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Fire Alarm Basics: What Is Cellular Monitoring and How Does It Work?
There are a number of ways to receive the alarms at a monitoring station. These are divided into two categories of monitoring: active and passive.

Passive alarm monitoring relies on your facility checking in once daily to the signals receiving center and acknowledging their presence on the network. This can be done in the form of a digital dialer or phone line, cellular and IP. It can be slightly less secure than active monitoring in that breaks in the communication pathway for any reason such as cuts in the telephone line will not be noted until the facility misses its next scheduled reporting period.

If there is a desire or a requirement to have a higher level of security, something called dual-path monitoring is required. This is when two non-redundant forms of communication are present so that each pathway monitors the other, so that in the even that one communication pathway goes down for any reason, the other can inform the monitoring station. For example, a cellular communicator and a digital dialer can both be used in dual-path monitoring, and both will run at the same time. If the cellular communicator goes offline, the digital dialer can send a signal to the monitoring station to inform them of the phenomenon.

In active alarm monitoring, signals are sent to the receiving center every three minutes or 180 seconds and is actively supervised by the receiving center. Should there be a breakdown in the communication pathway from the facility and the signal receiving center, the center will be able to respond within three minutes of its occurrence. These systems include DVACS or Digital Voice Access Control Systems, cellular communication pathways and IP.

Active monitoring systems are not prone to downtime and are very stable. Before implementation, make sure that the service is tested well in order to ensure its reliability.

DVACS has begun to be phased out for various reasons, the foremost of which are related to the cost of implementing the systems and the fact that equipment manufacturers no longer make products that can utilize the DVACS communication methods. For a while, there was no active replacement for it and facilities had to rely on the passive form of monitoring, which was time-consuming and inefficient on the customer's end.

Cellular monitoring is now available and is a worthy if not better successor to DVACS. It operates much in the same way as DVACS did in that it is a supervised communication pathway connecting your facility to the signals receiving center, all done over a cellular network. It does not require a secondary communication pathway as in dual-path passive monitoring, and the company will handle all installation aspects including management of the cellular service. It also costs less than having to pay for a new phone line or internet connection on top of the cost of monitoring.

Fire Alarm Houston specializes in all types of monitoring systems and equipment. For more information regarding top-of-the-line monitoring and detection systems, please call us at _PHONE_ or get in touch with us through our Contact Us page.


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NEW HAMPSHIRE – New Hampshire mental health groups applauded Senator Hassan's bipartisan bill, which President Biden recently signed into law, to strengthen mental health resources for young people and help prevent youth suicide. The bipartisan STANDUP Act comes as students across New Hampshire have reached out to Senator Hassan about the urgent need to address mental health challenges and expand access to resources for young people.
"UNH Extension is incredibly excited about the STANDUP Act and Senator Hassan's focus on youth mental health in NH," said Dr. Michael Young, Health & Well-Being Program Team Leader at UNH Extension. "We too have been alarmed by the mental health crisis in NH, reflected in disproportionately high suicide rates, that has been exacerbated by the pandemic. We have identified this as one of the most pressing health and well-being needs in NH. We have multiple educational programs that will complement the Senator's efforts, including: coordinating the statewide implementation of Youth Mental Health First Aid for the NH State Department of Education and facilitating both statewide and local 4-H Teen leadership groups focused on peer to peer education and support."
"We are incredibly pleased that our country is pulling together with a bipartisan mandate to help support the mental health of our nation's young people," said Holly Fenn, President & Co-Founder of Reach 1 Teach 1 Love 1. "Since the loss of my 14-year-old son Dalton by suicide in 2009, I have witnessed suicide rates soar, from 1.3 in 2009 to 2.9 in 2018 (ages 10-14) and from 10.0 in 2009 to 14.5 in 2018 (ages 15-24), CDC. Our organization, reach 1 teach 1 love 1, is approached multiple times weekly for guidance and resources. The increase of youth suffering in such a devastating way is difficult to witness. In 2019, R1T1L1 celebrated SB 282, signed into law by Gov. Sununu. This law requires NH schools to provide suicide prevention training to all staff. This month, with President Biden's signing of Senator Hassan's STANDUP Act, suicide prevention training will be accessible nationwide. This offers immeasurable hope to those who understand the gravity our youth are facing with their mental health needs. It is a comfort to know we are all working together to make change and save lives."
"Connor's Climb Foundation is grateful for Senator Hassan's leadership in passing the STANDUP Act," said Tara Ball, President of Connor's Climb. "Now more than ever, our educators and youth need the support, education and tools to ensure that their mental health is just as important as their physical health. When schools take care of the whole student, it prevents suicide and saves lives."
"On behalf of the Raymond Coalition For Youth, we would like to thank Senator Hassan and Ernst for their action to bring forth the STANDUP Act," Celeste Clark, Executive Director of Raymond Coalition for Youth. "The more we can get people to talk about mental health and suicide risk the better. Our young people recognize how important this is. They talk openly about concerns they have for their peers' mental health. Our task is to make it as comfortable for adults to talk about mental health as it is for them to talk about something they do every day like going to the gym or the store. We need adults of all ages to be available, and open to talking about mental health, so when their loved ones, no matter how old they are, will feel comfortable coming forward to express concerns, ask for help, and get connected to resources and support. As a community we need to make sure people know where they can go for these supports: NH 988, NAMINH.org, and the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. Working together to break down stigma and connect people to help, is how we save lives."
"At Makin' It Happen, we know that when our youth thrive, our communities thrive – and it is important for our schools, youth organizations, and communities to work together to address student mental health and help young people who are struggling," Mary Forsythe-Taber, Executive Director of Makin' It Happen Coalition for Resilient Youth. "We are grateful for Senator Hassan's leadership on student mental health, as well as for her work to pass the STANDUP Act. This bipartisan bill will help invest in mental health services in our schools and communities, and we look forward to seeing the positive effects that it has in our communities."

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Abstract:
We introduce a method for high-fidelity quantum state transduction between a superconducting microwave qubit and the ground state spin system of a solid-state artificial atom, mediated via an acoustic bus connected by piezoelectric transducers. Applied to present-day experimental parameters for superconducting circuit qubits and diamond silicon-vacancy centers in an optimized phononic cavity, we estimate quantum state transduction with fidelity exceeding 99% at a MHz-scale bandwidth. By combining the complementary strengths of superconducting circuit quantum computing and artificial atoms, the hybrid architecture provides high-fidelity qubit gates with long-lived quantum memory, high-fidelity measurement, large qubit number, reconfigurable qubit connectivity, and high-fidelity state and gate teleportation through optical quantum networks.
Last updated on 08/05/2021


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Cranbrook House & Gardens (Organization)
Found in 1 Collection or Record:
Abstract Cranbrook history dates back to 1904 when George and Ellen Booth purchased land in Bloomfield Hills, MI for their home. The next five decades saw the majority of this land transformed into an educational, artistic, and scientific community. In the early 1970s, a major reorganzition created the Cranbrook Educational Community. More than a century later, in 2021, this Community comprises five program areas: Cranbrook Schools, Cranbrook Art Academy, Cranbrook Art Museum, Cranbrook Institute of...
Dates: circa 1830-; Majority of material found within 1931 - 1970

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Definitions for scalper
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word scalper
Princeton's WordNetRate this definition:(0.00 / 0 votes)
 1. scalper(noun)
 "he got theater tickets through a scalper"
WiktionaryRate this definition:(0.00 / 0 votes)
 1. scalper(Noun)
 One who scalps tickets to popular entertainment events: buying them in advance and then selling them (e.g. online or just outside the venue of the event), often at inflated prices
 We could see three different scalpers moving through the crowd outside the arena, each muttering the characteristic refrain: u201CNeed any tickets?u201D
 2. scalper(Noun)
 A person on an open outcry exchange trading floor who buys and sells rapidly for his or her own account, aiming to buy from a seller and a little later sell to a buyer, making a small profit from the difference (roughly the amount of the bid/offer spread, or less).
Webster DictionaryRate this definition:(0.00 / 0 votes)
 1. Scalper(noun)
 one who, or that which, scalps
 2. Scalper(noun)
 same as Scalping iron, under Scalping
 3. Scalper(noun)
 a broker who, dealing on his own account, tries to get a small and quick profit from slight fluctuations of the market
 4. Scalper(noun)
 a person who buys and sells the unused parts of railroad tickets
 5. Scalper(noun)
 a person who buys tickets for entertainment or sports events and sells them at a profit, often at a much higher price. Also, ticket scalper
FreebaseRate this definition:(0.00 / 0 votes)
 1. Scalper
 Scalper, is a London-bred rapper, producer and songwriter of Pakistani descent, who is now based in Auckland, New Zealand.
Anagrams of scalper »
 1. carpels
 2. parcels
 3. clasper
 4. reclasp
 5. placers
Translations for scalper
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MOLAB (MObile LABoratory) is a world-class distributed infrastructure which consists of key laboratories across 10 European countries providing coherent access, under a unified management structure, to a set of mobile equipment and related competencies, for in-situ non-destructive measurements of artworks, collections, monuments and sites. The analysis may be orientated towards art‐historical or archaeological questions (execution techniques, dating, under‐drawings in paintings etc.; assessing the state of conservation of artefacts; determine or test the optimal preservation strategy to slow down alteration processes; monitoring conservation treatments and informing a risk assessment. All the techniques are non-invasive, so there is strictly no sampling or contact with the surface under exam. The motivation for MOLAB arises because a significant fraction of historical patrimony consists of wall paintings, monuments, sculptures, buildings that cannot be moved from their location which implies that non-invasive studies on these objects must be necessarily carried out in-situ, through mobile instrumentation. Even in the case of movable patrimony (such as paintings, ceramics, gems, manuscripts, etc.), it can often be quite difficult, if not impossible, to move such works to a laboratory, due the high risks and costs associated with their transportation and often fragile state. An advantage of MOLAB is that the measurements, being carried out in-situ, lead to real-time results, permitting an immediate discussion of the recorded data.
What is new. Now MOLAB includes mobile laboratories with unique competencies in-ground and aerial remote sensing as a key to enable interdisciplinary research in new fields and application scenarios such as i) exploration, survey and documentation of archaeological interests, ii) preventive and landscape archaeology, iii) interpretation, documentation and diagnosis of the state of conservation of built and monumental heritage. Also, the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy includes new capabilities and provides unique results applied to cultural heritage objects.
Name: Costanza Miliani
Phone: +39 _PHONE_


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Turtle embryos find the sunny spot
Wei-Guo Du from the Chinese Academy of Sciences has found that the embryos of soft-shelled turtles "bask" inside their eggs. "People usually think reptilian embryos are immobile," says Du. After all, their limbs are tiny stumps and they have few places to move to. But that doesn't stop them. Du found that the embryos can not only move, but they can snuggle up to the warmest side of their eggs.
He collected 260 eggs from a local turtle farm, placed them in individual jars and warmed them with heat lamps. The eggs were about one degree Celsius warmer on the sides closest to the lamps, and the turtles could sense this. After a few days, they had pressed up against the warmer side. When Du moved the heat lamps around, the embryos followed.
"To our knowledge, no previous study has looked for this ability, presumably because embryos were thought incapable of such behaviour," says Du.
Another good example of why scientists should provide images or video with their papers as often as possible. I would have skipped right over this if not for that great photo.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Directorate of Extension Education- Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Chamba
Directorate of Extension Education
The Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Chamba is located at Saru, 12 Km short of historical Chamba on Pathankot- Chamba highway town. Established in March 1991and became functional in March 1992, it is the first KVK of Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. Chamba District is located on the leap of western Himalaya (Longitude: 75o 45' N and 77o 33' E; Latitude: 32o 10' N and 33o 13' E; Altitude: 645- 6776 m amsl). The abruptness of slopes and narrowness of ravines are characteristic features of the topography of the district.The climate of district is semi- tropical to temperate. The temperature ranges from <0o C in winters in some parts to 40o C in other parts of the district. An annual rainfall varies from 1400- 1700 mm, mostly during monsoon. Snowball is a regular feature at higher elevations during Nov to February.The soil is generally clay or clay loam with or without gravel. In Pangi region, soil is more or less loam to clay loam with gravel. With some exceptions, most of the tracts are fairly fertile having deep and well drained soil.
The KVK organizes its activities in all six sub- divisions of the district viz; Chamba, Churah, Bhatiyat, Dalhousie, Bharmour and Pangi and seven development blocks viz; Chamba, Mehla, Bhatiyat, Tissa, Salooni and tribal blocks of Bharmour and Pangi.
To work towards a sustainable increase in productivity of both farm-based and non-farm enterprises that would result in a better socio-economic condition of the farmers.
To strive for the empowerment of rural communities, by providing them alternate means of income from agriculture based technologies and to improve the production, productivity and quality of the farmers' produce through scientific interventions thus leading to sustained upliftment of socio-economic status of the farmers .
- Facilitation and update of the extension officers/functionaries with emerging advances in horticulture/agricultural and allied field research and developments.
- Organization of short & long term training programmes/vocational trainings in horticulture/agriculture and allied fields for the farmers and rural youths for bringing higher farm productivity and self-employment.
- Organization of 'Front-line demonstration' on various crops for demonstration and adoption of improved farm technology.
- Identification of location specific technologies for developing sustainable land use systems through conducting 'On-farm testing (OFT)' trials.
Soil Health Day
Programme Coordinator's Contact Details
Dr. Rajeev Raina
Principal Scientist & Head
Krishi Vigyan Kendra Chamba
Distt Chamba 176 314 (HP) INDIA
Telephone: 911899 232144 (O) _PHONE_
E mail: _EMAIL_ _EMAIL_


Skip to definition.
Adjective: echoing e-kow-ing
 1. (of sounds) repeating by reflection
 "a hotel with echoing halls";
 - reechoing
Verb: echo e-kow
 1. To say again or imitate
 "followers echoing the cries of their leaders";
 - repeat
 2. Fill for a short time with sound and echoes
 "the hall echoed with laughter";
 - resound, ring, reverberate
 3. Call to mind
 "His words echoed John F. Kennedy";
 - recall
See also: reverberant
Type of: emit, go, let loose, let out, resemble, sound, utter
Encyclopedia: Echoing
Echo, Ontario


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SeaScraper iceberg-like structures helps filter ocean water and collect waste
Our oceans today are being ridden with waste, particularly plastic and non-degradable materials taking to the sea. This in turn proves treacherous for the eco-system and marine life and destroys both gradually, having an adverse effect on the environment. Behold the SeaScraper, an architectural brainchild designed to keep our water bodies clean. Structured like icebergs, these are largely submerged beneath the surface of the sea and use three separate zones to collect waste including a dedicated waste collection unit, recycling and energy recovery facilities in the middle and housing/recreational estates above sea level! An innovative way to clean up our oceans that could pretty much prove to be extremely practical if built sustainably, these SeaScrapers could do the eco-system a huge favor if they're ever turned into a reality.


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The head or leader of any body of men; a commander, as of an army; a head man, as of a tribe, clan, or family; a person in authority who directs the work of others; the principal actor or agent.
- One who is highest in rank or authority; a leader.
- A chief petty officer.
- Nautical The chief engineer of a ship.
- Slang A boss.
- Heraldry The upper section of a shield.
- The most important or valuable part.
- Highest in rank, authority, or office.
- Most important or influential. See Usage Note at absolute.
- Archaic Chiefly.


IUCN threat status:
Not evaluated
Brief Summary
Read full entry
Why call a purple orchid green-winged? If you look closely at the blossoms, you will see that the side petals ('the wings') have green stripes. This orchid is also known as the green-veined orchid. The green-winged orchid grows mostly in damp, calcium-rich, scanty hay fields and is legally protected. The flower stalk consists of 5-25 loosely grouped helmet-shaped flowers. It often grows together with yellow-rattle. The unusual association of green-winged orchid and yellow-rattle is probably not found outside of the Netherlands.
© Copyright Ecomare
Source: Ecomare


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Rapid Capture of Immersive Aerial Maps
We are the first to have engineered equipment and developed a process to rapidly capture an array of 360 degree immersive aerial spherical images on a mass scale over large urban areas.
With an array set at user-defined increments (currently 1 mile), using either fixed-wing or rotorcraft aircraft, our system can acquire on average 120 square miles of coverage per hour. At this rate, we can capture spherical imagery over an average size US urban area in only a few hours of flight time.
Using a multitude of sensors, we are able to record each aerial sphere's latitude, longitude, altitude as well as attitude information (pitch, bank, and heading) at the moment of capture. This data is useful during our post processing, in which we determine the latitude/longitude of each pixel within the spherical image.
Generally, we capture the spheres at alitudes between 500′ – 2,000′ above the ground while traveling through the air at 110-140 mph.


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As part of its contribution to preserving aviation heritage, Airbus has begun transferring four of its test aircraft to museums: the Museum of Air and Space at Paris-Le Bourget Airport and Aeroscopia in Toulouse, France.
The aircraft, which will benefit from heritage preservation and will soon be presented to the public, include A320 MSN1, recently withdrawn from the test aircraft fleet; A340-600 MSN360; A380 MSN2; and A380 MSN4.
The first aircraft to be preserved was A380 MSN4 which carried out 3,360 flying hours during its testing campaigns and was flown to the Air and Space Museum (ASM) at Le Bourget airport on February 14, 2017. Fifty passengers made up of Airbus A380 engineers and technicians, partners and staff from the Air and Space Museum took part in this special flight.
Before the aircraft is opened to the public, which should take place after several months, several operations will be necessary. In preparation for its display, it will be made safe by decommissioning, which includes draining the fuel tanks and other liquids in preparation for its display.
The museum has one of the largest aviation collections worldwide and there the Airbus's iconic test aircraft will undergo a unique refurbishment to showcase its operational role. Once an initial phase of technical work has been carried out on the airframe – which will include structural preservation – a special exhibit will also be created inside the aircraft's interior to enable the greatest possible number of people to visit it from 2018.
The other three aircraft maintained by Airbus Heritage in Toulouse, within the Airbus plant, will travel to Aeroscopia within the next two years, where an area in the northern part of the museum has been made ready for them. All these aircraft cover more than 30 years of flight tests and commercial success for Airbus.
Written by Michael Jones
Pic: Airbus, photo by exm company / H Goussé
February 15, 2017


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The European Commission has updated the list of energy projects of common interest (PCI). They are key cross-border infrastructure investments for a more integrated and resilient energy market that are supposed to help the European Union meet its energy and climate goals. Here is an overview of the projects in the newest, fifth list, that concern the Balkan region.
The fifth PCI list was sent to the European Parliament and European Council for approval. The process is expected to take up to four months. Under the legislation concerning the PCIs, the Trans-European Network-Energy (TEN-E) Regulation, the projects may qualify for grants under the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF).
They fall into one of four categories: electricity transmission and storage, gas, CO2 network, and smart grids. Many types of investments are considered PCIs – the examples are the Northern Lights carbon capture project in Norway, and Elmed or TUNITA, to lay a 600 MW submarine power cable under the Strait of Sicily to connect Italy and Tunisia are examples.
In the Balkans there are many projects that are included on the list.
Electricity transmission and storage projects planned for Romania, Serbia, Cyprus, and Greece
The Israel-Cyprus-Greece cluster or the EuroAsia Interconnector is a project to connect the three country's electrical grids via the world's longest submarine cable at 310 kilometres from Israel to Cyprus and 898 kilometres from Cyprus to Greece. It is expected to be completed in 2023.
The Mid Continental East Corridor consists of a power link between Reșița in Romania and Pančevo in Serbia, and three internal lines in Romania itself. The part connecting Serbia and Romania has been finished, with the rest of the cluster scheduled for completion in late 2025.
Terna Energy's project to build a pumped storage hydropower system in Amfilochia is another PCI in Greece. The system will store excess electricity from wind, photovoltaic, and thermal power plants.
Gas-related projects are the bulk of Balkan PCIs
In the gas category, a cluster of infrastructure development and enhancement to enable the Balkan Gas Hub is on the PCI list. It includes an interconnection between Greece and Bulgaria from Komotini to Stara Zagora and a compressor station at Kipi in Greece as well as the rehabilitation, modernisation, and expansion of the Bulgarian transmission system. The remaining part is a gas interconnection between Bulgaria and Serbia or IBS, meant to link the two countries' gas networks.
There is also a cluster for increasing storage capacity. It includes the expansion of underground gas storage (UGS) in Chiren in Bulgaria and the construction of the South Kavala storage unit under the sea near Kavala in Greece. Two projects are in Romania: the revamping and expansion of an existing gas storage facility of 300 million cubic meters in Târgu Mureș and another UGS project in Bilciurești.
Serbia is involved in power and gas interconnection projects
Romania also has projects from the second phase of the ROHU/BRUA cluster to boost bidirectional capacity between Romania and Hungary to 4.4 billion cubic meters per year. It comprises the expansion of the transmission capacity in Romania towards Hungary, expansion of gas compressor stations, a pipeline from the Black Sea shore to Podișor near Bucharest and a compressor station in Csanádpalota in Hungary.
Croatia and Slovenia have projects in the gas connection category too: interconnection between the two countries (Lučko-Zabok-Rogatec), a compressor station in Slovenia in Kidričevo to be upgraded, and the upgrade of the Rogatec connection. The pipeline will have a capacity of five billion cubic meters per year.
The EastMed Pipeline is a pipeline PCI for bringing gas from East Mediterranean reserves to Greece's mainland via Cyprus and Crete. It is dependent on the projects for the offshore Poseidon Pipeline and the reinforcement of the Adriatica Line.
Also in Cyprus, on the list is the project to develop gas infrastructure — Cyprus Gas2EU.
Two projects in the smart grid category
There are two projects in the Balkan region in the smart grids category. The one in Hungary and Romania is known as CARMEN. It is aimed at improving distribution network operation and service quality as well as enabling secure electricity flows from renewable generation. The second project, Green Switch, is for connecting Austria, Croatia, and Slovenia with the goal of optimising the use of existing infrastructure and integrating new technologies to increase hosting capacity, effecting integration of new loads and improving the quality and security of supply.


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In honor of my birthday (yesterday), I'm going to tell you about one of my favorite activities I learned about during my job at a science museum. It involves two of my favorite things – the sun and chocolate – a perfect combination. Plus, it's environmentally friendly – what could be better?
- Cardboard pizza box (the kind delivered pizza comes in)
- Aluminum foil
- Clear tape
- Plastic wrap or heavy-duty/freezer zip-lock bag
- Black construction paper
- Ruler or stick
- Chocolate chip cookie dough
Take the pizza box and cut a flap in the lid by cutting along three sides, leaving about an inch around the sides of the flap. Fold this flap up so that it stands up when the rest of the lid is closed.
Tightly wrap the aluminum foil around the flap, tape it to the back (outer side) of the flap. Make sure to cover the inner side of the flap with the foil to reflect the sun's rays.
Place double layer of plastic wrap over the opening you made when you cut the flap in the lid, leaving about an inch of plastic overlapping the sides. Tape each side down securely, sealing out the air. If you use a plastic bag instead of plastic wrap, cut out a square big enough to cover the opening, and tape one layer over it. You want to create an airtight window for sunlight to enter into the box.
Line the bottom of the box with black construction paper, which will absorb the heat. The black surface is where you will set your food to cook. To insulate your oven so it holds in more heat, roll up sheets of newspaper and place them on the bottom of the box, forming a border around the cooking area, and tape them down. You should still be able to close the lid, but inside there is a seal so air cannot escape.
It is best to use your solar oven when the sun is high overhead – from 11 am to 3 pm. Take it outside to a sunny spot and adjust the flap until the most sunlight possible is reflecting off the aluminum foil and onto the plastic-covered window. Use a ruler or stick to prop the flap at the right angle. You can also angle the entire box by using a rolled up towel.
Now for the best part… place the cookie dough in the center of the black paper so the cookies can be seen through the hole made by the flap. Make sure the shadow from the flap is directly behind the box for the best result. Remember to move the box every couple of hours to keep up with the movement of the sun. After 4-6 hours, your cookies should be done and ready to eat, straight from your new solar oven.
You can also make toast by buttering a slice of bread, or sprinkling cheese on it, then letting the sun do the rest, or hot dogs, nachos. If you plan on using the solar oven more than once, place your food on a clear plastic or glass plate to prevent the black paper from getting dirty.
For more details (and recipes) on this activity, go to:
Visit _URL_ for more great lesson plans, experiments, and games. Or learn about how Heifer International project participants in Malawi are saving energy and resources with their own environmentally friendly cooking stoves.


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WASHINGTON, D.C. — The Bank of America and several smaller banks recently announced they will impose monthly fees on customers for using their debit cards.
The move prompted howls of protest, including ones from Senate Majority Whip Richard Durbin, D-Ill., who took to the Senate floor to encourage customers to remove their money from banks that raise fees.
That a sitting senator would encourage a bank run at any time, much less when the economy is in a precarious state, is remarkable in itself — and an indication of the political heat generated by the new bank fees.
So let's shed some light on how to think about them. No customer wants to pay new fees for any product or service he already receives.
Why are these banks taking such an unpopular step and dinging their customers $3, $4, or $5 a month? It's important to note that no one can say he didn't see it coming, least of all Durbin.
When Congress pushed through its big financial reform package last year, it included price controls on the so-called "swipe fees" banks can charge merchants for the use of debit cards in retail transactions. These fees are one way that banks make money. The swipe fees had nothing to do with the crisis that triggered the broader financial reform measure.
So why did Congress include these price caps? Durbin and other supporters of the measure were aiming to help friends in the retailing industry, who don't like paying the fees.
Before the law passed, the banks informed Durbin that imposition of the controls would likely lead them to raise prices for other services. But the price caps passed despite this warning. And so banks have done exactly as they said they would do — raise fees elsewhere to make up for the lost revenue — estimated at over $6 billion.
What should consumers receiving notices from their banks about increased fees think of all this?
Banks are not the most popular institutions these days, but they can hardly be faulted for raising fees in one area of their business after Congress imposed price caps in another.
This is not the first time Washington has experimented with price controls to ill effect. Price controls were advanced by policymakers to regulate the airline, telecommunications, and trucking industries, among others.
In the 1970s, caps on gasoline prices were imposed by the Nixon administration. This led to shortages and long lines at filling stations. Americans were outraged.
Indeed, price controls are one of the most pernicious kinds of government regulation. In an ironic twist, they often lead to higher consumer prices over time because they build inefficiencies into economic transactions and decision-making that end up costing consumers more money.
This is a key reason policymakers largely abandoned the use of price controls after the country's painful experiences with them in the 1970s. Those who fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it, the saying goes, and it looks like we're repeating the mistakes of the 1970s.
Public ire today should be directed as it was back then — at Washington policymakers interfering with the market's price mechanism.
The good news is a bipartisan effort is channeling some of that public outrage in a productive manner. Rep. Jason Chaffetz, a Republican of Utah, and Rep. Bill Owens, a Democrat from New York, have sponsored legislation to repeal to Durbin price controls.
But they face an uphill battle. Large retailers like the price caps. And some policymakers like having banks as a convenient public villain. The loser if the price controls remain is the average bank customer who will likely see less innovation, worse service and higher prices over time than he otherwise would.
Nick Schulz is editor of American.com and a fellow at the American Enterprise Institute.
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text:
The seventh and last step in the use of sustainability indicators is the introduction of a plan of action to improve the company's performance.
During the previous steps, the company's environmental performances have been determined using indicators, the measurements analyzed and the options for improving sustainability identified. This step involves implementation of decisions taken thanks to the formulation of clear objectives and the creation of a plan of action.
Formulating targeted objectives for improving sustainability
Targeting specific objectives is essential for improving the company's environmental performance and demonstrating its commitment to employees and external actors. This also promotes the desire to achieve the required results. Thanks to the formalities completed in the previous stages to clarify the best options for improvement, these objectives are now clearly definable.
It is not unusual for the targeted objectives to involve changes in the design of products or adjustments in existing processes in order to reduce environmental impact. Ideally, the objectives set should also include a schedule for their achievement.
Example of table grouping targeted objectives
The objectives can be grouped together in a table as in the fictitious example below:


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Then there is also the "relative" as in kinship or family "relation",
and we should not replace "relative" with "kinship" either, unless
that is what you are speaking of. I think what you are using is
definition 8, which may be appropriate. That is happiness in regard
to a person's view, or happiness stemming from a person (change
"happiness" to "truth"). We exude truths, we do not live by them.
That would be futile indeed.
In Western metaphysics, the word relative has specific meaning, that
is, not the common everyday meaning. Metaphysics is a form of Math as
presented by Russell. Logic must be adhered to, otherwise it is "just
whatever you want it to be". Words are operators in logic. A fuzzy
word is not too useful, as you can tell from the firestorm.
As you know from mindfulness, things do not have to be considered in
relation to other things. The divide between such things is a false
divide that stems from the SO view of the world. Here in MoQ we
understand that. It is the nature of what creates the appearance of
such separation that we are interested in. That, of course, is
Quality. Everything we can put into sq has qualities, and MoQ is an
sq ghost of Quality.
Thank you for the clafification in what you meant. (?).


10 famous open letters that caught the public's imagination
Open letter
Open letters can be a powerful ways to make a point. Below are some of the most famous
A Dutch dad's heartbreaking open letter to Russian President Vladimir Putin following the death of his daughter Elsemiek de Borst on doomed Malaysian Airlines Flight MH17 went viral after touching the hearts of people around the world.
Hans de Borst wrote the letter, below, after Elsemiek was killed with 297 others when the Malaysian Airlines jet was blown out of the sky over Ukraine on July 17, 2014.
Open letters can be extremely effective way of making your ideas known — especially in the modern day, when the potential audience is unlimited thanks to the power of the internet.
But they have been used throughout history to make important points, some of which have changed the world, others of which have hit headlines for other reasons.
Here we look at ten other open letters that have captured the public's imagination — and, in some cases, changed the world.
10 Martin Luther King Jr's letter from Birmingham Jail
This letter, also known as The Negro Is Your Brother, was an open letter written by civil rights hero Martin Luther King Jr to his fellow clergymen from inside Birmingham jail, Alabama, in April 1963.
Luther King had been incarcerated there after taking part in marches against racism and racial segregation in the city.
The letter, written on a newspaper and smuggled out the jail by his lawyers before being published, backed the civil rights movement's nonviolent resistance to racism and said people were morally responsible for breaking laws that were unjust.
The letter told of his hope that "the dark clouds of racial prejudice will soon pass away".
It was extensively reprinted and helped change the course of the American civil rights fight and helped end racial segregation and discrimination.
9 USA Boxing to Mike Tyson
This open letter from USA Boxing to Mike Tyson was released in October 2013 to try and stop the former sports star from poaching young talent from the potential squad for the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.
The letter claimed by signing up their young athletes to professional contracts at a young age Tyson was undermining the US Olympic Boxing Team and taking away vital resources that help the youngsters develop as boxers, teach them values and a moral code, and the skills to continue to work after their boxing careers end.
However, the letter didn't go down well in all corners. ESPN called it "sanctimonious", "righteous" and "indignant".
Tyson also issued his own response calling the letter "erroneous" and accused them of "disrespect" and of using his name for publicity rather than contacting him directly.
8 Sinead O'Connor to Miley Cyrus
Irish singer Sinead O'Connor wrote an open letter to new kid on the block Miley Cyrus after the 20-year-old said her highly-sexual Wrecking Ball video was inspired by Sinead's song Nothing Compares 2 U.
Sinead said she wanted to warn Miley she was being 'pimped' by the music industry.
Furore erupted after the letter was released, with singer of The Dresden Dolls Amanda Palmer responding with her own open letter to Sinead O'Connor saying she was "off target" as Miley was making the decisions to be sexual herself.
Sinead then published a string of hard-hitting follow-up letters to Miley explaining her position.
7 Siegfried Sassoon to British military leadership
Sassoon was an English poet, writer and soldier during the First World War. In 1917 he wrote an open letter to the British military leadership protesting against the continuation of war.
Titled Finished with the War: A Soldier's Declaration, it was published in the Press and read out in the British Parliament — causing a massive hoo-ha.
Some critics said Sassoon had committed treason by encouraging defiance against the military leadership.
In it he said: "I believe that [the war] is being deliberately prolonged by those who have the power to end it.
Shortly afterwards he was deemed mentally ill and sent to a mental institution to be treated for 'shell shock'.
6 Emile Zola to Felix Faure (President of France)
One of the most famous open letters of all time, writer Emile Zola's letter entitled J'Accuse! (I accuse!) was written to then President of France Felix Faure in January 1898.
It accused Faure and his government of anti-Semitism and the unlawful jailing of Alfred Dreyfus, a French Army officer, for espionage and treason on questionable evidence.
The letter was published on the front page of French newspaper L'Aurore. It played a big role in shaping public opinion over what is today regarded as a major miscarriage of justice.
Zola fled to England after its publication to avoid being jailed when he was found guilty of libel.
5 Bill Gates' Open Letter to Hobbyists
Gates' open letter to computer hobbyists was written in 1976 — condemning the theft of computer software.
Gates, the co-founder of Microsoft and today the richest man in the world, said hobbyists using software without paying it would harm the computer industry over the long term.
He was prompted to write the letter after people kept copying his firm's Altair BASIC software without him receiving any returns.
Gates said it would put people off investing time and money in developing software in the future — and "stop good software being written".
He said: "As the majority of hobbyists must be aware, most of you steal your software. Hardware must be paid for, but software is something to share. Who cares if the people who worked on it get paid? Is this fair?".
The letter was published in the Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter as well as a string of other magazines.
It prompted a huge debate on how software is developed and sold, paving the way for the computer industry we see today.
4 Mahatma Gandhi's advice to Hitler
Mahatma Gandhi wrote his open letter to Hitler in the build-up to World War II — calling him the "one person in the world who can prevent a war which may reduce humanity to the savage state".
He asked him to follow in his example in deliberately shunning war.
The letter never reached Hitler after the British government intervened — and war broke out less than six weeks later when Germany invaded Poland.
3 Letter on Corpulence, Addressed to the Public
The letter on corpulence, a letter to the public written in booklet form, was penned by undertaker William Banting after he lost weight by switching to a low-carbohydrate diet.
He had been obese when he found out about the diet through a visit do a doctor. The booklet was basically a diet book, which included a plan on how to lose weight like he did.
It also told of other ways he'd tried to lose weight in the past and failed.
The pamphlet became very popular for many years and laid the path for the diet books of today.
2 The family of Emmett Till to Lil' Wayne
Hip-hop star Lil' Wayne was forced to apologise after offending the family of Emmett Till, a 14 year old murdered in Mississippi after allegedly flirting with a white woman, with one of his lyrics.
Wayne likened Till's beating to sex on the remix of Future's song Karate Chop.
The family were so outraged they penned a two-page letter to Wayne accusing him of 'destroying the preservation and legacy of Emmett Till's memory and name'.
It added: "How would you feel if your child was beaten beyond recognition, body mutilated and disfigured, torchered for hours, unnecssarily shot after being BEATEN TO DEATH, lynched in barbed wire weighted down by a 70 pound cotton gin fan and tossed in a river with intent to never be found again?".
Lil wayne was dropped from an advertising campaign with Mountain Dew after fury erupted over the controversy.
The lyric was then removed from the track and Wayne issued an apology, although it was rejected by Emmett Till's relatives.
1 Niels Bohr to the UN
Niels Bohr was one of the the 20th century pre-eminent physicists, winning the Nobel Prize in 1922 for his work on quantum theory and the structure of the atom.
He wrote his open letter to the UN in June 1950, calling for greater international cooperation and monitoring of nuclear energy.
He said that "in placing formidable means of destruction in the hands of man, presented our whole civilization with a most serious challenge".
He called for a centralised committee to be set up to keep tabs on work done on nuclear energy. The letter led to the setting up of the Atomic Energy Agency.
Have you ever written an open letter or read an interesting one? Let us know in the comments section below.
Julian Cheatle
Would love your thoughts, please comment.x


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Group merging is the process of taking one or more categories and giving them the same name for the purposes of results analysis. This process is sometimes called 'category standardization'.
Group merging is done through the Groups table and is only available for Open or Hybrid card sorts. All results tables have a toggle to turn on and off the use of the merge in the results that they display.
How To Merge Groups
- In the Groups Table Select 2 or more of the check boxes in the first column of the groups to merge.
- Click the 'Merge Selected' button above the table.
- Provide a name for those groups to be assigned. Click Merge.
- Those groups are now merged. Use the Merge Group toggle at the top to view the consolidated results. Merged group names will be displayed with an underline
How To Un-Merge Groups
- In the Groups Table turn on the group merge toggle. This is optional, but makes it much easier to ungroup an entire group contents. If you wish to remove only some groups from a merge groups, use the group table with the toggle off
- Select the check boxes in the first column of the groups to un-merge.
- Click the 'Un-Merge Selected' button above the table.
Tips for Finding Similar Groups
- Scan the list of group names to find common names with small differences in their wording.
- Enter a part of a word in the search input to filter the table
- After completing a number of merges, try using the'merged' view of the groups table to find remaining outliers - as it reduces the number of groups to view.
- Remember that groups are case-sensitive, so 'Science Fiction' will be listed separate from'science fiction'. We do this to maintain specific Casing that may be important to the user such as acronyms.


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Pre-provisioned Air-gapped New Cluster
If your cluster is in an air-gapped environment or you have a local registry, you must provide additional arguments when creating the cluster. These tell the cluster where to locate the local registry to use by defining the URL.
CODE
export REGISTRY_URL="<https/http>://<registry-address>:<registry-port>"
export REGISTRY_CA="<path to the CA on the bastion>"
export REGISTRY_USERNAME="<username>"
export REGISTRY_USERNAME="<password>"
 - REGISTRY_URL: the address of an existing local registry accessible in the VPC that the new cluster nodes will be configured to use a mirror registry when pulling images.
 - REGISTRY_CA: (optional) the path on the bastion machine to the local registry CA. Konvoy will configure the cluster nodes to trust this CA. This value is only needed if the registry is using a self-signed certificate and the AMIs are not already configured to trust this CA.
 - REGISTRY_USERNAME: optional, set to a user that has pull access to this registry.
 - REGISTRY_PASSWORD: optional if username is not set.
Before you create a new DKP cluster below, you may choose an external load balancer or virtual IP and use the corresponding dkp create cluster command example from that page in the docs from the links below. Other customizations are available, but require different flags during dkp create cluster command also. Refer to corresponding section for custom cluster creation:
Name Your Cluster
The cluster name may only contain the following characters: a-z, 0-9, ., and -. Cluster creation will fail if the name has capital letters. See Kubernetes for more naming information.
When specifying the cluster-name, you must use the same cluster-name as used when defining your inventory objects.
By default, the control-plane Nodes will be created in 3 different zones. However, the default worker Nodes will reside in a single Availability Zone. You may create additional node pools in other Availability Zones with the dkp create nodepool command.
Follow these steps:
 1. Give your cluster a unique name suitable for your environment.
 2. Set the environment variable:
CODE
export CLUSTER_NAME=preprovisioned-example
Before you create a new DKP cluster below, choose an external load balancer or virtual IP and use the corresponding dkp create cluster command.
Create an Air-gapped Kubernetes Cluster
Once you've defined the infrastructure and control plane endpoints, you can proceed to creating the cluster by following these steps to create a new pre-provisioned cluster.
NOTE: (Optional) If you have overrides for your clusters, you must specify the secret as part of the create cluster command. If these are not specified, the overrides for your nodes will not be applied.
DKP uses localvolumeprovisioner as the default storage provider for a pre-provisioned environment. However, localvolumeprovisioner is not suitable for production use. You should use a Kubernetes CSI compatible storage that is suitable for production.
After disabling localvolumeprovisioner, you can choose from any of the storage options available for Kubernetes. To make that storage the default storage, use the commands shown in this section of the Kubernetes documentation: _URL_
The following command relies on the pre-provisioned cluster API infrastructure provider to initialize the Kubernetes control plane and worker nodes on the hosts defined in the inventory.
 - NOTE: When specifying the cluster-name, you must use the same cluster-name as used when defining your inventory objects.
 - NOTE: (Optional) If you have overrides for your clusters, you must specify the secret as part of the create cluster command. If these are not specified, the overrides for your nodes will not be applied.
 --override-secret-name=$CLUSTER_NAME-user-overrides
 - NOTE: To increase Docker Hub's rate limit use your Docker Hub credentials when creating the cluster, by setting the following flag --registry-mirror-url=_URL_ --registry-mirror-username= --registry-mirror-password= on the dkp create cluster command.
 - NOTE: Ensure your subnets do not overlap with your host subnet because they cannot be changed after cluster creation. If you need to change the kubernetes subnets, you must do this at cluster creation. The default subnets used in DKP are:
CODE
spec:
 clusterNetwork:
 pods:
 cidrBlocks:
 - 192.168.0.0/16
 services:
 cidrBlocks:
 - 10.96.0.0/12
Create cluster command may take a while depending on the size of the cluster:
 1. The command below uses the default external load balancer:
 CODE
 dkp create cluster preprovisioned --cluster-name ${CLUSTER_NAME}
 --control-plane-endpoint-host <control plane endpoint host>
 --control-plane-endpoint-port <control plane endpoint port, if different than 6443>
 --pre-provisioned-inventory-file preprovisioned_inventory.yaml
 --ssh-private-key-file <path-to-ssh-private-key>
 --registry-mirror-url=${REGISTRY_URL} \
 --registry-mirror-cacert=${REGISTRY_CA} \
 --registry-mirror-username=${REGISTRY_USERNAME} \
 --registry-mirror-password=${REGISTRY_PASSWORD}

 1. Virtual IP ALTERNATIVE - if you don't have an external LB, and wish to use a VIRTUAL IP provided by kube-vip, specify these flags example below:
 CODE
 dkp create cluster preprovisioned \
 --cluster-name ${CLUSTER_NAME} \
 --control-plane-endpoint-host 196.168.1.10 \
 --virtual-ip-interface eth1
 The output from this command is shortened here for reading clarity, but should start like this:
 CODE
 Generating cluster resources
 cluster.cluster.x-k8s.io/preprovisioned-example created
 cont.........
 2. Use the wait command to monitor the cluster control-plane readiness:
 CODE
 kubectl wait --for=condition=ControlPlaneReady "clusters/${CLUSTER_NAME}" --timeout=30m
 Output:
 CODE
 cluster.cluster.x-k8s.io/preprovisioned-example condition met
NOTE: Depending on the cluster size, it will take a few minutes to create.
When the command completes, you will have a running Kubernetes cluster! Use this command to get the Kubernetes kubeconfig for the new cluster and proceed to installing the DKP Kommander UI:
CODE
dkp get kubeconfig -c ${CLUSTER_NAME} > ${CLUSTER_NAME}.conf
Azure requires changing the CNI encapsulation type of Calico from the default of IPtoIP to VXlan. If changing the Calico encapsulation, D2iQ recommends changing it after cluster creation, but before production.
Audit logs
To modify Control Plane Audit logs settings using the information contained in the page Configure the Control Plane.
Further Optional Steps:
Cluster Verification
If you want to monitor or verify the installation of your clusters, refer to Verify your Cluster and DKP Installation.
Next Step:
Pre-provisioned: Make Cluster Self-managed
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By Yusef Taylor, @FlexDan_YT – Interview conducted on 13th May 2022
"Our recent history is too fresh in our minds for us to have a nonchalant attitude towards human rights. Those who govern us (the Executive and its agents), those who are governed (the public) and those who aspire to govern us (political parties and their supporters) must believe in the principles of human rights and not just pay lip service to its ideals".
These are the words of the Chairperson of the Gambia's National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) Mr Emmanuel Joof during his hearing at the Truth Reconciliation and Reparations Commission (TRRC) aired live on QTV on 20th May 2021. Chairperson Joof was speaking as a Human Rights Defender with two decades of experience during the 22-year rule of former President Yahya Jammeh. Our reporter caught up with the NHRC Chairperson to discuss their role in the implementation of the TRRC Recommendations.
NHRC Recommendations by TRRC and CSOs
The Gambia Government published its White Paper on the TRRC recommendations and report on 25th May 2022. In that regard, the report has recommended for the NHRC monitor the implementation of the TRRC recommendations and submit a yearly report to Parliament.
The TRRC also recommended, "that the NHRC be responsible for the archiving and digitalisation of documents, information and materials emanating from the TRRC to help in the preservation of the impartial historical record of human rights violation that the TRRC was mandated to establish".
Civil Society Organisations (CSO) also submitted a White Paper on the TRRC urging the Government to strengthen the NHRC "in its promotion and protection mandate" to increase the chances of "the country's 'Never Again' campaign" becoming "a reality".
The CSO White Paper submitted to the Minister of Justice on Thursday 6th May 2022 also recommended for the NHRC "to take up the role of a 'successor body' to the TRRC with a post-TRRC mandate to advise the government and engage in monitoring the implementation of the recommendations, thereby enhancing public trust in the post-TRRC process".
Finally, the CSO White Paper also calls for the NHRC to "facilitate coordination of national actors in post-TRRC engagements and support the government in its investigations in the case of missing persons who continue to be in a state of enforced disappearance until the government makes their fate/whereabouts known".
Both the TRRC and the NHRC were enacted as transitional justice mechanisms by the National Assembly. The main difference in both is that the TRRC was mandated to investigate the Human Rights violations of the former regime of President Yahya Jammeh from 1994 to 2016 while the NHRC is mandated to investigate all human rights violations from 2017 onwards. While the TRRC has a temporary role the NHRC is a permanent body.
NHRC's Role in TRRC Recommendations
The NHRC is already playing an active role in promoting the TRRC Recommendations. In the same week, our reporter had an interview with the NHRC Chairperson the Commission was engaged in a three-day National Stakeholder Dialogue on the TRRC Report.
Chairperson Joof believes that the Consultations prove "that the State has taken ownership of" the TRRC. Chairperson Joof noted that the consultation was "done by the Minister of Justice in collaboration and partnership with the NHRC, the ICTJ and also supported by the American Bar Association with Victim Led Organisations".
Speaking on the importance of the National Stakeholder Dialogue Mr Joof explained that it was an opportunity "to look at the recommendations" and to come up with even more recommendations. "So, we were all divided into working groups there was a plenary session where you had serious discussions and it was not censored," he explained.
After the working groups were divided Chairperson Joof revealed that he was responsible for one of the groups which dealt with Volumes 5, 6 and 7 of the TRRC Reports as a facilitator of the group. At the end of the consultations "the Committee looked at the recommendations and also gave even more recommendations and it is hoped that these recommendations will peep in the White Paper that we are expecting on the 25th of May 2022".
The NHRC Chairperson noted that "there has been a lot of sceptics and misconceptions [when it comes to the TRRC] and for obvious reasons. Sometimes it was politicised. You had certain segments even ridiculing the whole process of the TRRC which was sad because you had victims who were there their families were killed and you had some people who were actually not showing any sign of remorse and making a mockery of the system".
When our reporter asked the NHRC Chairperson if his Commission could succeed the TRRC given its permanent status he noted that "the NHRC has by its very mandate a monitoring role on everything that is human rights to make sure that whatever is there is implemented. We are not going to be an implementing agency that is within the purview of the government because they will come up with a white paper and the white paper will have an implementing strategy. If it's prosecutions who will be prosecuted? How and when? Reparations and issues surrounding Reconciliation. The historical records now we have it, it's there".
Chairperson Joof elaborated further when he said "issues relating to impunity. Impunity also goes with prosecutions for those who bear the greatest responsibility". Giving examples of how the NHRC can impact the implementation Mr Joof opined that people "will just hear the government saying yeah, we will do it but somebody has to tell them, no. You have said you will prosecute these people why have you not done it? You have said that you are supposed to give reparations or set up a reparations committee why have you not done it?"
"So, the TRRC Report itself says we should be making sure that the implementation of the TRRC Recommendations is done and are done within a specified period," noted the NHRC Chairperson.
The NHRC Chair also highlighted that their Commission had a Consultative Workshop on the TRRC without the Ministry of Justice "where we invited Civil Society because the TRRC is our TRRC. If we are going to carry the Never Again mantra and bring back a culture of human rights and rule of law in this country it is the NHRC and we cannot do that by just singing never again we must do that by making sure that there is no impunity".
"Those who bear the greatest responsibility will be prosecuted, people will be given reparations and there will be institutional reforms. Those institutions that were known to be the engine of human rights violations like the Police, the Military, the PIU, Immigration, and the Prisons will operate within the confines of a human rights system. So, nobody can take us away from the TRRC because we will carry the Never Again mantra but it is a lot of work. You need implementations that are immediate, medium-term and long term," explained the NHRC Chairperson.


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The mean or average change in process over time from subgroup values. The control limits on the X-Bar brings the sample's mean and center into consideration.
The range of the process over the time from subgroups values. This monitors the spread of the process over the time.
The p chart is for the fraction of defective items in a sample.
The fraction defective is the number of defective items in a sample divided by the total number of items in a sample. The fraction defective chart is used when the sample size varies. If we have a high percentage of good items, say 99%, the fraction defective is small, 0.01. In order to get any defectives in as sample from a high quality population, the sample size must be large. In many cases the sample size is all the daily production. In this situation the sample size will vary from day to day. The only statistical measure of quality would be the fraction rejected.
The np chart is for the number of defective items in a sample.
The number of defective, np, chart shows the number of defective items in samples rather than the fraction of defective items. It requires that the sample size remains constant. It has two benefits over the p chart: there is no calculation required of each sample result; it easier for some people to understand.
The c chart is for the number of defects in an item.
The number of defects, c, chart is based on the Poisson distribution. It is a plot of the number of defects in items. The item may be a given length of steel bar, a welded tank, a bolt of cloth and so on. For the control chart, the size of the item must be constant. If the chart is for the number of defects in a bolt of cloth, all the cloths must be of the same size.
The c chart can also be used for the number of defects in a fixed number of items. The number of defects per 10 bolts of cloth can be plotted on c charts just as well as the number of defects per single roll. The essential factor for using c charts is that each sample has the same opportunity for defects.
How to Interpret the X Bar R Control Charts
- To correctly interpret X bar R chart, always examine the R chart first.
- The X bar chart control limits are derived from the R bar (average range) values, if the values are out of control in R chart that means the X bar chart control limits are not accurate.
- If the points are out of control in R chart, then stop the process. Identify the special cause and address the issue. Remove those subgroups from the calculations.
- Once the R bar chart is in control, then review X bar chart and interpret the points against the control limits.
- All the points to be interpret against the control limits but not specification limits. As specification limits are provided by customer or management whereas control limits are derived from the average and range values of the subgroups.
- If any point out of control in X bar chat. Identify the special cause and address the issue.
- Process capability studies can be performed only after both X bar and R chart values are within the control limits. There is no meaning to perform process capability studies of an unstable process.


text:
During the gravel packing and fracturing processes in deviated wells the flows can follow complicated three-dimensional paths in the treating string. In this paper we present the formulation of a three-dimensional numerical model of fluid and solids transport for evaluation and design of these completion events. The simulator tracks the slurry flow from the surface, throughout the wellbore, and into the perforations. It treats fluid return and loss into the formation. The model simulates fluid displacement, gravel settling, dune formation, bridging, fluid flow through packed solids and flow into and out of screens.
We present validation results against laboratory and field data for various fluids, deviations, pumping rates, and solids loading.


text:
What the effects of the privatisation of agriculture in Russia and China in the 1980s and 1990s?
The privatisation of agriculture in Russia started on 1989 – 1990 when Gorbachev changed the Soviet legislation about the non-government enterprises. So the agricultural program reform allowed the creation of non-government corporations of agricultural products. This, has helped the movement from corporate farms to individual farms. The number of peasant farms has been increased quickly to 270.000 in 1994 and became steady, about 280.000 or less in 1995. The number of the peasant farms was not the expected one by the government. Also, when the reform began the productivity and the efficiency have declined. As far as the privatisation of agriculture in China, this issue was part of the general Chinese economic reform which was implemented from Deng Xiaoping. Deng Xiaoping, decentralised the agriculture and gave strong attention to the household – responsibility system (HRS) which separated the common lands to private. This action gave a strong push up to China's economy increasing the agricultural production and performance. The prices of agricultural products had increased and as a result of this, the quality of living standards in China has enhanced and afterwards the rural industry had improved.
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As far as the search strategy I followed for this particular topic, I have to mention some deductions. As the topic is not familiar to my knowledge, I did not know in which sources I had to search. So, I typed the whole question on the University's library search machine with the purpose to find several references and get an idea for what I was looking for. The next step was to identify the key words of the question and try to continue my search using them. The key words I used are "Agriculture in Russia", "Agriculture in China", "Land reform in Russia", "Land reform in China", "China's agricultural privatisation programme", "Russia's agricultural privatisation programme", "impact of agriculture privatisation in China", "impact of agriculture privatisation in Russia". Unfortunately, I was not able to find a proper database which includes agricultural topics, as the particular question is social – economic topic. To accomplish my search I used one of the biggest search machines, the Google. Moreover, I used the Google Scholar, which provides very useful information about everything. Thus I searched in journals, articles, PhDs thesis (but I could not find a suitable one) and educational reports from universities.
The use of carbenes to make catalysts
The use of carbenes to make catalysts is quite new in chemistry sector. Because of Carbenes are consisted of non-common carbon atoms which are usually unbalanced in nature, attaching metals to create metal complexes and finally work as very important catalysts. The majority of scientists did not believe that it would ever be possible the construction of a particular kind of Carbenes. This certain kind of carbenes is called "abnormal N-Heterocyclic carbenes", they developed in laboratory and they are used to make catalysts. Obviously they have given great opportunities for further development in many sectors of industry, especially in pharmaceutical industry. The chemist from the University of California, Riverside, Professor Guy Bertrand accomplished to separate and create aNCHs which are metal-free and chemists can use them to make every desired complex. The synthesis of a completely different class of metal-free aNHCs can drive to new roads the area of expertise of catalysis. It can give also great prospect of innovation in drug research and manufacture as catalytic procedures can facilitate to keep costs under control. This discovery can be really helpful and contribute to solve a great variety of drawbacks as the interest about this is continuously increased as it is very friendly to environment. Another advantage of abnormal N-Heterocyclic carbenes is that they function as organometallic catalysts which enhance their eco-friendly ability.
As far as the strategy I followed for this topic, I came into conclusion about some things. Again this particular topic was completely out of my knowledge, so I had first to identify what exactly are carbenes and what is catalyst. After a general search in the library and google, I tried to focus on key words, like "carbenes", "catalyst". As long as I knew that the topic is about chemistry, my direction on the research led me to find journals and resources about chemistry. After finding some references from journals, I tried to search on PhD Thesis but I was not able to discover an appropriate PhD thesis which declares the carbenes and their usage on making catalysts. A very interesting thing is that during my research I recognized that catalysts are made of a particular type of carbenes which is artificial. The strengths of my research strategy are that it was feasible to find an acceptable variety of references to support my answer, as well as to make clear the definition of carbenes and their implementation. On the other hand the weaknesses of my research strategy were that obviously I could not discover a proper PhD Thesis in order to go deeper on my investigation. The reference which supports and describe in the best way my answer is "Nicolas Marion, S.D.-G.D., Stevenâ€…P. Nolan Prof.â€…Dr. (2007) 'N-Heterocyclic Carbenes as Organocatalysts'. Angewandte Chemie."
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Constructing flexible antenna by injecting liquid metal into elastomeric microchannels
The use of antennas is widespread with many implementations. The traditional antennas are made up from metal, especially copper. This means that antennas are too strong, even though they can break down easily. Because of the wide application antennas have, from medical to technical and military sector, users encountered a lot of problems, most significant problem was the antenna's limitation on how far they could get curved. Thus, scientists made it possible to construct flexible antennas from liquid metal in order to overcome this limitation. They accomplished their goal injecting liquid metal into elastomeric microchannels. The liquid metal they used is EGaIn which is consisted of 75% eutectic gallium and 25% indium. So, inserting liquid metal into a layer of microchannels in an elastomeric surface it is a very simple way to construct radiating frameworks. In contrast to traditional antennas, made up from stiff metal which is not flexible, the new type of them, uses the mechanical attributes of the enclosed material and also can be flexible and strong. This flexible antenna can be used in many existing applications such as cell phones or other electronic devices but also can be used in other type of applications such as textiles. Flexible antennas can be stretched without losing of their efficiency or attributes as they have the ability to tolerate any kind of effort upon them. Moreover, the ability of liquid metal to mix up with other metals, could help the straight electrical connection and integration of antennas into surfaces with electronic parts.
As far as the search strategy I followed, I have to mention some inferences. The topic was completely unknown for me, although I understood that it is an engineering topic, so I had to focus my research on engineering sources. The key words I used are "flexible", "antenna", "liquid", "metal", "elastomeric" and "microchannel". At first, I used them altogether as I wanted to understand what exactly is the topic. Afterwards, I used them separately or in combination. One interesting thing is that some references from google patent, which were too useful to understand the concept of flexible antenna invention. Furthermore, I found a lot of mechanical and engineering journals which depict very clearly the implementation and the construction of flexible antenna. An important problem I faced on the beginning it was that I found the same paper in many different sources and I had to dig more in the internet. The most appropriate reference I used for answering this particular topic is " Gerard J. Hayes, J.-H.S., Amit Qusba, Michael D. Dickey, Gianluca Lazzi (2012) 'Flexible Liquid Metal Alloy (EGlan) Microstrip Patch Antenna'. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation."


12 Rates
How to choose the right solvent for cleaning scientific instrumentation
Measuring instruments are typically built to measure a wide range of samples. However, the measuring cell, hoses, and connections must be cleaned after measurement to keep the device in good working condition and make sure the measurement on the next sample delivers correct results.
Choosing the most suitable solvent to clean the measuring cell(s) of a scientific instrument depends on the sample or chemical which needs to be removed from the device. The aim of a cleaning procedure is to leave the measuring device ready to use for the next measurement or experiment.
If the measuring device has a sample changer, the cleaning program can be predefined to automatically use specific solvent combinations and drying times.
Before using a solvent for the cleaning task you need to consider:
 - The type of sample which needs to be removed from the measuring cell
 - Which type of solvent could be used
 - Which order to use the solvents in
Which type of sample needs to be removed from the measuring cell?
Samples have different properties and these properties determine the solubility of the sample in a solvent. The solubility of a substance fundamentally depends on:
 - physical and chemical properties of the solute
 - physical and chemical properties of the solvent
 - temperature
 - pressure
 - pH of the solvent-solute solution[1]
Deciding which solvent is required to rinse out the sample follows the maxim: "Similia similibus solvuntur" (like dissolves like).
Types of solvent for cleaning scientific instrumentation
Solvents are chemicals. They can be used in their pure form or as mixtures consisting of different solvents. A solvent or cleaning agent can also simply be water mixed with some detergent.
Solvents can be classified into several categories according to their chemical structure and physical behavior[2].
To understand their behavior as cleaning agents, it is important to understand that solvents are either polar or non-polar.
What is a polar solvent?
A polar solvent is a solvent with a high polarity. The polarity of a substance affects its solubility. To determine a substance's polarity you can measure the dielectric constant. The higher the dielectric constant, the higher the polarity of the substance. Water is a polar solvent, which is indicated by its high dielectric constant of 88 (at 0 °C)[3]. Polar solvents are most suitable for dissolving polar samples.
Common polar solvents:
What is a non-polar solvent?
Solvents with a dielectric constant of less than 15 are generally considered to be non-polar[4][5]. Non-polar solvents are most suitable for dissolving non-polar samples.
Common non-polar solvents:
What is a solvent mixture?
Solvent mixtures can have several attributes. They can be polar and non-polar as well at the same time. This ambivalence often helps to dissolve tricky samples easily.[6]
A good example is the ternary mixture used for cleaning in-service oils. Dissolving in-service oils is tricky because the sample itself is a combination of soot, oil, and impurities such as water. Therefore, the solvent requires something to dissolve the oil, something to take out the water, and something so clean the soot. Further, the solvent needs a boiling point higher than 100 °C and lower than 200 °C.
 - To clean the soot > diesel
 - To clean the water > toluene (because toluene and water together make a perfect azeotrope)
 - To clean the oil > also toluene
 - To achieve the boiling point > n-butanol.
 - The perfect ratio is: toluene: diesel: n-butanol = 1:1:1
Read more about the application of this ternary mixture.
Using the right solvents in the right order
Often it is necessary to use more than one solvent, e.g. the first solvent dissolves the sample in the measuring cell and allows it to be removed easily. The second solvent rinses the first solvent out of the cell and facilitates quick drying.
Properties of the first solvent
The first solvent should dissolve the samples completely. This means that the solubility of the sample in the first solvent has to be very high. For example, samples that contain mainly alcohol can be dissolved in water or in more alcohol such as ethanol. Samples that contain fats, such as creams, can easily be dissolved in the solvent naphtha or white spirit. The easiest way to identify the type of solvent that is suitable for the sample to be diluted in is to perform a test as follows:
 1. Take a small amount of sample and put it into a glass vial
 2. Pour the solvent onto it
 3. Observe whether the solvent dissolves the sample within an acceptable period of time.
If the sample aggregates in the solvent, then the solvent is unsuitable.
If the sample starts to dissolve and homogenize in the solvent, then this was a good choice for the sample.
Properties of the second solvent
For the second solvent, it is recommended to choose a solvent that helps to reduce the drying time of the measuring device. Usually this type of solvent has a very low boiling point such as acetone or ethanol. It is also advised to choose a solvent that is not harmful and widely available.
In rare cases it is recommended to use a third solvent as well. In this case, the third solvent should also enhance the cleaning function.
The following table gives an overview about combinations of solvents and samples.
Table 1: Overview of samples and suitable solvents
Suitable solvent for cleaning
Solvent for drying
Alcohols, such as liqueurs and wines, or beer
Soluble in water and/or in ethanol
Ethanol or acetone
The sample has polar properties and is soluble in a typically polar solvent.
Honey and sugary solutions, maple syrup
Soluble in warm water
Ethanol, due to the fact that acetone is typically not allowed in food industry
Sugar dissolves in water better than in alcohol, and if heat is applied as well, then the process can be enhanced.
Waxes of biological or artificial origin
Soluble in non-polar organic solvent such as toluene, xylene, or in a warmed oil (the oil can be a low-viscosity base oil)
Cleaners naphta with a low boiling point or isopropyl alcohol
Waxes are insoluble in water and usually solid; therefore heat is needed to melt them and to properly dilute them in a solvent.
Polymers (for plastics)
Soluble in acids or organic solvent. Highly recommended as the second solvent.
Ethanol only! Ethanol quenches the organic solvent.
Polymer solutions typically aggregate in water; therefore it is necessary to follow the manufacturer's recommendations according to these samples.
Soluble in acetone and ethanol
The sample and solvent have very similar polarity. This behavior is utilized to produce eau de colognes.
Oily flavors
Soluble in acetone and white spirit
Lipophilic samples need non-polar solvents; otherwise they would form suspensions or two-phase systems.
In-service engine oils
Ternary mixture of toluene, diesel, and n-butanol (1:1:1)
Cleaner's naphtha or ethanol
The sample and the sample matrix need special cleaning conditions. Soot is cleaned out with diesel, toluene takes the oil, and the alcohol is responsible for the optimal boiling point
Crude oils
Toluene and/or xylene, either pure or as a mixture
Some cleaner's naphtha
Toluene and xylene are aromatic solvents with a high boiling point and optimal to clean sticky crude oil.
Organic resin
DMSO dissolves many organic compounds easily but it has a boiling point higher than 150 °C. Therefore, ethanol as the second solvent will help to reduce the drying time
Milk or dairy products
Water and some enzymes. Fat-dissolving enzyme solution such as tetrazyme.
Milk or dairy products are water-fat emulsions and they have a natural origin. Therefore, an enzymatic solution is necessary to remove the lipids from the system and ethanol to dry it and carry out a disinfection.
Liquid soap
Water and/or acetone. Water as a pure solvent or as a mixture with the acetone.
Water dissolves liquid soap but also leads to foam. Therefore, the acetone is needed to break the foam and to improve the water's washing ability.
 1. En.wikipedia.org. (2017). Solubility. [online] Available at: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility [Accessed 12 Jul. 2017].
 2. Becker, H., Berger, W., Domschke, G., Beckert, R., Fanghänel, E. and Habicher, W. (2004). Organikum. 22nd ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, p.36.
 3. Malmberg, C. G.; Maryott, A. A. (January 1956). "Dielectric Constant of Water from 0° to 100°C" (PDF). Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards. 56 (1): 1. doi:10.6028/jres.056.001. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
 4. Lowry, T. and Richardson, K. (1987). Answer book to accompany Mechanism and theory in organic chemistry. New York: Harper & Row, p.77.
 5. Anon, (2017).


text:
Excessive noise from PWCs often makes them unwelcome with other vessel operators and people on shore. Be a courteous PWC operator.
- Vary your operating area, and do not keep repeating the same maneuver.
- Avoid congregating with other PWC operators near shore, which increases annoying noise levels.
- Avoid making excessive noise near residential and camping areas, particularly early in the morning.
- Avoid maneuvers that cause the engine exhaust to lift out of the water because that increases noise levels.
- Do not modify your engine exhaust system if it increases the noise. Improperly modified exhausts will not make your PWC faster and may raise the noise to an illegal level.


DataBind PostgreSQL Data to the DevExpress Data Grid
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PostgreSQL ADO.NET Provider
Rapidly create and deploy powerful .NET applications that integrate with PostgreSQL-compatible database engines.
Use the CData ADO.NET Provider for PostgreSQL with the DevExpress Windows Forms and Web controls to provide PostgreSQL data to a chart.
The CData ADO.NET Provider for PostgreSQL implements standard ADO.NET data access components that can be used with third-party controls. The standard ADO.NET process for databinding can be followed to enable bidirectional access to live data from UI controls. In this article we show how to use the CData components to databind to the DevExpress Windows Forms and Web controls; you will databind to a chart that displays current data.
To connect to PostgreSQL, set the Server, Port (the default port is 5432), and Database connection properties and set the User and Password you wish to use to authenticate to the server. If the Database property is not specified, the data provider connects to the user's default database.
Windows Forms Controls
The code below shows how to populate a DevExpress chart with PostgreSQL data. The PostgreSQLDataAdapter binds to the Series property of the chart control. The Diagram property of the control defines the x- and y-axes as the column names.
using (PostgreSQLConnection connection = new PostgreSQLConnection( "User=postgres;Password=admin;Database=postgres;Server=127.0.0.1;Port=5432;")) { PostgreSQLDataAdapter dataAdapter = new PostgreSQLDataAdapter( "SELECT ShipName, ShipCity FROM Orders", connection); DataTable table = new DataTable(); dataAdapter.Fill(table); DevExpress.XtraCharts.Series series = new DevExpress.XtraCharts.Series(); chartControl1.Series.Add(series); series.DataSource = table; series.ValueDataMembers.AddRange(new string[] { "ShipCity" }); series.ArgumentScaleType = DevExpress.XtraCharts.ScaleType.Qualitative; series.ArgumentDataMember = "ShipName"; series.ValueScaleType = DevExpress.XtraCharts.ScaleType.Numerical; chartControl1.Legend.Visibility = DevExpress.Utils.DefaultBoolean.False; ((DevExpress.XtraCharts.SideBySideBarSeriesView)series.View).ColorEach = true; }
Web Controls
The code below shows how to populate a DevExpress Web control with PostgreSQL data. The PostgreSQLDataAdapter binds to the Series property of the chart; the Diagram property defines the x- and y-axes as the column names.
using DevExpress.XtraCharts; using (PostgreSQLConnection connection = new PostgreSQLConnection( "User=postgres;Password=admin;Database=postgres;Server=127.0.0.1;Port=5432;")) { PostgreSQLDataAdapter PostgreSQLDataAdapter1 = new PostgreSQLDataAdapter("SELECT ShipName, ShipCity FROM Orders", connection); DataTable table = new DataTable(); PostgreSQLDataAdapter1.Fill(table); DevExpress.XtraCharts.Series series = new Series("Series1", ViewType.Bar); WebChartControl1.Series.Add(series); series.DataSource = table; series.ValueDataMembers.AddRange(new string[] { "ShipCity" }); series.ArgumentScaleType = ScaleType.Qualitative; series.ArgumentDataMember = "ShipName"; series.ValueScaleType = ScaleType.Numerical; ((DevExpress.XtraCharts.SideBySideBarSeriesView)series.View).ColorEach = true; }


text:
The Grove module from Seeed Studio is equipped with asensor of humidity, temperature and carbon dioxide. (SCD30) is ahigh-precisioncarbon dioxide sensor based onSensirion SCD30 sensor. The measurement range is from 0 ppm to 40,000 ppm and the measurement accuracy can reach± (30 ppm + 3%)between 400 ppm to 10,000 ppm. It is powered with the voltage from 3.3 to 5 V with the I2C interface.
The Grove module from Seeed was based onSDC30 from Sensirion equipped with aprecise sensorof carbon dioxide and based on the technology of measurement of dispersive IR (NDIR). The concentration of CO2 is measured usingthe dual-channel principle. SCD30 provides a stable and accurate monitoring of the level of CO2,temperature and humidity. It allows users to develop new solutions in the field ofresearch and monitoring ofthe environment.
SDC30 SensirionFeatures of the Grove module
- The measuring range is: - 0 ppm - 40 000 ppm
- Measurement accuracy: - ± (30 ppm + 3%) from 400 ppm to 10,000 ppm
- In addition to the detection of carbon dioxide, SCD30 is the best in its class temperature and humidity sensor that can analyze the humidity and temperature of the environment using Sensirion algorithm.
2.SDA– data line 3. VCC -supply voltage from 3.3 V to 5 V 4. GND -ground of the system 5. Hole of theCO2 sensor 6. Infrared light source 7. Hole for temperature and humidity sensor Useful links
- The website of the manufacturer of Seeed Studio with the Grove product (SCD30)
- Seeed Studio Wiki
- Grove - CO2 & Temperature & Humidity Sensor - diagram
- SDC30 directives for creation
- SDC30 technical specification
- SDC30 interface description
- Entry on the manufacturer's blog


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Holocaust Memorial Day takes place on 27 January each year and is a time for everyone to pause and remember the millions of people who have been murdered or whose lives have been changed beyond recognition during the Holocaust, Nazi Persecution and in subsequent genocides in Cambodia, Rwanda, Bosnia and Darfur.
Commemorated each year in Bury St Edmunds where a service in the Abbey Gardens at the existing Holocaust Memorial sees dignitaries and civic leaders join locals for a moment of quiet reflection and memorial, this years ceremony (2015) will be marked by the unveiling of a one and a half metre teardrop sculpture which will form a centrepiece to a new Peace Garden. The Memorial Garden Trust, a registered charity, has raised more than £11,000 for the project in the Abbey Gardens.
Rob Lock from the trust said:
"In addition to providing a more dignified setting for the annual holocaust service the Peace Garden is also designed to commemorate the murder of 57 Jews in our town on Palm Sunday, 19 March 1190. It is an event in our town's history that the trust felt needed to be publicly acknowledged.
"The teardrop is a natural and universal symbol of pity and persecution, of human suffering and sorrow. It is made from polished stainless steel; its mirrored surface reflects back to us the role we all must play in opposing humanity's inhumanity."
The Peace Garden, which is being installed by Urban Forestry, also includes 57 cobble stones – one for each of the victims of the 1190 massacre. There will also be two stone benches as seating for quiet reflection. The trust was formed by local residents and is supported by St Edmundsbury Borough Council, St Edmundsbury Cathedral, and members of Suffolk's Jewish Community.
St Edmundsbury Borough Cabinet Member for Leisure, Culture and Heritage, Cllr Sarah Stamp said:
"The teardrop memorial is a very poignant symbol. Although this is an area that forces us to think about the worst acts carried out by mankind, the trust has also raised the funds and created a cultural space that they should feel proud of."
Back then Hatter Street was recognised as the Jewish quarter of the town and referred to as Heathenmans Street. It was claimed that Moyses Hall could have been their synagogue but this has now been disputed, largely because it would have been next to what was then the medieval pig market. It is more likely that the higher ground along Hatter Street between numbers 25-26 served as the synagogues location, a case strengthened by the evidence of a well beneath the basement, necessary for ritual bathing and washing. Other claims for Moyses Hall is that its name is a derivative of 'Moses' and that it was built by wealthy Jewish merchants of the town. However, 'Moses' and 'Moyses' are both common Suffolk names.
By the 1190's, the Jewish population in England numbered approximately some 2,500 people and until this time they enjoyed relative freedom of movement, the right to own real estate and access to education when compared to the Jewish people who lived in mainland Europe. However all was not rosy, In 1189, they were taxed at a much higher rate than the rest of England to finance the Third Crusade. Jews might have comprised less that 0.25% of the English population but they provided 8% of the total income of the royal treasury. This financial contribution did not render them beloved of the people though and the pro Christian ideology of the Crusades engendered an anti Semitic rhetoric.
In 1181, a dispute broke out between William the Sacristan (Sexton) of the Abbey in Bury St Edmunds and his associate Samson. Alongside the local townspeople, the Jews sided with William but unfortunately, it was Samson who came to power the next year as Abbot. In 1190, after the Coronation riots, Samson demanded that the Jewish people in the town should be placed under his authority rather than the Kings and when they refused, they were expelled under guard.
This was set among a nationwide background of disempowerment for Jews. In the same year, King Henry II enacted the "Assize of Arms", ordering that all weapons owned by Jews should be confiscated on the grounds that their protection came from the King and therefore they would not have any reason for owning arms. The weapons were turned over to the King's forces, leaving them with little defence and protection when riots broke out less then ten years later.
The 1189 coronation of Richard the Lionheart saw further state sanctification of their persecution when Baldwin who was the Archibishop of Canterbury, persuaded Richard to not accept gifts from Jewish dignitaries, and further, to banish them from the palace which was interpreted by the watching crowds to mean the King favoured persecution. That same day, a pogrom against the Jews in London occurred and again, the next day. Reluctant to get involved in protecting them at the start of his reign, Richard did not enact a severe punishment of the rioters which saw the civil unrest spread to Norwich, Lincoln and Bury St Edmunds alongside other towns.
The church and locals seized on every opportunity to justify their prejudices. When Saint Robert of Bury, a young choirboy from the abbey was found murdered (crucified), allegedly on Good Friday, his death was blamed on the town's Jewish community. Robert was buried in the Abbey church and in his Chronicle, Jocelyn of Brakelond, a monk in the Abbey during Samsons rule, even attributed miracles to him. Rumours based on the belief that the Jews had gained their wealth through sacrificial murders began to percolate through the town and their community became the focus of much anti semitic feelings. Regionally, the Jews of Norwich were accused of torturing a Christian child named William, using his blood for the Passover Seder, then killing and burying him and despite the entreaties of Pope Innocent IVs to ignore such ridiculousness, the image of Jews being dangerous to Christians became the dominant one.
After nine more years, anti semitic feelings had increased and it has been suggested that the catalyst to the massacre may have been a 'vanquish the infidels' type sermon, preached in the abbey church at a time when anti Jewish sentiments were even more heightened, it being Lent. The abbey was no longer a reliable place of sanctuary for them but Samson is recorded as claiming the Abbey was not the Kings property and therefore these 'Jews were not Saint Edmunds men.'
On Palm Sunday, the 19th March, a group of Christian Crusaders rampaged through Bury St Edmunds and killed 57 Jews followed by the obtaining of a writ by Abbot Samson, leader of the monastery, to have the survivors expelled. Previously the monastery had sheltered Jews when there was a threat of a pogrom but recently the monastery had gone into debt to Jews and therefore took advantage of the opportunity to escape having to repay those debts. Much building work had taken place in the Abbey and some major debts had accrued under Abbot Hugh, despite the churches moral teachings against usury. The offer of consecrated vestments and other articles as security against the debt gives clues about their extent and the pressure upon the monastery to do everything it could to expunge them.
Six months after the massacre of the Jews, Jocelin recorded in his Chronicle that Samson's expelling of the remaining Jews showed that he was a 'man of great virtue', an expulsion that was granted after he appealed to the King for permission to do so in October 1190. On July 1290, King Edward the First ordered their expulsion from the whole country, making England the first country to do so. There is some disagreement as to how many were forced to leaveeither 4000 or 16,000 which is some differenceand their return was not officially sanctioned until the 17th century, some 350 years later.
This event is relatively unknown in the town and wider annals of regional history and the translation of Jocelyns Chronicle that is stored in our Records Office itself omits the event. The opening of the Peace Garden, coming at a time when Jewish people all over the world face renewed persecution alongside other faiths and creeds, could not be more timely and significant. When the Holocaust happened, we did it to our own people-NOT a group of people living separately as 'others.' Europe placed them in a ghetto, they did not ghettoise themselves. The Holocaust destroyed a living and vibrant part of our European culturemusic, art, economics, politics, the sciences and left a gaping hole, a rent or whatever ugly image you wish to use which has yet to fill in. And when it does, the scar will still be there and we should continue to remember. There is no such thing as the 'past. '


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|Maldives Table of Contents
Formerly, Maldives shipped 90 percent of its fishing catch of tuna in dried form to Sri Lanka. However, because Sri Lanka cut back its imports of such fish, in 1979 Maldives joined with the Japanese Marubeni Corporation to form the Maldives Nippon Corporation that canned and processed fresh fish. Also in 1979 the Maldivian government created the Maldives Fisheries Corporation to exploit fisheries resources generally.
Maldives has an extensive fishing fleet of boats built domestically of coconut wood, each of which can carry about twelve persons. In 1991 there were 1,258 such pole and line fishing boats and 352 trawlers. Based on a US$3.2 million loan from the International Development Association (IDA), most of the boats have been mechanized in the course of the 1980s. Although the addition of motors has increased fuel costs, it has resulted in doubling the fishing catch between 1982 and 1985. Moreover, the 1992 catch of 82,000 tons set a record-- for example, in 1987 the catch was 56,900 tons.
Progress has also been made as a result of fisheries development projects undertaken by the World Bank. Harbor and refrigeration facilities have been improved, leading to a fourfold increase in earnings from canned fish between 1983 and 1985. Further construction of fisheries refrigeration installations and related facilities such as collector vessels were underway in 1994, with funding both from Japan and the World Bank.
More about the Economy of Maldives.
Source: U.S. Library of Congress