the US that were the result of the purchase of federal defense housing developments by their tenants or groups of returning war veterans and their families. These developments include seven of the eight middle-class housing projects built by the US Government between 1940-42 under the auspices of the Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division of the Federal Works Agency. There are many regional housing cooperative associations, such as the Midwest Association of Housing Cooperatives, which is based in Michigan and serves the Midwest region, covering Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and more.[8]
The National Association of Housing Cooperatives (NAHC) represents all cooperatives within the United States who are members of the organization. This organization is a nonprofit, national federation of housing cooperatives, mutual housing associations, other resident-owned or controlled housing, professionals, organizations, and individuals interested in promoting the interests of cooperative housing communities.[9] NAHC is the only national cooperative housing organization, and aims to support and educate existing and new cooperative housing communities as the best and most economical form of homeownership.[10]
New York metropolitan area[edit]
Cooperatives have a long history in Metropolitan New York – in November 1882, Harper's Magazine describes several cooperative apartment buildings already in existence, with plans to build more[12] – and can be found throughout New York City, Westchester County, which borders the city to the north, and towns in New Jersey that are immediately across the Hudson River from Manhattan, such as Fort Lee, Edgewater, or Weehawken.
Apartment buildings and multiple-family housing make up a significant share of the housing stock in the New York City area than in most other U.S. cities, and the cooperative form of ownership has dominated over the condominium form. Reasons suggested to explain why cooperatives are relatively more common than condominiums in the New York City area are:[13]
Most of the housing cooperatives in the Greater New York area were converted to that status during the 1980s; generally they were large buildings built between the 1920s and 1950s that a single landlord or corporation owned and rented out that became unprofitable as rental properties. To encourage individual ownership of units, the initial buyers of units (buying from the owner of the entire building) did not have to be approved by a board. Also, the rental tenants living in the building at the time of the conversion were usually given an option to buy at a discount. If the tenants were rent controlled, the law usually protects them by allowing them to stay as renters and the unit may not be occupied by a purchaser until said tenant dies or moves out. Many of these buildings, especially in Manhattan, are actually quite luxurious and exclusive; many celebrities live in them and some famous people are even rejected by the board. In the 1990s and 2000s some rental buildings in the Chicago, Washington, D.C., and Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach areas went through a similar conversion process, though not to the degree of New York.
Many of the cooperatives originally built as co-ops were sponsored by trade unions, such as the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America. One of the largest projects was Cooperative Village in Lower East Side of Manhattan. The United Housing Foundation was set up in 1951 and built Co-op City in The Bronx, designed by architect Herman Jessor. One of the first subsidized, fixed-value cooperatives was Morningside Gardens in Manhattan's Morningside Heights.
Another dynamic also contributed to the large number of cooperatives established in the 1980s and 1990s in New York City – in this case by lowand moderate-income tenant groups. In the 1970s, many New York City private landlords were struggling to maintain their aging properties in the face of high interest rates, redlining, white flight and rising fuel costs.[19][20] The period also saw some landlord-induced arson to obtain insurance proceeds and widespread non-payment of real estate taxes – over 20% of multi-family residential properties were in arrears in the mid-1970s.[21][22] In 1977, the city passed Local Law #45, which allowed the city to begin foreclosure proceedings after just one year of non-payment of taxes, not three, resulting in the takeover of thousands of buildings, many of them occupied, by the city of New York through a legal action known as an in rem foreclosure.[20] In September 1978, the city's housing agency, the New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development (HPD), created a series of new housing programs designed to give building residents and community groups control and eventual ownership of in rem buildings.[23][24]
The Urban Homesteading Assistance Board (UHAB), established in 1974, began to assist residents of these buildings to manage, rehabilitate and acquire their buildings, and form limited-equity housing co-operatives.[18] Working with the city's housing agency, its existing loan programs and the power to dispose of abandoned property to non-profit organizations, as well as the state laws governing the establishment of co-operatives, UHAB was able to provide low-income people with the tools – seed money, legal advice, architectural plans, bookkeeping training – to build and run limited-equity housing co-operatives. Through a long-standing contract with the city to provide training and technical assistance to residents of buildings in the Tenant Interim Lease (TIL) Program, UHAB has worked with more than 1,600 coops, preserving over 30,000 units of affordable housing.[24]
Some cooperatives in New York City do not own the land upon which their building is situated. These are known as "Land Lease Buildings" and often have significant drawbacks for cooperative owners.[25]
Student housing cooperatives[edit]
Keep Cottage, one of the eight co-ops in the Oberlin Student Cooperative Association.
Student cooperatives provide housing and dining services to those who attend specific educational institutions. Some notable groups include Berkeley Student Cooperative, Santa Barbara Housing Cooperative and the Oberlin Student Cooperative Association.
United Kingdom[edit]
Housing co-operatives are uncommon in the UK, making up about 0.1% of housing stock.[26]
Most are based in urban areas and consist of affordable shared accommodation where the members look after the property themselves. Waiting lists can be very long due to the rarity of housing co-operatives. In some areas the application procedure is integrated into the council housing application system. The laws differ between England and Scotland. The Confederation of Co-operative Housing provides information on housing cooperatives in the United Kingdom. The Shelter website provides information on housing and has information specific to England and Scotland.
The Catalyst Collective provides information about starting co-operatives in the UK and explains the legal structure of a housing coop. Radical Routes offers a guide on how to set up a housing co-operative.
In Switzerland 5.1% of all housing units are in cooperatives. The Schweizerischer Verband für das Wohnungswesen (Swiss cooperative housing federation) represents around 1,500 housing cooperatives with about 160,000 housing units.[27]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ a b What is a Housing Cooperative
 2. ^ Co-op Apartment Law
 3. ^ Condo vs. Co-op Apartments in N.Y.C.
 4. ^ a b Characteristics of Housing Cooperatives
 5. ^ Co-operative Corporations Act, R.S.O. 1990, Chapter C.35: Non-Profit Housing Co-Operatives. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
 6. ^ _URL_
 7. ^ Sazama, Gerald W. (2000). "Lessons from the History of Affordable Housing Cooperatives in the United States: A Case Study in American Affordable Housing Policy". The American Journal of Economics and Sociology.
 8. ^ Midwest Association of Housing Cooperatives
 9. ^ National Association of Housing Cooperatives
 10. ^ coophousing.org
 12. ^ "The Problem of Living in New York". Harper's Magazine: 918. November 1882.
 13. ^ Sazama, Gerald (January 1996). "A Brief History of Affordable Housing Cooperatives in the United States". University of Connecticut.
 14. ^ a b c Kennedy, Shawn G. (May 21, 1986). "Q and A". New York Times.
 15. ^ Garbarine, Rachelle (September 26, 1997). "Residential Real Estate; New Financial Option for Condo Boards". New York Times.
 16. ^ Romano, Jay (June 1, 1997). "Condo Boards and Loans". New York Times.
 17. ^ Nussbaum,, Jay (April 2007). "Planning for the Unknown: Condominium Borrowing". The Cooperator.
 18. ^ a b Carlson, Neil F. (2004). "UHAB Comes of Age: 30 Years of Self-Help Housing in New York". UHAB. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
 19. ^ Allred, Christopher J. (2000). "Breaking the Cycle of Abandonment" (pdf). NYC Department of Housing Preservation and Development. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
 20. ^ a b Arsen, David (July 1992). "Property Tax Assessment Rates and Residential Abandonment". The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 51 (3): 361–377. JST


text:
Map shows where shootings took place in Southeast Texas
American gun violence has been pictured like never before.
In conjunction with the Gun Violence Archive, Slate put one year's worth of shootings on a national map. It's a massive dataset, mined from more than 1,200 sources and verified by media reports, Slate wrote.
The map release comes as a baffling rise in murder rates continues across major U.S. cities, and the ongoing trend of random mass shootings brings gun violence to the center of the political conversation.
The U.S. is a world leader in both gun ownership and gun deaths, according to a recent NPR report. The American rate of per capita shooting deaths is six times higher than the highest Western European nation, Portugal. When compared with Middle Eastern nations, even Palestine sports a lower rate than the U.S., and only Iraq exceeds it.
When it comes to mass shootings, the United States plainly leads the world. In October the Wall Street Journal tallied mass shootings since 2000, finding 166 globally and 133 in the United States.
The Slate map shows 582 fatal and non-fatal shootings in the Houston area — the highest number for any Texas city, which isn't unexpected since Houston is the largest. Compare that with 2,544 in Chicago, more than 700 in the Los Angeles area, about 600 in New Orleans and 1,060 near New York City.
The map also gives detailed locations of each incident, generally down to the block where it took place.
Click through our slideshow to see the number of shootings in different parts of Southeast Texas.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


All About SAP BDC | Batch Data Communication
This tutorial will cover the following topics-
 1. Introduction to BDC.
 2. Method of Batch Input.
 3. Batch Data Procedures.
 4. Writing BDC programs.
 5. Creating Batch input Session.
 6. Batch Input Recording.
Lets Begin!
Introduction to Batch input
Batch input is typically used to transfer data from non-R/3 systems to R/3 systems or to transfer data between R/3 systems.
It is a data transfer technique that allows you to transfer datasets automatically to screens belonging to transactions, and thus to an SAP system. Batch input is controlled by a batch input session.
Batch input session
Groups a series of transaction calls together with input data and user actions. A batch input session can be used to execute a dialog transaction in batch input, where some or all the screens are processed by the session. Batch input sessions are stored in the database as database tables and can be used within a program as internal tables when accessing transactions.
Points to note
 - BDI works by carrying out normal SAP transactions just as a user would but it execute the transaction automatically.All the screen validations and business logic validation will be done while using Batch Data Input.
 - It is suitable for entering large amount of data.
 - No manual interaction is required
Methods of Batch Input
SAP provide two basic methods for transferring legacy data in to the R/3 System.
 1. Classical Batch Input method.
 2. Call Transaction Method.
Classical Batch Input method
In this method an ABAP/4 program reads the external data to the SAP System and stores in a batch input session.
After creating the session, you can run the session to execute the SAP transaction in it.
This method uses the function modules BDC_ OPEN, BDC_INSERT and BDC_CLOSE
Batch Input Session can be process in 3 ways
 1. In the foreground
 2. In the background
 3. During processing, with error display
You should process batch input sessions in the foreground or using the error display if you want to test the data transfer.
If you want to execute the data transfer or test its performance, you should process the sessions in the background.
Points to note about Classical Batch Input method
 - Asynchronous processing
 - Transfer data for multiple transactions.
 - Synchronous database update.
 - A batch input process log is generated for each session.
 - Session cannot be generated in parallel.
Call Transaction Method.
In this method ABAP/4 program uses CALL TRANSACTION USING statement to run an SAP transaction.
Entire batch input process takes place online in the program
Points to Note:
 - Faster processing of data
 - Synchronous processing
 - Transfer data for a single transaction.
 - No batch input processing log is generated.
Batch Input Procedures
You will typically observe the following sequence of steps to develop Batch Input for your organization
 1. Analysis of the legacy data. Determine how the data to be transferred is to be mapped in to the SAP Structure. Also take note of necessary data type or data length conversions.
 2. Generate SAP data structures for using in export programs.
 3. Export the data in to a sequential file. Note that character format is required by predefined SAP batch input programs.
 4. If the SAP supplied BDC programs are not used, code your own batch input program. Choose an appropriate batch input method according to the situation.
 5. Process the data and add it to the SAP System.
 6. Analyze the process log. For the CALL TRANSACTION method, where no proper log is created, use the messages collected by your program.
 7. From the results of the process analysis, correct and reprocess the erroneous data.
Writing BDC program
You may observe the following process to write your BDC program
 1. Analyze the transaction(s) to process batch input data.
 2. Decide on the batch input method to use.
 3. Read data from a sequential file
 4. Perform data conversion or error checking.
 5. Storing the data in the batch input structure,BDCDATA.
 6. Generate a batch input session for classical batch input,or process the data directly with CALL TRANSACTION USING statement.
Batch Input Data Structure
Declaration of batch input data structure
DATA : BEGIN OF < bdc table>
OCCURS .
DATA:END OF .
Field name Type Length Description
PROGRAM CHAR 8 Module pool
DYNPRO NUMC 4 Dynpro number
DYNBEGIN CHAR 1 Starting a dynpro
FNAM CHAR 35 Field name
FVAL CHAR 80 Field value
The order of fields within the data for a particular screen is not of any significance
Points to Note
 - While populating the BDC Data make sure that you take into consideration the user settings. This is specially relevant for filling fields which involves numbers ( Like quantity, amount ). It is the user setting which decides on what is the grouping character for numbers E.g.: A number fifty thousand can be written as 50,000.00 or 50.000,00 based on the user setting.
 - Condense the FVAL field for amount and quantity fields so that they are left aligned.
 - Note that all the fields that you are populating through BDC should be treated as character type fields while populating the BDC Data table.
 - In some screens when you are populating values in a table control using BDC you have to note how many number of rows are present on a default size of the screen and code for as many rows. If you have to populate more rows then you have to code for "Page down" functionality as you would do when you are populating the table control manually.
 - Number of lines that would appear in the above scenario will differ based on the screen size that the user uses. So always code for standard screen size and make your BDC work always in standard screen size irrespective of what the user keeps his screen size as.
Creating Batch Input Session
 1. Open the batch input session session using function module BDC_OPEN_GROUP.
 2. For each transaction in the session:
 - Fill the BDCDATA with values for all screens and fields processed in the transaction.
 - Transfer the transaction to the session with BDC_INSERT.
 3. Close the batch input session with BDC_CLOSE_GROUP
Batch Input Recorder
Batch input recorder (System > Services > Batch input > Recorder) records transactions which are manually entered and creates a batch input session which can be executed later using SM35.
 - Begin the batch input recorder by selecting the Recording pushbutton from the batch input initial screen.
 - The recording name is a user defined name and can match the batch input session name which can be created from the recording.
 - Enter a SAP transaction and begin posting the transaction.
 - After you have completed posting a SAP transaction you either choose Get Transaction and Save to end the recording or Next Transaction and post another transaction.
 - Once you have saved the recording you can create a batch input session from the recording and/or generate a batch input program from the recording.
 - The batch input session you created can now be analyzed just like any other batch input session.
 - The program which is generated by the function of the batch input recorder is a powerful tool for the data interface programmer. It provides a solid base which can then be altered according to customer requirements.
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text:
The Crossing the line certificate (SAFR 14028, HDC 0034) commemorates an equator crossing, a seafaring milestone. This certificate,
dated February 10, 1910, was made out to E. Schwerin while a Mariner aboard the S.S. MARIPOSA (built 1883; steamer), and was
issued by the Oceanic Steamship Company-Tahiti Line. The document is affixed with a red wax stamp containing the ship name.
The collection is processed and open for use without restrictions.
Historical Note: Equator crossing rituals have been performed in the Western world for over 400 years. The ceremony is performed
aboard the vessel where the landlubber (one learning to sail) is subjected to a ritual death and rebirth in order to gain
a new status of Seafarer (seaman or mariner). Landlubbers must prove themselves capable of standing the terrors, stresses
and strains of maritime life, and prove they have the courage and strength of character to gracefully accept the rowdy humor
encountered in daily shipboard life.
Some material may be copyrighted or restricted. It is the researcher's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright or other
case restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in the collections.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
A trebuchet with an arm of negligible mass 3 m long joiningparticles of mass 60 kg and.12 kg at its ends. It can turnon a frictionless, horizontal axle perpendicular to the rod and 14cm from the large mass particle. The rod is released fromrest in a horizontal position.
A) find the maximum speed that the.12 kg object attains
B) While the.12 kg object is gaining speed does it move witha constant tangential acceleration. Does the trebuchet movewith constant acceleration? Does it have constant momentum? Doesthe trebuchet-earth system have constant mechanical energy?

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
* Download comes with a free subscription to our newsletter. You can unsubscribe any time. You will not get duplicate emails if you download more than one report.
Is there any research to confirm what minimum Sauna temp is generally required for this to occur?
Exposure to high temperature stresses the body, eliciting a rapid, robust response. The skin and core body temperatures increase markedly, and sweating ensues. The skin heats first, rising to 40°C (104°F), and then changes in core body temperature occur, rising slowly from 37°C (98.6°F, or normal) to 38°C (100.4°F) and then rapidly increasing to 39°C (102.2°F).?
© Copyright FoundMyFitness.


2
$\begingroup$
I need to code a function that basically traces the path a sphere would roll when placed on a triangulated terrain. The image below shows the problem, but I haven't got a clue how to work with vectors in order to find a solution.
Gravity Trace Illustration
Pseudocode-wise, I'm looking for:
def gravity_trace(face_ABC, point_D):
 ...
 return X
I honestly don't know how difficult it will be to fill in the ... above. I'd appreciate any and all help I can get. My math skills are terribly rusty and I have never worked with vector math before.
Thanks!
$\endgroup$
 - $\begingroup$ Physics Simulation provided by Blender can be investigated by you. It is not clear this is a Blender Question. It might just be mathematics such as Gradient. There is a difference between giving abstract coordinates for a math test and concrete values for a simulation. Are your values concrete or abstract? Will the result be displayed in Blender or not? $\endgroup$ – atomicbezierslinger May 3 '19 at 16:44
 - $\begingroup$ The resulting function will be part of an add-on, as is made relatively obvious by the question's tags. $\endgroup$ – D. Waschow May 3 '19 at 17:04
1
$\begingroup$
Project plane normal in z direction onto plane.
Here is a test script. Adds a randomly (random 0 to 1 radian rotation on x, y, z) rotated unit circle ngon at cursor, and places an empty on global edge low point.
 - The normal of the plane is its local z axis.
 - Global -z axis is considered down.
 - Find The vector intersection of the line from tip of normal in -z direction to the plane. Used mathutils.geometry.intersect_line_plane(...)
 - Result is the "downhill" vector.
 - lowest point on circle edge will be centre plus the normalized (unit length) downhill vector.
Test script:
import bpy
from random import random
from mathutils import Vector
from mathutils.geometry import intersect_line_plane as ipp
bpy.ops.mesh.primitive_circle_add(fill_type='NGON')
ob = bpy.context.object
ob.rotation_euler = Vector(random() for axis in 'xyz')
z = Vector((0, 0, 1))
bpy.context.scene.update()
mw = ob.matrix_world
n = (mw.to_3x3() @ z).normalized()
p = mw.translation
v = ipp(p + n, p + n - z, p, n)
bpy.ops.object.empty_add(location=p + (v - p).normalized())
$\endgroup$
 - $\begingroup$ That should get me most of the way there! I'm going to have to pluck apart what's going on in your solution, but I think I should be able to take what you've given me as a starting point to finding the location on the triangle edge. Thank you! $\endgroup$ – D. Waschow May 3 '19 at 19:47
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T90fromT48: Convert from ITS-48 to ITS-90 temperature
Description Usage Arguments Value Author(s) References See Also Examples
View source: R/sw.R
Description
Today's instruments typically record in the ITS-90 scale, but some old datasets will be in the IPTS-68 scale. T90fromT68() converts from the IPTS-68 to the ITS-90 scale, using Saunders' (1990) formula, while T68fromT90() does the reverse. The difference between IPTS-68 and ITS-90 values is typically a few millidegrees (see 'Examples'), which is seldom visible on a typical temperature profile, but may be of interest in some precise work. Mostly for historical interest, T90fromT48() is provided to convert from the ITS-48 system to ITS-90.
Usage
1
T90fromT48(temperature)
Arguments
temperature
Vector of temperatures expressed in the ITS-48 scale.
Value
Temperature expressed in the ITS-90 scale.
Author(s)
Dan Kelley
References
P. M. Saunders, 1990. The international temperature scale of 1990, ITS-90. WOCE Newsletter, volume 10, September 1990, page 10. (_URL_
See Also
Other functions that calculate seawater properties: T68fromT90, T90fromT68, swAbsoluteSalinity, swAlphaOverBeta, swAlpha, swBeta, swCSTp, swConservativeTemperature, swDepth, swDynamicHeight, swLapseRate, swN2, swPressure, swRho, swRrho, swSCTp, swSTrho, swSigma0, swSigma1, swSigma2, swSigma3, swSigma4, swSigmaTheta, swSigmaT, swSigma, swSoundAbsorption, swSoundSpeed, swSpecificHeat, swSpice, swTFreeze, swTSrho, swThermalConductivity, swTheta, swViscosity, swZ
Examples
1
2
3
4
library(oce)
T68 <- seq(3, 20, 1)
T90 <- T90fromT68(T68)
sqrt(mean((T68-T90)^2))
oce documentation built on Aug. 29, 2017, 1:05 a.m.


C vs Rust cyber security programming. Which one to choose.
C vs Rust cyber security programming. Which one to choose.
·
2 min read
Both C and Rust are programming languages that can be challenging to learn, especially if you are new to programming. However, they are both powerful languages that are widely used in the software industry.
To create a simple Fibonacci sequence in C, you could use the following code:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
 int i, n, t1 = 0, t2 = 1, nextTerm;
 printf("Enter the number of terms: ");
 scanf("%d", &n);
 printf("Fibonacci Series: ");
 for (i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
 printf("%d, ", t1);
 nextTerm = t1 + t2;
 t1 = t2;
 t2 = nextTerm;
 }
 return 0;
}
To create a simple Fibonacci sequence in Rust, you could use the following code:
fn main() {
 let mut t1 = 0;
 let mut t2 = 1;
 let mut next_term;
 let n = 10;
 println!("Fibonacci Series: ");
 for _ in 0..n {
 next_term = t1 + t2;
 t1 = t2;
 t2 = next_term;
 println!("{}", t1);
 }
}
It is difficult to determine which version of the code will be faster without profiling them and comparing the performance. In general, C is known for being a fast and efficient language, while Rust is designed to provide the performance of a systems language while being safer and easier to use.
It is difficult to determine which of the two languages, C or Rust, is the "best" to use in cybersecurity based on the simple Fibonacci sequence examples provided. Both C and Rust are powerful languages that are used in a variety of applications, including in the field of cybersecurity.
In the field of cybersecurity, either C or Rust could be a good choice, depending on your specific needs and goals. Both languages have their own strengths and limitations, and the best choice for your project will depend on the requirements and constraints of your project.
In general, if you are new to programming and are looking for a language that is easier to learn and use, Rust may be a better choice for you. On the other hand, if you have experience with C or other low-level languages and are comfortable with the complexity and challenges of systems programming, C may be a better choice. Ultimately, the best language for your project will depend on your specific goals and requirements.
As you can see all languages can run the same code but different syntax. All compiled, and fast.


Reactive transport modelling of potential near-well mineralogical changes during seasonal heat storage (HT-ATES) in Danish geothermal reservoirs
Publikation: Bidrag til tidsskriftArtikelForskningpeer review
2 Citationer (Scopus)
Resumé
Potential near-well mineralogical changes caused by seasonal high temperature aquifer thermal storage were investigated by numerical reactive transport modelling for two mineralogically different Danish geothermal reservoirs; the mineralogical mature and calcite free Gassum Fm. and the calcite containing Bunter Sandstone Fm. Modelling scenarios simulated injection of heated formation water with temperatures up to 150 °C into the reservoirs for a period of 6 months. For the Bunter Sandstone Fm., the formation water was modified to a saturation index for calcite of −0.1 prior to injection to replicate a situation where precautions are made to avoid loss of injectivity due to calcium carbonate scaling at elevated temperatures. Based on mineral dissolution and precipitation calculated by the numerical model, the changes in porosity as a result of heat storage were estimated. For the Gassum Fm., no significant changes in porosity were calculated when injecting formation water with temperatures up to 100 °C. At temperatures ≥120 °C, the content of albite and siderite was significantly reduced due to dissolution, but these mineralogical changes were not expected to significantly affect the reservoir porosity due to the low content of these minerals in the reservoir. However, significant precipitation of calcite near the injection well at temperatures ≥120 °C may reduce injectivity at these temperatures. For the calcite containing Bunter Sandstone Fm., injection of the slightly modified formation water led to significant calcite dissolution in the reservoir at all investigated temperatures and to dolomitisation at 150 °C. In the case of dolomitisation, our results suggest a risk for clogging of the near well environment by freshly precipitated dolomite. For the remaining temperatures, the calcite dissolution causes an increased porosity and a potential risk for compromising the rock integrity which should be further investigated. For both reservoirs, only very small changes were predicted in the aqueous composition of the formation water. The mineralogical changes in the reservoir are therefore not easily detected by monitoring changes in the aqueous composition of the formation water. Our results imply that high temperature aquifer thermal energy storage in reservoirs with a high calcium carbonate content such as the Bunter Sandstone Fm. is challenging. If precautions are taken to avoid calcium carbonate scaling by reducing the calcium content of the formation water, injection of the Ca-depleted formation water into the reservoir will cause dissolution of calcium carbonates. On the other hand, if precautions are not taken, it is well-known that precipitation of calcium carbonates will cause scaling and clogging problems. In contrast, our results suggest that storage of excess heat in mineralogical mature and calcite free sandstones such as the Gassum Fm. may be feasible. This is especially the case at temperatures <100 °C.
OriginalsprogEngelsk
Artikelnummer108653
Antal sider14
TidsskriftJournal of Energy Storage
Vol/bind72
Udgave nummerPart E
DOI
StatusUdgivet - 30 nov. 2023
Programområde
 - Programområde 3: Energiressourcer
Fingeraftryk
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Citationsformater


text:
Yung-Joon Jung, Mehmet R. Dokmeci, Jin-Goo Park
Date of Award
Doctor of Philosophy
Department or Academic Unit
College of Engineering. Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering.
Cleaning, Contamination Control, Laser induced shockwave, Particle
Engineering | Mechanical Engineering
As surface contamination by submicron particulates becomes a critical issue in semiconductor industry, efforts have been made to develop noncontact effective laser-based cleaning techniques. The laser shockwave cleaning (LSC) process is one of the promising techniques that has been demonstrated to be effective for inorganic particle dry removal. In the cleaning process, the surface is not directly exposed to irradiation of laser beam, which eliminate the possibility of potential surface damage. In addition, a relatively large area can be cleaned by a single laser pulse. However, even though this technology has those distinct advantages, LSC technique has a difficulty in removing organic particles, which removal mechanism hasn't been found yet. Recently, the laser shockwave cleaning technique has been combined with ultraviolet (UV) laser for organic particle removal. But, when UV laser cleaning is used in this hybrid approach with LSC, optimization is required to ensure damage free cleaning. This is required whenever a new surface is used.
The reason for ineffectiveness in organic particle removal using LSC has been investigated. The shock wave pressure is sufficiently strong to deform soft particles such as organic particles increasing the contact radius between the particle and the substrate, which leads to higher adhesion force. The deformation of organic particle occurs during LSC process has been verified with high angle SEM images of 300nm PSL particles exposed to laser shockwaves. For theoretical calculation of the contact radius between 300nm PSL particles and Si substrate, the shockwave speed has been measured using newly designed two-probe beam deflection method and The Maugis-Pollock theory is applied. The predicted contact radius agrees with the experimental measurements. Removal moment ratio of PSL particle and silica particle has been also analyzed when applying LSC. It shows that silica particles can be easily removed by LSC, while soft (PSL) particles smaller than 1ìm in diameter will be harder to remove. It has been also verified experimentally with three different sized PSL particles such as 300nm, 600nm and 2μm. The removal efficiency of 2μm PSL particles is more than 90%, while in the case of 300nm and 600nm PSL particles, they are 30% and 60% respectively.
In order to remove organic particles, a wet laser shockwave cleaning (WLSC) technique has been refined successfully for wafer scale cleaning as well as for more efficient particle removal. This technique utilizes the advantage of using water to reduce the adhesion force by an order of magnitude, utilize the double layer repulsive force, eliminate the capillary force encountered in dry LSC and increase the drag force by increasing the medium density (by three orders of magnitude). In order to evaluate cleaning performance of the wet laser shockwave cleaning technique, removal of either organic particles or inorganic particles using different size particles have been investigated and compared to original LSC. Complete WLSC removal of 300nm PSL particles as well as 280nm silica particles was achieved. In addition, 28nm PSL particles were successfully removed by WLSC. The removal mechanism for wet laser shockwave cleaning has been investigated using computational fluid dynamics as well as shadow-graphic photography. Removal moment ratio for PSL and silica particle removal using WLSC has been also analyzed and compared to experimental results, but it shows the disagreement between them in the case of PSL particles. Based on the assumption that the water could be compressed due to the shockwave pressure perpendicular to the substrate leading to a decrease in the water film thickness, the removal moment ratio has been reanalyzed. As a result, it has been shown that when the thickness of the water film decreases to less than 1μm, 28nm PSL particles can be successfully removed.
Kim, Tae-Hoon, "Nanoscale particle removal using conventional and hybrid laser shockwave cleaning" (2010). Mechanical Engineering Dissertations. Paper 13. _URL_
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text:
The Naval Academy boasts the most extensive undergraduate oceanographic facilities in the country. Located at the mouth of the Severn River, the Hendrix Oceanography Laboratory is a multi-function enclosure where midshipmen study the world's largest estuary, the Chesapeake Bay. The Hendrix Lab includes a Teaching Lab, Autonomous Vehicle Lab, Microscopy Lab, and Field Lab. The Department's research vessel, YP686, a specially outfitted yard patrol craft, enables midshipmen to collect oceanographic and meteorological data for analysis afloat or at the Hendrix Lab. The department also maintains four lab spaces in Chauvenet and Michelson Halls including an Environmental Data Lab, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Lab, and Coastal Oceanography Lab.
In addition, the Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences Department is a Yardwide leader in applied data science, which is rapidly reshaping the way society functions. The fields of meteorology and oceanography are no different. Our major exposes students to big data and data science applied to our environment. We boast a state-of-the-art dedicated data server (EDMAPS data server), an environmental monitoring network (SRWO), and our classes emphasize techniques used to visualize real-time observations and solve challenging problems!
- Hendrix Oceanography Lab
- CH088 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Lab
- CH221 Environmental Data Lab
- MI092 Coastal Oceanography Lab
Hendrix Oceanography Lab
The Hendrix Oceanography Lab (HOL) at the United States Naval Academy began operations in September 1985 and is named for Captain Charles N.G. (Monk) Hendrix. The primary purpose of Hendrix is to further the education of midshipmen through hands-on access to oceanographic and meteorologic equipment and the Severn River. The Lab supports instructional labs as well as midshipman and faculty research. The Hendrix Lab also contributes to the Center for Chesapeake Bay Observation and Modeling (CCBOM) and supports students and faculty from other departments at the Academy.
"The naval officer must exploit every opportunity, ashore and afloat, to comprehend the ocean environment so that he may carry out his duties efficiently, effectively, and safely." CAPT Charles N.G. Hendrix USNA '39
The Hendrix Lab consists of 4 laboratory spaces: a teaching lab, a microscopy lab, an autonomous vehicle lab, and a field lab primarily used as swing space for maintenance and calibration of instruments, but also available for teaching labs. The Hendrix Lab also provides access to our specially outfitted Yard Patrol Craft, YP 686, and houses the Annapolis Tide Gauge.
YP686 is one of the Academy's Yard Patrol Craft which has been outfitted specifically for oceanographic research. The vessel carries 4 oceanographic winches, a hydraulic A-frame, 3 j-bar davits, as well as lab space and a suite of oceanographic and meteorological instruments.
CH088 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Lab
The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Lab is used to model geophysical atmospheric and oceanic phenomena, including planetary waves, jets, and currents using rotating tanks. The rotating tanks mimic the rotation of the Earth, allowing for centrifugal forces.
CH221 Environmental Data Lab
The Environmental Data Lab is used for computational research and Midshipmen study. This lab is equipped with 5 high performance computers for Midshipmen research and data intensive course work. The Naval Academy Weather Team meets in this lab provides forecasts for USNA and the Annapolis Community.
MI092 Coastal Oceanography Lab
The Coastal Oceanography Lab provides flexible lab space for student designed research and small projects.


text:
FRIDAY, Dec. 23 (HealthDay News) -- Unlike adults and older
children, toddlers do not listen to the sound of their voice to
correct their speech, a new study finds.
Researchers had adults and 4-year-old and 2-year-old children
say the word "bed" repeatedly while simultaneously hearing
themselves say the word "bad."
This contradiction caused the adults and 4-year-olds to change
the way they said "bed" to something more like the word "bid."
However, the 2-year-olds kept saying "bed," the investigators
The findings, published online Dec. 22 in the journal
Current Biology, suggest that toddlers use a different strategy to control their speech.
For example, they may rely on their parents or other people to
monitor how they speak, study author Ewen MacDonald, of the
Technical University of Denmark, noted in a journal news
MacDonald pointed out that parents and other caregivers often
repeat back to young children what they've heard them say.
"As they play music, violinists will listen to the notes they produce to ensure they are in tune. If they aren't, they will adjust the position of their fingers to bring the notes back in tune," MacDonald said in the news release.
"When we speak, we do something very similar. We subconsciously listen to vowel and consonant sounds in our speech to ensure we are producing them correctly. If the acoustics of our speech are slightly different from what we intended, then, like the violinists, we will adjust the way we speak to correct for these slight errors," MacDonald explained. "In our study, we found that 4-year-olds monitor their own speech in the same way as adults. Surprisingly, 2-year-olds do not."
The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association outlines
activities to encourage
children's speech and language development.


Restoration and Church History
42 Inspiration at the Divine Fountain
Hide Footnotes
"Inspiration at the Divine Fountain," chapter 42 of Saints: The Story of the Church of Jesus Christ in the Latter Days, Volume 2, No Unhallowed Hand, 1846–1893 (2020)
Chapter 42: "Inspiration at the Divine Fountain"
Chapter 42
Inspiration at the Divine Fountain
Angel Moroni
In early January 1892, Zina Young and Emmeline Wells met in Salt Lake City with other members of the Relief Society general board to plan a "jubilee" commemoration of the Relief Society's fiftieth anniversary. The board wanted Latter-day Saint women throughout the world to join in the celebration, so they sent a letter to every Relief Society in the Church, encouraging them to hold a jubilee of their own.1
After extending "a heartfelt greeting" to all sisters, the letter asked the presidency of each Relief Society to invite their members and priesthood leaders to the local jubilee and to appoint an organizing committee to plan the event. Each celebration was to begin at ten o'clock in the morning on March 17, the day the Relief Society was first organized in Nauvoo, and unite two hours later in a "universal prayer of praise and thanksgiving to God."2
Zina relied heavily on Emmeline to help organize the jubilee in Salt Lake City to everyone's satisfaction. And by the beginning of March, Emmeline was steeped in planning. "I am trying to do what is possible toward the preparations for the jubilee," she wrote in her diary. "I am more busy than ever."3
The Relief Society board planned to hold the Salt Lake City jubilee in the tabernacle. For decorations, they wanted to hang large portraits of Joseph Smith, Emma Smith, Eliza R. Snow, and Zina Young behind the pulpit.4
Since Emma Smith, the first president of the Relief Society, had stayed in Illinois and joined the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, some people believed hanging her portrait in the tabernacle was inappropriate. When debate grew intense, Zina asked President Wilford Woodruff his view on displaying the portrait. "Anyone who opposes it," he said, "must be very narrow-minded indeed."5
On the day of the jubilee, all four portraits hung on the tabernacle organ pipes. Beside them was a key-shaped floral arrangement symbolizing the key Joseph Smith had turned to women in 1842.6 Zina and Emmeline sat on the stand with Bathsheba Smith, Sarah Kimball, Mary Isabella Horne, and other women who had advanced the Relief Society's mission over the last fifty years. Thousands of Relief Society members were crowded into the tabernacle. Many men were also present, including Joseph F. Smith and two members of the Twelve.7
Zina opened the jubilee, mindful that women across the Church were celebrating the occasion. "O that my words could be heard by all people," she said, "not only by you my brethren and sisters in this tabernacle and throughout Utah, but that they might be heard and understood by all the people of this continent, and not only this continent but the continents of Europe, Asia, Africa, and the islands of the sea."
"As sisters of this organization, we have been set apart for the purpose of comforting and consoling the sick and afflicted, the poor and distressed," she added. "If we continue to do these things in the spirit thereof, the Lord, at the time when He comes to make up His jewels, will approve of us."
"What does this woman's jubilee signify?" Emmeline asked the congregation at the close of the meeting. "Not only that fifty years ago this organization was founded by a prophet of God, but that woman is becoming emancipated from error and superstition and darkness; that light has come into the world, and the gospel has made her free; that the key of knowledge has been turned, and she has drunk inspiration at the divine fountain."8
Around this time, Charles Eliot, the president of Harvard University, visited Salt Lake City on a tour of the western United States. Charles was impressed with the small group of Latter-day Saints who had come to Harvard the year before, and he had accepted an invitation to speak in the tabernacle.
Seven thousand people attended the short speech. Charles championed religious liberty and praised the Saints' hard work and industry, comparing them favorably to the early English settlers who founded Harvard.9 Later, after the Salt Lake Tribune and other newspapers criticized his favorable view of the Saints, Charles went on to defend them.
"I think they should now be treated, as regards their property rights and their freedom of thought and worship, precisely like Roman Catholics, Jews, Methodists, or any other religious denomination," he declared.10
Sitting in the audience were Anna Widtsoe, her sister Petroline, and Anna's fourteen-year-old son, Osborne. Nearly a year had passed since John, Anna's older son, had gone to Harvard, and Anna was impressed with the distinguished speaker who thought so highly of the Latter-day Saint students there.11
The Widtsoes were now living with Petroline in the Salt Lake City Thirteenth Ward, which had enough Scandinavian Saints to make testimony meetings a multilingual occasion. Osborne worked at the Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution store on Main Street while Anna and Petroline worked as dressmakers. Osborne and his mother also attended weekly lectures at the local stake academy.12
During the first weekend in April, snow fell in Salt Lake City as though it were the middle of winter. The morning of Wednesday, April 6, was bright and clear, however, as Anna and Osborne joined over forty thousand people on and around Temple Square to see the capstone of the Salt Lake temple fitted into place at the top of the east central spire. The dome-shaped stone was designed to support Cyrus Dallin's twelve-foot sculpture of an angel, which would be fastened to it later that day. Once the capstone and angel were in place, the exterior of the temple would be complete, leaving only the interior to finish before the dedication.13
The streets surrounding the temple were jammed with buggies. Some spectators stood on wagons, climbed telegraph poles, or scaled rooftops for a better view.14 As the Widtsoes stood amid the teeming crowd, they could see President Wilford Woodruff and other Church leaders on a platform at the base of the temple.
After a band played and the Tabernacle Choir sang, Joseph F. Smith offered the opening prayer. Church architect Joseph Don Carlos Young, the son of Brigham Young and Emily Partridge, then shouted down from scaffolding at the top of the temple, "The capstone is now ready to be laid!"15
President Woodruff moved to the edge of the platform, looked out at the Saints, and raised his arms high. "All ye nations of the earth!" he said. "We will now lay the topstone of the temple of our God!" He pushed a button, and a current of electricity released a catch that dropped the capstone into place.16
Afterward, the Saints gave the Hosanna Shout and sang "The Spirit of God like a Fire Is Burning." Apostle Francis Lyman then stood before the crowd. "I propose," he said, "that this assemblage pledge themselves, collectively and individually, to furnish, as fast as it may be needed, all the money that may be required to complete the temple at the earliest time possible, so that the dedication may take place on April 6th, 1893."
The proposed date would be the fortieth anniversary of the day Brigham Young laid the temple cornerstones. George Q. Cannon called for a sustaining vote on the proposal, and the Saints raised their right hands and shouted, "Aye!"17
Francis pledged a large sum of his own money to complete the temple. Anna pledged five dollars for herself and ten dollars for Osborne. Knowing that John would want to pledge money as well, she contributed ten more dollars in his name.18
That spring, Joseph F. Smith visited the home of sixty-three-year-old James Brown. As a much younger man, James had marched with the Mormon Battalion and served a mission to Tahiti and its surrounding islands with Addison and Louisa Pratt, Benjamin Grouard, and others. While laboring on the Anaa atoll in 1851, however, James had been arrested on false charges of sedition and taken to Tahiti, where he was imprisoned and eventually banished from the islands.19 The government had forced the other missionaries to leave as well, and the mission had been closed ever since.
Now, some forty years later, Church leaders had begun expanding missionary work in the South Pacific. In July 1891, the Samoan mission had sent two young elders, Brigham Smoot and Alva Butler, to begin preaching in Tonga. Six months later, two other missionaries from the Samoan mission, Joseph Damron and William Seegmiller, renewed missionary work in French Polynesia, ministering to the long-isolated Saints in and around Tahiti.20
But Joseph Damron was unwell, and he and William had found that nearly all the Latter-day Saints in the area had joined the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, which had sent missionaries to the South Pacific several years earlier. Both men believed the mission needed someone with more experience to lead the work in the area.21
At James's house in Salt


text:
BERLIN -- Many dishes claim to be part of a people's heritage – but few have their own museum.
In Germany, currywurst, the traditional proletarian snack of sliced pork sausage swimming in a curry-tomato sauce, merits a memorial.
Currywurst is as German as pizza is Italian, hot dogs are American, and fish and chips British. This month, the dish was immortalized in the new Deutsches Currywurst Museum in Berlin, a sausage shrine dedicated to all things currywurst, including sausage sofas, a curry "spice chamber" and a movie montague of all-time currywurst cameos. The museum opened commemorating the dish's 60th birthday.
What's all the craze over a seemingly simple concoction?
No two Germans will likely agree on the perfect currywurst. Some like theirs with the sweet taste of Indian curry, others with a touch of mustard powder, and still others with a hot chilli or lemongrass-flavored curry. Then there's the matter of how you take your currywurst -- with French fries, white bread or a whole-grain loaf. There's just one no-no: ketchup. Germans consider it uncultured and inauthentic. But regardless of the various varieties and debates on which currywurst stand takes top dog, all will agree that dish is an integral part of German culture.
Many claim to have invented currywurst, but the Deutsches Currywurst Museum traces it back to post-war Berlin in 1949, when the city still lay in shambles. At the time the dish was known as "poor man's steak" because most Germans couldn't afford a proper chunk of meat, says Birgit Breloh, who heads the museum. "The unusual flavor was a welcome change of what limited diet options there were," she says.
Fancy spices such as curry were in extremely short supply in Berlin. Although the Soviet Union had abandoned its blockade to the city that year, supplies and ingredients were still hard to come by. (1949 was also the year Germany enacted the constitution, the Grundgesetz, which laid the democratic groundwork for partnership with Western allies.)
Where to Eat Currywurst
Snack Point 3
Berger Strasse 80
+49(0)69 _PHONE_
+49(0)30 _PHONE_
Schönhauser Allee 44a
+49(0)30 _PHONE_
+49(0)30 _PHONE_
Bier's Kudamm 195
But, according to currywurst legend, a witty German housewife named Herta Heuwer got her hands on some English curry by trading it against spirits with parched British soldiers. "Heuwer was one of the typical rubble women," Ms. Breloh says, speaking of women who cleared the debris of Germany's war-torn cities.
Experimenting with the spice in her kitchen, Ms. Heuwer soon concocted the cheap yet filling dish now known as currywurst: grilled sausage, sliced, with a gravy-like sauce containing English Curry and stewed tomatoes. At a time when Germany was a changing nation, this meal was fitting -- comfort topped with a hint of exoticism.
Ms. Heuwer started selling her dish from a street stand on the fringes of what was to become Berlin's red-light district. Construction workers and laborers were quick to warm up to it: Currywurst was different, yet still strangely familiar, and above all affordable -- Ms. Heuwer sold it for 60 pfennig a portion, about $0.50 today.
Her quick success allowed her to give up the street stand and move into a small restaurant in the red-light district. For years, it had a reputation for serving celebrities such as Harald Juhnke, Germany's answer to Frank Sinatra, until it closed in 1974.
Currywurst took off beyond Mr. Heuwer's kitchen, too. Knock-off stands and restaurants mushroomed across Berlin and into other cities. But they were all guesses at the original recipe -- Ms. Heuwer never revealed the secret to her addictive sauce. "She took it with her to her grave when she died in 1999," Mr. Breloh says of the recipe. "She didn't even tell it to her husband."
She also resisted the generous bids of the mass-production food companies. In fact, no company has been able to industrialize currywurst. German engineers were quick to develop sausage slicing machines, but there is no McCurrywurst, nor a Currywurst King chain. One explanation: Currywurst is as much about your most trusted street vendor, his signature sauce and the people you meet there, as it is about the food itself.
"Currywurst has huge social implications," says Ms. Breloh, a trained sociologist. "In the end, there is no such thing as the currywurst -- every one likes the dish differently." Indeed, walk into any German pub and it's sure to be a conversation starter, if not a hotly contested topic of debate.
On a cultural level, the dish came to represent the everyday German. Currywurst became the de facto refreshment of countless inspectors in German thrillers. Herbert Grönemeyer, the actor best known for his role as Lieutenant Werner in "The Boat," dedicated a popular song, aptly named "Currywurst," to the snack. Politicians looking for a bit of street cred started posing in pictures with the dish -- a sign that they were one with the proletariat. When the federal government moved from Bonn to Berlin in 1999, Germany's then-chancellor, Gerhard Schröder, the first to govern out of Berlin, loved to picture himself as a currywurst aficionado.
Today, about 800 million currywurst dishes are sold in Germany each year, the Currywurst Museum says, at street stands and high-end restaurants alike. Currywurst vendors vie to stand out and create a following. At the upscale Bier's Kudamm 195, a celebrity-favorite hangout, the dish is served on chinaware and with a glass of champagne on request. Witty's at Wittenbergplatz only uses organic ingredients. At Curry 36 in Berlin's bohemian Kreuzberg district, customers queue day and night for a version deemed particularly aromatic and tangy.
In East Berlin -- yes, currywurst even survived the divide of the country after the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 -- the most famous vendor is Konnopke's. It is located on a congested crossroad, under a metro-rail bridge. But you'll find that the dish is slightly different in the East: The sausage is often softer because it lacks casing. "That's simply because [sausage casing] wasn't available under socialism," Ms. Breloh explains.
Now, star chefs such as Daniel Boulud are even putting currywurst on their menus. At Mr. Boulud's new French-American brasserie in downtown Manhattan, DBGB Kitchen, he serves the dish with a turnip confit for $12.
"I grew up on currywurst," says Andre Wechsler, a native German who recently opened a currywurst restaurant in New York's East Village, Wechsler's (see video). Mr. Wechsler, who was previously in finance and moved to New York six years ago, worked with his German friends to develop the perfect sauce. Of all things German, "I just missed currywurst," he says.
Write to Roman Kessler at _EMAIL_


text:
Available under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share Alike 4.0 International Licence
In human-robot interaction (HRI) it is essential that the robot interprets and reacts to a human's utterances in a manner that reflects their intended meaning. In this paper we present a collection of novel techniques that allow a robot to interpret and execute spoken commands describing manipulation goals involving qualitative spatial constraints (e.g. "put the red ball near the blue cube"). The resulting implemented system integrates computer vision, potential field models of spatial relationships, and action planning to mediate between the continuous real world, and discrete, qualitative representations used for symbolic reasoning.
Bremner, M. (2007). Mediating between qualitative and quantitative representations for task-orientated human-robot interaction. Proceedings of IJCAI-07, Hydrabad, India. doi:10.21427/3j5d-0769
EU FP6 IST Cognitive Systems Integrated project Cognitive Systems for Cognitive Assistants "CoSy" FP6-004250-IP.


3.4.7. Facilitation
Facilitation can be defined as an action or agent that stimulates a value chain to develop and grow but does not become part of the chain. The activities that facilitators do are often the same as those that implementers have always done: providing training and technical assistance, subsidizing activities, and providing a range of support services. The differences are in why and how the interventions are conducted. The why refers to determining if the intervention will result in the industry moving towards increased competitiveness with a broad-based distribution of benefits. The how refers to ensuring that the donor-funded intervention results in more effective, sustainable relationships between value chain and support market actors, more competition based on ongoing upgrading and innovation, and more rational and transparent benefits that support effective relationships and constant upgrading.
Watch the video below to see how various implementers view facilitation:
Determining Facilitation Activities
Value chain constraints will lead designers to a number of potential facilitation activities to improve the competitiveness of the value chain. These can be reviewed in relation to specific criteria established by the implementing organization in order to select which activities to pursue during program implementation. Examples of possible criteria include the following:
 - extent of impact on microand small enterprises (leveraged effect)
 - number of MSEs that will benefit
 - cost effectiveness of the intervention (relationship between cost and impact)
 - chances of the intervention resulting in sustainable, commercially viable solutions
 - capacity of existing, commercially viable facilitators to implement or manage the interventions
 - timeframe for completing the intervention
 - synergy of interventions among various commercially viable solutions
 - ability to promote win-win relationships among MSEs and larger firms
Value chain participants should feel a sense of ownership over the change process. The facilitator should avoid engaging in any direct transactions and be one step removed from interactions among MSEs and service providers. Unless value chain actors take responsibility and ownership of the management and operations of the competitiveness process, long-term success is unlikely.
SDCAsia comic
Recognizing that traditional information campaigns have a limited effect on changing behavior, SDCAsia uses comics to communicate a change agenda to value chain actors and generate their buy-in to the process.
Transforming Relationships
Governance structures and relationships between value chain participants are always in a state of flux. A good facilitator is able to transform a parasitic or indifferent relationship into a more symbiotic, mutually beneficial relationship by demonstrating the benefits of collaboration to both MSEs as well as lead firms. This transformative nature of value chain facilitation creates synergies and paves the way for competitiveness.
Techniques to Foster Relationships and Ownership
Buying Down Risk
New ways of relating among actors in a value chain often carry substantial perceived risks. Concerns relating to commitment failure, free rider behavior, theft, rent seeking and a loss of profits may limit the willingness of a value chain actor to engage with other actors. These risks are often more intense when developing commercial relationships with and between MSEs--the relationships that value chain facilitation projects are tasked with fostering. The starting point for establishing any commercial relationship is the transaction. In weak and highly confused markets, the perceived risks associated with initial transactions--where trust is established--can be prohibitive. As a result, a project can use its subsidy to reduce (or buy down) the risks leading into a transaction, especially for new clients or for firms entering new markets where risks are perceived as too high to warrant investment.
When facilitating the establishment of commercial relationship, the project cannot be seen as the primary contact for either party to the transaction. The project has to be the matchmaker or bridge--and this may require masking its supporting role from one party or the other as a means of maintaining the focus on the core relationship between the parties engaging in the transaction. Project involvement can often be more effective through low-profile interventions than through highly promoted ones. Assessing critical tipping points in terms of reducing risks sufficiently to enable transactions to happen and then fostering more supportive lead up and follow through on transactions can provide the foundation for shifting adversarial relationships into supportive ones. The key is that the project cannot be seen as mediating the transaction.
Self-Selection and Rolling Exit
Self-selection is the process of setting a precondition to any form of project assistance. The precondition has to be directly related to the change in behavior being sought by the project. For example, agricultural input firms have to use their own funds to conduct promotional events in various communities before being able to participate in a project's program to increase agricultural input sales in rural areas. Self-selection tools are tied to commercial goals, so they have value from the perspective of a serious business. Businesses that are uninterested in taking on risks or are interested in obtaining "free" donor funds would self-select out of the program by not performing the action. A project can use self-selection tools at multiple levels and in all programmatic areas.
A project that actively uses self-selection tools can be seen as applying a rolling exit strategy. A rolling exit strategy uses self-selection tools with wait-and-see tactics to constantly test and challenge private-sector partners' (including microenterprises' and farmers') ownership and capacity to function without the project's support. Wait-and-see tactics include strategic decisions to stay away from or limit any support to a partner as a means to assess how they respond. The process can be passive--by letting support die without active communication from the project, or active--by refusing to work with a partner until they shift behavior.
An important component of using self-selection tools and applying a rolling exit strategy is shifting expectations in relation to risk and project timeline. If a partner has shown on multiple occasions a half-hearted attempt to select into the program, standards for access to project support need to be raised each time the partner indicates an interest in this support. Similarly, as the project nears the end of its timeframe, a new partner will have to overcome a substantial hurdle to access project support.
In all cases, a project should use these tools and tactics to develop more transparent and commercially grounded relationships that foster benefit flows that are rational and drive constant upgrading (i.e., innovation). To foster these new relationships and changes in behavior, a project must ensure that the relationships it fosters are not dependent upon its involvement. Also, a project should maintain an industry-level focus: while it may work at many levels in a value chain, the goal remains industry-level competitiveness that MSEs contribute to and benefit from.
Managing Facilitation
Understanding the underlying decision-making process of actors in a value chain is not always straightforward and projects have to develop systems and an operational culture to be effective observers and analysts. Typical projects foster a command and control management approach with activities directed down to staff and operational reporting required to flow upwards. This traditional management approach is not appropriate for a value chain facilitation project as it encourages a misdirected focus on transactions and operational statistics such as the number of people trained. Depending on cultural dynamics in a country a traditional management approach can also foster misreporting of data to appease management.
The objective of a facilitation approach is to change the way that transactions occur by fostering more supportive relationships, innovation-based competition, and benefit flows that encourage effective relationships and innovation. Management systems have to support an operational environment that:
 - provides quantitative and qualitative data to track performance--i.e, the capacity to observe actors in relation to expected behavior changes
 - empowers staff to manage in dynamic environments--i.e., trains staff, encourages staff interaction and provides guidelines for staff to effectively observe and report on progress
 - fosters more appropriate decision-making--i.e., provides a clear direction concerning the types of behaviors required for improving competitiveness
 - reinforces a learning-based operating culture


text:
The Sakai Open Academic Environment (OAE) provides a unique collaboration system for university campuses: a social network that helps students discuss class materials, pursue research, communicate with faculty, and discover the risks and benefits of sharing personal information—all in a private, rather than public, forum. This example-driven guide will get you up to speed on various methods used to deploy, customize, and manage OAE, whether you're an IT specialist in an educational institution, or an academic or instructional technologist.
Learn how to work with OAE's source code to modify key areas such as profiles, courses, permissions, and content. You'll soon adapt this network to support the culture and needs of your campus.
- Create research projects and online companions for lecture courses
- Learn about the range of OAE's public and privacy settings
- Customize OAE's look and feel, including the welcome screen, drop-down menus, and sign-up pages
- Connect to a local LDAP to work with accounts and authentication
- Install widgets to extend and customize OAE's core functionality
- Integrate OAE with a web server and backend database
- Get a checklist for deploying your custom OAE to production


Using Accelerate on Ibex
Accelerate provides an easy API to make your scripts run on any kind of distributed setting (multi-GPU on one node, multi-GPU on several nodes) while still letting you write your own training loop.
Installing Accelerator:
You'll need to install conda first, please check _URL_
You can save the following as a file named env.yml
name: acc_env channels: - conda-forge - pytorch - nvidia - anaconda - defaults dependencies: - python=3.11.5 - pip=23.2.1 - accelerate=0.22.0 - cudatoolkit=11.8 - transformers=4.33.1 - pytorch=2.0.1 - torchvision=0.15.2 - torchaudio=2.0.2 - pytorch-cuda=11.8 - scikit-learn=1.2.2 - evaluate=0.4.0
once you created the file, run the following command to create the conda environment:
conda env create -f env.yml
Running Accelerator:
You can find an example Python training file in: complete_nlp_example.py
Launching accelerator in interactive session
You can start by requesting an interactive session from slurm with the desired number of GPUs.
Ex:
[elghm0a@login510-27 acc_test]$ srun -N 1 --gres=gpu:v100:8 --time=3:0:0 --pty bash
You'll then need to activate the conda environment.
Finally, you can start the training process by calling accelerator's launcher.
(Optional) you can add --checkpointing_steps epoch at the end to create checkpoints after each epoch.
The output should look like the following.
Launching accelerator in a jobscript
You can simply run accelerator through a slurm jobscript
Change <conda_installation_path> with the installation path for your conda.
The output should be redirected to a .out file

Reference
Accelerate Documentation (huggingface.co)


discrimination of loud low frequencies (Neil Todd )
Subject: discrimination of loud low frequencies
Date: Mon, 14 Jun 1999 17:40:56 GMT
Dear List Can anyone tell me if there is any experimental data to suggest that there may be something peculiar in the discrimination of loud low frequency tones, between about 50 Hz and 800 Hz, and above about 90 dB SPL? For example, is it the case that either intensity and/or frequency discrimination gets better above about 90/100 dB SPL for low frequencies, but not for tones of say 2 kHz or above? In other words, is there any evidence of a mechanism that cuts in for loud low frequencies (other than normal phase-locking)? Any comments/references gratefully received. Cheers Neil Todd
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DAn Ellis
Electrical Engineering Dept., Columbia University


text:
This article will help you to differentiate between coal and petroleum.
Difference # Coal:
1. Coal is a power resource, fossil fuel and fund resource.
2. Coal used directly in industries and indirectly for production of thermal power.
3. Different by-products of coal are used in various industries.
4. As a power resource, use of coal is decreasing.
5. Per unit heat and electricity generation from coal is less.
6. As coal hard and bulky, transport cost is high.
7. Cost of coal is less.
8. Extraction cost of coal is higher.
9. Probability of accident, during extraction of coal is more.
10. Coal emits smoke, ash and gas; pollutes environment.
11. For domestic lighting and room heating, coal is less used now.
12. Use of coal in railway and ship engines are decreasing.
13. Around coal mines host of industries developed. Industrial regions develop.
14. Nowadays, coal is less important in international trade.
15. Coal seldom influences world politics.
Difference # Petroleum:
1. Petroleum is a power resource, fossil fuel and fund resource.
2. Petroleum is also used directly for industries and indirectly for electricity generation.
3. Various by-products of crude oil are used in industries as raw materials.
4. Use of crude oil is increasing.
5. Per unit heat and electricity generation is much higher than coal.
6. Petroleum is less bulky and liquid—thus transportation is easier.
7. Cost of Petroleum is high.
8. Extraction cost of Petroleum is less.
9. Except fire hazard, less dangerous.
10. Petroleum emits less smoke and impurities.
11. For home lighting, use of kerosene is more.
12. Use of petroleum and diesel in rail, road and aviation is increasing.
13. Around petroleum fields mostly petro-chem industries develop.
14. Petroleum is highly important in international trade.
15. Petroleum is a strategic fuel and highly sensitive issue in international politics.


text:
Brainchild of the Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation, '1001 Inventions' is a unique experiment, raising awareness and encouraging debate on the contribution Muslims have made to civilisation through science and technology. The exhibition is the tip of an iceberg – a sign post to teaching and learning resources, and a blog where the debate continues. Elizabeth Woodcock describes the project and its very special contribution to science and society.
Click here to access the full article in Ecsite Newsletter.
by: FSTC Limited
Related Articles: In Appreciation of FSTC by: FSTC Limitied Emeritus Professor Durward J Cruickshank, Fellow of Royal Society and world renowned distinguished scientist has presented FSTC with a valuable gift in its work in the History of Science.
First Anniversary of the "1001 Inventions" Initiative by: Professor Salim T S Al-Hassani, Chairman, Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilisation, UK With 1,000 years of "missing history", the exhibition is divided into seven zones: home, school, market, hospital, town, world and universe, to make it accessible for all Title to be "First Anniversary of the "1001 Inventions" Initiative - Global Expansion Plans"


text:
If the movie does not
automatically play, click
The astronaut's suit, called an "EMU",
Extravehicular Mobility Unit, provides a self-contained Life Support System eliminating the requirement for a suit-to-spacecraft supply line or umbilical.
When the suited astronaut attaches the EMU to the
MMU, Manned Maneuvering Unit, the combination becomes a self-contained spacecraft used to capture a malfunctioning satellite.
The Attitude Control System in the MMU is used to stop the rotation of the satellite.
Once stabilized and positioned in or near the payload bay, the satellite may be inspected and either repaired and returned to orbit or moved to the payload bay and returned to Earth.


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Composite Pattern Intro
Home / Composite Pattern / Composite Pattern Intro
Sometimes you really want to operate a swarm of objects the exact same way that you'd operate a single instance of those objects. When the need arises, the Composite Pattern has you covered!
Intro
The Composite Pattern is quirky fun. It's a way to control a slew of objects through single method calls. More specifically, it's a way to control a slew of objects the same way that you'd control one of those objects.
That common interface provides a consistency that proves all manner of useful. But c'mon. It's just fun making a bunch of things dance in unison, so let's hop to it!
Code
Consider, if you will, a simple drone. After adding it to a coordinate grid, it exists at the center of life. We can move it up. We can rotate it. We can move it left. It's good fun.
A single drone. It can do a lot by itself, but...
But you know what's more fun? A swarm of drones!
Now, we don't have 25 hands to use 25 remotes to control a swarm of 25 drones. We want to treat the swarm the same way that we treat a Drone. We want to create a swarm, add it to the grid, and then move the entire swarm in one operation. Rotate the entire swarm in one operation. And move it again in one operation.
Moreover, we want the same operations that we use with the single drone. The swarm should have move and rotate methods. And when called, these methods should move and rotate each drone within the swarm.
Since we want the swarm to respond to the same methods as the individual drone, we want both to implement the same interface. In the pattern, this interface is known as the "Component." It's the idea of the thing or things performing operations.
We've named our component "Flier." It describes the idea of a drone or swarm of drones. A class implementing this idea should have an x-y position and should face in a direction. It should also be able to perform operations like moving up, down, left, right by some amount, and should be able to rotate clockwise and counter-clockwise.
The Drone class implements this interface. It's got the properties required by the interface. It can perform the operations required by the interface. The Drone class represents a single thing that implements the Flier / component idea. So it's usually called a "leaf" in the pattern.
We're going to build a composite class named "Swarm." It'll implement the same Flier / component interface. So it needs to have the same x and y properties. And the swarm needs to face in a direction.
The principle concept in the composite is that operation methods don't operate so much on the composite object itself as they do on each item in the composite's list of components. That is, the movement methods will move each individual drone comprising the swarm.
To see this in action, we first need… a list of drones. We'll work with a 5×5 grid of drones that will operate in unison. The swarm constructor initializes the start position for the center of the swarm, defaulting to (0,0).
We'll need a half count to position swarm drones around the center. Then loop over 5 x positions… And 5 y positions… Adding new drones to the swarm's list, with each in their corresponding x-y position. With that, we have a 5×5 swarm of drones.
We're not done with the composite yet. We need to define the operation methods. Again, these operation methods do their thing by sending the operation to each individual component. So, the moveUp method tells each drone in the swarm to move up by the amount specified, defaulting to 1 grid point. The same goes for moveDown(). And moveLeft(). And moveRight(). The rotate methods also get the same treatment.
And that really is the fundamental idea of the Composite Pattern. An operation works through each component in the list and performs that same operation on each component.
This particular implementation isn't quite ready. Our Grid collaborator class, which provides the nice visual representation of the drones, knows how to add a single drone. We have to teach it how to add a swarm. When the Flier / component being added is a Drone, we continue to add it directly to the grid's list of drones. When the Flier is a Swarm, however, we add all of the swarm's drones to the grid.
Now we're ready to play. We can create a new swarm and add it to the grid… which displays our 5×5 composite swarm at the center. Now for some composite operations. First, we can move up 5 and… each individual drone in the swarm moves up 5! We can rotate clockwise and… each drone component in the swarm rotates clockwise! And we can move right 3 and each item in the swarm composite moves right 3.
A swarm of drones all moving in perfect unison.
How much spooky fun is that? All those drones moving and spinning in unison is something to see!
Conclusion
The Composite is one of those "easy" patterns — something that we'd stumble into even without much programming experience. The uses of the pattern are many — and it's often combined with other patterns. But the implications and consequences of applying it can be surprising for such an easy pattern.
We'll have a good time with those in the upcoming episodes. But for now… dance flying robots. Dance!
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For general centroid creation, QGIS QgsGeometry functions wrap respective calls to the underlying GEOS library: QgsGeometry * QgsGeometry::centroid() (definition) calls GEOSGetCentroid (definition) QgsGeometry * QgsGeometry::pointOnSurface() (definition) calls GEOSPointOnSurface (definition) The pointOnSurface() function is new for QGIS 2.4 and allows a ...
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To do this I would use the Intersect (Analysis) tool. The ArcPy code will be: import arcpy homesFC = <your path to input Homes> districtsFC = <your path to input Districts> homesWithDistrictFC = <your path to output> arcpy.Intersect_analysis ([homesFC, districtsFC], homesWithDistrictFC)
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For the Points that fall within the 65 meter radius, can't you just subtract 5 meters from A's Y coordinate and use A's X coordinate to find a Point at the 5 meter position? You can use the DA cursor to update these Point's Geometry to the 5m position.
3
If you have access to the 3D Analyst extension, this can be accomplished using the TIN Node tool found here: 3D Analyst Tools - Conversion - From TIN - TIN Node. This will create 3D points (i.e Z-enabled) at each triangle node that forms the TIN. Alternatively you could convert your TIN to a raster, and then use the Raster to Multipoint tool which will ...
2
You can also visualize this by clicking your line symbology in the Table of Contents. Under the Esri line styles, select the symbology called "Arrow at End" and this will show you the directionality of the line.
1
You could use the Distance to nearest hub algorithm from the Processing plugin which you could add your points and your lines layer instead of going through a query. From a couple of example layers that I have, you can get something like this: Then when you open up the Attributes Table for the output layer, you will be given the HubName and HubDist in ...
1
If your goal is to SEE where the line ends, you can also add an arrow symbol at the end of your line. (layer properties > symbology >symbol properties > cartographic line symbol > line properties). Otherwise, for a non programmatic solution, you can compute the X and Y coordinates of the end point based on "calculate geometry"(right click on field), then ...
1
This looks familiar! The issue you're having is that the result of cent is a multipoint geometry instead of just a point geometry- even though the result of the intersect IS a single point. I'm not sure if a multipoint is always returned or what. You might try something like this: T2B = arcpy.Array([arcpy.Point(1,2),arcpy.Point(-1, -2)]) L2R = ...
1
How about this for an idea. If B is within the specified distance of A then create a polyline between A and B. You can then create a point any distance along that polyline. Polyline object has a method positionalongline.
Only top voted, non community-wiki answers of a minimum length are eligible


text:
Nifont of Novgorod
Our father among the saints Nifont of Novgorod, also Niphon of Novgorod, was the Archbishop of Novgorod in the first half of the twelfth century during a time of political crisis in Novgorod. He conducted a strong program of evangelism among the pagan tribes of the northwestern territories around Novgorod and Pskov. He encouraged the establishment of monasteries with experienced missionary minded monks. He directed the construction of cathedrals in both Novgorod and Pskov. He is commemorated on April 8.
Nifont was born in Greece and came north to the Monastery of the Kiev Caves where he was monk. After Bishop John of Novgorod retired, Nifont was chosen Bishop of Novgorod. He was consecrated bishop in Kiev by Metropolitan Michael in 1130. As much of the area around Novgorod was largely pagan, Nifont chose to concentrate his missionary efforts, first, around Pskov, and then the area of Ladoga, where he laid the cornerstone of the Church of St. Clement in 1153.
After Bp. Nifont's arrival in Novgorod, the political situation began to shift to election of a "ruling" prince from the local area over one from Kiev. In 1136, the Kiev backed Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich, son of Mstislav Vladimirovich and grandson of Vladimir Monomakh, was banished from Novgorod and replaced by Prince Svyatoslav Olgovich. Prince Vsevolod found refuge in the town of Pskov, a rival of Novgorod. Soon, Bp. Nifont joined Vsevolod in Pskov after he refused a second marriage for Prince Svyatoslav that was against the Church canons. This exile lasted until about 1142.
As part of his evangelical zeal, Bp. Nifont had initiated before his exile a program of repairing and building churches in Novgorod, notably construction of Dormition Cathedral on the market square, in 1135. With his exile to Pskov, Bp. Nifont launched an active evangelistic program in the Russian territories adjacent to the town. Pskov became a center of church and monastery building. Between 1137 and 1142, two monasteries were started in Pskov, the Mirozhsky and the Nativity of St. John the Baptist of Ivanovsky Monasteries, monasteries in which the new missionaries were trained in spreading Christian ideals with sermons that bore personal examples of asceticism. At Mirozhsky Monastery, he also initiated the building of the Transfiguration Cathedral with twelfth century frescos that have survived to today.
After the repose of Metr. Michael of Kiev in 1145, the Grand Prince Isiaiaslav moved to have the schemamonk Clement consecrated to the Kievan see without the blessing of the Patriarch of Constantinople. At a council of bishops, Abp. Nifont voiced his disapproval of this action, advising the council that it was contrary to the tradition of the Russian Church as the Church had received the Orthodox faith from Constantinople. The consecration of Clement took place regardless of Abp. Nifont's objection. Abp. Nifont thereafter refused to serve with Metr. Clement nor to commemorate him during services.
Clement in turn refuse to let Nifont return to Novgorod, keeping him under house arrest at the Kiev Caves Monastery. After Prince Isiaiaslav was defeated by Prince George I in 1149, Abp. Nifont was released and allowed to return to a joyous Novgorod. Praising in a letter Abp. Nifont's defense of the traditions of the Church, the Patriarch of Constantinople sent Metr. Constantine to Kiev to depose Clement and assume the see in Kiev.
Abp. Nifont returned to Kiev to meet the new metropolitan, taking up residence again at the Kiev Caves Monastery. While at the monastery, Abp. Nifont became ill. On April 8, 1156, Abp. Nifont reposed after he had seen in a dream thirteen days before St. Theodosius who had told him of his coming death.
Nifont of Novgorod
|Bishop of Novgorod
- St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod
- V. Sarabianov, Transfiguration Cathedral of the Mirozh Monastery, Severny Polomnik, 2002 ISBN 5-94431-033-2


Adopt, Don't Shop, on National Dog Rescue Day
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Rescuing a dog or any pet is entirely different than buying a dog from a pet store or a breeder. National Dog Rescue Day, which takes place annually on May 20th, exists in part to highlight this difference.
Most animal rights advocates (but not all) would suggest that potential pet owners adopt dogs rather than buying them — or, said in the catchiest, briefest way possible, "adopt, don't shop." Here are five reasons to follow this motto for National Dog Rescue Day:
Adopting doesn't support animal cruelty
As cute as the dogs at pet stores are, they often come from cruel backgrounds. Pet stores often buy the dogs they sell from puppy mills, which are known for abusive, unhealthy living situations. There, dogs are often forced to breed at the cost of proper hygiene, diet, and even space to roam around and enjoy themselves. Even the ways in which dogs are transported to pet stores from these sellers has led to dogs dying in transit. Buying from pet stores directly supports these practices.
Breeders drive animal overpopulation
Animal overpopulation is a serious issue. In fact, the abundance of spayed and neutered dogs is a direct result of overpopulation — measures this drastic are needed to keep dog populations (and cat populations) in check. Breeders, though unlikely to treat their dogs as cruelly as puppy mills do, contribute to overpopulation. By selling dogs of purebred pedigree, breeders distract potential pet owners from adopting from animal shelters, where nearly 6.5 million pets are newly housed each year. Nearly one-quarter of these pets are euthanized due to overcrowding.
Adopting is cheaper
It's rare for adoption to be free, but it's almost always cheaper than buying a dog from a breeder or a pet store. Adoption fees can be a couple hundred dollars depending on the shelter and where you live, but they cover a dog's first vaccinations, examinations, microchipping, spaying or neutering, and flea, tick, and worm preventatives (and sometimes even a short-term healthcare plan). In some cases, adopting a dog expected to live a shorter life or struggling with chronic illness may not require any payment.
Adopting is safer
In every state, both shelters and pet sellers are regulated to some extent. However, the strength of these regulations varies wildly by state. Thus, some would argue that buying a dog is potentially unsafe, both for the dog and the owner. Shelters, on the other hand, actively tend to dogs as the very basis of their work, making adoption safer.
Adopting is easier
Pets bought from a breeder or pet store may be brand new to a life spent around humans, in a person's home. They are thus far less likely to be housebroken, well behaved, and properly trained. Dogs in shelters, on the other hand, have frequently lived in one or more homes, meaning they're far more likely to be properly trained. This trend makes adopting, not shopping, especially vital for first-time dog owners.
If you plan to get a dog someday, will you adopt or shop? Why? If you have a dog, did you adopt it or buy it? Why? Sound off in the comments!
Leave a Reply


text:
Veg sandwiches are no longer just seen in health food zones and vegetarian food counters, they're everywhere. You don't have to be a vegetarian to enjoy the occassional change of taste and health benefits of a vegetarian sandwich. But is a veg sandwich, or veg burger as some call it, really healthy all the time? Is a veg burger a healthy snack simply by virtue of being a vegetarian snack? Today Ms. Sunita Pathania – Sr. Registered Dietician and Diabetes Educator, Healthy Living Diet Clinic, Mumbai, helps us understand the what and how behind the seemingly innocent veg 'burger'.
Why we think that a veg burger is healthy...
One of the biggest reasons why veg sandwiches fall in the healthy food category is that they contain less saturated fat. Sunita says, "A regular, normal veg sandwich consists of approximately four to seven grams of saturated fat." Beyond that what makes a sandwich healthy and nutritious is its size. Since, a veg 'burger' or sandwich does not contain red meat it is considered, sometimes erroneously, to be the healthier snack option.
However, this is subject to many considerations. For instance: Is the vegetable patty fried, steamed or grilled? Is it fried in palm oil? Is it loaded with cholesterol-ridden cheese? Is it layered with unhealthy mayo? A normal, veg sandwich weighs approximately 71-100 grams and has approximately 70 to 150 calories each - IF (and this is important) - it's ingredients are healthy and prepared using healthy methods. Depending on size and the content added to it, the health qualities of a veg sandwich may be high or low in calories, fat and fiber.
When can a veg sandwich be unhealthy?
Even though a veg sandwich is made of various vegetables, it can be unhealthy due to the amount of processing the ingredients have gone through. Besides, some veg burgers are loaded with excess amounts of sodium, which can cause trouble to your heart and kidney.
Additionally, watch the amount of butter or oil used in a veg sandwich before categorising it as healthy. Beyond that, size does matter. If your veg sandwich is loaded with extra toppings and cheese, then it may contain calories greater than 1,000 – which is half a day's calorie intake for a person who's approximately 6 feet tall!
Sunita says, "A veg 'burger' contain a harmful compound known as Hexane – it is a by-product of gasoline refining that is used to separate whole soybeans into soy oil, protein and fiber. This compound can cause serious health problems ranging from nerve problems which can lead to pain, numbness, muscle problem and digestion problem."
Word of caution
"Veg sandwiches can definitely be healthier than normal meat burgers, but be cautious while choosing one," says Sunita. And if you want the best out of your veg sandwiches, then it best to make them at home. It is simple and you will also be aware of exactly which ingredients are added.
Here is the Dietician's pick for a healthy veg sandwich recipe:
- 15 ounce of black beans
- ½ diced onion
- ½ diced red pepper
- ½ teaspoon cayenne pepper
- ½ teaspoon garlic powder
- 1 egg
- 1 cup bread crumbs
- Salt and pepper to taste
- Mash the above ingredients in a food processor. Shape the mixture into patties. Spray a pan with cooking spray and cook the patties on medium heat for about 3 or 4 minutes on each side.
- Add the patty to whole grain buns or bread slices, add some tomato and onion slices, and voila! Your healthy veg sandwich is ready.
*Image courtesy: © Thinkstock photos/ Getty Images
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