Consider adiabatic flow of air through a duct. At a given point in the duct, velocity of air is 300 m/s, temperature is 330 K and pressure is 180 kPa. Assume that the air behaves as a perfect gas with constant cp = 1.005 kJ / kg.K. The stagnation temperature at this point is _____________ K (round off to two decimal places).
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CT 1: Ratio and Proportion
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10 Questions 16 Marks 30 Mins
Detailed Solution
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Concept:
It is the ratio of inertia force to the elastic force of flowing fluid.
\(M = \sqrt \frac{Inertia force}{Elastic force} = \frac{V}{C}\)
where C is the velocity of sound in the fluid, V is the velocity of the body moving in the fluid.
For adiabatic flow:
\(C = \sqrt {\frac{\gamma P}{ρ }} =\sqrt {\frac{\gamma \times\rho\times R\times T}{ρ }} = \sqrt {\gamma RT}\)
The relation of stagnation temperature To and Mach number is:
\( \frac{{{T_0}}}{T} = 1 + \left( {\frac{{γ - 1}}{2}} \right){M^2}\)
Calculation:
Given:
V = 300 m/s, T = 330 K, γ = 1.4, R = 287 J/kg-K.
\(M = \frac{V}{\sqrt{\gamma RT}} = \frac{300}{\sqrt{1.4\times 287\times 330 }}\) = 0.823
We know that,
\( \frac{{{T_0}}}{T} = 1 + \left( {\frac{{γ - 1}}{2}} \right){M^2}\)
\(T_0 = T\left\{1 + \left( {\frac{{1.4 - 1}}{2}} \right){0.823^2}\right\}\)
To = 330 (1 + 0.1355) = 374.71 K
∴ Stagnation temperature To = 374.71 K


▼ Email Programs
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Free Email TutorialsGmailDelete an email message in Gmail
Delete an email message in Gmail
Unlike other popular webmail services like Windows Live Hotmail or Yahoo Mail, Gmail doesn't support email folders in the traditional sense: this means that unless you regularly archive your email messages (a topic we'll cover in depth in another tutorial), your Gmail inbox quickly starts overflowing with old emails you no longer need. Like other email providers though, Gmail offers a "Trash" folder where you can put messages you no longer want to keep. This tutorial explains how to delete emails in Gmail.
Delete emails from Gmail (in a web browser)
Follow these steps to delete an email or an entire conversation's worth of messages in your Gmail account: note that this tutorial explain how to do this inside a browser, not for the special case where you are checking your Gmail account from an email program (in which case you would delete your messages as is done inside that particular email client).
Caution: emails you delete in your Gmail account will be moved to the Trash, and remain there for about 30 days. After that point, deleted messages will be completely erased, and become unrecoverable. To restore delete emails before that 30-days period is up, please read the following tutorial: "Recover deleted emails in Gmail: restore / undelete messages from the Trash".
Tip: you can also delete an email message when you are inside it, reading its content. To do so, click on the "Reply" dropdown menu, and choose "Delete this message".
Delete the current email message in Gmail
If you don't like deleting emails while reading them, Gmail also lets you delete multiple emails at the same time.


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We thought you might find this article about New York artist Eve Mosher's work interesting. In 2007, she used art to illustrate the potential high water mark for a 100-year flood in New York City. Images from Hurricane Sandy last October show the reality of the flooding that occurred in some of the same places Eve had marked.
Here in Portland, we're working to protect and reconnect natural floodplains as important natural resources and to protect homes and businesses from flooding during some storm events. Environmental Services' East Lents project to restore part of the Johnson Creek floodplain is nearly complete—watch for the 150,000 newly planted native shrubs and trees to really take off this spring. And, last month we announced the exciting purchase of 54 acres of natural area in the Columbia Slough watershed. This property, with sensitive wetlands that store and filter rain water, is a rare remnant of the Columbia River's historic floodplain.
Aerial photo of the January 2009 Johnson Creek flood after a fresh snowfall.
The approx. 70 acre East Lents project area is circled in red.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Predictive Failure Model for Flip Chip on Board Component Level Assemblies
Muncy, Jennifer V.
MetadataShow full item record
Environmental stress tests, or accelerated life tests, apply stresses to electronic packages that exceed the stress levels experienced in the field. In theory, these elevated stress levels are used to generate the same failure mechanisms that are seen in the field, only at an accelerated rate. The methods of assessing reliability of electronic packages can be classified into two categories: a statistical failure based approach and a physics of failure based approach. This research uses a statistical based methodology to identify the critical factors in reliability performance of a flip chip on board component level assembly and a physics of failure based approach to develop a low cycle strain based fatigue equation for flip chip component level assemblies. The critical factors in determining reliability performance were established via experimental investigation and their influence quantified via regression analysis. This methodology differs from other strain based fatigue approaches because it is not an empirical fit to experimental data; it utilizes regression analysis and least squares to obtain correction factors, or correction functions, and constants for a strain based fatigue equation, where the total inelastic strain is determined analytically. The end product is a general flip chip on board equation rather than one that is specific to a certain test vehicle or material set.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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In the realm of reptile care, providing a comfortable and spacious living environment is paramount to the well-being of our scaly companions. The spotlight is on the 4x2x2 reptile enclosur, a haven designed to offer ample space and versatility for a variety of reptile species. Let's explore the benefits of these generously sized habitats and how they elevate the living experience for reptiles in captivity.
1. Dimensions that Matter: Understanding the 4x2x2 Ratio
The 4x2x2 enclosure, with its dimensions of 4 feet in length, 2 feet in width, and 2 feet in height, strikes a balance between size and practicality. This ratio provides a spacious horizontal and vertical layout, catering to the diverse needs of reptiles, from arboreal climbers to terrestrial species.
2. Versatility for Various Species: A Universal Retreat
One of the standout features of the 4x2x2 enclosure is its versatility in accommodating a range of reptile species. Whether you're housing a bearded dragon, ball python, or a variety of lizards, the dimensions offer enough room for both ground-level activities and climbing adventures. This universal appeal makes the 4x2x2 enclosure an ideal choice for reptile enthusiasts with diverse collections.
3. Mimicking Natural Habitats: Enhancing Well-being
Reptiles, in their natural habitats, roam across expansive territories. The 4x2x2 enclosure strives to replicate this freedom, allowing reptiles to exhibit natural behaviors and explore their surroundings. The generous dimensions contribute to the overall well-being of captive reptiles, reducing stress and promoting physical activity.
4. Environmental Enrichment: Room for Accessories
The spacious layout of the 4x2x2 enclosure offers ample room for environmental enrichment. Enthusiasts can incorporate a variety of accessories, including climbing structures, hiding spots, and basking platforms. This not only caters to the diverse needs of different reptile species but also adds aesthetic appeal to the enclosure.
5. Temperature Gradients: Creating Comfort Zones
Maintaining appropriate temperature gradients within an enclosure is crucial for reptile health. The 4x2x2 dimensions allow for the creation of distinct temperature zones, from a warm basking area to cooler retreats. This enables reptiles to regulate their body temperature effectively, fostering a comfortable and thermally diverse habitat.
6. Ease of Maintenance: Accessibility and Cleaning
While providing a spacious haven, the 4x2x2 enclosure also considers the practical aspect of maintenance. Many models come with features such as removable panels and access points, facilitating easy cleaning and routine care without causing unnecessary disturbance to the reptile inhabitants.
7. Growth and Longevity: Adaptable Living Spaces
As reptiles grow, their housing requirements evolve. The 4x2x2 enclosure is adaptable to the changing needs of reptiles throughout their life stages. From hatchlings to adults, this size accommodates growth, eliminating the need for frequent enclosure upgrades and providing a stable and consistent living space.
Conclusion: Elevating Reptile Living Spaces
In the world of reptile enclosures, the 4x2x2 dimensions emerge as a standard for spacious and versatile habitats. Whether you're a seasoned reptile enthusiast or a newcomer to the captivating world of scaly companions, consider the benefits of the 4x2x2 enclosure in providing a roomy haven that elevates the living experience for your reptiles.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


How to Automatically Connect to Wi-Fi on Android
Introduction
Automatically connecting to Wi-Fi networks can save time and keep you connected without the hassle of manual intervention. This tutorial will guide you through enabling this feature on your Android device.
Step 1: Check Your Device Settings
Start by accessing your device's settings:
 1. Open the Settings app on your Android device.
 2. Scroll down and tap on Network & internet.
 3. Select Wi-Fi.
Step 2: Enable Wi-Fi
Ensure that Wi-Fi is turned on. You can toggle it on if it's currently off.
Step 3: Smart Network Switching
Many Android devices include a feature known as Smart Network Switch that helps connect to the best available network. To enable this:
 1. Within the Wi-Fi menu, tap on Advanced.
 2. Look for Smart Network Switch or a similar option and toggle it ON.
Benefits of Smart Network Switch
 - Seamless Connectivity: Automatically switches between Wi-Fi and mobile data based on connection quality.
 - Improved Performance: Helps maintain a stable internet connection by choosing the best available network.
Step 4: Wi-Fi Assistant
Some devices come with a Wi-Fi Assistant feature that simplifies connecting to free, open Wi-Fi networks. To enable it:
 1. Go back to the main Settings menu.
 2. Tap on Network & internet > Wi-Fi.
 3. Look for Wi-Fi Assistant in the Advanced settings and toggle it ON.
Step 5: Forgetting Non-Preferred Networks
If your device often connects to networks you don't want, you may want to forget those networks:
 1. In the Wi-Fi menu, tap on the network's name.
 2. Select Forget.
 This will prevent your device from automatically connecting to that network in the future.
Troubleshooting Tips
If you find that your device is not connecting automatically:
 - Restart Your Device: Sometimes a simple restart can help.
 - Update Software: Ensure your device software is up-to-date as updates can enhance connectivity options.
 - Reset Network Settings: If issues persist, consider resetting the network settings under Settings > System > Reset options > Reset Wi-Fi, mobile, and Bluetooth.
Conclusion
By following these steps, you should be able to enable automatic Wi-Fi connections on your Android device effortlessly. Enjoy the convenience of uninterrupted connectivity without manual adjustments!
7 Likes
To automatically connect to Wi-Fi on Android, go to Settings, then tap on 'Network & Internet' followed by 'Wi-Fi'. Ensure 'Wi-Fi' is enabled, and if you need to modify any saved networks, select one and tap 'Forget' to redo the process.
That's a great start! Also, remember to check if 'Keep Wi-Fi on during sleep' is set to 'Always'.
In addition to that, if you're using Android 10 or later, you can also enable Advanced Wi-Fi options. Look for the option that allows your device to connect to open networks automatically.
I didn't know about the open networks option! This could save me a lot of hassle when I'm out and about. Thanks for the tip!
Don't forget that many routers have settings that can impact how your device connects. Sometimes, rebooting the router can help if you experience connection issues.
True! I never thought that could help with Wi-Fi connections on my phone. I'll try that next time.
A good idea is to check and update your Android version regularly. Sometimes, connection issues can be fixed with updates.
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Absolutely! But why is it that Android updates always seem to come at the most inconvenient times? So annoying!
I've used a third-party app to manage my Wi-Fi connections. They sometimes offer more robust options for saving and connecting than the stock settings.
That sounds interesting! Which app do you recommend? I'm a bit hesitant about using third-party solutions.
2 Likes
I like using 'WiFi Manager'. It's user-friendly and allows you to customize a lot of settings easily. But be sure to read reviews before downloading any app!
Good to know! I'm going to check it out. Always looking for ways to simplify my Wi-Fi experience.
Remember to back up your settings before trying new apps or changes. You wouldn't want to lose your saved networks!
Exactly! Losing saved Wi-Fi settings feels like losing a part of your soul. Too dramatic? Maybe, but still painful!
I've struggled with auto-connect on my Android for ages! One issue I face is my phone not staying connected to known networks. Anyone else having this problem?
4 Likes
Yes! My Samsung tends to forget saved networks after a software update. I found that resetting the network settings helps sometimes!
Susan, you're not alone! My device also disconnects randomly. I read a tip that turning off battery optimization for the Wi-Fi app can help maintain a stable connection.
Great advice, Douglas! I've also noticed that Wi-Fi stability improves if I keep the phone's software updated. Developers often issue patches that enhance connectivity.
Totally agree! However, I've had issues with auto-connecting to public Wi-Fi networks (like coffee shops). Sometimes it just won't connect automatically!


text: The water and energy security issue is a big challenge and problem for sustainable development in China. In this study, we take the largest coal energy producing region in China as the research area, to analyze the impacts of future climatic changes and human activity on water resources in Shanxi's energy base (main energy producing region) has been investigated base on the Coupled Land surface and Hydrology Model System (CLHMS) using three different IPCC AR5 emission scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Comparing with the current national policy, the supporting capacity of water resources in mid-21st Century on the energy bases development was discussed. It's showed that Shanxi's energy bases water demand will continue to grow, the competitiveness of the development and utilization of water resources in the area will be further intensified. This research also proved the basis for the development scale of energy bases in the future.


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Flag of Alabama
The flag of Alabama was adopted by the Alabama state legislature on February 16, 1895.
It's believed that the crimson saltire of the Flag of Alabama was designed to look like the blue saltire of the Confederate Battle Flag. The Battle Flag was square-shaped, and Alabama's flag is sometimes shown as a square. The authors of a 1917 article in National Geographic expressed their opinion that because the Alabama flag was based on the Battle Flag, it should be square. In 1987, Don Siegelman issued an opinion in which the Battle Flag derivation is repeated, but concluded that the proper shape is rectangular, as it had been depicted numerous times in official publications and reproductions.
However, the saltire design of the Alabama state flag also looks like several other flags. It is identical to the flag of St. Patrick, incorporated into the Union Flag of the United Kingdom to represent the union of the Kingdom of Great Britain with the Kingdom of Ireland. This has led to other origins being put forth as possibilities.


1. WeatherSpark.com
 2. United States
 3. Washington
 4. East Wenatchee
 5. September
Average Weather in September in East Wenatchee Washington, United States
In East Wenatchee, the month of September is characterized by rapidly falling daily high temperatures, with daily highs decreasing by 11°F, from 83°F to 71°F over the course of the month, and rarely exceeding 93°F or dropping below 61°F.
Daily low temperatures decrease by 9°F, from 59°F to 50°F, rarely falling below 42°F or exceeding 66°F.
For reference, on July 31, the hottest day of the year, temperatures in East Wenatchee typically range from 64°F to 90°F, while on December 30, the coldest day of the year, they range from 25°F to 33°F.
Average High and Low Temperature in September
The daily average high (red line) and low (blue line) temperature, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. The thin dotted lines are the corresponding average perceived temperatures.
The figure below shows you a compact characterization of the hourly average temperatures for the quarter of the year centered on September. The horizontal axis is the day, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the color is the average temperature for that hour and day.
Average Hourly Temperature in September
Average Hourly Temperature in September in East Wenatchee12 AM4 AM8 AM12 PM4 PM8 PM12 AM18152229112233445566778899101011111212131314141515161617171818191920202121222223232424252526262727282829293030AugOctchillycoldcoolcomfortablewarmhot
The average hourly temperature, color coded into bands: frigid < 15°F < freezing < 32°F < chilly < 45°F < cold < 55°F < cool < 65°F < comfortable < 75°F < warm < 85°F < hot < 95°F < sweltering. The shaded overlays indicate night and civil twilight.
Clouds
The month of September in East Wenatchee experiences increasing cloud cover, with the percentage of time that the sky is overcast or mostly cloudy increasing from 29% to 39%.
The clearest day of the month is September 1, with clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy conditions 71% of the time.
For reference, on January 15, the cloudiest day of the year, the chance of overcast or mostly cloudy conditions is 65%, while on August 3, the clearest day of the year, the chance of clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy skies is 81%.
Cloud Cover in September
The percentage of time spent in each cloud cover band, categorized by the percentage of the sky covered by clouds: clear < 20% < mostly clear < 40% < partly cloudy < 60% < mostly cloudy < 80% < overcast.
Precipitation
A wet day is one with at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation. In East Wenatchee, the chance of a wet day over the course of September is increasing, starting the month at 7% and ending it at 12%.
For reference, the year's highest daily chance of a wet day is 36% on November 28, and its lowest chance is 4% on August 5.
Probability of Precipitation in September
The percentage of days in which various types of precipitation are observed, excluding trace quantities: rain alone, snow alone, and mixed (both rain and snow fell in the same day).
Rainfall
To show variation within the month and not just the monthly total, we show the rainfall accumulated over a sliding 31-day period centered around each day.
The average sliding 31-day rainfall during September in East Wenatchee is gradually increasing, starting the month at 0.4 inches, when it rarely exceeds 1.1 inches, and ending the month at 0.7 inches, when it rarely exceeds 1.5 inches or falls below 0.1 inches.
Average Monthly Rainfall in September
The average rainfall (solid line) accumulated over the course of a sliding 31-day period centered on the day in question, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. The thin dotted line is the corresponding average liquid-equivalent snowfall.
Sun
Over the course of September in East Wenatchee, the length of the day is rapidly decreasing. From the start to the end of the month, the length of the day decreases by 1 hour, 38 minutes, implying an average daily decrease of 3 minutes, 22 seconds, and weekly decrease of 23 minutes, 32 seconds.
The shortest day of the month is September 30, with 11 hours, 43 minutes of daylight and the longest day is September 1, with 13 hours, 20 minutes of daylight.
Hours of Daylight and Twilight in September
The number of hours during which the Sun is visible (black line). From bottom (most yellow) to top (most gray), the color bands indicate: full daylight, twilight (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and full night.
The earliest sunrise of the month in East Wenatchee is 6:20 AM on September 1 and the latest sunrise is 39 minutes later at 6:59 AM on September 30.
The latest sunset is 7:40 PM on September 1 and the earliest sunset is 59 minutes earlier at 6:41 PM on September 30.
Daylight saving time is observed in East Wenatchee during 2017, but it neither starts nor ends during September, so the entire month is in daylight saving time.
For reference, on June 21, the longest day of the year, the Sun rises at 5:04 AM and sets 15 hours, 58 minutes later, at 9:01 PM, while on December 21, the shortest day of the year, it rises at 7:45 AM and sets 8 hours, 27 minutes later, at 4:13 PM.
Sunrise & Sunset with Twilight in September
The solar day over the course of September. From bottom to top, the black lines are the previous solar midnight, sunrise, solar noon, sunset, and the next solar midnight. The day, twilights (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and night are indicated by the color bands from yellow to gray.
Humidity
We base the humidity comfort level on the dew point, as it determines whether perspiration will evaporate from the skin, thereby cooling the body. Lower dew points feel drier and higher dew points feel more humid. Unlike temperature, which typically varies significantly between night and day, dew point tends to change more slowly, so while the temperature may drop at night, a muggy day is typically followed by a muggy night.
The chance that a given day will be muggy in East Wenatchee is essentially constant during September, remaining around 0% throughout.
For reference, on August 6, the muggiest day of the year, there are muggy conditions 0% of the time, while on January 1, the least muggy day of the year, there are muggy conditions 0% of the time.
Humidity Comfort Levels in September
The percentage of time spent at various humidity comfort levels, categorized by dew point: dry < 55°F < comfortable < 60°F < humid < 65°F < muggy < 70°F < oppressive < 75°F < miserable.
Wind
This section discusses the wide-area hourly average wind vector (speed and direction) at 10 meters above the ground. The wind experienced at any given location is highly dependent on local topography and other factors, and instantaneous wind speed and direction vary more widely than hourly averages.
The average hourly wind speed in East Wenatchee is essentially constant during September, remaining within 0.1 miles per hour of 2.9 miles per hour throughout.
For reference, on June 21, the windiest day of the year, the daily average wind speed is 3.4 miles per hour, while on December 21, the calmest day of the year, the daily average wind speed is 2.5 miles per hour.
Average Wind Speed in September
The average of mean hourly wind speeds (dark gray line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
The hourly average wind direction in East Wenatchee throughout September is predominantly from the west, with a peak proportion of 59% on September 1.
Wind Direction in September
Wind Direction in September in East Wenatchee0%20%40%60%80%100%18152229112233445566778899101011111212131314141515161617171818191920202121222223232424252526262727282829293030AugOctwestsoutheastnorth
The percentage of hours in which the mean wind direction is from each of the four cardinal wind directions (north, east, south, and west), excluding hours in which the mean wind speed is less than 1 mph. The lightly tinted areas at the boundaries are the percentage of hours spent in the implied intermediate directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest).
Solar Energy
This section discusses the total daily incident shortwave solar energy reaching the surface of the ground over a wide area, taking full account of seasonal variations in the length of the day, the elevation of the Sun above the horizon, and absorption by clouds and other atmospheric constituents. Shortwave radiation includes visible light and ultraviolet radiation.
The average daily incident shortwave solar energy in East Wenatchee is rapidly decreasing during September, falling by 1.7 kWh, from 5.7 kWh to 4.0 kWh, over the course of the month.
Average Daily Incident Shortwave Solar Energy in September
The average daily shortwave solar energy reaching the ground per square meter (orange line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
Topography
For the purposes of this report, the geographical coordinates of East Wenatchee are 47.416 deg latitude, -120.293 deg longitude, and 938 ft elevation.
The topography within 2 miles of East Wenatchee contains very significant variations in elevation, with a maximum elevation change of 938 feet and an average elevation above sea level of 848 feet. Within 10 miles contains very significant variations in elevation (5,036 feet). Within 50 miles also contains


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Virtual fence and wildfire 1
The use of virtual fencing to manage cattle grazing on sagebrush rangelands has the potential to create fuel breaks needed to help fight wildfires, a recent Oregon State University and U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service study found.
Virtual fencing involves placing collars on livestock. The collars communicate with GPS and reception towers to form a virtual fence set by the rancher. Auditory stimuli emit from the collar when the livestock reach the limit of the virtual fence and they receive a benign shock if they pass the fence limit.
"We're seeing the challenge related to wildfires that land managers, particularly on public lands, are facing in the western U.S.," said David Bohnert, director of Oregon State's Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center in Burns. "They just don't have the tools to manage those public lands in a way that is timely, particularly related to wildfire. This new study should help begin to change that."


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Varnish Potential Analysis
Varnish is an insoluble film that coats the internal components of machinery and can devastate production. Varnish deposits are sub-micron in nature and cannot accurately be measured using standard oil analysis tests.
In 2006, TestOil developed a solution to measure and report varnish potential for our customers. Today, our Varnish Potential Analysis is the industry leading solution for varnish risk applications.
What is Lube Oil Varnish?
Varnish is an insoluble film composed primarily of organic residue that coats the internal components of machines lubrication systems. Often comprised of degradation products associated with oxidation or thermal degradation, these soft contaminants are less than 1 micrometer in size.
Causes of Lube Oil Varnish
Oxidation: a chemical reaction of an oil molecule with oxygen to produce carboxylic acids.
Thermal degradation: a chemical change in the base oil molecules under high temperatures. Specific mechanisms of thermal degradation - Micro-dieseling, Electrostatic Spark Discharge and Hot Spots.
Benefits of Varnish Potential Analysis Testing:
- Alerts customers of developing lube oil varnish problems
- Measures oil's propensity to drop out varnish deposits
- Promotes proactive maintenance and contamination control
- Provides turbine users confidence at start up
Damage Done By Lube Oil Varnish
- Reduced clearance zones affecting lubrication regimes. Often, this means a transition from hydrodynamic lubrication to boundary lubrication, which increases wear rates of pumps, bearings and gears.
- Increased friction in components. This friction will result in higher energy requirements and can cause valves to stick or seize.
- Higher operating temperatures. Varnish acts as an insulator, lowering the effect of heat exchangers and lessening the ability of the lubricant to cool. The impact of friction and reduced clearance zones also contribute to higher temperatures.
- Restriction or impedance of oil flow. Varnish can cause valves, strainers and filters to clog.
- Increased wear rates. Varnish captures hard contaminants creating an abrasive surface that will accelerate wear. Varnished surfaces often appear like sandpaper when examined under a microscope.
How TO Outsmart Varnish and Avoid Costly Downtime
In this paper you will learn about the Varnish Potential Analysis test and why it is a necessary tool for any lube system that is prone to varnish. By monitoring the contaminants responsible for varnish, reliability managers and maintenance planners can implement appropriate corrective actions before costly damage occurs and unnecessary downtime is experienced.


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How to Teach Structured Academic Controversy
I was recently introduced to Deliberating in a Democracy in the Americas (DDA), a valuable online resource for teachers interested in helping their students develop skills in discussing controversial topics. It uses the Structured Academic Controversy (SAC) model, developed by David and Roger Johnson of the University of Minnesota to provide structure and focus to classroom discussions. Not all issues can be easily debated as pro / con positions. SAC provides students with a framework for addressing complex issues in a productive manner that builds their skills in reading, analyzing, listening, and discussion. It shifts the goal from "winning" the argument to active listening to opposing viewpoints and distilling areas of agreement. It's a prime skill for civic participation and in alignment with Common Core close reading skills
The DDA site has all the material teachers will need to support discussion in 15 interesting deliberation questions including:
- Should our democracy allow schools to punish students for off-campus cyberbullying?
- In our democracy, should violent juvenile offenders be punished as adults?
- Should all citizens in our democracy participate in one year of mandatory national service?
- Should our democracy permit the cultivation of genetically modified foods?
The site includes well-documented background readings in English and Spanish with audio versions of each. And it provides links to additional online resources and a glossary of important terms for each question. It also includes a poll on the website where students can vote and see how other students have voted.
DDA details the SAC process as follows:
- Introduction. Teachers review the meaning of deliberation, the reasons for deliberating, and the rules for deliberation.
- Careful Reading of the Text. Students read the text individually, in small groups of 4 or as a whole class in order to reach a common understanding of the reading. If students do not understand the reading, the deliberation will not be successful. As a whole class or in their small groups, students agree on at least three interesting facts and/or ideas.
- Clarification. After checking for understanding of the terms and content, the teacher makes sure students understand the deliberation question.
- Presentation of Positions. Students work in small groups of 4 divided into pairs (A & B). Each pair is assigned a position. The position of the A's is to find at least two compelling reasons to say YES to the deliberation question. The position of the B's is to find at least two compelling reasons to say NO to the deliberation question. A's teach B's at least two reasons to say YES to the deliberation question. B's teach A's at least two reasons to say NO to the deliberation question. (Handout #2)
- Reversal of Positions. The pairs reverse positions. The B pair now adopts the position to say YES to the deliberation question; the A pair adopts the position to say NO to the deliberation question. The A's & B's should select the best reason they heard from the other pair and add at least one additional compelling reason from the reading to support their new position.
- Free Discussion. Students drop their assigned roles and deliberate the question in their small groups. Each student reaches a personal decision based on evidence and logic.
- Whole Class Debrief. The teacher leads the whole class in a discussion to gain a deeper understanding of the question, democracy, and deliberation. What were the most compelling reasons for each side? What were the areas of agreement? What questions do you still have? Where can you get more information? What is your position? (Poll the class on the deliberation question.) In what ways, if any, did your position change? Is there an alternative policy that might address the problem more effectively? What, if anything, might you or your class do to address this problem?
- Student Reflection. Students complete the reflection form either at the end of class or for homework.
Hat tip to Marilyn Cover at the Classroom Law Project for introducing me to DDA and SAC.
Image credit / flickr jaycross


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-Bringing in experimental images of microstructure into a model -Scaling variable thermophysical properties in a model off the intensity of an image -Multiscale coarse-graining for multiphase flow models -Experimental model fitting (optimization) where discrete measurement points are far fewer than the resolution of the grid Of course for these benefits to be realized, the host finite element code must provide the hooks to scale parameters and properties of the model off of image fields. Well, in Goma this benefit is now available using its external field capability and a new on-board pixel-tomesh image mapping capability.
Basic Algorithm The idea pursued in this work is to map the pixel field into a finite-element representation of some user-specified interpolation. In this way the field can be evaluated (interpolated) at any point in the domain. A related capability already exists in GOMA which enables external field variables to be read in as an ExodusII nodal field, which can further be accessed as an interpolated field variable (cf. External Field card). If we take ph as the functional representation of a pixel field, which is comprised of point positions xj, yj, zi, and an associated magnitude p*j, where the index j runs over all the pixel points, then we desire to represent the coordinates and the magnitude of that pixel value in the following form: h
x ! " x i!i (" ) i
(1)
p ! " pi!i (" ) h
i
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Here xi and pi are the nodal values of the coordinates and the pixel field on the finite element mesh, and !i are finite element interpolation functions (low-order polynomials defined at each node i in the mesh and nonzero locally only over elements containing node i). ! is a vector of isoparametric (local) coordinates of each element in mapped space. To achieve that mapping onto a regular unit cube (or square in 2D space), a Jacobian is of course defined:
!x !" = " xi i !! !! i
(2)
Clearly, the unknowns in this problem are the nodal values of the pixel-field, pi,, which need to be obtained from the arbitrary locations and magnitudes of the individual pixels. So to map one field we will be solving a system of equations for N values of pj, where N is the number of nodes in the mesh. Specifically, we need to solve the following set of algebraic equations:
p*j ! " pi!i (x j ) = 0 for all j = 0, 1, …M-1
(3)
i
Here M is the number of pixel points to be mapped, pj* as mentioned above is the pixel value, and xj are the associated pixel location, a coordinate vector. Comparing this set of equations with the finite element representation of ph above, you will notice that in this case the basis functions are expressed in terms of physical coordinates and not isoparametric coordinates. In GOMA, basis (or interpolation) functions are programed in terms of isoparametric coordinates ! . Thus, evaluating Equation 3 requires us to determine the local isoparametric coordinates from the physical coordinates xj of each pixel by solving the second half of Equation 1 for the corresponding ! . This is a nonlinear problem which starts by locating the element in which each pixel is located (a search algorithm) followed by solving the inverse map. In any case, examining Eq. 3 we see that the system of linear equations is in general nonsquare. That is there will be either fewer unknowns than equations if the number of nodes in the acceptor mesh is less then the number of pixels (which is likely going to be the case), or vice versa. Actually the latter case may arise in solving optimization problems where the number of discrete measurement points is much less than the number of nodes. Solving Eq. 3 in general is not trivial. Searching the web we found that only LAPACK can solve a non-square matrix system of equations (over-determined system with more equations than unknowns). Specifically the dgels routine in LAPACK deploys a linear least-squares method based on "Householder transformations". Our initial implementation deployed dgels successfully, but the performance was disappointing, with solutions often taking 10-20 minutes on a modern workstation for small images mapped on two-dimensional meshes with on the order of 100 nodal points.
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Fortunately, another approach to solving Eq. 3 has thus far proved to be much more efficient. We can rewrite Eq. 3 as: A p = p*
(4)
where p is the vector of nodal values of the pixel fields (the unknowns), p* is the vector of pixel values from the image, and A is the matrix ! ! (x j ) for all j=1 to M pixel points. i
i
That is to say A is an MxN matrix, p is a vector of length N (nodal points) and p* is a vector of length M pixel points. We now multiply Eq. 4 with the transpose of A, denoted as AT: T T A A p = A p* This system of linear equations is now of full rank and can be solved with any standard direct or iterative method. We implemented this approach in GOMA using the Trilinos 10.2 library. Within Trilinos we deployed the Epetra matrix objects to form the set of linear equations and Aztec00 to solve the system. Specifically we use simple Bi-Conjugate gradient iterative scheme with a Neumann preconditioner. The solution performance in our early testing is far superior to using the least-squares method in LAPACK.
3.2.2 Methods development – Lubrication, multiphase flow, and fluid-structure interaction. 3.2.2.1 Introduction The theory of lubrication flow has been in use for well over a century, beginning with Tower's 1883 experiments of a rolling bearing [Tower (1883)] and the landmark mathematical formulation of Reynolds in 1886 [Reynolds (1886)]. Since then, countless studies have used Reynolds' theory to analyze lubricating flows for numerous scientific and practical manufacturing applications, including journal bearings, coating beads, and hard-drive read heads [Wada1971,Wada1971a,Booker and Huebner (1972), Christensen (1972), Higgins and Scriven (1980), Anturkar et al. (1990), Heil and Pedley (1995), Bhagavat et al. (2000), Kothmann and Stefani (2001), Hori (2006), Szeri (2010)]. Many extensions of this basic theory exist, including elastohydrodynamic lubrication [Greenwood (1972), Taylor and O'Callaghan (1972), Oh and Huebner (1973), LaBouff and Booker (1985), Jones (1993), Brodsky and Kanamori (2001), Zhang and Wen (2002), Nair and Nair (2004)], thermohydrodynamic lubrication [Cheng (1965), Huebner (1974), Ferron et al. (1983), Yang et al. (2001), Guo et al. (2001)], turbulent hydrodynamic lubrication [Constantinescu (1959), Ng (1964), Elrod and Ng (1967), Hirs (1973)], and lubrication of non-Newtonian fluids [Ng and Saibel (1962), Swamy et al. (1977), Johnson1993,Bhattacharjee and Das (1996), Hryniewicz et al. (2001), Nair et al. (2007), Mongkolwongrojn and Aiumpronsin (2010)], among others [Christensen (1971), Eringen and Okada (1995), Feng and Weinbaum (2000), Stone (2005), Jang and Khonsari (2005), Bujurke and Kudenatti (2007), Rojas et al. (2010)]. Recent books by Hori [Hori (2006)] and Szeri [Szeri (2010)] thoroughly review the history and applications of lubrication theory and derive the governing equations.
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In practice, lubrication theory is commonly used to study problems where the geometry is either simple, such as in slider bearings, or regular, as in journal bearings. These types of problems often lend themselves to elegant analytical solutions [Reynolds (1886), Stone (2005)] or simple numerical solutions involving finite difference or finite element techniques [Wada1971,Booker and Huebner (1972)]. When these techniques are used, the equation is often specifically adapted to the given geometry, and a custom computer code is written for solving the specific problem. Flows in complex geometries are typically studied using full three-dimensional simulations in a large-scale, unstructured finite element code, such as GOMA [Schunk et al. (2006)]. Yet, problems involving thin fluid layers, such as coating flows with tensioned webs [Feng (1998), Nam and Carvalho (2010)] and imprint lithography [Bailey et al. (2001), Liang et al. (2007), Sreenivasan (2008), Chauhan et al. (2009)], may benefit significantly from the mathematical order reduction provided by lubrication theory using shell-type elements within a larger 3


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The 84th Combat Sustainment Group is an inactive United States Air Force (USAF) group last assigned to the 84th Combat Sustainment Wing at Hill Air Force Base, Utah, where it was inactivated in 2010. The group was formed in 1942 as the 84th Bombardment Group, one of the first dive bomber units in the United States Army Air Corps and tested the Vultee Vengeance, proving that aircraft unsuitable as a dive bomber. As an Operational Training Unit, it was the parent for several other bombardment groups, but from 1943 until it was disbanded in 1944, trained replacement aircrews as a Replacement Training Unit designated the 84th Fighter-Bomber Group.
|84th Combat Sustainment Group
|Active||1942–1944, 1949–1951, 1955–1963, 2005–2010|
|Branch||United States Air Force|
|Part of||Air Force Materiel Command|
Ogden Air Logistics Center
84th Combat Sustainment Wing
|Motto(s)||Cursum Perficio Latin|
(I Accomplish my Course)
|Emblem of the 84th Combat Sustainment Group[note 2]|
|84th Fighter Group emblem (Approved 22 January 1943)|
The group was again active as a fighter group from 1949 to 1951 in the Air Force Reserves, with no equipment of its own, but using that of the Regular 52d Fighter-All Weather Group until it was called to active duty in 1951 and its personnel used to man other units.
In 1955, as part of an Air Defense Command program to revive fighter units that had served in World War II, the group became the 84th Fighter Group (Air Defense) and served as the USAF host at Geiger Field and served in an air defense role in the northwestern United States until inactivating in 1963.
The group changed missions again, becoming a logistics unit when activated in 2006 as part of a major reorganization of Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC). It was inactivated in 2010, when this reorganization was reversed, and AFMC returned to a more traditional organization.
The group was activated in 1942 as the 84th Bombardment Group (Light) at Hunter Field, Georgia, and equipped with Douglas A-24 Banshee dive bombers. The 301st, 302d, 303d, and 304th Bombardment Squadrons were assigned. It received its initial cadre and equipment from the 3d Bombardment Group. The group was assigned the first Army Air Forces (AAF) squadron expressly designated for dive bombing. It operated briefly with Vultee V-72 (A-31 Vengeance) aircraft, but its operations showed this aircraft was unsuitable for dive bombing. The group served as the parent for several other light bombardment groups[note 3] and also trained pilots from Chile.
In 1943, the group was redesignated as the 84th Fighter-Bomber Group as were other AAF single engine bombardment groups, and re-equipped with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts. As a result of this redesignation, its squadrons were renumbered as the 496th, 497th, 498th, and 491st Fighter-Bomber Squadrons, respectively. During World War II, the 84th Group served as an Operational Training Unit (OTU) until October 1943. The OTU program involved the use of an oversized parent unit to provide cadres to "satellite groups." During the fall of 1943, group operations dwindled and by the end of September 1943 only five aircraft were assigned to the group.
The group then became a Replacement Training Unit (RTU) and also participated occasionally in demonstrations and maneuvers. RTUs were also oversized units, but with the mission of training individual pilots or aircrews. In performing this mission, the group assumed a split operation, with group headquarters and the 491st and 497th Squadrons moving to Harding Field, Louisiana, while the 496th and 498th Squadrons moved to Hammond Army Air Field, Louisiana in October and November 1943 and Abilene Army Air Field, Texas in February 1944.
However, the AAF found that standard military units, based on relatively inflexible tables of organization were proving less well adapted to the training mission in the US. Accordingly a more functional system was adopted in which each base was organized into a separate numbered unit. The group was, therefore, disbanded in April 1944 and replaced at Harding by the 236th AAF Base Unit (Combat Crew Training School, Fighter) as the Army Air Forces disbanded its units in the US that were not programmed to be transferred overseas. At the same time, the 261st AAF Base Unit (Combat Crew Training School, Fighter) took over the personnel, equipment and mission of the squadrons at Abilene.
The May 1949 Air Force Reserve program called for a new type of unit, the corollary unit, which was a reserve unit integrated with an active duty unit. The plan called for corollary units at 107 locations. It was viewed as the best method to train reservists by mixing them with an existing regular unit to perform duties alongside the regular unit. As part of this program, the group was reconstituted as the 84th Fighter Group, All Weather and activated at Mitchel Air Force Base, New York in the Air Force Reserves to train as a fighter corollary unit of the 52d Fighter Group of the regular Air Force, moving with the 52d to McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey a few months later. The group was apparently undermanned and thus performed very little training. During its only 2-week summer encampment (12–26 June 1950), the group had only four pilots capable of flying the 52d's North American F-82 Twin Mustangs provided for training the 84th. Like other corollary units, the 84th Group seems to have been poorly manned, and the parent 52d Fighter-All Weather Wing made little use of its corollary units, focusing on its combat mission instead. The 84th Group was ordered to active service on 1 June 1951, inactivated the next day, and its few people became "fillers" for the 52d Wing or, if there was no vacancy in the 52d, for other USAF units.
The group was redesignated the 84th Fighter Group (Air Defense) and reactivated in 1955 at Geiger Field, WA to replace the 530th Air Defense Group as part of Air Defense Command's Project Arrow, which was designed to bring back on the active list the fighter units which had compiled memorable records in the two world wars. It was assigned the 497th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (FIS), which moved to Geiger from Portland International Airport and the newly activated 498th FIS. These two squadrons took over the equipment and personnel of the inactivating 440th FIS and 520th FIS. Both squadrons flew radar equipped and Mighty Mouse rocket armed North American F-86 Sabres.
The group provided air defense and acted as USAF host organization at Geiger. It was assigned several support organizations to perform its host duties, including communications, base operations, law enforcement, housing and food services. In February 1957, the 498th FIS upgraded to Convair F-102 Delta Daggers, which were equipped with data link for interception control through the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment system. The 497th FIS, however, continued to fly Sabres until it moved to Europe in June 1958 and was reassigned away from the group. In July 1959, the group again upgraded to Convair F-106 Delta Darts.
On 22 October 1962, before President John F. Kennedy told Americans that missiles were in place in Cuba, the group dispersed a portion of its force, equipped with nuclear tipped missiles to Paine Air Force Base at the start of the Cuban Missile Crisis. These planes returned after the crisis. The group was inactivated shortly thereafter, in July 1963 and its combat squadron transferred to McChord Air Force Base, Washington and the 325th Fighter Wing (Air Defense).
The group was reactivated in 2005 as a logistics support group at Hill Air Force Base, Utah as part of Air Force Materiel Command reorganization, which replaced that command's traditional staff agency organizations with wings and groups. It added component squadrons the following year. The 84th Combat Sustainment Group developed, acquired, and sustained nineteen major command, control, communication, and intelligence systems, space ground segments and presidential telecommunications systems. It served the National Command Authority, the Services, combatant commands, federal agencies, and foreign sales customers. It managed systems valued at over $3.5B and provided spare parts for fielded systems worldwide. In 2010 the group was inactivated when AFMC returned to its traditional organization.
|American Theater without inscription||10 February 1942 – 1 April 1944||84th Bombardment Group (later 84th Fighter-Bomber Group)|


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Convert Pinches of Salt to Smidgens
Enter the salt volume in pinches below to get the value converted to smidgens.
How to Convert Pinches to Smidgens
To convert a pinch measurement to a smidgen measurement, multiply the salt volume by the conversion ratio. One pinch of salt is equal to 2 smidgens, so use this simple formula to convert:
The salt volume in smidgens is equal to the pinches multiplied by 2.
Pinches and smidgens are both units used to measure salt volume. Keep reading to learn more about each unit of measure.
A pinch is a small unit used in cooking, typically used to measure salt and other spices when seasoning. One pinch is equal to the amount of seasoning that can be taken between your thumb and finger, or 1/2 of a dash. The pinch is a rough measurement, but is commonly considered to be equal to 1/16 of a teaspoon.
A smidgen is a very small unit used in cooking, most often used to measure salt and seasonings. One smidgen is equal to 1/2 of a pinch, which is the amount of seasoning that you can "pinch" between your thumb and finger. Although the smidgen is considered a rough measurement, it is generally accepted to be equal to 1/32 of a teaspoon.
Pinch to Smidgen Conversion Table


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The TM-3 has evolved into the ultimate forming machine for small diameter wire.
The TM-3II contains the optimal tool rotation system for small diameter wire to maintain a constant wire line.
Table rotating torsion machine for wire diameters of 0.05 mm to 0.3 mm
-Does not place a burden on the wire, preventing it from twisting.
-Also suitable for special stock.
-Equipped with 11 standard axes: feed, table rotation, 8 slides, and quill rotation.
-Up to 3 optional RR servos can be added.
Dedicated MNO Program for Spring Production
-Easy operations for quicker preparation.
-High resolution for controlling the latest servo motors.
-Allows varied control of axes based on measurement results.
-Common program for both torsion machines and coiling machines.
-Includes a motor sensor system.
-Versatile production management screen and production data collection function.
We've taken the popular TM-3 to the next level
-The TM-3II is based on the popular TM-3, but with greatly improved operability and accuracy.
> Angles where tools cannot enter have been eliminated from the table circumference.
> Includes a correction function to ensure the slide does not move forward or backward when the table is rotated in the processing position.
> The feed unit has been revised to greatly improve wire line performance.
-All slides can be used as a sensor
-Motor sensor system
(can be used for measuring the bend angle, free length, touch sensor, outer diameter, etc.)
-MSD-1 sensor with servo motor
Can be used to measure the free length and outer diameter.
IS-1 shape detection unit with camera


text: The rainbow darter Etheostoma caeruleum is a small fish in the perch family (Percidae) that is adapted to fast-flowing streams in eastern North America. It is relatively sensitive to habitat degradation and is widely used as a sentinel of stream condition. To provide a complementary tool for assessing the integrity of stream ecosystems, 16 highly polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite markers were identified for these darters. Between four and 16 loci were found to be useful in five congeneric species. These markers will be useful for characterizing population genetic structure and diversity of rainbow darters and related fishes.


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Create a Pricing Rule
A pricing rule establishes when an automated price change occurs. For example, you can create a rule that stays 0,10 EUR below the Buy Box price, or another rule so your price stays 1 EUR above the lowest marketplace price that uses the same fulfillment channel.
To create a pricing rule, complete the following steps:
 2. In the drop down, choose the type of rule that you want to create. You can compare SKUs in your rule to the Buy Box price, the lowest price, or based on sales units.
 3. Enter a rule name. This name should be short but descriptive enough to remember later; for example, "Match the Buy Box" or "Holiday low price rule." Click Proceed to marketplace(s) selection.
 Note: You must enter a minimum value of at least 1% or 0,10 EUR, and the maximum percent you can enter is 90%.
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Umm al Quwain: Oldest Pearl in the World
The oldest pearl in the world is found in the United Arab Emirates, according to AOL news/Huffpost this morning:
French researchers are flashing their pearly whites after a historic discovery: what's believed to be the oldest pearl in the history of the human world.
Discovered in a grave, the Umm al Quwain pearl — named for the location in the United Arab Emirates where it was found — has been carbon-dated back to the 5500 B.C., during the Neolithic Period, which makes it more than 7,500 years old, Press Trust of India reports. Previously, the oldest known pearl was just over 5,000 years old.
According to Discovery News, the pearl is 0.07 inches in diameter and remains fully intact. Pearls buried with the deceased were typically either half-drilled for a man or fully drilled for a woman, though unpierced pearls were often placed on the deceased's upper lip.
The discovery provides insight into the origins of pearl oyster hunting, suggesting the practice began in Arabia and not in Japan, as researchers originally thought.
The Neolithic period, also known as the New Stone Age, was marked by the change in humans from hunter-gatherers to farmers. The recent discovery has proved that while dangerous, pearl oyster diving became an important part of society in ancient Arab cultures, according to Indian Express.
Discovery News notes that 101 Neolithic pearls have been unearthed from large pearl oysters over the years.
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Homework 7, due Monday, Nov 10 (then extended to Monday, Nov 17).
This week you are going to put together the first pieces of a scan-line z-buffer renderer.
For this week I'm going to ask you just to do the first pieces of the scan-line conversion, using the simplest approach to shading interpolation, Gouraud Interpolation, in which your Vertex Shader computes Red,Green,Blue, and your Pixel Shader pretty much does nothing.
I would like you to make some interesting scene consisting of sphere meshes. You can make a snowman, a pile of bowling balls, a sugar molecule, the iconic logo of some large entertainment corporation, or anything else that strikes your fancy.
You're going to be making a picture of your model. You can use the same Phong shading model that you used in your ray tracing assignment. Remember that you can't set the Specular power very high without getting artifacts, since you'll be using Gouraud Interpolation, which does a really bad job with specular highlights.
The reason I want you to use spherical shapes is that this makes it really easy to compute the normal vector at each vertex. If the center point of your sphere is c, and your vertex is at surface point s, then the normal vector at s is always simply: normalize(s - c).
Your algorithm should use the following algorithm:
 Compute and store the surface normal vector at all vertices
 Initialize the zbuffer
 For each polygon
 For each vertex:
 Compute (r,g,b)v = shade(surfacePointv, surfaceNormalv)
 Compute perspective coords (px,py,pz) = (fx/z,fy/z,1/z)
 Viewport transform (px,py) to get pixel coords of vertex
 Scan-convert the polygon into pixels, interpolating (r,g,b,pz)
 At each pixel (i,j):
 if (pz < zbuffer[i][j]) {
 framebuffer[i][j] = packPixel(r,g,b)
 zbuffer[i][j] = pz
I recommend that to scan-convert a polygon you first split it up into triangles, and then split each triangle into two scan-line aligned trapezoids:
Polygon to trapezoids: One trapezoid in detail:
Within each trapezoid you should obtain the value at the left and right edges of each scan-line by linearly interpolating (r,g,b,pz). Then within each scan-line you should obtain the value at each pixel by linearly interpolating (r,g,b,pz) between the left and right edges of that scan-line.


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We continue our journey into the Chymical Wedding, discussing why shamanic experience can come as a surprise even to people who are well prepared for it. We also look at the influence of Erasmus, and consider his outlook on the esotericism vs exotericism issue.
The Rosicrucianism that developed at the beginning of the Fifteenth Century did not spring into existence from nowhere.
In this episode we jump far back in time to the origins of the Vedic traditions and explore the early origins of the shamanic fire magic movement that eventually gave birth to Rosicrucianism, as well as setting the scene for future episodes on Alexandrian Syncretism, Hermeticism, Hinduism and Yoga.
We turn our attention to the founder of Rosicrucianism, Christian Rosenkreutz, his times, and his relationship to Martin Luther and the Reformation. This will be the first part in a long running series on Rosicrucianism.


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Predicted and Predictor Variables
By default, all quantitative variables are used for EM and regression estimation. If needed, you can choose specific variables as predicted and predictor variables in the estimation(s). A given variable can be in both lists, but there are situations in which you might want to restrict the use of a variable. For example, some analysts are uncomfortable estimating values of outcome variables. You may also want to use different variables for different estimations and run the procedure multiple times. For example, if you have a set of items that are nurses' ratings and another set that are doctors' ratings, you may want to make one run using the nurses' item to estimate missing nurses' items and another run for estimates of the doctors' items.
Another consideration arises when using the regression method. In multiple regression, the use of a large subset of independent variables can produce poorer predicted values than a smaller subset. Therefore, a variable must achieve an F-to-enter limit of 4.0 to be used. This limit can be changed with syntax.
To Specify Predicted and Predictor Variables
This feature requires the Missing Values option.
- From the
- In the main Missing Value Analysis dialog box, select the variable(s) for which you want to estimate missing values using the regression method.
- Select EM or Regression in the Estimation group.
- Click Variables.
- If you want to use specific rather than all variables as predicted and predictor variables, select Select variables and move variables to the appropriate list(s).


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There were plenty (3709 designers from 96 countries, total!) of fascinating shortlisted entries in the running for the top prizes in Design Boom's Green Life design competition. But one of the two designs from the first prize winner, Rochus Jacob from the U.S., is a real doozy: The Murakami Chair, a rocking chair that generates electricity and powers a built-in reading lamp when in movement.
Jacob explains how it works:
I was looking for opportunities to generate energy through activities we naturally do. The final result is a rocking chair that enables the user to experience production and consumption of electricity in a gentle and rewarding way. An abstract process becomes tangible and eventually cultivates natural awareness. Complexity is covered by simplicity. Advanced nano-dynamo technology which is built in to the skids of the chair and more efficient light sources such as the newly developed OLED generation makes it possible to build a rocking chair with a reading lamp running on electricity generated from the rocking motion. During daylight the energy gets stored in a battery pack. The construction of the flat and bendable organic light emitting diodes allows new form factors such as using the traditional shape of a lamp but instead of having a light bulb the lampshade himself turns out to be the light source. To have a drastic reduction of consumption the big challenge will be to make consuming less feel like getting more.
Via [Design Boom]


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HELPING YOUNG PEOPLE BUILD A BETTER FUTURE
Too many children in the UK are failing to reach their potential, usually because they face challenges at home, at school, or in the community.
Bridges Outcomes Partnerships has worked on a number of projects that provide targeted support and opportunities to vulnerable young people – from helping children in care find suitable foster families, to therapy for families with children on the edge of care, to extra support for those struggling at school.
If these young people fail to achieve their potential, it has significant long-term costs for the individuals themselves, society more broadly and the public purse. By creating positive change in young people's lives, these projects are not only helping commissioners meet their statutory responsibilities but also driving tangible long-term value for Government.


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Lecture: Farmsteads of Columbia County
Saturday, October 14, 2:00 pm - 3:00 pm$10
In the Hudson Valley agriculture has played an immense role in shaping our community. The Columbia County Historical Society presents Families and Farms of Columbia County: A look at historic farmsteads, three talks focusing on family farms and the varied tools and outbuildings needed on a farmstead in the Hudson Valley. The talks will discuss the shift from subsistence to commercial farming in the early 1800s and the rise of mechanization in the late 19th century through the challenges of today.
Walter Wheeler, Senior Architectural Historian at Hartgen Archeological Associates, will speak about Columbia County farmsteads and the types of buildings that were typically found on them during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Ted Hilscher, Professor Emeritus of History at Columbia-Greene Community College, and Gregg Berninger, Professor of English at Columbia-Greene Community College and Town Historian of Ghent, New York, will moderate the Q&A.


WEARING A TORQUE OF STUNNING IRIDESCENT GOLD MAKES THIS BIRD AN ABSOLUTE MUST SEE – MEET THE GOLDEN-COLLARED MANAKIN!
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An elaborate dancer he puts his gorgeous golden band to good use, a must-see when he is putting on the moves!
MEET THE GOLDEN-COLLARED MANAKIN
The Golden-collared manakin (Manacus vitellinus), is a species of bird in the Pipridae family. A rather compact, rotund little bird with a short tail, and rounded wings, they also have a big head with red-orange legs. The male of this species wears a stunning yellow collar right around his throat, fading to olive down his breast and belly. Above this collar, he is mostly black, with the center of his back also being black changing to a darker olive.
Overall, when compared to the male, the female is a dull olive-green above, becoming paler and more yellowish olive green below.
Related Reading:
Their wings are able to make a snapping and buzzing sound.
Golden-collared manakins are endemic to and found in Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia.
These birds like to live in subtropical and or tropical moist lowland forests, though they have adapted to secondary growth wooded areas as well.
Golden-collared manakins like to dine low in the trees on fruit as well as taking some insects, both of which are taken from available trees and in flight.
Males of this species perform an elaborate dance in a cleared lek area on the forest floor. Once a female has chosen a mate, she builds a small shallow, open, cup-shaped nest made from fibrous vegetation and animal hair, near ground level. She then goes on to lay two eggs within colored to look like dead leaves and incubates them for 14 to 24 days.
Once they hatch the chicks are fed by their mom for 10 more days before leaving the nest. Young may follow their mom for around a month before becoming independent. Due to their wide range and relatively stable population these birds are listed as of Least Concern on the IUCN list.
WATCH AND LISTEN TO THIS BIRD RIGHT HERE IN THE VIDE BELOW:
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1. Forum
 2. >
 3. Topic: Indonesian
 4. >
 5. "Stop using the internet!"
"Stop using the internet!"
Translation:Berhenti menggunakan internet!
February 26, 2019
But then I can't lern Bahasa Indonesian.
Differences between menggunakan and memakai?
Generally the same, except you can use /memakai/ for wearing clothing also.
As it is an order, would it be wrong to use -kan? For example, 'hentikan'?
That would have a different meaning. Using /hentikan/ would be including the causative/benefactive suffix /-kan/ on the end of the root, so it would sound as though you were telling the hearer to cause someone or something else to stop using the internet. If it's the hearer who is using the internet (whom you would want to stop by saying this), then, no, you wouldn't use /-kan/.
However, you might using /hentilah/ instead for the purpose of more strongly emphasizing the verb as a command.
Learn Indonesian in just 5 minutes a day. For free.


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BigID Intros Discovery-in-Depth
January 23, 2020
introduced their Discovery-In-Depth technology to provide organizations
with unprecedented visibility and insight into personal and crown jewel
It introduces three new
ML-based data intelligence modalities to help organizations know their
data for privacy, protection and perspective.
Classification: BigIDís ML-based classification lets organizations accurately classify both data attributes and whole files based on patterns, fuzzy entity recognition and deep learning across any type of data store or pipeline.
Cluster Analysis: BigIDís first-of-its-kind Cluster Analysis gives organizations an ability to uncover duplicate, derivative and similar data to simplify privacy scoping and minimization, apply data-specific security protections including labeling sensitive data at scale for enforcement, and ease data governance operations like retention management, data consolidation and cloud migration.
Correlation: BigIDís patented Correlation technology pioneered the ability of an organization to find any PII or contextual PI across any data, and measure its association to a person or entity.
ďData is the lifeblood of a modern business. However, traditional approaches to data discovery lack the detail, context, coverage or privacy-awareness to address modern regulatory and security needs,Ē explained Nimrod Vax, BigIDís Head of Product. ďBigIDís next generation Discovery-in-Depth technology is the first and only data intelligence platform to combine ML-based Cataloging, Classification, Cluster Analysis and Correlation to give enterprises unmatched situational awareness and actionability across a modern enterprise data landscape.Ē


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Research under the microscope...
The Strathprints institutional repository is a digital archive of University of Strathclyde research outputs.
Strathprints serves world leading Open Access research by the University of Strathclyde, including research by the Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), where research centres such as the Industrial Biotechnology Innovation Centre (IBioIC), the Cancer Research UK Formulation Unit, SeaBioTech and the Centre for Biophotonics are based.
Explore SIPBS research
Estimation of flattening coefficient for absorption and circular dichroism using simulation
Halling, P.J. (2009) Estimation of flattening coefficient for absorption and circular dichroism using simulation. Analytical Biochemistry, 387 (1). pp. 76-81. ISSN 0003-2697
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Abstract
The absorbance and circular dichroism (CD) of suspensions is lower than if the same amount of chromophore were uniformly distributed throughout the medium. Several mathematical treatments of this absorption flattening phenomenon have been presented using various assumptions and approximations. This article demonstrates an alternative simulation approach that allows relaxation of assumptions. On current desktop computers, the algorithm runs quickly with enough particles and light paths considered to get answers that are usually accurate to better than 3%. Results from the simulation agree with the most popular analytical model for 0.01 volume fraction of particles, showing that the extent of flattening depends mainly on the absorbance through a particle diameter. Unlike previous models, the simulation can show that flattening is significantly lower when volume fraction increases to 0.1 but is higher when the particles have a size distribution. The simulation can predict the slope of the nearly linear relationship between flattening of CD and the absorbance of the suspension. This provides a method to correct experimental CD data where volume fraction and particle size are known.


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The Assembly Overview shows a coverage overview of the assembly. The longer the depth of a line in the overview and the deeper the color, the more reads are located in this region.
To open a region of the assembly in the Reads Area click on it in the Assembly Overview. On the overview, the selected region is displayed either as a gray rectangle, a red cross or a red rectangle. For example:
If you hold Shift and select a region on the overview, the overview is zoomed to the selection.
Note that when the Assembly Overview is in focus and you use either the zoom buttons on the toolbar, the zoom items in the Actions main menu, or a mouse wheel, the Reads Area is resized appropriately.
The Assembly Overview can also be resized. To zoom in the overview, select either the Zoom in or the Zoom in 100x item in the Assembly Overview context menu. You can scroll the resized overview by dragging the mouse while pressing down the mouse wheel. To zoom out the overview, select the Zoom out item in the context menu. The Restore global overview item in the context menu restores the default overview size when the whole contig overview is shown.
Notice that the Assembly Overview shows the coordinates of the assembly areas visible in the Reads Area and in the Assembly Overview:
To scroll the resized overview, drag the mouse while pressing down the mouse wheel.
To learn about available hotkeys refer to Assembly Browser Hotkeys.


Main Content
Configure Standard Math Library for Target System
Specify standard library extensions that the code generator uses for math operations. When you generate code for a new model or with a new configuration set object, the code generator uses the ISO®/IEC 9899:1999 C (C99 (ISO)) library by default. For preexisting models and configuration set objects, the code generator uses the library specified by the Standard math library parameter.
If your compiler supports the ISO®/IEC 9899:1990 (C89/C90 (ANSI)), ISO/IEC 14882:2003(C++03 (ISO) or ISO/IEC 14882:2011(C++11 (ISO)) math library extensions, you can change the standard math library setting. The C++03 (ISO) or C++11 (ISO) library is an option when you select C++ for the programming language.
The C99 library leverages the performance that a compiler offers over standard ANSI C. When using the C99 library, the code generator produces calls to ISO C functions when possible. For example, the generated code calls the function sqrtf(), which operates on single-precision data, instead of sqrt().
To change the library setting, use the Configuration Parameters>Standard math library parameter. The command-line equivalent is TargetLangStandard.
Generate and Inspect ANSI C Code
1. Open the example model rtwdemo_clibsup.
2. Generate code.
### Starting build procedure for: rtwdemo_clibsup
### Successful completion of code generation for: rtwdemo_clibsup
Build Summary
Top model targets built:
Model Action Rebuild Reason
===================================================================================
rtwdemo_clibsup Code generated Code generation information file does not exist.
1 of 1 models built (0 models already up to date)
Build duration: 0h 0m 12.883s
3. Examine the code in the generated file rtwdemo_clibsup.c. Note that the code calls the sqrt function.
 if (rtb_Abs2 < 0.0F) {
 rtb_Abs2 = -(real32_T)sqrt((real32_T)fabs(rtb_Abs2));
 } else {
 rtb_Abs2 = (real32_T)sqrt(rtb_Abs2);
 }
Generate and Inspect ISO C Code
1. Change the setting of Standard math library to C99 (ISO). Alternatively, at the command line, set TargetLangStandard to C99 (ISO).
2. Regenerate the code.
### Starting build procedure for: rtwdemo_clibsup
### Successful completion of code generation for: rtwdemo_clibsup
Build Summary
Top model targets built:
Model Action Rebuild Reason
===================================================================================
rtwdemo_clibsup Code generated Code generation information file does not exist.
1 of 1 models built (0 models already up to date)
Build duration: 0h 0m 15.679s
3. Reexamine the code in the generated file rtwdemo_clibsup.c. Now the generated code calls the function sqrtf instead of sqrt.
 if (rtb_Abs2 < 0.0F) {
 rtb_Abs2 = -sqrtf(fabsf(rtb_Abs2));
 } else {
 rtb_Abs2 = sqrtf(rtb_Abs2);
 }
Related Information


A radioactive source emits particles according to a Poisson process with rate \lambda = 2 particles per minute.
What is the expected time of emission of the second particle given that three particles have been emitted in the first four minutes?
I know we can write this as E[S_2 | N(4) = 3], but how do you solve this?


text:
Meaning of punctuate
Pronunciation: (pungk'ch-āt"), [key]
— v., -at•ed, -at•ing.
- to mark or divide (something written) with punctuation marks in order to make the meaning clear.
- to interrupt at intervals: Cheers punctuated the mayor's speech.
- to give emphasis or force to; emphasize; underline.
- to insert or use marks of punctuation.
- punctuate (Thesaurus)


Why does Mount Shasta get so much precipitation?
Why does Mount Shasta get so much precipitation?
This peat, which is about two feet deep, is underlain by stream deposit sands and gravel where it occurs. Mount Shasta on the east pushes moisture out of the air as it climbs and cools, and the Klamath Mountains' dip enables more rain to get interior, thus the city receives more precipitation than the semiarid region to the north. The average annual rainfall on Mount Shasta is 40 inches.
The city's location in a mountain valley causes its climate to be significantly different from that of the surrounding area. The altitude affects the amount of moisture in the air, with more precipitating before every high pressure system moves through. Cooler temperatures and increased precipitation occur because of the shadow of Mount Shasta during most months of the year. The winter season is relatively short (about seven months long), while the summer season is very long (about four months).
Mount Shasta is located in California's northernmost Sierra Nevada range. It is part of Siskiyou County, which surrounds the city on three sides. To the south is the town of McCloud, near the border with Yolo County. Due south is the city of Redding, the county seat of Shasta County. To the west is the city of Chico and to the northeast is the city of Talent. Interstate 5 runs north-south just outside the city limits, connecting Mount Shasta to the rest of California and the Pacific Ocean port of San Francisco.
How tall is the peak of Mt. Shasta?
Mt. Shasta, at 4,322 meters (14,180 feet) above sea level, is generally snowcapped all year. The photograph was shot in August of 2017, after much of the snowpack had melted. In comparison, the zoomed-in view of the mountain's summit below, taken in April 2018, shows a significantly larger snowfall on the mountain, with less rock visible. This indicates that the peak was probably between 5,000 and 6,000 feet high during winter.
Mt. Shasta is located in Northern California, near the Oregon border. The city of Dunedin is on the south side of the mountain, while McCloud is the closest town to the north side. According to the United States Geological Survey, the mountain is tall.
Mt. Shasta is part of a chain of fourteen major volcanoes in the Pacific Northwest. It was created when an enormous volume of lava flowed over the top of an already existing volcano. As this lava hardened into rock, it formed a new mountain range. Many parts of the mountain are covered in very old forest trees!
The image comes from a satellite that takes pictures of earth's surface features from space. NASA images are available online at no cost via their Earth Observatory website.
How hot does it get in Mount Shasta?
Summers at Mount Shasta are warm, dry, and mainly clear, whereas winters are lengthy, very cold, rainy, and partially overcast. Throughout the year, the temperature normally ranges from 28 degrees Fahrenheit to 85 degrees Fahrenheit, with temperatures seldom falling below 18 degrees Fahrenheit or rising over 93 degrees Fahrenheit. Rainfall is fairly constant throughout the year, averaging about 42 inches per year.
The peak season for visiting Mount Shasta is from mid-June to late August, when the weather is most likely to be comfortable and the views are best. During these months, the temperature rarely drops below 30 degrees Fahrenheit or rises above 100 degrees Fahrenheit.
The rest of the year is also good time to visit Mount Shasta, though winter storms can bring heavy snowfall and cold temperatures. Spring and fall see more moderate temperatures but less sunshine than in summer.
Be aware that because Mount Shasta is so high above sea level, there is a risk of heat exhaustion and heatstroke if you go hiking or running up its slopes. Take plenty of water with you, and try not to go too far without stopping to drink some.
If you experience any symptoms of heat illness such as feeling dizzy, having trouble breathing, or suffering from cramps, seek help immediately.
The best times to visit Mount Shasta are between April and October, when the weather is suitable for outdoor activities.
Is Mount Shasta always covered in snow?
Shasta. Mt. Shasta is a stratovolcano in the Cascade mountain range that receives over 500 inches of snow every season on average. When there is enough snow cover and a realistic possibility of high pressure and nice weather, Shasta is a strong bet. There will be ice on the ground during this time.
Mt. Shasta is one of the most active volcanoes in California. It has been recorded as having as many as 35 explosions per year for several hundred years before the recording of these events. The most recent explosion was in 2009! Although the number of explosions varies, the total energy released by all of the Mt. Shasta eruptions over time is enough to change the climate hundreds of miles away.
The current volume of lava flowing from the summit crater is about 70,000 gallons per minute. This is about the same rate as two modern oil wells pumping out at maximum capacity. The eruption is expected to continue for several more months until all of the lava has been ejected from the volcano.
In case you were wondering, no, Mount Shasta is not always covered in snow. In fact, the last time this happened was in 2006 when much of Northern California was suffering through a severe drought.
Does Mount Shasta always have snow?
Underneath all the snow on a Cascade mountain is an unstable rock surface. This means that there is a good chance that one day something might trigger an avalanche.
There are two types of avalanches: controlled and natural. Natural avalanches are triggered by gravity and happen when too much weight is placed on steep terrain with little or no support. Controlled avalanches are usually caused by people who place material on steep slopes as safety precautions or as part of a ski resort's business plan. These people are called "avalanche professionals" or "aviation professionals." They use special equipment to prevent their slides from becoming natural disasters.
When you visit Shasta, don't worry about natural hazards. The mountain is very stable and doesn't usually experience natural disasters. But due to its location, it does get hit with heavy rain and wind from time to time. This is why the area around Shasta gets flooded when it rains heavily and why the skies above the mountain can look ominous on windy days.
People have been living near Shasta for many years now and know how to take care of themselves if there's an emergency.
Do the highlands get more rainfall?
Because the temperature on top of mountains is lower than the temperature at sea level, they receive more rainfall than low-lying locations. Winds transport wet air over the terrain. Because the mountains are in the way, air rises as it reaches them. The higher the elevation above sea level, the colder the environment. This means that water vapor in the air will freeze when it reaches its maximum concentration. Thus, most precipitation on mountaintops comes in the form of snow.
The amount of precipitation on mountains varies depending on several factors such as their height and shape. However, generally, higher peaks tend to receive more rain and snow than lower ones. A mountain's proximity to a body of water also plays a role: areas near oceans or large lakes typically see more precipitation than those far away from any water source.
Mountains can have a great influence on the climate of a region. They can trap heat during the day and release it at night when the land is covered with ice or snow. This is why you often find hot summers and cold winters on mountainous lands. Also, clouds can form because of differences in temperature between land and water, causing rain to fall as snow or fog on peaks and deserts where there is no water around to melt it.
Overall, mountains can be a source of water for crops and people, but they can also cause problems by trapping heat and creating drought-like conditions in certain parts of the world.
About Article Author
David Elliott
David Elliott is a nature enthusiast and environmentalist. He loves all things nature-related, from animals to plants. David has a degree in environmental science, which gives him a unique perspective of the world around him.
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Arc ExampleUse Arc to safely share a struct or other type between threads. Access the shared type on threads.
Rust
This page was last reviewed on May 12, 2023.
Arc. Imagine a Rust program that starts 10 threads, but wants to access a Vec from all of the threads. We could copy the type, but an Arc is a better option.
With Arc, we indicate an atomic reference count is wanted. Atomic refers to the thread-safe nature of Arc. Arc can be used on multiple threads with no worries.
Rc, RefCell
Mutex
Chunks
Example program. This rust program includes the "Arc" type at the top. We create a Vector of many integers, and then create an Arc reference to the Vec.
Tip To create an Arc, we call Arc::new() on a type like a vector or struct instance. Even a string can be in an Arc.
Info First we must create an Arc, and then we call clone() on the Arc reference to allow other types to access the Arc.
to owned
use std::thread; use std::sync::Arc; fn main() { // Create Vec of many integers. let mut data: Vec<i32> = vec![]; for i in 0..100000 { data.push(i); } // Create Arc of the vector. let data_ref: Arc<Vec<i32>> = Arc::new(data); // Clone the Arc across 10 vector elements. let mut vector = vec![]; for _ in 0..10 { vector.push(data_ref.clone()); } // Create a thread for each group and access the vector from the Arc. let mut children = vec![]; for x in vector { children.push(thread::spawn(move || { // The array of many integers is available through the Arc. println!("{}", x.len()); })); } // Done. for child in children { let _ = child.join(); } }
100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000
Not mutable. Many threads can access data through an Arc reference. But none of them can modify the data—if we try this, we get a compile error in Rust.
Tip Compiler errors help us develop better Rust programs. But sometimes it seems they are an annoyance.
error[E0596]: cannot borrow data in an 'Arc' as mutable
Performance notes. Arcs seem to lead to significant performance wins in Rust programs that must use shared data. Copying data can be slow, particularly if the data is large.
Arc versus Rc. In Rust an Arc is an atomic reference count element. The "atomic" part refers to its thread safety. An Rc is just a reference count, but it cannot be passed to threads.
Tip The Rust compiler (rustc) helpfully tells us when an Rc is passed to a thread. A program won't compile.
The Arc type, part of the std sync library, is powerful and can vastly optimize Rust programs. It has limitations, but it is a key and important part of Rust threading.
Dot Net Perls is a collection of tested code examples. Pages are continually updated to stay current, with code correctness a top priority.
Sam Allen is passionate about computer languages. In the past, his work has been recommended by Apple and Microsoft and he has studied computers at a selective university in the United States.
This page was last updated on May 12, 2023 (edit link).
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1.
Int Ophthalmol ; 2020 Jul 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32715366
RESUMO
PURPOSE: To assess the possible relationship between blood thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) concentration and stage of diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS: This comparative cross-sectional study included 80 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 20 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Diabetic patients were subclassified into four groups each consisting of 20 subjects: no DR, mild-moderate non-proliferative DR (mild-moderate NPDR), severe NPDR, and proliferative DR (PDR). Blood TPP concentration was assessed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay and was correlated with the stage of DR. RESULTS: Mean blood TPP concentration was 80.2 ± 14.8 nmol/L in control group. It was, respectively, 69.85 ± 18.1, 64.95 ± 13.4, 61.9 ± 13.4 and 60.75 ± 14.3 nmol/L in no DR, mild-moderate NPDR, severe NPDR and PDR groups. For mild-moderate NPDR, severe NPDR and PDR groups, TPP concentrations were significantly lower compared with controls (p: 0.014, 0.002, 0.001, respectively). Mean TPP concentration for NPDR patients was higher than for PDR patients, but the difference was not significant (p: 0.478). ANOVA revealed a significant difference between TPP concentrations of groups (p: 0.001). Mean TPP concentration decreased with the stage of DR, and number of patients with thiamine deficiency increased gradually with the stage of DR. A negative correlation was found between the TPP level and occurrence of DR (p: 0.000). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that lower blood TPP concentrations were associated with higher risk of DR. Thiamine might play an important role in the pathophysiology and progression of DR. Thiamine and its derivatives might represent an approach to the prevention and/or treatment of early DR.
2.
Cutan Ocul Toxicol ; 38(3): 290-293, 2019 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31010341
RESUMO
Purpose: Carvone (CVN) is a natural monoterpene found in essential oils of many aromatic plant species. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of CVN against paclitaxel (PTX)-induced retinal and optic nerve cytotoxicity in rats. Methods: Twenty-four male adult Wistar albino rats (250-400 g) were randomized into four equal groups comprising six animals in each. Group 1 (control group) received intraperitoneal (i.p.) saline solution (0.5 mL/200 g) weekly for 4 weeks. Group 2 received i.p. CVN [(S)-(+)- CVN, (5S)-5-Isopropenyl-2-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, C10H14, 25 mg/kg], while Group 3 received i.p. PTX (5 mg/kg) weekly for 4 weeks. Group 4 received i.p. CVN (25 mg/kg) 30 min after i.p. PTX (5 mg/kg) weekly for 4 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, retinal and optic nerve tissues were evaluated histopathologically. Results: All retinal specimens in control and CVN groups were histopathologically normal. In PTX group all eyes (6/6) demonstrated increased retinal vascularity and rosette-like structures in the outer nuclear layer, while in PTX-CVN group all eyes (6/6) demonstrated normal retinal vascularity and absence of rosette-like structures. All optic nerve specimens in control and CVN groups were histopathologically normal. In PTX group all eyes (6/6) demonstrated severe vacuolization and decrease in the number of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, while 3 eyes (3/6) demonstrated marked single cell necrosis. In PTX-CVN group, 4 eyes (4/6) demonstrated moderate vacuolization while, 2 eyes (2/6) had none. Compared with PTX group, 1 eye (1/6) in PTX-CVN group demonstrated a decrease in numbers of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes while 5 eyes (5/6) were normal. No remarkable single cell necrosis was observed in PTX-CVN group. Conclusions: Our histopathological findings demonstrated the potential protective role of CVN against PTX-induced retinal and optic nerve cytotoxicity. CVN might be a promising molecule in counteracting oxidative stress-based cytotoxicity in the field of retinal and optic nerve disorders.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/efeitos adversos , Monoterpenos Cicloexânicos/uso terapêutico , Nervo Óptico/efeitos dos fármacos , Paclitaxel/efeitos adversos , Substâncias Protetoras/uso terapêutico , Retina/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Masculino , Nervo Óptico/patologia , Ratos Wistar , Retina/patologia
3.
Int J Vitam Nutr Res ; 88(3-4): 137-143, 2018 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31165688
RESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), administered via sugar water, on retinal neovascularisation in rats. Animals were assigned to three groups, namely the TPP sugar-water group (TPSWG, n = 12), the control group (CG, n = 12) and the healthy group (HG, n = 12). The TPSWG was injected intraperitoneally with TPP once a day for 6 months. CG and HG rats were given distilled water in the same way. TPSWG and CG rats were left free to access an additional 0.292 mmol /ml of sugar water for 6 months. The fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels of the animals were measured monthly. After 6 months, biochemical, gene expression and histopathologic analyses were carried out in the retinal tissues removed from the animals after they were killed. The measured FBG levels were 6.96 ± 0.09 mmol/ml (p < 0.0001 vs. HG), 6.95 ± 0.06 mmol/ml (p < 0.0001 vs. HG) and 3.94 ± 0.10 mmol/ml in the CG, TPSWG and HG groups, respectively. The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were found to be 2.82 ± 0.23 (p < 0.0001 vs. HG), 1.40 ± 0.32 (p < 0.0001 vs. HG) and 1.66 ± 0.17 in the CG, TPSWG and HG, respectively. Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1ß) gene expression was increased (3.78 ± 0.29, p < 0.0001) and total glutathione (tGSH) was decreased (1.32 ± 0.25, p < 0.0001) in the retinal tissue of CG compared with TPSWG (1.92 ± 0.29 and 3.18 ± 0.46, respectively). Increased vascularisation and oedema were observed in the retinal tissue of CG, while the retinal tissues of TPSWG and HG rats had a normal histopathological appearance. A carbohydrate-rich diet may lead to pathological changes in the retina even in nondiabetics, but this may be overcome by TPP administration.
Assuntos
Neovascularização Retiniana , Açúcares/metabolismo , Tiamina Pirofosfato/farmacologia , Tiamina , Animais , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley
4.
Int Ophthalmol ; 38(5): _PHONE_, 2018 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28779270
RESUMO
PURPOSE: The study aims to evaluate changes in neopterin levels and tryptophan degradation which are induced by Th1-type immune response and nitric oxide metabolism which may be involved in allergic inflammation. METHODS: Serum nitrite, kynurenine, tryptophan and neopterin levels were


Definition: Nephropathyenteens is a medical term for kidney disease.Definition: Nephropathy03/16/200508/11/201608/11/201608f9d36c-3aaa-4afb-b654-67ff93b3abf8Nephropathy People who have had diabetes for many years can develop damage to small blood vessels and organs throughout the body. This is more likely to occur if the diabetes has not been well controlled. One organ that is commonly affected is the kidney. Nephropathy is a medical term for kidney disease. The type of kidney disease caused by diabetes is called diabetic nephropathy. NefropatíaLas personas que sufren de diabetes durante muchos años pueden tener problemas en los vasos sanguíneos pequeños y en cualquier órgano del cuerpo. to Know for Teens With Diabetes


text: Ethylene is the world's most widely used petrochemical in terms of volume. It is the key building block for production of higher value-added chemicals including polyethylene, ethylene dichloride (EDC), ethylene oxide and styrene. Westlake operates a large ethylene complex near Lake Charles, Louisiana. Most of the production is used internally to produce higher value-added chemical products. Also, there is the capacity to produce ethylene at our vinyls operation, located in Calvert City, Kentucky. The ethylene manufactured at Calvert City is used internally in the production of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM).


text:
- tending to assume at or just before nightfall positions unlike those maintained during the day, as the leaves or flowers of certain plants.
Origin of nyctitropic
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018
Examples from the Web for nyctitropic
The nyctitropic movement of plants affords another example of daily periodicity.
As an example of this, I give a record (Fig. 27) obtained with a specimen in which nyctitropic movement was very pronounced.
The extent of the nyctitropic movement varies in individual cases; in some it is slight, in others very large.
The description of this Nyctitropic Recorder will be given in the next paper.Life Movements in Plants, Volume II, 1919
Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose
One species of Phyllanthus takes up in sunshine the nyctitropic attitude of another species.More Letters of Charles Darwin Volume II


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Publications [#272724] of Bernard F. Fuemmeler
search PubMed.
Papers Published
 1. Chang, S; Mâsse, LC; Moser, RP; Dodd, KW; Arganaraz, F; Fuemmler, BF; Jemal, A (2008). State ranks of incident cancer burden due to overweight and obesity in the United States, 2003.. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 16(7), _PHONE_. [_PHONE_], [doi]
 (last updated on 2018/01/23)
 Abstract:
 OBJECTIVE: Given links between obesity and cancer, we estimated incident cancer burden due to overweight and obesity at the state level in the United States. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Using state rankings by per capita burden of incident cancer cases diagnosed in 2003 that were related to overweight and obesity, we examined the frequency with which states ranked in the highest and lowest quintiles of weight-related burden for cancers of the postmenopausal breast, endometrium, kidney, colon, and prostate. In this study, data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), US Census, US Mortality Public Use Data Tapes, and National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program were used. RESULTS: Western states had the lowest weight-related cancer burden for both sexes. Iowa, South Dakota, and West Virginia had the highest burden for all three types of male cancers. West Virginia is the only state that ranked in the quintile of highest weight-related burden for all four cancers considered in women. DISCUSSION: For certain cancers, including endometrial, postmenopausal breast, and colon cancers, states with high burdens clustered in geographic regions, warranting further inquiry. Although state ranks for the total cancer burden and the prevalence of overweight and obesity correlated with state ranks for weight-related incident cancer burden, they often served poorly as its proxy. Such a finding cautions against simply targeting states with high overweight and obesity or high total burdens of cancers for which overweight and obesity are risk factors, as this approach may not reach areas of unrecognized burden.
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