text:
An Investigation of the Role of Silica Substrate Topography on the Tailing and Broadening of Basic Compounds in HPLC
AuthorLegg, Michael Antonio
AdvisorWirth, Mary J
Committee ChairWirth, Mary J
MetadataShow full item record
PublisherThe University of Arizona.
RightsCopyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author.
AbstractAtomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high performance liquid chromatography, and UV-vis spectroscopy were used to study commercial and locally produced chromatographic silica substrates. Previous work has correlated the presence of isolated silanols with the peak tailing and broadening of basic analytes, and studies have shown enhanced adsorption of these analytes to isolated silanols at topographic features on planar, fused silica coverslips. This work provides evidence that similar topographical features exist on chromatographic substrates.This work is the first, to our knowledge, to provide nanoscale, topographic data on commercial silica. Three products; by Agilent, Merck, and Waters all have surface features that are similar in size and shape to the features on planar coverslips. The Agilent product also has seams where the individual colloids are fused together to form the bulk particle. These seams may not be fully silylated due to steric hindrance. Neglecting these features, the bulk of the silica surface is as smooth as fused silica.The AFM, FTIR, and HPLC data all indicate that the Waters silica had roughly twice the abundance of isolated silanols as the Merck product. The HPLC data for the Agilent material exhibited fronting and could not be modeled, but the FTIR data indicated that it had the same isolated silanol abundance as the Merck product.These same methods were used to characterize nonporous silica particles produced in our laboratory to be used as substrates for a variety of separation techniques. From the initial silica particles to the final colloidal crystal, AFM, FTIR, and UV-Vis data used to characterize these materials is presented. A method to determine the refractive index of the silica particles was developed and the changes in refractive index as the material is processed are also shown.Separation of three dye species and another separation of three peptide chains was done on a 2D colloidal crystal of these silica particles. The colloidal crystal outperformed a commercial, silica monolithic product both in terms of peak asymmetry and in resolving the analytes. This preliminary work shows the promise of this material as a substrate for chromatographic separations.


Home Environment Green News
Ethiopia Can Generate a Surprisingly 60,000 MW of Clean Energy
According to a study cited by Corporate Communication Chief Officer with Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCo), Misikir Negash, Ethiopia has proven to be a novel source of renewable energy with great potential.
The hydroelectric, wind and geothermal resources can be harvested to generate approximately 60,000 MW of electricity. Ethiopia's potential capacity is unevenly generated from the clean energy sources, as follows: 45,000 MW from hydroelectric power, 10,000 MW from wind and 5,000 MW from geothermal sources.
Ethiopia is currently capable to generate about 2,000 MW, mostly obtained from hydroelectric power and plans to expand it up to 8,000 MW in the next five years.
The state-run news agency, ENA, reported also that a 120MW wind power plan has been set up in Tigray State and similar projects are to begin in Adama, Aysha (located between Dire Dawa and Dewelle), Debreberhan and Mesebo.
Summing up, Ethiopia has set a daring target of expanding the country's electric coverage from 41% to 75% in the following five 5 years. Moreover, there will be a premiere in the electric sector, as EEPCo will install a 500 kV high-voltage electric cable covering up to 434 km.
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ILO Factsheet Measuring the costs of coercion
Jul 01 2010
Download right click "save as"
What are, in addition to the human suffering, the financial costs of coercion to people who work in forced labour? In other words, how much money is "stolen" from people in forced labour? Answering this question requires some estimate of the net opportunity cost of being in forced labour, i.e. the amount of income that is lost because a person is in forced labour instead of being free. In a general sense, the cost of coercion can be defined as the difference between a victim's actual income in forced labour and what he or she would have earned doing the same job in a free labour relationship. Research over the last few years has shown that the loss of income associated with coercion can be traced to two main sources. The first source is the underpayment of wages. The second source of lost income that we consider arises mainly in cases of human trafficking: it is the financial costs associated with the recruitment process. More information about human trafficking on the website of ILO.
- The State of Human Trafficking in California 2012
- Ewa'a: Annual Book 2011 (English)
- Ewa'a: Annual Book 2011 (Arabic)
- The EU Strategy Towards the Eradication of Trafficking in Human Beings 2012-2016
- Trafficking in Persons Report 2012 Relevant International Conventions/Closing Material
- Trafficking in Persons Report 2012 Country Narratives T-Z
- Trafficking in Persons Report 2012 Country Narratives N-S
- Trafficking in Persons Report 2012 Country Narratives D-I
- Trafficking in Persons Report 2012 Country Narratives A-C
- Trafficking in Persons Report 2012 - Introductory materials
- Guatemala's Protocol for Repatriation of Human Trafficking Victims
- California Senate Bill 657

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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And having access to learnable skills such as managing moods, taking decisive and skillful actions, and relating to others with grounded compassion is crucial.
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These practices can help you:
Combining NVC and somatic techniques increases your capacity to organize yourself physically, emotionally, and linguistically. It offers daily and lifetime NVC practices for attuning to your body's signals and the present, direct, and immediate experience of the life you're living. And it brings you face to face with the history you've embodied, your deeper self, your greatest gifts, and the motivation to live more compassionately in the world. And along the way you'll be aligning your words and actions with everything you most deeply care about!
Whether you're just beginning to learn about NVC or are an advanced trainer, you'll find valuable knowledge in this course.
About David Weinstock


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(ARA) - Making community service a required part of school curriculum is a growing trend sweeping through schools across North America, as is the teaching of core values, such as fairness, respect and collaboration.
Educators agree that embracing service learning and character education, in addition to bringing benefits to the community, is also improving academic outcomes and student behavior.
"We wanted to get to a place where all of our young people understand their place in the world and how they can make an impact," says Guilford County, N.C., Schools Superintendent Maurice Green, in a recent interview in The Generator, a publication of the National Youth Leadership Council. As teachers work to incorporate these elements into the classroom they are welcoming innovative ideas from diverse sources.
Recognizing the need, The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, the world's largest voluntary health agency dedicated to blood cancer research and patient services, has designed 14 lesson plans for teachers to use in the classroom. The lesson plans integrate the themes of LLS's Pennies for Patients and Olive Garden's Pasta for Pennies programs into all academic areas.
Both programs encourage students to collect spare change to help fund lifesaving cancer research and patient services. Nearly 90 percent of children diagnosed with leukemia now survive thanks to remarkable research advances, but many are still dying. The programs hit home with the students because they are a way to directly benefit children who are diagnosed with cancer.
School teachers and staff across North America, such as Kim Stetzel, a fourth grade teacher in St. Louis, have long recognized the value of LLS's School & Youth programs, which operate in more than 25,000 schools.
Stetzel says a lesson plan she will teach this year fits perfectly with her history class. "Marching Through Time" has students creating a series of timelines - one of significant events in their own lives, one of noteworthy events in Missouri and one on the progress in research, discoveries, treatment options and cure rates of childhood leukemia.
"This lesson plan personalizes the concept of timelines for the children and teaches them about important events in history and in the advancement of treatments for a disease that impacts their peers," says Stetzel.
While Stetzel's students are participating in the lessons in class, they are also engaging in real life lessons as they raise funds to help support the research that has given so many of their peers the hope of living longer, better lives. Stetzel's students participate in Pennies for Patients to honor a schoolmate, fifth-grader Adam Bristoe, who is a leukemia survivor.
Stetzel has used other lessons as well. A few months ago, as part of her math lessons, she used the "Lucky Penny" lesson plan and last year her students wrote and performed a play on leukemia awareness and friendship.
"These lesson plans to help to enrich the learning experience of my students," says Stetzel. "They are learning important concepts in a variety of subjects while doing a service that improves the community."


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Evidence of traffic-related pollutant control in soil-based Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS)
Item TypeJournal Article
MetadataShow full item record
SUDS are being increasingly employed to control highway runoff and have the potential to protect groundwater and surface water quality by minimising the risks of both point and diffuse sources of pollution. While these systems are effective at retaining polluted solids by filtration and sedimentation processes, less is known of the detail of pollutant behaviour within SUDS structures. This paper reports on investigations carried out as part of a co-ordinated programme of controlled studies and field measurements at soft-engineered SUDS undertaken in the UK, observing the accumulation and behaviour of traffic-related heavy metals, oil and PAHs. The field data presented were collected from two extended detention basins serving the M74 motorway in the south-west of Scotland. Additional data were supplied from an experimental lysimeter soil core leaching study. Results show that basin design influences pollutant accumulation and behaviour in the basins. Management and/or control strategies are discussed for reducing the impact of traffic-related pollutants on the aqueous environment.
Napier, F., et al. 2009. Evidence of traffic-related pollutant control in soil-based Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS). Water Science and Technology. 60(1): pp.221-230. Available from: DOI: 10.2166/wst.2009.326

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Scotland Land and PropertyEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Land records can help you determine where and when your family lived in a specific place. Sometimes these records will be based on inheritance, and such records will often mention two or more generations of a family. In Scotland the land system had feudal roots in which the crown owned all of the land.
Many courts were involved in actions regarding land. Some of the most important courts were:
- Chancery Courts
- Court of Session
- Sheriff Courts
- Burgh Courts
- Commissary Courts
- Regality Courts
In general, there are three types of Scottish land records:
Most of our Scottish ancestors never owned land but rather lived and farmed land belonging to someone else. The Estate owner kept management records of their lands, estates and tenants. Some of these records have survived and reside either in the hands of the current estate owner or are at the National Archives of Scotland (NAS) as a Gift and Depost (GD). Some large estates have their own archives on-sight. The types of papers in an estate could be:
- Rentals or leases called a 'tack'
- Lists of tenants
- Records of tenants who may have been in some trouble
In order to search estate records you need to know who owned the estate. To find this information search these sources available either online or at the FHL:
- Parish histories and gazetteers
- The Old & New Statistical Accounts of Scotland at the FHL and online at Edina.ac.uk
- Findlay, James. Directory of Gentlemen's' Seats, villages, &c. in Scotland… (FHL book Ref 941 E4d; film 599347 item 3; fiche _PHONE_) online at Archives.org
- Register of the Great Seal _PHONE_, 11 vols. (FHL book 941 N2sc): _PHONE_ are available on Ancestry
- Statistics of the annexed estates, _PHONE_: from the records of the forfeited estates preserved in the Scottish Record Office [NAS]. FHL Q book 941 R2sa. Lists tenants on the estates forfeited as a result of the 1745 Rebellion.
- Index of Place Names to the Abridgements of Sasines (see that section)
- Timperley, Loretta R. Directory of Landownership in Scotland circa 1770. (FHL book 941 B4sr n.s. v. 5)
- Return of Owners of Land and Heritages in Scotland 1872-73 (FHL Q book 941 R25i)
- National Register of Archives (searchable online) _URL_
Once the name of the land owner has been determined, search the NAS' catalog for their name or the property name along with references of E,GD or RH. The FHL catalog should also be searched under the county where the property was located and look under the topic of "Land and Property".
Taxes were determined by the value of the land. These records are called 'valuation rolls' and exist sporadically before 1855. The book entitled "Directory of Landownership in Scotland circa 1770" is based in part on the valuation rolls for that year. The FHL has only a few of these records and most are listed in the NAS online catalog with the reference of VR. To learn more about these records go to _URL_
For More Information
For more information about sasine, service of heir, deeds, and other Scottish land and property records, see the following website and books:
National Archives of Scotland Look at the "Guides to Records".
Dobson, David. Scottish-American Heirs _PHONE_. Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 1990. (Family History Librarybook 941 D2d.)
Encyclopedia of the Laws of Scotland. 16 vols and 2 supps. Edinburgh, Scotland: W. Green & Son, Limited, 1926. (Family History Library book 941 P36e.)
Gibb, Andrew Dewar. Students' Glossary of Scottish Legal Terms. Edinburgh, Scotland: W. Green & Son, Ltd., 1946. (Family History Library book 941 P36g.)
Gouldesbrough, Peter. Formulary of Old Scots Legal Documents. Vol. 36. Edinburgh, Scotland: The Stair Society, 1985. (Family History Library book 941 B4st v.36.)
An Introductory Survey of the Sources and Literature of Scots Law. Vol. 1. The Stair Society. Edinburgh, Scotland: Robert Maclehose & Co., Ltd. for The Stair Society, 1936. (Family History Librarybook 941 B4st; film _PHONE_.)
Sinclair, Cecil. Tracing Your Scottish Ancestors: A Guide to Ancestry Research in the Scottish Record Office. Edinburgh, Scotland: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1990. (Family History Library book 941 D27s.)


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Boeing released a statement reacting to the latest round of tariffs proposed against China by U.S. President Donald Trump. Here a Boeing AH-64E is pictured. Photo courtesy of Boeing
U.S. President Donald Trump's latest attempt at imposing new import charges on Chinese goods saw the levying of a 25% tariff on some 1,300 items, including helicopters and helicopter parts.
The proposed tariffs, which amount to $12.5 billion on $50 billion in goods, would go into effect no sooner than June. Among the targeted products are parts for internal combustion aircraft engines and turbojets, wiring and rubber for use on aircraft, optical instruments, parts and accessories for aeronautical or space navigation and dozens of other line items related to aerospace.
There are also some specific references to helicopters mentioned in the list of targeted items:
- "Helicopters, with an unladen weight not over 4,409 pounds."
- "Helicopters, with an unladen weight over 4,409 pounds."
- "Parts of airplanes and other aircraft, propellers and rotors and parts thereof."
- "Parts of airplanes and helicopters."
The tariffs on Chinese aerospace, electronics and machinery parts and products follow China's tariffs on primarily agricultural U.S. exports, which came in response to America's announcement of extra taxes on Chinese steel, aluminum and solar panel parts.
In response to the latest — and largest — effort from the U.S., China broadened its proposed tariffs to cover a wide range of agricultural products that would balance the ledger with $50 billion more in duties.
That follows China's stated promise to respond in kind to any U.S. tariffs. "As the Chinese saying goes, it is only polite to reciprocate," was the Chinese Embassy's official response.
As the escalating reciprocation builds toward a trade war between the world's two largest economies, many worry about the collateral damage it would do. Some economists believe that much of this is posturing stronger negotiating positions when the two sides do come together. But if that takes too long, the tariffs would take effect, and the relevant industries would feel the impact until an agreement is reached.
Boeing is among those hoping for a quick resolution before the tariffs go into effect.
"Boeing is confident that dialogue continues. While both governments have outlined positions that could do harm to the global aerospace industry, neither has yet imposed these drastic measures. We will continue in our own efforts to proactively engage both governments and build on the recent assurances by U.S. and Chinese leaders that productive talks are ongoing. A strong and vibrant aerospace industry is important to the economic prosperity and national security of both countries," the company said in statement Wednesday.
None of the other major aviation industry airframe OEMs responded to the newly proposed tariffs.
One of the tariffs Trump announced was a 25% import tariff for foreign-made steel and a 10% tariff for aluminum. Mexico and Canada were excluded from that tariff.
When the steel and aluminum tariffs were announced, the CEO of United Technologies Corp. — one of the industry's biggest suppliers of helicopter engines said during an interview with CNBC, that it's not in favor of the tariffs.
"We don't want to see a trade war with China," said Hayes. "We import a lot from China. They import a lot of aerospace parts from us and specifically from Boeing. As you know, Boeing is the biggest customer that we have on the aerospace systems side."

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


WORLD on Campus
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Entertainment & the Arts | November 30, 2012
By ear
Entertainment & the Arts
Music from centuries past finds a devotee in blind Gordon College violinist
Albano Berberi (Courtesy photo)
Dr. Michael Monroe watched Albano Berberi tune a harpsichord that had languished in storage until the student's arrival at Gordon College. Berberi's passion for centuries old music and the instruments that produce it intrigued the professor. And Berberi's ability to navigate the labyrinthine innards of the arcane keyboard, despite being blind, inspired him.
Born with Leber Congenital Amarosis, Berberi, 22, has been blind from birth although he has some light and general color perception. And as is often the case when one sense is incapacitated, another over compensates for the loss.
Berberi's hearing is deftly acute. And it enables him to do things most people might think impossible for someone who cannot see. He is adept at playing video games, having discovered characters' actions have corresponding audio cues. But his ability to learn music by ear goes beyond the natural talent he shares with many musicians. His professors describe his ability as "intuitive."
Berberi transferred to Gordon College in Wenham, Mass., after a difficult semester at Wheaton College in Norton, Mass., left him on academic probation at the end of 2009. Remembering Gordon's aggressive recruiting campaign, Berberi contacted the school at the end of the winter break. Five days later he was enrolled, and three days after arriving on campus, he received his audio books. His new roommate, also blind, knew the campus well and introduced Berberi to his new surroundings.
"I had a string of good luck that made me wonder if it was luck or divine intervention," Berberi said.
Berberi arrived at Gordon, an evangelical Christian college, in the spring of 2010 seeking a music performance degree. After coming to campus, Berberi "rediscovered Christianity" and now appreciates the role faith plays in campus life. It creates a sense of community he had not experienced anywhere else. Instructors, who understand music as a gift from God, encourage students to explore their musicality, finding the best way to give back to God what he has created. The artistic freedom in that ethos offered relief from the intense pressure he felt at Wheaton and has nurtured his lifelong affinity for music, Berberi said.
Although blind, Berberi has played a musical instrument longer than he can remember. When his family still lived in Albania, 6-month-old Berberi began playing the keyboard. It wasn't Mozart, but his father told him he played the notes sequentially. At 18 months, he reproduced the music demonstration tape that came with the keyboard.
When he was a year old, the family moved to Greece, where he continued playing keyboard until his kindergarten teacher decided to introduced him to another instrument. They first tried the recorder during a trip to a music conservatory. But he found it "rather boring," and the two continued their tour of the facility in search of an instrument to pique his interest. A musician taking a break from rehearsals handed the young boy his violin. The instrument, built for an adult not a 5-year-old, hardly nestled under his chin. But it proved a perfect fit.
"It can be the sweetest thing or angry," Berberi said. "It's just a very expressive instrument."
Berberi uses his musical talents to express what one professor called the "ambiguity and beauty of the art." In addition to his skills as a violinist, Berberi has a passion for the harpsichord. Gordon had three idle instruments before Berberi learned of their existence. As a result of a deal brokered with the music department, one now sits in Berberi's room in exchange for his skills in maintaining and tuning it.
The harpsichord, a precursor to the piano that rose and fell in popularity between 1450 and 1800, pairs nicely with the 200-year-old violin Berberi procured in a trade with a former professor. The antique gets its organic resonance from sheep-gut strings instead of the contemporary steel, he said.
Berberi's love of Baroque music makes sense of his appreciation for the older instruments and the sounds they produce. He reproduces that sound in the music he composes and records. One ensemble piece is a multi-track recording featuring Berberi performing all of the parts.
"If you had told me it was a piece by Haydn, I would have believed it," Monroe said recalling one of Berberi's compositions. Playing his own music as a soloist negates the necessity for a conductor, but performing with an orchestra requires direction Berberi cannot see. He depends on the rhythm of the music and the skill of violinists beside him to learn the music and anticipate the conductor's cues.
"I'm a conductor's worst nightmare because, I guess, I don't need them," he quipped.
But his goal as a musician does not depend on a conductor. Berberi hopes to share his passion for Baroque music and the instruments on which it was originally played. He dreams of creating a small ensemble to travel the world and introduce audiences to "historically informed performance."
Before he can step out onto the international stage, Berberi realizes he has some difficult lessons to learn. Following graduation in May, Berberi plans to attend a school for the blind to better prepare him for an independent life. After that, he hopes to move to one of the world's most challenging environments - New York City and The Juilliard School.
Berberi's violin instructor, Dr. Susan Kim, said he found his niche in the Baroque genre and it may be to his advantage when he applies to Juilliard. The music conservatory recently developed a post-graduate degree program in historically informed performance. As a Julliard graduate, Kim admits to having some anxiety for her student. The world-renowned school is hyper-competitive and "cut-throat."
No matter where Berberi ends up next, Kim hopes he finds a place to use his gift of music to bless others.
"I know God has a certain place in mind for him," she said.


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Cash advance credit cards
Cash advance credit cards explained
It's possible to use your credit card for cash advances, but you should try and avoid it if you can
By Mehdi Punjwani
Published: 08 September 2020
Man using credit card to pay via a laptop
Ready to compare?
If you need cash quickly, it's possible to withdraw it on most credit cards.
This is known as a cash advance, but it's rarely recommended because of the high withdrawal fees and interest payments, which usually kick in straightaway.
What is a cash advance credit card and how does it work?
As well as making purchases and transferring balances, most credit cards allow you to withdraw cash as you would with a debit card. This is known as a cash advance.
The problem is that unlike a debit card you will often be hit with a fee and interest is charged from the moment you take out the cash. This makes using a credit card for cash advances expensive, even if you clear your credit card balance every month.
It's also not just notes and coins that may be considered as a cash transaction with a credit card. Other transactions, such as mortgage payments or utility bills, may be deemed cash transactions too. If unsure, it's best to check with your card provider first.
Making an electronic transfer from your credit card to your current account will also incur a fee, but if you have a specialist money transfer credit card, you can at least avoid paying interest for a set period.
If you do withdraw cash on your credit card, try to clear your balance straightaway to minimise the interest you'll pay.
How much cash can I withdraw on a credit card?
It's likely that the amount you can withdraw in cash will be lower than your overall credit limit, which you use for purchases or a balance transfer.
For example, if you had a £2,000 credit card limit, you may only be able to withdraw £1,200 in cash.
What transactions are considered a cash advance?
As well as withdrawing notes and coins, the following could also be considered a cash advance:
 - Making a mortgage payment
 - Paying a utility bill
 - Buying travel money
 - Buying gift vouchers
 - Transferring money from your credit card to a current account
Why should I avoid taking out cash on a credit card?
Not all spending costs the same on a credit card. Taking out cash is typically more expensive than making purchases because interest is charged straightaway and then every day until you pay off your balance
There is also likely to be an additional cash advance fee for using your credit card in an ATM, for example. This could be a fixed fee or a percentage of the amount you have withdrawn.
Can I withdraw cash abroad on my credit card?
Yes, but this will probably be even more expensive because you will be hit with extra fees.
In addition to the cash advance fee and interest charges there will be a foreign usage fee and if the cash withdrawal is in British pounds and not the local currency, you'll also have to pay a dynamic currency conversion (DCC) fee. The exchange rate won't be the best either.
How do you get cash on a cash advance credit card?
In the normal way you would take out cash with a debit card.
You can withdraw cash from an ATM using your PIN, over the counter at a bank or by getting cashback at a shop.
However, while getting cash out isn't difficult, you need to be aware of the additional costs you may incur.
What are the fee-free credit card alternatives?
While you will not be able to withdraw cash from an ATM on any credit card fee-free, there are credit cards that do allow you to access cash or spend on your card without paying interest. Here's how they work:
 - 0% money transfer cards: Make payment from your credit card as cash straight into your current account and charge 0% interest on the borrowing for a set period. Money transfer cards with the longest 0% terms will typically charge a transfer fee of around 3% of the debt.
 - 0% balance transfer card: Allows you to transfer an existing card debt on to the balance transfer card where you won't be charged any interest for a set period, for example,
 12 or 24 months. There may be a one-off fee to transfer the balance.
 - 0% purchase card: Allows you to make purchases online or in-store without paying interest for a set period.
Agreed overdraft facilities are another option if you need a smaller amount of fee-free borrowing. Some banks are prepared to offer you up to several hundred pounds of agreed overdraft, provided you pay it back in good order – often more if you're a current student. But beware, if you go over your agreed threshold or time limit, interest rates on overdrafts can be quite steep – often reaching 40%.
Compare credit cards with MoneySuperMarket
If you're looking for a credit card, comparing deals on MoneySuperMarket is an easy way to find a card that's right for you. All you need to do is tell us a little about yourself, your financial status, and what you'd like to use your new credit card for, and we'll show you a list of cards tailored to your needs.
You'll be able to sort them by their interest rates, any included incentives and your likelihood of you being approved. Thanks to MoneySuperMarket's eligibility checker, you can reduce the risk of having your application for credit refused.
Once you've found the card you want, just click through to the provider to finalise your application. If it's accepted, your provider will send you the card through the post as well as letting you know your credit limit and interest rate – remember the advertised rate may not be the one you get, as it only has to be offered to 51% of successful applicants.
Once you have your card, you just need to activate it and it will be ready to use.
MoneySuperMarket is a credit broker not a lender. You must be 18 or over and a UK resident.
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 Assigning DHCP Addresses to Subscribers
 Figure 1 shows the process that the SAE uses to assign addresses to DHCP subscribers.
 Figure 1: DHCP Address Assignment
 DHCP Address Assignment
 To create and track a subscriber session for DHCP subscribers, the SAE:
 1. Uses the client's media access control (MAC) address to look up a profile in cache or in the directory.
 1. If the SAE finds an authCache profile, it skips to authenticating the address request.
 2. If the SAE does not find a profile, it skips to classifying the DHCP request.
 3. If the SAE finds a DHCP profile, it skips to loading a DHCP profile.
 2. Authenticates the address request.
 The SAE authenticates the request by using the configured DHCP authentication plug-ins. The DHCP authentication plug-ins are configured in the Retailer object in the directory. The SAE selects the retailer based on the domain name of the login request. If the Retailer object does not specify a DHCP authentication plug-in, the default retailer authentication plug-in is used for authentication.
 If authentication fails, the SAE sends a discover decision with accept=false to the router.
 3. Classifies the DHCP request.
 The SAE runs a DHCP classification script to select the DHCP profile to load. If it does not find a profile, the SAE sends a discover decision with accept=false to the router.
 4. Loads a DHCP profile.
 The SAE loads the selected DHCP profile from the directory.
 5. Authorizes the DHCP request.
 The SAE authorizes the request by using the globally configured DHCP authorization plug-ins, which can include a subscriber-limiting plug-in.
 Note that if the DHCP profile contains configuration parameters and the DHCP authorization plug-ins also return parameters, the plug-in parameters take precedence.
 6. Assigns the address to the subscriber.
 The SAE sends a DHCP discover decision to the router, which enables the router to assign an address to the subscriber. When the subscriber accepts the assigned address, the router sends an address request to the SAE, and the SAE starts processing a DHCP login request. See Creating and Tracking Subscriber Sessions.
 Published: 2014-06-12


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The Closing Process
For someone who is going through a first-time purchase or sale, the process can be daunting. Not only is there a lot to get done, but the order and timing of the process is very important. While most investors will have an agent to help them through the process, it's important that the process is well-understood by the investor so he can protect his own interests in the deal.
Here is the abbreviated process for a typical retail closing (meaning a typical private buyer and typical private seller):
- Buyer and Seller sign contract. The contract is now called "executed" (or more accurately "executory") and the closing process starts.
- One of the agents will at this point send the contract to a closing agent — either a title company or an attorney, depending on your state. This is referred to as "opening escrow."
- The closing agent will at some point (generally pretty quickly) do a title search or order a title search from another company that specializes in doing them.
- The buyer will generally at this point get an inspection. Most retail contracts will have a period during which the buyer has the option to get inspections and back out if the inspection results are not satisfactory (called an "inspection period" and the contract clause is called the "inspection contingency"). In some cases, the buyer can back out for any reason whatsoever (called a "due diligence period" with a "due diligence contingency"). The buyer may get a termite inspection (or ask the seller to provide a clear termite letter), may get a survey, may get mold tests, radon tests, etc. Whatever they feel is necessary to be comfortable with the condition of the property. This time period is generally somewhere in the 7-14 days, but can be anything the buyer and seller agree upon.
- If the buyer is getting a loan, the buyer at this point will generally fill out a formal application (if not already done) and get the loan process started. If getting a loan, the buyer will generally have a clause in the contract where they have a period of time during which they can back out if they determine they can't get the loan (called a "financing period" and "financing contingency"). This is generally somewhere in the 21-30 days, but again, can be anything the buyer and seller agree upon.
- The inspection results come back and the buyer will generally at this point ask the seller to make some repairs based on the results. Some of the requests may be necessary to get the loan approved (lenders will often see the inspection report and require certain repairs to ensure the house is in good shape), and if the property is being sold as-is, the buyer can still ask the seller to drop the price in lieu of making repairs. This is done using a contract amendment called a "repair amendment" or something similar.
- Buyer and seller negotiate these repairs, and assuming they come to agreement, the buyer will generally agree that the "inspection period" or "due diligence period" is now officially over (even if all the time hasn't elapsed in the period).
- Once the repairs are agreed upon, and after the lender/broker has gotten a reasonable expectation that the buyer can qualify for the loan, the lender will order an appraisal. This is to verify that the property is worth what it's being sold/bought for, so that the bank isn't lending more money than the property is worth. The appraiser will generally go to the house within a couple days of the appraisal being ordered, will do their walk-through, and then will return the appraisal results within a couple days after that. The whole process takes about 3-7 days.
- If the buyer is getting a loan, there is almost always an "appraisal contingency" in the contract. This generally says something along the lines of, "If the appraisal indicates that the property isn't worth what the buyer and seller have agreed upon, the buyer can walk away from the deal." In reality, the other options are that the seller reduces the selling price to whatever the appraisal value is, the buyer figures out a way to pay the difference out of his own pocket, or a combination of both. But, one way or the other, until the sales price and the appraisal value are matched up, the deal can't go through and the buyer will generally have an option to walk away.
- Before the end of the financing period, the buyer should determine if they can get their loan (generally, the appraisal is one part of this determination), and by the end of that period, the buyer (or the lender) should provide a "commitment letter" to the seller indicating that the loan is pretty much approved. Once past the financing and inspection periods, if the buyer hasn't back out with the appropriate reasons, they now either need to complete the deal or lose their earnest money.
- During this whole time, the closing agent is working on the stuff needed for closing. They are ensuring that there are no title issues (and if there are, is working with the seller to resolve them), they are contacting the HOA to get payment info, finding out tax information, etc.
- At some point before closing, the seller makes the agreed upon repairs. Generally, the buyer will do a walk-through a few days before the closing to verify all the repairs have been completed (if any were requested). The lender may send an inspector back to the property as well to verify the repairs if they are required for the loan.
- The last week or two of the process is generally where all the contract, loan information, the inspection report, the appraisal and all other pertinent documents go to the underwriter (this person works for the lender and makes the final decision on whether the loan gets approved or not). During this time, the buyer may need to provide some extra documents, as might the seller or the closing agent. Every time the underwriter needs information, the process generally stalls for a couple days (underwriters are busy, and it can take 2-3 days to review everything new that comes in). So, you may think you're a couple days from closing, but the date keeps getting pushed back — this may be because underwriting keeps asking for more and more information.
- The last step the underwriter generally takes is to verify the buyer's employment. If the buyer lost their job in the past couple weeks (or lied about their employment), this may not be found out until nearly the end of the process and the whole thing can fall apart.
- Once the underwriter verifies everything and gives the okay on the loan (called "clear to close"), they will send all the documents they need signed, along with a set of instructions over to the closing agent (the "closing package"). Generally speaking, the closing agent is representing the bank, not the buyer or seller, and the closing agent will following the instructions the underwriter provides on what needs to be signed and taken care of.
- The closing package contains all the financials of the transaction, including all the costs to the buyer for the loan. The closing agent will take all these numbers, along with all the payment information they gathered from the HOA, tax authority, etc, and create a detailed statement that itemizes how much each side (the buyer and the seller) need to pay and/or receive. This statement (the "HUD-1" or "Settlement Statement") is standard across the country, so it always has the same format wherever you may be.
- A couple days before close, the closing agent should send a copy of the HUD-1 to all parties to review. In reality this often happens the day before or even the day of. When dealing with a bad closing agent, it might happen while you're sitting in the closing office waiting to close… 🙂
- The day of closing, the seller comes to the closing office with the house keys, the buyer comes to the closing office with a certified check for the amount he owes (or he can wire the funds), the bank wires the loan money, and lots of documents are signed.
[NOTE: There could be lots of other contingencies in the contract as well that need to be cleared. For example, the buyer may have a contingency that says he needs to sell his house before he has to buy the seller's house. If the buyer can't sell his house, he can back out of the deal based on whatever the terms are in that contingency. There are all kinds of potential contingencies (anything you can imagine), and as long as the buyer and seller agree, it's part of the contract and those need to be cleared before both parties are obligated to go through with the purchase.
Now, all that said, here's a disclaimer:
Some areas may have other steps that I didn't mention, I may have missed some stuff, I may have glossed over some important stuff, some steps may not happen for some reason, sometimes things are done in a different way or by different parties, sometimes the process is much longer/shorter/complex/simple/etc. So, don't rely on this to pass any real estate exams — but it should give you a basic idea of the process for your next closing.


text:
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The Scarlett Letter and Their Eyes Were Watching God compare and contrast
The first 200 words of this essay...
English 1HL, Period 1
25 January 2008
Comparing and Contrasting the Use of Symbols to Embrace Thematic Ideals of Female Oppression in The Scarlet Letter and Their Eyes Were Watching God
English novelist, Virginia Woolf once said "The history of men's opposition to women's emancipation is more interesting perhaps than the story of that emancipation itself. Within Hawthorne's The Scarlett Letter and Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God, Woolf's statement is truly evident. As a whole, both novels have a central focus of the oppression of women in society. Both novels contain the central theme of female oppression manifested throughout the whole novel. Throughout Hurston's, Their Eyes Were Watching God and Hawthorne's, The Scarlet Letter, both authors employ the use of symbols to embrace the thematic ideal of female oppression.
In the two novels, hair, and the confinement of that hair effectively acts as symbols of female oppression. At the beginning of the novel as Hester descends down the path of judgmental woman, the author makes an observation about the "dark and abundant hair, so glossy that it threw off the sunshine with a gleam.
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text:
Taro is a plant grown in French Polynesia, used for its edible stem and leaves. It is often eaten as a puree or starch and is considered a staple in Polynesian cuisine. There are several varieties, at least thirty, but the two most frequently used are taro veo and mana ura.
Many tarodières exist in French Polynesia. They can be found all over French Polynesia, but it's in the Australs that taro likes to grow best.
Taro has many benefits: its anti-inflammatory, analgesic and digestive properties were known to the ancient Polynesians. Its leaves are used to heal skin wounds and regulate perspiration, while its flowers relieve stomach upsets.
Taro is rich in starch, fiber, iron and key nutrients such as vitamins and amino acids. It acts as an appetite suppressant, benefits cardiovascular health and has antioxidant properties.
In the kitchen
Taro is eaten plain, cooked for a long time in slightly sweet water. It is eaten in the same way as 'uru. It's delicious fried as French fries or potato chips! It's also eaten with fāfaru, a dish of fresh fish in fermented water. Fish and taro are accompanied by Miti hue, a traditional condiment made from the fermentation of grated almonds from still-green coconuts, seawater and crushed goat's head. In the Chinese community, for example, it's eaten as a fritter stuffed with meat (see recipe below).


text:
Quality Framework for the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Flexible Aged Care Program
1.1 Purpose of the guideThis guide is designed to introduce the concept of quality and quality systems to a broad audience, such as indigenous staff members, Board members, service users, family and community. It uses familiar language and visual prompts.
The guide is structured around the following content:
|Standard||Expected Outcome and Guide to requirements|
|What is a Quality System?||Explains a quality system.|
|Why have a Quality system?||Explains the benefits of having a quality system. Includes examples of quality processes and prompts for services to think about when planning a quality system.|
|Implementing a Quality System||Discusses the key steps in implementing a quality system including the development of mission and vision statements, a strategic plan and policies and procedures. |
Explains how policy and procedures underpin service delivery and provides simple definitions and examples of easy to follow formats to assist services develop the necessary documentation.
|Continuous Quality Improvement||Explains the purpose of CQI and the CQI model. Discusses conducting, recording, and reporting quality activities. Emphasises the importance of systems to capture and act upon opportunities for improvement from all stakeholders.|
|Quality Improvement Plans||Discusses the purpose of a Quality Improvement Plan.|
Provides an example plan and quality System checklist.


and Q:
>
> weaker P => Q
> stronger Q => P
>
> The formal rationale is that if you have a proof
>
> P1 => P2 => P3
>
> Then weakening P1 to P1' => P1 and strengthening P3 => P3' keeps it:
>
> P1' => P2 => P3'
You have it backwards ; if P1' implies P1 then P1' is stronger
than P1 .
Spiros Bousbouras
unread,
Apr 11, 2023, 11:37:37 PM4/11/23
to
Apologies ; it was me who got it backwards.
Niklas Holsti
unread,
Apr 12, 2023, 2:49:40 AM4/12/23
to
Speaking of logic in general, rather than Ada contracts in particular, I
would say that you got it right, and Dmitry did not.
Suppose we have a theorem about geometrical figures F, and at first we
can prove the theorem only if we assume (precondition) that the figure F
is a square. Later we manage to improve the proof so that it holds also
for rectangles. I would say, and I think mathematicians would say, that
we /weakened/ the assumptions from "F is a square" to "F is a
rectangle", and indeed the former (stronger) implies the latter
(weaker), which is not as Dmitry defined "stronger".
G.B.
unread,
Apr 12, 2023, 3:30:58 AM4/12/23
to
Thanks for pointing out the issue: When P_n or Q_m don't
mention the thing to which they "belong",
then how does just mentioning names of predicates clarify
to what end of the substitution the comparatives "weaker"
or "stronger" will apply? It's variance of meaning.
"The LSP paper" uses "weak" more generally.
OK, condition P is generally considered stronger than Q
if P implies Q, right? I.e., Q not without P.
Is there a commonly accepted definition of the words "weak"
and "strong", in mathematics perhaps, that justifies the
usual contextual _omissions_ from speech?
LSP uses "pre" and "post" for an object's value in a state.
There are phrases such as "stronger requirements that constrain".
Consider a different choice of adjectives:
Given a primitive operation f of a type T,
then a precondition of any overridden f of
a type D descended from T must be sexier.
Does "sexy" carry more or less meaning than "weak" WRT assertions?
Ben Bacarisse
unread,
Apr 12, 2023, 8:29:54 AM4/12/23
to
No, you are correct. If P1' => P1 then P1' /is/ stronger (or at least
no weaker) than P1.
Using upper and lower case to suggest stronger and weaker then if we
have a proof p |- Q, then we can also assert that P |- q for all
stronger premises P and weaker conclusions q. Formally
{p, P=>p, Q=>q} |- q
Or, written out using the deduction theorem, if we have p=>Q then we can
assert P=>q for any stronger P (so P=>p) and any weaker q (so Q=>q).
In Floyd-Hoare logic, this is embodied in the consequence rule:
P=>p, {p}S{Q}, Q=>q
-------------------
{P}S{q}
which says that we can always strengthen a pre-condition and weaken a
post-condition.
However (if I've got the context right), in terms of substitution and/or
inheritance, Dmitry-Kazakov was correct to say that "The general
principle of substitutability is that the preconditions can be weakened,
the postoconditions can be strengthened". It's just the definition that
was backwards.
--
Ben.
Dmitry A. Kazakov
unread,
Apr 13, 2023, 2:27:33 AM4/13/23
to
Yes, you are right. Inclusion is an inverse of implication.
A weaker predicate is true on a set that contains the set where the
stronger predicate is.
0 new messages


text:
Argentina Restaurant Faces Backlash For Holocaust-Themed Menu
A restaurant called the Honky Donky in Rafaela, Argentina, isn't helping the reputation of the South American state, which long served as a safe haven for Nazi Germans.
Guests can order "Adolf fries," which appropriately come with decidedly non-kosher bacon, and a 3.5-ounce "Ana Frank burger," which for $11 is accompanied by lettuce, tomato, pickles and mayonnaise, according to the New York Post.
Dishes included "Adolf fries" — fried potatoes doused in bacon and cheddar — and an "Ana Frank burger," which entailed 3.5 ounces of ground beef with lettuce, tomato, pickles and mayonnaise for around $11.
Frank was a Jewish teenager who famously hid out from the Nazis during their occupation of the Netherlands in 1942 — a harrowing saga that she chronicled in her now-iconic eponymous diary.
"It's unclear why Honky Donky, which also featured menu items named Benito, after Benito Mussolini, and 'Gengis,' after Genghis Khan, decided to roll out Holocaust-themed noshes," said the Post.
The local Jewish community expressed its "deepest rejection and indignation," and threatened to sue the establishment.
The restaurant apologized on social media, scrapped the Hitler fries and renamed the burger after the executed English queen Anne Boleyn.
"The restaurant also pledged to roll out dishes based on more inspiring and heroic historical figures such as Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela, among others," the Post reported.
After World War II, Argentina provided refuge for Nazis fleeing justice. Israeli Mossad agents captured Nazi Party officer Adolf Eichmann in Argentina in 1960 before bringing him to Jerusalem for trial, where he was ultimately hanged.
"SS Lieutenant-Colonel Adolf Eichmann was Chief of the Jewish Office of the Gestapo during World War II and implemented the Final Solution which aimed at the total extermination of European Jewry, Adolf Eichmann was born in Solingen, Germany, on March 19, 1906," said the Jewish Virtual Library
Argentina restaurant scrapped 'Ana Frank burger,' 'Adolf fries' from menu. The local Jewish community, which expressed "deepest rejection and indignation," is threatening to sue.
Produced in association with Jewish News Syndicate
Edited by Judy J. Rotich and Newsdesk Manager
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While brightwheel is built to best serve early childhood education centers, there are nannies across the country utilizing the platform to provide insight to parents about their child's day. There are a couple of ways that brightwheel can be setup to work for a nanny or home care situation.
Nanny Owned
The most common setup for nannies is where the nanny or homecare provider is the account owner and manages the platform independently. In this situation, the nanny can add students and parent contacts, just like a teacher would in any other facility.
This enables the nanny to log activities, manage invoices and billing, and communicate with parents.
Parent Owned
For parents who prefer to be in control of the brightwheel platform, this setup may be more preferable. In this situation, the parents would start and manage the brightwheel account and then add their nanny as a staff member. This method still allows the nanny to use all of the features listed above, but the actual account management will be handled by the parents.
The parents should also be added as parent contacts in this situation so that they can get notifications and updates through the brightwheel app.
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text:
All Rights Reserved - Digital Longhouse © 2014
Changes of Wind – Directed by Russell Wallace
Out on the land and in the mountains, the wind moves through the senses. We see the grass moving, we hear the movement of the branches of the trees and we feel the wind on our face and sometimes we can even feel the breath being taken right out of us.
The wind does bring great change sometimes. We see the debris from the torn trees and any structure that dares stand against the wind. The wind then is a catalyst.
History is full of examples of great change and with those events are the people that are there tearing down branches and breaking limbs and making some trees fall. In Indigenous cultures there have been many storms and there has been a lot of debris left behind but there are still many trees standing.
A lot of our people have been isolated and blinded by the debris and whirl around the urban centres getting stuck in circles in the core of the city. Eventually some awaken and find others and work as the grasses do when a wind comes, moving together. We reach out, we find our support in others and then we dance with them.


text:
Cause of Dispute
Cause of dispute statistics relate to the reported main cause of stoppage of work and not necessarily all causes that may have been responsible for the stoppage of work. For these reasons, the statistics do not reflect the relative importance of all causes of disputes as perceived by both employers and employees. The causes are classified from information supplied by employers and according to standards determined by the International Labour Organisation.
Disputes are initially classified according to whether a dispute occurred during a process of workplace/enterprise bargaining. A process of workplace/enterprise bargaining refers to the negotiations that take place between an employer and their employees (or their representatives), in reaching an agreement over pay and employment conditions.
Disputes not related to a process of workplace/enterprise bargaining include:
Disputes are then further classified according to the main cause of the dispute, as follows:
Enterprise Bargaining (EB) related:
Remuneration: Disputes relating to wages and other forms of remuneration, e.g. increase/decrease in wages, allowances, entitlements and superannuation.
Employment conditions: Disputes relating to hours of work, leave, non-remuneration related benefits, and other general employment conditions, e.g. increase/decrease in hours, distribution of hours, and holiday and leave provisions.
Other EB related: Causes other than Remuneration or Employment conditions, including job security and other causes relating to a process of workplace/enterprise bargaining, e.g. pattern bargaining strikes, disputes where employees refuse to enter into enterprise bargaining negotiations.
Remuneration: as above
Employment conditions: as above
Health and safety: Disputes concerning physical working conditions, safety issues and workers' compensation provisions, e.g. accidents, protective clothing and equipment, first aid services, uncomfortable working conditions, employee amenities, shortage or poor distribution of equipment or material, condition of equipment, and arduous physical tasks.
Job security: Disputes concerning issues relating to job security, e.g. retrenchment of employees, downsizing, restructuring, use of contractors, outsourcing, re-classification of the workforce, and market conditions within the relevant industry.
Managerial policy: Disputes relating to the decisions and policies of line managers, e.g. disciplinary matters, suspensions, personal disagreement, discrimination, decisions that impact upon work and family issues, docking of pay, fines, production limits or quotas, principles of promotion or filling positions, and work practices.
Union issues: Disputes concerning the alleged anti-union attitude of the employer, inter-union and intra-union disputes (e.g. demarcation disputes), sympathy stoppages in support of employees in another industry, and recognition of union activities.
Other non-EB related: Disputes that cannot be ascribed to any other category, e.g. political protests.
- disputes relating to award negotiations
- disputes relating to the content or application of an existing agreement (and do not seek to amend or terminate the agreement)
An industrial dispute is defined as a state of disagreement over an issue or group of issues between an employer and its employees, which results in employees ceasing work. Industrial disputes comprise strikes, which are a withdrawal from work by a group of employees; and lockouts, which are a refusal by an employer or group of employers to permit some or all of their employees to work.
Disputes which ended during the reference period
Disputes which ended during the period encompasses those disputes which:
Disputes which occurred during the reference period
Disputes which occurred during the period encompasses those disputes which:
- started in a previous period and ended in the reference period
- began and ended in the reference period.
Employees refers to wage and salary earners only. Excluded are persons who are self-employed (e.g. building sub-contractors, owner-drivers of trucks) and employers.
Employees directly involved: Employees who actually participated in the dispute in order to enforce or resist a demand or to express a grievance.
Employees indirectly involved: Employees who were stood down at the location where the stoppage occurred, but who were not themselves parties to the dispute. Employees who were stood down at locations other than those where the disputes occurred are excluded.
Employees newly involved: For a new dispute, comprises all employees who are involved and, for an ongoing dispute, those involved for the first time.
Total employees involved: Comprises employees newly involved and, for an ongoing dispute, those who continue to be involved. Total employees involved for any period of time is obtained by adding together the number of employees involved in each dispute for the period.
- started in a previous period and ended in the reference period
- began and ended in the reference period
- began in the reference period and continued into the next period
- started prior to the reference period and continued past the reference period.
Industry is classified according to the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification, 1993.
Other industries comprises those industries not included in the specified industry groupings, i.e. Agriculture, forestry and fishing; Electricity, gas and water supply; Wholesale trade; Retail trade; Accommodation, cafes and restaurants; Finance and insurance; Property and business services; Government administration and defence; Cultural and recreational services and Personal and other services.
Reason Work Resumed
Reason work resumed statistics relate to the reason for ending the stoppage of work as reported and not necessarily to the reason(s) for settling all matters in dispute. Therefore, they do not reflect the relative importance of the work of various industrial tribunals operating under state and federal legislation. The classification of Reason work resumed is as follows:
Negotiation without intervention of a third party: Negotiation between the parties involved, or their representatives, without the intervention or assistance of authorities constituted under state or federal industrial legislation, and without mediation.
State legislation: Intervention or assistance of an industrial authority or authorities created by, or constituted under, state industrial/workplace relations legislation. Disputes that are referred to a mediator by a state industrial tribunal, either on a voluntary or compulsory basis, are included under 'Mediation' (except in instances where mediation is directed and a return to work ordered).
Federal legislation: Intervention or assistance of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC). Disputes that are referred to a mediator by the AIRC, either on a voluntary or compulsory basis, are included under 'Mediation' (except in instances where mediation is directed and a return to work ordered).
Pre-determined return to work: Disputes for which a return to work is determined prior to the industrial action, e.g. when employees decide to go out on strike for a pre-determined period of 24 hours.
Resumption without negotiation: Disputes in which employees decide to return to work without the dispute being resolved, and without any negotiations having taken place to prompt the return, e.g. stop-work meetings, and disputes where employees decide to return to work to avoid further loss of earnings or for other reasons. This category may include some disputes which are settled subject to subsequent negotiation, such as industrial court hearings.
Mediation: Disputes that are settled through the assistance of a mediator, either voluntarily or as directed by a state or federal industrial tribunal, e.g. AIRC.
Other reasons: Disputes that cannot be ascribed to any other category, e.g. replacing employees on strike or locked out, permanent closure of business, and dismissal or resignation of employees.
Working days lost
Working days lost refers to working days lost by employees directly and indirectly involved in the dispute.
Working days lost per employee involved (formerly 'Duration of dispute')
The average number of working days lost per employee involved in the dispute, calculated by dividing the number of working days lost in the dispute by the number of employees involved (both directly and indirectly).
Working days lost per thousand employees
Working days lost per thousand employees are calculated for a quarterly period by dividing the total number of working days lost in the period by the total number of employees in the Australian labour force in the period (obtained from the ABS Labour Force Survey) and multiplying by 1,000. Labour Force Survey employee estimates are revised every 5 years as a result of the implementation of new population benchmarks from the Census of Population and Housing. As a result, estimates of working days lost per thousand employees are also subject to revision.
This page last updated 20 June 2006


How Not to Choose an Expression
We sometimes have a requirement to select between two or more expressions dependant on user selections or some other condition. For example, this chart Expression.
 // Calculate with Commision
 SalesAmount - SalesAmount * CommissionRate)
 // Calculate without Commission
The if() will select one or the other sum() expression based on the value of the vWithCommmision variable. Because a variable is being tested — not a row value — only one sum() will be chosen for the entire chart.
If performance is important, this is not a good way to implement the requirement. QlikView does not "short circuit". Short circuit means to stop evaluating when the condition is true. QlikView will calculate both sums and then return one of those results.
Some people mistakenly believe that putting the above expression in a variable changes the behavior. This is incorrect. The if() evaluation is still done at the chart level and the performance impact remains.
A performant way to solve the requirement is to put each calculation into a separate chart Expression and use the Conditional property to select the Expression.
An Expression with a Conditional evaluating to False will not be calculated or displayed.
There is also the possibility of choosing the calculation in a variable, but you have to follow a few rules.
 1. The variable should return the string representation of the formula. Note the single quotes in the example below.
 2. The variable definition should begin with "=". This causes the if() to be evaluated only once.
 3. In the chart Expression, reference to the variable should be made with $(). eg $(vChooseCalc)
 SalesAmount - SalesAmount * CommissionRate)'
For more performance tips, join us at the upcoming "Masters Summit for Qlikvew" in San Francisco May 2015 where Oleg Troyansky presents an always enlightening session on Performance Tuning. Can't make SF? Check out the other dates and locations on the website.
14 thoughts on "How Not to Choose an Expression"
 1. Rob, I was recently informed that if you are desiging for the Ajax client you should NOT begin the variable definition with "=" as it impacts performance. Can you verify that is correct?
 1. It was during a consult with a Qlik employee at the World Conference in Orlando. It was within the context of chart performance in the ajax client.
 I load variables (constants and expressions) using a text file. He said that I should define the variables without using a "=". I haven't throughly tested it yet, but the expressions don't seem to work if you don't have the "=".
 2. Do you know if the same applies to PICK statements as to IF statements? We have a scenario where we're using those to select between a 5 options for how to calculate a specific field in the chart… if it's calculating all 5 options each time, that could obviously be a pretty big performance hit!
 3. Hi Rob
 As interesting as usual. Just a question, i use the pick() function when there are more than one expression, does it performs like an if, or just evaluates the "picked" expression?
 1. Pick performs just like an if(). That is, all expressions are evaluated and then the pick() is applied to select a result.
 4. Hello Rob,
 this is pretty interesting, but a little bit disturbing, at least for me.
 your definition of 'short circuit' doesn't match with these ones
 you said that qlikview will calculate both sums before to evaluate condition, also with a pick, as you wrote in a comment above.
 if this is true, this is a not really good feature for qlikview.
 Is there any kind of official doc about this from QlikTech?
 Thank you very much for your blog, I enjoy it a lot.
 Best regards
 5. Alberto,
 Actually, the lack of short circuiting is not always bad. In this thread read Henric's explanation of why they don't short circuit (about half way down the thread). In most cases it's a good thing. It only becomes a potential negative when testing a variable (vs a row by row condition) and even then is only noticeable in large apps.
 6. Hello Rob,
 Is it still true that false branches are not terminated? I have made different attempts to test this (11.2 SR6), but I can not verify it. Instead it seems like the following expressions get the same calculation time (SEK selected in SelectedCurrency):
 compared to
 (I would however anyway write this expression differently)
 7. I'm not aware of any changes to the eval logic. I did some recent testing and it appeared that all branches were evaluated. I should clarify that I have no way of knowing for sure what was actually executed, but I speculate based on timing tests as you do.
 I'm not sure why your test shows the same calc time. It could be your testing methodology or it could be something else I'm missing.
 8. I have a nested-if for a formatted Income Statement report that performs decently, but it's not ideal. Since the chart can have a blank line (for formatting purposes), an Earnings Per Share line (which is formatted differently – out to 3 decimals), and then all other lines formatted normally, the approach below is the only way I've thought to handle this. Is there any way around a nested-if in this case?
 if([Level] = 'Space',' ', // Blank Line
 if([Level] = 'EPS',$(eEPS(Actual)), // EPS
 if([Calculation]='Total', num(sum(-[Actual]*[Amount])/vDivideBy,'$#,##0;($#,##0)'),
 9. Mark,
 This is actually a very good use of if(). At some row of the chart, each condition of the expression will be true. This is a situation where QV's lack of "short circuit" is actually advantageous.
 The issue discussed in this post applies when only one condition could be true. Your if() statement looks fine to me.
 10. if condition are in which level gives good performance in script level are expression level?
 can any one help me.
Leave a Reply


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Budd-Chiari Syndrome: How does it affect the liver?
Syndrome
Budd-Chiari Syndrome: How does it affect the liver?
Budd-Chiari syndrome, also known as hepatic vein obstruction, is a condition that prevents the cycle in which blood leaves the liver and returns to the heart
The syndrome occurs as a consequence of total or partial blockage of blood flow from the liver by blood clots, which can occur at any point in the small and large veins that carry blood from the liver (hepatic veins) to the inferior vena cava.
Being more specific, Budd-Chiari syndrome could be generated when a clot produces a stenosis or a blockage of the hepatic veins that drain the blood out of the liver. In this article we will discuss the causes, symptoms and diagnosis of the disease.
Causes of Budd-Chiari syndrome
Blockage of the hepatic vein can be caused by a tumor or growth pressing on the vessel or by a clot in the vessel (hepatic vein thrombosis). this is caused by conditions that increase the likelihood of blood clot formation, which can be:
 - Abnormal proliferation of cells in the bone marrow (myeloproliferative disorders).
 - Cancers
 - Chronic autoimmune or inflammatory diseases
 - Infections
 - Inherited or acquired blood clotting problems
 - Oral contraceptives
 - Pregnancy
Symptoms that detect Budd-Chiari
 - Stretching or swelling of the abdomen due to fluid in the abdomen
 - Pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen
 - Vomiting blood
 - Yellowing of the skin (jaundice)
Diagnosis of the syndrome by professionals
Recurrent indicators taken into account by physicians in making the diagnosis of this syndrome are:
 - Hepatomegaly, ascites, liver failure or cirrhosis without obvious cause, even after testing.
 - Abnormal blood test results to assess liver function, along with disorders that increase the risk of blood clot formation.
Oriana Arenas, redacción
Pasante de contenidos Fundahígado América
Eugenia Jiménez Alvaréz, revisión
Asistente a la coordinación Fundahígado América
Licenciada en Ciencias Biomédicas
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text:
Forests on the edge
In the William deBuys essay about controversy surrounding northern New Mexico's forests, he says "We need to create more small forest edges in order to promote species diversity" (HCN, 2/5/96). I am no expert on this matter, but it caught my eye because of research that's been done in Eastern forests. It shows that creation of edges and the disappearance of contiguous forest harms migratory songbird populations. I realize this research on Eastern forests and birds is not research on Western forests and birds, but the casual suggestion that we need to create "edge" in the forest makes me uneasy.
Too many times we have solved one problem in our ecosystem by creating another.


Chemical weapons suppliers of Sardasht attack must be tried: Iran's Zarif
Iran has called on the international community to prosecute those responsible for supplying former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein with chemical weapons which were used during the chemical bombardment of Iran's Sardasht during the IraqIran War.
Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif made the call on Sunday, which coincides with the 28th anniversary of 1987 chemical bombardment of the northwestern city of Sardasht, which killed over 100 Iranian civilians and injured hundreds of others.
Zarif called on the international community to carry out their "legal and moral responsibility" towards the victims and their families and facilitate the punishment of the perpetrators and supporters of such inhumane acts.
As an active member of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, the Islamic Republic of Iran, along with other member states, will keep on trying for the "total annihilation" of all chemical weapons in the world, Zarif said.
He added that Iran is one of the main victims of chemical weapons.
Sardasht was the third populated city in the world, after Japan's Hiroshima and Nagasaki, to be deliberately targeted with weapons of mass destruction.
It was also the first town in the world to be attacked with poisonous gas.
The actual death toll is far greater than announced. Nearly 5,000 residents of the town, which had a population of 20,000 at the time of the attack, are still suffering from serious respiratory and skin ailments and disorders.
Iraq once possessed a huge arsenal of chemical weapons, the production of which was partly facilitated by exports of chemicals from the United States and other Western countries.
There is no doubt that Iraq acquired the technology and the materials to develop chemical weapons from the US and a number of Western countries, which not only equipped the Iraqi regime with the tech but also supported it financially.
By Press TV


Home App Windows 7 Scan To PDF
Windows 7 Scan To PDF
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Convert a paper document into a PDF in Windows 7
Using your scanner and Acrobat, you can create a PDF file directly from a paper document. TWAIN scanner drivers and Windows 7 Image Acquisition (WIA) scanner drivers are supported by Acrobat on Windows 7. TWAIN and Image Capture are supported by Acrobat on Mac OS (ICA).
You can use the Autodetect Color Mode in Windows 7 to let Acrobat decide the content form of the paper document, or you can use the other presets (Black & White Document, Grayscale Document, Color Image, and Color Document) based on your preferences. The scanning presets can be customised, or you can use the Custom Scan option to scan with the settings of your choosing.
If your scanner has a WIA driver enabled, you can use the Scan button on your scanner to generate a PDF in Windows7. Select Adobe Acrobat from the list of registered applications in Windows 7 by pressing the Scan button. Pick a scanner and a document preset or Custom Scan in the Acrobat scan gui.
Go to Tools > Create PDF in Acrobat to convert a paper document to a PDF. The Create a PDF from Any Format dialogue box appears. To see what choices are available, select Scanner.
On the Mac:
 1. Using Autodetect Color Mode, scan a paper document to PDF (Windows)
 2. Select Tools > Create PDF > Scanner > Autodetect Color Mode from the menu bar.
 3. Click the Settings icon if you want to search several files into a PDF. The gui for Custom Scan appears. Check the box to prompt you to scan more pages.
 4. Select Scan.
 5. Pick Scan More Pages, Scan Reverse Sides, or Scan Is Complete if you're prompted to scan more pages, then press OK.
Use a preset to scan a paper document to PDF (Windows 7)
 1. Select Tools > Create PDF > Scanner > [document preset] from the drop-down menu.
 2. Click the Settings icon if you want to search several files into a PDF. The gui for Custom Scan appears. Check the box to prompt you to scan more pages.
 3. Select Scan.
 4. Pick Scan More Pages, Scan Reverse Sides, or Scan Is Complete if you're prompted to scan more pages, then press OK.
Without using any presets, scan a paper document to PDF
 1. Select Tools > Create PDF > Scanner > Default or My Custom Settings from the drop-down menu.
 2. Tap the Settings icon if you want to adjust the settings. The gui for Custom Scan appears. As required, select scanning options.
 3. Click the Prompt to scan more pages check box if you want to scan several files into a PDF.
 4. Select Scan.
 5. Pick Scan More Pages, Scan Reverse Sides, or Scan Is Complete if you're prompted to scan more pages, then press OK.
Improving or optimising a scanned PDF
 1. Open a scanned document that has been converted to a PDF.
 2. Select Tools > Scan & OCR > Enhance > Scanned Document from the drop-down menu.
 3. Click the Settings icon in the Secondary toolbar, then select suitable options in the Enhance Scanned PDF dialogue box, then click OK.
 4. See Enhance Scanned PDF Dialog Box for more detail on the choices shown in the dialogue box.
Set up scanning presets (Windows 7)
 1. Select Tools > Scanner > Create PDF
 2. Choose from Autodetect Color Mode, Black and White Document, Color Document, Grayscale Document, or Color Photograph as your preset.
 3. Next to the preset, click the Settings button. The Custom Scan or Configure Predefined Settings for interface is displayed depending on your selection.
 4. Make the necessary adjustments to the settings.
 5. Click the Prompt to scan more pages check box if you want to scan several files into a PDF.
 6. To save the preset, press Save Settings, and then click the Cross button (X) to exit.
Options for scanning
After you've chosen a scanner, you can choose or change the scanner's different scanning options to fit your needs.
 1. To see all of the scanning options, go here.
 2. The dialogue box for Scanned PDF optimization
 3. The image settings for how scanned images are filtered and compressed for the PDF are controlled in the Enhance Scanned PDF dialogue box.
 4. The default settings are appropriate for a wide range of document pages, but for higher-quality files, smaller file sizes, or scanning issues, you may want to customise settings.
Dialog box for Recognize Text – Settings
Language of the Document
 1. The OCR language is selected by default from the default locale. To switch languages, go to Edit and select a new language.
 2. Either a searchable image or editable text and images are created.
Tips for sifting
Photos with a resolution of 10 dpi to 3000 dpi are accepted by Acrobat scanning. Input resolution of 72 dpi or higher is needed if you choose Searchable Image or ClearScan as your PDF Output Style. Additionally, input resolutions greater than 600 dpi are downscaled to 600 dpi or smaller.
Only monochrome images may benefit from lossless compression. Select one of these options under the Optimization Options in the Optimize Scanned PDF dialogue box to apply lossless compression to a scanned image: CCITT Group 4 or JBIG2 (Lossless) for monochrome images. The scanned image remains uncompressed if this image is appended to a PDF document and the file is saved using the Save function. The scanned image can be compressed if you save the PDF using Save As.
Black-and-white scanning at 300 dpi provides the best text for conversion on most pages. OCR accuracy is marginally lower at 150 dpi, and more font-recognition errors occur; processing slows at 400 dpi and higher resolutions, and compressed pages are larger. Try scanning at a higher resolution if a page has a lot of unrecognised words or small text (9 points or smaller). When appropriate, scan in black and white.
When Recognize Text Using OCR is disabled, the maximum 10-to-3000 dpi resolution range is available, but 72 and higher dpi is recommended. For Adaptive Compression, a resolution of 300 dpi for grayscale or RGB input and 600 dpi for black-and-white input is recommended.
Until compression, pages scanned in 24-bit colour at 300 dpi at 8-1/2 by 11 in. (21.59 by 27.94 cm) produce large images (25 MB). To scan the picture, your device will need at least 50 MB of virtual memory. Scanning and processing are normally four times slower at 600 dpi than at 300 dpi.
Dithering and halftone scanner settings should be avoided. These options can enhance the look of photos, but they make it more difficult to read text.
Try can the brightness and contrast by around 10% for text written on coloured paper. Consider using a filter or lamp to remove the background colour if your scanner has colour-filtering capabilities. To explain the scan, change the scanner contrast and brightness if the text isn't crisp or drops out.
If your scanner has a manual brightness switch, set it to clean, well-formed characters. Use a higher (brighter) environment if characters are touching. Use a lower (darker) setting if characters are divided.
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%SYS.BackgroundTask
abstract persistent class %SYS.BackgroundTask extends %Library.Persistent
SQL Table Name: %SYS.BackgroundTask
This class implements a framework for providing administrators with status and control of long-running tasks/utilities/operations that set to run in the background. These are typically (but not necessarily) tasks that are started interactively, but run in the background because they may run for a long time (e.g. some database management utilities). Note that this framework is separate from the "Task Manager" frameword which can be used to schedule activity.
There are subclasses for each type of operation that uses this infrastructure and objects of those subclasses represent instances that are running or have run since the system started up.
To use this framework for progress and control of a background task, you simply open or query objects the objects through this class or the relevant subclass. The properties represent a snapshot of the state and progress of the task. You can periodically check for changes by rerunning the query or reloading the object via standard object interfaces %OpenId() and %Reload().
RunningState contains information about whether the task is running or not (as of the time the object was last loaded or queried). Progress information may be available via ProgressCurrent, ProgressTotal and ProgressUnits. When complete, the %Status is available in FinalStatus. Subclasses may expose other properties that are germain to that particular type of operation.
Pause(), Resume(), and Cancel() are enabled for some subclasses
Users should not modify properties or save these objects.
To start a job running the task in the background, you can use class method Start() in the desired subclass. The arguments are unique to each subclass. Start() returns an oref to use for monitor and control.
Property Inventory
Method Inventory
Parameters
parameter CANCELDISPOSITION = 0;
Disposition for cancel requests.
0 - not allowed
1 - polls for cancel requests
-1 - directly terminate the process
parameter DOMAIN = %Utility;
parameter PAUSEDISPOSITION = 0;
Disposition for pause requests.
0 - not allowed
1 - polls for pause requests
-1 - directly pause the process
Properties
property CancelIsAvailable as %Integer [ Calculated ];
True if cancel is allowed for this task and the state (as of load time) is such that it can be paused. Used by user interface code to determine whether to enable a "cancel" control.
Property methods: CancelIsAvailableCompute(), CancelIsAvailableDisplayToLogical(), CancelIsAvailableGet(), CancelIsAvailableIsValid(), CancelIsAvailableLogicalToDisplay(), CancelIsAvailableNormalize(), CancelIsAvailableSQLCompute()
property Class as %String [ Calculated ];
The subclass name of the task; accessible via SQL where oref.%ClassName(1) is not be avaialble.
Property methods: ClassCompute(), ClassDisplayToLogical(), ClassGet(), ClassIsValid(), ClassLogicalToDisplay(), ClassLogicalToOdbc(), ClassNormalize(), ClassSQLCompute()
property DisplayType as %String [ Calculated ];
A text string to display as the type of background task as defined by its subclass.
Property methods: DisplayTypeCompute(), DisplayTypeDisplayToLogical(), DisplayTypeGet(), DisplayTypeIsValid(), DisplayTypeLogicalToDisplay(), DisplayTypeLogicalToOdbc(), DisplayTypeNormalize(), DisplayTypeSQLCompute()
property FinalStatus as %Status [ ReadOnly ];
Status code when finished
Property methods: FinalStatusGet(), FinalStatusGetStored(), FinalStatusIsValid(), FinalStatusLogicalToOdbc()
property HasEnded as %Boolean [ Calculated ];
True if the RunningState is one that will not progress any further. Used by monitoring interfaces to determine whether monitoring should continue.
Property methods: HasEndedCompute(), HasEndedDisplayToLogical(), HasEndedGet(), HasEndedIsValid(), HasEndedLogicalToDisplay(), HasEndedNormalize(), HasEndedSQLCompute()
property Namespace as %String [ ReadOnly ];
Namespace in which the task is run.
Property methods: NamespaceDisplayToLogical(), NamespaceGet(), NamespaceGetStored(), NamespaceIsValid(), NamespaceLogicalToDisplay(), NamespaceLogicalToOdbc(), NamespaceNormalize()
property PID as %String [ ReadOnly ];
PID of job performing the work, available once the "Running" state has been entered.
Property methods: PIDDisplayToLogical(), PIDGet(), PIDGetStored(), PIDIsValid(), PIDLogicalToDisplay(), PIDLogicalToOdbc(), PIDNormalize()
property PauseIsAvailable as %Integer [ Calculated ];
True if pause is allowed for this task and the state (as of load time) is such that it can be paused. Used by user interface code to determine whether to enable a "pause" control.
Property methods: PauseIsAvailableCompute(), PauseIsAvailableDisplayToLogical(), PauseIsAvailableGet(), PauseIsAvailableIsValid(), PauseIsAvailableLogicalToDisplay(), PauseIsAvailableNormalize(), PauseIsAvailableSQLCompute()
property ProgressCurrent as %Numeric [ Calculated ];
The current amount of progress made. To be interpreted, along with ProgressTotal and ProgressUnits as follows:
 - non-zero total and non-null units: current and total values are to be displayed with the unit string.
 - non-zero total and null units: current / total is to be displayed as a percentage.
 - zero total, non-zero current, and non-null units: current is displayed with the unit string (without reference to the total).
 - otherwise numeric progress not available.
 Property methods: ProgressCurrentCompute(), ProgressCurrentDisplayToLogical(), ProgressCurrentGet(), ProgressCurrentIsValid(), ProgressCurrentLogicalToDisplay(), ProgressCurrentNormalize(), ProgressCurrentSQLCompute()
 - property ProgressTotal as %Numeric [ Calculated ];
 The total amount of progress that must be made to complete. This value may change while running as more accurate estimates become available. See ProgressCurrent for more detail.
 Property methods: ProgressTotalCompute(), ProgressTotalDisplayToLogical(), ProgressTotalGet(), ProgressTotalIsValid(), ProgressTotalLogicalToDisplay(), ProgressTotalNormalize(), ProgressTotalSQLCompute()
 property ProgressUnits as %String [ Calculated ];
 The units in which progress is measured. Used to display progress to the user. Null is allowed, treating progress as dimensionless. See ProgressCurrent for more details.
 Property methods: ProgressUnitsCompute(), ProgressUnitsDisplayToLogical(), ProgressUnitsGet(), ProgressUnitsIsValid(), ProgressUnitsLogicalToDisplay(), ProgressUnitsLogicalToOdbc(), ProgressUnitsNormalize(), ProgressUnitsSQLCompute()
 property Request as %Integer [ Calculated ];
 Request to the running task. 1 is request to pause. 2 is request to cancel.
 Property methods: Request(), RequestCompute(), RequestDisplayToLogical(), RequestGet(), RequestIsValid(), RequestLogicalToDisplay(), RequestNormalize(), RequestSQLCompute()
 property ResumeIsAvailable as %Integer [ Calculated ];
 True if pause is allowed and the utility is paused. Used by user interface code to determine whether to enable a "resume" control.
 Property methods: ResumeIsAvailableCompute(), ResumeIsAvailableDisplayToLogical(), ResumeIsAvailableGet(), ResumeIsAvailableIsValid(), ResumeIsAvailableLogicalToDisplay(), ResumeIsAvailableNormalize(), ResumeIsAvailableSQLCompute()
 property RunningState as %String [ Calculated ];
 Information about whether the task is running or not. Values are constants, defined for convenience in %syBackgroundTask.inc
 - "Starting" ($$$BGTaskStarting) - Object has been created but has not started working yet.
 - "Running" ($$$BGTaskRunning) - Task is running
 - "Done" ($$$BGTaskDone) - Task has completed successfully
 - "Error" ($$$BGTaskError) - Task has returned an error - see FinalStatus
 - "


text:
How does the vertical structure of an industry affect the links between cross-border mergers and international trade? To answer this question, we construct a tractable vertical general equilibrium (VGOLE) model of an oligopolistic industry. In a vertically related industry, firms are located at different stages of production or distribution, with some firms supplying inputs used by others. Mergers in vertically related industries have been drawing increasing attention of regulators, anti-trust authorities, as well as those in the media and academics. This is so because cross-border mergers between firms in such industries add more complexities for competition within and across open economies.
Although the theoretical literature on cross-border mergers is still at its infancy, to the best of our knowledge, our VGOLE construct is the first general equilibrium model to explore the implications of vertical structures for the links between cross-border mergers and international trade in oligopolistic industries. The vertical structure of an industry injects a distinction between the foreign and domestic firms, even in the absence of transport costs, because mergers can affect competition in input markets creating, in addition to the usual market power motive, an input-market concentration effect. Our key results, stemming from a direct comparison of the pattern of specialization and the incentives for cross-border mergers with and without the possibility of vertically integration, are that a) the extensive margin of trade shrinks in the face of vertical integration; and b) cross-border mergers mitigate the effect of vertical integration on the extensive margins of trade by facilitating specialization toward the direction of comparative advantage. Intuitively, as the disintegrated home firms become less competitive, it allows foreign firms to compete in a larger subset of sectors, wherein, without vertical integration, home would have a comparative advantage. The impact of a merger, on the extensive margins of trade, is magnified when the merger takes place between two disintegrated firms across borders compared to a merger between a disintegrated firm in one country and a vertically integrated firm in another.
The rest of the chapter is organized as follows. In the next section, we present our VGOLE model and results. In the third section, we discuss the welfare implications of our construct and cover some caveats. In the final section, we draw key conclusions.


text:
The GQA Level 3 NVQ Diploma in Construction Contracting Operations will develop knowledge and skills in areas such as: developing and maintaining working relationships, preparing and processing invitations to tender, preparing programmes and schedules of work, operating project information systems, and operating health, safety and welfare systems in construction. Learners can specialise in several different areas of Construction Contracting Operations.
This qualification covers the following areas:
- Site Technical Support
- Design co-ordination
Qualifications across the UK have different levels. Click here for an explanation


Five key factors in positioning a muckheap
horse muckheapThe average horse will produce around 20kg of manure each day, that's around 7.5 tonnes of the stuff annually, not even accounting for any bedding that goes with it. This can all add up to a very big headache for any horse owner or yard manager!
Location is everything as they say; carefully choosing where to position your dung heap and managing it appropriately will help to protect the health of your horses and the land. This will:
 1. Make it easier to use
 2. Help it rot down more quickly
 3. Reduce the chance of reinfection from parasites
 4. Lower pollution risk
 5. Limit areas where insects such as midges can breed
One. Making it easier to use
Site your muckheap for convenience to the yard, but not so close as to cause possible horse health problems or irritation from flies. Bear in mind that large heaps can be a nuisance to neighbours or people using public rights of way. The area should be easily accessible by large vehicles if you need to have it removed regularly. Another alternative is to tip your muck straight into a trailer for easy disposal.
Two. Helping it rot down more quickly
It all comes down to good husbandry – a perfectly manicured muckheap is one of life's goals and there is method in the madness. Sprawling heaps are inefficient and a poor use of space. Try to put your pile against a defined boundary or wall to make it easier to throw the muck on top. Keeping your heap contained and condensed and trampling to reduce the volume will help the decomposition process happen much faster.
Three. Reducing the chance of reinfection from parasites
Muckheaps should never be created in fields accessible to horses. Let's face it, poo picking is hard work and often a temporary muckheap nearer to the source makes the job a lot more palatable! Make sure you're not wasting all that hard work by aiding parasite reinfection. Larvae from hatching redworm eggs can wriggle up to three metres away from dung piles. If you have a muckheap near the field, fence it off so that horses can't graze nearby.
Four. Lowering pollution risk
Effluent – that's the stinky black water that leaches from large manure piles - can cause serious pollution if it is allowed to enter watercourses. For this reason the Environment Agency recommends that "Temporary field heaps should be sited where there is no risk of runoff polluting watercourses. They should be at least 10 metres from a watercourse and 50 metres from a well, spring or borehole that supplies water for human consumption or for use in farm dairies."
Pollution occurs because organisms feed on the watery dung and the nutrient enrichment encourages the growth of aquatic vegetation which has an oxygen reducing effect in the water, lowering water quality. Run off can also detrimentally affect hedgerows because nutrient enrichment encourages the growth of weeds which disadvantages hedge growth. Water contamination is prosecutable under the Environmental Protection Act, 1990, the Groundwater Regulations 1998 and the Water Resources Act 1991.
Five. Limiting areas where insects such as midges can breed
Ideally a muck heap, and the area around it, should be on a solid base, e.g. concrete. This will make it easier to sweep up and keep tidy and for vehicles to get to the heap without churning up the soil. Reducing standing water where insects such as midges can breed helps to lessen irritation and problems such as sweet itch.