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A person holding a sign that reads: Water is a human right. Nesk lives matter.
Long-term drinking water advisories are only one indicator of water quality in First Nations communities. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Carlos Osorio
Water crisis in First Nations communities runs deeper than long-term drinking water advisories
In October, more than 250 members of the Neskantaga First Nation were evacuated to Thunder Bay after an oily sheen was found on their reservoir. The discovery left the community, located in northern Ontario, without access to running water.
The evacuation drew attention to the federal government's 2015 commitment to end all on reserve long-term drinking water advisories (in place for more than one year) by March 31, 2021. Neskantaga has been living under a boil-water advisory for 26 years.
An end to long-term advisories would be marked progress towards addressing these historic issues. But the federal government's decision to choose long-term advisories as the measure for clean drinking water on First Nations reserves is faulty. Long-term advisory statistics are more of a policy performance measure than a true indicator of First Nations water security and well-being.
The focus on eliminating long-term on-reserve drinking-water advisories diverts attention from the equally devastating impacts of short-term advisories, lack of running water, as well as the anticipated effects of climate change on drinking water quality.
As a former advisor on water quality and infrastructure for a federal department, I now research barriers that keep First Nations communities from accessing safe wate. That a new hazard forced Neskantaga's evacuation while engineers are addressing historic ones underscores the need to examine drinking-water risks holistically.
What are drinking water advisories?
Authorities issue notifications to the public when its drinking water supply has potential or real health risks. They caution people to boil the water, not to consume it or not to use it. As of Feb. 15, there were 61 long-term drinking water advisories in place in First Nations communities located south of 60 degrees north.
Although the terms drinking water advisory and boil-water advisory are sometimes used interchangeably, they point to different types of contaminants. Boiling is effective for removing bacteria, viruses and parasites, but not for removing toxic metals, for example.
Emergency advisories are issued when there is a confirmed water quality risk, and precautionary advisories signal a technical problem that could make the water unsafe. Both cause socio-economic disruptions.
Read more: Mining push continues despite water crisis in Neskantaga First Nation and Ontario's Ring of Fire
First Nations advisories are predominantly precautionary — making up more than 90 per cent of Ontario advisories — meaning the majority are about operations and maintenance challenges, not an indicator of clean water as such.
What is clean water?
Different jurisdictions have different standards. Health Canada issues Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality, yet provinces and territories can set their own. This means that water considered acceptable on reserve may not be acceptable off reserve.
Perception, too, defines what is clean water. The smell and taste of chlorine, cultural beliefs and lack of trust in the water system has some community members choosing to use untreated, running water. Even when there isn't an advisory in effect, people may still be at risk of illness by avoiding tap water or drinking less water than they should.
A person holds a small container of water aloft.
Kiiwetinoong MPP Sol Mamakwa holds up water collected from Neskantaga First Nation, where residents were evacuated over tainted water last month, during a rally at Queen's Park in Toronto on Nov. 6, 2020. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Carlos Osorio
Advisories don't reflect the status of the "disconnected." Statistics track centralized water systems, but not all homes are connected because communities often can't afford to lay the pipes. As a consequence, many households rely on standpipes, water trucks, buckets and cisterns — all at risk of contamination. This means that even when there isn't an advisory in effect some community members may still experience water insecurity.
The bigger picture
The government's focus on long-term advisories detracts from the broader impacts that a lack of clean, safe running water has on people.
Excessive water boiling leads to mould that deteriorates housing, causing overcrowding. Overcrowding and lack of running water contribute to the contraction of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (MRSA), the main antibiotic-resistant infection that disproportionately affects Indigenous people.
Buying water because what's coming from the tap isn't fit to drink or wash with costs money that might have otherwise been used for food. Evacuations separate families and friends.
The government quantifies water advisories, but not their effects on mental, physical and spiritual health, educational success and cultural continuity. Yet these factors can lead "stamina, endurance, tolerance and resiliency [to be] stretched beyond human limits," the Office of the Chief Coroner of Ontario wrote in its report on the children and youth who died by suicide in the Pikangikum First Nation between January 2006 and December 2008.
Communication about solutions is typically framed around technological fixes. Researchers surveying Canadian news articles from 2000 to 2015 found that "most stories focused on government responses to water-related issues, and less often covered preventative measures such as source water protection."
First Nations water advisories are about much more. Root causes are found in colonialism and the forced relocation of many communities to areas where resource extraction puts stress on drinking water sources. The reasons behind advisories range from lack of trained staff and funding to difficulties obtaining replacement parts due to remoteness.
The children and youth of the Neskantaga First Nation are asking when they can go home again. They have been displaced from their community, and are owed a commitment from the government to long-term goals above and beyond what drinking water advisories measure.
International infrastructure scholarship and Canadian water researchers advocate the adoption of values beyond merely health and safety. Integrating understandings about what communities need from their social, economic, natural and built environments with Indigenous planning principles could smooth Canada's path toward reconciliation and "grow the circle of wellness."
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text:
Deal, in Present-day English, may be one of a number of words. All are pronounced to rhyme with 'feel'.
- There is a very general term of quantity. It is indeterminate, or vague, in amount, but, like 'a lot', it is generally a considerable part. 'A deal of something' usually means a good amount, or 'a great deal'.
- The original sense was of 'a share' of something. Today, players of card games deal the cards, or deal out, to give each player a fair share of the cards being played. The overall distribution is 'a deal'; the player who distributes is the dealer..
- In its general sense ('an amount'), this word can be applied adverbially, with verbs to say that someone 'does something a great deal', or to intensify adverbs and adjectives.
- The most useful idea, perhaps, is that of the verb 'to deal' and its associated noun 'a deal'.
- The verb 'to deal' means 'to negotiate', 'to discuss in order to come to an understanding'; 'to make a [business] arrangement'. In the best sense, it refers to coming to a bargain that is of benefit to both sides; a good sense is "A transaction of an underhand or questionable nature; a private or secret arrangement in commerce or politics entered into by parties for their mutual benefit; a 'job'" (OED). This can be extended to dealing with business and professional matters: "Please contact XXX, who is dealing with this matter"; "Mrs YYY dealt with the marriage contract". This sometimes has the implication of'successfully', or 'to a completion'; sometimes it is neutral in its implication, 'was the person who took responsibility for'.
- 'A deal' is such an arrangement, with the implication that it is of benefit to both parties - perhaps especially to one who claims 'to have done a deal'.
- To deal in a commodity is to trade in it - to have dealings in it. So we find dealers in wood, or leather, or horses, etc. (The verb without any Object is informal, and therefore to be avoided in academic English: the implication is nearly always of criminal trade in illegal drugs.
- Dealers may deal with their customers and suppliers. In a slightly figurative sense, we can use deal with of some sort of work of art to mean 'takes as its subject': "Hamlet and Lear deal with the subject of madness". In a disciplinary sense, a teacher may deal with naughty children in school, and police may deal with rioters (often with implications of violence).
- To have a 'raw deal' is to'make a bad baragain', or to be treated harshly as a result of negotiati0ons; ; a'square deal' is a fair one.
- Deal is also a word in the timber trade. Here, the general meaning is 'plank of fir or pine, of certain sizes'. (The precise sizes change with context, and are different in America and Britain.)
- The New Deal is the name for the overall policy of President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States (in office _PHONE_) to deal with the effects of the Great Depression of the 1930s. (For an historical sketch, including further reading, see Wikipedia: [].)
You may also want to see deal (irregular verb)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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I have the following anonymous type:
new {data1 = "test1", data2 = "sam", data3 = "bob"}
I need a method that will take this in, and output key value pairs in an array or dictionary.
My goal is to use this as post data in an HttpRequest so i will eventually concatenate in into the following string:
"data1=test1&data2=sam&data3=bob"
share|improve this question
4 Answers 4
up vote 51 down vote accepted
This takes just a tiny bit of reflection to accomplish.
var a = new { data1 = "test1", data2 = "sam", data3 = "bob" };
var type = a.GetType();
var props = type.GetProperties();
var pairs = props.Select(x => x.Name + "=" + x.GetValue(a, null)).ToArray();
var result = string.Join("&", pairs);
share|improve this answer
1
+1 for the use of LINQ to get the properties. – Robaticus Aug 14 '10 at 14:09
If you are using .NET 3.5 SP1 or .NET 4, you can (ab)use RouteValueDictionary for this. It implements IDictionary<string, object> and has a constructor that accepts object and converts properties to key-value pairs.
It would then be trivial to loop through the keys and values to build your query string.
share|improve this answer
3
+1 for reusing functionality already in the framework. – Bevan Aug 14 '10 at 4:17
3
I say "abuse" because the class was originally designed for routing (or at least its name and namespace imply this). However, it contains no routing-specific functionality and is already used for other features (like converting anonymous objects to dictionaries for HTML attributes in the ASP.NET MVC HtmlHelper extension methods. – GWB Aug 14 '10 at 4:30

I have done exactly this but now i need to go from the RouteValueDictionary back to the anomous object, any thoughts ?? – Joshy Dec 18 '13 at 0:38
Here is how they do it in RouteValueDictionary:
 private void AddValues(object values)
 {
 if (values != null)
 {
 foreach (PropertyDescriptor descriptor in TypeDescriptor.GetProperties(values))
 {
 object obj2 = descriptor.GetValue(values);
 this.Add(descriptor.Name, obj2);
 }
 }
 }
Full Source is here: _URL_
share|improve this answer

I tried to use the code from pastebin and Visual Studio was saying that a bunch of the Dictionary methods were not implemented. I had to do an explicit cast to IDictionary. I just switched a couple of the "this._dictionary" to "((IDictionary<string,object>)this._dictionary)" – Walter Stabosz Oct 5 '11 at 13:17
@kbrimington's solution makes a nice extension method - my my case returning a HtmlString
 public static System.Web.HtmlString ToHTMLAttributeString(this Object attributes)
 {
 var props = attributes.GetType().GetProperties();
 var pairs = props.Select(x => string.Format(@"{0}=""{1}""",x.Name,x.GetValue(attributes, null))).ToArray();
 return new HtmlString(string.Join(" ", pairs));
 }
I'm using it to drop arbitrary attributes into a Razor MVC view. I started with code using RouteValueDictionary and looping on the results but this is much neater.
share|improve this answer
3
This already exists in the box (at least, it does now): HtmlHelper.AnonymousObjectToHtmlAttributes – Andrew Feb 17 '14 at 16:27
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text:
A Tour of Chemical Engineering's new Carbon Capture Pilot Plant
Daryl Williams takes Robyn Williams on a tour of a pilot plant designed to capture and store carbon dioxide from power station exhaust gases. The plant is used for teaching and research and simulates the process of capturing carbon dioxide.
Popular this week
earth science biology inaugural natural sciences careers lecture physics health chemical engineering engineering music business archive life sciences sport outreach alumni climate change space mathematics accommodation postgraduate study student staff event bioengineering science graduation medicine global health rector test chemistry biomedical research


, the use of capacitor banks increases. From the other point of view, nonlinear loads generate and inject considerable harmonic currents into power system. Under this condition if capacitor banks are not properly selected and placed in the power system, they could amplify and propagate these harmonics and deteriorate power quality to unacceptable levels. With attention of disadvantages of passive filters, such as occurring resonance, nowadays the usage of this type of harmonic compensator is restricted. On the other side, one of parallel multi-function compensating devices which are recently used in distribution system to mitigate voltage sag and harmonic distortion, performs power factor correction, and improves the overall power quality as active power conditioner (APC). Therefore, the utilization of APC in harmonic distorted system can affect and change the optimal location and size of shunt capacitor bank under harmonic distortion condition. This paper presents an optimization algorithm for improvement of power quality using simultaneous optimal placement and sizing of APC and shunt capacitor banks in radial distribution networks in the presence of voltage and current harmonics. The algorithm is based on particle swarm optimization (PSO). The objective function includes the cost of power losses, energy losses and those of the capacitor banks and APCs.
 17. APC hypermethylation for early diagnosis of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis and literature review.
 Science.gov (United States)
 Liang, Tie-Jun; Wang, Hong-Xu; Zheng, Yan-Yan; Cao, Ying-Qing; Wu, Xiaoyu; Zhou, Xin; Dong, Shu-Xiao
 2017-07-11
 Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) promoter hypermethylation has been frequently observed in colorectal cancer (CRC). The association between APC promoter methylation and clinicopathological significance in CRC is under investigation. We performed a meta-analysis to quantitatively evaluate the significance of APC methylation in CRC. The study included a total of 24 articles and 2025 CRC patients. The frequency of APC promoter hypermethylation was significantly higher in colorectal adenoma than in normal colorectal tissue, OR was 5.76, 95% CI, 2.45-13.56; pAPC promoter more frequently hypermethylated in CRC stage I compared to normal colorectal tissue, OR was 13.42, 95% CI, 3.66-49.20; pAPC promoter hypermethylation, pooled OR was 9.80, 95%CI, 6.07-15.81; pAPC methylation was not associated with grade, stage of CRC as well as tumor location, patients' gender, and smoking behavior. The results indicate that APC promoter hypermethylation is an early event in carcinogenesis of CRC, could be a valuable diagnostic marker for early-stage CRC. APC methylation is not significantly associated with overall survival in patients with CRC. APC is a potential drug target for development of personalized treatment.
 18. Application examples of APC-03-2 and APC-03-2A airborne particle counters under various contamination conditions
 International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
 Czitrovszky, A.; Jani, P.
 1997-01-01
 Several application examples of the airborne particle counters APC-03-2 and APC-03-2A for monitoring particle size distribution and concentration in air and other gases are described. The computer controlled fast data evaluation and storage provide efficient presentation of the measured data in a variety of table- and histogram-forms, presenting of alarm levels for each size range, observation of alarm history, etc. The device can be applied not only for clean room monitoring and laminar box testing, but also for measuring contamination in health care facilities in workshops using hazardous airborne compounds (e.g. in pharmacology), and in toxicology where the concentration of the contamination may be very high. (author)
 19. DETERMINATION OF PHASE COMPOSITION OF SEALING COATING BASED ON APC (ALUMINOPHOSPHATE COMPOUNDS
 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
 BOLSHAKOV V. I.
 2017-02-01
 Full Text Available Summary. Goal. To investigate the phase composition of the obtained sealing coatings based on aluminophosphate compound (APC and the impact of temperature rise on it. Methods. Qualitative X-ray phase analysis (XRPA and differential thermal analysis (DTA are used as the methods of research. Roentgenograms for structural analysis were obtained on a DRON-4-07 using filtered copper radiation in the secondary beam. Registration and initial processing of diffraction patterns was performed using the software package PDOS with the output of the diffraction patterns on the screen. Using the "loupe" option allowed to identify weak interference lines, which increased the accuracy of the method of qualitative XRPA. The thermograms for DTA received on the device type Termoskan-2. The results. It is revealed that base of coating is X-ray amorphous phase. There are following crystalline phases: Al, AlPO4, Al (PO3 3, BN found in the coating. It is revealed that annealing doesn't make a significant influence on the phase composition of the crystalline phases and the coating doesn't lose properties after annealing during repeated thermal stress. Scientific novelty. The phase composition of the proposed sealing coatings based on APC and produced by plasma spraying, and the effect of annealing on the phase composition of the coating are investigated. The reaction of synthesis of primary material forming on the basis of APC for coating is offered. Practical significance. The results can be used in aviation technology in the development of gas turbine engines (GTE and the design of the compressors. The sealing coating may be used to improve the reliability of the compressor and to increase the efficiency ratio of turbine engine. During the operation the compressor's blades touch the sealing coating of compressor's stator and grooves it without causing locking and destruction of the rotor. Therefore, the development of new sealing coating compositions that
 20. Electrodialytically treated MSWI APC residue as substitute for cement in mortar
 DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
 Kirkelund, Gunvor Marie; Geiker, Mette Rica; Jensen, Pernille Erland
 2014-01-01
 Air pollution control (APC) residues from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) are considered hazardous waste and need pretreatment prior to possible reuse. Here, two MSWI APC residues, from which the most mobile fraction of heavy metals and salts has been removed by carbonation and/or elect......Air pollution control (APC) residues from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) are considered hazardous waste and need pretreatment prior to possible reuse. Here, two MSWI APC residues, from which the most mobile fraction of heavy metals and salts has been removed by carbonation and....../or electrodialytic remediation, were used in Portland cement mortar. Mortar bars with 15 % weight replacement of cement by APC residues showed compressive strengths up to 40 MPa after 28/32 days. Heavy metal and salt leaching from both crushed and monolithic mortars with APC residues was generally similar...
 1. A metabolic switch controls intestinal differentiation downstream of Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC).
 Science.gov (United States)
 Sandoval, Imelda T; Delacruz, Richard Glenn C; Miller, Braden N; Hill, Shauna; Olson, Kristofor A; Gabriel, Ana E; Boyd, Kevin; Satterfield, Christeena; Remmen, Holly Van; Rutter, Jared; Jones, David A
 2017-04-11
 Elucidating signaling pathways that regulate cellular metabolism is essential for a better understanding of normal development and tumorigenesis. Recent studies have shown that mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1 (MPC1) , a crucial player in pyruvate metabolism, is downregulated in colon adenocarcinomas. Utilizing zebrafish to examine the genetic relationship between MPC1 and Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), a key tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer, we found that apc controls the levels of mpc1 and that knock down of mpc1 recapitulates phenotypes of impaired apc function including failed intestinal differentiation. Exogenous human MPC1 RNA rescued failed intestinal differentiation in zebrafish models of apc deficiency. Our data demonstrate a novel role for apc in pyruvate metabolism and that pyruvate metabolism dictates intestinal cell fate and differentiation decisions downstream of apc .
 2. Stable MCC binding to the APC/C is required for a functional spindle assembly checkpoint
 DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
 Hein, Jamin B; Nilsson, Jakob
 2014-01-01
 stably to the APC/C. Whether MCC formation per se is sufficient for a functional SAC or MCC association with the APC/C is required remains unclear. Here, we analyze the role of two conserved motifs in Cdc20, IR and C-Box, in binding of the MCC to the APC/C. Mutants in both motifs assemble the MCC....../C is critical for a functional SAC....
 3. Detection of microsatellite instability but not truncating APC mutations in gastric adenocarcino


text:
Located within the district of Outram, Chinatown is one of the most popular destinations for tourists. The place is known because of its distinct Chinese cultural elements. Until now, it retains its historical and cultural significance to the city, a great reason for exploring the heritage of the Chinese ethnicity. Just by passing the streets of the Chinatown, you can clearly envision the richness of very own traditions.
In Chinatown, a colorful temple will get your attention. This is the Thian Hock Kheng which is one of the oldest temples in Singapore. It was visited by Chinese settler to give thanks to the Goddess of the Sea named Ma Zu for a safe travel. Well if you want to see the details of the temple's history, all you have to do is to find and read the granite tablets on the wall just inside the Entrance Hall. And do you know that the entire structure was assembled without nails? Check this place at 158 Telok Ayer St.
SAM is a state-of-the-art museum that houses the largest collection of art expressions all around the Singapore and Southeast Asia, and a lifetime opportunity for everyone to experience the works and ideas of the living artist of the region. It was built to preserve the city's culture and arts beyond the modern times.
SAM is located at 71 Bras Basah Road. It was officially opened in the year 1996 under the National Heritage Board of Singapore. Formerly known as the St. Joseph's Institution Building, SAM features paintings, sculptures, and installations from the different artists from Singapore and the whole Southeast Asia like Malaysia, Hong Kong, Thailand, India, Philippines and many more.
Located at Waterloo Street, this temple is the only South Indian Hindu temple in Singapore that was built in 1870 in honor of Sri Krishna and his partner Rukmini. Though it is a Hindu temple, it is common to see Chinese people lighting joss sticks here because it is situated just beside the Kwan Im Thong Hood Cho Temple.
Very well-known Buddhist temple to many local devotees of the deity Guanyin (also Kuan Yin), the Goddess of Mercy. I t was established during the year 1884 that shows the traditional craftsmanship and architecture of Chinese. It was granted the status of an historic landmark in year 2001. Since 1997 the community of the Kwan Im Thong Hood Cho Temple continues to help in promoting health and education system. It is located at 178 Waterloo Street just beside the Sri Krishnan Temple.
This place is known to be the commercial area even before the history. It is where you can find the Haji Lane, a pleasurable spot of shopping for stylish clothes and a home to many traditional stores. Arab Street will definitely let you feel the vibrant Muslim life with the different boutiques that sells books and beads allocated for Muslim prayers. Foodies will also be delighted with the wide range of culinary choices in the neighboring streets. But the most visited place here is the Malay Heritage Centre, where you'll learn about Malay history and culture.
With a huge prayer hall that can accommodate 5,000 worshipers, this mosque located near the Kampong Glam is considered to be one of the biggest and the most important religious buildings in Singapore. The mosque was built in the year 1824 for Sultan Hussian Shah, known to be the first sultan of Singapore. It was classified as a national monument on March 8, 1975. Later in 2005, Sultan Mosque was under the jurisdiction of Islamic Religious Council of Singapore (MUIS) to manage the activities of the mosque. Its address is 3 Muscat Street.
Little India is commonly known as Tekka in the local Tamil community. The centre for the large Indian community in Singapore, as the name suggests. The place differs from many other neighborhoods in Singapore due to its authentic cultural atmosphere. Experience the distinct pungent fragrances of spices, vibrant shops of fabrics and numerous art galleries. While in this cultural enclave, do not forget to try different their traditional cuisines to complete your Indian experience.
In 2011, Singapore opened the world's first ArtScience Museum situated in Marina Bay Sands. Aside from the fun feature of the Harry Potter before, the museum also exhibited the rare pieces of collected treasures during the Tang dynasty. In the museum, you will also find the exposition of its complex geometry, how the idea started and how it was engineered which exemplifies the architectural justification of Singapore. The significance of the museum is that it exhibits objects that are indicative of the accomplishments of both science and arts through modern times.
Singapore Food Festival is a yearly event organized by the Singapore Tourism Board being celebrate between the months of June and July. The local festival showcases diverse flavors that represent the culinary background of Singapore. From the traditional Chinese recipes to other modern international cuisines, the wide range of food choices will definitely let you experience the vastness of its culture.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


tf.compat.v1.train.Scaffold
Structure to create or gather pieces commonly needed to train a model.
Used in the notebooks
Used in the guide
When you build a model for training you usually need ops to initialize variables, a Saver to checkpoint them, an op to collect summaries for the visualizer, and so on.
Various libraries built on top of the core TensorFlow library take care of creating some or all of these pieces and storing them in well known collections in the graph. The Scaffold class helps pick these pieces from the graph collections, creating and adding them to the collections if needed.
If you call the scaffold constructor without any arguments, it will pick pieces from the collections, creating default ones if needed when scaffold.finalize() is called. You can pass arguments to the constructor to provide your own pieces. Pieces that you pass to the constructor are not added to the graph collections.
The following pieces are directly accessible as attributes of the Scaffold object:
 - saver: A tf.compat.v1.train.Saver object taking care of saving the variables. Picked from and stored into the SAVERS collection in the graph by default.
 - init_op: An op to run to initialize the variables. Picked from and stored into the INIT_OP collection in the graph by default.
 - ready_op: An op to verify that the variables are initialized. Picked from and stored into the READY_OP collection in the graph by default.
 - ready_for_local_init_op: An op to verify that glob


[vc_row css=".vc_custom_1447738075492{margin: 5px!important;padding: 10px!important;}"][vc_column][vc_column_text]
Georgina Hogarth was the sister-in-law, housekeeper and adviser of Charles Dickens and the editor of two volumes of his collected letters after his death. She was a trusted companion and confidant who Dickens described (in his will) as 'the best and truest friend man ever had'.
Early Life.
Georgina Hogarth was born on 22 January 1827, one of ten children born in Scotland to music critic George Hogarth and his wife Georgina.
In 1834 she moved along with her family to London where her father had taken a job as a music critic for the The Morning Chronicle. The family lived at Queen's Elm, Brompton, then a rural area of orchards and market gardens on the fringes of the city.
Dickens family household.
In 1842, aged 15, Georgina Hogarth joined the Dickens family household when Dickens and his wife Catherine, sailed to America, caring for the young family they had left behind.
Dickens divorce from Catherine.
In 1858 Georgina Hogarth sided with Dickens when he separated from her sister, Catherine, Dickens's wife. This caused the family to break apart. Georgina, Charles Dickens and all of the children except Charles Dickens, Jr. remained in their home at Tavistock House, while Catherine and Charles Jr. moved out. Georgina Hogarth ran his household.
She remained with them as housekeeper, organiser, adviser and friend until her brother-in-law's death in 1870, after which she stayed in regular contact with the surviving members of the Dickens family.
Georgina Hogarth died on 19 April 1917.


The Ecologist
War on Want
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TAKE ACTION to demand a strong supermarket watchdog
12th October, 2011
Evidence of UK supermarkets' exploitation of overseas workers, including garment workers, flower workers and tea pickers has been uncovered over many years.
Supermarkets have used their buyer power to squeeze suppliers and drive down pay and working conditions around the world. This means the people that make the clothes and grow the food sold in UK supermarkets are often poorly paid, overworked, work in unsafe conditions and are discouraged from joining trade unions.
Following the failure of a 10 year old voluntary code, the Competition Commission recommended that the government should create an independent watchdog (now called the Groceries Code Adjudicator) to redress the balance of power and ensure that supermarkets stop bullying their suppliers. The watchdog will oversee and enforce the Code of Practice that governs the relationship between supermarkets and their suppliers, in order to stop unfair practices.
In the run-up to the 2010 general election, all the major political parties committed to creating a watchdog - testament to sustained campaigning by a broad coalition led by War on Want and others in the Tescopoly alliance. However, since the election the coalition government has dragged its feet as big supermarkets relentlessly lobbied them to prevent a watchdog being set up.
The government has published a draft Bill which lays out the powers this watchdog (called the Groceries Code Adjudicator) will have. The fight is now on to make sure the watchdog can really deal with the huge problems in the supermarkets' supply chains.
It is vital that we keep up the pressure on the government to create a watchdog with real teeth, as supermarkets will continue to lobby MPs and ministers to make it as weak and ineffective as possible.
Write to your MP now via War on Want's supermarket watchdog campaign. Remind them just how important a strong, independent and proactive watchdog is to suppliers in the UK and overseas. Demand the government introduces a supermarket watchdog with teeth.
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text:
Instruments and methods for soil testing in the conditions of constrained dilatancy
This chapter dwells on the construction of special instruments designed for shear and triaxial tests. In the process of designing an attempt was made to widen the range of their possibilities and avoid errors which may appear due to an inadequate reflection of natural conditions of soil deformation and failure. The Dilatometric Apparatus of Contact Shear (Dacs) is defended by a USSR copyright, certificate _PHONE_ under the name 'Apparatus for measuring contact resistance to shear of dry materials'. Two modifications of the instrument were manufactured, namely: DACS-1 and DACS-2. The DACS-2 instrument is distinguished by a symmetric arrangement of rests and dynamometers on both sides of the carriage. Instruments DACS-1 and DACS-2 ensure step-by-step application of the shearing force, which allows to model conditions of gradual loading of a construction in soil.


text:
Aumont family page
Laying the foundation stone of the Victoria Park grandstand in Collingwood, Victoria, Australia in 1909 Among the dignitaries was Clifton Wheat Smith Aumont, born in Jersey in 1850, who was a city councillor
If you can help with information about the Aumont family, please contact _EMAIL_, using Jerripedia as the subject of your email. We are particularly interested in information which will help create further family trees, family histories and photographs
A blue link anywhere in the text will lead you to another page with more information on this family
Origins of surname
This French name has two possible derivations. The simplest and most likely is that it is a variation of Hautmont, meaning high hill, which would have been where those given the name were living.
Alternatively it may derive from the Germanic adalmund, meaning 'noble protection', or altmund, meaning 'old protection'.
It is a name which comes mainly from the Calvados and Orne departments of Normandy.
The name first appears in Jersey church records in 1825, when two families settled, one in Trinity and one in neighbouring St Martin.
Births and baptisms
These wills created by members of the Aumont family are now held by Jersey Archive. By visiting the archive site and using the names, dates and reference numbers shown here, it is possible to view a copy of each will. You will have to subscribe to the Archive's online service to do this. To find out more about this collection, which covers the period from 1663 to 1948, and how to search for your family's wills there, visit our Jersey wills page
- Louisa Aumont, Trinity - 27 September 1924, D/Y/A/84
- Pierre Aumont, St Peter - 16 January 1904, D/Y/A/63
- Le Câtillon de Bas, Grouville
Emily Elizabeth Aumont, born in Collingwood, Victoria, Australia in 1876, the daughter of Charles John, emigrant from Jersey in 1857 and Emily, nee Cockerill. She was one of five children born in Collingwood


text:
How to Look On Top of the World, When You're Actually Crashing
Groom to Win
Looking like a winner when you feel down and out is essential for survival. Perception is reality and success depends on how that perception is crafted. Here are some tips to make it appear that business is booming:
- Show success in the face of adversity. Create a newsworthy story that shows how business is transcending economic challenges. Instead of relying on a hard luck story, excite consumers with a relevant story of how the company is thriving, growing and trend setting;
- Have a consistent message. In a sound-bite world, sales people and staff must convey the same upbeat message and tone quickly and effectively. Create talking points for everyone in the company to follow. Locate and accentuate the positives of the business and the corresponding benefits they bring. Then, construct the story that will establish that message to clients in unison. This simple act of consistency may seem simple but the wrong information in the right hands can spell disaster. The right story, being told simultaneously, can create a wave of momentum;
- Demonstrate your impact. When a magic trick is performed, it's hard to dispute what was just seen, regardless of jaded beliefs. Anytime a product or service can be demonstrated or shown to be effective, it's a win. Collect and use testimonials of customer results as a backbone to build image and credibility. Also, using case studies dispels "smoke and mirrors" criticism, fueling much needed self-belief and public trust.
Looking like you are on top of the world when you're actually crashing is vital to inspire consumer buying, maintain cash flow, drive company morale and increase profit. Not to mention, feeling like a superstar never hurt anyone.
This article was written by Ryan Prucker, an image specialist and award-winning marketing executive and national media contributor. He is also the author of the book and audio program "The Image to Succeed."
You might also be interested in:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Adverbs of Frequency activity book. Inclueds explanation, placement of adverbs of frequency in a sentence, question formation, common errors and various activities. Activities include; meaning, understanding, reading and writing.
Georgina1 is from/lives in United Kingdom and has been a member of iSLCollective since 2016-12-02 11:28:16. Georgina1 last logged in on 2021-03-26 09:19:55, and has shared 2 resources on iSLCollective so far.


text:
- Minimum Order Quantity :
- Unit of Measure :
- Price :
- _PHONE_ INR
- Color :
Soil Stabilization Plant Features:
- Hassle free performance
- Needs less maintenance
- Environment friendly
- User friendly operations
The Standard configuration of the plants comprise of the following units:
- Cold Aggregates Bin Feeders - Over Size Removal Vibrating Screen - Slinger Conveyor - Pugmill Mixing Unit - Load Out Conveyor with anti Segregation gob hopper - Water Storage Tank - Fully Automatic Control Panel, Weather Proof Control Cabin.
- Optional: Optional attachments like Storage Silos for Mixed material.
- As 2007 more than 100 plants of capacity ranging from 100 to 250 TPH are in operation.
- WMM-100 (Capacity 100 Tons/Hour)
- WMM-160 (Capacity 160 Tons/Hour)
- WMM-200 (Capacity 200 Tons/Hour)
- WMM-250 (Capacity 250 Tons/Hour)
The term Soil stabilization is used for any biological, physical or chemical changes occurring naturally in the soil. A material is used to strengthen the base layers of the soil. This material is produced using Soil Stabilizer Plant. Optimum and desired results can easily be achieved after controlling the process of compaction. The mentioned soil improves several parameters of the soil such as tensile strength and weight bearing capacity are to name a few. With this way, the user can also aim to minimize the wastage of material.
- Performs even in the extreme conditions to ensure excellent productivity
- Designed with ultra-modern technology to ensure acrobat-like flexibility
- Sturdily constructed to render optimum performance
- Minimizes the overall construction costs
81-82, Nirmal industrial Park, G. I. D. C. AtGozaria, Tal: Dist: Mehsana, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382825, India


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The 1999 World Finals Contest included a problem based on a dice maze. At the time the problem was written, the judges were unable to discover the original source of the dice maze concept. Shortly after the contest, however, Mr. Robert Abbott, the creator of numerous mazes and an author on the subject, contacted the contest judges and identified himself as the originator of dice mazes. We regret that we did not credit Mr. Abbott for his original concept in last years problem statement. But we are happy to report that Mr. Abbott has offered his expertise to this years contest with his original and unpublished walk-through arrow mazes.
As are most mazes, a walk-through arrow maze is traversed by moving from intersection to intersection until the goal intersection is reached. As each intersection is approached from a given direction, a sign near the entry to the intersection indicates in which directions the intersection can be exited. These directions are always left, forward or right, or any combination of these.
Figure 1 illustrates a walk-through arrow maze. The intersections are identified as (row, column) pairs, with the upper left being (1,1). The Entrance intersection for Figure 1 is (3,1), and the Goal intersection is (3,3). You begin the maze by moving north from (3,1). As you walk from (3,1) to (2,1), the sign at (2,1) indicates that as you approach (2,1) from the south (traveling north) you may continue to go only forward. Continuing forward takes you toward (1,1). The sign at (1,1) as you approach from the south indicates that you may exit (1,1) only by making a right. This turns you to the east now walking from (1,1) toward (1,2). So far there have been no choices to be made. This is also the case as you continue to move from (1,2) to (2,2) to (2,3) to (1,3). Now, however, as you move west from (1,3) toward (1,2), you have the option of continuing straight or turning left. Continuing straight would take you on toward (1,1), while turning left would take you south to (2,2). The actual (unique) solution to this maze is the following sequence of intersections: (3,1) (2,1) (1,1) (1,2) (2,2) (2,3) (1,3) (1,2) (1,1) (2,1) (2,2) (1,2) (1,3) (2,3) (3,3).
You must write a program to solve valid walk-through arrow mazes. Solving a maze means (if possible) finding a route through the maze that leaves the Entrance in the prescribed direction, and ends in the Goal. This route should not be longer than necessary, of course.
The input file will consist of one or more arrow mazes. The first line of each maze description contains the name of the maze, which is an alphanumeric string of no more than 20 characters. The next line contains, in the following order, the starting row, the starting column, the starting direction, the goal row, and finally the goal column. All are delimited by a single space. The maximum dimensions of a maze for this problem are 9 by 9, so all row and column numbers are single digits from 1 to 9. The starting direction is one of the characters N, S, E or W, indicating north, south, east and west, respectively.
All remaining input lines for a maze have this format: two integers, one or more groups of characters, and a sentinel asterisk, again all delimited by a single space. The integers represent the row and column, respectively, of a maze intersection. Each character group represents a sign at that intersection. The first character in the group is 'N', 'S', 'E' or 'W' to indicate in what direction of travel the sign would be seen. For example, 'S' indicates that this is the sign that is seen when travelling south. (This is the sign posted at the north entrance to the intersection.) Following this first direction character are one to three arrow characters. These can be 'L', 'F' or 'R' indicating left, forward, and right, respectively.
The list of intersections is concluded by a line containing a single zero in the first column. The next line of the input starts the next maze, and so on. The end of input is the word 'END' on a single line by itself.
For each maze, the output file should contain a line with the name of the maze, followed by one or more lines with either a solution to the maze or the phrase 'No Solution Possible'. Maze names should start in column 1, and all other lines should start in column 3, i.e., indented two spaces. Solutions should be output as a list of intersections in the format (R,C) in the order they are visited from the start to the goal, should be delimited by a single space, and all but the last line of the solution should contain exactly 10 intersections.
Note: Figure 2: Robert Abbott's Atlanta Maze Robert Abbotts walk-through arrow mazes are actually intended for large-scale construction, not paper. Although his mazes are unpublished, some of them have actually been built. One of these is on display at an Atlanta museum. Others have been constructed by the American Maze Company over the past two summers. As their name suggests these mazes are intended to be walked through.
For the adventurous, Figure 2 a graphic of Robert Abbotts Atlanta maze. Solving it is quite difficult, even when you have an overview of the entire maze. Imagine trying to solve this by actually walking through the maze and only seeing one sign at a time! Robert Abbott himself indicated that the maze is too complex and most people give up before finishing. Among the people that did not give up was Donald Knuth: it took him about thirty minutes to solve the maze.
The first maze in the following sample input is the maze in Figure 1.
Sample Input
3 1 N 3 3
1 1 WL NR *
1 2 WLF NR ER *
1 3 NL ER *
2 1 SL WR NF *
2 2 SL WF ELF *
2 3 SFR EL *
3 1 N 3 2
1 1 WL NR *
1 2 NL ER *
2 1 SL WR NFR *
2 2 SR EL *
Sample Output
No Solution Possible


Xenoposeidon is the earliest known rebbachisaurid sauropod dinosaur
Research output: Contribution to journalArticle (Academic Journal)peer-review
9 Citations (Scopus)
437 Downloads (Pure)
Abstract
Xenoposeidon proneneukos is a sauropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Hastings Group of England. It is represented by a single partial dorsal vertebra, NHMUK PV R2095, which consists of the centrum and the base of a tall neural arch. Despite its fragmentary nature, it is recognisably distinct from all other sauropods, and is here diagnosed with five unique characters. One character previously considered unique is here recognised as shared with the rebbachisaurid diplodocoid Rebbachisaurus garasbae from the mid-Cretaceous of Morocco: an 'M'-shaped arrangement of laminae on the lateral face of the neural arch. Following the more completely preserved R. garasbae, these laminae are now interpreted as ACPL and lateral CPRL, which intersect anteriorly; and PCDL and CPOL, which intersect posteriorly. Similar arrangements are also seen in some other rebbachisaurid specimens (though not all, possibly due to serial variation), but never in non-rebbachisaurid sauropods. Xenoposeidon is therefore referred to Rebbachisauridae. Due to its inferred elevated parapophysis, the holotype vertebra is considered a mid-posterior dorsal despite its elongate centrum. Since Xenoposeidon is from the Berriasian-Valanginian (earliest Cretaceous) Ashdown Formation of the Wealden Supergroup of southern England, it is the earliest known rebbachisaurid by some 10 million years. Electronic 3D models were invaluable in determining Xenoposeidon's true affinities: descriptions of complex bones such as sauropod vertebrae should always provide them where possible.
Original languageEnglish
Article numbere5212
Number of pages22
JournalPeerJ
Volume6
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 6 Jul 2018
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= ψ−1(T(φ(x))) = tx. Conversely, if ξ is in V and x = φ−1(ξ) is the coordinate tuple of ξ with respect to 1, …, αn}, and we set y = tx and η = ψ(y), then η = ψ(T1(x)) = T(ξ). That is, if ξ is in V and η is in W and x and y are their coordinate tuples, then y = tx if and only if η = T(ξ).
Theorem Suppose U, V and W are vector spaces of finite dimension and an ordered basis is chosen for each. If T : UV and S : VW are linear transformations with matrices s and t, then the matrix of the linear transformation ST : UW (with respect to the given bases) is st.
Change of basis[edit]
Now we ask what happens to the matrix of T : VW when we change bases in V and W. Let 1, …, αn} and 1, …, βm} be ordered bases for V and W respectively, and suppose we are given a second pair of bases {α′1, …, α′n} and {β′1, …, β′m}. Let φ1 and φ2 be the coordinate isomorphisms taking the usual basis in Rn to the first and second bases for V, and let ψ1 and ψ2 be the isomorphisms taking the usual basis in Rm to the first and second bases for W.
Let T1 = ψ1−1T ∘ φ1, and T2 = ψ2−1T ∘ φ2 (both maps taking Rn to Rm), and let t1 and t2 be their respective matrices. Let p and q be the matrices of the change-of-coordinates automorphisms φ2−1 ∘ φ1 on Rn and ψ2−1 ∘ ψ1 on Rm.
The relationships of these various maps to one another are illustrated in the following commutative diagram.
Since we have T2 = ψ2−1T ∘ φ2 = (ψ2−1 ∘ ψ1) ∘ T1 ∘ (φ1−1 ∘ φ2), and since composition of linear maps corresponds to matrix multiplication, it follows that
t2 = q t1 p−1.
Given that the change of basis has once the basis matrix and once its inverse, this objects are said to be 1-co, 1-contra-variant.
The matrix of an endomorphism[edit]
An important case of the matrix of a linear transformation is that of an endomorphism, that is, a linear map from a vector space V to itself: that is, the case that W = V. We can naturally take 1, …, βn} = {α1, …, αn} and {β′1, …, β′m} = {α′1, …, α′n}. The matrix of the linear map T is necessarily square.
Change of basis[edit]
We apply the same change of basis, so that q = p and the change of basis formula becomes
t2 = p t1 p−1.
In this situation the invertible matrix p is called a change-of-basis matrix for the vector space V, and the equation above says that the matrices t1 and t2 are similar.
The matrix of a bilinear form[edit]
A bilinear form on a vector space V over a field R is a mapping V × VR which is linear in both arguments. That is, B : V × VR is bilinear if the maps
v \mapsto B(v, w)
v \mapsto B(w, v)
are linear for each w in V. This definition applies equally well to modules over a commutative ring with linear maps being module homomorphisms.
The Gram matrix G attached to a basis \alpha_1,\dots, \alpha_n is defined by
G_{i,j} = B(\alpha_i,\alpha_j) .
If v = \sum_i x_i \alpha_i and w = \sum_i y_i \alpha_i are the expressions of vectors v, w with respect to this basis, then the bilinear form is given by
B(v,w) = v^\mathsf{T} G w .
The matrix will be symmetric if the bilinear form B is a symmetric bilinear form.
Change of basis[edit]
If P is the invertible matrix representing a change of basis from \alpha_1,\dots, \alpha_n to \alpha'_1,\dots, \alpha'_n then the Gram matrix transforms by the matrix congruence
G' = P^\mathsf{T} G P .
Important instances[edit]
In abstract vector space theory the change of basis concept is innocuous; it seems to add little to science. Yet there are cases in associative algebras where a change of basis is sufficient to turn a caterpillar into a butterfly, figuratively speaking:
 - In the split-complex number plane there is an alternative "diagonal basis". The standard hyperbola xxyy = 1 becomes xy = 1 after the change of basis. Transformations of the plane that leave the hyperbolae in place correspond to each other, modulo a change of basis. The contextual difference is profound enough to then separate Lorentz boost from squeeze mapping. A panoramic view of the literature of these mappings can be taken using the underlying change of basis.
 - With the 2 × 2 real matrices one finds the beginning of a catalogue of linear algebras due to Arthur Cayley. His associate James Cockle put forward in 1849 his algebra of coquaternions or split-quaternions, which are the same algebra as the 2 × 2 real matrices, just laid out on a different matrix basis. Once again it is the concept of change of basis that synthesizes Cayley's matrix algebra and Cockle's coquaternions.
 - A change of basis turns a 2 × 2 complex matrix into a biquaternion.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]


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This Month's Contest: CHOCOLATE BARS
On client appreciation day, an advisor offers clients the opportunity to select two bars of fine chocolate from a large bowl filled with bars of Swiss chocolate and Danish chocolate. A client randomly pulls out two chocolate bars. One of the bars is Danish chocolate. What is the probability that the other bar is also Danish chocolate?
Please email your solution to John Kador at _EMAIL_ using the subject line "Chocolate." Deadline is July 1, 2013. One entrant with the correct answer (or a creative alternative) will receive a signed copy of John Kador's How to Ace the Brainteaser Job Interview. Good luck to all.
Brainteaser #2: ST. IVES
There's an old nursery rhyme that's actually a nice little puzzle. Can you calculate the answer posed by the rhyme?
As I was going to St. Ives,
I crossed the path of seven wives,
Every wife had seven sacks,
Every sack had seven cats,
Every cat had seven kittens,
Kittens, cats, sacks, wives,
How many were leaving St. Ives?
Answer on next page.
Solution to previous puzzler: WORDS IN COMMON
To recap: What do the following words have in common: Boycott, Cardigan, Chauvinism, Decibel, Dunce, Fuchsia, Leotard, Saxophone, Silhouette?
Solution: All the words are eponyms. That is, they are the names of historical people who lent their names to objects or concepts.
We received over 50 responses. Less than a third suggested the right answer. There were ingenious solutions having to do with alphabetical order, word origin (many of the words do sound French, don't they?), number of syllables and placement of accents. This contest's winner, randomly selected from all correct entries, is Susan Dubow, first vice president and financial advisor, RBC Wealth Management, Tucson, Ariz. Congratulations to Susan and thanks to everyone for playing the REP. Puzzler.
Solution to St. Ives: Seven wives each had seven sacks for a total of 49 sacks, so 7+49 =56 wives and sacks. Each sack had seven cats for a total of 343 cats, so 56+343=399 wives, sacks, and cats. Each of the seven cats has seven kittens for a total of 2,401 kittens, so 2,401+399=2,800 wives, sacks, cats and kittens. If you got any other result, it's likely because you forgot to count the sacks, but the riddle clearly states: "Kittens, cats, sacks, wives, how many were leaving St. Ives?"
John Kador is the author of 15 books. His latest book (with Brian S. Cohen) is What Every Angel Investor Wants You to Know: An Insider Reveals How to Get Smart Funding for Your Billion Dollar Idea (McGraw-Hill). _URL_.


Reprinted from The Blood Type Diet Website (
Green Bean Casserole
This is a healthier version of the condensed-soup casserole popular at Thanksgiving.
 - 1 pound fresh or frozen cut green beans or 2 cans cut green beans
 - 1 tablespoon butter or ghee
 - 2 tablespoons arrowroot, spelt, oat or rice flour
 - 2 cups rice, nut, goat or cow's milk or 2 cups vegetable, chicken or turkey stock or broth
 - 1 cup sliced or diced mushrooms
 - 1-2 cloves garlic
 - 1 medium onion, diced
 - butter or ghee and olive oil for sauteing
 - chopped fresh or dried thyme or marjoram
 - 3-4 slices turkey bacon, fried and chopped (optional)
How to make it:
 1. Preheat oven to 375F.
 2. Blanch the fresh green beans by dipping them in boiling water for about 30 seconds, then put them in ice water to stop the cooking process. When they are cool, dry them and set aside. (You can also thaw out some frozen beans instead, or open and drain two cans of cut green beans.)
 3. Make a roux by melting the tablespoon of butter or ghee in a saucepan. Add the two tablespoons of flour into the melted butter, stirring to a smooth paste. If it starts to brown, let it get to a golden brown color before SLOWLY adding the milk or broth, stirring constantly to dissolve any lumps.
 4. Bring to a simmer. Once the milk or broth is thickened, set aside.
 5. In a skillet melt some ghee and mix it with a bit of olive oil. Saute 1 cup mushrooms, sliced or diced, 1-2 cloves garlic, minced, and 1 medium onion, diced, in the ghee/oil mixture, until the onions and garlic are translucent and the mushrooms start to release their juices.
 6. Add the mushrooms, garlic and onions to the thickened milk broth mixture and stir together. Season if desired.
 7. Put the dried blanched or thawed green beans into a 2-quart casserole dish. Sprinkle with some chopped fresh or dried thyme or marjoram. Pour the sauce over the beans and stir together. Bake for 30 minutes.
 8. If you wish you may add in chopped pan-fried turkey bacon, or put some on top to replace the french-fried onions.


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Web Design/Generating a receipt with PHP
Once your basic response and email are all happening, and you're feeling a bit more confident with your first PHP pages, it's a good time to start learning a bit more about PHP variables and control structures! But before moving on from here, please make sure that your response.php currently:
- Responds personally to the user
- Includes the details of the product selected by the user (its name and its price)
- includes the billing information for the user.
Adding up the total[edit | edit source]
If a visitor to your site indicates that they want to buy 5 T-shirts at $15 each, we need to let them know what their total comes to! To do this, we'll need to create a variable.
You might have noticed that variables in PHP always have a dollar sign ($) in front of them. Here are a few examples:
$num1 = 12; // This is a number $string1 = "Here's a string in double quotes"; $string2 = 'Here\'s a string in single quotes';
Can you guess why the apostrophe (') in $string2 has a back-slash (\) in front of it?
We need to create a new variable called $total in our response.php. Initially we'll set it to 0 like this:
$total = 0; // We'll use this variable to calculate the total for the order
but your challenge is to print out the total for the order when your form is submitted!
Including postage in the total[edit | edit source]
Now that we've calculated the total for our order, we need to include a postage fee! The following exercise will help you along the way!
Free delivery for bulk buys[edit | edit source]
Let's say you decide it would be good for business if you offer free delivery if customers buy more than 6 items.
Your pseudo-code should look something like this:
if the quantity is less than 7 then do the following: add the $20 postage fee to the total
TO DO: Exercise with solution
Discount if you spend over $200[edit | edit source]
Finally, if your customers spend over $200 (modify to suit your needs), they get a 10% discount.
Again your pseudo-code should look like...
$discountmin = 200; if the quantity is more than discountmin then: multiply amount by 0.9 //0.9 basically just takes away the 10%


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Fungus is responsible for some weird things: Some species are deadly for snakes and bats, others might help humans rid themselves of bed bugs, Cordyceps species can control insects for their own nefarious purposes, and most are bizarre-looking. Add another unusual thing to this list: Fungus shapes a strangely wondrous kind of ice called hair ice that is found only on rotting logs, according to the European Geosciences Union.
To see hair ice, one's best chance is to hike into a broadleaf forest between the latitudes of between 45° and 55° N on a cold morning. There, amid patches of snow and frost, a keen eye might spot delicate crystals extending from wood in filaments about 0.01 millimeters thick — about the diameter of a human hair. But as soon as the sun rises, the fragile sculpture will melt away.
Hair ice first officially entranced researchers more than 100 years ago. Alfred Wegener, who first proposed the theory of plate tectonics, tried to solve the more delicate mystery of how hair ice forms too. He noticed that the ice filaments only grew on logs that also bore the thin threads of fungus mycelium and thought the two might be related.
Much more recently, physicist Christian Mätzler from the Institute of Applied Physics at the University of Bern in Switzerland and his colleagues, also grew determined to find the cause of hair ice. After sampling logs for fungus they determined that one kind consistently showed up on wood that produced hair ice, a species called Exidiopsis effusa. Experiments in the lab revealed how this fungus cultivated the icy filaments. A press release explains:
[The] driving mechanism responsible for producing ice filaments at the wood surface is ice segregation. Liquid water near the branch surface freezes in contact with the cold air, creating an ice front and 'sandwiching' a thin water film between this ice and the wood pores. Suction resulting from repelling intermolecular forces acting at this 'wood–water–ice sandwich' then gets the water inside the wood pores to move towards the ice front, where it freezes and adds to the existing ice.
Analysis of the ice itself showed that several molecules including tannin and lignin end up in the ice. The team suspects that at least one of those organic molecules keep the ice crystals from growing too large, explains chemist, Diana Hofmann of the Institute of Bio and Geosciences in Jülich, Germany. The team published their findings in the journal Biogeosciences.
Thankfully, solving the mystery, even if only partly (the researchers still aren't sure exactly which organic molecule controls the ice crystal growth) doesn't make the frosty growths any less entrancing.


text:
Note: This is an old page that has been updated/formatted, you can view the original here.
A slashable grate is a cool feature of a JK level that's sure to help with your review scores. Slashable grates are surprisingly easy to make. So let's begin!
First, select the default sector and switch to surface mode. Select a side wall and cleave a square on it, preferably close to the ground, 0.2 JKUs high. Now, press the "X" key to extrude the surface you just cleaved. Your level should look something like this.
For this surface, shown selected above, we'll use 08tmshd.mat for
the material. Next, we need to make it so that the engine draws that
surface. When you extruded it was like adjoing the two sectors. Under
the surface editor, set the GEO value to 4, draw textured.
Now, under Adjoin Flags, uncheck the second checkbox or flag. This sets the surface to impassible so you can't walk through it. Now, check the second and third Surface Flags checkboxes, Used in COG and Impassible respectively. Now, do all that again for the other side or surface of the adjoin.
Write down the sector and surface numbers for each of the surfaces in the adjoin; you'll need these later. You'll find these at the top of the face editor.
Now, on to the COG! Under the Tools menu, select Placed Cogs. Press the Add Cog button. You will see a long list of COGs. Select 00_slashgrate.cog and press OK. There are two fields you need to enter. Under grate, enter one of the surface numbers (sector and surface number) and under grateback enter the other number. The format for this is Sector#[space]Surface#. Press Refresh and close that window. Now save and compile. That's all there is to it!
The slashable grate in action


text:
Why is shade important in building design? A building should be a good reflection of the people using it and should be energy efficient to retain its value. It is not only aesthetics that is important but also practicality as buildings should help with cooling and heating. Good shade can make the most drab building into an attractive one, complete with natural lighting.
If you are thinking about shade for your building then there are a few things to consider. For instance, do you want the shade to block all the sun's rays or just a specific area? If you are wanting to use a large amount of natural light then a shade that has a high level of UV resistance is what you need as this will ensure that your building doesn't absorb excessive amounts of heat from the sun, which could lead to damage to wood, paint, or other surfaces. Find out more about the benefits of Brise Soleil at a site like Alu Systems
Brise soleil is a very popular shade type in building design. It is permanent and can be retrofitted as well as incorporated in an original design of a building. It is also very environmentally friendly because it requires little maintenance and reduces the need for air conditioning. When it comes to choosing a shade you have many different options each with their own advantages and disadvantages but in the end the choice is yours.


text:
Today, in the UK, they train doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals on contraception and sexual health, providing the broadest range of contraception and sexual health training in the UK. Internationally, they develop projects with partners in low- and middle-income countries, to improve sexual and reproductive health, focusing on family planning information and services.
Commitments made to:
By 2027, the Magaret Pyke Trust, working with its partners, will increase the number of policies and publications recognizing the critical importance of the removal of barriers to family planning as a pillar of climate and biodiversity action.
Margaret Pyke Trust Commitment Narratives


ach5
How to Disable JavaScript in the Safari Web Browser 2021
ach5
JavaScript adds dynamic behavior to websites, enhancing them and providing a friendlier experience to viewers. However, because JavaScript is a powerful programming language, people can also use it to write malware, making it unwelcome by many computer users.
JavaScript is enabled by default in the Safari browser on Mac computers and the Apple iPhone and other mobile devices. If you don't want to run it for security reasons, you can turn it off in the Mac System Preferences screen or the iPhone Settings app. Here's how.
This article applies to all versions of Safari and devices with iOS 7 or later.
How to Disable JavaScript in Safari on a Mac
In Safari on Mac, you can enable and disable JavaScript in the Preferences menu. Here's how to do it:
Open Safari.
Open the Safari menu and select Preferences.
The keyboard shortcut for Preferences is Command+, (comma).
Go to the Security tab.
Clear the Enable JavaScript check box to disable the feature.
Some websites may not function as expected while JavaScript is disabled.
How to Disable JavaScript in Safari on an iPhone
On your iPhone or another iOS device, disable JavaScript in the Settings app:
Open the Settings app.
Scroll down to Safari and tap it.
At the bottom of the Safari settings screen, tap Advanced.
Tap the slider next to JavaScript to toggle it to the off position.


[C#]
Application["WelcomeMessage"] = "Welcome to the Contoso site.";
Session State
ASP.NET allows you to save values by using session state — which is an instance of the HttpSessionState class — for each active Web-application session. For an overview, see ASP.NET Session State Overview.
Session state is similar to application state, except that it is scoped to the current browser session. If different users are using your application, each user session will have a different session state. In addition, if a user leaves your application and then returns later, the second user session will have a different session state from the first.
Session state is structured as a key/value dictionary for storing session-specific information that needs to be maintained between server round trips and between requests for pages. For more information, see ASP.NET Session State Overview.
You can use session state to accomplish the following tasks:
 - Uniquely identify browser or client-device requests and map them to an individual session instance on the server.
 - Store session-specific data on the server for use across multiple browser or client-device requests within the same session.
 - Raise appropriate session management events. In addition, you can write application code leveraging these events.
Once you add your application-specific information to session state, the server manages this object. Depending on which options you specify, session information can be stored in cookies, on an out-of-process server, or on a computer running Microsoft SQL Server. For usage recommendations, see ASP.NET State Management Recommendations.
The following example shows how to save a value in session state.
Session["FirstName"] = FirstNameTextBox.Text;
Session["LastName"] = LastNameTextBox.Text;
Profile Properties
ASP.NET provides a feature called profile properties, which allows you to store user-specific data. This feature is similar to session state, except that the profile data is not lost when a user's session expires. The profile-properties feature uses an ASP.NET profile, which is stored in a persistent format and associated with an individual user. The ASP.NET profile allows you to easily manage user information without requiring you to create and maintain your own database. In addition, the profile makes the user information available using a strongly typed API that you can access from anywhere in your application. You can store objects of any type in the profile. The ASP.NET profile feature provides a generic storage system that allows you to define and maintain almost any kind of data while still making the data available in a type-safe manner.
To use profile properties, you must configure a profile provider. ASP.NET includes a SqlProfileProvider class that allows you to store profile data in a SQL database, but you can also create your own profile provider class that stores profile data in a custom format and to a custom storage mechanism such as an XML file, or even to a web service.
Because data that is placed in profile properties is not stored in application memory, it is preserved through Internet Information Services (IIS) restarts and worker-process restarts without losing data. Additionally, profile properties can be persisted across multiple processes such as in a Web farm or a Web garden. For more information, see ASP.NET Profile Properties Overview.
The following example shows how to save a profile value.
Profile.PostalCode = txtPostalCode.Text;
You must define the PostalCode property in the Web.config file by using the following markup:
<profile>
 <properties>
 <add name="PostalCode" />
 </properties>
</profile>
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Stefan Stefan - 1 year ago 118
Javascript Question
node.js open file overrides existing file
i am creating a file in a c like so:
int fd;
fd = open(filename, O_RDWR | O_CREAT, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
if (fd == -1) {
return NULL;
}
lseek(fd, filesize + 1, SEEK_SET);
write(fd, "", 1);
lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
void* file_memory = mmap(0, filesize, PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
close(fd);
So, as I said, I create the file and fill it before mapping it in memory.
When i look at the file in the filesystem it gives me 1026 bytes of filesize (simple ls -l from the file)
Later I want to access the file from a node application simple and sound like so:
fs.open(filename, 'w', function (err, fd) { ... }
When this line is executed the filesize is then set to 0 (again a simple ls -l).
I assume that the file has been recreated? But that should not happen since the file already exists (according to the node.js manual).
What is happening here? What am I doing wrong?
Answer Source
When I use the 'w+' flag, it works.
Don't know why because the 'w+' means that it can read and write the file while the 'w' means that it only can write the file.
fs.open(filename, 'w', function (err, fd) { ... }
EDIT
From man fopen
w
Truncate file to zero length or create text file for writing. The stream is positioned at the beginning of the file.
w+
Open for reading and writing. The file is created if it does not exist, otherwise it is truncated. The stream is positioned at the beginning of the file.


text:
On July 27, 2021, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) provided insight into the economic recovery by issuing a press release regarding the state of credit applications. On July 28, 2021, to further the goal of helping consumers navigate the (hopefully) post-pandemic world, the CFPB issued a press release unveiling a tool to help renters and landlords access federal assistance.
According to the CFPB's July 27, 2021 press release, by May 2021, consumer applications for auto loans, new mortgages, and revolving credit cards had mostly returned to pre-pandemic levels. Prime and near-prime consumers are driving the recovery; subprime and deep-subprime applications remain down. As with previous reports from May and December 2020, the CPFB noted an increase in credit applications, particularly from borrowers with below prime credit scores in conjunction with federal stimulus payments.
Key findings by the CFPB include:
- Auto loan inquiries saw a drop of 52 percent by the end of March 2020 and returned to their usual pre-pandemic trend by January 2021.
- New mortgage credit inquiries saw a smaller drop in March 2020 compared to other types of inquiries and then surged. Subsequently, inquiries have exceeded their usual, seasonally adjusted volume by 10 to 30 percent, reflecting the unusually high activity in the mortgage market throughout the pandemic.
- Revolving credit card inquiries took the longest to recover from the initial March 2020 decline until March 2021, when these inquiries reached their usual levels.
- Consumers with deep subprime credit scores showed the largest decline in auto loan inquiries compared to prior years, followed by inquiries from consumers with subprime credit scores. These consumers also showed declines in new mortgage and revolving credit card inquiries.
- Changes in auto loan and new mortgage applications were quite varied across the states, while changes in credit card applications were generally uniform.
Online Tool to help Renters and Landlords
On July 28, 2021, the CFPB released an online tool to help renters and landlords impacted by the pandemic easily find and apply for payment assistance for rent, utilities, and other expenses. The Rental Assistance Finder will make it easier for renters and landlords to connect with federal, state, and local rental assistance programs in their area.
According to a CFPB analysis of Census Household Pulse Survey data from June 23–July 5, 16 percent of adults living in households who rent said they are currently behind on their payments. Of adults living in households behind on rent, 49 percent, or approximately 3.6 million of them, say that eviction in the next two months is somewhat or very likely.
The last eighteen months or so have led to uncertainty throughout the accounts receivable management industry. While the news regarding credit applications will likely not have an immediate impact on the ARM industry, a return to some stability and normalcy is surely a welcome sign.
Conversely, the online tool offering renters and landlords a resource to find assistance in their areas might have an immediate impact on consumers and the ARM industry. Many consumer advocates believe the next economic crisis is going to be related to evictions, as there are a significant number of consumers who are not prepared to pay now-due back rent and will be evicted from their homes.
Aside from the obvious impact to consumers, should this scenario come to fruition, the accounts receivable management industry will likely feel a significant impact; people who don't have a place to live will not jump at the opportunity to pay a delinquent bill. Billions of dollars have been made available for consumers and landlords during the pandemic, should the online tool do what the CFPB hopes it will do; it will mitigate the impact on consumers and the financial sector.


text:
Delis On The Lifted Bans Of Cellphones
By Trishanna Singh, copy editor
Hillcrest High School is one of many schools that have been affected by the cell phone ban. Almost ten years ago Mayor Bloomberg initiated a cell phone ban that said students were not allowed to bring their phones in school . All the known sources of a school environment have been affected by the cell phone ban. Prior to the cell phone ban lift delis have been known to keep cell phones for students nearby their school in both positive and negative ways.
Delis used to have an additional income by holding students' cellphones and would charge from fifty cents to a dollar per day. Although the supplementary money was beneficial for the establishment, at times it would have unforeseen consequences to the business. For example, two years ago, a Deli near Hillcrest High School was robbed of cell phones and money. Because of this, leaving your phone in a Deli could be a risky move because of theft. Students also complained on how hard it was to spend money to have a cellphone held when the money was needed for other necessities.
An anonymous Deli clerk explained that there is no longer a use to hold cell phones. Hillcrest has over three thousand students and even though there are more than one establishment that allowed phones to be held it created a heavy addition to their income. Deli's did not always hold phones for multiple high schools with thousands of kids for 365 days a year. We must remember that there were holidays, but for the amount that Deli's made, it was quite a lot. The New York Post researched and found that Deli's siphoned 4.2 Million Dollars just from kids' pocket.
Two parties playing in the lift of the cell phone ban are the students and the Deli's. In Hillcrest High School several students said that now they have a few extra dollars now that the cell phone ban has been lifted. While asking students who have experience with having leaving their phone in the Deli, the comments were varied. One student by the name of Bushra Ahmed said that she was sometimes relieved or on edge about leaving her phone in the Deli due to the incident of theft one time. Ahmed also says that she in fact saves money now and can easily contact her parents in time of need. Deli's that are no longer in control of students' phones also have the risk of stolen phones lifted off their shoulders. Students are also affected in many ways when their cell phones are not in the Deli's.
Now that students can have their cellphones in school it causes problems, such as bullying, theft in school and reprimanding. Many adults at Hillcrest would agree that cellphones in school has increased the distraction rate as compared to when phones were left at delis.The Deli's acted as rule enforcer and a calming reassurance that students' phones were not far away from them. Another Deli owner near Hillcrest High School anonymously commented that it is much better not to have the hectic line and confusion over whose phone belongs to who and lost tickets. All things considered the cell phone ban seems to be a definite plus for some students and Deli owners in New York City.
MAH WINS NYT SCHOLARSHIP


Best Agriculture Stocks to Buy in 2020 – MarketBeat
Impact team
Written by Impact team
Best Agriculture Stocks to Buy in 2020 MarketBeat
Best Agriculture Stocks to Buy in 2020
The rural farmlands of the agriculture industry are closely tied to Wall Street. With almost 7 billion people in the world to feed, the agricultural industry has become highly advanced over the years, giving investors a great windfall in the form of growing stock values and dividends.
Top Agriculture Companies in the World
The agricultural industry is probably the oldest business in history. Everyone needs to eat food, and that food comes from a farm that requires machinery, services, pesticides, and genetic engineering to function efficiently.
When it comes to the demand for corn and soybean crops, most people think of trading futures on the commodities market. But there's a whole market of agriculture stocks to buy issued by companies that are not actually farming commodities. Instead, these agriculture stocks are issued by companies that manufacture chemical fertilizers or create genetically modified seeds.
Many agricultural companies attempt to make farming profitable for those who grow corn, wheat, or soybean crops in the soil or cultivate orchards of fruit or nuts. Agriculture stocks reap cash flow harvests in the process, and in turn pass that success on to investors.
Agriculture Industry
Thousands of years ago, mankind transitioned from gathering berries and hunting wild game into planting seeds in arable land, waiting for them to grow, and then harvesting fruits, vegetables, and grains to make food. Somewhere along the line, they also figured out how to domesticate certain animal species, which they could use for meat, milk, and labor.
Bill O'Reilly investigates the one method that lets you know – what you should do with your money now.
From its very inception, agriculture was a business that required technological development to make it efficient. The wheel, the plow, the scythe, and the mill were some early inventions that sped up the farming process and created greater yields. In the Middle Ages, the discovery of new plants from the new world (what would Italian food be without tomatoes) and new techniques like crop rotations revolutionized the industry.
But the real revolution came with the greater Industrial Revolution, which created new possibilities for mechanization—using machines to make processes easier. The cotton gin, the gasoline-powered tractor (with rubber tires), the combine harvester, and synthetic pesticides opened up new vistas in agricultural productivity, while also making the inventors of these devices and the companies that manufactured them very wealthy.
Another impactful revolution occurred in the latter half of the 20th century, as pharmaceutical and chemical companies that manufactured agrochemicals began to dabble in genetic engineering and modified seed production. While controversial, these practices have become part of global food production and yielded good profits for the companies involved.
Top Agriculture Companies in the World
Here are some of the hottest agricultural companies to watch, although not all of them are publicly traded at this time.
Cargill is a family-owned business that is not publicly-traded, but it's the largest privately-held American company in terms of revenue, at almost $115 billion in 2019. It would be 15th on the Fortune 500 list if it were public. Cargill's primary business activities involve a number of activities in the agriculture and supply chain industry. Cargill purchases and distributes agricultural commodities like grain, palm oil, starch, syrup, and other materials used in processed foods. Around 25% of US grain exports are managed by Cargill, and every single egg used by McDonald's is processed by Cargill. Cargill is also involved in energy, steel, transportation, and financial services.
Corteva Inc. (NYSE: CTVA), also known as Corteva Agriscience, was formerly the agricultural branch of DowDuPont. In 2019, this leading global chemical manufacture was broken up into several companies, which resulted in the formation of Corteva as a public company. Corteva, which is a composite of Latin words for heart and earth, reportedly earned revenues of $14 billion in 2017, although at that time it was still part of DowDuPont.
One of Corteva's biggest branches is Pioneer Hi Bred International, an American producer of seeds and a major producer of genetically modified organisms like crops. Pioneer began as the Hi-Bred Corn Company in 1926, which experimented with creating a hybrid corn seed.
The story of Corteva's once-parent company, DowDuPont, is most likely somewhat familiar to consumers. Dupont was founded in 1802 as a gunpowder mill in Wilmington, Delaware, going on to develop synthetic polymers like nylon, Corian, Teflon, Kevlar, and others. Dupont also developed Freon, which makes refrigeration possible. In 2017 Dupont merged with Dow Chemical, and subsequently engaged in spinoffs of select components of their business, which included Corteva.
Syngenta AG is a Swiss-based company that produces agrochemicals and seeds. However, it is actually a subsidiary of ChemChina, a state-owned Chinese company that is also not publicly traded. Since Syngenta is involved in biotech, it also conducts genetic research. Syngenta was formed just two decades ago in a merger between Swiss pharmaceutical company Novartis and London pharmaceutical company Zeneca.
As of five years ago, Syngenta had already become the world's largest producer of crop chemicals, and third largest in terms of seed and biotech sales. Much of its nearly $13 billion revenue comes from emerging markets, although it is actively involved in the science of optimizing crop yields in already developed countries, such as the United States. Syngenta claims that 25% of the corn seeds sold in the United States are its proprietary triple stack corn.
Bayer AG (FWB: BAYN) is a German pharmaceutical and life sciences company that is also involved in agrochemical development and sales, seeds, and biotechnology products. Bayer was once part of IG Farben, a large conglomerate of six companies. IG Farben's claim to fame was the development of Aspirin. Bayer was spun off as its own company and continued developing a variety of pharma and chemical products, some of which were specifically for agriculture. Bayer's fungicides are primarily for grains and its herbicides are used for orchards and field crops. Bayer is also involved in seed production and genetic modification through Bayer Crop Science, which has expanded by acquiring other seed companies in Europe.
CNH Industrial N.V. (NYSE: CNHI) designs, manufactures, and sells agricultural equipment, along with construction equipment and specialty vehicles. CNH is actively involved in markets around the world, focusing on high-growth markets. CNH builds tractors, combine harvesters, and other types of specialty farming equipment for hay production and foraging.
Its two main branches manufacturing agricultural machinery are New Holland Agriculture and Case IH. New Holland Agriculture is an acquired company that was started in Pennsylvania in 1895 and once owned by Ford.
Case IH was formed in 1985 when automotive parts manufacturer Tenneco acquired select assets from International Harvester. CNH also owns Steyer, a company that focuses on manufacturing tractors for farming, forestry, and even municipal use. CNH equipment is sold through its network of 11,500 dealers across 170 countries, including 12 dealerships in the United States owned directly by CNH—which reported revenues of $28 billion in 2017.
BASF SE (FWB: BAS) is a German chemical producer. It is the largest in the world with subsidiaries and partnerships in over 80 countries worldwide and customers in almost 200 countries. Despite its massive size, impact, and revenues of almost $70 billion, BASF has flown under the radar of public attention ever since it discontinued its manufacture of consumer electronics in the 1990s.
Currently, BASF is expanding its operations into Asia, investing billions of Euros to build up sites near Nanjing, Shanghai, and Mangalore. BASF stands for Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik, which began as a company that manufactured dyes, sodium carbonate, sulfuric acid, and ammonia. BASF merged with several other companies to form IG Farben, but this company was disbanded by allied forces after WWII.
BASF is involved in many types of chemical production, but in terms of agriculture, it produces fungicides, herbicides, pesticides, and other treatment products for seeds, along with engaging in research about the relation of the human genome to nutrition and partnering with companies like Monsanto to develop genetically modified foodstuffs.
Monsanto is now a subsidiary of Bayer (FWB: BAYN) after it was acquired in 2018 for $66 billion. It was once a publicly-traded company in its own right, producing agrochemicals and biotech. Monsanto began in 1901 as a company manufacturing food additives, such as saccharine and caffeine. The company eventually expanded into the production of other chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Monsanto's claim to fame was the development of Roundup in the 1970s. Roundup is a synthetic herbicide that is the most widely used herbicide in the United States, despite competition from Chinese companies, providing Monsanto with 10% of its revenue. The consumer-facing version of this product is labeled as Scotts Miracle-Gro.
Monsanto was one of the first companies to develop and test out genetically modified crops in the 1980s. Through the 1990s, Monsanto began to spin off its agrochemical components to focus on biotech. Monsanto has been involved in controversies with agrochemicals such as DDT, Agent Orange, and bovine growth hormones, though Monsanto has attempted


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Here's How You Should Be Storing Leftover Onions
After you're done chopping, there is an exact way to make sure your onions stay fresh for as long as possible.
Onions: either you love them or you hate them. The root vegetable, which comes in all different shapes, colors, and sizes, may have a peculiar taste and make you cry when you cut into them, but onions are often a leading ingredient in the kitchen. Think about it: they're key in salads, vegetable stir fry, and onion rings, to name a few. So it's important to know how to store onions properly to avoid spoilage.
That said, we checked in with the National Onion Association and Dr. Gitanjali Kundu, assistant professor of biology at Brookdale Community College in Lincroft, New Jersey, for the best onion storing practices—especially because the ingredient is often purchased in bulk.
Here's everything we learned about how to store onions—both uncut and cut—the right way.
Find a dark, cool, well-ventilated place to store uncut onions.
onions in a basket stored in a cabinet
Kiersten Hickman/Eat This, Not That!
Torn on what to do with that big bag of onions when you return from the grocery store? Skip the refrigerator. René Hardwick, Director of Public and Industry Relations for the National Onion Association, suggests keeping all bulb onions in a "dark, cool place: such as a pantry, basement, or garage, which can give the onions a shelf life of up to four weeks.
Dr. Kundu also points out that a dry, well-ventilated place is very important because "the mold, which is a fungi, cannot grow in dry environments because they need moisture for growth." The result? Slowed-down spoilage. In fact, according to one 2016 study, it's ideal to store uncut onions at a temperature of 40-50°F.
It's also imperative to store the uncut onions in a mesh bag or open basket rather than a plastic bag because plastic bags don't have the proper ventilation to help the onions last longer.
But what happens if you store the uncut onions in the refrigerator rather than in a dry, ventilated area? Because the refrigerator has little ventilation, the cold, humid conditions "triggers the growth of mold, so they will get spoiled faster," Dr. Kundu notes.
Have you ever noticed your refrigerated onions becoming sappy, soggy, and soft sooner than you'd like? That's because the plants store carbohydrates as complex sugar called starch, and when they're stored in a cool temperature, those complex starches get converted into simple sugar molecules. Dr. Kundu says: "Microorganisms, [such as mold], love sugar because sugar gives them the energy to grow."
Once you cut an onion, it's crucial to store any leftovers in the refrigerator.
chopped onions in a container and half an onion in a bag
Kiersten Hickman/Eat This, Not That!
When buying onions in bulk, it's oftentimes difficult to use them all at once. While there are ways to get creative with leftover onions (caramelize them or toss them with peppers and onions, for example), we often get in the habit of storing half an onion or diced/sliced onions for later use. But what's the best storage practice to avoid spoilage of cut onions? Store them in the refrigerator.
According to the USDA, whole peeled onions have a shelf life of 10-14 days refrigerated, while diced and sliced onions typically last 7-10 days refrigerated. It's recommended to store cut onions in a sealed container or plastic bag while in the refrigerator.
So why do we choose the refrigerator over a cool, dry place? Remember those rumors that you should never eat an onion out of the refrigerator because of bacteria? Not true. According to a 2017 McGill article, "bacteria are not spontaneously generated. They have to be somehow present to start with. Cutting boards and dirty hands are a possible source, but food spoilage bacteria do not become airborne; you need contact." Basically, this means that your onions are safe to be stored and eaten at a later date, as long as you didn't cut them on a cutting board that could be contaminated and you made sure your hands were clean while you were handling them.
Dr. Kundu explains, "It's like when you have a cut, you can introduce germs, and that compromised area can become infected more quickly….that has happened to the onion now."
Even though there are microorganisms inside the refrigerator, most of them can't multiply that quickly due to low metabolism at a temperature of 4°C. This leads to slowed down onion spoilage, she adds. "But if you had kept the uncut onion in room temperature, it is a good place for fungi to grow."
Cooked onions should be stored in the refrigerator as well.
"Sometimes cooked onions not stored properly can allow the growth of toxin-producing bacteria like enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Clostridium botulinum, etc.," Dr. Kundu says.
So, why in cooked onion, but not in raw?
"Because in raw onion, the active ingredients are there. So when you cook the onions, many antimicrobial compounds (including sulfuric acid) are diminished. Therefore you find more of a bacterial growth taking over."
"Several toxin-producing bacteria can take resistant forms called endospores. Getting rid of the endospores is a challenge to the food industry because these structures are very resistant to heat and cooking," Dr. Kundu adds. "So what it means is you have cooked the food thinking you've killed the bacteria, but endospores can still be present. They behave like a dead bacteria, and upon entering the human body become alive again and may further cause pathogenesis."
That said, store cooked onions for up to five days in a sealed container in the refrigerator.
Here's how to know if your onions have spoiled.
If you practice good onion-storing habits, you'll have a better grip on knowing when your onions have spoiled. But there are a few things to look out for to help you decide whether or not you should toss the vegetable.
"Change in the color is the biggest evidence of how you can tell an onion has gone bad," Dr. Kundu says. "[Look out for] gray spots, brown spots, black spots, and those velvet-like, fuzzy, cottony growths."
It helps that you are able to see the spoilage of the onions. "Molds are better at growing on onions rather than bacteria, because the molds like to grow in acidic pH. We call fungi acidophiles, which means acid-loving microorganisms."
"Sometimes, [the] presence of slime is also a sign depicting microorganisms have fed on the cells and sugar of the onion," she adds.
Our best advice? If you notice any mold on your onion, just send it right to the garbage.
There could be health risks associated with eating contaminated onions.
Back in 2012, there was an instance where contaminated onions were recalled. "There have been cases where people thought there was contamination of Listeria monocytogenes that could grow in refrigerator temperature," Dr. Kundu notes. "Listeria monocytogenes causes a fatal disease called listeriosis, which affects the immunocompromised population, which is people who have weak immune systems, such as pregnant women, infants, elderly people, people who have AIDS, or people who have undergone chemotherapy. It can be fatal to them."
According to Up to Date, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Aspergillus are common genera of fungi that can be found indoors. "Fungi exposure can indeed cause adverse health effects, including infections, hypersensitivity disorders, and toxic/irritant effects from their by-products," the article reads. According to one study, toxins can also be associated with allergic incidents.
"Ingested in higher amounts, these fungi could be involved in toxin associated illnesses," Dr. Kundu additionally notes. "Some dangerous toxins produced by several species of fungi are mycotoxins, aflatoxin, fumonisin, ochratoxin, etc."
It's also important to note that last year, NOA confirmed onions cannot help cure the flu (yes, people really believed this!) and are not responsible for food poisoning. Phew!
Samantha Faragalli Younghans
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text: The energy that causes reservoir fluids to flow out of the reservoir rock and into a wellbore. Gravity drive is simply like draining a tank. Gas drive depends on the expansion of the gas in a reservoir to provide the driving energy; the pressure is reduced as the reservoir is produced. Solution gas drive depends on gas coming out of solution in the oil as the pressure is reduced. Water drive depends on water pressure to force hydrocarbons into the wellbore, and depends on the connectivity of the reservoir with a surrounding aquifer. Water drive is much more efficient at driving oil than is gas drive. Natural reservoir drives are supplemented by injecting gas, water, or other substances in secondary recovery and enhanced oil recovery (q.v.).


text:
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Habitats for Homeschoolers : Ecosystem Exploration
August 21 @ 10:00 am – 12:00 pm
Everything is in an ecosystem, and 8 different ecosystems combine to create the Colorado that we know and love. Tour the ecosystems surrounding the Audubon Center, learn about other ecosystems located in our state, and play a fun game to learn about how ecosystems are connected, and how we can keep them healthy!
Meeting Place: Audubon Center at Chatfield (11280 Waterton Rd. Littleton CO 80125)
Registration Required: Cost: $7 per member student, $9 per non-member student (1 adult complimentary per 2 children)