text:
Introduction: Active learning methods have accumulated popularity due to improved results in knowledge acquisition as opposed to passive learning methods. For surgical resident physicians with limited training opportunities outside of the operating room due to time constraints, virtual reality (VR) is a relatively inexpensive and time-efficient active training method for procurement of surgical skills. We conducted a simulated intramedullary nailing (IMN) of a tibia to demonstrate VR training programs as a more effective modality of learning orthopedic surgical techniques compared to passive learning tools such as a standard guide (SG) through trained novice medical students performing a SawBones simulation of intramedullary nail fixation.
Materials and methods: First and second-year medical students without prior experience of procedure were recruited and randomized to SG or VR training. Participants were observed performing simulated tibia IMN procedure immediately after training and evaluated by a blinded attending surgeon using procedure-specific checklist and 5-point global assessment scale. Participants returned after 2-weeks for repeat training and evaluation.
Results: 20 participants were recruited and randomized into VR (n = 10) and SG (n = 10) groups. All 20 participants completed the first phase and 17 completed the second phase of the study. Aggregate global assessment scores were significantly higher for VR than SG group (17.5 vs. 7.5, p < 0.001), including scores in all individual categories. The percentage of steps completed correctly was significantly higher in the VR group compared to the SG group (63% vs. 25%, p < 0.002). Average improvement between the first and second phases of the study were higher in the VR group compared to SG group across all 5-categories of the global assessment scale, and significantly higher for knowledge of instruments (50% vs. 11%, p, 0.01).
Discussion: VR training was more effective than a passive SG in our model of simulated tibia IMN for novice medical students. Virtual reality training may be a useful method to augment orthopedic education.
Keywords: feedback; practice; simulation; student education; training; virtual reality.
Copyright © 2020 Association of Program Directors in Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.


Andreas Lundblad
Sep 17, 2008
The Painting Problem
This problem was presented to me at the Sonya Kovalevsky math days at KTH back in 2001. Me and my partner figured out the solution of the first part by hand. The second part however was way harder and we didn't manage to find a solution.
I thought about it on and off for seven years (!) before I finally solved it (with the aid of my computer).
Problem 1
You're asked to put up a painting. The painting has a long thread attached to its upper corners.
You should hang up the painting with two nails in a way such that if one (any one) of the two nails is removed, the painting falls down.
Problem 2
The same task as task A, but with three nails. That is, you should hang up the painting so that it falls down if one (any one) of the three nails is removed.
Solution
Spoiler Alert! Scroll down for solution.
How I found the solution
I solved it by writing an exhaustive search algorithm. How to approach the problem is tricky since there's no obvious set of "choices" for a search algorithm to explore and it's by no means obvious how to easily check whether a solution is correct or not (i.e. how to check if the painting actually falls down upon removing a given nail).
After a lot of thinking however, I realized that one can, without loss of generality, narrow it down to 5 choices in each step: clockwise or counter-clockwise loops around nail 1, 2 or 3 minus the option to go back where it came from. To check if the painting would fall down if nail X were to be removed one does the following:
 1. Remove all occurrences of clockwise(X) and counterClockwise(X) (since these loops now surrounds thin air)
 2. Repeatedly replace all consecutive occurrences of clockwise(Y) and counterClocwise(Y) (since these actions cancel each other)
 3. If the resulting string is empty, all loops are "canceled out" and the painting is free to fall.
The shortest solution turned out to be 10 steps (loops) long. The search tree therefore contains 510≈10 million nodes. I guess you could cut it down to a third by taking symmetry of the nails into account. The algorithm ignores the fact that the thread can pass itself by either going above or below existing loops. I don't believe this is an issue however, since step 2 above only considers consecutive loops.
The obvious next step is to do it for four nails. I'm currently letting my algorithm search for such a solution but I have little hope that it will find anything in feasible time. With my current optimizations it would take at least 2 months to search to a depth of 15 steps. And even that is a bit optimistic since the complexity rose from 4 steps to 10 going from 2 nails to 3.
An Update!
Apparantly this problem has been addressed by proper mathematicians who has solved the general N-nail problem using topology! Here's a link to the paper.


text:
How Are REIT Dividends Treated for Tax Purposes?
Dividends from Non-Traded REITs can be allocated as ordinary income, capital gains, or return of capital. A return of capital distribution is defined as that part of the dividend that exceeds the REIT's taxable income. A return of capital distribution is not taxed as ordinary income. Rather, the investor's cost basis in the stock is reduced by the amount of the distribution. When shares are sold, the excess of the net sales price over the reduced tax basis is treated as a capital gain for tax purposes. So long as the appropriate capital gains rate is less than the investor's marginal ordinary income tax rate, a high return of capital distribution may be attractive. (Source _URL_)

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Thanks for visiting
If you have already disabled the ad blocker.
Biblical Numerology
Like / Tweet Biblical Numerology
Find Out What Your
Biblical Numerology Reading Is
First Name
Biblical Numerology @
Put this script
on your site
Biblical numerology is based on the idea that each individual is associated with a Biblical number. The characteristic features and different personality traits of an individual are influenced much by the Biblical number he/she is associated with. The association between individuals and Biblical numbers is based on the name numerology principles, according to which each alphabet in a name carries a particular numerological value.
To know the biblical number associated with you, you need to get a Biblical numerology reading. The Biblical numerology analysis not only discovers your Biblical number but also the Biblical keyword corresponding with your Biblical number. Since each Biblical number is associated with a Biblical keyword, every individual has at least one Biblical keyword associated with him/her. Biblical keyword, as found through Biblical numerology calculation, reflects the personality and tendencies of the native.
You must now have a comprehensive idea about what a Biblical numerology reading will offer you. You will know the Biblical number and the Biblical keyword associated with you on the basis of your name numerology. You will get to know your personality traits. You will also be given a number or verse numbers which relate to your life either directly or indirectly. Such verses help you find the significance of your life.
If you want to know your Biblical number and the Biblical verses associated with you and find a new meaning to life, you can get a Biblical numerology reading. You can get an instant Biblical numerology reading here absolutely free. All you need to do is to enter the required details in the given spaces and click into the result page that presents personalized Biblical numerology analysis for you.


Skip to Content
Trans-Formative Change
March 1, 2011
America's first openly transgender law professor on the power of zines, the sacrifice social movements require, and the limits of legal reform.
Photograph courtesy of Johanna Brieding
In 2002, Spade founded Sylvia Rivera Law Project, the first center of its kind, which provides free legal services to low-income transgender and gender non-conforming people and advocates for policy reform that would eliminate gender expression-based discrimination and violence. The center is a collective. It works from the assumption that economic, racial, and gender issues are inseparable.
Spade asks that we rethink equality. As the Assistant Professor of Law at Seattle University, he's the first openly trans tenure-track law professor in the U.S. (or at least the first that he knows of), but he envisions a movement that de-emphasizes lawsuits, the go-to weapon of American political struggles. Legislation, Spade says, can bring change, but it usually just invites more people into the privileged circle within an unjust system. Violence continues for those, like gender nonconformists, not fully accepted as citizens. Likewise, Spade interrogates the current nonprofit model, one that he argues often adopts and maintains capitalist rules, values and hierarchies.
Spade's writing, and his example, forces his readers, especially those involved in nonprofit work and progressive politics, into vigorous self-reflection. He doesn't allow himself or his audience the comfort of easy answers. There's no dreariness or nihilism to Spade though. He seeks a social transformation that will allow no person to feel impossible.
—Meaghan Winter for Guernica
Guernica: What are some of the limitations of the popular view that trans rights/issues are a subset of gay and lesbian issues?
Dean Spade: I think that that idea comes from some important historical precedent and contemporary experiences. Gender norms and norms about sexuality are very intertwined in our culture, and people targeted for breaking those norms include lots of kinds of queer and trans people, so it makes sense that we would be in a fight together and we've been perceived by people who are targeting us for violence as people who are similar. I think there's a lot of important overlap in that politics that makes a lot of sense.
Lots of gay and lesbian people haven't experienced not having a gender that the government recognizes.
The dilemma is that there are a couple of different trajectories that make that a limitation. One is that since the sixties and seventies a strand emerged in gay and lesbian politics that really looked to divorce itself from trans people and people of color and low-income people and looked to pursue a gay and lesbian politics that is kind of cleaned up and more socially acceptable to existing norms and existing frameworks. And that has meant that there's been a lot of bad blood between people promoting that politics and those they've separated themselves from, including trans people.
Another thing is that on the ground and in daily life, there are some specific issues that trans people face that are different from what non-trans gay and lesbian people face. And so having a politics that doesn't recognize that there are differences in and amongst different people targeted by gender and sexuality norms means you're going to have a politics that doesn't actually address everybody's needs. For example, trans people have a huge set of legal issues around how various government agencies and other entities see our gender, and lots of gay and lesbian people haven't experienced not having a gender that the government recognizes. So if we just pursue a politics that pretends we're all the same, there are people we're going to miss, and oftentimes people who are highly vulnerable are the ones whose issues we're going to miss.
Guernica: Can you tell me about your forthcoming book?
Dean Spade: Yeah, it's coming out September 2011 from South End Press. It's a book that tries to describe what a critical trans politics looks like. We're in this moment where there's this gay and lesbian politics that's really lacking in its racial and economic justice analysis and overly relies on legal reform for its strategy and doesn't really look at people in dire need today. So this book says, okay, we have the option to focus on hate crime laws and other legal reforms or we can reframe what trans politics is and center economic and racial justice. We can realize that changing the law doesn't change people's lives and have an understanding of the limitations of the nonprofit form, the ways in which concentrating leadership in professionals and having nondemocratic models for organizations and movements harms and undermines the transformative change we are seeking. The book lays out those frameworks that I call a critical trans politics.
What's emerged is a very thin national narrative about social change that often says that groups that are marginalized should just win lawsuits.
Guernica: How does focusing on law reform fall short? Why is legal inclusion a flawed ideal?
Dean Spade: A lot of my writing is about trying to understand what role legal work has in strategies for transformative social change. Part of the reason that question is so important right now is that there has been widescale attacks on social movements over the last thirty or forty years in response to the very meaningful social movements in the sixties and seventies that had very transformative demands, that were seeking a redistribution of wealth and of life chances in really significant ways. What's emerged in their place is a very thin national narrative about social change that often centers on the law and often says that groups that are marginalized or experiencing subjugation of various kinds should just win lawsuits and pass laws to change their lives.
But the hard thing is that few lawsuits actually have those effects. On one hand, a lot of laws are not enforced or never implemented. For example, in a lot of places it's illegal to fire or not hire someone for being trans, but that happens every single day. Very little can be done about that in the current framework. The systemic homelessness and poverty many trans people face doesn't seem to be sufficiently addressed by passing a law that says we shouldn't discriminate against trans people. Law reforms declaring race and disability discrimination illegal haven't solved concentrated joblessness, poverty, homelessness, or criminalization of people with disabilities and people of color. Often people who the law says should have equal chances at jobs still don't have equal chances at jobs, and they're still on the losing side of the severe wealth divide in the U.S. So how can we start to strategize for social movements that don't believe the myth that changing the law is the key way to change people's lives?
Another thing is that at times what law reform does do is put a window dressing of fairness on systems that are deeply unfair. Maybe some of the people, the most enfranchised in a particular group, will be somewhat better off through law reforms, because they have a lot of other kinds of wealth or privilege in terms of the overall system. Oftentimes, in that way law reform stabilizes a status quo; it stabilizes the existing field of maldistribution. Those people who are worst off really don't see a lot of change, or may be further marginalized.
A lot of us are trying to look at what has really been powerful in the history of the U.S. in terms of changing people's lives, and that's been broad social movements led by people directly impacted by the issues. They often have demands that far exceed what the law could ever give, demands that are not going to be passed by Congress or won in courts. Those demands actually confront the things that America is based on, like white supremacy or settler colonialism. The law can be a useful tool to address certain needs for certain communities, but it's nowhere near a silver bullet that will make people equal. That mythology is the part of the mythology of our nation, a mythology that people are often not willing to question if they are benefiting from existing conditions of maldistribution.
Guernica: I've noticed that you often use the phrase "life chances." Why not just say "the distribution of wealth"?
Dean Spade: I think that to me "life chances" is a phrase that captures the many, many vectors of harm and well-being that are being distributed in ways that I'm concerned about. For example, whether or not fresh groceries are available in your community, whether there's toxic waste and polluting industry nearby where you live, whether in your whole life you're likely to have a job that interests you, what level your local schools are funded at, whether someone in your family is dying or suffering from lack of healthcare and you're carrying around the stresses of that.
Ruth Gilmore defines racism as "the state-sanctioned or extralegal production and exploitation of group-differentiated vulnerability to premature death," and I think that's really useful for thinking about what we're trying to get at. This definition turns our attention away from the questions that discrimination law gets us caught up in: did someone intentionally exclude you because of your identity and can you prove that? Instead, it lets us see that where we find population-level maldistribution of life chances, there is injustice. It doesn't matter whether we can find one individual with a bad intention, or whether the law stated an intent to exclude a certain group. If a group is being exposed to premature death through overexposure to pollution, police violence, hunger, lack of healthcare, poverty, homelessness, military occupation—those conditions must be remedied and the systems causing them must be dismantled. Sometimes movements have gotten too concerned with law reform or just trying to get government recognition instead of actually trying to change people's chances at living. We need to not be satisfied until people actually have good housing, healthcare, education, and all those things that you actually need to live well and


text:
USS ARIZONA MEMORIAL
Submerged Cultural Resources Study:
USS Arizona and Pearl Harbor National Historic Landmark
Chapter IV: Biofouling And Corrosion Study
Corrosion and Steel Fabric Thickness Study
Twelve stations were selected on hull and superstructure surfaces that had access to metal edges (Figure 4.8). At each station, divers used a claw hammer to chip away a few square inches of fouling growth and corrosion from both sides of the metal edge to expose shiny metal. Observations were then made of the thicknesses of dense fouling, black and grey oxides, and shiny steel that were visible in the exposed end sections.
These measurements were made in order to permit future corrosion engineers to estimate corrosion rates at those locations. Metal thicknesses of the steel fabric at the specific locations will have to be obtained from drawings/specifications of the ship that show its condition immediately prior to 1945. Those thicknesses can then be compared to the thicknesses obtained in later observations to estimate the amount of steel loss that has occurred.
It is recognized that surfaces on or near exposed edges might be affected by edge events that could alter measurements of corrosion, in other words, yielding higher corrosion rates than would occur on large-area flat surfaces. However, since sampling removal of metal pieces from flat areas was not allowed, it was decided to examine the edge corrosion to allow at least a worst-case estimation of corrosion rates.
Last Updated: 27-Apr-2001

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Forest of Neldoreth
The Forest of Neldoreth was the beech-forest that lay between the banks of the Esgalduin River and the Mindeb River that formed the northern and lesser part of the Kingdom of Doriath. It was in the Forest of Neldoreth that Lúthien was born and later these woods were part of the enclosure called the "Girdle of Melian".
It was under the trees of Neldoreth that Beren first beheld Lúthien dancing in the moonlight. Later, when Sauron had cast Beren into a pit and Lúthien resolved to rescue him, Thingol had her imprisoned in a house built high in the branches of the highest tree of the forest, called Hírilorn.
When Treebeard was carrying Merry and Pippin to Wellinghall he chanted to them about walking in the woods of the First Age. He recalled coming to Neldoreth in Autumn and enjoying the gold and red and sighing leaves of Taur-na-neldor (an alternate name for the forest).
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Map of Beleriand and the Lands to the North"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Quenta Silmarillion: Of the Sindar"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Quenta Silmarillion: Of Beren and Lúthien"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Two Towers, "Treebeard"


what is the difference between a social movement and a solidarity movement?
newpaltz529 asked:
I am writing a paper about solidarity movements in Latin America, based on the book Convictions of the Soul: Religion, Culture, and Agency in the Central American Solidarity Movement by Sharon Erickson Nepstad. In my paper, I keep using solidarity movements and social movements interchangably, but I don't know if that is entirely correct. HELP!
thats funny you gave the answer with charles tilly because i just read a book by him
Related posts:
 1. How has the history of the Solidarity movement in Poland shaped the interest groups and their relationships wi? asked: How has the history of the Solidarity movement...
 2. Singapore Storage May Be The Means To Fix Your Need for Extra Space Whether you are a Singapore resident or perhaps a small...
 3. Solidarity movement in Poland, what was the big deal? Sam B asked: From what I read they seem to...
 4. Primary sources for the Polish Solidarity movement? asked: I'm getting started on writing a research paper...
 5. can anyone reccomend a book on the solidarity movement in poland? caroline asked: im writing a paper for a modern european...
*Social solidarity refers to the integration, and degree and type of integration, shown by a society or group with people and their neighbors. It refers to the ties in a society – social relations – that bind people to one another. The term is generally employed in sociology and the other social sciences. What forms the basis of solidarity varies between societies. In simple societies it may be mainly based around kinship and shared values. In more complex societies there are various theories as to what contributes the sense of social solidarity.
**Charles Tilly defines big social movements as a series of contentious performances, displays and campaigns by which ordinary people made collective claims on others [Tilly, 2004]. For Tilly, social movements are a major vehicle for ordinary people's participation in public politics [Tilly, 2004:3]. He argues that there are three major elements to a social movement [Tilly, 2004]:
Edit: Irony. Anyways, I think are are interchangeable
(although there is a slight difference between the two).
A social movement is a communities need to have a particular agenda intact by governmental means because those in control are not distributing properly. Strength in numbers sort of speak. Solidarity is similar because their is a need to resolve a particular issue in government or religion or other commuity cause and so it is necessary to have silidarity to ensure that it is sought after in unity.
Previous post:
Next post:


text: astroengine writes "NASA's newest rover on Mars has recently used its Dust Removal Tool for the first time, clearing away a patch of rust-colored dust coating its latest target: a slab of rock called "Ekwir_1." The Dust Removal Tool, or DRT (yes, the rover's cleaning instrument is called "dirt") is a motorized brush with stainless steel wire bristles located on Curiosity's multipurpose Robotic Arm turret — a veritable Swiss Army knife of planetary exploration tools." Reader Sez Zero links to a story on the brushing action at the BBC, which adds that "Curiosity is building towards using its hammer-drill, the last major tool yet to be deployed on the mission." So at least we know there's dirt on Mars, even if they chose not to send a dedicated life sensor, too. The Aeon piece is well worth reading, if that decision sounds perverse.


text:
Climate Lit is a hub for building young people's climate literacy with literature, film, and stories in other media. The website offers a literature database, curricula, and a climate glossary all of which are focusing on increasing students' climate literacy.
Organization: Climate Lit
Climate Lit was founded in 2021 as a cooperative of educators, scholars, writers, artists, students, activists, advocates, and other volunteer Earthlings. They come from countries and classrooms across the globe. They are an open access initiative of the Center for Climate Literacy at the University of Minnesota's College of Education and Human Development. It is funded with the support from the College, the Department of Curriculum and Instruction, and from private and institutional donations (Source).

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


How I Achieved Maximum Success with
Tips on How to Reduce Your Payroll Stress
There tends to be the individuals who tend to receive their salary and that which they tend to receive after every month in the world today. The purpose of ensuring that they are able to meet their daily expenses tends to be what they do use this money for. Through such, they are therefore able to improve their living standards and they areread more here as well in a better position to be able to get what they do need. More to this, it tends to enable these individuals to be in a better this to be able to ensure that they are able to have their lives click here without having to struggle at all.
However, check it out! it comes to payroll issues, there tends to be a lot of stress that they go through since there are a lot of procedures that tend to be associated with it. With such, the individual learn more even result to depression due to the stress learn they have since they are required to deal with all the work that tends to be associated with the payroll. There tends to be a great need to be able to discover more that the individual is able to reduce homepage as well as eliminate the stress that they tend to be going through.
Various or rather different tricks that tend to be very crucial or rather essential with these tends to be of great need. In order for an individual to be able to reducethis company the payroll stress, there tends to be a view here for more need to ensure that they are able to be very keen or rather very serious on the issues that tend to be relate with the timeliness. Being unable to keep dates in mind tends more info. be what a lot of the individuals tend to face. The individual should therefore be in a position to be able to ensure that they do not forget them and that they should get to view here for more them without failure of any kind.
There is tendency of ensuring that the individual is able to make the work that is involved in the preparation of the payroll info. able to be conducted with the use of the technology to be the other tip on how to reduce your payroll stress. There is tendency of ensuring that there is upgrading from the manual way of preparing payrolls to be needed for an individual. This is mainly because with such, it is easier and faster to complete or about finish the work and therefore there is less or even no time wasted in that particular subject hence an added advantage to that particular individual.


text:
Putnam Gallery, Science Center 136 - Ongoing
TIME, LIFE, & MATTER: Science in Cambridge
Harvard has a rich history of scholarly contributions to the various natural, physical, and social sciences. Time, Life, & Matter features many important instruments that helped make those contributions possible.
Highlights of the exhibit include a multitude of stories told in part by such items as a geometric sector designed by Galileo, electrical experimentation apparatus purchased on Harvard's behalf by Benjamin Franklin, a suite of clocks illustrating the development of modern synchronized time-keeping, medical apparatus designed, in part, by Charles Lindbergh (yes, that Charles Lindbergh), and the artifacts of top-secret research conducted during World War II.
Download a thematic guide for Time, Life, & Matter.
Download Telltale Apparatus, by Christopher Reed, Harvard Magazine, Mar/Apr 2006.
View instruments from Time, Life, & Matter using Waywiser, our online database!
Printing Knowledge in Early Modern Europe
Patent Republic: Materialities in Intellectual Property in 19th-Century America
Science Center 136
Monday - Friday
11:00am - 4:00pm
Special Exhibitions Gallery
Monday - Friday
9:00am - 5:00pm
Foyer Exhibition Space
Science Center 371
CLOSED FOR INSTALLATION
Free and open to the public.
Children must be escorted by an adult.
Both the Putnam Gallery and Special Exhibitions are closed on University Holidays.
The Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments is located inside the Science Center, 1 Oxford Street, on Harvard's Cambridge campus.


Workplace Investigations
Why engage an independent and impartial workplace investigations specialist to investigate code of conduct complaints such as bullying, sexual harassment, discrimination and serious misconduct? Investigating workplace misconduct complaints such as bullying and sexual harassment, as well as general disputes between employees or acts of serious misconduct, can sometimes be a complex and time-consuming task. [...]


text:
The Wabasha Street Caves is an event hall built into the sandstone caves located on the south shore of the Mississippi River in downtown Saint Paul, Minnesota. The caves have been home to mobsters, speakeasies, and in more recent years have begun hosting a "Swing Night" on Thursday nights with live big-band music. The Wabasha Street Caves also provide historical tours of the sandstone caves in Saint Paul, Minnesota.Plan to see Wabasha Street Caves and other attractions that appeal to you using our Saint Paul travel app .
The caves, which technically are mines because they are manmade, are carved out of sandstone and date back to the 1840s. Throughout history the caves have been used for a number of different activities, including growing mushrooms, storage of food and belongings, music, and dancing.
In the 1920s, the caves were used as a restaurant and nightclub venue known as the Wabasha Street Speakeasy. The speakeasy was said to have been frequented by gangsters such as John Dillinger and Ma Barker, however there is no evidence that these visits occurred; thus, these stories are considered legend.
On October 26, 1933, Josie & William Lehmann opened the Castle Royal, which was built into the side of the caves. Castle Royal was closed in the late 1930s due to the start of World War II and went back to primarily being a place to grow mushrooms. Some time in the 1970s, Castle Royal 2 was opened as a venue for Disco music. The caves have also been used as a place of storage for debris and belongings that were washed up from flooding. Some of these things can still be found in the caves today.
Wabasha Street Caves Reviews
The D W and I both agree that to make this experience worthwhile that you need to take the 2 hour $30 gangster tour . The crowd was close to 100 on the cave tour but only 12 on the bus.Tons of cool tr... more »
The history in St. Paul is really quite unique and unmatched elsewhere! If you take a tour here, they will typically fill you in on some of it!! more »
We really enjoyed this! The tour was wonderful and very interesting! We plan to go back and try another one of their tours! You do need cash since they can't get wifi for credit cards. The location is close to other fun things and places to eat also.
Good tour, great staff. Lots of history there. Well worth the time an money.
Plan your trip to Saint Paul
Get a personalized planA complete day-by-day itinerary
based on your preferences
Customize itRefine your plan. We'll find the
best routes and schedules
Manage itEverything in one place.
Everyone on the same page.
View all >
Side trips from Saint Paul
Hidden gems in Saint Paul
Museums in Saint Paul
Kid-friendly things to do in Saint Paul
Plans to Wabasha Street Caves by other users
17 days in Saint Paul, Duluth & Minneapolis BY A USER FROM UNITED STATES August, teens, kids, culture, historic sites, museums, wildlife, popular sights PREFERENCES: August, teens, kids, culture, historic sites, museums, wildlife ATTRACTION STYLE: Popular sights PACE: Medium 1 day in Saint Paul BY A USER FROM UNITED STATES July, popular sights PREFERENCES: July ATTRACTION STYLE: Popular sights PACE: Medium 14 days in Saint Paul & Minneapolis BY A USER FROM UNITED STATES June, kids, popular sights PREFERENCES: June, kids ATTRACTION STYLE: Popular sights PACE: Medium 1 day in Saint Paul BY A USER FROM UNITED STATES April, popular sights PREFERENCES: April ATTRACTION STYLE: Popular sights PACE: Medium 8 days in The Minneapolis-Saunt Paul Area BY A USER FROM UNITED STATES September, culture, romantic, museums, fast-paced, popular & hidden gems PREFERENCES: September, culture, romantic, museums ATTRACTION STYLE: Popular & hidden gems PACE: Fast-paced 3 days in Saint Paul BY A USER FROM UNITED STATES November, popular sights PREFERENCES: November ATTRACTION STYLE: Popular sights PACE: Medium


text:
The experience and lessons of the last two decades have shown that ignoring the key differences between the economics of peace and the economics of development has been a major reason why countries relapse into conflict. This paper briefly analyses such differences and their important implications for effective policymaking in war-torn countries, and against this background, it makes recommendations for the creation of reconstruction zones in Liberia. Reconstruction zones would have two distinct but linked areas to ensure synergies between them—an export-oriented reconstruction zone, consisting of any existing agricultural or mining foreign concession, and a local production reconstruction zone focusing on rural development, that would produce agricultural goods, food, light manufacturing and services for the domestic market, including for the concessions. The purposes of reconstruction zones are as follows. First, to create links between the concessions, operating as enclaves, and the domestic economy, particularly with the rural communities in their vicinity that have often been displaced or their livelihoods threatened by them. Second, to focus on rural development to improve food security and decrease dependence on imports. Third, to support business development through the creation of a level playing field in infrastructure and credit for micro and small enterprises, including small farmers. Fourth, to move away from the fragmented aid and investment strategies of the past, to a more integrated and effective aid strategy. Last but not least, to achieve more inclusive growth that could help to consolidate peace and avoid that Liberia relapses into conflict.
del Castillo, G. Aid, Employment and Inclusive Growth in Conflict-Affected Countries: Policy Recommendations for Liberia. UNU-WIDER, Helsinki, Finland (2012) 34 pp. ISBN 978-92-9230-510-9 [Working Paper No. 2012/47]
Aid, Employment and Inclusive Growth in Conflict-Affected Countries: Policy Recommendations for Liberia


text:
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION (cont)
(e) The tail wheel lock control valve (fig. 716) is a two position threeway solenoid operated valve,
controlling hydraulic pressure to the tail wheel lock actuator. The TAIL WHEEL lock control panel supplies
28 VDC from the TWHL LK circuit breaker to the valve. When the tail wheel lock switch is placed in the LOCK
position, the control valve is deenergized and bypasses hydraulic fluid from the lock actuator to the return line.
Spring tension overcomes hydraulic pressure, locking the tail wheel. When the tail wheel lock switch is placed in
the UNLOCK position, the control valve is energized. This closes the return line and applies hydraulic pressure.
Hydraulic pressure overcomes spring tension, unlocking the tail wheel. A proximity switch is activated and lights
the TAIL WHEEL UNLOCK advisory indicator. The emergency hydraulic shutoff valve shuts off the flow of utility
hydraulic pressure to the directional servocylinder and tail wheel lock control valve when the low level switch is
activated. During normal operation, the emergency hydraulic shutoff valve is open, allowing pressure to flow from
the utility manifold to the directional servocylinder and the tail wheel lock control valve. When the low level switch
is actuated, a 28 VDC signal closes the emergency hydraulic shutoff valve. The fluid prevented from flowing is
conserved for use by the main rotor flight control servocylinders.


property rights strategy [16]. The governance approach solves the open access problem by restricting access to members and regulating each member's use of the shared resource. The property rights approach divides ownership of the resource among the individuals and creates abstract rules that govern the exchange of rights between owners. These approaches have their analogues in computational systems: ocap systems pursue a property rights strategy, while access control lists implement a governance strategy. Access control lists solve the open access problem by denying unauthorized users access, and specifying access rights for authorized users. Great effort is put into perimeter security (firewalls, antivirus, intrusion detection, and the like) to keep unauthorized users out, while detailed access control lists regulate use by authorized users. Governance regimes have proved successful in managing shared resources in many situations [17]. However, they tend to break down under increasing complexity. As the number of users and types of use increases, the ability of governance systems to limit external access and manage internal use breaks down. Perimeter security can no longer cope with the pressure for increased access, and access control lists cannot keep up with dynamic requests for changes in access rights.
Distributed Electronic Rights in JavaScript
The property rights strategy deals with increasing complexity by implementing a decentralized system of individual rights. Rights are used to partition the commons into separate domains under the control of specific agents who can decide its use, as long as the use is consistent with the rights of others. Instead of excluding non-members at the perimeter, the property strategy brings all agents under a common set of abstract rules that determine how rights are initially acquired, transferred, and protected [18]. Individual rights define the boundaries within which agents can act free of interference from others. Contracts enable the exchange of rights across these protected domains. The ocap approach can be seen as analogous to an individual rights approach to coordinating action in society. The local unforgeable object reference and the remote unguessable reference represent one kind of eright—the right to invoke the public interface of the object it designates. In ocap systems, references bundle authority with designation [19]. Like property rights, they are possessory rights: possession of the reference is all that is required for its use, its use is at the discretion of the possessing entity, and the entity holding the reference is free to transfer it to others [20]. The private law system of property, contract, and tort brings resources into a system of rights. Property law determines the initial acquisition of rights; contract law governs the transfer of rights; and tort law protects rights from interference [21]. Ocap systems follow a similar logic: the rules of object creation make it easy to create objects with only the rights they need, the message passing rules govern the transfer of rights, and encapsulation protects rights from interference [7]. While object references represent a kind of eright, they differ in several respects from more familiar rights in society. For example, object references are typically shared. When Alice gives Bob a reference to an object, she is transferring a copy of the reference thereby sharing access to the object. In society, transfers of rights usually take the form of a transfer of exclusive access due to the rivalrous nature of physical objects. I give up my access to my car when I transfer title to you. Exclusive rights is the default in the physical world; complex legal frameworks are needed to enable sharing (partnerships, corporations, easements, and so forth). Computational systems face the opposite tradeoff: sharing is easy, but exclusivity is hard. In the next sections, we will show how, by building on object references as erights, we can create new kinds of erights at a new level of abstraction. We look first at how money can be implemented as a smart contract. Money differs from other forms of property in several ways [22]. Here, we identify four dimensions in which money differs from object references as rights. Object references are shareable, specific, opaque, and exercisable, whereas money is exclusive, fungible, measurable, and symbolic. By contrast with object references that are shareable, money needs to be exclusive to serve as medium of exchange. Bob does not consider himself paid by Alice until he knows that he has exclusive access to the funds. Object references are also specific; they designate a particular object. Money, on the other hand, is fungible. You care about having a certain quantity of a particular currency, not having a specific piece of currency. One dollar is as good as another. Objects are opaque. The clients of an object can invoke it but don't necessarily know how it will react—that information is private to the object. By contrast, money is
measurable. Bob must be able to determine that he really has a certain quantity of a particular currency. Finally, money, unlike object references, is never exercisable. The right you have when you have an object reference is the right to do something: the right to invoke the behavior of the object it designates. Money, however, has no direct use value; its value is symbolic. It has value only in exchange. Contracts manipulate rights. The participants in a contract each bring to it those rights the contract will manipulate [23]. The logic of the contract together with the decisions of the participants determines which derived rights they each walk away with. The simplest example is a direct trade. Since half the rights exchanged in most trades are money, we start with money.
4 Money as an Electronic Right Figure 1 is our implementation of a money-like rights issuer, using only elements of Dr. SES explained above. To explain how it works, it is best to start with how it is used. Say Alice wishes to buy something from Bob for $10. The three parties involved would be Alice, Bob, and a $ issuer, which we will informally call a bank. The starting assumptions are that Alice and Bob do not trust each other, the bank does not trust either Alice or Bob, and Alice and Bob trust the bank with their money but with nothing else. In this scenario, Alice is willing to risk her $10 on the possibility of Bob's non-delivery. But Bob wants to be sure he's been paid before he releases the good in exchange. What do these relationships mean in terms of a configuration of persistent objects? Say Alice owns (or is) a set of objects on machine A, Bob on machine B, and the bank on machine C. In order for Alice to make a buy request of Bob, we assume one of Alice's objects already has a remote reference to one of Bob's objects. Alice's trust of the bank with her money is represented by a remote reference to an object within the bank representing Alice's account at the bank. We refer to such objects as purses. The one for Alice's account is Alice's main purse. And likewise for Bob. Where do these initial account purses come from? For each currency the bank wishes to manage, the bank calls makeMint() once to get a mint function for making purses holding units of that currency. When Alice opens an account with, say $100 in cash, the bank calls mint(100) on its $ mint, to make Alice's main purse. The bank then gives Alice a persistent remote reference to this purse object within the bank. For Alice to pay Bob, she sets up a payment purse, deposits $10 into it from her main purse, and sends it to Bob in a buy request, together with a description of what she wishes to buy. var paymentP = myPurse! makePurse(); var ackP = paymentP! deposit(10, myPurse); var goodP = ackP.then(_ => bobP! buy(desc, paymentP));
On the diagram in Figure 1, each makeMint call creates a layer with its own (mint, m) pair representing a distinct currency. Each mint call creates a nested layer with its
Distributed Electronic Rights in JavaScript
1 2 3
var makeMint = () => { var m = WeakMap(); var makePurse = () => mint(0);
var mint = balance => { makeMint var purse = def({ getBalance: () => balance, min mint makePurse: makePurse, purse decr purse decr deposit: (amount, srcP) => purse decr m Q(srcP).then(src => { Nat(balance + amount); balance m.get(src)(Nat(amount)); balance += amount; }) }); var decr = amount => { balance = Nat(balance - amount); }; m.set(purse, decr); return purse; }; return mint; }; Fig. 1. The Mint Maker
own (purse, decr, balance) triple. On line 16 of the code, each purse to decr mapping is also entered into the m table shared by all purses of the same currency. Alice's main purse is on the bottom purse layer. Bob's is on the top layer. Alice's payment purse, being sent to Bob in the buy message, is in the middle layer. Bob receives this request at the following buy method: buy: (desc, paymentP) => { // do whatever with desc, look up $10 price return (myPurse! deposit(10, paymentP)).then(_ => good); }
Bob's buy method handles a message from untrusted clients such as Alice, and thus it does not know what object Alice actually provided as the payment argument. At this point, the purse provided by Alice is specific—it is the specific object Alice designated, but to Bob it also is opaque. In particular, Bob has no idea if his paymentP parameter actually designates a purse, whether it is a purse at this bank, of this currency, and with adequate funds. Even if he knew all these conditions were true at the moment, due to the shareable nature of


text:
ABOUT EDUCATION AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
Education and Research are both pivotal pillars of development. Discovering peer experience as well as communicating this experience to others can trigger, if not ensure, progress and advancement. For Sports in particular, Education and Research can be drivers to increase participation and establish a healthy, active lifestyle. As such, Education and Research can be agents of behavioral change and inspiration for excellence.
AIM AND SCOPE OF WORK
"A HEALTHY MIND RESIDES IN A HEALTHY BODY"
In July 2015, the Fatima Bint Mubarak Ladies Sports Academy established the Education and Research Department, with a view to raise awareness about, and engage in further research on the benefits of sport participation to Emirati society.
In parallel to the famous Latin quote "A healthy mind resides in a healthy body", healthy, sporty citizens comprise a healthy society, and sports are identified as a catalyst for social sustainability. Educating the Women of the UAE through targeted seminars and relevant research and studies, is envisaged to bring about advanced involvement of female local population in sports and sport related activities, and contribute to the health and well-being of current and future generations.
EDUCATION AND SEMINARS
"TELL ME, AND I FORGET; TEACH ME, AND I MAY REMEMBER; INVOLVE ME AND I LEARN"
The Fatima Bint Mubarak Ladies Sports Academy encourages Emirati Women to be active by organizing a variety of activities, ranging between hands-on trainings and educational seminars.
Through its newly launched series of Seminars, the Academy facilitates the continuous exchange of ideas and opens to the Emirati female public a gate to state-of-the-art insights and practices from the realm of sports globally.
Featuring renowned professionals from the sector and athletes, from the GCC and all around the globe, the FBMA Seminars provide a platform for every Emirati woman and women residing in the UAE to advance their thinking, learn from others' experiences and background and obtain valuable perspectives on a wide spectrum of topics, including sports psychology, healthy nutrition, and the importance of sports in securing a robust physical condition.
By involving participants in the process and employing a highly interactive approach, the FBMA Seminars are a learning source open to the every woman who wants to practice the values of a healthy and active lifestyle.
RESEARCH AND STUDIES
With a dedicated function for academic research, the Fatima Bint Mubarak Ladies Sports Academy is emerging as a thought leader for women sports in the UAE.
Gathering and analyzing the latest information and knowledge from the field of Physical Education internationally, the Academy engages in the current global discourse on the social benefits of sports for the empowerment of women as citizens and individuals, and identifies best practices to be employed in the UAE with a view to generating increased sport participation.
To further raise awareness of the physical and social benefits of sports, while positioning the UAE as a leader in women sports in the GCC, the FBMA takes stock of progress noted to date and produces progress reports and case studies, available to the public on the FBMA website.


2 minute read
The short answer is: It is complicated. The Icelandic constitution says that anyone can live off government land property but that only means berries, mushroom, Icelandic moss, seaweed and the like. It does not mean you can fish or hunt game since all animals in Iceland are protected unless otherwise stated or you got a hunting licence.
What can you eat in Icelandic nature?
Icelanders aren't as lucky as their friends in many other places for we do not have any fruit trees. A few people have started growing apple and pear trees in their gardens, but you won't find those out in the open.
We do, however, have many different kinds of berries such as blueberries, whortleberries, and strawberries. You will also find crowberries and rock brambles (which look a bit like a cross between red currant and raspberries). People also grow black currant, red currant and raspberries but you will not find them out in the wild.
Herbs and spices
Herbs and spices grow wild in Icelandic fields, and you can find creeping thyme (also called the ever so punny name wild thyme) and alpine lady's mantle (which is good for a sore throat). Additionally, chervil, lupine and angelica grow wild around the country.
You will find many kinds of seaweeds at the beach. Of that, Dulse is very popular, and some people call vertebrata lanosa the truffles of the north because they have a similar taste.
If you know mushrooms, you can pick them at will, but if you're not sure about them, it can be dangerous.
What is not allowed?
You cannot hunt animals. You can catch fish in the sea, but you can't catch salmon, trout or any other fish in rivers and lakes unless you have a fishing permit (which is expensive). It's the same with birds, and you definitely cannot hunt lambs, horses, cows or any other domestic animals. They are all privately owned. Reindeer are also off limit. You need to apply for a hunting licence, and it can take up to three years to get permission to use a gun in Iceland.
What does this mean?
It means you will need to buy most of your food. You will not be able to forage enough food for you to survive with Iceland. However, please do forage for spices, berries and other similar things. They are quite delicious.
Back to blog


text:
The word 'Tulu' itself is of remote antiquity. Online search shall convince you that the word Tulu is more global in dimension than we can imagine.It appears that the word 'Tulu' originally meant 'water and water related aspects' in the language of its origin, but might have acquired additional meanings subsequently due to changes in environmental situations.
In the ancient Sumerian language"tu" morpheme represented 'water spring or well' or 'water connected activities like bathing or washing' and the morpheme "lu" was indicative of quantity or abundance, people etc. There was another Sumerian word "tulu" or "tule" that meant 'soft or placid'. (Compare similarity of the latter meaning with our 'tuluve' jack fruit.).Tulu is found in the list of African personal names and the word means 'spread out in different directions', possibly implying migratory character of the Tulu tribes. Another vocally analogous African word 'Zulu' also means water.
I believe that the word 'Tulu' existed since Sumerian period of early civilization (ca. 6000-4000 BC) in north African-Mediterranean region, where from these original ancient Tulu tribes migrated. The ancient Sumerian and related languages form the basis for the evolution of many of the Afro-Asiatic languages of present day. The word 'Tulu' originally meant (1) water or activities connected with water (2) placid and soft.These ancient meanings still survive today in spite of the passage of several millenia in the time scale. These Sumerian meanings are analogous to those interpreted by Sediyapu Krishna Bhat and Manjeswar Govinda Pai in the context of present Tulu in Tulunad.
The Ethiopia can be described as cradle of human race, since the earliest human fossils (Homo sapiens) Omo I and Omo II dated back to 165,000 years were found in Ethiopia. As reconstructed by the genome studies complemented with archeology and paleontology, human migrations started out of Ethiopia and Africa in several phases.
Tulu place names
Tulu is the name of several Ethiopian towns and settlements. 'Tulu' is also a surname or part of the name among the Ethiopian people. For example, Derartu Tulu is an Ethiopian female athlete. There are at least four places (towns, settlements) called 'Tulu' in Ethiopia, at least one each in the other neighboring African countries like Kenya, Sudan, Nigeria and Zaire. In Ethiopia there are more than 12 places in the online maps with 'Tulu' as prefix, such as Tulu Bolo, Tulu Bora, Tulu Ferda, Tulu Guracha etc.
On the basis of these data I suggest that the original Tulu tribes originated in Ethiopia in northern Africa and migrated out of Africa under adverse environmental conditions.Based on environmental geological data scientists have interpreted that around 2000 BC, wide spread desertification of northern Africa prompted many tribes to migrate out of Africa. Tulu place names in other African countries are suggestive of migration of early Tulu tribes in different directions. The present African meaning of 'spread in different direction' for the word 'Tulu' could have been the result of migrations.
The exact nature of the language of the primary Tulu tribes hailing from Ethiopia is difficult to conjecture now but we can presume some of the original words are still preserved as fossils in present Tulu language.
The Tulu language has grown or evolved independently of African languages during the last 6000 years in such a way that they have entirely separate identities and characteristics. A lot of things change as a result of divergent evolutionary trends. But some fossil root words may exist still!
Outside the African continent, Tulu place names can also be found in Pakistan ('Thulu'), Afghanistan, Mynamar, China, Bolivia, Brazil, Papua New Guinea and Phillipines.
The Afghan Television channel, at present, is called 'Tulu TV', the word 'Tulu' in the present Afghan language means something like 'the rising' or 'the dawn'. Note that Afghan meaning of 'Tulu" is different from the African roots. Afghanistan is close to Pirak where many of the tribes settled during the period ca.2000 to 500 BC. The Pirak episode of Tulu tribes has been discussed in several earlier posts in this blog.
The Tulu tribes settled and lived in the Pirak area for some 1500 years, then again migrated (ca 500-300 BC) to their present homeland in Tulunad.
The original 'Tulu' may have been the name of the mother who migrated from Africa to Pirak along with her family. The original 'Tulu' family carried several root words along with them during the migration from their early homeland. A few such Tulu families or clans were active in the last millennium also around Kundapur, Honavar and Banavasi region.
And Krishnadevaraya who ruled Vijayanagar was product of one such family that called itself Tulu clan.
Books for Reference
- A Comparative Study of Tulu Dialects By Dr. Padmanabha Kekunnaya. Govinda Pai Reserach Centre, UDupi. 1994
- Koti Chennaya: Janapadiya Adhyayana. By Dr. Vamana Nandavar. Hemanshu Prakashana,Mangalore.2001.
- Male kudiyaru. Dr B. A.Viveka Rai and D.Yadupathi Gowda, Mangalore University,1996.
- Mogaveera Samskriti By Venkataraja Punimchattaya. Karnataka Sahitya Academy.1993.
- Mugeraru:Jananga Janapada Adhyayana. By Dr Abhaya Kumar Kaukradi.Kannada & Culture Directorate,Bangalore & Karnataka Tulu Academy, Mangalore,1997.
- Puttubalakeya Pad-danagalu. Ed: Dr B.A.Viveka Rai,Yadupati Gowda and Rajashri, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheswara Tulu Peeta. Mangalore University.2004
- Se'erige. Ed:Dr K.Chinnapa Gowda.Madipu Prakashana,Mangalagangotri,2000.
- Studies in Tuluva History and Culture.by Dr P Gururaja Bhat (1975).Milagres College,Kallinapur,Udupi.
- Taulava Sanskriti by Dr.B.A.Viveka Rai, Sahyadri Prakashana,Mysore 1977
- TuLu naaDu-nuDi By Dr.PalthaDi Ramakrishna Achar, Puttur.
- TuLu NighanTu. (Editor in Chief: Dr U.P.Upadhyaya, Govinda Pai Research Centre,Udupi. Six volumes. 1988 to 1997
- Tulu Patero-A Philology & Grammar of Tulu Language by Budhananda Shivalli.2004.Mandira Prakashana Mangalore. p.317. (The book is in Tulu Language using Kannada script)
- TuLunadina ShasanagaLa Sanskritika Adhyayana. By Shaila T. Verma (2002) Jnanodaya Prakashana,Bangalore, p.304.(Kannada)
- Tuluvala Baliyendre. Compiled by N.A.Sheenappa Hegde,Polali,Sri Devi Prakashana,Parkala,1929/1999
Copy? Right - but kindly remember to acknowledge!
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.


text:
Death of a Visionary
February 16, 1950: Jesse Clyde Nichols, who developed the Country Club Plaza and many housing developments throughout Kansas City, dies just six months before his 70th birthday at his Kansas City home.
Jesse Clyde Nichols died on February 16, 1950, after a three-month battle with lung cancer. The news about the famed real estate developer's death quickly spread across the nation and even much of the world. Some 2,000 people attended his funeral at the Country Club Christian Church, where Pastor Warren Grafton, in his eulogy, explained that the best memorial was to simply look around the city and see the influence of J. C. Nichols.
Nichols was born in 1880 in Olathe, Kansas. Always a hard worker, he began selling small homes in his early twenties. In 1905 Nichols embarked on his first real estate development, which he called the Country Club District. It comprised just 10 acres in 1905, but four years later it encompassed 1,000 acres.
What brought Nichols national renown was not the scale of his developments, but the potential permanence of his developments. The top priority was to protect the beauty and character of residential areas through what eventually became known as city planning.
In city planning, private or public leaders would create long-term plans for the location and character of shopping districts, residential areas, transportation networks, and heavy industry. Zoning regulations, among the first in the nation, legally limited certain areas to residential, industrial, or commercial development.
Neighborhood covenants required the proper maintenance of homes and landscapes. Homeowner associations in each neighborhood would permanently control the covenant regulations. Carefully planned parks, attractive roads, and suburban shopping districts could enhance the value of the homes around them. Nichols demonstrated this with the Country Club Plaza shopping center, which combined some elements of all three.
Less celebrated by modern standards were deed restrictions that limited what sort of people could purchase property in a given neighborhood. The resulting racial discrimination barred minorities from the Country Club District, even if they could have afforded the expensive homes. At the time, discrimination against racial or religious minorities was both legal and common throughout the nation. As a result of high property values and demographic trends, the racial makeup of the Country Club District is still largely white even though legal housing discrimination ended in the 1960s.
The criticisms of Nichols notwithstanding, Pastor Grafton's adage still holds true half a century after Nichols's death. In addition to most of the southwestern portion of Kansas City, Missouri, observers today can see grand monuments that Nichols influenced or inspired. The J. C. Nichols Memorial Fountain, J. C. Nichols Parkway, and the Reece & Nichols real estate company bear his name.
He was a critical leader in the creation of the Midwest Research Institute, the Kansas City Art Institute, the Liberty Memorial, the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, the Country Club Plaza, and the North American Aviation aircraft plant that paved the way for the General Motors Fairfax Plant that stands at the same location. Decades after his death, his accomplishments continue to pay dividends to Kansas City.
Read biographical sketches of J. C. Nichols and his associates, prepared by the Missouri Valley Special Collections, The Kansas City Public Library.
- Biography of J. C. Nichols (_PHONE_), Real Estate Developer, by Susan Jezak Ford, 2003
- Biography of Edward Buehler Delk, (_PHONE_), Architect; the chief architect of the Plaza, by Susan Jezak Ford, 1999
- Biography of George E. Kessler (_PHONE_), Landscape Architect; assisted with the overall layout of the Plaza and streets, by Susan Jezak Ford, 2003
- Biography of Edward W. Tanner (_PHONE_), Architect; designed most of the early Plaza buildings, by Susan Jezak Ford, 2003.
- Biography of Sid J. (_PHONE_) and S. Herbert Hare (?-1960), Landscape Architects; designed much of the Country Club District, by Daniel Coleman, 2008
View images of J. C. Nichols and related items that are a part of the Missouri Valley Special Collections.
- Map of the Country Club District, 1917
- J. C. Nichols Memorial Fountain
- Portrait of J. C. Nichols
- Country Club Plaza, 1940
- Garden at the J. C. Nichols residence
- Postcard of a rustic bridge and spirea in bloom in Mission Hills Kansas; used by J. C. Nichols to promote real estate
- Postcard of a Rustic Bridge in Rockhill Park; one of J. C. Nichols's first real estate developments
Check out the following books about J.C. Nichols.
- The J. C. Nichols Chronicle: The Authorized Story of the Man, His Company, and His Legacy, _PHONE_, by Robert Pearson and Brad Pearson; funded by the J. C. Nichols Company and the Nichols family, offers the most complete biography of Nichols and a narrative of his accomplishments
- J. C. Nichols and the Shaping of Kansas City: Innovation in Planned Residential Communities, by William S. Worley; examines the impact of J. C. Nichols on Kansas City, includes some comparisons to other cities
- J. C. Nichols and the Origins of the Planned Residential Community in the United States, _PHONE_, by William S. Worley; how J. C. Nichols spurred national real estate trends
- The Building and Selling of Homes, by Jesse Clyde Nichols; manuscript of a speech that described his theories on real estate development
View the documentary, Community Builder: The Life & Legacy of J.C. Nichols, by Steven C. F. Anderson and Brian Peter Falk, Kansas City Public Television.
Continue researching J. C. Nichols using archival material.
- Vertical Files: Country Club District, the Missouri Valley Special Collections
- Vertical File: Nichols, J. C. Company, Missouri Valley Special Collections
- Vertical File: Fountains--Nichols, J. C., Missouri Valley Special Collections
- Vertical File: J.C. Nichols Investment Company, Missouri Valley Special Collections
- Vertical File: Nichols, Jesse Clyde, Missouri Valley Special Collections
- J. C. Nichols Collection (SC48), Missouri Valley Special Collections
- J. C. Nichols Company Records, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri-Kansas City
By Jason Roe, graduate student, Department of History, University of Kansas
Christensen, Lawrence O. Dictionary of Missouri Biography. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1999.
Ford, Susan Jezak. Biography of J. C. Nichols (_PHONE_), Real Estate Developer. Missouri Valley Special Collections, 2003.
Pearson, Robert and Brad Pearson. The J. C. Nichols Chronicle: The Authorized Story of the Man, His Company, and His Legacy, _PHONE_. Kansas City, MO: Country Club Plaza Press, 1994.
Worley, William S. J. C. Nichols and the Shaping of Kansas City: Innovation in Planned Residential Communities. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1990.


text:
Asset Portfolio Management — Using MarketBuilder to Inform Key Decisions
Quantifying portfolio risk/return by analyzing correlations, synergies, intraportfolio competition, and common market prices
Companies build, buy, and otherwise acquire collections of assets, termed a "portfolio." Whether generators in the Florida Reliability Coordinating Council (FRCC) or gas wells in the Haynesville Shale Field, businesses invariably acquire and manage a mix of assets. As energy companies acquire and dynamically manage their asset portfolios, it is common for companies to periodically evaluate their assets in order to decide which ones to sell and which to keep; they also evaluate potential assets to acquire. The objective of this evaluation is to reduce risk and maximize earnings, i.e., referred to here as portfolio management.
The complex and extensive analysis required for portfolio management typically includes many factors for consideration, but it is essential that it include a fundamental market-based approach in order to facilitate analysis of future market behavior and prices. A fundamental market-based approach helps you to project price using inputs of key fundamental factors for which you typically have data and/or a good intuitive understanding, such as production costs and commodity availability.
Alternatively, in nonfundamental approaches, future commodity price is usually the input; future price, typically the most important factor in evaluating your portfolio, is more difficult to understand than the key fundamental factors. With projected price, you are able to determine the profitability of each asset over a forward time horizon, enabling you to make more informed decisions about your portfolio components.
MarketBuilder was designed to help companies perform fundamental market analysis and project market prices. It has many differentiating capabilities that facilitate analyzing markets globally or regionally and altering selected factors to help customers examine the combined effects of potential market changes on the market behavior and prices.
Specifically, MarketBuilder models the supply chains for the energy commodities pertinent to each of your portfolio assets. In MarketBuilder, each component of the supply chains is treated as an independent agent, competing against the others, as they do in real-world markets, helping users to analyze market fundamentals and project prices, and simulating the real market behavior under a variety of potential conditions.
MarketBuilder helps you analyze these key aspects in your portfolio optimization:
- Synergy among assets. MarketBuilder can help you understand the extent that your assets complement each other or compete with each other:
- Positive synergy (e.g., scale economies in a large-enough portfolio that reduces cost for the assets)
- Negative synergy (e.g., competition — if you put two or three assets in one place, they can overload that place and drive prices down)
- Correlation and hedging. MarketBuilder helps you analyze your portfolio correlation, enabling you to "self-hedge" through portfolio decisions rather than merely acquiring financial instruments to hedge; it helps you understand:
- Positive correlation — assets whose profitabilities move up and down together.
- Independence — assets whose profitabilities move independently, one not affecting the other
- Negative correlation — assets whose profitabilities move counter to each other. When one goes up, the other goes down, and vice versa. These can be natural portfolio hedges, much less expensive than buying financial instruments.
- Integration — across supply chains
- Vertical integration (a portfolio that extends up and down the supply chain)
- Horizontal integration (a portfolio that is very wide, invoking economies of scope)
- Economies of scale (e.g., consolidating spare parts inventory over a large number of plants)
- Risk — Return efficiency. MarketPoint uses Markowitz as a conceptual guide as shown in the figure. MarketBuilder helps you to produce the key inputs necessary for plotting each prospective portfolio component and analyzing whether it lies on the "frontier" — the lowest level of uncertainty for each given level of expected value and equivalently highest expected value for each given level of uncertainty.


A top Department of Homeland Security (DHS) official has admitted that software and hardware components imported to the U.S. are being deliberately preloaded with spyware and malware. The revelation was made in a testimony before the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee, where acting deputy undersecretary of the DHS National Protection and Programs Directorate Greg Schaffer told Rep. Jason Chaffetz that he's aware of instances when this has happened.
Schaffer was discussing an Obama-backed proposal to tighten monitoring on computer equipment imported for critical government and communications infrastructure. He didn't elaborate on where these components are coming from, or if consumer electronics like smartphones and laptops have been affected, but clearly supply chain risk management is an issue that the government is focused on amid a rise in cyber threats.
It's unclear how widespread the issue really is. There have been cases in the past where software and hardware components ship out of factories infected with malware, but they are generally considered unintentional, originated by an infected machine from within the company. What Schaffer suggests is an intentional and possibly targeted attack sponsored by foreign governments to get a hold of classified information.
While the threat of a contaminated supply chain may be real, poor security measures have also played a role in the recent wave of cyber attacks on large U.S. companies and government agencies.


TIP 2: TIP Guidelines
Bounty program for improvements to Tcl and certain Tcl packages.
Author: Andreas Kupries <[email protected]>
Author: Donal K. Fellows <[email protected]>
Author: Don Porter <[email protected]>
Author: Mo DeJong <[email protected]>
Author: Larry W. Virden <[email protected]>
Author: Kevin Kenny <[email protected]>
State: Draft
Type: Process
Vote: Pending
Created: 12-Sep-2000
This document describes and defines the editorial process a TCT document (TIP) has to go through before accepted as official.
What is a TIP?
TIP stands for Tcl Improvement Proposal. A TIP is a design document providing information to the Tcl community, or describing a new feature for Tcl. The TIP should provide a concise technical specification of the feature and a rationale for the feature.
We intend TIPs to be the primary mechanisms for proposing new features, for collecting community input on an issue, and for documenting the design decisions that have gone into Tcl. The TIP author is responsible for building consensus within the community and documenting dissenting opinions.
Because the TIPs are maintained as text files under revision control, their history is the historical record of the feature proposal. This historical record is available by the normal (CVS?) commands for retrieving older revisions. For those without direct access to the CVS tree, you can browse the current and past TIP revisions _URL_
Further details on the arguments behind the evolution of the TIP concept and formatting can be found in the archive of the tclcore mailing list _URL_
Kinds of TIPs
There are three kinds of TIPs. A project TIP describes a new (or significantly updated) feature or implementation for Tcl. An informative TIP describes a Tcl design issue, or provides general guidelines or information to the Tcl community, but does not propose a new feature. A process TIP is like an informative TIP but the provided guidelines are mandatory in a certain context (as specified in the TIP itself).
Voting by the TCT as per the charter (see [0]) is required to make a project or process TIP official.
TIP Workflow
The TIP editor, Donal K. Fellows [email protected] pro tem, is responsible for assigning numbers to each TIP and managing its status on behalf of authors.
Everyone in the community can submit a TIP to the TIP editor. It should contain at least a proposed title and a rough, but fleshed out, draft of the TIP. It must include a copyright statement that permits the normal business of the TIP process as described here.
If the TIP editor approves, he will assign the TIP a number, label it as either project, process or informational, give it status Draft, and create and check-in the initial draft of the TIP. The TIP editor will not unreasonably deny a TIP. Reasons for denying TIP status include gross malformatting, inappropriate copyright, duplication of effort, being technically unsound, or not in keeping with the Tcl philosophy; the TCT and after that John Ousterhout [email protected] is the final arbitrator of the latter, as defined in the charter ([0]).
Discussion concerning a TIP should initially be kept out of the tclcore and tct mailing lists. Instead, comments should be sent to, and collected by, the TIP author, who has the responsibility to incorporate these comments into the document.
Note: It has been proposed to create a new mailing list for each TIP to handle its discussion. Rejection and finalization of the TIP closes the mailing list, but not the archive. Together with the CVS history a complete record of the development of a TIP will be available.
The authors of the TIP are responsible for writing the TIP and marshaling community support for it. The structure of a TIP is described in detail in [3].
A project TIP consists in principle of two parts, a design document and a reference implementation. The TIP will not normally be reviewed and accepted before a reference implementation is begun so that the amount of time between acceptance and a final implementation can be minimized. The implementation can be given in the form of code, patch, or URL to same, and must be applied to the Tcl/Tk core before it can be considered Final; while small reference implementations may be placed inside the TIP itself, large reference implementations should be held externally and linked to by reference (typically a URL). Authors are encouraged to use the SourceForge Patch trackers for this purpose.
Process and Informational TIPs do not need an implementation.
TIP authors are responsible for collecting community feedback on a TIP before submitting it for review (the creation of a TIP is a part of that review process.) However, wherever possible, long open-ended discussions on public mailing lists should be avoided. A better strategy is to encourage public feedback directly to the TIP author, who collects and integrates the comments back into the TIP.
Once the authors have completed a TIP, they must inform the Tcl Core Team that it is ready for review. TIPs are reviewed by the Tcl Core Team and (for Project TIPs) the maintainers for the relevant parts of the core, who may accept or reject a TIP or send it back to the author(s) for revision (as detailed in [0].) The acceptance or rejection of a TIP will cause its state to be changed accordingly to Accepted or Rejected.
Once a TIP requiring a reference implementation has been accepted, the reference implementation must be completed. When the reference implementation is complete and accepted by the TCT (who can reject it if they feel the implementation would damage the rest of the core) the status will be changed to Final. This is usually done by the TIP Editor, as advised by the responsible Tcl/Tk maintainer.
A TIP can also be assigned status Deferred. The TIP author or the editor can assign the TIP this status when no progress is being made on the TIP. Once a TIP is deferred, the TIP editor can re-assign it to Draft status.
A TIP can also be Withdrawn by the author. Perhaps after all is said and done, the author believes it was not a good idea. It is still important to have a record of this fact. It is expected that Accepted TIPs will only be withdrawn very rarely, and Final TIPs only under exceptional circumstances.
TIP workflow is as follows:
TIP Workflow
Some informative TIPs may also have a status of Active if they are never meant to be completed. For example: [1].
What belongs in a successful TIP?
Each TIP should have the following parts:
 1. Title - a short, descriptive title.
 2. Author(s) - names and contact info (email addresses) for each author.
 3. Abstract - a short (typically <200 word) description of the technical issue being addressed.
 4. Copyright/public domain - Each TIP must either be explicitly labelled in the public domain (the preferred 'license') or the Open Publication License _URL_ It is recommended that this be done by making the last section of the document be a copyright heading, with the body describing what copyright (if any) the document is released under.
 5. Specification - Project TIPs should have a technical specification that should describe the syntax and semantics of any new language feature. The specification should be detailed enough to allow (competing) interoperable implementations for any of the current Tcl platforms.
 7. Reference Implementation - The reference implementation must be completed before any TIP requiring such is given status Final, but it need not be completed before the TIP is accepted. It is better to finish the specification and rationale first and reach consensus on it before writing code.
 The final implementation must include test code and documentation appropriate for either the Tcl language reference or the standard library reference.
TIP Style
TIPs are written in plain ASCII text with an RFC822-like header and embedded sequences suitable for Wiki-like processing as indicated in [3].
There are Tcl scripts that convert the TIP into HTML for viewing on the web. Scripts for producing other formats are available too, for example LaTeX and plain ASCII.
Sample Project TIP
(With thanks to William H. Duquette [email protected] for suggesting this.) Note that the TIP Editor is responsible for allocating TIP numbers, so you can leave that unfilled.
TIP: ???
Title: The TIP Title as Plain Text
Version: $Revision: 1.38 $
Author: Author Name <[email protected]>
State: Draft
Type: Project
Tcl-Version: 8.4
Vote: Pending
Created: 31-Feb-1999
~ Abstract
This is an example of how to write a simple project TIP. This is the
abstract which should consist of a single paragraph of under 200
words. If you need more than this, you should stop and think about
writing a real abstract, not a whole section! :^)
~ Some Sections
Yada yada yada. Look at the sources to the various TIPs for tricks
on how to do various things. ''Note that for complete legal safety,


text:
Popocatépetl from the ISS on January 23, 2001
It might be (and is likely) just normal behavior for Popocatépetl in Mexico, but the volcano produced six plumes over the last 24 hours, according to a report out of Mexico City (in spanish). Officials from El Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres (The National Center for the Prevention of Disasters – Cenapred) say that the plumes appear to be mostly water vapor and other volcanic gases, but remind people living near the volcano to be vigilant.
Popocatépetl is only 70 km from Mexico City, so any major eruption from the volcano could affect life and air travel to the major metropolis. The last major eruptive period at Popocatépetl ran from _PHONE_, producing VEI 3 eruptions, but the volcano has been producing smaller eruptions since January 2005. The volcano produces a mixed bag of activity, with ash fall, lava flows, pyroclastic flows and lahar generation and might be one of the more hazardous volcanoes in the Americas.


RarEntry::extract
(PECL rar >= 0.1)
RarEntry::extractExtract entry from the archive
Descrição
public RarEntry::extract(
 string $dir,
 string $filepath = "",
 string $password = NULL,
 bool $extended_data = false
): bool
RarEntry::extract() extracts the entry's data. It will create new file in the specified dir with the name identical to the entry's name, unless the second argument is specified. See below for more information.
Parâmetros
dir
Path to the directory where files should be extracted. This parameter is considered if and only if filepath is not. If both parameters are empty an extraction to the current directory will be attempted.
filepath
Path (relative or absolute) containing the directory and filename of the extracted file. This parameter overrides both the parameter dir and the original file name.
password
The password used to encrypt this entry. If the entry is not encrypted, this value will not be used and can be omitted. If this parameter is omitted and the entry is encrypted, the password given to rar_open(), if any, will be used. If a wrong password is given, either explicitly or implicitly via rar_open(), CRC checking will fail and this method will fail and return false. If no password is given and one is required, this method will fail and return false. You can check whether an entry is encrypted with RarEntry::isEncrypted().
extended_data
If true, extended information such as NTFS ACLs and Unix owner information will be set in the extract files, as long as it's present in the archive.
Aviso
Prior to version 2.0.0, this function would not handle relative paths correctly. Use realpath() as a workaround.
Valor Retornado
Retorna true em caso de sucesso ou false em caso de falha.
Changelog
Versão Descrição
PECL rar 3.0.0 extended_data was added.
PECL rar 3.0.0 Support for RAR archives with repeated entry names is no longer defective.
Exemplos
Exemplo #1 RarEntry::extract() example
<?php
$rar_file
= rar_open('example.rar') or die("Failed to open Rar archive");
$entry = rar_entry_get($rar_file, 'Dir/file.txt') or die("Failed to find such entry");
$entry->extract('/dir/to'); // create /dir/to/Dir/file.txt
$entry->extract(false, '/dir/to/new_name.txt'); // create /dir/to/new_name.txt
?>
Exemplo #2 How to extract all files in archive:
<?php
/* example by Erik Jenssen aka erix */
$filename = "foobar.rar";
$filepath = "/home/foo/bar/";
$rar_file = rar_open($filepath.$filename);
$list = rar_list($rar_file);
foreach(
$list as $file) {
$entry = rar_entry_get($rar_file, $file);
$entry->extract("."); // extract to the current dir
}
rar_close($rar_file);
?>
Veja Também
add a note
User Contributed Notes 2 notes
up
7
nelson_km_94 at hotmail dot com
8 years ago
Example #2 has a mistake.
This one works fine:
<?php
/* example by Erik Jenssen aka erix */
$filename = "foobar.rar";
$filepath = "/home/foo/bar/";
$rar_file = rar_open($filepath.$filename);
$list = rar_list($rar_file);
foreach(
$list as $file) {

$entry = rar_entry_get($rar_file, $file->getName());

$entry->extract("."); // extract to the current dir
}
rar_close($rar_file);
?>
up
0
Anonymous
9 years ago
If the entry to extract is a directory as per RarEntry::isDirectory(), this method does not seem to extract the entries below that directory as one might expect from using the command-line RAR or WinRAR.
To Top


Doodle Card #152 – Listen To Others As If They Were Their Last Words
Listen to others as if they were their last words.
Listen to others as if they were their last words.
It may be a miracle if people understand each other in words.
Napoleon Bonaparte once said, "Impossible is a word only to be found in the dictionary of fools." What did he mean to say?
One word has three meanings. Literal, figurative and emotional. What is an emotional meaning? It's the meaning that each person applies to a word with a certain emotional experience. We don't understand this meaning unless we get to know the opponent very well.
We understand Napoleon's word in a figurative sense. If we would stick to a literal meaning, we would never know what he meant to say because in the real world there is no such thing as the dictionary of fools. But we never know what kind of feeling the word 'impossible' would give to him — so we might have misinterpreted his word for years.
Quite often, the emotional meaning causes misunderstanding between people. Your boss may get upset or irritated when someone say a certain word, although the word itself means nothing to you. Or your significant other or family members may not like hearing a certain word or phrase on TV or radio. That's because the emotional meaning of word is in play.
Understanding each other is not an easy task because we need to understand the emotional meaning of their words. Some people have only a few, some people have a lot. We have to start from listening to what the opponent says — without applying our own emotional meaning to their words. In order to distinguish our own emotional meaning from the one of others, we have to be self-aware.
Mindfulness plays a significant role even in communicating each other.
Leave a Reply


text:
A compound containing one of the following structural units on heating with I2 and NaOH will give a yellow precipitate of Iodoform ( CHI3). This is called Iodoform test.
The reaction is used as a diagnostic test for the presence of the groups.
Apart from using as a diagnostic test it can also be used to prepare certain carboxylic acids with considerable ease.
- Give the structure of compounds which give a positive Iodoform test and have the following characterisitics.
- An aldehyde.
- Two ketones.
- An aromatic ketone.
- An alcohol with four carbon atoms.
- Give the structure of compounds which do not give a positive Iodoform test and have the following characteristics.
a) An aldehyde.
b) An aromatic ketone.
c) A cyclic ketone.
7). Give reasons:
a) 3-Pentanone has a methyl and a carbonyl group, still does not give a positive Iodoform test.
c) 1-Propanol does not give a positive Iodoform test.
d) Formation of Iodoform can be used as a test to detect a methyl ketone while formation of chloroform cannot be used.
e) Write the equations for the preparation of the following carboxylic acids through haloform reaction.
For answers write to: _EMAIL_


text:
Kalanchoe Paniculata - 5 Seeds
Kalanchoe is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent flowering plants in the Family Crassulaceae, mainly native to the Old World but with a few species now growing wild in the New World following introduction of the species. Most are shrubs or perennial herbaceous plants, but a few are annual or biennial. The largest, Kalanchoe beharensis from Madagascar, can reach 6 m tall, but most species are less than 1 m tall. Members of Kalanchoe genus are characterized by opening their flowers by growing new cells on the inner surface of the petals to force them outwards, and on the outside of the petals to close them.
Wide flat inflorescence with yellow flowers.
USDA Climate Zone - 8
Season to Sow - Spring
This sale is for a 5 seed pack.
The final price will be the BUY NOW Price.
Click here for different sized packs of this species.
Other Fine Brands & Products We Recommend


text:
Forces in Motion
What can the power of the wind, magnets and robotics do for you? Find out as you compete against other individuals and groups to see who can keep their motion-related designs flying longer, racing faster or shooting straighter. Then head to our "Drop Zone" and use the motion analyzer to check out the effects of gravity on various objects in super slow motion. If it moves, we've got it covered.
Rock Star Robotics?
The FIRST Robotics competition takes robot design to rock concert levels of excitement. Each year more than a thousand teams compete to master a new design challenge. During the national finals, thousands of fans gather to cheer their robot to victory.
Inventor Dean Kamen (inventor of the Segway and other devices) created the competition in 1992 to promote engineering to high school students. The contest, based on Dr. Woodie Flowers' Mechanical Engineering course at MIT, has become a national event involving thousands of students of all ages. The Junior FIRST LEGO League involves students age 6 to 9. The FIRST LEGO League is for students 9 to 14. And finally, the first Tech Challenge and FIRST Robotics Competition engage high-school age students. Teams are judged not only on their score in the game, but on design excellence, teamwork and ability to overcome obstacles.
Want to get involved? For more information, visit _URL_.
Forces in Motion is made possible by the Northeast Utilities Foundation.


text:
Join the Directory
To join the Alumni Email Directory, you will need to:
- Read and agree to certain policies.
- Complete an information form.
- Allow minimum 2 working days for verification. You will then receive
an email acknowledging your access.
Please read these policies.
- This email directory is for Waldorf alumni only.
- This email directory is for the sole purpose of connecting classmates
- To have access to the email directory, you must have your email address
- This email directory cannot be used for mass email distribution.
For example, it cannot be used for business purposes, selling items,
or personal promotion of ideas or beliefs.
- Each alum is responsible for maintaining their correct email address.
Waldorf reserves the rights to occasionally send out a mass email to
the entire directory for the purpose of determining if any of the email
addresses are outdated.
- If your email address becomes outdated and Waldorf is not notified,
your access to the email directory will be terminated.
- You cannot copy this email directory to sell or give to another person,
business, institution or organization.
- Please allow two working days to respond to password requests or complaints.
Note: You must be using a "cookie
enabled" browser to access the directory. If you have disabled cookie
use in your browser, you must enable it before logging in. -more


Compute nCr % p | Set 3 (Using Fermat Little Theorem)
Given three numbers n, r and p, compute value of nCr mod p. Here p is a prime number greater than n. Here nCr is Binomial Coefficient.
Example:
Input: n = 10, r = 2, p = 13
Output: 6
Explanation: 10C2 is 45 and 45 % 13 is 6.
Input: n = 6, r = 2, p = 13
Output: 2
We have discussed following methods in previous posts.
Compute nCr % p | Set 1 (Introduction and Dynamic Programming Solution)
Compute nCr % p | Set 2 (Lucas Theorem)
In this post, Fermat Theorem based solution is discussed.
Background:
Fermat's little theorem and modular inverse
Fermat's little theorem states that if p is a prime number, then for any integer a, the number ap – a is an integer multiple of p. In the notation of modular arithmetic, this is expressed as:
ap = a (mod p)
For example, if a = 2 and p = 7, 27 = 128, and 128 – 2 = 7 × 18 is an integer multiple of 7.
If a is not divisible by p, Fermat's little theorem is equivalent to the statement a p – 1 – 1 is an integer multiple of p, i.e
ap-1 = 1 (mod p)
If we multiply both sides by a-1, we get.
ap-2 = a-1 (mod p)
So we can find modular inverse as p-2.
Computation:
We know the formula for nCr
nCr = fact(n) / (fact(r) x fact(n-r))
Here fact() means factorial.
 nCr % p = (fac[n]* modIverse(fac[r]) % p *
 modIverse(fac[n-r]) % p) % p;
Here modIverse() means modular inverse under
modulo p.
Following is the implementation of the above algorithm. In the following implementation, an array fac[] is used to store all the computed factorial values.
C++
filter_none
edit
close
play_arrow
link
brightness_4
code
// A modular inverse based solution to
// compute nCr % p
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

/* Iterative Function to calculate (x^y)%p
 in O(log y) */
int power(int x, int y, int p)
{
 int res = 1; // Initialize result

 x = x % p; // Update x if it is more than or
 // equal to p

 while (y > 0)
 {
 // If y is odd, multiply x with result
 if (y & 1)
 res = (res*x) % p;

 // y must be even now
 y = y>>1; // y = y/2
 x = (x*x) % p;
 }
 return res;
}

// Returns n^(-1) mod p
int modInverse(int n, int p)
{
 return power(n, p-2, p);
}

// Returns nCr % p using Fermat's little
// theorem.
int nCrModPFermat(int n, int r, int p)
{
 // Base case
 if (r==0)
 return 1;

 // Fill factorial array so that we
 // can find all factorial of r, n
 // and n-r
 int fac[n+1];
 fac[0] = 1;
 for (int i=1 ; i<=n; i++)
 fac[i] = fac[i-1]*i%p;

 return (fac[n]* modInverse(fac[r], p) % p *
 modInverse(fac[n-r], p) % p) % p;
}

// Driver program
int main()
{
 // p must be a prime greater than n.
 int n = 10, r = 2, p = 13;
 cout << "Value of nCr % p is "
 << nCrModPFermat(n, r, p);
 return 0;
}
chevron_right
Java
filter_none
edit
close
play_arrow
link
brightness_4
code
// A modular inverse based solution to
// compute nCr %
import java .io.*;

class GFG {

 /* Iterative Function to calculate
 (x^y)%p in O(log y) */
 static int power(int x, int y, int p)
 {

 // Initialize result
 int res = 1;

 // Update x if it is more than or
 // equal to p
 x = x % p;

 while (y > 0)
 {

 // If y is odd, multiply x
 // with result
 if (y % 2 == 1)
 res = (res * x) % p;

 // y must be even now
 y = y >> 1; // y = y/2
 x = (x * x) % p;
 }

 return res;
 }

 // Returns n^(-1) mod p
 static int modInverse(int n, int p)
 {
 return power(n, p-2, p);
 }

 // Returns nCr % p using Fermat's
 // little theorem.
 static int nCrModPFermat(int n, int r,
 int p)
 {

 // Base case
 if (r == 0)
 return 1;

 // Fill factorial array so that we
 // can find all factorial of r, n
 // and n-r
 int[] fac = new int[n+1];
 fac[0] = 1;

 for (int i = 1 ;i <= n; i++)
 fac[i] = fac[i-1] * i % p;

 return (fac[n]* modInverse(fac[r], p)
 % p * modInverse(fac[n-r], p)
 % p) % p;
 }

 // Driver program
 public static void main(String[] args)
 {

 // p must be a prime greater than n.
 int n = 10, r = 2, p = 13;
 System.out.println("Value of nCr % p is "
 + nCrModPFermat(n, r, p));
 }
}

// This code is contributd by Anuj_67.
chevron_right
Python3
filter_none
edit
close
play_arrow
link
brightness_4
code
# Python3 function to
# calculate nCr % p
def ncr(n, r, p):
 # initialize numerator
 # and denominator
 num = den = 1
 for i in range(r):
 num = (num * (n - i)) % p
 den = (den * (i + 1)) % p
 return (num * pow(den,
 p - 2, p)) % p

# p must be a prime
# greater than n
n, r, p = 10, 2, 13
print("Value of nCr % p is"
 ncr(n, r, p))
chevron_right
C#
filter_none
edit
close
play_arrow
link
brightness_4
code
// A modular inverse based solution to
// compute nCr % p
using System;

class GFG {

 /* Iterative Function to calculate
 (x^y)%p in O(log y) */
 static int power(int x, int y, int p)
 {

 // Initialize result
 int res = 1;

 // Update x if it is more than or
 // equal to p
 x = x % p;

 while (y > 0)
 {

 // If y is odd, multiply x
 // with result
 if (y % 2 == 1)
 res = (res * x) % p;

 // y must be even now
 y = y >> 1; // y = y/2
 x = (x * x) % p;
 }

 return res;
 }

 // Returns n^(-1) mod p
 static int modInverse(int n, int p)
 {
 return power(n, p-2, p);
 }

 // Returns nCr % p using Fermat's
 // little theorem.
 static int nCrModPFermat(int n, int r,
 int p)
 {

 // Base case
 if (r == 0)
 return 1;

 // Fill factorial array so that we
 // can find all factorial of r, n
 // and n-r
 int[] fac = new int[n+1];
 fac[0] = 1;

 for (int i = 1 ;i <= n; i++)
 fac[i] = fac[i-1] * i % p;

 return (fac[n]* modInverse(fac[r], p)
 % p * modInverse(fac[n-r], p)
 % p) % p;
 }

 // Driver program
 static void Main()
 {

 // p must be a prime greater than n.
 int n = 10, r = 2, p = 13;
 Console.Write("Value of nCr