text:
By Homer R. Peterson II, P.E., CSP
Many construction contracts that are executed today include terms that allow termination of a company either for cause or for the convenience of the terminating entity. As owners and general contractors become increasingly concerned about construction safety, terminations for cause for alleged shortcomings in general contractors' and subcontractors' safety performances will likely increase in number.
Neither an owner and a terminated general contractor, nor a general contractor and a terminated subcontractor, are likely to have the same knowledge and understanding of construction safety practices. These disparities can lead to disputes when a contractor does not agree that its safety performance on a project should result in a termination of its contract for cause. If under the contract terms there is a substantial monetary difference for a termination "for cause" versus "for convenience" and the parties are unable to negotiate a termination settlement, costly litigation may be required to resolve their dispute.
CASE STUDY – Termination for Cause or for Convenience?
I consulted on an arbitration case involving the termination of a construction contractor. The key question was whether the terminating entity (TE) was justified by the terms of the contracts in removing the terminated contractor (TC) for its safety performance, or lack thereof, on a project. TE contended that the following constituted breaches of its multiple contracts with TC on the project.
- TC repeatedly failed to meet the safety requirements of its contracts.
- TC personnel were the cause of multiple on-site safety incidents.
- TC had received citations from TE for multiple near-miss incidents at the work site.
- TC failed to implement appropriate safety procedures despite several notices from TE.
TE served TC with written notice of default. Per the contract terms, TC timely proposed steps to cure the breaches alleged by TE. TC's curative steps included, but were not limited to:
- TC would improve its written safety program.
- TC would provide additional documented safety training for all of TC's employees including field personnel, supervision, safety staff, and management.
- TC would implement a new zero-tolerance policy that included future terminations of any of TC's employees committing violations related to four types of safety hazards.
- TC would conduct documented investigations, determine root causes, and implement corrective actions for all of TC's future accidents and incidents, including near misses, at the project.
- TC would use a third-party safety consultant for safety support and additional site safety audits.
TE rejected TC's proposed cure for the contended breaches and removed TC from the project for cause related to its safety performance with a proviso that the removal would convert to a termination for convenience in the event that the termination for cause was disallowed as a result of dispute resolution.
TC filed for dispute resolution via arbitration as required by its contracts. The Arbitral Tribunal ruled that the cure proposed by TC was adequately responsive to the breaches contended by TE, that TC had been terminated for TE's convenience rather than for cause, and awarded monetary compensation to TC.
Construction Industry Standards for Terminations "for Cause" Related to Safety
There are no construction industry standards or OSHA regulations regarding termination of a contractor due to the contractor's safety record on a project. In the absence of such standards for termination of a contractor due to the contractor's safety record, one must look to the construction contract(s) to decide the appropriateness of termination for cause.
There is no organization that serves as a clearing house or depository for information related to contractor terminations. Knowledge of the reasons for contractors' terminations and the specific contract language governing such terminations is neither distributed nor widely known in the construction industry. Confidentiality agreements are often used to protect the terms of settlements of termination disputes from public scrutiny. Although it may be possible to determine contract language governing terminations through case-by-case reviews of court records for those cases that are adjudicated in court, complete contracts and transcripts of witness testimony and exhibits for those cases are not readily available to the construction industry. Therefore, comparisons of a contractor's termination to similar terminations of peers in the contractor's trade(s) can be problematic. When comparisons to other terminations is not feasible, construction safety experts may be needed to evaluate the contractor's safety program and safety practices and then to compare those programs and practices to construction industry safety standards.
Construction Industry Safety Standards
The safety standards applicable to the construction industry include mandatory construction safety regulations promulgated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), voluntary guidance provided by OSHA, voluntary guidance provided by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and voluntary guidance provided by industry trade associations such as the Associated General Contractors of America (AGC).
- OSHA's regulations governing construction safety are found in the federal register in 29CFR§1926 "Safety & health regulations for construction".
- OSHA provides safety guidance to construction contractors in its publication OSHA 3885 titled "Recommended Practices for Safety & Health Programs in Construction" published in 2016.
- ANSI provides safety guidance to construction contractors in its consensus standard A10.38-2013 titled "Basic Elements of an Employer's Program to Provide a Safe and Healthful Work Environment – American National Standard for Construction and Demolition Operations".
- AGC provides safety guidance to construction contractors in its publication titled "Basic Company Safety Program Development Guide".
OSHA Construction Safety Regulations
OSHA promulgated its safety regulations under the authority granted to the agency by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (the OSH Act) which imposed duties on both employers and their employees in its Section 5 (Duties). OSHA's construction safety regulations do not have specific requirements concerning the contents of construction contractors' safety programs, nor do they specify the means and methods to be used by construction contractors in providing safety training to their employees.
Regarding safety training, OSHA construction regulation 29CFR§1926.21(b)(2) requires: "The employer shall instruct each employee in the recognition and avoidance of unsafe conditions and the regulations applicable to his work environment to control or eliminate any hazards or other exposure to illness or injury." In using the phrase "recognition and avoidance of unsafe conditions", OSHA recognizes that unsafe conditions will be found on construction sites. Similarly, in using the phrase "to control or eliminate any hazards" in the regulation, OSHA recognizes that not every potential hazard, or unsafe condition, can or will be eliminated from construction sites. Whenever unsafe conditions are present on construction sites, OSHA requires that they be controlled through appropriate employee training.
Employee training is only effective when employees apply their training to the performance of their work. For this reason, Section 5 (Duties) of the OSH Act imposed this duty on employees: "Each employee shall comply with occupational safety and health standards and all rules, regulations, and orders issued pursuant to this Act which are applicable to his own actions and conduct." When an employee has been provided with appropriate hazards training but fails to use that training to avoid the hazards, that employee has failed to comply with Section 5 of the OSH Act and has engaged in "unpreventable employee conduct". Instances of unpreventable employee conduct can be used by contractors as affirmative defenses against citations for violations of OSHA regulations and are therefore worthy of consideration as mitigating factors in a termination for cause related to safety performance.
OSHA Construction Safety Guidance
According to OSHA's safety guidance, the core elements of the recommended practices for safety and health programs in construction include management leadership, worker participation, hazard identification and assessment, hazard prevention and control, education and training, program evaluation and improvement, and coordination for employers on multi-employer worksites.
ANSI Guidance for Construction Employers' Safety Programs
ANSI A10.38 provides guidance concerning the key program elements of construction employers' safety programs including employer commitment and responsibility, requirements for competent persons, pre-task safety and health analysis, new-hire orientation, training, employee participation, inspections, incidence investigation and recording, substance abuse policy, disciplinary procedures, and emergency response planning.
AGC Guidance for Contractors' Safety Programs
AGC provides guidance in its construction safety program development guide that contractors should provide "tools of the trade" such as employee safety training, new employee orientation, on-site safety inspections, accident investigations and incident reporting, disciplinary procedures for safety violations, and accurate recordkeeping for occupational injuries and illnesses. AGC also recommends a drug and alcohol program as an ancillary program.
Determining Whether a Construction Contractor Was Terminated for Cause or for Convenience
Triers of fact face challenges when determining whether a contractor was terminated for cause related to its safety performance or for the convenience of the terminating entity. It is noted here that termination disputes often cannot be resolved for years after the termination; and that triers of fact, whether judges, juries, or arbitrators, will likely consider the following in making such a determination.
- Whether the occupational health and safety management system (OHSMS) implemented by the terminated contractor was appropriate for the scope and complexity of the contractor's work (OSHA considers an employer's size and resources to be a factor when determining penalties related to enforcement of OSHA's safety regulations and most construction contractors consider their company's size and resources, and also the size and complexity of their projects, when determining the safety measures to be implemented for their work.)
- Whether the terminated contractor created, executed, and monitored a safety program that was appropriate for the work that the contractor was to perform under the terms of its contract(s)
- Whether the terminated contractor executed and monitored its OHSMS and managed its safety program in a way that a reasonable and prudent construction contractor would have executed and monitored its OHSMS and managed its safety program on a similar project
Parties disputing whether termination


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- Aug 22, 2008 10:25 PM EST
- [num] Comments
"I love working with passionate people who want to help address climate change and poverty by thinking and experimenting outside the square," says Nicole Kuepper, a PhD student and PV and renewable energy lecturer.
And indeed, outside the square Ms. Kuepper did think, for she happen to have thought of a solar cell concept that uses, of all things, a pizza oven. Even with the impending fall of prices for PV cells, many people from developing countries still wouldn't be able to afford solar installations. Thing is, whereas many of those who get solar installations aim to lower their carbon footprint, solar energy might be the only way some people from the remote areas of the developing world could enjoy electricity.
Called the iJET cell concept, the process would use low-cost materials and would have low energy requirements. There are no details about the solar cell available for now; all we know is that the process would enlist the use of an inkjet printer aside from the pizza oven. It might take five years for the technology to be commercialized. When it becomes available though, I imagine it could be a tremendous help for a lot of people, what with being able to manufacture the new solar cells on site.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Regulation of emotional and mental stability
Regulation of emotional stability and mental stability
"Regulation of emotional stability and mental stability"
Hot temper and emotionality
Among hot-tempered people - 50% are those who have fire elementals at the Anahata level.
If you transfer the fire elementals to the Vishuddhi level, so that this energy feeds the consciousness, the problem will be solved - the person becomes calm and balanced.
The second 50% of the causes of irascibility is the presence of psychological complexes: a desire to quarrel, incontinence, etc.
The presence of fire elementals is characterized by explosive irascibility - when a person does not just mutter something under his breath, but when the emotion goes with a very high amplitude.
The parameter emotional stability shows how much an even emotional state prevails in you or emotional explosive outbursts are possible.
The emotional stability parameter can be adjusted.
Cost: Adjustment of emotional stability - $ 150 /cycle.
Question: What is the difference between the parameters Emotional stability and Mental stability and how to improve them?
With emotional stability, everything is more or less clear.
This is often found among magicians as the result of strikes by Lemurian efreet.
- At the magicians?
- Often with the magicians, as they were sent to demining the Lemurian warehouses, which were protected by combat systems. Certain blows to the structures led to the fact that a person is very emotionally unstable, his mood and state are constantly changing.
If you regulate this sphere, then the person quickly calms down and stabilizes.
Mental stability is also often a manifestation of technical strikes - ancient strikes of martial magic techniques, plus traces of mental trauma in these zones - systems of subtle bodies.
If the effect of correction of emotional stability is more proven: Removing injuries - the person is calmer. Fortunately, we have little experience in the field of correction and treatment of mental illnesses.) Therefore, the "Increase in mental stability" service is more suitable as a prevention of mental illness than as a surgical intervention.
The service "Increasing mental stability" includes the removal of trauma in the mental sphere, its stabilization and strengthening.
One cycle strengthens the work of this area and reduces the likelihood of mental illness. On average, in humanity, the parameter of mental stability is 50% out of 100%.
The mental stability parameter can also be adjusted.
Cost: Adjustment of psychological stability - $ 150 / cycle.
Personal diagnostics of the parameters of mental and emotional stability is now carried out within the framework of the Energy Card of the Personality .
Guaranteed result
 - Past-life experience
 - The Vessel of Luck and Karma
 - Personal energy balance
 - Main psychology complexes and stresses
 - Balance of vitamins and microelements.
There are no products matching the selection.


How to Hook Up Computer Speakers
by Erin McManaway
You can hook up speakers to your computer.
You can hook up speakers to your computer.
Ryan McVay/Photodisc/Getty Images
Computer speakers provide audio functionality for your computer, allowing you to listen to application and media sounds or to provide sound for an audience during presentations. Most computers have a sound card installed by default, which includes sound jacks for microphones and speakers. Once you locate the sound card jacks on your computer, you can hook up your computer speakers to the proper jack and adjust the volume to your desired level. Many times, the sound card jacks will be color coded, which allows you to determine the proper speaker jack, especially when hooking up speakers to different computer models.
1.
Locate the sound card jacks on your computer. You will commonly find three round jacks, the size of a headphone jack, on the back of a desktop computer. Sound card jacks are often color coded pink, blue and green, or have labels such as "Microphone," "Line-in" and "Line-out." For a laptop, look for a headphone jack on the front or side of the machine.
2.
Plug one speaker into the other, if required. This may vary depending on the speaker model, but you usually plug into the speaker that contains the power button and volume control.
3.
Plug the speaker cable into the green "Line-out" jack of a desktop computer. Often, this cable will also have a green colored connector. Plug the speaker cable into the headphone jack of a laptop.
4.
Plug the power cord from the speakers into an electrical socket and turn the speakers on.
5.
Test your sound by opening an application that has sound or by playing media, such as music or a movie, on your computer. If you don't hear sound from your speakers, adjust your volume.
6.
Click the "Speakers" icon in the notification area of your Windows taskbar.
7.
Adjust the Windows volume by moving the "Mixer" slider up and down on the volume bar. If your speakers have a volume control, you may need to adjust the speaker volume as well.
About the Author
Erin McManaway holds a B.A. in professional writing from Francis Marion University, where she earned the Richard B. Larsen Memorial Award for Business and Technical Writing. She has worked in materials development, media and information technology in the nonprofit sector since 2006. McManaway has also been a writer and editor since 2008.
Photo Credits
 - Ryan McVay/Photodisc/Getty Images
bibliography-icon icon for annotation tool Cite this Article


text:
Flora Fact: Basket Case
Texas beargrass is toxic to livestock and useful for weaving.
By Sheryl Smith-Rodgers
Large mounds of evergreen Texas beargrass stand out against the dry, brushy landscapes that surround the Texas AgriLife Research Station south of Sonora.
"We're here because of that species," says Charles "Butch" Taylor, station superintendent. "In 1915, ranchers couldn't figure out why their goats and sheep were getting sick. So they joined hands with Texas A&M University and bought this ranch, which became the Sonora Experiment Station. Because of research done here, we know that the blooms and seeds of Nolina texana are toxic to those animals."
Texas beargrass — also called bunchgrass and Texas sacahuista — occurs in rocky soils across the state's southwestern quadrant.
Its leathery leaves, 3 to 4 feet long, spill like fountain grass from a woody base. The leaves are either smooth or have a few widely spaced, tiny, sharp teeth on the margin. Despite its name, the perennial species is not a grass but more of a shrub.
From there, further description can flip-flop. Some botanists place beargrass in the agave family with yuccas and century plants. Others list the plant as part of Liliaceae (lily family).
In spring or early summer, beargrass blooms for three weeks. The creamy-colored clusters barely rise above leaves, if at all. The species is a nectar and larval host plant for sandia hairstreaks (Callophrys mcfarlandi). Larvae dine on both flowers and fruits.
Factoid: Native Americans used beargrass leaves to weave sturdy baskets and mats.


- My NEB
 - Print
 - PDF
 - FAQ: What is the difference between NEB _TAG_ and NEB _TAG_?
 They are the same cells with the same efficiency but provided in different formats. C3010H is packaged with 20 single-use transformation tubes, each containing 50 μl of competent cells. Plasmid or ligation product can be added directly into the transformation tubes for convenience. C3010I is packaged with 6 tubes, each containing 200 μl of competent cells. The tubes should be thawed on ice and 50 μl of cells transferred into new tubes prior to transformation. Each tube contains enough cells for 4 transformations with the benefit of reducing the cost of each transformation. If you perform 3 or 4 transformations at a time, using C3010I is cost effective. Refreezing the competent cells after thawing is not recommended since it will significantly reduce transformation efficiencies.


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Name: Nathan C.
How long does it actually take for a drought to set in?
There is no absolute definition of drought, as to percentage of normal precipitation during a
particular period of time, although a precipitation deficit of 20% might be considered a mild
drought and a deficit of 40% or more might be considered to be severe.
So, a drought may take many months or several seasons to form, if precipitation is not much
below normal, to only a month or so if precipitation is well below normal.
What really defines the severity of a drought is the effect that it has on water supplies and
agricultural activities. Good examples of the first of these are the severe decreases in water
supplies in the Denver, CO and Roanoke, VA areas over the past few years as a result of drought.
Good examples of the second of these are the periodic very dry spring and summer seasons in the
southern plains and the southeastern parts of the USA.
Southern California, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah have experienced very severe drought the last few
years in all seasons, leading to the many fires that we are now seeing in that area of the country.
David R. Cook
Atmospheric Research Section
Environmental Research Division
Argonne National Laboratory
Click here to return to the Weather Archives
Update: June 2012

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Trace number 237350
Some explanations
A solver is run under the control of another program named runsolver. runsolver is in charge of imposing the CPU time limit and the memory limit to the solver. It also monitors some information about the process. The trace of the execution of a solver is divided into four (or five) parts:
 1. SOLVER DATA
 This is the output of the solver (stdout and stderr).
 Note that some very long lines in this section may be truncated by your web browser ! In such a case, you may want to use the "Download as text" link to get the trace as a text file.
 When the --timestamp option is passed to the runsolver program, each line output by the solver is prepended with a timestamp which indicates at what time the line was output by the solver. Times are relative to the start of the program, given in seconds, and are wall clock time (not CPU time).
 As some 'v lines' may be very long (sometimes several megabytes), the 'v line' output by your solver may be split on several lines to help limit the size of the trace recorded in the database. In any case, the exact output of your solver is preserved in a trace file.
 2. VERIFIER DATA
 The output of the solver is piped to a verifier program which will search a value line "v " and, if found, will check that the given interpretation satisfies all constraints.
 3. CONVERSION SCRIPT DATA (Optionnal)
 When a conversion script is used, this section shows the messages that were output by the conversion script.
 4. WATCHER DATA
 This is the informations gathered by the runsolver program. It first prints the different limits. There's a first limit on CPU time set to X seconds (see the parameters in the trace). After this time has ellapsed, runsolver sends a SIGTERM and 2 seconds later a SIGKILL to the solver. For safety, there's also another limit set to X+30 seconds which will send a SIGXPU to the solver. The last limit is on the virtual memory used by the process (see the parameters in the trace).
 Every ten seconds, the runsolver process fetches the content of /proc/loadavg, /proc/pid/stat and /proc/pid/statm (see man proc) and prints it as raw data. This is only recorded in case we need to investigate the behaviour of a solver. The memory used by the solver (vsize) is also given every ten seconds.
 When the solver exits, runsolver prints some informations such as status and time. CPU usage is the ratio CPU Time/Real Time.
 5. LAUNCHER DATA
 These informations are related to the script which will launch the solver. The most important informations are the command line given to the solver, the md5sum of the different files and the dump of the /proc/cpuinfo and /proc/meminfo which provides some useful information on the computer.
Solver answer on this benchmark
Solver NameAnswerCPU timeWall clock time
Mistral 2006-12-04SAT 4.17836 4.35612
General information on the benchmark
Nameos-gp/
gp10-07-1079.xml
MD5SUMdec77aa15d4293ea0fa019d6e71a02d6
Bench Category2-ARY-INT (binary constraints in intension)
Best result obtained on this benchmarkSAT
Best CPU time to get the best result obtained on this benchmark0.532918
SatisfiableYES
(Un)Satisfiability was proved
Number of variables101
Number of constraints1000
Maximum constraint arity2
Maximum domain size1080
Number of constraints which are defined in extension0
Number of constraints which are defined in intension1000
Global constraints used (with number of constraints)
Solver Data (download as text)
0.19 c
0.19 c Parsing xml file
0.19 c domains............... 0
0.19 c variables............. 0
0.19 c predicates............ 0
0.19 c constraints........... 0.06
0.25 c Allocating memory
0.25 c
0.25 c time limit = -1
0.25 c heuristic = dom/wdeg
0.25 c restart policy = No restart
0.25 c
0.25 c Solving
0.25 c
4.33 s SATISFIABLE
4.33 v 1079 _PHONE_ 1073 66 1055 0 _PHONE_ 1078 24 _PHONE_ 527 _PHONE_ 1 926 23 816 480 0 398 48 53 _PHONE_ 58 1076 514 0 1078 868 534 _PHONE_ _PHONE_ 4 1047 60 _PHONE_ 688 0 1050 101 641 993 889 425 22 58 _PHONE_ _PHONE_ 1058 101 0 _PHONE_ 946 10 909 78 0 871 883 10 _PHONE_ 3 2 889 _PHONE_ 795 0 871 490 78 23 22 3 1073 48 229 60 1 66 909 398 0
4.33 d SAT 30473 BTS 4 s
Verifier Data (download as text)
OK
Watcher Data (download as text)
runsolver version 3.1.3 (c) _EMAIL_-artois.fr
command line: runsolver --timestamp -w ROOT/results/node26/watcher-237350-_PHONE_ -o ROOT/results/node26/solver-237350-_PHONE_ -C 1800 -M 900 /tmp/evaluation/237350-_PHONE_/mistral/bin/solver /tmp/evaluation/237350-_PHONE_/unknown.xml -v 1
Enforcing CPUTime limit (soft limit, will send SIGTERM then SIGKILL): 1800 seconds
Enforcing CPUTime limit (hard limit, will send SIGXCPU): 1830 seconds
Enforcing VSIZE limit (soft limit, will send SIGTERM then SIGKILL): 921600 KiB
Enforcing VSIZE limit (hard limit, stack expansion will fail with SIGSEGV, brk() and mmap() will return ENOMEM): 972800 KiB
Current StackSize limit: 10240 KiB
/proc/loadavg: 1.91 1.98 2.06 4/93 7592
/proc/meminfo: memFree=_PHONE_/_PHONE_ swapFree=_PHONE_/_PHONE_
[pid=7591] ppid=7589 vsize=4504 CPUtime=0
/proc/7591/stat : 7591 (solver) D 7589 7591 7347 0 -_PHONE_ 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 1 0 183152763 _PHONE_ 27 18446744073709551615 134512640 134893201 _PHONE_ 18446744073709551615 _PHONE_ 0 0 4096 0 18446744071563479169 0 0 17 0 0 0
/proc/7591/statm: 1126 27 21 92 0 19 0
[startup+0.103578 s]
/proc/loadavg: 1.91 1.98 2.06 4/93 7592
/proc/meminfo: memFree=_PHONE_/_PHONE_ swapFree=_PHONE_/_PHONE_
[pid=7591] ppid=7589 vsize=6744 CPUtime=0.01
/proc/7591/stat : 7591 (solver) D 7589 7591 7347 0 -_PHONE_ 502 0 11 0 0 1 0 0 18 0 1 0 183152763 _PHONE_ 481 18446744073709551615 134512640 134893201 _PHONE_ 18446744073709551615 _PHONE_ 0 0 4096 0 18446744071563479169 0 0 17 0 0 0
/proc/7591/statm: 1686 481 420 92 0 30 0
Current children cumulated CPU time (s) 0.01
Current children cumulated vsize (KiB) 6744
[startup+0.51161 s]
/proc/loadavg: 1.91 1.98 2.06 4/93 7592
/proc/meminfo: memFree=_PHONE_/_PHONE_ swapFree=_PHONE_/_PHONE_
[pid=7591] ppid=7589 vsize=23464 CPUtime=0.33
/proc/7591/stat : 7591 (solver) R 7589 7591 7347 0 -_PHONE_ 4946 0 26


text:
SEED: Social Economic Environmental Design® provides a common standard to guide, evaluate and measure the social, economic and environmental impact of design projects.
SEED maintains the belief that design can play a vital role in the most critical issues that face communities and individuals, in crisis and in every day challenges. To accomplish this, the SEED® process guides professionals to work alongside locals who know their community and its needs. This practice of "trusting the local" is increasingly recognized as a highly effective way to sustain the health and longevity of a place or a community as it develops.
The name "SEED" was first proposed during a 2005 meeting at the Harvard Graduate School of Design where architects, designers, and other diverse experts in the public interest design movement convened to evaluate how design could respond to the triple bottom line of social, economic, and environmental justice.
SEED's Mission is to advance the right of every person to live in a socially, economically and environmentally healthy community.
- The SEED guiding principles are:
- SEED Principle 1: Advocate with those who have a limited voice in public life.
- SEED Principle 2: Build structures for inclusion that engage stakeholders and allow communities to make decisions.
- SEED Principle 3: Promote social equality through discourse that reflects a range of values and social identities.
- SEED Principle 4: Generate ideas that grow from place and build local capacity.
- SEED Principle 5: Design to help conserve resources and minimize waste.


Why Streetcars?
Streetcars move more people
Normal buses carry around 60 passengers. An articulated or BRT-style bus will carry 90 or 100 passengers. Portland Streetcars carry 115 passengers, longer streetcar vehicles carry as many as 186 passengers. Arlington is not far enough along in the process to have decided on an exact vehicle. With a projected 37,000 jobs, 21,000 residents and 11,600+ housing units coming to the areas of Arlington that the Streetcar system will serve, capacity is vital.
Streetcars attract more riders
Streetcars are known for attracting more riders, including riders who have other options like driving. Even if buses could move as many people as Streetcars, they'd still need to be able to attract those riders.
 - In 2003 the City of Tacoma converted an existing bus line between the downtown Theater District and the Tacoma Dome station to Streetcar service. Ridership increased by 500%. [source]
 - When Seattle temporarily substituted buses for the streetcars on its Waterfront line, ridership dropped to one-fifteenth of what it had been on the streetcars. [source]
 - An Ed Tennyson study that attempted to determine what, if any effect mode had on ridership while holding constant all other factors - travel time, fare, frequency of service, population and density found that rail transit (like a streetcar) is likely to attract 34 to 43 percent more ridership than equivalent bus service.
 - When Memphis surveyed its transit riders it found that 83% of those who rode their streetcar system didn't utilize any other form of public transit - it was the Streetcar or nothing at all.
 - The Arlington County Resident Study, a survey that was completed in 2009, found that while 36% of Pike residents use the current bus system at least once a week, 59% of respondents indicated they would use a proposed streetcar at least once a week.
 - Portland initially projected 2,800 daily riders when the city's first line opened in 2001; today, the system is carrying over 10,000 riders per day. [source]
Streetcars are cheaper long-term
While streetcars require a higher initial investment than buses, that capital cost is offset by significant operational savings. Streetcars hold more riders than buses (even articulated buses) which means you can move more people with fewer vehicles. Fewer vehicles also means wages for fewer drivers. Many streetcar vehicles can even be hitched together allowing you to double their capacity without paying an additional driver. In addition, streetcar vehicles last longer. The useful life of a bus is around 10 years, while streetcars typically last 40 years or more - Philadelphia's SEPTA system is still using streetcar vehicles built in 1947.
A more comfortable ride
There are no potholes on Streetcar tracks and their electric motors accelerate much more smoothly than a bus. This is one of the key differentiators when you're trying to get people out of their cars - they've got a choice, and making the experience pleasant is a big part of getting them to choose transit. It's a lot easier to get people to ride transit who have no other options - they have no other options.
Streetcars are predictable
Streetcars are more predictable than buses in many ways. First off, they don't make any unexpected movements. That streetcar isn't going to cut you off, it isn't going to drift into your lane, it's going to go exactly where the tracks go. Predictability is huge in improving safety on our roadways.
Second, the route is predictable. Walk up to a bus stop and the bus doesn't come for half an hour. Is that because it's running late or because it's been re-routed? With the Streetcar you KNOW it'll come eventually - it CAN'T be rerouted.
Streetcars support affordable housing on the Pike
The Pike Neighborhoods Plan allows property owners to develop substantial additional density if, and only if, they commit to preserve roughly the amount of affordable housing now on the site. Streetcars are needed to provide the high capacity, high quality transit we will need for thousands of new residents.
Streetcars attract development
Because of it's high quality and permanence, Streetcars attract significantly more development than buses. The Return on Investment study done for the Columbia Pike Streetcar predicts a conservative 4% to 10% increase in property values along the corridor and that the Streetcar will accelerate redevelopment by 2.5 to 3 years. The Portland Streetcar saw $3.5 billion in investment within 2 blocks of the streetcar alignment and 55% of all Central Business District development occurred within 1 block of the streetcar according to a 2008 development report.
Streetcars are green
As the Sierra Club points out in their endorsement of the Columbia Pike Streetcar, it is the best transit option for the environment. It is the most likely to get people out of their cars and it concentrates development in Smart Growth-friendly Arlington rather than contributing to sprawl. In addition, as an electricity-powered system, its carbon footprint will drop over time as our electric grid moves toward renewable energy sources without any additional expense for the County.
Streetcars create a sense of place
The visibility and permanence of a Streetcar system contributes strongly to a sense of place. In the same way that the areas around Metro stations have come to be strongly identified with the names of those stations and have acquired some communal identity that goes along with it (Clarendon as nightlife and shopping, Ballston as Science & Tech hub, etc) Streetcars can create a similar effect building community and a neighborhood feel.


text:
This Population Health Information Tool (PHIT) dataset is a comprehensive dataset for violent deaths in Massachusetts.
- This page, Massachusetts Violent Death Reporting System (MAVDRS) Data, is offered by
- Population Health Information Tool
- Bureau of Community Health and Prevention
Massachusetts Violent Death Reporting System (MAVDRS) Data
About the Data
The Massachusetts Violent Death Reporting System (MAVDRS) collects and links data on all violent deaths within the Commonwealth. It includes detailed information on homicides, suicides, legal intervention deaths, unintentional firearm deaths and deaths of undetermined intent. MAVDRS is an incident-based system and links victims and suspects associated with a given incident in one record. These data can be used to better understand the circumstances and toxicology of homicide and suicide victims by geography.
Data are for deaths occurring in Massachusetts; Massachusetts residents who died out-of-state are excluded from this analysis.
About MAVDRS Data
The system combines information from death certificates, medical examiner records, toxicology reports, police reports and crime laboratory reports. Individually, these sources explain violence only in a narrow context; together, they provide comprehensive answers to the questions that surround violent deaths: who, what, when, where, and, in many cases, why. No other system offers this benefit.
This standardized database is part of the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) developed and funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through Grant _TAG_/CE002606. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Circumstances are factors related to the victim and/or incident and can include information such as mental health status, substance use, and relationship problems. Circumstances provide information on possible contributing factors that may lead to a violent death. A person can have multiple circumstances reported in the data. It is also important to remember that some circumstances are more likely to be known and documented than others, and if a circumstance is not identified, that does not necessarily mean it was not present in the decedent's life.
Data can be used to identify classes of substances for which victims tested positive. A victim can test positive for more than one substance class.
Data are analyzed by ICD-10 code.
Counts may differ from other data presented on homicides and suicides for Massachusetts.
To protect individual privacy, counts less than six have been suppressed with complementary suppression applied.
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text:
Keywords: bioceramics, irradiation, surface modification
Summary:Synthesis of nano-HAp by various routes such as sol-gel, microwave and hydrothermal, will be discussed. The method of preparation of the samples influenced the bioactivity in a significant way. The surface roughness and wettability properties of the HAP incorporated composites were enhanced when compared to the pristine samples. Some of the fabricated composites exhibited better stability, mechanical property and haemocompatibility and hence could be used as a composite for tissue engineering and drug delivery. The nitrogen implantation significantly enhanced permittivity, ac conductivity, photoluminescence and pore size. In addition, discussion on the irradiation studies using swift heavy ions on HAp will be presented. The surface was modified in most of the cases leading to considerable changes in surface properties. The ion implantation/irradiation could be used to modify the surface and tailor the properties to fabricate multifunctional materials.


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February 6, 2012
Proposal calls for Righteous Gentile day in Poland
Jewish and historical groups in Poland have called for a day to be devoted to Poles who helped Jews during the Holocaust.
The Association of the Children of the Holocaust, the Jan Karski Association, and the Museum of the History of Polish Jews have appealed to Poland's President Bronislaw Komorowski to set aside a tribute day for Poles who aided Jews during the World War II German occupation, Polish Radio reported.
The organizations suggested Sept. 27, the day the Provisional Committee of Aid to Jews was established at the initiative of the Polish underground state. The committee was renamed the Zegota Council of Aid to Jews, and brought together a diverse group of Polish activists from across the political spectrum.
Poland has the world's highest number of individuals that have received the designation of Righteous among the Nations at 6,266.


.0 mphJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecFeb 43.1 mphFeb 43.1 mphSep 32.6 mphSep 32.6 mph
The average of mean hourly wind speeds (dark gray line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
The predominant average hourly wind direction in Columbia varies throughout the year.
The wind is most often from the south for 1.1 months, from February 19 to March 22, with a peak percentage of 35% on February 20. The wind is most often from the west for 6.6 months, from March 22 to October 9, with a peak percentage of 55% on July 13. The wind is most often from the east for 4.4 months, from October 9 to February 19, with a peak percentage of 47% on January 1.
Wind Direction
Wind Direction in ColumbiaESWE0%20%40%60%80%100%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecwestsoutheastnorth
The percentage of hours in which the mean wind direction is from each of the four cardinal wind directions (north, east, south, and west), excluding hours in which the mean wind speed is less than 1 mph. The lightly tinted areas at the boundaries are the percentage of hours spent in the implied intermediate directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest).
Solar Energy
This section discusses the total daily incident shortwave solar energy reaching the surface of the ground over a wide area, taking full account of seasonal variations in the length of the day, the elevation of the Sun above the horizon, and absorption by clouds and other atmospheric constituents. Shortwave radiation includes visible light and ultraviolet radiation.
The average daily incident shortwave solar energy experiences extreme seasonal variation over the course of the year.
The brighter period of the year lasts for 3.5 months, from May 8 to August 24, with an average daily incident shortwave energy per square meter above 7.3 kWh. The brightest day of the year is June 27, with an average of 8.6 kWh.
The darker period of the year lasts for 3.5 months, from November 3 to February 18, with an average daily incident shortwave energy per square meter below 3.5 kWh. The darkest day of the year is December 21, with an average of 2.3 kWh.
Average Daily Incident Shortwave Solar Energy
Average Daily Incident Shortwave Solar Energy in Columbiabrightdarkdark0 kWh1 kWh2 kWh3 kWh4 kWh5 kWh6 kWh7 kWh8 kWh9 kWh10 kWhJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecJun 278.6 kWhJun 278.6 kWhDec 212.3 kWhDec 212.3 kWhMay 87.3 kWhMay 87.3 kWhAug 247.3 kWhAug 247.3 kWhNov 33.5 kWhNov 33.5 kWhFeb 183.5 kWhFeb 183.5 kWh
The average daily shortwave solar energy reaching the ground per square meter (orange line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
Topography
For the purposes of this report, the geographical coordinates of Columbia are 38.036 deg latitude, -120.401 deg longitude, and 2,119 ft elevation.
The topography within 2 miles of Columbia contains very significant variations in elevation, with a maximum elevation change of 1,490 feet and an average elevation above sea level of 2,215 feet. Within 10 miles contains very significant variations in elevation (4,413 feet). Within 50 miles also contains extreme variations in elevation (11,565 feet).
The area within 2 miles of Columbia is covered by shrubs (52%), trees (33%), and grassland (15%), within 10 miles by shrubs (47%) and trees (25%), and within 50 miles by trees (27%) and grassland (26%).
Data Sources
This report illustrates the typical weather in Columbia, based on a statistical analysis of historical hourly weather reports and model reconstructions from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 2016.
Temperature and Dew Point
There are 6 weather stations near enough to contribute to our estimation of the temperature and dew point in Columbia.
For each station, the records are corrected for the elevation difference between that station and Columbia according to the International Standard Atmosphere , and by the relative change present in the MERRA-2 satellite-era reanalysis between the two locations.
The estimated value at Columbia is computed as the weighted average of the individual contributions from each station, with weights proportional to the inverse of the distance between Columbia and a given station.
The stations contributing to this reconstruction are: Modesto City-County Airport (21%, 67 kilometers, southwest); Castle Airport (20%, 74 kilometers, south); Stockton Metropolitan Airport (19%, 74 kilometers, west); Placerville Airport (24%, 82 kilometers, north); Bridgeport Sonora Junction (9%, 85 kilometers, northeast); and Lake Tahoe Airport (9%, 102 kilometers, north).
Other Data
All data relating to the Sun's position (e.g., sunrise and sunset) are computed using astronomical formulas from the book, Astronomical Tables of the Sun, Moon and Planets , by Jean Meeus.
All other weather data, including cloud cover, precipitation, wind speed and direction, and solar flux, come from NASA's MERRA-2 Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis . This reanalysis combines a variety of wide-area measurements in a state-of-the-art global meteorological model to reconstruct the hourly history of weather throughout the world on a 50-kilometer grid.
Land Use data comes from the Global Land Cover SHARE database , published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Elevation data comes from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) , published by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Names, locations, and time zones of places and some airports come from the GeoNames Geographical Database .
Time zones for aiports and weather stations are provided by AskGeo.com .
Maps are © Esri, with data from National Geographic, Esri, DeLorme, NAVTEQ, UNEP-WCMC, USGS, NASA, ESA, METI, NRCAN, GEBCO, NOAA, and iPC.


text:
Water Resources Optimal Allocation Based on Multi-Objective Differential Evolution Algorithm
Differential evolution is a simple and powerful globally optimization new algorithm. It is a population-based, direct search algorithm, and has been successfully applied in various fields. Optimal allocation of water resources is an important part of the planning of water resources. Traditional planning methods prove insufficient for the multi-objective system of water resources. In this paper, multi-objective differential evolution(MODE) algorithm applied to the regional water resources optimal allocation, through definition of economic, social, Eco-environmental three objective function and the constraints, the regional water resources optimal allocation model has been established, and then multi-objective genetic algorithm is used to solve the model .The model gets different results for optimal allocation water resources of Ningxia in 2030(Guarantee rate of water supply 50% and 75%). The result of example proves that the method is reasonable and feasible in the application of region water resources optimal allocation.
Yun-Hae Kim and Prasad Yarlagadda
K. P. Feng and J. C. Tian, "Water Resources Optimal Allocation Based on Multi-Objective Differential Evolution Algorithm", Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vols. 278-280, pp. _PHONE_, 2013


Hot Sitz Bath (Hip Bath)
a. To relieve muscle spasm
b. To soften exudates
c. To hasten the suppuration process
d. To hasten healing
e. To reduce congestion and provide comfort in the perineal area
INDICATIONS: Hemorrhoids
a. Warm water should not be used if considerable congestion is already present.
b. The patient should be observed closely for signs of weakness and faintness.
c. After the patient is in the tub or the chair, check to see whether or not there is pressure against the patient's thighs or legs.
d. Support patient's back in the lumbar region.
a. Type of solution
b. Length of time of application
c. Type of heat application
d. Condition and appearance of wound
e. Comfort of patient
EQUIPMENT: Available bathroom with appropriate size tub for patient.
a. Towels and bathmat
b. Bath blanket
c. Inflatable ring
d. Patient's clean clothes
1. Check physician's order for sitz bath patient.
Rationale: To know if it is indicated for the patient.
2. Prepare the materials needed:
a. Take linen to bathroom.
b. Fill clean tub about one-third full with warm
c. Check with your hand to determine that temperature
Of water is between 105°F and 110°F (40.5°C to 43.3°C).
d. Place towel or inflatable ring, if appropriate, on tub
bottom and bathmat on floor beside tub.
Rationale: To save time and effort
3. Explain purpose and procedure to patient.
Rationale: For the patient to be aware on the purpose and procedure.
4. Instruct patient top undress.
Rationale: Undress everytime you take a bath (especially the hip is exposed)
5. Test the water in a sitz with a thermometer before the patient enters the tub. If the purpose of the sitz bath is to
apply heat, water at a temperature of 43°C to 46°C for 15 minutes will produce relaxation of the parts involved after a short contraction. Warm water should not be used if considerable congestion is already present. If the purpose of the sitz bath is to produce relaxation or to help promote healing in a wound by cleaning it of discharge and debris, then water at a temperature of 34°C to 37°C is used.
6. Assist the patient into the tub and position him properly. Check to see whether there is pressure against the patient's thighs or legs. If the patient's feet do not touch the floor, and the weight of the legs is resting on the edge of the tub, a stool should be used to support the feet and to relieve the pressure on the back of the legs. It may also be necessary to place a towel in the water to support the patient's back in the lumbar region. The bath can seem very long if one's body is not in good alignment and comfortable.
7. Wrap a bath blanket around the patient's shoulders, and drape the ends over the tub. This protects the patient's from feeling chilly and form exposure.
8. Observe the patient closely for signs of weakness and fatigue. A cold compress may be placed at the back of the neck or forehead, to help prevent the patient from feeling weak. Discontinue the bath if the patient's condition warrants. Typical signs of faintness include skin pallor, a rapid pulse rate, and nausea.
9. Test the water in the tub several times, and keep it at the desired temperature. Additional hot water may be added by pouring it slowly form a pitcher or by opening a hot-water fauce a little bit. The water should be agitated by stirring it as hot water and added to prevent burning the patient.
10. Do not leave the patient alone unless it is absolutely certain that it is safe to do so.
11. Help the patient out of the tub when the bath is completed. Normally, a hot sitz bath should be continued for 15 to 30 minutes. Help the patient dry, and cover the patient adequately.
12. Assist the patient to his bed, where it is best for him to lie down, and out of drafts until normal circulation returns.
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text:
Afrique centrale : les pays - Map Quiz Game
- Guinée équatoriale
- République Centrafricaine
- république démocratique du Congo
Learning the countries of Africa all at once is a tall order. Dividing them up into smaller regions like central Africa makes the task much more manageable. Using this map quiz game, you will find it far easier to learn and identify the countries of central Africa. Learning Africa is an essential element of any proficient Geography Club.
Your high score (Pin)
Log in to save your results.


text:
Skip to Main Content
Dispersion and radiation properties of the conductor-backed coplanar waveguide (CPW) with finite ground planes are analyzed and modeled. A frequency-domain finite-difference method using the perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition is used as reference. Based on these results, a closed-form description is derived and implemented into an existing quasi-static CPW model. This leads to a comprehensive and efficient CPW description accounting for all relevant effects from conductor loss to high-frequency dispersion. Additionally, design rules to avoid parasitic radiation effects are given.


text:
Apparently, there are certain foods you should be eating in this hot weather to help keep you cool and calm. UAE weather can go up to 50 degrees Celsius, and we definitely need to combat this heat.
One (obvious but effective) way to stay cool is to eat fruits and vegetables with a high water content. These include leafy lettuces, corn on the cob, cucumbers, watermelon and summer squash. All contain a significant amount of water that can thin the blood and help your body to release heat. Opting for plant-based dishes can be a good choice as well.


text:
What is this test?
The Pediatric Audiological Monitoring Protocol (Bagatto et al., 2011) was developed to allow monitoring of hearing aid details and hearing abilities of children aged 0-6 years. It may be used in conjunction with the DSL Method for fitting hearing aids, and with other measures of hearing aid outcome. The UWO PedAMP uses caregiver-report questionnaires as the main tools for monitoring children. The use of other measures, such as aided speech perception, are also important but are not covered within the scope of the UWO PedAMP. The UWO PedAMP was developed in collaboration with the Network of Pediatric Audiologists of Canada (Moodie et al., 2011).


text:
The Laboratory for Digital Interaction reunites some of the top lines of current motion capture techniques. It is the first laboratory in Romania dedicated to studying interaction between physical and virtual bodies and thus between the human body and the computer.
The mission of the Laboratory for Digital Interaction is to integrate under this concept the activity of all CINETic laboratories, by developing complex innovative creative projects in research and development.
Combining digital art and live performance, such as acting and dance, is currently considered cutting edge in entertainment, but it will become the common form of art in the future. The fundamental concept of the Laboratory for Digital Interaction is the digital immersive experience.
UNATC has developed an MA in New Media Design which is focused on training professionals and researchers in this field.
- generating and interacting with virtual immersive environments
- motion capture;
- interaction between physical and virtual bodies;
- interaction between human beings and computers through
- computer interfaces;
- augmented reality systems;
- video games and gamified experience.
- My Life Rehearsed in One Leg, directed by Bogdan Mustață
- Me Shakespeare, coordinated by Liviu Lucaci
- Touch-VR, documentary project, directed by Alexandru Berceanu
FACILITIES & EQUIPMENT
- CAVE‑CIN interactive immersive stereoscopic projection system on four screens
- Multifunctional hall (140 sqm), with a holding capacity of 90 seats
- Modula Mr. Mocco—motion control system capable of 6 axis movement as well as learning movements and replicating them
- 1 Red Dragon 5K with Leica Summicron optics
- 2 ALEXA SXT cameras
- Mid‑size Stereotec RIG
- Anamorphic lenses (a set of ARRI anamorphic fixed lenses and a set of anamorphic lenses with Angeniuex zoom lens)
- VICON motion capture system with 8 cameras and a facial motion capture system


text:
"Total School Sanitation Project" in Vinh / Vietnam developed further
WSI's comprehensive solution for school sanitation in developing countries, including construction of toilet buildings, wastewater collection and treatment, IEC and environmental education, has been applied in a second phase in Vinh City, Province Nghe An, Vietnam.
WSI members developed tailor-made teaching modules and carried out several lessons in cooperation with teachers, parents and the school principal.
WSI experts also evaluated and improved the performance of the decentralised wastewater treatment plant operated in the school, and developed guidelines for improved operation and maintenance.
The project aims at developing a fundamental understanding on sanitation and public health problems and solutions among school children, their families, school authorities and neighbouring communities. It is supported by ATB Umwelttechnologien GmbH under a CSR scheme.


text:
The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating sets out how much we should eat from each of the food groups. If we eat the recommended number of "standard serves" from each food group for our age and sex, it puts us in a good position to have a healthy, balanced diet.
But what is a standard serve? And does it match what's on our food labels?
Despite the name, standard serves are not very standard, even in the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating. Serves can be described by energy (kilojoules or kJ for short) contained in a serve, units of food such as "one medium apple", or "one slice of bread", by weight, or by volumes like a cup.
A "serve" is also different between each of the food groups and even within the food groups.
One serve of grains is about 500kJ. That's one English muffin but only half a bread roll. Or it could be half a cup of porridge, one-quarter of a cup of muesli, or three-quarters of a cup of wheat cereal flakes.
One serve of dairy is 500-600kJ, which could be one cup of milk, but is only three-quarters of a cup of yoghurt, or a half cup of ricotta cheese. Hard cheeses are defined by slices, with two slices to a serve, assuming each slice is about 20g.


Home Support Projectors EB Series Epson PowerLite EB-L200SX
How do I connect speakers to the product?
 - See below.
 Connecting to External Speakers
 You can connect the projector to external self-powered speakers and control the volume using the projector's remote control.
 You can also connect the projector to an amplifier with speakers.
 Set the Audio Out Device setting to AV System in the projector's Signal I/O > HDMI Link menu. When an audio/video system is not connected to the projector, audio is output from the external speakers even if Audio Out Device is set to AV System.
 If you want to output audio from the external speakers when the projector is turned off, you need to select Always On as the A/V Output setting in the projector's Signal I/O menu.
 Note: The projector's built-in speaker system is disabled when you connect external speakers.
 1. Make sure your computer or video source is connected to the projector with both audio and video cables as necessary.
 2. Locate the appropriate cable to connect your external speakers, such as a stereo mini-jack-to-pin-jack cable, or another type of cable or adapter.
 3. Connect one end of the cable to your external speakers as necessary.
 4. Connect the stereo mini-jack end of the cable to your projector's Audio Out port.
 Related references
 Input Signal Settings - Signal I/O Menu
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1 assume shared variable x initially 0 and threads t1 and t2 are follows
1. Assume that shared variable x is initially 0 and that threads T1 and T2 are as follows: T1 T2 x = x + 1; x = x – 1; What are the possible final values of x? (The statements are not inside critical sections.) Show your work. 2. Write a Java program with four threads. Your program should work as follows: – Each thread performs a simple task which is to output its thread ID, increment a shared variable named count, and display the resulting value of count. Count is initalized to 0. – The threads work in pairs. Threads 1 and 2 work as a pair, and Threads 3 and 4 work as a pair. – The threads in each pair alternate peforming their task. That is, Thread1 performs its task first, then Thread2, then Thread1, then Thread2, etc. Same for Threads 3 and 4 with Thread 3 going first. – The thread pairs also alternate. That is, Thread pair 1 and 2 perform their tasks then Thread pair 3 and 4 perform theirs, then Thread1 and Thread2, then Thread3 and Thread4, etc. – The user enters on the command line the number of times that the threads should alternate. For example, if the user enters 2, each thread in each pair performs its work twice, and each thread pair is given 2 chances to execute. – At then end of execution, display the final value of shared variable count. You must use counting semaphores to force your threads to alternate. Sample output for: java Alternate 2 T1:1 // each of T1 and T2 performs its task 2 times, with T1 and T2 alternating T2:2 T1:3 T2:4 T3:5 // then each of T3 and T4 performs its task 2 times, with T3 and T4 alternating T4:6 T3:7 T4:8 T1:9 // then each of T1 and T2 performs its task 2 times, with T1 and T2 alternating T2:10 T1:11 T2:12 T3:13 // then each of T3 and T4 performs its task 2 times, with T3 and T4 alternating T4:14 T3:15 T4:16 count is 16 Sample output for: java Alternate 3 T1:1 T2:2 T1:3 // each of T1 and T2 performs its task 3 times, with T1 and T2 alternating T2:4 T1:5 T2:6 T3:7 // then each of T3 and T4 performs its task 3 times, with T3 and T4 alternating T4:8 T3:9 T4:10 T3:11 T4:12 T1:13 // a 2nd time for pair T1 and T2 T2:14 T1:15 T2:16 T1:17 T2:18 T3:19 // a 2nd time for pair T3 and T4 T4:20 T3:21 T4:22 T3:23 T4:24 T1:25 // a 3rd time for pair T1 and T2 T2:26 T1:27 T2:28 T1:29 T2:30 T3:31 // a 3rd time for pair T3 and T4 T4:32 T3:33 T4:34 T3:35 T4:36 count is 36 I created a template for you in file Alternate.java (attached). Complete this code by completing the run() methods for the threads and defining the necessary semaphores. The Java countingSemaphore and TDThread classes are in a Java jar file, which can be found in the following zip file: _URL_ Class countingSemaphore has operations P() and V() (instead of the acquire() and release() operations, respectively, used in textbook.) The Zip file also contains some directories with sample programs; see the directories with "Semaphores" in their names. Assuming the jar file is in the same directory as your Alternate.java file: Compile your program using: Windows: javac -classpath .;ModernMultithreading.jar Alternate.java Unix: javac -classpath .:ModernMultithreading.jar Alternate.java Run your program using: Windows: java -classpath .;ModernMultithreading.jar Alternate 2 // choose 2 or some other number of iterations Unix: java -classpath .:ModernMultithreading.jar Alternate 2 If you are having deadlock problems, it may help to run your program with deadlock detection turned on: Windows: java -classpath .;ModernMultithreading.jar -Dmode=trace -DdeadlockDetection=on Alternate 2 Unix: java -classpath .:ModernMultithreading.jar -Dmode=trace -DdeadlockDetection=on Alternate 2 Deadlock detection will provide helpful debugging information about the cuase of the deadlock. To make this information more readable, it helps to name your semaphores when you create them: countingSemaphore mutex = new countingSemaphore(1,"mutex"); // initial value is 1, name is "mutex" The name you supply will be used to identify your semaphore in the debug messages.

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text:
What is a 'University'? What are we Preparing our Students to Progress into?
This article is part of an ongoing project exploring people's perceptions of what a university is, what it should be and what it might be in the future. The bulk of the essay looks back at the history of universities in England, drawing out a number of 'tensions' that have characterised that history. It then conveys the results of a survey exploring the views of attendees at the Foundation Year Network Annual Conference in July 2018 (entitled, 'Unity and Diversity in the Foundation Year Experience') about what a university is and should be. These results are then related to the themes that arise from the historical overview which lead to some brief conclusions – primarily that we should celebrate the diversity within the English university system while seeking to identify the things that unite us and foster that unity.


text: This week in Maths we've been comparing numbers using the greater than, less than and equal to signs. We used different actions to help us remember the different signs, which we found really amusing! We then used number fans to come up with different numbers and represented them using cubes. This then helped us to figure out the correct sign to complete the number sentence. Take a look!


text:
1889 - The Village that took the blame.
One late April day in 1889, an incident, both ugly in action and repercussion,
between the town of Cinderford and its neighbouring village to the north-west,
Ruardean, occurred which has gone down in the annals of Forest of Dean folk lore -
the killing of the bears. In ensuing years that sombre event caused rift, anger and
often violence as the people of Ruardean were blamed for the death of the animals.
Rugby teams from the Forest playing away games were often baited with cries
of: 'Who killed the bears?' and even as late as 50 years ago, it was a brave man
who posed the question, particularly within earshot of Ruardean village itself. It was
a stain on its character that the village found hard to endure and reacted sorely
Happily, as time went by, those directly involved or eye-witnesses, died and
feeling mellowed. So much so, that in 1989, the people of Ruardean marked the
centenary of the killing, with fancy dress parades and a gala weekend which
attracted considerable press and television coverage. So, exactly what did happen
all those years ago on that road from Cinderford to Ruardean that soured relations
between the two centres for nigh on the best part of a century.


text:
The service provides search against a database documenting chemical interactions, molecular molecular structures, and pathways. The Biomolecular Interaction Network Database (BIND) is a curated collection of reports from scientific literature describing molecular interactions in experimental research. Records document interaction data stored in a variety of sources aggregating researcher reports, so the service provides search across those separate repositories.
API methods support submission of a search query specifying a particular source identifier or a text string associated with a result. Methods return all records from the BIND database matching the query along with descriptive data about the result set such as number of results, the query that generated them, and the result type.


text:
While each has its own distinct look, there's a lot more to choosing between brick and timber than aesthetics. Both materials are widely used throughout Australia and have their own pros and cons. In this article, we're comparing timber and brick houses and weighing up the advantages of each so you can make an informed decision. Brick house vs timber house: let's find out what's the best option for you!
Brick homes – Advantages and Disadvantages
Higher resale value: Brick houses on average tend to fetch higher prices in auction and the open market than wooden ones.
Durable: Brick homes are known for being long-lasting and require little maintenance compared to wood.
Pest and weather-resistant: Brick houses aren't as susceptible to termites or problems such as mould, wood rot or water damage.
Great insulation and energy efficient: Better insulation will help your home reduce heat loss during the winter and keep cool during the summer, increasing your house's energy efficiency. Popular in colder climates.
Higher initial costs: The major drawback of brick homes is the higher initial cost, both for the materials themselves and the labour. Though you spend more money upfront, the build quality may save you money on repairs, maintenance costs and heating in the long run.
Less Stylistic choices: When choosing your floor plan, you may find your builder has fewer options for brick homes than timber-framed ones.
Not ideal for areas with erosion: If your block has issues with erosion, brick won't be an ideal material for you. It's also vulnerable to earthquakes, however, in Australia this isn't a huge issue.
Timber Homes – Advantages and Disadvantages
Affordable: Timber usually has a lower initial cost than brick making it the preferred method among those on a budget.
Sustainable option: This depends on where you're getting your wood, but assuming it is from a sustainable source, such as reclaimed timber or specially designed trees, timber can be an eco-friendly option.
Pests: Termites, carpenter ants and other pests can make a home in a wooden house and cause significant damage to the building structure.
Fire: Timber is more vulnerable to fire than brick. This is particularly an issue in bushfire zones.
More maintenance costs: Timber is a natural material and is vulnerable to weather conditions. Regular maintenance is required to avoid issues such as pests, wood rot, warping and water damage. All of these issues can be incredibly expensive to fix if not caught early.
Construction and Insulation Considerations
In terms of initial construction costs, timber tends to be cheaper to build with than bricks. Both the bricks themselves and the labour costs will be higher with a brick house initially, but it could be a great investment in the long run. There's more maintenance needed and they can also attract higher insurance costs due to their vulnerability to fire and termites.
When it comes to insulation, both materials can be used to build a comfortable house that will use less energy to heat or cool. Brick houses are great at keeping heat and coolness, but their thermal mass means they take longer to heat or cool if you do wish to change the temperature.
Maintenance and Longevity
When it comes to longevity, both are fairly even. There are plenty of examples of both wood and brick buildings that are decades, even centuries, old. The key difference comes down to the weaknesses of each material. A wood house can suffer severe damage from termites, rot and moisture, which aren't issues with brick houses. However, brick suddenly becomes much more susceptible if you have erosion issues or are in an earthquake-prone area.
While overall brick houses tend to need less maintenance and repairs, when they do need work, it tends to be more expensive. Therefore, The importance of trying to limit the amount of work your house will need.
Overall, with proper maintenance, both timber framed and brick houses are incredibly durable.
Design and Aesthetic Considerations
The question of which looks better really comes down to personal taste and the quality of your house design. A badly designed house is going to look unsightly regardless of your choice of material.
Timber houses tend to be available in more floorplans than brick houses are, however, this will depend on your builder. More houses use timber frame construction than any other method, therefore a timber frame house will fit into just about any neighbourhood in Australia.
Brick tends to add more resale value to a house, however, both materials have a timeless quality to them.
Environmental Impact and Sustainability
The answer to this will depend on a few factors. Nowadays, timber-framed construction and wooden houses can be more environmentally friendly than masonry construction and brick homes. It may seem surprising, but due to timber coming from specifically grown trees, it is actually a renewable material that has a smaller carbon footprint than the process of making a brick home. Now, if your wood is for some reason coming from a non-sustainable source, this completely changes things, however, this is an unlikely scenario.
Brick houses are made of clay, shale and other readily available materials and are also seen as more eco-friendly than other options such as stone.
Brick houses will usually cost more to build than timber homes. However, there is the long-term benefit of a higher resale value. For the materials alone, expect to pay around $50-100 per square metre.
If you're a first home buyer, a wooden house will have a lower initial price making it an affordable option for getting your foot into the property market door.
For a middle-ground solution, you could consider brick veneer construction. Brick veneer is a thin layer placed on the outside of the house with gives your home the appearance of brick at a fraction of the price. This means you won't have many of the benefits of double brick construction such as insulation and added home value, but it will provide a downgraded version of this.
Regional and Climate Considerations
Where you're building can play a role in deciding whether to build a timber or brick house. Timber frames and wood houses can be vulnerable to moisture meaning a higher chance of rot, mould or water damage. Brick is vulnerable to severe frost, but otherwise provides solid insulation in most weather conditions.
Resale Value and Market Trends
According to market trends and our personal experience, brick houses tend to have a higher resale value than other types of homes. Remember there are external factors such as your location and the design of your home. Stylish wooden houses in a desirable location can still fetch a great price.
Which building material should I choose?
The right choice for you will come from careful consideration of your budget, what suits your needs, aesthetic. Timber is a more flexible material that can create either a modern or traditional look. Brick houses are less versatile in design than wooden houses, but offer a durable home with a classic look.


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Revista mexicana de física E
versión impresa ISSN _PHONE_
CARBAJAL-DOMINGUEZ, A. et al. Numerical calculation of near field scalar diffraction using angular spectrum of plane waves theory and FFT. Rev. mex. fís. E [online]. 2010, vol.56, n.2, pp. 159-164. ISSN _PHONE_.
It is a known fact that near field diffraction or Fresnel diffraction calculations are difficult to perform exactly. It is in general necessary to make some approximations in order to obtain a more suitable form. In this work, a numerical implementation based on angular spectrum theory for near field diffraction is presented. The method uses Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT), and it turns out to be accurate and fast. In order to show the capabilities of the method, diffraction near field for a circular aperture and a spiral slit are studied. Numerical and experimental results are shown. This method could be useful to implement pc based physical optics learning.
Palabras llave : Scalar wave diffraction; Fresnel diffraction; near field diffraction; FFT; Helmholtz equation.


Taroko Xiangde Temple (太魯閣祥德寺)
Taroko Xiangde Temple 太魯閣祥德寺, Hsiang-Te Temple
Xiangde Temple
Xiángdé Sì
Why Should I Go?
Built into the mountainside on the opposite side of the river across the Pudu Bridge from Tianxiang Village in Taroko National Park, the Xiangde Temple is a Buddhist temple from which visitors can enjoy a bird-eye view of Tianxiang and the surrounding area.
This temple is known for having the world's highest-elevated statue of Ksitigarbha (地藏), a bodhisattva revered by East Asians for protecting those in hell (那落迦), as he has vowed not to attain buddhahood until all beings in all hells have been freed. He is generally depicted as a Buddhist monk with a bald head and halo carrying a staff with a Cintāmaṇi jewel at the top (如意寶珠, similar to a philosopher's stone) to light the dark and force open the gates of hell.
Completed in 1968, the main hall is also surrounded by the Tianfeng Pagoda and a white-robed Guanyin statue.
About halfway up the walk is a merchant area selling local tea and snacks.


Block Copolymer Definition (Chemistry)
Nitrile, a plastic commonly used in disposable gloves, is a block copolymer.
Douglas Sacha / Getty Images
A block copolymer is a copolymer formed when the two monomers cluster together and form 'blocks' of repeating units.
For example, a polymer made up of X and Y monomers joined together like:
-Y-Y-Y-Y-Y-X-X-X-X-X-Y-Y-Y-Y-Y-X-X-X-X-X-
is a block copolymer where -Y-Y-Y-Y-Y- and -X-X-X-X-X- groups are the blocks.
Block Copolymer Examples
The material used to make automobile tires is a block copolymer called SBS rubber (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene). The blocks in SBS rubber are polystyrene and polybutadiene (StyreneButatineStyrene). Nitrile and ethylene-vinyl acetate are also copolymers.
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Your Citation
Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Block Copolymer Definition (Chemistry)." ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, _URL_-of-block-copolymer-604834. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2020, August 27). Block Copolymer Definition (Chemistry). Retrieved from _URL_ Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Block Copolymer Definition (Chemistry)." ThoughtCo. _URL_ (accessed May 18, 2022).


Quick Answer: What Mental Illness Is Winnie The Pooh?
What mental illnesses do Winnie the Pooh characters represent?
Each Character Represents a Different Mental DisorderWinnie the Pooh: Impulsive eating disorder.
Piglet: Generalized anxiety disorder.
Eeyore: Depressive disorder.
Rabbit: Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD).
Owl: Dyslexia and narcissistic personality disorder.
Tigger: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.More items….
What is the real meaning behind Winnie the Pooh?
At the beginning, it explained that Pooh was in fact Christopher Robin's Edward Bear, who had been renamed by the boy. He was renamed after an American black bear at London Zoo called Winnie who got her name from the fact that her owner had come from Winnipeg, Canada.
Was Winnie the Pooh depressed?
Almost 20 years ago, an article appeared in the Canadian Medical Association Journal that argues exactly this. It declared Pooh to be suffering from ADHD, inattentive type, and possibly OCD. Piglet was diagnosed with Generalized Anxiety Disorder, while Eeyore was seen as dysthymic (a type of depressive disorder).
Why is Eeyore depressed?
Who is Mr Sanders Winnie the Pooh?
We don't know who the mysterious Mr. Sanders was; however, there is one unconfirmed explanation: a real-life man by the name of Frank Sanders had a printing press that printed some of Milne's work and was a friend of the man who illustrated the Pooh books.
What mental illness is Tigger?
Meanwhile Tigger suffers from Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. This manifests itself in his restlessness and impulsiveness, such as interrupting people and intruding into their privacy, as well as lacking a sense of fear and responsibility.
Does Tigger have ADHD?
Tigger has ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Bipolar Disorder because he cannot sit still and rapidly switches moods. Rabbit has OCD or Obsessive Compulsive Disorder because he is extremely orderly.
What mental disorders do Disney characters represent?
What is Winnie the Pooh personality type?
Pooh: Introverted sensing This person sees themselves as happy, calm and if they are honest, a little lazy!
Is piglet a boy or girl?
How did Winnie the Pooh end?
Does Pooh have ADHD?
As per the report, Pooh suffered from more than one disorder–the most prominent one among them being his Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This psychatric disorder is characterised by a patient's inability to pay attention and an above-normal level of activity in most cases.
When did Winnie the Pooh die?
1934The success of Milne's books made Winnie more famous than ever. When she passed away in 1934 at the age of 20, her death made news around the world. Winnie was so notable that her skull was sent to the Royal College of Surgeons, where it was placed on display last year for the first time.
Is Pooh a girl?
Winnie the Pooh is a boy. He is referred to as "he" in AA Milne's books and in the Disney cartoons his voice has always been provided by a man. But, it turns out that the real-life bear he is named after, was actually a female black bear named Winnie.


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We encourage all parents/guardians to use our online payment system. It will provide an immediate receipt to the payee and The Academy.
- Indicate how much money you would like to pay.
- Type the amount in the appropriate box. Under how often choose Once. Then click Payment.
- Follow the directions on the next page. You must fill in the information with a red star next to it.
- You must include your address for the payment to be processed.
- Where it reads Comments please indicate your child's name and the month you are paying. An example would be John Smith, April tuition, registration fee, etc. Click Finalize when complete. A receipt will be sent to your e-mail address. We hope you take advantage of this opportunity!
- The Academy will continue to accept money orders and checks as a payment option.


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Study: Coronavirus hits those with low incomes hardest
© Belga
People on low incomes suffer the effects of Covid-19 more than those with more means, according to a survey carried out by the medical insurer Socialist Mutualities (MS).
The study looked at the figures for excess mortality in the period from mid-March to mid-May, roughly the time of the nationwide lockdown. During that period, about 50% more people died than would be expected for the time of year – deaths which can be attributed to the virus.
That corresponds to 9,000 more deaths in the nine weeks studied than the average for the five previous years.
Looking more closely into the figures, the study found that the excess mortality disproportionally affected people on lower incomes. People who were relatively well off saw an increase overall of 45%.
The MS covers about 30% of the Belgian population for health insurance.
Firstly, the major factor influencing the number of fatalities was the age of those infected. Of those who died, 53% were aged over 85, and another 29.1% aged between 75 and 84. And two-thirds of the excess mortality was among the population of the care homes. By contrast, elderly people living at home suffered an excess mortality of 'only' 28%.
However when the residents of care homes were take out of the calculation, it was found that excess mortality among the less well-off was 45%, and among the better-off only 15%.
Paul Callewaert, general secretary of the MS, explained how that difference might come about.
They often live in poorer living conditions, with more people close together," he said.
They therefore run a greater risk of contamination. They are also more likely to live in isolation, and perhaps received less information about Covid and how to deal with it."
In addition, people on lower incomes tend to have poorer health in general across the board – more obesity, smoking, excess alcohol and so on. They are less likely to go to the doctor, so that any conditions that emerge are less likely to be dealt with in a timely fashion, or indeed treated at all.
Alan Hope
The Brussels Times


ID id is said to be directly targeted by all td and th elements in the same table that have headers attributes whose values include as one of their tokens the ID id. A th element A is said to be targeted by a th or td element B if either A is directly targeted by B or if there exists an element C that is itself targeted by the element B and A is directly targeted by C.
A th element must not be targeted by itself.
The td and th elements implement interfaces that inherit from the HTMLTableCellElement interface:
interface HTMLTableCellElement : HTMLElement {
 attribute unsigned long colSpan;
 attribute unsigned long rowSpan;
 [PutForwards=value] readonly attribute DOMSettableTokenList headers;
 readonly attribute long cellIndex;
};
cell . cellIndex
Returns the position of the cell in the row's cells list. This does not necessarily correspond to the x-position of the cell in the table, since earlier cells might cover multiple rows or columns.
Returns 0 if the element isn't in a row.
4.9.12 Examples
Status: Last call for comments
This section is non-normative.
The following shows how might one mark up the bottom part of table 45 of the Smithsonian physical tables, Volume 71:

Specification values: Steel, Castings,
 Ann. A.S.T.M. A27-16, Class B;* P max. 0.06; S max. 0.05.

 Grade.
 Yield Point.
 Ultimate tensile strength
 Per cent elong. 50.8mm or 2 in.
 Per cent reduct. area.

 kg/mm2
 lb/in2

 Hard
 0.45 ultimate
 56.2
 80,000
 15
 20

 Medium
 0.45 ultimate
 49.2
 70,000
 18
 25

 Soft
 0.45 ultimate
 42.2
 60,000
 22
 30

This table could look like this:
Specification values: Steel, Castings, Ann. A.S.T.M. A27-16, Class B;* P max. 0.06; S max. 0.05.
Grade. Yield Point. Ultimate tensile strength Per cent elong. 50.8Â mm orÂ 2Â in. Per cent reduct. area.
kg/mm2 lb/in2
Hard 0.45 ultimate 56.2 80,000 15 20
Medium 0.45 ultimate 49.2 70,000 18 25
Soft 0.45 ultimate 42.2 60,000 22 30
The following shows how one might mark up the gross margin table on page 46 of Apple, Inc's 10-K filing for fiscal year 2008:

 2008
 2007
 2006

 Net sales
 $ 32,479
 $ 24,006
 $ 19,315

 Cost of sales
  21,334
  15,852
  13,717

 Gross margin
 $ 11,145
 $ 8,154
 $ 5,598

 Gross margin percentage
 34.3%
 34.0%
 29.0%

The following shows how one might mark up the operating expenses table from lower on the same page of that document:

 <colgroup> <col>
 <colgroup> <col> <col> <col>

  2008 2007 2006

  Research and development
  $ 1,109  $ 782  $ 712

  Percentage of net sales
  3.4%  3.3%  3.7%

  Selling, general, and administrative
  $ 3,761  $ 2,963  $ 2,433

  Percentage of net sales
  11.6%  12.3%  12.6%

This table could look like this:
2008 2007 2006
Research and development $ 1,109 $ 782 $ 712
Percentage of net sales 3.4% 3.3% 3.7%
Selling, general, and administrative $ 3,761 $ 2,963 $ 2,433
Percentage of net sales 11.6% 12.3% 12.6%
4.10 Forms
Status: Last call for comments
4.10.1 Introduction
Status: Last call for comments
This section is non-normative.
Forms allow unscripted client-server interaction: given a form, a user can provide data, submit it to the server, and have the server act on it accordingly (e.g. returning the results of a search or calculation). The elements used in forms can also be used for user interaction with no associated submission mechanism, in conjunction with scripts.
Writing a form consists of several steps, which can be performed in any order: writing the user interface, implementing the server-side processing, and configuring the user interface to communicate with the server.
4.10.1.1 Writing a form's user interface
This section is non-normative.
For the purposes of this brief introduction, we will create a pizza ordering form.
Any form starts with a form element, inside which are placed the controls. Most controls are represented by the input element, which by default provides a one-line text field. To label a control, the label element is used; the label text and the control itself go inside the label element. Each part of a form is considered a paragraph, and is typically separated from other parts using p elements. Putting this together, here is how one might ask for the customer's name:
<form>

Customer name: <input>

</form>
To let the user select the size of the pizza, we can use a set of radio buttons. Radio buttons also use the input element, this time with a type attribute with the value radio. To make the radio buttons work as a group, they are given a common name using the name attribute. To group a batch of controls together, such as, in this case, the radio buttons, one can use the fieldset element. The title of such a group of controls is given by the first element in the fieldset, which has to be a legend element.
<form>

Customer name: <input>

 <fieldset>
 <legend> Pizza Size </legend>

 <input type=radio name=size> Small

 <input type=radio name=size> Medium

 <input type=radio name=size> Large

 </fieldset>
</form>
Changes from the previous step are highlighted.
To pick toppings, we can use checkboxes. These use the input element with a type attribute with the value checkbox:
<form>

Customer name: <input>

 <fieldset>
 <legend> Pizza Size </legend>

 <input type=radio name=size> Small

 <input type=radio name=size> Medium

 <input type=radio name=size> Large

 </fieldset>
 <fieldset>
 <legend> Pizza Toppings <


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a co-investigator and key part of a new multi-site NIH R01 grant for a mixed-method study interviewing individuals as well as conducting focus groups and surveys to look at the barriers to care after experiences of violence during COVID-19 for Black and Indigenous women. Using research to understand how intersecting identities affect overall health is critical to good nursing care — and isn't always obvious.
"When our curriculum is very medical-model based and not holistic, and we're not learning about the neurobiology of trauma and how that impacts our health, it's really easy to pass someone off as non-compliant or difficult," she says. "Nurses really need to understand that sometimes people come in and they've had a traumatic experience and don't always present like a typical person (who hasn't experienced trauma). And if people have bad experiences during their interactions with nurses and other providers, especially Natives or other people of color, they're likely not to come back."
Using Indigenous Practices to Prevent Chronic Disease
Angela Fernandez, PhD, MPH, LCSW, joined the School of Nursing as an assistant professor through the campus Native American Environment, Health and Community faculty cluster. Trained in clinical social work and public health with experience working across nations and health care settings, she brings a unique perspective. But it's her identity as an Indigenous person that drives her research, which examines the role of cultural practices that involve a connection with Nature — like gathering wild rice or burning sage in prayer — in the prevention of chronic disease.
"In my community, the woods is a place of healing," says Fernandez, who grew up on the Menominee Reservation in northern Wisconsin. "You go into the woods to grieve, to participate in ceremonies — things that are important for healing emotionally and healing physically." As a clinician, she also saw firsthand the multiple health benefits of connection with nature through community gardening among Milwaukee's immigrant populations.
For Fernandez, research can illuminate Indigenous health interventions — which are culturally acceptable and sustainable. She has a grant to develop a psychometric measure based on interviews from American Indian participants across 10 tribes and three geographic regions, part of the American Indian Chronic Disease Risk and Sleep Health (AI CHERISH) study. The largest epidemiologic study of sleep health ever conducted with an American Indian sample to date, AI CHERISH studies how common sleep deficiencies are among this population, and whether they are associated with chronic disease, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Fernandez' grant takes it a step further; she wants to know how participants' involvement with cultural practices that involve a connection with Nature may play a role in prevention. Does hunting, fishing, gathering, burning sage, or participating in other cultural practices connected with Nature make a difference in their sleep health or chronic disease outcomes, and does this vary by whether they live in urban or rural places? Fernandez' psychometric measure is made up of 12 questions that are currently under review by tribal review boards. Upon approval, it will be added to the AI CHERISH survey, and will provide data which she can analyze to develop the measure and answer these questions. But the implications are even bigger.
"I have this opportunity as a researcher to tell the story of who we are and what's important to us, and what makes us healthy." — Angela Fernandez
"I have this opportunity as a researcher to tell the story of who we are and what's important to us, and what makes us healthy," says Fernandez, who has worked on similar NIH-funded studies. One such study, "Yappalli – The Road to Choctaw Health", is a culturally-focused, strengths-based outdoor experiential obesity and substance use risk prevention and health leadership program that involved walking the Trail of Tears with Choctaw women. She sees her current research as inextricable from healing colonial traumas through human interconnection within Nature—not just studying disease, but the ongoing health practices that have helped Indigenous people survive and thrive. "I am very passionate about telling the story of why it is that we have the health disparities we have. When I look at colonization and historical traumas, I'm equally passionate about telling stories of why we are so strong and so resilient."
Innovating Reproductive Health
As a Hillman Fellowship recipient, Greene's doctoral program was specifically focused on innovation in nursing research. "Typically, when people think of innovation they think about technology," Greene says. "But there's a lot of innovation and creative thinking that needs to happen in our health system and in the broader social structures that we now know so deeply impact health outcomes."
Greene's research is focused in two arenas. One is focused on LGBTQ+ health, specifically experiences with sexual and reproductive health care — the knowledge dearth, care gaps, exclusion, discrimination, biases, and assumptions. The other arena homes in on maternal health outcomes, especially for racial minorities. Wisconsin, for example, has one of the worst maternal mortality racial gaps in the country. Greene believes that's due to largely preventable causes and highly variable access to maternity care, including where a person lives.
"I'm interested in thinking about how to get the highest quality, most up-to-date and relevant, personalized care to populations that are traditionally marginalized or structurally excluded from receiving that super high quality and tailored care," she says, citing the example of trauma center levels and corresponding protocols. "If you live in a rural area and you go to a small hospital because you had a stroke or an accident, people in the ER know exactly what to do to try to stabilize you and get you to the next correct place. If you go to a hospital that doesn't have the right resources, there's a very clear system to transport you to the next level. But in maternal health and obstetrics, that system does not exist."
"There's a lot of innovation and creative thinking that needs to happen in our health system and in the broader social structures that we now know so deeply impact health outcomes." — Madelyne Greene
Greene is building upon existing data sets created by fellow researchers at UW–Madison, including Dr. Deborah Ehrenthal and Dr. Lawrence Berger from the School of Medicine and Public Health, that include everything from birth records to Medicaid claims, to early childhood school records to incarceration records. Greene will additionally link to a data set of hospital-based information to track every birth hospital in the state – level of care provided, number of births each year, what resources they have, and more. "All of that is linked together so that we can trace back each delivery, the mother's health history, and facility-based information about that birth, and try to start unpacking what happens at different levels of care and how better systems could be built."
Part of Greene's work is battling insidious cultural beliefs that continue today, further perpetuating these disparities that lead to poor health outcomes. For example, women's complaints of pain tend to be taken less seriously than men's, particularly Black women—she cites the article tennis pro Serena Williams wrote about the traumatic blood clot she suffered after the birth of her baby, and how her complaints of something feeling wrong were ignored—or the misnomer that queer women don't need STI screenings or pap smears. "Their cancers are diagnosed at later stages, which we would have caught, so the assumptions are actually impacting care decisions and recommendations," she says.
Leveraging the Importance of Social Networks for LGBTQ+ Populations
Elliot Tebbe, PhD, LP, is a psychologist who came on board as an assistant professor at the School of Nursing in the Fall of 2020. His research primarily centers on LGBTQ+ population mental health and disparities, particularly among the trans and gender diverse communities, or TGD. Lack of experience and training are still causing far too many negative interactions for patients, he says, even from well-meaning providers. As such, many patients rely more on crowdsourcing their social networks than on healthcare systems.
"I'm a queer and trans person myself and honestly, I don't know that I trust my provider as much as I do first asking a lot of other trans folks, then judging that against what my provider says," Tebbe says.
"Because I've been told all kinds of weird stuff over time from providers who don't know what they're talking about, or haven't had that experience, or they're operating on what they learned 15 years ago."
Tebbe hopes his research can support TGD communities in receiving reliable qualitative data while also changing the system to serve patients better. One of his current projects is a competitive grant to support his study called "TGD Social Networks and Health," which examines TGD communities in southern Wisconsin. He's also conducting a qualitative study around sexual health among individuals in urban Midwest centers, as much of the existing research has been limited to the coasts.
In addition, he has received a two-year grant from the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Graduate Education's (OVCRGE) Understanding and Reducing Inequities Initiative with co-investigator Stephanie Budge, associate professor in the Department of Counseling Psychology in the UW–Madison School of Education, to support their pilot e-therapy trial addressing healing and stigma in transgender and nonbinary populations.
The grant allows them to recruit and train 10 Black, brown, Indigenous, trans, or nonbinary therapists to provide free counseling to patients who reflect these same identities. Sessions are recorded and data is