of God's work to bring restoration to his good creation.
If you are interested in reading more along these lines there are intriguing reads like Creation Regained by Al Wolters, Living at the Crossroads by Goheen and Bartholomew or anything by Christopher J.H. Wright.
[button url="_URL_ newwindow="true" color="red"]Luke 24:36-53[/button]
Questions for Conversation
[box icon="info"]Which dichotomy do you see as most problematic for you:
- Christianity is about the reasonable soul NOT the physical body
- Christianity is about the private religious life NOT the public life.
- Christianity is about my doing spiritual things for me NOT me being empowered to respond to the resurrected Christ.
[box icon="info"]What is the biggest problem you are facing in life right now? How are you dealing with the problem? Is your way of dealing with it working? How does the resurrection give clues as to how you might better respond?[/box]
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