text:
Students Protest because of Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty
Students are shown tearing down an iron gate with ropes at the residence of the Japanese Premier Nobusuke Kishi June 1960 Tokyo, Japan. Students were protesting the passing of the Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty between Japan and the US. The treaty set forth an obligation for each country to assist each other in case of armed attack, although ironically Article 9 of the Japanese constitution prevents Japan from sending military forces abroad. The Treaty would solidify American military influence in and would legitimize American military bases throughout Japan, which played important roles as potential jumping off points into Asia and especially Russia. The left movement, which encompassed the students seen in the photo, was angered at the military land grab made by the US and the loss of Japanese sovereignty.
Surging forward, rioting Japanese students use ropes in an effort to pull down the iron gates outside the official residence of Premier Kishi here on June 3rd. The students, protesting the signing of the Japan-US mutual security treaty, succeeded in pulling doen the gates, rushing into the courtyard, and smashing four riot trucks which were lined up there. June 1960 Tokyo, Japan.
Credit: Donated by Corbis-Bettmann


Published on: 02 Aug, 2017
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must be in chronological order (that is, a new message cannot be older than the one already processed), and if a message is newer than the current system time (that is, it seems to be coming from the future), syslog-ng PE will replace its timestamp with the current system time.
 Example: How syslog-ng PE calculates context-timeout
 Consider the following two messages:
 <38>1990-01-01T14:45:25 customhostname program6[1234]: program6 testmessage
 <38>1990-01-01T14:46:25 customhostname program6[1234]: program6 testmessage
 If the context-timeout is 10 seconds and syslog-ng PE receives the messages within 1 sec, the timeout event will occur immediately, because the difference of the two timestamps (60 sec) is larger than the timeout value (10 sec).
 - Avoid using unnecessarily long timeout values on high-traffic systems, as storing the contexts for many messages can require considerable memory. For example, if two related messages usually arrive within seconds, it is not needed to set the timeout to several hours.
Referencing earlier messages of the context
When creating the aggregated message, or in the various parameters of the grouping-by() parser, you can also refer to fields and values of earlier messages of the context by adding the @<distance-of-referenced-message-from-the-current> suffix to the macro. For example, if there are three log messages in a context, the ${HOST}@1 expression refers to the host field of the current (third) message in the context, the ${HOST}@2 expression refers to the host field of the previous (second) message in the context, ${PID}@3 to the PID of the first message, and so on. For example, the following message can be created from SSH login/logout messages: An SSH session for ${SSH_USERNAME}@1 from ${SSH_CLIENT_ADDRESS}@2 closed. Session lasted from ${DATE}@2 to ${DATE}.
Caution:
When referencing an earlier message of the context, always enclose the field name between braces, for example, ${PID}@3. The reference will not work if you omit the braces.
NOTE:
To use a literal @ character in a template, use @@.
Example: Referencing values from an earlier message
The following action can be used to log the length of an SSH session (the time difference between a login and a logout message in the context):
aggregate(
 value('value name="MESSAGE" An SSH session for ${SSH_USERNAME}@1 from ${SSH_CLIENT_ADDRESS}@2 closed. Session lasted from ${DATE}@2 to ${DATE}')
)
If you do not know which message of the context contains the information you need, you can use the grep template function. For details, see grep.
Example: Using the grep template function
The following example selects the message of the context that has a username name-value pair with the root value, and returns the value of the auth_method name-value pair.
$(grep ("${username}" == "root") ${auth_method})
To perform calculations on fields that have numerical values, see Numerical operations.
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text:
Introduces an alternative to covenant theology and dispensationalism that positions covenant as the key to understanding Scripture's narrative plot structure.
Many theological discussions come to an impasse when parties align behind either covenant theology or dispensationalism. But Peter Gentry and Stephen Wellum now propose a significant biblical theology of the covenants that avoids the extremes of both classical systems and holds the potential to break the theological impasse. Kingdom through Covenant is not a system-driven work, but a careful exposition of the covenants as key to the narrative plot structure of the whole Bible.
Kingdom through Covenant emphasizes the importance of the covenant concept throughout Scripture, showing that crucial theological differences can be resolved by understanding how the biblical covenants unfold and relate to one another. Rather than looking at covenant as the center of biblical theology, the authors show how the covenants form the backbone of Scripture and the key to understanding its overarching story. They ultimately show that the covenant concept forms a solid platform for systematic theology.
By incorporating the latest available research from the ancient Near East and examining implications of their work for Christology, ecclesiology, eschatology, and hermeneutics--Gentry and Wellum present a thoughtful and viable alternative to both covenant theology and dispensationalism.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Ibanic (Malayic Dayak)
The Malayic languages
The Ibanic languages (orange) are found mostly inland in western Kalimantan, perhaps the homeland of the Malayic peoples, and across Sarawak. The Malayan languages and Banjar (dark red) range from central Sumatra (their homeland), across Malaya, and throughout coastal Kalimantan. Banjar is the red area of the south coast of Borneo. The excluded area in northwest Kalimantan (between the orange and red) is the Land Dayak languages, which are not closely related.
The Malayic languages are a branch of the Sunda–Sulawesi languages of the Austronesian family. They include Malay, the national language of Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei; Minangkabau in central Sumatra; and Iban in northern Borneo.
It is thought that the homeland of the Malayic languages is in western Borneo, where the Ibanic languages remain. Then Malayan branch represents a secondary dispersal, probably from central Sumatra but possibly also from Borneo.
For some time there was confusion as to the placement of various languages called Dayak; it is now apparent that some of these are Malayic and some are not. The Malayic Dayak languages include Iban; the term Ibanic sometimes applies to the whole or sometimes to a smaller group of Sea Dayak peoples, or Ibanic proper. Other Dayak languages, called Land Dayak, are found in the northwest corner of Kalimantan, between Ibanic and Malayan.
- Malayan languages (Minangkabau, Malay)
- Ibanic languages, or Malayic Dayak (Iban and related tongues)
- Banjarese (incl. Bukit Malay)
- Urak Lawoi'
Although Banjarese, with six million speakers, is commonly considered "local Malay", a 2008 analysis of the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database was not able to verify that it is even Malayic. The study was only able to determine with 80% confidence that Banjar is closer to Malayan and Ibanic than it is to other Malayo-Sumbawan languages. It does appear that it is the most divergent Malayic language included in the study.
Several of the Ibanic languages are also sometimes placed separately in Malayic.
Adelaar (1993) classifies the Malayic languages as follows.
- (Main branch)
- Standard Malay
- Middle Malay
Nothofer (1988), however, gives the following classification for the Malayic branch.
Proto-Malayic has a total of 19 consonants and 4 vowels (Adelaar 1992:102).
|Close||i /i/||u /u/|
There are 2 diphthongs:
Proto-Malayic syllables are mostly disyllabic and have the following syllable structure (Adelaar 1992:102):
* [C V (N)] [C V (N)] [C V (N)] C V C
- Note: C = consonant, V = vowel, N = nasal
Notes and references
- The Austronesians: historical and comparative perspectives. Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon. ANU E Press, 2006. ISBN 1-920942-85-8, ISBN 978-1-920942-85-4
- 'Banjar' at Ethnologue
- Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
- Adelaar, K. Alexander. 1993. The Internal Classification of the Malayic Subgroup. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 56, No. 3 (1993), pp. 566-581.
- /t/ is listed as dental by Adelaar (1992).
- Adelaar, K. Alexander. 1992. Proto-Malayic: The Reconstruction of its Phonology and Parts of its Lexicon and Morphology. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, no. 119. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, the Australian National University.
- Adelaar, K. Alexander. 1993. The Internal Classification of the Malayic Subgroup. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 56, No. 3 (1993), pp. 566–581.
- Nothofer, Bernd. 1975. The reconstruction of Proto-Malayo-Javanic. (Verhandelingen van het KITLV, 73.) The Hague: Nijhoff.
- Nothofer, Bernd. 1988. "A discussion of two Austronesian subgroups: Proto-Malay and Proto-Malayic." In Mohd. Thani Ahmad and Zaini Mohamed Zain (eds.) 1988. Rekonstruksi dan cabang-cabang Bahasa Melayu induk, pp. 34–58. Siri monograf sejarah bahasa Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The Virginia National Geographic Bee is coming up next month and a Roanoke County student is set to compete against the top students in the state. You can read all about that in Wednesday's education notebook, but in the meantime would you have what it takes to compete?
Come back this afternoon for the answers.
1. From its source in Minnesota, the Mississippi River flows south about 2,300 miles before emptying into what large gulf?
2. A subspecies of brown bear known as the Kodiak bear takes its common name from an island that lies off the southern coast of what state?
3. The Danakil Depression, located in part of the Great Rift Valley, is one of the lowest points on which continent?
4. What is the term for the triangular deposit of sediment sometimes found at the mouth of a river — moraine or delta?
Full disclosure: I think I knew the answer to one maybe two of these questions. Good luck.


text:
How To Name The Compound TiI4?
Wikipedia calls it "Titanium Tetraiodide", but it's a molecular compound, so aren't prefixes not supposed to be used?
- pisgahchemistLv 710 years agoFavorite Answer
The rules in my classroom and most classrooms are these....
1. Metal-nonmetal or metal-polyatomic ion ==> use the Stock system (includes Roman numeral when necessary
2. Nonmetal-nonmetal ==> Greek prefix method.
Trying to use a system based on how covalent or how ionic are the bonds is a fools errand. The only clear-cut demarcation is this... Metal-nonmetal, use the Stock system. Nonmetal-nonmetal, use the Greek prefixes. The stair-step line clearly separates metals from nonmetals.
Titanium is clearly a metal and iodine is clearly a nonmetal. Therefore, the name is titanium(IV) iodide. Period.


text:
Please let me know the service life of film capacitor.
The film capacitor will never wear out or fail if it is used within the rated voltage range having been normally set up.
However, this does not apply to the cases when the voltage exceeding the rated voltage is applied on it and when it is used in the high temperature/high humidity environment. In such cases, it is necessary to examine the details as to the propriety of its use and service life under respective conditions.
How much current can flow through the film capacitor?
Please refer to the allowable current data for frequency.
However, this data refers to the sine wave current. The waveform in the equipment in actual use frequently contains a considerably many high harmonic components. Even in slightly excess of the allowable values given in said data, self-heating of capacitor may fall below the allowable values in many cases. Finally, it is recommended to check and confirm the self-heating at the actual equipment.
Why the is derating of high frequency voltage necessary?
The high frequency voltage is to be limited by the allowable current value for high frequency as mentioned above. However, this voltage refers strictly to the AC components. In case when DC voltage is overlapped on it, the peak voltage should never exceed the DC rated voltage.
Moreover, in case of the waveforms different from the sine wave, it is also necessary to check and confirm whether the following conditions are satisfied.
(1) Current conditions are satisfied (less than the allowable current).
(2) In case when the pulse rated voltage is specified, Up-p voltage is lower than the rated voltage.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
How does the technology work?
Both the Low Shear pump and the Coalescing pump are multistage centrifugal pumps with high hydraulic efficiency. The number of stages and the configuration of the individual stages are designed to control shear forces and to provide an optimal beneficial effect on the pumped media. The new pumps especially target produced water applications.
Are both pump types low shear?
Yes, both the Low Shear and the Coalescing Pump are low shear pump types. The added advantage of the Coalescing pump is the coalescing effect which requires a physically larger pump.
The pumps are mainly developed for produced water applications but will provide beneficial effects also when used on reject streams, slop water and drain water in petroleum processing facilities.
What are the application areas for the pumps?
What are the benefits compared to positive displacement pumps?
Typhonix pumps are built in accordance to API 610 and therefore have a significantly lower OPEX due to reduced maintenance load and high MTBF compared to positive displacement pumps. Additionally there is normally no requirement for closed outlet protection, simplifying the pumping system and reducing CAPEX and OPEX.
Is there a requirement for specific fluid composition to enable coalescence?
The droplet growth of the Coalescing pump is based on collisions between oil droplets. The coalescing effect is therefore proportional to the concentration of oil in water (at a given droplet size) and inversely proportional to droplet size (at a given oil concentration). The coalescing effect of the pump increases with increasing oil concentration and reducing oil droplet size. Generally this means that the pump works better the more difficult the water is.
Are the pumps built in accordance with API 610?
Yes, the pumps are built in accordance with API610 by a certified manufacturer in Germany.
What is the difference between the Low Shear and the Coalescing pump?
The Low Shear pump is designed to control droplet breaking while the Coalescing Pump is designed to increase droplet size while pumping produced water. The Low Shear pump has a smaller footprint than the Coalescing pump. When designing Low Shear and Coalescing pumps optimally, information about oil type, oil concentration and expected oil droplet size in the pump inlet are all valuable information.
What seal systems can be used?
Seal systems are supplied in accordance to client specification. API 682 seal systems from various manufacturers can be supplied.


Richard Taylor - _URL_ is the biggest and most popular Australian Scuba Diving Resource! - _URL_ is the biggest and most popular Australian Scuba Diving Resource! _URL_ Tue, 28 Mar 2017 09:24:18 +1100 Another Quality Website by Blue Tongue Designs - _URL_ en-gb What do the terms CNS, OTU and UPTD mean? _URL_ _URL_
By Richard Taylor
The terms CNS, OTU and UPTD all deal with oxygen toxicity within the human body. The terms OTU and UPTD mean the same thing, so we will break this down into two separate sections.
CNS stands for '˜Central Nervous System' and is used when we are discussing the oxygen toxicity effect to our central nervous system. It is actually the CNS percentage that we refer to and this will be what we look at first. A secondary concern, and one which in general as divers has little or no effect on us, is the '˜Whole Body' or '˜Pulmonary' toxicity which is discussed when dealing with OTU's, Oxygen Tolerance Units. To begin with though we need to understand the basics of of our oxygen system.
Oxygen as a gas is what keeps us alive. It is absorbed through our lungs into the body and delivered to the tissues via the arterial system where it is metabolised in the long run producing carbon dioxide (CO2). This waste is then delivered back to the lungs via the veinial system and exhaled (a much more in depth explanation is available in most good medical books). However, as much as oxygen is our life giving gas, too much of it can be harmful. It is this excessive amount of oxygen that we look out for.
Breathed under pressure each of the components of air, oxygen and nitrogen, effect an increased pressure proportional to the total pressure, this being their '˜Partial Pressure', PPO2 for oxygen and PPN2 for Nitrogen. The greater the partial pressure of the gas then the greater the amount that is breathed by the diver and therefore the greater the amount metabolised into the body. The human body has a threshold at which too much oxygen is unable to be safely metabolised and it is at this point that oxygen becomes toxic.
The most important concern to us as divers is Central Nervous System toxicity. Also known as the Paul Bert Effect, after the French researcher who first documented the physiological effects of exposure to high pressures of oxygen (1878 in '˜La Pression Barometrique'), CNS toxicity is monitored by taking the amount of exposure to a given partial pressure of oxygen as a percentage of the total maximum recommended. This maximum recommended allowed doseage is published by NOAA (the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Association) as a set of tables widely accepted and used by the Nitrox and Technical Diving training agencies. These '˜NOAA Oxygen Exposure Tables' are recommended limits only as the exposure tolerance varies from diver to diver. Much of today's knowledge on CNS Toxicity stems from research undertaken in the 1940's by the Royal Navy (for more details read '˜Oxygen and the Diver' by Kenneth Donald, SPA Ltd 1992).
There is much research continuing today on CNS Toxicity and as to date there has been no satisfactory consistent warning of the onset it is only through the limits to exposure that CNS Toxicity can be avoided. Among the warning symptons are twitching (especially lips), nausea, dizziness and dysphoria. The onset of convulsions will result in a Grand Mal seizure and unconciousness, an effect which will place the diver at serious risk of drowning. Diving beyond the depth limit of the mixture being breathed will increase the chance of suffering from a CNS Toxicity convulsion.
The second effect is more relevent to commercial divers who undertake long exposures to increased oxygen pressures than to us as recreational diver. Whole Body, or Pulmonary Oxygen, Toxicity causes progressive respiratory distress, leading to respiratory failure and death. The net result is that the lungs' vital capacity to transfer the oxygen is destroyed along with the pulmonary capillaries and alveolar lining cells. This effect can be tracked via the '˜Oxygen Toxicity Clock' and the REPEX method (Repetive Exposure Tables, R. W. Hamilton 1989). Here repetitive exposure to oxygen partial pressures above 0.5 bar can be tracked in relation to a recommended maximum equivelent in minutes to breathing 100% oxygen at sea level, 1 bar. The Oxygen Tolerence Units allowed ( OTU's or Unit Pulmonary Toxicity Dose, UPTD) will decrease with each repetitive days diving.
Also known as the Lorrain Smith Effect, who identified this effect in 1899, much of today's knowledge was again gained by the research undertaken conducted by Professor Donald during the Second World War. The symptoms are chest tightness, cough, chest pain and shortness of breath. Intermittent rather than continuous exposure to high oxygen partial pressures will alleviate this risk. As recreational scuba divers it is most likely that the relatively short dive times and numerous surface intervals we undertake will accumulate only a minimal number of OTU's. However, repetitive multi day diving with high partial pressurs of oxygen sould be planned to include the OTU Repex Tables and limits.
(Note: for a more detailed description of Oxygen Toxicity refer to '˜Diving and Subaquatic Medicine' 3rd Ed 1992 by Carl Edmunds et al, from which some of the above is taken)
]]>
mailman [AT] diveoz [DOT] com [DOT] au (adminWebguy) Richard Taylor Tue, 11 Sep 2001 00:00:00 +1000
What are the differences between manifolds and independent cylinders and which is the best system to use? _URL_ _URL_
By Richard Taylor
The question of manifold usage is a very heavily discussed subject, with many different and quite polarized opinions on the subject. Some people are adamant that manifolds seriously reduce the safety of twin cylinders and without suitable support will place the diver at great risk. Others would vehemently deny that using a manifold significantly increase the diver's risk but that the additional safety factors and comfort easily make up for any slim possibility of mechanical failure. Even with manifold users there are differences in how to use the manifold.
It is not realistic to attempt to settle these differences in this column, for in many ways the principle of personal preference takes priority. However it is important to understand that ensuring adequate safety and redundancy with any diving configuration should be the most important factors. Before we can look at the pros and cons of a manifold system we first need to look at the history of manifolds.
The original manifolds were developed in response to the early (pre 1960's) diver's need for an increased gas supply while using their twin hose regulator. As larger cylinders were not common, and fill pressures were low, a single yoke fitting was manufactured which was connected to two cylinders. This system is still in use today in specialised mine & fire rescue sets.
With the advent of the single hose regulator the first true diver's manifold was developed which connected two independent cylinders and allowed for two regulators to be attached. This 'crossover manifold' equalized the pressure between the two cylinders and the two cylinders in effect became one breathing system. The manifold was a yoke connection and as this could be bumped against an overhead projection and damaged there could be the loss of all the air in both cylinders. This system can still be seen in use even today, but these are potentially dangerous systems not designed for redundancy or emergency air situations.
Both of the above systems should be treated as a single air source for all dive planning.
In the late 1960's Dr George Benjamin developed the first isolation manifold. This 'Benjamin Manifold' had a connecting bar between the two cylinder valves, allowing for the regulator of either cylinder to have access to the air from both cylinders. What differentiated this system from the previous type of manifolds was that should one regulator free flow or O-ring fail then that valve could be turned off effectively isolating it from the air cylinder. The second regulator then would continue to have access to both cylinder contents. There was however no way of isolating the cylinders form one another once this bar was connected.
The current isolation manifold design was produced in the late 1970's by Sherwood. Now called the DIN Double Genesis Manifold this system is similar to the Benjamin manifold but includes an isolation valve in the connecting bar, therefore allowing each cylinder to be independent of the other. Now available from most valve suppliers (OMS, Dive Rite, Scuba Pro, Sterling, etc) this system has become the accepted manifold system for many cave and technical divers. It is this system that we shall consider with regard to the manifold versus the twin independent system discussion.
The only difference between independent doubles and the isolation manifold is the connecting valve and bar between the two cylinders. Both systems can be run as separate cylinders by diving the manifold in the closed off or isolated position. The argument against is that no matter how tested & secure the connecting valve and bar is there is still a chance that an internal O-ring or valve component may be damaged (say from being knocked). Those in favour of this system point to a fail free record for properly connected and banded cylinders and the increased safety. Should one regulator fail then that regulator alone can be isolated by closing the relevant cylinder valve and then, by opening the centre isolation valve, the working regulator can then have access to both cylinders.
Another difference in opinion is even in the use of these manifolds. Some of the cave and technical training agencies in the USA have advocated diving with the manifold open and then closing the centre valve in an air loss emergency. Others advocate running with the manifold closed as described above, but


text:
Adaptive molecular decompositions are useful for analyzing nonstationary signals or images. They can be built up from maximally redundant, uniform partitions of unity, the latter being generated by translations of a single atom to each coordinate sample. These decompositions are adaptive in the sense that they respect a given measure of stationarity in an optimal way. The result is a collection of molecules that generate a one-parameter family of analysis and synthesis frames for the Gabor transform. Each such pair of frames ensures an overall amplitude and energy preserving transformation to the Gabor domain and back. Moreover, for a given atom and stationarity criterion, the redundancy of these frames is minimized, and so the computation time for the Gabor transform is optimized.
View full article as PDF (0.26 Mb)


text: The objective of this NASA Phase I SBIR program is to leverage lightweight, durable materials developed by NanoSonic for use within extra vehicular activity (EVA) space boots to provide the following benefits: weight reduction, increased durability/longevity and thermal protection/comfort. NanoSonic will collaborate with ILC Dover, the manufacturer of the EVA space boot, to develop next-generation designs employing the adaptive thermal control materials described herein. Next-generation designs will increase the comfort and productivity while reducing fatigue and injury risks provided to crew members. Further, these next-generation EVA boot materials shall also provide enhanced instep support and enable better boot sizing as indexing. To address the comfort and thermal concerns within the EVA boot, NanoSonic will work with ILC Dover, the world's leader in EVA spacesuits, who was recently awarded the contract by NASA to develop the Z-2 advanced spacesuit. In addition to providing enhancements for foot indexing and thermal comfort, NanoSonic will work with ILC to ensure that the solutions developed herein provide weight savings and increased durability such that the EVA prototype boots developed in the Phase II effort will afford crew members increased comfort and productivity while reducing fatigue and injury risk. The proposed program would start at TRL 5 and end at TRL 8 after a Phase II effort.


Nice numbers part 2: scales
In part 1 I talked about a problem when developing scales built algorithmically. For example choosing numbers on an axis:
If you want five ticks on the side of bar chart, and the range is 0 – 8, you could do 0, 2, 4, 6, 8. But what about 0 – 5? That would be 0, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, 5. How about if the chart is displayed on a small screen and you can only fit in 4 ticks, then 0 – 8 is 0, 2.666, 5.333, 8. Those are not nice numbers.
So, an axis (say on a column chart) for those values would look like this:
A poorly formed scale

In that post we developed an algorithm for rounding numbers to an aesthetically pleasing value. However, the value returned from that function was a string – a human readable representation of the number, such as "1.2 trillion". In order to tackle the problem described above we will need to keep the number as a Number.
function getNiceNumber(uglyNumber, precision) {
 if (! precision) precision == 2;
 return parseFloat((uglyNumber).toPrecision(2));
}
function getDisplayNumber(niceNumber) {
 var order = Math.floor(Math.log10(niceNumber));
 var suffix = '';
 if (order >= 12) {
 niceNumber = niceNumber / Math.pow(10, 12);
 suffix = ' trillion';
 } else if (order >= 9) {
 niceNumber = niceNumber / Math.pow(10, 9);
 suffix = 'bn';
 } else if (order >= 6) {
 niceNumber = niceNumber / Math.pow(10, 6);
 suffix = 'm';
 } else if (order >= 3) {
 niceNumber = niceNumber / Math.pow(10, 3);
 suffix = 'k';
 } else if (order <= -3) {
 niceNumber = niceNumber / Math.pow(10, order);
 suffix = ' × 10' + order + '';
 }

 return niceNumber + suffix;
}
var uglyNumber = 0.000326343;
var niceNumber = getNiceNumber(uglyNumber);
console.log(getDisplayNumber(niceNumber));
As before, that logs:
3.3 × 10-4
Choosing an increment
Now, to return to the problem at hand. In our example, generating 4 tick marks on a scale from 0 – 8 doesn't give good results. We can see that it won't. 4 tick marks equates to 3 regions: look at the axis illustration, there are 3 regions between the 4 ticks; in general, for n ticks there are always n – 1 regions. Therefore the (bad) increment chosen in that example is 8 (the range) divided by 3, which is 2.66 reoccurring.
So, what would make a good increment? Well, a nice number would be a good start, probably. If we decrease the precision to 1, the increment becomes 3:
function getNiceIncrement(start, end, numberOfTicks) {
 var range = end - start;
 var numberOfRegions = numberOfTicks - 1;
 return getNiceNumber(range / numberOfRegions);
}
var start = 0;
var end = 8;
var increment = getNiceIncrement(start, end, 4);
console.log(increment);
Which will log out "3".
Now, for the example case we could say we are done. If we generate the tick marks by incrementing from the start we get:
0,3,6,9
Which quite nicely covers the area of interest and only uses nice numbers. As ever, it's not that simple though. How about 0 to 4, with 4 ticks? Our nice increment is then 1 (4/3 rounded down); the scale would be:
0,1,2,3
It doesn't cover the range, so is completely invalid. The obvious solution here (assuming you are not willing to use 5 ticks) is to always round numbers up. However that is not quite as trivial as it may appear: 1203.5 should round up to 2000, not 1204. As with the getDisplayNumber function, the solution lies in logarithms.
function getNiceIncrement(start, end, numberOfTicks) {
 var range = end - start;
 var numberOfRegions = numberOfTicks - 1;
 var uglyIncrement = range / numberOfRegions;
 var order = Math.floor(Math.log10(uglyIncrement));
 var divisor = Math.pow(10, order);
 return = Math.ceil(uglyIncrement / divisor) * divisor;
}
var start = 0;
var end = 4;
var increment = getNiceIncrement(start, end, 4);
console.log(increment);
This time, the generated increment is 2. That is better, we get 0,2,4,6.
By way of a quick explanation into the algorithm, rounding down the log-base-ten of the ugly increment gives us the number of digits before the decimal place minus one (i.e. the integer you would raise 10 to to get the largest possible number which is still less than the ugly increment), I will call this the order. Dividing the ugly increment by 10 raised to the power of the order always gives a number between 1 and 10; which we can round up, safely, then multiple by the order to return it to the correct size. By example:
 - start = 120010, end = 863209, numberOfTicks = 4
 - range = 743199
 - numberOfRegions = 3
 - uglyIncrement = 247733
 - order = 5 (as there are 6 digits or 105 = 100000 < 247733
 - divisor = 100000
 - uglyIncrement / divisor = 2.47733
 - Math.ceil(uglyIncrement / divisor) = 3
 - Math.ceil(uglyIncrement / divisor) * divisor = 300000
So, to recap, we now have a function that will generate nice increments and another that will generate display numbers (and getNiceNumber, although that is no longer used).
Centring the range
Consider the case where the scale runs from 11 to 15, with 4 ticks. The range is still 4, so the nice increment will be calculated as 2 and the scale will run:
11,13,15,17
That is okay, but the 17 seems superfluous as our original scale ended at the penultimate tick mark. We can account for this by moving the start tick backwards to centre the range. We should be a little cautious, though, in the case where the start of the range is zero. In the case of 0 – 4 our scale was 0,2,4,6 – would -1,1,3,5 have been better? Probably not: the negative number are an unnecessary complication. So, we might use:
function getNiceTickMarks(start, end, numberOfTicks) {
 var range = end - start;
 var numberOfRegions = numberOfTicks - 1;
 var niceIncrement = getNiceIncrement(range, numberOfRegions);
 var rangeOfTicks = niceIncrement * numberOfRegions;
 if (rangeOfTicks > range) {
 if (start >= 0 && start < niceIncrement) {
 start = 0;
 } else {
 start -= (rangeOfTicks - range) / 2;
 }
 }
 var tickMarks = [];
 var counter = start;
 while (tickMarks.length < numberOfTicks) {
 tickMarks.push(counter);
 counter += niceIncrement;
 }
 return tickMarks;
}
function getNiceIncrement(range, numberOfRegions) {
 var uglyIncrement = range / numberOfRegions;
 var order = Math.floor(Math.log10(uglyIncrement));
 var divisor = Math.pow(10, order);
 return Math.ceil(uglyIncrement / divisor) * divisor;
}
var start = 11;
var end = 15;
var tickMarks = getNiceTickMarks(start, end, 4);
console.log(tickMarks);
That will return:
10,12,14,16
Perfect. And if we had 0 – 4 (or 0.5 – 4.5, etc) we would get:
0,2,4,6
That, for now at least, is all I have to say on nice numbers.
One Response to "Nice numbers part 2: scales"
 1. […] that out in our visualizations and I'll write about choosing sensible numbers in another post […]
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Side Effects of Calcitonin Salmon Nasal Spray
Runny or stuffy nose, other nasal symptoms, and back pain are the most common side effects of calcitonin salmon nasal spray. Rare side effects (occurring in less than 1 percent of people) include flushing, cough, and gas. Certain calcitonin salmon nasal spray side effects are potentially serious and may require prompt medical attention, including frequent nosebleeds, depression, and severe nasal irritation.
As with any medicine, side effects are possible with calcitonin salmon nasal spray (Fortical® nasal spray, Miacalcin® nasal spray); however, not everyone who takes the medication will experience side effects. In fact, most people tolerate it quite well. If side effects do occur, in most cases, they are minor and either require no treatment or can easily be treated by you or your healthcare provider.
(This article covers many, but not all, of the possible side effects with calcitonin salmon nasal spray. Your healthcare provider can discuss a more complete list of calcitonin salmon nasal spray side effects with you.)
Some side effects with calcitonin salmon nasal spray, while occurring infrequently, are potentially serious and should be reported immediately to your healthcare provider. These include but are not limited to:
- Severe or frequent nosebleeds
- Severe nasal irritation
- Signs of an allergic reaction, including unexplained rash, hives, itching, unexplained swelling, wheezing, or difficulty breathing.


Describe the principle of fluorescence and give two examples of how fluorescence can be used in cell biology to understand cell processes.Describe four advantages of protein therapeutics over small molecule drugs and give an example of a therapeutic protein to illustrate each advantage. (8 marks) B) Describe two disadvantages of proteins as therapeutic agents.

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Picking First Bots in War Robots: Theorycrafting
A quick review…
War Robots is a control-based mech game that focuses on getting certain strategic points and holding them in order to grab a win.
In other words, positioning, gaining early advantages and taking advantages of enemy mistakes as well as utilizing opportunities are just as important as mechanical skill and strategic acumen.
The team who gets the early advantage is generally more favored to win the entire matchup than a team who has to catch up since the very beginning of the map.
Why is it important?
One of the most important parts of playing War Robots is realizing that you have a limited amount of resources (namely, your robots and their weapons) and that you need to utilize them carefully in order to get the maximum efficiency out of them and hopefully, be able to use it to significantly contribute towards a possible win for a team.
So obviously, with this concept of play in mind, getting with your best foot forward seems to be the key towards winning most games; after all, many of the strategies used by top players and clans in War Robots include one form or another of the "hard push" at the beginning of the match, which requires the use of the best robots and firepower that is already available to the player in question!
This is where "take care of your pick" comes into play, as many of the good players will go for picks that can do multiple tasks: For instance, people will pick robots like the Strider and Pursuer in order to take good positions and possibly capture places on the map while still being a threat by the merit of the weapons that they carry.
The theory
The Art of War, as well as other strategic books, put importance on the need for having the initiative in battle.
Getting a good (possibly multi-purpose) robot at the beginning allows the player to have confidence in facing the enemy as well as gain certain concrete advantages, which will allow the player to have an easier time throughout the rest of the game (or if the team's cognitive abilities allow for it, win the game immediately.)
How does it work in practice?
Generally, players pick one out the following types, depending on the map or situation:
 - Their strongest bot (think of a Spectre with Shocktrains, probably Haechi or Bulgasari if the player feels confident to run it)
 - Fast beacon capper (Kumiho, Stalker, Gareth, Pursuer, Strider, Hellburner; possibly the Haechi and Galahad if one extends the definition liberally)
 - A long-range robot (Butch, Fury, Natasha and their respective loads come to mind – but then the Bulgasari and Spectre can carry Scourges…)
 - Anything with Hydras – especially with MK2 – and if you are having a ton of Spectres on the enemy side
If you actually think about it, you'll be mostly ahead if you pick robots with energy weapons (i.e. Magnum, Taran, Shocktrain, etc.) for the reason that only the Bulgasari, Gareth, Lancelot and Galahad (we definitely don't count Bulwark and the rest of the house in this category…) have physical shields that can block the damage dished out by plasma or energy weapons.
The rule of thumb is that people will pick mostly any one of the types above unless it's Team Deathmatch, where they will go out the gates with their best robots possible (which are mostly Spectre/Bulgasari/Pursuers.)
For instance, when faced with Death Button Griffins (back in the days when these setups were still a thing), one can always go to the strengths of the Plasma Griffin or any robot that has a plasma or energy-weapon based variant, for the woefully low engagement range of the setup makes it extremely susceptible to kiting tactics.
As for robots with physical shields, one couldn't go wrong with the RDB Griffin (or the RDB Spectre). Better yet, having a long-ranged Fury (read: Dragoons, Tridents, Zeus, Tempest, Trebuchet) would be a deadly sight for those robots who hide behind their steel scales or otherwise! Even the Noricums and Zenits are already annoying…especially if you have "soft" robots like the Spectre…
And when facing the ubiquitous Shocktrain on robots such as the Spectre, Haechi and Bulgasari, never forget that there are many choices for destroying the menace of these robots. A Bulgasari is best countered by rockets, while a Haechi would not survive an engagement with energy weapons such as the Scourge, Zeus, and the rest of the energy-firing pack.
What are the effects of this?
Getting a very good first pick that completely counters the enemy would allow players to do one or more of the following:
 - Trade efficiently (i.e. take down two to three bots before you are killed)
 - Get good positions and force the enemy to play out of their comfort zone
 - Spread the momentum through getting multiple early kills (while your friends are busy racking up the damage, snipe those crippled bots out of the game)
 - If the robot is fast enough (i.e. Dash family/Pursuer/Strider/Hellburner), then one can end the game right there and then by getting four to five beacons, potentially sealing the deal in 3-4 minutes)
The first-pick principle only works effectively in a battlefield with diverse hangars and weapon styles; this will almost never work in a battlefield that already has 12 maxed-out robots armed with the Shocktrain or the version of the most overpowered weapon that the game can equip for the robot in question.
The exception is that if the clan knows how to counter the Shocktrain carriers effectively, which, in this case, a well-placed Pursuer (or any other fast robot in particular) could tip the balance massively in one's favour.
In addition, some players may have a capper as their first bot and four powerhouses as their – just as first picking is a strong hand to play, counter-picking is another way to approach War Robots, especially when the enemy (i.e. the first-picker) actually has a one-dimensional hangar (full midrange, full brawler or 4 robots of one setup).
Personal Experience
The author is currently a Master 2 player at the time of writing and through the usage of robots such as the Kumiho, the player is able to capture at least two beacons, destroy light robots outright and pressure enemy players to commit resources to kill the "space creator."
If the team is smart enough, they would usually go push from all other sides, ensuring a quick victory.
Most of the time, proper knowledge of War Robots weaponry has allowed the writer to overcome obstacles that are otherwise unfair on paper.
The obvious exceptions are the times when the author faces clans like KOR (the full stack and one of the game's superteams, no joking here), which in this case…blame the matchmaker for placing me into a very unfair match.
Choosing a proper first pick in War Robots goes a long way. It allows the player to provide multiple tactical options on the field, as well as create space for the team to have early advantages and create an opening for the team to win outright.
1 thought on "Picking First Bots in War Robots: Theorycrafting"
 1. Artillery – Natasha zenit noricum, Sniper – Griffin molot arbelest, Close Quarters Battle CQB/brawler Leo zeus punisher pin, Shield breaker – Leo tempest gecko spark, etc. In progress of 30 days or so, fury dragoon avenger. got the avenger but the dragoon will take a long long time in workshop.
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Proton beam writing
This article does not cite any sources. (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Proton beam writing (or p-beam writing) is a direct-write lithography process that uses a focused beam of high energy (MeV) protons to pattern resist material at nanodimensions. The process, although similar in many ways to direct writing using electrons, nevertheless offers some interesting and unique advantages.
Protons, which are approximately 1800 times more massive than electrons, have deeper penetration in materials and travel in an almost straight path. This feature allows the fabrication of three-dimensional, high aspect ratio structures with vertical, smooth sidewalls and low line-edge roughness. Calculations have also indicated that p-beam writing exhibits minimal proximity effects (unwanted exposure due to secondary electrons), since the secondary electrons induced in proton/electron collisions have low energy. A further advantage stems from the ability of protons to displace atoms while traversing material, thereby increasing localized damage especially at the end of range. P-beam writing produces resistive patterns at depth in silicon, allowing patterning of selective regions with different optical properties as well as the removal of undamaged regions via electrochemical etching.
The primary mechanisms for producing structures in resist materials is, in general, bond scissioning in positive resists such as PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate), or cross-linking in negative resists such as SU-8. In positive resists the regions damaged by protons are removed by chemical development to produce structures, whereas in negative resists the development procedures remove the undamaged resist leaving the cross-linked structures behind. In e-beam writing, the primary and secondary electrons create the scissioning or cross-linking, whereas in p-beam writing the damage is caused by short range proton-induced secondary electrons. The proton fluence required for exposure varies from 30-150 nCmm−2 depending on the resist material, and is around 80-100 times less than that required by e-beam writing. Remark: The unit of the fluence in proton beam writing is usually given in "charge/area". It can be converted into "particles/area" by dividing "charge/area" by the charge of a proton, Q = 1,602·10−19C.
P-beam writing is a new technology of great potential, and both current experimental data and theoretical predictions indicate that sub-10 nm 3D structuring is feasible. However, the lack of a user friendly commercial instrument with a small footprint is currently holding back the potentially wide range of application fields in which p-beam writing could make a substantial impact. Hopefully, this will be addressed in the near future.


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Black Bear Sightings on the Rise in Northeast Ohio
A black bear visited Bedford Heights and Solon last week, and these kinds of visits may become more common.
The Bedford Bear isn't alone. More of his friends may be coming to visit in the coming years.
That's because, wildlife officials say, the black bear population in the region is on the rise.
Ohio's Division of Wildlife told the Plain Dealer that the number of bear sightings have increased five fold in the last decade or so, to more than 150 last year. Wildlife officials say there are as many as 100 black bears living in Ohio.
According to the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Black bears were once prevalent in Ohio, but deforestation and land clearing slashed their population. By 1850, there were no black bears in Ohio.
Because wildlife officials have seen female bears and cubs in Ohio, they know the population is growing.
If you see a bear in the wild (or your backyard), don't approach it. Wildlife officials say people should simply leave the animal alone and let it leave.
"Bears are usually afraid of people," according to a state wildlife website about bears, with an added reminder: "Black bears are protected by Ohio wildlife laws and injuring or killing one is illegal."
Still, you should report the sighting to police, which helps officials track the bears.


Skip to main content
Sequencing the Zoo
For their DNA Zoo, researchers at Baylor College of Medicine are sequencing the DNA of more than a thousand species, Texas Monthly reports. It adds that the researchers there, led by Erez Lieberman Aiden, hope to help enable endangered species to persist.
According to Texas Monthly, the project began in 2011 and has amassed samples from 4,234 animals, encompassing 1,105 species. Most of these samples, it notes, have come from zoos or aquariums, and can help ensure that mating animals aren't too closely related and preserve endangered species' genetic diversity. Some sampling approaches have had to be creative, the magazine notes — DNA was collected from southern right whale by sampling the air it snorts out of its blowhole.
"The DNA Zoo won't be the only piece we need to preserve the genomes of these animals to push forward the idea of conservation, but it is a huge piece in that puzzle," Blake Hanson from the University of Texas Health Science Center tells Texas Monthly.
The Scan
Call to Look Again
Not Always Trusted
Identified Decades Later


text:
Products intendend to improve soil fertility, maximize the efficient use of nutrients to reduce the use of pesticides.
Solutions to improve quality and quantity of all agricultural productions.
- Celtonita – Zeolite based soil conditioner
- ZeoFert – 100% Clinoptilolite zeolite organic soil conditioner
- Biocel – Zeolite growing substrate and organic fertilizer
- Ecocel – Zeolite growing substrate and organic fertilizer
Products intended to improve animal nutrition, ensuring greater health, a lower incidence of diseases, as well as, a lower environmental impact of livestock productions.
High performance products developed for the treatment of drinking, domestical, industrial water and swimming pools.


text:
This report has been professionally converted for accurate flowing-text e-book format reproduction. This is the final report of the Defense Science Board (DSB) Quick Task Force on Defense Applications of 5G Network Technology. The Task Force completed an extensive technical review of the state-of-the-art in fifth generation (5G) communications and related technology and offers important recommendations on how the Department should approach adoption of 5G network technology. The study's findings apply to six overarching areas: enhanced mission capabilities; leveraging existing network software, infrastructure, and hardware; spectrum; security; supply chain; and standards. The report provides key recommendations which align with a proposed DoD 5G Strategy to help the Department successfully and securely adopt 5G network technologies. I fully endorse all the recommendations contained in this report and urge their careful consideration and soonest adoption.
This compilation includes a reproduction of the 2019 Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community.
The Task Force analyzed 5G technology programs across the DoD, U.S. Government Agencies, Industry and Academia and, based upon their findings, developed a proposed DoD 5G Strategy. If adopted and acted upon expeditiously, this strategy will provide the Department with a near-term plan to ensure a vibrant U.S. research and development (R&D) base for "5G and beyond" telecommunications standards, capabilities and industry; long-term U.S. competitiveness in the global communications and network base; and a safe, secure, trustworthy and resilient communications infrastructure option for the U.S. at home or abroad, our Allies and treaty partners. This report provides key recommendations to help the Department successfully and securely adopt 5G network technologies. The committee believes that the recommendations contained in this report are executable in less than five years, with many actionable in the immediate future. The committee encourages quick adoption of these recommendations, or we jeopardize our national technological leadership in this important sector.
Scrivi una recensione per "2019 Defense Applications of 5G Network Technology: Enhanced Mission Capabilities; Leveraging Existing Network Software, Infrastructure, and Hardware; Spectrum; Security; Supply Chain; and Standards"


text:
range from hideous examples of commercialism to exquisite examples
of contemporary design. Jonathan Taylor outlines their historic development
and the importance of good detailing. Illustrations of typical details
are supplied by John Clenshaw, Historic Shopfronts.
origins of the traditional shopfront lie in the market stalls of the
Middle Ages. Prior to the industrial revolution and the vast urban
development which accompanied it, retail trade was dominated by the
market. The earliest shops were generally simple variations of the
market stall, and only partly enclosed by the building. An awning
over a projecting stall was common. In another variation, the opening
was protected by two horizontal shutters; the top one folding up to
double as an awning or 'pet roof', and the lower one folding down
to form the stall board. Today the term'stall-riser' is still used
to describe the front of the shopfront below the window.
1. Elevation showing elements of late 18th and early 19th century
shopfronts. Note the entablatures, consisting of cornice, frieze
and architrave. The frieze is enlarged to carry the sign-written
name of the shop. The entablature is supported on the pilasters
by capitals or console brackets.
the mid 18th century, the shop as we know it today had emerged. Glazing,
which had probably first appeared in the late 17th century was now
common. Small paned windows, frequently projecting out from under
a canopy appeared in the more prestigious retail areas of London and
the principal market towns. Hanging signs were also introduced at
an early stage, growing larger as each competed for attention until
they were banned in the City of London in 1764. By 1784, shopkeepers
were sufficiently numerous to be targeted for taxation, as William
Pitt struggled to raise funds in a period of continuous conflict with
the spirit of classicism which then prevailed, a language of ornamentation
emerged which was unique to the shopfront. Classical detailing was
introduced to relieve the appearance of large shopfront openings in
the walls of ordinary urban terraced houses. The beam or 'bressummer'
which supported the facade above was disguised by an 'entablature',
and classical columns, pediments or scrolled corbel brackets were
introduced to give visual support. The entablature provided an ideal
opportunity for displaying the name of the shop, and the frieze or
fascia was enlarged accordingly.
Georgian shopfronts are relatively rare, but isolated examples can
be found in many towns and cities throughout the UK. These are typified
by the paired, bow-fronted oriel windows on either side of a central,
half glazed door, which were popular from the mid 1740s to the end
of the Regency period. However the Georgian period was equally responsible
for a wide variety of other designs, covering the whole spectrum of
popular taste, from the cool classicism of the Greek Revival, to the
pointed arch glazing pattern of the 'Gothick'. Shopfronts designed
to display state-of-the-art produce were often required to be of the
latest design, and their forms reflect the fashions of the period.
Many interesting designs were consequently destroyed with every change
huge urban expansion which occurred in the Victorian period resulted
in a proliferation of retail developments in every town, city and
suburb. Manufacturers such as I and J Taylor and SW Francis and Co
offered wide ranges of standard designs which could be selected from
catalogues. Typical examples included tall shop windows, frequently
incorporating a decorative cast iron ventilator underneath the timber
or glass covered fascia. Sunblinds were often incorporated in the
cornice and timber roller security shutter were introduced towards
the end of the century replacing detachable timber shutters. At the
base of the window the timber frame included both a bottom rail and
a deep sill
- a detail frequently overlooked by modern interpretations. Panelling
of the door and stall-riser was usually raised and fielded.
machine-produced plate glass was available from around the turn of
the century, its use in shopfronts was quite rare until the 1840s
when tall panes unbroken by horizontal glazing bars began to appear
in increasing numbers. The production of larger sheets was limited
more by cost than by the technology available. Isolated examples of
full size plate glass appear in shops such as Asprey's on Bond Street,
London in the 1860s, becoming increasingly common towards the end
of the century.
variety of designs increased rapidly throughout the period, with the
early appearance of cast iron, followed by brassand bronze-clad
timber around the middle of the century, with fine detailing often
incorporating a stone or marble stall-riser without a sill.
local authorities are becoming increasingly concerned by the disastrous
effect that the appearance of modern shopfronts and signage have had
on our town centres, and are imposing tight controls on new designs.
Most of the more important shopping streets lie within conservation
areas, and the local authority will usually require conservation area
consent for alterations to original shopfronts.
examples should be conserved if at all possible. All original components
have an historic value which cannot be replicated, comparable with
the finest antique. A suitable replacement for some components, including
glass and metalwork in particular, may not easily be found.
apparently new shopfronts may contain sufficient numbers of the original
details to enable accurate restoration of the original. New fascias
may hide the original cornice and the upper part of the window head.
In such cases restoration inevitably results in a substantially more
impressive design than can be achieved with a standard modern replacement.
no original designs have survived, a modern solution will be the most
honest approach, but a high quality, traditionally detailed design
may also be appropriate, and often preferred. In both cases the quality
of detail is crucial to the success of the design. Crude, square mouldings
and planted mouldings are now common, often applied without any real
understanding of the way a frame is constructed. Secondary fascias
are often incorporated, disrupting the rhythm of tall shop windows
along the street, and the concrete floor slab is often exposed. Prior
to the arrival of the aluminium systems, shopfronts were almost always
designed to fill the opening, from the pavement to the underside of
the fascia, usually with a rendered or timber skirting, scribed to
JONATHAN TAYLOR is the editor of The Building Conservation Directory and a co-founder of Cathedral Communications Limited. He studied architectural conservation at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh and has a background in architectural design, conservation and urban regeneration.
Landscape and townscape
PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
contractors and consultants
Window and door fittings
Communications Limited 2010


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You are warmly invited to a discussion on research, (art) practice and activism on Saturday 20 May, 1.30-2.15 at Lewisham Arthouse (140 Lewisham Way, London SE14 6PD).
I will give a short introduction on the use of research, practice and activism for social change, including the role of (feminist) art in collaborations between researchers, practitioners and activists. Attention will be paid to art's conceptual/theoretical, socio-political and economic structures that are known to perpetuate social inequality. What research, artistic & activist strategies can create intersectional inclusivity? Participants will be able to further explore this theme in group discussions.
This discussion is part of 'What Happened Between?' (15-21 May), an event hosted by Sophie Chapman and Kerri Jefferis. Details of this event can be found (and will be updated) on the website of Lewisham Arthouse (_URL_) and this Facebook page: _URL_
Sophie and Kerri invite you to bring examples of your own work and share them in the gallery space.
It would be lovely to see you there!


Kitty Litter Dirty Bomb: New Mexico Nuclear Disposal Plant Causes $500 Million of Damage By Using Wrong Kind Of Kitty Litter
220px-CatfillerRadioactive SymbolThere are so many surprising aspects to this story including the two salient points that we use kitty litter in nuclear plants and using the wrong kitty litter can cost you half a billion dollars. However, a recent report states that the mismanagement of the kitty litter issue at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in New Mexico by its private operator, Los Alamos National Security LLC, led not only damage, but the injury of at least 20 workers — and the creation of a type of kitty litter dirty bomb. The concerns of an Al Kitta threat however may be premature. It turns out that you can avoid the risk by selecting clay-based kitty litter over wheat-based kitty litter.
A single damaged drum caused much of the damage and reached the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant where it cracked open.
The report by the Department of Energy's Office of Inspector General portrays the plant as being run in a hasty and unprofessional manner to meet short deadlines for the disposal of material. The mismanagement however was only disclosed after a long and costly investigation by the Santa Fe Mexican. Once again, there is virtually no transparency on such issues by the government, which never informed the public of the scope of its mismanagement and blundering at a nuclear disposal site.
The report includes the finding that the resulting radiation leak not only sickened dozens but "may have led to an adverse chemical reaction within the drums resulting in serious safety implications." This included the result that the mixing of the waste created a mixture akin to plastic explosives.
The mistaken use of the kitty litter was found to have been due to a typo in a policy manual. Previously, DOE rejected the kitty litter hypothesis the report indicates that it may in fact be the culprit. It may turn out that the problem was "organic kitty litter" — an indication that the organic movement could be an actual threat to national security? I knew that there was something suspicious about Whole Foods.
The contractor was allowed to stay in control of the plant and under federal contract. Simply four managers were replaced. It could take years to reopen the plant and will cost at least $500 million. The new manager, identified only as a Dr. Oppenheimerfuzzypants, has been brought into the plant supervise any operations.
18 thoughts on "Kitty Litter Dirty Bomb: New Mexico Nuclear Disposal Plant Causes $500 Million of Damage By Using Wrong Kind Of Kitty Litter"
 1. You never know when you'll find a tiny kitten, shivering in the rain, soaked to the bone, and your good heart cannot ignore this baby that can't help itself. The only solution is to take the poor little thing home. In the morning, as you prepare to take the kitten to a shelter, you find your dog curled up around the kitten keeping it warm. This has happened. It could happen to you. I'll keep my fingers crosed.
 1. Sandi – we are down to just one dog now. This is no longer a problem. This particular dog thinks cats are food.
 2. There is actually a video on how to teach your cat to use the toilet. I saw cats do it. And if you've ever had a cat, teaching anything is almost impossible, with the possible exception of moving their food.
 1. sandi – when my wife and I were first together, in the interests of the relationship I agreed to a cat. I did not like the cat. However, the cat liked me, regardless of how much I ignored it.
 3. I am incredulous that, according to this story, there is only one Mexican in Santa Fe, and he or she is wealthy at that! (The newspaper is actually the Santa Fe NEW Mexican.).
 1. Timothy Roberts – having been to Santa Fe I can tell you there are a lot of New Mexicans there. 😉
 4. It's worth noting that:
 Los Alamos National Security, LLC is a private limited liability company formed by the University of California, Bechtel, Babcock & Wilcox Technical Services, and URS Energy and Construction. Wikipedia
 So it's government contracting another government and private entities to oversee government sites. The big problem here, as in DC, is that as soon as a government technical person becomes experienced and proficient, they have ever incentive to switch sides to the contractor where they can be paid twice as much. Add to that the naturally occurring close relationships that form between government and contractors that work side by side and you're left with little ability or incentive to perform much oversight on the large contracts. Even if you hired a new contractor, the workers are going to stay the same for the most part.
 5. BFM:
 You are right that the biggest problem is the human suffering this has caused. They were probably given iodine right away, and their thyroid checked. They should be monitored for cancers, which often take years to develop.
 6. Kitty Litter is like duct tape. It has all sorts of indications, including getting you out of a snowy ditch.
 This exposes:
 1) Problems with our procurement system and contracts. There is no accountability.
 2) Lack of training in a nuclear facility boggles the mind. Of COURSE it needs to be clay rather than wheat. The whole point is that they need basically inert fine dirt.
 3) Lack of transparency. Nothing brings about change and accountability like the disinfecting light of transparency to the public.
 I have to admit, though, that when I first started reading this, it brought to mind when I was a recent graduate. I and some friends drove a physicist grad to Los Alamos. We seriously considered tee-peeing the plutonium plant, but thought maybe, perhaps, the armed guards might not see the humor, and decided against it. The world just didn't understand nerd humor before The Big Bang Theory.
 This article seems to emphasize cost and incompetence.
 But release of enough radioactive material to sicken dozens ought to be major news. We can only guess that those exposed now are burdened with higher probability of cancer and possibly birth defects for any additional children.
 8. "… to meet short deadlines for the disposal of material." Indeed, less money to do the same job or even at times more work. This is what we get when we have Congresspersons touting reduced federal spending and their answer is to cut everyone 10%. This is nonsense. Some agencies should be cut 100%, some agencies get an increase of 30%. An across the board cut is a sure fire way to destroy everything. Which is exactly what we seem to be doing. Check out the status of our once great National Weather Service…
 9. When it comes down to it, it is money not spent for due diligence. Private operators are no more or less effective or ineffective than government operators. The more rigorous the safety system the less chance of accidents. Statistics prove this. In the US there are 100 nuclear power facilities which have had 56 major accidents and over 150 incidents in their history. This can be see to be a combination of cutting corners to cut costs layered on human failure.
 In France there are 60 reactors which have had only 12 accidents. France gets most of its electricity from nuclear power and the system is centralized and strictly overseen by government departments. Most of the rail system is run on electricity. The success speaks for itself and the failure above and beyond basic human failure can be attributed to private enterprise penchants for reducing costs to raise profits.
 Given that France has a population a fifth as large as the US there may be other factors to add. Sometimes the government does it better than the private sector. The private sector on its own with little to no oversight by the government is a recipe for disaster. The system in France is an example of the success of Government and Private Enterprise working together. We should be learning from those other than ourselves.
 Look at Germany's economic success through their 'holy trinity' of government, labor, and corporate. Their manufacturing sector is miles ahead of any other country including the US.
 10. This comes from only only owning dogs, but I thought there was only one type type of kitty litter. Atomic science is not what it used to be.
 11. Cats are terrible typists. They make lots of typos. Worse than a room full of monkeys with typewriters. But they must have many rooms full of cat typists, and perhaps hundreds of cats doing other duties, doing their duties. (Why else would they need barrels and barrels of kitty litter at a nuclear plant?)
 12. Dafuq did I just read? I had to go to The Onion first to make sure you weren't skimming off one of those gems. Turns out that this actually happened…
 Organic, huh? LOL!
 13. Typos can kill!! They keep tight reins on Los Alamos employees. I have a former FBI friend in Santa Fe. who did background checks on employees. A DUI will trigger a background check.
Comments are closed.


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Standard Test Method for Thermal Stability Testing of Gallium Arsenide Wafers
|Publication Date:||24 February 1989|
|ICS Code (Semiconducting materials):||29.045|
This destructive test method determines whether a given sample of semi-insulating gallium arsenide (GaAs) will remain semi-insulating after exposure to the high temperatures normally required for the activation of implanted layers.
The underlying assumption is that other wafers of GaAs, whose manufacturing history was the same as the wafer from which the test sample was taken, will respond to high temperatures in like manner.
The emphasis in this test method is on simplicity and safety of apparatus, and on securing a measurement that is independent of the apparatus used.
This test method is directly applicable to uncapped and unimplanted samples of GaAs. However, users of this test method may extend it to capped or implanted samples, or both, in which case a controlled test of capped versus uncapped samples, or implanted versus unimplanted samples, is recommended.
This test method detects impurities "from the bulk" (that is, from within the GaAs wafer) that will likely affect the electrical behavior of devices formed on the surface of the wafer. This test method is not sensitive to surface impurities or process-induced impurities, except as interferences (see Interferences).
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.


text:
Every object in Ruby has at least one parent class. But most objects typically inherit from multiple classes and mixes in various modules. These classes and modules together forms the inheritance hierarchy of the object. The methods added to an object by a class/module can however be overriden by others which are below them in the inheritance chain.
In this problem, the
location_in_hierarchy method takes two parameters:
method. You've to find the very first superclass of the object (starting with
BasicObject) that defines


text:
Daikoku VulkanDaikoku is a sumbarine volcano with a conical summit in the Japanese Volcano Islands chain. It sits on an elongated E-W-trending ridge SE of Eifuku submarine volcano and rises to within 323 m of the sea surface. It has a crater with a black pool of liquid sulfur discovered in 2006.
Daikoku submarine volcano is one of about a dozen submarine volcanoes displaying hydrothermal activity in the southern part of the Izu-Marianas chain.
Beschreibung:A steep-walled, 50-m-wide cylindrical crater on the north flank, about 75 m below the summit, is at least 135 m deep and was observed to emit cloudy hydrothermal fluid. During a NOAA expedition in 2006, scientists observed a convecting, black pool of liquid sulfur with a partly solidified, undulating sulfur crust at a depth of 420 m below the summit of Daikoku. Gases, particulate with the appearance of smoke, and liquid sulfur were bubbling up from the back edge of the sulfur pool.
(Smithsonian / GVP volcano information)


lens-family
Lens Families
Version on this page:1.2.1
LTS Haskell 12.22:1.2.3
Stackage Nightly 2018-12-15:1.2.3
Latest on Hackage:1.2.3
See all snapshots lens-family appears in
BSD3 licensed by Russell O'Connor
This package provides first class functional references. In addition to the usual operations of getting, setting and composition, plus integration with monad state, lens families provide some unique features:
 - Polymorphic updating
 - Traversals
 - Cast projection functions to read-only lenses
 - Cast "toList" functions to read-only traversals
 - Cast semantic editor combinators to modify-only traversals.
Changes
1.2.3 (Changes from 1.2.2)
=========================
* Bump dependency on containers
1.2.2 (Changes from 1.2.1)
==========================
* Added strict versions of assignments to Lens.Family2.State modules.
* Added strict versions of at' and intAt'.
* Min dependencies raised to take advantage of adjustF from Data.Map.
1.2.1 (Changes from 1.2.0)
=========================
* Bump dependency on transformers and mtl
1.2.0 (Changes from 1.1.0)
=========================
* Corrected associativity of ^. ^.. and ^? from right to left.
1.1.0 (Changes from 1.0.1)
=========================
* Some type synonym definitions have been altered, but should be equivalent.
* Removed Getting and Setting functors and instead use the equivalent standard functors Const and Identity.
* Renamed Setter to ASetter and generalized Setters to be a LensLike constrained to an "Identical" functor.
* Added the (<~) operator.
* Corrected the definition of ATraversal'
1.0.1 (Changes from 1.0.0)
=========================
* Bump dependency on transformers and mtl
1.0.0 (Changes from 0.1.0)
=========================
* added support for folds and traversals
* renamed all functions to be mostly compatible with the lexicon from lens.
0.1.0 (Changes from 0.0.1)
=========================
* added project and sec
* added <>= and <>~
* renamed functional modifier operators
* moving setting to Lens.Family2.Unchecked because one needs to verify the functor laws
0.0.1 (Changes from 0.0.0)
=========================
* Bump dependency on containers
* Fixed dependency on mtl
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I'm confused about the words dish and plate. Could someone please explain the difference?
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4 Answers 4
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A plate is a specific type of dish. A dish is generally something that food is eaten or served from. A plate tends to refer specifically to a flat dish that is suitable for holding food that does not have a high liquid content. The other common type of dish is a bowl. A bowl will be similar to a hollow sphere cut in half and is useful for serving soups and other foods with high liquid content which would run off of a plate.
A large plate intended for serving food may be referred to as a platter.
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_USER_ gives a good explanation of what they mean as pieces of crockery. They can also both mean — drat, I can't find a good synonym now! — let's say, menu items you might order at a restaurant:
My favourite dish at the Murray Avenue Grill is their spinach salad with candied pecans.
The Ketchery has the best seafood plate in town.
These arose in obvious metonymy from the crockery usage, but have developed specific connotations. Dish in this sense is much more general, and used (afaik) across most or all of the English-speaking world. Plate is less usual, and more associated (I think) with North American usage, and with fancier restaurant subcultures.
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Good point! I had totally forgotten about those usages. Defining words is not nearly as easy as it seems like it should be from the outside. – aaronasterling Dec 6 '10 at 21:37
DISH : 1. An open, generally shallow concave container for holding, cooking, or serving food. 2. The food served or contained in a dish: a dish of ice cream.
PLATES : 1.A plate is a specific type of dish. 2.a shallow, usually circular dish, often of earthenware or porcelain, from which food is eaten. 3.the contents of such a dish; plateful. 4.an entire course of a meal served on such a dish: I had the vegetable plate for lunch.
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Like many other words in the English language, there is a confusion from time to time about the real, or exact, meaning of terms. Here's what I think:
"Dish" is more of the generic term, as in "dish washer", "set of dishes", "main dish", etc.; however, while talking about dishes, cups are cups, saucers are saucers, bowls of any kind are always bowls, serving platters are always platters; however, in the group of dishes, there are "plates" which are noticeably larger than dishes and generally accommodate several kinds of food but are never used for serving food. One, I suppose, could call anything rather flat as a "dish" and never be wrong, which is not the case for "plate".
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protected by Clark Kent Jun 3 '12 at 9:58
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text:
Mississippi is one of the warmest region in the United States with an average daily high temperature of 25 degrees centigrade. The climate is almost moderate, but also offers a few sultry months with high humidity and high temperatures. In 7 months the average temperatures are over 25 degrees. Pleasant water temperatures of up to 30 degrees even invite you to take a bath in the warm season. Dued to the lesser rain the best time for traveling is from September to November. The most rain days occur from in July.
› Overview: Climate in the United States
› Duration of daylight and sunshine in the United States
hours of sunshine per day rainy days per month Precipitation in mm/day Relative humidity in % Water temperature Absolute humidity in g/m³ (approx.)
The most important cities in the region of Mississippi
Mississippi is a part of the United States and has an east-west extension of about 280 km. From north to south it is approximately 520 km. The biggest cities are Jackson and West Gulfport. The local time is now Wednesday, 1:30 pm.
Data basis: German Weather Service, individual values averaged and supplemented by own elements.


>Peaches suffered a mouth injury due to a bad fall on a cement floor. After the initial first aid, there's nothing really I can do but to keep her mouth as clean as possible.
What To Do When A Toddler Has Injury To the Mouth?
1. Stop the bleeding by applying pressure on the wound. If after 10 minutes, the bleeding hasn't stopped it's best to go to the doctor.
2. Put a cold compress to prevent swelling and also to prevent further bleeding.
3. Check for chipped tooth, missing tooth, etc. (the tooth could be swallowed). If you are uncomfortable with your child's condition, consult the doctor.
4. Observe the child for any signs of lethargy, dizziness and if he/she vomits–it's usually not a good sign.
5. If fever develops, consult a doctor. It could be a sign of infection.
There's nothing I can put on her wound that's safe to swallow or at least there's nothing I know of. Anyway, children are active and super excited that we need to always look out for them. Kids often do not know the risks of their actions, that's why guardians and yayas are there to help the kid prevent injuries or at least lessen them.
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text:
Security Analytics and Reporting
A Fortune 50 financial institution had a legacy pipeline that aggregated batched data onto a secured Hadoop cluster to create daily aggregates and reports. While it performed multiple transformations which created new datasets, the organization faced multiple issues:
- The data pipeline was inefficient, taking up to six hours to run and requiring manual intervention almost daily
- Reports were misaligned with day boundaries
- Any points of failure required reconfiguring and restarting the pipeline, which was time consuming and frustrating
- Major setup and development time was needed to add new sources
- The team was unable to test and validate the pipeline prior to deployment, so testing was conducted directly on the production cluster - a poor use of resources
Using CDAP, the organization's data development team created independent, parallel pipelines that moved the data from SQL into Time Partitioned Datasets. Transformations were then performed in-flight with the ability to handle error records. After completing the initial transfers, another pipeline combined the data into a single Time Partitioned Dataset and fed it into an aggregation and reporting pipeline.
Benefits of Cask Solution
- In-house Java developers with limited knowledge of Hadoop built and ran the complex pipelines at scale within two weeks after only four hours of training.
- The new data pipeline took approximately two hours – compared to 6 hours before – to run without any manual intervention.
- Transforms were performed in-flight with the ability to handle error records.
- The visual interface enabled the team to develop, test, debug, deploy, run, automate and view pipelines during operations.
- The development experience was improved by reducing unnecessary cluster utilization.
- Tracking tools made it easy to rerun the process from any point of failure.
- The new process reduced system complexity, which simplified pipeline management.


text:
Translation of billet in Spanish:
- he billeted his troops on local householdersalojó a sus tropas con las gentes del lugarExample sentences
- For much of European history barracks were the exception rather than the rule, and soldiers were billeted in civilian lodgings or public houses.
- A brutal military terror in which thousands died was followed up by billeting the soldiers on the better-off citizens of the provincial capitals, while their sovereign courts were exiled to remote small towns.
- There are sympathetic descriptions of some of the local people - Dutch and German - on whom the soldiers were billeted.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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Setting the Title of the Command Prompt Window
I was wondering how you change the title of the Command Prompt window. A little searching found that Scott Hanselman had answered this question here. All you have to do is type:
and press Enter to change the title of your Command Prompt window. It should look like the following:
Command Prompt
Note that if you are running Console2 to host your command prompt window, it works just fine.
Finally, if you want to do the same thing in PowerShell, just execute the following command:
Note that you have to have the quotes around the text to which the title should be set; they may be single or double quotes.
PowerShell Prompt
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text:
Definition of infimum in English:
The largest quantity that is less than or equal to each of a given set or subset of quantities. The opposite of supremum.
- Paman's explanation looks like our present definition of infimum and supremum, but whereas our infimum and supremum given a set (of real numbers) gives a real number, the Maximinus and Minimajus of a quantity is a quantity of the same kind.
- To ensure nondecreasing lower bounds, the hyper-rectangle to be bisected is chosen by selecting the region which contains the infimum of the minima of lower bounds.
- The infimum may or may not be a member of the subset.
1940s: from Latin, literally 'lowest part', neuter (used as a noun) of infimus 'lowest'.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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text: This work proposes a method for numerically investigating the fracture mechanism of cement paste at the microscale based on X-ray computed tomography and nanoindentation. For this purpose, greyscale level based digital microstructure was generated by X-ray microcomputed tomography with a resolution of 2 μm/voxel length. In addition, statistics based micromechanical properties (i.e. Young's modulus and hardness) were derived from the grid nanoindentation test which was set to have an interaction volume the same as the resolution of the digital microstructure. A linear relationship between the two probability density functions of greyscale level and local Young's modulus was assumed and verified by the two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K–S) statistic. Based on this assumption, the fracture and deformation of a digital cubic volume with a dimension of 100 μm under uniaxial tension was simulated using a lattice fracture model. In addition, the influence of heterogeneity on fracture response was studied. Furthermore, the proposed method was compared with the results obtained from a traditional approach used previously by the authors in which discrete phases (capillary pore, anhydrous cement clinker, outer and inner hydration products) were considered. The two methods show similar crack patterns and stress-strain responses. The proposed method is regarded more promising as it captures also the gradient of material properties (within the discrete phases) in the cement paste.


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Andrew Koenig
Dr. Dobb's Bloggers
Why Would You Ever Pass a Container By Value?
July 31, 2013
An important part of teaching is figuring out how to avoid drowning students in detail. Most people who have tried to learn something new and complicated, such as a programming language, have had the experience of looking at a textbook, or listening to a lecture, and encountering a flood of options or features without a clue as to which ones are important, or which ones to use when, or even how they relate to each other. One way to avoid imposing such experiences on students is to give them an intellectual framework that lets the students relate parts of what they are learning to other parts.
For example, suppose we write a C++ expression that calls a function:
Obviously, this expression calls a function f and passes an argument x to it. Moreover, if f is defined as
 void f(T y) { /* … */ }
then we can say that the call f(x) passes the argument x to the parameter y, and that doing so involves the same actions as if we had written
 T y = x;
This explanation encourages students to relate what happens when we call a function to what happens when we use a value to initialize a variable. However, although this relation may simplify learning, it complicates teaching. Consider two fundamental features of C++: functions and references. Which shall we teach first?
If we teach references first, there is the problem of coming up with interesting example programs that use references but completely avoid user-defined functions. This is hard to do because the most common use of references is as function parameters — so it's probably easier to teach functions first.
However, if we teach functions before we teach references, then every function we write must accept its arguments by value — references not yet being available as an alternative. That is, every function call must copy the function's arguments to its parameters. There is no problem justifying such behavior if those arguments are small values, such as integers; but if our first example of passing a container to a function copies the entire container, we are encouraging students to write code that does needless work.
In Accelerated C++, Barbara and I came up with the idea of having the first such function compute the median of its argument. The most straightforward way to compute the median of a container is to sort the container — which changes its original value — and then to locate the element or elements in the middle. As a result, we were able to finesse the pedagogical problem of passing a container to a function by having that function compute the median, changing the value of its parameter in the process.
The picture changes when we expand the picture to include C++11 move operations. Now, when we write
 T y = x;
the effect is to copy or move x to y depending on whether x is an lvalue. Similarly, when we call f(x), the effect is to copy or move x to f's parameter y depending on whether x is an lvalue. This dependency not only changes how we explain what is going on, but also changes the circumstances under which such functions do needless work.
In the presence of move operations, I think it might be better to explain functions with string parameters before we explain functions with vector parameters. Not only are strings probably more common than vectors, but string rvalues are surely more common than vector rvalues. For example:
 bool is_palindrome(string s) { /* Details left to the reader */ }
Suppose we call is_palindrome("radar"). Then what really happens under the hood is that the string literal "radar" has type const char*, which is different from the type of is_palindrome's parameter. Accordingly, "radar" is used to construct a temporary of type string. That temporary is an rvalue, so it is moved, not copied, to the parameter s of is_palindrome. An analogous phenomenon happens when we pass the result of a nontrivial expression to such a function. As a result, we have a fairly wide range of examples from which to choose without having to write code that does needless work. Moreover, we have plenty of opportunities to return to these examples for more detailed study later.
In short, the question posed in this article's title has at least two answers:
 1. When you know that the function is going to change the value of its parameter; or
 2. When you're confident that most of the time, you'll be passing a container rvalue.
I'll continue this discussion next week by showing why the "needless effort" in some of these functions is worth making a fuss to avoid. In particular, I'd like to explain the apparent contradiction between wanting to avoid needless effort and my long-held belief that computers should be working for people, not the other way around.
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text:
With over 200,000 installed spindle drives, KEB is an expert in high-speed motor control and has earned a reputation as the worldwide spindle drive leader. KEB spindle drives are the preferred drives by many CNC, woodworking, and robotic customers.
High Speed Motor Control
Drive Platforms for Spindle Motor Operation
KEB offers various drive platforms that are suitable for spindle motor operation. Single-phase and three-phase inputs are possible and KEB drives control both induction and permanent magnet motor types.
KEB spindle drives are known for their high performance. For example, the COMBIVERT S6 drives feature a 62-microsecond current control loop. Modules are capable of output frequencies up to 1600Hz.
Sensorless Closed Loop™ (SCL) motor control
Open-loop applications can use basic V/Hz control or KEB's proprietary SCL motor control.
Extremely precise torque and speed.
Without encoder or resolver feedback.
Optimal motor shaft performance.
Lower motor heating and a better-finished product.
Closed Loop Drives
Spindle applications requiring tool change or orientation functions can benefit from KEB's closed-loop drives with integrated features.
KEB closed-loop drives feature a Z-pulse input and a 32-bit internal positioning module.
Homing and tool change routines are easy to program.
Flexible Industrial Communication Options
Over 10 different protocols are supported including EtherNet/IP, EtherCAT, Powerlink, and Profinet.
Machine builders can standardize on just one drive platform in addition to other platforms they might offer.
Sine Wave Filters
Sine Wave filters provide a near sinusoid waveform to the PM motor.
This reduces motor heating and allows more power output from the motor.
KEB offers graduated filter sizes so each application can be optimized.
KEB engineers can simulate filter performance with 99% accuracy - saving many hours of testing time.
KEB has a long history of solving automation challenges. Let's discuss your challenges and goals to see how we can help.


text:
The firmament is the curve of the sky, especially if you imagine it as a solid surface. You can describe the sky at night as a firmament shining with stars (if you're feeling poetic).
The word firmament comes from the Latin firmus, or "firm," and this description of the sky as something solid reflects ancient ideas of the way the universe was constructed. The first stargazers imagined the sky as a sphere, and it wasn't until the late 1500s that the idea of an infinite universe was seriously considered. Today the word firmament is mostly literary, used to poetically describe the visual curve of the sky.