An Introduction To Infrared (IR) Photography
without comments
Infrared (IR) photography allows you to turn a simple shot into an other-worldly scene. Plants and trees turn bright white, while skies and water darken considerably.
summertime blues infrared image
summertime blues by mugley on flickr (licensed CC-BY-SA)
The sun puts out a lot of infrared light, as well as visible light. By using a camera that is sensitive to infrared and a filter that blocks the visible light, we end up with an infrared photo.
We are not talking about taking photos with cameras that are sensitive to infrared heat radiation, like police helicopters use to find people hiding at night. But rather, photos taken using what is technically termed as near infrared light. This infrared light is reflected from objects, just like visible light, but we can't see it.
Since we can't see infrared light, the world in infrared looks very different. Most plants and trees reflect a lot of infrared light, which is why they look so bright in infrared photos. Water and the sky does not reflect much infrared light, and so they appear much darker.
To take an infrared photo, you'll need a camera that is sensitive to infrared light, and a filter that passes infrared light while blocking visible light.
Cameras suitable for infrared photography
Nearly all digital cameras come with a built-in infrared blocking filter. However, on some older models, this filter was not very strong, and so still let through some infrared light.
You can test if your camera is sensitive to infrared light by taking a photo while pointing a TV remote at the camera lens. TV remotes use an infrared LED to send an infrared signal to the TV. So by pressing a button on the remote while pointing it at the camera, the remote will emit infrared light.
Take the photo in a dark spot, so it will be clear if the camera is picking up infrared light from the TV remote.
Photo of a TV remote with a button on the remote pressed and pointed at the camera
The camera that took this photo is clearly sensitive to IR light as it has picked up the light from the TV remote's infrared LED
If your camera is not sensitive to infrared light, you can purchase infrared cameras, or have an existing camera modified to shoot infrared. A well known company that converts existing cameras to infrared is Life Pixel. The cost of conversion is around $250.
You can find cameras already converted to infrared for sale on eBay, for example from the seller Digital Landscapes. Alternatively, you can purchase an old camera that has not been converted, but is still sensitive to infrared light. Popular cameras are the Nikon D70 and some of the old Sony Cybershot models.
Sigma DSLRs are particularly suitable for infrared photography, as they feature a user removable infrared cut filter. The camera can easily be converted back to a normal camera by just putting the infrared cut filter back again.
Converted IR vs. Full spectrum vs. IR sensitive
There are some differences between a camera that is sensitive to infrared light, one that has been converted specially for infrared photography, and one that is a full spectrum camera.
Full spectrum cameras
A full spectrum camera is one that has no blocking filters installed, and so captures ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light. This means it can be used for ultraviolet photography, normal (visible light) photography, and infrared photography when used with the appropriate filter.
Black plastic wrapped haybales in infrared
Black plastic wrapped haybales in infrared by David Kennard Photography
But you need to fit the correct filter to the front of the camera's lens to block the wavelengths of light you don't want to capture, while passing the wavelengths of light you do want to capture. So for capturing infrared photographs, you would need to purchase an infrared filter, and mount it in front of the camera's lens.
The main problem with this is that there is an additional expense of the infrared filter. If the camera uses a through the lens optical viewfinder (most DSLRs), then you won't be able to see anything through the viewfinder with an infrared filter attached.
Converted infrared cameras
With a converted infrared camera, the infrared cut filter which is normally attached in front of the sensor, is removed. In its place is put a visible light cut and infrared pass filter.
Color infrared photo taken with a infrared converted digital camera.
Iridescent. by digitalpimp. on flickr (licensed CC-BY-ND)
The benefit of this is that you don't need to use any additional infrared filters in front of the camera's lens, as the filter is already installed in the camera. For cameras with through the lens optical viewfinders, it means the viewfinder is not affected at all. So you can still see through the viewfinder as you did before.
The disadvantage is that you can't change the filter. (We'll come on to different strengths of infrared filter a bit later). The camera becomes a permanent infrared camera, and can't be used for anything else.
Infrared sensitive cameras
Infrared sensitive cameras are those that have an infrared cut filter installed, but the filter isn't very strong and still lets some infrared light through. They are not modified in any way.
The disadvantage of these cameras is that because they have the infrared cut filter still installed, they are not as sensitive to infrared light as a full spectrum or converted infrared camera. You will need to use longer shutter speeds to gather enough light, and probably require a tripod.
Photo taken with a camera sensitive to infrared light and an infrared filter
The other problem is the same as with full spectrum cameras - you need to attach an infrared filter to the front of the lens to record infrared photos. This means that you can't see through the viewfinder with an IR filter attached when using a camera with a through the lens optical viewfinder.
The good point is that the camera can be used as a normal camera with no extra filters needed. If you already have a camera that is sensitive to infrared light, this is the cheapest way to get into infrared photography since it only requires an infrared filter.
Infrared filter types
Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation, and is measured by its wavelength in nanometers. Visible light is around 400 nm (purple) to 750 nm (red). Cameras sensitive to infrared light are normally sensitive to light up to around a wavelength of 1000 nm.
For capturing infrared photographs, there are filters that have various cut-off points. Some filters capture only infrared light (above 750 nm), while others capture some visible and infrared light. Those that pass infrared light only cannot capture any color (since we can't see infrared), so are used to produce black and white images.
Infrared filters that let through some visible red light as well can be used to produce false color infrared photos. This is usually done by swapping the red and blue channels of a photo using photo editing software.
Probably the most popular filters for infrared photography are those that cut visible light below 720 nm. This produces a photo captured with a portion of visible red light, but mostly infrared light. An example of an infrared filter that cuts visible light below 720 nm is the Hoya R72 filter.
Photo taken with a Hitech Infrared filter, blocking light with a wavelength below 720 nm
A red 25A filter cuts light with a wavelength shorter than 580 nm. This produces images with more visible red color, which allows for stronger colors in the captured image.
Photo taken with 25A Red filter, blocking light with a wavelength below 580 nm
A pure infrared filter, like the B+W 093 blocks all visible light. These filters typically only transmit light with a wavelength longer than 800-900 nm. Because they capture no color information, they are good for strong black and white infrared photos.
Photo taken with a Lee infrared filter, blocking light with a wavelength below approx 780 nm
What makes a good infrared photograph?
The same guidelines that apply to standard photography also apply to infrared photography. Look for a good composition, and make sure your subject is clear.
There are some differences though. The contrast between subjects can be quite different in infrared. Plants by water can create a strong contrast (white foliage against dark water). Clouds also really pop out against the dark sky in infrared photos.
For this reason, shots of rivers and lakes can work very well in infrared. Sunny days where fluffy clouds float across the sky are also very good for infrared photography.
Fluffy clouds against a blue sky, great for infrared photography
Reach by Kyle May on flickr (licensed CC-BY)
Unlike normal photography, sunrise and sunset are not particularly special (they're not bad either though). Shooting during the harsh light of the middle of the day is fine for infrared photography.
Infrared photos of people can also be quite interesting. Skin takes on a much paler tone, with very little color.
Group IR portrait!
Group IR portrait! by Mad Wraith on flickr (licensed CC-BY)
How to process a false color infrared photo
An infrared photo that includes some color information will normally appear quite red. To create a false color infrared photo, with a blue sky, you can switch the blue and red channels. This process is described in the video below:
Switching the color channels relies on the Channel Mixer tool. This is included with most image editing software, but is missing from Photoshop Elements. If you use Photoshop Elements, you will need to download and install the Channel Mixer as an add-on. It can be downloaded for free as part of Grant's Tools from the Photoshop Elements and more website.
Infrared photography may not be to everyone's taste, but it does give you a chance to show the world in a different light (literally). If you want to give it a try without spending on a converted camera, I would suggest


Home > linux, software > Publicly Killable Computations
Publicly Killable Computations
At our university department, people sometimes need to run expensive or long-term computations. We have few servers reserved for computations, but frequently it is useful to run computations on machines in the offices since some of them are fairly powerful and mostly get only very light use CPU-wise.
However, such computations must never impair any interactive or more pressing use of the machine. Therefore, we want to limit scheduling priority of the computations, limit total memory used by the computations and allow *anyone* kill *any* running computation. It turns out that this is not as trivial to achieve as I hoped.
In comes Computations under control: compctl – cgroup-based control of publicly limitable and stopable tasks. It is a tool that allows anyone to execute a command (or start screen) such that it is marked as a computation. Then, it allows anyone else to limit the total amount of memory allocated for all computations and to stop a specific computation or all computations on a machine. It uses cgroups to keep track of computations and limit the total memory usage, and a simple client-server architecture to perform priviledged tasks.
I hope it will be useful for someone else too. :-) Feel free to send in patches, and extra pairs of eyeballs checking the security would be welcome too. Top on my TODO list is simple debian package and a more verbose compctl –list output.
Categories: linux, software Tags: , , , ,
 1. No comments yet.
 1. No trackbacks yet.
− 4 = three


text:
Here you can view some of the fascinating video produced at SIMBIOS. There are a few videos here just now but we'll be adding more over the next few months. Revisit this page to see them.
Video captured using our X-ray tomography system at μSIMCT
Soil Fly Through: Data captured from the μSIMCT tomography system; scanned at 60 μm. Watch Video
Young Root: Data captured from the μSIMCT tomography system; a young pea root emerging into soil; scanned at 30 μm. Watch Video
Nematode Movement: A time-lapse video of Meloidogyne incognita moving on an agar plate towards sloughed cap cells from a maize root. From a BBSRC funded grant with the Scottish Crop Research Institute. Watch Video
2D and 3d simulations
Deadlock: A simulation of two competing fungi in a 2D environment. Watch Video
Poro033: A simulation of two fungi competing in a 3D soil structure. Due to the limitations on the physical architecture of soil (not shown) the movement of the fungi becomes deadlocked. Watch Video

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
The Impact of L2 Students' Self-Efficacy on the Perception of and Approach to Their Academic Writing Practices in Their First Year of Study at an EMI University: A Longitudinal Case Study
Academic writing is a key skill through which students demonstrate knowledge of their subject areas and is most often the basis for assessing students' work (Uysal, 2010). Unfortunately, international second language (L2) students often find academic writing challenging and confusing. Students need to be able to deal with these challenges by drawing on their resources, that is by demonstrating self-efficacy. The current research aimed to explore how self-efficacy impacted on L2 students' perception of, and approach to, their academic writing practices, in their first year of study in New Zealand (NZ) universities. The study employed a longitudinal case study as its research methodology. Four study participants were interviewed regularly during the academic year. They also provided the researcher with their assignment instructions, marking criteria, and later, with the graded assignment and lecturer feedback. Findings indicate that the L2 learners' self-efficacy fluctuated throughout their first year of study, which, in turn, was reflected in the ways the participants approached and responded to the challenges of their written assessments at different stages of their studies.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
A team of researchers led by the University of Colorado Boulder has discovered the first prehistoric bronze artifact made from a cast ever found in Alaska, a small, buckle-like object found in an ancient Eskimo dwelling and which likely originated in East Asia.
The artifact consists of two parts -- a rectangular bar, connected to an apparently broken circular ring, said CU-Boulder Research Associate John Hoffecker, who is leading the excavation project. The object, about 2 inches by 1 inch and less than 1 inch thick, was found in August by a team excavating a roughly 1,000-year-old house that had been dug into the side of a beach ridge by early Inupiat Eskimos at Cape Espenberg on the Seward Peninsula, which lies within the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve.
Both sections of the artifact are beveled on one side and concave on the other side, indicating it was manufactured in a mold, said Hoffecker, a fellow at CU-Boulder's Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research. A small piece of leather found wrapped around the rectangular bar by the research team yielded a radiocarbon date of roughly A.D. 600, which does not necessarily indicate the age of the object, he said.
"I was totally astonished," said Hoffecker. "The object appears to be older than the house we were excavating by at least a few hundred years."
Hoffecker and his CU-Boulder colleague Owen Mason said the bronze object resembles a belt buckle and may have been used as part of a harness or horse ornament prior to its arrival in Alaska. While they speculated the Inupiat Eskimos could have used the artifact as a clasp for human clothing or perhaps as part of a shaman's regalia, its function on both continents still remains a puzzle, they said.
Since bronze metallurgy from Alaska is unknown, the artifact likely was produced in East Asia and reflects long-distance trade from production centers in either Korea, China, Manchuria or southern Siberia, according to Mason. It conceivably could have been traded from the steppe region of southern Siberia, said Hoffecker, where people began casting bronze several thousand years ago.
Alternatively, some of the earliest Inupiat Eskimos in northwest Alaska -- the direct ancestors of modern Eskimos thought to have migrated into Alaska from adjacent Siberia some 1,500 years ago -- might have brought the object with them from the other side of the Bering Strait. "It was possibly valuable enough so that people hung onto it for generations, passing it down through families," said Mason, an INSTAAR affiliate and co-investigator on the Cape Espenberg excavations.
The Seward Peninsula is a prominent, arrowhead-shaped land mass that abuts the Bering Strait separating Alaska from Siberia. The peninsula was part of the Bering Land Bridge linking Asia and North America during the last ice age when sea level had dropped dramatically, and may have been used by early peoples as a corridor to migrate from Asia into the New World some 14,000 years ago.
The artifact was discovered in August by University of California, Davis, doctoral student Jeremy Foin under 3 feet of sediment near an entryway to a house at Cape Espenberg. Other project members included Chris Darwent of UC Davis, Claire Alix of the University of Paris, Nancy Bigelow of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, Max Friesen of the University of Toronto and Gina Hernandez of the National Park Service.
"The shape of the object immediately caught my eye," said Foin, who spotted the soil-covered artifact in an archaeological sifting screen. "After I saw that it clearly had been cast in a mold, my first thought was disbelief, quickly followed by the realization that I had found something of potentially great significance."
The CU-led excavations are part of a National Science Foundation-funded project designed to study human response to climate change at Cape Espenberg from A.D. 800 to A.D. 1400, a critical period of cultural change in the western Arctic, said Mason. Of particular interest are temperature and environmental changes that may be related to Earth's Medieval Warm Period that lasted from about A.D. 950 to 1250.
"That particular time period is thought by some to be an analog of what is happening to our environment now as Earth's temperatures are rising," said Mason. "One of our goals is to find out how these people adapted to a changing climate through their subsistence activities."
The Cape Espenberg beach ridges, wave-swept deposits made of sand and sediment running parallel to the shoreline that were deposited over centuries, often are capped by blowing sand to form high dunes. The Cape Espenberg dwellings were dug into the dunes and shored up with driftwood and occasional whale bones.
The team is examining the timing and formation of the beach ridges as well as the contents of peat and pond sediment cores to help them reconstruct the sea-level history and the changing environment faced by Cape Espenberg's settlers. Information on past climates also is contained in driftwood tree rings, and the team is working with INSTAAR affiliate Scott Elias, a University of London professor and expert on beetle fossils, who is helping the team reconstruct past temperatures at Cape Espenberg.
While the hunting of bowhead whales was a way of life for Inupiat Eskimos at Barrow and Point Hope in northwestern Alaska 1,000 years ago, it is still not clear if the Cape Espenberg people were whaling, said Mason. While whale baleen -- a strong, flexible material found in the mouths of whales that acts as a food filter -- and a variety of whale bones have been found during excavations there, the sea offshore is extremely shallow and some distance from modern whale migration routes. However, there is evidence of fishing and seal and caribou hunting by the group, he said.
The Inupiat Eskimos are believed to have occupied Cape Espenberg from about A.D. 1000 until the mid-1800s, said Hoffecker. They are part of the indigenous Eskimo culture that lives in Earth's circumpolar regions like Alaska, Siberia and Canada.
The Cape Espenberg site has yielded a treasure trove of several thousand artifacts, including sealing harpoons, fishing spears and lures, a copper needle, slate knives, antler arrow points, a shovel made from a walrus scapula, a beaver incisor pendant, ceramics, and even toy bows and toy harpoons. The bronze artifact unearthed in August is currently under study by prehistoric metallurgical expert and Purdue University Assistant Professor H. Kory Cooper.
Explore further: Fossil brain teaser: New study reveals patterns of dinosaur brain development

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


mod_xbsunclock v1.0.1
3rd Dec 2016
SunClock is a novel clock. Rather than displaying the time since midnight, it displays the time since the last sunrise, and optionally time to the next sunset or sunrise.
Midnight as the start point for timing a new day is a bit arbitrary and doesn't easily relate to anything you can simply detect in the real world. Notionally 12 hours after the sun reaches its zenith in the sky - you could determine midday using a sextant or similar instrument and start a timer to count 12 hours from then. But midnight itself is not something you can directly observe.
Much more natural to use sunrise as the defining point for the start of a new day and then count time from that point.
Of course you can define sunrise in different ways, but at least it is something you can directly observe.
One consequence of this is that the length of the day varies slightly throughout the year, during spring when the sun rises earlier each day the length of the day will be slightly less than 24 hrs, correspondingly during autumn it will be a few minutes more than 24 hrs. The precise amount will depend on your latitude and the time of year.
As well as displaying the time since the last sunrise you can also optionally show the time until sunset, or since the sun set if it has already gone down.
You can also display the duration of the sun being up and down and the total length of the day between sunrises.
In addition you can display a count of days since the Winter Solstice or from the previous or until the next solstice or equinox. You can also display the calendar dates of the next four equinox & solstice events.
All of these options are shown in the example on the right. The simplest use just shows the hours, minutes and seconds since sunrise.
You need to set your latitude and longitude in the parameters (simple way to find the lat/long for any location is to drop a marker on Google Maps and copy down the numbers it gives you). You can also set various other options - additional text to be displayed in the module, layout options etc.
If you want to change the names used for the solstices, eg Alban Arthan for the winter solstice, then you can find them and edit in the language file (language/en-GB/en-GB.mod_sunclock.ini)
There is a style sheet (found after installation in media/mod_suntime/css/suntime.css). Classes in this sheet are prefixed with "sut_". Set the prefix to a space in the options to use any corresponding template class names, or to "xyz" to disable the style sheet. More simply you can override the style sheet colours in the module settings (Styling tab)
NB The time is updated by a javascipt window timer. Hence you can only display one instance of the module on a page or the 1 sec timer gets confused and the clocks get updated wrong.
v1.1.0 30th Dec 2016
Added solstice and equinox dates. Improved timing routines.
v1.0.0 8th Dec 2016
 First release version


text:
data The statistical treatment, which will be used are the frequency, percentage, weighted mean, and CHI-SQUARE. Frequency and Percentage. This will be used to present the responses of the respondents.
Percentage Formula: P = f x 100% N Where: f = the frequency of response N= the total number of respondentsRanking. Ranking will be used to present the order of importance of the data gathered. Weighted Mean. Weighted mean will be used to identify the trend of the responses of the respondents. Weighted Mean Formula:? = fX N Where:? = average weighted mean f = frequency of response N= total number of respondents = summation sign CHI-SQUARE.
Chi-square will be applied where the significant difference in the assessment of respondents on the problem The Effect of Social Network to the Selected Students of Bachelor of Science in Office Management at Taguig City University: An assessment. In terms of the demographic profile of the respondents. sssss


text:
There's good reason to be reluctant to sand a veneered surface during a refinish, because the danger of wearing through it is real, and once you've done that, it's difficult to make repairs. That being said, most veneers can sustain a moderate amount of sanding, but there are ways to avoid it. Use a strong chemical stripper so you don't have to sand off finish and bleach the wood to lighten it and remove spots.
Most commercial chemical strippers will remove all the finish from furniture if you use them correctly. Spread the stripper generously and give it time to work before scraping it off, but don't let it dry out, or you'll have to spread more. The finish usually indicates its readiness for scraping by forming bubbles. Have two types of scrapers on hand: a regular paint scraper and a pull scraper. Use the paint scraper for wide, flat areas and the pull scraper to get in corners and along trim edges. Don't let the corners of either scraper dig into the veneer.
Washing Off Residue
Removing the residue left on the wood after stripping is complete is important if you want to avoid sanding. Most strippers are water soluble, but washing with water raises the grain of the wood and may loosen the glue holding the veneer down. A more effective option is to wash the wood thoroughly with lacquer thinner. It's more volatile and noxious, but you can spread it freely without fear of undesirable side effects, and it may dissolve some of the stain. Rub it into flat surfaces with a cloth and use a cotton swab to get in the corners.
Once the wood is clean and dry, lighten the color with wood bleach. The best type to use depends on the stain. A two-part solution of sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide works well for pigmented stains, while a strong chlorine bleach is preferable for dyes. Oxalic acid, a third type of wood bleach, is best for removing water spots and blackened areas caused by discoloration of tannic acid in the wood. It's best to be judicious so you don't over-bleach. Chlorine bleach is the best option if removing stain is your main concern. It doesn't affect the natural color of the wood.
You won't be able to avoid a small amount of sanding, no matter how well the chemicals work, because they will raise the grain somewhat and there are still likely to be areas of uneven color. Stick to sandpaper grits finer than 120 and sand by hand as much as possible. A detail sander is helpful in corners and tight areas, but be very careful to move quickly. Always sand in straight lines, going with the grain of the wood, and pay special attention to edges, where the veneer is especially susceptible to wearing through. It's usually safe to sand large, flat areas with a palm sander, but lift the sander and check your progress often.
- Hemera Technologies/PhotoObjects.net/Getty Images


text:
Findspot - Roman pottery sherds and coin
Findspot - pottery sherds and a coin dating to the Roman period were found 1km south east of Weston Hill.
1 Roman pottery found in the parish of Weston upon Avon, associated with a coin of the Emperor Domitian. A few fragments were of Samian ware, the remainder of red and grey colour. These finds were donated to the society.
2 Weston on Avon: Samian and other potsherds, small bronze boar, coin of Domitian, three Constantinian coins. Source quoted as reference 1.
3 No mention of the bronze boar or Constantinian coins is made in reference 1. This may have come from a Roman site at Welford (PRN 1344).
4 Finds from 'Nobbs' (Knobbs Farm). Transferred (to Museum) 1865. These included Samian rim, Samian base, base of colour coated vessel, four sherds of the rim of a jar and rim sherd of a dish.


SEARCH
SEARCH BY CITATION
1. The effects of resource availability during ontogeny on subsequent feeding performance were investigated in larvae of the small-mouthed salamander (Ambystoma texanum).
2. Salamander larvae were reared individually in either high or low prey density treatments for 7 weeks prior to intermediate prey density foraging trials. Larvae from the low prey density treatment were on average 35% smaller in body size than individuals from the high prey density treatment.
3. Resource availability during development influenced larval feeding rates and altered the relationship between body size and three feeding performance measures (attack rates, capture success and feeding rates). Feeding rates in predation trials were also positively correlated with growth rate early in the larval period (until the end of week 5).
4. These results suggest that the environment to which developing organisms are exposed can have significant effects on subsequent behaviour, and that small-mouthed salamander larvae may show state-dependent changes in feeding behaviour in response to differences in long-term feeding history. Additionally, differences in feeding performance may influence the probability of survival to the adult stage for organisms that utilize ephemeral habitats.


text:
General objective Extraction of carotenoid standards from different plant species. Quantification of bioactive compounds in 18 Ecuadorian ornamental flowers as a food resource. Justification The lack of carotenoid standards, mainly worldwide, limits the progress of chromatographic studies of this type of compound. In Ecuador, few centers have been found that have focused their efforts on individually studying these biactive compounds, mainly focusing their research on the quantification of the total content by spectrophotometry. On the other hand, the limited studies have been framed by the lack of carotenoid standards worldwide and the excessive costs of a pure standard, necessary for the identification of the different carotenoids, which has limited progress in this line. This study It is part of the starting point in the advancement in the knowledge of bioactive compounds, mainly in Ecuador, since without standards or comparison patterns necessary for the area of liquid chromatography, an understanding of the individual compound and the biological processes of its formation cannot be achieved. the plant that accompanies its appearance in it. In addition, future research within the UPS is framed in finding the production of high levels of bioactive compounds in different plant species and their subsequent extraction and purification for addition to dairy products or supplementation in food with the aim of increasing the content of these bioactive compounds in cow or goat milk, thus achieving improvements in the nutrition of the Ecuadorian people who have vitamin deficiencies, mainly in marginal sectors. On the other hand, the investigation of flowers under the nutritional approach is important due to the scarce number of investigations in the field of food, it would provide relevant information within the world gastronomy and would provide the visualization of the possible benefits for health. In addition, the great diversity of floral species that Ecuador has and the little diffusion that they have within the gastronomy would provide another resource in food within direct consumption or through isolates of bioactive compounds that fortify different products, favoring the health of the consumer and giving opportunity to the interaction of new research that relates several disciplines such as agronomy, botany, food science, toxicology, among others.
|Effective start/end date
|28/02/18 → 28/02/18
Explore the research topics touched on by this project. These labels are generated based on the underlying awards/grants. Together they form a unique fingerprint.


Skip to main content
Situated in Landkreis Gottingen in Lower Saxony, Sudharz is a largely rural district in central Germany, close to the former inner-German border. Within the case study area there are a number of small villages (e.g. Wieda, Zorge and Tettenborn). The main regional centre within the area is the town of Osterode am Harz and the main administrative town is Gottingen.
Rural Germany faced several phases of depopulation but due to long-term outmigration from the East to the West, population decline in rural western Germany has tended to be overlooked. In contrast to Germany as a whole, the population in the case study district has been steadily declining over the past number of decades. Similar to the Clogher Valley and East Groningen, it is also an ageing population and subject to younger adult out-migration. According to the share of the population aged 65 and older, it ranks among the top-five regions in Germany which is due to the overlapping of long-term outmigration, age-selective in-migration and increased longevity.
Further information on the study area can be found here: Introduction to Südharz region


text:
This book gives an overview of recent findings on the mitigation of gas emission from landfills and sludge processing. Special attention is given to methane and the migration of POPs, heavy metal ions, ammonia and nitrate from landfills to the water-soil system and to the atmosphere. Strategies for mitigating the impact of pollution on ecosystems are also discussed. This book contains thirty-one selected papers presented at an International Workshop on Management of Pollutant Emission from Landfills and Sludge, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland,16-19 September 2006.
Mitigation of gas emission from landfills. Pathway of POPs in the waste, wastewater and landfill leachate. Migration of heavy metals from waste disposal sites and sewage sludge. Minimization of the impact of waste and sewage sludge on the environment. Chemical composition and treatment of landfill leachate. Possibility of practical utilization of waste and sewage sludge. Miscellanea.


SCM430 Unit 5 IP
 Deliverable Length: 3,000–3,600 opinion, not including Title page and Reference minority Add a Summary and Recommendations minority to your Give Compact Process Proficiency Proposal. This minority gain condense your findings and determine your recommendations for the structure you chose as the premise for your proficiency offer. Present a condition for sustainable give compacts and an overall recommendation for proficiency to the audience you enjoy clarified for this purpose. Summary and Recommendations (600 opinion) Provide audience findings for proficiency initiatives sustaining a echoing and prolific give compact influence. Describe how the give compact sustainment elements of governance, environment, gregarious, and economic (financial) can collision the give compact deed of your clarified audience. Update your previously completed minoritys established on educator and peer feedback. Your terminal Give Compact Process Proficiency Offer should pause of the following: Title Page Section 1: Audience Profile Section 2: Give Compact Management Flows Section 3: Organizations and Functions Section 4: Third-Party Logistics (3PL) Section 5: Relationships and Strategies Section 6: Measurement and Management Section 7: Global Give Chain Section 8: Summary and Recommendations Reference Section


text:
BBC Buildings - Bush House
The iconic home of BBC World Service
Designed by Harvey Corbett, Bush House was built in 1923 with further wings added between 1928 and 1935. This quintessentially British building was actually commissioned, designed and originally owned by American individuals and companies. The building was originally constructed for an Anglo-American trading organisation headed by Irving T. Bush, after whom it is named.
It opened in July 1925, and later that decade was declared the 'most expensive building in the world, having cost around £2 million.
Bush House occupies a dramatic position at the bottom of Kingsway in central London, connected to the Strand on its southern façade. Its particularly impressive portico is flanked by two male statues symbolising Anglo-American friendship, sculpted by the American artist Malvina Hoffman. Over a Celtic altar at the centre of the portico is the inscription 'Dedicated to the friendship of English-speaking peoples'. The BBC's foreign language broadcasting service began in 1938 from Broadcasting House in Portland Place. After this building was bombed during the Second World War, the service was re-located to Bush House in 1941 – beginning with the European Service, then followed by the rest of the Overseas Service in 1958. This building in turn suffered bomb damage and the statue representing America lost its left arm. It was restored in 1977.
Over many years all the BBC's foreign language services gradually invaded Bush House, penetrating each wing in turn. It has broadcast to and from Bush House for almost 70 years – covering events that have changed and shaped the world, from De Gaulle's broadcasts to the Free French in the Second World War through Hungary's despearate call for help as Russian tanks rolled into Budapest to the genocide in Rwanda and war in Kosova.
However, the BBC has never owned Bush House. Its owners were variously the Church of Wales, the Post Office and now a Japanese-owned organisation, but for millions of overseas listeners it remains the building which most represents the BBC.


text:
Lick Run Tributary
Acid Mine Drainage
Most of the Peters Creek watershed is underlain with high-quality, easily-mined coal deposits that outcrop on the slopes of many of the stream valleys. The close proximity of these valuable deposits to the many Pittsburgh area coke ovens and steel mills has led to extensive mining throughout the watershed.
The Pittsburgh coal bed has been mined since the early 1900ís by underground methods and has resulted in many parts of the watershed being prone to surface subsidence. This is currently a major issue in the Pleasant Hills area.
The Redstone coal bed, which overlies the Pittsburgh coal bed, was mined subsequently by surface methods before environmental laws were enacted requiring reclamation of mined lands. The resulting spoil piles have remained largely un-reclaimed and are scattered throughout the watershed.
Today, the watershed continues to suffer from its coalmining legacy. Many of the abandoned mine workings have partially flooded with water. Pyrite (FeS2) is a common mineral that is often found in association with coal seams. When the pyrite in these mine voids comes into contact with water and oxygen; acidic mine water often results. This acidic water has a great capacity to dissolve other minerals such as aluminum and phosphorus. These acidic, mineral-laden waters often find their way into the streams of the watershed and degrade them. The same process occurs when rainwater percolates through pyrite-laden, unreclaimed overburden piles from stripmining activity.


Expressions used in Everyday Spoken English in Social and Professional contexts
make ends meet
make ends meet
1) earn enough money to provide for basic needs
 - How to MemorizePopularity HighProfessional HighSocial
 - find a way to make ends meet
 - Analysis
 The expression 'to make ends meet' means to have enough money to cover basic needs and expenses. "More and more students are finding it difficult to make ends meet with spiralling rent costs." "Some nurses are resorting to food banks in order to make ends meet." This is a common expression often used to talk about social and economic problems.
 - Social Examples (Basic)
 1. When John lost his job, he and his wife had to figure out a way of making ends meet until he could find another one.
 2. The government's decision to raise taxes will make it even harder for lower-income families to make ends meet.
 - Professional Examples (Basic)
 1. I have decided to raise the rate of pay for all our employees to a living wage so that everyone who works for us should be able to make ends meet.
 2. Providing medical insurance for employees means they can still make ends meet if met with a long-term medical diagnosis.
 3. It's clear from the way our revenue is going that we won't be able to make ends meet if our outgoings aren't cut significantly.
 - Further Suggestions
Share post on :


text:
Indian maritime history
Indian maritime history begins during the 3rd millennium BCE when inhabitants of the Indus Valley initiated maritime trading contact with Mesopotamia. The Roman historian Strabo mentions an increase in Roman trade with India following the Roman annexation of Egypt. By the time of Augustus up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from Myos Hormos to India. As trade between India and the Greco-Roman world increased spices became the main import from India to the Western world, bypassing silk and other commodities. Indians were present in Alexandria while Christian and Jew settlers from Rome continued to live in India long after the fall of the Roman empire, which resulted in Rome's loss of the Red Sea ports, previously used to secure trade with India by the Greco-Roman world since the Ptolemaic dynasty. The Indian commercial connection with South East Asia proved vital to the merchants of Arabia and Persia during the 7th–8th century.
On orders of Manuel I of Portugal, four vessels under the command of navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope, continuing to the eastern coast of Africa to Malindi to sail across the Indian Ocean to Calicut. The wealth of the Indies was now open for the Europeans to explore. The Portuguese Empire was one of the early European empires to grow from spice trade.
The National Maritime Day
5 April 1964 marks the National Maritime Day of India. On this day in 1919 navigation history was created when SS Loyalty, the first ship of The Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd., journeyed to the United Kingdom, a crucial step for India shipping history when sea routes were controlled by the British.
The region around the Indus river began to show visible increase in both the length and the frequency of maritime voyages by 3000 BCE. Optimum conditions for viable long-distance voyages existed in this region by 2900 BCE. Mesopotamian inscriptions indicate that Indian traders from the Indus valley—carrying copper, hardwoods, ivory, pearls, carnelian, and gold—were active in Mesopotamia during the reign of Sargon of Akkad (c. 2300 BCE). Gosch & Stearns write on the Indus Valley's pre-modern maritime travel: Evidence exists that Harrappans were bulk shipping timber and special woods to Sumeria on ships and luxury items such as lapis lazuli. The trade in lapis lazuli was carried out from northern Afghanistan over eastern Iran to Sumeria but during the Mature Harrappan period an Indus colony was established at Shortugai in Central Asia near the Badakshan mines and the lapis stones were brought overland to Lothal in Gujarat and shipped to Oman, Bahrain and Mesopotamia.
|Archaeological research at sites in Mesopotamia, Bahrain, and Oman has led to the recovery of artefacts traceable to the Indus Valley civilisation, confirming the information on the inscriptions. Among the most important of these objects are stamp seals carved in soapstone, stone weights, and colourful carnelian beads....Most of the trade between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley was indirect. Shippers from both regions converged in Persian Gulf ports, especially on the island of Bahrain (known as Dilmun to the Sumerians). Numerous small Indus-style artefacts have been recovered at locations on Bahrain and further down the coast of the Arabian Peninsula in Oman. Stamp seals produced in Bahrain have been found at sites in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley, strengthening the likelihood that the island may have acted as a redistribution point for goods coming from Mesopotamia and the Indus area....There are hints from the digs at Ur, a major Sumerian city-state on the Euphrates, that some Indus Valley merchants and artisans (bead makers) may have established communities in Mesopotamia.|
The world's first dock at Lothal (2400 BCE) was located away from the main current to avoid deposition of silt. Modern oceanographers have observed that the Harappans must have possessed great knowledge relating to tides in order to build such a dock on the ever-shifting course of the Sabarmati, as well as exemplary hydrography and maritime engineering. This was the earliest known dock found in the world, equipped to berth and service ships. It is speculated that Lothal engineers studied tidal movements, and their effects on brick-built structures, since the walls are of kiln-burnt bricks. This knowledge also enabled them to select Lothal's location in the first place, as the Gulf of Khambhat has the highest tidal amplitude and ships can be sluiced through flow tides in the river estuary. The engineers built a trapezoidal structure, with north-south arms of average 21.8 metres (71.5 ft), and east-west arms of 37 metres (121 ft).
Indian cartography locates the Pole star, and other constellations of use in navigational charts. These charts may have been in use by the beginning of the Common Era for purposes of navigation. Detailed maps of considerable length describing the locations of settlements, sea shores, rivers, and mountains were also made. The Periplus Maris Erythraei mentions a time when sea trade between India and Egypt did not involve direct sailings. The cargo under these situations was shipped to Aden:
|Eudaimon Arabia was called fortunate, being once a city, when, because ships neither came from India to Egypt nor did those from Egypt dare to go further but only came as far as this place, it received the cargoes from both, just as Alexandria receives goods brought from outside and from Egypt.|
It should be mentioned here that Tamil Pandya embassies were received by Augustus Caesar and Roman historians mention a total of four embassies from the Tamil country. Pliny famously mentions the expenditure of one million sestertii every year on goods such pepper, fine cloth and gems from the southern coasts of India. He also mentions 10,000 horses shipped to this region each year. Tamil and southern Sanskrit name inscriptions have been found in Luxor in Egypt. In turn Tamil literature from the Classical period mentions foreign ships arriving for trade and paying in gold for products. The first clear mention of a navy occurs in the mythological epic Mahabharata. Historically, however, the first attested attempt to organise a navy in India, as described by Megasthenes (c. 350—290 BCE), is attributed to Candragupta Maurya (reign 322—298 BCE). The Mauryan empire (322–185 BCE) navy continued till the times of emperor Ashoka (reign 273—32 BCE), who used it to send massive diplomatic missions to Greece, Syria, Egypt, Cyrene, Macedonia and Epirus. Following nomadic interference in Siberia—one of the sources for India's bullion—India diverted its attention to the Malay peninsula, which became its new source for gold and was soon exposed to the world via a series of maritime trade routes. The period under the Mauryan empire also witnessed various other regions of the world engage increasingly in the Indian Ocean martitime voyages.
According to the historian Strabo (II.5.12.) the Roman trade with India trade initiated by Eudoxus of Cyzicus in 130 BCE kept increasing. Indian ships sailed to Egypt as the thriving maritime routes of Southern Asia were not under the control of a single power. In India, the ports of Barbaricum (modern Karachi), Barygaza, Muziris, Korkai, Kaveripattinam and Arikamedu on the southern tip of India were the main centres of this trade. The Periplus Maris Erythraei describes Greco—Roman merchants selling in Barbaricum "thin clothing, figured linens, topaz, coral, storax, frankincense, vessels of glass, silver and gold plate, and a little wine" in exchange for "costus, bdellium, lycium, nard, turquoise, lapis lazuli, Seric skins, cotton cloth, silk yarn, and indigo". In Barygaza, they would buy wheat, rice, sesame oil, cotton and cloth.
The Ethiopian kingdom of Aksum was involved in the Indian Ocean trade network and was influenced by Roman culture and Indian architecture. Traces of Indian influences are visible in Roman works of silver and ivory, or in Egyptian cotton and silk fabrics used for sale in Europe. The Indian presence in Alexandria may have influenced the culture but little is known about the manner of this influence. Clement of Alexandria mentions the Buddha in his writings and other Indian religions find mentions in other texts of the period. The Indians were present in Alexandria and the Christian and Jew settlers from Rome continued to live in India long after the fall of the Roman empire, which resulted in Rome's loss of the Red Sea ports, previously used to secure trade with India by the Greco—Roman world since the time of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
Early Common Era—High Middle Ages
Textiles from India were in demand in Egypt, East Africa, and the Mediterranean between the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, and these regions became overseas markets for Indian exports. In Java and Borneo, the introduction of Indian culture created a demand for aromatics, and trading posts here later served Chinese and Arab markets. The Periplus Maris Erythraei names several Indian ports from where large ships sailed in an easterly direction to Khruse. Products from the Maluku Islands that were shipped across the


text:
The principal design requirement of cryogenic systems used for liquid argon neutrino detectors is ultra-high purity. The primary impurities that affect operation of the detector are electronegative types such as oxygen and water, or light quenching varieties such as nitrogen. It is the electronegative property of oxygen and water that causes reduced rates in the detection of neutrino interactions with the argon atoms. Fermilab designs and installs systems that include filtration equipment that facilitates passive removal of both oxygen and water. Nitrogen reduces the efficiency of the light collection system; however, no method for removing nitrogen is being utilized currently. Instead, it is expected that the argon from the supplier is below the purity threshold set by the detector operational requirements.
The longest-running liquid argon detector experiment at Fermilab, MicroBooNE, has been in operation since mid-2015. There is substantial interest in monitoring the rate at which the purity decreases during a disruption in the operation of the filtration equipment relative to the rate at which purity is recovered. It has been observed that in the event of a disruption, purity will rapidly reach a level below that which is needed for detector operation but will subsequently require a longer period to recover. This system behavior is significant due to the loss of neutrino interactions while the liquid argon is purified to the level required for the detector. Therefore, this analysis seeks to develop an improved understanding of this behavior to lend insight into future designs and operation of these cryogenic systems.


Text Resize
-A +A
Bookmark and Share
MPD Emergency Response Plan
In emergency situations that affect public safety, law enforcement will be among the first responding agencies. In the District of Columbia, residents, businesses and visitors depend on the MPD to ensure the protection of life and property. The MPD responds to all threats to public safety occurring within the city, while simultaneously providing basic police services in neighborhoods. It is essential that the MPD be prepared to maximize resources and capabilities, to ensure that critical tasks are undertaken efficiently and effectively when a major threat to public safety exists.
The MPD Emergency Response Plan is the standard used to set an appropriate threat Response Level. A response level is required during threat conditions, such as terrorist activity, civil disturbance, natural catastrophe, severe weather or other emergencies that affect the safety and security of the visitors to and residents of the District of Columbia.
The MPD Response Level is designed to provide for the staffing, assignment, and deployment of MPDC members while coordinating activities with DC agencies, neighboring jurisdictions and federal agencies. It is determined by the Chief of Police or his/her designee and is based on present and known threats.
There are five color-coded threat designation levels and they are defined as follows:
Response Level RED
A major threat to public safety has occurred
Response Level ORANGE
Information/Intelligence indicating that a major threat to public safety is imminent
Response Level YELLOW
A significant possibility of a major threat to public safety
Response Level BLUE
A general risk to public safety with no credible threats to specific targets
Response Level GREEN
No credible risk of a threat to public safety, routine security is implemented, normal departmental activities continue


text:
Byzantine Church of the Pantanassa
In Monastiraki Square. The architecture of the church continues in the tradition of Byzantine basilicas. It is a long narrow building divided internally into three aisles by two rows of columns. The church was the katholikon (central place of worship) of a convent, which housed a textile weaving center that supplied the adjascent bazaar with cloth. Archaeological excavationsin 1885 and the construction for the electric railway 10 years later, left the Pantanassa convent berift of its additional buildings and the katholikon was demoted to an ordinary church named Monastiraki (i.e. Little Monastery).


text:
Table and Cell Selection in Adobe CS5 Dreamweaver
You can use several methods in Adobe Creative Suite 5 (Adobe CS5) Dreamweaver to select a cell or the whole table. After a cell or table is selected, you can change all sorts of attributes for the selected cell or table, including the color, size, and format of its contents.
In Design view, select the Layout category from the Insert panel and select Expanded to put your table in Expanded view.
You can more easily select and make changes in this view. (Remember to click the Standard button to see a more realistic preview of your table.)
Select a cell by Ctrl-clicking (Windows) or Command-clicking (Mac) it.
The tag selector is an incredible tool to use to select any tag element, though it's especially helpful when selecting individual components of a table or a nested table. The tag selector is in the lower left corner of the Document window.
To use the tag selector, just put the cursor inside a cell. The tag selector shows the tags that apply to the insertion point's location. Then select to select the cell that holds the cursor, to select the entire row, or to select the entire table.
The table tag is (it's a difficult one to remember, right?), and each row is in a (table row) tag. Each cell is in a (table data) tag. Tables created with headers also make use of the (table header) tag.


text:
Regional Pest Management Plan (RPMP) status
- Whole region — Sustained control
- Hauraki Gulf Controlled Area Notice pest
Biennial or perennial herb < 80 cm tall. Taproot is deep. Leaves are < 10 x 2 cm and form basal rosette. Flowering stems are almost leafless. Flowerheads are yellow and borne in December – March. Achenes bear pappus and are borne in late summer – autumn.
What you need to know
To help protect our environment:
- You must not breed, distribute, release or sell skeleton weed within the Auckland region.
- You must not plant skeleton weed within the Auckland region, unless you are transferring an existing plant on your land to another location within the boundaries of the same property.
- You must destroy any skeleton weed on land that you occupy if it has been planted in breach of the above rules and you are directed to do so by an authorised person.
Disturbed sites, roadsides, dry riverbanks, cropland, pasture, wasteland.
Seeds dispersed by wind and attachment to animal pelts. Vegetative spread from root fragments. Human-mediated dispersal through contamination of clothing and machinery.
Impact on environment
Potential to invade over-grazed pastures, vineyards and cereal crops.
Maintaining good pasture cover can prevent establishment or suppress an infestation. Prevent overgrazing especially in summer. Other herbicides are available for selective use in pasture.
Method: Dig or grub out at least the first 5cm of taproot.
Plant parts requiring disposal: Seeds.
Disposal options: Remove to greenwaste or landfill if practical.
Biocontrol is currently not available for this species.
Community agrichemical control recommendations
No qualifications: Foliar spray with 100ml glyphosate green per 10L of water.
Certified Handler/Experienced agrichemical user: Foliar spray with 100ml glyphosate green per 10L of water and 20ml penetrant.
Caution: When using any herbicide or pesticide please read the label thoroughly to ensure that all instructions and safety requirements are followed.


Knowledge Hub
How will the NHS's Capped Expenditure Process (CEP) affect pharma?
Paul Midgley, Director of NHS Insight at Wilmington Healthcare, explains how pharma should tailor its approach
Trusts and Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs) are coming under increased pressure to budget meticulously and not exceed their financial control totals, which set targets for the maximum deficit or minimum surplus they are expected to achieve.
However, NHS England and NHS Improvement claim that while some trusts and CCGs have generated savings since the publication of the Five Year Forward View (5YFV) in 2014; others are still overspending and effectively 'living off bailouts from other parts of the country'.
In response to this, NHS Improvement and NHS England have introduced the Capped Expenditure Process (CEP) to ensure that under-performing trusts and CCGs deliver on their control totals and do not exceed their budgets.
In this article, we will look at the circumstances surrounding CEP and the likely impact on services in the areas where it has been introduced. We will also explore what it means for pharma and how the industry should respond.
What does CEP involve?
Previously, every NHS Trust put five percent of its budget into a contingency fund that was used to bail out other struggling trusts. However, since the publication of the 5YFV, the NHS has taken a tough stance on trusts and CCGs that continue to overspend and rely on hand-outs from others elsewhere within the service.
In April this year, NHS England and NHS Improvement made it clear that the newly formed Sustainability and Transformation Partnerships (STPs) must live within their means, and they singled out 14 trusts and CCGs that are expected to fall short of their 2017-18 control targets.
The 14 health economies are spread out across the country from Devon and Cornwall to North West and South-East London, the Vale of York and Scarborough and Ryedale, and Northumberland. Several of these health economies include trusts and CCGs that are already subject to regulatory intervention, including both financial special measures and special measures. In those areas, the CEP will be aligned with the measures already being taken.
All of the 14 organisations have been told they must make 'difficult choices' to stay within the combined funding envelope for their area. Overall, the CEP initially aimed to close a financial gap of £470m, which was the difference between the financial plans and targets of providers within the 14 areas. However, proposals drawn up locally suggest they will now be expected to meet potential savings of £250m, although there are significant concerns about the risks involved in delivering them.
What will be the regional impact of CEP?
Trusts and CCGs will have to make drastic cuts in order to comply with the CEP and this is expected to have a huge impact on doctors, patients and the NHS. A variety of measures are being considered as part of the process and they are believed to include closing or downgrading hospitals, wards and services, including maternity and A&E units.
Redundancies and cuts to staff numbers; limiting or blocking outsourcing and patient choice; rationing services and systematically extending waiting times for planned care are among the other potential implications of CEP. It is also anticipated that NHS funding for certain treatments could be restricted or removed. This could include tighter limits on IVF treatments; designating additional treatments as 'low value' and delaying funding for certain treatments newly approved by NICE.
How should pharma respond to the CEP?
Identifying where money is being wasted on sub-optimal healthcare and defining how products and services could be changed in order to improve outcomes and save money is already a key priority for the NHS. Effecting such change will be critical in CEP areas and pharma companies that wish to engage with them must gain a clear understanding of the unique challenges they face and tailor their proposition accordingly.
NHS Rightcare is a good starting point since it recently published regional performance statistics in its Commissioning for Value Insight packs, which are designed to provide planning guidance across the NHS. These packs, which indicate unwarranted variation in outcomes and spend for key clinical areas, show, for example, that there is a 175 percent variation between GP practices in England for diabetes prescribing costs.
To help CEP areas better manage their prescribing costs, pharma could conduct a further analysis of Rightcare statistics. For example, in diabetes, it could define the current level of demand for NHS services in a specific CEP area and predict how it is likely to increase. It could then look at high performing trusts and CCGs across the country to assess how they are successfully managing demand for diabetes care and how this could be translated into a CEP health economy.
Balancing doctors' demands for drugs that demonstrate strong clinical benefit and patient safety against medicines management teams' focus on cost savings will be critical in CEP areas. Selling expensive new drugs will clearly be very challenging and to gain competitive advantage on any drug, pharma needs to think about adding value wherever it can, whether that be through support on adherence, such as telephone help lines for patients and monitoring technology to ensure drugs have been taken; or gathering real world evidence that proves how a drug can really improve quality of life for patients.
Managing the pharma salesforce
In these fast changing and financially challenged times, localised deployment and targeting resources on a regional basis has never been more important. For many pharma brand teams, the CEP may mean they have a new end customer in these areas. For example, some CEP areas may be forced to adopt a 'lockdown' mentality to new drugs, which may result in sales representatives being unable to visit doctors without permission from the Chief Pharmacist.
Rather than struggling to deploy field sales representatives in those areas, pharma may find it more beneficial to have market access experts who can engage directly with the senior budget holders and Transformation Directors who will be making critical decisions on drugs and technologies.
Maintaining a strong relationship with the HCPs who will be prescribing these drugs will still be very important, of course, and, if face-to-face contact is not possible, then pharma needs to ensure that it marries its business proposition in CEP areas with a strong content marketing programme that can be disseminated across a variety of channels.
Examples could include developing or sponsoring online learning modules and providing conference highlights for busy doctors who are often unable to attend such events in person. Pharma could also sponsor or write clinical articles, or newsletters; develop patient case studies, and provide information on new clinical guidelines and advice on how to put them into practice.
In such areas, bringing together multi-disciplinary networks of senior stakeholders across clinical settings, with commissioners, finance, local authority, public health and local third sector partners is an approach that would stimulate a focus on solutions to their shared problems. We have found this really works in Mental Health and other clinical fields.
When it comes to dissemination, multichannel marketing still means 'email marketing', to many pharma companies and digital is often viewed in isolation to the rest of the sales and marketing mix. However, it is essential to engage with HCPs through all the digital channels they use, including professional communities, message boards and blogs, and to integrate this with other sales and marketing activity.
In conclusion, CEP areas could present a golden opportunity for pharma or a major challenge. It really depends on the type of product value proposition i.e. whether they are high end drugs or biosimilars, and how the business proposition can be altered to meet the needs of these struggling healthcare economies and show how they can add value to help them meet their short-term cash constraints.
To succeed, pharma must truly understand and empathise with the diverse needs of individual CEP areas and become adept at locally managing and targeting its resources. This could involve the development of networks and dissemination of innovative and engaging content-led marketing campaigns for HCPs as well as the strategic deployment of market access staff if face to face engagement for field sales representatives is not feasible.
Latest Tweets from _USER_


Staying in Luxembourg for less than 90 days as a third-country national and family member of an EU citizen or Luxembourg national
During the transition period as foreseen by the Withdrawal Agreement concluded between the United Kingdom and the European Union, British citizens remain subject to the same rules and procedures as EU citizens.
Third-country nationals who are family members of an EU citizen or Luxembourg national may stay in Luxembourg for less than 3 months provided that they are effectively considered to be a family member, and after having performed certain formalities.
Who is concerned
"EU citizens" are nationals of an EU Member State.
Nationals of the other Contracting Parties of the European Economic Area Agreement (Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein) and the Swiss Confederation are treated as EU citizens.
The following are considered to be family members:
 - the spouse;
 - the registered partner;
 - the direct descendants (sons or daughters) of the EU citizen or of their spouse/partner if the child is under 21 or is under their care;
 - the direct ascendants (father or mother) if they are under the care of the EU citizen or their spouse/partner;
 - any other family member if:
 - in their country of origin, they were under the care or were a member of the household of the EU citizen benefiting from the authorisation to stay; or
 - for any serious health issues, the EU citizen will personally cover the needs of the family member in question;
 - the non-registered partner (cohabitation - common-law union) with whom the EU citizen has a duly demonstrated long-term relationship. These partners cannot be linked to another person through marriage, declared partnership or long-term relationship. The long-term nature of the relationship is assessed according to how strong, long-lasting and stable the links between the partners are, including, in concrete terms:
 - uninterrupted legal cohabitation lasting at least a year before the request;
 - a common child for whom they share parental responsibility.
Any person claiming to be a dependent must provide proof of financial support, i.e. proof of poverty in the country of origin, or proof of regular payments (bank transfers, agency transfers, etc. stating the name of the sender and the beneficiary) made to them by the person they wish to join in Luxembourg. These transfers must have been made regularly over a period of at least 6 months before the family reunification request was submitted. The amounts to be taken into account must have been sufficient to cover the needs of the applicant in the country of origin.
Family members of Luxembourg nationals are treated as family members of EU citizens.
Specific case of a third-country national wishing to come to Luxembourg to get married:
There is no specific provision for entering the country for a marriage. Third-country nationals wishing to marry an EU citizen, including a Luxembourg national, in Luxembourg must follow the normal procedure for a short stay, request a short-stay visa if applicable and meet the conditions of entry and for a short stay.
The citizen of the EU or of a country treated as such (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) being joined must meet the conditions to legally stay in Luxembourg for less than 3 months or more than 3 months.
The right of residence for an EU citizen and members of their family is conditional on them not becoming unreasonably dependent on the social welfare system. This dependency is currently assessed by considering criteria including the amount and duration of the non-contributory benefits paid, as well as the period of residency.
Preliminary steps
Before entering the country, third-country nationals wishing to stay in Luxembourg must hold a valid passport.
If a third-country national does not require a visa, they may enter Luxembourg.
If they require a visa, they must apply for a visa to enter Luxembourg. The visa must be obtained before entering Luxembourg. The documentation required to obtain a visa varies according to the type of family member.
If third-country nationals hold a valid family member residence permit issued by the Luxembourg authorities or another EU Member State, they do not require a visa to enter Luxembourg.
How to proceed
Entering Luxembourg
For a stay of less than 3 months, third-country nationals considered to be family members are only required to hold a valid passport and, where applicable, to hold an entry visa before arriving in Luxembourg.
If the family member holds a valid authorisation to stay as a family member issued by the Luxembourg authorities or another EU Member State, they do not require a visa to enter Luxembourg.
The family member may also leave Luxembourg to enter another EU Member State without needing to obtain an exit visa or equivalent.
In the event that a third-country national and family member of an EU citizen does not hold a travel document and, where applicable, a visa when they enter Luxembourg, all reasonable means will be accorded to allow them to obtain the documents required in a reasonable time frame.
Carrying out a professional activity
Third-country nationals who are family members of an EU citizen have the right to carry out a paid professional activity without requesting prior authorisation.
However, the employer must declare the vacant position to the National Employment Agency (Agence pour le développement de l'emploi – ADEM) before recruiting the third-country national, and prove that he has done so.
Forms / Online services
Documents to be presented by a third-country national for a visa application to join a Union citizen or a Luxembourg national
To complete your application, the information about you collected from this form needs to be processed by the public administration concerned.
That information is kept by the administration in question for as long as it is required to achieve the purpose of the processing operation(s).
Your data will be shared with other public administrations that are necessary for the processing of your application. For details on which departments will have access to the data on this form, please contact the public administration you are filing your application with.
Under the terms of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, you have the right to access, rectify or, where applicable, remove any information relating to you. You are also entitled to withdraw your consent at any time.
Additionally, unless the processing of your personal data is compulsory, you may, with legitimate reasons, oppose the processing of such data.
If you wish to exercise these rights and/or obtain a record of the information held about you, please contact the administration in question using the contact details provided on the form. You are also entitled to file a claim with the National Commission for Data Protection (Commission nationale pour la protection des données), headquartered at 15, boulevard du Jazz L-4370 Belvaux.
By submitting your application, you agree that your personal data may be processed as part of the application process.
Documents à produire par un ressortissant de pays tiers lors de la demande d'un visa en vue de rejoindre un citoyen de l'Union ou un ressortissant luxembourgeois
Les informations qui vous concernent recueillies sur ce formulaire font l'objet d'un traitement par l'administration concernée afin de mener à bien votre demande.
Ces informations sont conservées pour la durée nécessaire par l'administration à la réalisation de la finalité du traitement
Les destinataires de vos données sont les administrations compétentes dans le cadre du traitement de votre demande. Veuillez-vous adresser à l'administration concernée par votre demande pour connaître les destinataires des données figurant sur ce formulaire. Conformément au règlement (UE) 2016/679 relatif à la protection des personnes physiques à l'égard du traitement des données à caractère personnel et à la libre circulation de ces données, vous bénéficiez d'un droit d'accès, de rectification et le cas échéant d'effacement des informations vous concernant. Vous disposez également du droit de retirer votre consentement à tout moment.
En outre et excepté le cas où le traitement de vos données présente un caractère obligatoire, vous pouvez, pour des motifs légitimes, vous y opposer.
Si vous souhaitez exercer ces droits et/ou obtenir communication de vos informations, veuillez-vous adresser à l'administration concernée suivant les coordonnées indiquées dans le formulaire. Vous avez également la possibilité d'introduire une réclamation auprès de la Commission nationale pour la protection des données ayant son siège à 15, boulevard du Jazz L-4370 Belvaux.
En poursuivant votre démarche, vous acceptez que vos données personnelles soient traitées dans le cadre de votre demande.
Who to contact
Double click to activate the map
We are interested in your opinion
Please rate this page:
Last update


When was the military draft started
When was the draft created?
Sept. 16, 1940
When did the military draft start and end?
From 1948 until 1973, during both peacetime and periods of conflict, men were drafted to fill vacancies in the armed forces which could not be filled through voluntary means.
Was there a military draft in 1964?
The military draft brought the war to the American home front. During the Vietnam War era, between 1964 and 1973, the U.S. military drafted 2.2 million American men out of an eligible pool of 27 million. Ironically, as the draft continued to fuel the war effort, it also intensified the antiwar cause.
Can you be drafted at age 35?
Who was the first man drafted in WWII?
The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, also known as the Burke–Wadsworth Act, Pub. L. 76–783, 54 Stat. 885, enacted September 16, 1940, was the first peacetime conscription in United States history. Selective Training and Service Act of 1940.
Other short titlesBurke-Wadsworth Selective Training and Service Act Selective Service Act of 1940
Does the draft still exist?
You might be interested: How much does a private in the military make
When was the last person drafted?
June 30, 1973
When was the last US draft?
December 7, 1972
Will there be a draft 2020 military?
Overview. If Congress and the President were to reinstate a military draft, the Selective Service System would conduct a National Draft Lottery to determine the order in which young men would be drafted. For example, if a draft were held in 2020, those men born in 2000 would be considered first.
At what age can you no longer be drafted?
Can the only son be drafted?
Can a 30 year old be drafted?


Skip to main content
Best Standing Freezers to Buy During Lockdown
Have You Seen This Game Before?
Image result for Nintendo Labo Review: A Clever Building Kit for Crafty Kids
Labo is a blend of a cardboard development unit and a progression of computer games that combine with the Nintendo Switch, a gaming console comprising of a tablet and two handheld controllers. You can utilize the Switch's controllers and tablet independently, append the Switch controllers to the tablet to do the Switch a convenient gaming framework like a Nintendo 3DS, or disconnect the controllers previously setting the tablet in a docking station to connect it to your TV, which makes it more like a Nintendo Wii. Diverse Labo ventures call for designing your Switch in various ways.
In a meeting posted on the Nintendo Labo site, Labo executive Tsubasa Sakaguchi says Labo became out of a mission to make something "simple to get a handle on, something that must be finished with the Nintendo Switch comfort and its Joy-Con controllers." Sakaguchi proceeds with, "I just took after the rationale of that inquiry to the extent I could, and it transformed into Nintendo Labo."
Sakaguchi needed Labo to exploit the way that the two Joy-Con controllers can work autonomously for various purposes. The two controllers sense movement with accelerometers and spinners, and one controller can identify motions and questions with an infrared profundity sensor. When you put the controllers inside the Labo angling pole, for instance, their accelerometers and gyrators can detect whether you wind the cardboard reel or draw back on the bar. Inside the Labo piano, the IR-empowered controller detects the intelligent tape set on each key to know which key is played when, and after that signs the sound for the proper note.
Both Labo packs necessitate that you have a Nintendo Switch. The Variety Kit accompanies five ventures—a playable piano, an angling pole, a RC auto, a motorbike handlebar, and a house—that take between 10 minutes and three and a half hours to finish. The majority of the activities consolidate the controllers into the cardboard toy for movement or profundity detecting and after that show a diversion on the tablet. The Robot Kit is one bigger venture—including a wearable rucksack, headset, and hand and feet connections you incorporate that turn you with a monster robot—that takes three or four hours to construct. For this situation despite everything you incorporate the controllers with the cardboard toy, yet you connect the tablet to a TV to get a bigger and more immersive screen where you can watch yourself as a mammoth robot stepping around a city.
a nintendo labo pack for the nintendo switch
The Labo angling pole bar goes about as a controller that gives you a chance to reel in virtual fish on the Nintendo Switch's screen. Photo: Signe Brewster
Each Labo pack accompanies cardboard, string, washers, and different supplies required to assemble a toy that connects with the Switch amusements on the included memory card. In spite of the fact that the cardboard is sufficiently solid for you to manufacture the units once, it's not intended to be dismantled and revamped; you assemble each pack and afterward play with the finished undertaking. It's conceivable to follow the pieces onto new sheets of your own cardboard and cut them out, yet that cardboard won't have the accommodating markings and premade folds of Labo's incorporated materials. A Labo venture left immaculate could likely last inconclusively, however a portion of the undertakings we transported between analyzers' homes penniless separated in places. Treat them like they're made of, well, cardboard.
Following intuitive building guidelines showed on the Switch's screen, you overlay the cardboard pieces along premarked lines and embed tabs into spaces to make 3D shapes. The structures are astutely built; the angling pole's cardboard reel truly turns and clicks, and the piano's keys push down with a persuading sum regarding opposition. Strings make pulley frameworks that turn cardboard bits on your feet and in your grasp into the appendages of a mammoth robot. When you wrap up a task, you embed the two Joy-Con controllers to match the cardboard structure with the Switch tablet. At that point you embed the tablet into the undertaking to include a computerized screen.
The angling pole venture incorporates a remain for the tablet, which demonstrates a submerged scene loaded up with angle. The bar's line vanishes into an opening behind the tablet, creating the figment that it broadens onto the screen. As fish chomp at your trap on screen, you utilize your cardboard pole to reel them in. In the mean time, the Robot Kit is intended to be a greater amount of a functioning knowledge: To play, you connect the tablet to your TV for a bigger screen, begin the diversion, and afterward lash on the robot rucksack, headset, and hand/feet connections to control the mammoth robot showed on the TV. By moving your arms and feet, you can influence your robot to step around and punch.
Labo can likewise fill in as a prologue to fundamental programming. Each unit accompanies an educational programs considered Garage that gives you a chance to change how each venture functions or make altogether new tasks. In spite of the fact that our child analyzers didn't have enough time to utilize Garage (or didn't understand it was there, as it's to some degree covered up inside the Labo application), we attempted it. The Garage programming educational programs doesn't delve as profound into the points of interest as the apply autonomy units we've evaluated, yet it introduces children to the fundamentals. Children can develop their comprehension of designing and how sensors function by building a venture and after that figuring out how the undertaking is customized. We likewise like that Garage is discretionary; regardless of whether a kid doesn't have enough of an enthusiasm for programming to utilize Garage broadly, despite everything they get a lot of utilization out of Labo with the implicit amusements.
Who is Labo for?
a youngster playing with a nintendo labo unit for the nintendo switch
Eight-year-old Mae sticks out on the Labo piano she built. Photo: Anne Lagerstedt
Labo can be a good time for grown-ups (we positively appreciated building the tasks), yet it's basically for grade school-age kids. Nintendo says it is fitting for a very long time 6 and up, however we tried it with kids 8 to 12, and we trust anybody more seasoned won't receive much pleasure in return. Then again, 6-year-olds will probably require help with Labo from a more seasoned kin or parent. Be that as it may, regardless of a youngster's age, they should be patient and great at following bearings to finish the activities, as Labo packs can incorporate many advances and long stretches of building time. Jennifer Eichenberger, the mother of two of our analyzers, said that in spite of the fact that her 12-year-old child stayed with the undertaking, her 10-year-old little girl's commonly long ability to focus and exact tender loving care were put under serious scrutiny by Labo's Robot Kit, and she "lost intrigue" halfway through: "I think if [both children] would have encountered a couple basic building ventures first and after that worked up to the robot venture, they may have been more comfortable with the procedure and felt more certain. I figure Ella may have felt overpowered by the quantity of pieces and ventures alongside the restricted time to finish the undertaking."
Regardless of whether your kid adores the Nintendo Switch, they'll most likely appreciate Labo packs just on the off chance that they appreciate making and building things. Labo is more like a specialty venture than a computer game, so if your child is more keen on the last than the previous, it most likely isn't right for them. Children who like illustration, chiseling, weaving, working with Legos, and other imaginative or designing interests will like the hands-on nature of Labo ventures. It can likewise be a springboard for children to dive into more unpredictable building, regardless of whether they choose to explore different avenues regarding Labo Garage or build up an enthusiasm for more-complex building units like gadgets and mechanical autonomy packs.
At present the Labo Variety Kit costs nearly $70 and the Robot Kit costs about $80; those costs can appear somewhat steep since the included undertakings are intended to be assembled once and will in the end go to pieces. In any case, on the off chance that you contrast the Labo Variety Kit and the picks in our apply autonomy unit manage, it offers a moderately reasonable approach to acquaint a tyke with an intricate building venture that incorporates five distinctive straightforward computer games. One parent noticed that in spite of the fact that she wouldn't purchase a Labo pack as a general advancement toy, she would consider offering it to her youngsters as a birthday or occasion display.
Force Quote
Labo is more like a specialty venture than a computer game, so if your child is more intrigued by the last than the previous, it presumably isn't right for them.
We propose purchasing a Labo unit just on the off chance that you effectively possess a Switch, in light of the fact that the two Labo packs accessible at the season of this composition don't include enough esteem their own particular to legitimize purchasing a Switch.
How we tried
a youngster playing with a nintendo labo unit for the nintendo switch
Ten-year-old Ella, wearing the finished Labo Robot Kit.
We started by setting up the Switch, which took minutes, and a short time later we constructed two of the Variety Kit ventures ourselves: the angling pole bar and the house. While building, we thought about the clearness of the computerized guidelines, the plan of the cardboard toys, the durability of the building materials,


One timer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In this diagram, the blue team is executing a one-timer on a scoring play.
In ice hockey, a one timer is a shot that occurs when a player meets a teammate's pass with an immediate slapshot, without any attempt to control the puck on his stick. An effective one timer requires precise timing on the part of both players involved, especially the shooter. This play often results in a good chance at a goal. A wrist shot can also be done on a one-timer, though the puck is released far slower than a slapshot one-timer.
The effectiveness of the one timer comes from three things:
 1. The angle from goal between the pass and the shot
 2. The change of direction of the puck
 3. The speed of the puck after the shot
Greater angle, change of direction and/or speed increases the chances of the puck going into the net. Lesser angle, change of direction and/or speed decreases the chance of the puck going into the net.
Either way, the one-timer enjoys a greater success rate than a one-on-one shot between shooter and goalie.
The reason its called a one timer is because the player only has one time to connect.


ents = arguments;
 }
 //gets all the API arguments as a HashMap
 public Map<String, String> getAPIArguments(){
 return APIArguments;
 }
 //creates the final API url based on endpoint, key and arguments
 public void setAPIUrl(){
 StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
 builder.append(this.APIEndpoint);
 //loop through all arguments
 Map<String,String> arguments = this.getAPIArguments();
 if(arguments.size() != 0){
 Integer counter = 1;
 builder.append("?");
 for ( Map.Entry<String, String> entry : arguments.entrySet()){
 String key = entry.getKey();
 String value = entry.getValue();
 //check for empty keys or values (some arguments don't need values passed)
 if(value.isEmpty() && !key.isEmpty()){
 builder.append(key);
 }else{
 builder.append(key + "=" + value);
 }
 if(counter != arguments.size()){
 builder.append("&");
 }
 counter++;
 }
 }
 this.APIUrl = builder.toString();
 }
 //gets the final API url to call
 public String getAPIUrl(){
 return this.APIUrl;
 }
}
The class handles the creation of the final API endpoint by adding together all the passed arguments and combining them with the API base. An easier way would be to hardcode the final URL to bypass the need for another class. While that would work, the purpose of a separate class is to create sets of information to perform a series of other connections to the API. For example you might want to collect all the closest reporting stations and then fetch their predicted tidal heights for a day.
For the example create a new method called setUpAPIInformation inside the MainActivity which will populate a new APIInformation object.
//populates information for API
protected APIInformation setUpAPIInformation(){
 APIInformation apiInformation = new APIInformation();
 apiInformation.setAPIEndpoint("_URL_
 HashMap arguments = new HashMap<String, String>();
 arguments.put("key", "1d3d0a79-5d7d-48d3-9e80-a5383e53eba2");
 arguments.put("heights",""); //we want the heights only
 arguments.put("lat", "-34.057440"); //cronulla sydney
 arguments.put("lon", "151.152190"); //cronulla sydney
 arguments.put("step", "21600"); //6 hours
 arguments.put("length", "21600"); //6 hours
 //determine the next time period (after right now)
 Long currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
 String time = String.valueOf(currentTime / 1000L);
 arguments.put("start", time);
 apiInformation.setAPIArguments(arguments);
 apiInformation.setAPIUrl();
 return apiInformation;
}
Even better is that you are getting the next tidal period by padding the current system date into the API.
Once you have all these settings ready, execute it inside the custom AsyncTask to connect to the API and pull information.
Connecting to the API with the Async Task
So as not to lock the UI, you need to execute the API request in a background thread.
You can use the AsyncTask class to execute tasks in a background thread. You don't use AsyncTask directly, but instead extend your own class. To simplify the process, create an APIAsyncTask class as an inner class of MainActivity, this will give easy access to the UI for updates.
Discussing AsyncTask is a whole topic entirely, but at it's core are three important methods:
 - OnPreExecute: Not used in this example
 - doInBackground: Executes the background thread and connects to the API, retrieving information to process.
 - OnPostExecute: Executes once the background task completes. Here you collect data from the API and form the response message with the DataApi and push it to the Google Play Network for the wearable to collect.
//main async task to connect to API and collect a response
public class APIAsyncTask extends AsyncTask<APIInformation, String, HashMap> {
 //execute before we start
 protected void onPreExecute() {
 super.onPreExecute();
 }
 //execute background task
 protected HashMap doInBackground(APIInformation... params) {
 APIInformation apiInformation = params[0];
 boolean isOnline = isOnline();
 HashMap result;
 if(isOnline()){
 //perform a HTTP request
 APIUrlConnection apiUrlConnection = new APIUrlConnection();
 //get the result back and process
 result = apiUrlConnection.GetData(apiInformation.getAPIUrl());
 }else{
 //we're not online, flag the error
 Log.d("debug", "Error, not currently online, cant connect to API");
 result = new HashMap();
 result.put("type", "failure");
 result.put("data", "Not currrently online, can't connect to API");
 }
 return result;
 }
 //update progress
 protected void onProgressUpdate(String... values) {
 super.onProgressUpdate(values);
 }
 //Execute once we're done
 protected void onPostExecute(HashMap result) {
 super.onPostExecute(result);
 //build message back to the wearable (either with data or a failure message)
 PutDataMapRequest putDataMapRequest = PutDataMapRequest.create("/responsemessage");
 putDataMapRequest.getDataMap().putLong("time", new Date().getTime());
 //success (we collected data from the API)
 if(result.get("type") == "success"){
 //get the json response data string
 String data = (String) result.get("data");
 //create a new json object
 try{
 JSONObject jsonObject = new JSONObject(data);
 if(jsonObject.has("heights")){
 JSONArray heights = (JSONArray) jsonObject.get("heights");
 //loop through all 'heights' objects to get data
 for(int i = 0; i < heights.length(); i++){
 JSONObject heightObject = heights.getJSONObject(i);
 Integer unixTime = Integer.parseInt(heightObject.getString("dt"));
 String height = heightObject.getString("height");
 //need to process the values to make them readable.
 String heightTrimmed = height.substring(0, 5);
 //convert date unix string to a human readable format
 Date date = new Date(unixTime * 1000L);
 DateFormat format = new SimpleDateFormat("dd/MM/yyyy hh:mm a");
 String dateFormatted = format.format(date);
 //add data to be passed back to the wearable
 putDataMapRequest.getDataMap().putString("unixTime", dateFormatted);
 putDataMapRequest.getDataMap().putString("height", heightTrimmed);
 }
 }else{
 Log.d("error", "there was no height parm returned from the API");
 putDataMapRequest.getDataMap().putString("error", "There was an issue processing the JSON object returned from API");
 }
 }catch(Exception e){
 Log.d("error", "error creating the json object: " + e.getMessage());
 putDataMapRequest.getDataMap().putString("error", "There was an issue processing the JSON object returned from API");
 }
 }
 //failure (couldn't connect to the API or collect data)
 else if(result.get("type") == "failure"){
 Log.d("error", "There was an issue connecting to the API.");
 putDataMapRequest


Class ChildLink (3.42.0)
ChildLink(mapping=None, *, ignore_unknown_fields=False, **kwargs)
Metadata associated with a parent-child relationship appearing in a PlanNode][google.spanner.v1.PlanNode].
Attributes
NameDescription
child_index int
The node to which the link points.
type_ str
The type of the link. For example, in Hash Joins this could be used to distinguish between the build child and the probe child, or in the case of the child being an output variable, to represent the tag associated with the output variable.
variable str
Only present if the child node is SCALAR][google.spanner.v1.PlanNode.Kind.SCALAR] and corresponds to an output variable of the parent node. The field carries the name of the output variable. For example, a TableScan operator that reads rows from a table will have child links to the SCALAR nodes representing the output variables created for each column that is read by the operator. The corresponding variable fields will be set to the variable names assigned to the columns.