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- About iGov
- Past Events
- Contact Us
- Working Papers
The slow diffusion of new technology in the agricultural sector of developing countries has long puzzled development economists. While most of the current empirical research on technology adoption focuses on credit constraints and learning spillovers, this paper examines the role of individual risk attitudes in the decision to adopt a new form of agricultural biotechnology in China. I conducted a survey and a field experiment to elicit the risk preferences of 320 Chinese farmers, who faced the decision of whether to adopt genetically modified Bt cotton a decade ago. Bt cotton is more effective in pest prevention and thus requires less pesticides than traditional cotton. In my analysis, I expand the measurement of risk preferences beyond expected utility theory to incorporate prospect theory parameters such as loss aversion and nonlinear probability weighting. Using the parameters elicited from the experiment, I find that farmers who are more risk averse or more loss averse adopt Bt cotton later. Farmers who overweight small probabilities adopt Bt cotton earlier.
UC Berkeley on May 6-7, 2011 Link to Book


Council celebrates Botswana's ruling upholding Bushmen's right to water
Media Release
January 27, 2011
The Botswana Court of Appeal upheld the Kalahari Bushmen's right to water by quashing a 2010 decision that denied the Bushmen access to a borehole on their ancestral lands.
"This is a major win, it's the first test case of the right to water resolution at the United Nations," says Maude Barlow, Council of Canadians chairperson and former Senior Advisor on Water to the President of the UN General Assembly. The UN General Assembly and UN Human Rights Council passed resolutions last year recognizing the right to water and sanitation.
A Bushman spokesman said, 'We are very happy that our rights have finally been recognized. Like any human beings, we need water to live.'"
The Kalahari Bushmen have been embroiled in a 30-year battle for their right to ancestral lands and the right to water.
After diamonds were discovered in the late 1980s, the Bushmen were cleared from their lands in a wave of forced evictions. Although they were allowed to return in 2006, they were denied access to a borehole, their main source of water. Although the government allowed Gem Diamonds and Wilderness Safari access to water, the Bushmen had to resort to collecting rainwater, melons and roots for drinking water.
The Botswana Court of Appeal ruling notes the recognition of the human right to water at the UN and serves as a precedent for all countries regarding respect for the human right to water in domestic law.
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In the summer of 1495, King Hans of Denmark set sail from Copenhagen on his favorite ship, the Gribshunden. Bound for Kalmar, Sweden, the vessel carried an array of luxury goods meant to impress the Swedes and convince them to join a Scandinavian union with Denmark and Norway.
But while en route to Kalmar, the Gribshunden caught fire and sank. Hans wasn't aboard when the fire broke out, but numerous crew members died in the ensuing chaos, and the king's precious cargo was consigned to the watery depths.
Though the accident proved disastrous for Hans' negotiations with Sweden, the shipwreck itself has been a boon for modern researchers, serving as a time capsule of royal priorities in 15th-century Scandinavia. Now, reports Agence France-Presse (AFP), new research has identified a well-preserved fish recovered from the Gribshunden's pantry as a rare Atlantic sturgeon. The findings are published in the October issue of the Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports.
Classified as critically endangered by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, sturgeons are commonly found along the eastern coast of North America. Their numbers have dwindled due to overfishing and habitat loss, per the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
"For me, this has been a glimpse of what the Baltic Sea looked like before we interfered with it," says study co-author Maria Hansson, a molecular biologist at Lund University, in a statement. "Now we know that the Atlantic sturgeon was presumably part of the ecosystem."
Sturgeons have long been valued for their meat and eggs, which are eaten as caviar. The fish's swim bladders were also used to create glue and gold paint. During the medieval period, the species was so popular that a Danish law decreed all sturgeons found on the shore or caught in the water property of the king.
Archaeologists spotted the sturgeon's well-preserved remains while conducting excavations in 2019. Its bony external plates, or scutes, were scattered in and around the barrel in which crew members had stored their bounty. The team initially suspected that the fish was a type of European sturgeon, but DNA analysis identified it as an Atlantic sturgeon.
Analysis of skull bones and scutes showed that the fish measured about six and a half feet long. It was butchered before being placed in the barrel and, unlike sturgeon prepared today, was neither cleaned nor filleted.
"Since most of the Gribshunden remains are scutes, the … fisherman obviously did not follow this modern cleaning procedure," the researchers write in the paper. "It is possible that the standard butchery procedures were different, or that the crew and passengers aboard the ship at the time were unfamiliar with the species."
The authors add that the fish could have been caught by chance during the voyage. Upon recognizing the fish's high value, Hans might have insisted the crew preserve it to add to his hoard of expensive goods.
"We interpret the fish not so much as a gift but as a prestige display," co-author Brendan Foley, an archaeologist at Lund University, tells AFP.
He adds, "One possible interpretation, and the one we like best considering the political nature of the entire voyage, is that it is part of Hans' effort to subtly influence the Swedish nobles to join the Nordic union."
When the Gribshunden sank, Hans lost that source of influence. It took another two years for the Scandinavian countries to unite under the Danish leader, according to the Crafoord Foundation, which funded the recent excavations.
Swedish scuba divers found the historic shipwreck in the 1970s. Though local divers proceeded to scavenge small artifacts such as lead cannonballs and fragments of ceramic and metal items, the vessel itself remained unidentified until 2001, when divers informed the nearby Kalmar Museum of its presence. Bacteria had eaten away at the iron artifacts onboard, but wooden artifacts, including the masthead of a griffin-dog chimera holding a person's head in its mouth, remained intact.
"The wreck is in such good condition because of the strange Baltic environment," Foley tells AFP. "The low salinity here is unsuited for shipworm, which eat wood in the world's ocean system. The sea floor is a fine clay, ideal for preserving organic material, and low dissolved oxygen levels further contribute to preservation of organics."
According to the Crafoord Foundation, more than 99 percent of the Gribshunden wreck remains unexplored. As research continues, the archaeologists expect to find chests of fine clothing and other luxury items that belonged to the Danish noblemen traveling onboard.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Having no friends could be as deadly as smoking
How To Know Whether She Is Aroused and ready...
September 21, 2016 Comments Off on Ever Wondered Why Dogs Run Behind Moving Vehicles? Views: 3161 Awareness, Featured
Ever Wondered Why Dogs Run Behind Moving Vehicles?
Lately, most malayalis have taken a stand for or against street dogs. Most of us who hate them are just scared of them. Its true that when they run behind vehicles there is a possibility of accidents. But efficient drivers can manage without having one. But have you ever wondered why dogs run behind moving vehicles?
You must have seen dogs guarding poor people who are sleeping on the streets. They are their ultimate companion and really loyal to them. If you are a dog lover you will know why dogs actually bark. It is a way they show that the person is not invited in their territory. Or to find out if the person is trustworthy.
Some reasons why a dog runs behind moving vehicles are this, the dog may either be feeling hungry or just bored! When a dog finds a vehicle that has urine of any other dog, which does not belong to its territory, it can infuriate this dog further, as it'll tend to not accept any other dog from the other territory. Dogs usually get excited very fast and are curious in nature. Since moving vehicles perk up these instincts, their urge to chase those vehicles increases suddenly, and they end up running behind these vehicles. It is believed that although some dogs do it due to their share of bad experience with a driver, there are a few out there who are just very excited all the time and do it simply to kill time!
Loneliness is another reason for a dogs anxiety issues. They are very social animals and deserved to be loved. Howling is one way a dog's generally expresses its loneliness. Apart from this, the other reason to bark is just an attempt to get human attention! Sound Sensitivity Dogs have extra-sensitive hearing and smelling capability. They can hear the sound that a general human cannot hear. So, if they find any sound or any smell, which is unlikely, they would react to it by barking. For Protection Since dogs are protective by nature, it is protective about its own territory. The dog barks to let others know that something is approaching; and by barking, it makes the predator aware of its presence.


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"european" in a sentence
- Adjective: European 'yûru'peeun
Noun: European 'yûru'peeun
- Of or relating to or characteristic of Europe or the people of Europe
- A native or inhabitant of Europe
Derived forms: Europeans
See also: Europe
Type of: denizen, dweller, habitant, indweller, inhabitant
- It was built after a european model.
- The europeans produced mainly war planes.
- Certainly it captivated the european writer.
- It is a voice of european public opinions.
- european nations are relatively modest in size.
- europeans and jews do not readily assimilate.
- The tour took in six european capitals.
- I don't care much for these european potatoes.
- I accompanied him on his european travel.
- I still carry european pollution.
, "europassport" meaning
, "europe" meaning
, "europe agreements" meaning
, "europe, fortress" meaning
, "european academic and research network" meaning
, "european adder" meaning
, "european adders" meaning
, "european agricultural guidance and guarantee fund" meaning
What is the meaning of european and how to define european in English? european meaning, what does european mean in a sentence? european meaning
, translation, pronunciation, synonyms and example sentences are provided by eng.ichacha.net.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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CHRISTMAS BIBLE QUIZ
Tricky Questions Based on the Bible and Our Carols
Test your knowledge with this Christmas Bible Quiz that includes question about our Christmas carols. Some questions are definitely easier than others! (A Hint: In the carol questions, if you can hum the tune that fits the words, you will often guess right!)
1) What baby was born to a relative of Mary's, about six months before the birth of Jesus?
2) What Old Testament prophet predicted the miraculous virgin birth of Christ?
3) Which two of the four Gospels make no mention of the birth of Christ?
4) Which Christmas carol has been voted the most popular one of all?
5) What is the meaning of the name "Jesus"?
6) Joseph and Mary lived in the town of Nazareth, far to the north of Bethlehem. What was it that brought them to Bethlehem, just before Christ was born?
7) Where does the Bible tell us that Jesus was born on December 25th?
8) What carol began in the ancient church as one single word? And what was that word?
9) Was the Lord Jesus born in a stable?
10) When hosts of angels appear to them, announcing Jesus' birth, a carol says the "shepherds quake at the sight." In what carol is the quoted line found?
11) One of our carols begins, "Angels we have heard on high, / Sweetly singing o'er the plains." What did the angels sing at Jesus' birth?
12) Since there were likely other babies in Bethlehem at the time what sign did the angel give the shepherds that would enable them to identify the baby Jesus?
13) Mary laid her newborn Son in a manger. A carol says Jesus had "no crib for a bed." What is the carol?
14) What carol contains the line, "Word of the Father, now in flesh appearing"?
15) What carol quotes the angels saying to the shepherds, "All glory be to God on high, / And to the earth be peace"?
16) What carol fancifully describes "angels bending near the earth / To touch their harps of gold"?
17) What carol says of Jesus' birth, "While mortals sleep, the angels keep / Their watch of wondering love"?
18) What carol says of Christ's coming to earth, "Mild He lays His glory by, / Born that man no more may die"?
19) What carol begins, "Hark, how all the welkin rings!"
20) What carol says to the wise men, "Sages, leave your contemplations, / Brighter visions beam afar"?
21) When the wise men arrived in the Holy Land, where did they go first?
22) Herod ruled that area for the Romans. What was his reaction when he heard that a new King had been born?
23) Who was it that told Herod about an Old Testament prophecy that Israel's Messiah-King would be born in Bethlehem?
24) Herod sent the wise men in search of the Baby. He told them to let him know where to find Him, so he could worship Him too (Matt. 2:8). But what was his real reason for wanting to know where Jesus was?
25) What carol tells us, "Then entered in those wise men three, / Full reverently upon the knee"?
26) Where did Joseph take Mary and the Baby to protect them from Herod's murderous intentions?
27) What is the meaning of the word "Noel," as in the carol line, "Noel, Noel, / Born is the King of Israel"?
28) According to the Bible, how many wise men were there?
29) As well as being a gift from the wise men, at what other time was "myrrh" associated with Christ?
30) Referring to the English custom of ringing church bells on Christmas morning, what carol says, "Then pealed the bells more loud and deep" / 'God is not dead: nor doth He sleep'"?
Add up your score. If you got 25-30 correct, you may be a genius! If you got 15-24 correct, you did well. After you have tested your knowledge with this Christmas Bible Quiz and the questions about our carols, you can read the Christmas story in Luke 2:1-20, and Matthew 2:1-11.
For ANSWERS to the Quiz, click on
Answers Christmas Bible Quiz.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Maritime Trade Evolutions and Port City Developments in Asia
Historically, almost all goods transported worldwide have been carried by sea with the current estimate stands at approximately 90 percent by volume and 70 percent by worth. Maritime industry is an important economic sector as it has a direct impact on the prosperity of a region and/or city. This chapter presents a review on maritime trade evolution in Asia from the thirteenth centuries to the post-World War II, followed by an examination on the contemporary development of some major Asia ports. From the extant port literature, a list of factors affecting port competition and development is identified and reviewed. The chapter concludes with brief discussions on fruits for thought, future trend, challenges and opportunities facing the Asia maritime trade industry.


Lagos Travel Guide
Third Mainland Bridge, Lagos ©
It is hard to believe that Lagos, Nigeria's biggest, busiest city (with a population of roughly eight million and counting) had its origins as a small Yoruba settlement. Spread over the mainland near the Gulf of Guinea and several large islands on the vast lagoon that gives it its name, Lagos is Nigeria's principal port and its commercial and cultural centre.
The former capital grew to prominence when it was 'discovered' by the Portuguese in the late 1400s and became a central trading post for the area, also serving as a major hub of the international slave trade. When the British annexed the city in 1861, they effectively put a stop to the slave trade, but took control of the trade and industry of the area. Once Nigeria gained independence in 1960, Lagos experienced a boom which swelled the city's population considerably and today, Lagos is one of the world's fastest-growing cities, with a full and complex tapestry of religious and ethnic groups. The sprawling city is chaotic, crowded and lacks any major tourism infrastructure, though the government is investing millions in upgrades to security and public transport.
Most visitors travel to Lagos for business and there are few sights in the tourist sense, however those willing to put in some effort will have a unique and memorable experience. Streets are congested, drivers are maniacal and blackouts are common. However, the convoluted history of the city, and Nigeria as a whole, contributes to its exotic flavour. Lagos has an interesting National Museum, National Theatre, several markets and some decent beaches to explore.
Our Travel Expert
>Read Folasade's tips on Lagos
>Ask Folasade a question
Become our Lagos Travel Expert


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Smartphones have been around for at least several years now, but they still have certain limitations. Despite having a plethora of wireless technologies built-in--Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 3G, etc.--there's no simple way to transfer "clippings" of data from one device to another. But a new research project at MIT called Sparsh is aiming to fix that oversight.
Sparsh (the Hindi word for "touch") isn't an app, at least not in the way we generally use the word. It's a tool that's supposed to be part of a mobile operating system, like "undo" or "select all," running within apps at all times. It creates a virtual cloud-based clipboard where any data, like a phone number or photograph, can temporarily live until it's "pasted" to another device.
For it to work, at least two devices need to be Sparsh-enabled. A user wanting to share data becomes, in concept, an avatar for a copy-and-paste-like function. The person touches data on a device, such as a photo or text, and Sparsh sends it to the cloud. The same person then touches another device, and presto! The relevant information is pasted in as if it had been copied from the same machine.
Sparsh isn't the only tool for transferring small amounts of device-to-device data on the scene. Indeed, a popular iPhone app called Bump allows people to trade photos, apps, contact info, and even music from one phone to another simply by bumping the devices together.
Bump is very cool, but it requires both the sender and recipient to be running the app. In addition, it's not open with what it can send or where it can send it--it only works from phone to phone, and while there are many options for things it can send, there are more things it simply can't. Sparsh aims to live in the devices we use at the operating-system level, meaning it would seem intuitive to use and be available within any app for almost any type of data. … Read more


Public Release:
'Robat' uses sound to navigate and map unique environments
New robot mimics bats' ability to employ sonar to navigate its surroundings, Tel Aviv University researchers say
American Friends of Tel Aviv University
IMAGE: The Robat is a fully-autonomous bat-like terrestrial robot that uses echolocation to navigate its environment. view more
Credit: American Friends of Tel Aviv University/Itamar Eliakim.
The "Robat" is a fully autonomous terrestrial robot with bat-like qualities that uses echolocation to move through novel environments while mapping them based only on sound. It was developed at Tel Aviv University.
Bats use echolocation to map novel environments, navigating them by emitting sound then extracting information from the echoes reflected by objects in their surroundings. Many theories have been proposed to explain how bats harness sonar in order to navigate, but few attempts have been made to build a robot that mimics a bat's abilities.
A TAU study about the invention was published today in PLOS Computational Biology.
TAU graduate student Itamar Eliakim developed a robot that uses a biological bat-like approach, emitting sound and analyzing the returning echoes to generate a map of space. Prof. Yossi Yovel of TAU's Department of Zoology and Dr. Gabor Kosa of TAU's School of Mechanical Engineering serve as Mr. Eliakim's advisors.
"Our Robat is the first fully autonomous, bat-like biorobot that moves through a novel environment while mapping it solely based on echo information. This information delineates the borders of objects and the free paths between them," says Eliakim. "We've been able to demonstrate the great potential of using sound in future robotic applications."
The Robat is equipped with an ultrasonic speaker that produces frequency-modulated chirps at a rate typically used by bats, as well as two ultrasonic microphones that serve as the robot's ears. It classifies the borders and shapes of the objects it encounters with an artificial neural network, creating a rich, accurate map of its environment while avoiding obstacles. For example, when reaching a dead end, the robot uses its classification abilities to determine whether it is blocked by a wall or by a plant through which it could pass.
Funding for the research was provided partially by the Israel Ministry of Science, Technology and Space.
See the Robat in action in this YouTube video:


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Lucky Peak Lake Nr Boise Id
June 7 2023
3,052 ft+0.04% today
100% of Normal • Normal
Water gage height, ft levels at Lucky Peak Lake Nr Boise Id are currently 3,052 ft, about 100% of normal. The average for this time of year is approximately 3,050.53ft.
Maximum recorded Gage height, ft since record keeping began in 2014 was 2016-08-02 when levels reached 3,055.63 ft. Lowest recorded Gage height, ft was 2021-01-05 when levels receded to 2,916.71 ft.
Lucky Peak Lake is a reservoir located in the Boise River Basin in Idaho. The dam that created the lake was built in 1955 to provide flood control and hydroelectric power. The lake is fed by the Boise River and snowpack from surrounding mountains. Agricultural uses of the water include irrigation of crops along the Boise River and hydroelectric power generation. Recreational uses of the lake include boating, fishing, and swimming. The lake is a popular destination for locals and tourists alike. The snowpack in the mountains provides a critical source of water for the reservoir, which in turn provides water for downstream users. The lake is an important part of the hydrology of the Boise River Basin and plays a critical role in managing water resources in the area.
|Gage Height, Ft 24hr Change||0.04%|
|Percent of Normal||100%|
|Wild Horse Re Nr Gold Creek|
|Cj Strike Res Nr Grand View Id|
|Lucky Peak Lake Nr Boise Id|
|Payette Lake At Mccall Id|
|Coeur D Alene Lake At Coeur D Alene Id|


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We have created a distinctive culture committed to excellence and exceptional care based on the encouragement of research to enhance clinical practice standards and the provision of excellent training and education opportunities.
Our strong focus on expanding our activity in health care improvement is reflected in the significant increase in the number of research projects approved by our Human Research Ethics Committee in the last few years.
In fact, the number of new St John of God Health Care research proposals submitted per year has nearly tripled from 58 in 2010/11 to 169 in 2015/2016. And much of our research is conducted in collaboration with academic and industry partners and leading researchers throughout Australia and internationally.
Half of all research undertaken at St John of God Health Care is carried out at St John of God Subiaco Hospital, which in 2015/16 expanded its research into new areas including neurosurgery, orthopaedics, platform trials, urology, general surgery and respiratory medicine.
St John of God Burwood and Richmond Hospitals maintained a strong focus on mental health research. The Perinatal Women's Mental Health Unit under Professor Marie-Paule Austin is delivering clinical excellence through extensive research into the perinatal years. At Richmond there has been a focus on trauma and its impact on mental health under the Professorial Chair of Zachary Steel.
We have also continued to contribute to the body of arts and health research, including establishing a creative arts project at St John of God Mt Lawley and working with the UWA School of Population Health and a partnership with Musica Viva, completing the research phases of two new music residency projects.
In the delivery of quality outcomes an important recent initiative has been the introduction into 10 of the 11 hospitals providing maternity services of the K2 Guardian System, which enables midwives and obstetricians to collaborate and communicate in real time.
With pastoral services playing such a crucial role in our holistic approach to healing, there is considerable focus on training as part of our commitment to the highest standards in pastoral services and in meeting the needs of the individuals and the communities.
St John of God Health Care continues to provide the highest standards of training and education opportunities for medical students and doctors-in-training, partnering with seven university medical schools in NSW, Victoria and WA.
Excellence in care is fundamental to St John of God Health Care's Mission. Our holistic approach to patient care requires safe, effective, appropriate and responsive care from engaged and competent caregivers and accredited health practitioners. Seeking better ways to provide this care is behind the significant work to strengthen our clinical governance performance.
Infection prevention requires constant and rigorous management and vigilance. Since 2010, St John of God Health Care has participated in the National Hand Hygiene Initiative to improve hand hygiene compliance by caregivers and visitors. In 2015/16 our group compliance rate for hospital divisions exceeded 80% (84.8%), which is higher than the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care's National benchmark of 70%.


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Choosing the best method for verbal autopsy (VA) requires the appropriate metrics to assess a given method's performance, and researchers from IHME and the University of Queensland undertook a study to determine these metrics.
Because there are many different methods of performing VA, including physician review and computer-automated methods, there needs to be a way to evaluate the performance of each method. Currently used metrics to assess performance of VA methods, such as sensitivity, specificity, and cause-specific mortality fraction error, do not provide a robust basis for comparing methods. This study was designed to test metrics to compare the performance of all types of VA methods to help identify the best methods for estimating causes of death in a population.
The authors show that VA methods need to be evaluated across a set of test datasets with widely varying cause-specific mortality fraction composition. They propose two metrics for assessing the performance of a given VA method. For assessing how well a method does at individual cause of death assignment, they recommend the average chance-corrected concordance. For testing how well a method does across a population, the authors recommend testing the accuracy of cause-specific mortality fractions. Performance of a VA method in estimating cause-specific mortality fraction by cause can be determined by examining the relationship between the estimated cause-specific mortality fraction calculated by a VA method and the true cause-specific mortality fraction in a population.
The authors performed simple simulations of populations to demonstrate that most metrics used in VA validation studies are sensitive to the cause-specific mortality fraction composition of the dataset being used to test a VA method. They also conducted simulations to show that the composition of the test dataset must be varied, demonstrating that an inferior method for assessing VA can actually produce better results than a superior method on the basis of only one test dataset.
The metrics examined in this study are crucial for objective assessment of the range of VA methods currently in use. By utilizing the most robust metrics available, the best methods will be discovered in order to most accurately determine causes of death in populations without vital registration systems. These metrics will provide a basis of comparison so that different VA methods can be compared across different studies and in different populations. These standardized metrics will also facilitate innovation of new methods by providing a clear answer if a new method is leading to improved performance in assigning causes of death through VA.


Navish Wadhwa: Environmentally regulated self-assembly of the bacterial flagellar motor
Date
Dec 16, 2019, 12:00 pm12:00 pm
Location
Joseph Henry Room Jadwin Hall
Speaker
Details
Event Description
Macromolecular protein complexes perform essential biological functions across life forms. The assembly of such complexes is known to be regulated at the level of gene transcription, but little is known about the factors that control their assembly once the mature protein subunits enter their target space (cytoplasm, membrane, or cell wall). Even less is known about how their assembly is regulated by extracellular signals from the environment. The bacterial flagellar motor is a large macromolecular machine that powers motility in bacteria. The torque-generating stator units of the motor assemble and disassemble in response to changes in external load. We used electrorotation (applying high frequency rotating electric fields) to drive tethered cells forward, which decreases motor load, and measured the resulting stator dynamics. No disassembly occurred while the load remained high, but all of the stator units were released when the load on the motor was reduced by spinning it forward at high speed. When the electrorotation was turned off, so that the load was again high, stator units were recruited, increasing motor speed in a stepwise fashion. A model in which speed affects the binding rate and torque affects the free energy of bound stator units captures the observed stator assembly and disassembly dynamics, providing a quantitative framework for the environmentally regulated self-assembly of a major macromolecular machine.
Sponsor
CPBF an NSF PFC


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What is sarsaparilla?
Sarsaparilla is a plant of the genus Smilax and it belongs to the lily (Liliacae) family. The roots of sarsaparilla are used to make a tonic of the same name. The tonic is aromatic and used as a flavoring agent. It masks the flavor and taste of several medicines. Sarsaparilla is also used to make several carbonated beverages including root beer. Its taste resembles the flavors of wintergreen, licorice and vanilla. Sarsaparilla is commercially available in the form of sarsaparilla tea, root powder, capsules and extracts. Sarsaparilla plants are large, perennial, trailing or climbing vines and are native to the southern and western coasts of Mexico to Peru. They have short, thick, underground stems with several prickly, angular stems jutting above the ground. Species providing the sarsaparilla flavoring agent commercially are mainly Mexican (Smilax aristolochiaefolia), Honduran (S. regelii) and Ecuadorian sarsaparillas (S. febrifuga). The roots of these plants are sun-dried and gathered into bundles. Sarsaparilla is often contaminated with the "false sarsaparilla" (Hemidesmus indicus). False sarsaparilla does not contain any beneficial components found in true sarsaparilla.
What is sarsaparilla used for?
Sarsaparilla is used for several purposes including skin conditions, infections and kidney diseases. Athletes use sarsaparilla to enhance strength and stamina. Sarsaparilla, however, does not contain any of the claimed performance-enhancing substances such as steroids including the male hormone testosterone. Although sarsaparilla is used to manage several medical conditions, there is insufficient evidence to support its effectiveness. Always take your doctor's advice before consuming sarsaparilla. Some of the uses (lacking sufficient medical evidence) of sarsaparilla include:
- Digestive problems
- Skin conditions such as psoriasis, eczema, and dermatitis
- Gonorrhea (a sexually transmitted disease [STD])
- Arthritis including gout and rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
- Hyperhydrosis (excessive sweating)
- Fluid retention
- Kidney problems
- Liver diseases
- Certain allergies
- Improving sex drive
- Increasing the muscle mass
Sarsaparilla contains certain chemicals that may reduce inflammation in the body. This may help relieve symptoms such as pain and swelling. Sarsaparilla also reduces itching. Studies have suggested that sarsaparilla can help fight bacterial infections. Certain chemicals present in sarsaparilla may protect the liver from toxins. Sarsaparilla, because of its aromatic flavor, is used to make several beverages, foods and medications.
Are there any side effects of sarsaparilla?
Sarsaparilla can irritate the inner lining of the gut causing symptoms such as bellyache, diarrhea and indigestion in some individuals, and in some, the powdered form of sarsaparilla (called sarsaparilla dust) can cause allergic reactions. The symptoms may resemble asthma.
Sarsaparilla acts as a diuretic (increases the urine output). Thus, you must ensure that you have adequate fluid intake to prevent dehydration. Although advocated for use in kidney diseases, you must not use sarsaparilla if you have kidney problems because it can worsen the condition.
The dosage of sarsaparilla varies according to the individual's age, weight and presence of any underlying health conditions. Always take your doctor's advice before taking any supplements containing sarsaparilla.
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Subfloors are the foundation for wood floors, and as a result, any wood floor installation will only be as good as the subfloor beneath it. This is why it is important to properly evaluate a wood subfloor to ensure a successful project.
Wood subfloors often are supported by a joist or truss system. Because they are the structural components of any floor framing system, they determine how much give and take a subfloor will have. Subflooring systems that lack adequate stiffness can contribute to performance problems in wood floors, such as fasteners pulling out of the subfloor, excessive noise, and potential damage to the surface finish.
The types of wood subfloor material include oriented strand board (OSB), plywood, high-performance OSB, particleboard, and solid board. OSB, plywood, and high-performance OSB are acceptable materials for wood floor installations. Particleboard is not an adequate subfloor material for wood floors. Solid board subflooring can be used with certain products. Check manufacturer recommendations to be sure.
When assessing a wood subfloor, you first must understand the relationship between the joist/truss spacing and the panel thickness requirements. In general, the wider the joist or truss spacing, the thicker the subfloor panels need to be. Once you have identified the appropriate wood panel thickness, you should ensure the panels have been installed properly.
Single-floor subfloor panels should be installed continuous over two or more spans, with the long panel dimension perpendicular to floor trusses/joists. The panel ends should land at the center of a floor joist/truss.
To minimize the potential for floor squeaks, most wood panel subfloor manufacturers recommend that the subfloor panels be glued and nailed to the floor framing using recommended fasteners and subfloor adhesives.
Before installing any subflooring material, the panels must be properly acclimated and dry, and the subfloor flatness must be evaluated. Use a 6-foot or 10-foot straight edge, laser level, or string line to check flatness. Wood subfloors must be flat to within 1/4" in 10' or 3/16" in 6'. Correct any high or low spots before installing any wood flooring.
With new construction, it is the responsibility of the builder to control moisture during the building process. It is the flooring contractor's responsibility to ensure the wood subfloor material is at an adequate moisture content (MC) level before installation of any wood flooring.
In hot and humid climates, or during humid seasons, the subflooring should not exceed 13 percent MC. The MC of the subfloor should be compared to the MC of the wood flooring. Wood flooring less than 3 inches wide should be within 4 percent MC of the subflooring. Wood flooring 3 inches and wider should be within 2 percent MC of the subflooring.
When subjected to water leaks, flooding, rain, or snow during construction, wood subfloor panels have the potential to absorb moisture, which may result in swelling and expansion in panel edges, as well as in length, width, and thickness.
For plywood, swelling, distortion, linear expansion, and delamination can occur when the material is exposed to high levels of moisture. Moisture tests should be conducted using insulated pin, hammer, probe-type meters on the surface, on the backing, and within the core of the material in several areas to properly assess the extent of the moisture damage. For both plywood and OSB, damaged material should be replaced with material that is within the acceptable MC ranges prior to wood flooring installation.
Subsequent drying of previously wetted panels also may cause the plywood or OSB to shrink. If wood flooring is installed before the subfloor is thoroughly dry, the eventual panel shrinkage can cause gaps along the flooring joints, between the flooring and subfloor, and result in noisy floors. Installing wood flooring prior to adequate drying also can result in the expansion of the finished flooring planks as they absorb moisture from the subfloor.
It is important to evaluate a subfloor carefully to ensure it demonstrates structural integrity. If there is movement, objectionable noises, delamination, or any other type of damage in the subflooring material or system so that it doesn't meet minimum installation standards, it should be addressed appropriately prior to installation of new flooring.
The National Wood Flooring Association has detailed information about evaluating wood subfloors available through NWFA University, an online training platform that is convenient and affordable. More information is available at _URL_-university.aspx.


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(73m) Investigate of Polysilicon Chemical Vapor Deposition Reaction Kinetics Mechanism in Trichlorosiane-Hydrogen System
AIChE Spring Meeting and Global Congress on Process Safety
Monday, April 27, 2015 - 5:00pm to 7:00pm
This study proposed a new surface kinetic model for polysilicon chemical vapor deposition reaction in trichlorosiane-hydrogen system. The mechanism taken into account the etching of hydrogen chloride by using the equilibrium constants calculated from the thermodynamic data consist of chemisorption of trichlorosilane and deposition by hydrogen. The reaction rate constants are evaluated by numerical simulation and comparison with experiments. The transport phenomena and reaction in CVD reactor has been described by using the surface kinetic model in conjunction with a detailed three-dimensional CFD transport model. The simulation results show that there is a good agreement between prediction of model and experiment. Furthermore, this surface kinetic model will be used for optimization of CVD reactors for epitaxial deposition of silicon.


Angus Australia
Contractural arachnodactyly (CA)
Congenital contractural arachnodactyly (CA) also known as 'Fawn calf syndrome' was first identified in Victoria in 1998.
The condition causes development defects within the calves, which are typically born alive, with most surviving to maturity. CA calves appear visibly abnormal with restricted movement caused by reduced elasticity of the connective tissue. Calves will display restricted movement within their front legs, their hind legs will be set back behind them (hyperextension) and will display an upward arching of their spine.
The visible symptoms of the condition become increasingly difficult to detect as the animal grows and the ability for these features to improve over time, is an important characteristic of diagnosing the condition.
CA is controlled by a simple recessive mutation.
Further reading
American Angus Association NSW DPI


Gaming Club NetworkAll of video game and mobile club network
The Life of Streamers and How They Cope With Burnout
In 2019, "how to create a YouTube channel" became one of the most searched topics in the "how to…" segment. This shows that public interest in becoming content creators is quite high. And gaming is a pretty sexy category, especially in the midst of a pandemic like now. When people are asked not to travel unnecessarily, many people spend their free time playing games or watching game content.
It's just that, is being a content creator as easy as it looks? Indeed, content creators or streamers are not required to continuously give their best performance like esports athletes. However, that doesn't mean streamers and content creators have no problems at all. One of the challenges that streamers or content creators usually face is prolonged stress that can lead to burnout.
What is a Burnout and What are the Triggers?
Before we talk about burnout experienced by content streamers and creators, let's get a general understanding of burnout. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), burnout syndrome is a chronic work-induced stress condition characterized by fatigue, irritation with work, and dissatisfaction. The question is, can a game streamer experience burnout?
To a gamer, getting paid to play games – and possibly fans anyway – may sound like a dream job. Early in a career as a streamer, a person may be willing to spend hours – or perhaps dozens – on broadcast. It's just that, as noted by Performance Psychologist, Landon Gorbenko, there will be times when a streamer becomes bored with his work. The reason is, it is not easy to create interesting video content every day.
"It's not always, but sometimes, viewers have expectations that the streamer's content will continue to get better over time. This will force streamers to live up to these expectations, "Gorbenko said in a video. "You have to adhere to the schedule you have set, you have to continue to be friendly because your broadcast is watched by many people. All of this tires your brain. "
According to the Polygon report, burnout among Twitch streamers and YouTube content creators is not a new problem. In 2015, Twitch introduced classes and seminars for casters so they could create better content. Not only that, these classes and seminars also function to help casters manage their time. Meanwhile, in 2014, Fast Company has written an article about how content creators are experiencing burnout because they have to keep creating content non-stop.
Olga Kay, a popular YouTuber at the time, admitted that she rarely left her apartment because of her busy schedule. "If I take a long time to rest, I have to work a lot harder when I come back to creating content," he said. "When I remember that I have to go back to creating content, it just makes me even more stressed."
In 2018, a number of well-known content creators, such as Felix "PewDiePie" Kjellberg, EthanKlein, and Saqib Ali Zahid aka Lirik have also talked about burnout and other mental problems they face. Through videos on YouTube or Twitter, they admit, it is difficult for them to continue creating content when they are also experiencing various mental problems such as anxiety disorders or even depression.
"I feel that the content I create is no longer interesting. I don't know why people keep watching the content I make, "said Lirik at the time. "I felt like I was in front of the stage without knowing what to say because I had run out of materials." She admitted that staying connected to the internet drained her energy and she felt that she had to rest. "I was thinking about what I would do in the future, changing my habits, finding new goals, and ultimately, finding meaning in life."
If writing or drawing is your hobby, you are definitely familiar with the terms "writer's block" or "artist's block". When you are saturated with these hobbies, you can stop for a moment to refresh your mind again. Unfortunately, for people who are in the creative industry, like streamers, they still have to create content no matter what they feel bored or not. In addition, a streamer cannot just stop broadcasting, because this can make them abandoned by the audience.
On Medium, Lauren Hallanan, VP of Live Streaming, The Meet Group, explained that, for most audiences, watching streamers is an activity to fill their spare time, something that is done in the middle of a lunch break or before bed. And this activity has become routine. Hence, when a streamer is not broadcasting at that time, they will switch to another streamer. Unlike television, which has limited channels, digital platforms like Twitch offer millions of streamers.
Thomas Vojnyk, VP of Community and Content, The Meet Group said, "Consistency is the key to success for a streamer, no matter what platform they use. However, we have lots of successful streamers who take a week's break without any warning. When they come back, they have to build their fanbase again. "
When compared to content creators, streamers also have one other problem. Unlike content creators who can still get views from old videos, streamers can only get viewers when they broadcast. That means, the more often and the longer a streamer broadcasts, the better. It's just that, broadcasting for hours every day, this kind of lifestyle will end in burnout.
"One of the problems faced by YouTubers or content creators is that you are required to continue to provide better content," said PewDiePie. He told me how he had to look cheerful even though he was playing a game he didn't like. "I think there are many people who are shackled by these demands. That they must continue to provide better content. " And the pressure to continue to provide content that is attractive to viewers, this can make a content creator do things that are not ethical. PewDiePie cites vlogger Logan Paul as an example.
In early 2018, Logan Paul was hit by controversy when he made a video in the Aokigahara forest, Japan. The forest at the foot of Mount Fuji is known as a place of suicide. While making a video, Paul and his friends found the body of an unknown man. Even though he looked surprised, Paul and his friends still had time to joke and laugh. This angered netizens.
"I don't think Logan is a bad guy," said PewDiePie. "In my opinion, he is just fixated on the idea that he should continue to make videos that get lots of views. If you make videos every day, it's hard to ensure that your viewers will continue to be interested in your content. "
The Importance of Rest For Content Creators and Streamers
Streamers and content creators are required to continue to provide high quality content. This leaves them vulnerable to burnout, according to Katrina Gay, National Director for Strategic Partnership, National Alliance on Mental Illness. And if a streamer or content creator decides to ignore their burnout, they can resent their job before they finally quit.
"Ensuring that you have a balanced lifestyle is very important," says Gay. "You have to be aware of the demands of your job. You have to understand that you cannot dedicate your life to just one area. You have to learn how to limit your work so you can focus on other parts of your life."
According to Gorbenko, one way to avoid burnout is to plan breaks. "If you don't plan for breaks, sometimes you will continue to work, play and broadcast," he said. He suggested, when taking a break, a streamer should try other hobbies besides playing games.
"If a streamer is broadcasting and they find people toxic, or their performance is not very good, it will make them sad or angry," said Gorbenko. "If they have other hobbies, such as cooking, that hobby can become an emotional buffer. Taking on another hobby allows streamers to recuperate so that when they decide to go back to streaming, they can do it with gusto. "
Like Gorbenko, Gay also suggested that if a streamer or content creator starts to feel burnout, they should focus on other aspects of their life. He revealed, after taking a break, a streamer or creator will usually remember again about the reasons that made them interested in creating content or streaming for the first time. And this makes them feel the satisfaction they got when they started their careers again.
To avoid burnout, Gay said, a streamer or content creator must have self-awareness of their own limits. The reason is because they themselves decide when and for how long they have to work. "Nobody regulates your work schedule as a streamer," says Gay. "You have to be able to find your own work rhythm. The process of finding this out is not easy, but very important. "
For gamers, being a content streamer or creator is indeed a lucrative job. How come. A streamer's job is "just" playing games. A streamer was also cheered by his fans.
It's just that, to be able to build a fanbase, a streamer must broadcast consistently. When starting a career as a streamer, a person may be willing and able to broadcast for hours every day. However, how long would a person survive to force himself to work at such a rhythm of work? In the end, he will experience burnout or even burnout.
The only way to treat or prevent burnout, is to take a break. A streamer should tell his viewers if they want


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- 1 What is the capacity of Nebraska Memorial Stadium?
- 2 Is Neyland Stadium the biggest?
- 3 How big is a stadium football?
- 4 Which is the most beautiful stadium in the world?
- 5 What's the smallest stadium in the NFL?
- 6 What is the best stadium in the world?
- 7 Who has the biggest stadium in the Big 12?
- 8 Are college stadiums bigger than NFL?
- 9 What is the D for in football?
- 10 How much does it cost to build a 10000 seater stadium?
- 11 How much land is needed for a football stadium?
What is the capacity of Nebraska Memorial Stadium?
Is Neyland Stadium the biggest?
Neyland Stadium (Capacity: 102,455) Now the seventh-largest stadium in the world, Neyland Stadium had a capacity of just 3,200 when it was constructed in 1921. The Tennessee Volunteers' home first topped a capacity of 100,000 in 1996 and set a record attendance of 109,061 for a game against Florida in 2004.
How big is a stadium football?
The field has been 100 yards long and 53 1/3 yards wide since 1881. In 1912, the two end zones were established at 10 yards deep and have remained so ever since. Consequently, all football games are played on a rectangular field that's 360 feet long x 160 feet wide.
Which is the most beautiful stadium in the world?
Stadium Tours: 10 most beautiful stadiums in the world
- The Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro.
- The Allianz Arena, Germany.
- Wembley, the United Kingdom.
- Floating Stadium, Singapore.
- Pancho Arena, Hungary.
- Stadion Gospin Dolac, Croatia.
- Estádio Municipal de Aveiro, Portugal.
- Svangaskard Stadium, Faroes.
What's the smallest stadium in the NFL?
With the opening of SoFi Stadium, the smallest NFL stadium is Soldier Field, home to the Chicago Bears.
What is the best stadium in the world?
Best football stadiums in the world – ranked
- Signal Iduna Park.
- Wanda Metropolitano.
- Allianz Arena. Location: Munich, Germany.
- San Siro. Location: Milan, Italy.
- Santiago Bernabéu. Location: Madrid, Spain.
- La Bombonera. Location: Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Nou Camp. Location: Barcelona, Spain.
- Wembley. Location: London, UK.
Who has the biggest stadium in the Big 12?
Consider that among the eight schools remaining in the Big 12, Oklahoma State is the only school with a winning percentage higher than. 700 since 2011 and Iowa State has the largest stadium capacity at 61,500.
Are college stadiums bigger than NFL?
Several college football stadiums have seating capacities greater than NFL stadiums, with AT&T Stadium, home of the Dallas Cowboys in Arlington, Texas, leading the way with a standing-room capacity of 105,000. (The stadium typically seats about 80,000.)
What is the D for in football?
The penalty arc (colloquially "the D") is marked from the outside edge of the penalty area, 9.15 metres (10 yd) from the penalty mark; this, along with the penalty area, marks an exclusion zone for all players other than the penalty kicker and defending goalkeeper during a penalty kick.
How much does it cost to build a 10000 seater stadium?
In total, the complex would cost between $90 million and $100 million. "This would be the first stadium built directly for a Major League Lacrosse team and it would be able to house other events other than just the Bayhawks," he said.
How much land is needed for a football stadium?
To cover the field, basic bleachers, some concession and toilet facilities, a field house, and an area fenced-in around the stadium, you're looking at 4–6 acres of land.


HomeAutomobile enggWhat is SU Carburetor? and How It Works?
What is SU Carburetor? and How It Works?
SU Carburetor:
SU carburetor is an example of a constant vacuum type of carburetor. It consists of a single jet in which a tapered needle operates. The area of the throat is varied by means of a piston which slides up and down. The tapered needle is connected to the accelerator.
S.U. Carburetor
Working of SU Carburetor:
When the accelerator is operated, the piston moves up and down in the throat controlling the supply of air, and the needle moves up and down to the jet controlling to the supply of fuel.
su carburetor
When the piston moves up, throat area increases, for more air passes through it. The needle also moves up increasing the annular area in the jet to pass more fuel.
When the piston moves down, throat area decreases, less air passes through it. The needle also moves down decreasing the annular area in the jet to pass less fuel.
The piston tapered needle is so designed that they maintain the correct air-fuel mixture at the different operating condition of the engine. By changing the tapered needle and adopting a suitable one, the same carburetor can be used on different H.P. engine to some extent.
 - The upper side of the piston is connected to the throttle passage through a slot cut in the piston.
 - The lower side the exposed to the atmospheric pressure.
Contant Variable Chock Carburetor
Thus, the piston at any instant depends upon the balance of its own weight (downward) against the vacuum force (upward). As the load of the piston is constant the vacuum also remains constant.
The jet can be moved up and down about to the tapered needle, by an adjusting screw fitted at the bottom of the screw. This is done for adjusting the mixture strength. There is to separate idling or slow speed system and on accelerating pump
Types of SU Carburetor
SU carburettors were provided in several "throat sizes" in both inch and millimetre measurement. These carburetors are identified by letter prefix which indicates the float type. "H", "HD", "HS", "HIF", "HV", "OM" and "KIF".
"H" types have float bowl with an arm cast into its base. It is mounted to the bottom of the carburetor with a hollow bolt. Fuel passes in carburetor body through the arm.
"HD" it has the float bowl with its arm fastening directly below, and concentric with the jet. The arm has a flange that tightened with four screws at the bottom of carburetor. A sealed rubber diaphragm is integral with the jet.
"HS" The main body is covered with rubber, fuel is supplied by an external pipe to the jet.
"HIF" It has horizontal Integral Float.
"HV", "OM" and "KIF" types less commonly used.
Advantages and Uses
The main advantage of SU carburetor is the rapid response during accelerating. Hence it is fitted with racing cars and in most of the scooters and motorcycle.
SU Carburetors were widely used in automobile vehicles from much of the twentieth century. These are also used in aircraft engines including the early versions of the Rolls Royce.
Thanks for reading. If you like it then share this knowledge with your friends. Leave a comment if you have any questions.
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Saif M


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Recently I got a chance to play again one of the masterpieces of John Butterfield Design – Enemy Action Kharkov. After introducing a colleague of mine to the two player version, it's time to check out the single variant. It seems that the Soviet solitaire system is easier to understand – and of course, it's better to play because you attack from a turn – and thus it will be the subject of this material.
whereas enemy action The series is probably the most elaborate and somehow complex of John Butterfield's games, it is much more rewarding and exciting at the same time. The Ardennes proved to be a great position, with special rules for single German, single American and 2-players. We are getting similar system in Kharkov installment – it's like 3 game in a box!
Let me now bring some preliminary information about the title.
Enemy verb: Kharkov The second game in John Butterfield's acclaimed enemy action A series of card-driven games simulating the major battles in World War II, playable by two players or one player controlling both sides in the conflict.
The game portrays the Third Battle of Kharkov, the major Eastern Front battle in which German forces ended a series of Soviet victories that began at Stalingrad. At the end of the winter of 1943, Soviet operations code-named Star And gallop The Germans were driven out of the city of Kharkov and threatened with a complete success, known simply as the German counter-offensive. von manstein's back hand blown off,
The game comes with 3 scenarios:
- initial attack – 1-2 . turns
- Operation Star and Gallop – 1-6 . turns
- Campaign – full 12 turns
I decided that for a start I would go with the introductory game (initial attack), which had a special victory condition, namely:
- Soviet wins with 8 or more VPs; anything less is a german victory
- The Soviets won if they took Kharkov And The Soviet Union has a unit behind the Western Support Line (you'll see the dotted, red line behind Kharkov – that's the one)
In the first two scenarios theses are the Soviets who attack; In the long campaign things change mid-game, with the initiative shifting to the Germans. Let's see how I fared in my initial attempt! Below the picture-rich session report!
As always, you can click on any of the images below to enlarge it in a new window.
What a game – there were moments when I would not break through the defense. All those garrisons were sprouting up like mushrooms everywhere. Yet a good plan allowed success in the South. Kharkov was never in danger though – I didn't have enough forces there.
Now I share my initial impressions about the Soviet Solo variant:
- it is the fun of playing soviet – At least in the beginning. Two turns of invincible attacks, encircles, breakthroughs and the possibility of customizing and maximizing the advantage of the terrain.
- i'm a fan of no-dice battle resolution processs (See: My Top 3 No-Dice Wargames). The title here is excellent, because not only is there zero CRT, but there's also no terrain modifier – only drawing chits that apply in special circumstances. Great idea, and what's more – great implementation.
- again, i have to admit quality of components Great, cut counters are a very welcome surprise, the clear, colorful designation for the front and armies is very helpful. Still, I wish I had one equestrian map (Maybe double-sided to reduce cost). But if he gets 3 game sin a box then no one can complain! Nothing special for a solo game, but I love it so much that will have to repeat!
- I agree, it takes time to understand in the beginning AI (German) fluency And all the priorities for them – where they go, what they will do, etc. Still, a common sense often saved the situation. I think I'd probably add a player assist, along with a flowchart, going through each decision point step by step.
It is probably clear from my article that I thoroughly enjoyed the game. I can only imagine what would begin to happen when the Germans retaliated and how fragile my current well position could be. I'll definitely try the bigger scenario and later – the German Solo variant too. stay tuned!


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The Wheat Data Interoperability Working Group (WDI) was created within the framework of the Research Data Alliance (RDA). The RDA is a global initiative that aims to foster the open sharing of data across technologies, disciplines, and countries to address society's major challenges.
The WDI's goal is to provide a common, open-standard framework for describing, representing, linking, and publishing wheat data. Here, we present the case for establishing the Wheat Data Interoperability Guidelines, which will promote and sustain wheat data sharing, reusability, and interoperability. We have decided to focus on a limited set of wheat data types: SNPs, genomic annotations, phenotypes, genetic maps, physical maps, and germplasm.
The Wheat Data Interoperability Guidelines will have a threefold impact. They will:
- Promote the adoption of common standards, vocabularies, and best practices for wheat data management.
- Facilitate access to as well as discovery and reuse of wheat data.
- Facilitate wheat data integration.
We conducted a survey from April 7 to June 3, 2014, to identify existing data management practices within the wheat community. We received replies from 196 individuals in at least 31 different countries. Our preliminary analysis of the results tends to confirm the need for a framework and guidelines for wheat data management:
- Most of the respondents (114) currently store their data on local drives, but the majority of them (84) are willing to use shared databases and repositories.
- More than 50% of the respondents have not yet established data management guidelines.
- When asked which data types will be the most important over the next five years, the majority of the respondents listed the same categories that we had chosen (i.e., phenotypes, SNPs, genomic annotations, germplasm, genetic maps, and physical maps). Only 24 of the 196 respondents mentioned other data types.
- In addition to using a variety of data types, the wheat community also employs a wide range of data formats (standardized and unstandardized). For some data types, like phenotypes, the data format used is inconsistent. Hence, we view this situation as an opportunity for standardization and harmonization.
- The use of ontologies and metadata standards is not common. Only 49% of the respondents are currently using ontologies, and only 23% are using metadata standards. Most of the respondents do not see how such standards could be beneficial, and some evoke the lack of implementation and/or standardization as their reason for not conforming to a standard themselves. This underscores the need to highlight the advantages of common vocabularies and metadata standards for wheat data description and representation.
The next steps will consist of:
- Discussing these issues with wheat data experts: the goal is to a) identify the minimum set of properties that should characterize datasets of each data type to ensure meaningful data sharing, b) identify the gaps in standards that remain to be filled, and c) come up with recommendations for data formats and metadata standards. We are planning to hold a 1-2 day workshop with wheat data experts before the end of October.
- Writing a cookbook that will provide guidelines for wheat data description and representation. We will base our methodology on that used by the FAO used to create the LODE cookbook.
The benefits expected from the Wheat Data Interoperability Guidelines are the following:
- Wheat data managers and data scientists will have a common and global framework with which to describe, document, and structure their data.
- Researchers, growers, breeders, and other data users will be able to seamlessly access, use, and reuse a wide range of wheat data. Data linking will also facilitate the development of new data analyses and knowledge discovery methodologies.
- Data managers and scientists focused on other plant species will be able to benefit from the reusable data framework we have established.
- Researchers working on other plant species will be able to more easily access and reuse wheat data and forge links with their own data.
The cookbook could potentially be adapted for use with other crops, such as rice and maize, which are also very important for food security.


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Delisle, Guillaume (gēyōmˈ dəlēlˈ) [key], 1675–1726, French geographer and cartographer. His most important work is a world map (1700), as accurate as the data available at that time permitted and the first map on which the errors of Ptolemy were wholly absent. Delisle is called the founder of modern cartography. He was geographer to Louis XV.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on Guillaume Delisle from Fact Monster:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Geography: Biographies


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WiFi tracking is a fantastic way for businesses to gather customer data and improve their marketing strategies. However, even if this data collection offers many benefits for businesses, it must be done with awareness and the right tools.
In this article, you will learn the ins and outs of WiFi tracking, including the legal considerations businesses must consider when using this technology. You will also discover how to use WiFi tracking to improve your marketing results.
What Is WiFi Tracking and How Does It Work?
WiFi tracking is not a technology in and of itself. It is a set of tools and approaches that businesses can use to collect data from customers' devices as they connect to their internet network. This technology works by tracking devices' Media Access Control (MAC) addresses. These unique identifiers allow businesses to recognize when a device connects to a network. Once a device has connected, businesses can use WiFi tracking to collect a wide range of data.
Businesses can then use this data to gain insights into customer behavior and preferences to improve operations. Furthermore, data can inform and enhance the results of any marketing strategy.
What Types of Businesses Must Take Advantage of WiFi Tracking?
While businesses of all types and sizes can benefit from WiFi tracking, some industries may find it particularly useful:
- Retail stores
- Shopping malls
- Coffee shops
Generally speaking, all businesses can collect data about their users' internet usage. However, data collection does not necessarily need to be covert.
For example, a restaurant might collect emails through its captive portal to email marketing campaigns.
In short, through data collection, businesses can gain insights into improving their operations and stop guessing.
The Benefits and Drawback of WiFi Tracking for Marketing Purposes.
While WiFi tracking can provide businesses with valuable insights into customer behavior and preferences. It is important to consider this technology's benefits and drawbacks.
The main benefit of WiFi tracking for your marketing result is gaining insights into customer behavior and preferences. This can help you create effective marketing campaigns and enhance the customer experience. However, there are also potential drawbacks to consider. One concern is the potential for invasion of privacy.
Some customers may feel uncomfortable with a business collecting data through WiFi. This is why you must ensure that collection happens ethically and complies with relevant regulations.
Despite these potential drawbacks, the benefits of tracking for marketing purposes are significant, and you should take advantage of it.
Can WiFi Track Websites Visited? Yes, But…
Can the WiFi track websites visited? Well, it can.
When a user connects to a guest WiFi network of a business, it is possible to monitor its online activity. However, sometimes a user might conceal his behavior online, and it might be hard to track.
For example, with the growing awareness of the risks posed by public WiFi, more people are using VPNs to protect their data and privacy. When a user is using a VPN, it might be extremely hard for a common person to track a user's online behavior. However, some marketing platforms can still collect data and generalize the behavior of users connected to a specific network.
Can Incognito Be Tracked by WIFI? Here Is the Truth
When it comes to WiFi tracking, there are many misconceptions. Another common question is, "Can incognito be tracked by WiFi?". Unfortunately, the answer is no.
When a user enters private browsing mode, the browser does not store data such as cookies or browsing history. However, this mode does not prevent other parties, including WiFi tracking tools, from collecting data. The device will still communicate with the network; thus, the software can collect data.
If you care about being private, the simplest solution is to use a VPN. However, it can create some friction while navigating websites. Instead, if you seek maximum privacy, the best option is to use Tor and browse with a compatible browser.
WiFi Tracking Data: What Data Should Businesses Collect?
When collecting data through WiFi tracking, businesses have access to a wealth of information. Ultimately, the data types businesses have to collect will depend on their specific goals. However, here are the most common:
- Location data - WiFi tracking can give businesses insights into where customers spend time within their physical location.
- Browsing history - By tracking the websites that customers visit while on their network, businesses can gain insights into their interests and preferences.
- Demographic information - This data type is extremely important because it can help businesses identify customers and preferences. Then, they can use data to create clusters of users and identify multiple customers profile.
- Frequency of visits - By tracking how often customers visit their location, businesses can gain insights into customer loyalty and engagement.
However, notice that collecting data and analyzing data are two different things. Likewise, analyzing data and implementing strategic actions are different steps in the process of improving your results. Let's talk about all this.
Analyzing WiFi Tracking Data: How To Interpret Information
Analyzing WiFi tracking data involves several key steps that you can take to gain insights into customer behavior and preferences. However, just like collection, it is important to consider your goals even when interpreting data.
You have first to identify patterns and trends. You want to determine which products or services are popular, which are the most visited areas of the venue, and more. If you further segment the data by factors such as age, gender, or other psychographic marketing traits, you can identify specific customer groups. This data will be the basis of specific marketing campaigns.
Another useful practice is to check how data changes over time. By comparing data over a useful timeframe, businesses can identify what is working and what is not. Then, they can adapt to the emerging trends.
2 Ways Businesses Can Use WiFi Tracking Data To Improve Their Marketing Strategies.
Once you have collected and analyzed your WiFi tracking data, there are several ways you can use them. You might apply your new understanding to create a more resonating message. Or else, you can create better advertising or a more apt location for your typical customers.
Generally speaking, there are two main areas where businesses can use the data collected:
- Customer Experience
- Marketing initiatives
Let's explore both of them.
WiFi Tracking Usecase #1: Improve the Overall Customer Experience
By leveraging the insights gained, you can better understand your customers and enhance the customer experience in various ways.
For example, a retail store might use WiFi tracking data to understand which products are popular and which store areas are most frequently visited. This information can help to optimize the layout and create a more enjoyable shopping experience for customers.
In addition to optimizing operations, WiFi tracking data can help personalize the customer experience. For example, a hotel might use WiFi to gain insights into guest preferences and offer personalized recommendations or services.
Ultimately, you can improve your business at its core with a data-driven approach. This will enhance customer loyalty, drive repeat business, and increase revenue.
WiFi Tracking Usecase #2: Engage With Your Customers With Marketing Initiatives
By leveraging the insights gained from WiFi tracking data, you can create marketing campaigns more likely to resonate with your customers.
For example, a cafè owner might use the new insights to develop better social media ideas for the coffee shop. This will allow the owner to create better messaging and get more interactions.
Similarly, a restaurant might use tracking data to get more reviews. Certain WiFi marketing software allows businesses to send prompts when a user spends time connected to the internet. By tracking the time spent while connected, the owner can optimize the prompt and send it when it is more likely to receive a review.
The point is that data collected through WiFi can improve any marketing strategy. Therefore, the mistake is not collecting data at all.
Legal Considerations of WiFi Tracking: Don't Skip This
If reading this article makes you consider implementing WiFi tracking in your business, then read this.
From a legal perspective, you must ensure that your tracking complies with the laws and regulations of your jurisdiction. For example, in Europe, businesses must comply with the GDPR. In most cases, you must be transparent about how you intend to use the data. Provide customers with clear information about what data you collect and how you store them.
Be sure to create informative and comprehensive WiFi terms and conditions for your users. Make them evident in your captive portal and prevent access to the internet without accepting them.
WiFi Tracker Devices and Tracking With WiFi Are Not the Same
These two terms often get confused, so it is better to clarify their differences.
A WiFi tracker device is a tool that allows users to view and analyze the wireless networks in their area. They provide information about available WiFi networks, signal strength, and other details to assess the state of the networks in their area.
Professionals use these trackers to troubleshoot network issues or optimize WiFi connections. These tools can also be useful to assess congestion and interference in a particular WiFi frequency range. WiFi tracking, instead, is the set of tools and mechanisms that allow users to track internet use by users. While a tracker device can provide particular information about internet usage, it adds no value for general tracking purposes.
WiFi Location Tracking
WiFi location tracking is a specific type of data collection that aims to track a user's location or behavior in a specific area. For example, large airports utilize WiFi location tracking to optimize queue management at security checkpoints and boarding gates.
However, even small businesses can take advantage of it. With this type of tracking, businesses can gain a deeper understanding of customer traffic patterns, dwell times, and movement within their physical locations. It can also help adjust staffing levels to ensure enough service during busy periods and avoid overstaffing during slower times.
This type of WiFi tracking can also enable businesses to deliver personalized marketing messages or offers based on a customer's real-time location within their premises. For instance, a retailer in a mall can send tailored promotions to customers walking nearby the shop.
The Future of WiFi Tracking and Its Potential Impact on the Marketing Industry.
WiFi tracking and social WiFi hotspot have already significantly impacted the marketing industry, but their potential for the


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Last Updated on August 3, 2021 by Admin 2
Which of the following primary elements of a tenant defines the MAC address space?
- a contract
- a filter
- a bridge domain
- an EPG
A bridge domain is the primary element of a tenant that defines the Media Access Control (MAC) address space. Bridge domains are logical Layer 2 forwarding configurations within a Cisco Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI) fabric that use switched virtual interfaces (SVIs) for gateways and can be configured to span multiple physical devices. In this respect, bridge domains are similar to virtual local area networks (VLANs). However, the purpose of a bridge domain is to define the MAC address space and flood domain.
Tenants are containers that can be used to represent organizations, domains, or specific groupings of information. Typically, tenants are configured to ensure that different policy types are isolated from each other, similar to user groups or roles in a role-based access control (RBAC) environment.
An endpoint group (EPG) is a primary element of a tenant; however, an EPG does not define the MAC address space. EPGs are logical groupings of endpoints that provide the same application or components of an application. For example, a collection of Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) servers could be logically grouped into an EPG labeled WEB. EPGs are typically collected within application profiles. EPGs can communicate with other EPGs by using contracts.
A contract is a primary element of a tenant; however, a contract does not define the MAC address space. Contracts are policy objects that define how EPGs communicate with each other. There are three types of contracts that can be applied in an ACI fabric:
– Regular — applies filters to matching traffic and typically follows taboo contracts
– Taboo — denies and logs matching traffic
– Out-of-Band (OOB) – applies to OOB traffic from the management tenant
A filter is a primary element of a tenant; however, a filter does not define the MAC address space. Filters are low-level ACI objects that help define EPG contracts. Filters operate at Layer 2, Layer 3, and Layer 4 of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking model.


Are squirrels driving your cat crazy?
Are squirrels driving your cat crazy? at
In 1997 when we shifted our focus to Feliway and helping cats get back to the litter box we quickly realized that one of the key triggers that caused stress for many indoor cats which can lead to litter box avoidance was the pesky presence of those cute bushy tailed rodents: squirrels. Squirrels running around outside have sent many a cat over the emotional edge.
Most cats find them to be cheap entertainment. But many cats find squirrels to be very annoying or threats to territory and this can lead to retaliation: peeing outside of the litter box, often right under a window. Even if a sensitive cat never sets foot outside (which is good, keep em indoors!) squirrels run along window sills, up and down trees, they get into bird feeders, and other antics all under the watchful eyes of our indoor cats.
We have long suspected that the quick ways squirrels zip around can really annoy and taunt cats. The defiant flicks of squirrel tails agitates many cats. And then there is that chittering sound they make. Traits that might seem cute to us often really irk and threaten even the most mellow feline.
A very easy solution to help steady your cats' nerves is the feed squirrels (and birds) out of view from windows and at the farthest place on your property.
You can also install one or two Comfort Zone with Feliway diffusers in the rooms where your cats squirrel-watch. This will do two things:
1) The pheromone is calming to your cat, less fighting among your feline family.
2) The pheromone sends the message: "I don't pee in this room."
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Thu Jan 08 10:22:22 GMT 2009 by Colin Barras
The fuel cell is similar in some ways to a non-rechargeable battery, but there are important differences. Batteries operate in a sealed environment, whereas fuel cells need to receive oxygen, and release water and/or CO2 depending on the cell type. But according to the paper's authors, the key difference between this (or any) fuel cell and a battery is that it can delivery both high energy and power density simultaneously. Batteries provide either one or the other. For instance a watch battery delivers high energy density for years but works at low power. A car battery can deliver high power - enough to start the engine - but only for a very short amount of time before it burns out, which leaves a lot of unused chemical energy within the battery that can't be accessed. A fuel cell can give high energy and power density until all of the fuel is exhausted.
Colin Barras, online technology reporter


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Middle-class journeys: A comparative study of the residential and housing outcomes of Caribbean Latino, Black, and White native New Yorkers
Middle-Class Journeys: A Comparative Study of the Residential and Housing Outcomes of Caribbean Latino, Black, and White Native New Yorkers Dissertation directed by Clara Rodriguez, Ph.D. and E. Doyle McCarthy. Ph.D. Residence is an indicator of middle-class status in an qualitative study conducted of 57 Caribbean Latino and non-Hispanic Black and White native New Yorkers. This study centered on how respondents felt they were being treated in the housing market and in their residential searches, how they interacted with people in their neighborhoods and how they felt about their class standing in society. Class, race and ethnicity were found to influence housing choices and outcomes. The study compared respondents' (1.) residential aspirations and preferences, (2.) ideas about social mobility, and (3.) experiences with discrimination, segregation, gentrification, and homeownership. The study found that Caribbean Latino and Black respondents were remarkably similar in these three areas in contrast to Whites. Many of them were the first in their families to attain middle-class status, while most White respondents came from middle-class backgrounds. These different class backgrounds revealed disparities in where respondents came to reside and in their rates of homeownership. Whites described how they were supported by their parents' wealth and assets, making homeownership in New York City both easier and more accessible for them. In contrast, the ion-White counterparts opted to purchase homes outside of New York City: Latinos and Blacks also reported difficulties identifying as "middle-class" and reported on the strategies they used to navigate the foreclosure and current housing crisis. Being middle-class in income and occupation did not shield Caribbean Latino or Black respondents from housing discrimination. For, despite their "middle-class status, race and ethnicity worked against them in their middle-class journeys for home ownership. ^
African American Studies|Black Studies|Sociology, Ethnic and Racial Studies|Hispanic American Studies
Judith A Perez,
"Middle-class journeys: A comparative study of the residential and housing outcomes of Caribbean Latino, Black, and White native New Yorkers"
(January 1, 2011).
ETD Collection for Fordham University.


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- 18+ aged general public, China, 2009
- Survey name
- CN-National Household Survey China
- N = 2733
- Non Response
- Interview: face-to-face
- Authors's Label
- Our Classification
- Self-report on single question:
b) Non-professional managerial
c) Professional managerial
d) Not working (reference)
Observed Relation with Happiness
Similar findings are observed among rurals (N= 1195) and rural-to-urban migrants (N=555).
Similar findings are observed among rurals.
Similar findings are observed among rurals and rural-to-urban migrants.
B's controlled for:
- ethnic discimination
- marital status
- ethnic minority


Please visit the new home of Majikthise at
« Zengerle and Foer protect dishonest source | Main | The White House's war on the press »
June 27, 2006
Why journalists should burn dishonest sources
Journalists have a duty to expose anonymous sources who knowingly deceive them. Anonymity is a quid pro quo, and ethical journalists only offer it in exchange for valuable information that they can't get any other way.
The promise of anonymity shouldn't be absolute. Anonymous sourcing sacrifices some transparency for the sake of important information. A source who knowingly peddles forgeries under the cover of anonymity is abusing the reporter's trust and the trust of his or her readers. That kind of behavior must have consequences.
The best remedy is to reveal the identity of the person who passed off the fraudulent information in bad faith. The only reason we tolerate anonymous sources is to get good information. By practicing deception under the cover of anonymity, dishonest informants thereby undermine whatever justification the reporter had for granting anonymity in the first place.
The public has a right to know who's shopping bogus stories to the press. We also have a right to know who duped the reporter in question. Granting anonymity is a journalistic judgement call. When a source turns out to be a fraud, we need to know who that source was so that we can assess whether the journalist granted anonymity responsibly. If it turns out that the reporter has been granting anonymity frivolously, or to blatantly untrustworthy sources, he or she shouldn't be allowed to simply blame the anonymous source and move on.
For example, it makes a big difference who Jason Zengerle of the New Republic was dealing with. If we don't know the identity of the informant who forwarded Zengerle the partially fabricated email, we have no way of knowing whether Zengerle was honestly duped or whether he was using anonymity to conceal the dubious quality of his source.
The policy of burning deliberately deceptive anonymous sources should be enforced at the editorial level. Once deception and bad faith have been established, it shouldn't be the reporter's decision. If, after consulting with the reporter, an editor is convinced that a source was deliberately deceptive, the source's identity should be revealed as a matter of institutional policy.
Anonymous sourcing is a necessary evil. Enforcing consequences for those who abuse a reporter's trust will improve the quality of anonymous sourcing overall.
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Lindsay, you're making way too much sense for the goofy-ass world we live in.
Obligatory O/T aside: I love the new pic. You should be playing guitar in an indie band. Assuming you're not doing that already.
Burning your source if they lie to you may seem like a fair trade off ethically to some, but I'd say that stance is unrealistic at best. When an anonymous source gets outed, all people remember is that the reporter betrayed the source... the reason... while it may even be a good and ethical one, is not something future sources are likely to care about.
Bear in mind, if you're an anonymous rat, you're probably doing questionable things all the time, as it is. So if you can't trust the certainty of the 'protection' when it comes to a certain reporter, you simply go elsewhere. Not burning a bad source actually increases a reporter's value to other sources who might be spreading bad info with the good, knowingly or unknowingly.
Also, now this source owes the reporter he gave bad information to, big time. Information flow, long term, is sometimes more important than one embarrassing story.
Information bartering, like any kind of trade, can be a sleazy business, even for those with high ideals.
Although I don't disagree with the feeling here, hang the fucker, I just don't think its so cut and dry in the real world. This is much the way I feel about the 'death penalty' actually, some people deserve to die, in my opinion, but the cost to society of actually killing people, for 'justice', seems too high. The cost of burning the source maybe have been in this case aswell.
Oh, and glad you kept the Cash.
I generally agree, but it may not be entirely practical for a reporter, especially on a sensitive beats where a reporter is continually talking to people off the record...
If you get a reputation for someone who will burn an anonymous source who trucked in misinformation, then just about anyone who might be willing to speak on condition of anonymity might be shy.
For myself, it was always a matter of whether I felt the mis-/dis-information was deliberate or not.
That said, if someone deliberately fed me something wrong with the belief that I was going to print it, then fsck 'em... they get spaced out the airlock...
mojo sends
The problem is "everything" these days has "value"... including access to information. The access to power makes reporters goofy to say the least.
But when someone wants anonymity and then lies or gives you bogus information... that source... and that is a generous word... should be outed.
The idea that information has to be fed in secret, back channels and "on background" from a anonymous source is so bogus. Why the stealth?
Can't we have a little light in the world? Just a little...
Is there any extended justification for using anonymous sources. Reporters always say 'we need anonymous sources', but why do we take there word for it?
There is a great Ph.D. out there for someone on epistemology and journalistic methods.
If I knew a secret that I wanted to give to the press, and I wanted anonymity, I would be very wary of dealing with a reporter who played by your rules.
Why should I trust his judgement on what is or isn't the truth? If he's so worried that I'll fool him with a lie, shouldn't I be worried that someone else will fool him into thinking I lied?
(P.S. I like the new picture much better too.)
Vanmojo made a good point earlier in this thread, namely, that journalists should only burn their sources if they and their editors are convinced that the source knowingly misled the reporter. In practice, it's often difficult to establish deliberate deception. I'm not saying that reporters should burn every anonymous source whose story doesn't pan out. However, when you know that a source lied to you, you have a responsibility to expose them. Maybe that will deter some people from coming forward, but the policy is much more likely to defer fakers than honest people.
People get things wrong.
Short of being reasonably certain that one is being "used" to propagate garbage, I suspect abstract moral points won't cut much ice with a crowd told you've broken confidence.
I agree with Windypundit: it's not that hard to mount a concerted campaign to discredit a source. It all depends on how tightly knit the community doing the discrediting is (e.g. I don't think the people on the Townhouse mailing list could do it), and on how far the people are willing to go to protect their dirty secrets.
So to prevent that pathology from destroying whistleblowers, you can relax your rule and say that it depends on the source's reputation: a source that repeatedly gets things right gets more slack after one infraction than a new source or a source that gets things wrong several times. Alternatively, you can require that journalists identify their sources at least by alias, so that readers will know e.g. that Deep Throat is always the same person.
Oh, I'm glad that everyone is cautioning Ms. Beyerstein on how burning blatantly mendacious sources would have a chilling effect on legitimate sources coming forward. Someone passed Mr. Zengerle a deliberately forged piece of information. This is not some convoluted moral calculus at work here. God, what a chilling effect it would have on anonymous sources if they didn't feel free to make shit up with no consequences. Likewise, Ms. Miller's sources weren't trying heroically to get the truth out, they were deliberately shoveling the administration's bullshit. When objective reality turns out to conflict with what your sacred "anonymous source" has been feeding you, you burn them. Sure, a source can be wrongfully discredited. Look at how Richard Clarke was beaten up by anonymous White House sources lying about him in the press. Oh, wait, bad example. Yes, we need to avoid "jumping the gun" just because a source passed on a rumour that didn't pan out. But don't tell me that it's impossible to tell the difference between that and deliberate falsehoods being peddled to destroy someone else's reputation.
So yeah, outing demonstrable liars will put such a damper on genuine whistle blowers. Unlike, say, the President of the United States throwing a tantrum on the TV about how journalists should be punished for thinking we still have a Bill of Rights.
Ther trouble is that the source may be making an honest error. If Zengerle's source passed on information from a third party believing it was true, burning the source does nothing to advance good journalism. You cloud argue that publishing material that's second hand is de facto bad journalism (and I'd accept that argument), but there's enough wiggle room there that a potential source may well be reluctant to talk on the off chance that an error or miscommunication would result in outing and the potential career destruction that comes with it.
In practice, source burning is rare because it's difficult to establish with certainty that a source deliberately lied. Journalists and editors don't like burning sources. As some of the working reporters on this thread have pointed out, nobody wants that kind of reputation


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Return to Vignettes of Ancient Mathematics
Definition of faster (Physics Z 2.232a23-7)
Since every magnitude is divisible into magnitudes (for it was proved that it is impossible for a continuous magnitude to be from indivisible ones, but every magnitude is continuoous), then it is necessary that (a) the faster traverse a greater distance in the equal time and (b) an equal distance in the lesser time and (c) more distance in the lesser time, just as some define the faster.
Argument for a (Physics Z 2.232a27-31):
(figure 1: moving) or (figure 2: still)
For let A be faster than B. Then
since that which changes first is faster, in the time in which A has changed
from to, e.g. ZH, B will not yet be at, but it will fall short, so that
in the equal time the faster will traverse more in an equal time.
Argument for c (Physics Z 2.232a31-b5):
1) In fact, it will also move more in less time. For in the
time in which A has come to be at, let
B be at E, since it is the slower. (figure
2) Accordingly since A has come to be at in
the whole time ZH, it will be at in
a smaller time than this. (figure
3) And let it be in time ZK. And so, which A has traversed is
larger than E, and time ZK
is smaller than the whole time ZH, so that it will traverse a
larger amount in a smaller time.
Argument 1 for b (Physics Z 2.232b5-14):
1) It is also obvious from these that the faster traverses
an equal amount in a smaller time. For since it traverses a greater
in less time than the slower, while taken by itself it will traverse
more than the lesser amount in more time, e.g. M larger
than, the
time P in which it traverses
M would be more than, the
time in which it traverses. (figure
2) Thus if the time P is
smaller than X, the time in which the slower traverses, and will be smaller than X,
since it is smaller than P, as
that which is smaller than a smaller is itself smaller. Thus it
will move the equal amount in less time.
Argument 2 for b (Physics Z 2.232b14-29):
Furthermore, if everything must move in equal or less or in more time, then that which moves in more is slower, that in equal equally fast, while the faster is neither equally fast nor slower, the faster neither move in equal nor in more time. And so, it remains that it moves in less time, so that it is also necessary that the faster traverse an equal magnitude in less time.


Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) Simulation
Test controller designs without hardware prototypes
Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation is a technique for validating your control algorithm, running on an intended target controller, by creating a virtual real-time environment that represents your physical system to control. HIL helps to test the behavior of your control algorithms without physical prototypes.
How does HIL simulation work?
 1. You create and simulate a virtual real-time implementation of physical components such as a plant, sensors, and actuators on a real-time target computer.
 2. You run the control algorithm on an embedded controller and run the plant or environment model in real time on a target computer connected to the controller. The embedded controller interacts with the plant model simulation through various I/O channels.
 3. You refine software representations of your components and gradually replace parts of the system environment with the actual hardware components.
With this approach, HIL simulation can eliminate costly iterations in hardware fabrication.
Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation setup. The block diagram shows a HIL simulation in which the hardware under test is an embedded controller and the plant model is a representation of a physical system.
Where is HIL simulation used?
HIL simulation is especially useful when testing your control algorithm on the real physical system is costly or dangerous. HIL simulation is widely used in the automotive, aerospace and defense, and industrial automation and machinery industries to test embedded designs. HIL is also being adopted in medical devices, communications, semiconductors, and other industries.
Common HIL simulation examples include:
 - Aerospace and defense: Flight simulators and flight dynamic control, where it is too complex to test the control algorithm on the actual aircraft
 - Automotive: Vehicle dynamics and controls, where it is impractical to test the functionality on the road in the initial phases
 - Industrial automation: Controller-plant testing, when stopping the production or assembly line to test control algorithms involves a huge amount of resources and business loss
HIL Simulation with MATLAB and Simulink
You can use Simulink Real-Time™ and Speedgoat target hardware to perform real-time simulation and testing. Engineers can start with desktop simulation using MATLAB® and Simulink® and then design, build, and test the real-time application. Using Simscape™, you can build physical models of your plant and then perform HIL simulation using Simulink Real-Time and Speedgoat target hardware.
Complete Speedgoat rack setup. This setup was used to automate the testing of tractor controllers with hardware-in-the-loop test benches.
Software and Hardware Reference
See also: real-time simulation, physical modeling, rapid prototyping, embedded code generation, Simulink Real-Time, Power Electronics Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) testing