Uniola paniculata
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Sea oats
Uniola paniculata (plume).jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Uniola
U. paniculata
Binomial name
Uniola paniculata
Uniola paniculata, also known as sea oats, seaside oats, araña, and arroz de costa,[1] is a tall subtropical grass that is an important component of coastal sand dune and beach plant communities in the southeastern United States, eastern Mexico and some Caribbean islands. Its large seed heads that turn golden brown in late summer give the plant its common name. Its tall leaves trap wind-blown sand and promote sand dune growth, while its deep roots and extensive rhizomes act to stabilize them, so the plant helps protect beaches and property from damage due to high winds, storm surges and tides. It also provides food and habitat for birds, small animals and insects.[1]
Uniola paniculata on a sand dune crest at John U. Lloyd Beach State Park, Florida.
Uniola paniculata is a tall, erect perennial grass that can grow to 1 to 2 m (3.3 to 6.6 ft) in height. Its long, thin leaves reach lengths of 20 to 40 cm (8 to 15.5 in) and are about 0.6 cm (0.24 in) in width, tapering to a pointed apex. The plant produces inflorescences of flat spikelets, each of which contains 10 to 12 wind-pollinated florets.[1] These ripen to golden brown infructescences or seed heads in late summer. The seeds are dispersed by wind and can be carried long distances by storms and ocean currents, but reproduction commonly occurs vegetatively by forming buds around stem bases.[2]
The plant forms dense surface roots and penetrating deep roots that are colonized by beneficial organisms such as mycorrhizal fungi. Rhizomes are elongate and produce extensive lateral growth. They root readily when buried in sand.[2]
Uniola paniculata uses a C4 pathway for carbon fixation.[3]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Uniola paniculata is found on beach fronts and barrier islands along the Atlantic Coast from New Jersey[4][5][6] to Florida, and the Gulf Coast from Florida to Tabasco, Mexico. The range of Uniola paniculata along the US Atlantic coastline is expanding northward.[4][6] It also occurs in the Bahamas and northwestern Cuba. It grows primarily on foredunes and dune crests. It is uncommon in swales between dunes where salt spray is limited, and it is rarely found inland.[1][2]
Growing conditions[edit]
U. paniculata colonizing a sand dune at John U. Lloyd Beach State Park, Florida.
Due to the harsh conditions in which it grows, U. paniculata has little competition from other plants. It is heat tolerant and highly resistant to drought, salinity and brief inundation by sea water. It grows in loose sand rather than finer-grained silty or clay-rich soils and does not tolerate water-logging.[7] The plants tend to trap blowing sand, and burial of the plant base by sand stimulates growth and helps the plant spread by tacking down the rhizomes.[8]
Uniola paniculata is adversely affected by urban encroachment. Treated and untreated sewage, urban runoff and pollution from marinas all impact the plant. Off-road vehicles and foot traffic damage the plants, disrupt their roots and compact the sand. Loss of the plants leads to erosion and loss of protective dunes.[2]
Sea oats are well suited to saline environments, and as such, are important to barrier island ecology and are often used in sand stabilization projects because their long root structure firmly holds loose sand. For example, in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, colonies of sea oats have been planted at several beaches. The oats are a crucial component of the area's hurricane defense strategy and have helped to stave off damage from tropical storms. The sea oat colonies and nascent dune structure they support are expected to flourish.[9]
Legal protection[edit]
Sea oats are a protected grass in several states along the southeastern Atlantic coast. Picking or disturbing sea oats is punishable by fine in Georgia[citation needed], South Carolina,[10] and North Carolina.[11] Florida by law also prohibits interfering with sea oats and protects nurserymen that grow sea oats.[12]
Wildlife habitat[edit]
Seeds of U. paniculata provide food for red-winged blackbirds, sparrows and other songbirds, as well as marsh rabbits and mice.[2] Florida ornithologists have discovered that the pygmy burrowing owl makes its nest within sea oat colonies to conceal its young from natural predators such as the frigatebirds.[citation needed]
 1. ^ a b c d Hazell, J., Brown, S.H. and Cooprider, K., Univ. of Florida, IFAS Extension, Lee County, Southwest Florida. "Uniola paniculata" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-06-30. Retrieved 2014-11-28.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
 2. ^ a b c d e K. Hill, Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce (2001). "Uniola paniculata". Retrieved 2014-11-28.
 3. ^ Lonard, Robert (2011). "Biological Flora of Coastal Dunes and wetlands: Uniola paniculata L". Journal of Coastal Research. 27: 984–993. doi:10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-10-00167.1. S2CID 129463689.
 4. ^ a b Goldstein, Evan B.; Mullins, Elsemarie V.; Moore, Laura J.; Biel, Reuben G.; Brown, Joseph K.; Hacker, Sally D.; Jay, Katya R.; Mostow, Rebecca S.; Ruggiero, Peter (2018-06-08). "Literature-based latitudinal distribution and possible range shifts of two US east coast dune grass species (Uniola paniculata and Ammophila breviligulata)". PeerJ. 6: e4932. doi:10.7717/peerj.4932. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC _PHONE_. PMID 29900075.
 5. ^ "US East Coast Dune Grass Literature Map". ebgoldstein.github.io. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
 6. ^ a b Goldstein, Evan; Mullins, Elsemarie; Moore, Laura; Biel, Reuben; Brown, Joseph; Hacker, Sally; Jay, Katya; Mostow, Rebecca; Ruggiero, Peter; Zinnert, Julie (2018). "Data Portal - Data Package Summary | Long Term Ecological Research Network (LTER)" (Data Set). Environmental Data Initiative. doi:10.6073/pasta/bdbe9a609e0508fdb7e39bc41f75bf6f. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
 7. ^ Hester, Mark W.; Mendelssohn, Irving A. (1989-03-01). "Water relations and growth responses of Uniola paniculata (sea oats) to soil moisture and water-table depth". Oecologia. 78 (3): 289–296. doi:10.1007/BF00379100. ISSN 0029-8549. PMID 28312572. S2CID _PHONE_.
 8. ^ R.A. Shadow, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, East Texas Plant Materials Center, Nacogdoches, TX. "Plant Fact Sheet for Sea Oats (Uniola paniculata L)" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-11-28.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
 9. ^ South Florida Sun Sentinel. "Sea Oats". Retrieved 2014-11-30.
 10. ^ "SC Code § 16-11-590 (2013)". Retrieved 27 September 2014.
 11. ^ "NCGS § 14-129.2". Retrieved 4 April 2013.
 12. ^ "Chapter 161 Section 242 - 2011 Florida Statutes". Retrieved 30 October 2017.


text:
IM for Teaching Unit IV, Socialization,
in Introduction to Sociology
Prepared by Caroline H. Persell August 2008
The social construction of the self can be illustrated well with the film, Nova: Secret of the Wild Child. There is a Lesson Plan for using the film and an in-class exercise that helps to explore conceptions of the self is "The Twenty Statements Test." There is an Instructors' Manual for using a free textbook chapter available on "Socialization" that explores the contexts of socialization, the content and processes of socialization, the possible results of socialization, and socialization through the life course.
There is a Gender Socialization Lab/Fieldtrip exercise and a Lesson Plan for it. To help students understand the power of social norms in shaping their conduct, they could do the simulation, "Breaking a Social Norm," which has a Lesson Plan. To see how advertisers try to manage and manipulate the formation of social norms, students could view the film, "Merchants of Cool," on-line. There is a Lesson Plan for using the film. Students could take Robert E. Wood's Virtual Tour C, "Social Interaction and Socialization".

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Paseo de la Reforma: A visitor's guide to the neighborhoods and points of interest along Mexico City's grandest avenue.
The Paseo de la Reforma was a project, during his brief rein, of Maximilian I of Mexico. In 1864, in an effort to solidify his hold on the capital, the Emperor set out to emulate the boulevards of the great European capitals. Vienna's Ringstraße would have been first on his mind. The Paseo de la Emperatriz, in honor of his wife, Carlota, was put under the command of a mining engineer, Alois Bolland.
Today, there are dozens, if not hundreds of ways to approach the avenue. One can explore its many neighborhoods. Or take to just the monuments. There are many.
The walking guides below are intended to allow you to easily get from one point to the next without missing any of the big important points. Of course, it's the details in between that make each walk that much better.
Of course, the Paseo de la Reforma also passes through an important stretch of Chapultepec Park. You can tackle the museums along the avenue here:

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Cracking (chemistry)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In petrochemistry, petroleum geology and organic chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or long-chain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in the precursors. The rate of cracking and the end products are strongly dependent on the temperature and presence of catalysts. Cracking is the breakdown of a large alkane into smaller, more useful alkenes. Simply put, hydrocarbon cracking is the process of breaking a long chain of hydrocarbons into short ones. This process requires high temperatures.[1]
More loosely, outside the field of petroleum chemistry, the term "cracking" is used to describe any type of splitting of molecules under the influence of heat, catalysts and solvents, such as in processes of destructive distillation or pyrolysis.
Fluid catalytic cracking produces a high yield of petrol and LPG, while hydrocracking is a major source of jet fuel, Diesel fuel, naphtha, and again yields LPG.
Refinery using the Shukhov cracking process, Baku, Soviet Union, 1934.
History and patents[edit]
Among several variants of thermal cracking methods (variously known as the "Shukhov cracking process", "Burton cracking process", "Burton-Humphreys cracking process", and "Dubbs cracking process") Vladimir Shukhov, a Russian engineer, invented and patented the first in 1891 (Russian Empire, patent no. 12926, November 7, 1891).[2] One installation was used to a limited extent in Russia, but development was not followed up. In the first decade of the 20th century the American engineers William Merriam Burton and Robert E. Humphreys independently developed and patented a similar process as U.S. patent 1,049,667 on June 8, 1908. Among its advantages was the fact that both the condenser and the boiler were continuously kept under pressure.[3]
In its earlier versions it was a batch process, rather than continuous, and many patents were to follow in the US and Europe, though not all were practical.[2] In 1924, a delegation from the American Sinclair Oil Corporation visited Shukhov. Sinclair Oil apparently wished to suggest that the patent of Burton and Humphreys, in use by Standard Oil, was derived from Shukhov's patent for oil cracking, as described in the Russian patent. If that could be established, it could strengthen the hand of rival American companies wishing to invalidate the Burton-Humphreys patent. In the event Shukhov satisfied the Americans that in principle Burton's method closely resembled his 1891 patents, though his own interest in the matter was primarily to establish that "the Russian oil industry could easily build a cracking apparatus according to any of the described systems without being accused by the Americans of borrowing for free".[4]
At that time, just a few years after the Russian Revolution and brutal Russian Civil War, the Soviet Union was desperate to develop industry and earn foreign exchange, so their oil industry eventually did obtain much of their technology from foreign companies, largely American.[4] At about that time, fluid catalytic cracking was being explored and developed and soon replaced most of the purely thermal cracking processes in the fossil fuel processing industry. The replacement was not complete; many types of cracking, including pure thermal cracking, still are in use, depending on the nature of the feedstock and the products required to satisfy market demands. Thermal cracking remains important, for example in producing naphtha, gas oil, and coke, and more sophisticated forms of thermal cracking have been developed for various purposes. These include visbreaking, steam cracking, and coking.[5]
Cracking methodologies[edit]
Thermal cracking[edit]
Modern high-pressure thermal cracking operates at absolute pressures of about 7,000 kPa. An overall process of disproportionation can be observed, where "light", hydrogen-rich products are formed at the expense of heavier molecules which condense and are depleted of hydrogen. The actual reaction is known as homolytic fission and produces alkenes, which are the basis for the economically important production of polymers.[6]
Thermal cracking is currently used to "upgrade" very heavy fractions or to produce light fractions or distillates, burner fuel and/or petroleum coke. Two extremes of the thermal cracking in terms of product range are represented by the high-temperature process called "steam cracking" or pyrolysis (ca. 750 °C to 900 °C or higher) which produces valuable ethylene and other feedstocks for the petrochemical industry, and the milder-temperature delayed coking (ca. 500 °C) which can produce, under the right conditions, valuable needle coke, a highly crystalline petroleum coke used in the production of electrodes for the steel and aluminium industries.[citation needed]
William Merriam Burton developed one of the earliest thermal cracking processes in 1912 which operated at 700–750 °F (370–400 °C) and an absolute pressure of 90 psi (620 kPa) and was known as the Burton process. Shortly thereafter, in 1921, C.P. Dubbs, an employee of the Universal Oil Products Company, developed a somewhat more advanced thermal cracking process which operated at 750–860 °F (400–460 °C) and was known as the Dubbs process.[7] The Dubbs process was used extensively by many refineries until the early 1940s when catalytic cracking came into use.[1]
Steam cracking[edit]
Steam cracking is a petrochemical process in which saturated hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller, often unsaturated, hydrocarbons. It is the principal industrial method for producing the lighter alkenes (or commonly olefins), including ethene (or ethylene) and propene (or propylene). Steam cracker units are facilities in which a feedstock such as naphtha, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), ethane, propane or butane is thermally cracked through the use of steam in a bank of pyrolysis furnaces to produce lighter hydrocarbons.
In steam cracking, a gaseous or liquid hydrocarbon feed like naphtha, LPG or ethane is diluted with steam and briefly heated in a furnace without the presence of oxygen. Typically, the reaction temperature is very high, at around 850 °C, but the reaction is only allowed to take place very briefly. In modern cracking furnaces, the residence time is reduced to milliseconds to improve yield, resulting in gas velocities up to the speed of sound. After the cracking temperature has been reached, the gas is quickly quenched to stop the reaction in a transfer line heat exchanger or inside a quenching header using quench oil.[citation needed][8]
The products produced in the reaction depend on the composition of the feed, the hydrocarbon-to-steam ratio, and on the cracking temperature and furnace residence time. Light hydrocarbon feeds such as ethane, LPGs or light naphtha give product streams rich in the lighter alkenes, including ethylene, propylene, and butadiene. Heavier hydrocarbon (full range and heavy naphthas as well as other refinery products) feeds give some of these, but also give products rich in aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrocarbons suitable for inclusion in gasoline or fuel oil. Typical product streams include pyrolysis gasoline (pygas) and BTX.
A higher cracking temperature (also referred to as severity) favors the production of ethylene and benzene, whereas lower severity produces higher amounts of propylene, C4-hydrocarbons and liquid products. The process also results in the slow deposition of coke, a form of carbon, on the reactor walls. Since coke degrades the efficiency of the reactor, great care is taken to design reaction conditions to minimize its formation. Nonetheless, a steam cracking furnace can usually only run for a few months between de-cokings. "Decokes" require the furnace to be isolated from the process and then a flow of steam or a steam/air mixture is passed through the furnace coils. This decoking is essentially combustion of the carbons, converting the hard solid carbon layer to carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
Fluid Catalytic cracking[edit]
Schematic flow diagram of a fluid catalytic cracker
The catalytic cracking process involves the presence of solid acid catalysts, usually silica-alumina and zeolites. The catalysts promote the formation of carbocations, which undergo processes of rearrangement and scission of C-C bonds. Relative to thermal cracking, cat cracking proceeds at milder temperatures, which saves energy. Furthermore, by operating at lower temperatures, the yield of alkenes is diminished. Alkenes cause instability of hydrocarbon fuels.[9]
Fluid catalytic cracking is a commonly used process, and a modern oil refinery will typically include a cat cracker, particularly at refineries in the US, due to the high demand for gasoline.[10][11][12] The process was first used around 1942 and employs a powdered catalyst. During WWII, the Allied Forces had plentiful supplies of the materials in contrast to the Axis Forces, which suffered severe shortages of gasoline and artificial rubber. Initial process implementations were based on low activity alumina catalyst and a reactor where the catalyst particles were suspended in a rising flow of feed hydrocarbons in a fluidized bed.[citation needed]
In newer designs, cracking takes place using a very active zeolite-based catalyst in a short-contact time vertical


text:
Wind Runner by Ellie Crowe
Price: $2.99 USD. 4310 words.
Language: English. Published on March 9, 2013. Fiction » Children's books » Historical / United States / 19th Century.
Young Indian runners, running as fast as the wind, carried vital messages for hundreds of miles. This time the message was WAR. The starving Pueblo Indians were rising in battle against the cruel Spanish soldiers. And they were calling on their sworn enemies to join the fight. Running Deer, a 14-year-old boy, is taking the place of his older brother. Can a boy succeed in this dangerous mission?

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Science project
Rainbow in a Jar
In both cases, you need two things: a source of light, and a transparent substance like glass or water.
But wouldn't it be spectacular to hold a rainbow in a jar?
How can we use chemicals to make a rainbow in a jar?
 - 1 jar
 - 1/2 cup blue dishwashing liquid
 - 1/2 cup olive oil
 - 1/2 cup rubbing alcohol
 - 1/2 cup light corn syrup
 - Food coloring
 - 5 spoons
 - 5 bowls for mixing
 1. Make your purple layer by mixing 1/2 cup of the light corn syrup with 1 drop of blue and 1 drop of red food coloring.
 2. Carefully pour it into the bottom of your jar.
 3. Carefully pour the blue dish soap down the side of the jar.
 4. Mix 1/2 cup of water with 2 drops of green food coloring.
 5. Carefully pour in your green water down the side of the jar.
 6. Gently pour 1/2 cup olive oil down the side of your jar.
 7. Mix 1/2 cup of rubbing alcohol with 2 drops of red food coloring.
 8. Carefully pour the red rubbing alcohol down the inside of your jar.
 9. Being careful not to disturb your liquids, set your jar down on the table and enjoy your rainbow!
You should have produced a beautifully layered rainbow in a jar with distinct lines that separate each layer of liquid without them mixing.
So what keeps all these layers all separated from each other? It's how dense, or heavy, each liquid is. The corn syrup is heaviest, and sits nicely on the bottom. The dishwashing soap is not quite as heavy as the corn syrup, but it's heavier than the olive oil, and so on.
Layering them from heaviest to lightest from the bottom up ensures that the rainbow maintains its distinct lines.
What if you had added the layers in the reverse order? Would you still see a rainbow? Try it. What if you changed the colors around but added each liquid in the original order? Go for it. What happens if you mix your rainbow with a spoon? No matter which new experiments you attempt, be sure to record your results to learn even more about density.
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text:
required to neutralize the soda is added, because when it gets to around 70 degrees C it begins to evolve carbon dioxide even without acid. This property makes baking soda useful for putting out kitchen fires, particularly grease fires. Remember, NEVER use water on a grease fire. The best thing to do is just to put the lid on the flaming vessel, but if this is not possible, throw some soda on it. It decomposes so fast that it does not have time to cause the grease to splatter unless you use a whole lot and it can stay relatively cool in the middle of the mass, so do not throw a whole box into a deep fryer!
I neat trick to clean silver or copper of tarnish is to wash the item(s) thoroughly in detergent and water to remove dirt and grease, then put the items in either an uncoated aluminum pan or in any pan after first putting in a piece of aluminum foil. Add some baking soda and put the pan on the heat. This sets up a battery that electrolytically reduces the tarnish (copper or silver sulfide) back to the metal. This is preferable to silver polish because the polish removes the silver sulfide, whereas the soda method regenerates the silver. This is particularly important for silver plate since the plating is quite thin and repeated use of polishes will wear it away.
Baking soda is famous for being used in tooth cleaners, and it has real merit. It is a mild abrasive, but not so much that it damages tooth enamel, a mild antiseptic to kill bacteria, and a mild base that neutralizes the acids that bacteria produce that DO attack enamel. It is also a fair whitener. My grandmum used it (with a frizzled sweet gum stick as a toothbrush) until the she was around 50 or so and still had many of her natural teeth when she died at 101 and a half years!
The mild abrasive properties make soda great for cleaning items around the house without scratching them, but do not use it on really delicate items like laptop screens or lacquered surfaces. Also, do not use it on aluminum because it is basic enough to dissolve the protective oxide layer on aluminum. By the way, aluminum is so reactive that without this oxide layer (which forms immediately when aluminum is in contact with air) aluminum items would corrode away in minutes or weeks, depending on the size and geometry of the item. Aluminum foil would not exist with this protective layer, being destroyed by the air instantly. Remember, aluminum is produced by dissolving aluminum oxide in molten cryolite, sodium hexafluoroaluminate, a more basic and lower melting sodium salt. Sodium bicarbonate can not be used because it decomposes when it gets hot as mentioned earlier.
Many people use soda as an antacid, and for me it has no peer. Since I cut way back of fatty foods I rarely use it any more, when when I got heartburn half a teaspoon of soda in water would instantly, within 10 seconds, begin to give me relief. For those on sodium restricted diets it should not be used unless specifically directed by a medical professional. Alka-Seltzer is a combination of soda, citric acid, and aspirin. When the tablets are put into water, the citric acid reacts with the sodium bicarbonate to form carbon dioxide, water, and sodium citrate, itself a good antacid. Some of the aspirin also reacts with the soda to form sodium acetylsalicylate, a water soluble form of aspirin. That is why the aspirin gets into your system much faster than when taking tablets, because aspirin itself has a low water solubility.
Another common sodium compound is sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, or washing soda. It is present in almost all laundry detergents because it not only helps to soften water. It is also basic enough to saponify fat, turning it into soap and thus making fat water soluble. It is more basic than baking soda but not nearly as caustic as lye. Just do not get strong solutions in your eyes, but you CAN wash out washing soda solutions quickly enough to prevent corneal damage.
Sodium carbonate is used in enormous quantities as a raw material for glassmaking. Common glass is essentially a mixture of sodium carbonate, calcium oxide, and white sand, heated until it melts and then molded into glasses, bottles, and similar things, floated on molten tin to make window glass, or rolled into thicker plates for plate glass. All three of the raw materials are incredibly cheap, and that makes glass cheap as well. Now, there are hundreds of different glass formulations, but unless special properties are required, the soda lime glass is used because of its low cost. The next time you are at the hardware store look at the edge of a piece of window glass. You will see that it is quite green! That is because the glass is contaminated with trace amounts of iron, and iron in the 2+ oxidation state is green. The thin sections of the glass are too thin for the tint to be perceptible, but the edges of a piece a couple of feet wide are quite noticeable. For some applications even those traces are unacceptable so specially purified starting materials are used, increasing the cost of the glass considerably.
Another commonly used sodium compound is sodium borate, or borax, Na2B4O7. It is an excellent laundry booster and I use some in every load. It is also germicidal, and the former Mrs. Translator and I used it in the diaper pail to reduce odor of rinsed, soiled diapers. It is also an excellent and relatively nontoxic (to mammals) insecticide, and is safe to use around children and pets. People building or renovating houses are wise to put borax in the framing for drywall to act as a long lasting, nontoxic roach preventative.
Yet another commonly encountered sodium salt is monosodium glutamate, or MSG. This is used as a flavor enhancer in many salty and savory dishes. One of the reasons that soy sauce tastes like soy sauce is that soy beans are very high in the amino acid glutamic acid. As the protein is hydrolyzed, glutamic acid is released and combines with sodium, forming this material. Contrary to popular belief, real sensitivity to MSG is almost unknown and it IS a natural product. Almost any cheese has lots of it, except for unripened ones like cottage cheese and cream cheese. As a matter of fact, the scientific consensus is that MSG is the specific trigger for the fifth human taste umami (roughly translated from the Japanese as "delicious"). So go ahead and do not feel bad about using it. It really does make savory foods taste better, but works best with foods that are a little salty in the first place.
There are thousands of compounds with sodium in them, and we can only scratch the surface here. Therefore, we shall consider only one more.
Chlorine bleach is a water solution of sodium hypochlorite, NaClO. It is an oxidizing agent that is used to render colorless (and often water soluble) stains on fabric. It is made by reacting chlorine with sodium hydroxide, another product of the chloralkali process mentioned earlier. Bleach also contains a little sodium hydroxide to keep the pH high, because hypochlorite is unstable in neutral or acidic conditions, releasing chlorine. That is why it bleaches. When you add bleach to laundry, the pH decreases and chlorine, the real bleaching agent, is liberated. It is important to rinse garments thoroughly after using chlorine bleach because if the hydroxide is not removed it will damage the fabric. Weak bleach solutions are also excellent disinfecting solutions on hard surfaces that are not damaged by it.
Well, you have done it again! You have wasted many more einsteins of perfectly good photons reading this salty piece. And even though Huckabee realizes that making jokes about Chris Matthews wetting his pants when he reads me say it, I always learn much more than I could possibly hope to teach by writing this series, so please keep those comments, questions, corrections, and other feedback coming. Tips and recs are also always quite welcome. Remember, no science or technology issue is off topic here.
I shall stay around tonight for as comments warrant, since A***** is out of town. Tomorrow I shall return around 9:00 PM Easter for Review Time.
Doc, aka Dr. David W. Smith
Daily Kos, and


text:
The Angola Basin is an ocean basin located to the west of Africa at about 15o S in the south-central Atlantic Ocean. It is demarcated to the north by the Guinea Ridge, south of which lies the Angola Abyssal Plain which is fed by the Congo Canyon, the largest in the eastern Atlantic. This basin has also been known as the Buchanan Deep.
|This article is written at a definitional level only. Authors wishing to expand this entry are inivited to expand the present treatment, which additions will be peer reviewed prior to publication of any expansion.|
- Physical Oceanography Index
- Rhodes W. Fairbridge, editor. The Encyclopedia of Oceanography. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1966.


Version: 2022.3
Language : English
The Progressive Lightmapper
Lightmapping using Enlighten Baked Global Illumination
The Progressive GPU Lightmapper (preview)
Note: This is a preview feature and is subject to change. If you have ScenesA Scene contains the environments and menus of your game. Think of each unique Scene file as a unique level. In each Scene, you place your environments, obstacles, and decorations, essentially designing and building your game in pieces. More info
See in Glossary
that use this feature, you might need to update them in a future release. Do not rely on this feature for full-scale production until it is officially released.
The Progressive GPU LightmapperA tool in Unity that bakes lightmaps according to the arrangement of lights and geometry in your scene. More info
See in Glossary
is a backend for the Progressive Lightmapper which uses your computer's GPU and Dedicated Video Ram (VRAM) to generate baked lightmapsA pre-rendered texture that contains the effects of light sources on static objects in the scene. Lightmaps are overlaid on top of scene geometry to create the effect of lighting. More info
See in Glossary
and Light ProbesLight probes store information about how light passes through space in your scene. A collection of light probes arranged within a given space can improve lighting on moving objects and static LOD scenery within that space. More info
See in Glossary
.
Hardware and software requirements
In order to use the Progressive GPU Lightmapper, your computer must meet these minimum specifications:
 - At least one GPU with OpenCL 1.2 support
 - At least 4GB of VRAM dedicated to that GPU
 - A CPU that supports SSE4.1 instructions
If the Scene you are baking requires more VRAM than is available on the designated GPU, bake times can significantly increase. See Performance for information to help you reduce the time it takes to bake your Scene.
The Progressive GPU Lightmapper does not support CPU OpenCL devices.
Performance
The Progressive GPU Lightmapper bakes faster than the Progressive CPU Lightmapper, unless lightmapper tiling is active.
However, the specifications of the GPU you use to bake and the amount of VRAM dedicated to that GPU both influence your experience of the lightmapper's performance.
Other applications competing for GPU resources also have an impact on baking performance. Depending on your hardware vendor, reductions in the amount of VRAM available to Unity can slow down the bake, cause it to fail, or even result in the Progressive GPU Lightmapper falling back to the CPU if the GPU cannot meet minimum memory requirements. Closing other applications while you are working with this functionality can improve stability and performance.
In order to achieve results of the same quality as the Progressive CPU Lightmapper, the Progressive GPU Lightmapper needs up to four times more indirect light samples. The Progressive CPU Lightmapper uses an approach called branched path tracing, which launches more light rays at each bounce. The branched path tracing approach is not suitable for GPUs.
Unity provides a spreadsheet to help you determine how much memory the Progressive GPU Lightmapper needs to bake your scene. For more information see the Progressive GPU Lightmapper Memory Spreadsheet .
Preventing baking speed slowdowns caused by lightmapper tiling
The Progressive GPU Lightmapper includes a feature called lightmapper tiling. Lightmapper tiling prevents the Progressive GPU Lightmapper from falling back to the Progressive CPU Lightmapper when Unity has used up its GPU memory allocation. Instead, Unity allocates some temporary memory on the CPU, then bakes your lighting in tiles that are sized to match the amount of GPU memory available. Lightmapper tiling is active only when Unity can't access enough GPU memory to bake the entire lightmap. The Progressive CPU Lightmapper does not include a tiling feature.
When lightmapper tiling is active, progressive updates cease in the Scene viewAn interactive view into the world you are creating. You use the Scene View to select and position scenery, characters, cameras, lights, and all other types of Game Object. More info
See in Glossary
and the baking process. However, the Progressive updates setting in the Lighting window does not visibly deactivate. Baking a scene when lightmapper tiling is active is slower than baking the same scene without tiling.
It is not possible to disable tiling. However, you can reduce the likelihood of its activation by using the following strategies:
 - Increase the amount of GPU memory available for Unity to use.
 - Disable ambient occlusionA method to approximate how much ambient light (light not coming from a specific direction) can hit a point on a surface.
 See in Glossary
 . Open the Lighting window (menu: Window > Rendering > Lighting). In the Lightmapping Settings interface, disable Ambient Occlusion.
 - Bake only indirect light. Set all your light sources to Realtime or Mixed. Make sure that no light sources are set to Baked. If you use the mixed approach, set Lighting > Mixed Lighting > Lighting mode to Baked Indirect.
 - Reduce the level of anti-aliasing in your project. Navigate to Project Settings > Quality and choose an option that takes fewer samples. For example, you might switch from 8x Multi Sampling to 2x Multi Sampling.
 - Reduce the quality of your lightmaps in your Lightmap Parameters Asset. Open the Lighting window, expand Lightmapping settings, and select a lower-resolution option for Lightmap parameters.
 - Reduce your lightmap resolution.
 - Use a CPU-based denoiser. To choose a denoiser, open the Lighting window, expand Lightmapping settings, set Filtering to Advanced and then select the denoiser for each type of lightmap target (Direct and Indirect). Only OpenImageDenoise is CPU-based. RadeonPro and Optix are GPU-based, but RadeonPro uses a lot more GPU memory.
Platform-specific limitations
On macOS it is more difficult to determine how much memory is available. As a result, fallback to CPU is more likely on this platform and it is a best practice to follow instructions for optimizing your bake speed.
How to optimize your bake speed
There are several ways you can reduce bake times and avoid situations where bakes exceed the VRAM available to the GPU designated for baking.
 - Close other GPU-accelerated applications. GPU-accelerated 2D image editing and 3D modelling software uses VRAM. Turn off accelerated graphics functionality or quit these applications.
 - Switch to a CPU-based denoiser. GPU-based denoisers also use VRAM capacity. Switch to a CPU-based option, like Intel Open Image, which uses system RAM instead.
 - Use Light Probes for smaller GameObjectsThe fundamental object in Unity scenes, which can represent characters, props, scenery, cameras, waypoints, and more. A GameObject's functionality is defined by the Components attached to it. More info
 See in Glossary
 . GameObjects such as debris or small props use up space in lightmaps but might not contribute significantly to the look of a scene. To optimize bake speed, disable Contribute Global Illumination for these GameObjects' Mesh Renderers and light them with Light Probes instead.
 - Designate separate GPUs for rendering and baking. If your computer has more than one GPU, you can designate one for rendering and one for baking. See Configure GPU selection below.
 - Use a lower number of Anti-aliasing samples. The default value for this setting in the Lightmap Parameters Asset is 8. When you increase it, Unity uses more VRAM. When you are using a lightmap size of 4096 or above, this can quickly exceed the memory of many consumer GPUs.
Configure GPU selection
If you have at least two GPUs, you can specify one GPU for rendering the Scene and another for baking lighting. This might be desirable in cases where there is insufficient VRAM available for the default GPU to both render your scene and bake it using the Progressive GPU Lightmapper.
To change which GPU Unity uses for baking:
1. Open the Lighting window (menu: Window > Rendering > Lighting).
2. Navigate to the Workflow Settings section.
3. Use the GPU Baking Device drop-down menu to select a GPU.
The Progressive Lightmapper
Lightmapping using Enlighten Baked Global Illumination


text:
Glacier Bay Crabs
The Life and Times of Dungeness Crabs in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve
Life history of Dungeness crabs; distribution of Dungeness crabs throughout Glacier Bay; animal ecology; the effectiveness of a marine preserve for protecting species, such as Dungeness crab; special adaptations to a marine environment
Dungeness crabs are an important benthic species of Glacier Bay. Glacier Bay was closed in 1999 to all commercial fishing of Dungeness crabs because of the possibility of a collapse of Alaska's Dungeness fisheries. Preliminary studies indicate that this closure will increase the size and abundance of this important species, as well as improve its genetic biodiversity.
What factors are important to maintaining a strong population of Dungeness crab in Southeast Alaska?
Students will know...
- The life history of Dungeness crabs
- The place of the Dungeness crab in the food web of Glacier Bay's marine environment
- The physiological adaptations that allow crabs to thrive in the extreme conditions of Glacier Bay
- The relationship between a thriving fishery and marine preserves
Students will be able to...
- Compare and contrast the life histories of human beings and Dungeness crabs.
- Create displays to share information on Dungeness crabs.
- Build models to compare and contrast members, both terrestrial and marine, of the Arthropoda Phylum.
- Research and illustrate the place of the Dungeness crab in the food web of its marine environment.
- Analyze data from a study on the distribution of Dungeness crabs in Glacier Bay to draw conclusions about the animal and its ability to adapt to the extreme conditions of the environment.
- Examine a brief history of the commercial Dungeness crab fishery in southeast Alaska and its effect on the population of Dungeness crabs.
- Assess the effectiveness of a marine preserve on the continued health of a commercially important population of animals.
- Crabs in Glacier Bay
- Unit Outline
- Instructional Resources
- Activity #1
- Activity #2
Dungeness Crabs at home in Glacier Bay
- Activity #3
The economic significance of a crab refuge
- National Standards
Science, English/Language Arts, Geography, Mathematics, Social Studies
- Grade Levels:
- Fifth Grade-Eighth Grade
- Biology: Animals, Conservation, Marine Biology, Oceanography, Wildlife Management
- National/State Standards:
- Science as Inquiry, Life Science, Science in Personal & Social Perspectives, History & Nature of Science, Data Analysis and Probability, Environment & Society, The Uses of Geography


CFD Online Discussion Forums
CFD Online Discussion Forums (
- FLUENT (
- - Difficult BCs about Freesurface Simulation by VOF (
Yongguang Cheng September 19, 2003 07:39
Difficult BCs about Freesurface Simulation by VOF
Hello Friends,
There is an actual difficulty on the boundary treatment when I try to simulate a practical air-water freesurface problem using VOF method. Would you please give me some suggestions?
The problem is: A partially filled water delivery tunnel, with the water level and velocity at the inlet given, the outlet water level is disturbing by the effect of tailrace water. To simulate the wave propagation in the tunnel, the VOF module is used. Because we know the water level history,the outlet boundary condition is set as pressure-outlet and the pressure distributions and water fractions (which are spatial and temporal dependent) are imposed by UDFs. But the VOF fractions can't be used by the solver in the simulation because the flow is not backflow. Only Backflow VOF Fraction can be imposed at the pressure-outlet by Fluent, but giving the VOF fraction at pressure-outlet of forward flow is also a posed problem.
The question is: How can I impose the VOF fraction at the outflow pressure boundary?


text:
Churihatta Mosque Dhaka
The Churihatta Mosque is situated in the Churihatta quarter of the city near the Chauk. A lane by the north side of the Chauk mosque leads to it, but a motorable road comes from the Urdu Road, just from the south-west corner of the Jail.
The mosque was constructed by a Mughal officer, Muhammad Beg, in 1649 when Prince Shah Shuja was the viceroy of Bengal. Tradition says that the mosque stands on the site of a former temple, which was destroyed and this fact receives partial confirmation from the inscription. But the present building was decidedly not a temple, as the rumour goes. It is out and out a mosque. The eastern facade of the original mosque is panelled and each of the three doorways opens through two successive arches, pointed and four-centred. The parapet is laced with blind merlons and the corners have the usual minars. The interior has three, mihrabs on the west and a row of rectangular panels above the head line. Side doorways admit light. A modern verandah has been added on the cast, and another will be soon added on the north.


Shepherd, MI
Online Offers
Shepherd is a village in Isabella County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,536 at the 2000 census. The village is within Coe Township.
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,536 people, 619 households, and 417 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,586.7 per square mile (611.4/km²). There were 641 housing units at an average density of 662.2 per square mile (255.1/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 96.35% White, 0.46% African American, 0.52% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 0.65% from other races, and 1.69% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.34% of the population.


Validation
The Stepper enables you to set validation logic for each step. Based on it, a success or error icon will be rendered. Validation icons are rendered either in the step indicator or as part of the step label, depending on the current Stepper configuration options.
Setup
To set the step validation, use the isValid property.
Example
View Source
Change Theme:
Custom Validation Icons
The Stepper allows you to customize the rendered validation icons. To achieve this specify the successIcon and errorIcon properties of the Stepper and provide the CSS classes (font icon classes) that should be applied to the icons.
Example
View Source
Change Theme:
In this article
Not finding the help you need?


Mobius Encyclopaedia
Dark Gaia
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Dark Gaia
First Appearance
Sonic the Hedgehog #259
Biographical information
 - Dark Gaia
 - Deity
Physical description
Political Alignment and Abilities
Notable Super Forms
Dark Gaia is a primordial hyper energy organism that lies beneath the surface of Sonic's World and has been in eternal conflict with Light Gaia. Together they have maintained a cycle of destruction and rebirth since the dawn of time.
When Amy Rose met Sonic the Hedgehog for the first time at Never Lake, an illustration that heavily resembled Dark Gaia (as well as Chip) could be seen on one of her tarrot cards (the same set that allegedly predicted her first meeting with Sonic), possibly fortelling of the beasts eventual awakening. (StH: #290)
Awoken Too Soon
Dark Gaia Mural
A mural depicting the Dark Gaia.
According to Professor Pickle, Dark Gaia had a history of causing the planet to break up into fragments, not unlike the situation that resulted during shattered world crisis. Tikal indicated that the breaking of the planet following the Super Genesis Wave was an acceleration of the natural cycle, happening prior to its proper time. As a result, Light Gaia was left weakened and unprepared for the task that lay ahead of it. Additionally, portions of the creature's energy began seeping through the cracks in the planet, and some coalesced into Dark Gaia Creatures. (StH: #259, SU: #63).
After Sonic beat Dr. Eggman's Egg Dragoon, Dark Gaia finally regained its consciousness thanks to Eggman gathering its fragments with the Summoning Spire. Now strong enough on its own, it began reabsorbing its energies from across the globe, allowing to mature from its incomplete state into its "perfect form". (StH: #286, #287)
Dark Gaia is capable of exerting its essence as a corruptive, yet potent energy gas referred to as Dark Gaia Energy. This energy is capable of causing mutations at night, blocking spirits, and enhancing negative feelings. When coalescing, it can also create hostile monsters.
Background Information
 - Dark Gaia Mural
 Dark Gaia is the main antagonist of the game Sonic Unleashed. The storyline in which it appears in the comic is based on the story of said game.
 - Dark Gaia was first referred to in StH#193, though it was not referred to by name nor was actually seen on panel. Additionally, the story in which it was referred to took place in the Another Time, Another Place universe.
 - in Sonic Unleashed, Dark Gaia's essence was seen to put people in depressed moods; the comics indicate that it can also increase aggressive tendencies, and that high concentrations can lead to mutations as seen in the case of Sonic.
External Links
Ad blocker interference detected!


Northwestern University researchers have found that...
June 04, 2000|By Theresa Walla.
Northwestern University researchers have found that adults' memories are:
A: Suspect
B: Rosier than reality
C: More negative than necessary (Perspective section, Page 1)
1. A gallon of gas now costs $4.65 in which country?
A. United States
B. England
C. Japan
2. The Grand Illinois Trail, which encircles northern Illinois, will cover how much distance when complete?
A. 14 miles
B. 475 miles
C. 1,700 miles
D. 20,000 miles
3. The 7thand 8th-grade students of Coonley Elementary teacher Sharon Stone have mastered:
A. ABC's
B. Flower arranging
C. Shaking hands
Who is 'he'?
4. "It struck me that he is very much in control of what he wants to do and he is resolved to continue to be successful, but with a different demeanor."
The answers:
From Page 1: All of the above. After 40 years of asking questions, the memory miners found that adults misperceive just about everything.
1. In England, the cost of gas has created a bicycle boom. 2. The trail, which officially opens this weekend, is less than half done but proponents hope for 475 miles in all. 3. Tribune columnist Eric Zorn lauded the students' grasp of C, which he considers an important social skill. 4. Indiana basketball coach Bobby Knight, envisioned by Board of Trustrees President John Walda.
Readers may send NewsQuiz
e-mail to


text:
|| Default value
||m + datum
||The threshold of the higher end-point of the pump. Water flows from the lower end-point to the higher end-point until the water level at the higher end-point has reached the threshold. If not selected, the Upper Threshold will be ignored as a mechanic.
This attribute can be defined as values over time, using an array of values defining interpolation-time. This allows users to more dynamically define the target water level this pump maintains.
- When the PUMP_Q of the pump is positive, the pump will not pump if the water level is higher than or equal to the upper threshold. If the PUMP_Q is negative, the pump will not pump if the water level is lower than or equal to the upper threshold.


text:
Computational modeling of platinum recovery.
The increased value of platinum has led to intensified efforts to recover this precious metal from effluent streams. The streams usually contain large amounts of other metals that are not wanted (such as iron) and one therefore needs to selectively recover the platinum. Although a lot of progress has been made experimentally, where amine-substituted activated carbon (AC) is used to recover the platinum, little is known about the molecular-level mechanism of the adsorption of platinum onto the functionalised AC. Increased knowledge at the molecular level will hopefully assist in identifying new methods for selective adsorption, as well as improving existing methods.
In these studies we model the AC carbon by attaching oxy-functional groups on graphitic structures (oxygen containing functional groups are known to exist on the AC). The interaction between the amine groups and the functionalise AC is then studied, to ascertain which functional groups are most likely to be important for the adsorption of the amine groups. These studies are performed at neutral pH to accurately reflect the experimental conditions. The adsorption properties of the platinum complex ions and the adsorbed amine groups are then studied in order to understand the chemistry of the platinum adsorption.
The figure below shows the system containing the Pt complex, amine group and the carboxylic functional group.
This research, which is performed in close collaboration with the experimental studies at Tswane University of Technology, South Africa, is funded by SIDA (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency).


text:
Psychology and Brain Sciences | Choice Behavior
P648 | 27440 | Busemeyer, J.
Choice is the behavioral interface between the brain and the
environment, and consequently, understanding this basic process is
fundamental to all fields of human activity. This course will begin
with what is considered the optimal way of making choices – expected
utility theory -- which prescribes how to combine beliefs with
values. The synthesis expected utility with Bayesian inference
produces the well known signal detection model of decision making.
However, the signal detection model is a static model, and its
dynamic extension is known as the random walk or diffusion model of
decision making. Random walk/diffusion models have been used to
model decisions ranging from sensation, perception, memory,
categorization, and even consumer preferences. Artificial neural
network models of choice can be viewed as nonlinear extensions of
diffusion models. This course will link together all of these
theories, describe how to use these models to explain data, and
review empirical for and against these theories.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm working on a Hangman game in Python and I need user validation for the input, which I have made an attempt at, but I don't know why its not working.
My task was to have "error" messages for 1. empty input, 2. non-integer, non-empty input, 3. index out of range input. By index out of range, I mean that I am asking the user for an integer from 0-9 to select a word from the list already in the program.
def getLetterFromUser(totalGuesses):
 while True:
 userInput = input("\nPlease enter the letter you guess:")
 if userInput == '' or userInput =='':
 print("Empty input.")
 elif userInput in totalGuesses:
 print("You have already guessed that letter. Try again.")
 elif userInput not in 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz':
 print("You must enter an alphabetic character.")
 return userInput
For clarity's sake, the subsequent call to getLetterFromUser is in a while loop so that it repeatedly checks these conditions.
EDIT: I took out what didn't belong. Thank you. My problem, however, is that it still tells me the input isn't in alphabet, when it is. And the length of the input(a single char) is 2, which doesn't make sense unless it counts the null character.
share|improve this question
What problem or error are you experiencing? – Mr E Feb 15 '12 at 0:44
Why are you having the user select the word, and why is that option in the "Guess a letter" prompt loop? – Edwin Feb 15 '12 at 0:46
_USER_ My apologies, that if got pasted in there unknowingly. Disregard it, as it goes elsewhere. To others: the error I'm receiving is that no matter what I input, its never right. It usually says "You must enter an alphabetic character", to which I do. Also, I was curious so I checked the length of the input(a single character) and its ALWAYS 2. I don't know why. – trainreq Feb 15 '12 at 0:48
Your question seems related to How to handle both integer and string from raw_input? take look at it :) (obviously what was raw_input in python-2.x is now input in python-3.x) – Rik Poggi Feb 15 '12 at 0:55
In response to your edit, try print(repr(userInput)) to see what's really in there (it won't be a NUL character, those don't work the same way in Python as they do in C - in Python NUL is just another perfectly valid character). – Greg Hewgill Feb 15 '12 at 3:18
4 Answers 4
your problem is that some validation rules should take precedence over others. for example, if userInput is an empty string, what do you expect userInput < 0 to return? what if it's not empty but also not a number?
think about which conditions should be checked first. some functions you might want to read about and use:
"123".isdigit() # checks if a string represents an integer number
" 123 ".strip() # removes whitespaces at the beginning and end.
len("") # returns the length of a string
int("123") # converts a string to an int
share|improve this answer
Here are two things to start with:
what is the purpose of the line
userInput = userInput.lower()
If you are assuming the userInput is an integer.. You should try userInput=int(userInput). Integers have no.lower() method.
the next line
if 0 > userInput or userInput > 9
this assumes userInput is an integer (you are comparing to 0 and 9, not "0" and "9")
the following looks nicer:
if not 0<=userInput<=9
share|improve this answer
You say you want integer answers, but you are not casting the input to an int, but then you say that if the input is not in the alphabet, it should return an error message. You're asking for two different things.
Do you want the user to enter an integer or a character?
share|improve this answer
This may help you:
>>> int(" 33 \n")
>>> int(" 33a asfd")
Traceback (most recent call last):
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '33a asfd'
>>> try:
... int("adsf")
... except ValueError:
... print "invalid input is not a number"
invalid input is not a number
share|improve this answer
I must ask, how do you enter multiline commands in the CLI? – trainreq Feb 15 '12 at 1:00
I was in pyscripter which is an IDE for python. You just press enter to go to the next line. stackoverflow.com/questions/81584/what-ide-to-use-for-python – robert king Feb 15 '12 at 1:17
Your Answer


text:
STEP 1: You need to have a model in high densitiy foam before you can start
STEP 2: Put the model in the machine
STEP 3: Lower the platform where you've putted your model on
STEP 4: Put a plastic sheet on the machine (this one is 2mm thick) and fasten it
STEP 5: Start heathing the sheet
STEP 6: Check if the sheet is hot enough, blow some air in it. It should go up for 6cm.
STEP 7: Let your model go up and push the vacuum button
STEP 8: Lower your model again and let it cool down.
STEP 9: Open the machine and get your plastic sheet out
This is how you thermoform plastic


text:
The CINTIL-LogicalFormBank (Branco, 2009, and Branco et al., 2011) is a corpus of semantic dependencies of sentences from Portuguese texts composed of 10,039 sentences and 110,166 tokens taken from different sources and domains: news (8,861 sentences; 101,430 tokens), novels (399 sentences; 3,082 tokens) (see 3.2.). In addition, there are 779 sentences (5,654 tokens) that are used for regression testing of the computational grammar that supported the annotation of the corpus (cf. section 4.6.).
The CINTIL-LogicalFormBank is composed of MRS representations of each sentence's semantic relations resulting from a previous semi-automatic analysis with a double-blind annotation followed by adjudication (see Branco and Costa, 2008, with a full description of the process). The resulting dataset contains one information level: semantic relations.
The main motivation behind the creation of this resource was to build a high quality data set with syntactic information that could support the development of a large set of automatic resources and tools for Portuguese for NLP studies.
The development of this resource started under the project SemanticShare – Resources and Tools for Semantic Processing (at: _URL_ whose main goal was to generate a deep linguistic annotated corpus of Portuguese, with manually verified grammatical representations.


Photo of bronze statue of female angel from the shoulders up with green foliage background
An unexpected death of a loved one in a nursing home is a difficult time for any family. If you want answers, you may need to consult a lawyer quickly.
Move Quickly When Someone Unexpectedly Dies in a Nursing Home
A nursing home resident should not die suddenly and unexpectedly except by a diagnosable and not-preventable medical condition.
If someone dies suddenly and unexpectedly in a nursing home and you can't get straight, honest answers as to what happened–and why–you should have someone investigating that death as soon as possible.
How We Investigate Sudden Nursing Home Deaths
Here is an overview of how we investigate sudden deaths in nursing homes generally. Every case is different, and may involve different approaches.
 1. Get the Medical Examiner / Coroner Involved Immediately
 2. Put the facility on notice of a potential claim and their legal requirement to preserve evidence like video footage
 3. Obtain all video footage
 4. Identify and interview witnesses
 5. Review all medical records
 6. Check for changes or alterations to records
 7. Consult experts
Get the Medical Examiner / Coroner Involved Immediately
Medical examiners should be investigating and ruling on the cause of death for suspicious sudden nursing home deaths.
The goal here is to figure out why the person died. There could be an innocent medical explanation. The evidence of that may be inside the person or require examining their body. That's something, ideally, the medical examiner or coroner should do.
It can include seeking an autopsy. While this may not be pleasant, there are certain medical causes of death that may only be detected (or ruled out) through an autopsy.
Any suspicious or sudden death, or death involving physical trauma, should already be reported to the medical examiner's office. Many times they aren't in my experience.
So ask doctors and hospitals to report the death. Follow up with the medical examiner's office directly. Once the person is cremated or buried, it may be too late for them to do anything.
Purple note with the word "important" written on it in black handwriting with a red push pin at the top.
Don't let important evidence be destroyed by letting time pass.
When a potential lawsuit defendant knows or should know there's a potential legal claim being investigated, and they may have certain evidence in their possession (like video footage), they have a duty not to destroy that evidence.
If they do destroy it, we may be able to get sanctions for destruction of evidence (called "spoliation"), which may include the jury being instructed that the evidence would have helped our case.
Lots of types of evidence may be destroyed over time. For example, there may be security cameras in hallways that record on a "loop," so the footage is deleted every two weeks or 30 days.
If we wait until 6 months have gone by to put the facility on notice, they can claim they did not know it was evidence anyone wanted.
Obtain all video footage
Video footage may be missing or destroyed if you wait too long to get it after an unexplained nursing home death.
If there's any footage of the person, or the hallway to / from their room, we want it. This will help prove (or disprove) what staff wrote in the medical record or may later testify about.
For example, if the family discovers someone dead in their room, the facility may claim "we just checked on her." If no one actually shows up on the video going to her room, we know that's a lie.
Identify and interview witnesses
Getting to witnesses early to figure out what they know can be critical to ever knowing why someone died suddenly in a nursing home.
There are lots of people in nursing homes: other residents, their families, staff, outside medical providers, and others.
Any of these people may be able to shed light on what happened. And in Ohio, nursing homes may be able to find some of these people, but hide what they said.
We go find them and get their story for ourselves.
Time is crucial here, too. Many residents may leave a nursing home, especially if they were just there for rehabilitation. You can lose the story that can help you figure out why someone died in a nursin ghome if you let witnesses disappear.
Review all medical records
Medical records can provide important clues as to what happened, and what did not happen, leading up to a sudden nursing home death.
Medical records help us understand what may have happened. They show prior medical conditions that could lead to sudden death. For example, death by heart attack, stroke, or pulmonary embolism.
They also contain records of staff involved with the person leading up to their death. Was there neglect? Abuse? Failure to recognize and respond to warning signs of an impending medical emergency?
Check for changes or alterations to records
You cannot trust medical records to tell you the truth about what happened. You have to check for changes and alterations–or flat out lies–when someone dies suddenly in the nursing home.
As useful as medical records can be, we cannot assume they're accurate or honest.
Staff at nursing homes can alter records after the fact as a cover-up of what happened. This will show up in the record of medical record changes, called an "audit trail," for electronic medical records. It can be harder to detect with hand-written medical records, but we've seen it.
People can also make self-serving or false records of care before a death. For example, we've seen cases in which someone says they took vital signs, took a resident to the toilet, or gave medications, when we know it's a lie.
We've even seen cases where care was supposedly given after the person has already left the facility, or died.
Consult experts
A forensic pathologist can be critical to finding out the cause of death when a nursing home resident suddenly dies without warning.
There are private doctors who can determine causes of death–called "forensic pathologists"–and we can and do retain such experts in cases like this. Even when we have the medical examiner's office on board.
Getting an Experienced Nursing Home Lawyer on Board Early
Time is of the essence in getting an investigation started when a loved one dies unexpectedly in a nursing home and you can't get answers.
You can see from this list how important time is when a nursing home resident unexpectedly dies.
Getting an experienced nursing home lawyer investigating quickly can be important to finding out what really happened.
But a word of warning: any "personal injury" lawyer can say "I do nursing home cases." Any lawyer can put a page on their website talking vaguely about nursing home cases. Do your homework and ask them tough questions:
 1. Is this all they do? What other types of cases do they handle?
 2. Have they ever taken a nursing home case to trial?
 3. How many of this type of nursing home cases have they handled?
 4. Can they answer your specific questions about nursing home laws and regulations? Or do they give general answers and change the subject?
 5. Do they seem like subject-matter experts on nursing home law?
Remember, you're interviewing them as much as they're interviewing you. Changing lawyers can be time-consuming. And by the time you realize they aren't the right lawyer for your family, it may already be too late.
So put the effort in up front to get it right if you can.
Do you have questions about a possible Sudden Nursing Home Death Investigations case? Contact us now using this confidential form. We'll help you get answers.
 Our No Fear Guarantee
What we promise you is a NO FEAR guarantee.
Contact us now.
Let Us Start Investigating Your Case
It's easy. No cost or commitment.
Get Started
Your first name
Your last name
What's the best way to reach you by phone?
We'll keep this confidential, and send you important information.
Find the Right Nursing Home Abuse and Neglect Lawyers for You
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What Can We Do to Improve Nursing Home Conduct?
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From Q
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A NET is a combination of categories on a Categorical Question. A NET is always computed in the same way: it represents the proportion of respondents (i.e., cases) to have selected one or more of the categories and have no missing data.
NET with mutually exclusive categories
With mutually exclusive categories, such as gender, a NET is the sum of categories: 51% males + 49% females = 100% NET. Thus, with Pick One and Pick One - Multi questions, a NET is in essence a total.
NET with categories that are not mutually exclusive
The following table shows awareness data, where people were permitted to be aware of 1 or more brands (it is a Pick Any question). Note that the NET here is not a total. Where the categories overlap, the NET will always be less than or equal to the sum of the categories, except where there is missing data (this is discussed in more detail below).
NET with categories that are not exhaustive
A NET is only 100% if the categories it represents are exhaustive. The example below shows ages of children in families. The NET is not the sum of the categories above, because people can have more than one child. And, it is not 100% because people in the sample have no children.
See NET is not 100% for a discussion of options when you wish to force the NET to be 100%.
NET with missing data
Cases with any missing data are excluded from the NET. In the table on the left, all the brands have a sample size of 327 except for Pepsi Light, which has a sample size of 314 due to 13 cases with missing data (i.e., Missing n). In this example, the NET is computed using only the 314 cases that have complete data (i.e., Pepsi Light and all the other brands).
In the table to the right many of the brands have missing data, and as a total of 21 cases have some missing data, the Base n used in computation of the NET is 306.
By definition the Base n for the NET must always be less than or equal to the smallest Base n shown in a SUMMARY table. For the same reason, the Column n shown for the NET row in a crosstab and shown in Statistics - Below must always less than or equal to the smallest Column n in that column.
See Column n Is Too Small for a discussion of options when you wish to display a different sample size.
Creating a NET
NETs are automatically created when a project is setup in in Q. Further NETs can be created by selecting multiple categories, right clicking and selecting Create NET (see Manipulating Data).
The NETs that are automatically created (i.e., which, by default, are shown at the base and to the right of tables) are no different to NETs that are manually created using Create NET.
See also


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'If you don't do the time, you don't get the results'.
Start by deciding on how much time you should spend on home study, ie, written work and study/learning work. The following is the suggested minimum time for the six years of secondary school:
* First Year: 1-2 Hours
* Second Year: 1-2 Hours
* Third Year: 2-3 Hours
* Transition Year: 2-3 Hours (may be less depending on the style of syllabus)
* Fifth Year: 3 Hours
* Sixth Year: 3-4 Hours


What you need to know about the Land Owner Transparency Act
28 August 2019
This article was co-authored by James Stewart, an articling student in Gowling WLG's Vancouver office.
The Land Owner Transparency Act (British Columbia) ("LOTA" or the "Act") received royal assent on May 16, 2019 and will be in force once regulations are passed. LOTA is part of the government's efforts to bring enhanced visibility on the ownership of land in British Columbia. Once the Act is operational, individuals and entities who directly or indirectly hold beneficial interests in British Columbia land will be required to disclose specific information such as place of residence, SIN number, tax residency, etc. The disclosure requirements will apply to all parties who fundamentally own and control land including corporations, partnerships and trusts. A portion of the information collected will be made available and publically searchable by way of registry administered by the Province's Land Title and Survey Authority ("LTSA").
Who will be affected?
LOTA's disclosure requirements are wide-reaching. With certain exceptions, LOTA will affect anyone who currently holds or may acquire an interest in land in British Columbia (including any leased land where the term of the lease is more than 10 years). Reporting bodies and interest holders are obligated to comply with LOTA.
 1. Reporting Bodies
A reporting body is defined under LOTA as a relevant corporation, a trustee of a relevant trust or a partner of a relevant partnership. Such reporting bodies are required to file transparency declarations and/or transparency reports. There are three main types of reporting bodies, all of which are subject to certain reporting obligations: relevant corporations, relevant trusts and relevant partnerships:
 1. Relevant Corporations – LOTA defines relevant corporations as all corporations and limited liability corporations which have not been expressly excluded.
 2. Relevant Trusts – LOTA applies to all trusts unless they are excluded.
 3. Relevant Partnerships – LOTA captures all types of partnerships including general partnerships, limited partnerships, limited liability partnerships, professional partnerships, foreign partnerships, prescribed partnerships, or a legal relationship, created in another jurisdiction that is similar to any of the above-mentioned types of partnerships.
 1. Interest Holders
LOTA's disclosure obligations extend to individuals who are considered interest holders under the Act. Interest holders fall into three broad categories: a i) beneficial owner; ii) corporate interest holder; or iii) partnership interest holder:
 1. A Beneficial Owner – An individual is a beneficial owner if the individual:
 1. has a beneficial interest in land other than an interest that is contingent on the death of another individual; or
 2. has the power to revoke the relevant trust and receive the interest in land; or
 3. is a corporate interest holder (described below) in respect of a relevant corporation and the relevant corporation has a beneficial interest in land or the power to revoke the relevant trust and receive the interest in land.
 2. A Corporate Interest Holder – An individual is a corporate interest holder if the individual:
 1. has a beneficial or registered interest in a significant amount of shares of a corporation (defined as 10% or more of outstanding shares or 10% or more of the voting rights in a corporation); or
 2. has the rights or ability to directly or indirectly appoint the majority of the board of directors in a corporation or has the ability to significantly control an individual with the rights or ability to appoint or remove a majority of directors; or
 3. through jointly held interests, rights or abilities, meets the criteria set out in (a) or (b), in such case, all such individuals are considered cooperate interest holders.
 3. A Partnership Interest Holder – An individual is a partnership interest holder if the individual:
 1. is a partner in a relevant partnership; or
 2. is a corporate interest holder in a relevant corporation which is a partner in a relevant partnership
However, if the individual is a partner in a relevant partnership but does not have any interest, ability or rights in respect to an interest in land, then the individual will not be a partnership interest holder for the purposes of the Act.
What actions are required?
Three main situations trigger a reporting body's obligation to file under LOTA: i) the registration of a new interest in land at a land title office ("LTO"); ii) pre-existing interests in land; and iii) changes in interest holdings in land. When registering a new interest in land, the transferee must file a transparency declaration to disclose whether or not the transferee is a reporting body, and if so, which type of reporting body. The transferee is considered a reporting body it is also required to file a transparency report to disclose information about the reporting body itself and all relevant interest holders. If immediately before the coming into force of section 15 of LOTA, a relevant corporation, a trustee of a relevant trust, or a partner of a relevant partnership is a registered owner of land, then such corporation, trustee or partner must file a transparency report within a limited time period to be set by the LOTA regulations. If an entity becomes a reporting body or discovers a prior filing is inaccurate due to a change in the interest holder, the reporting body must file a transparency report within two months of the entity becoming a report body or being aware of the inaccurate information.
What information must be disclosed?
The following information must be disclosed in a transparency report by reporting bodies and interest holders:
 1. Interest Holders – Reporting bodies must report the following information regarding each of their interest holders: primary identification information (full name, citizenship status, location of principal residence, etc.), last known address; SIN number; tax number (if applicable); residency status for tax purposes; and a description of how they are an interest holder.
 2. Relevant Corporations – Relevant corporations must disclose the information described in (a) for all of its interest holders; the relevant corporation's business number, if any, within the meaning of the Income Tax Act (Canada); the incorporation, continuation, amalgamation or other identifying numbers given to the corporation by the jurisdiction in which they were incorporated; and the parcel identifier assigned to the land to which the transparency report relates.
 3. Relevant Trusts – The reporting body must disclose the information required in paragraph (a) above for each of the settlors of the relevant trust as well as the parcel identifier assigned to the land to which the report relates. In addition, the reference number of any relevant trust instruments must be disclosed.
 4. Relevant Partnerships – The relevant partnerships must disclose the partnership's primary identification information; business number under the Income Tax Act (Canada); and the identifying number, if any, issued to the partnership by the jurisdiction in which it was formed.
What information will be available on the public registry?
In an effort to enhance transparency, a searchable registry database will be make available to the public. The registry database will be maintained by the LTSA and will disclosed primary identification information in respect of interest holders and reporting bodies. There will also be a 90-day window before information is made public to allow for an application under LOTA to keep the primary identification information confidential in certain cases.
What inspections and demands for information can be made under the act?
Under LOTA, enforcement officers are permitted to carry out investigations to ensure compliance with the legislation. The enforcement officers are granted the power to: inspect records and other material or property that may relevant to the investigation; obtain personal information; remove records or other property for the purposes of conducting the investigation; and make copies or extracts of records.
There is a duty under LOTA to cooperate with the investigation, however, LOTA does not extend the powers of the officers to search the records of a lawyer if the lawyer claims such records are protected by solicitor-client privilege.
What are the penalties for non-compliance?
Non-compliance with LOTA can have significant consequences. If a party improperly submits or fails to submit the appropriate documents, the LTO has the authority to refuse registration of an interest in land. Apart from the refusal to register the land, direct contraventions of LOTA can result in administrative penalties.
Related Real Estate


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It is the Common Meeting that governs the school.
Common meetings are used for discussing and working out the detailed contents of the program elements and the particular methods with which to get the most out of the topics and actions. This secures that the program is continually realized and brought further within and among the students, and also serves to assist and bring along those of the students or groups who need good advice or comments to their work.
The school's Common Meeting unites everyone, with the headmaster in the lead and with all teachers and students participating. The meeting treats many issues of the school and is part of planning the process, courses and results of the learning and teaching, as well as the daily life of the school and the immediate future to look forward to. Meeting points also comprise the different lines of necessary and instructive practical work to be done, so everything functions to standard. Such tasks must be performed to a high level of quality, so the vivid training at school is supplemented by attaining a thorough level of quality in the everyday life while moving through the program.


tclx: tclx (Extended Tcl) tclx: tclx: Extended Tcl (TclX), is a set of extensions to Tcl, the Tool Command tclx: Language invented by Dr. John Ousterhout. Extended Tcl is oriented tclx: towards Unix system programming tasks and large application tclx: development. Many additional interfaces to the Unix operating system tclx: are provided. Extended Tcl was designed and implemented by Karl tclx: Lehenbauer ( and Mark Diekhans (, tclx: with help in the early stages from Peter da Silva ( tclx: tclx:


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CRGI is now offering Teadit NA1082SAN NSF-61 certified gasket material for drinking water applications.
The NA1082SAN gasket material was developed by Teadit North America to allow compliance for drinking water system components with NSF-61, from source to tap. Certification of the NA1082SAN gasket material to NSF-61 provides a high level of assurance that the sheet is safe for use in drinking water service.
Developed by a team of scientists, industry experts and key industry stakeholders, the NSF-61 standard sets health effects criteria for many water system components including sealing materials such as rubber sheet. Increasingly, in North America, products are required to comply with the NSF-61 standard by most governmental agencies that regulate drinking water supplies. NSF-61 certified gasket materials are the preferred materials for drinking water and sanitary service applications.
Teadit NA1082SAN gasket material is specifically formulated to pass criteria established in the NSF-61 standard for sealing materials, as well as providing excellent resistance to conductivity. Compressed fiber sheet technology provides mechanical and service characteristics unmatched by standard elastomeric grades.
The NSF-61 standard requires that only gaskets and seals approved by NSF certification can be used in facilities and applications where the standard has been adopted as a requirement. Certification of gaskets and seals provides an assurance that the products have passed all the required physical property tests and that they are approved for use in situations where compliance to NSF-61 is a requirement. At the time of writing, there are now approximately six North American manufacturers of gasket and sealing materials offering product that is certified to the requirements of NSF-61.
The advent and adoption of NSF-61 means that traditional materials used in water sealing applications, such as gaskets and seals fashioned from red rubber, will give way to newer generation materials which are NSF-61 compliant. It is therefore highly recommended that when purchasing gaskets for potable water applications that you source product from distributors and gasket cutters who can supply product which complies with the NSF-61 standard.
For more information on Teadit NA1082SAN NSF-61 certified gasket material, please contact our sales department at _EMAIL_.


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Chemistry in Biomedical Imaging for Physicists
Module version of SS 2020 (current)
There are historic module descriptions of this module. A module description is valid until replaced by a newer one.
Whether the module's courses are offered during a specific semester is listed in the section Courses, Learning and Teaching Methods and Literature below.
|available module versions|
|SS 2020||WS 2019/20||SS 2019||SS 2018||WS 2017/8||WS 2015/6|
PH2226 is a semester module in English language at Master's level which is offered every semester.
This Module is included in the following catalogues within the study programs in physics.
- Specific catalogue of special courses for Biophysics
- Specific catalogue of special courses for Applied and Engineering Physics
- Focus Area Imaging in M.Sc. Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics
- Complementary catalogue of special courses for condensed matter physics
- Complementary catalogue of special courses for nuclear, particle, and astrophysics
If not stated otherwise for export to a non-physics program the student workload is given in the following table.
|Total workload||Contact hours||Credits (ECTS)|
|150 h||30 h||5 CP|
Responsible coordinator of the module PH2226 is Franz Pfeiffer.
Content, Learning Outcome and Preconditions
1. Introduction to biomedical imaging
2. Introduction to the chemistry involved in the biomedical imaging modalities
3. Chemical methodology for labelling and bioconjugation
4. Contrast agents for computed tomography (CT)
5. Nanoparticle-based contrast agents for CT
6. Contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
7. Nanoparticle-based contrast agents for MRI
8. Contrast agents for positron emission tomography (PET) I
9. Contrast agents for PET II
10. Contrast agents for microscopy techniques
11. Contrast agents for fluorescence microscopy
12. Immunofluorescence techniques
13. Multimodal imaging, emerging modalities and techniques
After successful lecture participation the student is able to:
1. apply the basic principles of the discussed biomedical imaging techniques (computed tomography, microscopic techniques, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography) for assigning chemical properties to contrast agents used for biomedical imaging;
2. identify the biomedical imaging technique(s) being addressed with a specific contrast agent;
3. analyze chemical structures, properties and strategies regarding biomedical imaging in a clinical and research context.
No mandatory requirements are necessary. Basic chemical understanding from the physics bachelor studies is helpful.
Courses, Learning and Teaching Methods and Literature
Courses and Schedule
|VO||2||Chemistry in Biomedical Imaging for Physicists||
Assistants: Busse, M.
singular or moved dates
Learning and Teaching Methods
The lecture introduces and explains basic chemical principles and methods, which are needed for the contrast agents used in biomedical imaging. Later, this knowledge will be applied to the contrast agent chemistry involved in biomedical imaging techniques.
During the lecture, experiments and macroscopic illustrative materials such as molecule models are used to exemplify the presented theory. Interactive discussions with and amongst the students are encouraged through individual and group work. Here, the two aspects of knowledge acquisition and presentation as well as knowledge repetition and application are addressed. For that matter, various methods such as accompanying worksheets or interactive online quizzes are used.
The lecture material contains of textbook recommendations and scientific references, which aim to promote an independent literature research. The students are guided to further deepen their understanding of the topics discussed during the individual lectures. In addition to the lecture script, learning outcome tables are presented, which contain example questions over the different taxonomies (name, understand, apply, analyse, evaluate and create knowledge). In this way, the students are guided towards the final exam of this module.
Power point presentation
Interactive online quiz
1. N. J. LongandW.-T.Wong,Thechemistryofmolecularimaging.2015,Hoboken,New Jersey:Wiley.
2. H. Y. Chen,M. M.Rogalski,andJ. N.Anker,AdvancesinfunctionalX-rayimaging echniquesandcontrastagents.PhysicalChemistry
3. H. Lusicetal.,X-raycomputedtomographycontrastagentsforcartilageimaging.Abstracts ofPapersoftheAmericanChemicalSociety,
4. N. Lee,S. H.Choi,andT.Hyeon,Nano-SizedCTContrastAgents.AdvancedMaterials, 2013.25(19):p.2641-2660.
5. N. J. Pelc,RecentandFutureDirectionsinCTImaging.AnnalsofBiomedicalEngineering, 2014.42(2):p.260-268.
6. Y. L. Liu,K. L.Ai,andL. H.Lu,NanoparticulateX-rayComputedTomographyContrast Agents:FromDesignValidationtoinVivo
molecular imaging.Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging, 2015.10(1):p.117.
8. S. I. Ziegler,Positronemissiontomography:Principles,technology,andrecent developments.NuclearPhysicsA,
9. M. BraddockandRoyalSocietyofChemistry(GreatBritain),Biomedicalimaging – The chemistryoflabels,probesand
contrast agents,inRSCdrugdiscovery.2011,Royal SocietyofChemistry,:Cambridge.p.1onlineresource(1v.).
10. L. Helm,A. E.Merbach,andE.v.Tóth,Thechemistryofcontrastagentsinmedicalmagnetic resonanceimaging.Secondedition/ed.
11. D. W. Townsend,Multimodalityimagingofstructureandfunction.PhysicsinMedicineand Biology,2008.53(4):p.R1-R39.
Description of exams and course work
There will be an oral exam of 25 minutes duration. Therein the achievement of the competencies given in section learning outcome is tested exemplarily at least to the given cognition level using comprehension questions and case studies.
For example an assignment in the exam might be:
- Why is gadolinium used in MRI contrast agent design?
- Review the chemical structures on the provided worksheet and assign each substance to the biomedical imaging technique(s).
- What contrast agent is the best choice? Discuss the question by using the provided table.
The exam may be repeated at the end of the semester.


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Akamina-Kishinena Provincial Park
History and conservation
Akamina Kishinena Provincial Park is located in the southeast corner of the province. This wilderness area along with Waterton Lakes National Park and US Glacier National Park, preserves the Crown of the Continent UNESCO World Heritage Site at the narrowest point of the Rocky Mountains.
Preserves and protects the habitat of the last self-sustaining grizzly bear population in the United States, as well as a winter range for goats and big horn sheep. Protected plant species include the rare Mimulus luteus (yellow monkey flower) and the rare Papaver pygmaeum (pigmy poppy) that are found nowhere else in BC.
The trails and passes of the Akamina-Kishinena were used for many years by the early people's and wildlife travelling between the Flathead Basin and the abundant Great Plains. For instance, the Kootenai aboriginal people travelled through South Kootenay Pass to reach the plains for trading and buffalo hunting.
The spectacular southeast corner of the province was recommended for preservation as early as 1917. In 1995 Akamina-Kishinena became a class A provincial park. The closest communities are Waterton Lakes National Park community and Sparwood. The area is 109.21 km².
- Akamina-Kishinena Provincial Park
- "Akamina-Kishinena Park". BC Geographical Names. _URL_
|This British Columbian protected areas related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


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Binghamton University research links digital images and cameras
Child pornographers will soon have a harder time escaping prosecution thanks to a stunning new technology in development at Binghamton University, State University of New York, that can reliably link digital images to the camera with which they were taken, in much the same way that tell-tale scratches are used by forensic examiners to link bullets to the gun that fired them.
"The defense in these kind of cases would often be that the images were not taken by this person's camera or that the images are not of real children," said Jessica Fridrich, associate professor of electrical and computer engineering. "Sometimes child pornographers will even cut and paste an image of an adult's head on the image of a child to try to avoid prosecution.
"But if it can be shown that the original images were taken by the person's cell phone or camera, it becomes a much stronger case than if you just have a bunch of digital images that we all know are notoriously easy to manipulate."
Fridrich and two members of her Binghamton University research team – Jan Lukas and Miroslav Goljan – are coinventors of the new technique, which can also be used to detect forged images.
The three have applied for two patents related to their technique, which provides the most robust strategy for digital image forgery detection to date, even as it improves significantly on the accuracy of other approaches.
Fridrich's technique is rooted in the discovery by her research group of this simple fact: Every original digital picture is overlaid by a weak noise-like pattern of pixel-to-pixel non-uniformity.
Although these patterns are invisible to the human eye, the unique reference pattern or "fingerprint" of any camera can be electronically extracted by analyzing a number of images taken by a single camera.
That means that as long as examiners have either the camera that took the image or multiple images they know were taken by the same camera, an algorithm developed by Fridrich and her co-inventors to extract and define the camera's unique pattern of pixel-to-pixel non-uniformity can be used to provide important information about the origins and authenticity of a single image.
The limitation of the technique is that it requires either the camera or multiple images taken by the same camera, and isn't informative if only a single image is available for analysis.
Like actual fingerprints, the digital "noise" in original images is stochastic in nature – that is, it contains random variables – which are inevitably created during the manufacturing process of the camera and its sensors. This virtuallyensures that the noise imposed on the digital images from any particular camera will be consistent from one image to the next, even while it is distinctly different.
In preliminary tests, Fridrich's lab analyzed 2,700 pictures taken by nine digital cameras and with 100 percent accuracy linked individual images with the camera that took them.
Fridrich, who specializes in all aspects of information hiding in digital imagery, including watermarking for authentication, tamper detection, self-embedding, robust watermarking, steganography and steganalysis, as well as forensic analysis of digital images, says it is the absence of the expected digital fingerprint in any portion of an image that provides the most conclusive evidence of image tampering.
In the near future, Fridrich's technique promises to find application in the analysis of scanned and video imagery. There it can be expected to make life more difficult for forgers, or any others whose criminal pursuits rely on the misuse of digital images.
"We already know law enforcement wants to be able to use this," Fridrich said. "What we have right now is a research tool; it's a raw technology that we will continue to improve."


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A rarely-seen young Nabarlek, found curled up in his mother's pouch after she was killed by a car, has taken up residence at Australia's Perth Zoo. Nabarleks are also known as Pygmy Rock Wallabies.
Named Norbert, he is the only Nabarlek in a zoo anywhere, according to the Perth Zoo.
Norbert was discovered by a wildlife rehabilitator, who provided care for several months. At the time Norbert was taken in, he weighed just 6.5 ounces (186 grams). Because he doesn't have the skills to survive in the wild, Norbert was brought to the Perth Zoo where he will become a pint-sized ambassador for this little-known species.
Perth Zoo Director of Animal Health and Research Dr. Peter Mawson said adult Nabarleks are only about 12 inches (30 cm) tall. They are rarely seen because they inhabit remote areas and emerge only at night to feed on ferns and reeds.
Nabarleks are in the macropod family of marsupials, which includes kangaroos and wallabies. "An interesting feature is that because of the tough nature of the plants included in their diet, the four or five molar teeth in each section of the jaw progressively move forward during the Narbalek's life, ensuring that it is never without the teeth it needs to chew its tough food. Narbaleks are the only macropod that do this," said Dr. Mawson.
Guests can meet Norbert starting this weekend at the Perth


computer. However, the script will not run on computers on which the PowerShell execution policy requires a digital signature from a trusted authority. If you try, PowerShell displays the following error message:
The file C:\remote_file.ps1 cannot be loaded. The signature of the
certificate cannot be verified.
At line:1 char:15
+ .\ remote_file.ps1 <<<<
If PowerShell displays this message when you run a script that you did not write, treat the file as you would treat any unsigned script. Review the code to determine whether you can trust the script.
Enable strong protection for your private key
If you have a private key and certificate on your computer, malicious programs might be able to sign scripts on your behalf, which authorizes PowerShell to run them.
To prevent automated signing on your behalf, use Certificate Manager Certmgr.exe to export your signing key and certificate to a .pfx file. Certificate Manager is included in the Microsoft .NET SDK, the Microsoft Windows SDK, and in Internet Explorer.
To export the certificate:
 1. Start Certificate Manager.
 2. Select the certificate issued by PowerShell Local Certificate Root.
 3. Click Export to start the Certificate Export Wizard.
 4. Select "Yes, export the private key", and then click Next.
 5. Select "Enable strong protection."
 6. Type a password, and then type it again to confirm.
 7. Type a file name that has the .pfx file name extension.
 8. Click Finish.
To re-import the certificate:
 1. Start Certificate Manager.
 2. Click Import to start the Certificate Import Wizard.
 3. Open to the location of the .pfx file that you created during the export process.
 4. On the Password page, select "Enable strong private key protection", and then enter the password that you assigned during the export process.
 5. Select the Personal certificate store.
 6. Click Finish.
Prevent the signature from expiring
The digital signature in a script is valid until the signing certificate expires or as long as a timestamp server can verify that the script was signed while the signing certificate was valid.
Because most signing certificates are valid for one year only, using a time stamp server ensures that users can use your script for many years to come.
See also