Python Set intersection_update()
In this tutorial, you will learn about the Python Set intersection_update() method with the help of examples.
The intersection_update() finds the intersection of different sets and updates it to the set that calls the method.
Example
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {2, 3, 4, 5}
# updates set A with the items common to both sets A and B A.intersection_update(B)
print('A =', A) # Output: A = {2, 3, 4}
intersection_update() Syntax
The syntax of the intersection_update() method is:
A.intersection_update(*sets)
Here, *sets indicates that set A can be intersected with one or more sets.
intersection_update() Parameter
The intersection_update() method allows an random number of arguments:
 - *sets - denotes that the methods can take one or more arguments
For example,
A.intersection_updata(B, C)
Here, the method has two arguments, B and C.
intersection_update() Return Value
The intersection_update() method doesn't return any value.
Example: Python Set intersection_update()
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
C = {4, 5, 6, 9, 10}
# performs intersection between A, B and C and updates the result to set A A.intersection_update(B, C)
print('A =', A) print('B =', B) print('C =', C)
Output
A = {4}
B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
C = {4, 5, 6, 9, 10}
In the above example, we have used intersection_update() to compute the intersection between sets A, B and C. The result of intersection is updated to set A.
That's why we have A = {4} as the output because 4 is the only item that is present in all three sets. Whereas, sets B and C are unchanged.
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text:
It was a special task and needed a lot of creativity as well as a wealth of purple thoughts and ideas to develop a hotel project in a very short time. The task envisaged fundamental transformation: a project from a courthouse to a luxury and spa hotel in the emerging Yangon, centre and capital of the administrative district of Myanmar.
Naypyidaw (capital of Myanmar, translated as "Seat of Kings"), 21 April 2012: Presentation meeting with the Minister of Tourism to present a new concept of use for the former government courthouse – a colonial house with an extremely eventful and moving history. As the pulsating heart of the British colonial regime, it achieved an inglorious but significant role in the opium trade between Burma and India in colonial British India. Built between _PHONE_ with the foundation stone laid on 3.3.1927 by the Governor of Burma, the mighty building on the harbour front served as the official office for the colonial administration to tax and inventory the colony.
Further information here:: _URL_
The supreme discipline of concept development
At the time of the first trip to Myanmar in 2012, there was hardly any tourism. The country radiated an almost mystical magic. Everything was real, pure life. Many people with smiling faces, despite the obvious lack of material wealth.
Conversion is transformation. The converted building should preserve and maintain the magic of old times and yet adapt to new circumstances. Building makes it possible to preserve historical and cultural values. At the same time, elements from the sad past can be bid farewell with dignity and given new radiance and energy. Therefore, a concept was developed that made the original heart of Burma tangible and not only touched the tourism minister's heart. Due to the tense political situation, however, the implementation could not be realised until now.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Rock of Ages
The Muskoka Rock Company takes us on a tour of what's new in granite around the lakes.
They say that everything old is new again … a remark that resonates with the practice of processing contemporary products from ancient stone reserves. An igneous rock created deep within the earth, granite's dense grain makes it a very hardy building material, but not all granites share the same material dynamics. The Muskoka Rock Company is fortunate to hold a series of proprietary quarries that bear some of the highest quality granite reserve in Canada.
The geology of the Canadian Shield has shaped our history: glacial activity carved out rivers and lakes, facilitating the explorations of the early settlers. Peaks that were higher than most mountain ranges were softened by erosion into rolling hills, and the retreating glaciers exposed the surfaces now quarried to enhance our homes and cottages.
Because the minerals that comprise the stone exist in different proportions, each quarry displays distinct characteristics. The Muskoka Rock Company extracts from a number of quarries, each featuring individual textures, grains, and pigments that can be blended for intriguing results. Sourced from the quarries of Rosseau, Lake Joseph, Blue Lake, Georgian Bay, Milford Bay, Dwight and Huntsville, Muskoka Rock Company granite has colours ranging from classic black, gray, and salmon hues to darker tones with light streaks for an earthier appeal. "We choose to use our own proprietary quarries," says the company's president, Seth Rudin, "because our clients want their décor to blend with our topography."
We've come a long way from the days when granite was chiefly found on flagstone patios or garden walls. Today, its beauty and strength are prized for many interior and exterior applications, from walls and floors to countertops and shower stalls.
There are a number of reasons why it has become such a prime choice for cottagers and homeowners. Appearance and durability are obvious factors, but its versatility is another compelling attribute. Granite can be processed by splitting, sawing, flaming, and polishing, and Muskoka Rock employs all these techniques. "Some applications are best with hand-split stone," says Seth, "but our variety of bridge, wire and CNC saws can also create perfectly calibrated products."


text:
No lecture on technique or the substantive law prepares you for writing bar exam essays like reading and critiquing actual scored essays — both the good essays and the bad ones. All of the sample essays in WHAT NOT TO WRITE have been written by bar candidates. Nothing, not even grammar or spelling, has been changed. Through step-by-step instruction, examples, and critiques, WHAT NOT TO WRITE gives you insight into and practice writing consistently strong bar exam answers in the allotted amount of time. Authored by the founder and the vice president of LawTutors, a highly respected bar exam preparation program, WHAT NOT TO WRITE features:
- Real essay answers to real bar exam questions, including PT questions
- Step-by-step guidance on how to successfully write the answer to a bar exam essay or PT question
- Opportunities to practice writing bar exam answers in essay form
- Exercises in critiquing sample essays — both good and bad ones
- Self-critiquing exercises
- The authors' critical analysis of both highscoring and low-scoring essays
- Exam-taking advice and suggestions
- Rules of law are signposted and explained where applicable
Most Helpful Customer Reviews
What NOT to Write: Real Essays, Real Scores, Real Feedback (Massachusetts Edition) based on 0 ratings. 1 reviews.
This book was not very helpful at all. Simply reviewing old test answers would have the same benefits. The authors clearly think very highly of themselves and find themselves amusing. In one answer they berated the answer author for missing an important point regarding whether both individuals in the hypothetical would be considered merchants. The answer author had addressed it, the book authors were just too busy listening to themselves talk to notice. Many of the points would be helpful, "it is important that the author give a definition for offer", if they followed it up with the definition for offer. I bought this book because I am poor, and working full time and don't have time or money for Barbri or Kaplan. When they are critiquing an answer, I want to know the right answer and the substance of what is missing, not simply that the answer author was wrong followed by some lame pun the book authors find hilarious.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Are you Flying after Diving?
It is recommended that you do not fly immediately after diving.
When a diver breathes compressed air from a scuba tank, the surrounding pressure causes the nitrogen to enter the body which is then stored in the tissues. The longer and deeper the dive, the more nitrogen is absorbed.
Using a safe ascent rate (the speed at which you go up towards the surface) allows the nitrogen to leave the tissues safely after a dive.
When you leave the water, you will begin to off-gas (get rid of excess nitrogen by exhalation). The longer you stay on the surface (ie. not under water but at sea level / one atmosphere of pressure) the more you continue to off-gas until you are rid of any nitrogen.
Going to altitude or flying very soon after diving is the same as ascending too quickly from a dive because the pressure surrounding you decreases. Which means any residual nitrogen still dissolved in your bloodstream may come out of solution as bubbles if the pressure reduction is not slow enough for your body to off-gas safely. These bubbles are what causes Decompression Sickness.
Staying at ground level before flying is akin to doing an in-water decompression stop (waiting at a prescribed depth for a length of time to allow off-gassing). Deeper and longer dives mean there will be more residual nitrogen in your body, thus requiring a longer surface interval before flying.
How long should I wait before flying?
The time you should wait depends on the diving you have done.
The Divers Alert Network (a non-profit medical and research organisation dedicated to the safety and health of recreational scuba divers) recommends a surface interval of 24 hours or more before flying after diving.
This allows for any unexpected problems such as loss of cabin pressure during a flight.
Alternatively, you can follow the minimum guidelines established by DAN and the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society for flying in commercial pressurised aircraft (Sheffield and Vann 2004):
- A single dive within the no-decompression limits: 12 hours
- Repetitive dives of multiple days of diving: 18 hours
- Decompression dives (planned or unplanned): substantially greater than 18 hours
It is important to remember:
- Planning conservatively is a good way to stay out of trouble.
- Recommended pre-flight surface intervals do not guarantee avoidance of DCS. Longer surface intervals will reduce DCS risk further.
- These guidelines apply to divers who have not experienced any DCS symptoms. If you have experienced DCS symptoms, you should be medically evaluated, if possible, before flying.
- If you are diving on holiday your insurance policy may include a restriction and your holiday dive centre or liveaboard may enforce it but ultimately it is your responsibility.
If you are diving with Red Duck Diving, you must inform us if you are flying in the 48 hours following your dive.


text:
|Summary and License|
|This is a screenshot of a non-free copyrighted video game or computer game, and the copyright for it is held by Jagex Ltd. This qualifies as fair use under United States copyright law.
Image source: _URL_
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Farming is a skill in which players grow crops using seeds and harvest useful items from them...
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text:
(Lincoln, IL) — The National Weather Service in Lincoln has issued an Excessive Heat Warning for Central and Southwest Illinois that is in effect today and will run until 8:00 p.m. on Saturday.
Hot weather will continue to develop today, as high temperatures rise into the 90s with afternoon heat index 100 to 105. Temperatures will continue to increase through Friday as most areas see highs in the mid-90s and heat index values 102 to 110. Only a slight cooling is anticipated by Saturday. A heat advisory is in effect for Peoria, Bloomington, and Champaign and nearby areas, while the hotter areas to the southwest, including Springfield and Lincoln have an excessive heat warning in effect through the period. Occasional thunderstorms are possible through the period as several disturbances pass through the Great Lakes Region. The best chances for thunderstorms for central and southeast Illinois will be Saturday and Sunday.
Safety tips for excessive heat include; drinking plenty of water, reduce strenuous activity or wait until early or late in the day, check on elderly family, friends and neighbors, take frequent breaks in air conditioned buildings and never leave children or pets unattended in vehicles as temperatures could be 30-40 degrees hotter in a vehicle.


text:
Current countermeasures for preventing hypertension emphasize only improvements to lifestyle. Recently, improving life environment has attracted attention, in parallel with publication of the WHO Housing and health guidelines. We quantitatively evaluated the relationship between housing thermal environment and blood pressure (BP) in a real-world setting. We conducted a nationwide, prospective intervention study—the Smart Wellness Housing survey—in Japan, as a non-randomized controlled trial. The intervention was the retrofitting of thermal insulation in houses. Participant recruitment was done by construction companies in all 47 prefectures of Japan. Measurements of home BP and indoor temperature at 1.0 m above the floor in the living room, changing room, and bedroom were taken for 2 weeks before and after the intervention each winter (November–March) of FY 2014–2019. As of July 2022, over 2500 households and 5000 participants were registered in the database.
We found that (1) about 90% of Japanese lived in cold homes (minimum indoor temperature <18 °C), (2) indoor temperature was non-linearly associated with home BP, (3) morning systolic BP (SBP) was more sensitive than evening SBP to changes in indoor temperature, (4) SBP was influenced by indoor temperature change particularly in older participants and women, (5) unstable indoor temperature was associated with large BP variability, and (6) insulation retrofitting intervention significantly reduced home BP, especially in hypertensive patients. We proposed that the BP reduction effect of the life-environment is comparable to that achievable by lifestyle.


text:
Negueruela, I.; Reig, P. and Clark, J. S.
The nature of 1WGA J1958.2+3232: a new intermediate polar.
Astronomy & Astrophysics, 354(1) L29-L32.
Full text available as:
We present low and intermediate resolution spectroscopy of the optical counterpart to the recently discovered pulsating X-ray source 1WGA J1958.2+3232. The presence of strong HI, HeI and HeII emission lines together with the absence of absorption features rules out the possibility that the object is a massive star, as had recently been suggested. The observed X-ray and optical characteristics are consistent with the object being an intermediate polar. The double-peaked structure of the emission lines indicates that an accretion disc is present.
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Connecting to an Instance
You can connect to a running compute instance by using a Secure Shell (SSH) or Remote Desktop connection.
For step-by-step instructions, see the following tasks:
- Connecting to a Linux Instance
- Connecting to a Windows Instance
- Connecting to an Instance on a Private Subnet Using a Bastion
For permissions, see Required IAM Policy for Working with Instances.
Troubleshooting the SSH Connection
If you're unable to connect to an instance using SSH, follow the troubleshooting steps in Troubleshooting the SSH Connection.


StructureMap – Configuring Instances
One of the most common tasks in the Registry DSL is defining how a objects will be created by configuring Instances. While you can create a custom Instance class, out of the box StructureMap provides all of the most common scenarios — and some that probably aren't that common. See Using Open Generic Types for more specific information about configuring open generic types.
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Instance Expression
In an effort to standardize the Registry DSL and make the API more predictable and consistent, we have introduced the "InstanceExpression" as a shared Expression Builder that is used in every place that the Registry DSL needs to define an Instance. Here are several examples of how and when the InstanceExpression is invoked. In the code sample below, the text "**********;" represents a call to an InstanceExpression.
public class InstanceExampleRegistry : Registry
public InstanceExampleRegistry()
// Set the default Instance of a PluginType
// Add an additional Instance of a PluginType
// Add multiple additional Instances of a PluginType
ForRequestedType().AddInstances(x =>
// Use the InstanceExpression to define the default Instance
// of a PluginType within a Profile
CreateProfile("Connected", x =>
InstanceExpression Operations
As of 2.5+, all operations in the Registry DSL that require the definition of an Instance expose an option to use an InstanceExpression with these options:
public interface IInstanceExpression : span style="color: #2b91af;">IsExpression
// Attach an Instance object that is configured
/// independently of the DSL. This is an extensibility point
void Instance(Instance instance);
void IsThis(Instance instance);
// Use a pre-built object
LiteralInstance IsThis(T obj);
LiteralInstance Object(T theObject);
// Use a type and build with its constructor function
SmartInstance OfConcreteType() where PLUGGEDTYPE : T;
ConfiguredInstance OfConcreteType(Type type);
// Build by a Lambda or an Anonymous Delegate
ConstructorInstance ConstructedBy(Func func);
ConstructorInstance ConstructedBy(Func func);
// Refer to a named Instance
ReferencedInstance TheInstanceNamed(string key);
DefaultInstance TheDefault();
// Use a cloned copy of the template
PrototypeInstance PrototypeOf(T template);
// Cache the template as a binary serialized blob
SerializedInstance SerializedCopyOf(T template);
// Load an ASCX control
UserControlInstance LoadControlFrom(string url);
New for StructureMap 2.5.2+ is the "Conditional" construction choice.
// Conditional object construction
ConditionalInstance Conditional(Action.ConditionalInstanceExpression&> configuration);
Building with Constructors and Setters
We received a lot of feedback on the Registry DSL introduced in 2.0. Because of that feedback, StructureMap 2.5+ contains a new feature called the SmartInstance that is just a better Fluent Interface for specifying constructor and setter arguments and dependencies of a concrete type. The main complaint with the 2.0 API was that SetProperty() is overloaded to mean either setter or constructor arguments. The underlying mechanisms in StructureMap stores the information the same way, but the API was causing real confusion. The SmartInstance API is designed to eliminate the confusion over constructor vs setter arguments, and also to take advantage of newer.Net 3.5 features./p>
Designating the Type
The first step is to define the actual concrete type of this Instance by using the OfConcreteType() method on InstanceExpression to start the definition of a SmartInstance.
// Add an additional Instance of a PluginType
Defining primitive constructor arguments
Primitive arguments like strings or value types (including enumerations) are defined with the WithCtorArg(name) expression. In this example below, the Thing class has several constructor arguments.
public Thing(int count, string name, double average, Rule rule)
_count = count;
_name = name;
_average = average;
_rule = rule;
In order to make a SmartInstance for the "Thing" type, I need to specify values for all of the simple constructor arguments ("count", "name", and "average"). That syntax is shown in the sample below taken from a unit test:
public void DeepInstanceTest_with_SmartInstance()
assertThingMatches(registry =>
Defining primitive setter properties
You have additional options for setting a primitive setter property. The simplest approach is to just use a Lambda expression that will be applied to the object as soon as it's built. Intellisense and compiler safety are good things, so you might as well use it. StructureMap now supports optional setter injection, meaning that you no longer need to do the [Setter] attributes in the concrete classes. If you specify the value of a setter, StructureMap will use that value regardless of whether or not the [Setter] property exists. The same rule applies to non-primitive setter dependencies.
Let's say I have a class like this:
public class SimplePropertyTarget
public string Name { get; set; }
public int Age { get; set; }
To set the setter properties in the configuration you can use the SetProperty(Action) expression like this to set as many properties as you need:
var container = new Container(x =>
.SetProperty(target =>
target.Name = "Max";
target.Age = 4;
Overriding Constructor Dependencies
When you want to override the auto wiring behavior, you can explicitly specify the constructor dependency of an Instance by using the CtorDependency() expression:
var theContainer = new Container(registry =>
.CtorDependency().Is(i =>
Or, if a concrete type should have two or more dependencies of the same type, you can also specify the name of the constructor argument:
.CtorDependency("widget").Is(x => x.TheInstanceNamed("Purple"));
The Lambda expression inside of "CtorDependency().Is()" is another InstanceExpression, so all the normal options for defining an Instance are available. Please note that I just specified the type of constructor argument in the call to CtorDependency() above. If you have more than one constructor argument of the same type, you'll need to specify the name of the constructor argument with the CtorDependency(argumentName) method.
Overriding Setter Dependencies
Setter dependencies are configured much like constructor dependencies:
registry.ForRequestedType().UseThing>()
.SetterDependency().Is(x =>
c => c.OfConcreteType().WithCtorArg("color").EqualTo("yellow"));
& });
The only difference is that Setter dependencies can also be specified by using an Expression to declare the property to be injected:
var container = new Container(x =>
.SetterDependency(o => o.Widget).Is(o => o.Object(new ColorWidget("Red")));
Array or Non Primitive Dependencies
StructureMap supports Array arguments of non primitive objects. An array of dependencies or type T can be defined with the TheArrayOf() method shown below.
var container = new Container(x =>/p>
.TheArrayOf().Contains(y =>
TheArrayOf() method is another Nested Closure that takes in an Action to configure the child Instance's in the array.
Primitive Arrays and Dictionaries
Arrays of primitive types (strings, numbers, etc) and Dictionary types can be configured just by treating them as a child dependency that is configured inline. Let's say you have a class like this that needs a couple Array objects in its constructor function:
public class ClassWithStringAndIntArray
private readonly int[] _numbers;
private readonly string[] _strings;
public ClassWithStringAndIntArray(int[] numbers, string[] strings)
_numbers = numbers;
_strings = strings;
public int[] Numbers
get { return _numbers; }
public string[] Strings
get { return _strings; }
You can configure the values for the "numbers" and "strings" constructor function arguments like this:
public void specify_a_string_array()
var container = new Container(x =>
.CtorDependency().Is(new[] {"a", "b", "c"})
.CtorDependency().Is(new[] {1, 2, 3});
var objectWithArrays = container.GetInstance();
objectWithArrays.Numbers.ShouldEqual(new[] {1, 2, 3});
Using a Custom Instance
Occasionally, it might be advantageous to create a custom form of Instance. Fortunately, there's a mechanism in the InstanceExpression to attach Instance objects built independently of the Registry DSL. Let's say that you've created a custom Instance called XmlFileInstance that deserializes an object from an Xml file. The registration of that custom Instance might look something like this:
public class CustomInstanceRegistry : Registry
public CustomInstanceRegistry()
ForRequestedType().TheDefault.IsThis(new XmlFileInstance("address1.xml"));
See Extending StructureMap for more specific information on using custom Instance classes.
Using an Externally Constructed Object
It's frequently useful to simply inject an existing object into StructureMap. This frequently arises in desktop applications where parts of the application shell may be created independently of the container, but you still with these objects to be injected into other services. Here's an example from my current project where we need to programmatically build up some services (IUrlRegistry, IActionRegistry, and ITypeRegistry) before injecting them into StructureMap:
private readonly TypeRegistry _typeRegistry = new TypeRegistry(); private UrlGraph _graph; private ControllerRegistry _registry; public WebRegistry(ICollection routes) { createUrlGraph(routes); ForRequestedType


Question: Do You Put Hinges On Door First?
Which way do you install door hinges?
Here's how they work: Left-hand hinges get installed on the left-hand side of the door if you want the door to open inward with the knob on the right side of the door.
Install them on the right-hand side if you want the door to open outward with the knob on the left-hand side of the door..
Should I put hinges on cabinet door or frame first?
Always consider hinge placement before installing hinges on any cabinet door. This comes before the door is hung, and standard hinge placement measurements should be used.
Do you need 3 hinges on a door?
Usually at least 3 hinges need to be fitted on a door. Light weight internal domestic doors may be fitted with only 2 hinges. Doors with a security function need to have at least 3 hinges, as this makes them more difficult to force. … For doors over 2200mm tall, then four hinges can be used to prevent warping.
What is the best way to hang cabinet doors?
One hand holding the door, one hand screwing the screws. Take off bottom hinge first, then top, remove the door. Replace the new hinges on the door and rest the door on your spacer. The holes will line up perfectly.
Why do bathroom doors need 3 hinges?
The third(centre) hinge WILL take weight from the door. AND it will actually help PREVENT warping(one of the main reasons to have a third hinge).
How many hinges should be on a door?
The general rule used to determine the number of hinges is: Every door should be provided with at least one hinge for every 30 inches in height or portion thereof; however, more hinges may be required per chart below. For example, a 90″ door needs three hinges and a 91″ door needs four.
Do hinges go inside or outside?
Most exterior doors open toward the inside of the house. That means the hinges, which hold the door in place, are located inside the house.
Can you put a new door on an existing frame?
A door has two frames. … You can install a new door to replace an old or damaged door in two ways: Use a "prehung" door already set into a finish frame to replace the old door and jambs, or use the existing jambs and set a new door into the hinges. Either method requires some carpentry skill.
Can you replace a door without replacing the frame?
Where do you place 3 hinges on a door?
As for the 3rd hinge, you could put it in the middle, but personally I would put it somewhere more towards the top, as that is where all the weight is in the door. I would say an inch or 2 below the top hinge.


_USER_{Gunawan_Prangdimurti_Muhandri_2020, title={Upaya Penghilangan Rasa Pahit Tepung Biji Kelor (Moringa oleifera) dan Aplikasinya untuk Pangan Fungsional}, volume={25}, url={_URL_ DOI={10.18343/jipi.25.4.636}, abstractNote={Moringa oleifera is a plant that has many benefits in each part. Moringa seeds have high nutrient content but they have not been used as food ingredients because it contains cyanigenic glycoside and a bitter taste. This study aims to obtain the best method in eliminating the bitter taste and cyanide of moringa seeds, analyzing its proximate nutritional levels and antioxidant capacity, and the level of acceptance when it's applied to cookie products. This study used different types of soaking solution (water, 3.5% NaCl, 1N CH3COOH solution, and 0.5% NaHCO3) and boiling temperature (70°C, boiling water temperature (± 97°C), and pressure boiling (±115°C)). Flour with NaHCO3 immersion treatment continued by pressurized boiling for 35 minutes was chosen to be the best flour because it had the lowest cyanide content, reduced bitter taste, and the highest FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) values (33.40±1.22 mg/kg; 3.40±1.24 mg/kg; and 58.70±2.67 mg AEAC/g) compared with untreated moringa seed flour (152.15±0.95 mg/kg ;10.29±2.92 mg/kg; and 17.43±1.22 mg AEAC/g). The selected flour was used as a substitute for flour (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) in cookies making. Sensory hedonic rating analysis on cookies used 60 untrained panelists. Substitution up to 30% overall did not have a significant difference in acceptance compared to control (0%) except for color attribute. Keywords: bitter, cyanide, Moringa oleifera, functional food, moringa seed flour


Publication:
The water cost effect of hybrid-parallel condensing systems in the thermo-economical performance of solar tower plants
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2022-02-05
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Elsevier
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Abstract
The importance of considering the water price in the analysis of the impact of dry versus hybrid condensing systems in the thermo economical performance of solar tower plants was demonstrated in this work. The dry condensing system consists of several induced-draft air-cooled condenser cells (ACCs) and the hybrid system consists of a parallel system where the condensing steam is split between the ACCs and a surface steam condenser where circulating water is cooled in a wet mechanical-draft cooling tower. The influence of the operating parameters of either the dry or wet cooling systems on the cooling load and fan power consumption were studied. Then, for a given condensing system (a system with a defined number of installed ACCs units and cooling tower units) and given the dry-air and wet-bulb air temperatures, the operating parameters were optimized to maximize the revenues of the power plant. This optimization depends on the water-to-electricity price ratio 𝑅, showing that at low ambient temperature when this ratio increases it is not profitable to turn on the cooling towers since the water cost is not counterbalanced by the higher cycle efficiency obtained with the lower condensation temperature. Finally, the annual operation and the LCOE and NPV of the CSP plant located in Dunhuang were analyzed for both dry and hybrid condensing systems with different number of ACCs and wet towers, showing that the most cost-effective configuration is the 16 ACCs with 3 wet cooling towers for water-to-electricity price ratio 𝑅 = 4 ($/m3)/($/kWhe) and 𝑅 = 5 ($/m3)/($/kWhe), but for 𝑅 = 10($/m3)/($/kWhe), the best option is with only 2 wet towers.
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Keywords
Hybrid condensing system, Water consumption, Air-cooled condenser, Wet cooling tower, Concentrating solar energy
Bibliographic citation
Fernández-Torrijos, M., Marugán-Cruz, C., Sobrino, C., & Santana, D. (2022). The water cost effect of hybrid-parallel condensing systems in the thermo-economical performance of solar tower plants. Applied Thermal Engineering, 202, 117801.


text:
Indigenous Community Liaison Officer» search for more Jobs
Indigenous community liaison officers liaise with Indigenous communities and the state or territory police forces in order to establish and maintain positive relationships. Indigenous community liaison officers usually have limited police powers, although in certain circumstances they may assist police officers with law enforcement tasks such as arrest, search and detainment. This type of position will involve shift work, weekend and public holiday work, with positions in urban and rural communities. Having an Aboriginal or Torres Straight Islander background is encouraged. The number of positions available is growing, but is dependant on the number of Indigenous Australians and police in an area, as well as community funding.
Roles of an Indigenous Community Liaison Officer include:
- Developing and maintaining contacts between the police and the local Indigenous communities to strengthen cooperation and communication between the parties
- Improving community knowledge about police services and law and order issues
- To advise, assist and educate police officers on cross-cultural awareness, potential crime and disorder areas and how to address these issues in order to improve relations
- Represent and advocate for Indigenous people at committee meetings and juvenile hearings
- Aid Indigenous recruitment, retention, career management and development strategies
Due to the level of involvement with police and the power bestowed on an individual by the role, it is essential that a person in this position have a sound character, an acceptable traffic/criminal record, be medically fit, have good communication skills, understanding of Indigenous cultures, and enjoy working with people.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


3)-coded signals, is the occurrence of a pulse of the same polarity as the previous pulse without being part of the zero substitution code, B3ZS(HDB3). For B3ZS(HDB3)-coded signals, a bipolar violation error event may also include other error patterns such as: three(four) or more consecutive zeros and incorrect polarity. (See T1.231 section 7.1.1.1.1) Excessive Zeros (EXZ) Error Event An EXZ is the occurrence of any zero string length equal to or greater than 3 for B3ZS, or greater than 4 for HDB3. (See T1.231 section 7.1.1.1.2) Line Coding Violation (LCV) Error Event This parameter is a count of both BPVs and EXZs occurring over Expires August 1998 [Page 11] INTERNET-DRAFT DS3/E3 MIB February 1998 the accumulation period. An EXZ increments the LCV by one regardless of the length of the zero string. (Also known as CV-L. See T1.231 section 7.4.1.1) P-bit Coding Violation (PCV) Error Event For all DS3 applications, a coding violation error event is a P-bit Parity Error event. A P-bit Parity Error event is the occurrence of a received P-bit code on the DS3 M-frame that is not identical to the corresponding locally- calculated code. (See T1.231 section 7.1.1.2.1) C-bit Coding Violation (CCV) Error Event For C-bit Parity and SYNTRAN DS3 applications, this is the count of coding violations reported via the C-bits. For C-bit Parity, it is a count of CP-bit parity errors occurring in the accumulation interval. For SYNTRAN, it is a count of CRC-9 errors occurring in the accumulation interval. (See T1.231 section 7.1.1.2.2) 3.4.2. Performance Parameters All performance parameters are accumulated in fifteen minute intervals and up to 96 intervals (24 hours worth) are kept by an agent. Fewer than 96 intervals of data will be available if the agent has been restarted within the last 24 hours. In addition, there is a rolling 24-hour total of each performance parameter. There is no requirement for an agent to ensure fixed relationship between the start of a fifteen minute interval and any wall clock; however some agents may align the fifteen minute intervals with quarter hours. Performance parameters are of types PerfCurrentCount, PerfIntervalCount and PerfTotalCount. These textual conventions are all Gauge32, and they are used because it is possible for these objects to decrease. Objects may decrease when Unavailable Seconds occurs across a fifteen minutes interval boundary. See Unavailable Seconds discussion later in this section. Line Errored Seconds (LES) A Line Errored Second is a second in which one or more CV occurred OR one or more LOS defects. (Also known as ES-L. See T1.231 section 7.4.1.2) Expires August 1998 [Page 12] INTERNET-DRAFT DS3/E3 MIB February 1998 P-bit Errored Seconds (PES) An PES is a second with one or more PCVs OR one or more Out of Frame defects OR a detected incoming AIS. This gauge is not incremented when UASs are counted. (Also known as ESP-P. See T1.231 section 7.4.2.2) P-bit Severely Errored Seconds (PSES) A PSES is a second with 44 or more PCVs OR one or more Out of Frame defects OR a detected incoming AIS. This gauge is not incremented when UASs are counted. (Also known as SESP-P. See T1.231 section 7.4.2.5) C-bit Errored Seconds (CES) An CES is a second with one or more CCVs OR one or more Out of Frame defects OR a detected incoming AIS. This count is only for the SYNTRAN and C-bit Parity DS3 applications. This gauge is not incremented when UASs are counted. (Also known as ESCP-P. See T1.231 section 7.4.2.2) C-bit Severely Errored Seconds (CSES) A CSES is a second with 44 or more CCVs OR one or more Out of Frame defects OR a detected incoming AIS. This count is only for the SYNTRAN and C-bit Parity DS3 applications. This gauge is not incremented when UASs are counted. (Also known as SESCP-P. See T1.231 section 7.4.2.5) Severely Errored Framing Seconds (SEFS) A SEFS is a second with one or more Out of Frame defects OR a detected incoming AIS. This item is not incremented during unavailable seconds. (Also known as SAS-P. See T1.231 section 7.4.2.6) Unavailable Seconds (UAS) UAS are calculated by counting the number of seconds that the interface is unavailable. The DS3 interface is said to be unavailable from the onset of 10 contiguous PSESs, or the onset of the condition leading to a failure (see Failure States). If the condition leading to the failure was immediately preceded by one or more contiguous PSESs, then the DS3 interface unavailability starts from the onset of these PSESs. Once unavailable, and if no failure is present, the DS3 interface becomes available at the onset of 10 contiguous seconds with no PSESs. Once unavailable, and if a failure is present, the DS3 interface becomes available at the onset of 10 contiguous seconds with no PSESs, if the failure clearing Expires August 1998 [Page 13] INTERNET-DRAFT DS3/E3 MIB February 1998 time is less than or equal to 10 seconds. If the failure clearing time is more than 10 seconds, the DS3 interface becomes available at the onset of 10 contiguous seconds with no PSESs, or the onset period leading to the successful clearing condition, whichever occurs later. With respect to the DS3 error counts, all counters are incremented while the DS3 interface is deemed available. While the interface is deemed unavailable, the only count that is incremented is UASs. Note that this definition implies that the agent cannot determine until after a ten second interval has passed whether a given one-second interval belongs to available or unavailable time. If the agent chooses to update the various performance statistics in real time then it must be prepared to retroactively reduce the PES, PSES, CES, and CSES counts by 10 and increase the UAS count by 10 when it determines that available time has been entered. It must also be prepared to adjust the PCV, CCV, and SEFS count as necessary since these parameters are not accumulated during unavailable time. It must be similarly prepared to retroactively decrease the UAS count by 10 and increase the PES, CES, PCV, and CCV counts as necessary upon entering available time. A special case exists when the 10 second period leading to available or unavailable time crosses a 900 second statistics window boundary, as the foregoing description implies that the PCV, CCV, PES, CES, PSES, CSEC, SEFS, and UAS counts for the PREVIOUS interval must be adjusted. In this case successive GETs of the affected dsx3IntervalPSESs and dsx3IntervalUASs objects will return differing values if the first GET occurs during the first few seconds of the window. The agent may instead choose to delay updates to the various statistics by 10 seconds in order to avoid retroactive adjustments to the counters. A way to do this is sketched in Appendix B. In any case, a linkDown trap shall be sent only after the agent has determined for certain that the unavailable state has been entered, but the time on the trap will be that of the first UAS (i.e., 10 seconds earlier). A linkUp trap shall be handled similarly. According to ANSI T1.231 unavailable time begins at the _onset_ of 10 contiguous severely errored seconds -- that is, Expires August 1998 [Page 14] INTERNET-DRAFT DS3/E3 MIB February 1998 unavailable time starts with the _first_ of the 10 contiguous SESs. Also, while an interface is deemed unavailable all counters for that interface are frozen except for the UAS count. It follows that an implementation which strictly complies with this standard must _not_ increment any counters other than the UAS count -- even temporarily -- as a result of anything that happens during those 10 seconds. Since changes in the signal state lag the data to which they apply by 10 seconds, an ANSI-compliant implementation must pass the the one-second statistics through a 10-second delay line prior to updating any counters. That can be done by performing the following steps at the end of each one second interval. i) Read near/far end CV counter and alarm status flags from the hardware. ii) Accumulate the CV counts for the preceding second and compare them to the ES and SES threshold for the layer in question. Update the signal state and shift the one-second CV counts and ES/SES flags into the 10-element delay line. Note that far-end one-second statistics are to be flagged as "absent" during any second


text:
A subsurface dyke is a structure that is built in an aquifer with the intention of obstructing the natural flow of ground water, thereby raising the ground water level and increasing the amount of water stored in the aquifer. Acting as an underground barrier impermeable to water, it controls the groundwater flow in an aquifer and raises the water table.
Although the total amount of water on Earth is generally assumed to have remained virtually constant, the rapid growth in population, together with the extension of irrigated agriculture and industrial development, are putting stress on the quality and quantity aspects of natural system. Several institutions have experimented with the use of subsurface dykes to conserve water in water-scarce areas. The ideal location for a dyke is a well defined, wide, greatly sloping valley with a narrow outlet having limited thickness of loose soil or porous rock on the top with massive or impervious rock below. A subsurface dyke has many advantages. It does not require additional surface reservoir, there is no loss of agricultural land, there is minimum evaporation loss since the storage is subsurface, there is no siltation and loss of reservoir capacity, the cost of maintenance is negligible, and it is relatively environment-friendly.
One such example was a recent sub-surface dyke constructed in India. For more information about this project, see Krishi Vigyan Kendra Kannur.
Other water harvesting technologies
Other rainwater harvesting technologies include stone pitched contour bunds, dry rubble check dams, protection of seasonal spring by afforestation, moisture conservation pits, sprinkler and drip irrigation and roof water harvesting system.


text:
Term 3 was blessed by visiting Priests, Sisters of Mercy and Marist Brothers who helped us to live our Catholic Character at school.
Term 3 was blessed by visiting Priests, Sisters of Mercy and Marist Brothers who all helped us to live our Catholic Character at school. The Sacrament programme led by the principal Mr Sullivan, has been preparing candidates for Baptism, Holy Communion and Confirmation. During a sacrament programme lesson this term, Brother Osmund from the Marist brothers, was able to assist our DRS Mr Cote Davis with teaching the Creed and the "journey of faith" to candidates. Brother Osmund was delighted to be able to be a part of such a crucial stage of our young people's pathway of faith.
Seniors were very grateful for the visit of Fr Michael Mahoney to share with them his adventure in priesthood. Fr Michael spoke about how he had climbed Everest with a small group of kiwi mountaineers, and this had been celebrated by Sir Edmund Hilary who flew to Nepal to congratulate the team! Pupils also asked questions about his time spent in Brazil and were inspired to hear how his work there helped many of the poorer communities he served in, especially his creative solution to the water shortage problems.
The term was brought to a close by the Mercy Day celebrations and Mass on the 24th September. Pupils gathered with Fr Matthew Siji to celebrate our Mercy foundations. Pupils were delighted to present a bouquet of flowers to the Mercy sisters who were special guests.


Thixotropic Index (TI)
Definition - What does Thixotropic Index (TI) mean?
This is a ratio between the slow speed viscosity to the high speed viscosity of a non-Newtonian body. It is obtained from dividing the viscosity number at low speed by the viscosity number at high speed of a given fluid. It therefore defines how well the fluid will hang or resist sagging under gravity.
It is used to indicate the ability of a paint or coating to hold shape-stiff and non-sagging when rebuilding; aids in choosing an epoxy in accordance to the application, dispense method and viscosity of a material.
Corrosionpedia explains Thixotropic Index (TI)
Non-Newtonian fluids are known to have a low viscosity when stirred at high speed and high viscosity at low speeds. In these fluids, the energy required to move then is not directly equal to the speed applied. At rest, the fluid will not flow, but when subjected to shear or pressure, it flows easily as the agitation increase. A fluid is thixotropic when the apparent viscosity is recovered when the shearing is removed; the recovery is time-dependent—viscosity decreases gradually with time.
The thixotropic index is obtained by measuring the viscosity of a fluid at room or ambient temperature. The viscometer is used to measure the viscosity at two speeds (one is a multiple or a factor of 10 of the other). From the viscosity results, the product is obtained by dividing the viscosity at lowest speed by the viscosity at the highest speed.
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When Will Kittens Eyes Change Color
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Cat Eye Colors An Amazing Range Of Shades Cat eye
In the weeks that follow, kittens will develop their senses even more, namely, their sense of smell, hearing, and their sense of sight. Vet Info states that sometime between three weeks and two months of age a kitten's eyes may begin to change color from a foggy blue to a darker shade. Often, this change can be spotted with the appearance of brownish, amber, yellow, or greenish flecks of color.
When will kittens eyes change color. Kittens' eyes: What to know about the first month. The first step to answering, "When do kittens' eyes change color?" is to know that their eyes aren't even open at birth. Upon exiting the womb and entering the whelping box, a newborn kitten's eyes are sealed shut and functionally useless. Like their coatless bodies and closed ears. A kitten's eyes start to change colour if they are going to, when they are anything from 3 to 6 months old. The most important thing is for them to process light so their vision is good before the colour of their eyes finally change to the colour they will be for the rest of their lives. So, when do kittens' eyes change color? By week 6 or 7, a kitten's eye color begins to change. The iris, the colored part of the eye, contains melanocytes. Once the eye is sufficiently mature, these melanocytes begin producing melanin, pigment that gives the eye its mature adult coloration.
At this age, the adult eye color will begin to emerge. Kittens' eyes will change from baby blue to the eye color they will keep permanently. Kittens with grey, green, or yellow eyes are likely 7 weeks or older. When does kittens' eye color change? Kittens undergo a lot of changes in just a short period of time. At around 6 to 7 weeks of age, a kittens eyes may begin to gradually change color. What color their eyes will end up being is a result of the amount of pigment within the tapetum lucidum. Most of the time, a kitten's eyes will be permanently changed into their adult color by the time they reach 12 to 16 weeks. There is physics behind the answer to the question, which may displease some readers and I'll understand why! By six or seven weeks of age a kitten's eyes begin to change colour from blue to
Blue eyes have virtually no melanin present, as young kittens don't produce a lot of melanin. But as they grow and age, the kitten's body produces more melanin, triggering the eye color change, which occurs around 4 weeks of age and progresses until about 10 weeks of age. Nope! At about 8 weeks, your kittens eye have come full circle. If you are wondering when do kittens' eyes change color or if they will change color again, no they don't. at this point, they are fully mature and fully functional. Even though your kittens eyes have now matured, that doesn't mean they are safe from the kittens own clumsiness. So, when do kittens' eyes change color? By week 6 or 7, a kitten's eye color begins to change. The iris, the colored part of the eye, contains melanocytes.
Blue eyes are associated with all kittens under 6-8 weeks of age. If blue is your favorite color and cats with this magnificent eye color are a must have, then you should go for felines who are known to maintain the color to old age, such as Snowshoe, Ragdoll, Balinese, Javanese, Himalayan, Tonkinese, Persian, and Siamese.Plus, the Ojos Azules is a unique cat breed that can present blue-eyed. Beautiful Blue Eyes. Most kittens, when their eyes open at about 2 weeks old, have light blue eyes, and Johnson said that over the next month or two the eye color changes to the color it will be throughout her adult life. Most adult cats' eyes are somewhere on the color continuum from green to yellow to orange to copper. Look into your cat's eyes. What color are they? The vast majority of adult cat eye colors exist on a spectrum ranging from green, gold and yellow on one side to orange, copper, and brown on the other, with a host of variations and shades between. But what about cats with blue eyes? All kittens are
As beautiful as blue is, most likely, your kitten's eyes will change color. All kittens are born with blue eyes (however, you won't be able to see their baby blues for a few days as they are born with their eyes closed!). For the first seven to 13 days, they depend on smell and, of course, mom in order to survive. Once your kitten's eyes have changed color from the bluish-gray that she was born with, her eyes should not change color after that. If you do notice a sudden change, like if they seem unusually brown or dark yellow, that may signal a serious underlying condition caused by anything from trauma to the eye to feline leukemia. However, feline eye color changes may also indicate serious health concerns that warrant medical attention. Consequently, it is important to understand when and why a cat's eye color may change. Kitten Eye Color. Most kittens are born with blue eyes. As a kitten's sense of sight develops over the next several weeks, his eyes begin to take.
All British Shorthair kittens are born with blue eyes. Gradually, as they mature, the eyes turn to their actual colour. This transition starts when they are around 6-8 weeks old and continues until they are around 2 years old, when they finally reach their full colour. Cat eyes can come in a variety of colors. Kittens are born blind. The eye is blueish as it first starts to develop, gradually becoming the final adult color at three months. The eyes may be of two different colors, sometimes in the same eye! If your adult cat's eyes suddenly change color or appearance medical intervention will be necessary. When kittens begin opening their eyes, the eyes are bright blue in color, regardless of what color their eyes turn later as they grow up. If you have an older kitten and you notice her eyes beginning to change color, she is likely around 6-7 weeks old. At this time, the irises will begin to transition to their permanent, mature color.
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What Is Imprest?
An imprest is a cash account a business relies on to pay for small, routine expenses. Funds contained in imprests are regularly replenished, in order to maintain a fixed balance. The term "imprest" can also refer to a monetary advance given to a person for a specific purpose.
Key Takeaways
 - Imprest refers to a type of cash account maintained by a company used to pay for small incidental or routine expenses.
 - A fixed account balance is established in the imprest account and refunded as needed when money is withdrawn for items like payroll, travel, or petty cash.
 - Because of its small and fixed nature that is easily monitored, imprest discourages unauthorized or lavish expenses.
How Imprest Works
The most well-known type of imprest is a petty cash account, which is used to cover smaller transactions when it's impractical or inconvenient to cut checks. Such accounts maintain a set amount of cash on-site, which can be used to reimburse employees and pay for small expenses. Petty cash funds are typically handled by custodians who monitor the account and dispense cash to employees, who in turn furnish business-related receipts.
Imprests deter the use of unauthorized spending because the funds are earmarked for specific purposes. Consequently, imprests typically pay out the same amount of money on a regular basis, which ideally brings the account to a near-zero balance, before it's automatically replenished with that same set amount of money. This system makes it easier to monitor expenses, flag discrepancies, and ultimately detect fraud.
The Imprest System
The imprest system involves the following steps:
 - A petty cash fund is established, with a set amount of cash. This is recorded in the company's ledger.
 - Any expenses paid through the petty cash fund must be documented with receipts.
 - The fund is replenished regularly with disbursement receipts to maintain a fixed balance.
 - The fund is monitored closely for any discrepancies between expected cash (based on documentation) and actual cash. If any discrepancies exist, they are investigated.
The Future of Imprests
As companies increasingly rely on electronic transactions, the imprest system is steadily falling out of favor. It's often easier to use a company credit card than an imprest, because the former offers electronic documentation of transactions, and doesn't trigger a need to replenish any outgoing funds.


text: Malav Kanuga a doctoral candidate in cultural anthropology at the Graduate Center, pursuing studies of space, culture, and power, as well as uneven development. As an urban researcher and as an activist, his interests include issues of value, commons, people's movements, and urban development. Malav's research is broadly centered on contemporary struggles around informality, state space, and planning in Mumbai, a city shaped by its deep histories of popular movement as well as many forms of domination and hierarchy. He has conducted 15 months of ethnographic fieldwork in Mumbai among participants in a network of urban people's campaigns that collectively seek to challenge and transform municipal and national urban governance programs, housing schemes, and land use policies. This work aims to understand how urban informality in Indian cities both entrenches and relies upon salient social differences in the production of uneven and unequal access to land, opportunities, and services. During this time in Mumbai, Malav also taught urban theory at Kamla Raheja Vidyanidhi Institute for Architecture and Environmental Studies and participated in various popular education initiatives among students and workers.


text:
Welcome to the Classwork Problems Web Page!
Classwork Problems are PDF files which present a problem along with the answer and solution. Since the problems are PDF files, you will need a PDF viewer installed on your machine in order to actually view the files on your screen or to display them on the video projector. Generally printing is also best done from inside a PDF viewer.
We also have a small number of PowerPoint slides available for use. These will require you to have a PowerPoint viewer of some sort available on your machine.
For further instructions on editing and using the Classwork Problems, see the Instructions page.
Otherwise select the problem category from the list below:
Once inside the appropriate category, you will find two links: projector and transparencies.
Projector files are for use with a video projector in multi-media classrooms. They are formatted into two pages, with the question on the first page, and the answer/solution on the second page. This is so that you can project the questions and answers on the screen independently.
Transparencies are for use with a standard overhead projector (print the transparencies first). They are formatted as a single (divided) page, so you can cover the bottom answer/solution section until needed (and then reveal it).
Once you select one of the two formats, you will be shown a list of all the Classwork problem files for that category. Simply click on the desired file name to display that problem.


text:
Definitions for pericope
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word pericope
A section of text forming a coherent thought, suitable for use in a speech.
A passage of Scripture to be read in public worship or a book containing such passages.
Origin: From late Latin pericope, from Greek περικοπή 'section', from peri- + κοπή 'cutting', from κόπτειν 'to cut'.
a selection or extract from a book; especially (Theol.), a selection from the Bible, appointed to be read in the churches or used as a text for a sermon
Origin: [L., section of a book, Gr. ; peri' around + to cut.]
A pericope in rhetoric is a set of verses that forms one coherent unit or thought, suitable for public reading from a text, now usually of sacred scripture. Manuscripts, often illuminated, called Pericopes, are normally abbreviated Gospel Books only containing the sections of the Gospels required for the Masses of the liturgical year. Notable examples, both Ottonian, are the Pericopes of Henry II and the Salzburg Pericopes. Lectionaries are normally made up of pericopes containing the Epistle and Gospel readings for the liturgical year. A pericope consisting of passages from different parts of a single book, or from different books of the Bible, and linked together into a single reading is called a concatenation or composite reading.
Find a translation for the pericope definition in other languages:
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the default is TRUE.
crisp.dialogs
If TRUE, dialogs should appear on the screen fully drawn, rather than built up widget by widget. Prior to R 2.6.1, this option only works on the Windows version of R, but should in any event be harmless. The default is TRUE. If you encounter stability problems, try setting this option to FALSE.
default.contrasts
Serves the same function as the general contrasts option; the default is c("contr.Treatment", "contr.poly"). When the Commander exits, the contrasts option is returned to its pre-existing value. Note that contr.Treatment is from the car package.
default.font.family
The default font for GUI elements such as menus and text labels, in the form of a Tk font family specification, given in a character string. For example, "Helvetica" specifies the sans-serif Helvetica font family. The default is taken from the TkDefaultFont. Normally a sans-serif font should be used.
default.font.size
The size, in points, of the default font. The default is 10 on non-Windows system and the size of the system font on Windows. To set the font size for R input and output, see the log.font.size option. The Rcmdr scale.factor option may also be used to control font size.
double.click
Set to TRUE if you want a double-click of the left mouse button to press the default button in all dialogs. The default is FALSE.
editDataset.threshold
If the number of values in the current data set exceed this value (the default is 10000), then the standard R data editor is used in preference to the R Commander editDataset editor.
error.text.color
Color for error messages; the default is "red".
etc
Set to the path of the directory containing the Rcmdr configuration files; defaults to the etc subdirectory of the installed Rcmdr package.
grab.focus
Set to TRUE for the current Tk window to "grab" the focus --- that is, to prevent the focus from being changed to another Tk window. On some systems, grabbing the focus in this manner apparently causes problems. The default is TRUE. If you experience focus problems, try setting this option to FALSE.
help_type
This Rcmdr option takes precedence over the global R help_type option (see options and help), and by default is set to "html".
iconify.commander
If TRUE, the Commander window is minimized on startup; the default is FALSE.
length.output.stack
The R Commander maintains a list of output objects, by default including the last several outputs; the default length of the output stack is 10. popOutput() ''pops'' (i.e., returns and removes) the first entry of the output stack. Note that, as a stack, the queue is LIFO (''last in, first out'').
length.command.stack
The R Commander also maintains a list of commands that is managed similarly; the default length of this stack is also 10.
log.commands
If TRUE (the default), commands are echoed to the script window; if FALSE, the script window is not displayed.
log.font.family
The font family to be used for text in the script window, output window, messages window, etc., specified as a character vector giving a Tk font family. This should normally be a monospaced font like "Courier". The default is taken from the TkFixedFont.
log.font.size
The font size, in points, to be used in the script window, in the output window, messages window, in recode dialogs, and in compute expressions --- that is, where a monospaced font is used. The default is 10. Alternatively the Rcmdr scale factor option may also be used to control font size.
log.height
The height of the script window, in lines. The default is 10. Setting log.height to 0 has the same effect as setting log.commands to FALSE.
log.text.color
Color for text in the script window; the default is "black".
log.width
The width of the script and output windows, in characters. The default is 80.
messages.height
The height of the messages window, in lines. The default is 3.
multiple.select.mode
Affects the way multiple variables are selected in variable-list boxes. If set to "extended" (the default), left-clicking on a variable selects it and deselects any other variables that are selected; Control-left-click toggles the selection (and may be used to select additional variables); Shift-left-click extends the selection. This is the standard Windows convention. If set to "multiple", left-clicking toggles the selection of a variable and may be used to select more than one variable. This is the behaviour in the Rcmdr prior to version 1.9-10.
number.messages
If TRUE, the default, messages in the messages window are numbered.
output.height
The height of the output window, in lines. The default is twice the height of the script window, or 20 if the script window is suppressed. Setting output.height to 0 has the same effect as setting console.output to TRUE.
output.text.color
Color for output in the output window; the default is "blue".
placement
Placement of the R Commander window, in pixels; the default is "", which lets the Tk window manager decide where to place the window; for example, "+20+20" should put the window near the upper-left corner of the screen, "-20+20" near the upper-right corner, though this doesn't appear to work reliably on Windows systems.
plugins
A character vector giving the names of Rcmdr plug-in packages to load when the Commander starts up. Plug-in packages can also be loaded from the Tools -> Load Rcmdr plug-in(s) menu. See Plugins.
prefixes
A four-item character vector to specify the prefixes used when output is directed to the R console; the default is c("Rcmdr> ", "Rcmdr+ ", "RcmdrMsg: ", "RcmdrMsg+ ").
quit.R.on.close
if TRUE, both the Commander and R are exited when the Commander window is closed. The default is FALSE, in which case only the Commander is exited (and can be restarted by the command Commander()).
RcmdrEnv.on.path
If TRUE (the default is FALSE), the environment in which R Commander state information is stored is placed on the search path. Some plug-ins, at least until they are updated, may require this setting.
retain.messages
If TRUE (the default), the contents of the message window are not erased between messages. In any event, a "NOTE" message will not erase a preceding "WARNING" or "ERROR".
retain.selections
If TRUE (the default), dialogs remember their previous state, where appropriate, as long as the data set isn't changed; some dialogs, e.g., for probabilities, retain selections even when the data set chanages.
RExcelSupport
If TRUE (the default is FALSE), menus and output are handled by Excel.
rmd.output.format
The output file type for R Markdown documents if pandoc is installed; one of "html" (the default), "pdf" (requires LaTeX), "docx" (Word), or "rtf" (rich text file).
rmd.template
The quoted path to a .Rmd file to serve as a template for R code and output. The default is to use a template included with the package.
scale.factor
A scaling factor to be applied to all Tk elements, such as fonts. This works well only in Windows. The default is NULL.
scientific.notation
Higher numbers cause ordinary (decimal) notation to be increasingly preferred to scientific notation for representing very small and very large numbers; correspond to the scipen option in R: see options. The default is 5, while the standard default in R is 0 (where 0 means that scientific notation is used whenever the resulting printed representation of a number is smaller in scientific than in standard notation).
showData.threshold
a vector with 2 entries, defaulting to c(20000, 100). If the number of cases in the active data set exceeds the first number (default, 20,000) or the number of variables exceeds the second number (default, 100), then View() rather than showData() is used to display the data set. The reason for the option is that showData() is very slow when the number of cases or variables is large; setting the threshold to c(0, 0) suppresses the use of showData altogether. It's necessary to use showData however for the view of the active data set to be updated dynamically when, e.g., a variable is added.
show.edit.button
Set to TRUE (the default) if you want an Edit button in the Commander window, permitting you to edit the active data set. Windows users may wish to set this option to FALSE to suppress the Edit button because changing variable names in the data editor can cause R to crash (though I believe that this problem as


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ISTANBUL - Anatolia News Agency
The Ottomans' popular drink, sherbet, known for its healing effects, has been increasingly forgotten over time and is now largely consumed ceremonially in Ramadan
The restaurant prepares some 100 types
of traditional Ottoman sherbet and offers 15-20 types a day to its customers. AA photos
Sherbet, once the most popular Ottoman drink, has been essentially relegated to symbolic consumption during the holy month of Ramadan even though it is a healthier alternative to today's soft drinks, according to one restaurant proprietor.
"People of all ages are drinking soft drinks which are very harmful. We are trying to keep the sherbet tradition alive in our restaurant," Abdullah Korun, general director of Istanbul's 123-year-old restaurant Hacı Abdullah Lokantası, recently old Anatolia news agency. "We prepare nearly 100 types of sherbet but we serve 15 to 20 types a day to our customers. Restaurants should keep such natural drinks rather than soda drinks."
During the time of the Ottomans, there were roughly 300 types of sherbets made from various fresh flowers and fruits such as rose, lily, jasmine, silverberry, lotus, violet and others. Today, this traditional drink is still kept alive in modern life but with fewer types. Korun said sherbet was one of the most important products both in the kitchen of the palace and the public in the past.
The director of the restaurant, which was opened during the era of Abdülhamit II, said sherbet, made from dried and cold stewed fruits, was a favorite and irreplaceable drink, particularly during the holy month of Ramadan. "In the past, there were no refrigeration systems like fridges and sherbet was prepared and consumed daily," he added. Forgotten through time
Korun said the Ottomans' sherbet began to be forgotten through time. "Almost all housewives in Ottoman times used to prepare canned foods, pickles and sherbet in their house, but today, since women are involved in social and business life, this tradition is disappearing," he said.
He said it was consumed both in winter and summer during Ottoman times since it had a significant place in social life. "People used to benefit from natural methods to avoid diseases in the past. But in Ottoman times, people used to drink sherbet to protect themselves from diseases. Of course, the medicine sector was not developed that much and there were not too many types of diseases. This is why sherbet was the most important medicine," Korun said.
Cranberry, quince, black mulberry and wild strawberry sherbets are particularly good for tonsil problems and cold, he said.


DP725 | Exchange Rate Bands and Optimal Monetary Accommodation Under a Dirty Float
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This paper studies regimes of managed exchange rates for a small open economy with an integrated capital market, rational expectations in financial markets, sluggish nominal wages and prices, and supply shocks that follow a Brownian motion. Each regime can be characterized by the degree to which price shocks are accommodated and the width of the exchange rate band. Special cases of monetary accommodation are a peg, a clean float and a PPP exchange rate rule. First, the optimal degree of monetary accommodation of price shocks is analysed when there is no exchange rate band. Given that the welfare loss is a weighted sum of the asymptotic variances of output and of consumer prices, monetary accommodation is particularly strong when the authorities care relatively more about full employment than price stability. More flexible labour markets induce right-wing governments to move towards a cleaner float and left-wing governments towards a PPP exchange rate rule. Second, the effects of exchange rate bands and the accompanying inframarginal interventions are examined when allowance is made for intramarginal interventions as well. Such a framework can, in contrast to the pioneering Krugman analysis, explain the observed hump-shaped unconditional density functions of EMS exchange rates.


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Whether comparing a man and a woman or a parent and a baby, we can still see when two people of different age or sex are genetically related. How do we know that people are part of a family? Findings from a new study published in the Journal of Vision increases our understanding of the brain's ability to see through these underlying variations in facial structure.
"Being able to see the family resemblance between faces that have some underlying difference, such as the difference between male and female faces, is an ability that is not well understood and merits further investigation to work out how visual information about faces is organized," says author Harry J. Griffin, PhD, of the Department of Cognitive, Perceptual and Brain Sciences at University College London.
As described in the paper "Relative faces: Encoding of family resemblance relative to gender means in face space" researchers conducted two experiments using original and synthesized cross-gender "sibling" faces that resemble each other and "anti-sibling" faces that have the opposite characteristics of the original face.
In the first experiment, participants were asked to identify male-female sibling pairs. Possible pairings included a face with its synthesised opposite-gender sibling, a face with its opposite-gender anti-sibling, and a face with a randomly selected opposite-gender face. Participants chose the sibling pair significantly more often than the randomly selected cross-gender pairings and the random pairings more often than the anti-face pairings.
"This pattern of results shows that when we see a face, we compare it to an average face for that gender, allowing us to pick out only the face cues that tell us about family membership while disregarding the irrelevant gender cues," explains Griffin.
In the second experiment, using the visual adaptation method of biasing an observer's perception of objects through prolonged exposure, participants were shown a male anti-sibling generated from a female face. The results indicate that adapting to the male face clearly influenced the perceived identity of a subsequent identity-ambiguous female face. According to the researchers, this implies that the cues underlying family resemblance for both male and female faces are processed within the same brain space.
"We used this simple, non-invasive method to show that the facial appearance of men and women are processed by overlapping populations of brain cells," says Griffin. "This takes our understanding beyond the conceptual and gives a picture of how the brain actually works."
The research team hopes their findings will prompt other researchers to investigate the perception of similarity in other aspects of facial appearance such as underlying differences in age or racial groups. They s also suggest the results may have an impact on the computer science industry.
"Understanding how we encode faces can inform computer scientists who are building face recognition systems for security applications and computer graphics teams building synthetic faces for applications in the film and gaming industry and to enhance human computer interaction," added computer scientist and team member Peter McOwan from Queen Mary, University of London.
The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
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With the countdown to Christmas well and truly on, we have asked Crime Stoppers SA for some tips on how you can stay safe this festive season.
Check out these handy crime prevention and safety tips.
1. Protect your parcels
Uncertainty around COVID-19 and social distancing restrictions have seen eCommerce boom across the country, with spending by Australians recording a 29% month-on-month increase from March to April this year when lockdowns began.
As we head into the busiest time of year for postal deliveries, it's important to do all you can to avoid becoming a victim of parcel theft by taking a few simple steps:
- Get packages delivered to a place where someone can physically receive them.
- Make sure to sign for deliveries or indicate a secure location where they can be left.
- Provide clear delivery instructions and ask for packages not to be placed at your front door.
- If you're not going to be home, arrange to collect the parcel from a depot or have it redirected to an address of someone you trust.
- Report any suspicious behaviour – such as a car following a courier van or an unexpected visitor who knocks on your door asking for someone you don't know.
2. Watch out for fraudsters
Online shopping is convenient for Christmas shopping but be careful transacting online to avoid identity theft. Identity theft is when someone uses your personal information without your knowledge, to obtain credit or purchase goods or services – and technology advances mean that criminals have a variety of methods at their disposal.
Here's some ways to avoid becoming a victim of identity theft:
- Shred documentation that has personal information, especially bank and credit card statements and old bills.
- Don't leave personal documentation in your car.
- Use strong passwords that are hard to guess.
- Never give out personal information over the phone, internet or even face-to-face unless you have initiated the contact and can verify that the person or organisation is legitimate.
- Secure your letterbox so only you can access your mail.
- Monitor your transactions and check bank statements or your bank account regularly to make sure there are no unauthorised transactions and contact your financial institution immediately if something is not right.
Credit cards and eftpos
- Immediately advise your bank if your card is lost or stolen, especially because 'contactless' technology allows transactions without a PIN or a signature up to a limit.
- Have different PINs for each card and choose them carefully. Don't write your PIN down or keep it in the same place as your cards.
- Never share your PIN with anyone and be alert when entering it at an ATM or during a shop transaction.
- Destroy old cards and sign news ones as soon as you receive them.
- When you move to a new house, make sure to update your address with your financial institution.
3. Put the brakes on burglars
Most thieves act on opportunity and Christmas can be a lucrative time for them, so the easiest way to reduce the chance of becoming a victim is to remove the temptation:
- Secure your house, vehicle, shed and garage at all times.
- Don't leave a spare key hidden outside.
- Invest in an alarm and security lighting.
- Keep valuables and wrapped presents out of view.
- Make the house look lived in using lights on automatic timers and have someone collect the mail.
- Make sure plants and trees close to doors and windows are well trimmed so thieves have no place to hide.
- Mark your possessions so they can be easily identified if recovered.
- Record serial numbers and take photos of unique items such as jewellery and provide a copy with your insurance company.
- Keep important documents and valuation certificates in a secure place, such as a safe or leave copies with a trusted friend or relative.
4. Make sure to shop safely
Shopping can be stressful, but social distancing and uncertainty over changing restrictions adds a new layer of complexity when battling the Christmas crowds. Seasonal shopping can also make you a potential target for thieves, so consider a few simple precautions:
In the shops
- Don't leave shopping to the last-minute rush.
- Only carry essential identification or valuables and make sure they're secure.
- Make sure your bag is closed, held in front of you where possible and never left unattended.
- Pay attention to your surroundings and if someone bumps into you, immediately check your valuables.
- When making a transaction using your card, never let it out of your sight and be wary about who is nearby when entering your PIN.
- Pay attention to who is around you and report any suspicious activity.
In the car park
- Always park in a safe location with good lighting and people around.
- Make sure all doors and windows on your vehicle are secure.
- Remove all valuables where possible or put things out of sight – including any coins.
- Be aware of your surroundings and report any suspicious activity.
- Don't leave GPS systems or mobile phone hands-free accessories on display.
5. Buckle up!
Whether it's in a car or a sleigh pulled by 12 reindeers, wearing a seatbelt is one of the best ways to protect yourself from serious injury. Always ensure a seatbelt is adjusted firmly to keep you safe and sound. It is a driver's responsibility to ensure that all passengers in their motor vehicle are correctly wearing an approved seatbelt or child restraint.
For more information on child restraints visit _URL_
6. Be social, not anti-social
There's no doubt that 2020 has been anything but a normal year, so Christmas should be a time to pay extra attention to the people around you and think before you act. For a minority in the community it appears that one too many drinks suddenly encourages wilful damage and nuisance behaviour, which can be very distressing for others nearby.
What might seem like harmless fun to those involved, can leave others feeling fearful and unsafe – especially when it escalates to physical damage, graffiti, yelling and rowdy behaviour – so be kind this Christmas.
7. Drink responsibly
Don't let over-indulgence in alcohol make it a less than merry Christmas because it contributes to making very poor decisions. Drinking excessively can also make someone increasingly vulnerable to becoming a victim of crime or physical trauma.
If you are going out, then plan to drink responsibly by:
- Arranging safe transport to and from your location, whether that is a designated sober driver, taxi or bus.
- If you are paying for your transport, make sure that you put the money aside at the start of the evening so that you don't spend it and find yourself stranded.
- When going out with a group, stay with that group and look out for one another.
- For every alcoholic drink you have, consider having a glass of water or non-alcoholic drink.
- Never lose sight of your drink to avoid it being spiked. If you happen to lose sight of your drink at any time, throw away what is left and get a fresh one – and never accept a drink handed to you by a stranger.
8. Keep your cool
While Christmas is a time for enjoying the company of family and friends, it can also be a period where family violence can occur. Family get-togethers, financial pressures and alcohol indulgence can see tempers fray, so think about ways to keep your cool:
- Planning is critical, especially when different family groups are involved or where separated parents with children are having access issues.
- Go easy if you are drinking, and make sure you have water or non-alcoholic drinks too.
- If an argument looks like it may start, then take time out to let everyone calm down or sober up.
- If you have real concerns for your safety or the safety of your children, then leave the situation immediately and seek help if needed.
9. Make your safety a priority
In the weeks leading up to Christmas it can be a whirlwind of get-togethers and parties – which is why it's important to also consider your personal safety through a few basic precautions:
If you are going out for the evening:
- Let someone know where you are going and what time you are likely to return home.
- Arrange safe transport to and from home, whether that is a designated sober driver, taxi, bus or dial-a-driver.
- Never accept a lift from someone you don't know or have just met.
- If a friend has had too much to drink, make sure they get home safely – don't just put them into a taxi or leave them.
- When out, walk home with friends and not on your own and keep to well-lit areas.
- Make sure your mobile phone is fully charged.
- If someone is acting suspiciously or making you feel unsafe then move to a location where others are around, seek assistance if needed and stick to well-lit public areas.
- Don't drink and drive and never get into a vehicle when you know or suspect that the driver has been drinking.
- Keep your valuables close to you and out of sight from others, keep an eye on your drink and never accept a drink from a stranger.
- Drink water or a non-alcoholic drink with every alcoholic one.
- Stay with your friends and look out for one another.
10. Don't get distracted
Don't forget that it is illegal to use a mobile phone while driving. If you can't resist the temptation then turn it off then it won't ring or distract you.
There are a number of free mobile phone apps which help remove the urge to check your phone by sending your caller an automatic message letting them know you are driving and will return their call when you arrive at your destination.
Many people will be heading off for that end-of-year road trip, which is why staying patient and alert on our roads will help to make sure everyone reaches their destination safely. To reduce the risks on our roads this Christmas:
- Ensure everyone is belted in safely.
- Rest well before


CBSO Centre, Birmingham 4 / 5 stars
There were no new works in the opening concert of the Birmingham Contemporary Music Group's season. Instead, Oliver Knussen conducted a beautifully planned and equally well-executed sequence of works by two of today's leading Nordic composers, the Dane Poul Ruders and the Finn Magnus Lindberg.
The real classic in the programme was Joy, one of Lindberg's breakthrough pieces from the early 1990s with which he first established an international reputation. It still wears wonderfully well. The ensemble writing is perfectly meshed with the electronic samples and contained within a consistent harmonic world that allows Lindberg to build a structure of almost symphonic weight, articulated by window-like moments of tinkling transparency and whispering trills, driven by a bubbling energy that is hard to resist.
The other Lindberg works in the concert were much slighter. Bubo Bubo, full of glittering, tumbling figures, was Lindberg's 50th-birthday tribute to Knussen, while Counter Phrases is a short dance score composed in 2003 for the choreographer Anna Teresa de Keersmaeker that constantly seems to change its perspective and direction, yet the harmonic clarity is just as potent as it is on a larger scale.
By contrast, the two early pieces by Ruders, both from the 1980s, seemed far less focused. Four Dances in One Movement begins with delicate, fractured sounds, but loses its way the more it gains in muscle and assertiveness. Formally, Nightshade is equally hard to grasp, but musically and expressively it's far more interesting, a miniature tone poem set in the lower depths with a sound world dominated by contrabass clarinet and contrabassoon and illuminated by occasional shafts of light from high-register violin and woodwind. As a study in bleakness, it's hard to beat.
· This article was amended on Friday October 10 2008. Magnus Lindberg is a Finnish composer. He is not Swedish, as we said above. This has been changed
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Start your day off with a nutritious and delicious snack - Diet Chiwda! This light yet flavorful mix of crunchy chiwda is the perfect snack to keep you energized and satisfied. Ready in minutes, this healthy snack is sure to delight!
Enjoy the savory flavors and satisfying crunch of Diet Chiwda, knowing that you're treating yourself to a snack that's not only delicious but also supports your health-conscious choices.
Weight Management: With its balanced blend of ingredients and portion control, Diet Chiwda supports weight management goals by offering a satisfying and lower-calorie snack option.
Nutrient Variety: The mix includes a variety of nuts, seeds, and whole grains, providing essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, healthy fats, and dietary fiber.
Energy Boost: Diet Chiwda's combination of complex carbohydrates and protein offers a sustained energy release, making it an ideal pick-me-up between meals.
Digestive Health: Dietary fiber from whole grains and seeds promotes healthy digestion, aids in regular bowel movements, and supports gut health.
Heart-Friendly: Nuts and seeds contribute to heart health by providing heart-healthy fats, antioxidants, and nutrients like magnesium.
Blood Sugar Control: The mix's balanced composition helps stabilize blood sugar levels, reducing the risk of energy crashes and overeating.
How to use: It is ready to eat snack, otherwise mix it into nuts, seeds, and dried fruits or your home made desi snacks.
Ingredients: Chiwda, Salt
Shelf Life: 6 Months
How to store: Store in Clean, Cool, Dry place. Free from Moisture, Humidity, Insects, Pest, Direct Sunlight & Dust.


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This Study deals with The topic of Perspectivism in the philosophy of Ortega Y Gasset (_PHONE_); The Contemporary Spanish Philosopher who has a prominent Place in The World of Philosophical thought, whether in Spain, or in the Whole Worlds according to many Thinkers, including Marias, who said: "Ortega Y Gasset in the greater philosopher in Spain", and Mora: "Ortega was not Just aphilosopher, but a writer also, and one of the Spanish innovators, who gave Spain anew golden age in literature". Ortega was dedicated to "essay" writing, because he was a Journalist interested in the affairs of his Spanish society. His Writings were various, as he wrote in every subject, such as philosophical, Studies, Literary Criticism, Political articles, and history. This diversity marks his diverse philosophy that we cannot classify under a particular Philosophical doctrine.
Ortega was influenced by existenlialism, Kantianism, and Phenomenology. So, Ortega succeeded in including all these philosophies to produce his new philosophy, which is the rationatisticvital philosophy based on the vital reason,;. E the association between reason and life, theat helped him in the creation of Knowledge theory, which is based on perspectivism.
The main idea of the present research is present research is perspectivism, which is the basis of Ortega's Philosophy as a whole. Ortega took a moderate position between rationalism and relativism, and tried to match between them through what he called "perspective".
The truth becomes clear for Ortega through the conceptualization of human life as afundamental truth. Pure reason for Ortega represents a partial perspective on the world, so it reveals a partial truth, and tries to preclude feelings and preferences, and the dements the hinder understanding. Life for Ortega is rational, and vital reason comes from life, and human life is the connection between me and the other. He indicated this through circumstances theory which assume that the human being is related to his circumstances. The Interaction between the subject and the object leads Ortega to what he calls perspectivism.


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Farmers and the wider agricultural community across the UK are reporting issues with Gas Oil (Red Diesel). These issues are leading to operational problems with, and blocked fuel filters in, tractors and other plant equipment.
UKIFDA, the fuel distributions trade organisation, have confirmed that the operational problems are nationwide and not restricted to any one fuel supplier or distributor.
Keith Read, former farmer and now part of the CPS Fuels Agricultural Team, explains why we are seeing issues with Gas Oil:
"The Road Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) was first introduced in 2008. It required all fuel refiners to add levels of FAME to most UK fuels. The reason for adding FAME to fuel is to reduce the levels of fossil fuels, by replacing part of the mineral fuel with a sustainable element.
Since 2008 the levels of FAME in Gas Oil has varied, but until recently was at very low levels and caused few problems when used in farming or plant equipment. The level of FAME has now risen significantly. From January 2019 the target was 8.5% and is set to increase up to 12.4% by 2032.
The challenge with biofuels such as FAME is that they have a chemical property which means they absorb surprisingly high levels of moisture from the atmosphere. This moisture forms tiny droplets in the fuel, then drops down to settle the bottom of the tank, where it collects as free water.
Where this water and the fuel meets, organic bacteria that are always present in mineral fuel in microscopic form, clump together and form a thick sludge, usually black, but can show as a white waxy substance. It is this family of 'diesel bugs' that are causing the problems we are now seeing."
As part of CPS Fuel's commitment to promoting best practice in the farming industry in East Anglia, we are reiterating and expanding on guidance previously shared with our farming customers.
Six measures to minimise the impact of FAME in Gas Oil.
1) Check your fuel storage tank
If you still have a single skinned tank it's probably time to upgrade to a bunded one. Aside from having a 'second skin' to prevent oil leaks, bunded tanks help reduce the levels of condensation in the fuel which is a major problem as the fuel gets cold overnight and then sunshine warms the single skin of the tank. The temperature difference promotes condensation, especially in the spring and autumn seasons when the highest temperature changes occur.
2) Location matters
Keeping the tank in a location that is as dry as possible will help reduce the water build-up and in turn the contamination issues. Therefore, we recommend where possible storing your tank out of the rain. However, storing inside farm buildings that contain livestock over the winter should also be avoided as the humidity of these sheds can lead to significant problems.
3) Top up before you run low
The most common time for the problem with contamination to be reported is immediately after a fuel delivery. This often leads to the conclusion that the fuel delivery has been the source of the problem – but what happens is that if the fuel level was very low before the delivery, the action of pumping fuel in at high pressure causes the contamination at the bottom of the tank (often below the outlet level) to mix around the fuel and then out of the fuel lines into the engine or boiler.
One option is to make sure any water and contamination in the bottom of the tank is regularly drained, another is to not allow the fuel levels to drop much below halfway to reduce the risk of stirring up any contamination. It should be noted that this second option will only delay, not resolve the problem!
4) Remove water from your storage tank
If your tank has a water drain then run off any free water that has accumulated in your tank. If no water drain is fitted then there are various water soaking devices you can use to absorb water from your fuel storage tank. which includes the Tank Sponge Eco, a device which is dropped into the tank to soak up any water that might form at the bottom. Once full, the insert within the device can be replaced with a new unit, each one able to absorb up to 700ml.
5) Consider storage additives to protect your machinery
There is no additive which can remove water from the fuel, however, there are additives that can reduce the buildup of microbial contamination. Care must be taken however, as using these additives in a badly contaminated tank will tend to flood the fuel lines and filters with dead bacterial sludge.
Assuming that the tank and fuel is clean, the use of fuel additives (which are supplied by most major fuel distributors) will help slow the buildup and reduce the risk of waxing and of course, still provide the usual performance and efficiency improvements.
6) Fit proper filtration on your fuel bunker
CPS Fuels are Farmers too. At Foxburrow we store our Tractor Diesel in a 10000 litre FuelProof tank, which was installed in 2016. All machinery is bunkered through a 4 micron Cim-Tek filter fitted to that tank and the machinery uses Largo filters on all the equipment. Our Farm runs modern machinery: Agco tractors, Claas Combines and JCB handling equipment. The farm has had no problems, filter blockages or fuel issues running on Gas Oil supplied direct from CPS Fuels.
To conclude we believe users must tackle these issues now as FAME isn't going away and will only increase over time with the next increase to 9.75% set for 2020.
CPS Fuels have a very experienced tank engineering team who would be pleased to provide help, advice and assistance to all our agricultural customers so they can bring their installations up to scratch and so ensure that the fuel they store is kept and dispensed in the best possible condition.
To order Gas Oil and farm fuels in Bulk or Barrels click or call CPS Fuels now.
We're local, we're best, we're CPS.
CPS Fuels, as a JET authorised distributor, supply marked EN590 grade diesel as Gas Oil so you have the highest quality Gas Oil available irrespective of use. CPS Fuels Gas Oil meets the same BS EN590 specifications as white road diesel and is therefore suitable for use in all farm machinery. The fuel properties of Gas Oil are adjusted seasonally to maintain good low temperature performance and operability.