text:
not a power of 6.
n_start => $n option can select a different initial N. The tree structure is unchanged, just the numbering shifted. As noted above the default Nstart=0 corresponds to powers in a generating function.
n_start=>1 makes the numbering correspond to digits of N written in base-k. For example k=10 corresponds to N written in decimal,
N=1 to 9 1/2...... 2/1 N=10 to 99 1/4 4/7...... 7/4 4/1 N=100 to 999 1/6 6/11...... 11/6 6/1
n_start=>1 makes the tree
N written in base-k digits depth = numdigits(N)-1 NdepthStart = k^depth = 100..000 base-k, high 1 in high digit position of N N-NdepthStart = position across whole row of all top trees
And the high digit of N selects which top-level tree the given N is under, so
N written in base-k digits top tree = high digit of N (1 to k, selecting the k-1 many top nodes) Nrem = digits of N after the highest = position across row within the high-digit tree depth = numdigits(Nrem) # top node depth=0 = numdigits(N)-1
Chan shows that each denominator Y becomes the numerator X in the next point. The last Y of a row becomes the first X of the next row. This is a generalization of Stern's diatomic sequence and of the Calkin-Wilf tree of rationals. (See Math::NumSeq::SternDiatomic and "Calkin-Wilf Tree" in Math::PlanePath::RationalsTree.)
The case k=2 is precisely the Calkin-Wilf tree. There's just one top node 1/1, being the even k "middle" form h/h with h=k/2=1 as described above. Then there's two children of each node (the "middle" pair of the even k case),
k=2, Calkin-Wilf tree X/Y / \ (1X+0Y)/(1X+1Y) (1X+1Y)/(0X+1Y) = X/(X+Y) = (X+Y)/Y
See "FUNCTIONS" in Math::PlanePath for behaviour common to all path classes.
$path = Math::PlanePath::ChanTree->new ()
$path = Math::PlanePath::ChanTree->new (k => $k, n_start => $n)
Create and return a new path object. The defaults are k=3 and n_start=0.
$n = $path->n_start()
Return the first N in the path. This is 0 by default, otherwise the
$n = $path->xy_to_n ($x,$y)
Return the point number for coordinates
$x,$y. If there's nothing at
Each point has k children, so the path is a complete k-ary tree.
_USER_ = $path->tree_n_children($n)
Return the children of
$n, or an empty list if
$n < n_start(), ie. before the start of the path.
$num = $path->tree_n_num_children($n)
Return k, since every node has k children. Or return
$n < n_start(), ie. before the start of the path.
$n_parent = $path->tree_n_parent($n)
Return the parent node of
$nhas no parent either because it's a top node or before
$n_root = $path->tree_n_root ($n)
Return the N which is root node of
$depth = $path->tree_n_to_depth($n)
Return the depth of node
undefif there's no point
$n. The tree tops are depth=0, then their children depth=1, etc.
$n = $path->tree_depth_to_n($depth)
$n = $path->tree_depth_to_n_end($depth)
Return the first or last N at tree level
$depthin the path. The top of the tree is depth=0.
$num = $path->tree_num_roots ()
Return the number of root nodes in
$path, which is k-1. For example the default k=3 return 2 as there are two root nodes.
_USER_ = $path->tree_root_n_list ()
Return a list of the N values which are the root nodes of
$path. This is
n_start()+k-2inclusive, being the first k-1 many points. For example in the default k=2 and Nstart=0 the return is two values
$num = $path->tree_num_children_minimum()
$num = $path->tree_num_children_maximum()
Return k since every node has k many children, making that both the minimum and maximum.
$bool = $path->tree_any_leaf()
Return false, since there are no leaf nodes in the tree.
For the default k=3 the children are
3N+2, 3N+3, 3N+4 n_start=0
n_start=>1 then instead
3N, 3N+1, 3N+2 n_start=1
n_start=1 the children are found by appending an extra ternary digit, or base-k digit for arbitrary k.
k*N, k*N+1,..., k*N+(k-1) n_start=1
In general for k and Nstart the children are
kN - (k-1)*(Nstart-1) + 0... kN - (k-1)*(Nstart-1) + k-1
The parent node reverses the children calculation above. The simplest case is
n_start=1 where it's a division to remove the lowest base-k digit
parent = floor(N/k) when n_start=1
n_start adjust before and after to an
parent = floor((N-(Nstart-1)) / k) + Nstart-1
For example in the default k=0 Nstart=1 the parent of N=3 is floor((3-(1-1))/3)=1.
The post-adjustment can be worked into the formula with (k-1)*(Nstart-1) similar to the children above,
parent = floor((N + (k-1)*(Nstart-1)) / k)
But the first style is more convenient to compare to see that N is past the top nodes and therefore has a parent.
N-(Nstart-1) >= k to check N is past top-nodes
As described under "N Start" above, if Nstart=1 then the tree root is simply the most significant base-k digit of N. For other Nstart an adjustment is made to N=1 style and back again.
adjust = Nstart-1 Nroot(N) = high_base_k_digit(N-adjust) + adjust
The structure of the tree means
depth = floor(logk(N+1)) for n_start=0
For example if k=3 then all of N=8 through N=25 inclusive have depth=floor(log3(N+1))=2. With an
n_start it becomes
depth = floor(logk(N-(Nstart-1)))
n_start=1 is the simplest case, being the length of N written in base-k digits.
depth = floor(logk(N)) for n_start=1
This tree is in Sloane's Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences as
k=3, n_start=0 (the defaults) A191379 X coordinate, and Y=X(N+n)
As noted above k=2 is the Calkin-Wilf tree. See "OEIS" in Math::PlanePath::RationalsTree for "CW" related sequences.
Copyright 2012, 2013, 2014 Kevin Ryde
This file is part of Math-PlanePath.
Math-PlanePath is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) any later version.
Math-PlanePath is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with Math-PlanePath. If not, see .


text:
What is a'similar establishment' to a hotel, inn, or boarding house?: characteristics and functions associated with hotels, inns and boarding houses
The following is a list of characteristics and functions often associated with hotels, inns and boarding houses.
Clearly, for something to be a 'similar establishment' it is not necessary for all the features to be present; in many cases a small number of features will be sufficient to conclude that the establishment is similar to, for example, a basic hotel or boarding house.
- The accommodation is provided on a temporary basis, generally to persons who are away from their home. It is accommodation for a transient class of people or people who are temporarily homeless (but see paragraph 2.1, Notice709/3). It is taken with a view to moving on in due course.
- The hotel or similar establishment provides the accommodation as its main purpose, generally with a view to making profit. Providing the accommodation represents the main commercial exploitation of the property. In this respect the establishment will differ from one whose function is educate, imprison or provide care and support. Equally, an establishment which aims to provide pastoral care or create a family concept, such as some educational establishments, is unlikely to be a similar establishment.
- The hotel or similar establishment will normally provide accommodation on a non-selective basis to persons who turn up and can pay.
- They usually provide breakfast. However, this is no longer the case with all such establishments. Some hotel chains, for example, now provide only sleeping accommodation. Breakfast can be provided as a prepared meal or as basic ingredients (a food parcel). The provision of breakfast in the form of a supermarket voucher is not seen as a characteristic of 'hotel' accommodation.
- Sleeping accommodation is provided with a range of services and facilities, such as room service, laundry, cleaning of rooms (as opposed to cleaning of common areas), bed making, TV rooms, telephone services, receptionist, etc. The level of services will vary according to the status of the establishment. The service provided in a bed and breakfast establishment, for example, might be very basic, consisting of no more than room cleaning and laundry. This would not in itself prevent it from being treated as a 'similar establishment'.
- Residents will normally enjoy a degree of privacy by being provided with their own lockable rooms.
- There will normally be a resident manager, proprietor or member of staff on the premises at all times. Some establishments may have annexes where this is not the case. However, management will be contactable at the main premises. Greater supervision and management is a feature of this sort of accommodation.
- There is normally a booking service.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Consider the Kovsh
These ornamental ladles are kovshi (singular: kovsh), a type of Russian drinking vessel in the shape of a duck. Traditionally, various vessels were intended for different beverages. Kovshi, which come in a range of sizes, were intended for drinking kvass or beer. They were also used for drinking mead, a honey based drink that varied in flavor from using different fruits and berries. Silver kovshi were used for white mead, while golden kovshi were used for red mead.
They were originally made of wood and some early kovshi were made of tightly woven cloth. In the 16th century, they began to be made in silver and increasingly assumed a ceremonial status. The kovshi in our collection are nineteenth and early twentieth century pieces of the Old Russian style, seen in the multicolored enameling inspired by sixteenth and seventeenth-century patterns. A yearning for a Russian art unmarred by Western influence contributed to what became the Russian Revival in the 1870s and 1880s. Interest in exploring early Russian artistic traditions provided craftsmen with a rich body of sources for creating beautiful, distinctly Russian works of art. Cloisonné enameling is but one example; another is trompe l'oeil, discussed in this blog post. While many such pieces were ornamental, a few could function as punch bowls or salts depending on their size.
These pieces illustrate how time and again the functional and artistic merits of the decorative arts can be appreciated both independently and harmoniously.


ly in this file. Currently there is no support for
private extensions.
- Defining new record types.
- Storing new information in reserved fields of existing record types.
- Appending new information to existing record types (the presence of this
information can be detected by examining the record's size and payload).
- Defining new argument types.
## Record Types
There are the following record types:
Note: In the record format descriptions, each constituent atom is labeled in italics
followed by a bullet-point description of its contents.
* [Record header](#record-header)
* [Large record header](#large-record-header)
* [Metadata record (record type = 0)](#metadata-record)
* [Initialization record (record type = 1)](#initialization-record)
* [String record (record type = 2)](#string-record)
* [Thread record (record type = 3)](#thread-record)
* [Event record (record type = 4)](#event-record)
* [Blob record (record type = 5)](#blob-record)
* [Userspace object record (record type = 6)](#userspace-object-record)
* [Kernel object record (record type = 7)](#kernel-object-record)
* [Context switch record (record type = 8)](#context-switch-record)
* [Log record (record type = 9)](#log-record)
* [Large BLOB record (record type = 15, large type = 0)](#large-blob-record)
### Record header {#record-header}
All records include this header which specifies the record's type and size
together with 48 bits of data whose usage varies by record type.
##### Format
![drawing](images/trace-format/record.png)
_header word_
- '[0 .. 3]': record type
- '[4 .. 15]': record size (inclusive of this word) as a multiple of 8 bytes
- '[16 .. 63]': varies by record type (must be zero if unused)
### Large record header {#large-record-header}
Provides support for records larger than 32KB. Large records have a
32 bit size field rather than the normal 12 bits.
![drawing](images/trace-format/largerecord.png)
_header word_
- '[0 .. 3]': record type (15)
- '[4 .. 35]': record size (inclusive of this word) as a multiple of 8 bytes
- '[36 .. 39]': large record type
- '[40 .. 63]': varies by large record type (must be zero if unused)
### Metadata record (record type = 0) {#metadata-record}
Provides metadata about trace data which follows.
This record type is reserved for use by the _trace manager_ when generating
trace archives. It must not be emitted by trace providers themselves.
If the trace manager encounters a **metadata record** within a trace produced
by a trace provider, it treats it as garbage and skips over it.
There are several metadata record subtypes, each of which contain different
information.
##### Format
![drawing](images/trace-format/metadata.png)
_header word_
- '[0 .. 3]': record type (0)
- '[4 .. 15]': record size (inclusive of this word) as a multiple of 8 bytes
- '[16 .. 19]': metadata type
- '[20 .. 63]': varies by metadata type (must be zero if unused)
#### Provider info metadata (metadata type = 1) {#provider-info-metadata}
This metadata identifies a trace provider which has contributed information to
the trace.
All data which follows until the next **provider section metadata** or
**provider info metadata** is encountered must have been collected from the
same provider.
##### Format
![drawing](images/trace-format/metadata1.png)
_header word_
- '[0 .. 3]': record type (0)
- '[4 .. 15]': record size (inclusive of this word) as a multiple of 8 bytes
- '[16 .. 19]': metadata type (1)
- '[20 .. 51]': provider id (token used to identify the provider in the trace)
- '[52 .. 59]': name length in bytes
- '[60 .. 63]': reserved (must be zero)
_provider name stream_
- UTF-8 string, padded with zeros to 8 byte alignment
#### Provider section metadata (metadata type = 2) {#provider-section-metadata}
This metadata delimits sections of the trace which have been obtained from
different providers.
All data which follows until the next **provider section metadata** or
**provider info metadata** is encountered is assumed to have been collected
from the same provider.
When reading a trace consisting of an accumulation of traces from different
trace providers, the reader must maintain state separately for each provider's
traces (such as the initialization data, string table, thread table,
userspace object table, and kernel object table) and switch contexts
whenever it encounters a new **provider section metadata** record.
##### Format
![drawing](images/trace-format/metadata2.png)
_header word_
- '[0 .. 3]': record type (0)
- '[4 .. 15]': record size (inclusive of this word) as a multiple of 8 bytes
- '[16 .. 19]': metadata type (2)
- '[20 .. 51]': provider id (token used to identify the provider in the trace)
- '[52 .. 63]': reserved (must be zero)
#### Provider event metadata (metadata type = 3) {#provider-event-metadata}
This metadata provides running notification of events that the provider
wants to report.
This record may appear anywhere in the output, and does not delimit what
came before it or what comes after it.
##### Format
![drawing](images/trace-format/metadata3.png)
_header word_
- '[0 .. 3]': record type (0)
- '[4 .. 15]': record size (inclusive of this word) as a multiple of 8 bytes
- '[16 .. 19]': metadata type (3)
- '[20 .. 51]': provider id (token used to identify the provider in the trace)
- '[52 .. 55]': the event id
- '[56 .. 63]': reserved (must be zero)
##### Events
The following events are defined.
- '0': a buffer filled up, records were likely dropped
#### Trace info metadata (metadata type = 4) {#trace-info-metadata}
This metadata provides information about the trace as a whole. This record is
not associated with a particular provider.
##### Format
_header word_
- '[0 .. 3]': record type (0)
- '[4 .. 15]': record size (inclusive of this word) as a multiple of 8 bytes
- '[16 .. 19]': metadata type (4)
- '[20 .. 23]': trace info type
- '[24 .. 63]': varies by trace info type (must be zero if unused)
#### Magic number record (trace info type = 0) {#magic-number-record}
This record serves as an indicator that the binary data is in the Fuchsia
tracing format. Generally it should appear at the start of a trace. It carries
no other information. The magic number '0x16547846' is the string "FxT"
followed by a byte that was chosen at random.
To allow the first eight bytes of a trace to be treated together as a magic
number without caring about the internal record structure, this record type is
_not_ extensible. The record must not contain any words other than the header
word, and there are no reserved fields. As an eight byte number, the entire
record has the value 0x0016547846040010.
Note that the byte order of that value, and all other words in the trace,
depends on the endianness of the system that wrote the trace. For a little
endian system, the first eight bytes are 10 00 04 46 78 54 16 00. On a big
endian system, it will be the reverse: 00 16 54 78 46 04 00 10.
##### Format
_header word_
- '[0 .. 3]': record type (0)
- '[4 .. 15]': record size (inclusive of this word) as a multiple of 8 bytes (1)
- '[16 .. 19]': metadata type (4)
- '[20 .. 23]': trace info type (0)
- '[24 .. 55]': the magic number 0x16547846
- '[56 .. 63]': zero
##


text:
RCCG JUNIOR ZEAL FOR 2022/2023
AGE 13-19 TEACHER'S MANUAL
SUNDAY 13TH OF NOVEMBER, 2022
LESSON ELEVEN (11)
TOPIC: WORK OF THE HOLY SPIRIT – HE GUIDES US
BIBLE TEXT: John 16:13
Howbeit when he, the Spirit of truth, is come, he will guide you into all truth: for he shall not speak of himself; but whatsoever he shall hear, that shall he speak: and he will shew you things to come.
MEMORY VERSE: John 14:6 "Jesus saith unto him, I am the way, the truth and the life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me."
LESSON AIM: At the end of this study, teenagers will understand the Importance
of being guided by the Holy Ghost.
CENTRAL TRUTH: The Holy Spirit is ready to guide us in all truth
RCCG Sunday School Teens Teens Teachers Manual 13 November 2022
INTRODUCTION: Tourists usually need a guide whenever they visit a place of interest. This tour guide will not only take them to places of interest but also tell them stories and give them tangible information about the place. The Holy Spirit also does the same, He guides us through our journey in the world where we meet several people and go places where only the Holy Spirit knows and can give us necessary information about. In this study, we would look at one of the works of the Holy Spirit in us as believers which is to guide us. The Holy Spirit acts as a Guide to the believers.
A.) WHY DO WE NEED THE HOLY SPIRIT TO GUIDE US?
– He is the promise of Jesus Christ to us when he was ascending to Heaven – John 14:26.
– He has been from the beginning, so he knows all things – Genesis 1:2.
– To know more about the Truth (Jesus Christ) you need to be guided by one who knows the truth
– John 14:6.
B. WAYS THE HOLY SPIRIT GUIDES
– He guides the believer into Truth .John 16:13
– He leads people where to go. Acts 8:27-29
– He helps believers understand the things of God. 1 Corinthians 2: 12
– He sets people apart for ministry. Acts 13:2-4
C.) HOW THE HOLY SPIRIT GUIDES
– Through God's Word. Heb, 4:12
– Through Wisdom. Isaiah 11:2
– By Counseling us. Isaiah 11:2
LIFE APPLICATION: We make decisions daily and some of these decisions can be responsible for our success or failure in life. We need the Holy Spirit to guide us into the right path and He can only do this if we have experienced salvation that comes through God the Son our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ.
CONCLUSION: The Holy Spirit is always ready to guide us whenever we ask for help but He will only guide those who are saved and have a relationship with God.
ATTENTION: Next week is Revision Day and the following week is Quiz and Interactive Day. Let us read up our past lessons and prepare for the revision and the quiz with our teens. God bless you.
Ask them – What is God saying in today's lesson?
How can they apply this to their lives?
Let them put their prayer points here:
Thank you for reading RCCG Sunday School Teens Teens Teachers Manual 13 November 2022 Message. Read More

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
CMSC INforMS: MS and Young Adult-onset Hodgkin Lymphoma May Share Underlying Causes, Study Says
Thursday, May 19, 2016
Posted by: Elizabeth Porco
Previous studies suggested that multiple sclerosis (MS) andHodgkin lymphoma might share underlying causes, including exposure to microorganisms in childhood, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. In the study "Multiple sclerosis and risk of young-adult-onset Hodgkin lymphoma," published in the journal Neurology: Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation, researchers suggested that common inherited or acquired risks for these conditions do exist.
Hodgkin lymphoma has three age-defined phenotypes, but it was the specific stage of young adult-onset Hodgkin lymphoma (YAHL) that was reported to be associated with a pattern of childhood markers of infectious exposure, and linked to MS.
The research team investigated if MS is associated with YAHL but not with the other Hodgkin lymphoma phenotypes. A cohort of 29,617 Swedish patients with an MS diagnosis (between 1968 and 2012) , and a control group of 296,164 people without MS, were used.
After being adjusted for participants' age/period, sex, county of residence, and education level, results suggested that the association between MS and YAHL does exist, and most notably in female patients. Specifically, researchers found four patients with YAHL among the MS cohort, and 16 in the non-MS cohort. All four diagnoses of YAHL in MS occurred in women. The researchers, however, noted this may be due to the fact that most MS patients in the cohort were women, or because of sex-specific differences in susceptibility to a risk for both diseases.
A major study limitation was the inability to identify specific childhood exposures that underlie the association between MS and YAHL, the researchers said. Moreover, they had no access to potentially relevant personal characteristics that may influence disease association. Despite the large cohort number, the number of people with both MS and YAHL was found to be very small. This reflects the rarity of Hodgkin lymphoma in MS, and how the underlying risks for both diseases are not likely to be identical, though common factors are involved.
Researchers concluded that YAHL and MS may share common risks. Although unable to identify the risks, the team believes they may include the previously reported pattern of exposure to microorganisms in childhood.
By Patricia Inacio, PhD
Multiple Sclerosis News Today
The industry news information and articles are for informational purposes only, and are not intended to represent any trends, partnerships, commitments, or research of the Consortium of MS Centers or any of it's members in any way whatsoever, nor should any party be libel in any way to the reader or to any other person, firm or corporation reading this industry news section. Although the CMSC site includes links providing direct access to other Internet sites, CMSC takes no responsibility for the content or information contained on those other sites, and does not exert any editorial or other control over those other sites. CMSC is providing information and services on the Internet as a benefit and service in furtherance of CMSC's nonprofit and tax-exempt status. CMSC makes no representations about the suitability of this information and these services for any purpose.


text:
Space-Time Modeling of Vector Hydrologic Sequences
Water Resources Bulletin
ISSN or ISBN
Stochastic modeling of vector hydrologic sequences is examined with a general class of space‐time autoregressive integrated moving average (STARIMA) models. The models describe spatial and temporal autocorrelatjon, through dependent variables lagged both in space and time. The model structures incorporate a hierarchical ordering scheme to map the vector of observations into a network configuration. The neighboring structure used introduces a physical/geographical hierarchy to enable the model identification procedures to assist in determining appropriate correlative relationships. The three‐stage iterative space‐time model building procedure is illustrated using average monthly streamfiow data for a four‐station network of the Southeastern Hydropower System.
Ramos, Jose A. and Deutsch, Stuart Jay, "Space-Time Modeling of Vector Hydrologic Sequences" (1986). CEC Faculty Articles. 419.


text:
Headsets are one of the most important pieces of technology you can use in your business. They make communication easier, quicker and more efficient. In this blog post, we will provide you with a comprehensive guide to Avaya headsets so that you can make the most out of them. From choosing the right model for your needs to setting up optimal settings and more, we have everything you need to get started. So whether you're a small business owner or an employee who needs better communication options, read on to learn about Avaya headsets and how they can help you.
How to Use Avaya Headsets
If you're looking to make your voice communications experience even better, consider investing in a set of Avaya headsets. Here's how to get the most out of them:
- Choose the right headset for your needs. There are three types of Avaya headsets: stereo earpieces, dual earpieces, and noise-canceling headphones. You'll want to choose the type that best suits your communication needs. Stereo earpieces are great for hands-free calling, while dual earpieces let you share audio with another person while cancelling out background noise. Noise-canceling headphones are perfect if you need to stay focused in a noisy environment.
- Get a good fit. Headset sizing can be tricky – some people have larger heads than others, and some ears are wider or narrower than others. Make sure to try on the headset before you buy it to make sure it fits correctly and comfortably.
- Get familiar with the controls. The controls on most Avaya headsets are intuitive and simple to use – but there are a few key features that you'll want to become familiar with: the volume control, mute button, and call answer/end buttons (or "hooks").
- Set up your calls. Before you start using your new headsets, it's important to set up your calls so they're optimized for optimum performance. This involves configuring both your laptop and the headsets themselves – reading through the
What is an Avaya headset and what does it do?
Avaya headsets are devices that allow phone users to communicate with people on the other end of the line by using a sound channel. The headsets come in a variety of styles, each designed for different purposes.
For business users, an Avaya headset is essential for staying connected with colleagues and clients. These headsets have a built-in microphone and speaker so you can easily make and receive calls, as well as listen to voicemails. They also feature noise-reduction technology to help you stay comfortable during high-volume conversations.
If you're looking for a headset that can do more than just make calls, an Avaya conference headset is perfect for you. These headsets let you participate in meetings and conferences without having to leave your desk or interrupt your workflow. They have high-quality microphones and speakers so you can clearly hear everyone in the room, as well as built-in transcription software so everyone can take notes while the meeting is going on.
The Different Types of Headsets
There are a variety of headsets available on the market today, each with its own set of features and benefits. To make the most informed decision when selecting a headset, it is important to know the different types of headsets available.
Ahead-of-the-Game: Professional Headset
The Ahead-of-the-Game headset is designed for use in high-intensity environments or during critical conversations. These headsets feature an open-ear cup design that allows you to hear everything around you, making them ideal for tactical situations or meetings where sound quality is key. Additionally, these headsets typically have robust microphone technology that can pick up even the smallest whispers, making them perfect for conferences or video calls.
On-The-Go: Mobile Headsets
Mobile headsets are perfect for on-the-go individuals who need a lightweight and easy-to-carry option for communication. These headsets typically have a low battery life so be sure to charge them before using them extensively, but they do offer great sound quality for short conversations or listening to music on the go. Many mobile headsets also include features like noise cancellation and Bluetooth connectivity so you can easily take your conversation with you wherever you go.
Universal: Multipurpose Headsets
Universal headsets are designed to provide users with both audio and video capabilities at the same time. This makes them great choice if you want to watch videos or listen to music while you communicate, without having to switch between devices.
Features of Avaya Headsets
Avaya headsets are a great way to stay connected while on the go. They come with a variety of features that can make your work life easier.
First, they have a built-in microphone so you can easily take phone calls without having to reach for your headset. Second, they have built-in speakers so you can hear what's going on around you clearly. And finally, they're lightweight and easy to carry around so you can use them wherever you go.
How to choose the right Avaya headset
When choosing a new Avaya headset, there are a few things to consider.
First, the type of headset you need will depend on your work situation. If you're in an office with other people using headsets, a standard over-the-head headset is likely fine. However, if you're working on your own or only use headsets occasionally, a wireless headset may be better for you.
Next, consider the features you need. Many headsets come with a microphone and speaker options, as well as noise-cancelling technology to help reduce background noise. And some also have video calling capabilities so you can video conference with coworkers or clients without worrying about interference from other people or distractions.


text:
Right-of-way valuation, or corridor appraisal, requires unique methodologies, skills, and corridor factor data rarely found among appraisal firms. Corridor appraisal methodologies used include "across-the-fence" and "corridor factor" analysis. Selecting and utilizing the appropriate methodology given the appraisal problem at hand is of the utmost importance. Equally important is the ability to review appraisals and analyze methodologies used by others, and provide consulting and advisory services backed up by credible expert witness testimony when the need arises. JRES provides a variety of right-of-way and corridor services:
- Value individual properties or consulting on appraising rights of way and corridors
- Consult and advise regarding identification of the larger parcel for eminent domain appraisal
- Select appropriate valuation methodology including across the fence or corridor factor analysis
- Conduct due diligence into property specific physical, legal, and governmental constraints
- Evaluate property value trends over historical time periods
- Review appraisal reports and provide expert witness testimony
To speak with an expert in right-of-way valuation or corridor appraisal, please call _PHONE_ or fill out our contact form.


text:
Donation after brain death has been the main source for organ transplantation. It is important to develop an effective method to protect the organ and improve its quality.OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the effect of heat shock protein 70 on rabbit brain death induced lung injury.METHODS:
The 60 rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: rabbits in the normal control group without surgery; the rabbits in the sham-operation group received femoral artery catheterization, endotracheal intubation and burr hole catheter, did not received the intracranial pressure; and the rabbits in the brain death group were treated with femoral artery catheterization, endotracheal intubation, burr hole catheter and intracranial pressure, and the ventilator was used to maintain a brain-dead state. Each group was further divided into four time points at 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours. The blood pressure and the heart rate were measured at each point. The changes of lung morphology were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The mRNA and the protein expression of heat shock protein 70 were measured by reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistochemistry.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:
There was no significant difference in the blood pressure and the heart rate between the brain death group and sham-operation group (P > 0.05). The lung injuries in the sham-operation group at different time points were not obvious. From 2 to 6 hours, the lung injuries in the brain-death groups were getting worse in a time-dependent manner (P < 0.05), but somewhat amelioration at 8 hours group was observed when compared with the previous time group. The mRNA and the protein expression of heat shock protein 70 were gradually increased at 2 hours in a time-dependent manner (P < 0.05) and reached peak at 8 hours. These findings confirm that heat shock protein 70 can ameliorate brain death induced lung injury and play their defensive protection effect.


text:
Assessment by employers of newly graduated civil engineers from the Islamic University of Gaza
The evaluation process is very important to identify and recognize the strengths and the weaknesses of graduated students. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of the newly graduated civil engineers from the Islamic University of Gaza in Palestine. The methodology was based on questionnaires and informal interview. The population of this study consisted of 35 contractors and 7 Owners. The questionnaire was developed to evaluate the quality of the Islamic University civil engineers who have obtained their degrees in the past five years. The evaluation involved several aspects such as practical, social, ethical, technical writing, communication skills, and computer skills. The results indicate that most of the Islamic University civil engineers have some practical problems in construction sites. On the other hand, they have several strong characteristics such as computer skills, ability to develop themselves, and an understanding of ethical responsibilities. Some recommendations and suggestions are proposed to improve the performance of the graduate civil engineers in the practice.
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Document Type: Research Article
Publication date: 2005-09-01


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Fixed resistors for use in electronic equipment. Part 6. Blank detail specification: fixed resistor networks with individually measurable resistors, of either different resistance values or different rated dissipations. Assessment level E
State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. State verification schedule for means measuring energy of combustion, specific energy of combustion and volumetric energy of combustion (combustion calorimeters)
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Your most likely transmitter is in the Granada region.
This page provides detailed coverage information for manually retuning your TV.
This detailed view provides comprehensive details of television reception options for an address or postcode based on the nearest prediction point to the address or postcode centroid.
The DTT predictions are those which are being used to plan the DTT network, and assume a representative receiving system in good condition.
Predictions can vary significantly over a short distance due to the effects of terrain and interference, so they should be treated as a guide to the likely situation on the ground.
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Digital transmitters
Digital transmitters
Information relating to the digital transmitters which are, or are likely to be, receivable at the search address:
 - The 'most likely' transmitter to be in use. This will be the same as the 'most likely' analogue transmitter, providing that transmitter provides coverage after switchover.
 - The distance to and bearing of the transmitter from the address.
 - The digital aerial group and polarisation a) now b) after future DTT network changes, if applicable
Name Reception Summary Region Parent Transmitter Grid Reference Distance (km) Bearing° Aerial Group Now Aerial Group After
Most Likely Transmitter Pendle Forest Good Granada Winter Hill SD 82575 38388 0 235 A V,A V A V,A V
Alternative Transmitter Winter Hill Good Granada N/A SD 66053 14463 29 214 A H,T H A H,T H
Alternative Transmitter Emley Moor 0100 Yorkshire N/A SE 22298 12887 47 122 B H,T H B H,T H
Alternative Transmitter Keighley 0100 Yorkshire Emley Moor SE 06895 44380 25 76 B V,K V B V,K V
Pendle Forest
Step
A change or event occurring to the DTT network
Date BBC A D3&4 BBC B SDN ARQ A ARQ B
N S M N S M N S M N S M N S M N S M
Now 30 Nov 2023
28+
64QAM 2/3 8k DVB-T | 0.100
99 100
25+
64QAM 2/3 8k DVB-T | 0.100
99 100
22+
256QAM 2/3 32k DVB-T2 | 0.100
99 100
27-
64QAM 3/4 8k DVB-T | 0.100
93 99
21+
64QAM 3/4 8k DVB-T | 0.100
96 99
24-
64QAM 3/4 8k DVB-T | 0.100
92 99
Final prediction 2025
28+
64QAM 2/3 8k DVB-T | 0.100
99 100
25+
64QAM 2/3 8k DVB-T | 0.100
99 100
22+
256QAM 2/3 32k DVB-T2 | 0.100
99 100
27-
64QAM 3/4 8k DVB-T | 0.100
93 99
21+
64QAM 3/4 8k DVB-T | 0.100
96 99
24-
64QAM 3/4 8k DVB-T | 0.100
92 99
Winter Hill
Step
A change or event occurring to the DTT network
Date BBC A D3&4 BBC B SDN ARQ A ARQ B
N S M N S M N S M N S M N S M N S M
Now 30 Nov 2023
32
64QAM 2/3 8k DVB-T | 100.000
100 100
34
64QAM 2/3 8k DVB-T | 100.000
99 100
35
256QAM 2/3 32k DVB-T2 | 100.000
99 100
29
64QAM 3/4 8k DVB-T | 100.000
99 99
31
64QAM 3/4 8k DVB-T | 100.000
99 99
37
64QAM 3/4 8k DVB-T | 100.000
99 99
Final prediction 2025
32
64QAM 2/3 8k DVB-T | 100.000
100 100
34
64QAM 2/3 8k DVB-T | 100.000
99 100
35
256QAM 2/3 32k DVB-T2 | 100.000
99 100
29
64QAM 3/4 8k DVB-T | 100.000
99 99
31
64QAM 3/4 8k DVB-T | 100.000
99 99
37
64QAM 3/4 8k DVB-T | 100.000
99 99
Emley Moor
Step
A change or event occurring to the DTT network
Date BBC A D3&4 BBC B SDN ARQ A ARQ B
N S M N S M N S M N S M N S M N S M
Now 30 Nov 2023
47
64QAM 2/3 8k DVB-T | 174.000
34 70
44
64QAM 2/3 8k DVB-T | 174.000
34 70
41
256QAM 2/3 32k DVB-T2 | 174.000
41 75
33
64QAM 3/4 8k DVB-T | 174.000
36
64QAM 3/4 8k DVB-T | 174.000
48
64QAM 3/4 8k DVB-T | 174.000
Final prediction 2025
47
64QAM 2/3 8k DVB-T | 174.000
34 70
44
64QAM 2/3 8k DVB-T | 174.000
34 70
41
256QAM 2/3 32k DVB-T2 | 174.000
41 75
33
64QAM 3/4 8k DVB-T | 174.000
36
64QAM 3/4 8k DVB-T | 174.000
48
64QAM 3/4 8k DVB-T | 174.000
Keighley
Step
A change or event occurring to the DTT network
Date BBC A D3&4 BBC B SDN ARQ A ARQ B
N S M N S M N S M N S M N S M N S M
Now 30 Nov 2023
40
64QAM 2/3 8k DVB-T | 2.000
20 81
43
64QAM 2/3 8k DVB-T | 2.000
18 78
46
256QAM 2/3 32k DVB-T2 | 2.000
13 77
29
64QAM 3/4 8k DVB-T | 2.000
31
64QAM 3/4 8k DVB-T | 2.000
37
64QAM 3/4 8k DVB-T | 2.000
Final prediction 2025
40
64QAM 2/3 8k DVB-T | 2.000
20 81
43
64QAM 2/3 8k DVB-T | 2.000
18 78
46
256QAM 2/3 32k DVB-T2 | 2.000
13 77
29
64QAM 3/4 8k DVB-T | 2.000
31
64QAM 3/4 8k DVB-T | 2.000
37
64QAM 3/4 8k DVB-T | 2.000
This is a predictive coverage database that shows the most likely TV service availability at your address and whether you could be affected by faults or planned engineering works. Note that digital terrestrial television (Freeview) coverage may vary as a result of engineering works or any frequency changes authorised by Ofcom. Always check your reception prediction before buying TV equipment. Digital UK is not responsible for household TV reception arrangements, and cannot provide compensation for coverage variations, reception issues or TV equipment purchased.
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This climate is ideal for people who can't stand or don't like the sweltering heat and those who like to relax on the beach in June or September-October, considering it an ideal time. Our dear children also feel much more comfortable in this climate!
Biarritz's unique climate
This natural "air-conditioning" effect in Biarritz is mainly due to 2 effects :
1 - Biarritz's particular location at the bottom of the amphitheatre of the Bay of Biscay, facing the Atlantic Ocean, which gives:
- The constant presence of a cool breeze circulating in the bay, even at the height of summer.
- The constant presence of the famous warm Gulf Stream current brings warm water from Mexico and the Caribbean's southern coasts. On entering the bay, this warm current is "stuck" here, unable to flow northwards. Thus, the Gulf Stream acts as an air conditioner for Biarritz while making the coastal waters extremely pleasant for swimming (for example, in southern Portugal, the water remains colder because the warm current never reaches it).
2 - Biarritz is "wedged" between the ocean and the southern Pyrenees:
- Thus, winds from the south rise towards the Pyrenees' summits, up to 3000m, where they lose humidity and go down to Biarritz while warming up (Foehn effect). Biarritz is therefore regularly swept by warm, dry winds from the south, which mix with the milder, more humid ocean breezes off the coast. The dry southerly winds contribute to the fact that Biarritz often has the highest winter temperatures in France, even at Christmas time.
The weather in Biarritz
- The weather in Biarritz in April: air - about +17°C, water - about +13°C.
- The weather in Biarritz in May: air - about +21°C, water - about +16°C.
The May holidays are always sunny, flowers and trees bloom everywhere, and temperatures reach +20+21. The nights are still cool, but you can sunbathe and start swimming in the gradually warming ocean during the day.
By the way, spring is the hortensias season in Biarritz. Flowers are everywhere, and it's absolutely magic!
- The weather in Biarritz in June: air - about +23°C, water - about +20°C.
- The weather in Biarritz in July: air - about +25°C, water - about +22°C.
- The weather in Biarritz in August: air - about +26°C, water - about +23°C.
The average temperature in the shade in Biarritz is +26°C in August and +23°C in June and September. Naturally, it is warmer in full sunshine, up to +30°C and more. But thanks to the humidity, there are always clouds forming, which, with a light cool breeze, makes these hot months as comfortable as possible.
- The weather in Biarritz in September: air - about +23°C, water - about +21°C.
- The weather in Biarritz in October: air - about +21°C, water - about +18°C.
In October, the average temperature in Biarritz is around +21°C in the shade. This is a time of year when people spend a lot of time on the beach, and it is the time of year when the French media tend to talk about Biarritz as the hottest city in the country.
About the rain in Biarritz
It doesn't rain often and not for long in Biarritz during the summer period, but it rains a lot! It is a tropical rain that makes you run very fast to seek shelter to not get wet in a second. But as a rule, an hour later, the sun comes out as suddenly as it left, and the city and the ocean begin to shine again. This is why Biarritz is bathed in greenery all year round and is famous for its lush hydrangeas. The vegetation remains vividly green even in July and August when Provence is burnt and dried by the sun.
Water temperature and purity in Biarritz
The water temperatures around Biarritz are pleasant and comfortable for swimming, thanks to the Gulf Stream, which carries the warm waters of the coasts of southern Mexico and the Caribbean. The water is much warmer here than in Portugal, for example, where this current does not occur. The average summer temperature of the coastal ocean waters in Biarritz is +23°С. Tourists bathe in Biarritz from early June to late October, and locals have no problem bathing in May and November. Another essential aspect, of which all the locals are proud, is the ocean waters' purity. Here, the water is constantly in motion; it travels and renews itself. The inhabitants pay great attention to the purity of the water. They do not bathe in most parts of the Mediterranean, considering that it is not clean enough compared to their hometown's waters.
The climate and oysters
The mild climate and clean waters of the Bay of Biscay allow oysters to reproduce and develop in ideal conditions for them. This is impossible, for example, in areas where the sea is warmer, and the water is stagnant. A few kilometres north of Biarritz, you will discover a real paradise of fresh oysters. And the oysters that are served to you have been fished only a few hours earlier.
The waves in Biarritz
The waves of Biarritz always offer a beautiful spectacle beyond imagination. Seeing it, some people dream of surfing, while others may be afraid. But Biarritz and the Basque Coast are lucky again - because here we also find beaches that are completely protected from the waves and where the water is calm and very welcoming. So, absolutely everyone will find their happiness here! For example, all children in Biarritz learn to swim directly in the ocean, on beaches where the ocean looks more like a swimming pool :)


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Given is a finite set $S$ of line segments in the plane.
I am interested in finding a line $l$ which splits some segments in $S$ into two, thus yielding a new set of line segments $S'$.
Here splitting means that if $l$ intersects a line segment $xy$ in a point $z$ then $xy$ gets replaced by two new line segments $xz$ and $zy$.
The goal is to chose $l$ such that it minimizes the length of the longest line segment in $S'$.
I would be interested to know if this problem has been studied before. What confuses me is that the problem does seem to be continuous and not discrete.
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Suppose you knew the optimal length $\ell$. Then on any line of length $L \ge 2\ell$, there's an interval (centered at the midpoint) that the optimal line must pass through. Now you have the problem of determining whether a single line can simultaneously pass through a collection of line segments, which can be solved using the dual space (is there a point in the intersection of a collection of double wedges). – Suresh Venkat Feb 1 '13 at 8:02
1 Answer 1
up vote 4 down vote accepted
I don't know about whether this specific problem has been studied before but I can point you to a general class of problems that include it and that have been studied: This looks like an LP-type problem (or perhaps even a low-dimensional linear program although I am not quite seeing how to coordinatize it so that works). If so it can be solved by a linear-time combinatorial algorithm.
To set this up as an LP-type problem, we need an objective function mapping sets of line segments to some totally ordered set of solution values. The obvious objective function to use here is the numerical value $l$ that you're trying to optimize (the length of the longest split segment), but I think that's not quite good enough. Instead you should use a lexicographic combination of $l$ with the coordinate vector of a line achieving value $l$. With this lexicographic combination, the problem automatically satisfies the monotonicity and locality properties of LP-type problems: adding another segment to an instance only makes its solution worse, and if a given line is the solution to two sets $A\subset B$ of segments, and adding a new segment $x$ to $A$ doesn't change the solution (because the line cuts $x$ in pieces shorter than $l$) then adding $x$ to $B$ also doesn't change the solution (because the same line cuts $x$ in the same way).
So the main remaining question is whether this problem has bounded dimension, where the dimension of an LP-type problem is defined as the largest size of a minimal instance with a given solution value. So, in any problem of this type, is there a subset of a constant number of the line segments that has the same solution as the whole problem? I think the answer must be yes, because the optimal line must cross some three segments at points that are at distance $l$ from the ends of their segments (else it could be moved continuously to a better solution) and those three segments should determine the solution value.
share|cite|improve this answer
This is very helpful to me since I didn't know about LP-type problems before. Thank you very much. – 101011 Feb 1 '13 at 20:07
Your Answer


The Liberation Health Group is open to all advocates of social justice and human liberation involved in the struggle for a healthy society. We understand "health" as more than the absence of disease and are committed to addressing the personal, cultural, and institutional barriers that prevent us from being healthy!
Members of our group work to better understand liberation health theories and methodologies in the practice of client empowerment. We strive to link immediate issues and struggles relating to our current health care system to the larger societal structures that regulate it and the dominant worldview messages that rationalize the existing unjust allocation and distribution of resources and services.
As health care workers and clients, we recognize the need to ally with our brothers and sisters who are experiencing oppression, here in Boston, and around the world. Our solidarity with the individual clients, families, and communities with whom we work means recognizing their right to meaningful participation in the health decisions that affect their lives.
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Open Access Articles- Top Results for Critical engine
Critical engine
The critical engine of a multi-engine, fixed-wing aircraft is the one whose failure would result in the most adverse effects on the aircraft's handling and performance. On propeller aircraft, there is a difference in the remaining yawing moments after failure of the left or the right (outboard) engine when all propellers rotate in the same direction due to the P-factor. On turbojet/ turbofan aircraft, there usually is no difference between the yawing moments after failure of a left or right (outboard) engine. An engine can also be called critical when it is the only engine that drives a hydraulic pump for augmenting/ boosting flight controls.
Description
When one of the engines on a typical multi-engine aircraft becomes inoperative, a thrust imbalance exists between the operative and inoperative sides of the aircraft. This thrust imbalance causes several negative effects in addition to the loss of one engine's thrust.
During the design phase of the aircraft, the tail design engineer sizes the vertical stabilizer/ tail to comply with the controllability and performance requirements after engine failure in Aviation Regulations.[1][2]
During the experimental flight test phase of a multi-engine aircraft, the Experimental Test Pilot and Flight Test Engineer determine which of the engines is the critical engine. Definitions of the critical engine can also be found in Flight Test Guides for Part 23 and Part 25 airplanes, issued by the FAA[3][4] and by EASA.[5]
Factors affecting engine criticality
Asymmetrical yaw
When one engine becomes inoperative, a yawing moment develops, the magnitude of which is equal to the lateral distance of the thrust vector of the operative engine to the center of gravity (C.G.), also called moment arm, multiplied by the thrust of the engine. In addition, a rolling moment might develop due to asymmetrical propulsive lift generated by the wing section behind the operative propeller. These moments yaw and/ or roll the aircraft towards the inoperative engine, a tendency which must be counteracted by the pilot's use of the flight controls: rudder and ailerons. Due to P-factor, a clockwise rotating right-hand propeller on the right wing typically develops its resultant thrust vector at a greater lateral distance from the aircraft's C.G. than the clockwise rotating left-hand propeller (Figure 1). The failure of the left-hand engine will result in a larger remaining yawing moment by the operating right-hand engine, rather than vice versa. Since the operating right-hand engine produces a larger yawing moment, the pilot will need to use larger control deflections in order to maintain aircraft control, or a higher speed. Thus, the failure of the left-hand engine is less desirable than failure of the right-hand engine, and the left-hand engine is called critical.
It is important to note, however, that this example depends upon both propellers rotating clockwise as viewed from the rear. On aircraft with counter-clockwise-rotating propellers (such as the de Havilland Dove), the right engine would be the critical engine.
Most aircraft which have counter-rotating propellers do not have a critical engine defined by the above mechanism, because the two propellers are made to rotate inward from the top of the arc; both engines are equally critical. However, some aircraft, such as the Lockheed P-38 Lightning had propeller rotation purposely reversed to reduce downwash on the central horizontal stabilizer, to make for better gunnery. These engines were both also equally critical, but more critical than inward rotating propellers.[6]
Aircraft with centre line thrust propeller configurations (e.g. the Cessna 337) may still have a critical engine, if failure of one engine (either the front or rear) has more of a negative effect on aircraft control or climb performance than failure of the other engine although the yawing and rolling moments will be small.
File:Criticalengine1.jpg
Fig. 1. The operating right-hand engine will produce a more severe yawing moment towards the dead engine, thus making the failure of the left-hand engine critical
Effect of the Critical Engine on Minimum Control Speed VMC
Airworthiness Standards and Certification Specifications (§ 23.149 and § 25.149) require the manufacturer to determine a minimum control speed at which the airplane is controllable after failure of the critical engine and publish this speed in the Limitations Section of the Airplane Flight Manual.[1][2] The published Minimum Control Speeds (VMC's) of the aircraft are measured while the critical engine fails or is inoperative, hence, the effect of the failure of the critical engine is included in the published VMC's. When anyone of the other engines fails or is inoperative, the actual VMC that the pilot experiences in-flight will be a bit lower, which is safer, but this decrement is not documented. The critical engine is just one of the factors that influences the VMC's of the aircraft. The published VMC's are therefore safe, whatever engine fails or is inoperative. Hence, (airline) pilots should not have to know about the criticality of an engine. The critical engine is defined in Aviation Regulations for use by airplane tail design engineers for sizing the tail, and by experimental test pilots for measuring VMC's in-flight. Other factors, like bank angle and thrust, have a much greater effect on VMC's than the difference of a critical and a non-critical engine. Please refer to the minimum control speed article for detailed information.
File:A400M - yawing moments after engine failure.png
Fig. 2. A400M, counterrotating propellers on each wing; the most important yawing moments after failure of #1 engine
An interesting case is the Airbus A400M. Unique to the propulsion system of this airplane are the counter-rotating propellers on both wings; both propellers on each wing rotate in opposite direction to each other, down in-between. If both engines on a wing are operative, the shift of the thrust vector with increasing angle of attack is always towards the other engine on the same wing. The effect is that the resultant thrust vector of both engines on the same wing does not shift as the angle of attack of the airplane increases, as long as both engines are operating. There is no overall P-factor; there will be no difference in magnitude of remaining thrust yawing moments after failure of either engine #1 or #4 with increasing AOA, only in direction left or right. This means that the minimum control speed during takeoff (VMC) and/ or in the Air (VMCA) after failure of either one of the outboard engines will be the same, unless (boosting) systems, that may be required for controlling the airplane, are installed on only one of the outboard engines. This airplane does therefore not have a left- or right-hand critical engine; both out-board engines are equally critical.
If an outboard engine fails, for instance #1 as shown in Figure 2, the moment arm of the vector of the remaining thrust on that wing reduces from in between the engines to a bit outside of the remaining inboard engine. The vector itself is 50% of the opposite thrust vector. The resulting thrust yawing moment is much smaller than would be the case for conventional propeller rotation. The maximum rudder yawing moment to counteract the asymmetrical thrust can be smaller and consequently, the size of vertical tail of this airplane can be smaller. There is however one very important condition: the feathering system of the big 8-bladed, 17.5 ft (5.33 m) diameter and therefore high drag propellers must be automatic, very rapid and failure free to ensure the lowest possible propeller drag following a propulsion system malfunction. If not, a failure of the feathering system of an outboard engine will increase propeller drag, which in turn enhances the thrust yawing moment considerably therewith increasing actual VMC(A). The control power generated by the small vertical tail and rudder alone is low by the small design. Only rapid reduction of thrust of the opposite engine, or (increased) airspeed can restore the required control power to maintain straight flight following the failure of a feathering system. Designing and approving the feathering system for this airplane will be a real challenge to the design engineers and the certification authorities.
On airplanes with very powerful engines, an asymmetrical thrust problem is also being solved by applying automatic thrust asymmetry compensation, but this has consequences for takeoff performance as well.
References
 1. ^ a b Federal Aviation Administration, USA. "Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)". Title 14, Part 23 and Part 25, § 149. Retrieved Oct 28, 2013.
 2. ^ a b European Aviation Safety Agency. "Certification Specifications (CS)". CS-23 and CS-25, § 149. Retrieved Oct 28, 2013.
 3. ^ Federal Aviation Administration, USA. "Advisory Circular 23-8C, Flight Test Guide" (PDF). Retrieved Oct 28, 2013.
 4. ^ Federal Aviation Administration, USA. "Advisory Circular 25-7B. Flight Test Guide" (PDF). Retrieved Oct 28, 2013.
 5. ^ European Aviation Safety Agency. "Certification Specification 23 Flight Test Guide" (PDF). Retrieved Oct 28, 2013.
 6. ^ Garrison, Peter (February 2005). "P Factor, Torque and the Critical Engine". Flying 132 (2): 99. ISSN 0015-4806.
Airplane Flying Handbook. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.: U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. 2004. pp


History of Chile during the Parliamentary Era (1891–1925)
History Of Chile During The Parliamentary Era (1891–1925)
History of Chile during the Parliamentary Era (1891–1925)
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The Parliamentary Era in Chile began in 1891, at the end of the Civil War, and spanned until 1925 and the establishment of the 1925 Constitution. Also called "pseudo-parliamentary" period or "Parliamentary Republic", this period was thus named because it established a quasi-parliamentary system based on the interpretation of the 1833 Constitution following the defeat of President José Manuel Balmaceda during the Civil War. As opposed to a "true parliamentary" system, the executive was subject to the legislative but checks and balances of executive over the legislature were weakened. The President remained the head of state but its powers and control of the government were reduced. The Parliamentary Republic lasted until the 1925 Constitution drafted by President Arturo Alessandri and his minister José Maza. The new Constitution created a presidential system, which lasted, with several modifications, until the 1973 coup d'état. In the late 19th century and early 20th Chile temporary resolved its border disputes with Argentina with the Puna de Atacama Lawsuit of 1899, the Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina and the 1902 General Treaty of Arbitration.
The pseudo-parliamentary system was established in Chile following José Manuel Balmaceda's defeat in the 1891 Civil War. Whereas in a complete parliamentary system the chief of government is designed by the parliamentary majority, and usually belongs to it, the...
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You can obtain information about the current state of a channel including a list of unique user-ids currently subscribed to the channel and the total occupancy count of the channel by calling the hereNow() function in your application.
To call Here Now you can use the following method(s) in the AngularJS V4 SDK:
You can obtain information about the current list of channels to which a uuid is subscribed to by calling the whereNow function in your application.
If the app is killed/crashes and restarted (or the page containing the PubNub instance is refreshed on the browser) within the heartbeat window no timeout event is generated.
To call whereNow you can use the following method(s) in the AngularJS V4 SDK:
The state API is used to set/get key/value pairs specific to a subscriber uuid.
State information is supplied as a JSON object of key/value pairs.


MMA Forum - UFC Forums - UFC Results - MMA Videos - View Single Post - Independent Knee
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Old 07-07-2007, 10:55 AM #1 (permalink)
MMA Fanatic
Join Date: Nov 2006
Posts: 14
joelovesfishin has a little shameless behaviour in the past
Independent Knee
Hey Fellow Fighters,
I usually post articles in the Muay Thai section, but thought this area would be more fitting.
I posted an article about properly using the Independent Knee. Videos are located at the following link:
Independent Knee Article
One of my favorite knees to teach students is the Independent Knee (IK) and is the foundation I teach the other knees. An IK is a knee without the use of a clinch or leaping off the ground (AKA Flying Knee). I teach it one of several ways; grabbing the shoulder, the top of the head or nothing at all. Like most "advanced" techniques the IK should be set up with some other technique, i.e.; punch, kick, etc. The time that you may not have to set up the IK with another technique is if you're fighting someone that pushes their way forward with their head down, i.e.; an unskilled boxer turned Muay Thai Kickboxer.
Here's how to do the basic Independent Knee:
1. Punch or kick your opponent and when you see they have ducked or covered.
2. Reach out with your right hand and grab their right shoulder or top of their head.
3. Tuck your chin and have your left arm come across your face covering your right temple.
4. Push your knee out (not up - VERY IMPORTANT)
5. Lean your torso back
6. Pull the shoulder/head with you
7. Drive your knee with your hips
You can do this without grabbing anything. Just drive your knee out towards your opponent.
Some of the problems that I've seen with this technique are:
1. Not setting up the Independent Knee and just throwing it out there.
2. Not throwing it like you mean it - If you're going to use the IK, use it forcefully.
3. Not leaning far enough back to get the hips into the motion.
4. Not protecting your melon.
Here are two videos that use the Independent Knee. See if you can determine who uses the technique more effectively. Why is one technique better than the other? What did they do right? What did they do wrong? What could they do to improve their technique?
Buakaw vs. Kalakoda, K-1 Max Elimination, 05Apr06
Zambidis vs. Drago, K-1 World Max, 26Jun07
A blog to help reinforce the lessons I teach my students by seeing actual fighters using the same technique. Feel free to post constructive feedback.
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text:
Lead: Peter Sanful (UENR, Ghana)
Co-lead: Dennis Trolle (AU, Denmark)
Adelina Mensah (UG, Ghana)
The project will focus on strong engagement with fishermen and riparian communities to facilitate the translation of scientific information and research outputs into sustainable fishing and land use practices with the involvement of other key stakeholders. Scientific information obtained will be used to promote sustainable watershed and fisheries management through a variety of avenues, including workshops (which will coincide with the annual projects meetings in Ghana), seminars, conferences, scientific papers and community education campaigns. Looking beyond the timeframe of the project, the knowledge and competences acquired as part of the project may ultimately help establish the basis for a watershed and fisheries management agency in Ghana.
Ø Build local capacity in sustainable lake and fisheries management
Ø Dissemination of results via project website and other media
Ø Facilitate local and external networking
Build local capacity (through hands-on workshops) to facilitate the adoption and
application of lake models and scientific research outputs in the sustainable
management of the lake.
Develop technical and scientific materials to influence policy and management
of the lake and facilitate community engagement (including posters, a
documentary and radio interviews)
Scientific publications, conferences, seminars.
Facilitate local and external networking through annual meetings and social media.
Create website and database for stakeholder access to facilitate strategic decision-making.


The All-Weather Radar That Keeps Your Plane from Landing on Luggage Trolleys
The ASDE-3/AMASS radar system that spotted an errant Jeep on Philadelphia International's runways has one fatal flaw—it thinks raindrops are incoming jets and goes nuts during downpours. The ASDE Model X, however, monitors runways rain or shine.
Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE) and its add-on, the Airport Movement Area Safety System (AMASS) are designed to provide automated audio and visual alerts if it detects a potential runway collision when a plane is landing or taking off. In service since 2001—when it was installed at San Francisco International—it does so by predicting the movements of aircraft in relation to ground vehicles. However, the ASDE/AMASS system has to be shut off during storms because it mistakes raindrops for airplanes. This system was offline in 2005 when a passenger jet and cargo plane nearly collided at JFK, during a nighttime storm.
The ASDE-X system, however, is not affected by precipitation. The Model X employs a huge variety of data including surface movement radar, multilateration sensors, Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast sensors, terminal radar, the terminal's own automation system, and transponders affixed to aircraft and service vehicles. The system takes all this data, mashes it together and outputs it to a real-time, color-coded map of the airports runways and taxiways. It keeps tabs on everything moving on the tarmac as well as all aircraft within 5 miles (and in some cases up to 60) of the airport.
The first Model X was installed in 2003 at General Mitchell International Airport in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Since then it has been installed in 35 of the nation's busiest transportation hubs including Chicago's O'Hare, Dallas-Ft Worth, JFK International, John Wayne Airport, Dulles International, Sky Harbor in Phoenix. And, since it is built from mostly off-the shelf components, the ASDE-X offers significant cost savings over the ASDE-3/AMASS system. [AMASS Wiki - ASDE-X Wiki - FAA 1 - FAA 2 - FAA 3 - NATCA]


You have extra parts: Organs you can live without
Screws by Martin Pettitt on Flickr. Used under Creative Commons license.
Screws (Martin Pettitt/Flickr)
One of the first thing I heard about the new pope after the white smoke rose was that he has only one lung. Has for his entire adult life. And yet, he seems to have made it to 76 with few problems.
Which got me thinking: I've long heard that there are certain organs that you can live without or with only part of. But I've never know exactly which ones they are, or why you can get away without them. So I started poking around.
Of the major organs (which I define to be the heart, lungs,and brain…argue it with me all you want), the lungs are the only that you have a pair of, so it makes some sense that you can live with only one. But let's see what else we can lose:
 - A kidney. You can be born without one, have one removed because of illness, or donate one to someone else and be perfectly fine. Really, you can live without any kidneys at all, but you'd have to go on dialysis, just like you can live without a heart as long as you have an artificial one. And for the purposes of this discussion, that's cheating.
 - Your appendix. People don't often care about the appendix unless they're one of the 250,000 or so people just in the US who come down with appendicitis every year — largely because no one is quite sure what the appendix is for. The prevailing theory for decades has been that it's vestigial, a leftover from ages past that we haven't eliminated yet because, from an evolutionary standpoint, there hasn't been a reason to.However, that theory's being re-thought, as a research team led by scientists at Midwestern University in Arizona and Duke University recently found that the appendix may have evolved more than 30 times and is found, in some form, in more than 50 different species. There's also some thought that it might serve a really useful purpose: as a kind of safe house for the good bacteria usually found in our guts, the ones that help us digest food and keep bad (read: diarrhea-causing) bugs out. Think of it as like the refrigerator for a bread dough starter.
 - The stomach. (Gray's Anatomy/Wikimedia Commons)
 Your stomach. Yes you read that right. For some stomach cancer patients, or people at high risk of developing stomach cancer, the best thing is to take the whole thing out and connect the esophagus directly to the small intestine. But the body can adapt. In the long run, the only real problem that comes with living without a stomach is problems absorbing some vitamins.
 - Your spleen. This purple, fist-shaped organ to the left of your stomach is actually part of your immune system. It's kind of like a checkpoint for the blood, looking out for signs of infection and passing anything it finds on to the T, B, and other cells that actually do the work of kicking bacteria and viruses out. It also cleans your blood of old, used up red blood cells (the cells that carry oxygen to different parts of your body).Your immune system has other ways of detecting infection, though, and the liver can take over some of the spleens blood-cleaning work if need be. And while living without a spleen can make you more susceptible to certain bugs, you'd mostly be just fine.
 - Reproductive organs. Squeamish as it makes me to say, the testicles, ovaries, and uterus can all go. I'm not saying it's pleasant, but it's doable.
 - Your sensory organs. Eyes, ears, and nose.
And then there are the organs that you can live with only part of:
 - Your intestines. And I'm talking large and small. You can't take out all of them — you wouldn't be able to digest food anymore — but if necessary large portions can go.
The liver. (Gray's Anatomy/Wikimedia Commons)
 - Your liver. The Greeks had it right with the myth of Prometheus, the Titan who brought fire to man and, as a punishment, was chained to a rock so that an eagle could eat his liver every day. His liver grew back every night, though, and yours can too.Ok, it wouldn't grow back that quickly. But living donor liver transplants aren't uncommon. Because the liver has amazing powers of regrowth, doctors can take part of a healthy liver from one person and use it to replace the diseased liver of another. In both people, the liver will grow back to full size.
 - Your brain. Talk about a radical operation. But for some patients with really severe seizures, a hemispherectomy — that is, surgery to remove one of the brain's two hemispheres — is the only way to get the seizures to stop.One can live surprisingly well with only half a brain, however (insert political quip here). The only real long term consequences seem to be loss of use of the arm and vision in the eye opposite to the side of the brain that's removed. In other words, if the left side of your brain is taken out, you won't be able to use your right arm or see out of your right eye. But you'll still be able to walk and talk.
That's pretty much everything I've come up with, which to my mind is a pretty long list. I can't imagine anyone living without everything on this list, but I guess it would be physically possible — I guess it depends on how you define "living."
That all being said, I'm sure I've missed something, and so I just posted a question on Quora. If you think of something I should add, let me know the what, why and how either on Quora or in the comments.
7 responses to "You have extra parts: Organs you can live without
 - True, but I was going for things you could lose and survive without artificial assistance. Which is why losing half a brain still, um, blows my mind.
 1. Pingback: The stuff that bones are made of | You've Got Some Science On You·
 2. You forgot tonsils. I've had 3 on your list (repro, gall bladder, appendix) and tonsils removed. I was just curious what else I could lose and still live which is why I went looking for this topic. 🙂
 3. My husband is living with less than half a pancreas… And has been since he was 22 years old… He takes insulin and enzymes daily
 4. Pingback: Quick Fact: It is possible for a human being to survive without... - Quick Facts·
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Limestones in the South of the Island were formed, in the Carboniferous period, around 330 million years ago
When Limestones were formed the Isle of Man was positioned close to the equator with much of the Island submerged beneath a shallow, tropical sea. This sea was inhabited by organisms such as corals, crinoids (a type of brittle star), numerous shellfish, primitive sharks and algae. The algae would grow together as clumps of slime on the sea bed. The slime would accrete calcium carbonate and trap mud, building up a solid mound of limestone representing an early form of reef.


text:
Fine documentary Lost Rivers tracks the rediscovery of waterways once buried under cities.
LOST RIVERS (Caroline Bâcle). 72 minutes. Some subtitles. Opens Friday (March 1). For venues and times, see listings. Rating: NNNN
Finally getting a commercial release after opening last year's Planet In Focus Film Festival, Lost Rivers is Montreal documentarian Caroline Bâcle's exploration of a curious human trait.
Throughout history, we've built cities along rivers, eventually burying them underneath our ever-expanding urban habitats. But in recent years, activists and city planners have tried to bring those rivers back to the surface, restoring and reintegrating nature back into metropolitan space.
Bâcle travels around the globe to find rivers in various states of rediscovery. In Seoul, the Cheonggyecheon Stream has become the centrepiece of a massive urban beautification project. It's mirrored by efforts to restore the Saw Mill River in Yonkers, New York.
Not every buried river is likely to see sunlight again. The rivers of London remain hidden beneath its roads (except for the Thames, of course), and here in Toronto, Garrison Creek stays buried beneath the Trinity Bellwoods dog bowl.
Bâcle gives them all their due in a crisply edited, ultimately hopeful documentary. Lost Rivers reminds us of the value of the natural world, suggesting that world is always just a few feet away, waiting to return.


text:
Projecting a Positive Image
Research shows that people form an impression of you within three to six seconds of meeting you. This initial impression becomes a lasting association. It is constantly being reinforced by emotions and reason. These initial impressions are rarely rationally based but rather are based on factors such as manners, appearance and dress. Since others are judging you, it would behoove you to understand what positive characteristics you exhibit and how to reinforce them and what potential negative characteristics you manifest and how to modify or eliminate their impact.
This highly interactive half-day seminar focuses on providing tips and techniques for immediate application. Projecting a Positive Image comprehensively reviews virtually every aspect of personal image and style. Practical examples and creative ideas for increasing confidence, poise, etiquette and professional style are shared. Through numerous exercises and feedback, participants develop a plan for properly packaging themselves with self-respect and respect for others.


text:
Trelawny Heritage Sites
Welcome to the JNHT Trelawny Heritage Sites.
- Falmouth Parish Church - Built in 1795, is the oldest public building in the town.
- Kettering Baptist - associated with William Knibb, who founded the Kettering Free Village. The Church was founded in 1844.
- Falmouth Court House - erected in 1815, the building is a Georgian design.
- Fort Dundas - 1778 is the suggested date the fort was built.
- Kettering - named after the birthplace of the late Reverend William Knibb in Northampton, England.
- Good Hope Great House - formed through a land grant, given to Colonel Thomas Williams.
- Granville - Originally 90 acres of land acquired by Reverend William Knibb, a Baptist minister to use as a free village was sanctioned by the Missionary Society of England.
- Time and Patience - The persons to whom lands were granted gave it this apt name, declaring time and patience work wonders.
- Green Park Great House - originally called Green Pond by its first owner George Sinclair of St. Ann
- Falmouth - capital of the parish of Trelawny, which is on the north side of western Jamaica
- Stewart Castle - location of the ruins of an impressive cut stone mansion
- Stewart Castle Development Proposal
- Falmouth Wharves - stand as a reminder of the town's former glory.
- Rio Bueno - a small town, the subject of James Bartholomew Kidd's lithographic print of Rio Bueno, in 1835.
- Persian Water Wheel - ordered by the Falmouth Water Company and installed in 1798.


RubyGems.org
intermine
1.04.00
Webservice Client Library for InterMine Data-Warehouses
This library provides an interface to the InterMine webservices API. It makes construction and execution of queries more straightforward, safe and convenient, and allows for results to be used directly in Ruby code. As well as traditional row based access, the library provides an object-orientated record result format (similar to ActiveRecords), and allows for fast, memory efficient iteration of result sets.
Example
Get all protein domains associated with a set of genes and print their names:
require "intermine/service"
Service.new("_URL_
 new_query("Pathway")
 select(:name).
 where("genes.symbol" => ["zen", "hox", "h", "bib"]).
 each_row { |row| puts row[:name]}
Who is this for?
InterMine data warehouses are typically constructed to hold Biological data, and as this library facilitates programmatic access to these data, this install is primarily aimed at bioinformaticians. In particular, users of the following services may find it especially useful:
* FlyMine (_URL_
* YeastMine (_URL_
* RatMine (_URL_
* modMine (_URL_
* metabolicMine (_URL_
How to use this library:
We have tried to construct an interface to this library that does not require you to learn an entirely new set of concepts. As such, as well as the underlying methods that are common to all libraries, there is an additional set of aliases and sugar methods that emulate the DSL style of SQL:
SQL style
service = Service.new("_URL_
service.model.
 table("Gene").
 select("*", "pathways.*").
 where(:symbol => "zen").
 order_by(:symbol).
 outerjoin(:pathways).
 each_row do |r|
 puts r
 end
Common InterMine interface
service = Service.new("_URL_
query = service.new_query("Gene")
query.add_views("*", "pathways.*")
query.add_constraint("symbol", "=", "zen")
query.add_sort_order(:symbol)
query.add_join(:pathways)
query.each_row do |r|
 puts r
end
For more details, see the accompanying documentation and the unit tests for interface examples. Further documentation is available at _URL_.
Support
Support is available on our development mailing list: _EMAIL_
License
This code is Open Source under the LGPL. Source code for all InterMine code can be checked out from svn://subversion.flymine.org/flymine
installgem install intermine
Authors
Alex Kalderimis
18,591 total downloads 751 for this version
Owners
B939a41c70402cb3e5551fc3d4d2556e
Licenses
LGPL
Gemfile
gem 'intermine', '~> 1.04.00'
Versions
 1. 1.04.00 July 8, 2013 (59 KB)
 2. 1.03.00 July 4, 2013 (58.5 KB)
 3. 1.02.00 June 27, 2013 (58.5 KB)
 4. 1.01.01 June 27, 2013 (58 KB)
 5. 1.01.00 March 1, 2013 (58 KB)
Show all versions (20 total)
Runtime Dependencies
 1. json >= 0


Review – Xoc: The Journey of a Great White
Comic-Con is full of pleasant surprises. Example: While wandering the floor and visiting the Oni Press booth, I came across the graphic novel Xoc: The Journey of a Great White by Matt Dembicki. The book intrigued me, since my job revolves around the teaching of marine science and conservation. I purchased it and was rewarded with an entertaining, well-informed, and conservation-aware tale of one of the ocean's most well-known but least-understood predators.
Xoc (pronounced "shock", an ancient Mayan word for "demon fish" and possible origin of the work "shark") compiles in a hardcover volume a series of comics published by Dembicki over the last several years, all comprising a single narrative. The story follows Xoc, a 17-foot great white, as she migrates some 2,300 miles from her feeding grounds at California's Farallon Islands to the warmer waters of Maui to give birth. Joined by an injured loggerhead sea turtle following the same migratory route, Xoc encounters many exotic sea creatures along the way, from deep-sea anglerfish to a sperm whale locked in combat with a giant squid. She also struggles to find prey to sustain her through the journey and deals with threats both natural–such as defensive dolphins and aggressive killer whales–to man-made–such as islands of marine debris and shark-finning boats.
The book is more than just an illustrated nature documentary, though. Dembicki gives Xoc and her turtle companion dialogue to help build their personalities (insomuch as a huge shark can have personality), and builds pathos for the characters so that I really cared about seeing them reach their destination and felt a sense of urgency when they were in peril. And if you're any of my coworkers, the ending–though well set-up–will likely give you a serious case of sadface. It's visually interesting, too: Not only is the marine life well-drawn and true-to-life, the panels are divided and arranged creatively so that, during those long stretches of journey when there isn't much action and the narration captions take over, the pages are still visually intriguing and draw the eye to the artwork.
What struck me most about Xoc was the accuracy of the scientific information and the conservation topics interwoven throughout. Dembicki obviously did his homework: Xoc detects the weak electrical charges generated by other animals; She seeks out the weakest prey; She navigates by the sun and by the earth's magnetic fields. The man-made threats she and her turtle companion face are very real: The wasteful practice of finning–removing the valuable fins while throwing the rest of the shark back to die–kills tens of millions of sharks annually. Masses of marine litter such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch entangle and are ingested by marine life, and leach harmful chemicals into the water. Loggerheads and other sea turtles mistake drifting plastic bags for their jellyfish prey and ingest them, impacting their digestive systems and eventually killing them. At the end of the book Dembicki covers these and other conservation topics, including the Shark Conservation Act signed into law by President Obama last year, and provides sources for more information on sharks and their conservation.
Xoc not only entertains, it educates. What's more, it encourages comic book readers to learn and care about marine ecosystems and the animals that live there. And for a medium generally known for superhero stories, that's pretty fantastic. Xoc was available at Comic-Con but is officially released July 25th, at which point you can order it from Oni Press. Or you can preorder it now from Amazon.
Additional Xoc links:
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text:
may be found in SAM, appendix 3.
Not all subset relations are equally significant. For instance, the statement that the major chord is a subset of the 12-note set, although true, is insignificant, because all sets are subsets of the 12-note set; i.e., the statement is not discriminating. The larger the superset is, the less significant are its subsets. A 3-note subset is more significant if it is a subset of a 4-note set, than it is if it were a subset of an 9-note set. This observation leads to a method for establishing subset significance. It is suggested here that a subset whose cardinality is more than half of the superset is more significant than one that is not. In this way one may make a distinction between significant-subsets (mapping>50%) by labelling them with an S, and a less-significant subset (mapping<=50%) by labelling it with a +.
To determine if one set is contained in another place both in prime form. In some cases, the pins of the smaller set will be the same as those of the larger set and can, thus, reveal the subset relation. But, most of the time this will not be the case.
Figure the intervals between successive pins of both sets. These intervals should, as usual, be considered cyclic. If the div of the smaller set can be aligned with the larger or with successive sums of the larger, then the subset relation applies.
Two sets are in the complement relation when one contains all the pcs that are excluded from the other. For example, a C major scale excludes "black keys". The five black keys are its complement, and vice versa. Thus, a 7-note set has a 5-note complement, a 4-note set has an 8-note complement, etc., where the complement cardinalities always add up to 12.
In the table of sets, sets with complementary cardinalities and the same ordinal number are complements. But, if one has a B ending, the complement does not. Exceptions to this are indicated with a < sign in the table of sets. This sign indicates that the complement has the same name ending.
All hexachords have hexachord complements. Many are there own complements, except for the B ending. Those that are not their own complements identify their complements by the ordinal number that follows two dots in the set name. These dots also identify Z-sets, those that have the same interval vector.
Every set is in the subset relation to its complement except for the complementary couple 7-Z12/5-Z12.
The cardinality of the two sets must add up to 12. Write the pins of the complement of one of the sets and place it in prime form. If this matches the other set, the two sets are complements.
Similarity relations are used to describe the relationships between sets of the same cardinality. These are based upon pc similarity and ic similarity.
Allen Forte describes four basic types of similarity relations, which he designates Rp, Ro, R1, and R2. Rp is determined by pc similarity, and the other three are determined by ic similarity.
Rp, maximum similarity of pc, exists when the two sets of cardinality C have at least one common subset of cardinality C-1, which is the same as saying that there is one unmatched pc.
Forte remarks that Rp by itself is "not especially significant" because it is too common, and leaves it at that. By Forte's Rp criteria, for example, 014 would be just as similar to 047 (major chord) as is 037 (minor chord). And, 014 is just as similar to 037 (minor chord) as is 036 (diminished chord). This does not agree with the way these chords are commonly perceived.
For a revision of Rp that would agree more with our perceived notions of similarity, one could require that the unmatched pc pair be within a semitone of a match. This makes the criteria for maximal similarity more selective, more distinguished, and corresponding more closely to our perceived notions of similarity. This type of similarity could be designated as simply P.
Ro, called "minimum similarity", exists when two set of cardinality C have no corresponding interval vector digits in common.
R1 and R2 are known as maximum similarity of interval class. Such is the case when four out of their six iv digits are equivalent. The remaining two dissimilar digits determine the difference between R1 and R2. If these are the same numbers but switched in position, then the relation is R1. If the two dissimiar digits are simply not equivalent, even if switched, the relation is R2.
1. They must be the same cardinality C.
2. They have four out of six iv digits corresponding and parallel (same position). (R1/R2)
3. They have all but one pc correspondence. (Rp)
Maximal similarity exists when two pc sets of the same cardinality can be mapped to one another, with the exception of one pc in one of the sets. Additionally, the interval vectors of the two sets must have four out of six matches.
These may be called the X relation (Forte's R1) when the unmatched digits are switched and the O relation (Forte's R2) when they are not. (The reasons for changing Forte's symbols become apparent when a single letter is needed on a "Relations Triangle". Additionally, X and O are easier to remember, because they neatly describe their respective relations in the shape of the letters.)
Another type of maximal similarity, called simply the R relation, is more selective, and is based upon a perception model that is statistically determined. By this criteria it is assumed that the perception of the similarity of small sets is easier than is the perception of the similarity of large ones; i.e., the similarity of, say, 9-note sets would be more difficult to perceive than their complements, 3-note sets. Thus, a formula is constructed to simulate this difference in perception. To satisfy R the sets must meet the following criteria:
1. Two pc sets of the same cardinality can be mapped to one another, with the exception of one pc in one of the sets, which must be within a semitone of a match with the unmatched pc of the other set.
2. There must be a minimum of interval correspondence T, where T equals the total number of ics corresponding in the two sets. T must be equal or greater than SC/8, where S is the sum of the ics in the set cardinality (the sum of the digits in the iv), and C is the cardinality.
As an example, compare the following two sets, given in prime form with their interval vectors:
C=6, the cardinality. Comparing the primes, only one pin pair is unmatched (8 and 9), and they are a semitone apart, which satisfies condition 1. Then observing the ivs, the sum (S) of the ics in this cardinality is 15. (This is determined by adding the numbers in either iv. All sets of cardinality C will have the same S.)
To determine T: The number of ics common in each iv position is equal to the smaller number (comparing each pair of digits in the same position), and 132321 is the result. Adding these together gives T, which is 12 in this case.
The number 8 is the cardinality chosen to represent a reasonable limit to the perception of R; i.e., sets having cardinalities greater than 7 cannot have the R relation (although they may have other maximally similar relations).
Since SC/8=11.25 and T=12 is greater, the two sets of our example meet the criteria for the R relation.
Various operations are commonly performed on pc sets. These include rotations (CEG becomes EGC, GCE, ECG, etc.) and registral displacement. These operations have no effect on pc content. That is, they remain invariant under these operations.
Two operations that are commonly performed on pc sets that can alter pc content are (1) transposition and (2) inversion.
Pc sets often maintain some pc invariance after a transposition. A common example is the whole-tone scale, 02468A, or 6-35*. When this set is transposed by 2 semitones all of its pcs are held invariant. This would, of course, have important compositional consequences. It would be important, then, to know when pcs are held invariant under the operation of transposition. We can determine this by examining the iv of a pc set. 6-35* has an iv of 060603. The number that appears in each position indicates the number of pcs held invariant when transposed by its respective ic. Thus, the 6 that appears in ic position 2 reveals that when this set is transposed by 2 semitones (t2), 6 pcs (all) are held invariant. Since this is an ic transposition it may be either up or down, i.e., t2 or t10. A zero in the first position reveals that when this set is transposed by 1 semitone no pcs are held constant (also true for t11). The same is true of t3 and t9. There is a 6 in the ic4 position, meaning that at t4 or t8, 6 pcs (all) are again held constant. The 3 in the ic6 position, however, may seem puzzling at first. But, recall that 6 is its own inversion; therefore, the number of invariant pcs is double the number in the ic6 position

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu