), agility (T-test) and power (CMJ). Keywords: Body composition, motor control, postural control, stability
Article
Full-text available
The plank is a common core-stability exercise. Developing a wearable inertial sensor system for distinguishing between acceptable and aberrant plank techniques and detecting specific deviations from acceptable plank techniques can enhance performance and prevent injury. The purpose of this study was to develop an inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based plank technique quantification system. Nineteen healthy volunteers (age: 20.5 ± 0.8 years, BMI: 22.9 ± 1.4 kg/m2) performed the standard plank technique and six deviations with five IMUs positioned on the occiput, cervical spine, thoracic spine, sacrum, and right radius to record movements. The random forest method was employed to perform the classification. The proposed binary tree classification model achieved an accuracy of more than 86%. The average sensitivities were higher than 90%, and the specificities were higher than 91%, except for one deviation (83%). These results suggest that the five IMU-based systems can classify the plank technique as acceptable or aberrant with good accuracy, high sensitivity, and acceptable specificity, which has significant implications in monitoring plank biomechanics and enabling coaching practice.
Article
Full-text available
Öz Amaç: Bu çalışma, adölesan voleybol oyuncularında düzenli core stabilizasyon egzersizlerinin smaç hızına etkisinin araştırılması amacı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yöntem: Çalışmaya 15-18 yaş aralığında, aynı spor kulübünde profesyonel voleybol oynayan toplam 60 sporcu gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. 30 sporcudan oluşan deney grubunun smaç hızı radar tabanca ile ölçüldükten sonra sporcular core stabilizasyon egzersizi programına alınarak 6 haftalık çalışma sonunda smaç hızları tekrar ölçülmüştür. Yine 30 sporcudan oluşan kontrol grubunun ise smaç hızı ilk kez ölçüldükten sonra herhangi bir planlama yapılmaksızın 6 hafta sonra ikinci kez tekrar ölçülmüştür. Bulgular: Altı haftalık düzenli core stabilizasyon egzersizleri yapan deney grubunun ortalama smaç hızının 58,66±10,58 m/s'den 69,50±9,66 m/s'ye (p<0,001) yükselmiş olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, çalışma başında deney ve control grupları arasında ortalama smaç hızı açısından anlamlı fark bulunmazken (p=0,53), çalışma sonunda yapılan ölçümlerde deney grubunda ölçülen değerlerin (69,50±9,66 m/s) kontrol grubundan (64,10±9,57 m/s) anlamlı düzeyde yüksek olduğu (p=0,034) görülmüştür. Sonuç: Altı haftalık core stabilizasyon egzersizi programı, adölesan voleybolcularda smaç hızını arttırabilmektedir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Voleybol, smaç hızı, kor stabilizasyon, smaç, egzersiz. The Effect of Core Stabilization Exercises on Spike Velocity in Adolescent Volleyball Players Abstract Aim: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of regular core stabilization exercises on spike velocity in adolescent volleyball players. Method: A total of 60 athletes between the ages of 15-18 who play professional volleyball in the same sports club voluntarily participated in the study. After measuring the spike velocity of the subject group consisting of 30 athletes with a radar gun, the athletes were included in the core stabilization exercise program and their spike velocity was measured again at the end of the 6-week program. Similarly, the spike speed of the control group consisting of 30 athletes was measured for the first time, and it was measured again after 6 weeks without any further exercise planning. Results: The mean spike velocity of the subject group, who performed regular core stabilization exercises for six weeks, increased from 58.66±10.58 m/s to 69.50±9.66 m/s (p<0.001). Moreover, while there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of average spiking speed at the beginning of the study (p=0.53), the values measured in the subject group (69.50±9.66 m/s) at the end of the study were significantly higher than those of the control group (64.10±9.57 m/s) (p=0.034). Conclusion: A six-week core stabilization exercise program may increase the spike velocity in adolescent volleyball players. Keywords: Volleyball, spike velocity, core stabilization, spike, exercise.
Article
Full-text available
This study aimed to analyse the impact of an 8-week core strength training (CST) programme in youth karate practitioners on core endurance, agility, flexibility, sprinting, jumping, and kick performance. This study followed a randomized parallel design. Twenty-nine participants (age: 12.86 ± 0.81 years old; height: 152.55 ± 10.37 cm; weight: 42.93 ± 8.85 kg) were allocated to a CST programme (n = 16) performed thrice weekly or to a control group (n = 13) only performing the sport-specific (karate) training. Participants were assessed three times (baseline, mid and post-intervention) for the following tests: (i) flexor endurance test (FET); (ii) back extensor test (BET); (iii) lateral musculature test (LMT); (iv) flexibility; (v) chance of direction (COD); (vi) countermovement jump (CMJ); (vii) back muscle strength (BMS); (viii) horizontal jump (LJ); (ix) sprint test; and (x) karate kick test (KKT). Between-group analysis revealed significant advantages for the CST group on the FET (p < 0.001), BET (p < 0.001), LMT (p < 0.001), 20 m sprint (p = 0.021) and KKT for right (p < 0.006) and left (p < 0.020) legs. No significant differences were found between groups in the remaining physical fitness variables (p > 0.05). The within-group changes revealed significant improvements in the CST group at flexibility (p = 0.002), COD (p < 0.001), CMJ (p < 0.001), BMS (p < 0.002), 20 m sprint (p = 0.033), and KKT (p < 0.001). In addition, within-group changes in the control group were also significant in flexibility (p = 0.024) and right kick (p < 0.042). We conclude that the CST programme improves core endurance and karate kick performance; however, it is not effective enough for other physical performance parameters in KR practitioners.
Article
Full-text available
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of static and dynamic core trainings on some motoric characteristics and tennis service velocity of tennis athletes. Thirty-six healthy male (n = 21) and female (n = 15) junior tennis players who were between the ages of 10-14 participated in this study voluntarily. Subjects were randomly and equally divided into control (n = 12), static core training (n = 12) and dynamic core training (n = 12) groups. It was implemented the tests of ages, length, weight, body mass index, vertical jump, flexibility, handgrip strength, 10 m speed, y-balance, seated medicine ball throw tests, velocity analysis and radar specifications to subjects attended to this study.The normality distribution of data was checked with using Shapiro-Wilk test and parametric analysis techniques were employed. The differences between pre and post tests were analyzed using Paired Samples T test and variation ratio of numerical difference between some motoric characteristics and tennis service velocity of the training and control groups were analyzed with Independent Samples T test. While there was a statistically significant increase (p <0.05) between some motoric characteristics and tennis service speed pre-post test values of the training group athletes, there was no significant difference in the control group (p>0.05). Core region strength is very important in terms of being the starting point of force


text:
One of my favorite musicals is Man of La Mancha. In this story you meet a loony Spanish gentleman, Don Quixote, who thinks he is an honored knight, when in fact he is nothing of the sort. In this musical Don Quixote meets a lowly prostitute, Aldonza. He doesn't know she is a prostitute; he thinks she is an elegant Spanish lady, a queen. Yet Don Quixote slowly changes the entire self-concept of this prostitute by constantly, unconditionally affirming her. What is amazing about the story is, when she begins to see herself differently, she begins to act differently. He even gives her a new name, Dulcinea, so that she will ever be reminded of her new identity and her potential. She became a brand-new person.
Who is the Aldonza in your life? Who can you offer positive encouragement to? Who can you offer a belief in even when they don't believe in themselves? In order to affirm a person's potential, you may have to look at them with the eye of faith and treat them in terms of their potential, not their behavior.
Goethe, a famous philosopher once put this way:
"Treat a man as he is, and he will remain as he is, treat a man as he can and should be and he will become as he can and should be."
Again I ask, who is the Aldonza in your life who can become a Dulcinea? Today is the day to believe in them—and give them the gift of affirmation.
To comment on today's devotional, click here.
1. Read Ephesians 2:10. How does this verse apply to today's devotional?
2. Write three specific goals to help affirm the Dulcinea in your life this week.
Encouraging Parents…Building Families
Other FREE resources from HomeWord and Jim Burns:

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Constitutive relations and linear stability of a sheared granular flow
Kumaran, V (2004) Constitutive relations and linear stability of a sheared granular flow. In: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 506 . pp. 1-43.
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Abstract
The constitutive relation for the granular flow of smooth, nearly elastic particles $((1 - e) \ll 1)$ is derived in the adiabatic limit, where the length scale for conduction, $\lambda/(1 - e)^{1/2},$ is small compared to the macroscopic scale. Here, $\lambda$ is the mean free path and e is the coefficient of restitution. In this case, energy is convected by the mean flow, and the rate of change of the energy in a Lagrangian reference frame is determined by a balance between the rate of production (due to the shear) and the rate of dissipation (due to inelastic collisions). A Gaussian approximation is used for the velocity distribution function, and the velocity variance is determined from a balance equation for the second moment of the velocity distribution using an asymptotic expansion in the small parameter $\epsilon = (1 - e)^{1/2}$. The stress tensor is then determined from the velocity variance. It is found that the leading-order, $O(\epsilon)$ and $O(\epsilon^2)$ contributions to the stress tensor are identical in form to those in the Euler, Navier–Stokes and Burnett approximations, and the numerical values of these coe.cients are close to those calculated using the Enskog procedure. The stress tensor is used to obtain analytical expressions for the growth rates of the hydrodynamic modes in a linear shear flow in the limit where the wavelength is long compared to the length scale of conduction. In the plane of flow, transverse momentum perturbations are found to be stable, while perturbations in the density and longitudinal momenta grow exponentially at short times and decay in the long-time limit. It is found that the Navier–Stokes approximation captures the leading behaviour of the growth rate in the small-wavenumber limit for perturbations in the plane of flow. In the vorticity direction, it is found that the Navier–Stokes approximation is not adequate to capture the leading behaviour in the small-wavenumber limit, and dominant terms in the growth rates of the transverse modes depend on the Burnett coefficients. Perturbations in this direction are unstable at low density, but become stable as the density is increased.When the wave length is small compared to the conduction length, the rate of conduction of energy is large compared to the rate of dissipation, and the hydrodynamic modes are identical to those for a gas of elastic particles at equilibrium. The hydrodynamic modes are all stable in this case. The transition between these two regimes is examined for a dilute granular flow, and a transition from unstable to stable modes is predicted as the wavenumber is increased. The analysis indicates that the minimal model which accurately captures the dynamics in both limits is one in which the constitutive relation for the stress incorporates the strain-rate-dependent Burnett terms in the stress equation (neglecting the temperature-dependent Burnett terms), and the constitutive relation for the heat flux is the Fourier law for heat conduction (neglecting all the Burnett terms).
Item Type: Journal Article
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Additional Information: The copyright belongs to Cambridge University Press.
Department/Centre: Division of Mechanical Sciences > Chemical Engineering
Date Deposited: 25 Apr 2006
Last Modified: 19 Sep 2010 04:25
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text:
's Sergio Corvalan is among a select group of 43 science teachers participating in one of four NASA-funded astronomy workshops organized, in part, by a Columbus State University physics professor.
Corvalan, who teaches in Wheeler's science, math and technology magnet school, attended the June 18-22 GEARS workshop, short for Georgians Experience Astronomy Research, at Kennesaw State University's Advancing the Teaching of Mathematics and Science (ATOMS) Center.
The purpose of GEARS is to change the way astronomy is taught in Georgia high schools, said Zodiac Webster, the Columbus State professor who played a key role in obtaining the NASA grant.
"We're trying to inspire teachers to use some astronomical discoveries to teach physics and chemistry concepts," said Webster, also a workshop facilitator.
GEARS introduces high-tech astronomy tools involving NASA data that teachers can use with high school students. Moving from a textbook-based approach to a data-based approach will focus on the excitement of discoveries yet to be made, Webster said.
The GEARS workshops being held in Athens, Forsyth, Kennesaw and Savannah introduce teachers to astronomy concepts, NASA data and data analysis tools. Participating teachers learn how to retrieve data from NASA missions such as that involving the Hubble space telescope to explore such concepts as colliding galaxies.
Webster said she hopes new curriculum standards will expand the teaching of astronomy throughout Georgia high schools, noting that a major challenge has been trying to teach so much material in a one-week period.
"We're giving the teachers a fire hose approach to astronomy," Webster said "We're trying to introduce them to as many technological tools as possible so that they can bring the real data into their classrooms."
The state Department of Education received a $1.4 million grant from NASA in 2009 to form the GEARS project along with Columbus State and Georgia Southern universities.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
created 2007 · complexity basic · author Fritzophrenic · version 7.0
Many advanced text editors allow the editing of files in a "hex mode," especially useful for editing binary files. Vim provides this capability through the external program xxd, which is included by default in standard distributions of Vim. Unfortunately, using an external program for this task is non-intuitive and error-prone. A user must remember how to run the filter (:%!xxd to convert to hex, :%!xxd -r to convert back), must remember to convert back from hex before saving, cannot convert read-only files without warnings, and more. This tip improves the use of xxd to edit hex files by adding a mapping and command to easily toggle back and forth between hex and non-hex mode, and automating tasks like converting back from the hex-filtered form before saving a file.
Easily enter and leave hex modeEdit
Placing the following code in your vimrc will provide a
:Hexmode ex command to toggle xxd hex mode on or off. It will keep track of what mode you are in, so you don't have to. This ex command is easy to map like this:
nnoremap :Hexmode inoremap :Hexmode vnoremap :Hexmode
Note that is already a defined command, so override it with care (or use a different left hand side to the mapping). See :help CTRL-H, :help i_CTRL-H, :help v_CTRL-H. Also, you may need to use gvim to distinguish between and .
" ex command for toggling hex mode - define mapping if desired command -bar Hexmode call ToggleHex() " helper function to toggle hex mode function ToggleHex() " hex mode should be considered a read-only operation " save values for modified and read-only for restoration later, " and clear the read-only flag for now let l:modified=&mod let l:oldreadonly=&readonly let &readonly=0 let l:oldmodifiable=&modifiable let &modifiable=1 if!exists("b:editHex") ||!b:editHex " save old options let b:oldft=&ft let b:oldbin=&bin " set new options setlocal binary " make sure it overrides any textwidth, etc. let &ft="xxd" " set status let b:editHex=1 " switch to hex editor %!xxd else " restore old options let &ft=b:oldft if!b:oldbin setlocal nobinary endif " set status let b:editHex=0 " return to normal editing %!xxd -r endif " restore values for modified and read only state let &mod=l:modified let &readonly=l:oldreadonly let &modifiable=l:oldmodifiable endfunction
Automatically handle hex modeEdit
It would be nice if the user did not need to remember to convert back from hex before saving changes to a binary file. Also, certain files are almost always binary; it would be nice if Vim would pick up on this and automatically enter an appropriate editing mode. The help files for Vim include the following advice for automating the xxd-style hex editing capabilities for Vim, in order to automate the conversion and automatically enter hex mode for binary files:
" vim -b : edit binary using xxd-format! augroup Binary au! au BufReadPre *.bin let &bin=1 au BufReadPost *.bin if &bin | %!xxd au BufReadPost *.bin set ft=xxd | endif au BufWritePre *.bin if &bin | %!xxd -r au BufWritePre *.bin endif au BufWritePost *.bin if &bin | %!xxd au BufWritePost *.bin set nomod | endif augroup END
There are a few problems with this approach:
- Only files with a.bin extension are opened this way, even if editing a file in binary mode (e.g. with ++bin)
- This sets the binary option for any future documents opened as well. If you use tabe, for example, or if you have Vim set up to open new files in tabs, then any new files opened will open in binary mode.
- If you decide to edit a binary file without the xxd, the BufWrite autocommands will try to convert it with xxd -r anyway.
- Viewing a file in "xxd mode" requires you to modify the file, so read-only files will warn you if you try to do so, even if you make no changes. Buffers with 'nomodifiable' will cause errors.
- If you go back into non-xxd editing, the filetype will still be xxd.
These problems can be fixed as follows:
- Trigger on all files if they are being edited with the binary option. Modify the extension-specific autocmd to set the binary option.
- Use setlocal rather than using the global binary option.
- Maintain a variable for each buffer that tracks whether the file is in "xxd mode". Only restore to non-xxd before writing if this variable says we are in the appropriate mode.
- Temporarily clear the read-only flag whenever you transition between xxd and non-xxd mode, resetting it afterward.
- Store the filetype when entering xxd mode and restore it when leaving.
Below is some code for your vimrc that does all of this, making use of the command we define above:
" autocmds to automatically enter hex mode and handle file writes properly if has("autocmd") " vim -b : edit binary using xxd-format! augroup Binary au! " set binary option for all binary files before reading them au BufReadPre *.bin,*.hex setlocal binary " if on a fresh read the buffer variable is already set, it's wrong au BufReadPost * \ if exists('b:editHex') && b:editHex | \ let b:editHex = 0 | \ endif " convert to hex on startup for binary files automatically au BufReadPost * \ if &binary | Hexmode | endif " When the text is freed, the next time the buffer is made active it will " re-read the text and thus not match the correct mode, we will need to " convert it again if the buffer is again loaded. au BufUnload * \ if getbufvar(expand(""), 'editHex') == 1 | \ call setbufvar(expand(""), 'editHex', 0) | \ endif " before writing a file when editing in hex mode, convert back to non-hex au BufWritePre * \ if exists("b:editHex") && b:editHex && &binary | \ let oldro=&ro | let &ro=0 | \ let oldma=&ma | let &ma=1 | \ silent exe "%!xxd -r" | \ let &ma=oldma | let &ro=oldro | \ unlet oldma | unlet oldro | \ endif " after writing a binary file, if we're in hex mode, restore hex mode au BufWritePost * \ if exists("b:editHex") && b:editHex && &binary | \ let oldro=&ro | let &ro=0 | \ let oldma=&ma | let &ma=1 | \ silent exe "%!xxd" | \ exe "set nomod" | \ let &ma=oldma | let &ro=oldro | \ unlet oldma | unlet oldro | \ endif augroup END endif
This will make Vim automatically invoke hex mode using the command defined earlier whenever a file is opened in binary mode, and will automatically (locally) set binary mode for.bin and.hex files (so.bin and.hex files will automatically open in hex mode always).
You may need to take steps to avoid the "Hit ENTER to continue prompt if you use this tip.
Here are commands to use to launch any file(s) in hex mode in a separate "hex editor" Vim server. Under Windows, you can easily add these commands to your "Send To" menu if you use the full path for gvim.exe in place of "vim". Remove the "-p" and "--remote-tab-silent" option if you do not want the tabbed interface. The -c "set binary" ensures that any tabwidth, wrap, etc. settings are overwritten after the file finishes loading.
- Launch in tabs in a new dedicated Vim hex editor:
vim -p -b -c "set binary" --servername HEXVIM
- Launch in tabs in an existing dedicated Vim hex editor:
vim -b -c "set binary" --servername HEXVIM --remote-tab-silent
- :help hex-editing
- :help :autocmd
- :help internal-variables
- :help edit-binary
script#666 provides similar (and extended) capability, though I have never used it and can't vouch for its usefulness/completeness/correctness.


text:
Pain is extremely complex.
A great number of factors will influence severity of pain. For example, a wounded soldier in battle may be seriously injured, but will carry on fighting and will notice the severity of the pain after the danger has passed.
Have you ever noticed how pain becomes more intense the more you think about it? Why is it that when you were little, and your mum would rub a painful area, it felt better? One way to understand this is the 'Gate Control Theory of Pain'.
Factors that open the gate
There are three main ways in which the gates to pain can be made more open, so that the pain feels worse. These are to do with how we feel about things, how we think about things, and what we are doing.
1. Stress and Tension
All sorts of emotional states can lead to the gates to pain being more open. These include being anxious, worried, angry, and depressed. Having a lot of tension in the body is a common way of opening the pain gates.
2. Mental Factors
One of the most effective ways of opening the gates and increasing your pain is to focus all your attention on it. Boredom can also lead to the pain gates opening.
3. Lack of Activity
Another factor that opens the gates to pain is lack of activity, fitness and immobility of joints.
Factors that close the gate
In the same way as above, the way we feel, the way we think and what we do can all have a part to play in helping to close the gates to pain.
1. Relaxation and Contentment
Feeling generally happy and optimistic has been found to help to close the gates to pain. Also, feeling relaxed in yourself seems to be a particularly useful way of closing the gates.
2. Mental Factors
Being involved and taking an interest in life helps to close the gates. Also if you concentrate intensely on something other than the pain (e.g. work, books, activities, being with friends), then this can distract you from pain, helping to close the gates.
Taking the right amount of exercise, so that you develop your fitness, can help to close the gates.
4. Other Physical Factors
Manual therapies including Chiropractic, Sports Massage and Acupuncture work to improve symptoms over time by improving function, but also help as types of counter-stimulation to pain. Others that can be done at home include ice, heat, massage balls etc. 'Rubbing it better' works as by touching the area you are stimulating 'touch' receptors as opposed to the pain receptors. Touch and pain have different neurological pathways and so touch can help to override the pain pathway.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Mission Statement
 - To provide culturally sensitive supportive services that are essential for Southeast Asian (Cambodian, Hmong, Laotian, and Vietnamese) American students at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee to achieve their educational goals.
 - To recruit Southeast Asian-American students to the university by doing recruitment and outreach activities.
 - To work with the campus community to create a warmer, friendlier campus environment that encourages Southeast Asian-American students to engage in the process of learning and discovery.


text:
Built to serve as the Charleston District Records Office, the Fireproof Building is often called the first building of fireproof construction in the United States.
(Charleston). Built to serve as the Charleston District Records Office, the Fireproof Building is often called the first building of fireproof construction in the United States. Designed by Robert Mills, it was among the first major projects he undertook after his appointment to the South Carolina Board of Public Works in 1820. Construction began in 1822 and was completed in 1827. Mills used noncombustible materials wherever possible. The structure is built of brick finished in stucco and has a brownstone base. Barrel and groin vaults form the walls and ceilings of the first two stories. The oval stair hall in the center of the building is lit by a cupola and has a cantilevered stone stair that ascends three stories. The window frames and sash are made of iron, and the halls are paved with stone. Stylistically, the Greek-revival building is dominated by two monumental Doric porticos, each with a pediment and four columns resting on an arcaded basement. The completed building differed slightly from Mills's original plans. Construction supervisor John G. Spindle eliminated the belt course and fluted columns specified by Mills, substituted quoins for horizontal channeling, and altered the cornice and third-story window openings. After being occupied by county offices for well over a century, the building was leased to the South Carolina Historical Society in 1955 and became the official headquarters of the organization in 1968. It was designated a National Historic Landmark by the U.S. Department of the Interior in 1973.
Lane, Mills. Architecture of the Old South: South Carolina. Savannah, Ga.: Beehive, 1984.
Poston, Jonathan H. The Buildings of Charleston: A Guide to the City's Architecture. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997.


text:
What is suitable work?
Suitable work must:
- be within the worker's functional abilities;
- be safe and not put the worker or co-workers at risk, or hinder recovery;
- restore pre-injury earnings, where possible; and
- be meaningful and promote the worker's recovery. This means that the work should serve a purpose or valuable function to the organization. Is it something that the employer would pay someone to perform?
Suitable work may involve changes to:
- Job tasks or duties – includes alternate duties that are not normally performed by the worker, differing methods to complete job duties, organizing the job tasks, etc.
- Workload – hours of work or work schedule.
- Equipment – modified equipment or new equipment purchased to assist in the completion of job duties.
- Environment – includes the work area and may include set-up, lighting, climate, etc.
How do I identify suitable modified work?
When identifying suitable modified work, always start with the worker's original job position and ask the following questions:
If you need assistance in identifying suitable modified work, please contact the WSCC.


text:
Obesity levels are substantially lower in countries that consume high amounts of rice (average 150g/day/person), while counties with lower average rice intake (average 14g/day/person) have higher obesity levels, according to an international study of 136 countries, being presented at this year's European Congress on Obesity (ECO) in Glasgow, UK (28 April-1 May).
The link between rice intake and obesity persisted even after taking into account other lifestyle and socioeconomic risk factors including total energy consumption, education, smoking, gross domestic product per capita, and health expenditure.
The researchers estimate that even a modest increase in average rice consumption (of 50g/day/per person--equivalent to quarter of a cup), could reduce the worldwide prevalence of obesity by 1% (ie, from 650 million adults aged 18 years or older to 643.5 million ).
"The observed associations suggest that the obesity rate is low in countries that eat rice as a staple food. Therefore, a Japanese food or an Asian-food-style diet based on rice may help prevent obesity," says Professor Tomoko Imai from Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan who led the research. "Given the rising levels of obesity worldwide, eating more rice should be recommended to protect against obesity even in western countries."
People who eat higher levels of dietary fibre and whole grains have lower bodyweight and cholesterol, and lower rates of non-communicable diseases compared with people with lower intakes. However, the effect of rice consumption on obesity is unclear.
To better understand the link between the two, Imai and colleagues examined rice (all rice products including white rice, brown rice, rice flour) relative consumption (g/day/person) and energy consumption (kcal/day/person) in the diets of 136 countries with populations of more than 1 million, using data from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization.
These data were analysed together with estimates of obesity prevalence, average number of years spent in education, percentage of population over 65 years old, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, and health expenditure. Countries were categorised into low and high consumption groups.
Their analysis showed that total energy consumed, smoking rates, obesity levels, percentage of population over 65 years old, GDP, education, and health expenditure were significantly lower in countries that consumed high levels of rice such as Bangladesh (ranked 1st; 473 g/day/person), Lao (2nd; 443) Cambodia (3rd; 438), Vietnam (4th; 398), and Indonesia (5th; 361), compared to countries with lower rice intake including France (ranked 99th; 15 g/day/person), the UK (89th; 19), the USA (87th; 19), Spain (81st ; 22), Canada (77th; 24), Australia (67th; 32).
Even after taking into account and adjusting for these known risk factors, an inverse association was observed between rice consumption and rates of obesity--suggesting that higher intakes of rice could provide even greater protection.
"Eating rice seems to protect against weight gain. It's possible that the fibre, nutrients, and plant compounds found in whole grains may increase feelings of fullness and prevent overeating. Rice is also low in fat and has a relatively low postprandial blood glucose level which suppresses insulin secretion. However, there are also reports that people who overeat rice are more likely to develop metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Therefore, an appropriate amount of rice intake may prevent obesity", says Professor Imai.
Although the research does not establish a cause-and-effect relationship between country-level rice consumption and obesity, the researchers say that it should be investigated further. Whilst a limitation of cross-sectional studies is the risk of identifying false associations as a result of confounding factors, the association identified between rice consumption and obesity remained even after adjusting for various lifestyle and socioeconomic risk factors. The authors note the need for future studies to demonstrate whether increasing individual consumption of rice leads to improvements in obesity rates in longitudinal studies.


May 17, 2020
Emergency caesarean simulator to help junior doctors
Desperate Debra
medical manikins
2 min
The life-size device is the first of its kind to allow junior doctors to practice the difficult procedure
For the first time, junior doctors will be given the chance to practice an emergency caesarian procedure using a life-size simulator called Desperate D...
An emergency caesarian is often called for following the baby's head becoming stuck in the mother's pelvis. From this difficult position, the head is required to be pushed back into the uterus before an incision is made in the abdomen to retrieve the baby.
This highly complex and intricate procedure is often an unwelcome shock to doctors who are thrust into the situation for the first time in a real-life scenario. While the training should prepare the doctors for such an eventuality, the advantages that a real-life simulation would give trainees could be invaluable.
To read the latest edition of Healthcare Global, click here
British medical team and manufacturers, Adam,Rouilly developed Debra, realising the need for the training manikin, given that 10-20 emergency caesarians are carried out every day.
"Of all the women who reach full dilatation, somewhere between about two and five percent will end up needing this type of operation," explained Andy Shennan, professor of obstetrics at Guy's and St Thomas's Hospital.
Shennan was also a pivotal figure in developing the projects and further expressed the significance of Debra:
 "Because caesareans are any time day or night, it is very likely that the doctor who's doing this is not that experienced and may not have come across a similar delivery before. So the first time you're exposed to this problem is often in a real-life situation.
"There are other teaching models a bit like it, but certainly nothing that mimics the difficulty of getting the head out during a caesarean."
The device, designed by Dr Graham Tydeman of NHS Fife, has received so much critical acclaim upon its unveiling that it is now thought that it will be used to further refine the procedure, as well as using it as a benchmark for future birth simulators.
"The model is really attractive in the sense that you don't have lots of calibration and electronics and keyboards and things to go wrong, which has been an issue with other models," asserted Gabriel Ogwo, product development manager at Adam,Rouilly.
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Jun 24, 2021
Jvion launches AI-powered map to tackle mental health crisis
2 min
Jvion's new interactive map uses AI to predict areas most vulnerable to poor mental health
Clinical AI company Jvion has launched an interactive map of the US that highlights areas that are most vulnerable to poor mental health.
The Behavioral Health Vulnerability Map uses Jvion's AI CORE™ software to analyse public data on social determinants of health (SDOH) and determine the vulnerability of every US Census block group.
Vulnerability refers to the likelihood that residents will experience issues like self-harm, suicide attempts or overdoses. The map also identifies the most influential social determinants in each region, to show the social and environmental conditions that contribute to mental illness.
As an example, the map shows that Harrison County in Mississippi has a 50% higher suicide rate than the rest of the state. It also shows a high percentage of individuals in the armed forces at a time when active duty suicides are at a six-year high, along with a high prevalence of coronary artery disease, arthritis, and COPD, all chronic illnesses that are linked to a higher suicide risk.
The map also shows Harrison County has a high percentage of Vietnamese Americans, who studies suggest have high rates of depression and may be less likely to seek help from mental health professionals.
The map was built using the same data and analytics that Jvion used to create the COVID Community Vulnerability Map, which was launched towards the start of the pandemic.
With this new map, Jvion is aiming to tackle the growing mental health crisis in the US. "At a time when so many Americans are struggling with their mental health, we're proud to offer a tool that can help direct treatment resources to the communities that need it most," said Dr John Showalter, MD, Jvion's chief product officer, who led the development of the map.
"For too long, the healthcare industry has struggled to address social determinants of health, particularly in the context of behavioural health. Our hope is that by surfacing the social and environmental vulnerabilities of America's communities, we can better coordinate our response to the underlying conditions that impact the health and wellbeing of people everywhere."
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Dr. Ken Lee, Associate Professor of Physical Medicine at the Medical College of Wisconsin, was severely injured by a car bomb while stationed in Baghdad, Iraq in 2004 as a commander of a Wisconsin Army National Guard medical battalion.
Dr. Lee suffered multiple injuries, including brain trauma, resulting in five major surgeries and a long road to recovery. It was during his own road to recovery that he discovered the benefits of adaptive sports, which he is now sharing with others, positively impacting many lives.
Specifically, Dr. Lee's work with James Veltri is particularly remarkable. James served in the Navy as a fireman and was shot in the back while breaking up a fight and became paralyzed. He encountered several challenges following his injury, including opioid addiction. However, with the help of Dr. Lee and adaptive sports he was able to persevere, and is now working toward a college degree.
A few other notable athletes that he is currently working with include:
Dr. Lee's story is one that illustrates how mutual understanding and a strong desire to help those in need can build the way to a healthier world.
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PESWiki.com -- Pure Energy Systems Wiki: Finding and facilitating breakthrough clean energy technologies.
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Directory:TurXotor and TurXator by the Alperen Group
by Sterling D. Allan
Pure Energy Systems News
June 12, 2010
Turkish inventor, Attila Alperen, Founder and Chairman of The Alperen Group of Companies, has announced that he is now ready to go to market with an ultra high efficient motor and generator technology his group has developed.
People in the free energy community would describe what he has as 'overunity', being attributed to harvesting inexhaustible energy freely from the environment, because it puts out more energy than what is required to run it, and can be self-looped with energy left over for practical use.
The motor technology is called "TurXotor™", and the generator technology is called "Turxator™" and includes a motor function. Their "E-Turxator™" provides solid state electricity production, with no motor function.
Alperen says he first commenced work on this in 1982, and first achieved 'overunity' in 2002. In all, he estimates that he has build approximately 100 different prototypes. He was in the Turkish press in Dec., 2003 having demonstrated the technology. (Ref.) Their website and a YouTube video show an alleged 3 megawatt prototype unit that is about one meter in diameter and half a meter wide. He said it worked briefly before melting down some of the copper wires.
Due to the resistance he has found from the scientific community (who lack the imagination of new sources of energy) when he claims to be getting more energy out than what he puts in, or that he can self-run his system with energy left over; he has adopted a strategy of first merely augmenting input energy so that at least twice the output is achieved compared to competing technologies. In an electric vehicle application, for example, he says that his motor will get twice the horsepower output for the same wattage input as conventional technologies. And the electric vehicle market is one he hopes to tackle early on.
He doesn't plan for his company to manufacture this technology, but says he is now licensing the technology to let others develop the technology for the myriad of applications and territories that exist, beginning with his homeland of Turkey, where he has made a name for himself both in the military as well as in the private sector with the many inventions that have made it to market. Several of those technologies can be found on their _URL_ website, including the TurxActivision™, which is similar to the I-Phone. Their TelecomSaver™ is a credit card reader system among other telecom saver applications.
With these other products they have developed, Alperen has been able to self-finance the research and development of the TurXator and TurXotor technologies.
The Director of the Alperen Group in Turkey, Nuri Temurlenk, said the unit will be demonstrated to Turkish news channels and then Korean and Global news channels soon.
A couple of their videos posted to YouTube last December included the following statements in the description: (slightly edited)
- TurXator™ is the world's most advanced and the highest efficiency home electric generator as Green Energy technology; invented by Mr. Attila ALPEREN and developed by The Alperen™ Group Companies... 10 KW E-TurXator™'s will be available very soon only for self-usage by people. We want every family to have energy freedom and also to be able to market their not used energy to market, to increase their family incomes. That's why TurXator™ technologies will be not available for energy companies very soon. E-TurXator™ is an electronic version of the TurXator™ technologies. 10 KW models of E-TurXator™ are self-powered that provides non-stop 5 KW free energy. There are many more different technologies of the TurXator™ technologies available; such as M-TurXator ™ , TorqueAmp ™, and TurXotor ™ (Self running high torque motors), etc... We will start licensing companies for E-TurXator™ manufacturing, energy production, and related services businesses for permitted (by The Turkish Government) countries very soon.
That "soon" has now arrived, according to Alperen.
TurXotor™ & TurXator™
World first and best Motor&Generator technology for Electric Vehicles (% 400 Efficient)
Firstly we would like to say that; WE DO NOT BELIEVE either energy or mass can be created from absolute absence and space and/or can be converted to absolute absence and space.
So, Our technologies do not employ any science fiction application or engineering.
Our own developed technologies TurXator™ and TurXotor™ and their derivations completely can be modeled and engineered in existing scientific knowledge.
Basic principle of the technologies is utilization of permanent magnet's (constant magnetic field battery) long life magnetic field in a smart way.
TurXotor™; is a combined motor and generator. After the motor is started with the externally applied electric energy, generator starts generating electricity. Generator acts as a Virtual Motor/Secondary Motor with the Back Electro-motor Force (BEMF) produced when generator is active. This behavior is utilized with a smart technique in order to increase motor power. This additional power is proportional to the power drawn from the generator and speed of rotor so slightly discards real motor and externally supplied electric input power is reduced. So; Virtual TurXotor™ motor replaces function of real motor
- When electric power drawn from generator is increased;
- External input power supplied for internal motor is reduced,
- Generator produces more electric,
- System's mechanical power and rotor speed is increased,
- External input power supplied for internal motor is reduced,
- In result; more mechanical power and electrical power can be produced with less input power.
- Produced DC electric power can be optimized for various TurXator™ applications and power can be feedback and/or used as electric power externally.
1. Can produce both electric and mechanical power concurrently.
2. While producing electrical power; reduces input power in proportion with the generated power,
3. While generating electrical power; increases system's mechanical power in proportion with the generated power,
4. Efficiency is minimum % 150 and efficiency can be further increased.
B. REGULAR MOTOR
1. Converts input electric power to mechanical power at % 95 efficiency,
2. Does not generate electric power,
3. Does not increase motor power in proportion with generated power,
4. Does not reduce input power in proportion with generated electric power,
5. Best motor has about % 95 efficiency.
System can be modified based on any application. Primary applications are targeted as electric vehicles, military vehicles and gadgets and electric power generation.
YouTube; May 29, 2010)
E-TurXator™ Energy Saver (270% Efficient Reactor)
- E-TurXator™ is world's most advanced and highest efficient home electric generator as Green Energy technology; invented by Mr. Attila ALPEREN developed by The Alperen™ Group Companies... 10 KW E-TurXator™'s, will be available very soon for only self-usage by people. Because Mr. Attila ALPEREN want every family must have energy freedom and also able to market their not used energy to market to increase their family incomes. Thats why TurXator™ technologies will be not available for energy companies very soon. E-TurXator™ is a electronic version of the TurXator™ technologies. 10 KW models of E-TurXator™ are self-powered that provides non-stop 5 KW free energy. There are many more different technologies of the TurXator™ technologies available; such as M-TurXator ™ , TorqueAmp ™, and TurXotor ™ (Self running high torque motors), etc... We will start licensing companies for E-TurXator™ manufacturing, energy production, and related services businesses for permitted (by The Turkish Government) countries very soon. Please follow our announcements from our web sites or from YouTube as subscriber
- (YouTube; December 04, 2009)
Attila holds one international patent, WO2004/025969A2, preferring the trade secret method of intellectual protection. He expects that the licensees will secure patent protection in their respective countries.
Inventor: Mr. Attila ALPEREN
Mr. Attila Alperen has been a prolific and successful inventor, bringing several products to market, so that he has been able to self-finance the development of the TurXotor technology. He has been heavily involved in the Turkish military, where many of his technology applications have been focused.
Quoting from Alperen.com
Founder and Chairman of The Alperen Companies Group, Mr. Alperen, is a world-class technological inventor, Technology, Advertising, Marketing, Telecom, Banking and Business strategist who is currently bringing the next generation of technologies and related business methods to the global marketplace. Turxator™ & TurXotor™, TelecomSaver™, TurxActivision™, TurxNet™ are some of his inventions.
Mr. Alperen has developed significant experience in creating and implementing policy and strategy, as well as in evaluating and structuring joint ventures and other business opportunities for the companies in the financial, banking, energy, advertising, marketing, telecommunications and military and non-


Trench Shoring Cages are Actually Trench Safety Devices
Trench Shoring Cages | Stack Trench Boxes | Aluminum Trench Box Assembly | Trench Shoring System | Kundel Trench Boxes | Kundel Trench Boxes for Sale
Excavation has always been known as dangerous work. Workers in this industry have a far greater chance of being killed than general construction trades; hence shoring cages are used.
As a solution, standards were created that identify common hazards found when having individuals work in trenches. Each employer is responsible for ensuring that each excavation is free of identified and predictable hazards. To do this, employers must designate a representative to design, construct and maintain the work area so that they will be free of hazards. A person assigned to this role is known as the qualified person. A trench is an excavation that has a greater depth than its width measured at the bottom. Employees who work in trenches that are 5 feet deep must be protected from a cave-in (a mass of soil separated from the bank of a trench) by a trench protective system.
Trench Shoring vs. Shoring Cages
Trench shoring should not be confused with trench shielding. In the end, they both serve the same purpose, which is to protect but they also function in different ways of protecting. Shoring cages are designed to protect workers in the event of a collapse or cave-in, while trench shores are designed to prevent the collapse or cave-in from ever occurring. Because trench shores examine a way to prevent all potential hazards of a work area, it is viewed as the safer and better option, even though it is more time-consuming.
The soil inside of a trench can sometimes be of a type that has an unconfined strength. Meaning a type of soil that has insufficient strength to stand unsupported. A type of soil that tends to run or slough into the excavation as the trench is being dug and worked by the worker(s). An excavation is a work area is not is not considered a work area until the workers actually begin working.
This would be the point where the qualified person would review and make an assessment of the potential dangers of the type soil workers would have to work with. If known and/or predictable hazards are found, a trench box system must be in place prior to the start of any work by the workers.
Shoring Cages and the Qualified Person
The assessment done by the qualified person will determine what type of trench shoring boxes will be used. Shoring cages are a type commonly used.
Trench shoring is the process of securing the wall surfaces of a trench. Having this safety equipment is extremely important for the well-being and protection of the work area and workers as they work on projects that require them to work inside of deep trenches.
There are several methods of trench shoring. A common method is hydraulic shores.
Hydraulic shoring products are lightweight that utilize hydraulic pressure to support banks of excavation. As the hydraulic cylinders are pressurized against trench walls, pressure arcs will radiate from the center of the cylinder in many different directions. If nearby shores are located close enough for the arcs to intersect, pressure arches will be formed. These arches shore the banks. These pressure arches fan out into the banks; supporting the soil without the presence of sheeting.
Other methods of shoring cages are beam and plate and more solid boarding. However, hydraulic shoring works faster than these and tend to be the choice for larger excavations.
When it comes to safety in construction, the biggest danger is having a situation occur where workers become trapped in dirt and materials. Trench shoring was developed as a method to prevent these types of situations.
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Unleashing the Healing Power of CBD Oil UK: A Holistic Approach
In the realm of holistic healing, CBD Oil UK stands out as a potent ally, unlocking the body's innate capacity for healing and promoting balance and well-being. Derived from the cannabis plant, cannabidiol (CBD) offers a multifaceted approach to health that aligns with the holistic philosophy of treating the whole person – body, mind, and spirit. This article explores how CBD Oil UK unleashes its healing power through a holistic approach, addressing underlying imbalances and promoting optimal health and vitality.
 1. Harmonizing Body and Mind: Holistic healing recognizes the interconnectedness of the body and mind in achieving overall health and wellness. CBD Oil UK acts as a catalyst for harmony, interacting with the body's endocannabinoid system to regulate various physiological processes, including mood, pain sensation, immune function, and stress response. By promoting balance within the endocannabinoid system, CBD Oil UK fosters a sense of equilibrium between body and mind, laying the foundation for holistic healing.
 2. Addressing Root Causes: Holistic medicine focuses on identifying and addressing the root causes of health issues rather than merely treating symptoms. CBD Oil UK embodies this principle by targeting underlying imbalances within the body, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurotransmitter dysregulation. By addressing these root causes, CBD Oil UK helps restore homeostasis and promote optimal functioning of the body's natural healing mechanisms.
 3. Supporting Natural Healing: Holistic healing emphasizes the body's innate ability to heal itself given the right conditions. CBD Oil UK supports natural healing processes by enhancing the body's endocannabinoid tone, reducing inflammation, and promoting cellular regeneration. Unlike pharmaceutical medications that often suppress symptoms without addressing the underlying cause, CBD Oil UK works with the body's own healing mechanisms to promote lasting wellness and vitality.
 4. Promoting Mindful Awareness: Holistic healing encourages mindfulness and self-awareness as essential components of health and well-being. CBD Oil UK can enhance mindful awareness by promoting relaxation, reducing anxiety, and improving mood stability. By calming the mind and promoting a state of present-moment awareness, CBD Oil UK facilitates deeper introspection and self-reflection, empowering individuals to cultivate greater insight into their health and healing journey.
 5. Empowering Lifestyle Changes: Holistic healing recognizes the importance of lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, sleep, and stress management in promoting health and wellness. CBD Oil UK complements lifestyle interventions by supporting overall well-being and resilience. Whether it's incorporating CBD Oil UK into a daily wellness routine or using it to manage specific health concerns, individuals can harness the healing power of CBD Oil UK to support their holistic lifestyle goals and empower positive lifestyle changes.
 6. Integrating Complementary Therapies: Holistic healing often integrates a variety of complementary therapies to address the diverse needs of individuals. CBD Oil UK synergizes with other holistic modalities such as acupuncture, massage therapy, yoga, and meditation, enhancing their efficacy and promoting holistic healing from multiple angles. By integrating CBD Oil UK into comprehensive treatment plans, holistic practitioners can offer patients a more holistic and personalized approach to health and wellness.
In conclusion, CBD Oil UK unleashes its healing power through a holistic approach that addresses the interconnectedness of body, mind, and spirit. By promoting balance, addressing root causes, supporting natural healing processes, and empowering mindful awareness and lifestyle changes, CBD Oil UK embodies the principles of holistic healing and offers a multifaceted approach to promoting health, vitality, and well-being.
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Han Shi, Renjie Pi, Hang Xu, Zhenguo Li, James Kwok, Tong Zhang
Neural Architecture Search (NAS) has shown great potentials in finding better neural network designs. Sample-based NAS is the most reliable approach which aims at exploring the search space and evaluating the most promising architectures. However, it is computationally very costly. As a remedy, the one-shot approach has emerged as a popular technique for accelerating NAS using weight-sharing. However, due to the weight-sharing of vastly different networks, the one-shot approach is less reliable than the sample-based approach. In this work, we propose BONAS (Bayesian Optimized Neural Architecture Search), a sample-based NAS framework which is accelerated using weight-sharing to evaluate multiple related architectures simultaneously. Specifically, we apply Graph Convolutional Network predictor as a surrogate model for Bayesian Optimization to select multiple related candidate models in each iteration. We then apply weight-sharing to train multiple candidate models simultaneously. This approach not only accelerates the traditional sample-based approach significantly, but also keeps its reliability. This is because weight-sharing among related architectures are more reliable than those in the one-shot approach. Extensive experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness of our method over many competing algorithms.


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Want to beat your Scrabble friends no matter where you are?WordSolver Android App!
1 Definition of Toupee
The definition of toupee, the meaning of the word Toupee:
Is toupee a scrabble word? Yes!
- n. - A small hairpiece to cover partial baldness
Toupee is worth 8 points in Scrabble, and 10 points in Words with Friends
There are 6 letters in toupee: E E O P T U
Words that can be created with an extra letter added to toupee:
24 words found using the letters in "Toupee"
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The Canisteo Legacy Mine Pit (Canisteo) is a pit lake formed in a complex of numerous inactive iron ore mine pits in Itasca County, Minnesota. The Canisteo is located north of the cities of Coleraine, Bovey, and Taconite.
Traditional iron ore mining began in the Canisteo in 1907 and continued through 1980. Mineland Reclamation Rules for ferrous mining were adopted in 1980, requiring mining operations to plan for closure and reclamation. Between 1980 and 1986, mining in the Canisteo consisted exclusively of scram operations. Reclamation was only required for disturbances connected to scram mining operations and not water level management. Therefore, the Canisteo is considered a legacy mine pit and no company is responsible for managing water levels.
The DNR's role in managing water at a pre-1981 site like the Canisteo Legacy Mine Pit, similar to numerous other water challenges across the state, is to provide technical expertise for and regulatory oversight of any water appropriation or work in public waters in accordance with Minnesota Statute 103G.
As water levels rose within the Canisteo, the full extent of potential hydrologic impacts to surrounding communities was unknown. Recognizing the importance of a data record from which water level predictions can be made, the DNR began monitoring for pit water level and surrounding groundwater changes in 1990.
An engineered outlet structure is necessary to control the pit's water levels in a way that doesn't adversely affect surrounding communities. As of September 2022, the Canisteo water level is within 13 feet of the natural overflow elevation. Without pumping, the DNR estimates water would rise at a slow rate, and the pit would naturally overtop by late 2023 or in 2024. If the pit water level were to reach the overtopping elevation, water runout would occur slowly with surface water flowing at the lowest elevations along the pit rim.
The DNR and Iron Range Resources & Rehabilitation have been and will continue working with local communities to identify a long-term solution and seek the legislative funding necessary for construction and operation of an engineered outflow.
Canisteo water level management
City of Bovey drain tile system
After iron ore mining and subsequent pit dewatering ended, the Canisteo began to fill with water from precipitation, surface water inflow, and groundwater inflow. The increasing pit water level resulted in concerns from nearby communities, including a rising water table within the city of Bovey. The DNR designed and conducted various studies to evaluate potential impacts from the rising pit water level.
The effects from the already high water table in city of Bovey were worsened by the rising water level in the Canisteo. Groundwater flowed from the pit lake through subsurface materials to the south toward the city. In 2011, the DNR designed and constructed a drain tile system along 1st street. The drain tile system diverts groundwater away from residential structures located within the city.
In 2012, the DNR issued a water appropriation permit to Magnetation LLC, a scram mining operation, authorizing the pumping of water from the Canisteo for mining operations. This pumping resulted in a decrease in the water level until Magnetation LLC filed for bankruptcy in 2015. Pumping ceased in 2016, resulting in a rising pit water level.
ERP Iron Ore LLC acquired Magnetation LLC assets and resumed intermittent pumping in 2017. Pumping again ceased in 2018 when ERP Iron Ore LLC entered bankruptcy, and the water level in the pit began rising again.
Water level monitoring
Water level elevations through August 2022
The DNR Division of Lands and Minerals actively monitors the Canisteo water level and surrounding groundwater levels to understand the rate of pit water level increase and groundwater flow through the subsurface materials. Hydrologic information gathered near the pit informs assessment of the need for an engineered outlet structure to prevent future flooding and other impacts. The city of Bovey drain tile system is monitored for flow and system efficiency. The Canisteo water level trend shown above represents a combination of manual measurements and continuous logger measurements.
As of August 2022, the Canisteo water level is within 13 feet of the natural overflow elevation. There are two natural overflow locations at elevation 1324 feet along the pit rim, one of which is located north of the city of Bovey. Groundwater level monitoring indicates that groundwater outflow from the pit moves to the south. The current hydrologic conditions in nearby communities demonstrate the need to design and construct an engineered outlet for the Canisteo.
Contingency pumping planning
The DNR is working on a contingency plan for pumping water from the Canisteo. The purpose of the contingency pumping is to ensure water levels stay below the recorded high water level of 1318 feet. In August, the Iron Range Resources & Rehabilitation Board approved $710,000 dollars for contingency pumping until a permanent outlet solution is in place.
The DNR planned to begin contingency pumping on October 1, 2022. However, in September 2022, DNR invasive species specialists confirmed zebra mussels in the Canisteo Pit. Zebra mussels are a prohibited invasive species. Before the DNR can begin pumping and discharging water from the pit, the water must first be filtered to eliminate zebra mussel larvae, called veligers, to prevent the spread of invasive species downstream.
The DNR is exploring options for filtering water and will continue to work closely with state and local partners to ensure water levels do not impact surrounding communities while also complying with invasive species prevention requirements.
As of September 19, 2022, the pit water level was at 1,311 feet. The current elevation is more than six feet below the historic high elevation of 1,318 feet, at which the drain tile system in Bovey remained effective at diverting groundwater away from residential structures located within the city. Current data indicates a slow rise in the pit water levels. If a filter system can not be acquired, installed and tested to remove veligers before winter 2022, winter pumping will provide water level management.
Permanent engineered outlet planning
The $710,000 for contingency pumping at the Canisteo Pit is a short-term solution to prevent water from overtopping the pit until a permanent outlet solution is in place. A permanent solution will require legislative funding. The DNR is continuing work with State agencies, local units of government, and private entities to discuss and plan for the permanent engineered outlet project. A hired consultant is working to finalize the engineering and design, and update plans and specifications for bidding the project.
Once legislative funds are available, construction of the outlet structure is estimated to take one year to complete. If the Canisteo water level continues to rise at a slow rate similar to those in recent years, water may begin to naturally overflow by 2023-2024.
DNR Division of Lands & Minerals
St. Paul, MN


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Ayurveda has explained in detail about post natal care of mother. Seasons and place – both have their effect on mental and physical health. Keeping this in mind, Ayurveda has explained in little variations in post natal mother care. Ayurvedic Post Natal Care:
In the last article, we learnt about basics of Ayurvedic post natal care here.
In General following diet for the mother in the first week.
1. Rice gruel mixed with a pinch of ginger and pepper.
2. Horsegram soup added with a spoon of ghee and a pinch of salt.
3. Ash gourd, and radish – fried in ghee.
4. Meat soup – Those accustomed to non veg, can have meat soup.
Post natal care based on season and place:
During winter or rainy season – in cold, moist place –
- Because of coldness, Vata and Kapha will be high. Due to this, digestion power will be low. Hence, initially, ghee is best avoided for initial 3 days.
- Instead, 2 ounce of rice is added with 12 ounce of water, boiled. The scum of this water is added with a pinch of ginger and pepper. This drink is given to mother.
- Once after digestion power is improved, ghee processed with pepper and such other spices are given.
- Ears should be kept closed
- Warm and soothing cloth are preferred.
- Diet and activities with hot qualities are preferred.
- Direct wind exposure is best avoided.
During summer and / or in dry places with high temperature.
- In such places and season Pitta and Vata is high. Hence ghee processed with long pepper etc are administered freely.
- Oil massage with Balaswagandhadi taila / Ksheerabala taila followed by hot water bath is given extra significance.
Click to buy Balaswagandhadi taila from USA or any other part of the world.


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Completeness of Birth Registration in the United States in 1940
The article describes in details the steps taken to assess the completeness of birth registration in the US in 1940, by comparing infant cards (cards with information about the children born in four months before the 1940 US population census) with registration records in each State. The assessment shows that most of the US States were able to maintain 90% and above level of registration, while some are below 90% coverage.
The article was prepared by Robert F. Lenhart in 1943 and published on American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 33, June 1943, Pages 685-690.
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The Betel Leaf is an aromatic, anti-bacterial, stimulant herb, with a spicy, clove-like flavor. Belonging to the pepper family, the betel vine, represent goodness of wealth in Hindu mythology.
A recent research carried out at the Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, at the University of Calcutta, revealed that the Betel Leaf prevents degeneration of cells. The result of the study revealed that three local varieties of betel leaf â€" the Bagerhati, Ghanahgete and Kauri have immense potential in preventing cellular damage than tea. An experiment carried on the rats at the Jawarharlal Nehru University, Delhi, reveals that the leaf has the ability to forage free radicals.
Chewing the leaves of the herb while increasing the flow of saliva, also, protects against intestinal parasites. Quite a few studies have even revealed the anti-oxidant properties of the leaf.
Dr. Kamala Krishaswamy, the President of Nutrition Society of India, says that Betel Leaf is a good source of calcium, carotene and iron and also helps in digestion. She clarified that betel leaf, by itself, has no adverse affects, as is otherwise believed to be so.Â It is only when chewed with tobacco that they prove harmful. The betel nut which is used in â€˜paanâ€™ is believed to contain carcinogen, a substance that causes cancer, although there is no strong evidence to prove this.
Smearing a dash of lime on a betel leaf and adding quarter teaspoon each of grated dry coconut, a pinch of peppermint extract, fennel and a tiny spot of rose preserve and aniseeds on to the leaf, and folding it in the form of a quid and savouring it after a heavy meal, has its own health benefits.


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The Seamless Steel Gas Cylinder are all made by high quality seamless steel pipe,consistent height, smoothly painting, and excellent properties, which is widely used for steel cutting, welding, electronic, medical and other fields.and are supposed to be used repeatedly for keeping argon which is mainly used for steel cutting, welding, electronic, medical and so on.
|SEFIC gas cylinder
Can hydraulic cylinders be integrated with modern telematics and remote monitoring?
Yes, hydraulic cylinders can indeed be integrated with modern telematics and remote monitoring systems. The integration of hydraulic cylinders with telematics and remote monitoring technology offers numerous benefits, including enhanced operational efficiency, improved maintenance practices, and increased overall productivity. Here's a detailed explanation of how hydraulic cylinders can be integrated with modern telematics and remote monitoring:
1. Sensor Integration:
– Hydraulic cylinders can be equipped with various sensors to gather real-time data about their performance and operating conditions. Sensors such as pressure transducers, temperature sensors, position sensors, and load sensors can be integrated directly into the cylinder or its associated components. These sensors provide valuable information about parameters such as pressure, temperature, position, and load, enabling remote monitoring and analysis of the cylinder's behavior.
2. Data Transmission:
– The data collected from the sensors in hydraulic cylinders can be transmitted wirelessly or through wired connections to a central monitoring system. Wireless communication technologies such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or cellular networks can be employed to transmit data in real-time. Alternatively, wired connections such as Ethernet or CAN bus can be utilized for data transmission. The choice of communication method depends on the specific requirements of the application and the available infrastructure.
3. Remote Monitoring Systems:
– Remote monitoring systems receive and process the data transmitted from hydraulic cylinders. These systems can be cloud-based or hosted on local servers, depending on the implementation. Remote monitoring systems collect and analyze the data to provide insights into the cylinder's performance, health, and usage patterns. Operators and maintenance personnel can access the monitoring system through web-based interfaces or dedicated software applications to view real-time data, receive alerts, and generate reports.
4. Condition Monitoring and Predictive Maintenance:
– Integration with telematics and remote monitoring enables condition monitoring and predictive maintenance of hydraulic cylinders. By analyzing the collected data, patterns and trends can be identified, allowing for the detection of potential issues or anomalies before they escalate into major problems. Predictive maintenance algorithms can be applied to the data to generate maintenance schedules, recommend component replacements, and optimize maintenance activities. This proactive approach helps prevent unexpected downtime, reduces maintenance costs, and maximizes the lifespan of hydraulic cylinders.
5. Performance Optimization:
– The data collected from hydraulic cylinders can also be utilized to optimize their performance. By analyzing parameters such as pressure, temperature, and load, operators can identify opportunities for improving operational efficiency. Insights gained from the remote monitoring system can guide adjustments in system settings, load management, or operational practices to optimize the performance of hydraulic cylinders and the overall hydraulic system. This optimization can result in energy savings, improved productivity, and reduced wear and tear.
6. Integration with Equipment Management Systems:
– Telematics and remote monitoring systems can be integrated with broader equipment management systems. This integration allows hydraulic cylinder data to be correlated with data from other components or related machinery, providing a comprehensive view of the overall system's performance. This holistic approach enables operators to identify potential interdependencies, optimize system-wide performance, and make informed decisions regarding maintenance, repairs, or upgrades.
7. Enhanced Safety and Fault Diagnosis:
– Telematics and remote monitoring can contribute to enhanced safety and fault diagnosis in hydraulic systems. Real-time data from hydraulic cylinders can be used to detect abnormal conditions, such as excessive pressure or temperature, which may indicate potential safety risks. Fault diagnosis algorithms can analyze the data to identify specific issues or malfunctions, enabling prompt intervention and reducing the risk of catastrophic failures or accidents.
In summary, hydraulic cylinders can be effectively integrated with modern telematics and remote monitoring systems. This integration enables the collection of real-time data, remote monitoring of performance, condition monitoring, predictive maintenance, performance optimization, integration with equipment management systems, and enhanced safety. By harnessing the power of telematics and remote monitoring, hydraulic cylinder users can achieve improved efficiency, reduced downtime, optimized maintenance practices, and enhanced overall productivity in various applications and industries.
Ensuring Stable Performance of Hydraulic Cylinders Under Fluctuating Loads
Hydraulic cylinders are designed to provide stable performance even under fluctuating loads. They achieve this through various mechanisms and features that allow for efficient load control and compensation. Let's explore how hydraulic cylinders ensure stable performance under fluctuating loads:
In summary, hydraulic cylinders ensure stable performance under fluctuating loads through features such as piston design, cushioning mechanisms, pressure compensation, flow control, feedback systems, and proper sizing and selection. These mechanisms and considerations allow hydraulic cylinders to provide consistent and controlled movement, even in dynamic load conditions, resulting in reliable and stable performance.
How do hydraulic cylinders generate force and motion using hydraulic fluid?
Hydraulic cylinders generate force and motion by utilizing the principles of fluid mechanics, specifically Pascal's law, in conjunction with the properties of hydraulic fluid. The process involves the conversion of hydraulic energy into mechanical force and linear motion. Here's a detailed explanation of how hydraulic cylinders achieve this:
1. Pascal's Law:
– Hydraulic cylinders operate based on Pascal's law, which states that when pressure is applied to a fluid in a confined space, it is transmitted equally in all directions. In the context of hydraulic cylinders, this means that when hydraulic fluid is pressurized, the force is evenly distributed throughout the fluid and transmitted to all surfaces in contact with the fluid.
2. Hydraulic Fluid and Pressure:
– Hydraulic systems use a specialized fluid, typically hydraulic oil, as the working medium. This fluid is stored in a reservoir and circulated through the system by a hydraulic pump. The pump pressurizes the fluid, creating hydraulic pressure that can be controlled and directed to various components, including hydraulic cylinders.
3. Cylinder Design and Components:
– Hydraulic cylinders consist of several key components, including a cylindrical barrel, a piston, a piston rod, and various seals. The barrel is a hollow tube that houses the piston and allows for fluid flow. The piston divides the cylinder into two chambers: the rod side and the cap side. The piston rod extends from the piston and provides a connection point for external loads. Seals are used to prevent fluid leakage and maintain hydraulic pressure within the cylinder.
4. Fluid Input and Motion:
– To generate force and motion, hydraulic fluid is directed into one side of the cylinder, creating pressure on the corresponding surface of the piston. This pressure is transmitted through the fluid to the other side of the piston.
5. Force Generation:
– The force generated by a hydraulic cylinder is a result of the pressure applied to a specific surface area of the piston. The force exerted by the hydraulic cylinder can be calculated using the formula: Force = Pressure × Area. The area is determined by the diameter of the piston or the piston rod, depending on which side of the cylinder the fluid is acting upon.
6. Linear Motion:
– As the pressurized hydraulic fluid acts on the piston, it generates a force that moves the piston in a linear direction within the cylinder. This linear motion is transferred to the piston rod, which extends or retracts accordingly. The piston rod can be connected to external components or machinery, allowing the generated force to perform various tasks, such as lifting, pushing, pulling, or controlling mechanisms.
7. Control and Regulation:
– The force and motion generated by hydraulic cylinders can be controlled and regulated by adjusting the flow of hydraulic fluid into the cylinder. By regulating the flow rate, pressure, and direction of the fluid, the speed, force, and direction of the cylinder's movement can be precisely controlled. This control allows for accurate positioning, smooth operation, and synchronization of multiple cylinders in complex machinery.
8. Return and Recirculation of Fluid:
– After the hydraulic cylinder completes its stroke, the hydraulic fluid on the opposite side of the piston needs to be returned to the reservoir. This is typically achieved through hydraulic valves that control the flow direction, allowing the fluid to return and be recirculated in the system for further use.
In summary, hydraulic cylinders generate force and motion by utilizing the principles of Pascal's law. Pressurized hydraulic fluid acts on the piston, creating force that moves the piston in a linear direction. This linear motion is transferred to the piston rod, allowing the generated force to perform various tasks. By controlling the flow of hydraulic fluid, the force and motion of hydraulic cylinders can be precisely regulated, contributing to their versatility and wide range of applications in machinery.


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Planes of Motion
It's a bird…it's a plane…it's planes of motion!
Planes of motion can be a challenging concept to grasp. The human body is divided into three primary planes - transverse plane, frontal plane, and the sagittal plane.
Sagittal plane: divides body into right and left sides
Frontal plane: divides body into anterior and posterior sides (front/back)
Transverse plane: divides body into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)
All motion occurs around one of these three planes of motion. Generally they occur as follows:
Sagittal plane: flexion/extension
Frontal plane: abduction/adduction
Transverse plane: internal rotation/external rotation
Pages 109 and 110 in the ACE Essentials of Exercise Science for Fitness Professionals manual lists all the fundamental movements in each plane. Below is a great website to help with your understanding of movement in different planes.
Understanding Planes of Motion
Another suggestion is if you are viewing the link above and you get to the diagrams of the people…find a doorway that spans two rooms (doorway leading into your bedroom for example).
When reviewing the sagittal plane of motion, stand with your nose against the doorframe so one foot is in the hallway and one foot is in the bedroom. This divides your body into right and left sides down the middle (just like the sagittal plane does).
When reviewing the frontal plane, stand with your back against the wall (and pretend it divides you into half - front half/back half). This might be an easier way to visualize the different planes.
Planes of motion can be difficult to grasp initially, but with some patience and 'hands on' practice, you might find the information starting to make sense.
Remember, if you have any questions, please contact an Education Consultant at _PHONE_


Minor Aspects in Astrology
minor aspects
Semi-sextile 30°
The circle divided by 12 is called semi-sextile aspect. It is really soft, almost insensible and may not matter at all. Some professionals believe it to be quite profitable, bit due to the fact that it is mixed with different elements it could have some unpleasant manifestations, bringing small inconveniences into life. Semi-sextile aspect may be interpreted only with regards to other elements in the chart, never separately. It is usually bounded to the other chart elements and is a component of the whole picture from other aspect.
Semi-square 45°
The circle divided by 8 refers to semi-square aspect. It has features of the square aspect, but they are manifested not so brightly. The semi-square aspect is quite opposing and brings doubt to the soul, renewing internal conflicts and confusing in the flow of life.
Sesqui-quadrate 135 °
Sesquisquare is a 3/8 of a circle - 135°, it is like a bit more than a square. It is very much alike to a semi-square, but it tends to create problems of more serious level, and not an internal conflict in a person, but the difficulties with surrounding world.
Quincunx/Inconjunct 150°
Quincunx is 5/12 of the circle and is placed between 5 signs. This aspect is a sign of instant changes, which are not definitely negative, but undesirable for sure, providing inconvenience and nervous states. This aspect can affect health conditions. Also, it brings forced and unwilling consequences.
Quintile 72°
The circle divided by 5 provides a quintile aspect, which is 72°. It is an aspect of skills and ideas, very profitable and original. It causes very interesting state of mind, creative and intelligent people, with profound thinking and high morals. It is generally believed to be pretty profitable. There is also a biquintile - 144° which has same characteristics.
With all the knowledge that you have now, you can try to interpret your data in the chart. You can choose for start a chart of your friend or a family member, simply because we are apt to have unclear view on ourselves, and it can distort our opinion about the astrology and its readings. When you analyze your close friend, whom you know good, it is easier to have a clear view on it and to practice your skills, searching the points of power and weakness in charts of other people.
Reading Natal Chart
book, natal chart
Major Aspects in Astrology
major aspects
Read useful information about major aspects. For example, Conjunction aspect is very active and dynamic. Square - it is an aspect of limitations and breakthroughs. Trine - is one of the most favorable aspects. Opposition aspect is represented by total polarity and contrast I opinions with others in many important situations through life.


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直動形油圧サーボ弁における静的状態量の測定 Measurement of Static State Variables in a Direct Drive Electro-Hydraulic Servovalve
Making use of a direct drive servovalve's driving current, which is in proportion to the driving force, and the spool displacement obtained from a built-in LVDT, it is possible to get the state variables such as flow force, flow rate and load pressure for the purpose of valve control without attaching other transducers on the servovalve. In this paper, experiments were carried out using different loads. With PWM driving, no hysteresis appeared regardless of the flow rate. Because of the flow force compensation on the spool of the valve used in the experiment, an empirical equation was used for calculation of the flow rates from the measured flow forces. Under different loads, the calculated flow rates were in consistence with the measured ones. Then, load pressures were obtained from the calculated flow rates, with the discharge coefficients acquired using empirical equations. The calculated load pressures were in good agreement with the measured results.
日本油空圧学会論文集 30(6), 147-151, 1999-09-15
The Japan Fluid Power System Society


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"Science-Based Management in Practice: an example with native prairies"
Tuesday, January 24th, 2012
Native prairies managed by the USFWS in the Prairie Pothole Region are extensively invaded by introduced cool-season grasses, smooth brome (Bromus inermis) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis). Management to suppress these invasive plants has had poor success, mainly for insufficient understanding of prairie restoration ecology and absence of systematic evaluation of management effects. In partnership with the USFWS, we developed an adaptive decision support framework to assist managers in selecting management actions under uncertainty and maximizing learning from management outcomes. Decision making under this framework is adaptive, as monitoring feedback increases understanding of the system and in turn determines the path of future decision making. Refuge-specific data provided by cooperators reduces uncertainty across the whole region, allowing individual land managers to receive updated decision guidance that incorporates understanding gained from the collective experience of all cooperators. This model-based decision making approach merges science and management in a tangible way that is well-suited for many fish and wildlife applications.
Jill Gannon, Ph.D.
Northern Prarie Wildlife Research Center
United States Geological Survey
PDF of the Webinar presentations:


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Learn something new every day More Info... by email
A starving artist is a painter, poet, actor, musician, or other artist who lives in poverty. Life may be a financial struggle for the undiscovered artist who often cannot earn enough to make a living from art. A starving artist as the romantic, sometimes tragic figure portrayed in literature and theater is based on the bohemian counterculture that began in nineteenth century Paris. The French starving artists, or bohemians as they were known, were poorly housed and fed, yet were passionate about their artistic life as their raison d'etre, or reason for being.
The use of the term "bohemian" to describe a starving artist was inspired by Bohemian people from the part of the Czech Republic known as Bohemia, but it did not refer to all aspects of the actual Bohemian lifestyle. The French and other nationalities tended to view the actual Bohemians and Gypsies as con-artists and circus folk rather than actual artists. The French used the expression "bohemian" to describe a starving artist related only to the poverty-ridden yet free-spirited outlook of Bohemians and Gypsies.
The first bohemians were Parisian bourgeois; young people beginning to live on their own. They lived the impoverished life of a starving artist, yet most did have homes to return to whenever they chose. Soon, working class people who were actually poor also began living the starving artist life of the bohemian.
Housing for a typical 1850s bohemian was a small, sparsely furnished attic-style room on the top floor of an apartment building as these units were cheaper in Paris than housing on the lower floors. Many stairs, often hundreds, had to be climbed to reach the upper rooms. Sometimes several students shared a suite of rooms and focused on their art while also inspiring others. Food for the starving artist was often limited to small amounts of items such as potatoes, cheese, and herring. When a bohemian did have some money, it was common to treat other bohemians to a fine meal of lobster and wine.
Henry Murger's 1849 play, Scenes de la Vie de Boheme, was the first piece of art to make the general public more knowledgeable of the bohemian starving artist counterculture. Victor Hugo's masterpiece Les Miserables in which bohemian students were included as characters would appear later, in 1862. Murger's work presented three main starving artist types: the undiscovered artists who would often die in poverty as they thought discovery would come to them without their own pursuit of it, the paid bourgeoisie workers who lived the bohemian lifestyle for its romantic appeal, and the working artists without much money, but with a lot of ambition, who could survive well whether they became rich or stayed poor.
Jonathan Larson's 1996 rock musical Rent was inspired by Murger's play and the Puccini opera, La Boheme, based on Murger's play. Larson included modern artistic counterculture in Rent with subject matter about drugs, AIDS, and homosexual relationships. Rent is set in the East Village area of New York and is about the starving artist lives of idealist youth, some of whom are HIV positive, struggling to earn a living from their art. The young artists embody the Bohemian/bohemian philosophy of living each day one at a time and striving to make their short lives purposeful through the expression of their artistic passions.
I think it should be included that living the Bohemian life is the best way to live. Dedication to art should surpass the desire for wealth. It is more important to live a happy life than one in which people cannot be happy due to the circumstances that they find themselves.


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Is giving birth to a baby through a coin-sized hole more painful than the crippling pain of being kicked in the groin?
Nociceptors are nerve cells that send pain signals to the spinal cord and brain. These sensory neurons fire once a certain threshold has been crossed, and the frequency of that firing determines the intensity of the pain. Both the agony of childbirth and getting kicked in the balls ramp-up that neural firing.
So which then is more painful: childbirth or getting kicked in the balls? AsapSCIENCE provides a scientific breakdown of this burning question.


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Woody Plants of the Southeastern United States, A Field Botany Course on CD ver. 2.0 (WPSEUS) is a computer based visual training program that helps students become experts in plant identification. It is the best way to learn plant identification. It can be used as a stand-alone learning tool, or can provide a significant boost to any course that involves plant identification. It allows students to learn plant identification in a fraction of the time that is normally required. The program does this by adapting active learning techniques from the cognitive psychology literature. WPSEUS uses active learning to promote holistic visual processing, the visual processing mode used by experts. Active learning coupled with holistic visual processing has been shown to result in statistically significant improvement in test performance over more traditional study techniques. Active learning engages the brain areas associated with visual expertise, while passive learning does not.
This is the update to our award winning program Woody
Plants of the Southeastern United States: A Field Botany Course on CD.
You can watch short introductory videos of the product in use on YouTube
this version of the software entitles you to free downloads of tutorial
scripts that teach plant identification. When loaded (see File
Menus/Load Script), a script puts the program in automatic mode, leading
you through learning sessions designed by our experts.
The Mac version requires OS 10.5 or later.


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This document describes fax error correction mode (ECM).
There are no specific requirements for this document.
This document is not restricted to specific software and hardware
Technical Tips Conventions for information on document
The ECM feature in fax communications is optional and is negotiated at
the beginning of a fax call during the Digital Information Signal (DIS)/Digital
Command Signal (DCS) message exchange. If both the sending and receiving fax
devices support ECM, ECM is typically used during the fax call. If either
device does not support or agree to ECM, the fax transaction proceeds as a
normal G3, non-ECM call. This process allows fax devices that support ECM to be
compatible with other fax devices that do not support the feature.
ECM is used to detect and correct errors in the fax page data. In order
to detect and correct errors in the fax page data, ECM divides each fax page
data into blocks, known as partial pages. These partial pages contain
high-level data link control (HDLC) frames that have a Frame Check Sequence
(FCS) value that can be checked to ensure the integrity of the data in that
partial page. The terminating fax machine will checksum the HDLC frames as an
error detection method, and it will request for a frame to be retransmitted if
it is corrupt (that is, contains errors). The retransmittion of errored frames
for a page that contains many errors can be very time consuming and
consequently greatly delay the delivery of a fax or even cause the fax to fail.
Most fax machines automatically redial if a fax transmission does not make it
through. ECM relies on this automatic redial to try again at another time when
there will be an opportunity for a better-quality connection.
The main advantage of ECM is that it guarantees error-free faxes. The
principal disadvantage for ECM is that its persistent error correcting behavior
can cause faxes to fail or take a long time to successfully deliver a fax when
line quality is poor or conditions where there are lots of errors. If this
problem is encountered, most fax devices can easily disable the ECM feature.
Consequently, another disadvantage of ECM when in an IP environment is that it
is less tolerant of packet loss than non-ECM calls.
Cisco gateways that use passthrough as their fax transport method
cannot alter the ECM setting as it is negotiated between the fax endpoints in
the DISC/DCS negotiation. This is because with passthrough the gateways do not
demodulate the T.30 messages, rather they are passed through transparently in a
G.711 codec across the IP network. However, if the gateway uses fax relay as
the fax transport method, then it does demodulate the T.30 messages and can
manipulate the ECM negotiation. On Cisco IOS® voice gateways, the default
behavior is to not manipulate or alter the ECM setting that is negotiated by
the end fax devices. If you need for ECM to be disabled for a fax call
(regardless of the ECM setting decided by the fax endpoints) on Cisco IOS voice
gateways, you can use the Cisco IOS fax-relay ecm disable
configuration command under the VoIP dial peer or, in the case of
MGCP, use the no mgcp fax t38 ecm command. (Note
that the no mgcp fax t38 ecm command also works for
Cisco fax relay.) In order to allow the gateway to override the ECM setting
(bit 27) in the DIS message from the answering fax machine, these commands
demodulate the DIS message and flip bit 27 (the bit that signals ECM support by
the answering fax machine) to indicate that it does not support ECM. As shown
in Figure 1, this process essentially tricks the originating fax machine to
think the answering fax machine does not support ECM, so it responds with a no
ECM support setting in the DCS message, and the call proceeds as a regular
non-ECM fax call.
Figure 1. ECM Feature Disabled by a Cisco
From a message flow perspective, ECM and non-ECM calls are similar. The
main difference is that with ECM the fax page data is broken into partial
pages. The partial pages are blocks of data of a fixed size. There might be one
or more partial pages that correspond to one physical page.
In Figure 2, the message exchange for a standard, two-page G3 fax
transaction using ECM is shown. As illustrated in the image, the first page is
broken into two partial pages while the second page is wholly transmitted by a
single partial page.
Figure 2. ECM Two-Page Fax
The different partial page messages that are used in the T.30 signaling
of an ECM call are:
A PPS-NULL message follows any partial page block that is not the
last block for a page.
The final page block for a particular page is followed by a PPS-MPS
A PPS-EOP is sent when the last block of the last page is transmitted
to indicate there is no more page data to be sent.
The reception of all three PPS messages above are acknowledged by a
Message Confirmation (MCF).
Since the whole point of ECM is to detect and correct any page errors,
it has a T.30 message to signal this. The Partial Page Request (PPR) is the
T.30 message used by the terminating device to indicate that some portion of
the partial page it received contained error(s) and that the originating fax
machine must retransmit that data block. The PPR tells the calling fax device
specifically where in the partial page errors were detected. This process
prevents the originating fax machine from resending the entire partial page
again but still maintains the data integrity of the whole page.
Figure 2 shows that the partial page, which makes up the second
physical page, contained errors. These errors are known because a PPR is sent
by the terminating fax machine to request a retransmission of the corrupted
portion of the partial page. The corrupted portion of the partial page is
retransmitted by the originating fax machine in another Partial Page Signal
(PPS)/End Of Procedure (EOP) message. There are no errors encountered, so the
corrected data block is acknowledged with an MCF, and the call disconnects
gracefully with a DCN (Disconnect) message.