- 4
 The index of character string to be added/deleted, if any. Otherwise -1.
 - 5
 Type of action. 1 == INSERT, 0 == DELETE, -1 if it's a forced validation or textVariable validation.
In general, the textVariable and validateCommand can be dangerous to mix. Any problems have been overcome so that using the validateCommand will not interfere with the traditional behavior of the Spinbox widget. Using the textVariable for read-only purposes will never cause problems. The danger comes when you try set the textVariable to something that the validateCommand would not accept, which causes validate to become none (the invalidCommand will not be triggered). The same happens when an error occurs evaluating the validateCommand.
Primarily, an error will occur when the validateCommand or invalidCommand encounters an error in its script while evaluating or validateCommand does not return a valid boolean value. The validate option will also set itself to none when you edit the Spinbox widget from within either the validateCommand or the invalidCommand. Such editions will override the one that was being validated. If you wish to edit the value of the widget during validation and still have the validate option set, you should include the command
 my $val = $spinbox->cget(-validate);
 $spinbox->configure(-validate => $val);
in the validateCommand or invalidCommand (whichever one you were editing the Spinbox widget from). It is also recommended to not set an associated textVariable during validation, as that can cause the Spinbox widget to become out of sync with the textVariable.
WIDGET METHODS ^
The Spinbox command creates a widget object whose name is $widget. This command may be used to invoke various operations on the widget. It has the following general form:
 $widget->method(?arg arg ...?);
Many of the methods for Spinboxes take one or more indices as arguments. An index specifies a particular character in the Spinbox's string, in any of the following ways:
number
Specifies the character as a numerical index, where 0 corresponds to the first character in the string.
anchor
Indicates the anchor point for the selection, which is set with the select from and select adjust methods.
end
Indicates the character just after the last one in the Spinbox's string. This is equivalent to specifying a numerical index equal to the length of the Spinbox's string.
insert
Indicates the character adjacent to and immediately following the insertion cursor.
sel.first
Indicates the first character in the selection. It is an error to use this form if the selection isn't in the Spinbox window.
sel.last
Indicates the character just after the last one in the selection. It is an error to use this form if the selection isn't in the Spinbox window.
@number
In this form, number is treated as an x-coordinate in the Spinbox's window; the character spanning that x-coordinate is used. For example, ''@0'' indicates the left-most character in the window.
Abbreviations may be used for any of the forms above, e.g. ''e'' or ''sel.f''. In general, out-of-range indices are automatically rounded to the nearest legal value.
The following commands are possible for Spinbox widgets:
$widget->bbox(index);
Returns a list of four numbers describing the bounding box of the character given by index. The first two elements of the list give the x and y coordinates of the upper-left corner of the screen area covered by the character (in pixels relative to the widget) and the last two elements give the width and height of the character, in pixels. The bounding box may refer to a region outside the visible area of the window.
$widget->cget(option);
Returns the current value of the configuration option given by option. Option may have any of the values accepted by the Spinbox command.
$widget->configure(?option?, ?value, option, value, ...?);
Query or modify the configuration options of the widget. If no option is specified, returns a list describing all of the available options for $widget (see Tk::configure for information on the format of this list). If option is specified with no value, then the command returns a list describing the one named option (this list will be identical to the corresponding sublist of the value returned if no option is specified). If one or more option-value pairs are specified, then the command modifies the given widget option(s) to have the given value(s); in this case the command returns an empty string. Option may have any of the values accepted by the Spinbox command.
$widget->delete(first, ?last?);
Delete one or more elements of the Spinbox. First is the index of the first character to delete, and last is the index of the character just after the last one to delete. If last isn't specified it defaults to first+1, i.e. a single character is deleted. This command returns an empty string.
$widget->get;
Returns the Spinbox's string.
$widget->icursor(index);
Arrange for the insertion cursor to be displayed just before the character given by index. Returns an empty string.
$widget->identify(x, y);
Returns the name of the window element corresponding to coordinates x and y in the Spinbox. Return value is one of: none, buttondown, buttonup, entry.
$widget->index(index);
Returns the numerical index corresponding to index.
$widget->insert(index, string);
Insert the characters of string just before the character indicated by index. Returns an empty string.
$widget->invoke(element);
Causes the specified element, either buttondown or buttonup, to be invoked, triggering the action associated with it.
$widget->scan(option, args);
This command is used to implement scanning on Spinboxes. It has two forms, depending on option:
$widget->scanMark(x);
Records x and the current view in the Spinbox window; used in conjunction with later scan dragto commands. Typically this command is associated with a mouse button press in the widget. It returns an empty string.
$widget->scanDragto(x);
This command computes the difference between its x argument and the x argument to the last scan mark command for the widget. It then adjusts the view left or right by 10 times the difference in x-coordinates. This command is typically associated with mouse motion events in the widget, to produce the effect of dragging the Spinbox at high speed through the window. The return value is an empty string.
$widget->selection(option, arg);
This command is used to adjust the selection within a Spinbox. It has several forms, depending on option:
$widget->selectionAdjust(index);
Locate the end of the selection nearest to the character given by index, and adjust that end of the selection to be at index (i.e including but not going beyond index). The other end of the selection is made the anchor point for future select to commands. If the selection isn't currently in the Spinbox, then a new selection is created to include the characters between index and the most recent selection anchor point, inclusive. Returns an empty string.
$widget->selectionClear;
Clear the selection if it is currently in this widget. If the selection isn't in this widget then the command has no effect. Returns an empty string.
$widget->selectionElement(?element?);
Sets or gets the currently selected element. If a spinbutton element is specified, it will be displayed depressed.
$widget->selectionFrom(index);
Set the selection anchor point to just before the character given by index. Doesn't change the selection. Returns an empty string.
$widget->selectionPresent;
Returns 1 if there is are characters selected in the Spinbox, 0 if nothing is selected.
$widget->selectionRange(start, end);
Sets the selection to include the characters starting with the one indexed by start and ending with the one just before end. If end refers to the same character as start or an earlier one, then the Spinbox's selection is cleared.
$widget->selectionTo(index);
If index is before the anchor point, set the selection to the characters from index up to but not including the anchor point. If index is the same as the anchor point, do nothing. If index is after the anchor point, set the selection to the characters from the anchor point up to but not including index. The anchor point is determined by the most recent select from or select adjust command in this widget. If the selection isn't in this widget then a new selection is created using the most recent anchor point specified for the widget. Returns an empty string.
$widget->set(?string?);


4.7.4.1. Enet LLD TSN User's Guide
4.7.4.1.1. Introduction
This guide is intended to enhance user's understanding of the TSN stack and provide guidance on how to seamlessly integrate TSN modules into their own applications.
4.7.4.1.1.1. TSN source modules
The TSN library is composed of the following source modules:
 - tsn_unibase: Universal utility libraries that are platform-independent.
 - tsn_combase: Communication utility libraries that provide support for functions like sockets, mutexes, and semaphores.
 - tsn_gptp: Implementation of the IEEE 802.1 AS gptp protocol.
 - enet_tsn_example: Example application for Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN).
4.7.4.1.1.2. TSN Initialization
A reference of the TSN stack initialization can be found in <enet>/examples/enet_tsn_example/tsninit.c. Prior to any module calls, it is necessary to initialize the unibase library once. This can be achieved by invoking the tsn_init() function.
4.7.4.1.1.3. TSN Logging
By default, TSN logs are directed to STDOUT using the fwrite function: fwrite(str, 1, strlen(str), stdout); However, it is possible to customize the log output by setting the console_out callback during the initialization of the unibase library in the tsn_init() function.
When a callback function assigned to console_out takes a significant amount of time to log the output device, it is advisable to log to a buffer and utilize another task to log from the buffer to the desired output device. This approach helps to prevent log delays that could adversely affect the gPTP task, such as incorrect Sync and FollowUp intervals. The option to log to a buffer is supported when the TSN_USE_LOG_BUFFER macro is defined. It's important to note that in the Jacinto TSN example, this macro is defined by default.
To enable specific log levels, you can modify the ub_log_initstr parameter in the tsn_init() function. There are eight log levels available:
UBL_NONE = 0
UBL_FATAL = 1
UBL_ERROR = 2
UBL_WARN = 3
UBL_INFO = 4
UBL_INFOV = 5
UBL_DEBUG = 6
UBL_DEBUGV = 7
For example:
init_para.ub_log_initstr = "4,ubase:45,cbase:45,gptp:45";
In the above example, gptp:45 signifies the following:
 - 4 (INFO): Log level for printing to the console.
 - 5 (INFOV): Log level for storing in internal memory (which can be dumped to a file).
Please note that enabling the DEBUG or DEBUGV level will result in a large number of logs being generated. If the log buffer is used, it may overflow, causing some logs to be lost.
The first 4 character in "4,ubase... represents the default log level applied to all modules.
4.7.4.1.1.4. Starting gPTP
The gPTP functionality operates in a separate task. To initiate this task, you can use the EnetApp_gPtpStart() function.
4.7.4.1.1.5. TSN Deinitialization
To deinitialize the TSN modules, you can invoke the EnetApp_deinitTsn() function.
4.7.4.1.2. Integration
4.7.4.1.2.1. Source integration
To integrate the TSN stack into your application, follow these steps:
 - Initialize Enet LLD and setup board dependencies. In the TSN example application, the initialization routines can be found at <enet>/examples/enet_tsn_example/main.c, which can be used as reference.
 The two main functions related to EVM board initialization are:
 EnetBoard_init();
 EnetBoard_setupPorts(...);
 ...

 These functions are responsible for configuring pinmux, GPIOs, SerDes, etc., as well as providing the MAC port and PHY configuration parameters, which are board specific.
 - Before calling any TSN module APIs, ensure you initialize TSN by calling EnetApp_initTsn().
 - Initialize the combase Ethernet device table as the following code snippet:
 for (i = 0; i < numEthPorts; i++)
 {
 snprintf(&gEnetApp_gPtpNetDevs[i][0], IFNAMSIZ, "tilld%d", i);
 /* ethdevs[i].netdev must hold a global address, not a stack address */
 ethdevs[i].netdev = gEnetApp_gPtpNetDevs[i];
 ethdevs[i].macport = ethPorts[i].macPort;
 }

 cb_lld_init_devs_table(ethdevs, i, enetType, instId);

 In the above code, the Ethernet device name is not mandatory but it's useful as a virtual Ethernet device table that facilitates the conversion between the device name and the MAC port number.
 Please ensure that the ethdevs[i].netdev pointer points to a global memory location rather than a stack memory. The combase layer will reference this address instead of making a copy.
 - Start the gPTP task by calling EnetApp_gPtpStart(gEnetApp_gPtpNetDevs). Make sure that the gEnetApp_gPtpNetDevs variable is stored in global memory rather than stack memory.
4.7.4.1.2.2. gPTP switch mode
To configure gPTP in switch mode or with multiple ports, you need to perform the following steps:
 - Initialize the multiple ports table for combase using the cb_lld_init_devs_table() function. This function sets up the table that maps Ethernet devices to their corresponding MAC ports.
 - Call the EnetApp_gPtpStart() function with multiple Ethernet devices as parameters. This function starts the gPTP task and enables gPTP functionality on the specified Ethernet devices.
Initializing the multiple ports table and calling EnetApp_gPtpStart() with the appropriate Ethernet devices is sufficient to configure gPTP in switch mode.
4.7.4.1.2.3. gPTP configuration
 - To configure gPTP, you can utilize the function gptpconf_set_item(). For a reference example, please consult the <enet>/examples/enet_tsn_example/main.c file.
 To view all the configuration parameters, you can refer to <pdk>/packages/ti/transport/tsn/tsn-stack/tsn_gptp/gptp_defaults.h. For instance, within the gptp_defaults.h file, there is a defined parameter called DEFAULT_USE_HW_PHASE_ADJUSTMENT. To configure this parameter, you need to replace DEFAULT with CONF and invoke the configuration function as follows:
 ''gptpconf_set_item(CONF_USE_HW_PHASE_ADJUSTMENT, &use_hwphase);''

 - There are two important parameters, CONF_USE_HW_PHASE_ADJUSTMENT and CONF_SINGLE_CLOCK_MODE, please configure them:
 int use_hwphase = 1;
 int single_clock = 1;

 gptpconf_set_item(CONF_USE_HW_PHASE_ADJUSTMENT, &use_hwphase);
 gptpconf_set_item(CONF_SINGLE_CLOCK_MODE, &single_clock);

 By default, the phase adjustment is kept in the internal buffer of gPTP. Setting CONF_USE_HW_PHASE_ADJUSTMENT to 1 enables the application of clock phase offset to the CPTS hardware. Setting CONF_SINGLE_CLOCK_MODE to 1 enables the single clock mode for gPTP. This is the case of CPSW has a single CPTS for multiple MAC ports.
 - The configuration must be done before calling the gptpman_run() function inside the tsninit.c file.
4.7.4.1.3. Performance
4.7.4.1.3.1. Memory footprint
Not available in this release.
4.7.4.1.3.2. Time to sync gPTP
Not available in this release.
4.7.4.1.3.3. Accuracy of gPTP Sync
Not available in this release.


text:
The pressure difference between two points along a horizontal pipe, through which water is flowing, is 1.4 cm of mercury. If, due to non-uniform cross-section, the speed of flow of water at the point of greater cross-section is 60 cm/s, calculate the speed at the other point. Density of mercury .
Water flows into a horizontal pipe whose one end is closed with a valve and the reading of a pressure gauge attached to the pipe is . This reading of the pressure gauge falls to when the valve is opened. Calculate the speed of water flowing into the pipe.
Air is streaming past a horizontal aeroplane wing such that its speed is 120 ms–1 at the upper surface and 90 ms–1 at the lower surface. If the density of air is 1.3 kg/m3, find the difference in pressures between the two surfaces of the wing. If the wing is 10 m long and has an average width of 2 m, then calculate the gross lift on it.
A horizontal tube has different cross-sectional areas at points A and B. The diameter of A is 4 cm and that of B is 2 cm. Two manometer limbs are attached at A and B. When a liquid of density 0.8 g/cm3 flows through the tube, the pressure-difference between the limbs of the manometer is 8 cm. calculate the rate of flow of the liquid in the tube. (g = 980 cm/s2)
Find out the velocity of efflux of water from a hole in the wall of a tank made at 20 m below the free surface of water in the tank.
g = 10 m/s2.
Water tank has a hole in its wall at a distance of 10 m below the free surface of water. The diameter of the hole is 2 mm. Compute the velocity of efflux of water from the hole and the rate of flow of water. (g = 9.8 m/s2)
S1 and S2 are spring balances. A block A is hanging from spring balanceS1 and immersed in a liquid L which is contented a beaker B. The mass of beaker B is 1 kg and the mass of liquid L is 1.5 kg. The S1 and S2balances reads 2.5 kg and 7.5 kg respectively. What will be the reading ofS1 and S2 when the block A is pulled up out of the liquid :
Air is blow through a pipe AB at a rate of 15 liter per minute. The cross section area of the wide portion of the pipe AB is 2 cm2 and that of the narrow potion is 0.5 cm? the difference in the water level h is :
Water from a tap emerge vertically downward with a initial speed of 1 m/s. The cross section area of the tap is 10–4 m2. Assume that the pressure is constant throughout the stream of water and that the flow steady. The cross section area of the stream 0.15 m below the tap is :
A non viscous liquid of constant density 500 kg/m2 flows in a variable cross-sectional tube. The area of cross section of the tube at two points Pand Q at height of 3 m and 6 m are and respectively. The work done per unit volume by the force of gravity as the fluid flows from point P and Q is

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


By an Aronszajn tree, I mean a tree of height $\omega_1$ with countable levels and no branch. Such a tree is Souslin if it has no uncountable antichains and special if it can be written as the countable union of antichains. It is well known that there is both a ccc forcing and a $\sigma$-closed forcing for adding Souslin trees and, given any Aronszajn tree $T$ (Souslin or otherwise) there is a ccc forcing for specializing $T$. Therefore we can add Souslin trees, and then specialize them, giving us new special Aronszajn trees. In this post I have a variety of questions about forcings which add Aronszajn trees that are neither special nor Souslin. The most basic of these is as follows.
Question 1: What are some of the most common ways of forcing to add an Aronszajn tree which is neither Souslin nor special? In this post Mohammad Golshani cites a theorem that immediately implies that such trees exist under certain $\diamondsuit$ hypotheses. Therefore forcings to add diamonds suffice but I'm curious whether there is a more explicit forcing where the generic is actually the tree.
My next question is about killing Souslin-ness (or whatever it's called) without specializing.
Question 2: Suppose $T$ is Souslin. Does there exist a forcing notion $\mathbb P$ such that in $V^\mathbb P$, $T$ is still Aronszajn but no longer Souslin and also not special?
I'm also curious about these questions in the case of fat Aronszajn trees: Aronszajn trees with the requirement of countable levels removed. The same ccc specializing forcing works to make such trees special so under MA all such trees are special. I'm curious whether non-special fat Aronszajn trees can be built by hand using forcing.
Question 3: What forcings will add a fat, non-special Aronszajn tree?
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ In these notes math.cmu.edu/~eschimme/Appalachian/EisworthMooreNotes.pdf a forcing to kill an A-tree is provided. It answers your second question. (Page 17.) $\endgroup$ – Not Mike Jan 12 '18 at 22:18
 - $\begingroup$ Regarding question 2, I suggest the following: suppose $T$ is the given Souslin tree and suppose all of its levels be countable. Let $P$ be the forcing notion for adding an antichain into $T$ using conditions which are finite antichains of $T$. The forcing is c.c.c and adds an uncountable antichain in $T$. I think $T$ is not special in the extension but I did not check it. $\endgroup$ – Mohammad Golshani Jan 14 '18 at 4:52
 - $\begingroup$ I may mention that the work of Laver-shelah to kill all $\aleph_2$-Soulin trees uses similar forcing using countable antichains. $\endgroup$ – Mohammad Golshani Jan 14 '18 at 4:52
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ Mike thank you I'll check that out! $\endgroup$ – Corey Bacal Switzer Jan 15 '18 at 13:31
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ Golshani Thanks as well. For both of the forcings you suggest do you know of a reference I can look at? $\endgroup$ – Corey Bacal Switzer Jan 15 '18 at 13:31
Regarding your comment before Question 3, you mean all such trees with size $<\mathfrak{m}$ are special. In particular, it doesn't say anything about trees of size $\geq 2^{\omega}$. Indeed, $T(\mathbb{R})$ where elements are bounded well ordered subsets of $\mathbb{R}$ ordered by end-extension is not special. It definitely has no uncountable branches.
For question 1, you can first add a Suslin tree (there are various ways of doing this), of which the most straightfoward one is to use countable well-pruned trees with end-extension (due to Jech). For the second step (which also gives yet another answer to the second question), you can pick $S\subset \omega_1$ that is stationary and co-stationary, and use a Shelah style forcing $Q(T,S)$ to make $T$ $S$-st-special (this means there exists a regressive function $f$ whose domain is $T\restriction S$ such that $t


text:
Plaxis 3D Foundation (c) PLAXIS BV *Dongle Emulator (Dongle Crack) for Aladdin Hardlock*
3DFoundation is a finite element package intended for the three-dimensional deformation analysis of foundation structures.
Foundations form the interaction between an upper structure and the soil. Settlements depend on local soil conditions and on the construction method. Especially for pile-raft foundations there is an important interplay between the pile, the raft and the soil to support the forces from the upper structure. In this interplay deformations are a key factor. Such a situation can only be analysed effectively by means of three-dimensional finite element calculations in which proper models are incorporated to simulate soil behaviour and soil-structure interaction.
Related news:Plaxis 3D Tunnel (c) PLAXIS BV *Dongle Emulator (Dongle Crack) for Aladdin Hardlock*
Plaxis 2D *Dongle Emulator (Dongle Crack) for Wibu CodeMeter*
PLAXIS 3D Version 2012.02 *Dongle emulator for WIBU CodeMeter*


text:
The keys of the piano become the steps of a musical staircase. We invite you to create and play your own music on them, thereby discovering ever-new sounds.
The first seven letters of the alphabet become the names of the notes:
A – B (H) – C – D – E – F – G.
And your fingers will show you where each note can be found on the stave.
Climb the steps and play a nursery rhyme, for example. Are you here with your family? Then try playing a song all together.
This "musical staircase" was developed in collaboration with the Lang Lang International Music Foundation.


Category:
What is Overdoor Traction?
Article Details
 - Written By: Dan Cavallari
 - Edited By: Bronwyn Harris
 - Last Modified Date: 27 September 2019
 - Copyright Protected:
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The longest lightning bolt ever recorded stretched 199.5 miles (321 km) -- nearly the entire length of Oklahoma. more...
October 18 , 1867 : The US bought Alaska from Russia. more...
Overdoor traction refers to a practice of placing oneself in traction using an apparatus that hooks over the top of a door. Traction is the practice of allowing the spine to stretch out, thereby relieving pressure on the spine and the muscles surrounding it. Many people turn to overdoor traction to relieve chronic back pain, though it must be done correctly in order to maintain safety. A specially designed harness is typically wrapped around the head and under the chin, allowing the user to rest his or her body weight into the harness. This allows the rest of the body to dangle and the spine to stretch.
Most overdoor traction kits come with the harness that fits around the head as well as a securing system that attaches to the top of a door. The user can then securely attach the system to the top of the door, affix the harness to the securing system, and hang the body from the entire apparatus. The idea is to allow the weight of the body to stretch the spine naturally, thereby relieving pressure on muscles and nerves throughout the back. Many people who suffer from conditions associated with spinal compression use overdoor traction regularly to stretch the spine, which can shorten during a normal day regardless of one's level of physical activity.
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It is important to purchase a specially designed overdoor traction kit rather than attempting to perform overdoor traction at home without the proper equipment. Using equipment that is not designed for overdoor traction can lead to injury or even death, so it is essential to use a system specifically designed to support the body during this activity. Using rope or other straps may lead to asphyxiation, and using materials not designed to support the weight of the body can result in breakage that can cause a fall.
Some traction units use a bag that can be filled with water to provide a counterweight. This allows a user to simply sit in a chair with the harness around his or her head. The bag of water will pull downward on a cable or rope, which is attached to a pulley system. The weight of the bag pulling down on the cable will in turn pull up on the harness, thereby providing traction. The amount of pull on the harness depends on how much water is poured into the bag. Users should consult a doctor to find out how much weight her or she should use and for how long.
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text:
An innovative micromechanics-based three-dimensional long-term strength criterion for fracture assessment of rock materials
Journal article, Peer reviewed
MetadataShow full item record
Original versionFrattura ed Integrità Strutturale. 2018, 12 (44), 64-81. 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.44.06
Rocks may exhibit time-dependent behaviors. Long-term strength criterion significantly dominates creep failure of rocks. Rocks contain many microcracks, which lead to degrade of long-term strength. In this paper, it is assumed that there exist three-dimensional penny-shaped microcracks in rocks. The mode II stress intensity factors at tips of three-dimensional penny-shaped microcracks in Burgers viscoelastic rock matrix is derived. A novel micromechanics-based three-dimensional long-term strength criterion is established to consider the effects of time and the intermediate principal stress on creep failure of rocks. By comparison with the previous experimental data, it is found that the novel micromechanics-based three-dimensional long-term strength criterion is in good agreement with the experimental data.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Home / Events / Seminar Series /
Mathematical analysis of social phenomena: From examples to foundations
In this talk, I present several examples illustrating how math can be used to prove global dynamics from assumed local dynamics between individuals. The examples are primarily drawn from my own work and that of collaborators.
The first example concerns large-scale transitions of thought from one extreme viewpoint to another within a close-knit community or society. In the minimalistic model that we study, we find surprising behavior. For example, increasing the resolve of moderate thinkers to remain moderate can actually make a population more vulnerable to extremist thinking. A second project studies the relationship between the spread of epidemics and the structure of the underlying social network. We show that we can learn something about the topology of historical social networks simply by studying how diseases expanded across them. Finally, the third project that I discuss regards the general problem of desynchronizing consumption of a shared resource. I propose a general solution and prove that it does indeed achieve stable asynchrony.
I close with a speculative look toward psychological foundations for fields that depend on an understanding of human cognition and behavior.


text:
A mammalian type opsin 5 (neuropsin) is a recently identified ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive pigment of the retina and other photosensitive organs in birds. Two other opsin 5-related molecules have been found in the genomes of non-mammalian vertebrates. However, their functions have not been examined as yet. Here, we identify the molecular properties of a second avian opsin 5, cOpn5L2 (chicken opsin 5-like 2), and its localization in the post-hatch chicken. Spectrophotometric analysis and radionucleotide-binding assay have revealed that cOpn5L2 is a UV-sensitive bistable pigment that couples with the Gi subtype of guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein). As a bistable pigment, it also shows the direct binding ability to agonist all-trans-retinal to activate G protein. The absorption maxima of UV-light-absorbing and visible light-absorbing forms were 350 and 521 nm, respectively. Expression analysis showed relatively high expression of cOpn5L2 mRNA in the adrenal gland, which is not photoreceptive but an endocrine organ, while lower expression was found in the brain and retina. At the protein level, cOpn5L2 immunoreactive cells were present in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland. In the brain, cOpn5L2 immunoreactive cells were found in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus, known for photoreceptive deep brain areas. In the retina, cOpn5L2 protein was localized to subsets of cells in the ganglion cell layer and the inner nuclear layer. These results suggest that the non-mammalian type opsin 5 (Opn5L2) functions as a second UV sensor in the photoreceptive organs, while it might function as chemosensor using its direct binding ability to agonist all-trans-retinal in non-photoreceptive organs such as the adrenal gland of birds.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all)
- Agricultural and Biological Sciences(all)


Owl Class - Stone Age Cave Art
18th September 2020
Owl Class have been getting creative and replicating 'Stone Age Cave Art'. They looked at how people in prehistoric times would have communicated with each other and by drawing around their hands, made effective drawings using charcoal just like what was left behind in the caves. They talked about what each hand might represent. The results were very striking and showed various skills.


text:
7 Microstructure Evolution and Physics-Based Modeling
Download citation file:
- Ris (Zotero)
- Reference Manager
Ultrasonic welding offers ability to weld thin layers of malleable metals at low temperature and low power consumption. During ultrasonic welding, intensive material interactions occur due to the severe plastic deformation (SPD) and frictional heat generation, which leads to the microstructural change. Different grain microstructures have been observed after different ultrasonic welding conditions. Theory of the microstructural evolution was for the first time hypothesized as three regimes, namely SPD, dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and grain growth according to the material thermomechanical loading conditions.
A novel metallo-thermo-mechanically coupled model was developed to model the temperature-dependent mechanical deformation and microstructural evolution during the ultrasonic spot welding process. The numerical analysis was carried out with a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model using DEFORM 11.0. The material constitutive model considered cyclic plasticity, thermal softening, and acoustic softening. Dynamic recrystallization and grain growth kinetics laws were applied to simulate the microstructural evolution under different welding time durations. The simulation results demonstrated that the essential characteristics of the deformation field and microstructure evolution during ultrasonic welding were well captured by the metallo-thermo-mechanically coupled model. The numerical framework developed in this study has been shown to be a powerful tool to optimize the ultrasonic welding process for its mechanical properties and microstructures.


text:
BASIC COURSE DESIGN
The following diagrams are given as a guide to locating the lure machine and pulleys for a continuous loop and a take up course plan. There are three basic possibilities when locating the lure machine for a continuous loop course; in line with the course, outside the loop and inside the loop. While these course plans are a simple box for illustrative purposes, there are many possible variations to any of these configurations and are limited only by the number of corner pulleys available for use. The last diagram shows a take up configuration with three corner pulleys located in front of the lure machine. The three pulleys are used to keep constant tension on the string and prevent a backlash from occurring. You may get away with using only two corner pulleys in front of the lure machine.


Disputed Earth
Geology and Trench Warfare on the Western Front 1914-18
By Peter Doyle
Uniform Press, 2017
The western front and trench warfare are synonymous; the First World War was a conflict that quickly became deadlocked as both sides dug into the earth of France and Flanders, and although trench warfare was nothing new it would have a huge impact on the course and conduct of the war. Key to this on the western front was geology. When you think about it the link is obvious – but geology impacted everything from trench construction, dugouts, gas dispersal, water supply, drainage, building materials, the impact of artillery, movement of troops and supplies, and how suitable the ground was for tanks; all of which are explored in Disputed Earth.
Peter Doyle begins by examining the history of geology in warfare and explains how both sides quickly (but differently, with the Germans leading the field) understood the connections and utilised geologists to provide advice and guidance.The geology of the western front itself is expertly described, from the sand and clay of Flanders to the chalk downland of the Somme. Irrespective of location, this geology impacted on the daily lives of the soldiers – for example the blue clay of Flanders and the white chalk of the Somme providing tell-tale indications of mining activity that had to be disguised to avoid attracting German interest. He provides case studies of archaeological digs that have highlighted the challenges of providing effective shelter and protection for the men, and shows how military mining developed during the war years.
The book is easy to follow even for a layman like myself with minimal geological knowledge, and is lavishly illustrated with pictures and diagrams; Uniform Press have once again impressed with the quality of the publication. Overall Disputed Earth provides a refreshingly different perspective of the war. Never has a detailed examination of mud been so interesting!
Buy this book from Amazon here:
Disputed Earth: Geology and Trench Warfare on the Western Front 1914-18


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The Nevada Department of Education (NDE) fulfills three types of requests for information:
- Public records requests: documents that are prepared, used, or maintained by NDE in the course of governing or performing a governmental function.
- Education records requests: records directly related to a student and maintained by NDE (meaning the record contains personally identifiable information about a student)x
- Data Requests: collections of numeric or other information not otherwise contained in public or education record.
If you have a general inquiry that is not a request for information as defined above, please contact NDE receptionist at _PHONE_ for further assistance.
Before submitting a formal request for information, all requesters are expected to check the following public data sources to see if the data may already be available:
- Nevada Report Card: detailed information (including downloadable datasets) about each Nevada school and district, including assessment results, student demographics, teacher qualifications, student safety, parent involvement and much more.
- Nevada School Performance Framework (NSPF): information about the Nevada school ratings and classifies schools within a five-star performance rating system.


stop protection does not prevent Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling from terminating an instance when the instance is unhealthy or during scale-in events.
 - You cannot enable stop protection for instance store-backed instances.
 - You cannot enable stop protection for Spot Instances.
 - The Amazon EC2 API follows an eventual consistency model when you enable or disable stop protection. For more information, see Eventual consistency in the Amazon EC2 API Reference.
Enable stop protection for an instance at launch
You can enable stop protection for an instance when launching the instance using one of the following methods.
Console
To enable stop protection for an instance at launch
 1. Open the Amazon EC2 console at _URL_
 2. On the dashboard, choose Launch instance.
 3. Configure your instance in the new launch instance wizard.
 To enable stop protection, under Advanced details, for Stop protection, choose Enable.
Amazon CLI
To enable stop protection for an instance at launch
Use the run-instances Amazon CLI command to launch the instance, and specify the disable-api-stop parameter.
aws ec2 run-instances \ --image-id ami-a1b2c3d4e5example \ --instance-type t3.micro \ --key-name MyKeyPair \ --disable-api-stop \ ...
Enable stop protection for a running or stopped instance
You can enable stop protection for an instance while the instance is running or stopped using one of the following methods.
Console
To enable stop protection for a running or stopped instance
 1. Open the Amazon EC2 console at _URL_
 2. In the left navigator, choose Instances.
 3. Select the instance, and then choose Actions, Instance settings, Change stop protection.
 4. Select the Enable check box, and then choose Save.
Amazon CLI
To enable stop protection for a running or stopped instance
Use the modify-instance-attribute Amazon CLI command and specify the disable-api-stop parameter.
aws ec2 modify-instance-attribute \ --instance-id i-1234567890abcdef0 \ --disable-api-stop
Disable stop protection for a running or stopped instance
You can disable stop protection for a running or stopped instance using one of the following methods.
Console
To disable stop protection for a running or stopped instance
 1. Open the Amazon EC2 console at _URL_
 2. In the left navigator, choose Instances.
 3. Select the instance, and then choose Actions, Instance settings, Change stop protection.
 4. Clear the Enable check box, and then choose Save.
Amazon CLI
To disable stop protection for a running or stopped instance
Use the modify-instance-attribute Amazon CLI command and specify the no-disable-api-stop parameter.
aws ec2 modify-instance-attribute \ --instance-id i-1234567890abcdef0 \ --no-disable-api-stop
Modify a stopped instance
You can change the instance type, user data, and EBS-optimization attributes of a stopped instance using the Amazon Web Services Management Console or the command line interface. You can't use the Amazon Web Services Management Console to modify the DeleteOnTermination, kernel, or RAM disk attributes.
To modify an instance attribute
To modify an instance attribute using the command line
You can use one of the following commands. For more information about these command line interfaces see Access Amazon EC2.
Find all running and stopped instances
You can find all your running and stopped instances across all Amazon Web Services Regions on a single page in Amazon EC2 Global View. This is especially useful for taking inventory and finding forgotten instances. For information about how to use Global View, see List and filter resources across Regions using Amazon EC2 Global View.
Troubleshoot stopping your instance
If you have stopped your Amazon EBS-backed instance and it appears "stuck" in the stopping state, you can forcibly stop it. For more information, see Troubleshoot stopping your instance.


Can I have a field which is auto-filled with known values.
In order to create a field which automatically takes the known values from inside your contacts database, you need to create a autofilled selectbox field. Here we describe how you can activate and use this field.
Navitage with the left navigation menu towards your Fields section.
Once you have clicked the Fields section.
When you adapt or create a new field by clicking or the or button.
Inside the popup which opens up, you need to specify the field type as autofilled selectbox.
With the autofill values buttopn, you populate this field with values already known present in contacts database.
Now when you search this button will be presented as a dropdown selcetion box with the known values for this field.


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Trying out ideas for light-up paper sculptures.
I've been trying out different ideas for a paper sculptures workshop - the sculptures will light up in the dark (using the circuit from my last post). I'm going to use different thicknesses and types of paper but also paper that has been laser cut and hand cut to cast shadows and patterns.
Paper Circuit turns an LED on in the Dark
Testing out a paper circuit for a workshop - the circuit uses a light dependent resistor to switch an LED on in the dark. The circuit is going to be used as part of paper sculptures which will light up in the shade or when the sensor (a light dependent resistor) is covered. I've used copper tape and 'bare' conductive paint to make the connections. The LED looks lot brighter out out of direct sunlight.
Trying out a makey makey using garageband to make a leaf piano where each leaf triggers a different piano key using 'musical typing' in garageband. the leaves could be programmed to make different sounds by using soundplant.
Prototype at FACT
During the summer holidays I worked with Neil Winterburn to deliver Prototype at FACT.. A three day programme of activities for young people which explored ideas of hacking and inventing. This included an introduction to smart materials and e-textiles. We looked at different smart materials; thermochromic (heat sensitive), photochromic (light sensitive) and hydrochromic (changes with water) and how they have been used by artists and designers. They then explored their own ideas using the different smart paints and materials provided. Ideas included: a dragon headband that changed colour with sunlight, bags that blossomed in the sunlight, a bag that changed colour if your drink leaked, shoes with flames that appeared in the heat and many more…
Glowdoodle workshops with young people at play & youth centres in Liverpool. Glowdoodle makes light drawing simple using a webcam the program saves the image frame by frame building up an image as you go. This makes it easier as what you are drawing appears on the screen while you are drawing. We used a variety of different lights to get different effects including; finger torches, battery fairy lights, light-up shoe laces and light filters to change the colour of torches. A great extension of this would be to make the light sources with the young people as part of the workshop or to save the images as you go to make animations. Glowdoodle was made by Eric Rosenbaum in collaboration with Jay Silver. Glowdoodle is free to download from the link below - you can also use it on the website.
Soft circuits workshops using hand-made felt battery holders and different conductive materials for those who can and can't sew . The circuits were taped on using conductive fabric tape. The battery holders and LED's we're attached to the circuit with conductive thread or conductive paint (we used paint pens from bare conductive ).


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A non-profit site educating Canadians and Americans
about the differences between human-beings,
natural-persons and artificial-persons
created by God.
|How the Government created your new identity
how you can reclaim your unalienable rights.
created by Man.
|For the text of this web-site is with the absence of the legal-advice.||
|National ID Card:
URGENT AND EXTREMELY IMPORTANT, ESPECIALLY FOR BRITAIN:
This page has been posted as an introductory page for the National ID Card. A more comprehensive page is begin prepared and should be ready soon. Until such time, this should make you think about the dangers of having a National ID Card:
Question: What is wrong with a National ID Card?
Answer: Nothing, as long as you don't mind being a slave for the rest of your life.
Question: How does a National ID Card make me a slave?
Answer: The Card 'identifies' you as the property of the government.
Question: What is the definition of Identify and/or Identity?
Answer: The definition of Identify and/or Identity means 'the same as'.
Question: How can a National ID Card make me the property of the government?
Answer: The ID Card is only for legal entities, and therefore the Card 'identifies' you to be 'the same as' the legal entity (artificial person) which exists on the Card.
Question: Who has legal title to the ID Card?
Answer: The government has legal title to the ID Card (they created it), and therefore has legal title to the legal entity (artificial person) created thereon. The holder of the ID Card may have equitable title (to use) the Card.
Question: What happens when I agree to have a National ID Card?
Answer: By agreeing to be identified by the Card, you have just agreed (by contract) to be 'the same as' the legal entity which was created by the government. In other words, you have agreed, by contract, to be owned by the government (because they own the entity and now you have agreed to be the same as the entity, so they own you).
Question: Can I terminate the contract if I already have a National ID Card?
Answer: No. According to contract law, unless written otherwise into the contract, the contract will only be terminated when both parties to the contract agree to termination. Although you may wish to terminate the contract, the government will never agree to do so. You are their slave for life, and your property (children, estate, etc.) becomes their property in perpetuity (forever).
Question: Who can identify me?
Answer: You, your God (if he shows up), and possibly your parents (provided babies were not swapped). Practically speaking, only YOU can identify you for sure, nobody else. You have to self-identify, viz: "I am the same as I am, I am I and nobody else."
Question: How can a government tell me who I am?
Answer: The government cannot tell you who you are, but if you agree to be the same as their entity, now they can tell you who you are and make you their slave.
Solution: Know who you are, and don't let anybody else tell you who you are. Whatever you do, DO NOT agree to have a National ID Card if you wish to remain free.
A slave once said "Oh master, please tell me who I am."
For those in BRITAIN who may be forced to have a National ID Card in order to obtain a passport to leave their own country, they should learn, and quote, from the following Artilce 12 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which states:
"1. Everyone lawfully within the territory of a State shall, within that territory, have the right to liberty of movement and freedom to choose his residence.
Please be aware that the Article 12, as quoted above, does NOT say every person; it clearly says everyone, clearly not including artificial-persons. This Article also appears to indicate that it is not necessary to have a passport in order to travel anywhere in the world.
"Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law,"

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Nuclear Technology / Volume 203 / Number 1 / July 2018 / Pages 58-65
Technical Paper / _URL_.1080/00295450.2018._PHONE_
Tritium transport in metal and molten salt fluids combined with diffusion through high-temperature structural materials is an important phenomenon in both magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) and molten salt reactor (MSR) applications. For MCF, tritium is desirable to capture for fusion fuel. For MSRs, uncaptured tritium potentially can be released to the environment. In either application, quantifying the time- and space-dependent tritium concentration in the working fluid(s) and structural components is necessary.
Whereas capability exists specifically for calculating tritium transport in such systems (e.g., using TMAP for fusion reactors), it is desirable to unify the calculation of tritium transport with other system variables such as dynamic fluid and structure temperature combined with control systems such as those that might be found in a system code. Some capability for radioactive trace substance transport exists in thermal-hydraulic systems codes (e.g., RELAP5-3D); however, this capability is not coupled to species diffusion through solids. Combined calculations of tritium transport and thermal-hydraulic solution have been demonstrated with TRIDENT but only for a specific type of MSR.
Researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory have developed a set of Modelica-based dynamic system modeling tools called TRANsient Simulation Framework Of Reconfigurable Models (TRANSFORM) that were used previously to model advanced fission reactors and associated systems. In this system, the augmented TRANSFORM library includes dynamically coupled fluid and solid trace substance transport and diffusion. Results from simulations are compared against analytical solutions for verification.


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Here's an English definition from the introductory paragraphs of "Soil-Vegetation Relationships in Hawaiian Kipukas" by D. Mueller-Dombois and Charles H. Lamoureux in Pacific Science 21(1967):286-299.
KIPUKA, the Hawaiian word for "opening," has come into scientific usage as a term used to designate an older area on the slopes of volcanic mountains that has been surrounded by more recent lava flows. Kipukas are common landscape features on the slopes of Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes on the [Big Island] of Hawaii, where they can be readily recognized as islands of denser vegetation in the vast, sparsely vegetated areas. They range in size from a few square meters to hundreds of acres.The usual Hawaiian (and Hawaiian Pidgin) term for 'hole' in the sense of 'perforation, gap, blank (in a form), zero' (vs. lua 'pit, hole in the ground, latrine') is puka, as in one-puka-puka, the U.S. Army's 100th Infantry Battalion. Hawaiian kīpuka may be a puka with an intensifying prefix, and it has an interesting range of meanings that have nothing to do with lava. Here's the full entry from Pukui and Elbert's (1986) revised and enlarged edition of their Hawaiian Dictionary:
Kipukas are of special interest for several reasons. As vegetation islands they provide seedsource centers for the invasion of vegetation on new volcanic material. As vegetation islands they represent somewhat simplified ecosystems, analogous to bogs or lakes, that are very suitable for studying internal ecological relationships. The isolation of small populations in kipukas provides unique opportunities for evolutionary studies.
1. Variation or change of form (puka, hole), as a calm place in a high sea, deep place in a shoal, opening in a forest, openings in cloud formations, and especially a clear place or oasis within a lava bed where there may be vegetation. 2. Short shoulder cape; cloak, poncho. 3. Loop, lasso; snare, as for catching owls (a rat was tied to a sharp stick in a net; the owl, pouncing on the rat, was pierced by this stick).Ouch!
UPDATE: As its Hawaiian etymology suggests, the kipuka is usually a hollow spot in a lava flow. A kipuka that projects above the surrounding lava is a steptoe, "named after Steptoe Butte, a quartzite protrusion above the Columbia Plateau lava flows near Colfax, Washington" or a dagala, from an Italian term for "an islandlike mass of older land surrounded by later lava flows," according to the (1960) second edition of the Glossary of geology and related sciences: A cooperative project of the American Geological Institute.


Writing Samples
At times you will be asked to provide writing samples as part of your job application. This is common for journalism or PR positions, or research assistant positions with a think tank or policy journal.
Showcase Your Writing
 If you are a recent graduate, it may be appropriate to submit samples from your time at Princeton. As you gain experience in the field, professional samples may replace them.
Below are some tips to help you prepare your writing samples.
1. Choose samples that demonstrate the type of writing you would do on the job.
Whenever possible, make sure that your samples match the genre of the writing that the position would involve.
 - Journalism: They will ask for "clips", i.e. actual news articles that have been published, whether in a campus newspaper or any other publication.
 - Research: They will want to see in-depth analysis of policy or other issues.
 - PR: Submit press releases that you have drafted previously. If you don't have any, you can write a press release for an upcoming event or timely piece of news. In this case, make sure you specify that it has not been submitted to media outlets but is a sample press release.
2. Submit your best writing.
If you are deciding between two samples, and one is better written than the other but your weaker one is topically more relevant, then choose the sample that is better written. The other option is to rewrite the relevant sample to be stronger before you submit it.
If you have questions, you may consult with a career adviser about what you should submit.
3. Provide excerpts if your samples are long.
Most employers will specify how many pages or how many clips they want. If they don't, then submit 2-5 pages. Writing samples should usually be double-spaced (unless it is a clip). This can be a combination of 1 or more writing samples.
If you want to use writing from a longer piece, provide an excerpt with a notation at the top that tells the employer that it is an excerpt from an x-page piece of writing. Specify the topic, and explain where in the piece this excerpt is from.
4. Polish your writing samples.
Provide clean copies of your writing and revise them as necessary. If you have recently graduated, do not send in papers that have professor's marks on them.


- We introduce a new method for performing robust Bayesian estimation of the three-dimensional spatial power spectrum at the Epoch of Reionization (EoR), from interferometric observations. The versatility of this technique allows us to present two approaches. First, when the observations span only a small number of independent spatial frequencies ($k$-modes) we sample directly from the spherical power spectrum coefficients that describe the EoR signal realisation. Second, when the number of $k$-modes to be included in the model becomes large, we sample from the joint probability density of the spherical power spectrum and the signal coefficients, using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo methods to explore this high dimensional ($\sim$ 20000) space efficiently. This approach has been successfully applied to simulated observations that include astrophysically realistic foregrounds in a companion publication (Sims et al. 2016). Here we focus on explaining the methodology in detail, and use simple foreground models to both demonstrate its efficacy, and highlight salient features. In particular, we show that including an arbitrary flat spectrum continuum foreground that is $10^8$ times greater in power than the EoR signal has no detectable impact on our parameter estimates of the EoR power spectrum recovered from the data.
 - Detecting neutral Hydrogen (H\,{\sc i}) via the 21~cm line emission from the intergalactic medium at $z\gtrsim 6$ has been identified as one of the most promising probes of the epoch of cosmic reionization -- a major phase transition of the Universe. However, these studies face severe challenges imposed by the bright foreground emission from cosmic objects. Current techniques require precise instrumental calibration to separate the weak H\,{\sc i} line signal from the foreground continuum emission. We propose to mitigate this calibration requirement by using measurements of the interferometric bi-spectrum phase. Bi-spectrum phase is unaffected by antenna-based direction-independent calibration errors and hence for a compact array it depends on the sky brightness distribution only (subject to the usual thermal-like noise). We show that the bi-spectrum phase of foreground synchrotron continuum has a characteristically smooth spectrum relative to the cosmological line signal. The two can be separated effectively by exploiting this spectral difference using Fourier techniques, while eliminating the need for precise antenna-based calibration of phases introduced by the instrument, and the ionosphere, inherent in existing approaches. Using fiducial models for continuum foregrounds, and for the cosmological H\,{\sc i} signal, we show the latter should be detectable in bi-spectrum phase spectra, with reasonable significance at $|k_\parallel| \gtrsim 0.5\,h$~Mpc$^{-1}$, using existing instruments. Our approach will also benefit other H\,{\sc i} intensity mapping experiments that face similar challenges, such as those measuring Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO).
 - We use 2.0 Msec of Chandra observations to investigate the cocoon shocks of Cygnus A and some implications for its lobes and jet. Measured shock Mach numbers vary in the range 1.18-1.66 around the cocoon. We estimate a total outburst energy of $\simeq 4.7\times10^{60}\rm\ erg$, with an age of $\simeq 2 \times 10^{7}\rm\ yr$. The average postshock pressure is found to be $8.6 \pm 0.3 \times 10^{-10}\rm\ erg\ cm^{-3}$, which agrees with the average pressure of the thin rim of compressed gas between the radio lobes and shocks, as determined from X-ray spectra. However, average rim pressures are found to be lower in the western lobe than in the eastern lobe by $\simeq 20\%$. Pressure estimates for hotspots A and D from synchrotron self-Compton models imply that each jet exerts a ram pressure $\gtrsim$ 3 times its static pressure, consistent with the positions of the hotspots moving about on the cocoon shock over time. A steady, one-dimensional flow model is used to estimate jet properties, finding mildly relativistic flow speeds within the allowed parameter range. Models in which the jet carries a negligible flux of rest mass are consistent with with the observed properties of the jets and hotspots. This favors the jets being light, implying that the kinetic power and momentum flux are carried primarily by the internal energy of the jet plasma rather than by its rest mass.
 - We present a survey of the [CII] 158 $\mu$m line and underlying far-infrared (FIR) dust continuum emission in a sample of 27 z>6 quasars using the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) at ~1" resolution. The [CII] line was significantly detected (at >5-sigma) in 23 sources (85%). We find typical line luminosities of $L_{\rm [CII]}=10^{9-10}$ L$_\odot$, and an average line width of ~385 km/s. The [CII]-to-far-infrared luminosity ratio ([CII]/FIR) in our sources span one order of magnitude, highlighting a variety of conditions in the star-forming medium. Four quasar host galaxies are clearly resolved in their [CII] emission on a few kpc scales. Basic estimates of the dynamical masses of the host galaxies give masses between $2\times10^{10}$ and $2\times10^{11}$ M$_\odot$, i.e., more than an order of magnitude below what is expected from local scaling relations, given the available limits on the masses of the central black holes ($>3\times10^8$ M$_\odot$, assuming Eddington-limited accretion). In stacked ALMA [CII] spectra of individual sources in our sample, we find no evidence of a deviation from a single Gaussian profile. The quasar luminosity does not strongly correlate with either the [CII] luminosity or equivalent width. This survey (with typical on-source integration times of 8 min) showcases the unparalleled sensitivity of ALMA at millimeter wavelengths, and offers a unique reference sample for the study of the first massive galaxies in the universe.
 - Observations of the 21 cm Epoch of Reionization (EoR) signal are dominated by Galactic and extragalactic foregrounds. The need for foreground removal has led to the development of two main techniques, often referred to as "foreground avoidance" and "foreground subtraction". Avoidance is associated with filtering foregrounds in Fourier space, while subtraction uses an explicit foreground model that is removed. Using 1088 hours of data from the 64-element PAPER array, we demonstrate that the techniques can be combined to produce a result that is an improvement over either method independently. Relative to either technique on its own, our approach is shown to decrease the amount of foreground contamination due to band-limited spectral leakage in EoR power spectrum $k$-modes of interest for all redshifts. In comparison to just filtering alone, at $k=0.1 \ h{\rm Mpc}^{-1}$ we obtain a 6% sensitivity improvement at redshift z = 8.4 (middle of observing band) and with the proper choice of window function a 12% improvement at $z = 7.4$ and 24% at $ z = 10.4$ (band edges). We also demonstrate these effects using a smaller 3 hour sampling of data from the MWA, and find that the hybrid filtering and subtraction removal approach provides similar improvements across the band as seen in the case with PAPER-64.
 - HERA is a highly-redundant transit interferometer with 14\,m-diameter parabolic dish elements. We exploit the fact that the Galactic centre transits through the main beam of the telescope to attempt a conventional self-calibration approach to imaging and calibration. The Galactic centre provides a bright source which, we show, can be approximated as a point source sufficiently well to initialise the self-calibration loop and derive initial delays and antenna frequency-independent phases. Subsequent iteration using a more complex sky model derived from the data itself then converges to a reasonable bandpass calibration. The calibration solutions have good stability properties. We show therefore that the conventional self-calibration is a feasible parallel approach in addition to the redundant calibration already planned for HERA. The conventional imaging and calibration is useful as a cross-check to the alternatives being pursued in the HERA project, as a way of quantifying the performance of the hardware on the ground (and potentially identifying problems) and as a route to imaging and removing brighter continuum sources before power spectrum analysis.
 - The existence of massive ($10^{11}$ solar masses) elliptical galaxies by redshift z~4 (when the Universe was 1.5 billion years old) necessitates the presence of galaxies with star-formation rates exceeding 100 solar masses per year at z>6 (corresponding to an age of the Universe of less than 1 billion years). Surveys have discovered hundreds of galaxies at these early cosmic epochs, but their


Defining fontsets
Emacs creates a standard fontset automatically according to the value of standard-fontset-spec. This fontset's name is
or just 'fontset-standard' for short.
Bold, italic, and bold-italic variants of the standard fontset are created automatically. Their names have 'bold' instead of 'medium', or 'i' instead of 'r', or both.
If you specify a default ASCII font with the 'Font' resource or the '-fn' argument, Emacs generates a fontset from it automatically. This is the startup fontset and its name is fontset-startup. It does this by replacing the foundry, family, add_style, and average_width fields of the font name with '*', replacing charset_registry field with 'fontset', and replacing charset_encoding field with 'startup', then using the resulting string to specify a fontset.
For instance, if you start Emacs this way,
emacs -fn "*courier-medium-r-normal--14-140-*-iso8859-1"
Emacs generates the following fontset and uses it for the initial X window frame:
With the X resource 'Emacs.Font', you can specify a fontset name just like an actual font name. But be careful not to specify a fontset name in a wildcard resource like 'Emacs*Font'---that wildcard specification applies to various other purposes, such as menus, and menus cannot handle fontsets.
You can specify additional fontsets using X resources named 'Fontset-n', where n is an integer starting from 0. The resource value should have this form:
fontpattern, [charsetname:fontname]...
fontpattern should have the form of a standard X font name, except for the last two fields. They should have the form 'fontset-alias'.
The fontset has two names, one long and one short. The long name is fontpattern. The short name is 'fontset-alias'. You can refer to the fontset by either name.
For the other character sets, Emacs chooses a font based on fontpattern. It replaces 'fontset-alias' with values that describe the character set. For the ASCII character font, 'fontset-alias' is replaced with 'ISO8859-1'.
Thus if fontpattern is this,
the font specification for ASCII characters would be this:
and the font specification for Chinese GB2312 characters would be this:
You may not have any Chinese font matching the above font specification. Most X distributions include only Chinese fonts that have 'song ti' or 'fangsong ti' in family field. In such a case, 'Fontset-n' can be specified as below:
Then, the font specifications for all but Chinese GB2312 characters have 'fixed' in the family field, and the font specification for Chinese GB2312 characters has a wild card '*' in the family field.
The function that processes the fontset resource value to create the fontset is called create-fontset-from-fontset-spec. You can also call this function explicitly to create a fontset.
See section Font Specification Options, for more information about font naming in X.


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Discover how the FitnessGram Pacer Test can unlock your potential and transform your motivation and physical fitness. Explore the impact of this test on endurance, cardiovascular activity, and overall well-being. Unleash your true capabilities and reach new heights with the FitnessGram Pacer Test.
The FitnessGram Pacer Test
The FitnessGram Pacer Test is commonly acceptable. It is a multistage aerobic capacity test designed to estimate an individual's cardiovascular fitness and endurance. This article explains FitnessGram Pacer Test and its positive effects on motivation and physical fitness. The progressive nature of the test motivates participants to increase their limits through motivational elements. This helps the participants to improve themselves. Many physical and physiological effects on the individual increase the test's significance. But there are some points of criticism and controversies related to the Fitness Gram Pressing test with its preference for an individual's fitness. The assessment of the fitness of an individual is taken through this test.
Understanding the FitnessGram Pacer Test
The FitnessGram Pacer Test lyrics are known commonly by individuals and are a commonly used aerobic capacity test. The aerobic capacity test is used to assess an individual's cardiovascular fitness and endurance. This test has some points in which a series of 20-meter shuttles is important. In this series, the participants must participate within specific time intervals that show their progress. As time passes during the test, an individual's aerobic capacity increases according to the speed that is continuously increased. This test is commonly used in schools, sports teams, and fitness programs to evaluate and pursue individuals' fitness levels over time. The test is significant in this regard because this helps to promote the physical fitness of the individual and the well-being of people. It is important to understand its mechanism and purpose to make it useful.
The structured and progressive format is used to operate the fitness test. Participants must run back and forth along a 20-meter distance that contemporizes with audio cues. At the beginning of the test, the speed should be slow, which gradually increases at each stage that moves forward to progress. The time of each stage is generally one minute long. The next stage starts after audio cue signals; before the signal, the participant must compete to win the stage. The test continues, and the individual competes until they keep up with the pace within the time given by the team. This incremental and challenging nature of the FitnessGram Pacer Test is planned for the individual's benefit. It helps to increase the individual's endurance and aerobic capacity precisely.
The Impact of the Lyrics
To encourage and motivate the individuals, the lyrics of the FitnessGram Pacer Test play a key role in engagement during the test. The most motivational lyrics are key in encouraging individuals who lose their courage and are ready to improve themselves. The most common and emerging Phrase used commonly to encourage people is "the FitnessGram Pacer Test is a multistage aerobic capacity test." This phrase creates a sense of challenge and determination that leads to the destination. The lyrics give the most prominent instructions to set up a rhythm for those who participate and want to win their point. These lyrics help participants to continue at a steady pace throughout the test. To enhance their motivation during the test and mental resilience that leads to their destination, these lyrics are like the voice of nature. The practical and rewarding fitness experience is taken through powerful motivation that leads to success.
Psychological and Physical Effects
There are many psychological and physical effects of tests on participants. The lyrics' motivational elements and rhythmic nature make it possible to increase the motivation levels to the extent that success would be possible. These lyrics are like medicines for mental resilience. The emerging lyrics that are coupled with the "Beep!" give the signal to each new stage that produces a sense of urgency. It helps drive participants to do it continuously, even when they feel it is harsh. This psychological pathway helps individuals defeat their weaknesses and gain higher performance levels by doing their best at each level. Cardiovascular fitness is best when we want to see its physical effects on individuals. If it is done properly, it always contributes to enhancing cardiovascular fitness. The overall physical fitness is increased when the running speed is increased. This can be done when the lyrics are played to boost the participant to win the challenge. The aerobic capacity is increased through running speed which is enhanced through practice.
Cardiovascular Fitness and Endurance
Fitness is increased when the individual boost himself for exercise. Fitnessgram Pacer Test lyrics are important in improving cardiovascular fitness and endurance. As participants boost themselves to participate and win through the test stages, the lyrics guide them to run at increasing speeds. When they run, they challenge their aerobic capacity, which increases cardiovascular fitness. When the individual participates and exercises by running, he builds stamina and resilience, enabling them to do their physical work for a long time. The lyrics are the most motivational factor that helps to encourage participants during fatigue or defeat. The lyrics help them to push themselves forward toward their destination. This helps them to improve their cardiovascular fitness and endurance levels.
This article describes the Fitness Gream Pacer test, which is important to increase the body's aerobic capacity through exercise. While running in the test in different stages, the aerobic capacity is increased, which is necessary for better cardiovascular activity. The individual is motivated when he keeps the lyrics in mind during exercise. These lyrics help to motivate and increase the courage to reach the destination.


Bison Rib Eye Steaks - 2 Steaks 8 Oz. Each
 Bison Rib Eye Steaks - 2 Steaks 8 Oz. Each
Item# 619191919191
Regular price: $49.99
Sale price: $39.99
Availability: Usually ships the same business day
Product Description
Bison Rib Eye Steaks - 2 Steaks 8 Oz. Each Our Bison Rib Eye Steaks comes from American Bison Meat. This package includes TWO (2) Premium Center Cut Bison Rib Eye Steaks. 8 oz. Each.
Is it buffalo or bison? The American Buffalo is it not buffalo. Its closest relatives are the European Bison, or Wisent, and the Canadian Woods Bison, not the buffalo of Asia or Africa, such as the Cape Buffalo or Water Buffalo. Scientifically, the American Buffalo is named Bison and belongs to the Bovidae family of mammals, as do domestic cattle. Because our history has so ingrained in us the name "Buffalo," we still use it, although "bison" and "buffalo" are used interchangeably. *
A brief history Bison once roamed the plains in numbers so large that early explorers could not count them. Variously described as: "numbers-numberless," "the country was one black robe," and "the plains were black and appeared as if in motion."
The bison has been called the important wild animal in the development of North America. They were the center of the life of the Plains Indians, providing them with food, clothing, shelter, and much of their culture. Bison also sustained the lives of the explorers and settlers going West.


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output side of the DC-DC Circuit on the USB port. You should see 5V. This will tell you that the circuit is working properly by stepping up the voltage.
- Now check the input of the wireless charging circuit. You should see 5V again. This will tell you that the cable you spliced still works properly.
- Finally, place your Qi-enabled device on the charging pad. If it starts charging, then your charging pad and circuit are working properly.
- If any of these steps failed, try re-soldering or re-splicing the connections you made. Also check the internal components on the boards to see if there are any continuity issues. If so, you may need a new component.
Step 7: Make Things Stick and Pack It Up
Now that all of your connections are made and you've ensured the system works and is safe, you can package your components together and make a compact device for carrying around everyday.
- Assemble the components how you planned earlier. I chose to stick everything to the battery with epoxy putty. The battery is the biggest component by far, and easily fits the other pieces on it. The epoxy putty works as a heat sync and gives rigidity and robustness to the whole system.
- Just knead together the 2-part putty and use a small amount on the undersides of each component to stick it to the battery. The putty will harden in about 5 minutes and will completely cure in about an hour.
- Once your assembled system is together, you can stuff it into the pouch, or whatever carrying apparatus you've picked. Make sure your charging coil wires aren't rubbing on anything that will compromise them. You may actually want to protect them with some electrical tape if you're worried about it. Make sure your coil is long enough to reach where you want to wear it. If you're going to carry the pouch on a belt, make sure the coil can reach into your pocket.
Step 8: Make It Wearable
Find the right position for the pad in your pocket to accommodate charging.
- You want the pad to line up with the receiving pad in your phone when you put it in your pocket. Once you have that position figured out, sew some Velcro into your pocket at that position. Stick the other side of the Velcro to the charging pad. Test it out: Stick the pad to the Velcro in your pocket. Then put your phone in your pocket, and check to see if it's charging. You can also sew some elastic into your pocket to better hold your phone in place if it moves around while you walk.
- The nice thing about sewing Velcro into your pocket is that you can remove the charging pad to wash your clothes, and you can sew Velcro into multiple different pairs of pants to use this wearable no matter what outfit you choose.
Figure out a place for this device that works best for you.
- That's the beauty of this system, it can be completely customized to however you want to use it. Add a clip, clasp, carabiner, or any kind of fastener to place it wherever is convenient and comfortable on your person. Sew the pad's connecting wires to your pants to secure them or route them inside your pants to your pocket through a small hole for a more discreet look This system can be use in backpacks, briefcases, purses, cargo pants, or even an arm band...just use your imagination.
I hope you enjoyed this Instructable! You now know how to extend the life of your device's battery with a convenient and wearable solution. Thanks for reading!
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How does Linear Discriminant Analysis work?
How does Linear Discriminant Analysis work?
How does Linear Discriminant Analysis work?
This recipe explains how Linear Discriminant Analysis work
Recipe Objective
Linear Discriminant Analysis is a classifier with a linear decision boundary, generated by fitting class conditional densities to the data and using Bayes' rule. It fits a Gaussian density to each class, assuming that all classes share the same covariance matrix.
So this recipe is a short example on how does Linear Discriminant Analysis work. Let's get started.
Step 1 - Import the library
from sklearn import datasets from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split from sklearn.datasets import load_iris from sklearn.discriminant_analysis import LinearDiscriminantAnalysis
Let's pause and look at these imports. We have exported train_test_split which helps in randomly breaking the datset in two parts. Here sklearn.dataset is used to import one classification based model dataset. Also, we have exported LinearDiscriminantAnalysis to build our model.
Step 2 - Setup the Data
X,y=load_iris(return_X_y=True) X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.25)
Here, we have used load_iris function to import our dataset in two list form (X and y) and therefore kept return_X_y to be True. Further with have broken down the dataset into 2 parts, train and test with ratio 3:4.
Now our dataset is ready.
Step 3 - Building the model
model = LinearDiscriminantAnalysis()
We have simply built a classification model with LinearDiscriminantAnalysis with default values.
Step 4 - Fit the model and predict for test set, y_train) y_pred= model.predict(X_test)
Here we have simply fit used fit function to fit our model on X_train and y_train. Now, we are predicting the values of X_test using our built model.
Step 5 - Printing the accuracy
print(model.score(X_train,y_train)) print(model.score(X_test,y_test))
Here we have calculated accuracy score using score function for both our train and test set.
Step 6 - Lets look at our dataset now
Once we run the above code snippet, we will see:
Clearly, the model built for the given datset is efficient on any unknown set.
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Cinnabar, or mercury sulphide (HgS) is a highly toxic, naturally occurring form of mercury mineral, which was used in the ancient past for producing a bright orange (vermillion) pigment on ceramics, murals, tattoos, and in religious ceremonies.
The primary prehistoric use of the mineral was grinding it to create vermillion, and its earliest use known use for this purpose is at the Neolithic site of Çatalhöyük in Turkey (7000-8000 BC), where wall paintings included cinnabar's vermillion.
Recent investigations in the Iberian peninsula at the Casa Montero flint mine, and burials at La Pijotilla and Montelirio, suggest the use of cinnabar as a pigment beginnning ~5300 BC. Lead isotope analysis identified the provenance of these cinnabar pigments as coming from the Almaden district deposits. (see Consuegra et al. 2011).
In China, the earliest known use of cinnabar is the Yangshao culture (~4000-3500 BC). At several sites, cinnabar covered the walls and floors in buildings used for ritual ceremonies. Cinnabar was among a range of minerals used used to paint Yangshao ceramics, and, at Taosi village, cinnabar was sprinkled into elite burials.
Vinca Culture (Serbia)
The Neolithic Vinca culture (4800-3500 BC), located in the Balkans and including the Serbian sites of Plocnik, Belo Brdo, and Bubanj, among others, were early users of cinnabar, likely mined from the Suplja Stena mine on Mount Avala, 20 kilometers (12.5 miles) from Vinca. Cinnabar occurs in this mine in quartz veins; Neolithic quarrying activities are attested here by the presence of stone tools and ceramic vessels near ancient mine shafts.
Micro-XRF studies reported in 2012 (Gajic-Kvašcev et al.) revealed that paint on ceramic vessels and figurines from the Plocnik site contained a mixture of minerals, including high purity cinnabar. A red powder filling a ceramic vessel discovered at Plocnik in 1927 was also found to include a high percentage of cinnabar, likely but not definitively mined from Suplja Stena.
Huancavelica is the name of the largest mercury source in the Americas, located on the eastern slope of the Cordillera Occidental mountains of central Peru. Mercury deposits here are the result of Cenozoic magma intrusions into sedimentary rock. Vermillion was used to paint ceramics, figurines and murals and to decorate elite status burials in Peru in a range of cultures including Chavín culture [400-200 BC], Moche, Sican and the Inca empire. At least two segments of the Inca Road lead to Huacavelica.
Scholars (Cooke et al.) report that mercury accumulations in nearby lake sediments began rising about 1400 BC, probably the result of the dust from cinnabar mining. The main historic and prehistoric mine at Huancavelica is the Santa Barbára mine, nicknamed the "mina de la muerte" (mine of death), and it was both the single largest supplier of mercury to the colonial silver mines, and the major source of pollution in the Andes even today. Known to have been exploited by the Andean empires, large-scale mercury mining began here during the colonial period after the introduction of mercury amalgamation associated with the extraction of silver from low-grade ores.
Amalgamation of poor quality silver ores using cinnabar was begun in Mexico by Bartolomé de Medina in 1554. This process involved smelting the ore in grass-fired, clay-lined retorts until vaporization yielded gaseous mercury. Some of the gas was trapped in a crude condenser, and cooled, yielding liquid mercury. Polluting emissions from this process included both the dust from the original mining, and the gases released into the atmosphere during smelting.
Theophrastus and Cinnabar
Classical Greek and Roman mentions of cinnabar include that of Theophrastus of Eresus (371-286 BC), a student of the Greek philosopher Aristotle. Theophrastus wrote the earliest surviving scientific book on minerals, "De Lapidibus", in which he described an extraction method method to get quicksilver from cinnabar. Later references to the quicksilver process appear in Vitruvius (1st century BC) and Pliny the Elder (1st century AD). See Takaks et al. for additional information.
Cinnabar was the most expensive pigment used by the Romans for extensive wall paintings on public and private buildings (~100 BC-300 AD). A recent study (Mazzocchin et al. 2008) on cinnabar samples taken from several villas in Italy and Spain were identified using lead isotope concentrations, and compared with source material in Slovenia (the Idria mine), Tuscany (Monte Amiata, Grosseto), Spain (Almaden) and as a control, from China. In some cases, such as at Pompeii, the cinnabar seems to have come from a specific local source, but in others, the cinnabar used in the murals was blended from several different regions.
One use of cinnabar not attested in archaeological evidence to date, but which may have been the case prehistorically is as traditional medication or ritual ingestion. Cinnabar has been used for at least 2,000 years as part of Chinese and Indian Ayurvedic medicines. Although it may have some beneficial effect on some illnesses, human ingestion of mercury is now known to produce toxic damage to kidney, brain, liver, the reproductive systems and other organs.
Cinnabar is still used in at least 46 traditional Chinese patent medicines today, making up between 11-13% of Zhu-Sha-An-Shen-Wan, a popular over-the-counter traditional medicine for insomnia, anxiety and depression. That is about 110,000 times higher than allowable cinnabar dose levels according to the European Drug and Food Standards: in a study on rats, Shi et al. found that ingestion of this level of cinnabar does create physical damage.
Consuegra S, Díaz-del-Río P, Hunt Ortiz MA, Hurtado V, and Montero Ruiz I. 2011. Neolithic and Chalcolithic--VI to III millennia BC--use of cinnabar (HgS) in the Iberian Peninsula: analytical identification and lead isotope data for an early mineral exploitation of the Almadén (Ciudad Real, Spain) mining district. In: Ortiz JE, Puche O, Rabano I, and Mazadiego LF, editors. History of Research in Mineral Resources. Madrid: Instituto Geológico y Minero de España. p 3-13.
Contreras DA. 2011. How far to Conchucos? A GIS approach to assessing the implications of exotic materials at Chavín de Huántar. World Archaeology 43(3):380-397.
Cooke CA, Balcom PH, Biester H, and Wolfe AP. 2009. Over three millennia of mercury pollution in the Peruvian Andes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(22):8830-8834.
Gajic-Kvašcev M, Stojanovic MM, Šmit Ž, Kantarelou V, Karydas AG, Šljivar D, Milovanovic D, and Andric V. 2012. New evidence for the use of cinnabar as a colouring pigment in the Vinca culture. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(4):_PHONE_.
Mazzocchin GA, Baraldi P, and Barbante C. 2008. Isotopic analysis of lead present in the cinnabar of Roman wall paintings from the Xth Regio "(Venetia et Histria)" by ICP-MS. Talanta 74(4):690-693.
Shi J-Z, Kang F, Wu Q, Lu Y-F, Liu J, and Kang YJ. 2011. Nephrotoxicity of mercuric chloride, methylmercury and cinnabar-containing Zhu-Sha-An-Shen-Wan in rats. Toxicology Letters 200(3):194-200.
Svensson M, Düker A, and Allard B. 2006. Formation of cinnabar—estimation of favourable conditions in a proposed Swedish repository. Journal of Hazardous Materials 136(3):830-836.
Takacs L. 2000. Quicksilver from cinnabar: The first documented mechanochemical reaction? JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society 52(1):12-13.


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At the most case scenario, companies migrate leads from RD Station to Pipedrive when attends certain aspects of a MQL. This automation create or update a lead on RD Station every time that you create a new deal on Pipedrive.
- 1. Pluga keeps an eye on every deal created on your Pipedrive.
- 2. When this occur, we will create or update the lead on RD Station.
- 3. Remember: when you create your automation, you can define the event name of the lead converted. [example: "novo_deal_pipedrive"], what helps you to include this lead in a certain automation pipeline on RD Station!


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Terre des Hommes – Netherlands
In 1965, Dutch volunteers copied Frenchman Edmond Kaiser's initiative in the Netherlands. In the beginning, Terre des Hommes Netherlands mainly helped children in emergency situations in developing countries via Dutch doctors. Over the years, however, the focus has shifted to structural aid through local project partners.
To prevent child exploitation, removes children from exploitative situations and ensures these children can develop themselves in a safe environment.
Child exploitation is about serious violations of the rights of the child. The definition covers:
- worst forms of child labour (according to Convention 182 of the ILO);
- child trafficking;
- sexual exploitation of children;
- child abuse
Stopping child exploitation, the most serious violations of the rights of the child, has now become the main focus of Terre des Hommes Netherlands. This is not an easy fight; poverty can drive people to despair and prosecuting perpetrators of child exploitation is rarely a priority for local authorities. But Terre des Hommes is working, with its local partners, to build a world without child exploitation.


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BIRTHFATHERS | LEGAL RIGHTS | MORE ON BIRTHFATHERS
A child's story begins with her birth—and even before," says Ronny Diamond, adoption resource director for Spence-Chapin in Manhattan. "Children need to hear that all children are born to two people, and that they are no different." Since young children tend to focus on their birthmothers, you need to make a special effort to include their birthfathers. Diamond suggests these talk techniques:
Include the birthfather from the beginning. The concept of a birthfather is easier to grasp when kids are three or four, before you need to explain reproduction.
You might say: "It takes a man and a woman to make a baby. The baby grows inside the woman, who then gives birth to the baby. You were born the same way everyone else was. But some babies stay with their birthparents and some don't. Your birthparents couldn't raise any baby at the time you were born. So they made sure to find a family that could take care of you forever. Some children are adopted, and adoption is forever."
Say what you know. If you know a lot about your child's birthfather, he can have a significant presence in your story. If you know very little about either birthparent, you may want to speculate based on what you do know about the situation of your child's birth.
You might say: "Your birthparents may have decided together that they weren't able to give a baby a good life, so they probably talked about what would be best for you. That's why they took you to a place where people who cared about you could make sure you went to live with a family who would love you and take care of you forever."
Add age-appropriate details. When your child is five to seven years old, you need to be more specific in your conversations. Again, it's OK to speculate. The key is to be neutral and use language that doesn't label either birthparent in a judgmental way.
You might say: "Your birthmother and birthfather made you. But they weren't together as a couple when you were born, and neither one felt they could raise a baby alone." Or, "Your birthparents didn't know each other very well and your birthmom didn't tell your birthfather about you. She felt that neither of them were grown up enough to take care of a child."
Remember that birthfathers care, too. If you don't know a lot about your child's birthfather, don't assume that he didn't care. Birthfathers are often just as interested in their kids as birthmothers. Your child should know that.
When choosing a children's book about adoption, look for one that mentions birthparents, not just birthmothers.
Here are three choices for young children: How I Was Adopted by Joanna Cole; My Special Family by Kathleen Silber and Debra Parelskin; Oliver by Lois Wickstrom.
BACK TO TABLE OF CONTENTS


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Researchers uncover forgery of a reptile fossil found 100 years ago in the Italian Alps.
The reptile fossil, estimated to be 280 million years old, won the researchers an award.
The fossil, which belongs to a reptile thought to have lived before the first dinosaurs, has real legs and scales, but the rest of the fossil was created by painting the rock.
Scientists thought that the reptile fossil still had some soft tissues inside its black body, and this rare condition caused great surprise.
The study, published in the scientific journal Palaeontology and reported in Independent Turkish, revealed that the black parts of the fossil are paint. Valentina Rossi of Cork College University, who led the study, said the fossil had not been carefully examined with modern techniques until now.
"The fossil is unique. This brought some difficulties in analyzing it. We couldn't afford to damage the fossil by making any mistakes while analyzing it. Incredible technological advances made this study possible. This is how we were able to analyze the fossil at the molecular level."
"All of the black material is fake skin," the Irish paleontologist said of the black areas previously thought to be soft tissue.
The 280 million-year-old fossil was found in 1931 by Italian engineer and museum worker Gualtiero Adami. A year later, geologist Giorgio del Piaz, who examined the fossil, announced the discovery of a new species called Tridentinosaurus antiquus. At the time, the reptile's black skeleton was thought to be carbonized skin or flesh.
One of the reasons why the discovery came as a surprise was that all the fossils found in the Italian Alps from the same period were in the form of bones or footprints. The oldest other fossils of animal skins and flesh in the region dated back 180 million years.


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The IEEE Workshop on Advanced NeuroTechnologies for BRAIN Initiatives, sponsored by the IEEE Brain Initiative, will be held November 10-11, 2016, at the Sheraton San Diego Hotel and Marina, California. We strongly encourage members of both the Neuroscience and Engineering Communities to attend this highly multidisciplinary workshop.
The workshop will highlight the development of novel electronic and photonic devices and techniques for experimental probing, neural simulation studies, and the design and development of human-machine interface systems, artificial vision sensors, and neural prosthesis have significantly restored and enhanced the impaired sensory functions and motor systems. Furthermore, we highlight these recent technological advances by focusing on advanced technologies that monitor and control brain activities to treat neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's, Epilepsy, Depression, etc., from the molecular to systemic levels.
Invited talks will be presented by internationally well respected researchers. This workshop will provide a unique interactive platform to exchange of ideas in the areas of BRAIN initiatives with leading researchers and medical and industry professionals.


Particle Models
A particle model track is a mathematical model of a point mass. The step positions of the particle are determined by the parameters of the model rather than being marked with the mouse.
There are two types of models: analytic and dynamic. An analytic model defines position functions of time (Figure 4), while a dynamic model defines force functions and initial conditions for numerical ODE solvers (Figure 1). Dynamic models may be defined in either cartesian or polar coordinates.
Models have a start and end frame that define the frames of the video in which they are drawn. This makes it possible to define multiple models that apply at different times in the same video.
A particle model has a settable mass and generates motion data and vectors just like any other point mass. See point mass for additional information.
1. Building models
Particle model properties are displayed and edited using the Model Builder tool. To use the builder, choose Model Builder... from the model's track menu.
Fig. 1 Model Builder with a dynamic model of a simple projectile
Functions and parameters are defined by entering expressions that are "parsed" (interpreted) by the OSP parser. The values of parameters are constants while those of functions depend on input variables such as x, y, t, etc. The parser recognizes the following elements:
abs(x) acos(x) acosh(x) asin(x) asinh(x) atan(x) atanh(x) atan2(x,y) ceil(x) cos(x)
cosh(x) exp(x) frac(x) floor(x) int(x) log(x) max(x,y) min(x,y) mod(x,y) random(x)
round(x) sign(x) sin(x) sinh(x) sqr(x) sqrt(x) step(x) tan(x) tanh(x)
Table 1 Mathematical functions recognized by the OSP Parser
Model Builder displays model functions along with associated parameters and initial conditions in tables with Name and Expression columns as shown in Fig. 1. The name of the model is shown in a spinner field above the tables.
To edit a name or expression, double-click its table cell (gray cells cannot be edited). Names must be unique and can contain no spaces or mathematical symbols. Expressions must be valid mathematical expressions parsable by the OSP parser.
To create a new parameter or support function, click the appropriate Add button.
When editing an expression, the names of all available variables are listed in blue directly under the popup editor as shown in Fig. 2. To insert a variable directly from the list, move the mouse cursor over it until it turns red and then click.
Variables for parameter expressions include only other parameters, while variables for function expressions include independent variables (e.g., x, y, t, etc), parameters and support function names. In the example shown, the "fy" function may depend on any or all of the variables x, vx, y, vy, t, m, g. The entry "-m*g" is thus a valid expression.
Fig. 2 Editing an expression
If an invalid expression is entered into a cell the cell turns red and an error message is displayed in the status bar. In Figure 3, the expression "-mg" is invalid since the multiplication operator (*) has been omitted. Circular references also result in an error condition.
Fig. 3 Invalid expression
Model Builder includes several features designed to help build, modify and compare models quickly:
 1. Complex expressions can be simplified by defining one or more support functions. For example, the analytic model of a damped oscillator shown in Fig. 4 defines the support function "amp" that represents the exponentially decaying amplitude. This makes the y-position function easier to write and understand.
 2. All edits are undoable and redoable making it easy to quickly flip back and forth between two function expressions or parameter values.
 3. Single or multiple table rows can be copied or cut to the clipboard for pasting into other Model Builder tables.
Fig. 4 Using a support function to simplify expressions