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When the shipping container was invented 50 years ago, nobody imagined it would be used for housing. Then again, no one then envisioned having to deal every year with scrapping six million of the containers, representing 10 per cent of the 60 million in worldwide circulation.
Taking what others saw as scrap metal, Victoria house designer Keith Dewey has recycled eight decommissioned containers that once held consumer goods and used them to build a home for his young family.
Dewey's inspiration for using the containers as construction material came, in part, from his formal education at the Ontario College of Art and Design, where he earned a degree in environmental design.
"The philosophy that I came away from school with was to make use of what there was at hand," says Dewey, "and there are lots of used containers floating out there."
He says that the containers, which measure six metres long, 2.4 metres wide and 2.4 metres high, can be purchased for about $2,500 each. They are easily transported by cargo ship, train or transport truck.
The initial reaction of the neighbours to the containers, which are unpainted and still bear the scratches and scars of their former life, was shock, Dewey says.
"But they soon warmed up when I explained my rationale about building with sustainable and green material choices."
The location of his house -- on an infill lot behind an existing apartment -- also speaks of Dewey's desire for finding housing solutions that will work within existing space.
Dewey still has the eight model train box cars that he bought from a hobby shop that he used to play with to come up with the final design of his house.
"I kept thinking: 'There were no precedents in designing of a house with containers -- therefore there are no rules that I can't break,'" says Dewey. "The only stipulation is that I work within a strongly defined space (of the containers)."
In the end, the eight containers were stacked two high. The roof of the containers on the upper floor were cut and reattached on arched wood beams, giving the upper living areas an extra bit of height.
The interior of the container home reveals little of its exterior. Dewey has taken pains to cut out sections of the skins of the containers -- he has re-used the cut-out panels as fence boards -- so that the house has an open, contemporary feel. The central stairwell is bordered by a chain-link fence that seems appropriate in light of the exterior treatment. The strings for the stairs are made from engineered strand lumber, which adds visual appeal.
The kitchen is unusual because there are no upper cabinets, creating an open, airy feel. A regular-sized refrigerator, which was deemed too tall, was replaced by a two-drawer compact model that fits under the counter. Its visual twin a few feet away is a compact two-drawer dishwasher.
A light, engineered quartz -composite stone serves as the kitchen's countertop. The cabinets and floor are made of bamboo. A patio door off the kitchen leads to a small balcony. Keeping with the metal theme, a chain-link fence wall surrounds a central stairwell, leaving open the views to the kitchen and the living room.
Two containers placed side-by-side, with windows and a front door cut into them, form the living room.
The upstairs master bedroom features a walk-in closet behind a bead curtain. A reclaimed claw-foot bathtub sits in an alcove in the bedroom. The room has a cheater door into the main bathroom. A second bedroom/home office completes the upper floor. Skylights in the stairwell and in the closet area bring in natural light.
On the lower level, Dewey's 13-year-old daughter's room has the same layout as the master suite two levels above. The area also houses the laundry room and a on-demand (tankless) gas furnace that does double duty, heating hot water for domestic use as well as supplying hot water for the home's in-floor heating.
Having just moved into the house in November, Dewey has not yet experienced living in a metal house during summer. He says that he took the precaution of covering the walls in spray foam insulation and strategically placed the windows to maximize cross-flow breezes. If it gets too warm, he is ready to try a ceramic-based paint that is supposed to reduce heat gain.
He estimates the finished house cost him about $180 square per foot to build, only $30 more than his initial estimate. Dewey figures some of that extra cost was due to the rising material prices that have plagued all builders in the last year. Overall, the cost is in line with building a comparable wood-frame structure.
The house is a first in Canada and has attracted worldwide attention. Dewey says that there is interest in designing containers as pre-fab shelter in case of disaster, military and affordable housing applications in South America.
For more about Keith Dewey's recycled container home, visit his website _URL_.


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Definitions for palestine liberation organization
Palestine Liberation Organization, PLO(noun)
a political movement uniting Palestinian Arabs in an effort to create an independent state of Palestine; when formed in 1964 it was a terrorist organization dominated by Yasser Arafat's al-Fatah; in 1968 Arafat became chairman; received recognition by the United Nations and by Arab states in 1974 as a government in exile; has played a largely political role since the creation of the Palestine National Authority
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"palestine liberation organization." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2013. Web. 20 Jun 2013. .

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Home > Exhibition > Content
Application of horizontal screw decanter centrifuge and its working principle and parameters
Jun 26, 2019
Horizontal screw decanter centrifugee, which may be called horizontal screw decanter centrifuge, is a specific type of centrifuge, and it is used in some industries and fields, so it needs to be familiar and understood. How to use it correctly and reasonably, to make full use of the product and avoid waste.
1. Application industry and application range of horizontal screw decanter centrifuge
Food industry: slag removal in juice production, de-soy of soy protein, dehydration of peanut protein, scouring of animal and vegetable oils, and dehydration of fishmeal and bone glue.
Petrochemical industry: grading of older soils, grading of drilled mud, clarification of sulphuric acid, clarification of coal tar, and dehydration of dyes and barium sulphate.
Environmental protection industry: industrial abrasives, wine tanks, power plant sludge, dewatering of paper mill sludge, beer industry wastewater and steel smelting wastewater treatment.
2. Working principle of horizontal screw decanter centrifuge
The working principle of the horizontal screw decanter centrifugeis specifically: when the mixed liquid to be separated enters the centrifuge drum, the solid phase particles with a larger specific gravity in the mixed liquid are deposited on the rotating drum under the action of centrifugal force. On the inner wall, the solid phase particles are scraped off and exited from the slag discharge port by a spiral blade that moves relative to the drum, and the supernatant liquid obtained after the separation flows out of the drum through the opening of the raft, thereby achieving solid-liquid separation.
In this type of centrifuge, the relative movement between the screw and the drum is realized by a differential, the outer casing of the differential is connected to the drum, the output shaft is connected to the screw, and the input shaft and the secondary motor are connected. connection. Therefore, while the main motor electric drum rotates, it also drives the rotation of the differential housing, and drives the planetary gear to operate, and transmits the torque to the spiral according to a certain ratio, so as to achieve continuous separation of materials.
3. Working parameters of horizontal screw decanter centrifuge
Horizontal screw decanter centrifuge This kind of centrifuge has corresponding working parameters, and the user can determine the appropriate parameters according to the material properties of the suspension, the liquid phase and solid phase requirements after separation, and the processing capacity of the centrifuge. The value is to ensure that the centrifuge has good use and quality of work. In the specific working parameters, there are such parameters as the processing volume, the rotating drum speed, the difference between the rotating drum and the spiral, and the diameter of the overflow plate. After determining the appropriate value, the centrifuge can have a good separation effect. _URL_


Who Invented the Ferris Wheel?
Who Invented the Ferris Wheel?
Called by other names such as the big wheel or observation wheel, Ferris wheels are usually found in theme parks and amusement centers. Within this type of non-building structure, people can sit comfortably in passenger gondolas, which are attached to the rim and are set in a huge upright wheel. Today, you can find some of the biggest structures in countries like Japan, the United States as well as Taiwan. Aside from these wonderful details, there are so many other important things to learn about it including who invented the Ferris wheel.
The Invention of the Ferris Wheel
Who invented the Ferris wheel? The American inventor named George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. designed and invented the Ferris wheel in 1893. It was made for the World's Columbian Exposition that was held in the City of Chicago in Illinois. It was then called the Chicago Wheel, which he did as part of an effort to build something quite impressive just like the Eiffel Tower in France. After this huge event, every ride of similar nature was referred to as Ferris wheel.
Additional Facts and Other Interesting Details
The Ferris wheel was the centerpiece at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. It used two steam engines, which stood at the height of 260 feet or 80 meters. After that, it became part of the Saint Louis 1904 World's Fair. Throughout history, the world has seen different kinds of massive Ferris wheels.
After the Chicago Wheel, the Great Wheel was created in 1895 as part of the Empire of India Exhibition that was held Earls Court in London, England. In 1900, the Exposition Universelle was showcased at the Grande Roue de Paris in France, which lasted only until 1937. In 1997, the Tempozan Harbor Village Ferris Wheel opened in Osaka, Japan, which had a height of 369 feet or 112.5 meters. In 1999, a much taller structure was built in the form of the Daikanransha in Odaiba, Japan. This Ferris wheel is bigger at the height of 380 feet or 115 meters.
In 2000, then-British Prime Minister Tony Blair opened the London Eye in England. The structure was very impressive, which remains as the highest in the entire Western Hemisphere. Years after that, the Star of Nanchang opened in 2006 in Jiangxi Province, China. It stands 520 feet or 160 meters tall. In 2008, the tallest Ferris wheel was established in Singapore. It was called the Singapore Flyer, with a height of 541 feet or 165 meters. Aside from these, there are other massive structures of the same nature available such as the Eurowheel in Italy, the Sky Dream Fukuoka in Japan and the Riesenrad Vienna in Austria.
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Tutorial 14: MSAS : Building the Cube Part #3
The next dimension that we need to create is the Time dimension. This is the most common dimension and inevitably forms a dimension of every cube. However, there are certain specific conditions that arise when we create the time dimension. In the Select Dimensions dialog box of the Cube Wizard we will chose time_by_day dimension table. The time dimension table is usually joined to the fact table by a time_id key.
On clicking Next we are prompted to select the type of dimension. This dialog is presented whenever the wizard senses a time or date column within the table selection provided. If there are multiple date columns, the user is given the opportunity to select the column on which to drive the date dimension. Else a drop down box defaults to a single available date column. In the current exercise we will not change the value in the drop down box but will select the time dimension radio button.
Clicking Next on the above screen will take the user to 'Create the time dimension levels' dialog box. The Wizard offers a number of date hierarchy options to the user. The beginning day, month of the year also can be specified. These settings are valuable in building cubes for organizations that follow the fiscal year.
The Wizard does not allow the user select date dimension levels. Hence the Advanced options dialog can be skipped and we click through to the Finish the Dimension wizard.
On clicking finish we will see the Time dimension added to the dimensions of the cube
The process of adding a store dimension and a customer dimension are similar to the process illustrated above. The user may go through the steps for practice and add these dimensions before proceeding to the next steps. With this we have reached the end of the process of building the cube. A fact table was selected and the dimensions were defined. The wizard has been given the inputs on where to find the values, measures that we want incorporated into the cube. Now the user must save the cube. Click Next in the above screen to proceed. The user is confronted with the message as below:
Since we want to count the fact table rows we will click Yes. The next message that will be encountered will be an error message as under:
The reason for this error message is apparent. The user has forgotten to ensure that the joins exist between the fact table and the Product and region dimension tables. This is a very common error and must be guarded against. The purpose of generating this error messages was to illustrate the most common mistake users can make while architecting the cube. This can however, be rectified manually by using the Cube Editor if matching keys are available in both tables. In the example below it is clear that there are no matching key values available and hence no direct join is possible. However, a 'bridge' table can be used to join the tables.
Let us see how we can do this. Let us first look at the sales_fact_1998 and the Region table. Go to the 'Insert Table' Icon on the tool bar as shown in the illustration. This invokes the Select Tables dialog box.
We will select Store table from the dialog box. Then we will connect the region and Store table and Click Add. The table does not close but it adds the store table to the Cube Wizard. The dialog box has to be closed by clicking Close.
Note that the Wizard has added the table to the cube and induces a join between the region table and the store table. The obvious choices are made by default, but the accuracy of the join should be examined. Here the common field is the region_id and the join is made on that
Now the join between the Store table and the Fact table needs to be established via the store_id if the Wizard has not already established it. The link can be established by dragging the store_id field in the store table to the store_id field in the sales_fact_1998 table. If a wrong join has been established by mistake, the same can be removed by clicking on it with the left mouse button to highlight it and then right clicking on it for the remove option.
Now we can exit the cube by selecting Exit in the file menu option. We are prompted to save our cube after our changes. We click Yes. We are then prompted to design storage options in the Design storage dialog. Here we have an option to save and come back later or proceed with the process of designing the storage and processing the cube

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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FGB has developed special cardan foot joints for servo-hydraulic synchronised cylinders, which supply the cylinders with hydraulic oil without hoses. This means that the cylinders are not affected by the interfering hose pulsations nor the hose drag. On the other hand, the cylinders are hindered from swinging around their piston rod axis. This also allows the inertia influence of the cylinder mass to be kept low, because the individual centres of gravity of the legs can be installed close to the pivot point of the foot joint thanks to the compact cylinder joint design. In total, this significantly improves the performance of the corresponding test bench set-ups.
- Hydraulic oil supply of the cylinders without hoses
- Not affected by the interfering hose pulsations
- Not affected by the hose dag
- Minimalization of the inertia influence of the cylinder mass
- Compact cylinder joint design
- Significantly improve performance of the test bench set-ups

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Eye on the States: Will California Abolish the Death Penalty?
With the presidential election fast approaching, California is gearing up for another landmark vote; on November 6th citizens of the Golden State will cast their ballot on Proposition 34. Known as the SAFE California Act, the proposition aims to abolish the state's death penalty and replace it with a life-sentence without the chance of parole. What makes Proposition 34 so important is that it will not only influence California's own policy, it will also set an example for the nation.
The Reform Jewish Movement has been vocal in our opposition to capital punishment. In 1959 the Union for Reform Judaism proclaimed:
We believe that in the light of modern scientific knowledge and concepts of humanity, the resort to our continuation of capital punishment either by a state or by the national government is no longer morally justifiable.
We believe there is no crime for which the taking of human life by society is justified, and that it is the obligation of society to evolve other methods in dealing with crime. We pledge ourselves to join with like-minded Americans in trying to prevent crime by removal of its causes, and to foster modern methods of rehabilitation of the wrongdoer in the spirit of the Jewish tradition of tshuva (repentance).
Proposition 34 does more than just abolish the state death penalty. One clause would require any person found guilty of murder to work while in prison, allocating their wages to victim restitution fines. Additionally, the act would create a $100 million fund that would aid law enforcement agencies in their effort to solve homicide and rape cases. Although not stipulated in the proposition, if passed, the act is predicted to save California $130 million a year because of the high costs currently incurred by capital punishment and death row.
For both practical and moral reasons, we must act to ensure the passage of the SAFE California Act. If we are to advocate for the advancement of our values, and if we are to realize our ideals it is incumbent upon us to support Proposition 34 and to encourage our friends and family in California to work toward and vote for its passage.
For more information about how you can get involved, check the official campaign website.
Image courtesy of SAFE California
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Mikey Pasek
About Mikey Pasek
Mikey Pasek is an Eisendrath Legislative Assistant. He is from Philadelphia, PA, and is a graduate of Bates College. Follow Mikey on twitter _USER_ and on the web at _URL_
3 Responses to "Eye on the States: Will California Abolish the Death Penalty?"
 1. Mikey Pasek
 Thank you all for your comments,I encourage you to look at our issue page on the Death Penalty, which provides links to organizations through which we informed our perspective at _URL_
 2. Prop. 34 proponents are perpetuating a huge FRAUD against California voters, knowing that with the millions of out-of-state dollars they can repeat their lies enough times that voters will begin to accept them. A Study by Judicial Watch concludes that Prop. 34 is "both disingenuous and deceptive." Three former CA governors and every major law enforcement group in CA OPPOSE Pro. 34.
 Pro. 34 is dangerous, will cost taxpayers more, and was poorly thought through.
 Prop. 34 will NOT save money, but instead COST TAXPAYERS BILLIONS of dollars more in additional trials, prison changes, and escalating health care costs.
 Claims that Prop. 34 will save money are based upon a paper written by a former judge who has been advocating for abolishing the death penalty for decades (biased and inaccurate). A review of these numbers by the Legislative Analyst's Office concludes that the assumptions supporting these claimed savings "may well be wrong." Michael Genest, former State Of California Finance Director, found that these "savings claims are grossly exaggerated." Also, the loss of the threat of the death penalty will substantially increase the total number of murder trials by taking away a major incentive for murderers to plead guilty.
 Prop. 34 ignores the escalating costs of medical care for life-time inmates. Prop. 34 will cost CA taxpayers billions more over the next several years. (It is these huge medical costs that are fueling the attack on life sentences under 3-strikes under Prop. 36.)
 Prop. 34 is DANGEROUS. Experts conclude that Pro. 34 will increase the number of murders in California. Criminals will be more brazen in their crimes without the death penalty. Also, there will be no deterrent for the 34,000 inmates already serving life from killing a guard or an inmate. They are already serving the maximum penalty.
 One of the key methods for "saving" money under Prop. 34 is to move death row inmates into the general population and house them from single-person cells with other inmates. One strong proponent of Prop. 34 admits this is unworkable– the risk of danger posed by mixing the prison population is too great, and would increase costs associated with such an arrangement.
 Life without parole is means they WILL GET OUT. Efforts are already being pursued by the same people supporting anti-punishment ballots and legislation to get rid of life sentences. (Human Rights Watch, Old Behind Bars, 2012.) On 9/30/12, Brown passed the first step, signing a bill to allow 309 inmates with life sentences for murder to be paroled after serving 25 years. Someone who has committed a brutal murder at age 20 could get out by age 45! Governors are also notorious for releasing inmates who should never be released. Convicted killers get out and kill again, such as Darryl Thomas Kemp, Kenneth Allen McDuff, and Bennie Demps.
 ARGUMENTS OF INNOCENCE BOGUS. Proponents can't identify one innocent person executed in CA. They can't identify one person on CA's death row who has exhausted his appeals and has a plausible claim of innocence. Quite simply, CA's appellate process, designed by the very same people promoting Prop. 34, is 100% effective in weeding out the innocent. Every person Prop. 34 proponents refer to are either non-death-penalty cases or out-of-state cases where defendants do not get the benefit of CA's appellate process.
 Don't get fooled by the bombardment of lies. See cadeathpenalty.webs. com and voteno34. org for more facts explaining why you should NOT SUPPORT Prop. 34.
 3. A jury of 12 people and a judge confirmed for each of these inmates that their crimes were so atrocious and they were so dangerous that they not only did not deserve to live, but they were so dangerous that the only safe recourse was the death penalty. Recognizing how dangerous these killers are, the prison houses them one person to a cell and does not provide them with work, leaving them locked in their cells most of the day.
 Prop. 34 wants to ignore all of this and save money by placing these killers in less-restrictive prisons where they share cells with other inmates. They also want to provide them opportunities for work, where they have more freedom, access to other inmates and guards, and more chances to manufacture weapons.
 Prop. 34 will also destroy any incentive for the 34,000 inmates already serving life without parole to kill again. There would be no death penalty under Prop. 34 and they are already serving a life sentence, so why not get a name for yourself killing another inmate or a guard?
 And they refer to Prop. 34 as the SAFE Act!
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Etiquetas (tags): agricultura
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 1. Sampling local parks, allotments and gardens in urban areas, Dr Jill Edmondson showed that the ground was significantly healthier than that of arable fields. Allotment soil had 32% more organic carbon, 36% higher carbon to nitrogen ratios, 25% higher nitr
 2. John Wesley Powell
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A limiting factor in the development of reading skills in students and an impediment to classroom management for teachers is the ability of children to read independently for significant periods of time. A valuable strategy to deal with both issues is increasing reading stamina.
Building reading stamina supports students to read for an extended time, trains muscle memory and supports an increased attention.
Teaching a procedure for independent reading enables students to read without direct supervision, enabling the teacher to work with a group (teach), or work with a student (teach, monitor or assess). Roles and responsibilities of the teacher and students can be clearly outlined for students on a T-Chart.
Both the student and teacher have responsibilities in the process. Students:
- Collect enough books
- Sit … (at my desk/on my own/etc.)
- Start reading right away
- Read the whole time
- Think about what I'm reading
Teacher responsibilities include:
That is, working with a student or working with a group.
How to build reading stamina
- Set a purpose for the reading. Explain how practice reading helps us to become better readers. Support students to make a chart which may contain some or all of the following prompts for improving reading:
- My phrasing and fluency supports meaning making and sounds like talking.
- I use the punctuation to regulate reading phrasing and fluency.
- I adapt the pitch, tone, stress and volume of my voice to match meaning.
- I problem solve quickly and efficiently.
- I self-correct if needed.
- I think about meaning.
- Teach for a procedure (above) which outlines student and teacher responsibilities.
- Start with a manageable time for all students (i.e. a time which can be achieved by all students).
- Instruct students to follow the procedure for independent reading for the designated time. Monitor.
- Gather students together. Invite discussion (paired/group/class) about the reading. Provide feedback on the application of the procedure. Troubleshoot where needed.
- Gradually extend the reading time and continue to monitor.
- Continue to share, provide feedback and troubleshoot as reading time continues to increase and reading stamina grows. Begin to gradually withdraw perceived supervision to build independence.
- When students are able to sustain the reading for the desired time, begin taking guided reading or guided reading/reciprocal teaching. Independent reading then provides another option for supporting independent learning.
Immediate benefits for students and teachers
Feedback from a teacher at one of our recent workshops demonstrates the quick and valuable gains that can be made using this strategy.
I attended your Toowoomba session last Thursday (26 April) and yesterday tried stamina reading with my 2/3 class. I did as you suggested and discussed the importance of reading and used that verse about the more you read the better you get etc, talked about what good readers do and then did the T chart 'my job your job'. I allowed them to choose 2 books – their home reader and a guided reader from their box.
When I asked the children how long they thought that they could do it for 1 child said half an hour (and he probably could have) and some others said 10 or 15 minutes. They were really confident about being able to do it. We settled on 5 minutes to start with.
It was lovely to see every head down reading for the whole time. We shared something we read with a partner at the end. After complimenting the class on their great reading with stamina I asked them if they had enjoyed it and all said they had because it was so easy to concentrate on their reading.
Thank you for this great idea for making the most of independent reading time.
Regards Donna (Donna Gray, Highfields State School, 3rd May)
Fact sheet and workshops
The Reading Stamina Fact Sheet can be downloaded and used as a guide to the implementation of Reading Stamina in the classroom. A more in-depth examination and discussion of this topic is a component of the following professional development workshops.
- Reading Stamina (online short course)
- P-3 Reading in the Australian Curriculum
- Prep Reading & Writing
Have you implemented reading stamina in your classroom / school? What was the impact? We'd love to hear your comments!


Cycle-to-cycle variations of dual-fuel combustion in an optically accessible engine
Research output: Contribution to journalArticleScientificpeer-review
Researchers
Research units
Abstract
Cyclic variations constitute an inherent consequence of the flow, thermal and concentration field variations between cycles. They are understood to lead to lower efficiency and higher emissions. The current investigation aims to evaluate the cycle-to-cycle variations (CCVs) based on 2D visualization and cylinder pressure in an optically accessible heavy-duty engine fueled with methane (main fuel) and diesel (pilot fuel). A high-speed color camera is employed to measure the combustion behavior based on natural luminosity (NL). Proper orthogonal
decomposition (POD) is applied to reconstruct and analyze the images. The POD-based coefficient of variation (COV) is implemented to evaluate the cyclic variability, along with the pressure-based and global intensity-based COV. This coefficient is then adopted to discriminate the coherent and incoherent parts from the fluctuations in the luminosity field. The POD-based and global intensity-based COV presents the variations in the luminosity field, which can provide information on chemical kinetics, while pressure-based COV provides a
general description of the cyclic fluctuation of thermodynamics. To extract more information from the NL images, the color-intensity COV analysis based on the intensity separated from RGB channels is adopted to estimate the CCVs from the aspect of spectral emissions (excited and ionized radicals in the flame). Finally, the effects of methane lambda, pilot fuel rate and charge air temperature on the CCVs were analyzed systematically. The results revealed that richer methane conditions has an inhibitive effect on the CCVs. The appearance of the CCVs were determined by the ignition characteristics of the pilot fuel. A critical point was found in charge air temperature, when the charge air temperature lower than the critical point, the increase of the charge air temperature has a promotive effect on the CCVs; after that, it has an inhibitive effect on the CCVs.
Details
Original languageEnglish
Article number113611
Number of pages19
JournalApplied Energy
Volume254
Publication statusPublished - 2 Aug 2019
MoE publication typeA1 Journal article-refereed
 Research areas
 - Cycle-to-cycle variations, Dual fuel engine, Optically accessible engine, Natural luminosity, POD
ID: 36596813


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Origin of the Term Layman
Today I found out the origin of the term layman.
The term layman has today come to mean "a person who does not belong to a particular profession or who is not expert in some field." It also has a somewhat less commonly known meaning of "a person who is not a member of the clergy", which is its original definition. Layman derived from the two existing words "lay" (from the Old French "lai", meaning "secular") and "man", hence the "non-cleric" meaning.
The term layman popped up around the 15th century and within about 100 years the term laywoman also became common. In both cases, outside the non-cleric definition, they first particularly seemed to refer to people who were not specifically accredited in medicine or law, with the definition broadening from there to include any non-expert in a certain field.
The term "laity" has a similar origin as layman, deriving from the Middle English "laite", which in turn derives from the French word of the same spelling. The French word "laite" comes from the Latin "laicus", and finally from the Greek "laikos", meaning "of the people" or "common" ("laos" meaning "people").
The exact definition of laity varies slightly based on what religious sect one consults, but in general this word just means people who are not ordained, but belong to a certain religious group. So, for example, in the Catholic Lumen Gentium, laity is defined as follows:
The term laity is here understood to mean all the faithful except those in holy orders and those in the state of religious life specially approved by the Church. These faithful are by baptism made one body with Christ and are constituted among the People of God; they are in their own way made sharers in the priestly, prophetical, and kingly functions of Christ; and they carry out for their own part the mission of the whole Christian people in the Church and in the world.
Interestingly, the word 'man' was originally gender neutral, coming to eventually mean the same as the modern day word "person", though originally was more accurately defined as "the thinker." In addition to that, the word "men" used to just mean "to think" or "to have a cognitive mind" and was also considered to be completely gender neutral. It wasn't until about a thousand years ago that the words man and men started to refer to a specific gender (males) and it wasn't until the late 20th century that it was almost exclusively used to refer to males.
- Before "man" meant a male, the word "wer" or "wǣpmann" was commonly used to refer to "male human". This word almost completely died out around the 1300s, but survives somewhat in words like "werewolf", which literally means "man wolf".
- Women at that time were referred to as "wif" or "wīfmann", meaning "female human". The latter "wifmann", eventually evolved into the word "woman" and retained its original meaning. The word "wif" eventually evolved into "wife", with its meaning obviously being changed slightly.
- One interesting convention that was thought up in the early 1900s to deal with this issue of "man" coming to mean both male and female and also sometimes meaning males exclusively is, in literature, to do the following: when referring to all humans, "man" should be capitalized as in "Man"; when referring to "man" as in "male", it is to be left lower case. This convention was used in such literary works as "The Lord of the Rings" and was a key point in the prophecy concerning the Witch-king of Angmar: "no man can kill me", meaning that according to the prophecy, a woman, Eowyn, could kill him because "man" in the prophecy was not capitalized.
- The surname of "layman" (though not actually spelled like that) actually predated the "layman" term as we think of it today by about 600 years. This name originally came through the Old English "leah", meaning "a glade", with "mann", meaning more or less "a person responsible for something". Thus leahmann, layman, leyman, lyman, etc. would mean "a person who cares for a glade."
- In some religious sects, a lay priest once referred to someone who is a priest, but is not ordained in any specific order. In Buddhism, however, a lay monk or lay priest was once considered to be someone who was a Buddhist monk, but did not live in a monastery, rather, lived among the people.
- The term "layperson" didn't come about until the 1970s, as an alternate explicitly gender neutral version of layman or laywoman.
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For many people with natural hair, finding the right tools and products to maintain healthy and defined curls can be a daunting task. One tool that has gained popularity in recent years is the hair sponge. This small, round tool is designed to help define curls and coils while providing a natural and effortless look. In this blog post, we'll explore the benefits of using a hair sponge for natural hair, from its versatility to its ease of use.
What is a Hair Sponge?
A hair sponge is a small, circular tool made of foam or rubber with a textured surface. The surface of the sponge is designed to mimic the look of natural hair coils and curls, providing an easy way to define and enhance curls. The sponge is used by rubbing it in a circular motion on damp hair to create defined and textured curls.
One of the key benefits of using a hair sponge is its versatility. It can be used on a variety of hair types, from tightly coiled to looser curls. The sponge can also be used to create different looks, from a more natural, subtle curl to a more defined and structured curl pattern. This versatility makes it an excellent tool for anyone looking to experiment with different styles or maintain a consistent look.
Ease of Use
Another benefit of using a hair sponge is its ease of use. Unlike other styling tools that require a lot of time and effort, the hair sponge can be used quickly and easily. All you need is damp hair, a hair sponge, and a few minutes to create defined and textured curls. The process is also gentle on hair, making it a great option for those who are concerned about damaging their hair.
The textured surface of the hair sponge is designed to enhance the natural texture of hair. By rubbing the sponge in a circular motion on damp hair, you can create defined curls and coils that look natural and effortless. This texture enhancement is especially beneficial for those with tightly coiled or kinky hair, as it can help to define and enhance the natural curl pattern.
Another benefit of using a hair sponge is its low maintenance. Unlike other styling tools that require a lot of maintenance and upkeep, the hair sponge is easy to clean and can be used multiple times without needing to be replaced. It is also a cost-effective option, as it is typically less expensive than other styling tools and can be used for an extended period.
No Heat Required
Using a hair sponge does not require any heat, making it a great option for those who want to avoid heat damage. Heat damage can cause hair to become brittle and break, leading to split ends and other issues. By using a hair sponge, you can achieve a defined and textured curl pattern without the use of heat, helping to keep your hair healthy and strong.
Great for Styling Short Hair
Hair sponges are also great for styling short hair. Short hair can be difficult to style and maintain, but the hair sponge provides an easy and efficient way to create a defined and textured look. Whether you're going for a subtle or bold style, the hair sponge can help you achieve the look you want.
Perfect for Wash and Go Styles
Wash and go styles are a popular option for those with natural hair, and the hair sponge is a great tool for achieving this look. By using the sponge on damp hair, you can create defined curls and coils that will last all day. The hair sponge is also a great option for refreshing wash and go styles between washes.
The hair sponge is a versatile and easy-to-use tool that provides a variety of benefits for those with natural hair. From its texture enhancement to its low maintenance, the hair sponge is an excellent option for anyone looking to define and enhance their natural curl pattern. Whether you have tightly coiled hair or looser curls, the hair sponge can help you achieve the look you want with minimal effort and without the need for heat.
While there are many benefits to using a hair sponge, it's important to remember that it is just one tool in a larger hair care routine. It's important to use the right products and techniques to keep your hair healthy and strong, and to consult with a professional if you have any concerns or questions about your hair care routine.
Overall, the hair sponge is a great addition to any natural hair care routine. Its versatility, ease of use, and ability to enhance natural texture make it an excellent tool for anyone looking to maintain healthy and defined curls. So if you're looking for a simple and effective way to enhance your natural curls, consider giving a hair sponge a try!


text:
The Impossible Library
The story of a book begins on its cover. A single image aims to condense the universe created by a writer. A cover can be enigmatic, sober, strident, sophisticated, austere, disturbing, excessive. The cover is a letter of introduction of a book and a promise of what it holds inside.
"The Impossible Library" brings together a series of covers for a fictional novel based on the project "Once upon a time a traveler" inspired by the designs of various collections of contemporary literature books from publishers that are already part of the collective imagination of readers. These covers are promises that will never be fulfilled.
Note: This work is intended as nothing more than a small wink to the publishing world, and I hope it is understood as such.
Illustration credits: Vickih Jihadiqiswah (Males Herbes), Davro Ave (Contraseña), Adrian Ezio (Xordica) and Antoine de Saint-Exupéry/AI Tool (Gallimard)
A book unwritten is more than a void. It accompanies the work one has done like an active shadow, both ironic and sorrowful. It is one of the lives we could have lived, one of the journeys we did not take.
– George Steiner, "My unwritten books"


Arran Trail Map Thumbnail
06. Brodick Castle
06. Brodick Castle
06. Brodick Castle
Artists who worked here:
6. Brodick Castle / Caisteal Bhreadhaig
Listen to Gaelic translation
06. Brodick Castle
Brodick Castle, a former seat of the Dukes of Hamilton, and now owned by the National Trust for Scotland, has a long history which stretches back to the 5th century.
Sitting in extensive gardens, The distinctive castle we see today is largely the work of architect James Gillespie Graham (_PHONE_) who extensively remodelled the building in the Scottish Baronial style in 1844 for the 11th Duke William Hamilton (_PHONE_) and his new wife Princess Marie Amelie of Baden (_PHONE_).
The story of the 11th Duke, his wife, and the artist George Hering are forever intertwined, and in our placemarker we celebrate the contribution of the Hering family to the Isle of Arran.
Featured Artist
Hering, George Edwards
Born in London, George Edwards Hering (1805 - 1879) was an English artist primarily known for his landscape paintings. The son of a German craftsman, Hering trained at the Munich Art School, later embarking on a 'Grand Tour' through Italy, Greece, Transylvania and Romania.
On his return to London in 1838 he would publish a selection of sketches made on this trip. It was however the Italian landscape which would become the main focus on his work. A regular exhibitor at the Royal Academy, one painting, Amalfi, was acquired by Prince Albert in 1841.
A regular visitor to Arran, Ormidale house was built as a summer house for the now wealthy artist and his wife. In 1846, having lost their first only child at the age of six, the Herings were persuaded to adopt a daughter, Marion, the illegitimate child of the Duke of Hamilton and a local girl.
Hering would go on to paint a series of important landscapes of the island, with his 'View of Brodick Bay'(1857) now hanging in the castle, and his romantic depiction of Machrie Moor'Druidical monuments at dawn in the Isle of Arran' of 1871 is currently on view at the National Gallery of Victoria in Australia. He would die in London in 1879, and is buried at Highgate cemetery.
His daughter Marion, who having moved to London from Arran at age 4, would sometimes use the name Jeanie Hering in honour of her adoptive father. She would go on to become a sucessful author of children's books and plays under this pseudonym, some of which were later performed at the Strand.
Marion would later marry the celebrated sculptor John Adams-Acton, and both would encourage artists such as Sir Noel Paton, poets such as Robert Browning, and writers such as Lewis Carroll to visit their summer home on the Arran, making it a fashionable destination for middle class audiences.


text:
Light-emitting T-shirts come closer to realityMay 6th, 2009 - 1:51 pm ICT by ANI
London, May 6 (ANI): Light-emitting T-shirts may soon come to be used for electronic displays, thanks to a new Japanese screen-printing method of depositing a luminescent gel onto any surface, including paper and fabric.
Researchers at Dai Nippon Printing in Tokyo, who have made this advance, have revealed that the gel consists of a ruthenium compound that emits a bright light when a voltage is applied to it, along with an electrolyte and silica nanoparticles.
The electrolyte is a liquid salt, an ionic liquid that does not easily evaporate. It also prevents the ink from degrading, allowing displays to be printed onto surfaces without the need for a protective coating.
What makes this ink suitable for use with textiles is the fact that it will not wash off in water, say the researchers.
According to them, the silica nanoparticles blend with the light-emitting liquid to form a gel, allowing it to be printed onto different surfaces in discrete blobs, to form pixels.
Presently, the ink emits only reddish hues, reports New Scientist magazine.
The researchers, however, are trying to incorporate other metal compounds into their technique so as to emit green and blue light, which will eventually give them the whole spectrum.
Since the screen-printing technique currently allows only rough pixels to be generated, the images produced currently are fuzzy.
The researchers say that they are working on techniques to deposit the gel onto surfaces using an ink-jet printer, which would allow them to create smaller pixels and hence higher resolution at costs lower than those involved in lithographic techniques.
The company hopes to market the technology within five years.
It believes that its technique may pave the way for light-emitting posters, clothing, flexible displays, and new lighting applications. (ANI)
- Innovative method prints colours without inks - Aug 13, 2012
- Nano-lasers to light future homes - Jun 30, 2010
- Now, quantum dot display for sharper flexible TV screen images - Feb 21, 2011
- Raman effect makes cancer detection possible - Apr 21, 2011
- 'Chameleon' technology that could make tanks look like a cow! - Jan 20, 2011
- Growing nanolasers on silicon paves way for on-chip photonics - Feb 07, 2011
- Ultrathin silicon substitute to revolutionize future electronics - Nov 23, 2010
- New kind of optical fiber paves way for improved surgical and medical lasers - Feb 26, 2011
- Bacteria-killing paper for next-generation food packaging - Feb 20, 2011
- Magic ink to revolutionise full-colour printing - Aug 26, 2009
- New method to create field-effect transistors - May 26, 2010
- Green LED TVs and computers 'a step closer to reality' - Apr 26, 2011
- Polymer synthesis to pave way for more energy-efficient electronics - Jul 20, 2010
- Scientists build microbatteries with nanowire hearts - Dec 10, 2010
- New technique that makes LEDs more efficient developed - Jan 26, 2011
Tags: blobs, dai nippon printing, electrolyte, electronic displays, flexible displays, ink jet printer, ionic liquid, japanese screen, lighting applications, lithographic techniques, metal compounds, new lighting, new scientist magazine, nippon, printing method, printing technique, reddish hues, ruthenium, screen printing, silica


Utility determines what runs automatically at startup
With Windows there isn't one central location where programs can be triggered to run automatically at startup or login. A utility called Autoruns solves this dilemma.
One common complaint about Windows is that there is no one central location where programs can be triggered to...
run automatically at startup or login.
To be fair, this complexity is unavoidable because of the number of things that depend in some way on a startup process: the shell, the user login, the system's auto-started services and programs that need to run after login to complete an installation process. Most of the programs that have allowed a user to explore what's started automatically by the system have been limited to a few Registry locations, but don't really cover the whole picture.
Now we have Autoruns, a utility courtesy of the geniuses at Sysinternals, Mark Russinovich and Bryce Cogswell. Autoruns scans all of the locations within the system Registry that contain information about programs started automatically at boot or login, and returns them all in a comprehensive, interactive and tab-organized report. The reports list Registry entries as well as paths to the executable image (if any) referred to in that entry.
Here's a quick overview of the categories Autoruns covers:
Logon: Everything that runs when the current user logs in, including the shell itself (typically explorer.exe).
Services: All automatically started system services, including whatever summary information is available about that service.
Explorer: Extensions loaded into Explorer itself, which includes shell extensions. If you hide all Microsoft-signed extensions (one of the program's options), you can see a list of all third-party shell add-ons -- useful for debugging problems with Explorer that can arise if a troublesome shell extension is installed and never removed correctly.
Internet Explorer: Extensions loaded by IE. If you hide all Microsoft-signed code, you can use this list to determine if an allegedly removed third-party add-on is still present in IE and causing problems -- or if there are third-party add-ons you never authorized to be installed.
Scheduled Tasks: Any programs set by the Task Scheduler.
Boot Execute: Executables that run during early in the boot process, such as disk checking tools.
Image Hijacks: A very esoteric and powerful category of auto-run. The HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options key in the Registry allows you to provide custom execution options for specific program images; I wrote previously about some really amazing things you can do with this particular key, such as block some applications from running at all.
AppInit: DLLs registered with the system that load with all processes.
KnownDLLs: DLLs registered with the system as described in Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 164501; also used to disambiguate 16- and 32-bit editions of DLLs.
Winlogon: All tasks run at Windows logon, regardless of the user.
Winsock Providers: All network protocols loaded by the system. Some malicious software programs like to install their own network components here, so browsing this list can be useful if you suspect you've been infected by such a program.
Right-clicking on any entry will let you launch a Google search on that item, as well as look for a corresponding image name in Sysinternal's excellent Process Explorer. There's also a command-line version in addition to the GUI version, which can generate text reports, and the program runs on both 32- and 64-bit editions of Windows.
Serdar Yegulalp is editor of the Windows Power Users Newsletter. Check it out for the latest advice and musings on the world of Windows network administrators -- and please share your thoughts as well!
This was first published in August 2005
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CakeFest 2017 NYC, the Official CakePHP Conference
DOMDocument::saveHTML
(PHP 5, PHP 7)
DOMDocument::saveHTML Dumps the internal document into a string using HTML formatting
Descrierea
public string DOMDocument::saveHTML ([ DOMNode $node = NULL ] )
Creates an HTML document from the DOM representation. This function is usually called after building a new dom document from scratch as in the example below.
Parametri
node
Optional parameter to output a subset of the document.
Valorile întoarse
Returns the HTML, or FALSE if an error occurred.
Istoricul schimbărilor
Versiune Descriere
5.3.6 The node parameter was added.
Exemple
Example #1 Saving a HTML tree into a string
<?php
$doc
= new DOMDocument('1.0');
$root $doc->createElement('html');
$root $doc->appendChild($root);
$head $doc->createElement('head');
$head $root->appendChild($head);
$title $doc->createElement('title');
$title $head->appendChild($title);
$text $doc->createTextNode('This is the title');
$text $title->appendChild($text);
echo
$doc->saveHTML();
?>
A se vedea și
add a note add a note
User Contributed Notes 16 notes
up
6
tomas dot strejcek at ghn dot cz
6 months ago
As of PHP 5.4 and Libxml 2.6, there is currently simpler approach:
when you load html as this
$html->loadHTML($content, LIBXML_HTML_NOIMPLIED | LIBXML_HTML_NODEFDTD);
in the output, there will be no doctype, html or body tags
up
18
m at hbblogs daught calm
8 years ago
This method, as of 5.2.6, will automatically add  and <!DOCTYPE> tags to the document if they are missing, without asking whether you want them. In my application, I needed to use the DOM methods to manipulate just a fragment of html, so these tags were rather unhelpful.
Here's a simple hack to remove them in case, like me, all you wanted to do was perform a few operations on an HTML fragment.
$html_fragment = preg_replace('/^<!DOCTYPE.+?>/', '', str_replace( array('', '', '', ''), array('', '', '', ''), $dom->saveHTML()));
up
7
alvaro at demogracia dot com
5 years ago
Since PHP/5.3.6, DOMDocument->saveHTML() accepts an optional DOMNode parameter similarly to DOMDocument->saveXML():
_URL_
up
10
Bart Feenstra
8 years ago
I am using this solution to prevent tags and the doctype from being added to the HTML string automatically:
<?php
$html
= '
Hello world!
';
$html = '
' . $html . '
';
$doc = new DOMDocument;
$doc->loadHTML($html);
echo
substr($doc->saveXML($doc->getElementsByTagName('div')->item(0)), 5, -6)
// Outputs: "
Hello world!
"
?>
up
1
tyson at clugg dot net
11 years ago
<?php
// Using DOM to fix sloppy HTML.
// An example by Tyson Clugg <_EMAIL_>
//
// vim: syntax=php expandtab tabstop=2
function tidyHTML($buffer)
{

// load our document into a DOM object

$dom = @DOMDocument::loadHTML($buffer);

// we want nice output

$dom->formatOutput = true;
 return(
$dom->saveHTML());
}
// start output buffering, using our nice
// callback funtion to format the output.
ob_start("tidyHTML");
?>

It's like comparing apples to oranges.

<?php
// this will be called implicitly, but we'll
// call it manually to illustrate the point.
ob_end_flush();
?>
The above code takes out sloppy HTML:

It's like comparing apples to oranges.

And cleans it up to the following:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "_URL_

It's like comparing apples to oranges.

up
0
contact at cathexis dot de
5 months ago
If you load HTML from a string ensure the charset is set.
<?php
...
$html_src = '<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">';
$html_src .= '...';
...
?>
Otherwise the charset will be ISO-8859-1!
up
0
Anonymous
1 year ago
To solve the script tag problem just add an empty text node to the script node and DOMDocument will render  nicely.
up
0
RiKdnUA at mail dot ru
1 year ago
Tested in PHP 5.2.9-2 and PHP 5.2.17.
saveHTML() игнорирует свойство DOMDocument->encoding. Метод saveHTML() сохраняет html-документ в кодировке, которая указана в теге <meta> исходного (загруженного) html-документа.
saveHTML() ignores property DOMDocument->encoding. Method saveHTML() saves the html-document encoding, which is specified in the tag <meta> source (downloaded) html-document.
Example:
file.html. Кодировка файла должна совпадать с указанной в теге <meta>. The encoding of the file must match the specified tag <meta>.

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1251">
<title>Russian language</title>
Русский язык
<?php
error_reporting
(-1);
$document=new domDocument('1.0', 'UTF-8');
$document->preserveWhiteSpace=false;
$document->loadHTMLFile('file.html');
$document->formatOutput=true;
$document->encoding='UTF-8';
$htm=$document->saveHTML();
echo
"Записано байт. Recorded bytes: ".file_put_contents('file_new.html', $htm);
?>
file_new.html будет в кодировке Windows-1251 (НЕ в UTF-8).
file_new.html will be encoded in Windows-1251 (not in UTF-8).
saveHTML() и file_put_contents() позволяют преодолеть недостаток метода saveHTMLFile().
Смотрите мой комментарий к методу saveHTMLFile().
saveHTML() and file_put_contents() allows you to overcome the lack of a method saveHTMLFile().
See my comment on the method saveHTMLFile().
_URL_
up
0
Anonymous
7 years ago
If you want a simpler


Ghana policy dialogue between AGRA and small scale farmers
10 May 2012 | Downloads - publication
0 CommentairesWrite a comment
The report, published by IIED, covers the recent history and impact of citizens' juries in the area of democratising agricultural research and covers the topics discussed, including priorities for plant breeding and seed selection, options for managing soil fertility, priorities for developing markets and policies needed to transform Africa's agriculture.
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Une vue aérienne d'écosystèmes d'Afrique centrale et occidentale


The Life of a Programmer
Breaking the type tree with modifiers
A language's type hierarchy is formed with both linking and attributes. But what if a uniform hierarchy is not the correct way to represent a type? In Leaf I'm about to refactor the type system to do exactly that: split up the type tree. Compared to C++ I have more fundamental type modifiers and conversion rules which make a simple tree hard to use (which is not to imply C++ compilers get away with using simple type trees).
To recall, in my previous article I used the 'integer' and 'pointer' types to demonstrate this. The 'integer' has an attribute 'size' whereas the pointer is a linking type which forms a simple list.
[sourcecode]
class type_integer : type {
int size;
}
class type_pointer : type {
type * sub;
}
[/sourcecode]
A tuple has multiple links and thus forms a full tree, but for this article a simple attribute and list-like type are enough.
What about 'const'?
'const' is the first type keyword which puts a slight wrinkle in the tree system. Is it a tree construct like a pointer, or is an attribute, like size is for an integer. Either way it could apply to all other types. Here's what those two approaches look like.
[sourcecode]
//as a tree-type
class type_const : type {
type * sub;
}
//as an attribute we modify the base type
class type {
bool const;
}
[/sourcecode]
Problems with the tree approach
The first problem with the approach is that it allows you to create types which aren't actually possible in the language. Since 'sub' can be anything it could actually be a another 'type_const'. This would allow the type tree to contain types like 'const->const->const->integer'. From a compiler's perspective this becomes an issue since you have to decide whether these are real types, or are simply errors in the system. In the modifier approach this cannot happen: the type tree cannot represent unreal types.
The second problem is with conversion. In C++ a 'const' value can be copied just like a normal value. The 'const' modifier plays no role in the ability to copy the value. In the compiler however you now have to deal with this in two manners. If you wish to copy you must first check if the type is 'const', then strip that off to get to the underlying type. In the attribute approach we always immediately have the true type and can simply ignore the 'const' modifier.
Key problem with the attribute approach
There is a problem with producing new types. Say you already have a type object and merely wish to create the 'const' form of that type. In the tree-approach you'd simply create a new 'type_const' and link to the existing type. In the modifier approach however you need clone the type and then set the 'const' modifier. At first this may not seem so bad, and it's the way my Leaf compiler currently works.
But it leads to a big problem, the one I'm trying to solve. The moment you clone a type you end up with a second unrelated type. For fundamentals like 'integer', and even anonymous 'tuple' types this isn't an issue. The moment you introduce named types, as created by a user, you get a problem. Say the user creates a tuple type called 'point'. Then later they want a 'const point'. In the modifer approach those two types are unrelated as you cloned one to create the other. This becomes problematic when matching types. There's no longer an easy way to know that a 'const point' can be copied to produce a 'point' value.
Splitting the tree
The downside of the attribute approach may seem overwhelming and drive one towards the tree approach. In Leaf however the problem gets more complex. Beyond just a simple 'const' modifier, I have several other core attributes, such as 'optional' and 'shared'. There are also several implicit types like 'lvalue' and 'rvalue' (which C++ also has to deal with). Trying to handle these in a tree is extremely troublesome for type conversion. The modifiers cannot form chains and need to be visible as a set, not one at a time. Consider the following Leaf variable.
[sourcecode]
alias type_a : optional shared integer;
[/sourcecode]
Logically forms a proper tree: 'optional->shared->integer'. The other order 'shared->optional->integer' is simply not possible in Leaf. During conversion however, 'optional' and 'shared' have both individual and combined rules. In the tree-form it's too hard to figure out which attributes have actually been applied.
Note that the chain form is used when I lower the code to Leaf IR (the simplified language between high-level Leaf and the back-end, LLVM at the moment). At the lower levels the attributes become somewhat problematic to use, so I take the chained approach. Again here however it makes type-collapsing/combining optimizations a bit more difficult.
Neither approach is ideal, perhaps a combined approach makes sense. Basically I retain the tree, but instead of linking directly to other types they all use a reference intermediate. The top-level of any tree then also starts with this reference.
[sourcecode]
class reference {
bool optional;
bool shared;
bool const;
type * underlying;
}
//now a compound type uses the references instead of the direct type, for example a 2-tuple would be
class type_2tuple : type {
reference first;
reference second;
}
[/sourcecode]
The 'type' hierarchy is now a bare hierarchy which tracks the "true" object type ignoring any storage, access, and other modifiers. I think this will work, but I'm not absolutely positive. I am however certain that the current approach is failing and I need to try something else.
Followup
I've converted Leaf to the proposed system. Generally it works well and my code is greatly simplified. A large advantage is that the type-tree is now immutable (post-construction) and thus compound types really share their sub-part types (through a type reference of course).
Perhaps the biggest problem is that it makes it easy to forget about the modifiers. Numerous times I would just check for a given fundamental type. My tests would also work since they are written only for the feature I'm adding. The moment I add some modifiers to the test, it breaks. For example, a function takes a 3-tuple parameter and I am trying to pass an optional 3-tuple. Originally the conversion code just checked the tuple part and forgot about the optional bit. The lower Leaf-IR layer then produces an error since it generates type-incompatible instructions.
A bigger problem is perhaps the 'const' modifier, especially when dealing with lvalues. Does the 'const' apply to the variable, or to the underlying dereferenced value? I haven't thought more about this as I haven't implemented 'const' yet. I will also be implementing a 'readonly' modifier and need the system to be consistent. It's easy enough to have both 'pre' and 'post' variants, but then the syntax might become ambiguous.


text: Axonal protein synthesis and degradation are rapidly regulated by extrinsic signals during neural wiring, but the full landscape of proteomic changes remains unknown due to limitations in axon sampling and sensitivity. By combining pulsed stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture with single-pot solid-phase-enhanced sample preparation, we characterized the nascent proteome of isolated retinal axons on an unparalleled rapid timescale (5 min). Our analysis detects 350 basally translated axonal proteins on average, including several linked to neurological disease. Axons stimulated by different cues (Netrin-1, BDNF, Sema3A) show distinct signatures with more than 100 different nascent protein species up- or downregulated within the first 5 min followed by further dynamic remodeling. Switching repulsion to attraction triggers opposite regulation of a subset of common nascent proteins. Our findings thus reveal the rapid remodeling of the axonal proteomic landscape by extrinsic cues and uncover a logic underlying attraction versus repulsion.


text:
The global non-thermal pasteurization market was valued at USD 1,045.3 million in 2018 and is expected to reach USD 3,266.2 million in 2026, growing at a CAGR of 15.1% during the forecast period.
Non-thermal processing technology (NTP) is progressively being used at a fast pace in the food sector. The use of less heat in this technology offers various advantages such as the sensory and nutritional properties remaining unaffected, which helps in providing better quality products compared to traditional handling techniques. Many R&D operations have been conducted to improve the process to make it better for various food applications. In 2018, companies such as Bosh has introduced an advanced ultrasonic cutting technology for better packaging of food products. This latest technology exposes the products to lower stress and pressure, preserving their quality.
Get a Sample Copy of Report @ _URL_
Factors such as the growth in consumption of convenience foods, government investment in food processing machinery & equipment are boosting the growth of the global Non-Thermal Pasteurization market. This helps to decrease food processing time and energy consumption compared to traditional thermal techniques. These are expected to influence the innovations in the market to further enhance the market growth of non-thermal pasteurization, globally. Moreover, the massive change in the lifestyle of today's millennial and growing production in developing countries are expected to enhance the market size. This also expected to open investment opportunities in the global market for the manufacturers in the coming years.
However, high capital cost affects product prices that are expected to hamper the growth of the non-thermal pasteurization industry. On the other hand, the growing use of high-pressure processing (HPP) toll processors and increasing government investment in establishing food processing may also provide a profitable chance for market players in the near future.


text:
Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
In archaeology, a grinding slab is a ground stone artifact generally used to grind plant materials into usable size, though some were used to shape other ground stone artifacts. Some grinding stones are portable; others are not and, in fact, may be part of a stone outcropping. Grinding slabs used for plant processing typically acted as a coarse surface against which plant materials were ground using a portable hand stone, or mano. Portable grinding slabs are referred to as metates or querns. Like all ground stone artifacts, grinding slabs are made of large-grained materials such as granite, basalt, or similar tool stones.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


You asked: What colleges have the most diversity?
What is considered a diverse college?
Diversity often means race, ethnicity or tribal affiliation, but also extends well beyond those factors to sexual identity and orientation, income level, first-generation status, cultural background and gender. But depending on what a college needs or wants in a class, that term can extend even further.
What is the most diverse school in the United States?
Clark Middle School Most Diverse School in America. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Anchorage is about 67 percent white, 8 percent Asian or Pacific Islander, 7 percent Native, 6.8 percent multiracial, 6.7 percent Latino and 4.2 percent black.
Which Ivy League is the most diverse?
Cornell University is one of two Ivy League schools to rank among the most diverse colleges in the country, along with Columbia University.
What college has the highest percentage of black students?
Colleges with the Highest Percentage of Black, Non-Hispanic…
 - Spelman College (Atlanta, GA): 97.05%
 - Morris College (Sumter, SC): 94.92%
 - Morehouse College (Atlanta, GA): 94.29%
IT IS INTERESTING: Do colleges check social media?
What college has the lowest diversity rate?
Washington, founder of what is now Tuskegee University. Beth Medrash Govoha ranks as the least diverse primarily bachelor's school in the United States. The odds that two students chosen at random would have a different ethnic or racial background or differ in U.S. citizenship status are only 6.1%.
What diversity can I bring to a college?
Your identity can include any of the following: gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, disability, religion, non-traditional work experience, non-traditional educational background, multicultural background, and family's educational level. Any or all of these could be unique.
Which is the hardest UC to get into?
Hardest UC Schools to Get Into
What state has the most diverse schools?
Based upon our data, the 10 states with the most diverse public schools are:
 - Florida.
 - Nevada.
 - Maryland.
 - New York.
 - Illinois.
 - New Jersey.
 - Alaska.
 - California.
What are the best colleges for black students?
For our analysis, we compared colleges' graduation rates specifically for black students.
 1. Princeton University. Princeton, N.J. …
 2. Harvard University. …
 3. Duke University. …
 4. Cornell University. …
 5. Florida Agricultural. …
 6. Spelman College. …
 7. University. …
 8. Yale University.
What is the least diverse ivy?
These numbers represent 1,597 out of 4,307 students and 108 out of 734 faculty, respectively, making Dartmouth the least diverse schools in the Ivy League.
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What is the easiest Ivy League to get into?
What percentage of Ivy League is black?
The ethnic and racial construction of the University is diverse. The African-American signify as 5.6 percent of the population with Asian-American at 13.9 percent, followed by Hispanic/Latino at 9.4 percent, Native American at a meager amount of 0.324 percent, and lastly Whites at the highest occupancy of 44.3 percent.
What school has the most black people?
North Carolina A&T State University is the largest HBCU in the nation.
What is the largest black college?
North Carolina A&T State University was established in 1891. Established as the Agricultural and Mechanical College for the Colored Race in 1891, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University is the largest HBCU by enrollment and the largest among all agriculture-based HBCU colleges.
Which state has most black colleges?
Students area


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Pangaea – geology training for space exploration
- Video Online only
- Title Pangaea – geology training for space exploration
- Released: 03/09/2018
- Length 00:03:21
- Language English
- Footage Type Music Clip
- Copyright ESA
ESA's Pangaea training course prepares astronauts and space engineers to identify planetary geological features during future missions to the Moon, Mars and asteroids.
The Pangaea campaign – named after the ancient supercontinent – provides the crew with introductory and practical knowledge to find interesting rock samples and assess the most likely places to find traces of life on other planets. Leading European planetary geologists share their insights into the geology of the Solar System.
Theoretical work is followed by field trips to the Ries impact crater in Germany, the sedimentary environment of Geopark Bletterbach in the Italian Dolomites and the volcanic landscapes of the Geopark of Lanzarote, Spain.
Pangaea is the first step in preparing European astronauts to become planetary explorers on missions to other planets, allowing them to effectively communicate with science advisors on Earth.
Through Pangaea, Europe is also developing operational concepts for surface missions where astronauts and robots work together, among themselves and with scientists and engineers on Earth, using the best field geology and planetary observation techniques.
Credits: Film director, video shooting and editing: Sirio Sechi


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Superficial foreign body in the ankle is caused by the penetration of an object such as a nail, splinter, or needle into the skin.
The diagnosis of a superficial foreign body in the ankle is typically made based on the patient's history and physical examination. The physical exam may reveal a puncture wound, swelling, redness, and pain in the affected area.
The differential diagnosis for a superficial foreign body in the ankle includes cellulitis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and gout.
Treatment of a superficial foreign body in the ankle typically involves removing the object, cleaning the area, and providing appropriate wound care. In some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent infection.
With proper treatment, the prognosis for a superficial foreign body in the ankle is usually good. In some cases, the area may be left with a scar.


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How to find an initial guess for an optimization
Nonlinear optimization routines enable you to find the values of variables that optimize an objective function of those variables. When you use a numerical optimization routine, you need to provide an initial guess, often called a "starting point" for the algorithm. Optimization routines iteratively improve the initial guess in an attempt to converge to an optimal solution. Consequently, the choice of a starting point determines how quickly the algorithm converges to a solution and—for functions with multiple local extrema—to which optimum the algorithm converges.
But how can you produce a "good" starting point for multivariate functions? Some analysts use a constant vector, such as a vector of all 0s or a vector of all 1s. Although this practice is widespread, this default initial guess might not converge to a global extremum. You can usually do better by choosing a starting point that is based on a few easy evaluations of the objective function.
I recently described how to use the EXPANDGRID function in SAS/IML software to construct a set of ordered k-tuples that are arranged on a uniformly spaced grid. By evaluating a function on a grid, you can visualize the function and determine a starting point for an optimization algorithm. This "evaluate on a grid" technique is sometimes called a "pre-search" technique. This article shows how to choose an initial guess when there are no constraints on the parameters of the objective function ("unconstrained optimization").
Defining objective functions in SAS/IML
To use the pre-search technique, you should write your objective function so that you can pass in a matrix. The columns of the matrix are the variables in the equation for the objective function. Each row of the matrix is a point at which to evaluate the function.
The NLP routines in SAS/IML will work even if your objective function evaluates only scalar values, but the pre-search technique is much more efficient if you write a vectorized function. To vectorize a function, use the elementwise multiplication operator (#) in your formulas. For example, if your objective function is g(x,y) = x2 + x*y + y2, define the following SAS/IML function:
proc iml;
start g(m);
 x = m[,1]; y = m[,2]; /* variables are columns of m */
 return( x##2 + x#y + y##2 ); /* use elementwise multiplication */
m = {0 0, /* test it: define three points in the domain of g */
 0 1,
 1 2};
z = g(m); /* one call evaluates g(x,y) at three points! */
By writing the function in a vectorized fashion, you can evaluate arbitrarily many points (rows of a matrix) with a single call.
Visualizing a function of two variables
There are several "test suites" of functions that are used to test optimization algorithms. One test function is called the "four-hump camel function" because it has four local maxima (from Dixon and Szego (1978), "The global optimization problem: an introduction"). Some people call it the "six-hump camel function" because it also has two local minima, but that's a misnomer. The camel function is a polynomial equation in two variables:
 f(x,y) = (4 - 2.1 x2 + x4 /3) x2 + xy + (-4 + 4 y2) y2
The following SAS/IML function defines the four-hump camel function, generates a uniform grid of points on the rectangle [–3, 3] x [–2, 2], and creates a rotating surface plot by using the RotatingPlot graph in the SAS/IML Studio application:
proc iml;
/* four-hump camel has two global maxima:
 p1 = {-0.08984201 0.71265640 };
 p2 = { 0.08984201 -0.71265640 }; */
start Camel(m);
 f = ( 4 - 2.1*x##2 + x##4 /3) # x##2 + x#y +
 (-4 + 4 *y##2) # y##2;
 return( -f ); /* return -f so that extrema are maxima */
m = ExpandGrid( do(-3, 3, 0.1), do(-2, 2, 0.1) ); /* SAS/IML 12.3 */
z = Camel(m);
/* In SAS/IML Studio, visualize surface with 3D rotating plot */
RotatingPlot.Create("Camel", m[,1], m[,2], z);
The surface plot is shown at the top of this article. It indicates that the function is fairly flat on top, but has small bumps that contain local maxima. By using the interactive graphics in SAS/IML Studio, it is easy to find the absolute maxima (there are two), or you can find the maxima programmatically by using the following statements:
optIndex = loc(z=max(z)); /* find maximum values of z */
optX = m[optIndex,]; /* corresponding (x,y) values */
print optX;
Prior to these computations, I had never seen the "camel function" before. I did not know where the maxima might be. However, by evaluating the function on a coarse grid of 2,500 points, I now know that if I want to find global maxima, I should look in a neighborhood of (–0.1, 0.7) and (0.1, –0.7). These would be good choices to use as starting points for an optimization algorithm.
Visualizing a function of three variables
Although it is harder to visualize a function of three variables (the graph is in four-dimensional space!), you can still get a feel for high and low values of a function. You can evaluate a function of three variables on a uniform grid and then color each point in the grid according to the functional value at that point. This generalizes the two-dimensional example that I wrote about in the article "Color scatter plot markers by values of a continuous variable." As an example, define the following quadratic function:
 Q(x,y,z) = –(x - 1.1)2 – (y - 2.2)2 – (z - 3.3)2
By inspection, the function Q(x,y,z) has a single global maximum at the point (1.1, 2.2, 3.3). The following statements evaluate the function on a 3-D grid of half integers:
start Q(x);
 return( -(x[,1] - 1.1)##2 - (x[,2] - 2.2)##2 - (x[,3] - 3.3)##2 );
m = ExpandGrid( do(0,5,0.5), do(0,5,0.5), do(0,5,0.5) );
f = Q(m);
optIndex = f[<:>]; /* find maximum values of Q */
optX = m[optIndex,]; /* corresponding (x,y,z) values */
print optX;
The result shows that (1, 2, 3.5) is the point on the grid for which the function is the largest. If you start a numerical optimization from that point, you will converge very quickly to the optimal solution. The 3-D scatter plot at the beginning of this section is a scatter plot of the grid, where each point has been colored according to the value of Q. The big blob of red indicates where the function is the largest. This graph crudely visualizes the function by showing where it is large and where it is small.
Finding an initial guess for an extremum
In theory, the pre-search technique works for any multivariate function. However, the size of the grid grows geometrically as the number of variables increases, so you will need to reduce the coarseness of the grid for functions of many variables. For example, if you use k grid points for each variable of a 10-dimensional function, then the grid will contain k10 points! Clearly, you should choose k to be small. If k = 5, then the grid contains 510 = 9.7 million points, which is large, but still computationally manageable. For functions with more than 15 variables, the pre-search technique on a "full factorial" grid becomes impractical.
Nevertheless, a coarse grid gives you more information than no grid at all, and a starting point based on the pre-search technique is usually superior to an arbitrary starting point. It is easy to implement the pre-search technique in the SAS/IML language, and you can often use it to provide a good initial guess to a nonlinear optimization routine.
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How to generate a grid of points in SAS
In many areas of statistics, it is convenient to be able to easily construct a uniform grid of points. You can use a grid of parameter values to visualize functions and to get a rough feel for how an objective function in an optimization problem depends on the parameters. And of course, grids are used to construct a full factorial design, which is an experimental design in which every setting of every factor appears with every setting of every other factor. I have previously blogged about how to generate two-dimensional grids in SAS, but this article describes how to generate grids with more dimensions.
In the SAS DATA step, you can


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Joint mobilization is the careful application of skilled forces to restore a dislocated joint. This may be as a result of extended or torn ligaments, muscles and tendons found on the joints. Joint mobilization addresses joint pain and joint stiffness. Physical therapists at Whites Physical Therapy use the following techniques to administer joint mobilization:
- Gentle joint mobilization
- Mobility exercises
- Minimal energy techniques
- Joint manipulation
- Physiotherapy instrument Mobilization
These techniques ensure successful treatment of joint pain and stiffness. Our adept physiotherapists apprehend your joints and can easily regain full joint range and relieve joint anguish during therapy.
Successful Treatment Options
Physical therapists in Wilmington, MA came up with the following treatment options that have increased the rate of recovery among patients:
- Early injury treatment
- Soft tissue massage
- Running analysis
Importance of Joint Mobilization
Joint mobilization relieves pain and releases strain from joints in the body. Sport-related injuries are also treated through regular joint mobilization. Physical therapy at White Physical Therapy has also proven to be effective in addressing movement impairment in patients with disabilities and the elderly. It is especially effective in the treatment of joints affected by arthritis. Joint mobilization consistently and progressively improves joint movement and joint assimilation of food for growth and maintenance whiling decreasing muscle spasms.
Joint mobilization safety
Joint mobilization is secure as it is done at a slow pace and one can ask the therapist to halt the process if any discomfort is experienced. Thorough evaluation of blood and nerve circulation, bone muscle movement is carried out before the actual mobilization procedure is started. This is beneficial as one is able to discover other abnormalities in the blood or nervous physiology that can be treated early. Overall, joint mobilization is a secure, amiable and effective method of physical therapy.
For more information on our services, visit our offices in Wilmington, MA.


}\,dx )^{1/p},& 1\leq p< \infty, \\ \operatorname{ess} \sup_{x\in \mathbf{R}^{3}}|f(x)|,& p=\infty. \end{array} \right . $$
We denote by \(\mathcal{S}(\mathbf{R}^{3})\) the Schwartz class of rapidly decreasing functions. Given \(f\in\mathcal{S}(\mathbf{R}^{3})\), its Fourier transformation \(\mathcal{F}\) or \(\hat{f}\) is defined by
$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{F} f(\xi)=\hat{f}(\xi)=\int_{\mathbf{R}^{3}} e^{-i x\cdot\xi} f(x)\,dx. \end{aligned}$$
As stated in Remark 1.2, the proof of our result is largely based on the Fourier localized methods. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce the Littlewood-Paley decomposition theory (see Chemin [27]). Choose two nonnegative radial functions \(\chi,\varphi\in \mathcal{S}(\mathbf{R}^{3})\) supported in \(\mathcal{B}=\{\xi\in \mathbf{R}^{3}:|\xi|\leq4/3\}\) and \(\mathcal{C}=\{\xi\in \mathbf{R}^{3}:3/4 \leq |\xi|\leq8/3\}\), respectively, such that
$$\begin{aligned} \sum_{j\in Z}\varphi\bigl(2^{-j}\xi\bigr)=1,\quad \xi\in \mathbf{R}^{3} \setminus\{0\}. \end{aligned}$$
Thus the Littlewood-Paley projection operator \(\Delta_{j} \) is defined by
$$\Delta_{j}f=\mathcal{F}^{-1}\varphi\bigl(2^{-j} \xi\bigr)\mathcal{F}f =\varphi \bigl(2^{-j}D\bigr)f . $$
Formally, \(\Delta_{j}\) is a frequency projection to the annulus \(|\xi|\sim2^{j} \) and one can easily verify that
$$\begin{aligned} \Delta_{j}\Delta_{k}f=0 \quad\mbox{if } |j-k| \ge2. \end{aligned}$$
(2.1)
Especially for any \(f\in L^{2}(\mathbf{R}^{3})\), we have the Littlewood-Paley decomposition:
$$\begin{aligned} f=\sum_{j=-\infty}^{\infty} \Delta_{j}f. \end{aligned}$$
(2.2)
Let \(s\in \mathbf{R}\), \(q,r \in[1,\infty]\), the homogeneous Besov space \(\dot{B}^{s}_{q,r}(\mathbf{R}^{3})\) is defined by the full-dyadic decomposition such as
$$\begin{aligned} \dot{B}^{s}_{q,r}\bigl(\mathbf{R}^{3}\bigr)=\bigl\{ f\in \mathcal{S}' \bigl(\mathbf{R}^{3}\bigr) / \mathcal{P}\bigl( \mathbf{R}^{3}\bigr) : \|f\|_{\dot{B}^{s}_{q,r}}< \infty\bigr\} , \end{aligned}$$
where
$$\begin{aligned} \|f\|_{\dot{B}^{s}_{q,r}}= \left \{ \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad}l} (\sum_{j=-\infty}^{ \infty}2^{jsq}\|\Delta_{j}f\|^{r}_{L^{q}} )^{\frac{1}{r}},& 1\leq r< \infty, \\ \sup_{j\in Z}2^{js }\|\Delta_{j}f\|_{L^{q}},& r= \infty, \end{array} \right . \end{aligned}$$
and \(\mathcal{S}' (\mathbf{R}^{3})\), \(\mathcal{P}(\mathbf{R}^{3})\) are the spaces of all tempered distributions on \(\mathbf{R}^{3}\) and the set of all scalar polynomials defined on \(\mathbf{R}^{3}\), respectively.
In order to prove the main result, we give several important lemmas. Firstly, the following Bernstein inequalities will be frequently used.
Lemma 2.1
(Chemin [27])
For all \(k\in N\cup\{0\}\), \(j\in Z\) and \(1 \leq p \leq q \leq\infty\), we have for all \(f\in \mathcal{S}(\mathbf{R}^{3})\),
$$\begin{aligned} \sup_{|\alpha|=k}\bigl\| \nabla^{\alpha} \Delta_{j}f\bigr\| _{L^{q}}\leq c\ 2^{jk+3j(1/p-1/q)} \| \Delta_{j}f\|_{L^{p}} \end{aligned}$$
(2.3)
with C being a positive constant independent of \(f,j\).
In order to complete our proofs, we also need the following results on the local smooth solutions and blow up criterion of the 3D MHD equations.
Lemma 2.2
Suppose \(({w^{+}_{0}}, w^{-}_{0})\in L^{2}(\mathbf{R}^{3})\cap L^{4}(\mathbf{R}^{3})\), then there exist a constant \(T>0\) and a unique local strong solution \(({w^{+}},w^{-})\) of (1.10)-(1.11) such that
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl({w^{+}} ,w^{-}\bigr)\in BC\bigl([0, T); L^{4} \bigl(\mathbf{R}^{3}\bigr)\bigr). \end{aligned}$$
(2.4)
Moreover, if \(T^{*}\) is the maximal time of existence of the local smooth solution \((w^{+} ,w^{-})\), then
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\| \bigl({w^{+}} , w^{-}\bigr) (s)\bigr\| _{L^{4}}\geq \frac{C}{(T^{*}-s)^{1/8}}. \end{aligned}$$
(2.5)
Proof of Lemma 2.2
It should be mentioned that for the 3D classic Navier-Stokes equations, the same results have been proved by Giga [28]. The proof of Lemma 2.2 is parallel to that of [28] and thus we omit it for convenience. □
3 A priori estimates on \(w^{+}\), \(w^{-}\)
In order to prove the main results, it is necessary to establish a priori estimates for the smooth solutions of the 3D MHD equations. More precisely, we will prove the following theorem.
Theorem 3.1
Suppose \(w


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Over 2000 terms commonly used by registered nurses (RN) are defined and categorized in this handy mobile reference and flashcard application. Kaplan's Medical Terms for Nurses is designed to help you learn important terms you will need in both the workplace and for licensure exams. With this application you can quickly scroll through terms to find a definition, use the search feature, or study and test your knowledge with flashcards.
Kaplan Medical Terms for Nurses includes:
- alphabetical listing of all terms for ready reference
- study sets grouped into seven categories: anatomical, conditions & diseases, equipment, medications, signs & symptoms, tests & treatments, and an other category
- phonetic pronunciation of each term
The Medical Terms for Nurses App is designed as a mobile reference and learning tool. The application works in two modes; Reference and Flashcards.
Reference mode includes the ability to:
- Scroll alphabetically through the terms
- Search for a specific term including terms within a definition. For example, search on catheter to find names of the different types.
- Easy text scrolling makes learning complex information more manageable
Flashcards mode include the ability to:
- Study a category or take a quiz to test your knowledge -- you decide
- Try multiple choice to try and match one of four definitions to the appropriate term
- Reverse the question & answer side of the flashcard to match the term instead
- Test your knowledge in quiz mode
- Hide or show the score panel to track your progress and hone your study goals
- 5 star performance scoring -- to track your improvement!
- Star a card and put it in your own card set
- Set the font size you prefer makes it easier on the eyes
* About the Author: Janet Duffey is Assistant Professor of Nursing at Napa Valley College (Napa Valley, CA). She teaches medical terminology to nursing students and contributed to the 19th edition of Taber's Medical Dictionary. She has spoken frequently at nursing conferences.
* Medical Terms for Nurses is designed to be used for self study and test preparation purposes only. The publisher is not responsible for use of this application in any manner other than its intended purpose as a study guide.


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Like many of America's house museums, Mount Clare, the 18th-century Baltimore plantation home of Charles Carroll, struggles to maintain relevance, sustain its mission and remain financially sound. More recently formed museums, such as the Tenement Museum of the Lower East Side of Manhattan, have begun to recognize their capacity as platforms for dialogue and social justice and the necessity of engaging their local communities, providing a useful model for Mount Clare Museum House. Engaging with its southwest Baltimore community would enable Mount Clare to fully support an educational mission that resonates with the local population, while preserving the role of the historic site. The purpose of this paper is to explore Mount Clare Museum House in terms of its relevance to various levels of community. This will be accomplished by examining Mount Clare's governing boards and mission statement, by considering its interpretation and outreach programming, by researching community opinion, and by comparing it to aspects of the Tenement Museum. The intention is to create a better understanding of why past attempts to broaden Mount Clare's interpretive scope have failed, to help the museum move forward in reaching out to the community, and to reflect on the public it seeks to educate.
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Harvey Weir Cook was born in Wilkinson, Indiana in 1892. He graduated from Anderson High School and attended college at both DePauw University in Greencastle and Washington & Jefferson University in Washington, Pennsylvania. In 1917, he joined the United States Army Air Service and was a combat ace and captain during World War I, officially downing seven enemy planes.
Cook was a pioneer in bringing Indianapolis its first principal airport. The Indianapolis International Airport was known as the Weir-Cook Airport from 1944 to 1976. In 1942, he returned to military service as lieutenant colonel in World War II, where he was killed while flying a Bell Airacobra P-39 over New Caledonia. A memorial in his honor remains on display at the Indianapolis International Airport.
Source: Indiana Historical Bureau


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Frankfort North Breakwater Light
Frankfort owes its history in part to the fate of the weather. In 1855, a schooner owned by George W. Tifft of Cleveland, Ohio was driven by gale force winds toward the shoreline. Through chance, the winds blew the boat into a harbor then known as Aux Becs Scies Lake, the French term for "Sawbill Duck," which was a prevalent species in the area. Impressed with reports of the area's resources and potential, Mr. Tifft purchased more than a thousand acres of land around the lake. In 1859, Mr. Tifft sold the land to a group of developers from Detroit, and the Frankfort settlement was born. The developers built a sawmill and dredged Betsie Lake to accommodate ships of all sizes. The federal government soon recognized Aux Becs Scies Lake's strategic and economic importance, and funded further dredging and shoreline improvements. Frankfort became the best known harbor in the area, with newspapers reporting the arrival of as many as ten ships per day with settlers and visitors.
Recognition of Frankfort's importance as a harbor led to establishment of a wood lighthouse in 1873. The Frankfort North Breakwater Lighthouse was built in 1912 to replace the deteriorating wood lighthouse. The original lighthouse would later be restored, and still stands today along the entrance to Main Street. The Frankfort North Breakwater Lighthouse sits at the end of Frankfort's north pier, stands 67 feet above Lake Michigan, and has a range of twelve miles.
The lighthouse has a rich history. For its first fifty years of existence, it was one of the few lighthouses that did not provide quarters for its keepers, who had to rent local aprtments out of their own salary. In 1932, the fourteen room keepers' quarters from the Chciago Pierhead Light was barged to Frankfort, saving the federal government the $15,000 it would have cost to build a new structure. The lighthouse has had numerous keepers who died on the job, the most notable of which was Sheridan King. In June, 1902, the twenty year old King had only been on the job for three months. He was in his own boat en route to the lighthouse, when a carferry from Ann Arbor approached. The ferry called for King to get out of the way. Before he could do so, the ferry crushed King's boat "like an egg shell," according to newspaper reports. Rather than stop, the ferry kept going. King lived for fifteen minutes in the water. It was widely believed that he could have lived had the ferry stopped to provide assistance.
In June, 2010, the Coast Guard placed the lighthouse for sale under the National Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act. In 2011, the city of Frankfort agreed to assume ownership. The lighthouse illuminates nightly after sunset, and is a popular place for tourists to stroll and take in the sunset.


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Water chestnut grows in the floating-leaf and submersed plant community. It thrives in the soft sediments of quiet, nutrient rich waters in lakes, ponds, and streams. The plants can survive on mudflats. Uncontrolled, water chestnut creates vast, nearly impenetrable mats of vegetation. Floating mats of water chestnut create hazards for boaters and render previously productive fishing grounds inaccessible. The barbs on the nuts can penetrate shoe leather and pose a hazard to swimmers and beachcombers when the nuts drift to shore. Light penetration and dissolved oxygen, critical elements of a well-functioning ecosystem, are severely reduced in infested areas. Water chestnut out-competes native vegetation and is of little value to wildfowl.
Water chestnut is not known to occur in Indiana.