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Units of measurement types in C++. Using compile time template programming.
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8 Dec 2014CPOL32 min read
A lightweight library allowing diverse unit types, seamless implicit scaling between them and the ability to work efficiently with multiple factor-less base unit systems (e.g. MKS and cgs).
This is the second release of this library - details of changes made can be found in the History section at the end. There are some fixes, a covenient way of defining a unit as the inverse of another has been provided and it now correctly handles datum based measurements such as Celcius or height above a datum.
Contents
#Introduction, #Background, #Features, #Datum Measurements#Quick reference,
#Encapsulation of dimensional analysis, #Architecture of a unit type
#Code changes in the second release#Final comments#History
Introduction
This article could be of interest to anyone looking for a self contained and usable units of measurement library but is also an illustration of how templates can be used to extend the work of the compiler in checking and interpreting the code you write without generating any extra run time code.
It is not opaque template meta programming but it makes light use of some of the techniques on which template meta programming is built. It is lightweight in that it generates no extra run time code but also in that it overburdens neither the compiler nor a programmer trying to understand how it works. I did not approach this with a mastery of template techniques, instead I have developed a particular working knowledge of them in order to solve particular problems. I believe this 'engineering' approach may be a good match for the world that many programmers live and think in.
It does not require any of the features extended by more recent versions of C++. constexpr would be usefull in this context but it remains far from universally available.
If you just want to use this library to get things done then go directly to the #Quick reference section and use the #Features section as a further reference.
Background
A variety of units of measurement libraries already exist but for some reason their use doesn't seem to be popular. To be honest I have only given them a quick glance because I don't really need a units library. I just wanted to write one, motivated by an interest in using compile time template techniques to produce richer more intelligent data types. Of course what I have written is the one that I would like to use should I need one but also with an eye on its potential use by others.
As with many units systems it has at its heart Barton's and Nackman's approach to dimensional analysis described by Scott Meyers at
_URL_
This is based on template parameters representing basic dimensions such as Length, Mass and Time.
C++
template<int Length, int Mass, int Time> class unit
{
double value;
 ....
};
so
C++
typedef unit<1, 0, 0> LENGTH;
typedef unit<0, 1, 0> MASS;
typedef unit<0, 0, 1> TIME;
and
C++
typedef unit<1, 0, -1> VELOCITY; // LENGTH/TIME = <1, 0, 0> - <0, 0, 1>
typedef unit<1, 0, -2> ACCERATION; // VELOCITY/TIME = <1, 0, -1> - <0, 0, 1>
typedef unit<1, 1, -2> FORCE; // ACCERATION*MASS = <1, 0, -2> - <0, 1, 0>
This makes it possible to check that assignment, comparison, addition and subtraction can only take place between units that have the same dimensions and that multiplication and division produce units of the correct type.
The most basic implementation of this approach has an elegant simplicity:
C++
LENGTH metres(1);
LENGTH Kms(1000);
LENGTH m = 5*metres; //m is implicitly metres and its value is 5
LENGTH k = 2*Kms; //k is implicitly metres and its value is 2000
but it is slightly odd in its use of dimensions (e.g. LENGTH) as the data type (with implicit unstated units of metres) and variables as unit sizes. It is not directly units of measurement as the data type. Most units of measurement libraries provide a more sophisticated wrapping of this approach to overcome this and other limitations.
The following describes the features that have been built into this library.
Features
First of all to illustrate that this system doesn't suck you into any more complexity than your situation demands, if your only requirement is to work with length, area and volume then your units definition could be as simple as this:
C++
ulib_Dimension(1, LENGTH)
ulib_base_Unit(LENGTH, metres)
and this will enable you to write in your executable code:
C++
metres length=3;
metres width=4;
metres height=5;
sq_metres area= length* width;
cubic_metres volume= area * height;
You may also wish to use other units of length which you can define as scalars of the metres you have defined:
C++
ulib_scaled_Unit(Kms, =, 1000 , metres)
ulib_scaled_Unit(cms, =, 1/100 , metres)
ulib_scaled_Unit(feet, =, 0.3048 , metres)
and then in your executable code you can write;
C++
metres m=1500;
Kms k=m; //k will have a value of 1.5 (Kms) and m will have a value of 1500 (metres)
double ratio=k/m; //ratio will have a scalar value of 1 = 1.5 (Kms)/1500 (metres)
The scaling between metres and Kms is automatic and implicit and follows the rule of conserving quantity. That is, if a variable declared as metres holding a value of 1500 is assigned directly to a variable declared as Kms then the Kms variable will be set to 1.5 (the same quantity). Conversion factors no longer need to appear in your code or even any indication that a conversion should be done.
Defining units
The work of defining units is carried out entirely with the macros that follow.
First of all Up to 7 dimensions can be named and used. There is a well established custom of using three and making them Length, Mass and Time. Others are possible but not so popular.
C++
ulib_Dimension(1, LENGTH)
ulib_Dimension(2, MASS)
ulib_Dimension(3, TIME)
these named dimensions can then be used to define base units. In this case we will use the MKS base units of metres, kilograms and seconds:
C++
ulib_base_Unit( LENGTH, metres)
ulib_base_Unit( MASS , Kgs)
ulib_base_Unit( TIME , secs)
we can add units scaled from these as required
C++
ulib_scaled_Unit( Kms, =, 1000 , metres)
ulib_scaled_Unit( mins, =, 60 , secs)
ulib_scaled_Unit( hours, =, 60 , mins)
and we can build up a range of compoud units derived from binary combinations of existing units by multiplication or division. Here are some common unscaled compound units
C++
ulib_compound_Unit( metres_per_sec, =, metres, Div, secs) //VELOCITY
ulib_compound_Unit( metres_per_sec2, =, metres_per_sec, Div, secs) //ACCELERATION
ulib_compound_Unit( Newtons, =, metres_per_sec2, Mult, Kgs) //FORCE
ulib_compound_Unit( Joules, =, Newtons, Mult, metres) //ENERGY
ulib_compound_Unit( Watts, =, Joules, Div, secs) //POWER
we can also create compound units from scaled units
C++
ulib_compound_Unit( Kms_phour, =, Kms, Div, hours) //VELOCITY
and scaled units from compound units
C++
ulib_scaled_Unit( Kg_force, =, 9.806649999980076 , Newtons)
We can also define a unit as the inverse of another unit (added in 2nd release)
C++
ulib_Unit_as_inverse_of( Herz, secs)
Declaration
Once you have defined a unit, (say metres) you can declare variables using its name
C++
metres length;
its built in square and cubic forms
C++
sq_metres area;
cubic_metres volume;
its inverse
C++
inverse_of<metres>::type closeness;
or raised to any integral power
C++
to_power<metres, 4>::type variance_of_area;
The ::type ending is an appropriate reminder that inverse_of and to_power are type modifiers for unit declarations (a new concept that requires a new expression). They do not perform any operation on numbers.. They do not do anything at run tme.
In all cases the operations


text:
The Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System (PacIOOS) said it has deployed a second wave buoy in Kāneʻohe Bay, Oʻahu, installed as part of Hawaiʻi Natural Energy Institute's (HNEI) efforts to test in-water wave energy conversion devices at the U.S. Navy Wave Energy Test Site (WETS) in Kāneʻohe.
Significant wave height and energy period derived from the wave buoys are essential parameters to evaluate the power performance of wave energy conversion devices. To ensure continuous data availability, the Kāneʻohe WETS wave buoy was installed in addition to the existing Kāneʻohe Bay wave buoy to provide measurement redundancy.
The Kāneʻohe WETS wave buoy measures wave height, period, direction, and sea surface temperature in 30 minute intervals. All data is available on the PacIOOS website and on PacIOOS Voyager.
Data are managed by the Coastal Data Information Program (CDIP) at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Long-term partnerships with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and CDIP enable data streaming.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Inversion of seismic-type Radon transforms on the plane
Hiroyuki Chihara College of Education, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa _PHONE_, Japan
Abstract.
We study integral transforms mapping a function on the Euclidean plane to the family of its integration on plane curves, that is, a function of plane curves. The plane curves are given by the graphs of functions with a fixed axis of the independent variable, and are imposed some symmetry with respect to the axes. These transforms contain the parabolic Radon transform and the hyperbolic Radon transforms arising from seismology. We prove the inversion formulas for these transforms under some vanishing conditions of functions.
Key words and phrases:
Radon transform, X-ray transform, Seismology
2000 Mathematics Subject Classification:
Primary 44A12; Secondary 65R10, 86A15, 86A22
Supported by the JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research #19K03569.
1. Introduction
Fix arbitrary and . Let be variables of functions. We study three types of integral transforms , and of a function . These are the integration of on the graph of functions of the fixed axis . Their precise definitions are the following.
Firstly, is defined by
is the integration of on a curve
and slightly different from the standard contour integral on because the integration does not contain the line element. In particular with and is the translation of the graph of monomial . Moreover is called the parabolic Radon transform of in seismology. Note that
and can be splitted into
The second term of the right hand side of the above does not contribute to . So we have only to consider functions satisfying for .
Secondly, is defined by
is the integration of on a curve
and slightly different from the standard contour integral on . In particular with and is a translation of the graph of . Unfortunately, however, does not seem to be used in science and technology.
Finally, is defined by
It is natural to impose on in order to resolve the singularities at . Note that
Moreover, if satisfies the symmetry
can be regarded as the integration of on a curve
and slightly different from the standard contour integral on . In particular with is a hyperbola, and is called the hyperbolic Radon transform of in seismology.
Here we recall the mathematical background of our transforms. In the early 1980s, Cormack introduced the Radon transform of a family of plane curves and studied the basic properties in his pioneering works [2] and [3]. More than a decade later, Denecker, van Overloop and Sommen in [4] studied the parabolic Radon transform without fixed axis, in particular, the support theorem, higher dimensional generalization and etc. More than a decade later, Jollivet, Nguyen and Truong in [7] studied some properties of the parabolic Radon transform with fixed axis, which is the exact contour integration. Recently, Moon established the inversion of the parabolic Radon transform and the inversion of the hyperbolic Radon transform respectively in his interesting paper [9]. He introduced some change of variables in so that the Radon transform of a family of plane curves became the X-ray transform, that is, the Radon transform of a family of lines. More recently, replacing by some function in the parabolic Radon transform, Ustaogle developed Moon's idea to study the inversion of more general Radon transforms on the plane in [10]. The author believes that this is an very interesting challenge. Unfortunately, however, his inversion formulas are not complete and contain some values of due to some difficulties coming from the generalization. More precisely, the reduction to the X-ray transforms does not work well due to the lack symmetry of plane curves. Here we say that the inversion formula is complete if can be reconstructed only from the transformation of corresponding to the data of observation in case of CT-scan.
Now we also recall the scientific background of the parabolic Radon transform and the hyperbolic transform . These are used for processing of the data of observation of seismic waves. In our notation means the distance of the source and means the travel time of the wave. In an early stage, the hyperbolic Radon transform seemed to have been used in seismology. In 1986, Hampton proposed to replace hyperbolas by parabolas and introduced the parabolic Radon transform in [5]. See also expository papers due to seismologists [8] for the parabolic Radon transform and [1] for the hyperbolic Radon transform respectively.
The purpose of the present paper is to establish the complete inversion formulas for , and , which are the generalization of the parabolic Radon transform and the hyperbolic Radon transform with some symmetry of curves. Here we introduce some function spaces to state our results. These function spaces consists of Schwartz functions on satisfying some symmetries and vanishing conditions. The symmetries are natural for our transforms, and the vanishing conditions are used for justifying the change of variables for the reduction to the X-ray transform. For the sake of simplicity, all the definitions, lemmas and theorems are stated in the order for , and . We denote the set of all Schwartz functions on by .
Definition 1.
Fix . Let be a nonnegative integer. We define functions spaces , and by
Recall and . Throughout the present paper, we here assume that the vanishing order at satisfies . This condition guarantees the existence of finite boundary value at after the reduction to X-ray transform. Our main results are the following.
Theorem 2.
Let and let . Suppose that is a nonnegative integer satisfying .
 - For any ,
 (1)
 - For any ,
 (2)
 - For any ,
 (3)
Here and denotes the Cauchy principal value for improper integrals.
The proof of Theorem 2 depends on Moon's idea of the reduction to X-ray transform in [9]. We prepare some lemmas in Section 2, and prove Theorem 2 in Section 3.
2. Preliminaries
We begin with the X-ray transform on .
Definition 3.
The X-ray transform of is defined by
for . Note that .
The inversion formula of the X-ray transform is well-known as follows.
Theorem 4.
For ,
It is very important in the present paper that the X-ray transform and its inversion formula are valid also for a smooth function satisfying with some , compactly supported distributions, rapidly decaying Lebesgue measurable functions and etc. See, e.g., Chapter 1 of Helgason's textbook [6] for the detail.
Secondly, we give a lemma to make full use of the vanishing conditions.
Lemma 5.
 - For ,
 (4)
 - For ,
 (5)
 (6)
Proof.
Let . Then for . Taylor's formula in gives
which is (4).
Let . Then (4) holds since . Recall . Then for . Applying the mean value theorem to in , we have
which is (5). Applying this with to (4), we obtain (6). This completes the proof. ∎
We make use of the change of variable for in order to reduce our transforms to the X-ray transform. Since , we have for and in particular for . For this purpose, we introduce new functions of defined by as follows:
We consider the properties of these new functions. To avoid the confusion, we split our statements into three lemmas.
Firstly, the properties for are the following.
Lemma 6.
For , satisfies
(7)
and for any , there exists a constant such that
(8)
Moreover, when ,
(9)
Proof.
Suppose that . We can check (7) since and . The decay estimate (8) is obvious for since . By using (4), we have for
By using this, we have uniformly in for any . Thus we proved (8). Using the above again, we have
This implies (9) immediately. ∎
Secondly, the properties for are the following.
Lemma 7.
For , satisfies
(10)
and for any , there exists a constant such that
(11)
Moreover, when , , and when ,
(12)
Proof.
We can prove Lemma 7 in the same way as the proof of Lemma 6. Here we omit the detail. ∎
Finally, the properties for are the following.
Lemma 8.
For , satisfies
(13)
and for any , there exists a constant such that
(14)
Moreover, when , , and when ,
(15)
Proof.
Suppose . By using the symmetries, we have
which proves (13). To complete the proof of Lemma 8, it suffices to show (14) for and , and (15) for .
It is easy to see (14) for and . So we show (14) for or . When and , (5) with implies
By using this, we obtain for any uniformly in .
When and , (4) implies
By using this, we obtain for any uniformly in .
When and , (6) implies
Combining the above estimates, we obtain (14).
If , then and as . Note that if , then near . By using (6) again, we have for
By using this, we obtain (15) for . This completes the proof. ∎
3. Proof of Main Theorems
We begin with computing , and .
Lemma 9.
 - For ,
 (16)
 (17)
 - For ,
 (18)
 (19)
 - For ,
 (20)
 (21)
Proof.
Firstly, we show (i). Suppose that . Recall the definition of :
We want to make use of the change of variable for . For this reason, we regard the


text:
A new carbon nanotube-based filter for quantum computing applications
Wednesday, December 4, 2019
Superconducting quantum circuits are sensitive to electromagnetic interference and thermal radiation, and such interactions with the environment lead to the undesirable phenomenon of quantum decoherence.
Commercially available filters, such as lumped-element filters and waveguide-based filters, become leaky or simply stop working above certain frequencies. While lossy transmission line filters can successfully attenuate high-frequency radiation, they are bulky in size. As the complexity of quantum circuits grow, packing and cooling down hundreds or thousands of these filters becomes a challenge.
A new article introduces a new type of lossy transmission line filter made with multiwalled carbon nanotubes that improves coherence times while also being more compact in size. The unique physical properties of carbon nanotubes — high optical absorption, excellent thermal conductivity, and high aspect ratio — make them an ideal filter material for superconducting quantum computing applications.
The researchers mixed a solution of carbon nanotubes with stainless steel powder to reduce their attenuation to a desired level. Once the mixture dried in a vacuum, a copper block filter enclosure with a microwave transmission line was filled with the powder and sealed shut.
To test its performance in a quantum computing system, they used the filter to characterize the coherence times of a superconducting qubit. A microwave switch was used to alternate between a measurement line with a carbon nanotube filter and a measurement line without one. The filter significantly improved the energy relaxation time by more than 61 percent and the pure dephasing time by 291 percent.
The authors hope that their carbon nanotube-based filter will be adopted as the new standard for quantum computing applications and improve the quality of related experiments.
Source: "Carbon nanotube-based lossy transmission line filter for superconducting qubit measurements" by Christopher M. Wilson, Mehran Vahdani Moghaddam, Chung Wai Sandbo Chang, Ibrahim Nsanzineza, and A.M. Vadiraj, Applied Physics Letters (2019).


text:
The first step in effective review is to build awareness, and the key to this step is to grasp the big and let go of the small. With so many things happening, it is impossible for everything to be important. These important processes need to be restored to form cognition.
The second step of effective review is correct attribution. Correct understanding and absolutely correct attribution does not exist. We are pursuing attributions with a higher recurrence rate. An attribution that is repeated 100 times can get 90 times. It is more correct than an attribution that can only get the expected result 40 times repeated 100 times.
The third step of an effective review is the second decision. The second decision is what you would do if you were asked to do it all over again. The second decision is a major watershed, which is the core that leads people to experience similar things, but the final achievements are very different.
When successful, people are often willing to attribute success to themselves, when failure, people are often willing to attribute failure to others and objective conditions. Real masters often think that when they succeed, they think that it is mainly due to external factors such as the right time and place, but when they fail, they often find reasons from themselves.
有效复盘 有效复盘的第一步是构建认知，这一步的要诀是抓大放小。 发生了那么多事情，不可能每一件都重要，需要把这些重要的过程还原出来，形成认知。 有效复盘的第二步是正确归因，正确理解，绝对正确的归因是不存在的，我们追求的是更高复现率的归因，一个重复100次的能获得90次的归因要比一个重复100次只能得到40次预期结果的归因更正确。 效复盘的第三步是二次决策，二次决策就是如果让你重新来一遍你会怎么做. 二次决策就是一个重大分水岭，是导致人们经历了类似的事情，最终成就却千差万别的核心环节。 当成功时，人们往往愿意把成功归因在自己身上，当失败时，人们往往愿意吧失败归因在他人和客观条件上。 真正的高手往往成功时认为主要是天时地利任何等外部因素，反而他们在失败的时候，多从自己身上找原因。

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Moichor automated CBCs harnesses computer vision and AI to achieve results only made possible by high throughput image capture technology. Automating CBCs reduces variability by 10x.
Automated CBC Diagnostics for:
- Avian & Reptile
- Exotic Mammals
- Small Mammals
How we work
For Avian and reptile patients, Moichor uses its automated imaging and AI algorithm to analyze and provide both cell count and morphology assessment for every sample. These results are verified by our pathology team.
For Mammal patients, Moichor applies a two-pronged approach. First, we run the sample through the gold standard Advia 2120i. Then, it's run through Moichor's imaging system and AI algorithm to provide information that can't be captured by the Advia like complex morphologies and parasites — in essence, a pathologist's eye analyzes every single slide. Plus, you'll receive the slide image file for every sample you submit.
Customers can expect a pathology report for each any sample included at no cost.
- Access to patient images
- Comprehensive insights via imaging
- Complementary pathology review
- 3-5x larger sample area
Make Clinical Decisions with Confidence
More accurate and economical pathology results within 24 hours.


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Lets say that we have the following code:
<node>
 <element bla="1"/>
 <element bla="2"/>
 <element bla="3"/>
 <element bla="3"/>
 <element bla="3"/>
 <element bla="4"/>
</node>
How would you go about selecting the first child that has attribute equal to 3? I was thinking that perhaps this could do the job:
element[bla="3"]:first-child
...but it did not work
share|improve this question

Are you using CSS to style XML markup or something? – BoltClock Aug 19 '11 at 23:35

no, just to illustrate the problem – Pass Aug 19 '11 at 23:44
1
Next time provide an HTML sample if you're styling HTML, in case it affects what kind of answers you get. My answer covers a few cases. – BoltClock Aug 19 '11 at 23:46
up vote 9 down vote accepted
The :first-child pseudo-class only looks at the first child node, so if the first child isn't an element[bla="3"], then nothing is selected.
There isn't a similar filter pseudo-class for attributes. An easy way around this is to select every one then exclude what comes after the first (this trick is explained here and here):
element[bla="3"] {
}
element[bla="3"] ~ element[bla="3"] {
 /* Reverse the above rule */
}
This, of course, only works for applying styles; if you want to pick out that element for purposes other than styling (since your markup appears to be arbitrary XML rather than HTML), you'll have to use something else like document.querySelector():
var firstChildWithAttr = document.querySelector('element[bla="3"]');
Or an XPath expression:
//element[@bla='3'][1]
share|improve this answer
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text:
Title of Translation
Title of Original Work
Bonaparte n'est pas mort d'un cancer
Date of Translation Publication
Original Work Publication Date
An anonymous author wrote the text, "Bonaparte Did Not Die of Cancer" in 1821. This text was published during King Louis XVIII's reign from 1814 to 1824; a regime that was not favorable toward Napoleon's supporters. However, the author takes a controversial stance and claims that Napoleon did not die of cancer on May 5, 1821, as was his officially stated cause of death, but was poisoned. The author goes into great detail of the anatomical evidence, which according to him supports his theory that Napoleon was in fact poisoned. While a modern reader might find the text to be filled with propaganda and perhaps even exaggerations, it is possible that at the time this would have been seen as medically true and reliable. We hope that the text is read within the context of its era, rather than anachronistically, and have attempted to maintain the author's original meanings in our translation.
Bear, Stacey and Doyle, Kelly, "Bonaparte Did Not Die of Cancer" (2011). Napoleon Translations. 7.


text:
. It raises questions about how we define normality and abnormality, how we deal with our inner conflicts and desires, how we relate to others and ourselves, and how we cope with the modern world. It also showcases the power of theatre as a form of art and expression, as it uses innovative techniques such as minimal sets, masks, music, and lighting to create a captivating and immersive experience for the viewers.
Equus is a play that will make you feel, think, question, and wonder. It is a play that will stay with you long after you have seen it or read it. It is a play that will change you in some way or another. It is a play that you will never forget.
What are some common questions about Equus and their answers?
What does Equus mean?
Equus is the Latin word for horse. It is also the name


text:
Sea Salt Dark Chocolate Wafer Thins
The Art of Chocolate
Sussex / England
Lizzie's work is grounded in process and a direct relationship with materials. Based in Sussex, the artist plays with form, colour and space, to build compositions. Her work reflects the immediate and tangible experience of cutting and arranging paper - screen-printing, looking and then adding the next layer or shape. Lizzie builds her abstract compositions piece-by-piece and makes intuitive decisions along the way, striking a balance between the precise yet improvised.


June 07, 2015
China's LENR is getting excess 600 watts of heat from 780 watts of input power
Songsheng Jiang, Ni-H Research Group of the China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China has low energy nuclear reaction results.
The experiment set-up with powder fuels (Ni + 10%(in weight)LiAlH4) is 20 grams filled in a nickel cell，located in the stainless-steel reaction chamber. The existing heater is made of nichrome wire, which is wound on a ceramic tube. A stabilized DC power supply is used. The heater is surrounded by MgO thermal insulation material, which is filled in an aluminum hollow cylindrical jacket with inner-diameter of 55 mm, outer-diameter of 25 cm and 40 cm long. The temperature is measured by stainless steel shielded K-type thermocouples. The thermocouple T1 is located on the outer surface of the stainless-steel reaction chamber, T2 is placed in contact with outer surface of the nickel cell and T3 is inserted inside container in contact with the fuel powders. The experiment was carried out in 4-8 May.
The experiment was carried out in 4-8 May, 2015, lasted 96 hours. In the first day, the reaction chamber was vacuumed to 10-4 mbar, and then was heated up. The LiAlH4 was degassed, and the upper pressure in the chamber reached 400 kPa at temperatures of 150-300 0C or so. Then the pressure went down to -90 kPa in subsequent 18-hours. In the next day, when the temperature of thermocouple T3 was increased to about 950 0C by tuning electric power to 900 W, the temperature of thermocouple in the fuel cell increased rapidly. Unfortunately, T3 was damaged at this time. However, T2 still was working well (it is justified by the later exponentially cooling curve), and T2 (the temperature near fuel cell) was also increased to be higher than T1(the temperature near heater) rapidly. When T2 temperature reached a temperature over 1300 0C for 10 minutes, the power was turned off for protecting T2 from damage. The self-sustaining heat effect appeared and lasted about 20 minutes, then the T2 temperature went down rapidly. When the temperature decreased less than 1000 0C, the power was turned on to 900 Watts, and an excited state of the anomalous heat production appeared again because T2 was back to be higher than the T1 again. In the most of running time, T2 temperature was kept less than 1200 0C by controlling the electrical power. A typical result of temperature variation of T2 and T1 versus input power on 8 May is shown
The anomalous heat production in the Ni+LiAlH4 observed repeatedly. The heat production can be controlled by input power and can last for a long time. The T2 temperature placed on the outer surface of the fuel cell is about 405 0C greater than the T1 temperature, T1 is placed on the outer surface of the reaction chamber and near the heater. An estimate power of excess heat is about 600 W. The ratio of excess heat of 600 W to input power of 780 W is 0.77. Considering self-sustaining effect, the input power might be significantly decreased if a chopper supply can be used to keep excess heat production. How to calculate the ratio of total produced heat energy to electrical input energy remains a question in present work. The consumption of nickel container and Ni + LiAl4 calculated energy density is 4 orders of magnitude greater than the value of gasoline. Therefore, the origin of excess heat cannot be explained by any chemical energy. The isotope abundances of nickel and lithium in the fuels after experiment will be analyzed by mass spectrometry technique. A further experiment will be carried out. The powders is checked to be less than 1 g after experiment.
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text:
Abraham Lincoln's Most Notorious Forgers
Probably one of the most infamous forgers of the early 20th century was Joseph Cosey. His counterfeit documents and signatures of
Joseph Cosey was born Martin Coneely in February 1887, in Syracuse, New York. Although little is known about his youth, he managed to get into a great deal of trouble with the law starting at a young age. According to an article by Dorthy Twohig, Cosey served as a printers apprentice before joining the U.S. Army at age 22. However, after serving four years in the army he was dishonorably discharged for assaulting another soldier. The incident was to mark the beginning of a criminal career that would span his adult life.
To make ends meet after the army, Cosey embarked on a life of thievery.
Between 1914 and 1916, Cosey was convicted several more times. The charges ranged from attempting to cash counterfeit checks to concealing a deadly weapon. His offenses resulted in his eventual imprisonment in
Twohig stated that the defining moment of Coseys life was when he visited the Library of Congress and viewed a pay warrant dated from 1786, which was signed by Benjamin Franklin. He promptly stole the valuable object and spent days practicing
Cosey continued to profit by forging other historical figures writing styles and signatures. In fact, his technique of emulating the script of famous personalities became so sophisticated, that it was difficult for handwriting experts to detect authentic documents from Coseys imitations. Nonetheless, though it was a precarious source of revenue, it proved to be highly lucrative.
In addition to his Benjamin Franklin forgeries, Cosey also reproduced the signatures of numerous American legends, including John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, Button Gwinnett, Patrick Henry, George Washington, and Abraham Lincoln. He also forged documents and signatures of other greats, including, Edgar Allan Poe, Mark Twain (Samuel L. Clemens), Walt Whitman, Theodore Roosevelt and Rudyard Kipling.
Cosey was by all means a creative manufacturer of forgeries, yet not all of his reproductions and fabrications went unobserved. Some of the more skilled experts were able to find inaccuracies in his work. Those critical errors, which made Coseys forgeries distinguishable from authentic historical manuscripts, eventually landed him in more legal trouble.
Cosey made even more recognizable mistakes when he forged. For example, when comparing Abraham Lincolns signature with Coseys forgery, one can see a variation in writing technique.
Coseys luck with passing falsified documents was short-lived. In January 1937 he was arrested for selling a letter allegedly written by
Following his release, Cosey continued to forge a living making counterfeit documents until his death in the early 1950s. To date, many of his documents are still in circulation and have gone undetected as fakes. Those documents that have been exposed as Cosey fabrications are considered highly valued and sought by collectors who appreciate the forgers unique genius.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Soul retrieval
Soul Retrieval
When we experience a traumatic event, whether small or large, our spirit self can become fractured and a piece of it can leave. At this time, it is disengaged and inaccessible. This leads to a drop in the vitality of our physical, mental and emotional aspects. Disease becomes more likely, "dis-ease" inevitable.
The shamanic soul retrieval process involves the practitioner seeking out and returning these spirit or soul parts. This is done primarily in non-ordinary reality with the help of benevolent spirit guides. The result of this healing is typically an increase in vitality, energy and health.


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Icosahedral quasicrystalline (i-phase) Mg44Al15Zn41 and related Frank-Kasper (cubic approximant) phase powders, which were produced by mechanical alloying from the elemental powder mixture and subsequent heat treatment, respectively, have been hydrogenated with hydrogen gas at a temperature of 573 K and a hydrogen pressure of 4.2 MPa. The hydrogen solubility limit for both powders is almost the same and was estimated to be about 16 at%, and no crystallographic structural dependence was found for the hydrogen solubility. The approximant phase powder was structurally stable after hydrogenation but the i-phase powder decomposed into the approximant and MgZn2 intermetallic phases. Hydrogen desorption occurred at temperatures above about 600 K for both powders and was accompanied by the evaporation of zinc. The kinetics of the hydrogen desorption as well as the zinc evaporation were slightly different in each powder because of the formation of the MgZn2 phase in the i-phase powder after hydrogenation.
ASJC Scopus subject areas


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In this section of my Guides you will find current information on Amber. Topics will include:
What is Amber, Identifying Fakes and the Biggest Amber Scam No One Talks About, How was Amber Formed, Amber History, Inclusions, Powers, Testing Amber, & much more.
Please rate my review when your finished!!!
What is Amber
Amber, also know as "Liquid Gold Frozen in Time" is fossilized resin from ancient conifer trees from millions of years ago. Kings and Queens prized Amber to be more valuable than gold. Amber was formed from tree resin and not tree sap. When the tree resins dripped down the trees and to the ground trapping debris such as insects, flowers, mosses, leaves, seeds and all other like materials that were in its path and preserved them forever. There are even scorpions and small lizards that have been entrapped. Many extinct Species of flowers and insects have been discovered, that have been preserved in Amber. Amber also has inclusions called sun spots, which are small round or oblong disc shapes. The small sun spots, which are usually clustered together have a shiny & glittery appearance. The Gemstone Amber is one of the birthstones listed for the sun sign of Taurus, please do not confuse this with traditionally known Zodiac Birthstones. The resins became fossilized through a natural polymerization of the original organic compounds during the course of many millions of years. A Specific time period has not been established. Scientifically known to have been formed 30 to 90 million years ago during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods, even the Jurassic peroid. I have been fascinated with everything Amber since I was in school many years ago. Over the last 30 years, I have Acquired a very extensive collection from around the world.
Identifing Fakes & The Biggest Amber Scam No One Talks About
Ok, this is probably what most of you reading this want to know, right?! I am not going to talk about refractive indexes, density, gravity etc, because that will do you absolutely no good when trying to identify "Real Amber" when buying on Ebay or even after you have it at home. I will give easy ways and precautions to identify the real deal from the fraudsters and I will give some pictures to help. First and foremost, look at where the seller is located. China and India sell the most fake Amber on Ebay and in the big cities around the world I have ever seen and they will advertise it as "Real" "Authentic" "Genuine" "Grade A" "Natural" "Baltic Amber". What they do not say is that the item is an "Authentically Real & Natural Genuine Grade A piece of plastic!!!! For someone who knows what real Amber looks like, a picture is worth a thousand words, but for those who dont, it can and is very deceiving. The most common and easiest way to identify fakes are the ones with bugs and sun spots in them.
First, the Amber with bugs. When bugs/insects got caught up in the real Resin/Amber, their legs, antenna, and wings are caught in distressing character. The fake Amber bugs/insects look as if they were paid big bucks for their frozen pose in time, every part of there body is displayed perfectly. The same principle should be taken into concideration with flowers and scorpions.
Second, Amber with Sun Spots, also referred to as Sun Burst. Not all Genuine Amber have them, please keep that in mind. In real Amber, these inclusions are very small, too small in size and are irregular. In the fake Amber, this is hard to achieve. The fake Amber will have large disc shapes that are very uniform and perfect looking.
Third, This is the biggest worldwide Amber scam and no one talks about it!!!. Pendants, earrings, bracelets and rings that are stated to be red/cherry, blue, green and cognac. This is a more clever technique using real Amber. The real Amber used in this technique is usually lemon/yellow or light honey in colour. What is done to produce the fake red/cherry, blue green and cognac is: the back side of each piece is burned and/or has a jewellers colour paste that reflects through the light coloured Amber to give these colour effects and is used almost in all Amber jewellery that have a silver, gold or some other type setting. There are several ways to identify this. Look at the back of the piece, and you will see it is very different from the front side. You will see if it was burned or has a smooth dark coloured finish and that is what is giving the colour that is not real. The second way is, turn the piece sideways and view the Amber stones from side to side and you will see that the real Amber colour is lemon/yellow or light honey. This technique is widely used to reduce the cost of maufacturing the jewellery an is past on to the consumer as real red/cherry blue green and cognac, at higher prices and making it appear as if you are getting a great deal. Using these genuine colours would be very very expensive. If you already own Amber jewelry or are buying it in person, check using the method I just described and if you are purchasing this kind of jewellery online, on Ebay or any other aution/website, ask if it is "colour enhanced", because that is never stated. These pieces are still gorgeous, but your not getting what is advertised and you are being duped with real Amber with fake colours!!! The majority of this jewellery is manufactured in Poland and other New England states and Thailand. Sorry sellers, someone had to blow lid about this. I will be writing another review, dedicated specifically to this, to help consumers know what they are buying.
How Amber Was Formed
Amber is one of the few precious substances on earth we consider a gem which is not of mineral origin. There are a couple of scientific theories as to how Amber came to be. I will share the most popular and widely discussed theory here. When a tree is injured or is subjected to a radical climate change, it will produce resin. The radical climate change that took place millions of years ago, during different periods in time, produced large amounts of resin. Amber deposits and its availablity, scarcity and protection will be discussed later and that is some amazing information in itself. Many large Amber deposit are sea born, meaning that rivers and stream carried the Amber to seas and oceans. The most famous and sought after is Baltic Amber from the Baltic Sea and is considered the finest Amber in the world. There are Amber deposits worldwide that run in large veins underground similiar to that of minerals. It is widely known that Amber was produced from conifer trees, mainly the Pinus Succinifera because of its large secretions of resin, conifers are needle bearing trees. However it is known by certain colors that deciduous trees are included such as cherry and plum trees. Deciduous are leaf bearing trees. Sub tropical Amber came from a wide variety of conifer and deciduous trees.
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There are many variations of balance toys—all of them interesting and a bit counterintuitive. In some of my technology classes I've shown my students how to weld "cut" nails together to make a balancing person. However, welding tanks are not available to most people. Fortunately, Australian educator Katrina shows how to make a design that anybody can make. Sometimes it takes a fresh view to cut through all the complexity and simplify the construction enough that elementary school kids can build. Thanks Katrina!
The trick to making it balance mysteriously is to keep the center of gravity low by making sure more than half the weight below the feet. She accomplishes this with a lightweight foam head and denser modeling clay weights.
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HOW IS A PURPLE ROCK PUPPET MADE?
By Rolande Duprey, chief puppet maker and clean-up artist.
Most puppets begin as an idea. Since there are no cameras inside a person's head, sorry, no photo of the idea! The idea defines how a puppet will be made. Will it be a marionette? Then it will need detailed drawings of the different moving parts. Will it be a hand puppet? Then it will need a drawing of the head of the character.
Then, a drawing is made. It might be a simple pencil drawing:
Or a complicated drawing:
But whatever it is, the idea takes shape on the page.
Some questions you need to ask yourself when you first start building a puppet are: What kind of puppet will it be? How big does it need to be? How many moving parts will it have? What colors should I use?
Then, to begin making the actual (three dimensional) puppet, a sculpture is made.
Sometimes it is out of clay, and then a mold is made.
For more information on how to make a head using a plaster mold, please click here.
Sometimes it is made out of foam,
like this little piggy.
Aunt Bitty is a foam sculpture covered in fabric and then costumed. The big wig is sculpted out of a thermal-plastic and then covered in fabric.
Aunt Bitty is called a "hand and rod" puppet because she is manipulated using a hand inside her head (operating her eyes and mouth), and a rod attached to her hands (not pictured here). The rod that moves her hands are sometimes both held in the puppeteer's hands and used sort of like chop sticks. For more information on rod puppets, click here.
Puppets are often
sculpted out of wood,
like my first marionette, "Mondo".
I like to use wicker, or cane.
This is an abstract marionette out of wicker.
This is a wicker kangaroo. If you would like to know more about wicker, click here.
This giant turtle was made out of wicker, covered with fabric.
The dragon below is another wicker sculpture, covered with silk and painted.
I've also sculpted puppets using experimental materials.
This unicorn and the butterfly below were both sculpted out of a type of plastic. If you want to see how I use this material, click here.
Here is a puppet head made of a whole lot of different
types of materials. The mouth and cheeks are made from an old electrical plug. There's wire and bits of metal and thumb tacks.
People enjoy using papier mache for puppets, and so do I.
From small puppets to big ones,
PAPIER MACHE IS A WONDERFUL TECHNIQUE!
The animal puppets in this production were made out of cardboard cut-outs with fabric glued on both sides. They were then painted.
Halja, a marionette, has a head, chest, and hands made out of neoprene that was cast using a plaster mold. Her legs, feet, hips, neck and arms are sculpted out of wood. There is a fabric connection between the chest and the hips that looks like skin. This makes it easier for the marionette to move and bend naturally.
Puppets made using neoprene are painted with acrylic paints.
Many of the puppets on this page are rod puppets, and connecting the rod to the puppet is a unique operation. For one solution, please click here.
Once the puppet is finished, the fun really begins. We get to use it! It's like making your own musical instrument, and inventing the sound that it makes!
For more information on puppet building
and supplies, go to one of these sites:
_URL_(some great videos!)
_URL_ (sign up and ask specific questions!)
|© Purple Rock Productions | site design: web nine studios|


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The Yuquot Project, Volume 2Microform - 1980
Series of geological and archaeological papers on the Yuquot site in the Nootka Sound region of British Columbia. The first paper outlines the geological history of the region with some emphasis on glacial history and recent sea-level changes. The second addresses the lithic identifications of 63 selected artifacts and materials. Paper three is an examination of a small collection of bone and tooth artifacts which provided data on sources of raw materials for artifact production and on modification methods. The fourth paper presents an analysis of shellfish remains sampled archaeologically. Complete results of the analysis are presented in tables and histograms. The fifth paper gives a zooarchaeological analysis of more than 1400 remains of barnacles excavated from the midden. Paper six identifies 5966 bones and 67 species of birds in the area. The last paper gives osteological data for human remains recovered form a large midden deposit.
Publisher: Ottawa : Dept. of Indian and Northern Affairs, Parks Canada, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, 1980
Description: 201 p. : ill
Branch Call Number: MF BC-DOC 88-04139


Best Video Surveillance System for Winter Weather Theft
Posted by Amy Hite on November 29, 2017
Criminal activity and behavior change with the seasons. During the summer, crime against people rises. In the winter, there is an increased amount of reported property theft, which makes it more critical to have the best video surveillance system in place. Property theft can occur at shopping centers, medical office spaces, flex space properties, multfamily apartments, car dealerships and other types of commercial properties.
According to a study called The Influence of the Seasons of Crime Rate, there are several hypotheses as to why theft goes up during the winter season. One popular theory is that basic human needs increase due to the pressures of finding shelter and reliable transportation during the cold weather. This can lead to car theft, food theft, and other types of property theft.
A second hypothesis is based on the job market. Seasonal unemployment reaches its peak in the winter months. Heat, clothing, and electricity expenses are much higher during the winter and people may have more difficulty paying these bills. Thieves without a stable income may be motivated to commit burglary.
An article by AccuWeather cites a report by Atlanta Crime Stoppers. The report states that people leave their cars unattended while they warm them up during the winter. This gives thieves an opportunity to steal the car. To avoid theft, owners should stay near the car while it warms up. Car owners can use that time to scrape ice or snow off the car and make sure that tires are safe and inflated.
Daylight hours may impact the increase of reported winter weather theft. It gets darker earlier during the winter months and thieves generally use the cover of night to commit crimes. Also, fewer daylight hours mean there will not be as many people out and active and the potential for witnesses will decrease.
Protect Your Property With the Best Video Surveillance System
The best video surveillance system can help protect your property from theft and damage. The best video surveillance system is one that is watched, to effectively deter and reduce crime. Trained operators can look for unusual activity, activate a speaker alert, and call the local police. Stealth Monitoring can watch your existing security cameras or provide a full customized solution with high resolution cameras and live video monitoring.


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Assessment of spatial reference points and spatial relations in indoor environments for orientation tasks from natural language descriptions
Cristiane K Marchi Fagundes, Rhaíssa Viana Sarot, Luciene Stamato Delazari
Spatial Relations and Spatial Reference Points have been studied for decades in the areas of cognition, geography, computer science, geosciences and recently, in robotics and artificial intelligence. Moreover, the process of orientation and navigation in outdoor and indoor environments requires a thorough study with Spatial Relations and Spatial Reference Points. However, there are experiments performed with computational resources, by means of simulations or illustrations. Considering this, the objective of this research was the realization of experiments in natural language that considered the human spatial orientation used in tasks performed in people's daily routine in indoor environments. Furthermore, it will contribute to the studies that have considered descriptions of everyday environments performed in daily natural language. The methodology consisted of collecting descriptions that were used to the indoor environment in real routine. Finally, the descriptions were analysed and provided the classification of spatial reference points and spatial relations most expressive in the Brazilian Portuguese language. Thus, these results contributed to the understanding of the process of user's spatial orientation, especially in indoor environments.
Full Text: PDF
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.


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To create your template message, click on Admin --> Manage --> Chart Parts, and select Add New.
- Add the name without spaces (you may use underscores, hyphens, or capitalization to separate words) that you will use to call up the template message.
- Add nicknames, if desired. These will be alternate words you can use to search for your template message. For convenience, you might include a common nickname in all of your template messages so that you can pull up and see all available template messages by typing that common nickname.
- Enter the text of your message in the "Text to be Inserted" field.
- NOTE that you can add the specific patient's name as a text variable - click on View Available Variables at the upper right of the message pane to see text variables, and click on the desired variable to insert it into your message.
- Ignore the Actions part at the bottom - this is for charting templates only.
- Click +Add.
To insert your template message into an email or secure message, simply start typing the name or nickname into the body of the email or secure message, and select from the list of suggested matches that appear to the left.


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April 10, 2023
Éva Tardos, the Jacob Gould Schurman Professor of Computer Science and department chair in the Cornell Ann S. Bowers College of Computing and Information Science, has been awarded the Brouwer Medal Award by the Netherlands Mathematical Congress (NMC) for her enduring contributions to the field of discrete mathematics.
In selecting Tardos, the NMC – the main congress of the Royal Dutch Mathematical Society – cited her influential work in combinatorial optimization, approximation algorithms, and algorithmic game theory.
"We are impressed by the many contributions that Éva Tardos has made throughout her career, as a leading researcher shaping the research fields that she is active in," the NMC jury wrote in their announcement. The award is named after Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer, a Dutch mathematician and philosopher who is considered one of the great mathematical minds of the 20th century. "Her results have also impacted a broad range of application fields, ranging from operations research to network analysis."
The jury also commended her skills and efforts in being a role model and mentor to a new generation of researchers.
As part of the award, Tardos will present a talk at the NMC's Scientific Days conference on April 12.


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LVBC Online IWRM Resources
Dataset Name / Provider
The project eartH2Observe brings together the findings from European FP projects DEWFORA,
GLOWASIS, WATCH, GEOWOW and others. It integrates available global earth observations
(EO), in-situ datasets and models and will construct a global water resources re-analysis dataset of
significant length (several decades). The resulting data will allow for improved insights on the full extent
of available water and existing pressures on global water resources in all parts of the water cycle.


Locked History Actions
Admin/API
Galaxy has an Applications Programming Interface (API) that enables access to Galaxy from scripts. This page describes the administrative aspects of the API. See Learn/API for information on using the Galaxy API.
Scripts
Explanation of where the scripts are, what they do, and where they go.
display.py
library_create_library.py
library_create_folder.py
library_upload_from_import_dir.py
Configuration
universe_wsgi.ini
Set these options in universe_wsgi.ini and (re)start the server:
 1 admin_users = _EMAIL_
 2 library_import_dir = /path/to/some/directory
In the directory you specified for library_import_dir, create some subdirectories, and put (or symlink) files to import into Galaxy into those subdirectories.
→ Need more explanation of above bold statement. Are these the scripts from scripts/api/? What are the subdirectories to create?
Generate the Admin Account API Key
In Galaxy, create an account that matches the address you put in admin_users, then browse to that user's preferences and generate a new API Key.
Navigate to User → API Keys:
UserPullDownAPIKeys.png
Click on Generate a new key now:
GenerateNewAPIKey.png
And your new API key will be set:
Copy the key to your clipboard. You will need it in the next steps.
NewKeyGenerated.png
Please pay attention to the note:
 - Please note that this key acts as an alternate means to access your account, and should be treated with the same care as your login password.
If the key to your admin account is leaked, whoever has that key has admin access to your Galaxy instance.
Run Setup Scripts
Run these scripts:
% ./display.py my_key http://localhost:4096/api/libraries
Collection Members
------------------
0 elements in collection
% ./library_create_library.py my_key http://localhost:4096/api/libraries api_test 'API Test Library'
Response
--------
/api/libraries/f3f73e481f432006
 name: api_test
 id: f3f73e481f432006
% ./display.py my_key http://localhost:4096/api/libraries
Collection Members
------------------
/api/libraries/f3f73e481f432006
 name: api_test
 id: f3f73e481f432006
% ./display.py my_key http://localhost:4096/api/libraries/f3f73e481f432006
Member Information
------------------
synopsis: None
contents_url: /api/libraries/f3f73e481f432006/contents
description: API Test Library
name: api_test
% ./display.py my_key http://localhost:4096/api/libraries/f3f73e481f432006/contents
Collection Members
------------------
/api/libraries/f3f73e481f432006/contents/28202595c0d2591f61ddda595d2c3670
 name: /
 type: folder
 id: 28202595c0d2591f61ddda595d2c3670
% ./library_create_folder.py my_key http://localhost:4096/api/libraries/f3f73e481f432006/contents 28202595c0d2591f61ddda595d2c3670 api_test_folder1 'API Test Folder 1'
Response
--------
/api/libraries/f3f73e481f432006/contents/28202595c0d2591fa4f9089d2303fd89
 name: api_test_folder1
 id: 28202595c0d2591fa4f9089d2303fd89
% ./library_upload_from_import_dir.py my_key http://localhost:4096/api/libraries/f3f73e481f432006/contents 28202595c0d2591fa4f9089d2303fd89 bed bed hg19
Response
--------
/api/libraries/f3f73e481f432006/contents/e9ef7fdb2db87d7b
 name: 2.bed
 id: e9ef7fdb2db87d7b
/api/libraries/f3f73e481f432006/contents/3b7f6a31f80a5018
 name: 3.bed
 id: 3b7f6a31f80a5018
% ./display.py my_key http://localhost:4096/api/libraries/f3f73e481f432006/contents
Collection Members
------------------
/api/libraries/f3f73e481f432006/contents/28202595c0d2591f61ddda595d2c3670
 name: /
 type: folder
 id: 28202595c0d2591f61ddda595d2c3670
/api/libraries/f3f73e481f432006/contents/28202595c0d2591fa4f9089d2303fd89
 name: /api_test_folder1
 type: folder
 id: 28202595c0d2591fa4f9089d2303fd89
/api/libraries/f3f73e481f432006/contents/e9ef7fdb2db87d7b
 name: /api_test_folder1/2.bed
 type: file
 id: e9ef7fdb2db87d7b
/api/libraries/f3f73e481f432006/contents/3b7f6a31f80a5018
 name: /api_test_folder1/3.bed
 type: file
 id: 3b7f6a31f80a5018
% ./display.py my_key http://localhost:4096/api/libraries/f3f73e481f432006/contents/e9ef7fdb2db87d7b
Member Information
------------------
misc_blurb: 68 regions
metadata_endCol: 3
data_type: bed
metadata_columns: 6
metadata_nameCol: 4
uploaded_by: nate@...
metadata_strandCol: 6
name: 2.bed
genome_build: hg19
metadata_comment_lines: None
metadata_startCol: 2
metadata_chromCol: 1
file_size: 4272
metadata_data_lines: 68
message:
metadata_dbkey: hg19
misc_info: uploaded bed file
date_uploaded: 2010-06-22T17:01:51.266119
metadata_column_types: str, int, int, str, int, str
Other parameters are valid when uploading, they are the same parameters as are used in the web form, like 'link_data_only' and etc.
The request and response format should be considered alpha and are subject to change.
Example Configurations
Explain the format, how these are created.


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As early as possible, the superintendent makes a decision to take one of the following actions: open schools on schedule, delay the opening of schools or cancel school for the day. Information about school closings or delays is shared with the public in several ways:
- Notification calls – parents/guardians receive a mass notification call from the superintendent (for a districtwide schedule change) or principal (for an individual school schedule change);
- Website – notice will be posted in the banner of the district website at District196.org;
- District Twitter (_USER_) and Facebook (_USER_) accounts, and
- TV and Radio – Twin Cities television stations and WCCO-AM Radio (830) are notified about a schedule change for District 196 schools.
If school is canceled
If school is canceled for the entire day, the following activities are also canceled:
- All daytime and after-school Community Education activities (Early Childhood Family Education [ECFE], Early Childhood Special Education [ECSE] and Adult Basic Education [ABE] programs);
- Elementary school after-school and evening activities, and
- Middle school after-school and evening activities.
- School-age Care (SAC) will be canceled when there is a snow-related school cancellation; SAC will be held at predetermined locations if there is a temperature-related school cancellation.
- Decisions about whether to hold evening high school and evening Community Education activities are made by mid-afternoon and communicated on the district website and information line by 3 p.m.
If the start of school is delayed
If the start of school is delayed, all school buses, except Early Childhood Special Education (ECSE) buses, operate on a normal but delayed schedule and the following activities are canceled:
- Morning and afternoon early childhood special education classes (ECSE);
- Morning Adult Basic Education (ABE) classes;
- Morning and afternoon Connections Preschool classes;
- Morning and afternoon Early Childhood Family Education (ECFE) classes; and
- Morning Community Education activities, including SAC.
Other school schedule changes
If severe weather develops or is predicted during the school day, schedules may change in one or more of the following ways:
- Afternoon Connections Preschool, after-school Community Education activities, ABE, ECSE, ECFE and SAC may be canceled;
- School may be dismissed early, and/or
- Middle school and high school activity bus routes may be canceled.
Early dismissal will only take place in the event of an emergency. We encourage all parents to have a plan in place should their child need to come home early from school due to weather or an emergency. In developing your plan, keep in mind that in certain emergency situations students may be immediately evacuated and may not be able to go back into the school to get keys or other belongings from their lockers.
How decisions are made to cancel or delay school
Decisions to cancel or shorten the regular school day and after-school activities are made by the superintendent in consultation with other staff. Although severe weather conditions are the most common reason for a change of school schedule, other events such as a utility outage or malfunction could necessitate the delay, cancellation or early dismissal of school.
The over-riding concern in making the decision to cancel or delay the start of school is the safety of our students, staff and others in the community. Beyond that, the process becomes more complicated. The fundamental decision is whether students and staff will be safer with school in session or canceled for the day. Several factors are considered, including the following:
- Road conditions are extremely important and must be considered throughout the 110 square miles that make up our district, including rural areas where blowing snow can severely limit visibility for drivers;
- School buses can drive through very deep snow, but they can't make it through to school if intersections are clogged with stuck vehicles;
- Wind chill is also important, especially if there is the possibility of buses running late and students having to wait a longer time at their bus stop;
- The weather forecast for the remainder of the day is also considered, as well as reports from our cities as to when key roads will be plowed, and
- Finally, the actions of other districts in the area are considered.
When severe winter weather occurs, the following steps are taken to examine weather conditions and decide whether to delay or cancel the opening of school:
- By 3:45 a.m., district Transportation Department employees are driving on key roads throughout the district and contacting city and county highway departments to determine if the roads are safe for travel.
- By 5 a.m., the Transportation Department coordinator contacts the superintendent with information on weather and road conditions and to discuss whether there may be a need to change the school schedule.


Quant Quiz for IBPS Clerk MAINS 2021| 23 Feb 2021
Quant Quiz for IBPS Clerk MAINS 2021
Q1. Time taken by car A to cover distance from point X to point Y is 6½ hrs including ½ hour of stoppage. B also started from point X and stopped 90 km earlier from point Y after travelling for 6½ hrs. Had they started from same point and at same time, the difference between their distance covered in 7.5 minutes will be 2.5 km. Find the distance between two cars, if they start a race for the distance which is twice the distance between X and Y, assuming that both cars stops when one of the car finish the race.
1. 360 km
2. 240 km
3. 180 km
4. 300 km
5. 280 km
Q2. A person bought some mobiles and he sold 60% of them at the profit of 3.5% & sold rest of them at the rate of Rs. 6,660 each. In this transaction, he earned an overall profit% of 6.5%. Find the SP (in Rs.) of each mobile which were sold at 3.5% profit.
1. Rs 6210
2. Rs 7230
3. Rs 5830
4. Rs 5760
5. Rs 5466
Q3. Tank 1 can be filled by pipe A alone in 7.5 min, while total time taken by pipe B to fill & to empty the same tank is 25 min and the efficiency of pipe B during time of filling and empty is same. Pipe A was opened for 12 minutes alone in tank 2. Then pipe B alone for 12 minutes. Remaining of tank 2 was filled by pipe C in 18 minutes. Find the time taken by pipe C to fill 80% of tank 1, if the ratio of volume of tank 1 to tank 2 is 1 : 4.
1. 12.5 minutes
2. 13.5 minutes
3. 8.5 minutes
4. 8 minutes
5. 10 minutes
Q4. A person 'A', invested 37½% of his savings in scheme XYZ, while B invested 62½% of his savings in the same scheme. If B invested 50% of his remaining savings in scheme PQR, and A thought to invest double of the amount invested by B in PQR scheme then find what percent of A's remaining savings after investment in XYZ, A should invest in PQR. Given that amount invested by B in XYZ is twice the amount invested by A in same scheme.
1. 80%
2. 68%
3. 64%
4. 72%
5. 60%
Q5. Two trains A and B with their length difference 17 m cross each other in 2.6 seconds while running in opposite direction. Train A crosses train B in 13 seconds while they are running in same direction. If train A takes 2 seconds to cross a pole, then find the sum of speed of both the trains, assuming that train B is longer than train A.
Direction (6 -10): Bar-graph shows the percentage distribution of distance covered in upstream and downstream by Rahul on different dates.
Table given below shows the speed of current in km/hr on different dates.
Q6. If time taken by Rahul to swim upstream on 1st August. is 61 1/3 hr more than time taken by him to swim downstream on same date, then find the speed of Rahul in still water?
1. 16 km/hr
2. 30 km/hr
3. 25 km/hr
4. 20 km/hr
5. None of these
Q7. If speed of Rahul in still water on 2nd Aug. is 8 km/hr and speed of Rahul in still water on 3rd Aug. is 25% more than his speed on 2nd Aug. and time taken by him to travel upstream on 2nd August is 166 2/3% more than time taken by him to travel downstream on same date, then find the seven times of the speed of current on 2nd Aug.?
1. 8 km/hr
2. 6 km/hr
3. 4 km/hr
4. None of these
5. 2 km/hr
Q8. Speed of current on 4th Aug. is 50% of downstream speed of Rahul on 5th August, then time to cover 128 km upstream on 4th Aug. is? [Given that time of Rahul to cover upstream distance on 5th August is 80 hr and assuming that speed of Rahul in still water is same on both days]
Q9. If ratio of speed of current on 2nd August to 4th August is 2 : 3 & speed of Rahul on both days are same and time in upstream on 4th August. is 24 times the time taken in downstream on 2th August then find the speed of Rahul in still water if speed of current on 3rd August is 50% of speed of current on 2nd Aug.(approximately)?
1. 21 km/h
2. 23km/h
3. None of these
4. 25km/h
5. 20km/h
Q10. A can do a task in 18 days, B can do the same task in 24 days and C can destroy the whole work in 36 days. If A & B work for first x days together after C also joined them, remaining work complete in (x + 24/5) days. Find how many days all three worked together?
Q1. Ans(2)
Q2. Ans(1)
Q3. Ans(5)
Q4. Ans(4)
Q5. Ans(4)
Q6. Ans(4)
Q7. Ans(1)
Q8. Ans(3)
Q9. Ans(5)
Q10. Ans(5)
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Bujinkan Dojo Code of Conduct
 1. Only those able to exercise true patience, self-control, and dedication shall be allowed to participate in the dojo training.
 3. Individuals with criminal records, troublemakers, those who commit crimes, and those living in Japan who violate domestic laws shall be turned away.
 5. Until now, the Bujinkan was open to large numbers of people who came to Japan. Among them, unfortunately, were those committing violent, drunken acts, the mentally ill, and trouble makers who thought only of themselves and failed to see how their actions might adversely affect others. Through their actions, sick people were discarding the traditional righteous heart of the Bujinkan. From this day forward, all such people shall be expelled.
 6. One should not cause trouble to the Bujinkan regarding accidents occurring during training (both inside and outside the dojo). This is an extremely important point. Those unwilling to take personal responsibility for accidents occurring during Bujinkan training shall not be admitted. Reiterating for clarity, the Bujinkan shall not take responsibility for accidents happening in the course of training, regardless of the location.
 7. All persons joining the Bujinkan must get an annual member's card. This card not only preserves the honor of the Bujinkan members, it indicates you are part of a larger whole – one whose members come together with warrior hearts to better themselves through training and friendship. It evinces the glory of warrior virtue, and embodies both loyalty and brotherly love.
 8. The tradition of the Bujinkan recognizes nature and universality of all human life and is aware of, that which flows naturally between the two parts.


Common Allergy Triggers in Louisiana
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Common Name: Water oak
Scientific Name: Quercus nigra
Photo Courtesy of Mary Jelks M.D.
Photo Courtesy of Mary Jelks M.D.
Photo Courtesy of Mary Jelks M.D.
Habitat: Dry woods or bottomlands
Range: Southeastern United States
Season: Spring
Type: Semi-evergreen tree
Characteristics: Branches droop as tree grows and require pruning for clearance beneath canopy; no thorns
Leaves: Alternate, simple, entire margin, obovate to spatulate, 2-4" long; green, yellow fall color, occasionally andf briefly showy, deciduous to semi-evergreen
Flowers: Inconspicuous, male and female separate but on the same tree; male in hanging catkins, female singly or in pairs at the base of leaves
Flowering Season: Spring
Fruits: Abundant, round, 0.5", held in a cup, dry, brown; attracts mammals, causes significant litter
Allergenic Components: Pollen
Allergenic Properties: Respiratory, dermatological
Comments: Allergy to oak pollen is such that if someone is allergic to the pollen of a particular oak, they usually will be allergic to pollen from all other oak trees. Most oaks produce heavy pollen loads, but the live oaks often produce the most pollen for the longest time. Pollen from all types of oaks sometimes causes skin rashes from contact. Acorns and young leaves are considered poisonous if ingested. Symptoms may include stomach pain, constipation, bloody diarrhea, excessive thirst and urination.
Louisiana Allergen Index | National Map
*Data Courtesy of Betrock Information Systems
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:: School Councils
School Councils are collective associations of parents, teachers, secondary students, principals, staff and community representative(s) who work together to effectively support and enhance student learning. They provide one means for members of the school community to provide advice and consult with the principal and to advise the board.
School councils were created in 1995 and established under the School Act. School councils are mandatory for all schools in the public education system. Through school councils, Albertans assume an advisory role in local education matters that range from academic programs to school policies and budgeting.
School Councils play an important role by providing advice and assistance to school principals and trustees regarding educational issues. Involvement on these councils includes:
- focusing on educational matters
- providing input on various matters such as program planning, school budgets, and school operations
- serving as a liaison between parents, the school, and community groups
- locating resources such as speakers and volunteers
- gathering information and sharing experiences
- supporting the goals and objectives of the school
November 28, 2012 - School Council Training - School Council Training was held on November 28. Participants chose from four workshops. While workshop handouts can never do justice to actual attendance at the sessions themselves, we're attaching them here in case you might find them helpful. Thanks to the wonderful presenters from the Alberta School Councils' Association for sharing their knowledge and expertise with our school councils.
Workshop #1 - Understanding the Purpose of Fundraising Associations - powerpoint and handouts
Workshop #2 - Understanding the Purpose of A School Council - powerpoint and handouts
Workshop #3 - Tools for Effective School Councils - powerpoint and handouts
Workshop #4 - Networking and Connecting with other School Councils - powerpoint and handouts
School Council Information Package
Below please find 2012-2013 School Council information. If you have any problems using these forms please call Jean Jenkins at _PHONE_ or email _EMAIL_.
2012-2013 School Council Welcome Back Message Please read for information about the Partners in Education program and how we can provide support to your school council.
2012-2013 School Council Information and Requirements Please read for important information about legal requirements, privacy issues, etc.
2012-2013 School Council Registration Form This is an editable pdf. Please complete, save on your desk top and send as an attachment to _EMAIL_ by October 30, 2012.
2012-2013 Alberta School Councils' Association Membership This document explains the FREE membership that is available to all district school councils.
2012-2013 Permission for School Council to Contact Parents/Guardians Directly (for your school council's use.)
As mandated by Alberta Education in the School Act, school council chairs must prepare and provide an annual report to the Edmonton Public School Board by September 30 of each year. It is recommended the report be completed by the end of June 2012 so that the current school council members are still in the school community and available to contribute to the report.
Resources for School Councils
Alberta School Councils' Association (ASCA)
#1200, 9925-109 Street
Edmonton, AB T5K 2J8
Toll Free: _PHONE_
The Alberta School Councils' Association represents the link between the home and the school by maintaining communication with school volunteers, school staff, and government officials involved in the education of the children of Alberta.
The Alberta School Councils' Association Annual Conference and Annual General Meeting was held April 15 - 17, 2011.
Click here to access some of the presentation notes.
- School Council Bylaws (Edmonton Public Schools)
Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (FOIP) Alberta
People for Education Ontario
- _URL_ This website has some excellent resources families might find helpful. Some of them definitely have an Ontario 'focus' but many of them have good, basic information that is generally applicable to families anywhere. Many of these resources are available in translated formats.
PIPA (Personal Information Protection Act)
School Council Training November 7, 2011 Session PowerPoint Presentations/Handouts
If you missed this training opportunity you can find out more by checking below for the PowerPoint and handouts from the sessions. You may also wish to consider booking a session specifically for your school council on one of these or other topics. The Alberta School Councils' Association will be pleased to discuss further training opportunities with you - and there is no cost to your school council. Contact Wendy Keiver by email _EMAIL_ or by phone at _PHONE_ for more information and to book a workshop.
An introduction to what school councils are, what they do, who they benefit.
Who Chairs? Who Leads?
Learn how to be a positive, influential member of the School Council, even if you're not the "Chair."
Table or Tablet - Is One More Valued Than the Other?
Tired of the "same old faces" doing "all of the work"? Pick up some engagement strategies that can result in more people being involved.
No More Awful Meetings
Why are some meetings great and others are awful? Take a quick look into the "Anatomy of a Meeting".
Who's Who in This Zoo?
Who can your school council work with to strengthen support for your students?
School Council Training November 10, 2010 Session PowerPoint Presentations/Handouts
District School Council Support Contact information:


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In the Cayuga County town of Conquest, to the north of Port Byron, a few small islands were formed from channels of the Seneca River and Erie Canal, with one island (Howland Island) containing a wildlife refuge. The smallest of these islands, Haiti Island, has one bridge to mainland New York State, and more immediately, NY 38. I visited the bridge in 2002 and 2005, taking photos during my visits. The Haiti Island Bridge (also known as the Haiti Road Bridge) was built in 1908 and was moved to the Haiti Road location in 1964. The bridge was rickety, had a deck of wood planks and had been reinforced by a Bailey bridge to hold it up. Soon after my visits, in 2007, a portion of the bridge deck collapsed and in 2010, a concrete slab was put in place to replace the old Haiti Road Bridge.
How to Get There:
Sources and Links:
Bridgehunter - Haiti Road Bridge


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Sources Of Corporate Law Of Ukraine : Features Of Systematization
In the article research is carried out and such fundamental legal category as «source of right» is analysed. A concept «source of right» is today multidimensional, can be examined as in wide so in a narrow value. On the specific of sources of right can influence him branch belonging. In the presented article the «source of right» is examined in a formal aspect and answers formal definiteness.
On the basis of the general theoretic going near a concept «source of right» a concept «source of corporate law» is certain in the article. Drawn conclusion, that source corporate it is an external form of expression of norms of corporate law. It is marked that legal nature of sources of corporate law is related to the concept of corporate law and concept of corporate legal relationships.
The concept of the system of sources of corporate law is offered in the article. Signs over of the system of sources of corporate law are brought. Criteria are marked for classification of sources of corporate law, that are in basis of the system. Drawn conclusion, that basic structural parts of the system of sources of corporate law are normatively-legal acts, corporate acts, normative agreement, corporate customs, judicial practice.
In the article the author supported the position that corporate law is an integral part of civil law. Therefore, the sources of corporate law are an integral part of civil law sources. The author divides the sources of corporate law for their legal force, under the subjects of rulorcreativity, by means of acceptance, for the purpose of adoption. The article emphasizes the importance of corporate acts in the regulation of corporate legal relations. Corporate acts in the article are considered as actions aimed at emergence or realization of corporate legal personality of participants of corporate education. It is concluded that corporate acts have a contractual, and not a lawful nature. It is stated that when creating corporate acts both public and private interests of interested participants are taken into account.


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Ways to Work with Donna: Relaxed and Open Shoulders
Wow – you completed an Original Body Wisdom mini course on breath, hamstrings and shoulders. I hope you learned a lot and have benefited by focusing on what actually happens in the body gives strength and resilience to your posture, your movements and your activities.
I hope you see how allowing your shoulders to be natural means you do not tighten your chest and neck. This also helps your global breathing. The miracle of the body is that all of it's genius integrates together. By applying an open focus, curiosity and the right movements you can approach yoga, sports, Pilates and all your activities with an effortless and supportive grace.
We have just touched the tip of the iceberg as to what is possible for ease and integrity in your own body or the bodies of students and clients.
Want more? I can help you bring the somatic approach of Original Body Wisdom to your practice, studio and clients now.
1. Sign Up for Individual Lessons In Hadley, Massachusetts
2. Long Distance? You can work with me via Zoom
I'll give you some easy-to-apply practices that will move you and your students / clients into resolutions.
I will teach you:
- How to invite movement in yourself and your students from self sensing.
- Find the somatic principles that bring levity, ease and resilience to yoga poses, pilates, fitness activities and life.
- How recognize the when a movement is truly internally guided vs. "free/ experimental movement."
- How to use somatics to support mediation practices.
- Relieve bodies of holding patterns, tendencies to collapse or over effort.
- Experience tensegrity as the organizing support system of your and your students movement, flexibility and strength.
- Learn to live joyful movement from the inside out.
3. I will come to you
The 3 day package gives you all of the above PLUS I will come to you and:
- Do a pre-visit consult and action plan for what you results you want.
- Take 2-3 classes you teach and coach your somatic skill.
- Give you three individual lessons.
- Teach an hour and a half overview class to you and select students you may wish to invite.
- Post visit assessment and wrap up coaching.
$3,149. travel fees and accommodations extra. Contact Donna for dates and details.


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Preceding for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems is considered with perfect channel knowledge available at both the transmitter and the receiver. For two transmit antennas and QAM constellations, a real-valued precoder which is approximately optimal (with respect to the minimum Euclidean distance between points in the received signal space) among real-valued precoders based on the singular value decomposition (SVD) of the channel is proposed. The proposed precoder is obtainable easily for arbitrary QAM constellations, unlike the known complex-valued optimal precoder by Collin et at for two transmit antennas which is in existence for 4-QAM alone and is extremely hard to obtain for larger QAM constellations. The proposed precoding scheme is extended to higher number of transmit antennas on the lines of the E - dmin pre coder for 4-QAM by Vrigneau et at which is an extension of the complex-valued optimal precoder for 4-QAM. The proposed precoder's ML-decoding complexity as a function of the constellation size M is only O(√M) while that of the E-dmin precoder is O(M√M)(M = 4). Compared to the recently proposed X- and Y-precoders, the error performance of the proposed precoder is significantly better while being only marginally worse than that of the E-dmin precoder for 4-QAM. It is argued that the proposed precoder provides full-diversity for QAM constellations and this is supported by simulation plots of the word error probability for 2 × 2, 4 × 4 and 8×8 systems.


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"T-Rex, as soon as you place the camera somewhere, you're making a value judgment about what's worth seeing and what's not. You're privileging what's in front of the camera over what's behind it: that's political!"
The Gaze, a theory about filmography originating in The Seventies that has since been expanded to fit all visual media, describes the relationship between the media, especially visual media, and how it is observed and meant to be observed.
 - The Spectator's gaze: That's you. The gaze of the one reading the book, watching the movie, or whatever.
 - In-universe gazing: How objects and characters are represented by the perceptions of the story's characters.
 - The direct address: When the work, well, addresses the audience directly. See also, Breaking the Fourth Wall.
 - The camera's gaze: The framing, position of the camera, amount of time spent on an object, all presenting that object in a certain light.
 - The editorial gaze: The reason a shot made it to publishing is because it was deemed relevant or notable enough to be included in the first place.
 - The Male Gaze: The often unconscious assumption on the part of a creator that the audience is male (and, generally, heterosexual). This frequently applies even in works intended for women. The comparatively rare converse is Female Gaze.
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blind listener can take words very literally. For instance, saying "light falls on an object" has no meaning for the congenitally blind individual. In general, you should not make assumptions about the viewer's knowledge of any aspect of art making. Accordingly, art terms and pictorial conventions such as perspective, focal point, picture plane, foreground, and background should always be defined for your audience. Typically, it is useful to introduce the definition or concept when the discussion turns to that aspect of the work of art. In the passage below, a discussion of Perugino's fresco Christ Delivering the Keys of the Kingdom to St. Peter (1481-83) introduces the convention of one-point perspective. Notice how an understanding of this pictorial formula allows the blind viewer to grasp the spatial dynamic of this painting, which is one of its most astonishing features.
 - The scene shows Christ and Peter placed in the center foreground, with disciples and contemporary citizens arranged in rows on either side of them. In a brilliant piece of stagecraft, Perugino directs the spectator to focus on the heart of the painting-the transferring of the keys. Perugino does this by skillfully exploiting the pictorial convention of one-point perspective. Let's recall the definition of one-point perspective, which is a way of projecting an illusion of the three-dimensional world onto a two-dimensional surface. In this formula for rendering spatial recession, all parallel lines appear to converge at a single point on the horizon, called the vanishing point. Perugino has used this system both to create a sense of spatial recession and to focus our attention on a single point. Generally, compositions of large assemblies filled with many donors and friends are confusing or boring. Perugino, however, solved this problem when he set the event in an enormous square or piazza. Jesus is presenting the large gold key to the kneeling Peter. In the space between the two figures, a silver key hangs from the same chain at the very center of the composition. The perspective lines of the pavement, comprising the brickwork design, lead the spectator's eyes into the distance, converging at the door of the centrally placed temple. And immediately below the temple door is Christ delivering the keys to St. Peter. The composition is so skillfully designed that our eyes follow movement in several directions. We follow activity laterally on the horizontal, and upward on the vertical, as well as diagonally into the picture plane. While we explore all the parts of the fresco, Perugino always brings our eyes back to the main event in the center.
 -Fredericka Foster Shapiro, Fifteenth-Century Italian Art
7. Provide Vivid Details
After the general idea of the work is conveyed, the description should be more vivid and particularized. Describe pertinent details, and focus on different parts of the work. Remember that the listener is depending on you to give an accurate description. Try to use objective references rather than ones that might sway a blind person's point of view. Give enough information so that listeners can form an image in their minds, and come to their own opinions and conclusions about a work of art. The following passage describes Jean-Honoré Fragonard's The Swing (1766). Notice how the vivid description brings the scene to life.
 - The scene is set in a lush, overgrown garden. Billowing clouds of leaves on the twisted branches of ancient trees almost overwhelm the composition. Greens and blues lit by golden sunlight fill the canvas. The girl is dressed in a pink silk confection. She sits on a very plush swing, which has a gilded wooden seat upholstered in red velvet. One of her tiny feet kicks off a small, pink mule, sending it flying into midair. This gesture reveals her plump legs covered in white stockings, which are fastened by a pink garter. Only the young man, lying in the undergrowth with a rapturous expression on his face, can see any more. Perhaps she has kicked her shoe into the bushes as an excuse to join the young man. The only other witnesses to the scene are statues. A cherub crouches on the pedestal behind the young man. He holds a finger to his lips, urging two smaller stone putti to keep their silence about the young man's presence. The smaller putti nestle among the bushes underneath the swinging mistress.
 -ABS and Leslie Streitweiser, The Art of the Eighteenth Century
8. Indicate Where the Curators Have Installed a Work
Generally, a work's placement in an art institution reveals important information about its meaning, as well as its relationship to other works in the collection. Tell the blind viewer where the work is located in the institution. Include in your discussion a description of the gallery or sculpture garden where the work is installed, and mention the surrounding artworks. Describe how the work under discussion relates to these other works, as well as to the viewer and the surrounding space. For example, the work may confront the viewer or it may be installed off to the side. The passage below describes the location of Auguste Rodin's sculpture St. John the Baptist (1878-80) in the Museum of Modern Art, New York.
 - St. John is located on the second floor of the museum. When you get off the escalator, the sculpture is about twenty feet to your left. St. John stands alone, and he is just to the right of the entrance to the sculpture and painting galleries. His right arm, on our left, points up to Heaven. However, because of the sculpture's placement in the museum, St. John also beckons the visitor into the galleries to see the permanent collection.
 -Francesca Rosenberg, Museum of Modern Art, New York
9. Refer to Other Senses as Analogues for Vision
Try to translate a visual experience into another sense. Although blind viewers are without sight, their other senses, such as touch or hearing, enable them to construct highly detailed impressions of a work of visual art. For instance, refer to the sense of touch when describing the surface of a sculpture. A comparison between the rough-hewn texture of Auguste Rodin's Balzac (1892-97) and the glasslike finish of Constantin Brancusi's Bird in Space (c. 1927) can be very instructive. Or compare a Japanese tea-ceremony jar, with its irregular shape and unfinished surface, with a highly refined Chinese white-porcelain statuette from the eighteenth century. In both of these ceramic works, the degree of surface refinement is an integral part of the work's formal value, as well as of its meaning. There are many ways to utilize senses other than sight when describing a work of art, and any discussion of materials is rich with possibilities. The following passage draws upon the sense of hearing to experience the grandeur and sensual richness of Annibale Carracci's ceiling decoration (_PHONE_) for the Palazzo Farnese, in Rome.
 - Imagine being in a very large room with superb sound speakers placed just below the ceiling. The sound from the speakers is exactly what you might hear in a garden. Imagine hearing plants rustling in the wind, birds singing, and the splashing water of the fountains. In addition to these natural sounds, you hear snatches of conversations and the cheerful laughter of children playing. Imagine these sounds coming from many different directions. These outdoor sounds are so faithfully reproduced that you feel as though an outdoor garden is directly above you. And yet, you know you are in a room. The temperature is that of a room. And the air within these four walls is still. There is no breeze. And yet, you are astonished. This evocation of nature is similar to the experience of seeing a seventeenth-century ceiling painting. Reality and illusion artfully merge.
 -ABS and Paula Gerson with Virginia Hooper, Baroque Art in the Seventeenth Century
10. Explain Intangible Concepts with Analogies
Certain kinds of visual phenomena, such as shadows or clouds, may be difficult to describe objectively. In the case of congenitally blind or early-blind individuals with no visual memory, it may be impossible to convey a sighted person's visual experience of certain kinds of phenomena. However, a well-chosen analogy can be just as effective. To construct a helpful analogy, choose objects or experiences from everyone's common experience. In a description of Pablo Picasso's Cubist painting Girl with a Mandolin (Fanny Tellier) (1910), you might compare the image of the figure to a shattered wine bottle whose fragments have been reassembled in different positions. In the passage below, two very effective analogies are used to explain the concept of light and shadow.
 - Use of light and shadow in a painting can be explained by referring to the feeling one has when sitting in front of a window on a sunny day. The parts of the face and body that feel the warmth are said to be in the light. Those parts not being warmed by the sun are said to be in shade or shadow. To understand the concept of a cast shadow, imagine yourself standing in the kind of shower where the water comes out in a fairly narrow spray. As you stand in front of this spray, the front of your body gets wet, but not your back. If the water were a light source, the front of your body would be highlighted, and the back would be in shadow. Additionally, because the front of your body blocks the water, there would be a spot on the shower floor behind you where water does not fall. If the water were a light source, your body would block the flow of light, and the light would not reach the area of the shower floor behind you. The dark


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You have visited the webpage of the Biomicrofluidics Research group at the Faculty of Information Technology of the PPCU.
The Biomicrofluidics Research group at the Faculty of Information Technology of the PPCU works on the development of Point-Of-Care (POC)
diagnostic devices, optofluidic and digital microfluidic (DMF) platforms. This includes theory, numerical modeling, design, fabrication, test and different applications. Our main area of focus
is microfluidic devices for biomedical applications.
The Point-Of-Care (POC) diagnostic project focuses on the continuous observation and monitoring of biological liquids e.g. veterinary or human blood samples.
The integration and interplay between optical and fluidic functionalities defines the emerging field of optofluidics. Microfluidics enables the realization of Lab-On-a-Chip (LOC) devices
in connection with CNN-UM based camera systems. Thus, the obtained biomedical liquid analyzer can recognize cells and particles in the sample flow in real-time.
Our Digital Microfluidic (DMF) platform is based the Electrowetting-on-Dielectrics (EWOD) phenomenon and we are currently working on different clinical applications of this. The biological
fluid droplets can be moved by electric field on a superhydrophobic surface. Droplet mainulations allow for parallel and multi-reagent analysis.