text:
3.2. Opening Angle, Stability, and Confinement
An important constraint on jet physics is the opening angle. For a free jet the opening angle, will equal 2, where is the Mach angle defined by: tan() = ( Mj)-1, where Mj = jet Mach number, and = jet Lorentz factor. Any oblique shock in the jet due to a disturbance at the surface will also have the Mach angle relative to the jet axis. Likewise, turbulent boundary layers grow at the Mach angle unless prohibited for example by internal magnetic fields. Hence, a high Mach number jet has an effective 'rigidity' since edge-effects are limited to propagate into the jet at the Mach angle (DeYoung 1991).
On pc-scales the jet is resolved transversely with a constant (deconvolved) FWHM = 2.2 mas from 4 mas to 20 mas, suggesting a confined jet (Carilli, Bartel, and Linfield 1991). The minimum pressure in jet knots at radii of a few pc are of order 10-6 dyn cm-2, which is below the expected pressures in the ambient medium in these regions, as discussed below. Hence the pc-scale jet could be pressure confined although the possibility of magnetic focusing remains attractive in order to explain such a well collimated outflow.
On kpc-scales the opening angle of the jet in Cygnus A can be determined either from the evolution of the FWHM of the knots in the jet out to 20", or from the edges defined by the low surface brightness inter-knot emission in the high pass filtered image. In both cases the opening angle derived is 1.6° (Carilli 1996). For a free non-relativistic jet, the implied Mach number is 72. For a free relativistic jet filled with relativistic fluid the internal sound speed is c / 3, hence Mj = 3 and for Cygnus A the implied Lorentz factor is: = 40. This is well above the range measured for superluminal quasars (e.g., Porcas 1987).
Perhaps the most reasonable conclusion is that the Cygnus A jet is confined. Perley et al. (1984) point out that the Cygnus A jet morphology is consistent with regions of larger opening angle ( 5°), and a constant width jet in between (full width to 10% of peak 1.1"), implying a confined jet. Even for a confined jet, oblique ridges may indicate the Mach number of the flow if they arise due to disturbances at the jet wall. The Cygnus A jet knots are oriented at roughly 7° to the jet axis, which if taken as the Mach angle, implies: Mj = 8. Lastly, there is the simple fact that the jet must widen from pcto kpc-scales. Using the first resolved jet knot as an indicator of opening angle from the core leads to: Mj 13.
The simplest means of jet confinement is external pressure. Perley et al. (1984) point out that minimum energy pressures in the jet are about an order of magnitude greater than in the lobes, thereby requiring an alternative means for jet confinement, if minimum conditions apply. Below we review X-ray and optical observations which suggest that the lobes may be over-pressured relative to equipartition values by just this amount and hence that pressure confinement may still be viable.
A number of authors have suggested confinement of current carrying jets via the 'plasma-pinch' mechanism due to toroidal fields surrounding the radio jet (Chan and Henriksen 1980, Bridle, Chan and Henriksen 1981, Bicknell and Henriksen 1980, Benford 1985, Siah 1985). This mechanism is notoriously unstable although it might be stabilized by longitudinal fields in the jet, or by a hyper-Alfvenic jet velocity.
One of the more interesting observational results concerning the jet in Cygnus A comes from the optical imaging of the inner 5" of the galaxy with HST by Jackson et al. (1994). They find that the jet passes through a 'channel' in the line emitting gas about 1" from the nucleus. This channel is also seen in deconvolved ground-based images (Vestergaard 1992, Stockton et al. 1994), and it has been confirmed with more recent HST images of Cygnus A (see Fig. 6) presented in Cabrera-Guerra et al. (1996). These authors do not find evidence for increased reddening at the position of the gap, and hence argue that the gap is not simply a fortuitous projection of a dust filament at the position of the radio jet. Jackson et al. (1994) and Cabrera-Guerra et al. (1996) suggest that the jet has 'blasted' a path through the emission line clouds. The shocked clouds cool quickly, and are subsequently photo-ionized by radiation from the (hidden) active nucleus. This morphology implies that the radio source has not completely evacuated its environments, at least within a few arcseconds of the nucleus. This is consistent with the simulations of Williams (1991) of a jet propagating through an atmosphere of decreasing density, in which case the inner part of the lobe gets 'squeezed' by the high pressures in the central regions, leaving a 'naked jet' in the inner regions, in direct contact with the external medium. The pressure in the line emitting gas is comparable to the minimum energy value in the jet allowing for pressure confinement of this 'naked jet'.
Figure 6. The contours show the inner kpc-scale jet in Cygnus A at 5 GHz, 0.4" resolution. The grey-scale shows an HST image (resolution 0.1") of Cygnus A using the WFPC2 F622W filter, reproduced from Cabrera-Guerra et al. (1996). Note that the radio jet passes through a gap in the optical line emission.
However, there are a number of problems with the above model. First is the general problem of stability of a light, pressure confined jet (Birkinshaw 1991). Second, if the line clouds are moving at few hundred km sec-1 they will cross the jet on a time-scale of order 106 yrs, thereby further complicating the issue of jet stability. And third, in order to observe a gap due to the jet in the projected line emission the gas distribution must have a rather contrived geometry. A flattened, or disk-like, geometry for the line emitting gas is precluded since the expected deficit due to a small hole in a large disk, as seen in projection, would be small. The observed gap requires the gas be in a linear filament which happens to get 'cut' by the jet.
Overall, it may be simplest to assume that the jets in Cygnus A are external pressure confined on pcand kpc-scales with a free-expansion zone in between. The pc-scale jet is under-dense relative to its environments, and hence stability becomes a concern. The same concern holds for the jet-cloud interaction region seen at a distance of 1 h-1 kpc from the nucleus. However, beyond 10 h-1 kpc from the nucleus the jet would be over-dense relative to the confining medium (the radio lobes), leading to the relatively stable situation of a supersonic, pressure matched, ballistic jet from 10 h-1 kpc to the hotspots. The single requirement of this model is that the lobes be over-pressured relative to minimum energy - an assumption that agrees with other observational aspects of the Cygnus A galaxy, as discussed below.


text:
Bulletin board: Fifth-grader Jessiah Tenorio checks out a bulletin board with Martin Luther King Jr. facts at Tamuning Elementary School Friday. "I'm told that the kids are actually stopping and reading the information," said fourth-grade teacher Susan Gogo, who decorated the bulletin board in observance of the holiday to mark the civil rights leader's birthday. Rick Cruz/Pacific Daily _EMAIL_
Today might be a day off for students on Guam, but it's also a chance for students to learn about the life and legacy of Martin Luther King Jr., as well as the overall history of the civil rights movement in the United States.
In island schools, students have spent the last several weeks learning about King and his legacy in the civil rights movement and how children can apply his dreams for a more equal world to their island.
Kathy Reyes, principal of Tamuning Elementary School, said teachers have been working to integrate King into their curriculum....

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
A pump station installation at Corona consists of two pumps configured in series each developing 1500 ft of head at 4000 gal/min. Diesel fuel (Spgr=0.85, and viscosity=5.9 cSt) is pumped from Corona to a delivery terminal at Sunnymead, 75 miles away. The required discharge pressure at Corona based on pipe size, pipe length, liquid properties, elevation profile between Corona and Sunnymead, and the required delivery pressure at Sunnymead has been calculated to be 1050 psi. The pump station suction pressure is maintained at 50 psi to prevent pump cavitation. Assume the combined efficiency of both pumps at Corona at the given flow rate to be 82%.
(a) Analyze the pump station pressures and determine the amount of throttle pressure and HP wasted.
(b) If electrical energy costs 8 cents per kWh, estimate the dollars lost in control valve throttling.
(c) What recommendation can you make to improve pipeline operation?

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


What Is Another Word For Cognitive Impairment?
What is the definition of cognitive thinking?
These cognitive processes include thinking, knowing, remembering, judging, and problem-solving.
1 These are higher-level functions of the brain and encompass language, imagination, perception, and planning..
What is the medical term for impairment?
(im-pār'mĕnt) Physical or mental defect at the level of a body system or organ. The official World Health Organization definition reads any loss of psychological, physiologic, or anatomic structure or function. Medical Dictionary for the Dental Professions © Farlex 2012.
What is the difference between mental and cognitive?
As adjectives the difference between cognitive and mental is that cognitive is relating to the part of mental functions that deals with logic, as opposed to affective which deals with emotions while mental is of or relating to the mind or an intellectual process.
What is another word for Cognitive?
What is another word for cognitive?cerebralmentalpsychologicalintellectualintrapersonalperceptiverationalthinkingintellectivereasoning19 more rows
How do you describe cognitive impairment?
What does cognition mean in English?
adjective. of or relating to cognition; concerned with the act or process of knowing, perceiving, etc. : cognitive development; cognitive functioning. of or relating to the mental processes of perception, memory, judgment, and reasoning, as contrasted with emotional and volitional processes.
What is impairment example?
Is Cognition the same as intelligence?
Cognitive abilities can be trained and improved. Intelligence is a score on a test that stays relatively static in adulthood. Cognitive processes dealing with novelty (fluid intelligence) are just as important as acquired knowledge (crystallized intelligence). It takes both to keep your mental edge.
What is another word for impairment?
What is another word for impairment?conditiondisabilitydamagedefectdeficiencydestructiondeteriorationdiminishingdisablementdisorder79 more rows
What is opposite of cognitive?
Opposite of relating to the mind. nonmental. physical. tangible. corporeal.
Which comes first affect or cognition?
Historically, it has been assumed that affect is "post-cognitive." This means that affect occurs as a result of (and therefore after) cognition. In 1980, Zajonc proposed a "separate systems" view of affect which challenged this basic assumption.
What is the everyday word for cognition?
Synonyms & Near Synonyms for cognition. observation, perception, reflection.
What are the 8 cognitive skills?
Cognitive Skills: Why The 8 Core Cognitive CapacitiesSustained Attention. … Response Inhibition. … Speed of Information Processing. … Cognitive Flexibility and Control. … Multiple Simultaneous Attention. … Working Memory. … Category Formation. … Pattern Recognition.
How can I improve my cognitive skills?
Discover five simple, yet powerful, ways to enhance cognitive function, keep your memory sharp and improve mental clarity at any age.Adopt a growth mindset. … Stay physically active. … Manage emotional well-being. … Eat for brain health. … Restorative sleep.
What is the meaning of asset impairment?
An asset is impaired if its projected future cash flows are less than its current carrying value. … When an impaired asset's carrying value is written down to market value, the loss is recognized on the company's income statement in the same accounting period.


text:
Waterfalls, ponds (including the ten-foot-deep bottom pond, originally a vernal pool), and the Tea House. Salamanders still return each spring to lay their egg masses. In the late fall, over thirty Japanese Maples flame into color. The Tea House, with its Murphy bed, anchors the spot for both day and night time enjoyment. Behind this, the Roji, a path of large stones, leads to a bamboo garden, and the four-faced Buddha with the Halo.
CLICK A PICTURE TO ENLARGE

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
There are nested class evals. Why?
Rather than being elegant self-describing code as you would reasonably expect, this method looks like it is from battle-scarred, fixed and patched production code (so perhaps we can forgive them a little).
So why two evals? Before the second nested'real' template method code can be eval'd, the code that is to be eval'd must be prefixed with the correct source encoding which may have been defined as a "magic comment" in the template file.
Once the string encoding is set correctly, the real class_eval can be attempted. Another way of saying that could be "This is source code that writes source code that writes source code"!
Presumably, this is to fix compatibility issues that could arise in Ruby 1.9 where the template being compiled may contain a character encoding (UTF-8) that is different to the encoding of the Tilt library source code itself (US-ASCII Encoding), which would result in incorrect evaluation of template strings (because the string encoding would be already set in the host code which is calling the template file).
Why is a method being defined and then unbound?
To clarify: In Ruby, unbound is not the same as undefined.
Unbound methods exist as free method objects of type UnboundMethod that can be called, although they are no longer associated with a particular object. An unbound method no longer has a receiver.
In order to create an unbound method, it first has be bound to (defined against) an object. This is why the compiled template method is quickly removed from the top-level object because it was only a temporary arrangement necessary to generate the unbound method.
This technique is used to make it possible to use compiled templates which are scoped against different instances of a given class, without changing the root object or the third-party developer's client class in any visible or permanent way.
By disassociating the compiled template method from a specific client code object, the compiled template method can be rebound later on to new instances of that object's class during future calls to templates that use objects of that type.
For example, given the following ERB template:
Hello <%= _USER_ %>
... and the following calling code:
scott = Person.new
scott.name = "Scott"
output = template.render(scott)
=> "Hello Scott"
During this first render, the template is eval'd and compiled against an instance of the TOPOBJECT object. The compiled template method will be named something like "
__tilt_2151955260". This method is then unbound to be used again against all instances of type TOPOBJECT (which is simply Object or BasicObject depending upon the Ruby version), and therefore could be used against any client object type.
The next time the template is rendered, the compiled template method is bound with the 'baq' instance of TOPOBJECT:
baq = Person.new
baq.name = "Baq"
output = template.render(baq)
Under the hood, when
template.render(baq) is called, the unbound compiled template method is being bound against the 'baq' instance of Person:
Not having to call class_eval every time results in considerable performance gains.
Why is code that compiles a bunch of templates and keeps them around for
re-use so complicated looking?
My assessment is that although the code implementation does indeed look unnecessarily complex at first sight, these layers of indirection are often necessary in framework code that aims to make a public API incredibly simple and sweet to consume for many thousands of other developers, even if it is at the expense of the few developers that have to maintain it.
The code complexity (double eval nesting) has also increased as a result of real-world issues arising from an API that is consumed in many different locales and hence many encodings from around the world.
The Template class referred to in the question has since been refactored into a separate file github.com/rtomayko/tilt/blob/master/lib/tilt/template.rb


Employment: How is it defined and why does that matter?
10 June 2019
In this series of articles we try answer common questions about whether we can trust employment statistics, and go beyond the headline figures to assess the health of the labour market more comprehensively.
But to start with, it's important to understand what "record employment" and low unemployment really mean. Various criticisms have been levelled at the statistics and concepts. So are any of them right?
Employment is at a record high, unemployment is at its lowest since the 70s
You could measure the employment rate in a number of ways. But the official definition in the UK is the percentage of people aged 16-64 (meaning most working-age people) who do paid work for at least an hour per week.
On this measure, employment is at its highest since records began in the early 1970s, at 76%. That doesn't mean all of the remaining 24% are unemployed though. These people may have taken early retirement, be in education or training, or simply don't want a job.
As such, the unemployment rate is slightly different: it looks at what percentage of people who want a job and are available to work, aged 16 and over, are not in employment. The current unemployment rate is 4%—the lowest level since the 1970s.
There are several main criticisms directed towards these figures, which we'll look at in turn.
Is the definition fiddled?
The first criticism is that the definition of employment itself is fiddled by the government in order to make the jobs market look healthier than it is.
It's correct that you only have to work an hour a week to count as employed, but it's not correct that the government has manipulated the definition. The current definitions of employment and unemployment were set by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) in 1982, and not by any particular government. Most other countries also use this definition.
The ILO is an agency of the United Nations with a mission of "promoting social justice and internationally recognized human and labour rights", comprising representatives from trades unions, employers and governments.
The ONS told us that they started collecting quarterly figures using the ILO definition from 1992 and that data from _PHONE_ using this estimate was back-calculated. Over time the ILO definitions gained prominence as the headline measure for employment.
There are several reasons why using the definition of one hour a week makes sense. One is simply that you need to draw a line somewhere, and this is the least arbitrary place to draw the line. If you set the threshold higher—say, 6 hours a week—you'd still have to explain why someone working for 5 hours doesn't count as employed, but someone working for 6 hours does. The difference between someone working for no hours and someone working for 1 hour is a lot clearer.
Another reason is that those working very low hours may be among those more vulnerable to exploitative labour practises, and therefore it's particularly important to include them in the definition.
How useful you think this is as a measure will depend on your own point of view. But using a single definition means that the data going back to 1971 is consistent and allows for meaningful comparisons, both over time and across borders.
Employment statistics are comparable
This is another common criticism of employment figures: that employment statistics are not comparable over time because the definitions of employment and unemployment have changed.
This isn't entirely baseless, although it's no longer accurate. It's correct to say that the definition of employment in the UK has changed over time, and that in the past it changed quite frequently. But as we've said, the employment rate statistics used nowadays use a consistent method to calculate the rates going back to the 1970s.
A few decades ago, the unemployment rate was based on the number of people claiming unemployment benefit. So when governments changed policy to make those benefits available to more or fewer people, the unemployment rate also changed.
This had a big effect on employment statistics throughout the late 70s and much of the 1980s. A 1991 report from the Social Security Advisory Committee found the unemployment definition had been changed 20 times between 1979 and 1988, and that almost every change reduced the number of people defined as unemployed.
So comparing the unemployment and employment rates as measured in those years would have been an unfair comparison, because the definition was always changing.
But nowadays the unemployment rate (and the employment rate) isn't affected by how many people claim benefits. Employment and unemployment is based on the number of people who do or are seeking paid work as measured by a large scale survey. Statistics using these definitions have been back-calculated going back to the early 1970s.
In summary then, the definition of employment used by official statistics is an international standard with a consistent definition, and comparisons over time to the 1970s are fair. The government isn't fiddling the definition.
Of course, just because the definition is consistent doesn't mean that it will necessarily give you useful data. It still might not tell you much about whether these jobs are providing the hours, stability and wages people want, and whether that has been improving or not.
In our next piece we look at one of these issues—whether using the "one hour a week" definition means that high employment rates are being artificially boosted by people working low numbers of hours. We'll ask whether the employment rate has only increased because work is being spread more thinly.
More from this series:
Full Fact fights bad information


text:
The site of a canal wharf known as Dunton Wharf, where vessels would have loaded and unloaded goods. It was built during the Imperial period and was situated 450m north east of Baylis's Bridge.
1 The 1886 OS 6″ map shows a wharf at this location on the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal. The adjacent bridge is called Dunton Wharf Bridge on later maps. There seems to be a small complex indicated on the map with a basin and buildings. To the south of the canal, on the towpath side, a blocked arm is crossed by a very corroded metal roving bridge. The arm points towards a group of modern industrial buildings. There are also some 19th century cottages but they appear not to be connected with the canal. To the north of the canal is a flat open space, apparently a wharf, but with no sign of anything but modern buildings.
2 The top lock was the first in a flight of eleven locks at Dunton and was of typical construction broardly similar to others in the Canal with single gates at each end, manually operated by lock gate beams. The lock walls were of brick with mainly stone copings. There is evidence to suggest that two of the locks on this section failed not long after the opening of the canal in 1789. During the demolition of the lock it was noticed that the south-west lock wall had four composite tie beams. These were spaced at intervals along the lock wall and each made from a section of timber connected to an iron tie rod linked to around brick piers or butresses, the opposite wall had only two butresses with all wooden ties. The lock walls were founded on the natural soils and not on concrete as expected.
3 Further report on recording at the lock. The lock itself was of standard design, similar to others on the canal. There was evidence for changes to the design of the lock gates, These changes may have been in response to the failure of two of the Curdworth locks in 1789. The unreliability of the locks at both Curdworth and Dunton remained a continuing problem until 1823 when the faults in their original design were finally rectified.


text:
This is the front cover of the book.
About Soyer's Shilling Cookery for the People
Alexis Soyer (1809-58) made his reputation as chef at London's prestigious Reform Club. Soyer loved to perform, and many regard him as Britain's first celebrity chef. He was a brilliant self-promotor. He marketed a range of his own products: kitchen equipment, recipe books, sauces and relishes. He opened his own art gallery. And he even conducted tours of the Reform Club's state-of-the-art industrial kitchens. On the day of Queen Victoria's coronation he prepared a breakfast at the Reform Club for over 2000 people.
But Soyer was equally concerned to improve the standard of cooking amongst the poor. A Shilling Cookery for the People is full of practical advice, based on the assumption that many readers could not afford to follow complicated recipes, or purchase elaborate kitchen utensils.
The book is typical of Soyer's desire to democratise the rules of cookery - bringing to the masses techniques that in France were part of an everyday culinary vocabulary. For example, in one chapter Soyer describes a visit to a house in St Giles (one of London's poorest parishes), where he performs a lesson in coffee making.Much of the book is in the form of personal letters written to friends, creating a cosy and somewhat romantic authorial voice - a stark contrast to Mrs Beeton's militaristic tone.
Soyer devoted much of his life to a number of philanthropic projects. He worked on Irish famine relief, creating the first properly designed soup kitchen. And he worked with Florence Nightingale in the Crimea, improving the diet of wounded soldiers. The Morning Chronicle said of Soyer, 'he saved as many lives through his kitchens as Florence Nightingale did through her wards.'


Dzegvi church
In the village of Dzegvi in Mtskheta district, along the river Mtkvari, are a number of architectural monuments dating back to the middle ages. One of them is a single nave church with a hall paved with finely cut stones. In the center of the village there is a round stone tower used in its time for defense and as a residence. In the vicinity of the village a couple of small hall type churches are found. The Bodzi church (10th century) contains some painting fragments of the 11th -12th centuries. In the 12th century Dzegvi represented Catholicos' village and was required to pay taxes to Svetitskhoveli Cathedral.


SciPy
scipy.special.kv
scipy.special.kv(v, z) = <ufunc 'kv'>
Modified Bessel function of the second kind of real order v
Returns the modified Bessel function of the second kind for real order v at complex z.
These are also sometimes called functions of the third kind, Basset functions, or Macdonald functions. They are defined as those solutions of the modified Bessel equation for which,
\[K_v(x) \sim \sqrt{\pi/(2x)} \exp(-x)\]
as \(x \to \infty\) [R527].
Parameters:
v : array_like of float
Order of Bessel functions
z : array_like of complex
Argument at which to evaluate the Bessel functions
Returns:
out : ndarray
The results. Note that input must be of complex type to get complex output, e.g. kv(3, -2+0j) instead of kv(3, -2).
See also
kve
This function with leading exponential behavior stripped off.
kvp
Derivative of this function
Notes
Wrapper for AMOS [R525] routine zbesk. For a discussion of the algorithm used, see [R526] and the references therein.
References
[R525](1, 2) Donald E. Amos, "AMOS, A Portable Package for Bessel Functions of a Complex Argument and Nonnegative Order", _URL_
[R526](1, 2) Donald E. Amos, "Algorithm 644: A portable package for Bessel functions of a complex argument and nonnegative order", ACM TOMS Vol. 12 Issue 3, Sept. 1986, p. 265
[R527](1, 2) NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions, Eq. 10.25.E3. _URL_
Examples
Plot the function of several orders for real input:
>>> from scipy.special import kv
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> x = np.linspace(0, 5, 1000)
>>> for N in np.linspace(0, 6, 5):
... plt.plot(x, kv(N, x), label='$K_{{{}}}(x)$'.format(N))
>>> plt.ylim(0, 10)
>>> plt.legend()
>>> plt.title(r'Modified Bessel function of the second kind $K_\nu(x)$')
>>> plt.show()
../_images/scipy-special-kv-1_00_00.png
Calculate for a single value at multiple orders:
>>> kv([4, 4.5, 5], 1+2j)
array([ 0.1992+2.3892j, 2.3493+3.6j , 7.2827+3.8104j])
Previous topic
scipy.special.kn
Next topic
scipy.special.kve


adjective, warmer, warmest.
having or giving out a moderate degree of heat, as perceived by the senses: a warm bath.
of or at a moderately high temperature; characterized by comparatively high temperature: a warm oven; a warm climate; a warm summer.
having a sensation of bodily heat: to be warm from fast walking.
conserving or maintaining warmth or heat: warm clothes.
(of colors) suggestive of warmth; inclining toward red or orange rather than toward green or blue.
characterized by or showing lively feelings, passions, emotions, sympathies, etc.: a warm heart; warm interest.
strongly attached; intimate: warm friends.
cordial or hearty: a warm welcome.
heated, irritated, or angry: to become warm when contradicted.
animated, lively, brisk, or vigorous: a warm debate.
strong or fresh: a warm scent.
close to something sought, as in a game.
uncomfortable or unpleasant: His opponents made things so warm that he decided to quit.
British Informal. well off; in easy circumstances.
verb (used with object)
to make warm; heat (often followed by up ): to warm one's hands; to warm up a room.
to heat or cook (something) for reuse, as leftovers (usually followed by over or up ): to warm up yesterday's stew.
to excite enthusiasm, ardor, cheerfulness, or vitality in (someone): The wine soon warmed the company.
to inspire with kindly feeling; affect with lively pleasure: It warms my soul to hear you say that.
to fill (a person, crowd, etc.) with strong feelings, as hatred, anger, or zeal: Restrictions had warmed the crew to the point of mutiny.
verb (used without object)
to become warm or warmer (often followed by up ): The room will warm up when the fire gets going.
to become ardent, enthusiastic, animated, etc. (often followed by up or to ): The speaker quickly warmed to her subject.
to grow kindly, friendly, or sympathetically disposed (often followed by to or toward ): My heart warms toward him.
Informal. a warming: Sit by the fire and have a nice warm.
Verb phrases
warm down, to conclude or follow a period of strenuous physical exercise by walking or gentle stretching.
warm up,
to prepare for a game, sports contest, dance, etc., by moderate exercise or practice beforehand.
to increase in excitement, intensity, violence, etc.: The racial situation was warming up.
to become friendlier or more receptive: No matter how hard I tried, I just couldn't warm up to that proposal.
Radio and Television. to entertain (an audience) prior to a broadcast to increase receptiveness.
warm the bench, Sports. to serve as a substitute who rarely plays in a game: The young outfielder warmed the bench for the Yankees last season.
before 900; (adj.) Middle English werm, warm, Old English wearm; cognate with German warm, Old Norse varmr; (v.) Middle English warmen, wermen, Old English werman, wirman (transitive), wearmian (intransitive), both akin to the adj.; (noun) derivative of the v.
warmer, noun
warmish, adjective
warmly, adverb
warmness, noun
overwarmed, adjective
prewarm, verb (used with object)
rewarm, verb
unwarmed, adjective
unwarming, adjective
well-warmed, adjective
1. lukewarm, tepid, heated. 6. hearty, enthusiastic, fervent, fervid, emotional, ardent. 7. friendly, close. 8. fervent. 9. annoyed, vexed, irate, furious. 10. vehement. 17. animate, excite, waken, stir, rouse, arouse.
1–3, 5, 8. cool.
Dictionary.com Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To warming
World English Dictionary
warm (wɔːm)
1. characterized by or having a moderate degree of heat; moderately hot
2. maintaining or imparting heat: a warm coat
3. having or showing ready affection, kindliness, etc: a warm personality
4. lively, vigorous, or passionate: a warm debate
5. cordial or enthusiastic; ardent: warm support
6. quickly or easily aroused: a warm temper
7. (of colours) predominantly red or yellow in tone
8. (of a scent, trail, etc) recently made; strong
9. near to finding a hidden object or discovering or guessing facts, as in children's games
10. informal uncomfortable or disagreeable, esp because of the proximity of danger
vb (when intr, often foll by to) (often foll by to)
11. (sometimes foll by up) to raise or be raised in temperature; make or become warm or warmer
12. to make or become excited, enthusiastic, etc (about): he warmed to the idea of buying a new car
13. to feel affection, kindness, etc (for someone): I warmed to her mother from the start
14. (Brit) (tr) to give a caning to: I'll warm you in a minute
15. informal a warm place or area: come into the warm
16. informal the act or an instance of warming or being warmed
[Old English wearm; related to Old Frisian, Old Saxon warm, Old Norse varmr]
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
Cite This Source
Word Origin & History
O.E. wearm, from P.Gmc. *warmaz (cf. O.S., O.Fris., M.Du., O.H.G., Ger. warm, O.N. varmr, Goth. warmjan "to warm"), from PIE *gwher- (cf. Skt. gharmah "heat;" O.Pers. Garmapada-, name of the fourth month, corresponding to June/July, from garma- "heat;" Arm. jerm "warm;" Gk. thermos "warm;" L. formus
"warm," fornax "oven;" O.Ir. fogeir "heated;" Hitt. war- "to burn"). The root also may be connected to that of O.C.S. goriti "to burn," varu "heat," variti "to cook, boil;" and Lith. verdu "to seethe." The distinction, based on degree of heat, between "warm" and "hot" is general in Balto-Slavic and Gmc., but in other languages one word often covers both (cf. L. calidus, Gk. thermos, Fr. chaud, Sp. caliente). In reference to feelings, etc., attested from c.1480. Sense in guessing games first recorded 1860, from earlier hunting use in reference to scent or trail (1713). Warm-blooded in ref. to mammals is recorded from 1793. Warm-hearted first recorded c.1500.
O.E. wyrman "make warm" and wearmian "become warm;" from the root of warm (adj.). Phrase warm the bench is sports jargon first recorded 1907. Warm up (v.) "exercise before an activity" is attested from 1868. In ref. to appliances, motors, etc., attested from 1947. Noun phrase
warm-up "act or practice of warming up" is recorded from 1915.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
Cite This Source
Example sentences for warming
Clouds clouds are another source of albedo that play into the global warming equation.
At times it seems he is warming to bec however his sister always talks him round.
A severe threat to the tundras, specifically to the permafrost, is global warming.
The underlying motivation for funding both companies is to help combat global warming.
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text:
Practical operation skills of ultrasonic cell crusher homogenizers
Ultrasonic cell crusher is also named ultrasonic homogenizer, ultrasonic sonicator, ultrasonic disperser, ultrasonic
emulsifier, it is widely used for Emulsification, Separate, Dispersion, Homogenize, Extract, Dega, Cleaning, Speed
up chemical reaction. Below is some practical operation skills of ultrasonic cell crusher homogenizers.
1. Please be careful not to turn on the ultrasonic work when the ultrasonic probe is not inserted into the sample,
otherwise the noise will increase in the subsequent use. If the ultrasonic start to work without inserting the sample,
the longer the time, the greater damage of ultrasonic emulsification.
2. The water inlet depth of the ultrasonic probe of the ultrasonic emulsifier is about 1.4cm, and the height of the
liquid level is preferably above 30mm. The ultrasonic probe should be centered without being attached to the wall.
Because the ultrasonic wave is a vertical longitudinal wave, it is not easy to generate heat convection if it is inserted
output power and selection of reaction vessels. The ultrasonic time should not be too long each time, preferably no
more than 5 seconds, and the gap time should be greater than or equal to the ultrasonic time, which is good for the
release of heat. The output power is not suitable for large, otherwise the sample will splash or foam. Of course,
suitable reaction vessels are also beneficial to the thermal convection of the sample in ultrasound, and improve the
high efficiency of crushing.
4. In daily maintenance, clean the ultrasonic probe with ethanol or turn on the ultrasonic with cold water after use.
Various type ultrasonic homogenizer customization, OEM & ODM, factory directly sale to help you save big, in stock
fast delivery, contact _EMAIL_ to enquiry now.


line. Each helper method provides a feature to remove the boilerplate codes.
 - org.zkoss.zk.ui.event.Events.addEventListeners(Component comp, Object controller): Add onXxx event listener defined in controller object to the specified component. This helper method registers those onXxx events to the specified component so you don't have to implement and add EventListener into the component one by one. This helper method provides the same feature of the GenericComposer.
 - org.zkoss.zk.ui.Components.wireVariables(Component comp, Object controller): Wire accessible variable objects of the specified component into a controller Java object. This helper method wire the embedded objects, components, and accessible variables into the controller object per the components' id and variables' name automatically for you so you don't have to call getFellows() or Path.getComponents() etc. to get references. This helper method provides the same feature of the GenericAutowireComposer.
 - org.zkoss.zk.ui.Components.addForwards(Component comp, Object controller): Adds forward conditions to the source components defined in the controller object so their onXxx events can be forwarded to the specified target component. This helper method searches those onXxx$id methods defined in the controller object and adds forward condition to the components as specified in id so you don't have to specify in zul file the forward attribute one by one. This helper method provides the same feature of the GenericForwardComposer.
How About if I Use the "use" attribute
Since day one, ZK has provided a way to do MVC by using customized component as a controller. "Can we have the benefits of these three helper methods in such conditions?" Sure you can!
mywindow.zul
<window title="mywindow example" border="normal" width="300px" use="MyWindow">
 <grid>
 <rows>
 <row>First Name: <textbox id="firstName"/></row>
 <row>Last Name: <textbox id="lastName"/></row>
 <row>Full Name: <label id="fullName"/></row>
 </rows>
 </grid>
</window>
MyWindow.java
...
public class MyWindow extends Window implements AfterCompose {
 private Textbox firstName;
 private Textbox lastName;
 private Label fullName;
 //-- AfterCompose --//
 public void afterCompose() {
 //wire variables
 Components.wireVariables(this, this);

 //NO need to register onXxx event listeners
 //auto forward
 Components.addForwards(this, this);
 }
 public void onChange$firstName(Event event) {
 fullName.setValue(firstName.getValue()+" "+lastName.getValue());
 }

 public void onChange$lastName(Event event) {
 fullName.setValue(firstName.getValue()+" "+lastName.getValue());
 }
}
As you can see, MyWindow actually looks similar to MyComposer6. The difference is that using the use attribute, the component and the controller is of the same object. We need to find a proper timing to call the auto-wire and add-forword helper methods in MyWindow class. In this example, I choose implementing the org.zkoss.zk.ui.ext.AfterCompose interface and call the auto-wire and add-forward helper methods in afterCompose() interface method. The ZK loader engine will call this afterCompose() method after all child components are properly composed just like the doAfterCompose() to the Composer interface. Note that here we don't have to register onXxx event listeners explicitly since the ZK update engine will call onXxx event listeners defined in component automatically.
Download
Download the example codes(.war file).
Summary
ZK programming is all about event handling and UI components manipulation. Apparently, the event listener is where the business logic is all about and it is the controller codes that coordinates everything. To make MVC programming easier, we have made writing the controller codes much easier. So here are the targets we have achieved:
 - Make writing event listener easier.
 - Make register event listener easier.
 - Make accessing UI components and data beans easier.
And with implicit objects auto-wiring, it makes the refactoring from quick prototyping zscript codes to product performance codes as simple as copy and paste.
We hope you enjoy these ZK new features and write your MVC codes happily with ZK. If you come up with any idea, please feel free to feed back and we can make ZK programming even easier and better.
Copyright © Potix Corporation. This article is licensed under GNU Free Documentation License.


text:
milleporeArticle Free Pass
millepore, also called stinging coral, or pepper coral, (Millepora), any of a genus of invertebrate marine animals comprising the order Milleporina (phylum Cnidaria). Millepores are common in shallow tropical seas to depths of 30 metres (about 100 feet). Unlike the true corals, which belong to the class Anthozoa, millepores are closely related to the hydra. Both hydras and the millepores belong to the class Hydrozoa. Some species form branching treelike growths up to 50 centimetres (about 20 inches) high. Others form massive and shapeless or leaflike growths. Most are whitish, yellowish, or beige in colour. As with other cnidarians, they bear powerful stinging structures called nematocysts, which are used for defense and for capturing food.
What made you want to look up "millepore"? Please share what surprised you most...


Sink or swim – experiments using tin foil
A pet peeve of mine are books on handcrafts or experiments or any kind of activity that come with drawings instead of pictures, because I always suspect that it was easier to draw whatever the author wanted to show than to take a photo of it. Which, to me, suggests that it isn't really all that easy to conduct the experiment or build the wicker basket or whatever it is you are attempting to do.
So here is an experiment that I had seen drawings of and that Martin and I went to try: on swimming and sinking.
Step 1: Take two identical pieces of tin foil.
Two identical pieces of tin foil
Step 2: Build a boat out of one of the pieces, and a ball out of the other one.
Two identical pieces of tin foil made into a boat and a ball.
Step 3: Place the boat and the ball on the water surface.
Step 4 to step 9: (And these are the steps that the nicely drawn instructions always omit) Watch the ball float on the surface. With growing annoyance, try to make the ball as compact as possible in order to make it sink.
Step 10: This is what we wanted to see after step 3 already. Even though the boat and the ball are made of identical pieces of tin foil and their mass is the same, the boat floats while the ball sinks.
A boat and a ball made of identical pieces of tin foil. Boat floats, ball sinks. Nice demonstration!
What do we learn from this? Always test experiments before using them as a demonstration, especially those that look extremely simple!
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<![CDATA[[SAMPLE PATCH] Filtering a List of Text Items with Javascript]]>Dear All,
@liminal_andy needed to be able to select text lines from a long list, in the same manner that the actors are filtered when you type part of their name: search through the list and only return the lines that contain the text you typed.
Here's an example patch. Using the Edit Text Control on the left, enter the list of items, each one on a new line. Then type a few characters in the center Edit Text Control. The Javascript actor will do a case-insensitive search and show the resulting list of items in the text box on the right.
fillter-text-list.izz
Enjoy,
Mark
]]>
_URL_ for NodeTue, 05 Jul 2022 20:07:49 GMTFri, 26 Feb 2021 09:24:25 GMT60<![CDATA[Reply to [SAMPLE PATCH] Filtering a List of Text Items with Javascript on Fri, 26 Feb 2021 11:55:23 GMT]]>@mark said:
Here's an example patch. Using the Edit Text Control on the left, enter the list of items, each one on a new line. Then type a few characters in the center Edit Text Control. The Javascript actor will do a case-insensitive search and show the resulting list of items in the text box on the right.
 Is this already on the Addons page?
]]>
_URL_ 26 Feb 2021 11:55:23 GMT


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3 Ways to Always Avoid Paper Jams
There's nothing more frustrating than dealing with a sheet of paper that's become entangled inside of a printer. Getting it out becomes a huge hassle as it rips and tears as you try to pull it free from the machine. A lot of people know that good printers shouldn't be eating up paper. Paper jams are not a way of life.
Problems tend to increase as printers age, but if you have a quality printer, it should take many years before it starts catching paper. However, if you've got a decent printer and it's still keen on jamming up, there are a few steps you can take to avoid jams in the future, or if your printer works well, avoid jams completely.
The first way to steer clear of paper jams is to pay attention to the type of paper you are using. Certain printers tend to work better with specific types of paper. The best way to find out what your printer plays well with is to check the user manual. Various papers will have different overall weights to them; thicker versus thinner paper. Likewise you should avoid mixing two different paper types together. They might stick together or become otherwise entangled, leading to a paper jam.
Whenever you put paper into the tray, make sure you have put it in correctly. Paper that is angled wrong, bent, or wrinkled can cause paper jams. These sheets can catch on the moving parts of your printer or be fed in the wrong way, which causes the printer to freeze up. Occasionally the printer may try to adjust the paper itself by ejecting the paper and then taking it in again - it realizes paper exists, but it is unable to feed it through correctly. Oftentimes this automatic adjustment can only make the problem worse. The paper only gets more angled or wrinkled and can become lodged into the mechanism more strongly than before. Use alignments provided by input trays and make sure paper is clean and lays flat.
Clean your machine. It may sound strange, but dust and dirt (and ink from the inkjet cartridges themselves!) can sneak into the printer and affect the efficiency of the printer rollers. Open up your printer at least once a month and use a lint-free cloth to wipe the insides, especially the print rollers. However, time can also be a factor, not just dust. If you notice that your printer rollers look shiny or worn down, then it's time to get some new ones. Contact your manufacturer about replacement parts. If your printer is too old, try other websites that sell older print supplies. If you still can't get any, then you may have no choice but to replace your printer.
When printers experience one too many paper jams, many people assume the printer is simply broken when this isn't the case. With a little TLC, your printer should function well and last for many years - without jamming up on every sheet of paper you feed it.


Eating ice
Do you like to eat ice?
Do you feel like you need to eat ice?
Enough to wolf down a tray of ice every day for at least two months?
If you answered yes to that last question, you might want to get your iron level checked. Because apparently iron deficiency is highly correlated with a compulsion to eat ice.
It's more than highly correlated, actually. Iron deficiency, the most common nutritional deficit in the world, pretty much definitely causes pagophagy. Almost one quarter of iron-deficient people in the US report this craving (and that number has been reported as high as 55% in other studies), and as soon as iron-deficient people start to take supplements, the compulsion goes away. Even before their haemoglobin levels go back to normal.
When your body doesn't have enough iron, eating ice is a weird thing to do. Ice doesn't have any iron. And any trace amounts of minerals in ice would be present in water too, but there's no compulsion for liquid water, just the solid stuff.
So what's going on?
We don't really know. The closest I've come to an answer is from a decent randomized control trial in 2014, which showed that, in iron-deficient people, eating ice boosted brain processing speeds.
This was the set up: A group of iron-deficient people and a group of normal-iron people were given a series of tests usually used to screen for AD/HD and either some tepid water or some ice to chew. The iron-deficient who got ice massively outperformed the suckers left without their ice fix. Here's the kicker though: the people with normal iron all did fine on the test whether they had ice or water. And their scores were the same as the ice-eating iron-deficient people.
Iron in the blood is used by red blood cells to carry oxygen around, so if you don't have enough iron, you won't have enough oxygen. This leads to fatigue and lethargy, which is why iron-deficient people generally won't score well on neuropsychological tests. Until they have ice.
The leading theory about why ice might temporarily alleviate fatigue (like a cup of a coffee) is to do with the diving reflex. When a mammal's face is submerged in water, cold receptors in the nose tell the body to go into submarine mode. Blood vessels in the extremities contract, sending more blood to the heart and brain. The heart rate slows, meaning the heart muscle needs less oxygen, and the spleen contracts, pushing more red blood cells into the system. It's like your body is in full-on oxygen conservation mode.
The authors of the 2014 study theorize that ice provides a jolt of cold to the mouth, stimulating this diving reflex and forcing more oxygen to the brain. While that sounds reasonable, my problem is that it doesn't explain why only the iron deficient would get a brain boost from ice.
So pagophagy remains a medical mystery.
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text:
Dayton Daily News: This local engineer helped capture the historic black hole image
June 19, 2019
The Dayton Daily News posted a Fascinating story on MTSI employee Ben Bosma's contributions to NASA's recent historic photo of a black hole.
"A Dayton engineer quietly played a pivotal role in NASA's recent historic photo of a black hole.
The image captured the world's attention in April, with NASA explaining that a global network of telescopes — dubbed the "Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration" — helped capture and stitch together the image.Ben Bosma, a retired Air Force fighter pilot and senior development engineer for Beavercreek defense contractor MTSI Inc., helped make that first-ever image possible."
CLICK HERE to view the full story.


text:
It was a true engineering wonder of its time. Nearly 3,700 kilometres of steel pipe — pushed through some of the toughest terrain in Canada.
Up to 5,000 workers persevered through a multitude of obstacles, often under extremely adverse conditions, to build what would be the world's longest pipeline.
In 2008, TransCanada's Canadian Mainline celebrated 50 years of history — recognizing a milestone anniversary of the final weld on the first pipeline system designed to deliver Alberta natural gas to markets in Ontario and Quebec.
Construction of the Mainline's western leg began on June 17, 1956 at Burstall, Saskatchewan. Natural gas reached the cities of Winnipeg, Manitoba and Regina, Saskatchewan on the Canadian Prairies in September 1957. Workers pushed on, challenged by the terrain and the remoteness of the land — moving about one kilometre a day across Ontario and, finally into Quebec. The final weld on the pipeline took place in Kapuskasing, Ontario on October 10, 1958.
To commemorate the event, Canada Post and TransCanada unveiled a special edition Canadian postage stamp, depicting a single, anonymous welder representing thousands of labourers who worked to complete the historic pipeline.
A little known fact — a silver dollar was welded to the pipe in that location. That silver dollar is now on display at TransCanada's head office in Calgary, Alberta.
Canadian Mainline Construction Facts


Koko Crater Trail – Honolulu, Hawaii - Atlas Obscura
Koko Crater Trail
Climbing this abandoned railway leads to breathtaking vistas of O'ahu.
Hawaiʻi isn't short on spectacular views. But for a prime perspective of this patch of paradise, you'll have to put in a bit of effort.
This trail—dubbed "Nature's StairMaster" and the "Stairs of Doom"—is actually an old railroad. During World War II, the United States military built lookout pillbox bunkers on Koko Crater. They constructed a railway tram to shuttle supplies and people up and down the steep terrain. After the war, the site was converted into an Air Force station, which was deactivated in 1966.
The abandoned railroad was later converted into a walking trail. But this is no place for a leisurely stroll. The rickety 1,048 stairs gain a walloping 1,100 feet in elevation in under a mile. The stairs start out at a moderately steep slope, though the incline increases the farther you hike, eventually soaring upward, the way a roller coaster track rolls toward the sky. Locals and tourists alike huff and puff their way to the top, where they're rewarded with breathtaking (literally) vistas of Hanauma Bay. From the summit, you'll have unparalleled views of the verdant land fringed by frothy waves and azure water.
Time hasn't been particularly kind to the trail. Natural decay, coupled with decades worth of tramping trail-goers, has left parts of the track in rough shape. A group called the Kokonut Koalition formed to both preserve and advocate for the steps.
Know Before You Go
Access to the trail is free and there are no legal restrictions to hiking it. You can go any time—be sure to bring a flashlight or headlamp if you're planning a sunrise or sunset hike. Parts of the trail are in states of disrepair, so take caution while walking.


text:
Here are 2 famous actors from Australia died in 1972:
Alfred J. Goulding (January 26, 1896 Melbourne-April 25, 1972 Hollywood) a.k.a. Alfred Goulding, Alf Goulding, Alfred John Goulding, Alf Gounding, Alfred John "Alf" Goulding or Alf. Goulding was an Australian screenwriter, film director and actor. His child is called Alf Goulding Jr..
In his early years, Goulding worked as a clerk in a bank before pursuing a career in entertainment. He started out as a comedian and theater actor in Australia before moving to the United States in 1912 to join the vaudeville circuit. In 1917, he began working for Keystone Studios, where he acted in and directed numerous short comedy films, often starring comic duo Laurel and Hardy.
Goulding's career spanned several decades, and he directed over 200 films throughout his lifetime. He was known for his talent in creating physical comedy and was considered a pioneer of the silent film era. Some of his notable works include "The Battle of the Century" (1927), "The Haunted House" (1929), and "Turnabout" (1940).
Aside from his work as a director and actor, Goulding was also a prolific screenwriter, having written the scripts for over 70 films. He received a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay in 1940 for the film "Road to Singapore."
Goulding passed away on April 25, 1972, in Hollywood, California, at the age of 76. He leaves behind a legacy as one of the most influential personalities of the early Hollywood era.
Read more about Alfred J. Goulding on Wikipedia »
John Warwick (January 4, 1905 Bellingen-January 10, 1972 Sydney) a.k.a. John McIntosh Beattle was an Australian actor and screenwriter.
He started his career in theater and later transitioned to film. Warwick appeared in over 30 films and wrote for several others in the 1930s and 40s. Some of his notable films include "It Isn't Done" (1937), "Come Up Smiling" (1939), and "The Glenrowan Affair" (1951). Warwick was also a co-founder of the Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust, which aimed to promote and produce Australian plays. In addition to his work in the entertainment industry, Warwick was an accomplished pilot and flew for the Royal Australian Air Force during World War II. His contributions to the Australian film industry were recognized with a posthumous award at the 1972 Australian Film Awards.
Read more about John Warwick on Wikipedia »


text:
Hello, good afternoon. Im using @elapsed to mesure time function and got some flutuation in sequence data. Is this peaks in plot gargabe collection noise?
Good evening! It might be gc as you say. Consider using BenchmarkTools.jl for accurate benchmarking. E.g., using
Im testing here but it is taking a lot of time. Seems @belapsed cant run with more than 1000 iterations.
The functions with constant time was done, but seems more strange than using @elapsed
You can control the number of evaluations BenchmarkTools.jl is using. The timing that is less than one nanosecond means that the compiler outsmarted the benchmark and performed the entire calculation at compile time. This is indicated on the first page of the docs Home · BenchmarkTools.jl
As a rule of thumb, if a benchmark reports that it took less than a nanosecond to perform, this hoisting probably occured. You can avoid this by referencing and dereferencing the interpolated variables
@btime already run your code more than once to collect statistics from various runs. There's no need to invoke them in a loop.
But how to plot a performance curve with only one value collected?
Have you checked out the documentation of BenchmarkTools.jl? You can use
@benchmark to get an object containing the collected statistics.


\Psi_N)d t^2 - (1-2\Phi_N)\delta_{ij}dx^idx^j\right) :param x: expression :return: expression evaluated in the Newtonian gauge """ if isinstance(x, (list, tuple)): res = [newtonian_gauge(y) for y in x] return [x for x in res if x != True] res = subs(Newtonian_subs, x) if isinstance(res, sympy.Expr): res = simplify(res.doit()) res2 = simplify(res.subs(Psi_N, Phi_N - a ** 2 * kappa * Pi / k ** 2)) if len(str(res2)) < len(str(res)): res = res2 return res
# Things for relating to cdm frame or traditional synchronous gauge variables # In the "cdm frame" we just fix to zero acceleration, comoving with CDM # the covariant hdot and eta variables differ from Ma & Bertshinger by factors (the latter have _s after the name) cdm_subs = [Eq(diff(A, t), 0), Eq(A, 0), Eq(diff(v_c, t), 0), Eq(v_c, 0)]
[docs]def cdm_gauge(x): r""" Evaluates an expression in the CDM frame :math:'(v_c=0, A=0)'. Equivalent to the synchronous gauge but using the covariant variable names. :param x: expression :return: expression evaluated in CDM frame. """ if isinstance(x, (list, tuple)): return [cdm_gauge(y) for y in x] return simplify(subs(cdm_subs, x))
synchronous_vars = [Eq(eta_s, -make_frame_invariant(eta, v_c) / 2 / K_fac), Eq(hdot_s, 6 * (hdot + H * A + v_c / k * (k ** 2 / 3 * K_fac + kappa * a ** 2 / 2 * (rho + P))))] synchronous_subs = [Eq(eta, -2 * K_fac * eta_s), Eq(hdot, hdot_s / 6), Eq(phi, subs(var_subs, phi))] synchronous_subs += [subs(synchronous_subs, Eq(z, solve(cons4, z))), Eq(sigma, (hdot_s + diff(6 * eta_s, t)) / 2 / k)] synchronous_subs = cdm_gauge(synchronous_subs) + cdm_subs
[docs]def synchronous_gauge(x): """ evaluates an expression in the synchronous gauge, using conventional synchronous-gauge variables. :param x: expression :return: synchronous gauge variable expression """ if isinstance(x, (list, tuple)): res = [synchronous_gauge(y) for y in x] return [x for x in res if x != True] res = subs(synchronous_subs, x) if isinstance(res, sympy.Expr): return simplify(res.doit()) return simplify(res)
# Fluid components density_eqs = [ Eq(diff(rho_b, t), -3 * H * (rho_b + p_b)), Eq(diff(rho_c, t), -3 * H * rho_c), Eq(diff(rho_g, t), -4 * H * rho_g), Eq(diff(rho_r, t), -4 * H * rho_r), Eq(diff(rho_nu, t), -3 * H * (rho_nu + p_nu)), Eq(diff(rho_de, t), -3 * H * (rho_de * (1 + w_de))) ] delta_eqs = [ Eq(diff(Delta_r, t), -4 * hdot - k * q_r), Eq(diff(Delta_g, t), -4 * hdot - k * q_g), Eq(diff(Delta_b, t), -(1 + p_b / rho_b) * (3 * hdot + k * v_b) + (p_b / rho_b - csq_b) * 3 * H * Delta_b), Eq(diff(Delta_c, t), -3 * hdot - k * v_c), Eq(diff(Delta_nu, t), -3 * (1 + p_nu / rho_nu) * hdot - k * q_nu + 3 * H * (-Delta_P_nu + Delta_nu * p_nu / rho_nu)), Eq(diff(Delta_de, t), -3 * (1 + w_de) * hdot - (1 + w_de) * k * v_de - 3 * H * (csqhat_de - w_de) * ( Delta_de + 3 * H * (1 + w_de) * v_de / k) - 3 * H * diff(w_de, t) * v_de / k) ] vel_eqs = [ Eq(diff(q_r, t), -2 * third * k * pi_r * K_fac + third * k * Delta_r - 4 * k / 3 * A), Eq(diff(q_g, t), -2 * third * k * pi_g * K_fac + third * k * Delta_g + drag_t - 4 * k / 3 * A), Eq(diff(v_b, t), -k * A - H * v_b - diff(p_b, t) * v_b / (rho_b + p_b) + 1 / (rho_b + p_b) * (rho_b * csq_b * k * Delta_b - rho_g * drag_t)), Eq(diff(v_c, t), -H * v_c - k * A), Eq(diff(q_nu, t), -H * (1 - 3 * p_nu / rho_nu) * q_nu - k / 3 * (2 * K_fac * pi_nu - 3 * Delta_P_nu) - (1 + p_nu / rho_nu) * k * A), Eq(diff(v_de, t), k * csqhat_de * Delta_de / (1 + w_de) - H * (1 - 3 * csqhat_de) * v_de - k * A) ] component_eqs = density_eqs + delta_eqs + vel_eqs rho_t = rho_b + rho_c + rho_r + rho_g + rho_nu + rho_de P_t = third * (rho_r + rho_g) + p_b + p_nu + w_de * rho_de tot_subs = [ Eq(rho, rho_t), Eq(P, P_t) ] # Note that csqhat_de is defined in the dark energy rest-frame, so this is general-gauge result for pressure perturbation: Delta_P_de = ( csqhat_de * Delta_de + 3 * H * v_de / k * (1 + w_de) * (csqhat_de - w_de + diff(w_de, t) / 3 / H / (1 + w_de))) tot_pert_subs = [ Eq(Pi, rho_g * pi_g + rho_r * pi_r + rho_nu * pi_nu), Eq(delta, rho_g * Delta_g + rho_r * Delta_r + rho_b * Delta_b + rho_c * Delta_c + rho_


of keyboard focus within the widget hierarchy rooted at this shell. The X keyboard focus must be directed to somewhere in the hierarchy for this client-side focus management to take effect. Possible values are XmEXPLICIT, specifying a click-to-type policy, and XmPOINTER, specifying a pointer-driven policy.
XmNlabelFontList
Specifies the font list used for label descendants. See the XmNlabelRenderTable resource.
XmNlabelRenderTable
Specifies the font list used for VendorShell's label descendants (Labels and LabelGadgets). If this value is NULL at initialization and if the value of XmNdefaultFontList is not NULL, XmNlabelFontList is initialized to the value of XmNdefaultFontList. If the value of XmNdefaultFontList is NULL, the parent hierarchy of the widget is searched for an ancestor that holds the XmQTspecifyRenderTable trait. If such an ancestor is found, XmNlabelRenderTable is initialized to the XmLABEL_RENDER_TABLE of the ancestor widget. If no such ancestor is found, the default is implementation dependent. Refer to XmRenderTable(3) for more information on the creation and structure of a render table.
XmNlayoutDirection
Specifies the direction in which the subwidgets, children of a widget, or other visual components are to be laid out. This policy will apply as the default layout policy for all descendants of this VendorShell.
XmNmwmDecorations
Specifies the decoration flags (specific decorations to add or remove from the window manager frame) for the _MOTIF_WM_HINTS property. If any decoration flags are specified by the _MOTIF_WM_HINTS property, only decorations indicated by both that property and the MWM clientDecoration and transientDecoration resources are displayed. If no decoration flags are specified by the _MOTIF_WM_HINTS property, decorations indicated by the MWM clientDecoration and transientDecoration resources are displayed. The default for the XmNmwmDecorations resource is not to specify any decoration flags for the _MOTIF_WM_HINTS property.
The value of this resource is the bitwise inclusive OR of one or more flag bits. The possible flag bit constants, defined in the include file Xm/MwmUtil.h, are
MWM_DECOR_ALL
All decorations except those specified by other flag bits that are set
MWM_DECOR_BORDER
Client window border
MWM_DECOR_RESIZEH
Resize frame handles
MWM_DECOR_TITLE
Title bar
MWM_DECOR_MENU
Window menu button
MWM_DECOR_MINIMIZE
Minimize window button
MWM_DECOR_MAXIMIZE
Maximize window button
XmNmwmFunctions
Specifies the function flags (specific window manager functions to apply or not apply to the client window) for the _MOTIF_WM_HINTS property. If any function flags are specified by the _MOTIF_WM_HINTS property, only functions indicated by both that property and the MWM clientFunctions and transientFunctions resources are applied. If no function flags are specified by the _MOTIF_WM_HINTS property, functions indicated by the MWM clientFunctions and transientFunctions resources are applied. The default for the XmNmwmFunctions resource is not to specify any function flags for the _MOTIF_WM_HINTS property.
The value of this resource is the bitwise inclusive OR of one or more flag bits. The possible flag bit constants, defined in the include file Xm/MwmUtil.h, are
MWM_FUNC_ALL
All functions except those specified by other flag bits that are set
MWM_FUNC_RESIZE
f.resize
MWM_FUNC_MOVE
f.move
MWM_FUNC_MINIMIZE
f.minimize
MWM_FUNC_MAXIMIZE
f.maximize
MWM_FUNC_CLOSE
f.kill
XmNmwmInputMode
Specifies the input mode flag (application modal or system modal input constraints) for the _MOTIF_WM_HINTS property. If no input mode flag is specified by the _MOTIF_WM_HINTS property, no input constraints are applied, and input goes to any window. The default for the XmNmwmInputMode resource is not to specify any input mode flag for the _MOTIF_WM_HINTS property.
An application that sets input constraints on a dialog usually uses the BulletinBoard's XmNdialogStyle resource rather than the parent DialogShell's XmNmwmInputMode resource.
The possible values for this resource, defined in the include file Xm/MwmUtil.h, are
MWM_INPUT_MODELESS
Input goes to any window.
MWM_INPUT_PRIMARY_APPLICATION_MODAL
Input does not go to ancestors of this window.
MWM_INPUT_SYSTEM_MODAL
Input goes only to this window.
MWM_INPUT_FULL_APPLICATION_MODAL
Input does not go to other windows in this application.
XmNmwmMenu
Specifies the menu items that the Motif window manager should add to the end of the window menu. The string contains a list of items separated by fP with the following format:
label [mnemonic] [accelerator] function
If more than one item is specified, the items should be separated by a newline character.
When XtGetValues is called on this resource, the returned value is a pointer to the actual resource value and should not be freed.
XmNpreeditType
Specifies the input method style or styles available to the input manager. The resource can be a comma-separated list of the following values:
Preedit Values
Preedit ValueXIM Style
OffTheSpotXIMPreeditArea
RootXIMPreeditNothing
NoneXIMPreeditNone
OverTheSpotXIMPreeditPosition
OnTheSpotXIMPreeditCallbacks
When XtGetValues is called on this resource, the returned value is a pointer to the actual resource value and should not be freed.
XmNshellUnitType
This resource is obsolete, and is included only for compatibility with earlier releases of Motif. Use the XmNunitType resource instead.
XmNtextFontList
Specifies the font list used for text descendants. See the XmNtextRenderTable resource.
XmNtextRenderTable
Specifies the render table used for VendorShell's Text and List descendants. If this value is NULL at initialization and if the value of XmNdefaultFontList is not NULL, XmNtextRenderTable is initialized to the value of XmNdefaultFontList. If the value of XmNdefaultFontList is NULL, the parent hierarchy of the widget is searched for an ancestor that holds the XmQTspecifyRenderTable trait. If such an ancestor is found, XmNtextRenderTable is initialized to the XmTEXT_RENDER_TABLE value of the ancestor widget. If no such ancestor is found, the default is implementation dependent. Refer to XmRenderTable(3) for more information on the creation and structure of a render table.
XmNtoolTipEnable
Specifies whether toolTips are enabled for this shell or not.
XmNtoolTipPostDelay
Specifies the time, in milliseconds, to wait after the pointer enters a widget before posting the toolTip associated with this widget.
XmNtoolTipPostDuration
Specifies the time, in milliseconds, that the toolTip is displayed. A value of 0 will display the tip indefinitely.
XmNunitType
Provides the basic support for resolution independence. It defines the type of units a widget uses with sizing and positioning resources. The resource has a default unit type of XmPIXELS.
The unit type can also be specified in resource files, with the following format:
<floating value><unit>
where:
unit
is <" ", pixels, inches, centimeters, millimeters, points, font units>
pixels
is <pix, pixel, pixels>
inches
is <in, inch, inches>
centimeter
is <cm, centimeter, centimeters>
millimeters
is <mm, millimeter, millimeters>
points
is <pt, point, points>
font units
is <fu, font_unit, font_units>
float
is {"+"|"-"}{{<"0"-"9">*}.}<"0"-"9">*
Note that the type Dimension must always be positive.
For example,
xmfonts*XmMainWindow.height: 10.4cm
*PostIn.width: 3inches
XmNunitType can have the following values:
XmPIXELS
All values provided to the widget are treated as normal pixel values.
XmMILLIMETERS
All values provided to the widget are treated as normal millimeter values.
Xm100TH_MILLIMETERS
All values provided to the widget are treated as 1/100 of a millimeter.
XmCENTIMETERS
All values provided to the widget are treated as normal centimeter values.
XmINCHES
All values provided to the widget are treated as normal inch values.
Xm1000TH_INCHES
All values provided to the widget are


A progressive, South West based accountancy practice
Can I avoid a tax investigation?
So the return is in, and we can breathe a sigh of relief, but is it all over?
We are often being asked this question "What chance is there that I get investigated by HMRC?" The truth is that you cannot entirely eliminate the risk of getting investigated, but you can minimise it.
Some clarification
First we need to tidy up the terminology! The word "investigation" is emotive. It suggests that the person selected is guilty of some misdemeanour, or even a crime!
HMRC use various words on their website, and in their literature to describe the same thing. You might have a "check", an "enquiry" or a "review". All of these simply mean HMRC want to check that you are paying the correct amount of tax, and at the correct time.
Time limits
Generally, HMRC have 12 months from the date the return is filed to open an investigation into your return. The deadline can be extended if you file your return late, amend a previous return, or they can prove that you have deliberately misled them.
So I could get a random check, but how do I minimise the risk?
Submit your returns on time
Some people may be tempted to submit returns late, particularly if they have liabilities that they cannot afford to pay. It is much better to submit the return on time, and ask for time to pay. While the response can vary, you are much less likely to get a positive response if you have a history of filing later returns. This applies not only to tax returns, but VAT, PAYE and corporation tax returns as well.
Use the "white space" or attach additional documents (where possible)
Many investigations are raised simply so HMRC can understand figures that fall outside the "norm" expected. Using the white space to explain significant variations from previous years, or from industry averages, can help HMRC to accept the figures without opening an enquiry. If they still open an enquiry, it can help to minimise any penalties if you can show "that we have already told you about…."
Don't fall out with your staff, spouse or lover!
Many investigations start with a simple tip off to HMRC, usually from someone with a grudge against the taxpayer. The people closest to you often know more than you care to think, and know "where the skeletons are". While HMRC don't always take up these leads, they can tip the balance. The worst case we handled was where a landlord fell out with his girlfriend who happened to be his boss's daughter! He lost his relationship, his job and got a tax investigation all in one week!
Use a good accountant
HMRC will never admit it, but they do know which accountants are professional, and which ones are, shall we say, less than competent. Using a reputable firm should ensure that your return is correct (assuming you've told the accountant everything). Even if it's not, you may not have to pay a penalty, as using a good accountant demonstrated that you took "reasonable care" over the return, which is one of the main grounds for appealing against a penalty.
Fee protection
Most accountants also offer insurance against their fees if your return is selected for a "check". Like most policies, they are always conditions, but generally claims are met.
Some accountant's policies also give them access to free advice lines, so they can clear any difficult or contentious points before your return is submitted.
The policies are not expensive, and can often be part of a membership (e.g. FSB) or as part of your general business insurance.
It helps avoid that irritating position where you have to accept HMRC's opinion, even though it's wrong, because "it's cheaper to pay the tax."
In summary
You cannot eliminate the risk, but using a good accountant, and paying a small insurance premium, can put you in the best position to defend yourself.
Don't be frightened by the prospect of an HMRC investigation, be prepared!


Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to: navigation, search
Alternative forms[edit]
From colour + -able.
colourable (not comparable)
 1. (obsolete) Colourful.
 2. Apparently true; specious; potentially justifiable.
 Doth the master make any bargaine, or dispatch that pleaseth not? it is immediately smothered and suppressed, soone after forging causes, and devising colourable excuses, to excuse the want of execution or answer.
 - 1612, John Smith, Proceedings of the English Colonie in Virginia, Chapel Hill 1988 (Select Edition of his Writings), p.178:
 they told him their comming was for some extraordinary tooles and shift of apparell; by this colourable excuse, they obtained 6. or 7. more to their confederacie [].
 - 2003, Ofer Raban, Modern legal theory and judicial impartiality, p.83:
 These three examples have what may be called a 'colourable' claim for a public justification: they do not appear to us as checkerboard statues because, looking at the distinctions they draw, we presume the required justification does exist.
 3. (now rare, sometimes law) Deceptive; fake, misleading.
 - 1590, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, III.iii:
 Glauce, what needs this colourable word, / To cloke the cause, that hath it selfe bewrayd?
 1. (law) That which is in appearance only, and not in reality, what it purports to be, hence counterfeit, feigned have the appearance of truth.
 4. That can be coloured.
Usage notes[edit]
The sense "that can be coloured" is more common in American than in British English.
 - Black's Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition.


text:
The study ranks areas of the Scotland according to the hardship they face, and highlights vast differences in fortunes among groups.
The figures show one in ten families in Glasgow faces severe disadvantage – three times the national average.
The study published today by the think-tank Demos looks beyond purely financial measures of poverty and examines instead how a combination of issues such as unemployment, overcrowding and poor health can compound problems faced by families.
The study looked at low income, unemployment, physical and mental health problems and a lack of qualifications in 28,000 households in Scotland.
Families affected by four or more disadvantages were considered "severely disadvantaged".
Louise Bazalgette, the report's author, said the work recognises that hardship is about more than low income.
"It provides insight into the struggle thousands of families across Scotland go through on a daily basis coping with poverty, worklessness and poor health," she said.
"The extent of severe disadvantage in some areas of Scotland shows the scale of the challenge for some local authorities, who need to find effective ways to work with families facing a complex set of problems at a time of dwindling public resources."
Regions with the lowest proportion of very disadvantaged families included Grampian, east and west Dunbartonshire and Edinburgh. In Glasgow only 38% of families were unaffected by any of the social disadvantages surveyed. Some 11% were affected by four or more.
South Lanarkshire families were the next most likely to face major disadvantages, followed by those in North Lanarkshire and Fife.
However, South Lanarkshire was also shown to be more unequal than any other part of the country. The proportion of families without any significant challenges there – 58% – is higher than the national average, but so is the 7% with four or more disadvantages.
Across Scotland, on average 53% of families faced no disadvantages while 4% were affected by four or more.
The research also found households in Scotland with children in which the parents are unmarried are six times more likely to be severely disadvantaged than households in which they are married.
Lone-parent households made up 51% of those facing severe disadvantage, while 77% of the most severely disadvantaged were living in social housing
Ms Bazalgette said the report was the first phase of a project looking at family disadvantage in Scotland. The next stage will look in detail at the problems of families facing a complex mix of social barriers, and try to develop policy responses.
The research was supported by Quarriers, which supports struggling adults and children.
Chief executive Paul Moore said the charity was launching a new appeal to support families in Scotland.
"Multiple disadvantage has a compounding effect, creating a perfect storm of complex, interrelated hardships that feed off each other and are incredibly difficult to overcome," he said.
"Quarriers' mission is to step in to ensure the needs of these disadvantaged families are met – and we aim to do so through Scotland's Family Appeal
Research was conducted by Demos and NatCen, using statistics from the 2009-10 Scottish Household Survey.


text:
On January 11, the construction of Daofu Pumped Water Storage power Station, the world's highest large-scale pumped storage power station, officially started in Daofu County, Sichuan province. With a designed annual generating capacity of 2.994 billion KWH, the hydropower station is the largest installed pumped storage project in Sichuan Province and a landmark project of the Yalong River water-scenery integrated base.
It is understood that Daofu pumped storage power station is a key implementation project during the 14th Five-Year Plan period of "Medium and long-term pumped Storage Development Plan (2021-2035)". The project is located in Shika Township, Daofu County, Garzi Prefecture, Sichuan Province, with an initially planned installed capacity of 2.1 million kilowatts (6× 350,000 kilowatts). After completion, it will mainly undertake tasks such as peak regulation, valley filling, energy storage, frequency modulation and phase modulation in Sichuan's power system, and promote the development and utilization of new energy.
The power station has the characteristics of high cold, high altitude, high water head and high speed, high voltage, large capacity generator complex construction difficulty. After the research and demonstration of the participating parties, the project is being implemented in an orderly manner. The construction of Daofu pumped storage power station will strongly promote the technological innovation and development of pumped storage units and electrical equipment in the world.
Pumped storage is the most commonly used large-scale energy storage technology at present, mainly used in power system peak load and valley filling, frequency and phase regulation and emergency backup, with mature technology, high efficiency, large capacity, long-term energy storage and other advantages. During the off-peak period of electricity consumption, the use of excess energy such as scenery new energy to pump water from the lower reservoir to the upper reservoir for storage, which is equivalent to "charging" the "charging treasure", at this time the pumping and storage power station is the user of electric energy. In the peak hours of electricity consumption, the water is discharged from the upper reservoir to the lower reservoir, and the potential energy of the water is converted into electric energy to meet the electricity demand during the peak hours, which is the process of "charging treasure" discharge. At this time, the pumping and storage power station is a power plant.
The total investment of the Daofu pumped storage power station project is about 15.1 billion yuan, which can boost the GDP of Sichuan Province by 21.3 billion yuan during the construction period, and can promote about 5,000 jobs every year. At the same time, the project can drive the development and construction of surrounding photovoltaic resources, and it is expected that the new investment in new energy development will reach 24 billion yuan.
It is understood that as a core participant, PowerChina Chengdu Institute has prepared a high-quality pumped storage development plan for Sichuan Province; A series of pumped storage power plants have been designed and built inside and outside the province, including Lianghekou Project, the world's highest and largest hybrid pumped storage power plant, which is the main driving force and leading force for the development of pumped storage in China. Editor/Xu Shengpeng


text:
Biography & Family History Add details
Mary had no marriages.
This genealogy of Mary Sherman Brottle's history is a collaborative effort by AncientFaces users like you Share any information you have to connect with the people who know her. Some common things we would like to know about Mary's genealogy:
- Where was Mary born?
- Where and when did Mary die?
- Who was Marys family?
- What did Mary look like? Add some photos of their life.
History of Mary Sherman Brottle Add details
- Given name
- Maiden name
- Brottle family history, Sherman family history
Do you know more about Mary Sherman Brottle?
You can add details to this page and share Mary's story.
Obituary Add details
No one has submitted any information on Mary Sherman Brottle's obituary records. You can add obituary information about Mary Sherman Brottle by clicking "Add Details".
Share your memories below with the rest of Mary's family. We'll notify anyone else who is searching for Mary of your message.


the top-left cell.
The player wants to get to the bottom-right cell.
The player can only move up, down, left, or right.
Also, the player can move between two cells if the absolute difference in height between them is less or equal to the player jump power.

Given a map and a player jump power,
write a function that returns true if the player can reach the bottom right cell,
or false otherwise.

0 1 1 3 4
3 4 2 0 1
2 2 2 4 3
1 3 4 3 1
1 2 1 1 0

jump Power = 3
0 1 1
 2
 2
 4
 1 1 0

jump power = 1
0 1 2
 2
2 2 2
1
1 2 1 1 0

*/
function hasPath(map, jumpPower) {
 let queue = [{
 x: 0,
 y: 0
 }]

 let visited = {};

 while (!queue.empty) {
 let position = queue.pop

 if (visited[(position.x, position.y]) {
 continue;
 } else {
 if (position.y == map.length && position.x == map[0].length) {
 // reached the bottom right
 return true;
 } else {
 let right = map[position.y][position.x + 1]

 let left = map[position.y][position.x - 1]

 if (position.y + 1 < map.length) {
 let bottom = map[position.y + 1][position.x]
 if (jumpPower + map[position.x][position.y] >= bottom) {
 queue.push({
 x: postion.x,
 y: position.y + 1
 });
 }
 }

 let top = map[position.y - 1][position.x]

 visited[(position.x, position.y)] = true
 }

 //if (map[positon.x][position.y])
 }

 return false;
}
Reusable Components
import React from "react";
const InputField = ({ value, label, name, placeholder, type, onChange }) => (

 {label && {label}}
 <input
 type={type}
 value={value}
 name={name}
 className="form-control"
 placeholder={placeholder}
 onChange={onChange}
 />

);
export default InputField;
import React, { useState } from "react";
import InputField from "../UI/InputField";
const AddProductForm = () => {
 const [inputValue, setInputValue] = useState({ name: "", price: "" });
 const { name, price } = inputValue;
 const handleChange = (e) => {
 const { name, value } = e.target;
 setInputValue((prev) => ({
 ...prev,
 [name]: value,
 }));
 console.log(inputValue);
 };
 return (
 <Form>
 <InputField
 type="text"
 value={name}
 placeholder="Product Name"
 label="Name"
 name="name"
 onChange={handleChange}
 />
 <InputField
 type="number"
 value={price}
 placeholder="Add Price"
 label="Price"
 name="price"
 onChange={handleChange}
 />
 <Button color="primary">Add</Button>{" "}
 <Button color="secondary">Cancel</Button>
 </Form>
 );
};
export default AddProductForm;
Array iteration with setTimeout() javascript
const persons = ['John', 'Rick', ' Carol'];
let delay = 0;
persons.forEach(function (person) {
 setTimeout(function () {
 console.log(person);
 }, 1000 + delay);
 delay += 1000;
});
Van Ecks Sequence - Bloomberg - Asset Management AIM - Full Stack - 11/5/21
// Van Eck is a sequence that has 3 properties:
// - Starts with 0
// - For each element, count the number of steps since it's last appeared. This number of steps becomes the next term
// - If the element has not appeared before, the next term is 0
// Sequence: [0, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 1, 6, 0, 5, ...]
// [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
// Problem: Given an index, define a function that returns the element in Van Eck's sequence at that index.
function vanEcksAtIndex(index) {
 let arr = [0];
 // Last index which the number as appeared
 let lastAppeared = {0: 0};

 for (let i = 0; i < index; i++) {
 console.log('i', i)
 console.log('arr', arr)
 console.log('lastAppeared', lastAppeared)
 if (lastAppeared[arr[i]] != null) {
 // Element has appeared before
 arr.push(i - lastAppeared[arr[i]]);
 } else {
 // Element hasn't appeared before
 arr.push(0);
 }
 lastAppeared[arr[i]] = i;
 }

 return arr[index];
}
// arr = [0], lastAppeared = { 0: 0 }
// i = 0, arr = [0, 0], lastAppeared = { 0: 0 }
// i = 1, arr = [0, 0, 1], lastAppeared = { 0: 1 }
console.log(vanEcksAtIndex(9));
Javascript code to remove falsy value like null, undefined, false from array
const my_array = [10, false, null, "devsheet", undefined];
const filtered_array = my_array.filter(Boolean);
// -> [10,"devsheet"]
Real time text-to-speech converter using Javascript
var speech = new SpeechSynthesisUtterance();
var all_voices = speechSynthesis.getVoices();
speech.voice = all_voices[1];
speech.text = "Hello John. Welcome to Devsheet";
speechSynthesis.speak(speech);
Stop loop for some seconds in Javascript
//Using recursion function
var counter = 0;
function loop_func() {
 setTimeout(function () {
 console.log('Loop Iteration: ' + counter);
 if (counter < 4) {
 loop_func();
 }
 counter++;
 }, 2000); //Add delay here - 2000 = 2 seconds
}
// The loop will run 5 times
loop_func();
Get the day name from given date in Javascript
const date_str = "07/20/2021";
const date = new Date(date_str);
const full_day_name = date.toLocaleDateString('default', { weekday: 'long' });
// -> to get full day name e.g. Tuesday
const short_day_name = date.toLocaleDateString('default', { weekday: 'short' });
console.log(short_day_name);
// -> TO get the short day name e.g. Tue
Get year from given date using Javascript
const date = "2018-04-05";
const date_obj = new Date(date);
const year = date_obj.getFullYear();
// -> 2018
// OR The above code can be written in single line
new Date("2018-04-05").getFullYear()
// -> 2018
Get current year using Javascript Date getFullYear() method
const today_date = new Date();
const current_year = today_date.getFullYear();
// -> returns the current year
Check whether a checkbox is checked or not using Javascript only
var checkbox = document.getElementById("checkbox_id");
if (checkbox.checked) {
 console.log("Checkbox is checked");
} else {
 console.log("Checkbox is not checked");
}
Get month name from a date using javascript
const date_str = "2021-09-20";
const my_date = new Date(date_str);
//Get month name from date using .toLocaleString() method
const full_month_name = my_date.toLocaleString("default", { month: "long" });
// -> September
//Get


Home » Minerals » Mineraloids
Mineraloids
Interesting materials that fall short of meeting the definition of a "mineral"
Article by: , PhD, RPG
common opal
Common opal is a mineraloid. It is an amorphous silica with a chemical composition of SiO2.nH2O. It has a conchoidal fracture that is characteristic of an amorphous glass.
Opal
Precious Opal is a mineraloid. The play-of-color in opal is produced when light travels through a three-dimensional array of tiny silica spheres within the material. These tiny spheres serve as a diffraction grating that separates the light into its component colors. These spheres are very small and do not constitute an ordered atomic structure.
What Are Mineraloids?
A mineraloid is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that does not exhibit crystallinity. It may have the outward appearance of a mineral, but it does not have the "ordered atomic structure" required to meet the definition of a mineral. Some mineraloids also lack the "definite chemical composition" required to be a mineral.
To be considered a mineral, a material must meet the following five requirements:
Minerals are "crystalline." In other words, they have an ordered atomic structure. In contrast, mineraloids are "amorphous." This means that their internal atomic structure is not ordered.
Without the ordered atomic structure, mineraloids never produce well-formed crystals. They also do not exhibit the property of cleavage because they lack internal planes of weakness.
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Obsidian
Obsidian is a mineraloid. It is a volcanic glass that cools so rapidly that atoms do not have time to arrange themselves into a crystalline solid. Instead, they form an amorphous, randomly bonded network.
Examples of Mineraloids
There are a number of familiar materials that can be classified as mineraloids. For example, opal is an amorphous hydrated silica with a chemical composition of SiO2.nH2O. The "n" in its formula indicates that the amount of water is variable. Therefore, opal is a mineraloid.
Obsidian and pumice are igneous rocks that solidified so rapidly from a melt that their atoms were unable to move into an ordered atomic structure. Instead, they rapidly formed a random network of atoms known as a "glass." Obsidian and pumice are amorphous, and their compositions can vary dramatically from one location to another and from one volcanic eruption to the next. Obsidian and pumice are also mineraloids.
Pele's Hair
Pele's Hair is the name used for hair-like strands of volcanic glass that sometimes form in areas where lava fountaining, lava cascades and vigorous lava activity occur. They are less than 1/2 millimeter in width, but can be up to two meters in length. They resemble golden-brown human hair in their size, shape and color. They are a mineraloid formed from basaltic lava. Creative Commons photograph by Cm3826.
Pumice
Pumice is an expanded volcanic glass. It forms during explosive eruptions of gas-charged magma. It is ejected from the volcano in a sudden blast and cools so quickly that bubbles of gas are trapped within the amorphous glass.
Tektite
Tektites are pieces of black glass formed by an impact somewhere between Australia and Southeast Asia about 800,000 years ago. The specimen in the above photo is a tektite from the Australasian strewnfield. Millions of tektites, ranging from sand-size grains to fist-size nodules, have been found in that area. Their surfaces are often marked with the same surface regmaglypts seen on iron meteorites.
Mineraloids from the Sky
Tektites and moldavites are varieties of natural glass that formed from the impact of an asteroid or comet. These objects struck the Earth at hypervelocity, and the force of their impact produced a tremendous amount of heat energy. The explosion that occurred upon impact flash-melted the target rock and produced a shower of molten material over thousands to millions of square miles. The molten material's temperature dropped quickly as it flew through the air - so quickly that the melts solidified without forming crystals.
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Libyan desert glass is a similar material thought to be caused by an impact in a sandy area. Fulgurite and the associated material known as lechatelierite are produced when lightning strikes the Earth in a sandy environment. These strikes instantly melt the sand, which then rapidly solidifies as amorphous silica. These materials are rapidly cooled glassy mineraloids.
Desert Glass
Libyan Desert Glass is a yellow glass found scattered over the desert near the border between Egypt and Libya. It is believed to have formed in the seconds after an asteroid impact about 29 million years ago. Large amounts of desert surface were flash-melted by the heat of the impact and scattered over the surrounding land.
Moldavite
Moldavite is another type of impact glass, which was formed about 15 million years ago when an asteroid struck the area that is now eastern Europe. The green glass is now found and valued by collectors. Transparent pieces with good clarity are sometimes cut as gems.
psilomelane
Psilomelane is a black hydrous manganese oxide that often contains barium and potassium. It is an amorphous material and an ore of manganese.
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Mineraloid-forming Environments
Most mineraloids form at the low temperatures and low pressures found at Earth's surface and in shallow subsurface environments. Materials such as opal, psilomelane, chrysocolla, limonite, and a wide variety of supergene materials crystallize from gels or colloids in the shallow subsurface. Many of these materials will eventually transform into minerals with time, heat, or pressure. These low-temperature mineraloids often have a mammillary (smoothly rounded or hemispherical), botryoidal (grape-like clusters), pisolitic (pea-like clusters), or stalactitic (icicle-like) habit.
Mercury
Mercury is a liquid at room temperature, but when cooled to -38.8 degrees C, it crystallizes into a solid. Solid mercury meets all of the requirements of a mineral, and thus some people consider liquid mercury to be a mineraloid. Photo copyright iStockphoto / ados.
Limonite
Limonite is an amorphous mineraloid. It is a hydrated iron oxide.
Snowflake
Water is considered to be a mineraloid by many mineralogists. It crystallizes into water ice when cooled to 0 degrees C.
Can Liquids Be Mineraloids?
Water and mercury are often classified as mineraloids. They are the only two natural inorganic substances that have a definite chemical composition and are liquids at room temperature. They are also the only two liquids that crystallize into minerals within the range of temperatures and pressures encountered at Earth's surface. Water crystallizes into the mineral "water ice" when cooled to 0 degrees C. Mercury crystallizes into solid mercury at -38.8 degrees C. Due to the fact that they crystallize into minerals, some mineralogists include water and mercury in the mineraloids group.
radiolarite
Radiolarite is a sedimentary rock that forms from the accumulation of microscopic radiolarian tests and is thus of organic origin. This specimen is from the Windalia Radiolarite, a rock unit that formed on a marine shelf in an area that is now part of the Kennedy Ranges of Western Australia. When hard and tough it can be cut into cabochons, beads, tumbled stones, and other ornamental objects. It is sold as a gem material under the trade name "mookaite." Although it is a variety of chalcedony, some consider it a mineraloid because of its organic origin.
Mineral collection
The best way to learn about minerals is to study with a collection of small specimens that you can handle, examine, and observe their properties. Inexpensive mineral collections are available in the Geology.com Store. Image copyright iStockphoto / Anna Usova.
Organic Mineraloids?
If you read information about mineraloids written by a variety of authors, you will discover that some authors include organic materials, such as amber and jet, in their list of mineraloids. Some mineralogists agree with such classifications, but others feel this stretches the definition of a mineraloid too far.
Amber is a fossil plant resin found in sediments and sedimentary rocks in many parts of the world. It is hard, brittle, translucent to transparent, and is often cut as a gemstone. It has the appearance of a mineral, but lacks an ordered internal structure and lacks a definite chemical composition. Furthermore, it is organic. It fails three of the five tests for being a mineral. Should it be called a "mineraloid"?
Jet is a rare type of dark black coal. It has a smooth texture that accepts a bright polish, which is why it is often cut as a gemstone. It has the outward appearance of a mineral but lacks a crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition. It is also organic. Should it be called a "mineraloid"?
A number of very tiny organisms, such as diatoms and radiolarians, produce a thin shell of amorphous silica known as a "test." When these organisms die, their tests sink to the bottom. When the tests are the dominant material that accumulates, the sediment is known as "ooze." If buried and lithified, the ooze can transform into rocks such as diatomite and radiolarite. If they are composed of amorphous silica, should they be called mineraloids?
More Minerals
 Diopside
 Rhodochrosite
 Grape Ag