A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Magnetic beads (in genomics)
Magnetic beads used in genomics are actually superparamagnetic beads. They are made up of tiny (20 to 30 nm) particles of iron oxides, such as magnetite (Fe3O4), which give them superparamagnetic properties.
Superparamagnetic beads are different from more common ferromagnets in that they exhibit magnetic behavior only in the presence of an external magnetic field.
In the presence of appropriate buffers and pH, nucleic acids bind to the different reactive surface of the magnetic bead (e.g. carboxylate modified, Streptavidin, Oligo dT, etc). The magnetic beads are then captured by the application of an external magnet. The solution is then washed to remove unbound molecules and contaminants. Under the right pH, the sample is then eluted from the magnetic beads, allowing for recovery of the nucleic acid from the solution.
Magnetic beads are used for various applications including molecular and immuno assays, and purifying nucleic acids and proteins. They are simple to use, easily scalable, and amenable to automation for increased throughput.


Xian Mao
Review Xian Mao Forms and Sizes Below
Common Name: Golden Eye Grass, Curculigo Rhizome
Botanical Name: Curculigo orchioides
Chinese / Pin Yin Name: Xian Mao
Xian Mao Dosage: Consult your healthcare professional for correct use.
Xian Mao Precautions: Do not use if nursing or pregnant. Owing to its pungent, warm, and toxic properties, this herb should not be used in overdose and for a long time.
Xian Mao Benefits & Information
Xian Mao is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb that is known for its ability for eliminates dampness, strengthens bones and muscles, supports a healthy sexual response, tonifies kidney yang, and dispels pathogenic wind.
Xian Mao Properties:
Hot, Acrid
Xian Mao Channels: Spleen, Kidney, Liver
Herbs that Combine With Xian Mao
Nutmeg Smilax


text:
In this, the sixth instalment of the "Let's Talk PVT Monitoring" series I chat with Oliver King about monitoring in-chip conditions in modern SoCs. This time we discuss the significance of Adaptive Voltage Scaling (AVS) and Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling (DVFS) in optimising in-chip conditions. As Moortec's CTO, Oliver has been leading the development of compelling in-chip monitoring solutions to address problems associated with ever-shrinking System-on-Chip (SoC) process geometries. An analogue and mixed signal design engineer with over a decade of experience in low power design, Oliver is now heading up the expansion of Moortec's IP portfolio into new products on advanced nodes.
1. What exactly do we mean by Adaptive Voltage Scaling versus Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling?
Adaptive Voltage Scaling (AVS) involves the reduction of power by changing the operating conditions within an ASIC in a closed loop. Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling (DVFS) on the other hand is a power management technique where the voltage is increased or decreased depending upon dynamic (voltage, temperature) and static (process) in-chip conditions. Both are instrumental in optimising in-chip conditions in different ways.
You can use a DVFS scheme once to take process into account, or you can use it over time to account for temperature and even ageing. It is possible, for example, to reduce power consumption to achieve a desired speed of operation. It is also possible to take process variation across a die into account, which is being done in large SoCs today.
2. How can AVS & DVFS be used to optimise in-chip conditions?
A closed loop AVS system uses certain structures within the chip to provide the data required to adaptively track the behaviour of the silicon. By using a delay chain that has the same operating voltage as the surrounding chip, the voltage frequency relationship for the chip for that frequency is calculated by measuring the frequency of the delay chain.
Using these schemes in-chip means variations in response to process can be compared and fluctuations in temperature can be monitored while the chip is operating. A relationship can then be observed between voltage-frequency and the reduction in power dissipation for the circuit under that specific condition which enables designers to push the levels of optimisation and reliability, allowing them to get as much performance out of the chip as possible.
3. What are the specific applications of AVS & DVFS?
AVS has applications associated with in-chip variability compensation by optimizing the voltage on the go to take in chip conditions into account for operation. It can also be used to set thermal alarms and initiate fan operation. Operating at higher speed (performance) will obviously lead to a shorter life time whereas operating at optimum speed will improve the device life time and therefore increase its reliability.
DVFS on the other hand can be used in a number of in-chip applications including wafer sorting based on Look Up Tables (LUT). It can also be used to check functionality by decrementing the supply in regular steps as well as finding the lowest centre functional voltage. The voltage can then be set to just the right level for utilising optimum power and reliability of the devices.
4. What is the significance of AVS & DVFS in embedded PVT Monitoring?
Increased process variability of advanced node CMOS technologies has become a significant factor to the development of SoC devices when designing for speed and power performance. Self-determination of device temperature, supply voltage levels and its own manufactured process characteristics, primarily for performance optimisation schemes (Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling, DVFS) on a PER DIE basis, is becoming a compelling notion to the development community. To also measure aging effects of the silicon, analyse critical timing and supply conditions on advanced node devices, especially FinFET, from embedded sensors now makes sense.
The Voltage Monitor provides the means for advanced node Integrated Circuit (IC) developers to accurately measure core supply domain voltages on advanced node digital MOS devices. Voltage Monitors are specifically targeted to enable high performance Adaptive Voltage Scaling (AVS) schemes as well as providing a means for accurate IR drop analysis. The monitor is capable of monitoring multiple supply domains and can also be used to generate low voltage alarms as well as providing real-time supply data.
In-chip temperature sensors are used for performance optimisation, an example being DVFS where, depending on the thermal conditions, system clocks and voltage supplies can be varied to optimise either the speed of logical operations or power consumed by the device.
Monitors are now a critical component to advanced node chip design. Similar to other design arenas such as automotive, telecommunications, aerospace, industrial and technologies within the home, the inevitable direction of progress is to satisfy the designers appetite for higher sensor placement densities, higher accuracy, higher resolution and easy-to-integrate solutions. Why? Well, that's an easy one to answer – consumers simply want higher performance and better reliability within their chosen technology products.
About the interviewee
Oliver King is the Chief Technology Officer of Moortec Semiconductor. Before joining Moortec in 2012, Oliver was part of the analogue design methodology team at Dialog Semiconductor and prior to that was a senior design engineer at Toumaz Technology. Oliver graduated from The University of Surrey in 2003 with a degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.
About Moortec Semiconductor
Moortec Semiconductor, established in 2005, provide high quality analog and mixed-signal Intellectual Property (IP) solutions world-wide specialising in die monitoring. Having a track record of delivery to tier-1 semiconductor and product companies, Moortec provide a quick and efficient path to market for customer products and innovations. For more information, please visit _URL_.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


In Year 7 Learning to Learn, students have been learning about the six different 'Thinking Hats' that they will need to use in their studies to enhance meta-cognitive skills. Then the students design their own hats in groups. Each colour represents a cognitive skill, for example, yellow-represents positive and optimistic; neutral (white)-represents only looking at facts and figures; black-represents serious and sensible, cautious and careful; red-represents anger, emotions and negative stimuli; green-represents creative aspect and new ideas; blue-represents organised, cool and collected.


text:
Research and Policy Support Services, Creative Ireland Programme
The Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media invites tenders for the provision of research and policy support services to the Creative Ireland Programme
The successful tenderer must demonstrate research and policy development experience across the public sector and have competence to deal with key stakeholders at the highest level. This includes government departments, local authorities, state agencies and bodies, national cultural institutions, etc.
The successful tenderer will be expected to have a good knowledge of the Creative Ireland Programme (CIP) as well as the broader strategic aims of the Department and the Programme for Government.
It should be noted that the following functions represent the nature of activities to be undertaken as part of the contract but are not an exhaustive list of requirements:
1. Provide assistance and support to the Director of the Creative Ireland Programme in respect of policy research and strategic development;
2. Support the Creative Ireland Programme Office in the development of specialist knowledge and expertise as required to underpin continuing work and particularly in relation to the following priorities:
– with the creative industries, particularly design-based, digital creative and content creation sub-sectors, in conjunction with other departments and agencies as required,
– on engaging the public on climate change through the cultural and creative sectors as required by the Programme for Government,
– to mainstream creative programming to deliver national health and wellbeing policies and strategies, and
– in relation to other relevant policies or strategies which may arise during the course of the contract that are related to the ambition for the CIP
3. Contribute to the periodic review of the CIP as required
4. Develop guidance and advice for stakeholders as, and if, required
5. Management oversight including quality control as well as provision of regular updates and programme support (i.e., briefing, memos, speeches, etc.) as required
6. Any other services which may arise during the course of the contract that are related to the strategic delivery of the CIP
See link below for further details.


text:
A Fan of Caltech
Over the coming weeks, we'll be highlighting several undergraduates and their summer research at Caltech. Some are Techers; others hail from schools across the country. Most are participating in the Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowships (SURF) program, a unique opportunity for undergraduates to spend 10 weeks over the summer doing original research with Caltech faculty. At the end of the project, students write a paper and present their work at SURF Seminar Day, which will take place on October 15 this year.
When summer started, Caltech senior Yuyang Fan was handed a picture taken with a cell phone. The image showed a large box with an array of small fans covering one side. It was a wind tunnel—a simple one, but a wind tunnel nevertheless. Fan's mission? To build one himself as part of his SURF project.
And the catch? Other than the picture, he was given nothing. "That's all the information I got," he says.
It turns out that building a wind tunnel wasn't even the SURF project he had signed up for. Fan had proposed working with Mory Gharib, professor of aeronautics, and graduate student Julia Cosse on developing flexible wind-turbine blades; the blades were inspired by a shrub called the Spanish Broom, whose seeds are curled up in a pod that unfurls when wet. But when he showed up for work this summer, Gharib and Cosse asked if he would be willing to swap projects with someone else, since each project would be a better fit for the other student's backgrounds.
The wind tunnel would be for Daegyoum Kim, a research scientist working with Gharib, who needed the tunnel to test new ways of harnessing wind power. Kim wanted to see if he could extract wind energy using flapping flags instead of conventional spinning propellers. For his experiments, he would need a device that could simulate the gusts and shifting speeds of real-world wind. He also wanted to do some tests on vertical-axis wind turbines, which resemble eggbeaters jutting from the ground. Big, fancy facilities like the Lucas Adaptive Wall Wind Tunnel in the basement of Guggenheim can only blast air in a single, uniform flow—useful for analyzing the aerodynamics of objects ranging from cars to planes to soccer balls. But what Kim needed was a tunnel that produced shear flow—or flow in which wind speed changes with position or time. And he preferred a machine that didn't cost too much.
"There's no cheap tunnel that can do shear flow," Fan says. And so, with just some technical requirements, and guidance from Kim and Gharib, he would have to make one from scratch.
It was unexpected, but Fan was eager to do research on wind energy, so he accepted the challenge. "I thought it would be cool to build my own device," he says. After all, as someone who came to Pasadena from Nanjing, China, by way of Iowa, Fan seems to be quite good at adapting to change.
After high school, Fan left his home and family in Nanjing, a metropolis of eight million people, for Iowa's Grinnell College located in Grinnell, a town with a population of just 9,000. When he arrived at Grinnell, he hadn't yet fully mastered English, and Grinnell is a liberal arts college with a curriculum heavy on reading and writing. The first snow in October was exciting, but six months of it wore him down. "Food was an issue, too," he says. "They have a lot of corn."
At Grinnell, Fan majored in physics. In the summer of 2009, he came to Caltech as a SURF student to work on nuclear magnetic resonance studies of organic molecules with Jack Roberts, professor of chemistry. Fan liked Caltech so much that he applied to the Institute's 3/2 program, which allows students from a select group of liberal arts colleges to transfer to Caltech after their third year, spending two more years of study in a field not offered by their college and earning two bachelor's degrees in the process. Fan, who is interested in renewable energy, is studying mechanical engineering at Caltech. He's also a part of the Solar Decathlon team—a group of students from Caltech and the Southern California Institute of Architecture who are competing with other schools to build the most energy-efficient, attractive, and affordable house they can.
Having completed his first year at Caltech, Fan has spent much of his summer on the second floor of Guggenheim, building the wind tunnel. During the first two to three weeks of the project, he designed the machine, working out all the wiring and the control systems. By the end of July, the tunnel—which is six feet long, four feet wide, and four feet tall (excluding the stand)—was nearly complete. Fan's tunnel is more powerful than the one in the picture he was shown (it was built at Oklahoma State University to test small, flying vehicles). He used 100 relatively powerful, coaster-sized computer fans, the kinds usually reserved for souped-up gaming computers. These fans blow air at around nine meters per second (about 20 miles per hour), twice as fast as in the Oklahoma design.
The opportunity for hands-on work has been rewarding, Fan says. But as with any good research experience, the work has also sometimes been tedious (Fan had to turn hundreds of screws by hand to attach the fans, for example). Even though the tunnel is mostly assembled, there's still a lot of work to be done to calibrate and test the machine. Soon, though, it will be ready for the first experiments, and Fan will continue his research during the school year.
Fan has one more year left at Caltech, and then he plans to go to grad school. But for now he says he's loving Pasadena. "Here, the weather is so nice," he says. The large Asian community and the bounty of Asian cuisine also help. Even though Pasadena is an ocean away from Nanjing, he says he doesn't miss home too much. "There's not enough time to be homesick."
Written by Marcus Woo

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


A father and son are growing fruit and vegetables 8 metres below the surface of the Mediterranean Sea — here's why
 - Nemo's Garden is an underwater farm in Italy.
 - The project consists of 5 biospheres connected by a central 'tree of life'.
 - Each biosphere has carefully monitored temperature and humidity.
This is Nemo's Garden, it's an underwater farm created by the Ocean Reef Group.
The project was started as an experiment as the owner's crops were suffering in cold weather. Nemo's Garden utilises the near constant temperature of the sea to make growing plants easier.
The garden was first set up in 2013 by Father and son team Sergio and Luca Gamberini just off the coast of Noli, Italy.
While the original experiments were washed away in a storm, a more permanent structure was built shortly after.
Nemo's Garden is connected to a control tower on the shore that monitors each biosphere and provides power.
Ocean Reef Group also produce smaller biospheres that can be placed inside aquariums.
Produced by Charlie Floyd
Most Popular Videos
Most Recent Videos


) with the hypertext referenceattribute ( href ) around the text or image that you wish to become a clickable link.

Within the href you will need to enter entire URL of the web page that you want link to lead to, beginning with http://.
Text/Image
Link - Link
Also note that the PS.com system will register all content that immediately follows http:// as a URL and will automatically make the URL itself, if not contained within hyperlink HTML, a clickable hyperlink. Though some characters can cause this system to not recognize the full URL causing the link to be broken. So it is recommended that you use the hyperlink HTML all the time and not rely on the auto link system from the forums.

Often times it is helpful to control pieces of how the hyper link functions. By adding the targetattribute you can customize how your link directs other users by defining how the webpage in the hyperlink will open when clicked (e.i. new tab/new window or current tab/window).
Text/Image
To designate the link to open in the same tab/window use _self:
Link - Link
To designate the link to open in a new tab/window use _blank:
Link - Link
-------------------
Return to Top
-------------------
8. Images
Images are graphics that can be used for any number of reasons. Though one thing that must always be done before an image can be used on the forums, or any website, is that the image must first be uploaded to the internet. this can be done by using an image host, such as Photobucket or ImageShack, or can be uploaded directly to the PS.com forums

Once your image has been uploaded to the internet you will use the image tag ( img ) with the source attribute ( src ), with the source of your image being the full URL of the always beginning with http:// and ending with the extenuation of your image, for example: .jpg for a JPEG image.

 -
The image tag can also contain various attributes to control the dimensions of the image, image border, and what users will see should the image not load properly.

If you want to display the image in a different size then the original size of the image you can control the size of the image with the width and/or height attributes. Keep in mind that the width and height of the image are read in pixels, these are the tinny blocks that create the graphics that you see on your screen, so to change the width and/or height you will need to enter the number of pixels that you'd like the image to be seen as and add px to the end of the number. Also, the forums automatically link the width and height so if you adjust one the other will automatically change as well so that your image does not become stretched and distorted.

-
There are times when you may wont to add a border to your image. The good news is that you don't have to download and install image editing software in order to have your border, the bad news is that the only number available on PS.com forums is zero. By simply adding the border attribute you can add a border to your image and control the size of the border. This is also a useful attribute if you wish to add a link to your image but do not want the link to generate a border. To correct this you simply indicate that you wish the border value to be zero.

It is an unfortunate reality of life, but the internet does not always function properly. Not everyone has a good, fast, connection to the internet, and for those who do the connection will not always be so. As a result web browsers try to cut the amount of information that it is trying to load, and typically one of the largest and first things to be cut are images. This can result in your image showing up on another users page and being broken, and this is never a beneficial thing. For this reason we have the alternate attribute ( alt ). When using the alt attribute you can designate a piece of text that will be loaded and shown on a user's page should their connection result in your image not loading properly.

-------------------
Return to Top
-------------------
9. Preformatted Text
The preformatted text tag ( pre ) creates a text box that contains pre-set formatting. By using pre tag you can simply type your text into the box and all line breaks and spaces are preserved. When using the HTML editor the HTML ignores unused space, so you can space all of your content how ever you wish to make the HTML easier for you to read. Because of this if you enter a line of text a few spaces lower without typing the HTML to generate the line breaks when you submit your post the lower line will be bunched up with the one you entered above it. However with the pre tag all spacing made inside of the tags will remain as you typed them

Text

Text

-
Text
Text
Be advised the use of this particular HTML on the forums tends to be finicky. If your post requires an edit the pre tags will be removed by the post editor, forcing you to re-enter them into the post each time you edit the post.
-------------------
Return to Top
-------------------
10. Lithium Created HTML
Built into the Lithium software there are a couple of HTML tags that do not actually exist and will not work out side of the Lithium system. These tags are read by the Lithium system much like how your browser reads regular HTML, and runs the more complex coding that is needed for the browsers to understand what to do with the simplified tag. This makes the code far easier for the average person to read and understand how the code works.

10.1. Videos:
Thanks to HTML5, there does exist actual HTML for the germination of videos. However, HTML5 is not compatible with a lot of older browsers and the HTML5 coding for videos is rather complex. So to make the use of videos both less complex and compatible with more browsers Lithium created their own version of the HTML. However, a note to be made is that the Lithium software is only built to function with Youtube videos.

To enter a Youtube video you will use the lithium video tag ( li-video ) and a series of attributes to define the video. Keep in mind that this is a rapping tag, despite not actually having any content to rap

Now that you have the opening and closing tags in place it is time to add the attributes. There are quite a few attributes that can be used with the video tag, however there are only two that are absolutely necessary. These are the video ( vid ) and the external source ( external ) attributes.

First is the vid attribute. This defines which Youtube video you wish to link to, though you will not enter then entire URL of the video, but instead enter the unique ID given to the video. The video ID is the series of random ASCII characters that appears after the v= in the URL.
_URL_
_URL_ - website hosting the video
/watch?v= - command to indicate that the webpage is for a specific video
b3KUyPKbR7Q - 11 character unique ID for a specific video

Second is the external attribute. This defines the source of the video. If more sources than youtube were permitted this would be where you would differentiate between the sources; however, since only Youtube is permitted this attribute makes sure that the source is Youtube, so if you omit this attribute or enter the incorrect source you will receive an error message informing you that you are not permitted to post videos.


text:
Last name origin & meaning:
Welsh: Anglicized form of Welsh ap Ble(i)ddyn 'son of
Ble(i)ddyn', a byname meaning 'wolf cub', from blaidd
'wolf' + the diminutive suffix -yn. Blaidd was used in
medieval Welsh as a term for a hero, and sometimes for a cruel man or
for an enemy who feigned friendship.
Comments for Blethen


text:
By Library and Archives Canada | Monday, March 29, 2004
Prince Edward Island was the last of the British North American colonies to adopt a decimal system of currency. 'Going decimal' in 1871, the island chose a dollar equal in value to the United States one-dollar gold piece, in line with the decimal currency system introduced earlier in the Provinces of Canada and New Brunswick and adopted by the Dominion of Canada in 1867. The only decimal coin struck for P.E.I. prior to its entry in Confederation in 1873 was a one-cent piece in 1871. This attractive coin was designed and engraved by Leonard C. Wyon, who for some forty years was the principal engraver for the Royal Mint in London
The obverse of the coin depicts a diademed head of the queen, a design that was already being used for the Jamaica halfpenny. The reverse was adapted from thc official seal for the island. The central design shows a large oak tree (representing the United Kingdom) sheltering three smaller ones (the three countries of the island) with the Latin phrase PARVA SUB INGENTI ('The small beneath the great') below. Because of heavy pressure of work on other coinage, the Royal Mint was forced to contract with the Heaton Mint in Birmingham (a private firm) to produce the Prince Edward Island cents. The specimen illustrated is part of the Bank of Canada's Currency Collection.
Prince Edward Island: Bronze Half Cent, 1861
This article represents a portion of the the article titled Currency Museum of the Bank of Canada
Source : Library and Archives Canada


Somatic Movements
Somatics is a field within bodywork and movement studies which emphasizes internal physical perception and experience. The term is used in movement therapy to signify approaches based on the soma, or "the body as perceived from within," including Alexander technique, the Feldenkrais Method, and Rolfing. In dance, the term refers to techniques based on the dancer's internal sensation, in contrast with "performative techniques," such as ballet or modern dance, which emphasize the external observation of movement by an audience. Somatic techniques may be used in bodywork, psychotherapy, dance, or spiritual practices - Wikipaedia


text:
Newsletter 2015.2 Index
Theme : "The Conference of Fluid Engineering Division"
Particle image velocimetry (PIV) and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) are widely used for fluid flow measurements.
The velocity distributions of fluid flow are measured by tracking tracer particle patterns or each particle, so PIV and PTV are based on particle measurement techniques in fluid engineering.
These measurement techniques are usually employed for analyzing two-dimensional fluid flow.
Therefore, to analyze three-dimensional phenomena such as real fluid flow, it is necessary to measure three-dimensional particle distribution.
Digital holography is a monocular measurement technique to record and reconstruct three-dimensional object.
The technique is used to measure small objects such as particles.
Consequently, the digital holographic particle measurement can be applied to three-dimensional PIV or PTV.
However in digital holography, the measurement accuracy in depth is reduced because a reconstructed particle image is elongated along the depth axis.
In order to overcome this difficulty, deconvolution technique was employed to suppress the particle image elongation.
The deconvolution technique is a process to calculate the particle distribution by regarding reconstructed particle images as convolution of the particle distribution and point spread function in three-dimensional space.
This paper evaluates the performance of digital holographic particle measurement using the deconvolution technique for measuring three-dimensional flows.
We used this deconvolution technique to detect the particle displacement in order to confirm its accuracy in suppressing the particle elongation.
In numerical simulation, the measurement accuracies with and without the deconvolution technique are evaluated within the cubic cavity flow model.
This research shows that using this deconvolution technique successfully suppresses particle elongation and thereby improves the measurement accuracy of particle displacement within the cubic cavity flow model.
Flow measurements, Particle measurement, Digital holography, Deconvolution
|Fig. 1 Principle of digital holography|
Fig. 2 Cavity flow model
Fig. 3 Comparison of displacement vectors

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


---------------compute run lengths ′′′′′But first we've got a boundary condition problem for the first base--we solve it here!! RunLengths(1) = 1 ′Worksheets("Molecules").Cells(1 + Molecule * 4, 2).Value = RunLengths(1) For Base = 2 To Extension(Molecule) If NumberedBases(Base) = 1 Then RunLengths(Base) = 1 Else RunLengths(Base) = RunLengths(Base − 1) + 1 End If ′Worksheets("Molecules").Cells(1 + Molecule * 4, Base + 1).Value = RunLengths(Base) Next Base ′----save only the terminal value of a run length For Base = 1 To Extension(Molecule) If RunLengths(Base + 1) > RunLengths(Base) Then RunLengths(Base) = 0 ′Worksheets("Molecules").Cells(1 + Molecule * 4, Base + 1).Value = RunLengths(Base) Next Base ′Worksheets("Molecules").Cells(1 + Molecule * 4, 50 + 1).Value = RunLengths(Molecule) ′boundary condition TwoHit = 0 ThreeHit = 0 For Base = 1 To Extension(Molecule) If RunLengths(Base) = 2 Then Worksheets("Molecules").Cells(1 + Molecule * 4, Base + 1).Interior.ColorIndex = Magenta TwoHit = 1 End If If RunLengths(Base) > 2 Then Worksheets("Molecules").Cells(1 + Molecule * 4, Base + 1).Interior.ColorIndex = Cyan ThreeHit = 1 End If Next Base ′--Now determine what fraction of molecules have either 2 bases or 3+ base hits and report results TwoHitAccumulator = TwoHitAccumulator + TwoHit ThreePlusHitAccumulator = ThreePlusHitAccumulator + ThreeHit Next Molecule Worksheets("In Out").Range("E24").Value = TwoHitAccumulator / MoleculesMax Worksheets("In Out").Range("E25").Value = ThreePlusHitAccumulator / MoleculesMax End Sub Public Sub Main_Line( ) Initialize ′---Creates the new strands based on number of washes for varying degrees of completion per cycle If MoleculesMax > 0 And WashCyclesMax > 0 Then CreateTargetStrands AnalyzeTargetStrands For WashCycles = 1 To WashCyclesMax ′Do the desired number of wash cycles Worksheets("Molecules").Range("I3").Value = WashCycles Synthesize Next WashCycles DrawSynthesizedStrands AnalyzeResults AnalyzeSynthesizedStrands End If End Sub
EXAMPLE 3
FIG. 2 illustrates yet another simulated analysis of a number of target polynucleotides using short-cycle sequencing. The simulation was run using the program described in Examples 2a and 2b but using a larger number of target polynucleotides.
That is, in this simulation, the input values used were a cycle period of 0.8 half-lives, 60 repeats of the cycle, and 200 target polynucleotide strands. FIG. 2 illustrates the results obtained. Homopolymers stretches which occurred in the same simulated complementary strand are highlighted in magenta wherever nucleotides of the same base type were incorporated in a row, and in cyan wherever more than two nucleotides of the same base type were incorporated in a row.
The output values obtained were 48 incorporations in the longest extended complementary strand, 20 in the shortest, and 32.00 as the average number of incorporations for the 200 simulatedly extended complementary strands.
Further, the percentage of growing stands extended by two or more nucleotides in a homopolymer stretch was 78.5%; and the percentage of growing strands extended by three or more nucleotides in a homopolymer stretch was 4.0%. That is, using a cycle period of 0.8 half-lives resulted in 96.0% of the complementary strands being extended by two or less nucleotides in a homopolymer stretch per cycle of incorporation. Moreover, 95.5% of the 200 target polynucleotides of the simulation were extended by at least 25 incorporated nucleotides, while 100% were extended by at least 20 nucleotides. This illustrated that using a cycle period of 0.8 half-lives, and repeating the cycles 60 times, allows analysis of a 20 base sequence of 200 target polynucleotides.
EXAMPLE 4
This example demonstrates a method according to the invention in which a single nucleotide in a position in a nucleic acid sequence is identified. A template-bound primer is sequentially exposed first to a labeled nucleotide and then to an unlabeled nucleotide of the same type under conditions and in the presence of reagents that allow template-dependent primer extension. The template is analyzed in order to determine whether the first nucleotide is incorporated in the primer at the first position or not. If not, then the sequential exposure to labeled and unlabeled nucleotides is repeated using another type of nucleotide until one such nucleotide is determined to have incorporated at the first position. Once an incorporated nucleotide is determined, the identity of the nucleotide in the position in the nucleic acid sequence is identified as the complementary nucleotide.
EXAMPLE 5
In this example, a series of reactions are performed as described above in Example 1. A nucleic acid primer is hybridized to a target nucleic acid at a primer binding site in the target. The primer comprises a donor fluorophore. The hybridized primer is exposed to a first nucleotide comprising an acceptor fluorophore comprising a blocking moiety that, when incorporated into the primer, prevents further polymerization of the primer. The presence or absence of fluorescent emission from each of the donor and the acceptor is determined. A nucleotide that has been incorporated into the primer via complementary base pairing with the target is identified by the presence of fluorescent emission from the acceptor, and a sequence placeholder is identified as the absence of fluorescent emission from the donor and the acceptor. A sequence of the target nucleic acid is complied based upon the sequence of the incorporated nucleotides and the placeholders.
Claims
1. A method for sequencing a nucleic acid template, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) exposing a nucleic acid template to a primer capable of hybridizing to said template and a polymerase capable of catalyzing nucleotide addition to said primer;
(b) adding a labeled nucleotide for a predetermined time, said predetermined time being coordinated with an amount of polymerization inhibition such that on average only 0, 1, or 2 labeled nucleotides are added to said primer;
(c) removing excess labeled nucleotide;
(d) neutralizing label in any incorporated nucleotide;
(e) repeating steps a, b, c, and d at least once; and
(f) determining a sequence of said template based upon the order of incorporation of said labeled nucleotides.
2. A method for conducting a nucleic acid sequencing reaction, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a nucleic acid template and a primer capable of hybridizing to a portion of said template, thereby to form a primed template;
exposing said primed template to a nucleotide for a period of time that is statistically insufficient for incorporation of more nucleotides than are resolvable by a detection system used to detect incorporation of said nucleotide into said primer;
detecting incorporation of said nucleotide;
neutralizing label in an incorporated nucleotide;
repeating said providing, exposing, detecting, and neutralizing steps at least once; and
determining a sequence of said template based upon the order of nucleotides incorporated into said primer.
3. A method for identifying a nucleotide incorporated into a primer in template-dependent nucleic acid sequencing, the method comprising the steps of:
conducting a plurality of base incorporation cycles, wherein each cycle comprises exposing a template nucleic acid to a labeled nucleotide that is not a chain-terminating nucleotide, wherein said labeled nucleotide is incorporated into a primer hybridized to said template if said nucleotide is capable of hybridizing to a template nucleotide immediately upstream of said primer, and wherein there is about a 99% probability that two or fewer of said nucleotides are incorporated into the same primer strand per cycle; and
identifying incorporated nucleotides.
4. A method for template-dependent nucleic acid sequencing, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) exposing a template nucleic acid to a labeled nucleotide under conditions that allow incorporation of said nucleotide into a primer attached to said template;
(b) removing unhybridized nucleotide from said template at a time after said exposing step that is sufficient for incorporation of no more than about two of said nucleotides per template;
(c) determining if a nucleotide is incorporated into said primer;
(d) identifying any incorporated nucleotide;


text: Robust hydrologic models require an accurate formulation of infiltration and soil water redistribution. The application of Richards' equation can provide the most accurate description of these processes but for some applications it can be computationally intensive and prone to numerical instability and convergence errors. A conceptual, physically based formulation like the Green–Ampt with Redistribution (GAR) can be an attractive alternative in many applications. Original GAR applications, however, showed significant errors in simulated surface water content for soils with high saturated hydraulic conductivity values, and an increasing surface water content deviation after subsequent redistributions during long simulations. A modified GAR method (MGAR) is proposed that provides improved infiltration and soil water redistribution predictions during uneven multistorm time series for a wide range of soils. An increased number of redistributing wetting fronts more accurately represents the naturally curvilinear soil water content profile during the redistribution phase. A redistribution coefficient decreases the surface soil water prediction during nonuniform precipitation series as a function of three variables: saturated hydraulic conductivity, redistribution number, and redistribution time for each storm event in the time series. Simulations of uneven multistorm precipitation time series using GAR and MGAR for 11 soil textural classifications were compared against Richards' equation. The MGAR markedly improved surface soil water predictions (coefficients of efficiency >0.935 and RMSE <0.011). The method also provided a good approximation of average water content for soil observation depths within the top 1 m, corresponding with the area of interest for many vadose zone modeling applications.


text:
Historically, the Piney Woods of southern Mississippi was a region characterized by its impressive stands of native longleaf pine forest. However, extensive logging practices in the early twentieth century contributed to the clear-cutting of nearly all old-growth longleaf pine trees.
In the early lumbering days before the railroads, logs were cut and rafted down rivers and waterways from the inland Piney Woods to mills and ports along the Gulf Coast. With the advent of the railroad in 1885, commercial logging continued full speed ahead as Piney Woods timber was aggressively harvested, and railroad spurs and logging camps canvassed the region. A product of the timber boom, the town of Barth, Mississippi was incorporated in 1917 and already in decline by the late 1920s.
Most sawmills in the area were forced to close in the 1930s due to the widespread clear-cutting of the native virgin yellow pines. Today, large swaths of the Piney Woods are part of DeSoto National Forest. You can learn more about early logging practices by listening to the "Timber Industry" podcast.


text:
Last week, we introduced Zoom video conferences in the PYP because the groups had already been established by parents in some classes during the first week of online learning. As Zoom is now facing huge privacy and security problems, for safety reasons, we will stop using it and move to Microsoft Teams, which ensures more protection.
I hope this change will not cause additional stress and tension. We want to ensure to continue to give more quality support to students via video conferencing in a safe virtual environment.
Some suggestions for offline activities this weekend:
- Prepare a treasure hunt
- Create an obstacle course
- Build the tallest tower
- Write a joke book
- Make a paper aeroplane
- Try some origami
- Build a blanket fort
Enjoy the weekend in good spirits and be cheerful.


text:
A new report from international insurer Beazley
has found a new cyber threat that clients should be made aware of.
The latest Beazley
Breach Insights report, from the cyber specialist Beazley
Breach Response (BBR) Services, said that phishing scams aimed at accessing direct deposit funds have emerged as a growing threat, particularly in the higher education sector.
Phishing scams aimed at accessing employee tax information also rose, representing 9% of all breaches handled by Beazley
in the first quarter of 2017.
's BBR Services handled 641 breaches on behalf of clients in the first quarter of the year, compared to 462 during the same period of 2016.
"Organisations continue to face increasingly sophisticated threats as hackers adapt and employ new methods to seize data and funds," Katherine Keefe, global head of BBR Services said.
Direct deposit phishing sees hackers try to access an employee's email and, once inside, request a password reset for the firm's payroll provider. Hackers then chance an employee's forwarding rule to send all emails from payroll to a junk email folder as funds are stolen.
Higher education was a particular target of these style of attacks where hacks and malware caused 48% of data breaches in the first quarter.
Ransomware continues to be a major threat for businesses with attack numbers up 35% compared with this time last year.
Financial institutions also remain a key target with firms in the sector suffering a number of breaches. The sector has seen an increase in unintended disclosure breaches which see bank account details or personal information sent to the wrong recipient.
In a bid to up cyber security and resilience Beazley
recommends that businesses deploy prevention and detection tools, use threat intelligence services, and utilise staff and manager training and conduct risk assessments focused on identifying and protecting sensitive data.
Businesses playing catch up on cyber risk
Aon appoints former FBI agent in dual role


From Honda Accord Hybrid to Koenigsegg Regera
Some of you may wonder why we are talking about Honda Accord and Koenigsegg Regera at the same time. At first glance, these two cars are totally unrelated: the Honda Accord Hybrid has only 196HP combined system power, while the Koenigsegg Regera has 1,500HP. The Accord Hybrid starts from $29,305, while the Koenigsegg Regera carries a price tag of $1,890,000 (close to 1.9 million).
Above image: the Koenigsegg Regera in the 2015 Geneva auto show
In fact, despite the huge difference in power output and price, these two cars have one common feature: they are the only two production cars that connects an internal combustion engine (ICE) directly to the driving wheels. Yes that sounds odd: the ICE propels the wheels directly, no transmission at all.
In this article, I will briefly introduce how such hybrid powertrain works and what is its pros and cons. Part of the information is from the following Honda technical papers:
Development of SPORT HYBRID i-MMD Control System for 2014 Model Year Accord
Above image: the 2014 Honda Accord Hybrid
Battery Pack: Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid v.s Koenigsegg Regera
Accord Plug-in Hybrid: Lithium-Ion Battery, 6.7kWh, instant output: 55kW
Koenigsegg Regera: Lithium-Ion Battery, 9kWh, instant output: 500kW
The Regera has around 34% more battery capacity than the Accord Plug-in hybrid, however, its electric motors draw battery power much faster than the Accord. So the Regera's battery capacity is facing a bigger challenge under heavy track racing conditions.
Engine Direct Drive Hybrid System Explained
See the below illustration, the Honda Accord Hybrid has 3 different working modes (the Koenigsegg Regera will work similarly too):
Above image: 2014 Honda Accord Hybrid i-MMD operation modes
Pure EV mode: the vehicle is driven by the electric motor only, which draws power from the battery; the ICE is stopped in this mode;
Hybrid drive mode: the ICE is running, driving the generator; the generator provides electricity to supply to the electric motor, which propels the vehicle; the ICE does not have any mechanical connections to the vehicle wheels. If ICE generates more energy than what the electric motor needs, the excessive power will be used to charge the battery; on the other hand, if the instant power required from the electric motor exceeds what the ICE generates at that moment, extra power will be drawn from the battery;
Engine drive mode (when vehicle speed > 38mph): the ICE is directly connected to the wheels without a transmission, the vehicle will be driven directly by the ICE with extra assist from the electric motor (if needed).
Above image: Speed and workload range of Honda Accord Hybrid's 3 driving modes
You can see, the "engine drive" mode cannot be used if the vehicle is moving at a low speed, since that will stall the engine. This is true on both the Accord and the Regera. The engine drive mode kicks in at 38mph for the Accord and 30mph for the Regera. The above image shows each driving mode's possible speed and workload range.
Above image: illustration of the Koenigsegg Regera's powertrain
Above image: 2014 Honda Accord Hybrid's powertrain
Pros of Using Engine Direct Drive (No Transmission)
The reason of not using a transmission, but instead connecting the engine directly to the wheels, is to address two shortcomings in the traditional transmission:
1. Parasitic loss in the transmission components;
2. A brief stop of power transmitting during the period when transmission is changing the gear (not including the CVT)
Pros of Using A Transmission
Most cars with an internal combustion engine (ICE) are usually paired with a transmission. This includes some expensive exotic hybrid supercars, such as the Porsche 918, Ferrari LaFerrari, Lamborghini Asterion and Acura NSX. This is definitely not a coincidence, and there must be some reasons behind it. Especially for the Acura NSX, which uses one ICE plus 3 electric motors. Obviously, Acura has no technical difficulties in using the no-transmission drivetrain scheme like the Koenigsegg Regera, because it has already gained relevant experiences while designing the Accord Hybrid; and it is not for cost too – in fact it saves lots of money by removing the transmission. Therefore Acura has its own consideration on what is more suitable for a hybrid sports car.
Reasons for mainstream auto makers to use transmission on their hybrid sports cars are as follows:
1. To provide maximum torque in low speed and let the car accelerate even if the battery is empty, ICE need to directly participate in providing torque to the wheels. ICE has low torque output in low RPM range (especially near engine idle RPM), therefore it needs different gear ratios to "magnify" the torque output;
2. ICE has different thermal efficiency under different RPM and different workload. By using a transmission, it can let the ICE stay within the most efficient RPM range at any vehicle speed. For example, an ICE outputs 100hp at 2,000 RPM; and it can also output the same 100 horsepower at 4,000 RPM (achieved by varying the amount of fuel injected into the cylinders per cycle). Although the outputs are the same in both cases, fuel efficiencies are different.
The above images shows the engine efficiency relationship for the 2.0L engine used on the Accord Hybrid. The efficiency of each point on the chart (x-axis: engine speed in RPM, y-axis: workload, measured in torque output) is represented by different colors (more red means better efficiency). You can see: for the Honda engine, the best efficiency occurs in mid-range RPM and mid-torque output. Generally speaking, for a given ICE output, mid-range RPM with mid-load is better than low RPM with high load.
3. By using a transmission, a hybrid car is able to run using the ICE only, it will not cause any trouble even if the battery is fully depleted. This is extremely critical for track racing purpose.
Cons of Using Engine Direct Drive (No Transmission)
The first major issue is: when the ICE is connected to the wheels, its spinning RPM will be fixed to the vehicle speed, which means it will be unable to work in the maximum torque/output range at any time.
Secondly, for this design there will be a serious issue if the battery pack is fully depleted. Take the Koenigsegg Regera as an example, its power delivery scheme needs to be really conservative – this is because for speed less than 30mph, it depends solely on the electric motor; ICE will not work for that speed range because low speed will stall the direct connected engine. In short: the Koenigsegg Regera cannot has a fully depleted battery.
In addition, the ICE is unable to stay within the optimal efficiency RPM range. Furthermore, to provide instant high output to charge the battery, the V8 ICE on the Koenigsegg Regera may need to be disconnected from driving the wheels, then rev up to achieve high RPM output (in order to charge the battery as quickly as possible). This situation will occur even at the moment that you need maximum power (because charging the battery has the highest priority). From the previous section, we know the Regera's battery capacity is not so much larger than the Accord, and Regera's electric motors are drawing significantly more power from the battery, which will frequently cause the V8 engine to go into the charging mode. This may effectively left the Koenigsegg Regera to be driven only by the 700hp electric motors, frequently.
One more thing makes the situation worse: during hard acceleration, electric motors is drawing energy from the battery at a much faster speed than charging the battery. Therefore under the pure EV drive mode, electric motor output may need to be limited to a lower level to let the battery charging speed catch up with the speed that electricity is drained away. Hybrid cars with a transmission won't have such tight restrictions, because it can run solely using the ICE without any help from the electric motor.
You may challenge my above discussion since it is just a qualitative analysis. But that is based on what we know from the Accord Hybrid.
Power Management Scheme: 2014 Honda Accord Hybrid
Above image: power management scheme of the 2014 Honda Accord Hybrid
We do not have details of the Regera's power management algorithm; however, Honda did show us how the power is managed in the Accord Hybrid. I consider it to be very representative.
See the above image, you will find most of the time, Honda does not allow the ICE to be connected to the wheels (ICE only drives the wheel during high speed acceleration phase); In high-speed hard acceleration, when the ICE is participated in driving the wheels directly, the battery is also in the discharging mode, which means such output level cannot be maintained for longer period, and the battery charging phase (which draws power from the ICE) will follow immediately.
Therefore, Acura uses a 7-speed DCT on the 2016 NSX for these major reason: it not only makes it possible to keep the engine RPM within the optimal efficiency/torque/hp region, but also has higher possibility to supply the maximum system power whenever you need it. The same reason applies to other hybrid sports car like the


text:
Publication: Research - peer-review › Journal article – Annual report year: 2003
In theoretical treatments of tidal bending of floating glaciers, the glacier is usually modelled as an elastic beam with uniform thickness, resting on an elastic foundation. With a few exceptions, values of the elastic (Young's) modulus E of ice derived from tidal deflection records of floating glaciers are in the range 0.9-3 GPa. It has therefore been suggested that the elastic-beam model with a single value of E approximate to 1 GPa adequately describes tidal bending of glaciers.In contrast, laboratory experiments with ice give E =93 GPa, i.e. 3-10 times higher than the glacier-derived values. This suggests that ice creep may have a significant influence on tidal bending of glaciers. Moreover, detailed tidal-deflection and tilt data from Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden glacier, northeast Greenland, cannot be explained by elastic-beam theory. We present a theory of tidal bending of glaciers based on linear viscoelastic-beam theory. A four-element, linear viscoelastic model for glacier ice with a reasonable choice of model parameters can explain the observed tidal flexure data. Implications of the viscoelastic response of glaciers to tidal forcing are discussed briefly.
|Journal||Annals of Glaciology|
|State||Published - 2003|


text:
Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4
DRAG Cost is the amount of money by which expected project profit is reduced due to the delay of performing a critical path activity, or other critical path delay factor such as a schedule lag or scheduling constraint. DRAG Cost is the sum of two factors:
- A reduction in a project's expected monetary value due to acceleration premium or delay cost caused by the DRAG of a critical path activity or delay.
- An increase in a project's cost due to the project's indirect costs being extended due to a DRAG amount.
DRAG Cost computation is a useful technique for justifying additional project resources. For example, if an activity's DRAG Cost is $50,000 (based on ten days at $5,000 each), but duration compression could reduce the DRAG to five days through the addition of a resource costing a total of $10,000, the additional resource expense would be more than justified.
Just as DRAG is only found on critical path activities and delays, the same is true of DRAG Cost. DRAG Cost is a key component in computing an activity's "true cost of work".


text:
Pump test benches
For development-related measurement or end-of-line testing for a 100% control of pumps, Pollux develops test concepts for the automatic determination of characteristic curves and for the validation of continuous operation of mechanically or electrically driven pumps.
Fully automatic pump test benches allow different test specimens to be subjected to a precise functional test and to provide the most accurate information on key figures such as delivery rate, pressure and output.
Used as an end-of-line test bench, the software enables the measurement of the pumps and comparison of the determined maps to predefined nominal curves. Different types of pumps of a just-in-sequence production can be checked in a row. The assignment of the pumps to the test process is carried out either manually by the operator or fully automatically via barcode or RFID. Test results can be stored in a central database and retrieved remotely, if needed.
If required, integrated climate chambers ensure that the components are tested under varying environmental conditions. Furthermore, the medium may be provided preconditioned in temperature or pressure and, if necessary, interlaced against the ambient temperature.
The software for the test bench control has a sequencer function to prepare individual test sequences and allows the acquisition and storage of different measured variables at runtime.


text:
SJSU was first accredited in 1949. Since that time, reviews for re-accreditation have occured at least once every 10 years. The most recent review period began when the campus submitted its institutional proposal in 2002.
The Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC) accredits institutions, not individual programs. Therefore, in addition to assessing the academic quality and educational effectiveness of institutions, the Commission emphasizes institutional structures, processes, and resources. Following acceptance of an institutional proposal framing the review, SJSU prepares for two separate visits from WASC. The first is referred to as the Preparatory Review and the second is the Educational Effectiveness Review.
San José State is a major, comprehensive public university located in the center of San José and in the heart of Silicon Valley. SJSU is the oldest state university in California. Its distinctive character has been forged by its long history, by its location, and by its vision, a blend of the old and the new, of the traditional and the innovative. Among its most prized traditions is an uncompromising commitment to offer access to higher education to all persons who meet the criteria for admission, yielding a stimulating mix of age groups, cultures, and economic backgrounds for teaching, learning, and research. SJSU takes pride in and is firmly committed to teaching and learning, with a faculty that is active in scholarship, research, technological innovation, community service, and the arts.
- 1857: San José State is founded as a Normal School and becomes the first institution of public higher education in the state.
- 1935: Renamed San José State College.
- 1949: SJSU accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC)
- 1960: The individual California State Colleges were brought together as a system by the Donahoe Higher Education Act of 1960.
- 1972: The system becomes California State University and Colleges.
- 1982: The system becomes the California State University (CSU).
Today the 23 campuses of the CSU system include comprehensive and polytechnic universities, and, since July 1995, the California Maritime Academy, a specialized campus. The SJSU campus alone is composed of 30,000 students and over 2,000 faculty and staff. The information SJSU prepares for its reaccreditation review provides an excellent data view of SJSU.
To nurture the continued development of strong academic programs and services to support student development and success the campus is fully engaged in a strategic planning process intended to help San José State University prepare for the future. It helps us serve our mission, reach our vision and guide resource allocation.
The campus is located in downtown San José, the site of the oldest civil settlement (established in 1777) in California. The city of San José is the 11th largest city in the United States and the third largest in California with a population of 926,200. Known as the "Capital of Silicon Valley," San José was called the "epicenter of information technology" by Fortune magazine.
The education level of the San José metropolitan area workforce is one of the highest in the country; 67 percent of the workforce has some post-secondary education, and 48 percent have earned a college degree. The city also has the lowest crime rate of any major city (those with populations of 500,000 or more) in the United States.
Core Principles and Standards
The accrediation process has changed considerably since SJSU's previous review. To its credit, WASC, following an extensive period of reflection and discussion with the many institutions it accredits, has developed a focused review process. This new approach provides institutions with the flexibility needed to make the review one that facilitates the growth and development of the institution along its own unique path.
WASC reviews institutions with respect to their committment to core principles called Institutional Capacity and Educational Effectiveness. To become and remain accredited,each institution is expected to demonstrate that it is committed to developing and sustaining Institutional Capacity and Educational Effectiveness. With respect to Institutional Capacity, WASC expects an institution to function with clear purposes,high levels of institutional integrity,fiscal stability, and organizational structures to fulfill its purposes. With respect to Educational Effectiveness, WASC looks for evidence of clear and appropriate educational objectives and design at the institutional and program level. WASC also expects institutions to employ processes of review, including the collection and use of data, that assure delivery of programs and learner accomplishments at a level of performance appropriate for the degree or certificate awarded.
At each review (preparatory/capacity & educational effectiveness) institutions need to present information that conveys to WASC the extent to which they have met each of four standards [pdf] articulated by WASC.
- Standard 1. Defining Institutional Purposes and Ensuring Educational Objectives.
- Standard 2. Achieving Educational Objectives Through Core Functions
- Standard 3. Developing and Applying Resources and Organizational Structures to Ensure Sustainability.
- Standard 4. Creating an Organization Committed to Learning and Improvement.


Winching Apparatus
Hands-On Chain Hoisting Devices
Electric wire chain hoists are certainly generally applied across electric power, transporting, installation, oceanic and also shipping industries. Wires utilized are actually produced from hefty building material and also are simply elastic for loads and also can certainly also grapple with big weights. An electric powered wire hoist works with a practical principle of resistance to pressure. For these reasons, by simply using this particular hoisting device angled at roughly 90 degrees, it really can carry a load mass and uniformly disperse it on every single extent of the cord. This is without a doubt a method which has definitely been greatly adopted for a long time in innumerable applications which includes shipping and building, around the world.
Throughout the electro-mechanical industry, it is commonly employed to elevate large power and power lines and culverts throughout restoration and engineering undertakings. The cord is secured by using rubber sheathings to prevent technicians being unintentionally electrocuted.
They are also equipped together with grapples and hoops that hook up these items all together forming longer wires which can pick up machineries with winches and other apparatus.
Cable Block Apparatus Driven By Electrical Power
Electrical cord hoisting tools are generally frequently utilized in electrical, shipping, manufacture, oceanic and also transportation industries. Cords made use of are simply fabricated using heavy building material and also are actually extensile when it comes to payloads and also can also stand up to considerable loads. An electric powered cable hoist works with a basic technique of opposition to gravitational force. For that reason, by merely making use of this hoisting device angled at about ninety degrees, it actually can easily sustain a payload weight and also evenly disperse it along every extent of the cord. This is generally a technique that has indeed been definitely widely utilized for centuries in innumerable uses including shipping and also construction, all over the whole world.
Inside the electrical industry, it really is commonly employed to
lifting equipment audits raise weighty power and power lines along with conduits throughout reconstruction and engineering undertakings. The cable is actually sheltered by using flexible sheaths to prevent technicians being unexpectedly electrocuted.
They are also furnished with grapples and also loops that hook up them with each other forming longer cables which can elevate tools along with winching apparatus and other types of devices.
Easily Portable Hoisting Devices
A mobile chain hoist is a type of transportable device made use of in lifting plant. Mobile devices are available with various features and designs. Mobile chain hoists or mini-for hoists can be hand operated with electrical power, hydraulics or pneumatic power and can be utilised with various other mechanisms for suspending big loads. As an example, during installment or repair works, the usual type of mobile hoists utilised has actually a wheel mechanism consisting 2 long beams which are joined with each other in a v-shape. At the V-shape, the arm rises upwards after that prolongs in an outward
lifting equipment direction over center of opening of this vee-shape. There is typically a big suspended hook of some kind, with the chain from the arm utilised as an attaching point for lowering or raising hefty loads. A lot of minifor hoists have hydraulic mechanisms actuated by hands-on pumping for lowering and lifting loads.
Chain Blocks Powered By Pneumatics
An air hosting device can easily lift massive capacities or machines. It is includes a wheel held together by closed chain. The closed chain forms a loop that is truly easy to heave manually. There are actually several small-sized as well as sizeable pulley-blocks located throughout the pneumatic chain hoist. A diminutive and a sizeable pulley are in addition located on the exact same pivot along with a movable sheave which maintains the provided weight in place as well. For a weight is to be lifted using the air chain hoist, the enclosed link is actually pulled out makings the large pulley-block to pull in further chain compared to the one set free by the smaller chain. This is certainly what makes the raising process possible. Pneumatic chain hoists are fashioned with catch swivels, decrement pinions and also swivels. All these are actually objects that move their loads very carefully as well as progressively creating height modifications. It leaves the hitched up load effectively safeguarded, which indicates there will be really even less supervision necessitated.
Lever Chain Hoisting Apparatus
Lever operated Pull Lifts are generally employed in mobile or portable, small-scale lifting devices which normally use manual movement to lower or raise hefty payloads. This particular type of hoisting device falls in a couple of major groupings: chain hoists as well as rope driven hoist/cable hoisting apparatus. They each rely upon a cog & pawl device so as to rate a pulley or possibly cogwheel to a preset distance before raising the load. A lever type and ratchet technique is well prepared along with a fastening as well as grapple utilized so as to suspend a Pull Lift from proper support. Each types of Pul Lift hoists can be used in any type of orientation with respect to tensioning, hoisting or even drawing operations. These products use the physical benefit of the lever when it comes to elevating weights which will definitely otherwise, be really significantly troublesome to transport by hand.
Rope Driven Hoisting Apparatus
A wire rope hoist utilizes steel rope wire wrapped around on a wheel integrating a built-in lever or maybe a ratchet arrangement as well as a mounting using a catch. On the other edge of the grapple, there is usually the hook block which is precisely where the load is connected. When the load is solidly attached to the suitable support with the help of positioning catch, the cog is generally after that unlocked, and then the wire-rope is then pulled down to the weight. This is generally thereafter affixed to the hook section. Subsequently, the pawl device is generally re-engaged. This particular payload can be once again re-lifted by merely turning the handgrip up and down along with the downwards cycle of the motion pivoting the wheel as well as retrieving the length of the wire rope lifting up the load.
Tirfor Devices
The TIRFOR is a mechanised hoisting apparatus which is simply operated by hand and is capable of moving extremely hefty things. Within a TIRFOR, wire-rope runs thru a machine and then offering its catch edge face, to the objects that have to be generally relocated. The tir-for must definitely be securely attached to a substantial or even superheavy object which could provide the requisite level of resistance in order to shift the lifted body towards the equipment. Three manual transmission choices are supplied in a griphoist device that are usually on, off and free. In the 1st condition, the grip hoist machine is usually enabled to retract the wire-rope or possibly to hoist the article to the equipment. A 2nd setting allows the engineer to force feed the rope outside the machine. And finally, at the very last setting, cable is permitted to glide freely via the hoisting tool. With regard to the primary configuration of device a nominal free setting is generally okay. It actually is also put to use to function as a recovery product for Fire and Rescue Depts and for accident saving teams, because it can easily move weighty objects without the need of any gas or electric current to make them work. A Tir-For is really handy around the estate as well as service area, in order to raise or transfer larger things manually all alone.
Air Driven Winching Equipment
The pneumatic powered winching apparatus is powered using compressed air. Across assembly operations, pneumatic powered winching devices are certainly an economical power choice if compressed air is generally already being used across the factory. The raising effect for pneumatic powered winching devices is generated via a number of gear wheel decrements inside of the transmission case, that permits the air to push the drive apparatus. They are actually made use of in order to lift up and move heavy objects from a single area point to one other. Such compressed air is generally furnished by means of an air compressor process that is normally already in use for some other activity. Once the air passes through through the drive device on the winch powerplant, a really high shrill whistle like noise is heard.Pneumatic powered winches can additionally be utilized with regard to small-scale raising functions besides the larger functions lifting. These are obtainable in a variety of specifications varying from small-scale overhanging trolley type systems to big arrangements. In order to move smaller sized components, compact units are made use of.
Electricity Powered Winching Devices
Electricity powered winching machines are normally mainly utilized in order to pull an automobile, davit and watercraft or any kind of broken piece of machine equipment. On the occasion that a vehicle exits the roadway during a crash, then usually electric powered winching machines are employed in order to hook the vehicle in a recovery process. These products are often made use of to heave vessels to shelter and also to recover bulky farm animals from unsafe hollows and many other scenarios. Now there are many different sizes and shapes which are usually provided for electric winches. Electric winches work by 2 speed motor with a wire rope attached to a spool which is set free whenever a gear wheel spins the cylinder. They can dealing with weights of between 500 pounds right up to 2 tons. Electrical winching machines can deal with different loads by its own rope-wire and continuous motors moreover these products employ a prevailing wire measurements of 100 ft. These products are a bit more expensive, because these products


text:
- Entry at year 1 to Year 6 by taster day or days.
- Formal/informal assessment depending on age.
- Applications welcome from children showing particular abilities in the performing arts, e.g. dance, drama and music.
- £2500 Per term. Fees include lunch, Early Birds from 8am, after school clubs and aftercare to 5pm.
- Broad and balanced curriculum across Early Years, KS1 and KS2
- The emphasis is on the core subjects.
- Specialist teaching of science, music, drama and dance.
- Wide range of peripatetic tuition available.
- LAMDA examination training available.
- Small classes.
The next stage
- Children are prepared for entry to The Hammond School (Lower School), other independent schools, 11+ entrance to Wirral grammar schools, or local state schools.


Version 7 (modified by benl, 5 years ago)
< Overview
Regions and the Class System
In short, two pieces of data are in different regions if they are never substituted for each other. This property, or lack thereof, is sometimes called aliasing.
In the "extended" version of a type, data type constructors have a region annotation as their first argument, which indicates what region they're in. Due to type elaboration, we usually don't see the region annotations, but we can write them in signatures if we want to:
succ :: forall %r1 %r2. Int %r1 -> Int %r2
succ x = x + 1
sameInt :: forall %r1. Int %r1 -> Int %r1
sameInt x = x
pi :: Float %r1
pi = 3._PHONE_
Region variables can be quantified with forall just like type variables. If a region variable in the return type of a function is quantified it means the region is fresh, ie the data was allocated by the function itself.
Notice that in the type of succ, both %r1 and %r2 are quantified, this means that succ accepts data from any region and returns a freshly allocated Int.
sameInt just passes its data though, so the same region is on both argument and return types.
pi is just static Float and not a function that does allocation, so it doesn't have a forall.
Region classes
In Haskell we use type classes on type variables to restrict how these variables can be instantiated. For example, we can write:
(==) :: forall a. Eq a => a -> a -> Bool
Here, the Eq a context restricts forall a to just the types that support equality.
In Disciple, we can do a similar thing with regions:
csucc :: forall %r1 %r2
 . Int %r1 -> Int %r2
 :- Const %r1
The region class constraint Const %r1 restricts csucc so that it only accepts arguments that are constant. Data in Const regions is guaranteed by the type system never to be destructively updated. In Disciple we write the class constraints at the end of the type for clarity, though there is a plan to allow the standard Haskell syntax as well.
The opposite of Const is Mutable and we can explicitly define data values to have this property.
counter :: Int %r1 :- Mutable %r1
counter = 0
Any Int that is passed to csucc is required to be Const. If you try and pass a Mutable Int instead it will be caught by the type system.
main () = putStr $ show $ succ counter
 Conflicting region constraints.
 constraint: Base.Mutable %1
 from the use of: counter
 at:./Main.ds:...
 conflicts with,
 constraint: Base.Const %2
 from the use of: succ
 at:./Main.ds:...
Effect purification
Besides manually added annotations, the main source of Const constraints in a Disciple program is the use of laziness. Remember from EvaluationOrder that the suspension operator (@) maps onto a set of primitive suspend functions.
If we wanted a lazy version of succ that only incremented its argument when the result was demanded, then we could write it like this:
lazySucc x = (+) @ x 1
this is desugared to:
lazySucc x = suspend2 (+) x 1
where suspend2 has the following extended type:
 :: forall a b c!e1!e2
 . (a -(!e1)> b -(!e2)> c) -> a -> b -> c
 , Pure !e1
 , Pure !e2
Now the addition function (+) for Int has this extended type:
(+) :: forall %r1 %r2 %r3!e1
 . Int %r1 -> Int %r2 -(!e1)> Int %r3
 :-!e1 =!{!Read %r1;!Read %r2 }
Which says it reads the two arguments and returns a freshly allocated Int
When we pass (+) as the first argument of suspend2 the type system encounters the effect class constraint Pure!{!Read %r1;!Read %r2;} which it satisfies by forcing %r1 and %r2 to be Const. If a value is in a Const region then it is guaranteed never to be destructively updated. This means that it doesn't matter when we read it, so the operation is pure.
To say this another way, when a function application is suspended the type system purifies its visible Read effects by requiring the data being read to be Const.


Skip Nav
Jumbo Bananagrams Word Board Game
What it is:The new, waterproof Jumbo Bananagrams Word Board Game ($45) has tots race against each other to build a crossword puzzle using all of their letters as quickly as possible. Given the new game's size, it's great for picnics, the beach, and the backyard.
What it teaches: Bananagrams is great for building vocabulary and encouraging kids to practice their spelling.
Who it's for: Early readers on up — starting around age 5.
Read More BananagramsKid Apps And GamesKid ToysKid ShoppingSummer


fincash logo SOLUTIONS
Fincash » Asset Management
What is Asset Management?
Updated on February 23, 2021, 10 views
Generally, asset management is known as a systematic approach executed by a financial service institute, whether an individual or an investment Bank. The approach is directed toward handling either a part or an entire portfolio of the client.
Asset Management
The process might be applied to both intangible and tangible assets, such as buildings, intellectual property, equipment, financial assets and more. Basically, the primary aim of asset management is to develop, operate, maintain, upgrade and dispose of assets in a cost-effective manner.
Explaining Asset Management
Essentially, this process has a double command that includes appreciating the assets of a client over a period of time while simultaneously mitigating all of the risks. However, with asset management, investment minimums come into the picture.
This means that this service is typically available only for high net-worth financial intermediaries, corporations, government entities and individuals. The role of an asset manager comprises figuring out the investments to avoid or make so as to grow the client's portfolio.
By using both micro and macro analytical tools, the manager has to conduct rigorous research to find out:
 - Existing Market trends
 - Interviews with the officials of the company
 - Strategies to achieve the said goal of client asset appreciation
Most commonly, advisors invest in multiple products at a time, such as Mutual Funds, commodities, real estate, fixed Income, equity and other alternative investments. Moreover, accounts that financial institutes hold generally include:
When somebody deposits money into an account, it is generally placed into a money market fund that provides a higher return. One of the additional advantages that account holders get to avail is that their extra Investing and banking needs get serviced by a similar institution instead of having different banking options and brokerage accounts.
Ready to Invest?
Talk to our investment specialist
Types of Asset Management
There are different types of asset management. Some of the major ones are jotted down below:
* Financial Asset Management
The most common type is financial management, also known as investment management. This concept is applied to such part of the financial industry that manages segregated client accounts and investment funds. From analysing the assets of the clients to planning and tracking the investment, everything is covered under this type.
* Physical and Infrastructure Asset Management
This one is a combination of engineering, economic, financial, management and other practices that are applied to physical assets. The objective behind this management type is to offer the best value services against the involved cost.
It comprises regulating the complete cycle, such as designing, construction, commissioning, operation, maintenance, repairing, modification, replacement and decommissioning or disposal.
* Enterprise Asset Management
The systems of Enterprise Asset Management (EAM) support the management of assets within an organization. This approach includes an asset registry (asset inventory and their attributes) along with a Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) and additional modules, like materials management or inventory management.
How helpful was this page?


var jqParent = jqNode.parent();
var jqFirstChild = jqNode.children()[0];
 - Important properties of a DOM node:
 - nodeType: Integer (enum) representing the type of node. 1 = Element, 2 = Attribute, 3 = Text, 8 = Comment, 9 = Document
 - nodeName: Name of the node. For tag elements, the tag name. For text content, #text.
 - nodeValue: Value of the node. For elements, null. For text, the text itself, and for attributes, the attribute value.
 - childNodes: Collection of children
 - parentNode: Parent
 - firstChild, lastChild, nextSibling, previousSibling: self-explanatory
 - jQuery equivalents:
1
2
3
4
5
var element = $('#container');
var firstChild = element.children(':first');
var lastChild = element.children(':last');
var nextSibling = element.next();
var previousSibling = element.prev();
 - Element nodes may have one or more attributes. To access them, the attributes member is used. Attributes are not considered children of a node.
 - Access all attributes of an element:
1
2
3
4
var div = document.getElementById('container');
var attribs = div.attributes;
// no jQuery equivalent
 - Get and set the value of a particular attribute:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
var div = document.getElementById('container');
var val = div.attributes['id'].value;
val = div.getAttribute('id');
var valNode = div.getAttributeNode('id');
div.attributes['id'].value = 'newValue';
div.setAttribute('id', 'newValue');
var jqDiv = $('#container');
var jqVal = jqDiv.attr('id');
jqdiv.attr('id', 'newValue');
 - Check if an attribute exists:
1
2
var hasId = element.hasAttribute('id');
var jqHasId = (element.attr('id') !== undefined);
 - Remove attribute:
1
2
3
4
element.removeAttribute('id');
element.removeAttributeNode(element.getAttributeNode('id'));
jqElement.removeAttr('id');
Now we have covered accessing and inspecting page elements via the DOM API and jQuery - it's time to delve into modifying the structure of the page: adding, removing, and changing the contents of elements.
 - Once you have a node reference, you can change its value. Tag nodes do not usually have values, but their first child will usually be a text node with value equal to the text content.
 - To change a tag's inner text:
1
2
3
4
5
var par = document.getElementById('paragraph1');
par.firstChild.nodeValue = 'Changed text';
var jqPar = $('#paragraph1');
jqPar.text('Changed text');
 - To add an element to the DOM tree, you need to create an element, set any required attributes, and then append it to as the last child of an existing node:
1
2
3
4
5
6
var newNode = document.createElement('img');
newNode.setAttribute('src', '_URL_
var body = document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0];
body.appendChild(newNode);
$('body').append('<img src="_URL_
 - Adding additional inner text to a span, div, or p tag is accomplished as follows. Note that jQuery append is equally effective for HTML or text:
1
2
3
4
var par = document.getElementById('paragraph1');
par.appendChild(document.createTextNode('Additional paragraph text here'));
$('#paragraph1').append('Additional paragraph text here')
 - You can also insert an element as a sibling before an existing node:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
var newNode = document.createElement('img');
newNode.setAttribute('src', '_URL_
var body = document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0];
body.insertBefore(newNode, document.getElementById('container'));
$('container').before('<img src="_URL_
$('body').prepend('img src="_URL_
 - Take care to note the differences between appendChild and insertBefore. A node added with appendChild will be the last node contained by the target. Calling insertBefore has the signature container.insertBefore(nodeToInsert, nodeThatWillBeAfter) - in this case as well, nodeToInsert will be a child of the target, but it will be the prior sibling to nodeThatWillBeAfter.
 - To remove an element from the DOM:
1
2
3
4
var body = document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0];
var removedElement = body.removeChild(document.getElementById('container'));
$('#container').remove();
 - To replace an existing element:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
var body = document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0];
var newNode = document.createElement('img');
newNode.setAttribute('src', '_URL_
var oldNode = document.getElementById('container');
body.replaceChild(oldNode, newNode);
$('#container').replaceWith('<img src="_URL_
 - In both the DOM and jQuery, you can move an element by getting a reference to it and then calling one of the above insertion/replacement methods. A node cannot exist at two places in the DOM, so it will automatically be removed from its previous location.
 - jQuery in total provides after, before, append, prepend, replaceWith, wrap, wrapInner, and wrapAll for DOM manipulation - these methods are called on the selector for the existing element(s) with the new content as an argument. Companion methods insertAfter, insertBefore, appendTo, prependTo, and replaceAll are targeted to the new content with the target selector as an argument. The odd man out is remove, which is targeted to a selector for content to be removed.
'Til Next Time
That will conclude DOM manipulation. We'll pick up next time with media, canvas, and SVG.
]]>
<![CDATA[Microsoft Exam 70-480: Programming in HTML5 with JavaScript and CSS3]]> 2013-01-18T09:11:00-08:00 _URL_ I am planning to earn the Microsoft Certified Solutions Developer (MCSD): Web Applications certification. The first exam on this track is 70-480: Programming in HTML5 with JavaScript and CSS3. My study notes follow.
Implement and Manipulate Document Structures and Objects (24%)
Create the document structure
Structure the UI using semantic markup, including for search engines and screen readers
 - HTML5 introduces several new tags, and does not support some others that were deprecated in HTML 4.0.1.
 - The new tags are:
article, aside, audio, bdi, canvas, command, datalist, details, embed, figure, figcaption, footer, header, hgroup, keygen, mark, meter, nav, output, progress, rp, rt, ruby, section, source, summary, time, track, video, wbr
 - In total there are 30 new tags.
 - The following 12 tags are no longer supported in HTML5. Most of these were deprecated in HTML 4.0.1, with the exception of acronym, big, frame, frameset, noframes, and tt.
acroynm, applet, basefont, big, center, dir, font, frame, frameset, noframes, strike, tt
 - The objectives make special mention of the new semantic tags for structure.
 - section (block): Grouping of content. Typically will include a heading. W3C: "A generic section of a document. A thematic grouping of content, typically with a heading." Sections usually will appear inside articles, but can be


text:
Which environmental assets will we protect?
The River Health and Environmental Flow (RH&EF) project team are building a strong foundation for effective decision-making about how environmental flows should be implemented across China. This includes assessing and defining environmental water needs appropriate to China's situation, how to trade stream flow requirements against the needs of other users, and how to define and identify environmental assets.
Environmental flows are those elements of a flow regime needed to achieve a certain desired state of river health, as determined by government and/or the community. China recognises the importance of environmental flows, and seeks to balance the needs of the environment with other demands on the water resource.
The growing need for energy and fresh water is being addressed through infrastructure projects, such as hydropower developments and interbasin water transfers. These projects directly compete with maintaining appropriate environmental flows.
The revision of the river basin masterplans for China's major river basins is involving the identification of environmental flows in the water allocation arrangements for the river basin. Providing for environmental flows within China's water management framework will involve changes to the way water is allocated and managed at a basin and local scale, to how hydropower systems are operated, and to the planning and development of projects at a basin scale. Each of these elements will need to be informed by an improved scientific understanding of how flows and the river ecology relate.
To effectively evaluate river health, environmental flows and water reallocation, IWC researchers recommend using an asset-based approach to environmental flows assessment. This approach is outlined in Figure 2, and is designed such that it can be applied to any river and any environmental flows issue.
This framework can accommodate any form of environmental flow assessment, any analytical tools, any size river, any existing constraints, any existing or proposed river uses, and any balance of scientific or social input to the process. Choosing not to use some components of the framework won't prevent a result being obtained, but it may weaken confidence in the result.
A key part of this eight-step process is to identify what assets need to be protected. Environmental assets are important because of the services they provide. For example, water for irrigation may need to be balanced against stream flows that maintain a healthy environment for fish, or minimum flows required to enable navigation.
The hydrological modelling in Step 5 of the framework relies on establishing relationships between flow and ecology. As a first step, IWC researchers recommend developing a regional or national scale classification of natural river flow types. This is because streams or rivers with similar river flow types are likely to share particular ecological features or 'assets'.
Interested parties will ultimately decide on the trade-off between river health and security of supply for non-environmental users of river water. But the trade-off should relate back to the original agreed desired state of river health.
The method of assessing environmental flows will continue to be discussed and developed. But one thing is certain – by allocating water to environmental flows, China is ensuring that the benefits rivers and streams offer can be maintained and enhanced.


text:
(186t) Synthesis, Characterization, and Swelling/Contraction Behavior of PNIPAm and PMAA Polymer Brushes Grafted On Gold Substrates
In this work, the synthesis of PNIPAM, PMAA, and PNIPAM-PMAA copolymer brushes was carried out using surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). To facilitate polymerization from gold substrates, a thiol self-assembled monolayer was first deposited and then a bromine-based initiator was attached. The grafted polymer brushes were characterized using contact angle measurements, ellipsometry, and external reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ER-FTIR). Additionally, we investigated the pH and temperature responses of PNIPAM, PMAA, and the PNIPAM-PMAA copolymer using in situ, real-time ellipsometry measurements.


text:
The Business Behind Classroom Economies: An Information Resource Guide
Classroom economy is essential for all students to understand because they will be dealing with the economy in the real world. It prepares the students and provides integral hands-on experience on how the national economy functions. Classroom economy also helps to instill a stronger sense of responsibility in students, nurturing them to grow up to become more responsible adults. Let's take a deeper look at classroom economies. Economics is an elementary part of social studies curriculum but it can be hard for younger students to grasp the principles of economics. In this sense, a classroom economy can invigorate the education process by serving as a fun way for students to act as economists as well as consumers in a classroom setting. A classroom economy can help to promote an understanding of basic economics principles and it also functions as a simple behavior management system wherein students become more responsible financially.
Objective of Class Economy
With the help of a classroom economy, students will:
- Compare their classroom economy system over history and time.
- Perform classroom tasks in order to earn their daily salaries.
- Evaluate the importance of their classroom tasks along with their daily responsibilities.
- Be taught about the importance on saving money.
- Understand that every decision has an opportunity cost.
- Participate in designing their classroom economy to mirror activity in the real world.
- Learn how to make a budget of their funds and balance their bank accounts.
- Study the economic trends in their classroom economy.
- Observe the behavior of classmates as consumers to learn about the law of demand.
- Learn about how inflation works and how it affects their classroom economy.
How Students Can Earn Money
Pay from Their Class Jobs
- In the classroom management system, students can decide how much is a particular job worth, and through the system, they can establish a pay scale. Jobs can be easily divided into various listings such as popular jobs or fun jobs to encourage the kids to sign up for such tasks. Students can either be paid at the end of the day or end of the week, depending on teacher preference.
Hiring Crew Leaders
- Different students can be selected each week to serve as the Crew Leader. The job of a Crew Leader is to check each and every job to ensure that it is performed correctly. In this manner, the working students will be paid appropriately. In fact, two different Crew Leaders can be selected so that they can share the job and check against each other.
Setting up a Bank for the Class
- A trustworthy student can be designated as the Class Banker in order to serve the class. Here, the class money can be stored in a container or a box so that the students can easily save the money which is earned during the day. The banker will be in charge of paying other students in accordance to their work and ensure that this designation is rotated responsibly.
Using Class Money for Reward system
- A stack of small denominations can be kept on the desk for rewarding students for their kind deeds or good behavior. The best way to develop social skills is to reward the positive behavior of students.
Issuing Brain Bucks
The student can print or write up some Brain Bucks on a piece of paper and assign values of worth. Then, the Brain Bucks are to be stored in a stack for easy access in the class room. When a student solves some problem or a puzzle in a creative way, the teacher can praise the student and reward the student by issuing a Brain Buck. An important note is that the teacher has to make sure that the student realizes how much these Brain Bucks are worth.
Spending Money Earned By Students
It is the most important part of classroom economy. As soon as the students earn their money, they will be interested to know how to spend the money. Some of the strategies are:
Offering Special Privileges
- The teacher can help students to use their money to purchase special privileges. For instance, they can spend their money to purchase extra time on the computers.
Setting Up of a Classroom Treasure Chest
- Some common activities include collecting items from free deals, buying items using book club points or asking for donations. Many parents will be willing to donate their money or items to help stock the classroom treasure chest. The teacher can make an appropriate time-table to show when students can visit the chest. Items can be labeled with different prices and visiting charges can also be introduced.
Establishing a Class Store
- The teacher can create a class store in which items can be stored. Furthermore, the students can help to organize the store, make the price tags and determine the prices. Some students can also play the role of store-keepers while others can shop. There should be a schedule for the visiting hours of the store.
Holding Class Auctions
- The teacher can appoint a student to be the auctioneer on the day of auction while others bid on the items. As always, the item is sold to the highest bidder. The class can source for donations from former students who may enjoy participating in the auctions. Local businesses and parents can also be approached for donations or the students can contribute their items for auctions.
All in all, the classroom economy offers useful tools which are used in economic transactions in real life. For instance, students will learn about debits and credits, budgeting of their finances, and getting an in-depth understanding of demand and supply. Eventually, classroom economy will enable the teacher to inculcate the basic principles of economic decisions and provide a firm foundation for students to succeed financially in their later life.
Here are some resources on classroom economies:
- Creating a Classroom Economy
- A Thriving Classroom Economy
- The Classroom Mini Economy (PDF)
- Mrs. Hillman's Classroom Economy
- My Classroom Economy
- Classroom Economy Power Pack (PDF)
- Mrs. Renz's Classroom Economy
- Another Thriving Classroom Economy
- Lesson Plans on Economy and Finance
- Classroom Economy for Fifth Graders (PDF)