text:
Learn the ins and outs of how to learn tattoo cover up. From the proper techniques for using makeup to create a realistic large tribal tattoo cover up, to finding out what you can do prior to receiving your tattoo cover up lesson. This post is a great resource for anyone who is interested in learning more about this art form.
1) You need Light skin powder paint, semi-opaque or translucent powder, and oil-based pigment (optional). If you buy these items separately they are called "powder foundation," "setting power," "blush," and "concealer." These items can be found at your local drug store or purchased online as well.
2) Prep a tight face by washing it with an oil-based cleanser (no soap, please), using a skin toner, and then moisturizing. Then you can apply the powder foundation, setting power (optional), blusher (optional), or concealer using the following method:
– First apply powder foundation to any problem areas like dark circles under the eyes or blemishes.
– For stick-out areas like eyebrows and lips, add blush/concealer over the foundation. Blend it in well on skin that has already been powdered, but not much is needed if you're looking to hide blemishes and other things in your face. – Use concealer on any areas that you want to make more defined, like your eyelids (in case your eyes are puffy from allergies), and lips.
3) Finish by using a small brush or q-tip to apply oil-based pigment on any bald spots left by the powder. People with oily skin and African Americans should avoid applying the powder foundation, but use a skin tone makeup instead and apply oil-based pigment ONLY if necessary (darker colors will be needed in some areas). Always finish off by setting your face with powder so that it doesn't come off as you move throughout the day.
4) For best results, you need to OVERDOSE on the foundation. I've tried using one, two, and three layers of foundation and it still wasn't enough. If you're wearing a nice outfit and aren't going to be in a hot environment for long periods of time, I wouldn't recommend this technique. A makeup artist will have to do a flawless job for your tattoo cover up to look natural; you need to be able to see the tattoo through your makeup. Don't waste time with an amateur on this technique if it's not going to be clean and perfect.
5) To cover up larger tattoos such as a chest piece or back piece, think about getting a high-quality body suit.
6) To cover up smaller tattoos such as arms, legs, and hands, you can usually get away with just using clothing to cover it up. For example, wear long sleeves if you have an arm tattoo.
7) Practice sticking to solid colors (black, white, navy blue). Don't use many different colored makeup products to cover up your tattoo because it will look amateurish and overdone. Stick with the basics and you'll be able to make your tattoo disappear!
8) Make sure that whatever the artist is using to remove your unwanted tattoo is safe for your skin type and color. For example, don't use harsh chemicals like bleach on sensitive skin.
9) Don't wait too long to get your tattoo cover up (3-months max). You'll begin to see some lightning in the tattoo and it will start to look more like a mole or blemish rather than a real tattoo. If you wait too long, then your tattoo could become a permanent covering for that area.
10) Remember that every artist is going to have their own technique and you might need to practice on different areas in order to perfect it. I spent quite a bit of time painting my chest piece and eyebrows with makeup only to learn later that I should have been doing it with a bodysuit (which would be the best method).
11) If you ever have spot issues, use a concealer to cover them up and then let your skin rest for 15 minutes. Then wash the area with warm water, oil-based makeup remover, and moisturize with vitamin E.
12) Don't try and get a tattoo cover up if your skin is very sensitive to chemicals or it might undergo an aftercare reaction where it will become discolored or flakey. I had this happen to me once where I got a tattoo that ended up being completely washed off my arm because of the body suit technique (just something I picked up from another artist).
– Learn the basic steps for how to learn tattoo cover up along with the needed supplies that you can find at your local drug store.
– We'll go over some basic areas to look for on your body before getting a tattoo cover up and some differences between different methods of makeup. You'll need to find out which method is best for you!
– We'll also go over what you need to do if you're unlucky enough to pick up something "wrong" from your artist.


text:
ASPIRED launches a new irrigation project in Mrgashat community for improving the efficiency of irrigation and expanding the area of arable lands in the community. The Project will help to improve access to water for 30 hectares of land. Ultimately, more than 150 land users will benefit from improved irrigation opportunities.
Significant amount of water – about 80% – extracted by the village from the groundwater aquifer of the Ararat Valley is reportedly lost due to the deteriorated concrete canal and high infiltration rates from the earth canal. Water losses imply longer hours of pump operation and high energy costs. The technical upgrade of the irrigation network will result in water and energy savings equivalent to 228,000 m3 of water and 59,280 kWh of energy per annum.
Specific improvements will include:
1. Building a 600m shortcut to take the water directly from the pump to the fields via PE pipe;
2. Installation of a metal valve box (boot) to enclose the control valves and install a new pump controls with a soft starter and surge protection;
3. Construction of a steel pipe crossing over the existing earthen channel;
4. Construction of an irrigation distribution network and two outlets in the field.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Tinderbox Forum
How does one edit a Ziplink in a note?
I'm just learning how to use Ziplinks, but am running into a couple of frustrating problems:
 1. How do you edit a Ziplink that's in the text of a note?
 2. I'm trying to use "::" to append text to a new note created by a Ziplink, but when I open up the newly-created note, the $Text is empty.
Any help is greatly appreciated!
Option-click to put the insertion point inside a link. Or use the arrow keys. Clicking a link in the normal way follows a link.
[[foo::bar]] should make a note name foo with a text "bar". It does for me! If it doesn't for you, contact support _EMAIL_ with the details.
Just for clarity this is a once-only thing that only and option when creating a ziplink. The result of using the ziplink notation is a normal Tinderbox text link. At this point, i.e. after using a ziplink if you want to add target text, navigate to the note and add the $Text there.
IOW, ziplinks describes a notation for rapid note creation/configuration rather than the link it then creates.
Thanks for the assist Mark.
I guess my editing question is: how can I open up an existing (blue) Ziplink so that I can see the brackets and any other operators, etc.? Option-click seems to only put me within the blue word/words, but doesn't reveal the underlying information…
You can't. The ziplink isn't "wrapped up". It's a shortcut for making a textlink in the usual way.
I think we are describing different things. I wasn't referring to syntax used within a ziplink during creation but the fact a new user might assume that having used a ziplink that they could return to the note later and edit the (now-text) link there assuming it had special (ziplink) properties.
Mark, Paul -
My question is about the syntax used within a Ziplink and if it's possible to 're-access' that syntax after the Ziplink has been created…but my understanding is that's not possible.
Correct. I can see this ambiguity and have made a mental note to add this to the documentation.
1 Like
If I'm understanding correctly, let's say that I have a Ziplink [[foo::bar]] in the text of a note. I cannot edit that Ziplink to change it to [[foo|strong::bar]], rather as you point out, I would have to create a different/new Ziplink?
Thanks Mark. I really like Paul's post (in a different topic) about creating reading notes with Ziplinks. Really useful functionality. I'll keep at it.
Ignore my post; I deleted it. It's not relevant to this topic.
The idea of Ziplinks is that they're evaluated when you make them, and then they boom regular, first-class, normal Tinderbox links.
In this very specific case, where you want to change the anchor text for a correct link, you can make this change, but it doesn't have anything to do with ziplinks. To change the anchor text "foo" to "strong" you move the cursor to the blue link text "foo" and edit it like normal text to say "strong." This kind of editing of anchor text is possible for all Tinderbox links.
On a practical level, when I'm doing this, I usually start somewhere in the middle of the blue text, type what I want the new link anchor to be and then delete the extra text before and after what I've typed because I find it easier to manage. That's not necessary though. You can do it however makes sense for you.
1 Like
^^^ Yes, this is exactly my approach as there's no method/UI (lest people assume otherwise) for editing anchor text. If we select the whole link and then type we are assuming the app can tell we are editing the anchor rather than replacing the anchor and link with something else. Now we have ziplinks deleting and starting over is more of an option. But, if doing that do make sure beforehand that you know to where the original link was pointed.
I've added this paragraph to the existing aTbRef article on ziplinks:
Note that ziplinks are a keyboard-centric method, albeit enhanced, of creating normal text links with normal link anchor text. Once the link is generated, the link anchor is no different from any other text link anchor, i.e. ziplinks do not create a special type of anchor text.
I'm open to a better wording. I can see that if not told otherwise a new user may simply assume ziplinks create some special type of anchor allowing re-use of the enhanced facilities (because no one told them otherwise!). I hope the above addresses that false assumption.
That makes sense to me!
1 Like


text:
ALLIGATOR CREEK (LEON COUNTY)
ALLIGATOR CREEK (Leon County). Alligator Creek rises a mile northwest of Jewett in northwestern Leon County (at 31°22' N, 96°10' W) and flows northeast for eleven miles to its mouth on Buffalo Creek, just west of Interstate Highway 45 in extreme southern Freestone County (at 31°29' N, 96°06' W). The stream traverses gently sloping to nearly level terrain surfaced by sandy to loamy soils. Pecan, elm, water oak, hackberry, post oak, and black hickory trees grow beside the creek. Settlement near the stream began in the mid-nineteenth century. In 1872 the International-Great Northern Railroad constructed a line through the area; Jewett, near the headwaters of the creek, and Buffalo, south of the mouth, were established as rail stations. The Cedar Creek community is located on the south bank.
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article."ALLIGATOR CREEK (LEON COUNTY)," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed May 19, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
This session will focus on introducing the use of negotiated projects and the Australian curriculum in a State School prep class. Real-life examples of how Anne has incorporated negotiated projects and The Australian Curriculum at beginning of the Prep year will be discussed. Anne aims to demonstrate how they can be used to fulfil requirements outlined in both the Early Years Curriculum Guidelines and the Australian Curriculum (C2C)
Key ideas will include:
- Anne's ongoing work with maintaining a Play based pedagogy in a State School Prep Class.
- Focused teaching that compliments Projects & the Australian Curriculum expectations.
- Examples of how Anne has begun to implement Projects and the content of C2C and Australian Curriculum
Anne Pearson is currently a Prep Teacher at the New Mango Hill S.S. Prior to teaching at Mango Hill SS Anne was a demonstration teacher for QUT at Kelvin Grove SC. Anne has experience in Prep and Preschool settings. Anne has previously presented on Playing with the Australian Curriculum at the 2011ECTA conference, and is a passionate advocate of appropriate Early Years Pedagogy as recommended by QSA and Education Queensland. Anne is constantly working on ways to best support her students and support the new Australian Curriculum. Opportunities for discussion will be provided in the presentation.
Relevant QCT Standards: 2, 9, 10


text:
Mention the conditions necessary for growing sugarcane.
Mention the climatic conditions needed for the cultivation of sugarcane.
Sugarcane is essentially a tropical plant. It thrives well where the summer temperatures are between 25°C to 30°C and the annual rainfall is between 100 to 150 cm. Plenty of water is needed during the time of growth. If rainfall is less, irrigation becomes essential.


text:
© Lori Lappin, the Witch of WITCHCRAFTS ARTISAN ALCHEMY®
Lyonesse. Land of the Lioness ... more evidence from the folk traditions of my Northern-Northwestern European Celtic-Germanic ancestors supporting my own ancestral "Clan of the Cave Lioness" connection.
While the Arthurian tales are legendary, there is some belief that Lyonesse was once a very real place attached to the Scilly Isles in Cornwall, England. In Arthurian legend, Lyonesse is the home country of Tristan, from the legendary story of Tristan and Iseult. The mythical land of Lyonesse is now referred to as the "Lost Land of Lyonesse," as it is ultimately said to have sunk into the sea. While Lyonesse is mostly referred to in stories of legend and myth, there is some belief that it represents a very real city that sunk into the sea many years ago. With such a legendary location, it can be difficult to ascertain where the legend ends and reality begins. [Source - Ancient Origins]
In addition to describing Lyonesse as the site of the final battle between Arthur and Mordred, Tennyson's Idylls of the King also claim the lost land is the final resting place of King Arthur himself. Perhaps this is why the grave of the King cannot be found – it lies beneath the sea. [Source - Clas Merdin]


Peas Galore Puzzle
The Puzzle:
Peas Galore
At a school fete people were asked to guess how many peas there were in a jar.
No one guessed correctly, but the nearest guesses were 163, 169, 178 and 182.
One of the numbers was one out, one was three out, one was ten out and the other sixteen out.
How many peas were there in the jar?
Do you have the answer? Check against our solution!


Writing Unit tests for C/C++ with the Microsoft Unit Testing Framework for C++
Note
This article applies to Visual Studio 2015. If you're looking for Visual Studio 2017 documentation, use the version selector at the top left. We recommend upgrading to Visual Studio 2017. Download it here.
In Visual Studio, you can create unit tests for unmanaged code written in C++. Unmanaged code is sometimes referred to as native code.
The following procedure contains the essential information that will get you started. The later sections provide a walkthrough that describes the steps in more detail.
To write unit tests for an unmanaged code DLL
 1. Use the Native Test Project template to create a separate Visual Studio project for your tests.
 The project contains some sample test code.
 2. Make the DLL accessible to the test project:
 - #include a .h file that contains declarations of the DLL's externally-accessible functions.
 The .h file should contain function declarations marked with _declspec(dllimport). Alternatively, you can export the methods using a DEF file. For more information, see Importing and Exporting.
 Your unit tests can access only functions that are exported from the DLL under test.
 - Add the DLL project to the References of the test project:
 In the Properties of the test project, expand Common Properties, Framework and References, and choose Add Reference.
 3. In the test project, create test classes and test methods by using the TEST macros and Assert class in the following way:
 #include "stdafx.h"
 #include <CppUnitTest.h>
 #include "..\MyProjectUnderTest\MyCodeUnderTest.h"
 using namespace Microsoft::VisualStudio::CppUnitTestFramework;
 TEST_CLASS(TestClassName)
 {
 public:
 TEST_METHOD(TestMethodName)
 {
 // Run a function under test here.
 Assert::AreEqual(expectedValue, actualValue, L"message", LINE_INFO());
 }
 }

 - Assert contains several static functions that you can use to verify the result of a test.
 - The LINE_INFO() parameter is optional. In cases where there is no PDB file, it allows the test runner to identify the location of a failure.
 - You can also write test setup and cleanup methods. For more information, open the definition of the TEST_METHOD macro, and read the comments in CppUnitTest.h
 - You cannot nest test classes.
 4. Use Test Explorer to run the tests:
 1. On the View menu, choose Other Windows, Test Explorer.
 2. Build the Visual Studio solution.
 3. In Test Explorer, choose Run All.
 4. To investigate any test in more detail in Test Explorer:
 1. Select the test name to see more details such as a failure message and stack trace.
 2. Open the test name (for example by double-clicking) to go to the failure location or to the test code.
 3. On the shortcut menu for a test, choose Debug Selected Test to run the test in the debugger.
Walkthrough: Developing an unmanaged DLL with Test Explorer
You can adapt this walkthrough to develop your own DLL. The principal steps are as follows:
 1. Create a Native Test Project. The tests are created in a separate project from the DLL that you are developing.
 2. Create a DLL Project. This walkthrough creates a new DLL, but the procedure for testing an existing DLL is similar.
 3. Make the DLL functions visible to the tests.
 4. Iteratively augment the tests. We recommend a "red-green-refactor" cycle, in which development of the code is led by the tests.
 5. Debug failing tests. You can run tests in debug mode.
 6. Refactor while keeping the tests unchanged. Refactoring means improving the structure of the code without changing its external behavior. You can do it to improve the performance, extensibility, or readability of the code. Because the intention is not to change the behavior, you do not change the tests while making a refactoring change to the code. The tests help make sure that you do not introduce bugs while you are refactoring. You can therefore make such changes with much more confidence than if you did not have the tests.
 7. Check coverage. Unit tests are more useful when they exercise more of your code. You can discover which parts of your code have been used by the tests.
 8. Isolate units from external resources. Typically, a DLL is dependent on other components of the system that you are developing, such as other DLLs, databases, or remote subsystems. It is useful to test each unit in isolation from its dependencies. External components can make tests run slowly. During development, the other components might not be complete.
Create a native unit test project
 1. On the File menu, choose New, Project.
 In the dialog box, expand Installed, Templates, Visual C++, Test.
 Choose the Native Test Project template.
 In this walkthrough, the test project is named NativeRooterTest.
 Creating a C++ Unit Test Project
 2. In the new project, inspect unittest1.cpp
 Test project with TEST_CLASS and TEST_METHOD
 Notice that:
 - Each test is defined by using TEST_METHOD(YourTestName){...}.
 You do not have to write a conventional function signature. The signature is created by the macro TEST_METHOD. The macro generates an instance function that returns void. It also generates a static function that returns information about the test method. This information allows the test explorer to find the method.
 - Test methods are grouped into classes by using TEST_CLASS(YourClassName){...}.
 When the tests are run, an instance of each test class is created. The test methods are called in an unspecified order. You can define special methods that are invoked before and after each module, class, or method.
 3. Verify that the tests run in Test Explorer:
 1. Insert some test code:
 TEST_METHOD(TestMethod1)
 {
 Assert::AreEqual(1,1);
 }

 Notice that the Assert class provides several static methods that you can use to verify results in test methods.
 2. On the Test menu, choose Run , All Tests.
 The test builds and runs.
 Test Explorer appears.
 The test appears under Passed Tests.
 Unit Test Explorer with one passed test
Create an Unmanaged DLL project
 1. Create a Visual C++ project by using the Win32 Project template.
 In this walkthrough, the project is named RootFinder.
 Creating a C++ Win32 project
 2. Select DLL and Export Symbols in the Win32 Application Wizard.
 The Export Symbols option generates a convenient macro that you can use to declare exported methods.
 C++ project wizard set for DLL and Export Symbols
 3. Declare an exported function in the principal .h file:
 New DLL code project and .h file with API macros
 The declarator __declspec(dllexport) causes the public and protected members of the class to be visible outside the DLL. For more information, see Using dllimport and dllexport in C++ Classes.
 4. In the principal .cpp file, add a minimal body for the function:
 // Find the square root of a number.
 double CRootFinder::SquareRoot(double v)
 {
 return 0.0;
 }

Couple the test project to the DLL project
 1. Add the DLL project to the project references of the test project:
 1. Open the properties of the test project and choose Common Properties, Framework and References.
 C++ project properties - Framework and References
 2. Choose Add New Reference.
 In the Add Reference dialog box, select the DLL project and choose Add.
 C++ project properties - Add New Reference
 2. In the principal unit test .cpp file, include the .h file of the DLL code:
 #include "..\RootFinder\RootFinder.h"

 3. Add a basic test that uses the exported function:
 TEST_METHOD(BasicTest)
 {
 CRootFinder rooter;
 Assert::AreEqual(
 // Expected value:
 0.0,
 // Actual value:
 rooter.SquareRoot(0.0),
 // Tolerance:
 0.01,
 // Message:
 L"Basic test failed",
 // Line number - used if there is no PDB file:
 LINE_INFO());
 }

 4. Build the solution.
 The new test appears in Test Explorer.
 5. In Test Explorer, choose Run All.
 Unit Test Explorer - Basic Test passed
 You have set up the test and the code projects, and verified that you can run tests that run functions in the code project. Now you can begin to write real tests and code.
Iteratively augment the tests and make them pass
 1. Add a new test:
 TEST_METHOD(RangeTest)
 {
 CRootFinder rooter;
 for (double v = 1e-6; v < 1e6; v = v * 3.2)
 {
 double actual = rooter.SquareRoot(v*v);
 Assert::AreEqual(v, actual, v/1000);
 }
 }

 Tip
 We recommend that you do not change tests that have passed. Instead, add a new test,


text:
F. and Guerra-Vásquez, F. (2009) Preliminary report on the distribution of Callicebus oenantheon the eastern feet of the Andes. International Journal of Primatology, 30: 467-480.
- DeLuycker, A.M. (2007) The Ecology and Behavior of the Río Mayo Titi Monkey (Callicebus oenanthe) in the Alto Mayo, Northern Peru. PhD Thesis, Washington University.
- Mark, M.M. (2003) Some observations on Callicebus oenanthe in the Upper Río Mayo Valley, Peru. Neotropical Primates, 11(3): 183-187.
- DeLuycker, A.M. (2012) Insect prey foraging strategies in Callicebus oenanthe in northern Peru. American Journal of Primatology, 74(5): 450-461.
Proyecto Mono Tocón (July, 2012)


text:
Indigenomics is a phrase coined by Carol Anne Hilton. Transformation exclusively offers Indigenomics.
Indigenomics is about understanding indigenous ways of being and worldview. Indigenomics draws on ancient principles that have supported indigenous economies for thousands of years, and works to implement them as modern practices. Indigenomics welcomes you to an Indigenous worldview. It brings to the forefront human values and practice. Indigenomics converges upon the Canadian context and the shifting influence of First Nations. It invites dialogue, and thought provoking insight into possibility of the Indigenous relationship both in Canada and beyond. It explores the pathway of the threshold of the indigenous relationship and modern economics. Indigenomicsis about honoring the powerful thinking of Indigenous wisdom of local economy, relationship and human values in the modern context.
Indigenomics is about:
- a platform for local changemakers to explore indigenous economic development and economies
- understanding and exploring the Indigenous ways of being
- contrasts with modern economics
- traditional systems while outlining characteristics of emerging ecological business models
Tension plays out daily through the legal and business relationship between First Nations, government and corporations. Indigenomics outlines the current and historical context, the shifting influences, the continuum of thought processes and lays out the invitation to participate in a new economy that includes Indigenous ways of being.
Through Indigenomicsparticipants understand:
- The current socio-economic state of First Nations, including statehood and governance
- Building local relationships with First Nations to support indigenous economies and/or
- Applying indigenous economic principles to achieve sustainable, effective, and inclusive local economic development
- First Nations world view and approach to economic development, including key components of a First Nations economy
- The relevance to local economic development, including the role of government and corporations
- The complexity of Aboriginal economic development decision making
- Economic benefits analysis
- Economic reconciliation frameworks for governments, regions, corporations, municipalities
- Industry relations
- Regional Economic strategies
- Economic frameworks
For speaking engagements, please contact:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


TNI Logo The NELAC Institute
Standard Interpretation
Standard: 2003 NELAC
Section: 5.5.6.3.1
Link to relevant standard
REQUEST:
I'm trying to determine if NELAC requires that the weight sets used to verify balances prior to use MUST be Class 1.
TNI FINAL RESPONSE:
(Quality System Expert Committee/NELAP Accreditation Council, 3-x-11)
A laboratory may use any class to verify the balance if the weights are traceable to a national standard.
A Class 1 (or "S") weight is normally considered a reference standard, but may be used as a working standard. If the laboratory has designated the weight as a reference standard, the weight may only be used for calibration (i.e. calibrating/checking working standards).
Standards that are used for daily calibrations (5.5.5.2.1) must be traceable to NIST. The Class1 or �S� weights can be used to verify the working standards, since these are traceable to NIST.


;
All
IEnumerable<string> fullyStockedCategories =
products.
GroupBy(p => p.Category).
Where(g => g.Group.All(p => p.UnitsInStock > 0)).
Select(g => g.Key);
Count
int count = customers.Count(c => c.City == "London");
Sum
int year = 2005;
var namesAndTotals =
customers.
Select(c =>
new {
c.Name,
TotalOrders =
c.Orders.
Where(o => o.OrderDate.Year == year).
Sum(o => o.Total)
});
Min
var minPriceByCategory =
products.
GroupBy(p => p.Category).
Select(g =>
new {
Category = g.Key,
MinPrice = g.Group.Min(p => p.UnitPrice)
});
Max
decimal largestOrder =
customers.
SelectMany(c => c.Orders).
Where(o => o.OrderDate.Year == 2005).
Max(o => o.Total);
Average
var averageOrderTotals =
customers.
Select(c =>
new {
c.Name,
AverageOrderTotal = c.Orders.Average(o => o.Total)
});
Aggregate
var longestNamesByCategory =
products.
GroupBy(p => p.Category).
Select(g =>
new {
Category = g.Key,
LongestName =
g.Group.
Select(p => p.Name).
Aggregate((s, t) => t.Length > s.Length ? t : s)
});
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
You can also query the array variables using LINQ.
Here are sample example for this.
In this example there is an array of integer values which contains various number, Now we want to get numbers in array which is greater then 5.
We can do this without FOR loop.
There are two possible way to do this. One is using LINQ Query and Second is Using LAMBDA Expression
C# Example using LINQ Query :
int[] arrayNumbers = new[] { 1,2,5,9,10,1,0,9,5,6,4,3,2};
int[] selectedNumber = (from an in arrayNumbers where an > 5 select an).ToArray();
C# Example using LAMBDA Expression:
int[] arrayNumbers = new[] { 1,2,5,9,10,1,0,9,5,6,4,3,2};
int[] selectedNumberLambda = arrayNumbers.Where(an => an > 5).ToArray();
:)
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Home » Food Preservation » Freezing » Can English Muffins Be Frozen?
Can English Muffins Be Frozen?
Maria Foster
Last Updated on
by Maria Foster
Can you freeze English muffins if you can't eat them right away? Yes, but the way you store them will affect how they taste after you reheat them.
English muffins
How To Freeze English Muffins
While you can throw an entire unopened package of English muffins straight into the freezer, this isn't as effective as storing them properly.
Here's how to do that:
The first step is pre-slicing the English muffins. Use a fork for this instead of a knife. Pulling them apart with a fork helps retain their internal structure, where the air bubbles are good for cupping honey, jam, or other fillings. This works similarly to waffles. Separating English muffins this way makes it easier to reheat them later and will not lower their quality.
Next, wrap each set of halves separately. Many people use aluminum foil for bread, but you can also use plastic wrap or similar storage material. The goal here is to minimize the air that flows over the product, which will ultimately lead to damage and freezer burn.
Pick a Proper Container
After that, find a proper freezer bag. If you bought the muffins from a store, the plastic wrapping them is usually too thin to work correctly in a freezer. It's better to use a resealable plastic bag designed for freezers because it's thicker and much less likely to get damaged over time.
If you're using a bag, squeeze out as much air as you can before sealing the bag. This will reduce the amount of freezer burn your food experiences.
Alternatively, you can store your English muffins in a large, sealed container. Some people use a large plastic container to rotate bread through as needed, which provides even more protection. However, it also wastes some space in the freezer, so it's not a good choice for every family.
Finally, decide where you want to store your muffins. The best place is in the coldest part of the freezer, which is always somewhere in the back and usually lower in the freezer. The temperature is closest to constant there, which helps prevent freezer burn. Things near the front are more likely to experience changes.
You can put your English muffins closer to the front if you're using a thick plastic container. These containers don't change their temperature quickly enough when you open the door to hurt your food, so they provide added flexibility in storing food while maintaining quality.
Finally, regardless of where you store your English muffins, try to keep them away from anything with a strong odor. They might adopt those smells as part of their flavor, which can ruin the experience of eating them.
How Long Do English Muffins Last In The Freezer?
English muffins maintain most of their quality for three months. However, this is only true if you're storing them unheated and by themselves. If you're assembling meals out of them, such as freezing breakfast sandwiches, their lifespan is determined by the other ingredients in that meal and could range from a few days to a few weeks.
Can you freeze English muffins any longer than three months, you ask? Yes, you can.
While you should eat them within three months for the best quality, they'll last for up to six months if you need to keep them any longer. Past this point, they're likely to start suffering damage even if you stored them well.
Everything eventually dehydrates and experiences freezer burn, so make sure you have a plan to use the muffins and try to eat the oldest ones first.
What Is The Best Way To Store English Muffins?
As bread products, English muffins thaw considerably better than some other foods. You can use a toaster, an oven, or even your countertop (for a slower thaw) if needed
Storing them this way means you don't have to half-defrost them to separate them later, which makes them considerably easier to use.
For more information on storing English muffins and other types of food, make sure you familiarize yourself with the USDA guidelines.
How To Thaw English Muffins
For faster results, start by heating them for 20-30 seconds in your microwave. The time you'll need depends on the power of your microwave, so experiment a little and figure out what works best for you.
Optionally, you can put a paper towel around the muffins while you're microwaving them. This will help keep their remaining moisture in and stop them from drying out too much while you're reheating them.
You don't need to completely thaw them here. In fact, it's okay even if part of the muffin still feels cold and frozen. The goal of using a microwave this way is softening the muffins up a little and turning them from frozen solid to a more room-temperature setting.
Once they're partially thawed this way, you can put them in a toaster or toaster oven and finish heating them. They should end up near their normal toasting temperature and taste just fine. Bread is one of the more durable products you can put in the freezer, so you may not even notice the difference as long as you eat them within a few months of freezing.
English Muffin From Microwave
Advanced Toasting
Suppose you're going to heat English muffins in a toaster oven after thawing them. In that case, you can add ingredients after microwaving them (as described above) but before putting them into the toaster.
This is a great opportunity to add wetter toppings like pesto, meats, cheeses, or anything else you want to add that can be warmed up. However, the density of your toppings makes a large difference here. If you pile things on too thickly, the heat won't get all the way to the muffin and some parts will still be cold.
To mitigate this, try to avoid having the toppings be any thicker than the muffin itself. Similarly, experiment a little with your specific toppings and with different settings on your toaster oven to see what heats the best.
In many cases, toasting a little above the halfway point works out well for English muffins. While that might be too much for them normally, the extra ingredients will absorb most of the heat and help provide a consistent temperature for the final result.
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Resin bonded stone is a surfacing material made of natural aggregates that are mixed with a clear epoxy resin to create a hard-wearing and decorative surface.
The benefits of resin bonded stone include durability, slip resistance, and low maintenance requirements. It also provides a cost-effective alternative to traditional paving and surfacing materials.
Resin bonded stone can be used on a variety of surfaces, including driveways, pathways, and patios. It is important to ensure that the surface is stable, level, and free from debris before installation.
Resin bonded stone is typically installed by professional contractors who specialize in surfacing. The installation process can vary depending on factors such as the size and layout of the area, the type of stone used, and the specific requirements of the project. In general, the process involves preparing the surface, applying the epoxy resin, and spreading the stone or aggregates.
Resin bonded stone requires minimal maintenance, but regular cleaning is recommended to prevent the build-up of dirt, debris, and organic matter. This can be done using a broom or pressure washer. It is also important to repair any damage or wear to the surface as soon as it is noticed to prevent further damage.
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text:
Take up maize cultivation for diversification: Agri experts
As the state's department of agriculture along with Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) is trying hard to foster crop diversification, the district agriculture offices (DAO) are on their toes to promote maize cultivation which is yet to receive popularity among Punjab farmers. The maize cultivation, according to experts, offers several benefits to the farmers.punjab Updated: Jun 19, 2015 10:49 IST
As the state's department of agriculture along with Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) is trying hard to foster crop diversification, the district agriculture offices (DAO) are on their toes to promote maize cultivation which is yet to receive popularity among Punjab farmers. The maize cultivation, according to experts, offers several benefits to the farmers.
In comparison with wheat and paddy cultivation, the area, yield and production of maize stands nowhere. However, according to crop diversification plan of the state government, 4 lakh hectares of additional area (than 2011-12) will be brought under maize cultivation in the next two years.
For promoting maize cultivation, all the DAO's are currently offering subsided maize seeds along with free trainings in groups to the farmers. In Ludhiana office too, different maize variety seeds are available for Rs 64 per kg. According to officials, farmers interested to begin with maize cultivation should not delay the sowing of seeds beyond August 15.
"Maize cultivation saves a lot of water and helps recharging the ground water table to a great extent as compared to paddy which needs a lot of water. It matures within four months and just requires six or seven irrigations and if there are rains, the irrigation cycle can be decreased to three or four times. Secondly, it can also suit those areas where there are no proper irrigation facilities or where farmers feel the pinch of spending too much on diesel for running tube wells as this crop does not require too much water as compared to paddy. Thirdly, as no puddling is done while preparing field for maize or sowing its seeds, it enhances life of the tractor and saves lot of labour,"said Ludhiana's chief agriculture officer Sukhpal Singh Sekhon.
As maize matures, farmers can also use it for animal fodder, especially at dairy farms or feed for the poultry birds, said Sekhon, adding arrangements have been made in Ludhiana district to distribute maize seeds for 6,000 hectares of area. Last year, 4,000 hectares under maize was covered.
Agriculture development officer (ADO) Jagdev Singh stressed that all the farmers must understand that considering the depleting ground water table, there is a need to cultivate those crops that can save water. Cultivating crops other than wheat and paddy will also bring diversification which can help the farming sector to survive, he added.
Different maize seed varieties available are Monsanto Rashi, UPL Adventa, Shriram Pharbhat, Yoganti to name a few which have also been recommended by the PAU. For sowing these seeds, officials say, "Each seed has to be sensitively sowed at a distance of two feet and for any doubts, both PAU and agriculture office is available."
Agricultural economic experts revealed that for the last several years, area under maize has failed to increase on a good note. The state government needs to play an active role to galvanise farmers to go ahead with maize and other crops that can bring diversification.
Year Area (000 heactre) Yield (Kg/heactre) Production (000 tonnes)
2009-10 _PHONE_ 475
2010-11 _PHONE_ 491
2011-12 _PHONE_ 502
2012-13 _PHONE_ 475
2013-14 _PHONE_ 507


text:
What General Information Do I Need To Know About This Position?
Salary: $62,415 (Step 01) to $81,135 (Step 10); NOTE: First time hires to the Federal Government are typically hired at the Step 01.
There is one vacancy; however, this announcement may be used to fill additional vacancies if they become available.Learn more about this agency
As a Biologist within the California Water Science Center, some of your specific duties will include:
-Work collaboratively with science team members conducting fundamental research and monitoring of water quality and phytoplankton communities in San Francisco Bay and its tributary rivers.
-Apply understanding and knowledge of scientific principles to assist with quality control, analyses, publication and presentation of biological and water quality data.
-Help adapt and maintain sampling and filtering equipment and supplies for aquatic research, and troubleshooting instrument and sampling issues that arise.
Research cruises: -Prepare and organize equipment and supplies for research cruises in the San Francisco Bay-Delta.
-Participate in research cruises, carefully follow pre-established protocols to collect, filter and otherwise process water samples used to characterize chemical character and the phytoplankton ecology (e.g. chlorophyll a, suspended particulates, phytoplankton taxonomy)
-Cruise participation requires 1-2 overnight stays per month on board a research vessel equipped with sleep accommodations
-Act in official USGS crewmember capacity when aboard the research vessel.
Data management: -Enter, compile, and tabulate data from field collections and laboratory analyses using spreadsheet protocols to calculate results.
-Use R programming language for data management and statistical analyses.
-Report final analytical results in spreadsheet and document format in a timely manner.
-Conduct on-going evaluation of field and laboratory data quality, identifying erroneous data and using established procedures to rectify low quality problems.
Laboratory analysis: -Perform standard analyses of water samples for microalgal pigments, suspended particulate matter, and dissolved oxygen with high precision and accuracy. Analyses include chemical solution preparation and safe chemical handling.
-Track each sample through the different analytical procedures and maintains on-going tracking record.
-Run, maintain, and calibrate laboratory instrumentation including fluorometers, potentiometric autotitrators, and precision analytical balances.
Participate in field surveys aboard a large (100 foot) research vessel for a period of 1-4 days.
Perform fieldwork under potentially adverse conditions such as poor weather, work on slippery and uneven surfaces, and extreme ship motion.
Job family (Series)
This job originated on _URL_. For the full announcement and to apply, visit _URL_ Only resumes submitted according to the instructions on the job announcement listed at _URL_ will be considered.


text:
A56 iceberg as seen by Sentinel-1A's radar on 23 July 2015.
Update: we have modified the text after searching further back in the satellite image archives.
ESA astronaut Tim Peake saw this iceberg from the International Space Station 400 km above Earth on 27 March 2016 during his six-month Principia mission.
Tim commented on his picture: "Granted – not the most exciting pic ever but this iceberg drifting off Antarctica is about the size of London."
We tracked down the iceberg with the help of Leif Toudal from the Danish Meterological Institute, ably assisted byEurope's Sentinel-1A radar satellite and NASA's Aqua satellite, both flying well above the Space Station at roughly 700 km.
Thanks to Leif and his spaceborne assistants, we now know that the iceberg in Tim's picture is "A56" and is around 26 km by 13 km, meaning it would fit inside London's Circular Road along its length with room to spare over its width. It has been estimated to be 30 m high, which means it could extend 270 m below the sea, considering most icebergs conceal 90% of their volume underwater.
A56 originates from the Weddell Sea and has been drifting slowly northeast into the Atlantic Ocean, floating more than 1500 km since July 2015. It is now off the coast of the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
Leif explains: "Searching through more images from the Aqua, Envisat and Landsat satellites, I managed to track the iceberg back to the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf. It must have broken off from the mainland around the turn of the century.
"The latest Landsat with a clear outline is from 2001 and from then until 2013 it was stuck in what seems to be some old ice. It moved little over the years, and finally broke loose in December 2013."
The International Space Station's orbit offers no clear view of Antarctica and a picture of an iceberg taken by an astronaut in space is a rare occurrence. Sentinel-1, however, is designed for continuous monitoring of sea ice and icebergs in the polar regions. Its advanced radar provides images regardless of weather or darkness, making it an invaluable tool for monitoring our environment and supporting ship navigation through these treacherous waters.


Browse Dictionary by Letter
Dictionary Suite
collapsar a collapsed star that has become a black hole.
collapse to fall down; give way; cave in. [7 definitions]
collapsible able to collapse or be collapsed, esp. for ease in carrying, storing, or the like.
collar the portion of a garment that goes around the neck and is sometimes folded over. [7 definitions]
collarbone either of two bones joining the breastbone and the shoulder blades; clavicle.
collard a type of kale grown for its edible leaves. [2 definitions]
collarless combined form of collar.
collate to stack the pages in the correct order.
collateral extending in parallel or being to the side of. [5 definitions]
collation the act or process of collating. [2 definitions]
colleague someone who shares the same profession, work, or employer.
collect to gather together or assemble. [8 definitions]
collectable combined form of collect.
collected in control; self-possessed; calm. [2 definitions]
collectible likely to be collected, as by a connoisseur or hobbyist. [2 definitions]
collection the act of collecting. [3 definitions]
collective formed by collecting; combined to make a whole. [4 definitions]
collectivism the doctrine or practice of centralized economic control, esp. of the means of production. [3 definitions]
collectivize to organize or reorganize (an economy, business, or industry) based on collective ownership and control of the means of production and distribution.


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Let $(E,\mathscr E)$ be a measurable space and $(S,2^S)$ be a finite set. Let $$ \xi:(E,\mathscr E)\to(S,2^S) $$ be a mesaurable function, i.e. $\xi^{-1}(s)\in \mathscr E$ for any $s\in S$. Now, let us denote by $\Omega = E^{\mathbb N_0}$ and by $\mathscr F$ its product $\sigma$-algebra. Also, let $\Sigma = S^{\mathbb N_0}$ and let $\mathscr S$ be the correspondent product $\sigma$-algebra.
Let $\eta:\Omega\to\Sigma$ be the element-wise extension of $\xi$, i.e. $$ \eta(\omega_0,\omega_1,\dots) = (\xi(\omega_0),\xi(\omega_1),\dots). $$
I wonder if $\mathscr S$ is different from $$ \mathscr C = \{A\subseteq \Sigma:\eta^{-1}(A)\in \mathscr F\}. $$ It is clear that $\mathscr S\subseteq \mathscr C$ - but can the strict inclusion actually happen?
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Yes, strict inclusion can happen. If $S$ has more than one element, $(\Sigma,\mathscr{S})$ will be an uncountable compact metric space with the Borel $\sigma$-algebra. By standard arguments, there will be $\mathfrak{c}$ many measurable sets, there are as many measurable sets as real numbers. Also, $|\Sigma|=\mathfrak{c}$.
Now let $S=\{0,1,2\}$ and let $\xi$ be the constant function that maps everything to $2$. There are $2^\mathfrak{c}$ subsets of $\{0,1\}^\mathbb{N}$. Take any subset $A$ of $\{0,1\}^\mathbb{N}$ and let $A'=A\cup\{(2,2,2,\ldots)\}$. There are $2^\mathfrak{c}$ sets of this form and since $\eta^{-1}(A')=\Omega$ for all of them, they are all in $\mathscr{C}$.
So for cardinality reasons, the inclusion will be strict. Note that $\mathscr{C}$ is the largest $\sigma$-algebra on $\Sigma$ that is compatible with $\eta$ being measurable. It shouldn't be surprising that it is quite large.
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final section discusses and summarizes the findings of this research.
METHODOLOGY
Study area
The Waccamaw River watershed located in eastern North and South Carolina is a coastal plain watershed that was selected for this research (Figure 1). The study area is 3,116.85 sqkm (delineated by the SWAT model) and characterized by dense and rich vegetation with forested and non-forested wetland, wide and multiple floodplain, and low-gradient river in the downstream which comprises highly valued aquatic resources and is characterized by extensive alluvial riparian floodplains. In this landscape, hillslope processes dominate the hydrology of the upland, while hydrologic processes on relatively low-gradient poorly drained areas at downstream are usually dominated by shallow water table position. The river elevation gradients and sinuosity are very low, and do not vary significantly along its length. Wide floodplains occur along the entire length of the river, from headwaters to outlet.
Figure 1
The 311,685 ha Waccamaw River watershed used in SWAT. Meggett, Croatan, and Norfolk are the dominant soils on the floodplains. Overall, Rains and Meggett are the two major soil types in the Waccamaw River watershed.
Figure 1
The 311,685 ha Waccamaw River watershed used in SWAT. Meggett, Croatan, and Norfolk are the dominant soils on the floodplains. Overall, Rains and Meggett are the two major soil types in the Waccamaw River watershed.
This watershed typically experiences high climate variability and hydrological changes especially during wet and dry intervals. The climate of the watershed is humid subtropical in which winters are normally mild and summers are long and hot. Precipitation in the summer is dominated by convection storms, and in the winter by frontal boundaries. The long-term annual average temperature (1946–2009) is 16.88 °C, and averaged annual precipitation was a little more than 1,300 mm in the same period. Maximum temperature during the same period was 41.66 °C while minimum temperature was −14 °C.
The major soil type of this landscape is sandy loam with moderate permeability (see soil map in Figure 1). According to the SWAT output, the proportion of low storage shallow soil is around 90% which is restricted in moderately well drained (hydrologic group B soil) to poorly drained soil (hydrologic group D soil) with agriculture, rangeland, forested rangeland, and forested wetland land covers. Table 1 exhibits the percentage for each land use class (land use data of 2006) in the Waccamaw watershed. Forested wetland and evergreen forest are two major land use land cover classes in the study area.
Table 1
Land use area (sqkm) in the Waccamaw watershed. The area obtained using national land cover data of 2006
 Area

Land use type Land use description sqkm
WATR Open water 48.71 1.6
URLD Rural residential 112.81 3.7
URMD Medium density residential 28.68 0.9
URHD High density residential 4.40 0.1
SWRN South western range 1.05 0.1
FRSD Forest and woodland 4.21 0.1
FRSE Evergreen forest 2.48 27.0
FRST Mixed forest 843.97 1.4
RNGB Range shrub land 42.20 10.8
RNGE Grasslands/Herbaceous 334.82 5.0
HAY Pasture 154.90 0.1
AGRR Agricultural land-row crops 2.49 20.5
WETF Forested wetland 641.75 27.7
WETN Non-forested wetlands 864.11 1.0
UIDU Industrial 28.99 0.1
 Area

Land use type Land use description sqkm
WATR Open water 48.71 1.6
URLD Rural residential 112.81 3.7
URMD Medium density residential 28.68 0.9
URHD High density residential 4.40 0.1
SWRN South western range 1.05 0.1
FRSD Forest and woodland 4.21 0.1
FRSE Evergreen forest 2.48 27.0
FRST Mixed forest 843.97 1.4
RNGB Range shrub land 42.20 10.8
RNGE Grasslands/Herbaceous 334.82 5.0
HAY Pasture 154.90 0.1
AGRR Agricultural land-row crops 2.49 20.5
WETF Forested wetland 641.75 27.7
WETN Non-forested wetlands 864.11 1.0
UIDU Industrial 28.99 0.1
Sandy and sandy loam soils are the dominant types in the watershed. Approximately 67% of the soils are one of the four series, all of which are either hydrologic group B, D, or B/D. Only 7% of the soil is hydrologic group A; there is no group C soil (Table 2). Hydrologic group D soil (poorly drained) is adjacent to the main channel and hydrologic group B and B/D soils (mostly of the Rains series in the downstream reaches) are adjacent to those.
Table 2
Soil types in the Waccamaw watershed
 Hydrologic Area

Series name soil group Drainage class sqkm
Meggett Poorly drained 559.854 18.0
Bohicket Very poorly drained 0.004 0.0
Kenansville Well drained 49.424 1.6
Leaf Poorly drained 144.951 4.7
Woodington B/D Poorly drained 339.478 11.1
Croatan Very poorly drained 473.114 15.2
Rains B/D Poorly drained 614.282 19.7
Norfolk Well drained 447.622 14.4
Autryville Well drained 89.034 2.9
Leon B/D Poorly drained 42.46 1.5
Kureb Excessively well drained 15.614 0.5
Trebloc Poorly drained 163.43 5.2
Nansemond Moderately well drained 23.525 0.7
Montevallo Well drained 35.07 1.1
Osier Poorly drained 0.26 0.0
Chisolm Well drained 118.71 3.8
 Hydrologic Area

Series name soil group Drainage class sqkm
Meggett Poorly drained 559.854 18.0
Bohicket Very poorly drained 0.004 0.0
Kenansville Well drained 49.424 1.6
Leaf Poorly drained 144.951 4.7
Woodington B/D Poorly drained 339.478 11.1
Croatan Very poorly drained 473.114 15.2
Rains B/D Poorly drained 614.282 19.7
Norfolk Well drained 447.622 14.4
Autryville Well drained 89.034 2.9
Leon B/D Poorly drained 42.46 1.5
Kureb Excessively well drained 15.614 0.5
Trebloc Poorly drained 163.43 5.2
Nansemond Moderately well drained 23.525 0.7
Montevallo Well drained 35.07 1.1
Osier Poorly drained 0.26 0.0
Chisolm Well drained 118.71 3.8
Model calibration, validation, and sensitivity analysis was done using data from US Geological Service (USGS) gauging station at Longs. Research data were retrieved on a daily basis from the National Climatic Data Center and USGS portals on 6 September and 13 September 2012, respectively. Selected climate stations (Loris, Whiteville 7, and Longwood) are distributed evenly throughout the watershed.
ET processes in the coastal plain watershed
In the coastal plain ecosystem, surface condition is characterized by several features: the meteorological conditions in which the evaporation is taking place, degree of soil saturation, solar energy, vegetation and its seasonal dynamics, and the number of riparian buffers. Soil antecedent condition is different in the floodplain and hillslope in this ecosystem. More importantly, the surface is almost wet in riparian buffer whereas it is dry in uplands; therefore, evaporation/ET rates differ largely throughout the watershed system. Figure 2 visually illustrates the ET processes in the coastal plain watershed.
Figure 2
The effect of adverted air passing from dry condition over a wet condition in the coastal plain landscape.
Figure 2
The effect of adverted air passing from dry condition over a wet condition in the coastal plain landscape.
According to Monteith (1965), during ET processes water vapor is transported at a rate equal to the product of the water vapor content and the wind speed across a landscape. As shown in Figure 2, when air moves from a dried surface (upland) to a wet area (riparian buffer) in the coastal plain watershed, the concentration of water vapor increases at the transition to a higher value downwind. Dense vegetation and rich canopy as well as saturated/semi-saturated soil help to raise the concentration values throughout alluvial riparian floodplains. At the transition level, the AET rate may immediately maximize to a much higher value compared to that over the dry land, and then it may decline slowly to a value representative of the wetter condition. The lower AET over the dry surface in summer means the overpassing air may be hotter and drier, thus increasing the available heat energy to increase evaporation in the downwind wetter area (e.g., Morton 1983). These processes are a simple illustration of the AET processes in a coastal plain system and the context of this process is much more complicated in reality.
SWAT model
SWAT is a semi-distributed watershed hydrologic and water quality model initially developed by Arnold et al. (1993). The SWAT system is embedded within a geographic information system that can integrate various spatial environmental data including soil, land cover, climate, and topographic features. Based on this spatial information, a watershed is discretized into


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11 March 2017 – ongoing
Firstsite is delighted to announce WUNDERKAMMER, an exhibition of strange and curious objects drawn from the collections of Colchester and Ipswich Museums.
Tying in with the gallery's year-long theme of 'Identity', WUNDERKAMMER – after the German term meaning 'chamber of wonders' – features an array of treasures selected for their relationship to the town. For example, it includes Arthur Ackland Hunt's painting Dr. William Gilberd showing his experiments on electricity to Queen Elizabeth and her court (c. 1900), which is on loan from Colchester Town Hall.
Pictured above: Dr William Gilberd showing his experiments on electricity to Queen Elizabeth and her court by Arthur Ackland Hunt, c. 1900, oil on canvas, 142cm x 218 cm, courtesy Colchester and Ipswich Museums.
For images and more information please contact:
Mark Inglefield, _EMAIL_, + 44 (0) 20 73 88 09 97


text:
A light up keyboard is known as a type of computer keyboard that brightens during make use of. These keyboards support users increase their accuracy when working in a dark environment and are well-liked by computer avid gamers. They are also also suitable for people who work with ships or perhaps aircraft, or for biologists who need to record info in dark _URL_ places. However , these types of keyboards usually are not without their downsides. To learn more about them, continue reading! Here are some of the extremely common samples of light up input keys.
A fully person backlit RED-GREEN-BLUE keyboard includes a backlight embedded into every key. This kind of keyboard comes with individual RED-GREEN-BLUE lights to get each key, giving the user whole lighting control. The equipment and lighting can be programmed to change color as an individual chooses. These are generally typically the most high-priced models inside the light up computer keyboard category. Light-up keyboards ingest slightly more electricity than other types of key boards, but still have sufficient benefits. In addition to elevated visibility, these keyboards as well reduce the requirement of batteries.
While it is unfamiliar exactly how much energy light-up input keys use, a large number of consumers are astonished to learn that they don't require good luck than a standard keyboard. A high-end model of a light-up keyboard only requires installment payments on your 5 w of power when powered with a 5V USB interface. Even though some versions may seems to be power hungry, they aren't. LED lights just consume a small fraction of the power that an average computer keyboard uses.


: Specifying Matrix Variable Structures is described by
lmiterm([-3 1 1 2],1,1) % 1*S*1 = S
lmiterm([3 1 1 0],1) % 1*I = I
Recall that by convention S is considered as the right side of the inequality, which justifies the –3 in the first command.
Finally, to improve readability it is often convenient to attach an identifier (tag) to each LMI and matrix variable. The variable identifiers are returned by lmivar and the LMI identifiers are set by the function newlmi. These identifiers can be used in lmiterm commands to refer to a given LMI or matrix variable. For the LMI system of Specifying LMI System, this would look like:
X = lmivar(1,[6 1])
S = lmivar(1,[2 0;2 1])
BRL = newlmi
lmiterm([BRL 1 1 X],1,A,'s')
lmiterm([BRL 1 1 S],C',C)
lmiterm([BRL 1 2 X],1,B)
lmiterm([BRL 2 2 S],-1,1)
Xpos = newlmi
lmiterm([-Xpos 1 1 X],1,1)
Slmi = newlmi
lmiterm([-Slmi 1 1 S],1,1)
lmiterm([Slmi 1 1 0],1)
When the LMI system is completely specified, type
LMISYS = getlmis
This returns the internal representation LMISYS of this LMI system. This MATLAB description of the problem can be forwarded to other LMI-Lab functions for subsequent processing. The command getlmis must be used only once and after declaring all matrix variables and LMI terms.
Here the identifiers X and S point to the variables X and S while the tags BRL, Xpos, and Slmi point to the first, second, and third LMI, respectively. Note that –Xpos refers to the right-hand side of the second LMI. Similarly, –X would indicate transposition of the variable X.
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joinGiottoObjects#
Date
2022-10-06
_URL_
Description#
Function to join multiple giotto objects together
Usage#
joinGiottoObjects(
 gobject_list,
 gobject_names = NULL,
 join_method = c("shift", "z_stack", "no_change"),
 z_vals = 1000,
 x_shift = NULL,
 y_shift = NULL,
 x_padding = 0,
 y_padding = 0,
 verbose = TRUE
)
Arguments#
Argument
Description
gobject_list
list of giotto objects
gobject_names
unique giotto names for each giotto object
join_method
method to join giotto objects, see details
z_vals
distance(s) along z-axis if method is z-stack (default is step of 1000)
x_shift
list of values to shift along x-axis if method is shift
y_shift
list of values to shift along y-axis if method is shift
x_padding
padding between datasets/images if method is shift
y_padding
padding between datasets/images if method is shift
verbose
be verbose
Details#
This function joins both the expression and spatial information of multiple giotto objects into a single one. Giotto supports multiple ways of joining spatial information as selected through param join_method :
[ "shift? ] Spatial locations of different datasets are shifted by numeric vectors of values supplied through x_shift and y_shift . If these shift values are given then one is needed for each giotto object to be joined in gobject_list . Order matters. If a regular step value is desired instead of a specific list of values, use x_padding and y_padding . Both shift and padding values can be used at the same time. Leaving x_shift and y_shift values as NULL will have Giotto estimate an appropriate x_shift value based on the x dimension of available image objects.
[ "z_stack? ] Datasets are spatially combined with no change to x and y spatial locations, but a z value is incorporated for each dataset based on input supplied through param z_vals . To specify a z value for each dataset to join, a numeric vector must be given with a value for each element in gobject_list . Order matters. Alternatively, a single numeric value can be supplied to z_vals in which case this input will be treated as a z step value.
[ "no_change? ] No changes are applied to the spatial locations of the datasets when joining.
Value#
giotto object


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Homogenization heat treatment can be useful for improving the performance and life of an alloy while in service or for improving the processability during fabrication and hot working. This article describes the identification of incipient melt point, slowest-diffusing elements, and microstructural scale for homogenization of metal alloys. It also discusses the CALPHAD software to optimize the homogenization heat treatment and the Scheil module of the commercial thermodynamic modeling software.
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Using Azure DevOps pipelines, we can easily spin test environments to run various sorts of integration tests on PaaS resources. Azure DevOps allows powerful scripting and orchestration using familiar CLI commands, and is very useful to automatically spin entire environments using Infrastructure as Code without manual intervention.
Table of Contents
In this example, we looked at an open-source project Spline (a Data Lineage Tracking and Visualization tool for Apache Spark). Data lineage and governance is a priority topic in many enterprises, and together with my colleague Arvind Shyamsundar, we wanted to evaluate the complexity and benefits of integrating this project into Spark environments.
The Spline project has several components:
- A library that runs on Spark and captures data lineage information
- A persistence layer that stores the data on MongoDB, HDFS or Atlas
- A Web UI application that visualizes the stored data lineages (supports MongoDB)
We wanted to verify that the MongoDB backend could be swapped by Cosmos DB. As a fully managed, elastic SLA-backed service, Cosmos DB is much easier to manage and integrate than running MongoDB on Virtual Machines. Since Cosmos DB provides wire protocol compatibility with Mongo DB, we expected to be able to plug in Cosmos DB without any changes needed to Spline's code or libraries.
Since Spline is under active development, we decided to automate testing upfront so that we would be able to test various branches and configurations and retest periodically in the future, rather than testing on a manually deployed environment. Also, we wanted to make the build result publicly available in order to easily share test failures and diagnostic information with the Spline development team.
You can use this patterns to test any software, yours or third-party, in combination with required services and with different configurations.
The pipeline definition script is azure-pipelines.yml. We first define some variables, including the resource group where we will spin Cosmos DB and a name prefix for Cosmos DB. The name must be unique, and we will generate a unique name for each build to avoid any side effects. We also define the Git branch of the Spline project that we want to test.
We define the type of virtual machine on which the build will run. This is a Microsoft managed VM pool.
The build tasks first create a Cosmos DB instance. Behind the scene, it uses service principals to have access to an Azure subcription. To set up this connection, Navigate to Project settings > Service connections. Create a new service connection of type Azure Resource Manager. Name the connection ARMConnection. Select the subscription. Leave the resource group blank and click OK.
- task: AzureCLI@1
displayName: Create Azure resources
The next tasks run Maven tasks to build the Spline source code and run its unit tests against Cosmos DB, then publish the Spline artifacts (Web UI) into a downloadable artifact.
- task: Maven@3
displayName: Build Spline
- task: Maven@3
displayName: Run Spline tests
- task: CopyFiles@2
displayName: Copy web app to artifacts directory
- task: PublishBuildArtifacts@1
displayName: Publish web app artifacts
The last step of the build pipeline deletes the Cosmos DB instance. It is configured to run always so that Cosmos DB will be deleted even if tests fail.
- task: AzureCLI@1
displayName: Delete Azure resources
The first script run by the pipeline, before-build.sh, creates a Cosmos DB instance with the configuration required by Spline. Spline requires the Mongo DB API, and uses the aggregation pipeline feature. As that feature is in preview, it must be explicitly enabled. It then gets the Cosmos DB connection string (in Mongo DB format) and passes it to the pipeline using the special ##vso syntax. The variable is passed by the Maven test task to the unit test process.
# Create a Cosmos DB database.
az cosmosdb create -g $RESOURCE_GROUP -n $COSMOSDB_INSTANCE --kind MongoDB --capabilities EnableAggregationPipeline -o table
# Get the connection string (in mongodb:// format) to the Cosmos DB account.
# The connection string contains the account key.
# Example connection string:
COSMOSDB_CONN_STRING=$(az cosmosdb list-connection-strings -g $RESOURCE_GROUP -n $COSMOSDB_INSTANCE --query connectionStrings.connectionString -o tsv)
# Set job variable from script, to be used by Maven task
echo "##vso[task.setvariable variable=COSMOSDB_CONN_STRING]$COSMOSDB_CONN_STRING"
The final script, after-build.sh, deletes the Cosmos DB database, so that no costs are incurred after the end of the tests.
# Delete the test Cosmos DB database.
az cosmosdb delete -g $RESOURCE_GROUP -n $COSMOSDB_INSTANCE
Our first run of the build pipeline failed with test failures:
An investigation showed that the issue was due to a different implementation of regular expressions between native Mongo DB and Cosmos DB. Spline issues database searches using the "\Q…\E" syntax to mark text as to be searched literally, which is not supported by Cosmos DB that implements the ECMAScript standard. disable regular expression.
Using Azure DevOps pipelines as a framework for deploying and testing resources is very light and powerful, even when testing third-party software. This approach can be used for lightweight integration tests, but also for complex testing scenarios, load and performance testing.
Now that we have a verified custom build, let us spin an entire environment with Spark and Spline running in an Azure App Service! (blog post coming soon)


Why Is Bobby Moore Still on Death Row, Despite a Recent Supreme Court Decision in His Favor?
Bobby Moore
Bobby Moore
Photo: Texas Department of Criminal Justice (AP, file)
More than a year ago, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals violated the Constitution in rejecting the claim by an inmate, Bobby Moore, that he is intellectually disabled and thus ineligible for the death penalty.
And yet today Moore, now 60, remains on death row, facing solitary confinement for more than 23 hours a day.
And two Texas politicians want to know why.
In 1980, Moore was involved in an attempted robbery of a grocery store in Houston and convicted of the murder of an elderly store worker, James McCarble, during the crime.
The state of Texas, which executes more people than any other state in the U.S., gave Moore the death penalty as a punishment. But the case has gone through several rounds of appeals, mostly around whether the courts that convicted Moore considered his intellectual disabilities when handing down his sentence.
In 2014 a Harris County, Texas, trial court determined that Moore is intellectually disabled. The 2002 Supreme Court case Atkins v. Virginia ruled that the Constitution prohibits imposing the death penalty on any person who is intellectually disabled. However, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals concluded that Moore was not intellectually disabled and that his death sentence must remain in place.
That ruling was appealed, and in March 2017, in Moore v. Texas, the Supreme Court emphatically rejected the ruling. Moreover, the prosecutors in the case agreed that Moore is intellectually disabled and may not receive the death penalty.
Trib Talk reports:
The high court held that Texas courts, like all courts in the country, must use current medical standards to evaluate intellectual disability claims in capital cases. In a decision that left no doubt about Moore's intellectual disability, the court explained that Moore's very low IQ score was well within the clinically established range for intellectual disability. The Supreme Court also emphasized the "considerable objective evidence" of Moore's adaptive problems, another characteristic of intellectual disability. For example, at age 13, Moore did not even understand the days of the week, the months of the year, the seasons, or how to tell time [emphasis ours].
In December of last year, prosecutors asked that the then-58-year-old be resentenced.
However, more than a year after the March 28 decision, Moore remains on death row. And not only that, but Moore is automatically kept in solitary confinement 23 hours a day, an action proved to be especially cruel to those with intellectual disabilities.
Texas state Reps. Senfronia Thompson and Joe Moody wrote in a recent editorial:
If the CCA needs more time to fashion a new standard for evaluating intellectual disability claims in Texas, it should at least issue an interim order striking down Moore's death penalty immediately and allowing him to be moved off of death row and out of solitary confinement. Such an order would give effect to the Supreme Court's decision, remove the specter of an unconstitutional death sentence and allow Moore to return to the general prison population.
weapon-a the first try suffers no trolls
One of the most frustrating things about arguing the inequities of the 'justice' system is explaining how utterly impossible it is to get an improper conviction overturned. Too many people are too stubborn or dense to understand how fantastically useless appeals court and higher courts generally are. They don't want to overturn rulings. Even when there is strong evidence of innocence or police and prosecution fuckery. When they do make a ruling which impacts prisoners like Moore, those who are responsible for acting on those rulings often slow track or ignore the ruling. How many times have we heard similar stories? How many times has someone been released from prison after decades, when falsely convicted on shitty evidence, accompanied by prosecutorial misconduct, yet that person can't even get compensation for the years stolen from them? Our system is so terribly broken, that the only way to fix it is to start over.


text:
Unusually Large Magnetic Interactions Observed in Hydrogen-Bonded Nitronyl Nitroxides [in Japanese]
Access this Article
Search this Article
Two nitronyl nitroxide derivatives bearing imidazole and benzimidazole ring were prepared and their hydrogen-bonded structures and magnetic properties were characterized.
- Chemistry Letters
Chemistry Letters 1997(3), 251-252, 1997-03
The Chemical Society of Japan


text:
An AlphaLISA SureFire Ultra assay generates results in less than 2.5 hours
PerkinElmer has added to its product line with the launch of its AlphaLISA SureFire Ultra assays. These solutions are designed to reduce assay time by up to 50 percent and to improve the protein phosphorylation detection process. With high sensitivity and a wide dynamic range to detect protein phosphorylation, even at low levels, the assays are quick and easy to run even with a minimal amount of sample.
"PerkinElmer is committed to developing advanced solutions for screening virtually all types of samples while controlling the quality of therapeutic antibodies. Providing new assays that help improve the research and quality control process can lead to breakthroughs in the lab and development of new biotherapeutic treatments," said Mr Brian Kim, president, Lifesciences and Technology, PerkinElmer.
The AlphaLISA SureFire Ultra assays use TGR BioSciences' CaptSure technology to eliminate antibody interference in the therapeutic antibody screening process. It is also ideal for other types of screening such as small molecule modulation, detection of low and basal levels of phosphorylation, and detection of phosphorylation in tissue lysates.
It generates results in less than 2.5 hours with only one or two incubation steps and no washing. Researchers can analyse different endogenous or transfected targets in parallel, all on the same plate.


convert method Null safety
String convert(
 1. Object? object
)
override
Converts object to a JSON String.
Directly serializable values are num, String, bool, and Null, as well as some List and Map values. For List, the elements must all be serializable. For Map, the keys must be String and the values must be serializable.
If a value of any other type is attempted to be serialized, the toEncodable function provided in the constructor is called with the value as argument. The result, which must be a directly serializable value, is serialized instead of the original value.
If the conversion throws, or returns a value that is not directly serializable, a JsonUnsupportedObjectError exception is thrown. If the call throws, the error is caught and stored in the JsonUnsupportedObjectError's cause field.
If a List or Map contains a reference to itself, directly or through other lists or maps, it cannot be serialized and a JsonCyclicError is thrown.
object should not change during serialization.
If an object is serialized more than once, convert may cache the text for it. In other words, if the content of an object changes after it is first serialized, the new values may not be reflected in the result.
Implementation
String convert(Object? object) =>
 _JsonStringStringifier.stringify(object, _toEncodable, indent);


1st October 2020
This is a downloaded teaching on death from the Ascended Masters. It is my wording.
When people die who haven't reached the 5th initiation and are still on the cycle of rebirth, they go back into the rebirth pool. This might be called heaven in Christian terms. This happens because their Earth Star still remains within the body of the Mother Earth.
Someone who dies who has passed the 5th initiation (but hasn't yet reached the 6th initiation) doesn't have an Earth Star but rather a celestial star within the body of the Mother Earth. This means they aren't yet released from the pull of the earth. Their soul goes into the keeping of the Ascended Masters in a place where they are kept until such time as their Higher Self has ascended to the point to call them home to Higher Self, then their celestial star is released from the Mother Earth. This happens when the Higher Self has reached the 6th initiation.
When someone passes the 6th initiation, the Ascended Masters step back, and the Higher Self steps forward as most of you know, and the descent of the Higher Self into the Holy Heart begins. The person no longer has a celestial star within the body of the Mother Earth. When they die, the descent of the Higher Self is reversed, and the Higher Self ascends, taking the soul of the person with them into their Sacred Heart. It is here in this higher state of consciousness that the person exists with their other dimensional soul family that is part of the Higher Self. The soul is no longer who they were in their last life but all of their consciousness from all their lives. They are one within the greater Higher Self.
When someone passes the 7th initiation here on Earth, their soul is taken into the Higher Self as part of the initiation, and they function on earth at the Will of the Higher Self. We are both part of and separate from our Higher Self. When someone dies after passing the 7th and 8th initiations, their soul doesn't depart because it is already home in the Higher Self. Rather the Higher Self departs, and we, the lower self, are part of that greater consciousness within the greater cosmic consciousness.


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Airtable trigger#
Airtable is a spreadsheet-database hybrid, with the features of a database but applied to a spreadsheet. The fields in an Airtable table are similar to cells in a spreadsheet, but have types such as 'checkbox', 'phone number', and 'drop-down list', and can reference file attachments like images.
Credentials
You can find authentication information for this node here.
Example Usage#
This workflow allows you to receive a Mattermost message when new data gets added to Airtable. You can also find the workflow on n8n.io. This example usage workflow would use the following nodes. - Airtable Trigger - Mattermost
The final workflow should look like the following image.
A workflow with the Airtable Trigger node
1. Airtable Trigger node#
The Airtable Trigger node will trigger the workflow when new data gets added to Airtable.
 1. First of all, you'll have to enter credentials for the Airtable Trigger node. You can find out how to do that here.
 2. Click on Add Poll Time and select 'Every Minute' from the Mode dropdown list. This will check Airtable every minute for new data entries.
 3. Enter the Base ID in the Base ID field. For obtaining the Base ID, head over to their API page and select the correct base. You'll find the Base ID there.
 4. Enter the table name in the Table field.
 5. Enter a trigger field name in the Trigger Field field. If you don't have a 'Created Time' or 'Last modified time' field in your table, please create one.
 6. Click on Execute Node to run the node.
In the screenshot below, you will notice that the node returns the new data from Airtable. This output gets passed on to the next node in the workflow.
Using the Airtable Trigger node to trigger the workflow
2. Mattermost node (post: message)#
This node will send a message about the new data in the channel 'Information Updated' in Mattermost. If you have a different channel, use that instead.
 1. First of all, you'll have to enter credentials for the Mattermost node. You can find out how to do that here.
 2. Select a channel from the Channel ID dropdown list.
 3. Click on the gears icon next to the Message field and click on Add Expression.
 4. Enter the following message in the Expression field:
 1
 2
 3
 New Data was added to Airtable.
 ID:{{$node["Airtable Trigger"].json["fields"]["id"]}}
 Name: {{$node["Airtable Trigger"].json["fields"]["name"]}}

 5. Click on Execute Node to run the node.
In the screenshot below, you will notice that the node sends a message in Mattermost about the new data that got added to Airtable.
Using the Mattermost node to send a message of the new data
Activate workflow for production
You'll need to save the workflow and then click on the Activate toggle on the top right of the screen to activate the workflow. Your workflow will then be triggered as specified by the settings in the Airtable Trigger node.


text:
West Maui Sugar Association And Olowalu Plantation _PHONE_
Sugar growing had been tried somewhat successfully on Maui beginning in the 1820s. During this early period in the Lahaina area, small planters sold or supplied cane to numerous mills on a share basis. These early simple mills, run by either animal or water power, existed primarily for the production of sugar syrup.
The ability of foreigners to buy land coincided with an upsurge in demand for sugar from the Northern states in America who no longer had access to the Southern sugar supply because of the Civil War. As a result, two ventures began in the Lahaina district in the early 1860s - a business partnership between James C. Campbell and Henry Turton (later to be named Pioneer Mill), and a joint stock venture, the Lahaina Sugar Company. Although each operated a mill with cane produced by small growers, as had been the previous practice, granulated sugar replaced syrup as the object of manufacture.
During this period, King Kamehameha V, also known as Lot Kamehameha, ruled over a kingdom with declining revenues. Both he and his advisors viewed sugar as a likely source of income to bolster the government's finances. Kamehameha V also viewed sugar growing as a way to increase his own personal income. He saw yet another advantage in this enterprise; he strongly believed in the value of work and believed that plantation labor would benefit his Hawaiian subjects. As a result, in 1864 he joined with his court physician (and soon-to-be Minister of the Interior) Ferdinand W. Hutchison and Rose Ranch owner James Makee in the formation of the West Maui Sugar Association, also called the West Maui Sugar Company.
The West Maui Sugar Association was not the first sugar venture for either Hutchison or Makee. Hutchison was one of nine original stockholders in the Lahaina Sugar Company, and James Makee had established Rose Ranch as a sugar plantation at 'Ulupalakua in 1856.
The West Maui Sugar Association planted sugar on parcels of land in Olowalu and Ukumehame leased from Kamehameha V. The parcels belonged to him personally, granted to him as crown lands in the Great Mahele. Crown lands usually were not prime kalo
-growing sections, but kula
fields, more suited to the growing of sugar. Lot Kamehameha leased his lands to the West Maui Sugar Association in 1866 for $200 a year, and in 1871 for $300 a year.
In 1869 another partner named Zephaniah S. Spalding, Makee's son-in-law, joined the three original owners and took over the management of the sugar operation. Spalding had come to Hawai'i two years before on a secret mission from United States Secretary of State William Seward. Seward directed Spalding to gather information regarding a pending reciprocity treaty's potential to affect possible island annexation to the United States. The reciprocity treaty would have eliminated American duties on Hawaiian sugar. Spalding's report to Seward opposed the passage of the treaty as he felt it would impede or prevent annexation, a cause he wholeheartedly backed. The eventual disclosure of his mission as a secret agent set back the cause of reciprocity, as it increased Hawaiian distrust of the United States. Spalding's investment in the West Maui Sugar Association apparently caused a personal change of heart, transforming him into a strong supporter of reciprocity.
Although the West Maui Sugar Association grew sugar in Olowalu, it sent its harvest to the Lahaina Sugar Company to be processed in its mill located below the Pioneer Mill sugar estate. It was a steam-driven mill that manufactured sugar on shares. In 1869, in the same year Spalding took over as manager, the four-member West Maui Sugar Association took over the Lahaina Sugar Company mill. In 1870 the association leased a storeroom under the Lahaina lighthouse which was located offshore on the Lahaina Wharf.
The West Maui Sugar Association was one of 32 plantations that existed in Hawai'i and one of 12 on Maui listed in an 1872 report. At that time it produced an average yearly crop of 600 tons, though its mill had a capacity of 1,200 tons. By comparison, Pioneer Mill produced an average of 1,000 tons for its 1,200-ton capacity mill. Both plantations were hindered by lack of labor.
Manager Spalding did not last long. Lot Kamehameha blamed the association's financial difficulties on Spalding's mismanagement of the mill and his extravagance. He threatened to withhold his land leases and financial support for the mill unless Spalding left the partnership, which occurred in 1871. Makee's son, Parker Makee, took over the management of the association.
The owners of the West Maui Sugar Association needed to concentrate on the difficult task of growing sugar so they turned to an agent, also called a factor, to handle the sale and shipping of their product. C. Brewer & Co. acted as agent for the yearly crop in the 1870s.
The sugar industry slumped in the 1870s. The Olowalu venture, struggling to survive, received a major blow when Lot Kamehameha died in 1872. Two years later, the West Maui Sugar Association sold both its plantation and mill in 1874 to James C. Campbell and Henry Turton, owners of what was by then called the Pioneer Mill Plantation, for $38,000.
The sugar industry soon rebounded, as a result of a reciprocity treaty with the United States that went into effect in 1876. In anticipation of a boom in sugar, Milton Philip, a Lahaina businessman, started to acquire land in Olowalu and Ukumehame in 1875. Another Maui resident, Goodale Armstrong, also acquired Olowalu property and together they formed what they called the Olowalu Plantation. Utilizing former crown and kuleana
land, they started growing sugar in 1876.
Two years later, Milton Philip sold his half interest to Franklin S. Pratt, a wealthy Honolulu businessman, for $105,000. Remarking on the establishment of the company and the subsequent sale of the plantation's half interest, the Pacific Commercial Advertiser
reported, "Some people laughed and said it would be a failure. But we are pleased today to chronicle the fact that Olowalu Plantation is valued at $210,000." This statement reflected the business community's confidence in sugar ventures after reciprocity; 16 plantations, including Olowalu, grew cane on Maui.
Milton Philip sold his share in 1878, the year that Olowalu Company most likely harvested its first crop and completed its first mill. That year Olowalu Plantation produced six tons of sugar per acre, more than the usual industry average of four to five tons. Armstrong managed the plantation and H. Hackfeld & Company acted as agent.
The continuing decline in the number of Hawaiians and their preference for other occupations compelled the Olowalu Plantation to hire Chinese laborers. According to the 1878 census, 86 Chinese men lived in Olowalu, all but one a laborer. Eighteen other non-Hawaiian residents included seven Americans, one Englishman, two Germans, two Portuguese and six other "foreigners." The Americans included a laborer, a farmer, skilled workers and the owners Pratt and Armstrong. The other "foreigners" worked as both laborers and skilled workers.
Olowalu Plantation also housed 30 Chinese laborers in neighboring Ukumehame and hired two Hawaiian residents of Ukumehame for plantation labor. Approximately 120 workers living in both Olowalu and Ukumehame relied on Olowalu Plantation for their living. In 1880, plantation manager Armstrong relied on an overseer, an engineer, a bookkeeper and a blacksmith to keep the plantation running. Output for the year reached an estimated 700 tons. A visitor that year stated that "the plantation is a valuable property and noted for the production of a fine quality of sugar.
Agents changed frequently at Olowalu, often with the change of ownership. In the seven years from 1877 to 1883, Olowalu changed ownership six times and agents five times.
Owner: Goodale Armstrong/Milton Philip
Agent: W.G. Irwin
Owner: Goodale Armstrong/Franklin Pratt
Agent: H. Hackfeld
Owner: F. Pratt/H. Widemann/W. Sharratt
Agent: G.W. McFarlane
Owner: F. Pratt/H. Widemann/W. Sharratt
Agent: H. Widemann
Agent: G.W. McFarlane


Do Drone Range Extenders Work? How To Boost Your Signals?
Are you looking for a DIY drone range extender or a way to increase drone range?
This guide might be the one you need!
As drone technology is getting better from one day to another, new and better features are appearing for them.
One of the most important properties of a drone is the maximum range between the aircraft and the controller.
This range is influenced by several factors and not only by the technology your drone is equipped with.
The signal for your quadcopter is way stronger in areas without buildings and a dense population.
This might be a good reason why you are reading my article.
Drone signal extenders or in other name signal boosters are giving a new shape and direction for the controller signals.
These antennas are not increasing the amount of signals emitted.
Their main role is to utilize the existing signals that would normally move in the opposite direction from the drone.
Here I would like to answer all of your possible questions and the main dilemma:
Do drone range and signal extenders work?
The short answer to your question is a strong yes.
They are increasing the signal strength which will have different beneficial effects.
 - These signal extenders will allow you to fly a little bit further with your drone.
Of course, the simple range extenders won't make it possible to fly an additional 5 miles.
But they can easily add one or two miles in plus.
drone range signal extender booster
 - They can eliminate the dropouts you are getting with a bigger distance and also in a more crowded area.
 - The buildings will always block a part of the signals.
 - But these extenders can focus them and by this, they can reduce your interference problems too.
Many drone pilots are not satisfied with the capacity of their aircraft.
Fortunately, there are several methods to increase the signal range and "power" of your drone.
Many talented people are uploading videos to the internet about DIY projects too.
These extenders might help you focus the signals, but the after-market tools have a better design and effects too.
How can I increase the range of my drone?
There are two basic versions of these range extenders. The majority of DIY projects are also based on these two solutions methods.
Signal extender types:
 - Parabolic range extender
 - Yagi Uda signal amplifier
Both of these two types are based on the same principles, so basically you will get almost the same result from them.
The parabolic type of signal amplifier/extender is know for even centuries.
The Yogi Uda one was invented in the first part of the twentieth century.
A lot of people might think these can't have a serious influence on signal strength.
But they are based on simple and already-proven physical principles.
Even if some drone pilots don't know how to measure significant differences, they still are working.
The majority of these extenders are called boosters too.
But they are not really boosting your signals. They are not powered by electricity or anything else.
They are based on similar technology as the simple tv antennas.
While those are collecting the signals, the ones for drones have a different role too.
Drone signal boosters are shaping and focusing the signals emitted by the controller.
So the majority of signals that would go upwards, back, or in any other direction, will be focused frontwards.
The difference between the two of these tools is the shape and strength of the signals.
Parabolic signal extender
As I already mentioned the technology and the idea behind this tool is available for hundreds of years.
They were used even to focus the power of the sun.
In our case, the main purpose of these parabolic antennas is to redirect almost 50% of the signals that would be lost.
Imagine the drone is in front of you, so every signal from the controller that goes in the opposite direction is worthless.
parabolic signal booster
These tools are simply changing their direction and focusing them toward your quadcopter.
The good thing about it is that you don't have to know the exact location of your drone to profit from the additional signals.
The only thing you need is to mount these amplifiers and face towards your quadcopter.
Similar article: Can Drones Show Up On Radars?
Yagi Uda signal booster antennas
These have different shapes, and they are working based on different methods too.
These extenders can mean significantly more range because of the shape and direction of signals they are creating.
The signals of the controller are reflected and also shaped into a narrow beam.
This property is allowing you to fly your drone way further.
Unfortunately, these Yagi Uda antennas have an important downside too.
Because of the way it is focusing, the width of your beams is very limited.
So, by using this „signal booster" you need to know the exact direction of your drone.
In many cases, this might be tricky, and it can cause a loss of signals.
Best drone range extender solution
The solution I will mention might seem a little bit unorthodox or uncommon.
But this way of extending the range of your drone is simply based on science.
Using both solutions, the parabolic and the Yagi Uda antennas will give you the perfect solution.
The parabolic antenna is gathering all signals that would go backward.
And the Yagi Uda one will give a more focused direction for a part of the beams.
Why would you need a signal extender/booster?
Many people are calling these little antennas signal boosters.
In some ways, they are increasing the number of beams your drone can take.
As I already mentioned these are not increasing the amount, your controller is emitting, they are only focusing them to a direction you want.
 - I think the main reason to use an antenna like this is to increase the signals in busy areas.
 - For many people, the biggest motivation is to increase the maximum range of the aircraft.
 - But getting a more strong one for the same distance might seem more important.
 - Reducing the chance of drone flyaways will give you a good amount of peace of mind.
 - I think no one likes to see the no signal or signal lost message on the phone.
Many drones don't have the return to home option.
In their cases losing the signal can cause unpleasant moments.
Even fair eye contact with your device might not be enough for controlling it properly.
 - The additional range you can earn with these signal shapers is only a nice bonus from my point of view.
How do I increase the range of my FPV drone?
Using a signal booster for FPV drones is getting a more important role.
A lot of these quadcopters are self-made or at least without serious software.
Their main purpose is to achieve higher speeds, more intense spins, turns, and movements.
The additional abilities are coming with some price.
The majority of these drones don't have the return-to-home option in case of signal loss.
So, if you are unlucky and your drone is losing the signal it has a high chance of crashing it.
Under this topic, I will mention range extension possibilities based only on signal boosting.
Using both parabolic and Yagi Uda solutions to increase the range of your FPV drones are the cheapest and smartest ways to avoid weak signals.
DIY drone range extender
The first questions you might ask is: does it worth doing it myself?
Would these range extenders work properly?
Aftermarket signal boosters are not expensive at all.
Buying one for your $400 drone with $8 – $14 is almost nothing. I think they are the best solution.
Doing one for yourself won't have the same effect and probably the design of it will be way behind these.
But if you want to have fun with a little DIY project, these can be a good solution for you.
A homemade drone range extender can be made for free.
In almost every household you will find every material for it, so you can start making one for yourself right away.
The basic materials you will need are:
 - Cardboard paper
 - Aluminum foil
 - Scissors
 - Glue
 - Knife
In the following YouTube tutorial video, you can see how can you make a signal booster compatible with the majority of DJI drones.
Similar articles about drone propeller guards or do drones need sd cards?
Do you know why are the drones so expensive? Find out the reasons!
FAQ
Do drone range and signal extenders work?
If you are using them properly they can focus the signals emitted by your controller.
How do I increase the range of my FPV drone?
Using additional antennas might be the best solution to increase the range of the signals. Both parabolic and Yagi Uda antennas are very useful.
Are DIY drone range extenders useful?
Even homemade signal boosters can be useful if they are prepared and put into action in a proper way.
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