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Diesel engine do's and don'ts for a trouble-free winter
Diesel engine do's and don'ts for a trouble-free winter
The best solution to cold weather diesel starting problems in your vehicle is to avoid them by being prepared for cold weather before it happens.
Diesel engines are harder to start in cold weather because they depend on high temperatures created by compression to ignite the injected fuel.
The top reasons for this are gelled fuel, cold cylinder walls and electrical failure. There are, of course, many others but addressing these three is a good place to start getting your diesel engine ready for winter weather conditions.
Tips on fuel handling for your diesel engine
 - Do use winter blended diesel fuels which is less likely to gel.
 - Do store full portable diesel fuel cans in a temperature-controlled area to avoid condensation.
 - Do drain the water from the diesel engine fuel filter daily, preferably when the machine is shut down for the day so the water does not sit in the filter overnight.
 - Don't forget to drain the water separator on diesel fuel storage tanks every day.
 - Do fill the fuel tank at the end of the working day, as a full fuel tank doesn't leave room for water to condense overnight.
 - Don't neglect the diesel fuel filter – it's the most common place for fuel to gel.
 - Do change the diesel fuel filter before winter weather sets in. That makes it less likely to freeze and avoids the need to do the job in the cold.
 - Do keep a spare diesel fuel filter and/or water separator on hand. It's often easier to replace a frozen one than it is to thaw it.
 - Do park your diesel truck and equipment in a sheltered location whenever possible. A heated shelter is best, but simply parking your vehicle where the wind can't blow snow and ice under the hood can make a big difference when you start the engine.
Other important fluids beyond fuel for diesel engines
Tips about engine oil
 - Do switch to a lighter weight engine oil in your vehicle during cold weather. A cold engine needs adequate lubrication especially when you start the engine.
 - Don't use engine oil lighter than the diesel engine manufacturer recommends as it may not provide adequate lubrication when the engine is hot.
 - Do check your coolant regularly with a hydrometer. The glycol in your coolant is there for a reason, it doesn't boil off and it lowers the freezing temperature of the mixture.
 - Don't top off the coolant with some plain water. Make sure to use a proper water/glycol mix every time. You do not want water to freeze in your machine or truck engine or radiator.
 - Do pay attention to vehicle temperature gauges and avoid overcooling which can be caused by long periods of idling or excessive airflow. Overcooling can cause poor combustion leading to white smoke, increased fuel consumption, and inefficient aftertreatment system performance.
Diesel Exhaust Fluid
 - Don't store diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) at below freezing temperatures. DEF is about 50 percent water and will freeze.
 - Don't worry about DEF in the tank on the machine; the system automatically circulates engine coolant to thaw it so it's ready for use when the machine warms up to temperature.
Cold Engines
 - Do inspect and, if necessary, check glow plug status and change them if needed. Also review air inlet heaters before cold weather sets in. It's another job more easily done in warmer temperatures.
 - Do consider using engine block heaters if one is installed or installing an aftermarket unit. A warm engine is much easier to start and avoids many of the issues related to cold weather operation.
 - Don't use starting fluid unless the machine or truck engine is equipped with a factory installed kit that precisely controls the amount used. Simply spraying starting fluid into the air cleaner carries a high risk of causing a fire or even an explosion.
Electrical Systems
 - Don't ignore your battery. After a hot summer that encourages corrosion and fluid evaporation the added strain of a cold weather start can kill a battery. A battery can lose 35 percent of its power at 32° F (0° C) and as much as 60 percent at 0° F (-18° C).
 - Do consider using a battery warmer, either a "hot plate" type that slides under the battery or an "electric blanket" type that wraps around the battery will help the battery retain its charge.
Some other considerations
Parasitic loads
Parasitic loads can include: engine and transmission oil viscosity, fan drive, clutch engagement, hydraulic pump engagement, belt drive systems and anything else that's driven by the engine or consumes some engine power. Any parasitic load during cranking can be a major contributor to the engine's inability to start.
Warm-up time
Always let a cold machine or truck engine warm up for at least five minutes before putting it to work. That gives the coolant, engine oil, hydraulic oil and DEF time to come up to operating temperature so they can function efficiently.
Benefits from testing in cold weather environments
Diesel engine builders know their products will be used in virtually every environmental condition found on Earth and they go to great lengths to test them under extreme conditions.
Perkins, for example, has completed billions of hours of engine tests across different environments including cold testing at a Perkins facility in Arjeplog, Sweden, 100 km from the Arctic Circle where air temperatures drop to -49° F (-45° C).
A modern diesel truck or piece of equipment will start and run under all extreme conditions with very few things going wrong, but ignoring those challenges in your vehicles can be expensive.
Proactive preventive action may seem like an extra expense or time spent on something that isn't a problem, now, but it makes economic sense in the long run.
The consequences of ignoring winter diesel fuel problems in your equipment or truck can range from losing all or part of a day's work to repairing expensive engine damage.
Simple steps like keeping your fuel tanks and cans filled, plugging in heaters, using weather-appropriate fuels, strategic equipment parking and regular battery care can all make a big difference in how winter impacts your business.
Julian Wood is Perkins Product Manager for Aftermarket.
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text:
Circular Profiles in CATIA V5:Circular Profiles plays a vital role in the field of design to draw circular sketches.Circular profiles contains Circle,Three Point Circle,Tri-Tangent Circle etc.By the use of these circles we can sketch a part or a model with the help of a sketch.In this article,I am going to explain about the usage of Circular Profiles in CATIA V5 in a detailed manner.The step by step procedure is to be needed to adopt the usage of Circular Profiles in CATIA V5 and is as follows.
Circular Profiles in CATIA V5-Procedure:
- Out of these 3 types of circles,The first "circle" option is used to draw any type of part in design.The Explanation of Circular Profiles are discussed as follows.
- Circle:Draws the circle of required diameter.
- Three-Point Circle:Draw a straight line with two centers and draw a circle of required diameter.
- Tri-tangent Circle:Draw three lines and select them then there exists Tri-Tangent Circle.
You can also know about:
- How to use Conic Profiles in CATIA V5?
- How to use Predefined Profiles in CATIA V5?
- How to use Line Profiles in CATIA V5?
The detailed explanation about the usage of Circular Profiles in CATIA V5 is shown below in the form of video.
This is the complete explanation about the usage of Circular Profiles in CATIA V5 in a detailed manner. If you have any doubts, feel free to ask from the comments section. Please Share and Like this blog with the whole world so that it can reach to many.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


The Rond de Jambe
"It is not so much upon the number of exercises, as the care with which they are done, that progress and skill depend. "
 -August Bournonville
 A turned out rond de jambe may indeed be one of the most difficult things to teach correctly in dance. It involves the muscles of the working hip moving together in harmony while the muscles of the standing hip isometrically hold a stable, turned out position and support the weight of the body.
 The literal English translation of rond de jambe is circle of the leg. Although the working leg does not create a full circle, it does move in a circular pattern and creates a half circle or the letter "D". This one simple exercise involves all of the muscles of the hip. The hip flexors, adductors, abductors, extensors and outward and inward rotators must all be involved in order for the pattern to be completed. Since so many muscles need to be activated during this exercise, it is very easy for the dancer to grip the muscles rather than concentrate on the length created by the leg.
 A rond de jambe should only be performed by the leg, therefore, the dancer must be taught to isolate the movement of the femur, or thigh bone, from the movement of the pelvis. During a rond de jambe, the pelvis does not initiate any movement and should only move as a result of accommodating the circular motion of the leg.
 Dance educators tend to describe and teach rond de jambe en dehors to students by speaking of it as a tendu devant (front) that is carried à la seconde (to the side) that is carried to tendu derrière (to the back) and closes to a position. This type of description, although accurate, omits two very important positions that should be focused upon in this exercise. In between the tendu devant and the tendu à la seconde is the écarté devant position, and in between the tendu à la seconde and the tendu derrière is the écarté derrière position. By focusing on these positions, the dance educator will encourage the lengthening of the leg rather than the gripping effect on all the muscles as they try to work simultaneously.
 Trying to attain both écarté positions will also encourage the dancer to maintain maximum turnout in a rond de jambe for as long as possible. When the foot moves from à la seconde to derrière, it is very easy for the dancer to begin to inwardly rotate the hip. Focusing on the écarte derrière position helps decrease that tendency.
 When performing a rond de jambe en dedans (from back to front), dancers often wait to turn out the leg until the foot arrives à la seconde. Forcing the dancer to think about the foot moving through the écarté derrière position, will encourage outward rotation to occur sooner.
 The same ideas of attaining the in between positions and lengthening the working leg can be used when the leg comes off the floor in a grand rond de jambe. When moving the leg à la second to derrière, students tend to drop and rotate the leg inward. By emphasizing the écarté position and encouraging the students to reach through the working leg and send the energy out through the toes, the teacher will help the dancers maintain turnout and avoid the dropping of the leg. The same is true when performing a grand rond de jambe en dedans. Reaching out through the leg will result in the leg turning out as soon as the movement begins and the leg lifting rather than dropping.
 Rond de jambe is a difficult exercise to execute correctly, and it is a good bet that if a dancer finds the exercise to be an easy one, he or she is performing it incorrectly. Whenever something is difficult, dancers tend to hold their breath, tighten muscles and keep their energy bound. By thinking about rond de jambe in a different way and urging students to make each rond de jambe larger than the one before, educators can encourage the muscles to lengthen, decrease tension held in gripped muscles, free bound energy, and teach dancers to enjoy what they are doing and achieve efficient, beautiful results.
Thanks to all of my followers, The Healthy Dancer has made it to the final round of Dance Advantage's Top 10 Dance Blog contest. If you like what you see here, click on this link and be sure to vote for The Healthy Dancer in BOTH categories - as best overall blog and further down the page in the Teacher Talk category!
The Many Faces of the Healthy Dancer
 Dance is a multi-faceted field - it includes educators, students, performers, dance scientists, dance medicine professionals, and dance therapists. As a result this blog also has many faces and its mission has many branches.
 Since the new year has attracted many new subscribers and followers who might not have had a chance to read all of my past posts, I thought I would add snippets from a variety of them here so they will have a taste of what my blog is about.
When I first began the blog 15 months ago, I wrote a series of posts about flexibility in dancers and stretching. Stretching is an important part of dance but it's important for educators and dancers to know when to stretch and how to use stretching to improve dance technique and not hinder it.
Stretching Part 1 - When Not To Do It!!
When we consider everything that happens in every system of the body on a daily basis, we begin to realize that the human body is truly a miraculous creation. My students hear me repeat daily that we are only given one body, and it is our job to take care of it. If I had a dime for each time I have heard a dance teacher tell his/her students to go into the studio and start stretching to warm up, I would be rich. Yet, every time I hear it, I cringe. Read more...
As a dance educator, I firmly believe in the value of dance in everyone's life. Dance is a powerful tool for enriching learning and one that should be made available to every child.
The Case for Dance in Public Education
Each day students enter schools, sit at desks and get ready to learn. They read, they write, they use computers, and they take standardized tests that are used to determine the effectiveness of the educational system. They are told things like, "You can't think while you're moving," or "You've got to be still to learn things." In walks the dance educator, the radical thinker, who actually believes that movement aids learning and encourages higher order thinking. Read more...
February is National Eating Disorder Awareness month. Having seen and worked with several dancers with eating disorders, I believe that education is indeed the key to prevention and wrote several posts on healthy eating, eating disorders, and body image in dancers. Last year nutritionist Nancy Clark donated a copy of Nancy Clark's Sport Nutrition Guidebook that we gave away in a contest. This year the month of February will include another giveaway related to healthy eating.
 Dancers and Body Image
Dancers are given the opportunity to observe themselves daily in full-length mirrors while wearing only tights and a leotard and must learn to live in harmony with their bodies. They, unlike other athletes, are constantly faced with the challenge of developing the muscles required to perform well while making certain that the lines they produce are clean and aesthetically pleasing to the audience. Additionally, dancers are in constant competition with their classmates for the teacher's attention or for a coveted role in a performance. Therefore, it is not surprising that dancers judge themselves harshly and are extremely critical of their bodies: their legs are never long enough, their feet are never arched enough and their stomachs are never flat enough. In a 2010 interview about body image, Pilobolus' Jeffrey Huang said, "Criticizing our bodies is second nature to dancers." One need only mention the possibility of wearing white unitards to a group of dancers to hear groans and observe the, perhaps subconscious, movement of arms being placed across abdomens to hide stomachs. Read more...
 Dance science is a fairly new field of study, and although it has presented many ideas that make sense and are backed by scientific evidence and research, these ideas often challenge dance traditions. Because of this, it is imperative that these ideas continue to be presented and dancers are encouraged to think about how to improve their technique in ways that keep them dancing longer, stronger and healthier.
Forcing Turnout: Is It Really That Bad For You
Turnout is an integral part of ballet technique. It involves externally rotating each leg 90° so that the inside of the leg is visible from the front.
Since few dancers are born with an ideal body structure for turnout, ballet dancers often feel the need to force their legs to rotate more than is anatomically feasible. Dancers bend their knees, outwardly rotate their feet and then force the body to hold that position while they straighten their legs. It is quite easy to spot the dancer who is forcing turnout. Teachers need to check to see if the dancers' kneecaps, or patellas, are facing the same direction as their toes. If they are not, the rotation is being forced and the dancer is probably struggling to hold the position. Read more...
The Barre: Why It Might Be Time To Step Away...
There are few absolutes in the world, but every dancer who enters a ballet class knows that he or she


text:
Chinanews.com, Yinchuan, December 29 (Reporter Yang Di) On the morning of the 29th, the Zhongwei-Lanzhou section of the Yinchuan-Lanzhou high-speed railway (hereinafter referred to as the Yinlan-Lanzhou high-speed railway) was completed and opened.
So far, the Yinlan-Lanzhou high-speed railway has achieved full-line operation, and the fastest time between Yinchuan and Lanzhou can be reached in 2 hours and 56 minutes.
The Yinlan high-speed railway is an important part of the "Beijing-Huyinlan Passage", one of the main passages of China's "eight vertical and eight horizontal" high-speed railways. Its full-line operation has further improved the road network structure in western regions such as Gansu and Ningxia. Facilitating the travel of people along the route is of great significance to promoting coordinated regional development and comprehensively promoting rural revitalization.
The Yinlan-Lanzhou high-speed railway has been put into operation across the board.
Photo by Yang Di
The Yinchuan-Lanzhou high-speed railway connects Yinchuan, the capital of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and Lanzhou, the capital of Gansu Province. It has a total length of 431 kilometers and will be constructed in two sections. The Yinchuan-Zhongwei section was opened for operation on December 29, 2019.
The Zhongwei-Lanzhou section, which is in operation this time, has a total length of 219 kilometers and a design speed of 250 kilometers per hour. There are 7 stations on the whole line, including Zhongwei South, Beitan, Pingchuan West, Jingyuan North, Baiyin South, Qinwangchuan and Lanzhou West. Zhongwei South and Lanzhou West Stations are existing stations, and others are new stations.
The Zhongwei-Lanzhou section of the Yinlan-Lanzhou high-speed railway is mostly located in collapsible loess areas with complex topographic and geological conditions.
Since the start of construction in June 2017, the construction party has organized all participating units to promote the project construction in a safe, efficient, scientific and orderly manner, effectively resolve various geological risks, overcome the worldwide railway construction problem of softening of surrounding rocks when encountering water, and lay the foundation for the completion of the entire line. Lay a solid foundation for production.
At the initial stage of operation, the railway department will arrange passenger trains from Yinchuan to Lanzhou according to daily lines, weekend lines, and peak lines. There are up to 15 pairs of EMU trains per day, including 4 pairs from Lanzhou to Yinchuan, 1 pair from Lanzhou to Zhongwei, and 1 pair from Lanzhou to Zhongwei. It takes 2 hours and 56 minutes and 1 hour and 42 minutes to reach Yinchuan and Zhongwei at the fastest respectively, which is 5 hours and 26 minutes and 4 hours and 4 minutes respectively compared with before opening.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


no arguments.
Assignment to uninitialized local variables also serves as variable declaration. The variables start to exist until the end of the current scope is reached. The lifetime of local variables is determined when Ruby parses the program.
In the above example local variables are id, name and addr.
Ruby Constants:
Constants begin with an uppercase letter. Constants defined within a class or module can be accessed from within that class or module, and those defined outside a class or module can be accessed globally.
Constants may not be defined within methods. Referencing an uninitialized constant produces an error. Making an assignment to a constant that is already initialized produces a warning.
#!/usr/bin/ruby
class Example
 VAR1 = 100
 VAR2 = 200
 def show
 puts "Value of first Constant is #{VAR1}"
 puts "Value of second Constant is #{VAR2}"
 end
end
# Create Objects
object=Example.new()
object.show
Here VAR1 and VAR2 are constant. This will produce the following result:
Value of first Constant is 100
Value of second Constant is 200
Ruby Pseudo-Variables:
They are special variables that have the appearance of local variables but behave like constants. You can not assign any value to these variables.
 - self: The receiver object of the current method.
 - true: Value representing true.
 - false: Value representing false.
 - nil: Value representing undefined.
 - __FILE__: The name of the current source file.
 - __LINE__: The current line number in the source file.
Courtesy: Tutorials Point
git reset
If git revert is a "safe" way to undo changes, you can think of git reset as thedangerous method. When you undo with git reset(and the commits are no longer referenced by any ref or the reflog), there is no way to retrieve the original copy—it is a permanent undo. Care must be taken when using this tool, as it's one of the only Git commands that has the potential to lose your work.
Like git checkout, git reset is a versatile command with many configurations. It can be used to remove committed snapshots, although it's more often used to undo changes in the staging area and the working directory. In either case, it should only be used to undolocal changes—you should never reset snapshots that have been shared with other developers.
Usage:
git reset <file>
Remove the specified file from the staging area, but leave the working directory unchanged. This unstages a file without overwriting any changes.
git reset
Reset the staging area to match the most recent commit, but leave the working directory unchanged. This unstages all files without overwriting any changes, giving you the opportunity to re-build the staged snapshot from scratch.
git reset --hard
Reset the staging area and the working directory to match the most recent commit. In addition to unstaging changes, the --hard flag tells Git to overwrite all changes in the working directory, too. Put another way: this obliterates all uncommitted changes, so make sure you really want to throw away your local developments before using it.
git reset <commit>
Move the current branch tip backward to <commit>, reset the staging area to match, but leave the working directory alone. All changes made since <commit> will reside in the working directory, which lets you re-commit the project history using cleaner, more atomic snapshots.
git reset --hard <commit>
Move the current branch tip backward to <commit> and reset both the staging area and the working directory to match. This obliterates not only the uncommitted changes, but all commits after <commit>, as well.
Discussion
All of the above invocations are used to remove changes from a repository. Without the --hard flag, git reset is a way to clean up a repository by unstaging changes or uncommitting a series of snapshots and re-building them from scratch. The --hard flag comes in handy when an experiment has gone horribly wrong and you need a clean slate to work with.
Whereas reverting is designed to safely undo a public commit, git reset is designed to undo local changes. Because of their distinct goals, the two commands are implemented differently: resetting completely removes a changeset, whereas revertingmaintains the original changeset and uses a new commit to apply the undo.
Git Tutorial: Revert vs Reset
Don't Reset Public History
You should never use git reset <commit> when any snapshots after<commit> have been pushed to a public repository. After publishing a commit, you have to assume that other developers are reliant upon it.
Removing a commit that other team members have continued developing poses serious problems for collaboration. When they try to sync up with your repository, it will look like a chunk of the project history abruptly disappeared. The sequence below demonstrates what happens when you try to reset a public commit. The origin/master branch is the central repository's version of your localmaster branch.
Git Tutorial: Resetting an Public Commit
As soon as you add new commits after the reset, Git will think that your local history has diverged from origin/master, and the merge commit required to synchronize your repositories is likely to confuse and frustrate your team.
The point is, make sure that you're using git reset <commit> on a local experiment that went wrong—not on published changes. If you need to fix a public commit, the git revert command was designed specifically for this purpose.
Examples
Unstaging a File
The git reset command is frequently encountered while preparing the staged snapshot. The next example assumes you have two files called hello.py and main.py that you've already added to the repository.
# Edit both hello.py and main.py
# Stage everything in the current directory
git add .
# Realize that the changes in hello.py and main.py
# should be committed in different snapshots
# Unstage main.py
git reset main.py
# Commit only hello.py
git commit -m "Make some changes to hello.py"
# Commit main.py in a separate snapshot
git add main.py
git commit -m "Edit main.py"
As you can see, git reset helps you keep your commits highly-focused by letting you unstage changes that aren't related to the next commit.
Removing Local Commits
The next example shows a more advanced use case. It demonstrates what happens when you've been working on a new experiment for a while, but decide to completely throw it away after committing a few snapshots.
# Create a new file called 'foo.py' and add some code to it
# Commit it to the project history
git add foo.py
git commit -m "Start developing a crazy feature"
# Edit 'foo.py' again and change some other tracked files, too
# Commit another snapshot
git commit -a -m "Continue my crazy feature"
# Decide to scrap the feature and remove the associated commits
git reset --hard HEAD~2
The git reset HEAD~2 command moves the current branch backward by two commits, effectively removing the two snapshots we just created from the project history. Remember that this kind of reset should only be used on unpublished commits. Never perform the above operation if you've already pushed your commits to a shared repository.
git rebase
Rebasing is the process of moving a branch to a new base commit. The general process can be visualized as the following:
Git Tutorial: Rebase to maintain a linear project history.
From a content perspective, rebasing really is just moving a branch from one commit to another. But internally, Git accomplishes this by creating new commits and applying them to the specified base—it's literally rewriting your project history. It's very important to understand that, even though the branch looks the same, it's composed of entirely new commits.
Usage
git rebase <base>
Rebase the current branch onto <base>, which can be any kind of commit reference (an ID, a branch name, a tag, or a relative reference to HEAD).
Discussion
The primary reason for rebasing is to maintain a linear project history. For example, consider a situation where the master branch has progressed since you started working on a feature:
Git Rebase Branch onto Master
You have two options for integrating your feature into the masterbranch: merging directly or rebasing and then merging. The former option results in a 3-way merge and a merge commit, while the latter results in a fast-forward merge and a perfectly linear history. The following diagram demonstrates how rebasing onto master facilitates a fast-forward merge.
Git Tutorial: Fast-forward merge
Rebasing is a common way to integrate upstream changes into your local repository. Pulling in upstream changes with git merge results in a superfluous merge commit every time you want to see how the project has progressed. On the other hand, rebasing is like saying, "I want to base my changes on what everybody has already done."
Don't Rebase Public History
As we've discussed with git commit --amend and git reset, you should never rebase commits that have been pushed to a public repository. The rebase would replace the


text:
Biofouling of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membranes represents one of the leading causes of performance deterioration in the desalination industry. This work investigates the biofouling potential of microbial communities present in a reverse osmosis (RO) feed tank. As an example, water from the RO feed tank of the Penneshaw desalination plant (Kangaroo Island, South Australia) was used in a static biofilm formation experiment. Cultures of the indigenous biofilms formed during the static experiment showed that α-Proteobacteria and γ-Proteobacteria accounted for nearly 80% of the classes of bacteria present in the RO feed tank. Pseudomonas sp. was identified as the major species and isolated for testing in static and laboratory-based cross flow biofilm formation experiments. Results showed that the volume of TEPs generated by Pseudomonas sp. during the laboratory-based cross-flow experiment was 10 fold higher to that produced during the static experiment for the same time period, while both experiments were inoculated with cell concentrations of the same order of magnitude. The availability of nutrients was also shown to be a key driver in TEP production, particularly for the static experiments. This study provides insights into the phenomenon of biofouling by assessing the production of biofouling precursors from one of the main genera of biofilm-forming bacteria, namely Pseudomonas sp.
|Number of pages||7|
|Journal||Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology|
|Early online date||2016|
|Publication status||Published - 2016|


retlen);
 /* Get the key from an HE structure and also return
 the length of the key string */
 SV* hv_iterval(HV*, HE* entry);
 /* Return an SV pointer to the value of the HE
 structure */
 SV* hv_iternextsv(HV*, char** key, I32* retlen);
 /* This convenience routine combines hv_iternext,
 hv_iterkey, and hv_iterval. The key and retlen
 arguments are return values for the key and its
 length. The value is returned in the SV* argument */
If you know the name of a hash variable, you can get a pointer to its HV by using the following:
 HV* get_hv("package::varname", 0);
This returns NULL if the variable does not exist.
The hash algorithm is defined in the "PERL_HASH" macro:
 PERL_HASH(hash, key, klen)
The exact implementation of this macro varies by architecture and version of perl, and the return value may change per invocation, so the value is only valid for the duration of a single perl process.
See ''Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays'' for more information on how to use the hash access functions on tied hashes.
Hash API Extensions
Beginning with version 5.004, the following functions are also supported:
 HE* hv_fetch_ent (HV* tb, SV* key, I32 lval, U32 hash);
 HE* hv_store_ent (HV* tb, SV* key, SV* val, U32 hash);
 bool hv_exists_ent (HV* tb, SV* key, U32 hash);
 SV* hv_delete_ent (HV* tb, SV* key, I32 flags, U32 hash);
 SV* hv_iterkeysv (HE* entry);
Note that these functions take "SV*" keys, which simplifies writing of extension code that deals with hash structures. These functions also allow passing of "SV*" keys to "tie" functions without forcing you to stringify the keys (unlike the previous set of functions).
They also return and accept whole hash entries ("HE*"), making their use more efficient (since the hash number for a particular string doesn't have to be recomputed every time). See perlapi for detailed descriptions.
The following macros must always be used to access the contents of hash entries. Note that the arguments to these macros must be simple variables, since they may get evaluated more than once. See perlapi for detailed descriptions of these macros.
 HePV(HE* he, STRLEN len)
 HeVAL(HE* he)
 HeHASH(HE* he)
 HeSVKEY(HE* he)
 HeSVKEY_force(HE* he)
 HeSVKEY_set(HE* he, SV* sv)
These two lower level macros are defined, but must only be used when dealing with keys that are not "SV*"s:
 HeKEY(HE* he)
 HeKLEN(HE* he)
Note that both "hv_store" and "hv_store_ent" do not increment the reference count of the stored "val", which is the caller's responsibility. If these functions return a NULL value, the caller will usually have to decrement the reference count of "val" to avoid a memory leak.
AVs, HVs and undefined values
Sometimes you have to store undefined values in AVs or HVs. Although this may be a rare case, it can be tricky. That's because you're used to using &PL_sv_undef if you need an undefined SV.
For example, intuition tells you that this XS code:
 AV *av = newAV();
 av_store( av, 0, &PL_sv_undef );
is equivalent to this Perl code:
 my @av;
 $av[0] = undef;
Unfortunately, this isn't true. In perl 5.18 and earlier, AVs use &PL_sv_undef as a marker for indicating that an array element has not yet been initialized. Thus, "exists $av[0]" would be true for the above Perl code, but false for the array generated by the XS code. In perl 5.20, storing &PL_sv_undef will create a read-only element, because the scalar &PL_sv_undef itself is stored, not a copy.
Similar problems can occur when storing &PL_sv_undef in HVs:
 hv_store( hv, "key", 3, &PL_sv_undef, 0 );
This will indeed make the value "undef", but if you try to modify the value of "key", you'll get the following error:
 Modification of non-creatable hash value attempted
In perl 5.8.0, &PL_sv_undef was also used to mark placeholders in restricted hashes. This caused such hash entries not to appear when iterating over the hash or when checking for the keys with the "hv_exists" function.
You can run into similar problems when you store &PL_sv_yes or &PL_sv_no into AVs or HVs. Trying to modify such elements will give you the following error:
 Modification of a read-only value attempted
To make a long story short, you can use the special variables &PL_sv_undef, &PL_sv_yes and &PL_sv_no with AVs and HVs, but you have to make sure you know what you're doing.
Generally, if you want to store an undefined value in an AV or HV, you should not use &PL_sv_undef, but rather create a new undefined value using the "newSV" function, for example:
 av_store( av, 42, newSV(0) );
 hv_store( hv, "foo", 3, newSV(0), 0 );

References
References are a special type of scalar that point to other data types (including other references).
To create a reference, use either of the following functions:
 SV* newRV_inc((SV*) thing);
 SV* newRV_noinc((SV*) thing);
The "thing" argument can be any of an "SV*", "AV*", or "HV*". The functions are identical except that "newRV_inc" increments the reference count of the "thing", while "newRV_noinc" does not. For historical reasons, "newRV" is a synonym for "newRV_inc".
Once you have a reference, you can use the following macro to dereference the reference:
 SvRV(SV*)
then call the appropriate routines, casting the returned "SV*" to either an "AV*" or "HV*", if required.
To determine if an SV is a reference, you can use the following macro:
 SvROK(SV*)
To discover what type of value the reference refers to, use the following macro and then check the return value.
 SvTYPE(SvRV(SV*))
The most useful types that will be returned are:
 < SVt_PVAV Scalar
 SVt_PVAV Array
 SVt_PVHV Hash
 SVt_PVCV Code
 SVt_PVGV Glob (possibly a file handle)
See ''svtype'' in perlapi for more details.
Blessed References and Class Objects
References are also used to support object-oriented programming. In perl's OO lexicon, an object is simply a reference that has been blessed into a package (or class). Once blessed, the programmer may now use the reference to access the various methods in the class.
A reference can be blessed into a package with the following function:
 SV* sv_bless(SV* sv, HV* stash);
The "sv" argument must be a reference value. The "stash" argument specifies which class the reference will belong to. See ''Stashes and Globs'' for information on converting class names into stashes.
/* Still under construction */
The following function upgrades rv to reference if not already one. Creates a new SV for rv to point to. If "classname" is non-null, the SV is blessed into the specified class. SV is returned.
 SV* newSVrv(SV* rv, const char* classname);
The following three functions copy integer, unsigned integer or double into an SV whose reference is "rv". SV is blessed if "classname" is non-null.
 SV* sv_setref_iv(SV* rv, const char* classname, IV iv);
 SV* sv_setref_uv(SV* rv, const char* classname, UV uv);
 SV* sv_setref_nv(SV* rv, const char* classname, NV iv);
The following


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MasterGraftTM Resorbable Ceramic Granules are a medical-grade, polyporous resorbable ceramic hybrid composed of 15% hydroxyapatite (HA) and 85% beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). The combination of these natural bone materials provides surgeons with an osteoconductive, porous implant, that improves osteointegration by allowing for the colonization of cells throughout the implant and optimizing the bone healing process.
The innovative MasterGraftTM Resorbable Ceramic Granule technology is enhanced even further by its natural cell-mediated resorption process. By improving osteointegration, each granule increases its exposure to the natural osteogenic elements. Consequently, the exposure optimizes the bone healing process and allows the MasterGraftTM granules to resorb as bone grows.
To ensure that this optimal cellular environment exists in each MasterGraftTM Resorbable Ceramic Granule, Medtronic Sofamor Danek has developed a patented, solution-based, chemical process. The patented process provides excellent control over pore size,
a consistent porous architecture, and prevents variations in phase, porosity, and density caused by high heat and long firing cycles.


text:
Scarcer Sentence Examples
Water also was found to be scarce, and was sure to become scarcer during the summer months.
The tema is the same name as the large wheat measure (35), which was worth 30,000 to 19,000 grains of copper, according to Ptolemaic receipts and accounts (Rev. Eg., 1881, 150), and therefore very likely worth to utens of copper in earlier times when metals were scarcer.
These skins are found in Africa, Arabia and part of India, and are every year becoming scarcer.
Scarcer plants that occasionally occur throughout include Alpine saw-wort Saussurea alpina, alpine meadow rue Thalictrum alpinum.
A good selection of winter visitors were recorded prior to a steady passage of scarcer migrant species at the end of the review period.Advertisement
If you live in a smaller town, the resources available to you may be scarcer.
Fast forward to the nineties, when movie roles became scarcer and his recreational drug usage escalated into a full blown drug addiction and Haim suddenly became unemployable.
The scarcer sorts are commonly budded, but there is no need for this, seeing that all can be layered, or raised from seed or cuttings.
R. Mariana is even scarcer in this country than R. virginica, and less important, growing in drier places.
But while some large families, such as the Staphylinidae (rove-beetles) are especially abundant on the great northern continents, becoming scarcer in the tropics, others, the Cicindelidae (tiger-beetles), for example, are most strongly represented in the warmer regions of the earth, and become scarce as the collector journeys far to south or north.Advertisement
Much scarcer is the second species, the sand-lizard (Lacerta agilis), which is confined to some localities in the south of England, the New Forest and its vicinity; it does not appear to attain on English soil the same size as on the continent of Europe where it abounds, growing sometimes to a length of 9 in.
It is scarcer at Defenneh (29) and rare at Memphis (44).
Yearly becoming scarcer and most costly.
But later on that metal became scarcer; the London gold prices ran higher and higher, while silver prices declined.
Through persecution it has been exterminated in all its southern haunts, and is become much scarcer in those to which it still resorts.Advertisement


text: This article considers the principle of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), first developed by Michael Halliday, (seminal paper, 1961), and demonstrates how the clause is the representation of the experiential function of language. In every clause, there is a process, expressed by the verb group, on which the message or experience of the clause hinges. This grammatical relationship is known as the transitivity of the clause. This article examines and applies the concept of transitivity as elucidated by a systemic functional grammar approach. It analyzes two text types utilizing SFG and demonstrates how transitivity, the system or resource for constructing meaning, ultimately enables us to sense the meaning that the language is making.


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Racist Violence Recording Programme
What is a hate crime and what are its victims?
What is the role of METAdrasi's interpreters in the racist violence incidents recording and in victim support procedures?
Learn about the "Racist Violence Recording Programme" through the short Video "Don't be Afraid. Speak up."
The project "Support and legal services for victims of hate crime" was funded by Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway under the EEA Grants Greek NGO Programme "We are all Citizens". The Bodossaki Foundation is the Fund Operator of this Programme. The Programme aims to strengthen civil society and enhance the contribution of NGOs to social justice, democracy and sustainable development.
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A warming Earth causes the volume of mountain glaciers and their extent to decline globally for decades. At the same time, the cover of many glaciers with debris changes. However, this debris coverage has been rarely recorded so far. A study by the scientist Dirk Scherler of the German Research Centre for Geosciences GFZ and two colleagues from Switzerland - one of them employed by Google - now shows a possibility to detect the extent of debris on mountain glaciers globally and automatically via satellite monitoring.
In their work, the scientists used the cloud computing platform "Google Earth Engine". This is a web-based development environment and database of satellite imagery from forty years of remote sensing that is freely accessible to researchers. The images for the study in the journal Geophysical Research Letters came from the satellites Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 and have a spatial resolution of 30 by 30 and 10 by 10 meters respectively per pixel. The scientists compared the images from space with an electronic glacier catalog, the Randolph Glacier Inventory, to determine the debris coverage. For this they have developed an automatic method that makes pixel-by-pixel comparisons across the globe. "Our approach, in principle, allows rapid mapping of changes in debris coverage for any period for which satellite imagery is available," says Dirk Scherler.
A manual review showed robust results. According to this, 4.4 percent of the glacier surface in mountains is covered with rubble (the Greenland ice sheet and the Antarctic were not included in the study). The distribution is uneven: Towards the poles, the debris coverage decreases as the landscape here is rather flat. In steep mountain regions, such as the Himalayas, there is more debris on the glaciers. Moreover, the study showed that the coverage ratio is higher for smaller glaciers than for larger ones. With global glaciers shrinking, the percentage of debris coverage is expected to increase, making it more important to monitor debris coverage.
Mountain glaciers are of great importance for regions where their meltwater flows: it serves as drinking water, irrigates agricultural areas or drives turbines. According to the authors, the results of the study provide a basis for future modeling of the effects of debris on the ice, from the regional scale to the global scale.
Original Study: Scherler, D., Wulf, H., Gorelick, N. (2018): Global Assessment of Supraglacial Debris Cover Extents. Geophysical Research Letters, doi: 10.1029 / 2018GL080158.
Scientific contact person: Dirk Scherler (_EMAIL_)


text:
Related BLS programs | Related articles
August 1997, Vol. 120, No. 8
Coal produced in the Western1 States has increased in price relative to coal from other regions of the Nation. At the same time, employment in coal mining has been virtually unchanged in the Western States, while it has declined in most other parts of the country. Appalachia is still the countrys largest coal producer and employer, but a clear westward shift of coal mining is underway. Much of both the increased price for western coal and the stability of employment in western coal mining results from the low sulfur content of the areas coal, which has increased its desirability, environmentally speaking.
Legislative initiatives, including the New Source Performance Standards of 19712 and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990,3 created incentives for electric utilities to burn low-sulfur coal. The Nations largest source of such coal is in the West: the Powder River Basin of Wyoming.4 While other factors (relative freight costs, labor costs, production costs, regional variation in demand for electricity, competing energy sources) undoubtedly contribute to both the increase in prices received by western coal mines and the stability of mining employment in some Western States, much of the impact can be attributed to the demand for coal with low sulfur content.
This excerpt is from an article published in the August 1997 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. The full text of the article is available in Adobe Acrobat's Portable Document Format (PDF). See How to view a PDF file for more information.
Read abstract Download full text in PDF (93K)
1 Producer Price Index (PPI) data for coal are published by Bureau of Mines (BOM) districts. Coalbeds do not always respect State boundaries, so some districts cross State lines. The publication categories for PPIs and the approximate State equivalents are as follows: West (BOM 1623)Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Alaska, Oregon, Washington; Midwest (BOM 912, 14, 15)Oklahoma, Texas, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri; South Appalachia (BOM 7, 8, 13)Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina; North Appalachia (BOM 16)Maryland, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan.
2 Bruce Ackerman and William Hassler, Clean Coal/Dirty Air (New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1981).
3 US Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content (U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, 1993).
4 The Changing Structure of the US Coal Industry (U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, 1993), pp. 2728.
Related BLS programs
Producer Price Indexes
State and Area Current Employment Statistics
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The New International Encyclopædia/Rate (taxes)
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The New International Encyclopædia
Rate (taxes)
Edition of 1905. See also Rates (tax) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RATE. The term applied to the taxes assessed and collected by local authorities in England. The objects subject to taxation being assessed, a 'rate' is fixed sufficient to bring in the needed income. The taxes being imposed by various administrative bodies such as the counties, or poor law districts, we find frequent references to 'county rates,' 'poor rates,' etc. As the entire revenue of local bodies rests upon this basis, the term rate is frequently used by English writers as synonymous with direct taxation, other forms of taxation being designated customs, duties, imposts, etc. The distinctions here noted are not in use in the practice of American communities or in the writings of American authors upon taxation.


text:
From Valve Developer Community
Bug: This entity is incomplete and does not function.
- Linked liquid portal.
- To do: add description
- Fill Time (sec)
- How long the volume takes to fill in seconds.
- Origin (X Y Z)
- The position of this entity's center in the world. Rotating entities typically rotate around their origin.
- Pitch Yaw Roll (Y Z X)
- This entity's orientation in the world. Pitch is rotation around the Y axis, yaw is the rotation around the Z axis, roll is the rotation around the X axis.
- The liquid portal this should link to. Will update linked portal to point back.
- How long the area takes to fill.
- Start filling NOW. Entities teleport when finished.
- Add the activator entity to the list of entities to teleport when filling is finished.
- Remove the activator entity from the list of entities to teleport when filling is finished.
- These Outputs each fire in response to the firing of the like-numbered
FireUser4Input; see User Inputs and Outputs.
OnKilled(Only in the Left 4 Dead series)
- This Output fires when the entity is killed and removed from the game.


text:
What Is the Life Expectancy Method?
The life expectancy method is a way of calculating individual retirement account (IRA) distribution payments by dividing the balance or total value of a retirement account by the policyholder's anticipated length of life. The life expectancy method is the most straightforward method of calculating required minimum distributions (RMDs) for retirement accounts by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).
RMDs are required distributions that must be withdrawn from certain retirement accounts once the owner reaches age 72. Please note that the IRS has suspended RMDs for retirement accounts, including IRAs and 401(k)s for 2020.
- The life expectancy method is the primary way of figuring out your RMD amounts.
- RMDs are required distributions that must be withdrawn from certain retirement accounts once the owner reaches age 72. (Note that RMDs were suspended for 2020.)
- The life expectancy method takes into account your actuarial life expectancy and the starting account balance.
Understanding the Life Expectancy Method
The life expectancy method is used to calculate RMDs from traditional IRAs or qualified retirement accounts, such as 401(k) plans. The minimum withdrawal amounts must be taken from these accounts starting at age 72.
This method uses IRS life expectancy factors along with the value of your IRA in the year of distribution before that year's withdrawal. This is, therefore, a variable method, and if your IRA value increases or decreases, the year's distribution amount will increase or decrease accordingly. This is also the case when it comes to your life expectancy.
IRS actuarial tables help determine the life expectancy of the owner or the joint life expectancies of the owner and a beneficiary.
Types of Life Expectancy Methods
There are two types of life expectancy methods: the term-certain method and the recalculation method.
In the term-certain method, distribution or withdrawal from the retirement account is based on your life expectancy at the time of the first withdrawal. With each following year, the account is steadily depleted as life expectancy reduces by one year. The retirement account will eventually be empty once you reach your life-expectancy age. Thus, some people may completely run through their funds if they outlive their life expectancy.
To offset the risk of outliving annuity payments, some choose the recalculation method, which differs from the term-certain method by recalculating your life expectancy every year. In this case, you are withdrawing as little as possible from your account. However, if your beneficiary dies prematurely, you would have to refigure withdrawals based on your life expectancy alone.
Example of the Life Expectancy Method
Let's look at the case of a 54-year-old single woman who chooses the term-certain method of life expectancy withdrawals. In this scenario, if the woman wants to begin receiving IRA distributions in 2021, she must first calculate the total account value as of Dec. 31, 2020, as well as her life expectancy according to IRS Publication 590 Appendix C. If the account value were $100,000 and her life expectancy is 30.5 years, the amount she can receive in distributions each year is $3,278.69.
The following year, the now 55-year-old would again take note of the account balance on Dec. 31 and divide the amount by 29.6, her new life expectancy. Essentially, the older she becomes, the shorter her life expectancy becomes, although this relationship is not linear.


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Please explain the differences between heterogeneous and homogeneous SANs.
Good question, as heterogeneous and homogenous are often used to describe storage and storage networking environments. In a nutshell, homogenous refers to an environment where all of the components are from the same vendor directly or via a partner relationship. Heterogeneous refers to a mixed environment with technology from multiple vendors. Think of heterogeneous as an environment that has interoperable components, and homogenous as a propriety or vendor-specific environment. So when a SAN
is referred to as homogenous, it means that it is, for example, an all Brocade, Cisco, CNT, McData, or Qlogic SAN. A heterogeneous SAN would involve components from multiple vendors, for example switches running in interoperability mode.
Another example of a homogenous SAN would be a storage vendor-specific SAN that pairs switches and adapters from a partner with specific storage solutions. Even though another vendor may use the same partner switches and adapters, a storage vendor may not support certain other vendors' storage, thus making it a heterogeneous storage environment.
18 Nov 2004


text:
Question – Describe the causes for the tribal movements occurred during the British period. – 2 August 2021
Tribal movements were carried out on local issues, by local leadership and common people. These movements were mainly violent. These movements were sometimes against the British and sometimes against non-British such as money lenders, forest contractors etc.
Causes of tribal movements
- Forest laws: SuchForest laws were enacted by the British government that prevented tribals from living in protected areas. These forest laws also prohibited the use of products derived from forests. The British government established a forest department in 1864 to control the rich resources of Indian forests. The Government Forest Act, 1865 and the Indian Forest Act, 1868 established complete government monopoly on forest land.
- Land revenue system: The British government introducedstringent land revenue system. In addition to this, the traditions of joint ownership of land of tribals was deeply affected by extension of agriculture in the tribal areas or forest area by non-tribals and increased socio-economic discrimination in the egalitarian structure of tribal society.
- Exploitation: Beggar forced on the tribals by the forest contractors and external people and encroachment in tribal lands.
- Religious reform: Forced religious reform and conversion of tribal communities. The activities of Christian missionaries brought changes in the socio-economic and cultural equations of the tribals, they discouraging people to take up arms against the government. For this reason missionaries were seen as an extension of colonialism.
The area of influence of most tribal movements was limited, but these movements laid the foundation of future national movements.


What is the meaning of the 'g' flag in regular expressions?
What is the meaning of the g flag in regular expressions?
What is is the difference between /.+/g and /.+/?
g is for global search. Meaning it'll match all occurrences. You'll usually also see i which means ignore case.
Reference: global - JavaScript | MDN
The "g" flag indicates that the regular expression should be tested against all possible matches in a string.
Without the g flag, it'll only test for the first.
Example in Javascript to explain:
> 'aaa'.match(/a/g)
> 'aaa'.match(/a/)
[ 'a', index: 0, input: 'aaa' ]
g is the global search flag.
So the difference between /.+/g and /.+/ is that the g version will find every occurrence instead of just the first.
There is no difference between /.+/g and /.+/ because they will both only ever match the whole string once. The g makes a difference if the regular expression could match more than once or contains groups, in which case.match() will return an array of the matches instead of an array of the groups.
As _USER_ pointed out, the g flag sets the lastIndex property as well.
A very important side effect of this is if you are reusing the same regex instance against a matching string, it will eventually fail because it only starts searching at the lastIndex.
// regular regex
const regex = /foo/;
// same regex with global flag
const regexG = /foo/g;
const str = " foo foo foo ";
const test = (r) => console.log(
// Test the normal one 4 times (success)
// Test the global one 4 times
// (3 passes and a fail)
Beside already mentioned meaning of g flag, it influences regexp.lastIndex property:
The lastIndex is a read/write integer property of regular expression instances that specifies the index at which to start the next match. (...) This property is set only if the regular expression instance used the "g" flag to indicate a global search.
Reference: Mozilla Developer Network
G in regular expressions is a defines a global search, meaning that it would search for all the instances on all the lines.
Will give example based on string. If we want to remove all occurences from a string. Lets say if we want to remove all occurences of "o" with "" from "hello world"
"hello world".replace(/o/g,'');
 1. g -> returns all matches
 2. without g -> returns first match
 1. '1 2 1 5 6 7'.match(/\d+/) returns ["1", index: 0, input: "1 2 1 5 6 7", groups: undefined]. As you see we can only take first match "1".
 2. '1 2 1 5 6 7'.match(/\d+/g) returns an array of all matches ["1", "2", "1", "5", "6", "7"].


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Welsh Power approached RMA with a challenging site in Flood Zone 3 in Queensferry, Flintshire, where they wanted to develop a gas-fired short term operating reserve power plant. A Flood Consequence assessment was required to support a planning application in accordance with TAN15 of Planning Policy Wales. As the local flood defences were under increasing pressure as a result of climate change, Natural Resources Wales requested that breach modelling was undertaken for the site to demonstrate that the development would be safe and would not increase flood risk elsewhere.
The breach modelling provided detailed design flood events for the development in order to advise on appropriate mitigation measures and allowed a 'post-development' model to be constructed, which assessed the impact of placing a new building in the floodplain on the surrounding area. This identified that there was no increase in flood risk elsewhere.
RMA's expertise as flood risk assessment consultants, in flood modelling and the responsiveness to the requirements of the project and Natural Resources Wales resulted in the scheme securing planning permission.


text:
What to do if you see a missing child
If you think you can help the search for a missing child, do the following:
- Please call or text the charity Missing People on 116 000 (it's free, 24 hour and confidential) or the police force dealing with the case giving details of the area in which you saw the child and details of the time, date and place you see the child. Note descriptions of any other person (adult or child) that is with the child.
- DO NOT approach the child or attempt to'rescue' the child. Leave that to the police. If ANYTHING about the situation causes you concern that the child is in immediate danger, dial 999 and report the matter to the police.
- Please remember, the child could have been safely recovered since you saw the child on the site. Even if still missing, recovering a child needs professional expertise and is a job for the police.
- Tell the police that you recognise the child from the missingkids web site. This will help their investigation.
- You may be asked to provide evidence for the police and/or the courts. You are a witness to a possible crime.
The above advice applies to any situation in which you think a child is being abducted against their will.


text:
Oil Drum Pump
RAVENOL oil drum pump is a cam cylinder metal pump with 2″- thread, telescopic suction tube and outlet manifolds.
The steel telescope suction tube can be extended to a required length of up to 90 cm and allows the use in 60 to 200 liter drums.
RAVENOL oil drum pump is suitable for:
- Engine, hydraulic and transmission oils up to SAE 90
- Waste oil, diesel, petroleum, fuel oil and other non-corrosive fluids.
RAVENOL oil drum pump has a capacity of about 0.45 liters / stroke.
- Fit the outlet pipe (5) at the pump outlet and tighten the nut (4) securely.
- CAUTION: Make sure that the seal (3) is attached to the nut (4) before the outlet pipe (5) is screwed to the pump.
- Screw the intake manifold (1) to the pump cylinder (2). Tighten firmly so that no air is attracted.
- Insert the pump through the 2 "spout of the barrel. Ensure that the suction pipe of the pump (1) reaches the bottom of the drum. Screw the pump in the bunghole.
- Operate the pump with several fast pumping movements until liquid comes out of the spout.
- CAUTION: When the pump is not in use, leave the pump lever (7) in the upper position so that the piston in the cylinder is at the bottom.
Problems and their solution:
|Pump does not work.||The suction pipe (1) does not reach into the liquid.The barrel is empty.||Reduce intake manifold (1).|
|Pump can not be put into operation.||The intake manifold (1) is loose.||Tighten the intake manifold (1).|
|Fluid emerges from the nut (6).||The nut (6) is loose.||Tighten the nut (6).|
|Liquid passes through the nut (4) at the outlet.||The nut (4) is loose.
The seal (3) is damaged.
|Tighten the nut (4).
Replace the gasket (3).
|Displacement capacity per lever movement||Feed pipe||0.45L||–|
|Material (suction pipe, run-out, piston)||steel||–|
|Material (pump cylinder)||Zamak||–|
All indicated data are approximate values and are subject to the commercial fluctuations.


text:
Scotland's Way Ahead
25 August 2015
New Report Published on Benefits of Low Carbon Scotland
Scotland's Low Carbon Infrastructure Task Force announces a new initiative building on Scotland's engineering past.
Today's report finds that public investment into low carbon infrastructure will bring many benefits to Scotland and is the first step in exploring how Scotland's proud engineering tradition can be harnessed to tackle fuel poverty, improve public health, create jobs and slash carbon missions.
ECCI welcomes the publication of the 'Scotland's Way Ahead' report, commissioned by the Low Carbon Infrastructure Task Force - which includes key figures from engineering, finance, construction, academia,public sector, development and environmental groups - which finds that investment in low carbon infrastructure by both public and private sector must increase if Scotland is to meet its climate change targets.
The report's findings also make clear that public investment into low carbon infrastructure would bring many benefits, including: creating jobs; improving health and; eradicating fuel poverty.
Director of ECCI, Dr Andy Kerr said:
"ECCI is very pleased to voice its support for the new initiative. This first report clearly outlines how essential infrastructure is to a successful transition to a low carbon future. Rather than simply calling for additional funding the report highlights that Scotland requires a comprehensive shift to embed low carbon objectives in all its infrastructure developments. I look forward to the next phase of the task force and supporting the delivery of this ambitious agenda."
The task force includes partners in Scottish Government, WWF, Pinset Masons, City of Edinburgh Council, Green Investment Bank, SCDI, and ICE to name a few. Speaking ahead of the report launch, Chair of the Low Carbon Infrastructure Task Force and Director of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Sara Thiam said:
"As Scotland prepares to spend billions of pounds over the coming decades to upgrade our ageing infrastructure, it's essential we invest wisely for the future, building infrastructure that improves our economy, environment and quality of life for the people of Scotland in the 21st Century and beyond."
Read the full 'Scotland's Way Ahead' report here
Read the full Low Carbon Infrastructure Task Force report here


text:
DETERMINATION OF THE ESTER COMPOSITION OF NEOPENTYL POLYOL ESTER LUBRICANTS.
NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON D C
Pagination or Media Count:
Methods of gas-liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography have been applied to the analysis of neopentyl polyol ester lubricants. By direct programmed-temperature gas chromatography of the lubricants, the components were separated according to volatility in most cases resolution was adequate for semiquantitative analysis. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the free acids produced by hydrolysis of the sample revealed the acyl composition. The parent polyols were determined by programmed-temperature gas chromatography of their valerate esters. A semipreparative thin-layer chromatographic method permitted the isolation of the three main ester types--trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol, and dipentaerythritol for further analysis. By a combination of these analytical methods the actual ester composition of the lubricant may be determined. Such detailed information had not previously been accessible by analytical procedures. Author
- Organic Chemistry
- Physical Chemistry


text:
The provision of bursaries widens educational opportunities to children from a greater range of backgrounds, which enriches our community. As part of the legacy that our founder, William Lambe, worked so hard to achieve, we continue to value the importance of being inclusive and accessible to deserving children in the local area and beyond.
Bursaries are awarded according to financial need at the discretion of the Scholarship and Bursaries Committee and are reviewed annually. If applicable, the awarded percentage will be applied to tuition fees and boarding fees. Please note that our bursary provision does not cover transportation costs.
In addition to the School's standard bursary programme, applicants to the Sixth Form are able to apply for The Blyth Bursary, which was established through a generous legacy from an Old Suttonian family. This seeks to support a local, talented child whose family's financial circumstances would, under normal circumstances, preclude them from considering an education at Sutton Valence School; more information about this particular bursary can be found here.
Finally, any prospective pupils with a parent currently serving in the Armed Forces may also apply for a Forces Bursary, which is the equivalent of a 20 per cent discount applied to tuition and boarding fees (if applicable).
Bursary Application Process
To apply for a bursary, please follow the following steps:
- In order for us to consider a bursary application, the prospective pupil needs to be registered with the School first. To register, please click here.
- Once the prospective pupil has been registered, please request bursary application forms from the Bursar on 01622 845201. Please note that the earliest a bursary application can be received is nine months prior to the prospective pupil's start date at the School (i.e. applicants looking to join the School in September 2024 may apply for a bursary from January 2024 onwards).
For further information about any of the above bursary schemes or the application process, please do not hesitate to contact the Bursar.


Problem 37.1: Illumination pattern
Please wait for the animation to completely load.
Two sources of light waves of equal frequency and amplitude are shown. The magnitude of the electric field is represented by the light and dark areas. The lighter the spot, the greater the magnitude of the electric field at that spot. A blue screen is shown on the right-hand side of the animation (position is given in arbitrary units). Restart.
 1. What illumination pattern appears on the screen?
 2. Does the appearance of the screen change with time?
This applet calculates seven frames and then runs continuously. For a large number of sources, or for very small wavelengths, this calculation can take some time, so let the applet finish calculating all seven frames.
OSP Projects:
Open Source Physics - EJS Modeling
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text:
Definitions for gamma ray
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word gamma ray
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
a highly penetrating photon of high frequency, usu. 1019 Hz or more, emitted by an atomic nucleus.
a stream of such photons.
Origin of gamma ray:
gamma radiation, gamma ray(noun)
electromagnetic radiation emitted during radioactive decay and having an extremely short wavelength
Very high frequency (and therefore very high energy) electromagnetic radiation emitted as a consequence of radioactivity.
Gamma radiation, also known as gamma rays, and denoted by the Greek letter γ, refers to electromagnetic radiation of high frequency and therefore high energy per photon. Gamma rays are ionizing radiation, and are thus biologically hazardous. They are classically produced by the decay from high energy states of atomic nuclei, but are also created by other processes. Paul Villard, a French chemist and physicist, discovered gamma radiation in 1900, while studying radiation emitted from radium. Villard's radiation was named "gamma rays" by Ernest Rutherford in 1903. Natural sources of gamma rays on Earth include gamma decay from naturally occurring radioisotopes, and secondary radiation from atmospheric interactions with cosmic ray particles. Rare terrestrial natural sources produce gamma rays that are not of a nuclear origin, such as lightning strikes and terrestrial gamma-ray flashes. Gamma rays are produced by a number of astronomical processes in which very high-energy electrons are produced, that in turn cause secondary gamma rays by the mechanisms of bremsstrahlung, inverse Compton scattering and synchrotron radiation. A large fraction of such astronomical gamma rays are screened by Earth's atmosphere and must be detected by spacecraft.19
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Amazon DynamoDB
Developer Guide (API Version 2012-08-10)
Example: Batch Operations Using AWS SDK for .NET Document Model API
Example: Batch Write Using AWS SDK for .NET Document Model
The following C# code example illustrates single table and multi-table batch write operations. The example performs the following tasks:
 - To illustrate a single table batch write, it adds two items to the ProductCatalog table.
 - To illustrate a multi-table batch write, it adds an item to both the Forum and Thread tables and deletes and item from the Thread table.
If you followed the steps in Creating Tables and Loading Sample Data, you already have the ProductCatalog, Forum and Thread tables created. You can also create these sample tables programmatically. For more information, see Creating Example Tables and Uploading Data Using the AWS SDK for .NET. For step-by-step instructions to test the following sample, see .NET Code Samples.
Example
Copy
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using Amazon.DynamoDBv2; using Amazon.DynamoDBv2.DocumentModel; using Amazon.Runtime; namespace com.amazonaws.codesamples { class MidLevelBatchWriteItem { private static AmazonDynamoDBClient client = new AmazonDynamoDBClient(); static void Main(string[] args) { try { SingleTableBatchWrite(); MultiTableBatchWrite(); } catch (AmazonDynamoDBException e) { Console.WriteLine(e.Message); } catch (AmazonServiceException e) { Console.WriteLine(e.Message); } catch (Exception e) { Console.WriteLine(e.Message); } Console.WriteLine("To continue, press Enter"); Console.ReadLine(); } private static void SingleTableBatchWrite() { Table productCatalog = Table.LoadTable(client, "ProductCatalog"); var batchWrite = productCatalog.CreateBatchWrite(); var book1 = new Document(); book1["Id"] = 902; book1["Title"] = "My book1 in batch write using .NET helper classes"; book1["ISBN"] = "902-11-11-1111"; book1["Price"] = 10; book1["ProductCategory"] = "Book"; book1["Authors"] = new List<string> { "Author 1", "Author 2", "Author 3" }; book1["Dimensions"] = "8.5x11x.5"; book1["InStock"] = new DynamoDBBool(true); book1["QuantityOnHand"] = new DynamoDBNull(); //Quantity is unknown at this time batchWrite.AddDocumentToPut(book1); // Specify delete item using overload that takes PK. batchWrite.AddKeyToDelete(12345); Console.WriteLine("Performing batch write in SingleTableBatchWrite()"); batchWrite.Execute(); } private static void MultiTableBatchWrite() { // 1. Specify item to add in the Forum table. Table forum = Table.LoadTable(client, "Forum"); var forumBatchWrite = forum.CreateBatchWrite(); var forum1 = new Document(); forum1["Name"] = "Test BatchWrite Forum"; forum1["Threads"] = 0; forumBatchWrite.AddDocumentToPut(forum1); // 2a. Specify item to add in the Thread table. Table thread = Table.LoadTable(client, "Thread"); var threadBatchWrite = thread.CreateBatchWrite(); var thread1 = new Document(); thread1["ForumName"] = "S3 forum"; thread1["Subject"] = "My sample question"; thread1["Message"] = "Message text"; thread1["KeywordTags"] = new List<string> { "S3", "Bucket" }; threadBatchWrite.AddDocumentToPut(thread1); // 2b. Specify item to delete from the Thread table. threadBatchWrite.AddKeyToDelete("someForumName", "someSubject"); // 3. Create multi-table batch. var superBatch = new MultiTableDocumentBatchWrite(); superBatch.AddBatch(forumBatchWrite); superBatch.AddBatch(threadBatchWrite); Console.WriteLine("Performing batch write in MultiTableBatchWrite()"); superBatch.Execute(); } } }


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Coupling Multi-Component Models with MPH on Distributed Memory Computer Architectures
- Author(s): He, Yun
- Ding, Chris
- et al.
A growing trend in developing large and complex applications on today's Teraflop scale computers is to integrate stand-alone and/or semi-independent program components into a comprehensive simulation package. One example is the Community Climate System Model which consists of atmosphere, ocean, land-surface and sea-ice components. Each component is semi-independent and has been developed at a different institution. We study how this multi-component, multi-executable application can run effectively on distributed memory architectures. For the first time, we clearly identify five effective execution modes and develop the MPH library to support application development utilizing these modes. MPH performs component-name registration, resource allocation and initial component handshaking in a flexible way.


Nigerian banks asked to remove ATM's
April 16, 2009 • Hardware, Security
ATM_machine.jpgNigeria's central bank has commended the efforts of most Nigerian banks to reach the un-banked segment of its population through the deployment of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) across the nation.
However, the Automated Teller Machines Director of Banking Operations, James Olekah, reminded banks that the deployment of the electronic gadgets in public places is beyond the mandate given to banks as stipulated in the policies guiding the operations of ATM Consortium (ATMC).
He noted that banks are competing with ATMC in its sole mandate of deploying ATMs in public places.
The CBN expressed concern at indiscriminate deployment of bank's ATMs in public places (particularly hotel lobbies and airports).
Consequently, banks are directed to restrict further deployment of ATMs to their premises and to withdraw bank ATMs in public places to their premises before June 30, 2009.
The CBN also officially made public its decision to begin the licensing process for an additional ATM Consortium with the sole mandate to deploy ATMs in public places thereby bringing to two the number of ATM consortia in the economy.
The ATMs have brought a new dimension to banking in Nigeria, making banking services and its delivery convenient and accessible. There is a growing demand for more ATMs across the country as the present distribution of bank ATMs are concentrated in Lagos and Abuja regions.
While bank customers are likely to feel the adverse effect of the withdrawal of bank's ATMs from public places, it is expected that the present policy would give the ATM consortia in the country a business environment conducive to profitable deployment of their resources.
Hence, the number of ATMs and Point of Sales (POS) systems available in the country is expected to increase significantly. This technological development is also likely to boost other sectors of the economy that rely on ATMs and POS as business electronic distribution channels and payment systems. Such prospective beneficiaries include the telecommunication (recharge code distribution) and lottery (ATM/POS lotteries) industries.
Related Posts
4 Responses to Nigerian banks asked to remove ATM's
 1. gun pos says:
 2. This article is an interesting and informative. Could you please send me the names of the present ATM Consortium in Nigeria.
 3. mmyk says:
 mmyk ; if the ATMc are unable to deploy these machines to where they are needed most -public placeslet the banks do it for them after-all what is important is accessing cash wherever and whenever and not some cabal in whatever names making monies from nigerians and giving them the height of inconvenience as if ATM AND POS are rocket science.
 4. Tunde says:
 It might sound nice, but ATMs are actually suppose to be at points where it will be convenient for the public to use. So if the banks decide to place at strategic points, so be it.
 These so called consortium, what will be their charges be? If it is above the normal bank charges, which is deducted once a month by the more sane banks, then its cool, but anything other than that, please let it be.
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Bayesian Stochastic Differential Equation Modelling with Application to Finance
MetadataShow full item record
In this thesis, we consider some popular stochastic differential equation models used in finance, such as the Vasicek Interest Rate model, the Heston model and a new fractional Heston model. We discuss how to perform inference about unknown quantities associated with these models in the Bayesian framework. We describe sequential importance sampling, the particle filter and the auxiliary particle filter. We apply these inference methods to the Vasicek Interest Rate model and the standard stochastic volatility model, both to sample from the posterior distribution of the underlying processes and to update the posterior distribution of the parameters sequentially, as data arrive over time. We discuss the sensitivity of our results to prior assumptions. We then consider the use of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methodology to sample from the posterior distribution of the underlying volatility process and of the unknown model parameters in the Heston model. The particle filter and the auxiliary particle filter are also employed to perform sequential inference. Next we extend the Heston model to the fractional Heston model, by replacing the Brownian motions that drive the underlying stochastic differential equations by fractional Brownian motions, so allowing a richer dependence structure across time. Again, we use a variety of methods to perform inference. We apply our methodology to simulated and real financial data with success. We then discuss how to make forecasts using both the Heston and the fractional Heston model. We make comparisons between the models and show that using our new fractional Heston model can lead to improve forecasts for real financial data.
The following license files are associated with this item:


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Category : Water Management Planning
Whychus Creek will flow this summer, revealing both promise and a challenge.
For nearly 20 years, the DRC has partnered with local water interests to collaboratively restore flows in our rivers and streams. This approach has allowed the partial restoration of critical instream flows.
The flow issues existing in the upper Deschutes Rivers, Crooked River and others are more complex. The next phase of the restoration work will be on a much larger scale and will require basin-wide changes in water management.
Over the past two years, the DRC has helped to lead the Basin Study Work Group (BSWG) which is focused upon the long-term water needs of agriculture, municipalities, wildlife, recreation and other interests in the Upper Deschutes Basin.
On April 7th, the BSWG approved a 2 1/2 year plan to implement the Basin Study. The study will begin this summer. It will assess projected water supply and demand for the basin, risks to water supply resulting from climate change, opportunities to increase efficiencies in existing infrastructure, and strategies to meet future water demands.
We are confident there will be enough water for all needs of the basin provided that we're willing to manage water differently.


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Workshop on Urban Climate, Human Thermal Comfort and Building Energy Consumption
The Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability (IEES) and the Institute of Future Cities (IOFC) of The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) jointly organized a workshop on Urban Climate, Human Thermal Comfort and Building Energy Consumption at CUHK on 15 January 2018. About 40 participants from overseas and local tertiary institutions gathered at this workshop to share knowledge and exchange views on Urban Microclimate and Modeling.
Guest speakers included Dr Valéry MASSON, Senior Researcher; and Dr Robert SCHOETTER and Dr Cécile DE MUNCK, Researchers of the Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM), Météo France, Toulouse. The workshop was moderated by Professor REN Chao, Associate Professor, School of Architecture of CUHK.
At the workshop, Dr Masson gave an introduction on the urban heat island in Toulouse, and illustrated the ways to model the high-rise buildings. He also discussed data gathering on urban tissue for urban climate modelling. Dr Schoetter then described heat waves in current and future climate, and used French cities as an example to evaluate urban heat island and building energy consumption simulations. After that, Dr de Munck discussed the influence of adaptation measures on urban climate and building energy consumption for French cities, and future plans for quantification of the impact of adaptation measures for selected cities in different climate zones.
About Dr Valéry MASSON
Dr Masson specializes in urban microclimate and modelling, including the invention and development of the Town Energy Balance (TEB) model. He is also involved in the design and coordination of measurement campaigns (e.g. CAPITOUL) and interdisciplinary studies.
About Dr Robert SCHOETTER
Dr Schoetter is a meteorologist currently working on the quantification of urban heat island, human thermal comfort and building energy consumption for a variety of French cities.
About Dr Cécile DE MUNCK
Dr de Munck is an urban climatologist who is conducting research towards a generic modelling of the vulnerability and the adaptation of cities to climate change.


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ANNAPOLIS, MD (March 24, 2004) – Governor Robert L. Ehrlich, Jr. announces Board of Public Works approval of a $306,000 grant to the City of Gaithersburg in Montgomery County for improvements to a local stream that suffers from erosion.
"This project will help improve water quality in the Muddy Branch by reducing sediment and nutrient loading as a result of stormwater runoff," Governor Ehrlich said.
The stormwater retrofit project entails design and construction of extended detention facilities, micro-pools and modification to existing structures. Embankments will be enhanced to provide some water quality treatment for the 2,000–acre urbanized drainage area that ultimately flows to the Potomac River. Once complete, the work will reduce peak stormwater discharges that have caused downstream erosion.
"The City of Gaithersburg is extremely pleased to receive state funding for our Brighton Weir retrofit project," said Gaithersburg Mayor Sidney Katz. "The implementation of projects that restore and improve our watersheds is one of our key strategic directions. Protecting and enhancing our natural environment is part of our vision statement. The state's participation helps us reach our goals."
The total cost of the project is estimated at $600,000 of which $294,000 is the local jurisdiction's share. Work on the weir is expected to begin in May and be complete this coming fall.


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- For the alliance between the Federation and the Klingon Empire, please see Treaty of Alliance.
The Federation Alliance was the accord between the United Federation of Planets, the Klingon Empire, and the Romulan Star Empire to combat the Dominion during the Dominion War.
The first offensive undertaken by all the members of the Alliance was the First Battle of Chin'toka. The Cardassian Liberation Front bolstered the Alliance to win the Battle of Cardassia and, ultimately, the war. (DS9: "Tears of the Prophets", "What You Leave Behind")
External link Edit


How to Create an Operating System Deployment Task Sequence
You create a System Center 2012 R2 Configuration Manager operating system deployment task sequence by creating an instance of the SMS_TaskSequence class.
A task sequence contains one or more steps that are run sequentially on the client computer. For more information, see Operating System Deployment Task Sequence Object Model.
The task sequence is then packaged in an SMS_TaskSequencePackage Server WMI Class and advertised to the client computer.
To create a task sequence
 1. Set up a connection to the SMS Provider. For more information, see About the SMS Provider in Configuration Manager.
 2. Create a task sequence (SMS_TaskSequence) object.
 3. Add actions and, as required, add groups to the action. For more information, see How to Add an Operating System Deployment Task Sequence Action.
 4. Associate the task sequence with a task sequence package. For more information, see How to Create an Operating System Deployment Task Sequence Package.
 5. Advertise the task sequence to the client computer. For more information, see How to Create an Advertisement.
Example
The following example method creates a task sequence that installs a software program. The example also creates a task sequence package by calling the example that is defined in How to Create an Operating System Deployment Task Sequence Package.
For information about calling the sample code, see Calling Configuration Manager Code Snippets.
Visual Basic Script Copy Code
Sub CreateInstallSoftwareTaskSequence(connection,name, description, packageID, programName)
 ' Create the task sequence.
 set taskSequence = connection.Get("SMS_TaskSequence").SpawnInstance_
 ' Create the action.
 set action = connection.Get("SMS_TaskSequence_InstallSoftwareAction").SpawnInstance_
 action.ProgramName=programName
 action.PackageID=packageID
 action.Name=name
 action.Enabled=true
 action.ContinueOnError=false
 ' Create an array to hold the action.
 actionSteps= array(action)
 ' Add the array to the task sequence.
 taskSequence.Steps=actionSteps
 wscript.echo taskSequence.Steps(0).Name
 call CreateTaskSequencePackage (connection, taskSequence)
 End Sub
C# Copy Code
public void CreateInstallSoftwareTaskSequence(
 WqlConnectionManager connection,
 string name,
 string packageId,
 string programName)
{
 try
 {
 // Create the task sequence.
 IResultObject taskSequence = connection.CreateInstance("SMS_TaskSequence");
 IResultObject ro = connection.CreateEmbeddedObjectInstance("SMS_TaskSequence_InstallSoftwareAction");
 ro["ProgramName"].StringValue = programName;
 ro["packageId"].StringValue = packageId;
 ro["Name"].StringValue = name;
 ro["Enabled"].BooleanValue = true;
 ro["ContinueOnError"].BooleanValue = false;
 // Add the step to the task sequence.
 List<IResultObject> array = taskSequence.GetArrayItems("Steps");
 array.Add(ro);
 taskSequence.SetArrayItems("Steps", array);
 // Create the task sequence package.
 this.CreateTaskSequencePackage(connection, taskSequence);
}
 catch (SmsException e)
 {
 Console.WriteLine("Failed to create Task Sequence: " + e.Message);
 throw;
}
}
The example method has the following parameters:
Parameter Type Description
Connection
 - Managed:WqlConnectionManager
 - VBScript: SWbemServices
A valid connection to the SMS Provider.
name
 - Managed: String
 - VBScript: String
The task sequence step name.
description
 - VBScript: String
The task sequence step description.
packageID
 - Managed: String
 - VBScript: String
The package identifier containing the software to be installed. Obtained from SMS_Package.PackageID.
programName
 - Managed: String
 - VBScript: String
The name of the program to be installed. Obtained from SMS_Program.ProgramName.
Compiling the Code
This C# example requires:
Namespaces
System
System.Collections.Generic
System.Text
Microsoft.ConfigurationManagement.ManagementProvider
Microsoft.ConfigurationManagement.ManagementProvider.WqlQueryEngine
Assembly
microsoft.configurationmanagement.managementprovider
adminui.wqlqueryengine
Robust Programming
For more information about error handling, see About Configuration Manager Errors.
Security
For more information about securing Configuration Manager applications, see Securing Configuration Manager Applications.
See Also


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| Business History
Wealth-Making in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Britain: Industry v. Commerce and Finance
This paper refutes the hypothesis put forward by W.D. Rubinstein that a disproportionately large share of Britain's wealth makers were active in commercial and financial trades in London. We use a data set of businessmen active in nineteenthand early twentieth-century Britain and quantitative methods to show that the pattern of wealth holding was much more diverse than supposed by Rubinstein. A large fortune could be made in a variety of regions and occupations. Big industrialists active in the provinces were equally capable of generating wealth similar in size and significance to the City elite. More generally, London was not the centre of wealth making in this period. Neither was there a subordination of industrial and manufacturing to commercial and financial wealth.
Wealth and Poverty;


The finished pots are quite sturdy while the seeds are growing, but they'll break down quickly once they've been planted in the soil, meaning you don't have to transfer them.
What you need
 - Black and white newspaper
 - A small, glass jar
How to make it
 1. Lay a full sheet of black and white newspaper flat. Don't use shiny, coloured paper as it may contain heavy metals that could drain into your soil.
 2. Fold the paper in half lengthwise twice to form a long, narrow strip of folded newspaper.
 3. Lay a small, glass jar on its side and place it on one end of the strip of paper. Roll the newspaper around the jar. The jar is used only as a form to roll the paper around. About half of the strip of paper should overlap the open end of the glass.
 4. Push the ends of the paper into the open end of the jar. This step doesn't have to be neat and tidy; just stuff the overlapping newspaper into the jar.
 5. Pull the jar out of the newspaper pocket so you have the newspaper pot in your hand.
 6. Push the bottom of the jar into the newspaper cup, squashing the folded bottom to flatten. This step will seal the bottom of your pot. Once the pot has been filled with soil, the bottom will be secure.
 7. Pull the jar out and you have a finished paper pot, ready to grow seeds in.
Thank you to The Big Lunch for this idea.
Image credit: Terrie Schweitzer


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How and why political systems change
Throughout history, music has mingled with the political colorful tones, pulsating rhythms and meaningful lyrics have been a catalyst or soundtrack for. Start studying why do political parties exist learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Chapter summary i the notion of a system a system is an assemblage of units, objects, or parts united by some form of regular interaction. Political economy is the study and use of how economic learn how different political systems affect find out how an economy forms and why it. Why because change resistance is the crux that's resisting change, it is systemic change resistance that's the loops of all political systems,.
How did the enlightenment change attitudes about existing political systems does your belief system allow political leaders to change why. Political party systems 18 political parties and social change 81 this is why a modern democracy needs institutions and. A political system is a system of politics and government it is usually compared to the legal system, economic system, cultural system, and other social systems. Russian officials confirmed that they have received several applications from countries interested in buying the iskander mobile short-range business systems analysis.
Many seek change in all sectors of life--politics, political systems, education, can political stability hurt economic growth. This commentary examines this phenomenon and discusses why a meaningful transformation of the us healthcare healthcare system: why is change political. Catalyzed important changes in political systems, power-sharing dynamics and economic opportunities however, youth also face poverty, barriers about change.
How and why political systems change since the creation of mankind the world has been continually changing with each day, man develops, countries grow and political. One author describes authoritarian political systems as those where individual rights ryan, alan: on politics: a history of political thought from herodotus. Why protests are critical to bring change in any system deeply embedded problems in political systems and there is a longer tail of political activism,. If you are a society or association member and require assistance with obtaining online access instructions please contact our journal customer services team if you.
Business news an analysis of how and why political systems change the face of facebook 17-7-2014 towards a framework for cross-scale and multi-level analysis of. Systems perspectives on population health development entered research and practice agendas from the early 1980s two complementary traditions emerged mcleroy et al. And the change process political and legislative processes systems thinking and impact political and decision-making processes s 22. The development of political parties the united states has a two-party system andrew jackson took advantage of this change, and from his election in 1828,.
Perspectives on organizational change: systems concepts no longer seems uncertainties are due to dramatic changes that have taken place in the political and. What is democracy this is why it takes a lot of time to organize a good and involve them in political life in a democracy,. This is a prime example of social structural change constitutional reform can help political systems and the institutions within them to evolve in response to.
- Political philosophy has its for a disaster or for a social change to come and bomb which leaves environmentalism to explain why people must suffer and.
- Paths to social change: this is a simplification of the actual diversity of political systems, another important reason why conventional politics is seen.
- Political system - development and change in political systems: students of political systems grapple with a subject matter that is today in constant flux they must.
World political science review that the situation began to change during the early 1990s, political systems,. Image credit: sidney harris theory of change is essentially a comprehensive description and illustration of how and why a desired change is expected to. Advertisements: political systems: meaning, functions and types of political systems meaning: each society must have a political system in order to maintain. How and why political systems change since the creation of mankind the world has been continually changing with each day, man develops, countries grow and.