Provider: Silverchair Database: TheAssociationforResearchinVisionandOphthalmology Content: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" TY - JOUR AU - neelam, Sudha T1 - Severing corneal nerves induces CD11c+ contrasuppressor cells that disable T regulatory cells induced by either orthotopic corneal allografts or by injection of antigen into the anterior chamber. T2 - Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science PY - 2017 Y1 - 2017/06/23/ JO - Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science JA - IOVS VL - 58 IS - 8 SP - 985 EP - 985 SN - _PHONE_ AB - Corneal allograft survival is due in large part to T regulatory cells (Tregs) that block immune rejection. The severing of corneal nerves which occurs during penetrating keratoplasty releases the neuropeptide substance P (SP) in both eyes. SP disables the T regulatory cells that are needed for the acceptance of future corneal allografts. This release of SP induces the generation of CD11c+ dendritic cells that act as contrasuppressor (CS) cells that disable Tregs generated either by corneal transplants or injecting antigens into the anterior chamber (AC). This study characterized CS cells that are induced by penetrating keratoplasty or by severing corneal nerves. CS cells were induced by placing 2.0 mm circular incisions (trephining) into the central corneal epithelium of BALB/c mice. The following questions about CS cells were addressed. What is the minimum number of CS cells that block Treg activity? How long-lived are CS cells? Do CS cells directly kill Tregs? Do CS cells produce SP? Does SP disable or kill T regs? Will SP convert naïve CD11c+ DC into CS cells? Tregs were induced by either AC injection of ova antigens (ACAID) or by orthotopic corneal transplantation. Treg activity was assessed in vivo with a local adoptive transfer (LAT) assay. Adoptive transfer of as few as 1x103 CD11c+ CS cells prevented the induction of ACAID, which persisted for >60 days. In vitro assays revealed that CD11c+ CS cells did not directly kill Tregs. CS cells could not be induced in SP knockout (KO) mice or in wild-type mice treated with the SP receptor antagonist, Spantide II. SP was needed for the expression contrasuppressive activity as CS cells exposed to Spantide II were unable to block T reg activity in a conventional LAT assay. The transient release of SP during corneal nerve ablation induces the generation of long-lived (>60 days) CD11c+ CS cells that disable the Tregs induced via AC injection of antigen or by orthotopic corneal allografts. CS cells do not directly kill Tregs but exert their inhibitory effect by releasing SP, which in turn disables Tregs. This is an abstract that was submitted for the 2017 ARVO Annual Meeting, held in Baltimore, MD, May 7-11, 2017. Y2 - 11/13/2019 ER -


UC Davis Today: History scholars educate our world
history scholar in front of train tracks
History scholars educate our world
Alumni from UC Davis' highly ranked history graduate program are forging successful careers in higher education as well as public history where they provide expertise to government agencies, museums and K-12 education programs.
The department has earned a national reputation in early American, environmental and Latin American history, and the well-regarded faculty includes Pulitzer Prize winning colonial historian Alan Taylor and other accomplished scholars.
The department's research strengths are broad: modern East Asian history; Jewish history; the 19th and 20th century political, social and labor history of the U.S.; African American history; Mexican American history; early modern and modern European and Russian history; Latin American social and cultural history; European, U.S. and East Asian cultural and intellectual history; the comparative and cross-cultural history of women; and social theory and comparative history.
By advancing knowledge in history and creating future leaders in this field, UC Davis is improving the quality of life for people throughout the world.
History graduate student Nick Perrone, shown near the California Train Museum in Sacramento, focuses on labor and the environment, including historical effects from railroad activities. Karin Higgins/UC Davis photo
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Is there a common name for this problem:
Let G=(V, E) be an undirected graph. Partition V into sets $S_1$, $S_2$, ..., $S_k$, such that (the number of edges between sets) + (the number of "non"-edges within sets) is minimized.
To be clear: define "extra edges" to be the set of edges with endpoints in different sets; define "missing edges" to be the set of edges in the complement of G with endpoints in the same set. The goal is to find a partition that minimizes the sum of "extra edges" and "missing edges".
(The sets need not be of similar size.)
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2 Answers 2
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This is the Min-Disagreements version of the correlation clustering problem (on complete graphs), defined by Bansal, Blum, and Chawla (full version). They give a (huge) constant factor approximation for the problem and prove it's NP-hard. Charikar, Guruswami, and Wirth show the problem is APX-hard, and improve the approximation factor to 4 via region growing. There is a beautiful and simple combinatorial algorithm (a variant of QuickSort), due to Ailon, Charikar, and Newman, that gives a factor 3 approximation. I believe the current best known approximation ratio is due to Chawla, Makarychev, Schramm, and Yaroslavtsev, and is around 2.06.
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 $\begingroup$ It's worth noting that the value of $k$ (the number of clusters) is not part of the input for correlation clustering; the algorithm is free to choose whatever number of clusters it thinks is best. $\endgroup$ Commented Jun 4, 2016 at 7:34
 - $\begingroup$ @AndrewMorgan that's a good point $\endgroup$ Commented Jun 4, 2016 at 14:57
 - $\begingroup$ Are there any implementations of the approximation algorithms available (perhaps either Demaine and Immorlica or Emanuel and Fiat)? $\endgroup$
 – Zack
 Commented Jun 7, 2016 at 19:46
 - $\begingroup$ I know the region growing algorithm was implemented in the context of modularity maximization here. It's also not a difficult algorithm to code up, as long as you get yourself an LP solver, although the LP is unfortunately quite big. The quick-sort based algorithm is simpler, and doesn't require solving an LP. $\endgroup$ Commented Jun 8, 2016 at 22:53
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In the parameterized complexity community, it is called cluster editing. See e.g. "Cluster graph modification problems", Ron Shamir, Roded Sharan and Dekel Tsur, Discrete Applied Mathematics 2004, doi:10.1016/j.dam.2004.01.007, "Efficient Parameterized Preprocessing for Cluster Editing", Michael Fellows, Michael Langston, Frances Rosamond, and Peter Shaw, FCT 2007, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74240-1_27, and this related question.
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Chicle Ruya; Pungara Muyu
Talking about Chicle Ruya; Pungara Muyu
Luisa Cadena - How My Father Gathered Chicle in the Rubber Boom
The sap of Lacmellea lactescens was the original source of chewing gum. In the early 20th century its latex was tapped and exported through the same networks that exported Hevea brasilensis and other forms of rubber.
Thorny trunk of Lacmellea lactescens with moth caterpillar. When the caterpillar lifts the point of its tail it displays large false eyes that make it look like a snake. According to tradition the caterpillar can actually grow into a shishin snake.
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
noun (plural Negroes)
mid 16th century: via Spanish and Portuguese from Latin niger, nigr- 'black'
The word Negro was adopted from Spanish and Portuguese and first recorded from the mid 16th century. It remained the standard term throughout the 17th-19th centuries and was used by prominent black American campaigners such as W. E. B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington in the early 20th century. Since the Black Power movement of the 1960s, however, when the term black was favoured as the term to express racial pride, Negro (together with related words such as Negress) has dropped out of favour and now seems out of date or even offensive in both British and US English.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The Visualizing approach uses a variety of research-based visuals to engage students so they become active participants in the learning process. Visualizing Geology immerses students in course material through visuals (both in print and rich multimedia resources) while organizing complex processes and related course information into easily digestible segments.
Visualizing Geology is a comprehensive, modern book for today's geology course. With current examples, thorough coverage of geologists' tools and technology, and a visual design that is accessible without sacrificing content, it is a title that will appeal to a broad range of instructors.
The narrative and concepts are tightly linked to visual elements, including practical examples that highlight the relevance of the concepts. Maps are integrated throughout to help reveal patterns or trends. Divergent views and critical thinking are emphasized. Photographs and other visuals are also included to reinforce the concepts.


mechanical models: the uniform stress and elastic similarity models. Model calculations of the daughter/mother ratio (i.e., the ratio of the total cross-sectional area of the daughter branches to the cross-sectional area of the mother branch at the branching point) showed that both biomechanical models agreed with da Vinci's rule when the branching angles of daughter branches and the weights of lateral daughter branches were small; however, the models deviated from da Vinci's rule as the weights and/or the branching angles of lateral daughter branches increased. The calculated values of the two models were largely similar but differed in some ways. Field measurements of Fagus crenata and Abies homolepis also fit this trend, wherein models deviated from da Vinci's rule with increasing relative weights of lateral daughter branches. However, this deviation was small for a branching pattern in nature, where empirical measurements were taken under realistic measurement conditions; thus, da Vinci's rule did not critically contradict the biomechanical models in the case of real branching patterns, though the model calculations described the contradiction between da Vinci's rule and the biomechanical models. The field data for Fagus crenata fit the uniform stress model best, indicating that stress uniformity is the key constraint of branch morphology in Fagus crenata rather than elastic similarity or da Vinci's rule. On the other hand, mechanical constraints are not necessarily significant in the morphology of Abies homolepis branches, depending on the number of daughter branches. Rather, these branches were often in agreement with da Vinci's rule. PMID:24714065
 2. Measurement of D->A Momentum Aperture and Test of D->A Field Qualities
 SciTech Connect
 Halling, Mike
 1992-02-27
 The data presented here were taken during two shifts dedicated to D->A studies. The goal during both of these study periods was a test of the field quality of the D->A channel devices, but for the first study period on 10/21/91 the TBT system was not operational so we simply measured the transfer efficiency as a function of momentum. The conclusion from these measurements is as follows: (1) The momentum aperture of the D->A channel is smaller than expected. (2) The restriction is in physical space is somewhere near A:IKIK. (3) The field quality of the injection channel devices is adequate.
 3. The ATLAS PanDA Monitoring System and its Evolution
 NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
 Klimentov, A.; Nevski, P.; Potekhin, M.; Wenaus, T.
 2011-12-01
 The PanDA (Production and Distributed Analysis) Workload Management System is used for ATLAS distributed production and analysis worldwide. The needs of ATLAS global computing imposed challenging requirements on the design of PanDA in areas such as scalability, robustness, automation, diagnostics, and usability for both production shifters and analysis users. Through a system-wide job database, the PanDA monitor provides a comprehensive and coherent view of the system and job execution, from high level summaries to detailed drill-down job diagnostics. It is (like the rest of PanDA) an Apache-based Python application backed by Oracle. The presentation layer is HTML code generated on the fly in the Python application which is also responsible for managing database queries. However, this approach is lacking in user interface flexibility, simplicity of communication with external systems, and ease of maintenance. A decision was therefore made to migrate the PanDA monitor server to Django Web Application Framework and apply JSON/AJAX technology in the browser front end. This allows us to greatly reduce the amount of application code, separate data preparation from presentation, leverage open source for tools such as authentication and authorization mechanisms, and provide a richer and more dynamic user experience. We describe our approach, design and initial experience with the migration process.
 4. The local effect of octreotide on mechanical pain sensitivity is more sensitive in DA rats than DA.1U rats.
 PubMed
 Yao, Fan-Rong; Wang, Hui-Sheng; Guo, Yuan; Zhao, Yan
 2016-02-01
 A recent study by the authors indicated that major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are associated with the differences in basal pain sensitivity and in formalin model between Dark-Agouti (DA) and novel congenic DA.1U rats, which have the same genetic background as DA rats except for the u alleles of MHC. The objective of the present study is to investigate whether there is a difference in the pristane-induced arthritis (PIA) model and local analgesic effect of octreotide (OCT) between DA and DA.1U rats. The hindpaw mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and heat withdrawal latency (HWL) were observed. The C unit firings of the tibial nerve evoked by non-noxious and noxious toe movements were recorded by electrophysiological methods in normal and PIA models in DA and DA.1U rats before and after local OCT administration. The expression of somatostatin receptor 2A (SSTR2A) was observed by immunohistochemistry. The results demonstrate that DA rats have a higher mechanical sensitivity than DA.1U rats after PIA. Local OCT administration significantly elevated MWT in DA rats under normal and PIA sate, but not in DA.1U rats. The electrophysiological experiments showed OCT significantly attenuated the firings of C units evoked by non-noxious and noxious stimulation in DA rats more than those in DA.1U rats both in normal and PIA states. In addition, the expression of SSTR2A in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord was significantly higher in DA than in DA.1U rats. All of the findings suggest a higher local analgesic effect of OCT in DA rats than DA.1U rats, which might be associated with the MHC genes. PMID:26606866
 5. Hidden sketches by Leonardo da Vinci revealed
 NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
 Dumé, Belle
 2009-02-01
 Three drawings on the back of Leonardo da Vinci's The Virgin and Child with St Anne (circa 1508) have been discovered by researchers led by Michel Menu from the Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (C2RMF) and the Louvre Museum in Paris.
 6. Common colds on Tristan da Cunha
 PubMed Central
 Shibli, M.; Gooch, S.; Lewis, H. E.; Tyrrell, D. A. J.
 1971-01-01
 Eight epidemics of respiratory disease have been observed among islanders of Tristan da Cunha. They seem to be initiated by the arrival of ships and transmission seemed to occur as a result of close human contact but could not always be traced. Islanders suffered from less colds than those in less isolated communities. PMID:_PHONE_
 7. How to Think Like Leonardo da Vinci
 ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
 Caouette, Ralph
 2008-01-01
 To be effective and relevant in twenty-first-century learning, art needs to be more inclusive. In this article, the author discusses how teachers can find a good example in Leonardo da Vinci for building an art program. His art, design, and curiosity are the perfect foundation for any art program, at any level. (Contains 3 resources and 3 online…
 8. Publishing Planetary Data to the VO using DaCHS
 NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
 Demleitner, M.
 2014-04-01
 Publishing to the Virtual Observatory has many advantages, but between standards compliance, registration, data organisation, and server operation it is also requires a nontrivial effort if starting from scratch. The DaCHS software from the German Astrophysical Virtual Observatory offers a packaged solution letting publishers concentrate on working with their own data and metadata as much as possible. For the planetary community, publishing is further facilitated by built-in support for the EPN-TAP data model. This contribution will show a typical publishing workflow together with a brief overview of how DaCHS meshes in with the VO and Web-based data usage.
 9. 40 CFR 60.51Da - Reporting requirements.
 Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
 2013-07-01
 ... Generating Units § 60.51Da Reporting requirements. (a) For SO2, NOX, PM, and NOX plus CO emissions, the... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Reporting requirements. 60.51Da Section 60.51Da Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS...
 10. 40 CFR 60.47Da - Commercial demonstration permit.
 Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
 2012-07-01
 ... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Commercial demonstration permit. 60.47Da Section 60.47Da Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS... Steam Generating Units § 60.47Da Commercial demonstration permit. (a) An owner or operator of...
 11. 40 CFR 60.51Da - Reporting requirements.
 Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
 2014-07-01
 ... Generating Units § 60.51Da Reporting requirements. (a) For SO2, NOX, PM, and NOX plus CO emissions, the... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Reporting requirements. 60.51Da Section 60.51Da Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS...
 12. 40 CFR 60.47Da - Commercial demonstration permit.
 Code


text:
Inaugurated in 1734 by Rajput King Sawai Jai Singh II, Jantar Mantar in Jaipur is an astronomical observatory that features the largest sundial in the world. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that is an essential part of every tourist's itinerary. There are five such sundials in India.
Maharaj Sawai Jai Singh had commissioned the construction of the sundials in various parts of the country. The other sundials were located in Delhi, Mathura, Varanasi, and Ujjain. The Jaipur Sundial is the grandest while the one in Mathura is almost in ruins.
Besides his political expertise, the Maharaja was also a scholar in various subjects such as mathematics, physics, and astronomy. He used his extensive knowledge in these fields to help in the construction of the sundial.
The Most Notable Instruments of the Jantar Mantar
The Jantar Mantar consists of 19 instruments that measure the distances and positions of heavenly bodies. The instruments are intricate stone structures shaped geometrically and help to track the position of stars as the earth revolves around the sun.
The most popular instruments of the Jantar Mantar among tourists are:
Vrihat Samrat Yantra
Located at the centre of Jantar Mantar, Vrihat Samrat Yantra is renowned as the tallest sundial in the world. It is an equinoctial sundial of large proportions and is sometimes known as the supreme instrument.
(Image Credit: Flickr)
While it is a simple instrument and not very different from sundials in use for centuries, the Samrat Yantra is notable because it measures time with unprecedented precision. The instrument is capable of measuring time with an accuracy of two seconds.
The most important components of the Samrat Yantra are a pair of quadrants on both sides that are parallel to the equator and the gnomon. The latter is a triangular wall and its hypotenuse is parallel to the earth's axis.
Laghu Samrat Yantra
The Laghu Samrat Yantra whose name means "The Small Sundial" calculates times with an accuracy of 20 secs. The ramp on The Small Sun Dial points to the North Pole.
(Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons)
This allows the time in Jaipur to be calculated easily using the position of the ramp's shadow on the divisions of the fine scale. The position of the shadow of the sundial's triangular wall tells the local time of Jaipur.
The azimuth and elevation of the planets and the sun are measured by the Ram Yantra. For those who may have found this confusing, the azimuth refers to the angle between the north and a celestial body. The instrument is made up of pair of tube-shaped structures, open to the sky.
(Image Credit: Flickr)
Both structures have poles at their respective centers and each of these poles is of equal height. Scales indicating the azimuth of extra-terrestrial bodies and angles of altitude are inscribed inside the walls of the structures.
The Ram Yantra is used for the observation of the positions of celestial bodies by aligning objects in the sky with the top of the central pillar. The point of the wall or floor then completes the alignment. Every night, the stars and planets are aligned with the top of the pillar falling on the wall or floor by an observer.
Jaya Prakash Yantra
Another notable attraction of the Jantar Mantar, the Jaya Prakash Yantra is comprised of two hemispherical bowls-like sundials with graded marble slabs. It may very well be the most complex and elaborate instrument constructed by Jai Singh.
(Image Credit: jantarmantar.org)
It has been inspired by concepts dating as far back as 300 BCE when a hemispherical sundial was made by Greco-Babylonian astronomer Berosus. Jaipur's Kappala Yantra is an example of this sort of dial.
Hemispherical sundials are also a common feature in early medieval European Architecture. However, the Jaya Prakash is far more complex in comparison to any of its predecessors.
The dial is a bowl-shaped instrument built partially above ground and partially underground. The surface of the interior is divided into segments with observers gaining access through recessed steps within these segments.
Timings & Best Visiting Hours
Noon is when the sun will be directly above the Jantar Mantar making it the best time to visit. This is because this position of the sun in relation to all of the instruments of the observatory makes it easiest to comprehend the interpretations of their readings.
Jantar Mantar General Visit Timings
- General Visit Hours - 9 am to 4 pm
Jantar Mantar Light and Sound Show Timings
- Oct – Feb: Begins 6:30 pm
- Mar–Apr: Begins 6:30 pm
- MaySep: Begins 6:30 pm
Trains to Jaipur
Trains from Delhi to Jaipur
Trains from Lucknow to Jaipur
Trains from Chandigarh to Jaipur
- 19412 DLPC SBIB EXP – Chandigarh to Jaipur
Trains from Udaipur to Jaipur
Trains from Indore to Jaipur
- 12973 INDB JP SF EXP – Indore to Jaipur
Trains from Mumbai to Jaipur
- 12979 BDTS JAIPUR SF – Mumbai Bandra Terminus to Jaipur
- 12955 MMCT JAIPUR SF – Mumbai Central to Jaipur
Time Set In Stone
The Jantar Mantar is in many ways a time capsule representing the brilliance of Indians in the eras gone by. Not only is this talent cultural and aesthetic but there has also encompassed such disciplines as astronomy, physics, and engineering.
Through the ages, such timeless monuments have been a consistent defining feature of the subcontinent. It is only apt that one would find in India, a timeless monument to time itself.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Significance and Use
Heat Gain to Space—This test method determines the heat gain to the space from a hood/appliance system.
Note 2—To maintain a constant temperature in the conditioned space, this heat gain must be matched by space cooling. The space sensible cooling load, in tons, then equals the heat gain in Btu/h divided by the conversion factor of 12 000 Btu/h (3.412 W) per ton of cooling. Appliance heat gain data can be used for sizing air conditioning systems. Details of load calculation procedures can be found in ASHRAE, see Ref (1) and Ref (2). The calculation of associated cooling loads from heat gains to the test space at various flow rates can be used along with other information by heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), and exhaust system designers to achieve energy-conservative, integrated kitchen ventilation system designs.
This test method also can be used to conduct parametric studies of alternative configurations of hoods, appliances, and replacement air systems. In general, these studies are conducted by holding constant all configuration and operational variables except the variable of interest. This test method, therefore, can be used to evaluate the following:
The overall system performance with various appliances, while holding the hood and replacement air system characteristics constant.
Entire hoods or characteristics of a single hood, such as end panels, can be varied with appliances and replacement air constant.
Replacement air characteristics, such as makeup air location, direction, and volume, can be varied with constant appliance and hood variables.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of appliance heat gain to space derived from the measurement and calculation of appliance energy consumption, energy exhausted, and energy to food, based on a system energy balance, parametric evaluation of operational or design variations in appliances, hoods, or replacement air configurations.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.
F1275 Test Method for Performance of Griddles
F1361 Test Method for Performance of Open Deep Fat Fryers
F1484 Test Methods for Performance of Steam Cookers
F1496 Test Method for Performance of Convection Ovens
F1521 Test Methods for Performance of Range Tops
F1605 Test Method for Performance of Double-Sided Griddles
F1639 Test Method for Performance of Combination Ovens
F1695 Test Method for Performance of Underfired Broilers
F1704 Test Method for Capture and Containment Performance of Commercial Kitchen Exhaust Ventilation Systems
F1784 Test Method for Performance of a Pasta Cooker
F1785 Test Method for Performance of Steam Kettles
F1787 Test Method for Performance of Rotisserie Ovens
F1817 Test Method for Performance of Conveyor Ovens
F1964 Test Method for Performance of Pressure Fryers
F1965 Test Method for Performance of Deck Ovens
F1991 Test Method for Performance of Chinese (Wok) Ranges
F2093 Test Method for Performance of Rack Ovens
F2144 Test Method for Performance of Large Open Vat Fryers
F2237 Test Method for Performance of Upright Overfired Broilers
F2239 Test Method for Performance of Conveyor Broilers
ASHRAE Terminology of Heating, Ventilation, Air-Conditioning, and Refrigeration
ANSI/ASHRAE51andANSI Laboratory Method of Testing Fans for Rating
appliances; commercial kitchen ventilation; cooling load; heat gain; test method; Commercial kitchen ventilation (CKV) systems; Heat gain/loss; Space performance;
ICS Number Code 97.040.20 (Cooking ranges, working tables, ovens and similar appliances)
ASTM International is a member of CrossRef.
Citing ASTM Standards
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text:
We have updated our Information Statement on Food Authenticity. It has been split into two parts:
- Food authenticity testing part 1: The role of analysis
- Food authenticity testing part 2: Analytical techniques
Food authenticity testing part 1: The role of analysis covers the role of analytical testing within the context of an overall supply chain assurance strategy. It describes where testing can and cannot be used, and highlights generic issues relating to interpreting food authenticity testing results.
Food authenticity testing part 2: Analytical techniques describes the principles, different configurations, applications, strengths and limitations of some of the more common analytical techniques used in food authenticity testing:
- Mass spectrometry
- Stable isotope mass spectrometry
- DNA analysis
- Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
IFST's Information Statements summarise the authoritative and impartial science behind key food science issues. They are peer-reviewed by IFST's Scientific Committee.


text:
Rockfish, Blackgill – U.S.
Blackgill Rockfish grow slowly, live for many years and reach sexual maturity at a late age. Although Blackgill Rockfish can be found from Mexico to Canada, most live and are caught in southern and central Californian waters, where they are considered to be moderately abundant.
The most common fishing gears used to capture Blackgill Rockfish are bottom longlines and bottom trawls. Bottom longlines result in moderate damage to bottom habitats, while bottom trawls can cause substantial habitat damage. There is a moderate level of bycatch in these fisheries.
Blackgill Rockfish are managed as part of a complex with other rockfish species.
This species may have high levels of mercury that could pose a health risk to adults and children. More mercury info here.


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If a primary partition contains operating system then it is marked as active, so if we have more than one OS in different primary partition then more than one partition must be marked as active.
So is it possible to have more than one active partition?
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3 Answers
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Only one partition can be marked active. But to enable multiple OS on different partitions to work, the active partition will have a bootloader that allows you to select and boot operating systems from any partition.
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additionally, some boot loaders can look into and extended partition when they are finding operating systems (like GRUB.) but only the four total partitions (three primary and one extended that can contain multiple logical partitions) thats how you can have more than four OSes – PsychoData Sep 23 '13 at 2:02
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A disk can have a maximum of four Primary Partitions, of which only one can be 'Active' at any one time. An operating system must be on a primary partition and will usually only be bootable.
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This is not a complete answer. You can also have a dynamic partition and GPT style partitions. The limits on these other types of partitions styles are different then your typical basic primary partition. – Ramhound Aug 6 '12 at 12:43
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Once BIOS detects the bootable device then it executes the MBR (Master Boot Recorder). MBR is 1st sector (512 Bytes) of the 1st bootable device. In 512 bytes, 3 parts are there :
i. 1st 446 bytes has primary boot loader information.
ii. Next 64 bytes for Partitions (16+16+16+16) for this reason only we are able to make 4 Primary Partitions.
iii. Next 2 bytes for validation check of MBR. (Magic Number)
Only one of the four partitions can be marked as active. Second boot loader is then loaded from 1st sector of this active partition which gives you an option to chose your OS to boot.
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text:
15-864 Assignment 1: Subdivision Surfaces
Monday, Feb 13 before midnight.
In this assignment you will get experience working with half-edge
data structures and subdivision surface algorithms. Upon completion
of the assignment, you will have produced a useful command-line tool
for subdividing meshes stored in
the OBJ file format.
- Read a mesh from an
put it in a half-edge
data structure. Note that your data structure should support general
polygons (not just triangles), and support geometry files with
multiple (disconnected but manifold-with-boundary) mesh components. We
will provide C++ code for parsing.obj files (see below), and some
sample triangle-based and quadrilateral-based meshes.
- Use your data structure to subdivide the mesh using one of the
subdivision algorithms discussed in class; namely, Loop
scheme or Catmull-Clark
scheme (or even Butterfly
scheme, or Doo-Sabin
scheme) (note that some of these schemes require nontriangle
meshes, or involve dual meshes).
- "subdivide" command-line tool: Make command line
tool to subdivide one obj file and produce a second, e.g., subdivide
input.obj output.obj. It should provide an error message if the
input file has the wrong kind of geometry, e.g., "expected only
triangles but found a 6-gon." Be sure to write out normals for the
- Displaying/debugging meshes: Feel free to use
any third-party software to visualize your mesh, e.g., maya, or make a
command line tool for displaying your untextured subdivision meshes
with exported normals.
- Hand in your full source code, and compiled
executable tools. All code should run on the Weh5336 cluster--but
feel free to work on your own machine in the beginning. Your command
line tool (subdivide) should give meaning help when
with the "--help" option. Include a
README file that
summarizes what you did, any special build instructions, and how to
control the displayMesh UI (preferrably in the "--help" option).
Turn-in directories have yet to be created, but
You can find an obj file reader and some example code that uses it here.
It depends on both the vl and boost libraries, both of which have
in a convenient location in afs (the Makefile includes all the
appropriate paths; take a look at it for details). If you are curious
about the.obj file format, Roy Riggs has a great summary.
Here are some connected manifold-with-boundary test meshes (more to
Also, check out Turbo
Squid; it has a lot of free models. (Warning: Some of
these models can have pretty gross mesh topology, since artists seldom
care about the numerical properties of the meshes they create.
Improving the error error checking of your code will be helpful.)
Other things to try:
- Make you subdivision algorithm interactive, so that you can load
and subdivide meshes interactively. You might also try deforming the
base mesh, and seeing how the subdivided mesh is affected.
- Provide a command line option to write out positions and/or
normals on the limit subdivision surface. Formulae of limit positions
and normals for Loop surfaces are given in the course notes,
or in [Hoppe et. al
1994]. See references for other subdivision types.
- Include support for textured meshes by subdividing texture
coordinates the same way that you subdivided points. Details are in [DeRose et al.,
SIGGRAPH 98]. Watch out for texture boundaries.
- Try implementing support for semi-sharp features, as in [DeRose et al.,
SIGGRAPH 98], and provide a simple example. You can save the edge
sharpness value (-1=smooth,
0,1,2,3...) in your HalfEdge object. (To automatically specify edge
sharpness for a complex example, you could also map edge-flap angles
in the control mesh to sharpness values.)
- Take a look at this
page for some useful
- If you're having trouble logging into the lab machines, please
- Tony D. DeRose, Michael Kass, and Tien Truong. Subdivision
Surfaces in Character Animation. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH
98. pp. 85-94, 1998.
- Hugues Hoppe, Tony DeRose, Tom Duchamp, Mark Halstead, Hubert
McDonald, Jean Schweitzer, and Werner Stuetzle. Piecewise
Smooth Surface Reconstruction. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 94.
pp. 295-302, 1994.
- Jos Stam. Exact
Evaluation of Catmull-Clark Subdivision Surfaces at Arbitrary Parameter
Values. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 98. pp. 395-404,
- Joe Warren and Henrik Weimer. Subdivision
Methods for Geometric Design: A Constructive Approach
Morgan Kaufmann, 2001.
- Denis Zorin, Peter Schröder, Tony DeRose, Leif Kobbelt, Adi
and Wim Sweldens. Subdivision
for Modeling and Animation. SIGGRAPH 2000 Course Notes.


Computers & Engineering Software & Consulting
productssupportdownloadsclient projectscompany Information
GASWorkS uses a Newton-Nodal, iterative method of solution. It supports a number of flow equations including the AGATurbulent, Colebrook, IGT-Improved, Mueller High and Low-Pressure, Oliphant, Panhandle-A, Panhandle-B, Pole LowPressure, Spitzglass High and Low-Pressure, and Weymouth equations.
The solution routine allows the flowing temperature to be calculated based on environmental heat loss and gain. Gas properties at a specific location, including specific gravity, viscosity, ratio of specific heats, and heating value, can be calculated based on the gas composition. Mixed gas properties throughout the system can be calculated based on the flow distribution. Compressibility can be calculated using one of several methods, including the latest revision of AGA 8.


text:
Hydro-Organic Plant Feed
Sugar Peak is an exciting new innovation in the search for plant nutrient perfection. Fusing the premium quality of organics with the high performance of a mineral feed, this easy to use and comprehensive package of products raises the bar for other nutrients to follow. Consisting of four parts, the Sugar Peak range takes care of your plants precise feeding requirements at every key stage via separate Leaf Growth, Flowering and Grand Finale formulations - whilst the powerful organic elements in Sugar Peak Catalyst enhance overall flavours, textures and yields.
Leaf Growth has been designed to encourage energetic stem and leaf development for foliage plants and the vegetative stages of flowering and fruiting plants. Flowering stimulates, maintains and enhances early fruiting and flowering growth. Grand Finale is for the later stages of flowering/fruiting growth, triggering your plants final flowering response and supporting the maturation of additional fruit and flower sets before harvest. The organic additive Catalyst encourages compact branching, stimulates opulent fruiting sites, triggers early yields, introduces natural sugars and conditions soils and hydroponic solutions for superior nutrient assimilation. It is used throughout all stages of plant growth in tandem with the rest of the Sugar Peak range.
Sugar Peak Leaf Growth
For premium results and the convenience of a one-part formula, offer your customers Sugar Peak Vegetative (3-1-5). This complete nutrient encourages strong stem development and healthy leaf growth in houseplants, benefits the vegetative phase of flowering plants, and improves any plant's overall yield and resistance to pests. Part of the "Earth Juice" line, Sugar Peak Leaf Growth Vegetative is easily assimilated by soil-based and hydroponically-grown plants and consists of natural elements including molasses and marine-bird and bat guanos as well as bio-enhancers and other elemental nutrients.
Sugar Peak Flowering
For premium results and the convenience of a one-part formula, offer your customers Sugar Peak Flowering (2-4-5). This complete nutrient fuels bud formation in flowering plants and enhances the sweet flavour in fruits. Part of the "Earth Juice" line, Sugar Peak Flowering is easily absorbed by soil-based and hydroponically-grown plants and consists of natural elements.
Sugar Peak not only feeds plants but also helps to inhibit excessive 'bolting', decreases insect attack and, stimulates sugar transport for increased yields with intense sweetness and flavour.
Sugar Peak Grand Finale
A convenient one-part finishing formula designed for maximising production of flowering and fruiting plants.
Change from Sugar Peak Flowering to Sugar Peak Grand Finale 14 days prior to harvest.
The new hydro-fusion blends are uniquely blended from natural and organic elements and bio-enhancers, in a form that is easily absorbed by plants grown both hydroponically and in soil.
Sugar Peak not only feeds plants but also helps to inhibit excessive 'bolting', decreases insect attack and, stimulates sugar transport for increased yields with with intense sweetness and flavour.
Sugar Peak Briximus Maximus
Finishing foliar sprays designed for determinate flowering and fruting plant's final phase of production. Thoroughly spray foliage at 2 interwals 7 days apart starting at 14 days prior to harvest. Avoid spraying flowers or fruit or within 6 days of harvest. Use in con junction with Sugar Peak Grand Finale
Sugar Peak Catalyst
The 1st and Original Organic Growth & Production Stimulator. A premium organic additive that encourages compact branching, stimulates optimal fruiting sites, increases sugar transport, and triggers early yields. Conditions soils and hydroponic solutions for better nutrient availability.
- Sugar Peak Leaf Growth 1 litre
- Sugar Peak Flowering 1 litre
- Sugar Peak Grand Finale 1 litre
- Sugar Peak Briximus Maximus 250 ml and 1ltr
- Sugar Peak Catalyst 1 litre and 5ltr


Monday, February 28, 2011
Some questions to ask about the particular virtues
In prepping for class tomorrow I jotted down a list of 12 questions that we can ask about any particular virtue. I imagine others have made better lists of questions and systematically answered them, but still, I thought the list might be useful to teachers of virtue ethics.
What is it?
1. Can you give a pithy definition of it?
2. Is it a form of self control with regard to an emotion?
3. Is it a mean between two extremes?
How does it relate to the other virtues?
4. Is it a special case of another virtue?
5. Does it need to be distinguished from another virtue that it is often confused with?
6. Is there a general class of virtue that it falls under?
What can we learn about this virtue from others?
7. Are there relevant findings in empirical psychology?
8. Do different cultures regard this virtue differently?
9. How have people symbolized or represented this virtue artistically?
How do I cultivate this virtue in my own life?
10. Is this one that I am good at, or one that I need to work on?
11. What happens to people who lack this virtue?
12. What habits can I adopt to cultivate this virtue.
Friday, February 25, 2011
Easing into a story
When authors tell stories, they assume the reader starting at the beginning and going to the end. But that's generally not true for me. Consider how I've absorbed the Harry Potter series so far. Roughly, it breaks down into these steps.
1) Knowing the general cultural buzz and mapping the characters onto standard genre figures. Boy who finds out he's special. Geek girl sidekick. Gandolf figure. Gentle giant.
2) Overhearing Molly read the books to the kids, while I am doing other things. Occasionally I am called on to read portions of the book. I distinctly remember reading the scene where Hagrid shows our heroes his brother in the woods in book 5. This before I know much of anything about the story.
3) Watching all the movies with the family, in order, except for the one that isn't out yet.
4) Getting books 1 and 2 on CD for Christmas. Listening to book 1 while driving around for the holidays. Notice that this is the first time I actually hear a whole book from beginning to end.
5) The present day: Listening attentively every night at bedtime while Molly reads book 5 to the kids and listening to book 2 on CD when I drive to work.
I bet a lot of people learn stories in ways similar to this. Its not introduction, conflict, climax, denouement. Not boy meets girl, boy loses girl, boy gets girl back again. Even now, now that I am trying to get the story in order, I am missing things. I missed a chapter of book five because they read it while I was working, rather than at bedtime.
This seems like it should be significant for aesthetic theory. But I'm not sure how.
In any case, I still don't know what happens in the second half of the last book, so don't tell me.
Saturday, February 05, 2011
Lovers' Dialogues I (free writing continued)
Panos and Sylvia
Panos Aristocles stands naked, pot bellied, and balding at the window, watching the snow under the street lamp.
Sylvia: Panos, sweetie, step away from the window. Someone will see you.
Sylvia sits up in bed, her back against the wall. She has long since reached the age where her breasts point straight down, and further past the age where she cares.
Panos: Don't worry. We're on the second floor. No one ever looks up.
Sylvia: I wish I knew you when you had your buff, wrestler's body.
Panos, sounding less offended that you would expect: You are looking for younger men now?
Sylvia: No, the current you is beautiful. I was just imagining variations on the theme.
Panos: You want the version with the long permed hair and the silly tights? There's a Mexican version where a wear a mask, too.
Sylvia: They all sound delicious.
Panos: It was a preposterous body I had, muscles built for show. They gave the appearance of strength only. I'm surprised you are interested.
Sylvia: I'm a literature professor. Beauty is my business.
Panos: There was no beauty there, only spectacle. I'm glad I'm out of the business. The Mexican circuit didn't even pay well.
Sylvia: Your body would still speak of who you were. It couldn't help it.
Panos: What are you on about?
Sylvia:...
Panos: The body doesn't speak anyway. The mouth may form words and the hand may write, but these are accidents. The person speaks with the language.
Sylvia: I think I can see facts about who you are--your personality, your nature--by directly looking at you.
Panos: A preposterous thesis.
He is now seated on the window sill.
Sylvia: Your fat--particularly your arms and shoulders--says "athlete gone to fat" not "lifelong couch potato."
Panos: That's my nature?
Sylvia: It is a part of your history.
Panos: Do better than that. Look at my body and directly perceive a mental property.
Panos is standing straight at the foot of the bed, his shoulders square with Sylvia's.
Sylvia: Your pride is shouting at me. I think I will ignore it and say that I can see your playfulness instead.
Panos: And where is my playfulness? Where did you see it?
Sylvia: You were smirking. Slightly. You still are.
Panos: And how do you know that is playfulness, and not insolence or even a mask for anger?
Sylvia: I said this was direct perception. I don't need to give a reason.
Panos: You see it because of your past experience with me. Because we have played together and you know how I play.
Sylvia: Also your writing. You are the most playful writer working in pure metaphysics and formal ontology.
Panos: See, language!
Sylvia: But what is wrong with that? I'm allowed to use past experience to shape my perception. How could I see otherwise?
Panos: It certainly makes your perception less direct.
Sylvia: Whatever, the fact is I am not simply projecting something I already know onto the appearance of you.
Panos: Yes, you are.
Sylvia: Well, here's an easy case for me. If I saw you with your eyes wide open and your jaw agape, I would be directly perceiving that you are surprised, a mental property about you.
Panos: Actually, I don't believe that either, but in that case, I am the one being weird. Your view here is common sense, so i will stipulate it. Can you get from there to directly perceiving my playfulness.
Sylvia: Easy peasy. The cases are exactly the same. In both cases I might be mistaken, and in both cases I am relying in part on past experience and a well functioning biological system of perception. If one counts as direct perception, the other does too.
Panos: One case is an event and the other a disposition. Anyway, what do you mean by "direct perception" and how do you deal with the problem of error in perception.
Sylvia: Oh Pan, I don't have any fancy philosophical theories. I teach stories about people. Are you just going to stand there, or are you going to come to bed?
Panos: I'm going to stand here.
Sylvia, wrapping a blanket around her shoulders: Suit yourself. Look, all I meant by "direct perception" was that the objects of my perception are the ordinary things they seem to be, such as foolish naked men who won't come to bed. And when I perceive them as having a property, like being tall, or pale or devilishly handsome, it is my perception that gives me knowledge of these facts. I'm actually trying not to be philosophical here. I'm ruling out funny theories about sense data or qualia or whatever that I never understood or cared for anyway.
Wait, don't open your pretty little mouth. I know where you go next. You are going to bring up two cases. In one I see, oh I dunno, a snake. And in the other, I merely think I see a snake, but really I'm just looking at a rope on the ground in dim light. The perceptions in each case are indistinguishable, but the realities are different. From this you conclude not just that perception is different than reality, but that the object of perception is not the object in reality, because the object of perception is the same, but the reality changed.
Panos: A snake, Sylvia?
Sylvia: I've been reading Śaṅkara.
Panos: And yet you hate philosophy.
Sylvia: No, I just hate philosophers.
[To be continued. I need to read about direct perception (Jackson?). I've also written down that I should write about Bernard Williams, Problems of the Self.]


text:
8 Pin IC base
- Programmable chips such as EPROMs or microcontrollers attached in IC sockets during prototyping, allowing the devices to be quickly removed from the circuit for programming, then reinserted for testing.
- Some integrated circuits are extremely sensitive and may damage by the heat from soldering, so attached in IC sockets for protection and easy replacement if failures occur.
- Most production devices use chips soldered directly to the printed circuit board, as the chips never need to be removed. Some applications, however, use IC sockets, which allow chips to be inserted and removed without the use of a soldering iron.
- They are available in different types and sizes.
- Here this IC base is of 8 Pins, means any ICs having 8 pins, can be inserted in 8 pins IC socket or base.
IC Base/Socket Material
Silicone Backed Polyimide Film, -74°C to 260°C (-100°F to 500°F)
Intermittent to 371°C (700°F)
IC Base/Socket FeaturesFeature
- Multiple finger contact on all sockets assures maximum reliability.
- Tapered entry for ease of insertion.
- Closed bottom sleeve for 100% anti-wicking of solder.
- To fit .100/(2.54mm) pitch.
- Easily customized to fit your application


text:
This was the topic chosen by one of my students, Brenda, for her final project in my Honors Seminar this summer. "The Hedgehog's Dilemma" (also called 'the porcupine dilemma') is a metaphor exploring the challenges of human intimacy. A group of hedgehogs desire to become closer to one another in order to cuddle-up and stay warm through the cold weather. However, when they get too close, they poke each other with their spines, so they must remain apart. So even though they have the shared desire for closeness, which they continue to attempt to create, they also recoil as to avoid hurting one another.
Schopenhauer applied this situation to individuals in society, suggesting that despite good intentions, human intimacy cannot occur without substantial mutual harm, and what results is cautious behavior and weak relationships.
Brenda composed a chapbook of poetry based on this concept. Accompanying that written portion of her project, was a 15 minute presentation during which Brenda asked her classmates to come forward and stand in front of a projector screen displaying a series of images and music that she had previously compiled. The activity was meant to have students experience the warmth, comfort, and awkward uncertainty of intimacy firsthand.
Brenda asked that I remain in seat in the classroom during the experiment. I abided, though not without taking out my phone to record a portion of the experience.


text:
Higher education institutions are searching for models of successful training programs that assist faculty in developing Web courses. Ideally, such programs will result in Web courses that are well-designed, responsive to the learner, interactive, and consistent with stated instructional goals.
Through its Office of Instructional Technology, Stephen F. Austin State University (SFA) implemented a training program to address these desired outcomes. The program, known formally as the Web Course Development (WCD) Workshop Series, was created to meet the needs of increasing numbers of faculty moving into the online teaching environment. Participants included faculty and academic leaders from a wide range of departments within the university.
This article outlines the various activities of the WCD Workshop Series and demonstrates how those activities are supported by comprehensive instructional design theory. While oriented towards the use of a particular course management system (WebCT), this workshop series may provide a readily adaptable model for other institutions that are developing training programs to prepare faculty for online instruction.
In Fall 2000, SFA adopted WebCT as its telecommunications-based course management system (CMS). As Duning, Kekerix, and Zaborowski (1993) have observed, "A critical task during the earliest considerations of telecommunications-based education is to ensure that exploration of electronic technologies does not take precedence over analysis of the purposes and uses of the potential system" (p.24). With this rationale in mind, SFA designed this workshop series to provide technical training while at the same time encouraging faculty members to consider a variety of instructional strategies suited to the needs of the online learner. Workshops that focus on blending technical skills with good instructional design are crucial to effective implementation of course management systems, as well as other resources for online instruction. Each session and its purpose are described below.
Session One—Needs Assessment
Session One (Exhibit 1) is devoted primarily to needs assessment. Faculty members utilize a template (Exhibit 2) which assists them in course planning by prompting them to consider the rationale for the instruction, the goal of instruction, the objectives of instruction, the characteristics of the collective audience, the environment of the learner, the materials and resources needed for instruction, and the technology resources currently available to them through the university. Understanding and outlining these needs at the outset helps faculty design appropriate instructional strategies.
For example, some faculty members may identify their target audience as full-time undergraduate students who are taking the course as an elective, while others may identify their target audience as students who are employed full-time while pursuing a professional degree or certification through a graduate program. Likewise, some faculty members may determine that the learning environments of their students include access to the latest technology tools, high bandwidth Internet connectivity, and ample time to study in a quiet setting conducive to learning; others may find that the learning environments of their students are severely limited in one or more of these areas. These assessments are taken into consideration when developing the instructional materials needed to achieve the learning objectives.
Session Two—Getting Started with WebCT
Session Two (Exhibit 3) focuses on the instructional strategies involved in developing a single lesson in the course. In this process, faculty sketch out a lesson plan that includes the instructional goal, objectives, and materials needed for their first lesson.
Next, faculty members incorporate Robert Gagne's (1985) Nine Events in their course design process. Accordingly, they focus on creating instruction that will:
- Gain attention using a splash page: "How will the first Web page of the lesson grab the learner's attention? Carefully choose text or audience-appropriate graphics to accomplish this, being cautious not to over-emphasize graphics for an adult audience."
- Provide a lesson overview: "This page explains the lesson and informs students of the objectives of the lesson."
- Stimulate prior recall and set the stage for the lesson: "Provide text and a graphical sketch of a Web page that explains and illustrates the principles of the lesson and prompts students to think, 'What do I already know about this topic?'"
- Provide lesson content: "Provide lesson content that is rich in definitions and examples, both visual and textual."
- Provide an opportunity for the student to interact with the lesson material and to submit a response: "Allow an opportunity for both guided and independent practice."
- Elicit performance: "Utilize instructional strategies that help the student internalize the new skills and knowledge."
- Provide feedback: "Provide students feedback about their interpretation of the new information."
- Consider assessment: "How will you assess the students and their learning?"
- Consider retention and transfer: "How will you have students demonstrate that they can transfer their learning from this lesson to another situation?"
In order to strongly emphasize the importance of the design process, participants are also referred to a table that correlates Gagne's Nine Events with Keller's ARCS Model of Motivation (1988) (Table 1). By emphasizing these two theoretical models in the WCD workshop, we encouraged participants to view their online courses within a holistic framework of instruction; in short, an effective online course should be designed so that it addresses the entire spectrum of learning.
In this session, workshop participants use colored paper and post-it notes to create visual representations of the first Web page in the first lesson of the course they plan to deliver on the Web. Through this exercise, faculty members begin to see the importance of laying out a well-defined visual map for students to follow. It is essential for instructors to sketch out their course design before turning to the course management tool so that the primary focus remains on the student and their learning needs. After exploring the visual representation of a lesson targeted for delivery on the Web, faculty members log into WebCT to begin utilizing various tools of the program to electronically construct the lesson they have designed.
At the conclusion of the session, participants are assigned homework which includes completing any unfinished work for their first lesson, as well as completing a single html welcome page that will give students information about the course prior to registration. The welcome page template (Exhibit 5) and syllabus guide (Exhibit 6) are provided for completion by the participants; click here for an example of one participant's completed welcome page.
Session Three—File Management
Session Three (Exhibit 7) introduces faculty members to the file management features of WebCT through detailed exercises (for example, see Exhibit 8 and Exhibit 9) which allow participants to progress at their own rate of speed. The objectives for the session are for faculty members to be able to create folders, compress files, and upload and download compressed and uncompressed files into WebCT.
Session Four—Learning the CMS Tools
Session Four (Exhibit 10) emphasizes a learner-controlled approach to the training exercises. More learner control over the lesson is essential because faculty members are moving through the material at different rates.
Adhering to this premise, the workshop leader provides exercises that allow participants to work independently through step-by-step instructions to explore functionality of various tools. For example, in exercise three (Exhibit 11), participants learn how to use the homepage tool. Allowing this opportunity for guided practice at their own pace gives participants greater control over the learning process. Those who already have an advanced understanding of homepage layout concepts and advanced technical skills are empowered to progress quickly. Other participants may move through the material more slowly, developing their own understanding of the concepts and skills without being pressured to move too fast.
Session Five—Curriculum Development
Session Five (Exhibit 12) focuses on the importance of layout and design. After viewing a short demo of Inspiration software, faculty are asked to utilize the software to create a flowchart of their entire course or to graphically illustrate the first lesson they will be teaching in their course. Although this is a reiteration of the instructional strategies from Session Two, the new form of the exercise has distinct advantages for advancing course development. The Inspiration software helps faculty members understand preferred learning styles; some faculty prefer to work in the textual outline view while others, the more visual learners, begin immediately using graphic icons. This visual tool also helps them recognize concepts in their lesson that may be best illustrated with a graphic flowchart. For example, Melane McCuller, an English instructor, used an Inspiration flowchart in her technical writing course to illustrate the various phases of the course (Figure 1). Dr. Robert Ramsey, a communications professor, used this type of graphic flowchart to outline for his students the goal and objectives of a particular unit in his media ethics course (Figure 2).
Session Six—Copyright and Accessibility
In Session Six (Exhibit 13), guest speakers from the Office of Disability Services, University Legal Counsel, and the library provide information and answer questions about these services; they also raise awareness among faculty about copyright and accessibility issues. Foster (2001) urges colleges and universities to take specific steps to make print and electronic information available to visually impaired students. He describes the new federal regulation, Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973:
State-controlled colleges must make their Web sites accessible, and make sure that when they purchase new computer hardware and software, the machines and programs can be adapted for use by disabled people.... Among other things, the rule clarification means that state-university Web pages must provide text alternatives to images and make color-coded information available without color. Video and multimedia productions understood through visual data must be made audible as well. (¶ 8, 15).
Participants are introduced to specific recommendations for making their courses more accessible. In addition, participants are encouraged to comply with copyright law and are given general rules for doing so. Finally, participants are given the URL to a page of library resources specifically designed by the university to serve distance education students. Participants interact with the speakers regarding how these issues apply to their specific courses.
Session Seven—Communications Strategies:
In Session Seven (Exhibit 14), participants are introduced to synchronous and asynchronous communications tools by logging into WebCT to experience


text:
BRAND NEW: Solution for Scars™ is the world's first scientifically proven formula using a NATURAL active ingredient to reduce the appearance of symptomatic scars. A first-aid kit MUST-HAVE, the cream has been developed by a leading UK plastic surgeon and a wound healing scientist and can be bought for just £18.99 at _URL_
By thoroughly investigating the properties of an ancient remedy, one of Britain's foremost plastic surgeons alongside one of the world's most published wound healing scientists have revealed a scientifically proven product for treating scars – and surprisingly the key active ingredient is completely natural. Whilst green tea has been consumed in the Far East for generations and is traditionally recommended for skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis, a specific active green tea extract identified by their study has been proven to actually shrink scars. This is significant as most of the currently available gels and oils that have been prescribed for decades, have limited scientific basis for their use.
The ground breaking research led by scientist Dr Ardeshir Bayat, in collaboration with Mr Douglas McGeorge, a former President of the British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (BAAPS), has demonstrated that this particular active form of green tea extract allows a completely different approach to scar management. Rather than using the usual products available to coat and protect an already-formed scar, the team identified that active green tea's unique properties start working effectively from early on. Thereby, the active extract addresses both the initial redness and irritation, as well as helping radically change the course of scar development.
Once a wound is closed, the body naturally enters into an inflammatory phase. The skin can become dry, itchy and uncomfortable. Available scar treatments have historically provided mainly inert silicone-based formulations, with little scientifically proven data behind them. They only offer temporary relief, by sitting on the upper layer of the skin, acting as a barrier and trapping moisture. Most contain no active ingredients. A new evidence-based study, published this month in the Archives of Dermatological Research on the role of topical treatments and dressings in the management of scarring,* has reviewed the lack of data, and summarised concisely the ineffectiveness of some of these current treatments.
Designed to be applied as soon as the wound is closed or on existing scars that are still symptomatic (red, itchy, inflamed, hot, etc), Solution for Scars™ starts actively reducing irritable skin by immediately controlling the irritation and redness, enhancing the skin's reparative response and thus already minimising the appearance of the scar as it begins to develop. It has a direct effect on the progression of the scar and promotes healthier recovery as the skin can heal without interference from constant itching and uncomfortable symptoms, resulting in a scar that appears smoother and less visible.
As an international expert in Keloid scarring (an invasive, aggressive and recurrent scar type) and one of the most published clinician scientists worldwide on the topic of wound healing in human skin, Dr Ardeshir Bayat wanted to find a solution that combined the best that science and nature could offer.
"Although the inclusion of green tea may seem common, it's an ingredient made up of many different compounds. We've been developing the research into various individual components of green tea and, following exhaustive experimentation; we identified a particular extract, which is the key active ingredient in our effective formula Solution for ScarsTM. In contrast to the treatment options on the market, our formula induces a completely new outcome for the appearance of scars. This promotion of early intervention has been proven to change the course of scar formation, a concept that has not been contemplated previously."
Douglas McGeorge, one of the most sought-after cosmetic surgeons in the UK and who worked in close collaboration with Dr Bayat in this research, had also noticed a lack of effective products on offer to patients after surgery. He explains:
"Patients could be treated by the world's best surgeon yet most will focus on the visible aspect of lasting scars. Marketing constantly bombards people with the dream of having 'perfect skin' and the look of conspicuous scars is undesirable. As well as producing the must-have product for the bathroom cabinet, our research has been directed to help surgeons provide the best aftercare treatments possible; to enhance the effects of their work! Solution for Scars™ provides a better outcome both symptomatically and visibly. As it's based on naturally occurring actives, it's affordable to everyone – as suitable to breast augmentation or facelift patients, as it is to children's scraped knees."
Dr Ardeshir Bayat, who has given more than 450 presentations worldwide on the topic of wound repair and regeneration and published in excess of 390 original papers, reviews, scientific abstracts and book chapters, is an active member of the American Wound Healing and the European Tissue Repair Societies. He concludes:
"Our research has broken the mould when it comes to effective products to make a significant difference in the successful management of scarring. Solution for Scars™ works differently and far more effectively than some of the existing products on the market. Solid scientific research and harnessing the very best that nature can offer underpins all of our product development – and we now have the scientific evidence to back it up."


text:
RHETORIC AND THE CASE OF LINEARISATION IN POST GRADUATE STUDENTS' ESSAYS
This study pertained to analysis of rhetoric, linearization, and grammaticality within essays. The data were gathered from 24 essays that were written by English post graduate students of Mataram University in academic year 2015. The essays were taken from the subjects of ELT Curriculum and Materials Development and Teaching English for Young Learners (TEYL) as the final assignments. The research approach used qualitative method in which the entire findings were spelled out in form of writing (words). The purpose of study was to find out rhetorical problems, linearization problems, and grammatical errors which appear in English post graduate students' essays. There were 10 rhetorical problems, 12 linearization problems, and 158 grammatical errors found based on data analysis as the result of study. Rhetorical competence, linear structure of idea, and grammatical competence are required by English post graduate students in order to be highly literate English learners properly, so that they could produce the outstanding essays particularly in English.
Keywords: Rhetoric, Grammatical Competence, Linearization Problem, Essay.


10 Ways Technology Has Changed the Investment Market
Technology has made significant changes in the stock market and the way investors trade. But most people don't realize just how much the stock market has changed and how much easier it is to invest today than it was even 20 years ago.
Today, stock traders have access to an endless amount of information and use trading tools to predict future stock outcomes, something most stock traders could never do before unless they had years of study and research under their belt. Unfortunately, most modern investors are too young to know the humble origins of working in financial markets. From the birth of the first stock to the trading algorithms we now use, the stock market has gone through many different advances, and it is all due to important investing technology.
10 Ways Technology Has Changed the Investment Market
Lately, the news mentions the rise of cryptocurrencies, short-term trading, AI analysis bots, but these are just the latest technology addition to investing. Here are some of the biggest technology trends that have impacted the stock market and the way we invest. Here we mention some of the biggest game-changers in the investment world and, yes, most of these changes have occurred within the last 20 years.
The Computer Terminals
Only recently could an investor do a quick search for stocks under 10 and get a reliable answer within less than a minute. For the most part, finding this information took days, weeks, and even months in the first half of the 20th century because it had to be done by hand.
Since coming into the market in the 1960s, terminals have changed. The first was large dedicated machines where analysts requested stock quotes and got a quote within a certain time. Today terminals are cloud-based, and information is uploaded within seconds to give real-time prices, trades, and news.
Electronic Stock Exchange
Trading has been characterized by buying and selling on trading floors by famous stock institutions. But in 1971, the NASDAQ introduced the first electronic stock market, which allowed investors to post bids digitally. This technology allows small investors to enter the market and make small trades through these electronic exchange systems.
Online Trading
Before online trading was available to all traders, an investor had to call a full-service financial advisor, make a purchase, and then pay about a 2% commission on the order. In the late 1980s, all major brokerages were working on an online platform where they could entice small investors by offering stock news and relevant prices.
The Integration of Smartphones
When cellular phones were invented in the 1970s, the speed with which trades could be conducted was greatly improved. Now the smartphones allow you to invest quickly from any location, even when away from the home or office.
Personal Finance Apps
Personal finance education and budgeting tools help people track their spending and their investments, giving them hands-on management of the growth of their funds. Most consumers can pay bills, manage their budget, and organize their assets through these applications.
Analysis Tools
Cloud technology paired with analysis tools has allowed financial institutions to scale the information they have and use analytics to monitor the market and ensure trades are legal while measuring the market sentiment and predicting the future growth of stocks.
Social Media
Social media allows investors to stay abreast of news, to inform investors of ideas and sentiments, and allows investors to track news of global consumer markets.
Algorithmic Trading
The rise of algorithmic trading is also an influencing factor as it uses AI to analyze the trading volume, volatility, growth potential, and other factors at an amazing speed. This gives investors to power to decide faster than they would with human operators.
Crowdfunding started in the late 90s, and no one gave it much thought. It was a way for creative individuals to find funding for their artistic projects. But business startups took to it and were able to offer investment opportunities and information to possible investors.
The Use of Robo Advisors
Robo advisors are financial planning technology that doesn't have any human interaction. These are programs that offer analysis of financial planning goals and stocks. There are more than 100 robo advisors with the management of assets of more than $200 billion.
Online Brokers
As more people spend more time on the internet, a new wave of stock brokerage marketing techniques has arisen. Even investors with just a few dollars to invest can create an account, pay no trade fees, and find investment strategies that work for them.
Each of these new technologies has contributed and led to the financial trade system we have today. Investors now can do everything from their laptop, tablet, or phone. This has created a new type of investor and has opened the market to many new investors.
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When did india get nuclear weapons?
- Video answer: Why india became nuclear ? the untold story | india nuclear history | siachenx files
- FAQ. Those who are looking for an answer to the question «When did india get nuclear weapons?» often ask the following questions
- Video answer: Pokhran ii — how india fooled cia and tested its nuclear bombs
- 1 other answer
- Your answer
- 27 Related questions
Video answer: Why india became nuclear ? the untold story | india nuclear history | siachenx files
Those who are looking for an answer to the question «When did india get nuclear weapons?» often ask the following questions:
⭐ Does india have nuclear weapons?
India is not a Party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. India tested what it called a "peaceful nuclear explosive" in 1974 (which became known as "Smiling Buddha"). The test was the first test developed after the creation of the NPT, and created new questions about how civilian nuclear technology could be diverted secretly to weapons purposes (dual-use technology). Though India maintained that its nuclear capability was primarily "peaceful", it apparently weaponized two dozen nuclear weapons for delivery by air between 1988 and 1990. But it was not until 1998 that India tested weaponized nuclear warheads ("Operation Shakti"), including a thermonuclear device. And it is estimated that India has 80-100 nuclear warheads (might not be active).
- Do pakistan and india both have nuclear weapons?
- How many nuclear weapons does india currently have?
- Which country has nuclear weapons india or pakistan?
⭐ Can india destroy pakistan's nuclear weapons?
But it estimates that if India wanted to destroy Pakistan's major cities, the nation would need to deploy around 150 nuclear weapons… If Pakistan attacked India's major cities, the researchers estimated, about 150 nuclear weapons would likely go off.
- Why india should not go for nuclear weapons?
- What country posses nuclear weapons between pakistan and india?
- In response to india's testing of nuclear weapons many countries including the us declared against india?
⭐ Do india and pakistan have nuclear weapons?
- How many nuclear bomb india has?
- How many nuclear reactors are there in india india?
- Is pakistan nuclear more powerful then india?
Video answer: Why does india have the nuclear bomb...? - visualpolitik en
1 other answer
We've handpicked 27 related questions for you, similar to «When did india get nuclear weapons?» so you can surely find the answer!
What does india hold on nuclear power?
What do you mean by ''hold''?
When was india's first nuclear test?
18 May 1974, Pokhran India's first nuclear test was conducted at Pokhran Test Range in Rajasthan by Indian […]
First nuclear test in india under which president?
Prime Minister Indira GandhiToday (May 18) is a historic day for India as we are observing the 46th anniversary of our first nuclear test in Rajasthan's Pokhran. The peaceful nuclear test codenamed the 'Smiling Buddha' was conducted on May 18, 1974 under the leadership of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The test made India a nuclear power.
How many nuclear bombs india and pakistan have?
India: Approximately 150 nuclear warheads. Israel: An estimated 90 nuclear warheads, with fissile material for up to 200. Pakistan: Approximately 160 nuclear warheads.
Which is the first nuclear bomb in india?
I am smart. I do not know answer. But i from India
Video answer: Pokhran ii — how india fooled cia and tested its nuclear bombs
Who tested nuclear bomb first india or pakistan?
Last Updated: November, 2019. In the mid-1970s Pakistan embarked upon the uranium enrichment route to acquire a nuclear weapons capability. Pakistan conducted nuclear tests in May 1998, shortly after India's nuclear tests, declaring itself a nuclear weapon state.
Which conutry have greater nuclear power india or pakistan?
Pakistan has WMDs
Video answer: Usa: president clinton urges india to end its nuclear tests
Which country has best nuclear power pakistan or india?
Pakistan is the Best. While i am an indian but in favour of PAKISTAN.
Which country india or pakistan has more nuclear bomb?
First nuclear reactor in india was commissioned in which place?
TarapurOn 11 October 1960, the Indian government issued a tender for India's first nuclear power station near Tarapur, Maharashtra and consisting of two reactors, each generating around 150 MW of electricity and to be commissioned in 1965.
Video answer: What countries have nuclear weapons?
What almost cause nuclear war between china pakistan and india?
almost Pakistan and china because both are atomic power and great alliance from many years India did not fight with pak and china
Who was the president of india during first nuclear test?
On 13 May 1998, two additional fission devices were detonated, and the Indian government led by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee shortly convened a press conference to declare India as a full-fledged nuclear state.
What are environmental considerations for a nuclear power plant in india?
Why should India be any different to other countries?
What would happen if pakistan and india has a nuclear war?
A nuclear war between India and Pakistan could wreck Earth's climate. Nuclear explosions produce sweltering heat. Structures catch on fire, and then winds either spread those flames or the fire draws in the surrounding air, creating an even larger blaze known as a firestorm.
What are the inherent problems of nuclear power in india and pakistan?
They could construct nuclear weapons.
When did the when did india?
Though India became a free nation on August 15, 1947, it declared itself a Sovereign, Democratic and Republic state with the adoption of the Constitution on January 26, 1950. A salute of 21 guns and the unfurling of the Indian National Flag by Dr.
When did east india company entered india?
When East India Company entered India?
- East India Company. Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858, when, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown 's assuming direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new British Raj .
When did india start?
india started in 1423
Video answer: Pokhran test: how india fooled cia and tested its nuclear bombs
When did india unit?
The violence between the two sides escalated and degenerated into a civil war. In February 1947, the British decided to evacuate the country, and on 15 August 1947 it was partitioned into two independent states: India, with a Hindu majority, and Pakistan, with a Muslim majority.
When does india vote?
India generally votes every 5 year terms rather than the 4 year terms in the US.
When india join uno?
it joined in 1946
When was india discoverd?
No body India was always there and people living in it. Vasco-da gama discovered the sea path to India from Spain in discovered India in 1498. That's about it.
When was india free?
India became the Republic of India on August 15, 1947. It was given its independence from the Empire of Great Britain.


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by Yandisa Sikweyiya, Rachel Jewkes
To explore how survey respondents perceived their experiences and the impact of participating in a survey, and to assess adverse consequences resulting from participation. Design
Qualitative study involving purposefully selected participants who had participated in a household-based survey. Methods
This qualitative study was nested within a survey that investigated the prevalence of gender-based violence perpetration and victimization with adult men and women in South Africa. 13 maleand 10 female-in-depth interviews were conducted with survey respondents. Results
A majority of informants, without gender-differences, perceived the survey interview as a rare opportunity to share their adverse and or personal experiences in a'safe' space. Gender-differences were noted in reporting perceptions of risks involved with survey participation. Some women remained fearful after completing the survey, that should breach of confidentiality or full survey content disclosure occur, they may be victimized by partners as a punishment for survey participation without men's approval. A number of informants generally discussed their survey participation with others. However, among women with interpersonal violence history or currently in abusive relationships, full survey content disclosure was done with fear; the partner responses were negative, and few women reported receiving threatening remarks but none reported being assaulted. In contrast no man reported adverse reaction by others. Informants with major life adversities reported that the survey had made them to relive the experiences causing them sadness and pain at the time. No informant perceived the survey as emotionally harmful or needed professional support because of survey questions. Rather the vast majority perceived benefit from survey participation. Conclusion
Whilst no informant felt answering the survey questions had caused them emotional or physical harm, some were distressed and anxious, albeit temporarily. Research protocols need to put in place safeguards where appropriate so that this group receives support and protection.


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I am having a hard time understanding the concept of adjoint of a linear operator. Given a finite dimensional Hilbert space $H$ over a field $F$, I know the dual space is the vector space $H^*$ of all linear forms $f:H\rightarrow F$.
 - Is the adjoint of a linear map $A$ on $H$ a member of $H^*$? Or what is the relationship between a linear map $f:H\rightarrow K$ and the dual space, generally? What confuses me even more is this special case: take the bra-ket notation. It says that for any ket $|\psi\rangle\in H$ there is a linear form from $H^*$ called a bra ($|\psi\rangle:=\langle\psi,-\rangle$-also weird, is $\psi$ a function or not?...), such that bra is the adjoint of ket.
 It's a bit of a mess, any help would be appreciated.
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 Please see… – wj32 Oct 26 '12 at 0:31
 1 Answer 1
 up vote 5 down vote accepted
 First, there's something called the Riesz Representation Theorem. To understand it, start by fixing a vector $v \in H$. We can now use the dot product to define a continuous linear functional $L_v: H \rightarrow F$ by $$L_v(w) = \langle w,v \rangle.$$ What the Riesz Representation Theorem says is that every continuous linear functional $\phi:H \rightarrow F$ arises in this way! That is, given any element $\phi$ of the dual space $H^\ast$, there is some $v \in H$ so that $\phi(w) = \langle w, v \rangle$. So this is why we can sort of think as linear functionals as elements of the Hilbert space, and vice versa. In more mathematical terms, we say that the dual of $H$ is isomorphic to $H$.
 Second, a note on dual spaces: I believe that typically the space $H^\ast$ is defined to be the set of continuous linear functionals. This distinction is important, as there are different types of duals. So far, I've been talking about the topological dual. However, there is an algebraic dual, which I have seen denoted $H^\star$, which is just all linear functionals $H \rightarrow F$, no continuity assumed. The Reisz Representation Theorem concerns only the topological dual. (The duals are actually the same for finite dimensional Hilbert spaces, but I don't believe the Hilbert spaces encountered in QM are.)
 Third, adjoints: Given any Hilbert spaces $H, K$, and a continuous linear functional $A: H \rightarrow K$, there is a continuous linear map called the adjoint $A^\ast:K \rightarrow H$ (note that it goes the other way) that is defined by the equation $\langle Av, w \rangle = \langle v, A^\ast w \rangle$. You typically only see the case $K = H$. So no, the adjoint of an operator $A: H \rightarrow H$ is not an element of $H^\ast$, since the members of $H^\ast$ are continuous linear functionals from $H$ into $F$, and $H^\ast$ goes from $H$ into $H$.
 Unfortunately, I don't know much about QM, so this last bit is just speculating on how I think the notation works. If you consider kets $|\phi \rangle \in H$ to be an element of the Hilbert space, then there is a continuous linear functional that I suppose you could call $\langle \phi |$ defined by $\langle \phi | v \rangle = \langle v, \phi \rangle.$ And conversely, given a bra $\langle \phi |$, by the Reisz Representation Theorem, there is a bra $| \phi \rangle$ so that $\langle \phi | v \rangle = \langle \phi, v \rangle.$
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Can we rely on the food items on whose package "It includes no lard and additives from pigs" is written? Is it permissible to consume them?
Submitted by on Mon, 23/10/2017 - 16:43
Dear Brother / Sister,
"What is essential about things is being halal" is a rule in Islamic law. Something is regarded as halal until it becomes definite that it is haram. Therefore, it is halal to eat food items on whose package "It includes no lard and additives from pigs" is written.
In Islamic countries, there is no drawback to eating food items unless they are known to include haram substances. However, if there are food companies that are known to sell food items that include haram substances, their products must not be eaten unless it becomes definite that they include no haram substances even if they are in an Islamic country.
It is not appropriate to eat food items without knowing its contents in non-Muslim countries.
Questions on Islam
- Is it permissible to use the products/food items that include gelatin as an additive? Is it halal when it is not definitely known that it is haram?
- Are E additives that exist in some food items haram? Can we consume that safely?
- Is it permissible to use products like shampoo and soap that include lard?
- Why has pork been rendered haram in the religion of Islam?
- Are doubtful food items permissible to eat?
- What should we do if we doubt whether it is permissible to eat and drink something?
- Do zarurahs (necessities) render harams halal? Is it possible in Islam to abandon fards for harams or to commit a haram deed for something fard? If yes, when?
- why muslims don't eat bacon?
- Is it permissible to eat food that includes harmful substances?
- What does "it is not permissible (la yajuzu)" mean? Is it haram, makruh or something else? How binding is it? What happens if I do something that is not permissible?


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Laboratory of Genetics Wageningen University
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1 Laboratory of Genetics Wageningen University
het-genes in Aspergillus niger Károly Pál János Varga Fons Debets Laboratory of Genetics Wageningen University
2 I. Introduction: - occurence and role of het-genes - het-genes in the Aspergillus genus II. Search for and comparison of het-genes and proteins - search for het- and incompatibility related genes in filamentous fungi and yeast - comparison of HET- and incompatibility related proteins between two A. nigers III. Conclusions – future studies
3 I. Introduction: occurence and role of het-genes
4 Life cycle of Aspergillus (Emericella) nidulans
5
6 Importance of incompatibility: preserving fungal individuality
avoiding infectious genetic elements (mycoviruses, transposons) avoiding resource exploitation
7 Heterokaryon incompatibility is well studied in Neurospora crassa and Podospora anserina,
whereas cell death processes are investigated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
8 I. Introduction: het-genes in the Aspergillus genus
Most of the known Aspergillus species are asexual, only the A. nidulans was analyzed until now for the presence of het-genes. Natural A. niger isolates are highly incompatible with each other. Genome sequencing projects facilitate research, het- and incompatibility related gene homologs were found in the genome sequence of A. fumigatus A. oryzae A. terreus and A. niger
9 II. Search for and comparison of het-genes and proteins
10 II. Search for and comparison of het-genes and proteins:
search for het-genes in filamentous fungi and yeast Genomes of 8 fungal species were scanned: A. fumigatus A. nidulans A. niger (CBS and ATCC1015) A. oryzae A. terreus N. crassa P. anserina S. cerevisiae
11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 - A. fumigatus 2 - A. nidulans
3 - A. niger (CBS513.88) 4 - A. niger (ATCC1015) 5 - A. oryzae 6 - A. terreus 7 - N. crassa 8 - P. anserina 9 - S. cerevisiae
12 II. Search for and comparison of het-genes and proteins:
comparison of HET- and incompatibility related proteins between two A. nigers
13 The A. niger HET-C protein was analyzed in details.
- already investigated in details in N. crassa (3 alleles) and P. anserina (no allelism) - in A. niger: different length of glutamine repeats: why? CBS FGAAGHSHGSQQQRPPQQQ----QQQQQQQQ---GSSPLPWDKLSSLPIP Ned FGAAGHSHGSQQQRPPQQQ----QQQQQQQQQQQGSSPLPWDKLSSLPIP Ind FGAAGHSHGSQQQRPPQQQ----QQQQQQ-----GSSPLPWDKLSSLPIP N FGAAGHSHGSQQQRPPQQQ----QQQQQQQ----GSSPLPWDKLSSLPIP Ned FGAAGHSHGSQQQRPPQQQ----QQQQQQQ----GSSPLPWDKLSSLPIP Bra FGAAGHSHVSQQQRPPQQQ----QQQQ GSSPLPWDKLSSLPIP Gu FSAAGHSHGSQQQRPPQQQ----QQQQQQ-----GSSPLPWDKLSSLPIP Bra FSAAGHSHGSQQQRPPQQQRPPQQQQQQQ-----GSSPLPWDKLSSLPIP Ind FSAAGHSHGSQQQRPPQQQ----QRSQQQ-----GSSPLPWDKLSSLPIP Bra FSAAGHSHGSQQQRPPQQQ----Q GSSPLPWDKLSSLPIP consensus 1 *.******.********** * ****************
14 The A. niger HET-C protein was analyzed in details.
- already investigated in details in N. crassa and P. anserina - different length of glutamine repeats: why? CBS FGAAGHSHGSQQQRPPQQQ----QQQQQQQQ---GSSPLPWDKLSSLPIP Ned FGAAGHSHGSQQQRPPQQQ----QQQQQQQQQQQGSSPLPWDKLSSLPIP Ind FGAAGHSHGSQQQRPPQQQ----QQQQQQ-----GSSPLPWDKLSSLPIP N FGAAGHSHGSQQQRPPQQQ----QQQQQQQ----GSSPLPWDKLSSLPIP Ned FGAAGHSHGSQQQRPPQQQ----QQQQQQQ----GSSPLPWDKLSSLPIP Bra FGAAGHSHVSQQQRPPQQQ----QQQQ GSSPLPWDKLSSLPIP Gu FSAAGHSHGSQQQRPPQQQ----QQQQQQ-----GSSPLPWDKLSSLPIP Bra FSAAGHSHGSQQQRPPQQQRPPQQQQQQQ-----GSSPLPWDKLSSLPIP Ind FSAAGHSHGSQQQRPPQQQ----QRSQQQ-----GSSPLPWDKLSSLPIP Bra FSAAGHSHGSQQQRPPQQQ----Q GSSPLPWDKLSSLPIP consensus 1 *.******.********** * ****************
15 III. Conclusions - most of the het-, incompatibility related and PCD homolog genes are present in the Aspergilli including the A. niger - based on the genome sequences with molecular genetic tools now we can analyze functionality of these genes (i.e. transformations, deletions) - genome sequences can help us to reveal the secrets of incompatibility in A. niger
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