text:
Ludwig von Mises
The Task and Scope of
the Science of Human Action
I. The Nature and Development of the Social Sciences
6. The Logical Character of the Universally Valid Science of Human Action
The science of human action that strives for universally valid knowledge is the theoretical system whose hitherto best elaborated branch is economics, In all of its branches this science is a priori, not empirical. Like logic and mathematics, it is not derived from experience; it is prior to experience. It is, as it were, the logic of action and deed.
Human thought serves human life and action. It is not absolute thought, but the forethought directed toward projected acts and the afterthought that reflects upon acts done. Hence, in the last analysis, logic and the universally valid science of human action are one and the same. If we separate them, so as to contrast logic and practice, we must show at what point their paths diverge and where the special province of the science of action is to be found.
One of the tasks with which thought must cope in order to fulfill its function is that of comprehending the conditions under which human action takes place. To treat these in their concrete detail is the work of the natural sciences and, in a certain sense, also of history and the other historical sciences. Our science, on the other hand, disregarding the accidental, considers only the essential. Its goal is the comprehension of the universal, and its procedure is formal and axiomatic. It views action and the conditions under which action takes place not in their concrete form, as we encounter them in everyday life, nor in their actual setting, as we view them in each of the sciences of nature and of history, but as formal constructions that enable us to grasp the patterns of human action in their purity.
Only experience makes it possible for us to know the particular conditions of action in their concrete form. Only experience can teach us that there are lions and microbes and that their existence can present definite problems to acting man; and it would be absurd, without experience, to indulge in speculations about the existence or nonexistence of some legendary beast. The existence of the external world is given through experience; and if we pursue definite plans, only experience can teach us how we must act vis-?-vis the external world in concrete situations.
However, what we know about our action under given conditions is derived not from experience, but from reason. What we know about the fundamental categories of action?action, economizing, preferring, the relationship of means and ends, and everything else that, together with these, constitutes the system of human action?is not derived from experience. We conceive all this from within, just as we conceive logical and mathematical truths, a priori, without reference to any experience. Nor could experience ever lead anyone to the knowledge of these things if he did not comprehend them from within himself.
As an a priori category the principle of action is on a par with the principle of causality. It is present in all knowledge of any conduct that goes beyond an unconscious reaction. "In the beginning was the deed." In our view the concept of man is, above all else, also the concept of the being who acts. Our consciousness is that of an ego which is capable of acting and does act. The fact that our deeds are intentional makes them actions. Our thinking about men and their conduct, and our conduct toward men and toward our surroundings in general, presuppose the category of action.
Nevertheless, we are quite incapable of thinking of this fundamental category and the system deduced from it without also thinking, at the same time, of the universal prerequisites of human action. For example, we are unable to grasp the concept of economic action and of economy without implying in our thought the concept of economic quantity relations and the concept of an economic good. Only experience can teach us whether or not these concepts are applicable to anything in the conditions under which our life must actually be lived. Only experience tells us that not all things in the external world are free goods. However, it is not experience, but reason, which is prior to experience, that tells us what is a free and what is an economic good.
Consequently, it would be possible to construct, by the use of the axiomatic method, a universal praxeology so general that its system would embrace not only all the patterns of action in the world that we actually encounter, but also patterns of action in worlds whose conditions are purely imaginary and do not correspond to any experience. A theory of money would still be meaningful even if throughout history there had never been any indirect exchange. That such a theory would have no practical importance in a world that did not use money would in no way detract from the truth of its statements. Because we study science for the sake of real life?and, it should be remembered, the desire for pure knowledge for its own sake is also a part of life?and not as a form of mental gymnastics, we generally do not mind forgoing the gratification that could be offered by a perfect, comprehensive system of the axioms of human action, a system so universal that it would comprise all thinkable categories of the conditions of action. Instead, we are satisfied with the less universal system that refers to the conditions given in the world of experience.
Nevertheless, this reference to experience in no way changes the aprioristic character of our knowledge. In this connection, experience is of absolutely no concern to our thinking. All that we owe to experience is the demarcation of those problems that we consider with interest from problems that we wish to leave aside because they are uninteresting from the point of view of our desire for knowledge. Hence, experience by no means always refers to the existence or nonexistence of the conditions of action, but often only to the presence of an interest in the treatment of a problem. In experience there is no socialist community; nevertheless, the investigation of the economy of such a community is a problem that in our age arouses the greatest of interest.
A theory of action could conceivably be constructed on the assumption that men lacked the possibility of understanding one another by means of symbols, or on the assumption that men?immortal and eternally young?were indifferent in every respect to the passage of time and therefore did not consider it in their action. The axioms of the theory could conceivably be framed in such universal terms as to embrace these and all other possibilities; and it would be conceivable to draw up a formal praxeological system patterned after the science of logic or the science built upon the axioms of, for example, Hilbertian geometry. We forgo these possibilities because conditions that do not correspond to those we encounter in our action interest us only in so far as thinking through their implications in imaginary constructions enables us to further our knowledge of action under given conditions.
The method actually employed by economists in the treatment of their problems can be seen with particular clarity in the case of the problem of imputation. Conceivably it would be possible to formulate the theory of the appraisement and pricing of the factors of production (goods of higher order, producers' goods) in the broadest generality so that, for one thing, we would work only with an unqualified concept, viz., means of production. We could then elaborate the theory in such a way that the three factors of production that are enumerated in the customary presentation would appear as special cases. But we proceed differently. We do not bother to furnish a universal imputation theory of the means of production as such, but proceed immediately to the treatment of the three categories of means of production: land, labor, and capital. This practice is altogether warranted by the object of our investigation, of which we must never lose sight.
However, the renunciation of axiomatic universality and precision also conceals many dangers, and it has not always been possible to avoid them. It is not only the Marxist theory of classes that has failed to grasp the categorial character of each of these specific groups of factors of production. To be sure, it was noted that the peculiarity of land as a factor of production lies in the difference in the usefulness of individual pieces of land from the point of view of the goals of action; the theory of ground rent never lost sight of the fact that land is appraised differently according to its quality and location. However, the theory of wages did overlook the fact that labor too is of different quality and intensity and that on the market there is never a supply of or a demand for "labor" as such, but only a supply of and a demand for labor of a definite kind. Even after this fact was recognized, an attempt was made to evade its consequences by assuming that what forms the bulk of the supply and is chiefly in demand is unskilled labor and that it is permissible to ignore, as quantitatively negligible, skilled, "higher" labor. The theory of wages would have been spared many errors had it been kept in mind what function the special treatment of labor in the theory of distribution is called upon to fulfill and at what point it becomes necessary to speak no longer simply of labor, but of labor of a definite quality that is offered or sought at a given time in a given place. It was still more difficult for the theory of capital to free itself of the idea of abstract capital, where the categorial difference between land, labor, and capital is no longer in question, but where the appraisement of definite capital goods, supplied or demanded in a definite place at a definite time, is to be considered. Likewise in the theory of distribution and in the theory of imputation, it was not easy to shake off the influence of the universalist view.
Our science deals with the forms and patterns of action under the various categories of its conditions


Preface: I've read this question about water preventing an initiation from occurring.
I understand why it's important to slowly add the alkyl halide to the dry ether and magnesium for exotherm control. But why is the first addition called an initiation and what's its purpose?
Is it just to confirm that the conditions are ready to continue slowly adding the rest of the reagent? I know it's a free-radical reaction, maybe that's where the term "initiation" comes from. But I've seen the reaction described as "self-sustaining" after the initiation, but it's not a chain reaction. Perhaps that's referring to a predictable reaction proceeding forward instead of stalling then blowing up your glassware.
The first step in the Grignard reaction involves transfer of an electron from the surface of the metal to the alkyl halide to form a radical anion. The radical anion then disproportionates into a free radical and halide anion. \begin{aligned} \ce{R−X + Mg &-> R−X^{•−} + Mg^{•+}}\\ \ce{R−X^{•−} &-> R^{•} + X^{−}}\\ \ce{R^{•} + Mg^{•+} &-> RMg^{+}}\\ \ce{RMg^{+} + X^{−} &-> RMgX}\\ \end{aligned}
When you take the magnesium out of the jar, the surface has a thin oxidation layer on it that prevents the initial electron transfer from occurring. We used to take one piece of magnesium and scratch it good with a knife to expose a clean, fresh magnesium surface. We would place this piece of magnesium in the flask (dry ether and the rest of the magnesium already added) and drip in a few drops of the alkyl halide. Without fail, within a minute or two, mild bubbling would be noticed (local ether boiling), which became vigorous as the initiation phase of the reaction "cleaned" the surface of other pieces of oxidized magnesium. After the vigorous bubbling started to subside we would drip in the remaining alkyl halide plus ether solution at a rate to maintain ether reflux. So the reaction does involve a free radical but the initiation phase really has more to do with removing the oxidation layer from all of the magnesium and allowing that initial electron transfer step to occur.
 - $\begingroup$ Good answer, I'd like to add a point to be considered: The initial electron transfer is usually slightly endothermic. In the initiation process you will usually need to add some energy - the warmth of the hand might do (depending on the used halid). After the reaction started, the formation of the Grignard is exotherm, hence providing enough energy to overcome the activation energy of the electron transfer. It will then proceed until the limiting reactant is used up - hence it is called self-sustained. $\endgroup$ – Martin - マーチン Jul 14 '14 at 7:15
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ _USER_ That makes a lot of sense. My group has been performing Grignard reagent prep and reactions on and industrial scale, and your answer gives much needed perspective to why we have the initiation step, and how to troubleshoot it if it doesn't go right away. $\endgroup$ – tralston Jul 14 '14 at 15:57
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ That's an interesting point. Thanks for explaining the self-sustaining aspect of the initation. $\endgroup$ – tralston Jul 14 '14 at 16:05
First, you are mixing magnesium metal with an alkyl halide. The product of this reaction is $\ce{R-Mg-I}$, where $\ce{R}$ is the alkyl group and $\ce{I}$ is the halide. It is called an initiation reaction because you first need to make the reactive compound.
Next, you add the alcohol to produce the product. Mixing an alkyl halide and an alcohol together will not yield the product you want.
Your Answer


About Us
In the Name of God
IQNA, a window to the world of spirituality
The International Quran News Agency (IQNA) is the first and only specialized Quran news agency in the Islamic world.
It was inaugurated on the 15th of Ramadan, 1424, (November 11, 2003) during a ceremony attended bythe then president of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
The news agency started its activity by publishing 7 news items in Persian every day and now, 15 years on, with the blessings of God, is publishing 850 daily news items in 19 languages, and the total number of the news items so far produced has exceeded 1,300,000.
· Bringing Quranic and religious news and reports accurately and promptly to its Iranian and foreign audiences
· Making endeavors for realization of the Quranic culture in Islamic Iran and elsewhere in the world
· Promoting the Quranic style of life in society
· Making efforts to end the isolation of the Quran in different fields
· Discrediting baseless assertions that the Islamic Republic of Iran's Establishment does not pay enough attention to the Quran and Quranic activities
IQNA's Languages:
Currently, the International Quran News Agency on a daily basis publishes news and reports in 19 languages: Persian, Arabic, English, French, Urdu, Italian, Chinese, Russian, Spanish, Bengali, Hausa, Pashtu, Hindi, Turkish, Swahili, Azeri, Filipino, Indonesian, and German.
IQNA's Branches
In order for covering Quranic and religious events better and more effectively, IQNA has launched provincial and international branches in 30 provinces of the country and 6 regions of the world.
1. IQNA's provincial branches are in the provinces of West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Ardebil, Alborz, Isfahan, Bushehr, Sistan and Baluchestan, Charmahal and Bakhtiari, Khuzestan, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, Qazvin, Lorestan, Zanjan, Qom, South Khorasan, Kerman, Kordestan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad, Golestan, North Khorasan, Kermanshah, Gilan, Fars, Mazandaran, Markazi, Hormozgan, Hamedan and Yazd.
2. Foreign Regions:
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Since IQNA's mission is to disseminate the Quranic culture in different social, political, cultural, arts, economic, literary, … fields, the news agency's news desks have been formed on the basis of the need of its audience.
IQNA currently has 8 news desks as follows: 1. Quranic Activities 2. Politics and Economy 3. Islamic Teachings 4. Society 5. Literature and Arts 6. International 7. Provincial Branches 8 Multimedia and Photos
Moreover, IQNA's Honorary Correspondents section was established in 2004 with the purpose of better covering Quranic and religious news. Currently, IQNA has more than 7000 registered honorary correspondents. On average, they send some 120 reports daily.
In addition to the above-mentioned activities, the International Quran News Agency (IQNA) organizes expert forums, publishes the Rayaheh Quranic magazine, and holds or cooperates in holding Quranic forums and conferences.


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Harriet S. Meyer
(pp225-226)The letters in this expression indicate obstetric history as follows:Often, 4 numbers separated by hyphens are recorded, eg: TPAL: 3-1-1-4 or 3-1-1-4which would indicate 3 term deliveries, 1 premature delivery, 1 abortion, and 4 living children. However, the text of a manuscript should define the numerical expressions and not give the numbers alone.
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text:
Building a gallery of thumbnails of same size in PHP
Creating Thumbnails: Part Two
In this second part, the script of thumbnails will be upgraded so that the height and width are both defined for all thumbnails, while keeping the proportions of the original images.
Indeed the disadvantage of the thumbnail script in the first part was to resize the image to a height or width given the choice, but the other dimension remained variable which does not allow to build galleries.
To achieve this, we will resize the image to create an intermediary thumbnail which retains the proportions, and then crop it either vertically or horizontally, depending in the form of the initial image.
Calculating the size of the intermediate thumbnail
The intermediate thumbnail will be either the width or the height of the final thumbnail, depending if the width or the height is less than the other side.
Dimensions of the final thumbnail
In the demo, the dimensions are 150 in height and 140 in width. Any other values could be choosen.
$thumbh = 150; $thumbw = 140;
Choice of formula
Should we crop on the height or width?
If the intermediate thumbnail has a height of 150, its width must be greater than or equal that 140.
If its width is 140, its height must be greater than or equal to 150.
To anticipate it, we calculate the ratio of height to width, for the source image and the thumbnail.
$ratio = $h / $w; $nratio = $thumbh / $thumbw;
If ratio, the original proportion, is more than nratio, the proportion of the final thumbnail, it must be cropped on the height, and on the width in the other case.
And if we crop on the height, the image is scaled depending on the width.
Resizing on the width
In case ratio is higher than nratio, in other words, the original image is too high compared to the thumbnail to achieve, the intermediate thumbnail is created on the base of the desired width:
$x = intval($w * $nh / $h);
if ($x < $nw)
$nh = intval($h * $nw / $w);
$nw = $x;
A temporary width of x is defined using the formula: w * nh / h.
If x is less than the desired width, the image is scaled on the height by
the formula nh = h * nw / w.
Otherwise the height is retained and the temporary value x is given to the width nw of the thumbnail.
Resizing on the height
If the new ratio nratio is bigger than the original ratio, the image is wider than high, it must be reduced on the basis of height, and then cropped horizontally.
$x = intval($h * $nw / $w);
if ($x < $nh)
$nw = intval($w * $nh / $h);
$nh = $x;
The calculations are inverted.
Creating the intermediate image
The PHP functions of the first part are used again to resize the image:
$resimage = imagecreatefromjpeg($oldname); $newimage = imagecreatetruecolor($nw, $nh); imageCopyResampled($newimage, $resimage,0,0,0,0,$nw, $nh, $w, $h);
But furthermore, we must crop the image, thus creating an empty image on which a part of the intermediate thumbnail is copied.
$viewimage = imagecreatetruecolor($thumbw, $thumbh); imagecopy($viewimage, $newimage, 0, 0, 0, 0, $nw, $nh);
Now we have just to save the thumbnail.
In the demo, an array of images is scanned by the foreach structure. See the complete source code below.
Thumbnail gallery created with the script
Click to display the original image.
- See the complete PHP script of thumbnail gallery.
- Download the archive including the script and images.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Last Sunday's rain storm raised the water level on the river by about six feet, breaking up the frozen ice into large chunks that were four to twelve inches thick. Flowing downstream in the flood, some of these icebergs stuck in an eddy in the bend of the river below the bluff and were left in stacks up to five feet deep when the water receded.
This one deposited high above the water on the rocks, is about a foot deep, four feet wide and five feet long. The branches of multiflora rose hips to the right gives you some sense of scale.
Each floe had a varied grain depending on how cold it was when each layer froze and how clear or turbulent was the water at that time. Some were the loveliest aquamarine color, while others were crystal clear, solid snow-white, in-between opaque or muddy brown.


text:
The conditions of a solitary bird are five:
- The first, that it flies to the highest point;
- The second, that it does not suffer for company, not even of its own kind;
- The third, that it aims its beak to the skies;
- The fourth, that it does not have a definite color;
- The fifth, that it sings very softly.
San Juan de la Cruz
Clicked this snap during the monsoons in 2009, loved the painting effect this snap gives with a solitary bird flying high.
View full image for "The Conditions of a Solitary Bird"

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
CodeFluent Entities provides model importer capabilities which allows you to create model from an existing database or from an existing model.
Don't forget that CodeFluent Entities is shipped with the following importers:
- Microsoft SQL Server importer,
- Microsoft SQL Server CE importer,
- Microsoft Access importer
Using the importer integrated into Visual Studio, you can create a CodeFluent Entities model from an existing database or a model such as Oracle Database or MySQL. Basically, instead of starting from scratch to design over your existing application, you can use the importer to parse your existing work and create your new model from what you already did.


text:
O'Connor was a hard-core bird lover. Her favorite bird? Yes, the peacock. She owned dozens of them and considered herself their servant.
In her November 25, 1955 letter to her friend Betty Hester, O'Connor discussed the peacock in "The Displaced Person":
The Priest sees the peacock as standing for the Transfiguration [one of Christ's stages of transformation], for which it is most certainly a most beautiful symbol. It also stands in medieval symbology for the Church – the eyes are the eyes of the Church. (source: Collected Works, 971)
Notice that O'Connor doesn't try to tell us how to read the peacock in the story, but rather to share with us what it means to her. The quote suggests that she uses the peacock to let us know what she thinks of a character. For example Father Flynn and Astor are the only characters who seem to care about the peacocks: the priest is fixated on the bird, and Astor is upset about the fact that Mrs. McIntyre starved the peacock population from twenty plus to one peacock and two peahens. That makes Mrs. McIntyre a villain and Father Flynn and Astor likeable characters. Notice also that neither Father Flynn nor Astor are present at the murder of Mr. Guizac.
Most of the characters in "The Displaced Person" don't seem to notice the peacock at all. It seems that O'Connor uses the peacock when she wants to make a specific point about a certain character or set of characters. The other character strongly associated with the peacock is Mrs. Shortley. Her relationship with it is ambiguous. She isn't fascinated by it and doesn't appreciate it. The thing that makes the relationship ambiguous is the fact that the peacock follows her around and seems to be fascinated by her. The "fiery wheels with fierce dark eyes in them" sound suspiciously like the eyes on the peacock's tail. If these are the eyes of the Church then does that mean the Church has its eyes on Mrs. Shortley? If so, what does that mean? It depends, we suppose, on how the Church is looking at her. Disapprovingly? Lovingly? We leave it to you to decide.


text:
Date of this Version
Cognitive and functional losses are only part of the spectrum of disability experienced by persons with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. They also experience losses in the ability to make decisions, known as decision-making capacity. Researchers have made substantial progress in developing a model of capacity assessment that rests upon the concept of the 4 decision-making abilities: understanding, appreciation, choice and reasoning. Empirical research has increased our understanding of the effects of late-life cognitive impairment on a person's ability to make decisions. This review examines studies of the capacity to consent to treatment, research and the management of everyday functional abilities. The results illustrate the clinical phenotype of the patient who retains the capacity to consent. They also suggest that measures of capacity can improve how researchers measure the benefits of cognitive enhancements and stage dementia.
Date Posted: 02 July 2010
This document has been peer reviewed.


Soapstone Image 1
The Benefits of Soapstone
Read about the most notable benefits of using soapstone on your wood burning stove.
Heat is essential during the cold months of the year for a comfortable home, but cast iron is not the only efficient form of material used for producing wood burning stoves. Soapstone is another material that has been used throughout the world for many years. The benefits of using a wood burning stove are remarkable by themselves, but a stove also clad in soapstone as well can deliver even more benefits. Here are some of the most notable benefits of the material.
Some stone materials have a porous texture. Spilling substances on these materials can result in deep stains that are impossible to get rid of. Soapstone is a completely non-porous natural stone so even when used as a material to cover a wood stove, should something splash up on the unit or be spilled on it, there is no risk of staining. The unit can look just as beautiful the first day it is installed throughout its potentially long life.
Soapstone is not only used in stoves for helping retain heat but has proven popular in many other areas of the home as well. The material does not absorb bacteria like some materials in kitchen or bathroom worktops and splashbacks, so it is remarkably healthy for family use. The same thing can be said of a soapstone clad wood stove. No matter what is going on in the home, the heater will not absorb the bacteria. Some wood stoves have been taken out of homes and used in new ones without any issues because there is no risk of mould or mildew getting into the stone.
Environmentally Friendly
Having access to renewable resources for heating is what makes the world a better place. It is widely known that wood burning stoves themselves are remarkably environmentally friendly with clean burn innovative and wood burning being carbon neutral. Certified wood suppliers adhere to strict guidance and sustainability is an issue taken very seriously by stove manufacturers. Soapstone is equally a natural resource. The fact that the stone is a natural product means that your family do not have to worry about any bacteria or foreign materials within the stone. No matter how hot it gets, there is never a risk of bacteria, so it can be a great option for those that are sensitive to certain materials.
Heating Ability
The standard wood burning stove made from cast iron is able to get remarkably hot and hold the heat far past when the wood burns down. There is, however, the fact that the fire has to be continually stoked due to the naturally porous structure of the cast iron. Soapstone is a little different. The non-porous nature of the stone means that less heat is able to escape from the unit. The fire inside is able to burn much hotter and stay hotter for a longer period of time.
Within the fire box, the wood is able to give off its highest heating potential as the heat is concentrated within the space. That means that instead of pulling out partially burned wood when cleaning the stove, you will merely have fully used ash to sweep away.
Some people may be a bit cautious about this form of heat as it does get remarkably hot within the system, but the way that the soapstone stoves are manufactured means that they are quite safe. The interior is fully encapsulated within the unit and the entire unit is clad in soapstone, so the stone acts as an insulator rather than a conductor. The bulk of the stove remains relatively cool to the touch and therefore children playing around the unit will not be harmed by accidentally bumping into the system. It is only the space in front of the unit that remains hot, so it can be even safer than some of the standard wood burning and gas stoves comprised of other conductible materials.
With all of these benefits, it is no surprise that soapstone clad stoves continue to be a popular design statement and practical additional to a home. They have been designed to be a showpiece within the home rather than merely functional. No matter the décor of the home, you will be able to find a soapstone finished stove that is right for you, so contact your licensed stove installer today and enjoy the many benefits of this age-old technology.


Support Site for The Unemployed & Underemployed
Tuesday July 29th 2014
Find the error, its impossible
maths pic
Find the error, its impossible:
Did you know that 80% of UCDS students could not find the error above?
Forward this to at least 5 people with the title 'Find the error, it's impossible',
and when you click 'Send', the answer will be right in front of your eyes!
Reader Feedback
34 Responses to "Find the error, its impossible"
 1. Misy says:
 What is the answer?
 2. Laurence says:
 Okay, the fact that you said that 20% of the students solved it contradicts the fact that you said the error is impossible to find. If someone found the error, then it's not impossible.
 I have a hint that this question is just another way for someone to chain posts.
 There are some riddles like these that do have answers, but I believe this is just another one that's a waste of time.
 3. Barbara says:
 Only error I see is there's no ' in the word it's in "its impossible"…
 4. Shego13524 says:
 Also, I think there should be a semicolon instead of a comma… But I agree with the fact that it's not impossible due to the 20% of people who did find it… Although that data wasn't in the version they got, was it?
 5. max field says:
 There are a few errors, depending upon what kind of problem for which one is looking. One is that the series of numbers should begin with zero. Another is that there should either be a period or a semicolon where the first comma is. I use periods after "error" and after "impossible." Another problem is that "its," as used in the sentence should is "it is," so there should be an apostrophe as in "it's." Those UCDS students aren't very bright, are they?
 6. Colter says:
 The answer is "impossible"
 It says to find the error above; when you look above you'll notice it states "Find the error, ITS IMPOSSIBLE". The numbers are all in chronological order so there is no error there, and the data referring to the UCDS students is worthless. It's one of those trick questions were learn to solve in grade school. Hope this helps, happy holidays!
 7. Ashley says:
 The answer is NOTHING…because when you click SEND, NOTHING is right in front of your eyes!!!
 8. Josh says:
 The answer is its (its impossible). It should be it's. The error is an error of grammar. If you look closely in the text for what title to use when forwarding this on to 5 people, the apostrophe is present on the it's. Therefore being right in front of your eyes when you email it.
 9. nidger says:
 Find the error, its IMPOSSIBLE..
 the answer is IMPOSSIBLE.. nothing to do with the numbers..or how its spelt..
 it is or it's must be a statement..!!!
 10. Pretty Boy says:
 The "Error" here is that the numbers do not start from '0′ but from the number '1′… '0′ (Zero) is a number too and it must be the first in the row… simple… :)
 11. David says:
 The error is in grammar. supposed to be IT'S instead of ITS.
 12. Robert Wakeford says:
 I've been looking on the web for the answer to this and it seems about 50/50 as to whether the answer is 'grammer' or 'nothing'.
 Personally I like the grammer answer.
 13. Jeff says:
 Its simple…There is no "0″ to start…The row of numbers should start with "0″.
 14. Jeff says:
 Its simple…There is no "0″ to start…The row of numbers should start with "0″. Also meaning Nothing..which stats about seeing it when u forward. You see nothing or zero.
 15. Jeff says:
 Error #2
 The answer has NOTHING to do with the numbers, and it isn't a grammatical or punctual error. The error itself is in syntax. The title states that it is impossible, yet it says 80% of UCSD students could NOT solve it. Therefore, 20% HAVE solved it, meaning it is in fact NOT impossible. There's the error.
 16. jb says:
 well email says it's "ALMOST" impossibleso therefore the answer does not have anything to do with the wording. If there is an error it has to be something else. It may be the apostrophe that's missing from the word (it's).
 17. keeks says:
 totally agree with Jeff… the error in the mail is inconsistency when it says it's impossible at first and then that 20% people could find the error :)
 18. MCFLeetwood says:
 Hi – Actually if done correctly using a font where the lower case L looks like the number one, then when you forward and click send it goes from reading l23456789l0l1l2l3l4l5l6l7l8l920
 to L23456789L0L1L2L3L4L5L6L7L8L920
 I have tried this several times changing fonts, but never got the JEST behind it. I must be amoung the 20% with bad Grammer lol – MC
 19. mojorisin1970 says:
 There is NO error in the sequence of numbers, its not impossible. Therefore, it is possible. Hope this helped
 20. Alex says:
 The answer is in the first sentence..
 The error is stating that Its (It's) impossible. The fact that it has been solved by any percentage, means that it is possible. If the problem was impossible, then it would be 100% of the students.
 Find the error, its impossible..
 error = impossible
 21. david l says:
 LOL!! Ya'll should try looking up UCDS!! LOL!! The whole idea is to make everyone think as hard as all of you did and completely miss the obvious.
 22. Melanie says:
 A lot of you are right, but just not completely. See above website for Wikianswers.
 23. Jim says:
 the answer is very simple :find the error ….the word error is all you have to find….thats it…
 24. Jim says:
 said another way…..find waldo….what do you do…you look for waldo hidden somewhere on the page…
 25. gigi says:
 The Error is the the sentence of:
 "Find the error, its impossible"
 there are some reasons why they are:
 #1 after error there is suppose to be a period
 #2 Its should be "It's" and therefor It's would have to be capital
 #3 theres no period
 #4 impossible is suppose to be capital
 26. Michael B says:
 I guess it is impossible to find an error where no error exists. Interesting that 20% of the students found an error. Is this the 20% that failed?
 27. Clark says:
 Not sure where most of you went to school but, in Ohio, we studied GRAMMAR, not 'grammer' and the challenging sentence does, indeed, contain errors in GRAMMAR and punctuation.
 28. Alex says:
 Find the error. "It's impossible".
 29. eddie says:
 The error is the actual words "The Error". That's what they are looking for here.
 30. GRoblich Magflurg says:
 It's grammatical it should read Find the error. It's impossible. Use of full stops.
 31. Andrew says:
 The answer is rather overlooked, and would not be very obvious to anyone who did not attend the school. (or were overly obsessive, as I am.)
 Most look to the grammatical error as the 'all in all error' but one other thing struck me. I asked myself 'who's this 80%' and did a Google search for UCDS… it's a developmental school, where as UCSD is a highly prestigious school. Now if you think about this being delivered to people attending the University of California San Diego, not noticing the error in the school's initials sounds a lot more of a 'Ohhhhhhh, dang it!' than "oh, 'its' should have an apostrophe."
 The likely hood of someone mistyping UCSD as UCDS is far less likely, as it has a fairly large connection to most people, far more than its versus it's.
 Of course, with how often this has gone around the internet it's been changed over and over again. I tried to look to the earliest I could find, and all of them had UCDS. Which was later corrected. Thought it was odd that no one has pointed that out.
 Of course, I'm not always right, so it could be grammatical, I simply see it more likely being a misspelling of the school.


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Anisotropic Nonlinear Filtering of Cellular Structures in Cryoelectron Tomography
September/October 2005 (vol. 7 no. 5)
pp. 54-61
Jos?-Jes? Fern?ndez, University of Almeria, Spain
Sam Li, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Cryo-electron tomography has emerged as a leading imaging technique in structural biology, with a unique potential for visualizing the molecular architecture of complex biological specimens. This technique ensures the best possible preservation of the biological material at expenses of producing extremely noisy three-dimensional density maps. A challenging computational task in this discipline is to increase the signal-to-noise ratio to allow their visualization and interpretation. This article describes an approach for denoising that is based on anisotropic nonlinear diffusion. The method combines structure-preserving noise reduction with a strategy to enhance local structures and a mechanism to further smooth the background. Furthermore, the authors have formulated a new criterion for stopping the iterative process. The performance of the approach is illustrated with its application to several complex biological specimens.
Index Terms:
image processing and computer vision, image enhancement, life and medical sciences, cryo-electron tomography, anisotropic nonlinear diffusion
Citation:
Jos?-Jes? Fern?ndez, Sam Li, "Anisotropic Nonlinear Filtering of Cellular Structures in Cryoelectron Tomography," Computing in Science and Engineering, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 54-61, Sept.-Oct. 2005, doi:10.1109/MCSE.2005.89
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text:
ENVIRONMENT SA, providing monitoring solutions for industrial environments, has introduced the MIR FT, a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy based multigas emission monitoring system, now available from Anri Instruments .
The MIR FT measures continuously a large number of combustion gases by extraction: HCl, SO2, NO, NO2, N20, CO, CO2, CH4, HC, TOC, NH3, HF, and H2O.
The Fourier transformation analysis combines a large number of measured gases with high accuracy and selectivity. The MIR FT was designed for measurements in wet and corrosive gas streams.
The water-soluble components are very accurately measured even within low concentrations thanks to a heated sampling system that keeps the sample at 180°C from the sampling point to the measuring unit. MIR FT is rugged and insensitive to vibrations.
With excellent calibration stability, the MIR FT gives fast and simultaneous measurements of all compounds. It is the most powerful spectroscopic measurement method available on the market.
Applications include municipal, industrial, and hospital waste incinerators, cement kilns, pulp & paper, DeNOx, glass plants, unburned and motor gases, and many others.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Calibrate Charge Accelerometers for Fleet Readiness
Reduce Mean Time to Repair and Mean Time to Test
Why Calibrate Charge Accelerometers?
Confidence in the accuracy of vibration sensors is key to aircraft fleet readiness, and testing sensors with a Portable Vibration Calibrator (PVC) leads to
Reduce Mean Time to Repair (MTTR) and Mean Time to Test (MTTT): Could that vibration alarm be the fault of vibration sensors with amplified output? No need to send sensors off for testing. Bring a PVC right to the location of the
sensors and test in minutes.
Increase aircraft reliability: Much like those used in industrial applications, charge sensors used in aviation must endure challenging conditions.
If the sensor is providing an amplified signal, the aircraft is grounded while technicians replace supposedly faulty components and chase balancing issues.
If the sensor is providing a reduced output, dangerous levels of aircraft vibration can be masked, and flight operation may be unsafe.
Confidence in the accuracy of vibration sensors is key to turbine uptime: Sensor failure/inaccuracy during turbine startups cause costly false trips.
Cost savings: The high cost of charge sensors means annual replacement can be a huge unnecessary expense.
VIDEO: How to Calibrate Charge Accelerometer
Note that the PVC can calibrate both single-ended and differential output charge mode accelerometers.
Charge Mode Accelerometer Applications
Charge mode piezoelectric accelerometers offer high performance for precision vibration measurements in high temperature environments. Charge mode accelerometers are often used to monitor vibration in aircraft and ground-based gas turbines. Applications
Monitoring and minimizing airframe vibration
Engine vibration monitoring
Helicopter Health and Usage Monitoring Systems (HUMS) and helicopter Vibration Health Monitoring Systems (VHM)
HUMS Gearbox vibration monitoring
Gas turbine vibration monitoring
Charge mode sensors are used in conjunction with a charge amplifier and charge converter, which convert the charge signal to a measurable voltage.
Charge output accelerometers can be quite costly, sometimes as much as $3000 to $5000 per sensor. They are often replaced unnecessarily or sent out for recalibration. With a Portable Vibration Calibrator from The Modal Shop, these sensors
can be tested in-house. The PVC can be brought to the site of the sensor itself, saving the time and expense of an outside calibration and possibly saving the expense of a new sensor.
What types of charge sensors can be calibrated with a Portable Vibration Calibrator?
Portable Vibration Calibrators can help you create calibration certificates for a wide variety of charge accelerometers including ARCINC mount sensors and integral hardline cable sensors:
The Modal Shop, Inc. offers structural vibration and acoustic sensing systems and services for various applications in design and test laboratories as well as manufacturing plants. An extensive sound and vibration rental program, precision calibration systems, and both modal and vibration shakers are designed to simplify test phases. Non Destructive Testing Systems help manufacturers provide 100% quality inspection of metal components. The Modal Shop is a wholly owned subsidiary of PCB Piezotronics, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Amphenol Corporation.


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The Thunder Creep (ingame name Ukkoshyypiö) is a ghostly enemy, mainly found floating around The Tower and the Cloudscape. It possesses no attacks of its own, but is constantly surrounded by an always-active Projectile Thunder Field. Like the Hyypiö and Hohtava hyypiö, it will chase the player relentlessly until killed or blocked by terrain.
Behaviour[edit | edit source]
Because this creature is entirely non-aggressive, it will never attack the player. The real danger comes from its innate Thunder Field that constantly surrounds it. Upon being attacked by a projectile from afar, it will reflect it back as a Lightning Bolt. If shot from within the circle, the lightning will strike out from it instead, away from the player. This can be beneficially exploited by the player as a potentially cheap and rapid way to produce lightning bolts, albeit *only* lightning bolts. The usual considerations and risks of using lightning spells still apply, so use carefully.
Combat Tips[edit | edit source]
The Ukkoshyypiö's unique properties require a less conventional approach to defeating it.
 - The most reliable and effective way is to attack it from within the Projectile Thunder Field itself, as only spells that cross the Projectile Thunder Field border will be turned into lightning.
 - You can also kick it, but with your foot's low damage output you'd be at it for quite a while. The Never Skip Leg Day perk makes this a much more viable option.
 - You can suffocate it by drowning it in a powdery substance or terrain.
 - Explosive spells will also work, as long as the projectile is detonated outside of the influence of the thunder field and the explosion is large enough to reach.
 - Dropping/kicking physics entities like rocks, tablets or barrels at it will quickly finish it, and may be the safest option if no other means are available.
 - It is immune to its own lightning, and highly resistant to the explosions from it.
If you lack the means to kill it, however, the safest option is to keep your distance as much as possible.


text:
Australian Forestry: The challenges of sustaining a strong regional journal
Australian Forestry is a peer-reviewed publication published by the Institute of Foresters of Australia that is important to both the forest industry and the forestry research community in Australia. In recent years the journal has struggled to remain viable in the face of a number of structural changes in the Australian forest industry and forestry research community, and increased tension between pressure on academic researchers to publish in journals with a high impact factor and the desire to communicate research results to an industry readership at tolerable cost. In 2014 the management of the journal was changed, including the establishment of a new editorial board to oversee a strategic review of the journal and provide strategic management into the future.
As part of this review an extensive survey was commissioned of members of the Institute of Foresters of Australia on their views of the journal. The survey was conducted to get a better profile of both the market within Australian foresters and the expectations of that market. Along with this survey the journal publishing report was reviewed for the previous 2 years. The review was intended to gain insight into the publication results but also see how the publication metrics aligned with the perceptions and expectations provided by the readership survey.
Authors who publish with this proceedings volume agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the Conference organisers right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this proceedings volume.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the proceeding's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this proceedings volume.


Beliefs, Models, Analogies
A Game Like Chess and a Formalized Mathematical Calculus
"...general meta-chess' theorems can be established whose proof involves only a finite number of permissable configurations on the board. The metachess' theorem about the number of possible opening moves for white can be established in this way; and so can the meta-chess' theorem that if white has only two Knights and the King, and black only his King, it is impossible for white to force black into a mate.
"We have quoted this analogy at lenth because it illustrates the concept of calculus not only in metamathematics but also in metacommunication. For if we expand the analogy to include the two players we are no longer studying an abstract game but, rather, sequences of human interaction that are strictly governed by a complex body of rules."


text:
Tie Dye techniques have been used for centuries in the western part of Africa and the patterns and vibrant designs of the clothes have caught the eyes of many all over the world. It is an easy and effective way to introduce pupils into the art of African clothing design. Children are allowed to be creative as they want in designing their patterns to be created on fabrics with dyes.
Our aim is to familiarise the pupils with the use of African tie-dye and dye-making and to give a brief background into its origins. Using simple techniques will support the pupils into assimilating what they have learnt so they can pass on and use the knowledge to create tie-dye clothing in their own time.
Pupils involved will greatly enjoy seeing their creations come to life through the use of fabric which will give them something they can treasure and wear in the future.


alServerError)
 Return
 }
 io.WriteString(w, string(bytes))
}
For simplicity, we return the entire chain directly in JSON format. You can access localhost:8080 or 127.0.0.1:8080 in your browser (here 8080 is the port number ADDR you defined in .env).
After the POST request is processed, we need to return a response from the client whether the block was created successfully or not:
Func respondWithJSON(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, code int, payload interface{}) {
 Response, err := json.MarshalIndent(payload, "", " ")
 If err != nil {
 w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
 w.Write([]byte("HTTP 500: Internal Server Error"))
 Return
 }
 w.WriteHeader(code)
 w.Write(response)
}
I'm almost done.
Next, we "assemble" these functions on the blockchain, the functions of the web service:
Func main() {
 Err := godotenv.Load()
 If err != nil {
 log.Fatal(err)
 }
 Go func() {
 t := time.Now()
 genesisBlock := Block{0, t.String(), 0, "", ""}
 spew.Dump(genesisBlock)
 Blockchain = append(Blockchain, genesisBlock)
 }()
 log.Fatal(run())
}
The genesisBlock here is the most important part of the main function, which is used to initialize the blockchain. After all, the PrevHash of the first block is empty.
Oh yeah! finished
You can get the complete code from here: Github repo[1]
Let's start it:
Go run main.go
In the terminal, we can see the log information started by the web server and print out the information of the creation block:
Then we open the browser and access the address localhost:8080. We can see that the current information about the entire blockchain is displayed on the page (of course, there is only one Genesis block at the moment):
Next, we will send some POST requests via POSTMAN:
Refreshing the previous page, there are more blocks in the current chain, which we just generated, and you can see that the order and hash values of the blocks are correct.
Next step
We have just completed a blockchain of our own, although it is very simple, but it has basic capabilities such as block generation, hash calculation, block check. Next, you can continue to learn other important knowledge of the blockchain, such as workload algorithms, consensus algorithms such as proof of equity, or smart contracts, Dapp, sidechains, and more.
Currently this implementation does not include any P2P network content, we will add this part in the next article, of course, we encourage you to practice it on this basis!
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text:
Before 1680 the ancient towns and villages
now absorbed in Greater London were rarely considered important
enough to be mapped in their own right. From the 1680s, as the
villages became socially and economically integrated into the
London region, this changed. They were shown like stars surrounding
the central sun of London, which had previously been depicted
only with the villages of Middlesex, north of the Thames. Road
surfaces improved considerably from the late 18th century.
Coaches began to run regularly between the
centre of town and the outlying villages and it became possible
for businessmen to live permanently in their country villas with
their families and commute on a daily basis. Nevertheless, despite
their increasing integration with London, most villages were still
surrounded by fields in 1850.
Click the pins on the Google Map above or
follow the links below to view some of the key maps from this
period in our Online Gallery.
Survey of the Parish of Islington, 1735
Plan of a proposed Turnpike road from Marylebone to Finchley, 1824
Plan of the Fitz Roy Farm and Highgate Estate, 1840
View of the Highgate Archway Road, 1813
View from Hampstead looking towards London, 1800
of sight: the East End


text:
At each location, placement of the cube (an actual cubic foot frame made of quarter-inch stainless steel rod) was critical—once it was in place it was not to be moved. Scientists specializing in each location assisted the photographer and his assistant in finding the best spot and identifying the creatures.
- Common Name: Eastern Gray Squirrel
- Scientific Name: Sciurus carolinensis
- Size: 7.09" (18 cm) body length.
- Location: Observed in the Central Park Cube


text:
Money supply, billion currency units in Denmark, January 1991 - March 2021
For that indicator, we provide data for Denmark from January 1991 to March 2021. The average value for Denmark during that period was 816.31 billion Danish Krone with a minimum of 307.23 billion Danish Krone in February 1991 and a maximum of 1530.71 billion Danish Krone in March 2021.
Click on the following link to see the values of Money supply, billion currency units
around the world.
* indicates monthly or quarterly data series
Measure: billion Danish Krone
Source: National Bank of Denmark (Danmarks Nationalbank)
Definition: The money supply is the total amount of currency and other liquid instruments circulating in the economy. The indicator represents the broad money that include currency outside banks; demand, time, saving, and foreign currency deposits of resident sectors other than the central government; bank and traveler's checks; and other securities such as certificates of deposit and commercial paper.


text:
In Jainism, there is a great deal of importance given to Leshya. Leshya
refers to the state of Mind. Our activities reflect our state of mind.
The following illustration shows how our activities vary with the state
of our mind.
Once there were six friends who were going on a trip, but along the way
got lost in a forest. Soon they became hungry and thirsty. They
searched for food for sometime and finally found a fruit tree.
As they ran to the tree, the first man said, "Letís cut the tree down
and get the fruits." The second one said, "Donít cut the whole tree
down, cut off a big branch instead." The third friend said, "Why do we
need a big branch? A small branch has enough fruit." The fourth one
said, "We do not need to cut any branches, just climb up and take the
bunches of fruit." The fifth man said, "Why pick that many fruits and
waste them, instead just pick the fruits that you want to eat." The
sixth friend said quietly, "There are plenty of good fruits on the
ground, so letís just eat them first."
You can see that the states of minds of these six friends cause a range
of thoughts which begin with the destruction of a tree and end with
picking up what is on the ground. The six friendsí minds represent six
types of leshyas.
The first friendís state of mind represents krishna (black) leshya.
The second friendís state of mind represents neel (blue) leshya.
The third friendís state of mind represents kapot (brown) leshya.
The fourth friendís state of mind represents tejo (red) leshya.
The fifth friendís state of mind represents padma (yellow) leshya.
The sixth friendís state of mind represents shukla (white) leshya.
The first leshya is the worst and the sixth leshya is the best. The
first three leshyas lead the soul to ruin and the last three lead the
soul to spiritual prosperity. Therefore, people should strive for the
white leshya and not the red leshya. It is not so that a personís state
of mind remains the same at all times and therefore, it can be changed
for the better or for the worst. The popular story of King Prasanraj,
who lived during Lord Mahaviraís time, illustrates the effects of
One day King Shrenik was on his way to pay homage to Lord Mahavira and
on the way he saw a sage who was meditating and illuminating very
brightly. He bowed down to the sage and continued on his way to pay
homage to Lord Mahavira. After reaching Lord Mahavira, King Shrenik
asked the Lord, "Oh Lord, I saw a very illuminated sage who was engaged
in meditation on the way here. Supposing he died at that moment, what
state would he have acquired?"
The Lord replied, "He would have been hurled down to the seventh
The king was much astonished to hear this reply from the Lord. He
"Why would such a sage go to hell? Perhaps the Lord might have
misunderstood me." He asked the Lord again, "Oh Lord, if the sage
leaves this body just now, then what
state will he attain?"
The Lord replied, "He will be an angel in Sarvarthasidha, a heavenly
The king was much surprised at this reply, too. He thought, "The Lord
first said he would attain the seventh hell and now he says that the
sage would be an angel." The king was perplexed. At that very moment
drums began sounding in the sky and voices of 'victory' were
proclaimed. The king asked the Lord, "What is the cause of these
The Lord said, "Oh, king, the sage about whom you were inquiring has
omniscience and so the angels are beating the drums and proclaiming
The king was extremely surprised by these answers and therefore, he
requested the Lord to explain them.
Thereupon the Lord said, "Oh king, right before you approached the sage,
two soldiers leading your procession diverted the mind of the sage by
their conversation. His mind began thinking about his kingdom where his
ministers turned out to be untrustworthy and would eventually kill his
son. He was inflamed with rage and he lost his mental equanimity.
Therefore, he started mentally fighting against his ministers. He very
violently discharged his weapons one after the other against his
ministers. Soon his weapons were exhausted and his foes were not
destroyed. So, he thought of throwing his steel helmet against them in
order to destroy them. You bowed down to him at that time when he was
reflecting on such thoughts. I, Therefore, replied that he would
attain the 7th hell.
Thereafter, when the sage placed his hand on his head for the steel
helmet, he realized that he was not King Prasanraj but that he was a
sage. His anger calmed down immediately. He remembered that he has
been initiated into the vow of equanimity and of non-violence to any
living being mentally, verbally, and physically. He deeply regretted
and repented for the breach of his vow and indulgence in acute anger.
He further thought that he ought to have maintained love for all
creatures of the world, ought to have no malice for the ministers, and
no attachment for his son. He severely condemned his mental act. He
despised it and withdrew himself from such a feat of anger and malice.
Oh king, when he thought this way, you asked me the next question and I
replied that he would be born in the Savartha Siddha (heaven) as an
angel. Even thereafter, he continued the purification of his mental
reflections and gradually he reached the stage of 'Kshapaka', where he
annihilated all of his ghati karmas, and attained omniscience."
King Shrenikís doubts were resolved and he learned how mental
reflections can fluctuate. He also learned that not only can physical
acts or verbal abuses have such devastating effects, but so can mental
acts. We too must learn from this episode. Let us understand the
characteristic of personalities and the outcomes resulting different
1) Krishna (Black) Leshya:
People in this state of mind do not show no compassion or mercy.
Everyone is afraid of them as their anger turns into violence. They
always burn with jealousy and have ill-will for everyone. They are
filled with animosity and malice and do not believe in religion. This
state of mind is the worst and most dangerous. If anyone dies in this
state of mind, they will go to hell.
2) Neel (Blue) Leshya:
People in this state of mind are proud, haughty, and lazy. They are
unreliable and other people avoid their company. They are cheaters,
cowards, and hypocrites. Such people also avoid the religious
lectures. If anyone dies in this state of mind, they will be reborn as
3) Kapot (Brown) Leshya:
People in this state of mind always remain sad and gloomy. They find
faults in others and are vindictive. They boast about themselves,
become excited over small matters, and lack mental balance. If anyone
dies in this state of mind, they will be reborn as a bird or an animal.
4) Tejo (Red) Leshya:
People in this state of mind are very careful about their actions and
discriminate between good and evil. They know the difference between
what is right and what is wrong. They are kind, benevolent, and
religious and lead a harmonious life. If anyone dies in this state of
mind, they will be reborn as a human being.
5) Padma (Yellow) Leshya:
People in this state of mind are kind and benevolent and forgive
everyone, even their enemies. They observe some austerities and are
vigilant in keeping their vows till their last breath. They remain
unaffected by joys and sorrows. If anyone dies in this leshya, they
will be reborn in heaven as a celestial being.
6) Shukla (White) Leshya:
People in this state of mind strictly observe the principles of
non-violence, truth, non-stealing, celibacy, and non-attachment. They
are trustworthy, treat every soul as if it was their own soul, and do
not have ill feelings even for their enemies. They remain calm even if
someone abuses them. If anyone dies in this state of mind, they will be
reborn as a human being or an angel. People who perfect this state of
mind have no attachment or hatred and treat everyone alike. They do not
become happy or sad. Their state of mind is the purest. If anyone dies
in this perfected state of mind, they will be liberated from the cycle
of birth and death.
Back to Chapters List.
Back to the Home Page.


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person lifting screen off shirt
How to Achieve Matte or Glossy Prints
Wondering how to adjust the final looks of the ink? (Is it too shiny? Want it to look dull? Or is it dull and you want it to look shiny?) Let's look into it.
First, let's check out some general, background information about plastisol inks. Some inks already have a little bit of a puff/blowing agent in them. These inks will always give a semi-gloss, semi-matte finish. Some inks are inherently glossy — these inks have no blowing agent in them.
Alright, now let's learn how to adjust your inks to get the look you want.
neck label
Photo by Rogue Lab.
When the surface of the print is broken up, it doesn't reflect light as readily, so it looks more matte.
One reason a print looks more matte is due to the shirt's texture. When a printer prints the ink into the shirt's fibers more, the ink molds itself to the shirt's fibers, there's no flat surface. Traditionally printing a vintage print is a great example of a matte print. When printing vintage, the ink goes into the shirt's fibers. The print looks faded and dull.
Pro Tip: Traditional water-based inks are more semi-matte, semi-gloss.
To make a print look more matte, you'll need to add an additive to the ink that breaks up the surface of the print, which inhibits ink from reflecting light.
The best additive to use is either puff or suede additives (a.k.a blowing agents because they puff). You only need to add about 2%-3% (by weight) of puff or suede additive to the ink to achieve the matte finish.
Glossy prints have a smooth surface where the ink sits on top of the shirt. Light is able to reflect off the ink's surface, which makes it look more glossy.
Laying down a heavier ink deposit will also make a print look glossy. The heavy ink deposit will not permit the shirt's fibers to influence the surface texture of the ink. The smooth, flat surface will be shiny once you pull it out of the dryer.
Athletic apparel typically have a thicker ink deposit. Jerseys, hoodies, etc. usually have sheets of plastisol layered on top of each other. Therefore, athletic apparel is much more shiny compared to other kinds of apparel.
Pro Tip: Plastisol inks are usually more shiny compared to water-based inks
print on black shirt
Photo by Lookout Prints.
Remember, the key to getting a glossy print is keeping the ink on top of the fibers to create a smooth surface.
One way is with printing your base white and using a smoothing screen to get the surface super smooth. Now you can over print the white base, allowing the top colors to be smooth and glossy. Or, you can print-flash-print the colors because the flash will enhance the smoothness of the ink's surface. Use a smoothing screen to make it even smoother.
You could also mix in gel gloss to the ink (gel is designed to be glossy and shiny). Or, you could overprint part of the design — or the whole thing — with the gel.
There's one fact that's important to note about inks that are designated as matte: These inks will be very difficult to create or add a gloss to it since the the ink already has dulling agents/additives in the ink. Try adding gel into the ink and testing what works best for you. You could also try overprinting at the end with a gel gloss.
person lifting screen off shirt
Photo by Symmetree Clothing.
Pro Tip: When printing on synthetic shirts, it's easier to create a smooth, flat surface because there are no free fibers poking through. If you're printing on cotton tees, you'll have to work harder to achieve a flat surface.
Another way to achieve the glossy effect is by curing the print at a higher temperature. Excess heat can affect how the inks look. Running with the heat set high will typically cause the ink to sit at a "melt point" for an extended period of time. Sitting in this high temperature can directly cause the ink to become shiny. It's a viable technique, but not all ink will behave this way unfortunately. Some ink types and brands that will bubble or puff when the ink gets too hot. The print may look mottled. Always test inks before running any kind of production and pick the method that works best for you with your equipment within your shop.
Remember the vintage print? It is possible to make a vintage print a little glossy by using a smoothing screen after a flash or an iron. Utilizing one of those tools will set the ink on top of the shirt, making it more glossy. It'll still be vintage soft.
As many of us know, you can use a heat press to help fix a rough print. When it's done, the print will look smooth, and it often can look glossy. The glossiness appears due to the teflon sheet pushing the fibers into the print while also creating a smooth surface.
For the opposite effect — getting a matte finish — place craft paper on top of the print and press it. The craft paper will break up the surface to make it more semi-gloss, semi-matte.
Using transfers? Cold peel transfers will always look glossy. Hot peel transfers look semi-glossy, semi-matte because when you lift off the film, it lifts a little of the ink with it, which breaks up the surface.
In the end, the ink's surface texture will determine how shiny or dull a print is. With this new information, you'll be able to manipulate prints to look as shiny or as dull as you prefer. If you post your prints on social media, tag us or use the hashtag, _TAG_. We want to see what you're printing!
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Cats come in a variety of sizes ranging from long and lean to short and chunky, but how do you know how skinny is too skinny? When do you start worrying about their weight and asking yourself, "Is my cat too skinny?"
We want you to be able to tell if your cat is at a good weight or not, and this is why we're going to give you ways to measure your cat that can do at home. We're also going to tell you what could cause your cat to be too skinny, different body styles, and more.
Two Different Cat Body Types
Although cats arguably come in many different shapes and sizes, you can put them in two broad categories based on how they look. Mixed-breed domestic shorthairs usually fall between the two body types, and the two different body types include:
- Cobby Build – The cobby build is for cats that have short bodies, a shorter and stouter tail, and heavy bones. This body type typically ranges between 7 to 12 pounds, and the Persian would be a good example of this build.
- Oriental Build – The oriental build is for cats that have long and slender limbs, svelte bodies with fine bones, and long slender tails. Their weight usually falls between 5 to 10 pounds, and the Siamese or Domestic Shorthair are good examples of this build.
It's important that you know which build your cat falls under because the weight range varies. It's easier to tell if a cat with an Oriental build is underweight than it is to tell if a cat with a Cobby build is underweight because they're more solid overall.
How to Check if Your Cat is Too Skinny
Fortunately, it's relatively easy to check and see if your cat is starting to hit the underweight mark just by using your hands. This will be slightly more difficult if your cat has a longer coat, but it's possible with a little patience.
You start by having your cat stand or sit in front of you before you take your hands and perform a gentle rubbing motion along your cat's ribs, spine, pelvic bones, and shoulder blades. You want to feel a light layer of fat that pads these areas from your fingers, and their bones should be sticking out or angular.
If you can feel these bony areas under your fingers and they're sharp or poking out, your cat is most likely under their target weight. Easily distinguishable rib and hip bones, a narrow waist, and visible shoulder blades are all common symptoms of an underweight cat.
Signs That Your Cat is Too Skinny
Most of these signs that indicate your cat may be too skinny relate to your cat's physical appearance, and it's much easier to tell in you have a cat with a shorter coat. However, they include:
- Your cat's waist looks very narrow compared to other cats
- You can see your cat's spine and ribs, and you can feel the bones
- The shoulder blades protrude, and the rib cage is visible
- Your cat's stomach is more tucked in
- There is a lack of fat along your cat's ribs and back.
- There aren't a lot of folds on your cat's body
- Your cat's body deviates from the traditional hourglass shape
- There is a thinning around your cat's neck area
9 Reasons Why Your Cat Is Too Skinny
There are several reasons why your cat is getting too skinny, and it's always best to check with your veterinarian if you have real concerns. Maybe it's something as simple as your cat not getting enough nutrients from their food, and your veterinarian will be able to rule out medical conditions.
Lacking Nutrients from Food
Take a look at your cat food's nutritional label, and pay close attention to the protein and nutrient levels. If your cat isn't getting enough of these nutrients, they could start to lose weight as a result and continue losing weight as their body tries to extract nutrients from your cat's body fat.
Maybe you just have a very active cat combined with a very fast metabolism that lets them burn through calories far faster than they're able to eat. If this is the case, you can give your cat a food that has a higher calorie and nutrient content to help them put on weight and keep it on.
Dental problems plague cats of all ages, and it's widely estimated that roughly half of all cats over the age of three have dental problems or dental disease. Things like absences, missing teeth, broken, teeth, or plaque can make it difficult for your cat to eat.
Scheduling routine cleaning is one way for your veterinarian to take care of any problem areas and address their dental problems. You can also practice brushing your cat's teeth or giving them dental chews to help reduce plaque buildup.
Not Enough Food
If you have other pets or even a multiple cat household, there could be competition over the food dish during mealtimes. If only one cat is getting skinny, maybe they're not able to compete with your other cats or animals for food.
You can try feeding the skinny cat in a room by themselves and see if it helps them gain weight. You should also set meal times at the same time every day to get your cat in a routine that ensures they eat when they're supposed to without letting them free feed.
Cats can develop a variety of gastrointestinal issues from sensitivities or allergies to ingredients in their foods. These issues can cause bloating, pain, gas, a loss of appetite, and trouble extracting nutrients from their food when they do eat.
If you think it's allergies or sensitives at work, you can try switching your cat to a limited ingredient food. Once you do, you want to monitor them to see if their digestive issues start to go away. If they do, you can keep them on the limited ingredient diet.
Many middle-aged or older cats develop hyperthyroidism that causes issues like vomiting, weight loss, increased urination, and increased appetite. The thyroid gland starts to produce too much thyroid hormone, and this throws off your cat's systems and causes weight loss.
Only your veterinarian can diagnose a case of hyperthyroidism by performing an exam and blood tests. If hyperthyroidism is causing your cat's weight loss, the weight loss should go away when you start your cat's treatment through medications, surgery, or diet therapy.
Another common health problem for cats is diabetes, and diabetes causes your cat to have a huge appetite while not being able to keep weight on. It directly impacts your cat's ability to extract and retain the nutrients from the food they eat, and this is why they want to eat more.
You want to take note on whether or not your cat has excessive thirst, excessive urination, or appetite changes and tell your veterinarian. They can do a blood test and discuss the best treatment routine based on the type of diabetes your cat gets diagnosed with.
Liver or Kidney Issues
Liver and kidney issues are common in cats, and they're more common in cats who are old and overweight because it puts stress on your cat's organs. As these organs continue to deteriorate, your cat can start to lose weight at a steady pace.
Again, blood tests will confirm or rule out problems with your cat's liver or kidney issues, and your veterinarian will set up a treatment plan based on their findings. This can include things like medications and changing your cat's diet to a renal one.
Parasites like ringworm or tapeworms are a treatable infection, but they can cause weight loss because they'll start to pull the nutrients from your cat's body when they're trying to digest their food. The worse the infection gets, the skinner your cat will get.
Deworming medications are the common course of treatment for a parasitic infection, and your veterinarian will require a stool sample to confirm the presence of these parasites. The parasites usually go away after a round or two of the medication, and your cat should start gaining weight.
Is my cat too skinny? Now you know how to find out which body style your cat falls in, how to check if they're skinny by looking at them and running your hands over them, and nine common causes of weight loss. You can help treat them to get your cat back to a healthy weight and happy.


What is a Covenant Marriage?
A covenant marriage is a biblical term that is used when two people make a commitment to each other in front of family, friends and God. It represents the new life that they are stating together as one.
source: answers.ask.com
Q&A Related to "What is a Covenant Marriage?"
1. Check the law in the state where you plan to marry to verify the legality of a covenant marriage. As of 2010, Louisiana, Arizona and Arkansas are the only states that recognize
covenant love is a contract between two people that should never be broken.
"Salt never spoils or decays, therefore, it is symbolic of our eternal covenant with God." Thanks for
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A salt covenant is a type of marriage ceremony used in some religions by the bride and groom. The salt covenant dates from the bible, when people would make a...


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1. Thickens Hair
Garlic has antibiotic properties which help curb hair fall caused by bacteria. These properties help aid your scalp in putting an end to the problem, restoring the thickness of your hair. It also helps stimulate the dormant follicles on your scalp, restoring volume.
2. Restores Scalp And Hair Health
Garlic helps restore health to hair that has been through a lot of chemical and heat damage. It also helps cure dryness and soothes an itchy scalp. A healthy scalp is much better at supporting strong hair roots and preventing hair fall.
3. Eliminates Breakage
Garlic helps reduce hair breakage by strengthening the hair shaft. This prevents hair thinning to a great extent and also minimizes split-ends.
4. Boosts Blood Circulation
Garlic stimulates the circulation of blood to your scalp. This helps flush out the toxins from your follicles while also keeping them nourished and healthy. The healthy follicles are better equipped for producing healthy and strong hair. They also fight off damage more efficiently.


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NIH commits $24 million annually for Big Data Centers of Excellence
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) will fund up to $24 million per year for four years to establish six to eight investigator-initiated Big Data to Knowledge Centers of Excellence. The centers will improve the ability of the research community to use increasingly large and complex data sets through the development and distribution of innovative approaches, methods, software and tools for data sharing, integration, analysis and management. The centers will also provide training for students and researchers to use and develop data science methods.
Biomedical research is increasingly data-intensive, with researchers routinely generating and using large, diverse data sets. Yet the ability to manage, integrate and analyze such data, and to locate and use data generated by others, is often limited due to a lack of tools, accessibility and training. In response, NIH launched the Big Data to Knowledge (BD2K) initiative in December (2012). This initiative supports research, implementation and training in data science that will enable biomedical scientists to capitalize on the transformative opportunities that large datasets provide. The investigator-initiated BD2K Center of Excellence funding opportunity is the first of several BD2K funding opportunities to be announced in coming months.
By encouraging the formation of interdisciplinary teams in a collaborative environment the BD2K Centers of Excellence also seek to increase the involvement of investigators outside of traditional biomedical areas who are experienced with data science.
Applicants responding to the BD2K Center of Excellence funding opportunity announcement should identify a research topic and propose research in data science. They should develop approaches, methods, software and tools for data integration, analysis, database development and management and visualization and modeling to address important research questions. The products from this R&D will be shared and distributed broadly to the research community. The centers are expected to interact as a consortium that cooperatively builds on individual research efforts.
Source: National Institutes of Health


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Holevn Health share articles about :Thuốc Sudogest PE , side effects – dosage , Thuốc Sudogest PE what disease treatment.Other noted issues. Please refer to the details below.
Generic Name: phenylephrine (oral) (FEN il EFF rin)
Brand Name:Nasop, Sudafed PE, Sudogest PE
Medically reviewed by Holevn.org on May 29, 2019 – Written by Cerner Multum
What is Sudogest PE?
Sudogest PE is a decongestant that is used to treat stuffy nose and sinus congestion caused by the common cold, hay fever, or other allergies.
Sudogest PE may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Do not use Sudogest PE if you have used an MAO inhibitor in the past 14 days, such as isocarboxazid, linezolid, methylene blue injection, phenelzine, rasagiline, selegiline, or tranylcypromine.
Before taking this medicine
Do not use Sudogest PE if you have used an MAO inhibitor in the past 14 days. A dangerous drug interaction could occur. MAO inhibitors include isocarboxazid, linezolid, methylene blue injection, phenelzine, rasagiline, selegiline, tranylcypromine, and others.
You should not use Sudogest PE if you are allergic to it.
Ask a doctor or pharmacist if this medicine is safe to use if you have:
heart disease, high blood pressure;
a thyroid disorder;
an enlarged prostate and urination problems; or
any drug allergies.
Ask a doctor before using this medicine if you are pregnant or breast-feeding.
The liquid form of this medicine may contain phenylalanine. Check the medication label if you have phenylketonuria (PKU).
How should I take Sudogest PE?
Use exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor. Cold medicine is only for short-term use until your symptoms clear up.
Always follow directions on the medicine label about giving cold medicine to a child.
You must chew the chewable tablet before you swallow it.
Measure liquid medicine carefully. Use the dosing syringe provided, or use a medicine dose-measuring device (not a kitchen spoon).
Remove an orally disintegrating tablet from the package only when you are ready to take the medicine. Place the tablet in your mouth and allow it to dissolve, without chewing. Swallow several times as the tablet dissolves.
Call your doctor if your symptoms do not improve after 7 days, or if you have a fever, rash, or headaches.
If you need surgery, tell your surgeon if you are currently using Sudogest PE.
Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat. Do not freeze.
What happens if I miss a dose?
Since cold medicine is used when needed, you may not be on a dosing schedule. Skip any missed dose if it's almost time for your next dose. Do not use two doses at one time.
What happens if I overdose?
Seek emergency medical attention or call 115.
What should I avoid while taking Sudogest PE?
Ask a doctor or pharmacist before using other cough or cold medicines that may contain similar ingredients.
Sudogest PE side effects
Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.
Stop using Sudogest PE and call your doctor at once if you have:
fast, pounding, or irregular heartbeat;
severe dizziness or nervousness;
sleep problems (insomnia); or
increased blood pressure–severe headache, blurred vision, pounding in your neck or ears.
Common side effects may include:
flushing (warmth, redness, or tingly feeling);
loss of appetite; or
feeling restless or excited (especially in children).
This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
What other drugs will affect Sudogest PE?
Many drugs can affect Sudogest PE, and some drugs should not be used at the same time. Tell your doctor about all your current medicines and any medicine you start or stop using. This includes prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Not all possible interactions are listed here.
Remember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use this medication only for the indication prescribed.
Copyright _PHONE_ Cerner Multum, Inc. Version: 8.01.
The content of Holevn is solely for the purpose of providing information about Thuốc Sudogest PE and is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Please contact your nearest doctor or clinic, hospital for advice. We do not accept liability if the patient arbitrarily uses the drug without following a doctor's prescription.
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Yvette (1990) is a photographer and Waldorf teacher, based in Amsterdam
Yvette photographs nature. She photographs people and the animal and plant world in diverse contexts: from their natural habitat to the urban environment, in remote places or banal settings and situations. She compiles her findings in a vast archive of images covering a wide spectrum, from everyday views, to compositions that tend towards abstraction. This interest in the natural world as a subject has been further complemented by her exploration of the properties and materiality of the analogue photographic images.
Yvette works as a Waldorf educator. In her teachings she values learning through doing and learning through making. Practical works harmonises the child's soul faculties and thinking, feeling and willing, just as stories work down into the life processes and bodily rhythms in an equally harmonising way. Also Yvette finds it important to support and encourage the children's independent thinking skills and their freedom of individual development. As a pedagogue she guides children on their path and she learns a lot from them simultaneously.


If your organization has given you the power to be a mastermind in Zapiens, congratulations! With this new functionality, Zap learns and acquires knowledge about your organization in a more rigorous way
Advantages of the new answer validation process:
 - Zap's knowledge about your organization increases in a more rigorous way. Zap now learns from previously validated knowledge, that is, it needs at least one other person to confirm that the answers are correct.
 - Collaboration among masterminds increases, now you will know the answers provided by other colleagues when you manage categories in common and you can give your opinion about them.
 - Users receive more truthful answers to their questions.
When a Mastermind in your organization answers a question in a category you manage together, Zap will send you the following push notification "Hey, what do you think of this answer?"
To validate your colleagues' answers, follow these simple steps:
 1. Access Zap, found in the center of the Lower Menu
 2. Zap will greet you and ask you what you want to do
 3. Click on "Help"
 4. If you have more than one unvalidated question, swipe left to access them
 5. Click on a question
 6. Click the "That's correct" button to validate the answer or click the "I don't know" button if you did not know the answer. In both cases, the question will disappear from the "Help" section. Zap, our Artificial Intelligence, will send a push notification to the person who created the question to see your validation.
 7. Keep answering questions and/or validating answers if you have any pending questions.
 8. Click the "X" at the top left to exit the questions
 9. Click the "X" button at the top left to exit Zap
Note: In the web version of the App, if you have more than one answer you will be able to access them by using the right or left arrows on the keyboard.
Some important clarifications about the process of validating answers:
 - To validate answers, the Masterminds have to manage categories in common
 - Questions related to categories managed by a single Mastermind do not require validation
 - Questions related to categories managed by only two Masterminds can be validated through the "That's correct" button in the App
 - When the other Masterminds in a category have clicked the "I don't know" button from the App, the answer is automatically validated
 - Questions answered from the Administration Area do not need to be validated by other Masterminds. They are automatically added to Zap's knowledge
Note: when a red dot appears next to Zap, it means that Zap has something new for you
Back to the top of the article


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About the book
Dulce Chacón's book has had an immense success in Spain, no doubt because the novelist speaks with a just and powerful voice, and because she has allowed women - the most anonymous, the most suppressed, the most silenced - to speak out' Le Monde
It is 1939. In the Ventas prison in Madrid a group of women have been incarcerated. Their crime is to have supported or fought on the Republican side in Spain's cruel and devastating Civil War. Chief among them are Hortensia, who fought with the militia and is pregnant by her husband Felipe - a man still at large and fighting against Franco's dictatorship - and who lives with the knowledge that she will be shot after she gives birth; sixteen-year-old Elvira, who tried to leave Spain with her mother, but was arrested by the Falangists while she was boarding their ship; Tomasa, whose husband, four sons and daughter-in-law were thrown off a bridge; and Pepita, Hortensia's sister, who from outside the prison acts as messenger between her and her husband.
Dulce Chacón's deeply moving novel is based on the actual testimonies of a number of women who survived the Spanish Civil War, and suffered imprisonment under the France regime, as well as on accounts of others who died fighting for freedom. A bestseller in Spain, where it was voted 'Book of the year', The Sleeping Voice is remarkable for its combination of dramatic intensity and historical authenticity.


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Of Roman Gods and Financial Reform
Janus and the Dodd-Frank Act: Looking back, looking forward
In Roman mythology, Janus is the god with two faces. One face looks backward, the other into the future, a duality that neatly serves our consideration of the range of views expressed about the Dodd-Frank Act (the Act) passed one year ago. The enormous and far-reaching act has been loved and loathed from the moment it was conceived to today. Its place in history is a matter of opinion; its impact a matter of intense debate.
In this paper we use the Janus principle – we look back over the last year and forward into the future from three very different perspectives:
- The banks and financial institutions, which are subject to the Act
- The regulators, who must implement it
- The consumers of financial services, who face big changes in the future
To put it mildly, it is a very complicated story with multiple and overlapping narratives. As we try to show in this paper, opinions vary across a wide range. We have tried to reflect that range by dividing the discussion into something like a Socratic debate – at each point, we hear from those voices representing different opinions as they set out their positions.
Read more in the PDF attachment.


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- freely available
DMP: Detouring Using Multiple Paths against Jamming Attack for Ubiquitous Networking System
AbstractTo successfully realize the ubiquitous network environment including home automation or industrial control systems, it is important to be able to resist a jamming attack. This has recently been considered as an extremely threatening attack because it can collapse the entire network, despite the existence of basic security protocols such as encryption and authentication. In this paper, we present a method of jamming attack tolerant routing using multiple paths based on zones. The proposed scheme divides the network into zones, and manages the candidate forward nodes of neighbor zones. After detecting an attack, detour nodes decide zones for rerouting, and detour packets destined for victim nodes through forward nodes in the decided zones. Simulation results show that our scheme increases the PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio) and decreases the delay significantly in comparison with rerouting by a general routing protocol on sensor networks, AODV (Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector), and a conventional JAM (Jammed Area Mapping) service with one reroute.
Share & Cite This Article
Kim, M.; Chae, K. DMP: Detouring Using Multiple Paths against Jamming Attack for Ubiquitous Networking System. Sensors 2010, 10, 3626-3640.View more citation formats
Kim M, Chae K. DMP: Detouring Using Multiple Paths against Jamming Attack for Ubiquitous Networking System. Sensors. 2010; 10(4):_URL_ Style
Kim, Mihui; Chae, Kijoon. 2010. "DMP: Detouring Using Multiple Paths against Jamming Attack for Ubiquitous Networking System." Sensors 10, no. 4: 3626-3640.
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