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ATEX Fans for IIC Hydrogen Exhaust
10 May 2022
Hydrogen is a group IIC gas and belongs to the T1 temperature class making it one of the hottest, most dangerous gases. Find out more about the ATEX certified range of fans certified for hydrogen exhaust.
Explosion Protection: Hydrogen IIC T1
Gas Group IIC contains 3 gases: Hydrogen, Acetylene and Carbon Disulphide
Hydrogen is a group IIC gas and belongs to the T1 temperature class making it one of the hottest, most dangerous gases. When mixed with oxygen, Hydrogen is a highly explosive substance that is odourless, colourless and lighter than air. The lightweight element accumulates above the oxygen, and where effective ventilation is not in place, a build-up can occur. In extreme circumstances there have been cases of battery room explosions as a result of ineffective battery room ventilation. A small smoulder can create a huge explosion when hydrogen is in the presence of oxygen, and besides this, hydrogen is hazardous to health, causing skin burns and eye issues.
A typical industrial application where high levels of hydrogen are prone to exist is within large battery rooms where energy storage cells are contained that power different parts of a building, vehicle, ship, system or component. Everyone knows the function of a battery; to store electricity in the form of chemical energy and to convert to electrical energy when required. Vented lead-acid batteries or flooded batteries as they are also commonly known, consist of plates that are flooded with an acid electrolyte. When charging, the electrolyte emits hydrogen through the vents in the battery. Under normal operations, the release of hydrogen is relatively small, but this is elevated during heavy recharge periods, especially for large industrial batteries and hydrogen cells. For battery room ventilation and in more current renewable energy storage cells and carrier technologies, hydrogen will be a key factor in ensuring a reliable, safe, and stable energy source in the post fossil fuel period. Therefore, the safety of hydrogen ventilation and a correct hazardous area classification should always be undertaken when handling applications that have this explosive high temperature class (T1), IIC group gas.
Hazardous Area Classifications (HAC's)
HAC's or hazardous area classifications are used to identify places where, because of the potential for explosive atmospheres, special precautions over sources of ignition are needed to prevent explosions. Hazardous area classifications should only be done by responsible and certified personal; equipment manufacturers should not decide the classification and the onus should be on the end user to determine the correct zone and class of the area to determine where an explosive atmosphere is present, if it may occasionally occur or if it will only exist in abnormal conditions.
Dismissing a critical safety issue is clearly not responsible, system integrators in commercial, industrial, renewable energy and dockyard applications need to identify the risks and design a system to protect in a fail-safe way. This also includes protecting personal with protective workwear. Any structure containing hydrogen components should be adequately ventilated. Suspended ceilings, inverted pockets, confining cowlings or covers that might accumulate hydrogen should be avoided if possible. The release of hydrogen in laboratory settings should be controlled by enclosures, fume hoods or vented outside to prevent it from reaching an ignition source.
The likelihood of an explosion occurring in the case of a battery room depends on the number of batteries, the charge rate, the size of the room and the ventilation available. Legislation advises the number of air changes per hour, for example IS:1332 Battery Rooms advises 12 air changes per hour or suggest that hydrogen concentration levels are kept below 1% to avoid the risk of explosion. The National Fire Protection Association lists the explosive concentration level, or Lower Explosive Level (LEL) of hydrogen as 4%, so the legislation stipulating a maximum level below 1% encourages the safe implementation of ventilation systems to avoid explosions far below the stipulated 4% explosive level. Air changes per hour tables can be used to determine the changeover rate depending on how the room is used.
If the level of hydrogen in a battery room exceeds 1% after one hour of charging, mechanical ventilation using ATEX explosion proof exhaust fans is required. This should be a compulsory requirement even if the concentration is not expected to reach 1%, due to uncertainties in building geographies, high points, or inadequate and blocked openings for natural ventilation. Ventilation should ideally be placed at both high points (for the exhaust of hydrogen that accumulates above the oxygen), and low points within the room to encourage forced ventilation out of the room. There should be no air recirculation under any circumstances as this encourages the mix of the two gases, and where possible, on a separate ventilation system than the rest of the building. Corrosion resistant fans with ATEX non sparking components, ideally roof mounted to exhaust upward and out are the ideal solution, but if not possible, ATEX wall mounted axial fans with back draught dampers, to avoid the return of hazardous substances, can be used. All Axair ATEX explosion proof fans are suitable for IIC gas groups to ensure adequate and safe removal of Hydrogen gas. Since the UK left the European Union, changes are in process to the way explosive atmosphere equipment is marked. From January 2023 ATEX marking in the UK will change to UKEX. It is worth noting that for now, explosion proof equipment may have both labels on the product to show that it complies with the legislation for use in hazardous areas.
Both temperature class and gas group are important pieces of information that are required for the correct selection of ATEX industrial fans for Hydrogen exhaust.
For more information, or to discuss the use of industrial fans for any battery room or hydrogen exhaust application, contact Axair Fans on 01782 349 430.
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ucleic acid precipitation - why alchohol and low temperature (Jan/29/2002 )
Would anyone out there be able to tell as to why alchohols like isopropanol or ethanol are used to precipitate nucleic acids, and also, why is the precipitation done at low temperatures
Precipitation is probably easier at lower temperatures because of less Brownian motion of the molecules?
I think DNA is not soluble in alcohol because this kind of substance cannot shield the high charge of phosphate groups of the backbone. Water, a molecule that is more polar and has good capacity of shielding charged or polar groups, is more efficient to do that. When you increased the alcohol concentration in water, the DNA becomes progressively less shielded and eventually, precipitate. A good point to note here is that by adding salt, you accentuate a lot this effect (salt ions sequester water molecules wich become less available to solubilize DNA).
For the temperature, it is simply because it reduce the solubility (in general) of dissolved substances. So, it helps to precipitate things (DNA, and unfortunately, salts...). Someone else has given a more in-depht point of view for this explanation.
Regarding temperature dependence of solubility it depends on whether it is endoor egzotemic process. In the former case, solubility incrises with temperature.
ok i remember something about...
DNA is soluble in water because the water molecules intercalate into the phosphate backbone of the DNA and thus maintain it in a soluble state. When you add salt and alcohol you are essentially removing the water molecules and teh DNA then precipitates.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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A dig or an excavation is one of the most used methods of obtaining information for archaeologists. Since their field is the study of ancient civilizations. Archaeologists spend as much time in the outdoors as they do inside their museums studying their finds. Before they could get those specimens that they have to pore over, they would have to get them first from the ground, and usually they have to dig it out. Because of that, they face unique problems especially when it comes to logistics that other scientists would not have to worry about.
While other scientists are able to conduct their study in the comfort of their laboratory or offices, an archaeologist must go out first and seek what he could study first and retrieve it. They would have to setup archaeological digs on sites of past settlements, cities, burial grounds and virtually anything that might contain artefacts. Normally these sites would be located on places that are remote and far from cities and places of present human habitation. That would mean that it is far from areas where the scientists and their team could get their supplies. That is not always the case but more usually it is so the leader of an archaeological expedition, aside from worrying about the techniques of digging and the scientific side of things, would also have to spend a great deal of time in thinking about how to get supplies to the site.
LightingOne of the most serious concerns on a remote archaeological site is the problem of lighting. These places would be located in areas that might have no electrical supply and so setting up lights would be a problem and electrical contractors would be required to get it set up. The lighting would be crucial in sites that need to be worked on continuously, or on a 24 hour basis, or even after the dark has settled in. This is the case in sites where the digging has to be finished as soon as possible.
The team would have to setup electrical generators then and the more remote an area is, the problem it would be. The generators would be reliant on fuel which would also have to be brought over to the site. Not only is the lighting essential so that the digging could continue even after dark, but it would also be needed in order to secure the area against thieves or those who might go after the artefacts.


Waterfall 202 - Splits with Hurdles Template
The Splits with Hurdles Template allows users to split distribution cash flow similar to the Split Template, but now adding in a hurdle rate to end the rule. The IMS system currently supports hurdles based on IRR, Equity Multiple, Return of Capital, and Preferred Return. The system will support multiple hurdles such as an IRR of 15% and an Equity Multiple of 1.80x.
Pre-Conditions For Use:
The Entity must have at least two Classes to split distribution cash flow.
Input Fields:
Percentage: Input the % of the available cash that will be directed to the first class
Class: Select the class that the % just input will correspond to
Distribution Method: Choose how the system should allocate the distributions between the investors within the selected class.
 - Pro-rata by Ownership: Most common choice. The amount distributed will be allocated according to each investor's class ownership percentage. If more than one class is being allocated to it will look to entity ownership.
 - Prorata by Unpaid Preferred Return: Typically, only appropriate for use with the preferred return template. The amount distributed will be allocated according to each investor's percentage of the total amount of unpaid preferred return. For example, if you are distributing $50,000 but $100,000 of preferred return is accrued total to all investors and John Smith has accrued $1000 (1%), he will be paid 1% of the total distribution amount, or $500.
 - Equal Distributions: if everyone receives the exact same amount (one off)
 - Total Amount: Generally, not recommended. Only to be used if there is only one investor, as it will allocate the total amount of the distribution to each investor.
Distribution Sub-Type: Select the bucket that best represents the cash flow (typically Excess Cash or Promote)
Assign Hurdle to Class: Select the Class(es) that will need to hit the hurdle before ending the rule
Hurdle: Select the appropriate Hurdle: IRR, Equity Multiple, Preferred Return ("its preferred return" will use the pre-set rate specified in class preferences "A preferred return" will allow you to specify a different rate), Return of Capital, or a specific percentage as applicable
Hurdle Rate: Input the applicable hurdle expressed as a percentage
Similar to the Splits Template without hurdles, you can add additional classes to the template by selecting the + button to the right of the splits. You can also have multiple hurdles if you select the plus button. Typical combinations include an IRR Hurdle and Equity Multiple. Once the Class that the Hurdle is tied to has met the required threshold, the system will go on to the next rule.
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Consistency is one of the biggest goals when feeding calves. Whatever the liquid feed (milk or milk replacer), the temperature, total solids percentage, and nutrient level should be reasonably consistent from feeding to feeding. Large changes in any of these parameters can lead to unwillingness of calves to drink or scours in calves that do drink.
Variability in nutrient content or total solids percentage in waste milk can occur if the proportion of transition milk to mastitic milk changes. Nutrient content will decrease as more mastitic milk is added. One possible remedy for this situation is to fortify waste milk with milk replacer powder to increase the nutrient content. However, inaccurate measurement of the supplemental milk replacer may only exacerbate the variability problem. To avoid this, one must be able to make precise measurements of the milk replacer to be added.
On the same issue of consistency, it is important when mixing milk replacer to be accurate in the amount fed per feeding and temperature of the milk replacer. Students in a Dairy Management class at the Pennsylvania State University recently participated in a laboratory assignment that shed some light on the variability that can occur when mixing milk replacer for feeding calves. We used a standard commercial milk replacer and the directions on the bag along with the measuring cup supplied in the bag.
To follow the manufacturer's instructions correctly one would have to mix 10 ounces of milk replacer powder with 2 quarts of water; water temperature should be 110 to 115°F. These directions are similar to what one may find on the tag of many milk replacers. Assuming the directions are followed precisely, the end result should be a warm, milk-like solution that is 13% solids. Measurement, however, is only as precise as the instrument used. On most dairy farms, a balance, graduated cylinder, and thermometer are not standard equipment for mixing milk replacer. Rather, a plastic cup is used to measure milk replacer powder, water volume is measured in a bottle or pitcher, and the calf feeder's finger is used to measure water temperature.
During the laboratory sections, students were given the directions above and asked to mix milk replacer for a single calf using the standard farm "equipment." After mixing, temperature was measured in the final product using a thermometer and total solids were calculated by measuring the Brix percentage with a refractometer and adding 2 (a rule of thumb based on the equation published by Moore et al., 2009). The same cup, provided in the bag of milk replacer powder, was used by all students; however, results were variable (Table 1).
Table 1. Final temperature and total solids of milk replacer mixed by students
|Total Solids (%)||9.6||2.3||6||14.5|
Of the 41 batches of milk replacer mixed, only 17 achieved a final total solids percentage within the goal range of 10 to 15%. Only two calves would have received a final solution with total solids percentage of 13%. When students measured the final temperature of the milk replacer, only 2 of 41 achieved a final temperature between 110 and 115°F. Many of the students in the class were from dairy farms and had previous experience mixing milk replacer. This in-class experiment simply shows the variation that can occur when imprecise equipment is used.
In contrast to the variation seen in mixing milk replacer, recent data from a Pennsylvania State University field trial showed relatively little fluctuation in raw milk total solids. Samples of waste milk were collected from 9 Pennsylvania dairy farms twice a day for 15 days, and total solids were measured using the same rule of thumb mentioned above. When data from all 9 farms were combined, total solids ranged from 8.3 to 13.9%. However, on any single farm, variation was much lower (Table 2).
Table 2. Variation in waste milk on 9 dairy farms in Pennsylvania
In these two examples, variation in total solids resulting from imprecise measurement of milk replacer powder was approximately 2.5 to 11.5 times greater than the variation in the waste milk that we try to correct by fortification. So, how can we decrease this variation and ensure that calves receive a consistent product at each feeding? We need to improve the precision with which we measure our ingredients. Some recommended equipment that is both economical and easy to maintain are a simple balance and a bowl large enough to hold the maximum amount of powder to be mixed, a measuring cup that holds just what is needed to be mixed, a cooking thermometer to ensure a consistent water temperature, and a pitcher or bottle with graduated markings for measurement. A hand-held refractometer for measuring Brix % may also be used to ensure that total solids percentage of the final product is within the desired range.
- Moore, D. A., J. Taylor, M. L. Hartman, and W. M. Sischo. 2009. Quality assessments of waste milk at a calf ranch. J. Dairy Sci. 92:3503-3509.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Interpersonal Communication Minor
The Interpersonal Communication minor serves students interested in improving their interpersonal communication skills and knowledge in personal or professional communication settings.
The coursework allows students to investigate communication in families, personal relationships and across the life span. Because not all interpersonal communication happens face-to-face, students also have the opportunity to learn about the role of the Internet, social networking sites, text messaging and other new media forms in the interpersonal communication process.
The Interpersonal Communication minor may benefit students interested in sales, human resources, counseling or teaching.
Students can complete the Interpersonal Communication minor in its entirety at Kent State Stark.


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Birch control on lowland heaths: mechanical control and the application of selective herbicides by foliar spray.
The effects of mechanical control methods and foliar sprays of fosamine ammonium, 2,4,5-T and triclopyr, singly or in combination, were assessed on Betula pendula, B. pubescens and a non-target sp. Calluna vulgaris. Cutting was less successful than pulling, due to regeneration from cut stumps. The mechanical treatments increased regeneration of Calluna seedlings in the understorey. All 3 herbicides improved control when applied to birch scrub or to regrowth after cutting. Triclopyr reduced the number of birch and Calluna seedlings; fosamine ammonium and 2,4,5-T damaged or killed some Calluna plants while birch seedlings were unaffected.


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Lime-mud layers in high-energy tidal channels: A record of hurricane deposition
During or immediately following the transit of Hurricane Andrew (August 23-24, 1992) across the northern part of the Great Bahama Bank, thin laminated beds of carbonate mud were deposited in high-energy subtidal channels (4 m depth) through the ooid shoals of south Cat Cay and Joulters Cays. During our reconnaissance seven weeks later, we observed lime-mud beds exposed in the troughs of submarine oolite dunes and ripples. The mud layers were underlain and locally covered by ooid sand. The mud beds were lenticular and up to 5 cm thick. Their bases cast the underlying rippled surface. The layers were composed of soft silt- and sand-sized pellets and peloids and in some areas contained freshly preserved Thalassia blades and other organic debris along planes of lamination. The beds had a gelatinous consistency and locally had been penetrated by burrowers and plants. Layers of lime mud had also settled on bioturbated, plant-stabilized flats and in lagoonal settings but were quickly reworked and made unrecognizable by the burrowing of organisms. Thicker, more cohesive (and therefore older) mud beds and angular mud fragments associated with ooids from Joulters Cays have similar characteristics but lack fresh plant fragments. We infer that these older beds were similarly deposited and thus record the passage of previous hurricanes or tropical storms. Storm layers are preserved within channel sediments because migrating ooids prevent attack by the burrowing activity off organisms.
|Lime-mud layers in high-energy tidal channels: A record of hurricane deposition
|Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
|Bahamas, United States
|Google Analytic Metrics


Chain loading
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Chain loading is a method used by computer programs to replace the currently executing program with a new program, using a common data area) to pass information from the current program to the new program. It occurs in several areas of computing.
Chain loading is similar to the use of overlays. Unlike overlays, however, chain loading replaces the currently executing program in its entirety. Overlays usually replace only a portion of the running program. Like the use of overlays, the use of chain loading increases the I/O load of an application.
Chain loading in boot manager programs[edit]
In operating system boot manager programs, chain loading is used to pass control from the boot manager to a boot sector. The target boot sector is loaded in from disk, replacing the in-memory boot sector from which the boot manager itself was bootstrapped, and executed.
Chain loading in Unix[edit]
In Unix (and in Unix-like operating systems), the exec() system call is used to perform chain loading. The program image of the current process is replaced with an entirely new image, and the current thread begins execution of that image. The common data area comprises data such as the process' environment variables, which are preserved across the system call.
Chain loading in BASIC programs[edit]
In BASIC programs, chain loading is the purview of the CHAIN statement (or, in Commodore BASIC, the LOAD statement), which causes the current program to be terminated and the chained-to program to be loaded and invoked (with, on those dialects of BASIC that support it, an optional parameter specifying the line number from which execution is to commence, rather than the default of the first line of the new program). The common data area varies according to the particular dialect of BASIC that is in use. On BBC BASIC, for example, only a specific subset of all variables are preserved across a CHAIN. On other BASICs, the COMMON statement can be used in conjunction with CHAIN to specify which variables are to be preserved as common data across a chain operation.
Chain loading permits BASIC programs to execute more program code than could fit into available program and variable memory. Applications written in BASIC could thus be far larger than the size of working memory, via a set of cooperating programs that CHAIN back and forth amongst themselves as program flow moves within the overall application.
Chain loading in FORTRAN programs[edit]
Many versions of Fortran include a CALL LINK statement that performs chain loading, preserving the contents of COMMON storage.[1] This is not the same as the unrelated LINK subroutine in GNU Fortran.[2]
Chain loading in OS/360[edit]
OS/360 and successors use the XCTL (for "transfer control") macro for chain loading. Because of the operating system's memory management this may or may not result in replacement of the code of the calling program in memory.
 1. ^ IBM Corporation (1974). IBM 1130/1800 Basic FORTRAN IV Language. p. 14.
 2. ^ "The GNU Fortran Compiler". Retrieved Oct 27, 2013.


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Drainage, Liming and Fertilization of Organic Soils. I. Long-term Effects on Acid/Base Relations
Long-term changes of the acid/base relations of organic soils after drainage, fertilization and/or liming at three experimental sites—two ombrogenous and one soligenous—in south-central Norway are discussed. These sites were drained, fertilized and/or limed in 1953–1956 and sampled in 1991–1992. Drainage at the ombrogenous sites caused: insignificant shifts of pH, higher bulk densities to 40 cm depth, higher ash percentage, higher contents of N and P to 20 cm depth and reduced concentrations of total Ca, K, Mg, Na, Al and Fe in soil layers deeper than 20 cm. The soligenous site was not effectively drained; despite this, pH dropped about 0.5 unit in the surface and subsurface soil layers of the control plots, while small changes were measured for most other soil variables. The suggested reason for the pH drop is limited sulphide oxidation in the upper 20 cm drained layer. Base saturation at actual soil pH, when all treatments were included, was estimated with good precision by four regressors: pH, extractable Al, extractable Fe and extractable Ca (R2=0.90–0.95) Similar models explained 97–99% of the variation in base saturation at soil pH=7.0. The lime effects at the properly drained oligotrophic sites were proportional to applied doses; for pH to 40 cm, base saturation to 60 cm, and Ca concentration to 60 cm depth. At the less well-drained soligenous site, effects were limited to the upper 30 cm layer. Both drainage and liming caused higher cation exchange capacities and proper drainage seems to be a prerequisite for the liming effect. Estimated recovery of calcium to 60 cm depth was 64–79% at the ombrogenous sites and 42–46% at the soligenous site.
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Source: Adopted From _URL_
Alternatively referred to as a Multifunction printer(MFP), AIO is short for All-In-One. It is used to describe a hardware device such as an all-in-one printerthat is a printer, fax, and scanner all in one device. The picture is an example of a Samsung all-in-one printer that is a fax, laser printer, sheetfed scanner, and flatbed scanner.
Advantages of All-In-One devices
- Take up less desk space and room by combining multiple devices (e.g. fax, printer, scanner) into one device.
- Less cords. Since the printer and the scanner are one device the AIO only requires one power cord and usually one data (USB) cable.
Also published on Medium.


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The Output window can display status messages for various features in the integrated development environment (IDE). To open the Output window, on the View menu, click Output (or press CTRL + ALT + O).
The Output window is not found on the View menu in Visual Studio Express editions. You can use the hotkey CTRL + ALT + O to bring it up.
To display the Output window whenever you build a project, in the General, Projects and Solutions, Options Dialog Box, select Show Output window when build starts. Then, with a code file open for editing, click the Go to Next Message and Go To Previous Message buttons on the Output window toolbar to select entries in the Output pane. As you do this, the insertion point in the code editor jumps to the line of code where the selected problem occurs.
Certain IDE features and commands invoked in the Command Window deliver their output to the Output window. Output from external tools such as.bat and.com files, which is typically displayed in the Command Prompt window, is routed to an Output pane when you select the Use Output Window option in the External Tools dialog box. Many other kinds of messages can be displayed in Output panes as well. For example, when Transact-SQL syntax in a stored procedure is checked against a target database, the results are displayed in the Output window.
You can also program your own applications to write diagnostic messages at run time to an Output pane. To do this, use members of the Debug class or Trace class in the System.Diagnostics namespace of the.NET Framework Class Library. Members of the Debug class display output when you build Debug configurations of your solution or project; members of the Trace class display output when you build either Debug or Release configurations. For more information, see Diagnostic Messages in the Output Window.
In Visual C++, you can create custom build steps and build events whose warnings and errors are displayed and counted in the Output pane. By pressing F1 on a line of output, you can display an appropriate help topic. For more information, see Formatting the Output of a Custom Build Step or Build Event.


Comparisons
Difference Between Analog and Digital Multimeter
We know that multimeters are basically electronic test equipment, utilized for the purpose of determining various quantities like voltage, current, and resistance, etc. Multimeters are generally classified into two types, analog multimeter, and digital multimeter. The crucial difference between analog and digital multimeter lies in their way of representing the quantity being measured. An analog …
Difference Between Analog and Digital Multimeter Read More »
Difference Between Electrical Energy and Electrical Power
Electrical energy and electrical power are the two major terms associated with electrical and electronics system. The fundamental difference between electrical energy and electrical power is that electrical energy represents the amount of work done that causes electric current to flow through a circuit. As against electrical power defines the rate at which work (basically …
Difference Between Electrical Energy and Electrical Power Read More »
Difference Between Force and Power
The major difference between force and power is that force is an action on a body or interaction of two bodies. While power is the amount of energy consumed during an action over the body. Sometimes people get confused between the terms force and power. This section will provide the necessary factors of differentiation between …
Difference Between Force and Power Read More »


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Designing With Light: The Art, Science, and Practice of Architectural Lighting Design is a comprehensive introduction to the intelligent use of lighting to define and enhance a space. The book explores all aspects of the process, including aesthetics, technology, and practicalities, in a clear, concise manner designed to provide the reader with a full working knowledge of lighting design. Color illustrations throughout demonstrate the real-world effects of the concepts presented, and the companion website offers video animations and exercises to better illuminate the art and science of lighting. The book addresses the considerations that should be a part of any designer's process, and provides thorough guidance on meeting the various demands with smarter design.
Lighting is an essential element of interior design, and despite its ubiquity, is difficult to truly master. A designer with a fundamental and conceptual understanding of light is empowered to create simple, typical spaces, or work intelligently with lighting consultants on more complex projects. Designing With Light contains special discussions on color, light, and health, as well as the latest information on energy efficient lighting, control systems, and other technologies. Topics include:
- Physics, psychology, and perception of light
- Current and future lighting technology
- Communication, documentation, and the design process
- Sustainability, daylighting, and energy efficiency
The book also contains an entire chapter on building and energy codes, as well as practical guidance on photometrics and calculations. Lighting can make or break an otherwise well-designed space, so designers need the background to be able to think intelligently about illumination factors during all stages of the process. With comprehensive coverage and thorough explanation, Designing With Light is a complete resource for students and professionals alike.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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aquarium with the beauty of Vals. Great choice! Now, let's talk about giving them the perfect space to flourish.
For Your Smaller Vallisneria:
But remember: Even the 'nana' Val variety grows pretty tall! So, ensure your tank has ample space to accommodate their growth.
For Your Taller Vals:
Got your eyes set on the towering species of Vals? These gigantic plants need room to stretch out. Consider going for a 30-gallon tank or even larger. This way, their tall leaves won't crowd the surface too soon, and they'll have plenty of space to grow.
Ideal water conditions
This test kit:
- accurately monitors 5 most vital water parameters levels in freshwater aquariums: pH, high range pH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate
Vals have a knack for adapting, but if you want them to truly thrive, there are specific water parameters you should keep in mind.
- Temperature: Originating from tropical regions, Vals feel most at home with temperatures between 68°F to 82°F (20°C to 28°C). Keep your tank in this range, and you'll keep them happy!
- pH Level: While Vals are fairly forgiving, they do best in slightly acidic to neutral conditions. A pH level between 6.0 and 9.0 is their comfort zone.
- Hardness: Vals aren't picky, but they are more on the hard side. Aim for a general hardness (GH) of 4-18 dGH.
Tip: even though Vals can swing with brackish water, they're champions in the freshwater scene.
This LED Light:
- Provides better heat transfer and is combined with an IP67 waterproof rating.
- Customize the colors of your sunrise and sunset at will!
- Preset 24/7 Mode
- Memory Function
Vals are quite the flexible bunch. They can manage in low-light conditions but truly come alive under moderate lighting to high lighting, especially if you have the Corkscrew variant.
Using full-spectrum aquarium lights ensures your Vals get all the wavelengths they need to flourish. We recommend using the Nicrew Light. But if you want to learn more, check out our guide here.
Caution: Avoid going overboard. Too much light can lead to unwanted algae growth in your aquarium. Aim for a consistent cycle of around 8-12 hours a day.
Vals primarily feed from their roots, but they are not heavily root feeders. Of course, like any planted aquarium plant, they will benefit well from a nutrient-rich substrate.
If you're using gravel or sand, consider adding a layer of rich soil beneath, or supplement with root tabs to boost their nutrition should there be not enough fish and food waste in your aquarium.
Sand substrates, though, while able to create a beautiful aquascape, can slow down the spread of Vallisneria, so plan accordingly!
Fertilizer and CO2 Recommendation
- contains extra nutrient supplements: nitrogen, phosphor, iron, and micronutrients.TIP: use tweezers to place the capsule in the gravel, close to the roots of fast-growing plants.
As I have mentioned, while they certainly won't turn down some extra nutrition, Vals can grow splendidly without heavy fertilizer doses. But by adding balanced liquid fertilizer that is rich in micro and macronutrients, your Vallisneria will have that extra push for luster proliferation.
Especially if your substrate is not nutrient-rich, you may consider using root tabs for a direct feed to their roots.
Tip: Place them at a distance of 4-6 inches away from each other or near the roots of your Val.
Just like fertilizers, Vals can thrive without added CO2, thanks to their hardy nature. However, if you aim for denser, faster growth or if you're cultivating varieties that demand brighter lighting, CO2 supplementation can be beneficial.
Note: Always introduce CO2 gradually. Even the hardy Vals prefer a slow change over a sudden shift in their environment.
How to Plant Vallisneria
- Preparation: First, give your aquarium a quick once-over. Are the conditions just right for your Vals? Check water, lighting, and substrate.
- Unbundle & Inspect: Vals often come bundled together. Gently separate individual plants, inspecting for any dead or damaged leaves and roots. Trim these off to encourage healthy growth.
- Root Trimming (Optional): While not always necessary, trimming the roots slightly can promote new root growth once planted.
- Dig a Hole: Using a pair of planting tweezers or your fingers, dig a small hole in the substrate where you wish to plant the Val.
- Planting: Nestle the Val into the hole, making sure only the roots are snugly buried. But hey, keep the crown above ground to prevent it from rotting – it likes to breathe!
- Secure the Plant: Press the surrounding substrate gently. You want your Vals to feel secure, but not smothered.
- Spacing: If you're planting multiple Vals, make sure to leave some space between each plant. They love their personal dance space as they sway and grow.
- Initial Care: For the first couple of weeks, monitor your newly planted Vals closely. Check for any signs of stress or growth issues. Adjust lighting, CO2, or fertilization as necessary.
Pro Tip: Ready to plant? Gently nestle the roots and crown into the substrate, using fingers or an aquascaping tool. Afterward, give a tiny upward tug to let the crown just peek above. Voilà! Perfect Vals positioning!
Trimming and Pruning
Ah, the joy of watching your Vals flourish and grow!
Sometimes, your Vals reach too high, overshadowing other plants or blocking equipment. When this happens, begin trimming those older leaves that appear yellow or damaged. These are often on the outer part of the plant.
Once you're okay with it, trim your Vals down to the desired length. Don't worry, they can grow back pretty fast!
And not only do they grow pretty fast, but they also love to send off little runners, which can become new plants. If you feel they're overcrowding or not growing where you'd like, feel free to snip them off.
Pro tip: Always trim gradually, avoiding excessive pruning in a single session. This keeps your Vals stress-free and allows them to adjust better to their new look.
- Spot the Runners: Keep an eye out for runners, those thin stems extending from the main plant.
- Identify Daughter Plants: These runners will soon sprout daughter plants, which are mini versions of the mother plant.
- Separate with Care: Once these daughters have roots and leaves, gently pull them away from the runner.
- Plant Them: Secure the daughter plants in the substrate, ensuring the crown sits just above the surface.
Caution: Be mindful! While runners are a sign of a happy Val, they can quickly spread and take over your tank. Keep an eye on their growth and trim back as needed
Vallisneria Tank Mates
Here are some good tank mates:
Proceed with Caution:
- Goldfish – Although the leaves are a no-go for most, be cautious with notorious plant-eaters.
- Silver Dollar
Why Vallisneria is a Must-Have for Beginners
Hardy Nature: Coming from tropical and subtropical regions, Vallisneria adapts well to a variety of conditions.
Low Maintenance: No need for constant trimming or special lighting.
Natural Filters: Not only are they pretty, but Vals also help improve water quality by absorbing excess nutrients.
Oxygen Pros: They boost oxygen levels, making everyone breathe easier.
Easy Propagation: As you advance in your hobby, you'll appreciate how Vals send out runners, gifting you with more plants without any extra effort on your part.
Fish-friendly: Vals create a perfect hideaway for your fishy friends, offering them a sense of security and comfort. Plus, as we've noted, most fish don't find their leaves tasty, so they remain beautifully intact.
Health Issues and Diseases
Yellowing or Browning Leaves
Now, this can be a sign your Vals are feeling a tad deprived. Often, it's a cry for nutrients, especially iron. A splash of fertilizer might just be the thing they need. Remember to keep an eye on those iron levels!
Transparent or Melting Leaves
This can be quite tricky. Often, it's due to sudden shifts in the water or playing too fast and loose with CO2. To keep your Vals from getting the underwater illness, ensure water changes are gradual, and CO2 levels are stable.
If your Vallisneria root feels a bit too soggy, it might lead to rot. This can be due to a suffocated substrate or too little oxygen at the root zone. The remedy? Ensure those crown tops peek just above your soil!
Too much light or some nutrient mischief might be the cause. Consider tweaking the light duration and keep tabs on those nutrient levels.
Remember: When in doubt, observe and adjust! Vals just want a bit of love and the right setting to shine.
So, there you go! Want an easy and cool plant for your aquarium? Vallis is your go-to! They're straightforward, stunning, and low-maintenance. The best yet? No need for a green thumb or a hefty wallet!
If you have stories or tips to share, or you just want to read more about these plants, share those on our Facebook community! Let's grow together!
Now if you want to explore more, these are our newest additions!
- How to Cycle a Pond (2023)
- Easy Aquarium Plants for


Definitions for seriema
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word seriema
Princeton's WordNet
 1. chunga, seriema, Chunga burmeisteri(noun)
 Argentinian Cariama
 2. crested cariama, seriema, Cariama cristata(noun)
 Brazilian Cariama; sole representative of the genus Cariama
GCIDE
 1. Seriema(n.)
 either of two large South American birds related to the cranes, the cariama of Southern Brazil (Cariama cristata, formerly Dicholophus cristata) or the Chunga burmeisteri of Argentina. They have an erectile crest and a short, broad bill. They are often domesticated.
 2. Origin: [Native name.]
Wiktionary
 1. seriema(Noun)
 Either of two species of bird in the family Cariamidae, endemic to South America.
 2. Origin: Native name.
Webster Dictionary
 1. Seriema(noun)
 a large South American bird (Dicholophus, / Cariama cristata) related to the cranes. It is often domesticated. Called also cariama
 2. Origin: [Native name.]
Freebase
 1. Seriema
 The seriemas are the sole extant members of the small and ancient clade Cariamidae, which is also the sole surviving lineage of the Cariamae group. Once believed to be related to cranes, they have been placed by one recent study near the falcons, parrots and passerines, as well as the extinct terror birds. The seriemas are large, long-legged terrestrial birds that range from 70 to 90 cm. They live in grasslands, savanna, dry woodland and open forests of Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. There are two species of seriesmas, the Red-legged Seriema and the Black-legged Seriema. Names for these birds in the Tupian languages are siriema, sariama, çariama, which are explained as meaning "crested".
Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
 1. Seriema
 ser-i-ē′ma, n. a long-legged, crested Brazilian bird.—Also Caria′ma.
Numerology
 1. Chaldean Numerology
 The numerical value of seriema in Chaldean Numerology is: 3
 2. Pythagorean Numerology
 The numerical value of seriema in Pythagorean Numerology is: 7
Images & Illustrations of seriema
Translations for seriema
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
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text:
The classic 1959 film Ben Hur has been an iconic part of it American cinema for decades, and its themes of faith, friendship and redemption have been praised by many. However, the film has been the subject of much debate and speculation lately, with some doubts as to whether the main character, Judah Ben-Hur, is gay. While there is no definitive answer to this question, it is important to consider the evidence that both supports and disproves the idea that Ben-Hur is gay. This article examines the evidence surrounding this debate and examines whether or not Ben-Hur can be considered a gay character.
He turned down the role of Judah Ben-Hur because he had already appeared in a biblical-era film, The Silver Chalice (1955), and hated the experience. In addition, it taught him that he could not wear a tunic because his legs were inadequate.
Table of Contents
Where is Charlton Heston?
Charlton Heston was an iconic actor who passed away in 2008. He is best known for his roles in classic movies such as Ben-Hur and The Ten Commandments. He was an active political figure who served as president of the National Rifle Association from 1998 to 2003. In recent years, his legacy has been kept alive by his family, friends and fans. His final resting place is Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California, where he is buried with his wife Lydia. He is fondly remembered by those who knew him and those who admired his work.
Writing a screenplay for a movie or TV show can be an exciting and fulfilling experience. It requires a lot of creativity and hard work, but the rewards can be great. It's important to start with a well-thought-out concept and a solid outline before diving into the writing process. Once the ideas are in place, the writer needs to come up with interesting characters and storylines that will captivate the audience. Each scene should have a purpose and the dialogue should be natural and engaging. Crafting a compelling story is essential for the screenplay to be successful. With dedication and perseverance, a great screenplay can be made to leave the public wanting more.
Classic religious epic: Ben-hur and the iconic chariot racing scene
Ben-Hur is an American religious epic directed by William Wyler in 1959 and starring Charlton Heston, which is based on Lew Wallace's 1880 novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ. Ben Hur has a strong religious overtones, as evidenced by the title, which is a remake of the 1925 silent film of the same title. The chariot racing scene from Chariot is considered one of the most amazing scenes in movie history. Preparing for this iconic scene took nearly a year of planning. Charlton Heston, a wealthy horseman, had to learn how to drive a chariot to succeed in the game. Messala, played by Stephen Boyd, also took the same classes as him. The chariot racing scene in Ben-Hur is a testament to the dedication and expertise of the cast and crew. This scene in Ben-Hur is one of the most memorable in the film.
Gay characters are an important part of the entertainment industry. The portrayal of LGBTQ+ characters in popular media has improved over the years, allowing audiences to find characters that reflect their own experiences and identities. Gay characters appear in TV shows, movies, books, and more, providing much-needed representation for people of all ages. These characters can help educate and educate the public about the LGBTQ+ experience and create a more accepting, diverse culture. By introducing various characterswe can help break down barriers and create a more inclusive society.
Disney pioneers LGBTQ+ representation with Strange World
In Disney's Strange World, which will be released on November 23, 2022, they have introduced the very first gay main character. The media is breaking new ground in its portrayal of LGBTQI people, with the character of Ethan Clade voiced by gay comedian Jaboukie Young-White. This isn't the first time LGBTQ+ characters have appeared in a movie or TV show. Brock Peters appears as one of the first openly gay characters in a American movie in The Pawnbroker, a movie released in 1964. In the 2000s, cartoons like Sailor Moon, South Park, King of the Hill, Cardcaptor, and Futurama all featured LGBTQ+ characters. Sara Ramrez, who spent 11 seasons and 239 episodes as Dr. Callie Torres, who starred on Grey's Anatomy, was one of the most enduring LGBTQ characters in American television history. The introduction of Ethan Clade into Disney's filmography marks an important milestone in LGBTQ representation and inclusion, and it will undoubtedly pave the way for more LGBTQ characters to appear in media in the future.


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Queen's University
Meeting 7: Round Up
In this meeting, we discuss freedom of speech, family status, racial discrimination, religious accommodation and sexual harassment Investigation
Freedom of Expression
What happened when a University disciplines students for criticizing their prof on Facebook? (Prigden)
Family Status
What happens when an employer refuses to accommodate an employee with childcare issues? (Johnstone)
Can an Arbitration board hear the complaint of a probationary employee dismissed after her maternity leave? (Parry Sound)
What happens when you fire an employee after she announces that her child-care arrangements have changed? (Cavanaugh)
Racial Discrimination
Does a Human Rights tribunal have the power to remove a university dean and order the instatement of another candidate who was denied the position due to racism? (Seneca)
Can a complainant use employer attrition data to support an individual complaint of racial discrimination? (Carasco)
Can an employer offer benefits to non-aboriginal employees and not to aboriginal employees? (Malec)
What happens when a service provider singles out racialized minorities for identity checks? (Tahmourpour)
What happens when a deputy minister, to whom specific Tribunal orders to produce documentation have been directed, fails to comply with those orders? (Pieters)
Religious Accommodation
What happens when an insubordinate employee's religious beliefs are not accommodated? (Communications)
What happens when a religious accommodation policy violates provisions of the Collective Agreement? (Seneca)
Sexual Harassment Investigations
What happens when an employer fails to investigate when a male employee claims he is being harassed by his female subordinate? (Frolov)
At what point has a university fulfilled its substantial and procedural duties to investigate the sexual harassment? (Ford)
Kingston, Ontario, Canada. K7L 3N6. _PHONE_


<< Chapter < Page
 Intro to logic Page 1 / 1
Chapter >> Page >
We motivate the use of relations, as a way to encapsulate the information previously spreadacross a swath of propositional variables.
Relations: building a better (representation of) waterworld
So far, we have represented WaterWorld boards using propositions like A-has-2 and B-unsafe . You've probably already felt that this is unwieldy, having hundredspropositional variables running around,with only our naming convention implying any relation between them.Worse, this zoo of propositions doesn't reflect how we actually think about WaterWorld.For instance, the only way the rules recognize that locations A and B are near each other is because of several axioms which simultaneously involve A-has-2 and B-unsafe , etc. , in just the right way to result in our idea of the conceptneighbor. In fact, there is no way of talking about the location A directly; we only had propositions which dealt with its properties, such aswhether or not it neighbored exactly two pirates.
If writing a program about WaterWorld, our program should reflect our conception of the problem.However, as it stands, our conception corresponds to having many many Boolean variables named A-has-2 , B-unsafe , etc. Even worse, the rules would be encodings of the hundreds of axioms. A long enumeration of the axioms is probably not how you think of the rules.In other words, when explaining the game to your friend, you probably sayif a location contains a 2, then two of its neighbors are pirates, rather than droning on for half an hour about howif location A contains a 2, then either location B is unsafe or.
Moreover, the original rules only pertained to a fixed-size board; inventing a new game played on a 5050 grid would require a whole new set of rules!That is clearly not how we humans conceptualize the game!What we want, when discussing the rules, is a generic way to discussing neighboring locations, so thatwe can have one single rule, saying that if a (generic) location has a zero, then any neighboring location is safe.Thus, we allow the exact details ofneighboring locationto change from game to game as we play on different boards(just as which locations contain pirates changes from game to game).
In a program, you'd probably represent the board as a collection (matrix, list, whatever) of Booleans.In our logic, to correspond to this data structure, we'll introduce binary relations .
By including relations (rather than sticking entirely with propositions), we are leaving the realm of propositional logic;we'll soon reach first-order logic once we also introduce quantifiers corresponding to aspects of program control-flow (loops).
We'll start by adding a way to express whether any two locations are adjacent: a relation nhbr , which will encode the board's geography as follows: nhbr A B and nhbr Z Y are true, while nhbr A D and nhbr M Z are false.
What, exactly, do we mean byrelation? We'll see momentarily , that we can represent nhbr as a set of pairs-of-locations (or equivalently, a function which takes in two locations, and returns either true or false.)
This relation " nhbr " entirely encodes the board's geography. Giving somebody the relation is every bit as good as to showingthem a picture of the board (in some ways, betterthe relation makes it perfectly clear whether two locations which just barely touch at a single point,like B and G , are meant to be considered neighbors.)
We used a binary (two-input) relation to describe neighboring locations.How can we use a relation to capture the notionlocation A is safe?
We'll use a unary (one-input) relation: safe ( A ) is true if and only if (iff) location A is safe.
Got questions? Get instant answers now!
After defining relations and discussing their properties, we'll talk about interpreting logic formulas relative to particular relations.
Using relations gives us additional flexibility in modeling our domain, so that our formal logical model more closely corresponds to ourintuition. Relations help separate the WaterWorld domain axioms (code) fromthe data, i.e. , the particular board we're playing on.
Questions & Answers
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
Stoney Reply
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
Adin Reply
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
Adin
why?
Adin
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
anyone know any internet site where one can find nanotechnology papers?
Damian Reply
research.net
kanaga
sciencedirect big data base
Ernesto
Introduction about quantum dots in nanotechnology
Praveena Reply
what does nano mean?
Anassong Reply
nano basically means 10^(-9). nanometer is a unit to measure length.
Bharti
do you think it's worthwhile in the long term to study the effects and possibilities of nanotechnology on viral treatment?
Damian Reply
absolutely yes
Daniel
how to know photocatalytic properties of tio2 nanoparticles...what to do now
Akash Reply
it is a goid question and i want to know the answer as well
Maciej
characteristics of micro business
Abigail
for teaching engĺish at school how nano technology help us
Anassong
Do somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?
s. Reply
there is no specific books for beginners but there is book called principle of nanotechnology
NANO
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
Devang Reply
are you nano engineer ?
s.
fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.
Tarell
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
Damian
That is a great question Damian. best way to answer that question is to Google it. there are hundreds of applications for buck minister fullerenes, from medical to aerospace. you can also find plenty of research papers that will give you great detail on the potential applications of fullerenes.
Tarell
what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry
Abhijith Reply
Mostly, they use nano carbon for electronics and for materials to be strengthened.
Virgil
is Bucky paper clear?
CYNTHIA
carbon nanotubes has various application in fuel cells membrane, current research on cancer drug,and in electronics MEMS and NEMS etc
NANO
so some one know about replacing silicon atom with phosphorous in semiconductors device?
s. Reply
Yeah, it is a pain to say the least. You basically have to heat the substarte up to around 1000 degrees celcius then pass phosphene gas over top of it, which is explosive and toxic by the way, under very low pressure.
Harper
Do you know which machine is used to that process?
s.
how to fabricate graphene ink ?
SUYASH Reply
for screen printed electrodes ?
SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
s. Reply
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
On having this app for quite a bit time, Haven't realised there's a chat room in it.
Cied
what is biological synthesis of nanoparticles
Sanket Reply
what's the easiest and fastest way to the synthesize AgNP?
Damian Reply
China
Cied
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
Smarajit Reply
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Functional testing might answer questions like: what temperature chilled water is being provided when the outside air temperature is 30°F, 40°F, etc. The inputs to the controls are overridden or simulated in order to document the system's response.
An energy audit focuses on measures that if implemented, will save energy. Many of these measures involve purchasing and installing new capital equipment, such as new chillers, pumps or boilers. RCx focuses on how the existing equipment is controlled. RCx measures are mostly repairing, recalibrating and reprogramming controls and control devices such as temperature sensors and damper actuators. RCx measures are typically inexpensive to implement and typically offer simple paybacks of two years or less.
An RCx study is typically more expensive than an energy audit, however, when you combine the cost of the RCx study with the cost to implement the measures identified in the report, you will find that RCx is typically less expensive than energy audits, as energy audit measures often have longer paybacks.


text:
LAS CRUCES —The $5 million Las Cruces Museum of Nature and Science opens to the public on Friday with exhibits that range from a historic homemade telescope to live animals, ancient fossils and a high-tech digital video globe that's a window to our solar system.
After almost a decade of planning, the 9,400-square-foot museum, formerly housed at the Mesilla Valley Mall, will join the "cultural corridor" of city museums that includes the Branigan Cultural Center and the Las Cruces Museum of Art on Main Street, and the nearby Las Cruces Railroad Museum.
An invitation-only crowd got a sneak peek Thursday night of the new facility, designed to showcase some of the best of regional nature and science.
Where else in the world could you find a handcrafted telescope on a lawnmower base made by Clyde Tombaugh, the man who discovered Pluto?
Tombaugh's famed "Grazer Gazer" shares the "Light & Space" exhibit with Magic Planet, a four-foot, high-tech, interactive digital video globe that offers near-instant access to images and information on every planet in the solar system, along with developing weather systems on Earth.
You'll also be able to walk through "Prehistoric Trackways," a panoramic display of tracks of ancient creatures, and, with the touch of a button, have dialogs with Jerry MacDonald, the man who discovered and excavated the largest collection of Permian tracks in the world and managed to save the precious 280-million-year-old fossils in our own Robledo Mountains.
No animals killed
In the third major exhibit, "Desert Life," you can get up close and personal with a live tarantula and a host of other native creatures.
"The exhibit explores five habitats of the Chihuahuan Desert and includes 29 live animals, illustrations of key plant species and taxidermied desert mammals and birds," said city museum system volunteer coordinator Julie Hansen, who stressed that no animals were killed to create the displays.
"The (taxidermied) animals in these exhibits are recovered animals that died due to accident, illness or were obtained through criminal seizure by federal and state government agencies and are being re-purposed here as educational exhibits, showcasing regional animals we would be unable to keep as living creatures," Hansen said.
"Adriana Candia, a professor of Spanish at NMSU, worked very hard with us on our bilingual displays to make sure the scientific terms and explanations were accurate," Hansen said.
"I'm very excited. There are so many opportunities to grow and do so many things," said museum manager Michael Walczak, as he moved items and critters from the old Museum of Natural History in the Mesilla Valley Mall to their new home. He's particularly pleased with a spacious classroom area that offers room for experiments.
City museums administrator Will Ticknor is happy with the renovated building's green profile, and anticipates top LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rankings for skillful redevelopment of what was once the Rio Grande Bank building.
"It's safe and it's state of the art," Ticknor said.
In fact, the museum's green technology could constitute another educational exhibit in itself, utilizing everything from wind turbines and photovoltaic panels to recycled and low-emitting construction materials, energy-efficient LED lighting and water-efficient landscaping, toilets and fixtures.
The grand opening of the museum, at 411 N. Main St., will be from 4:30 to 7 p.m. Friday. Regular hours will be 9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Tuesday through Saturday. Admission is free. For information, call _PHONE_ or visit online at _URL_
S. Derrickson Moore can be reached at _PHONE_. Follow her on Twitter _USER_.
IF YOU GO
What: Las Cruces Museum of Nature and Science
When: Opening 4:30 to 7 p.m. Friday
Regular hours: 9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Tuesday through Saturday
Where: 411 N. Main St.
Cost: Admission free
Staff: Michael Walczak, manager, Kim Hanson, education curator, Richard Quick, naturalist, Leticia Soto, administrative assistant
Info: _PHONE_, _URL_
BY THE NUMBERS
9,400 square feet
1986: Founded as Las Cruces Natural History Museum in Mesilla Valley Mall
$5,060,000: Total construction & exhibit cost
$2 million: Total exhibits cost
2004: Planning started for new museum
2007: Property acquired
2011: Construction begins
Nov. 2, 2012: Museum opens
"Chihuahuan Desert Habitats:" Focuses on desert plains, bajadas, sky islands, desert rivers and desert grasslands, including 29 live animals, taxidermied desert mammals and birds, and illustrations of key plant species.
"Light and Space:" Exhibits include a four-foot digital video Magic Planet globe, a telescope built by Pluto's discoverer Clyde Tombaugh, a table where visitors can experiment with light, changing images of the universe from NASA's Space Science Institute, a mechanical model of the solar system, and an interactive exhibit on the color of stars.
"Prehistoric Trackways:" Fossil trackways from the Permian Period 280 million years ago when this area was part of an ancient seaway, media programs featuring local citizen-scientist, Jerry MacDonald, who discovered and excavated the largest collection of Permian tracks in the world, a life-sized cast of a dimetrodon, touchable trace fossils.
ACTIVITIES AND PROGRAMS
(Many free: Contact museum for schedule details, information)
Behind the Scenes Nature Center tours: 5-7 p.m. first Fridays of each month
Dinos A-Z: 3 p.m. Fridays, short talk on dinosaur or other prehistoric creature with images and hands-on component
Magic Planet Show: Learn about our universe.
"Night at the Museum 2013:" Two overnight programs for kids with activities and games: "Starry Night" on astronomy in April, "Spooky Science" in October
Animal Encounters: 1 p.m. Saturdays, hands-on introduction to the animals of the Chihuahuan Desert
Desert Treks: Field trips
Pre-K Thursdays: For children 3-5 years old and their parents or caregivers at 9 a.m. each Thursday: Planeteers! Grandma Mona's Science Storytime, Nature Kids, Dinosaur Train, Fetch!
Spring Break Camp: All four city museums collaborate on a museum spring break program for Las Cruces students.
Summer Science Day Camp: Crafts, experimentation, nature study and field trips.
Family Science Saturday: 2 p.m. second Saturday of each month.
Science Café: 5:30 p.m., last Thursday of each month, science round table discussions
Scout Merit Badge Program: 4-hour courses
Sky Safari: High-powered telescopes and experts from the NMSU Astronomy Department.


cluster purity values.
In Table 3, for data point x 1 and x 2, the partitions induced by all singleton subsets of a A are calculated by formula 1;
$$U/\text{IND}(a)=\{\{x_{1}\}, \{x_{2}\}\} $$
$$U/\text{IND}(b) = \{\{x_{1}, x_{2}\}\} $$
$$U/\text{IND}(c) = \{\{x_{1}, x_{2}\}\} $$
Table 3 Data points in cluster with two unsorted data points
According to formula 2, the rough entropy of each attribute of attribute set A can be calculated as follows:
$${}\begin{aligned} \text{RE}(a)=-\sum_{i=1}^{m}\frac{\left | P_{i}\right |}{\left | U \right |}\text{log}_{}\frac{1}{\left | P_{i} \right |} = -\left(\frac{1}{2}\text{log}\frac{1}{1}+\frac{1}{2}\text{log}\frac{1}{1}\right) = 0 \end{aligned} $$
$${}\begin{aligned} \text{RE}(b)=-\sum_{i=1}^{m}\frac{\left | P_{i}\right |}{\left | U \right |}\text{log}_{}\frac{1}{\left | P_{i} \right |} = -\left(\frac{2}{2}\text{log}\frac{1}{2}\right) = 0.3010 \end{aligned} $$
$${}\begin{aligned} \text{RE}(c)=-\sum_{i=1}^{m}\frac{\left | P_{i}\right |}{\left | U \right |}\text{log}_{}\frac{1}{\left | P_{i} \right |} = -\left(\frac{2}{2}\text{log}\frac{1}{2}\right) = 0.3010 \end{aligned} $$
The maximum total rough entropy of cluster C i is calculated by Definition 4:
$$\text{MaxRE} = K\times \text{log}(m) = 3\text{log}(2) = 0.9031 $$
The total of rough entropy of two data points is calculated as follows:
$$\text{TotalRE} = \text{RE}(a)+\text{RE}(b)+\text{RE}(c) = 0.602 $$
Therefore, the purity of two data points is calculated by using formula 3 as follows:
$$\text{Purity}(C_{i})=(\text{TotalRE}(C_{i}))/\text{MaxRE} = 0.667 $$
Analogously, we can find that cluster purity values between x 1 and the rest of the data points are (0.667, 0.667, 0.667, 0.333, 0.333, 0, 1.0, 0, 0, 0, and 0.333). According to these cluster purity values, we sort data points as follows: (x 8,x 2,x 3,x 4,x 5,x 6,x 12,x 7,x 9,x 10, and x 11).
Take x 1 as core point of DBSCAN, after adding data point x 8, the data points of cluster C i are shown in Table 4:
Table 4 Data points in cluster with two sorted data points
Analogously, we calculate the cluster purity as 1.0. It means all points in the cluster C i is same with each other. The cluster is "clean". Therefore, add data point x 8 into cluster C i .
After adding data point x 2, the cluster C i is: U={x 1,x 8,x 2}. Correspondingly, we can obtain that the cluster purity is 0.807 and it is bigger than threshold λ. Therefore, add data point x 2 into cluster C i . Similarly, continue to add sorted data points until the cluster purity is smaller than threshold λ or cluster purity is increased in cluster C i . After adding data point x 3, the data points of cluster C i are shown in Table 5:
Table 5 Data points in cluster with 4 sorted data points
The partitions induced by all singleton subsets of aA are calculated by formula 1;
$$U/\text{IND}(a)=\{\{x_{1},x_{8},x_{3}\}, \{x_{2}\}\} $$
$$U/\text{IND}(b) = \{\{x_{1},x_{8},x_{3},x_{2}\}\} $$
$$U/\text{IND}(c)=\{\{x_{1},x_{8},x_{2}\}, \{x_{3}\}\} $$
Analogously, according to formula 2, the rough entropy of each attribute of attribute set A can be calculated as follows:
$${{}{\begin{aligned} \text{RE}(a)= -\! \sum_{i=1}^{m}\frac{\left | P_{i}\right |}{\left | U \right |}\text{log}_{}\frac{1}{\left | P_{i} \right |} = \,-\, \left(\! \frac{3}{4}\text{log}\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}\text{log}\frac{1}{1}\! \right)\! =\! 0.358 \end{aligned}}} $$
$${{}{\begin{aligned} \text{RE}(b)=-\sum_{i=1}^{m}\frac{\left | P_{i}\right |}{\left | U \right |}\text{log}_{}\frac{1}{\left | P_{i} \right |} = -\left(\frac{4}{4}\text{log}\frac{1}{4}\right) = 0.602 \end{aligned}}} $$
$${{}{\begin{aligned} \text{RE}(c)= -\! \sum_{i=1}^{m}\! \frac{\left | P_{i}\right |}{\left | U \right |}\text{log}_{}\frac{1}{\left | P_{i} \right |} =\! -\! \left(\! \frac{3}{4}\text{log}\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}\text{log}\frac{1}{1}\right)\! =\! 0.358 \end{aligned}}} $$
The maximum total rough entropy of cluster C i is calculated by Definition 4:
$$\text{MaxRE} = K\times \text{log}(m) = 3\text{log}(4) = 1.8062 $$
The total of rough entropy of two data points is calculated as follows:
$$TotalRE = RE(a)+RE(b)+RE(c) = 1.318 $$
Therefore, the purity of two data points is calculated by using formula 3 as follows:
$$\text{Purity}(C_{i})=(\text{TotalRE}(C_{i}))/\text{MaxRE} = 0.729 > \lambda $$
Therefore, add data point x 3 into cluster C i .
After adding data point x 4, the cluster C i is: U={x 1,x 8,x 2,x 3,x 4}. Correspondingly, we can obtain that the cluster purity is 0.757. Although this value is over the threshold value λ, this value is increased after adding data point x 4 into cluster C i . It means that this point is similar to another points (like x 3) rather than core data point x 1 of DBSCAN method. Therefore, we stop this procedure and we can obtain one cluster that contains {x


text: Currently, forensic sciences can make use of the potential of instrumental analysis techniques to obtain information from the smallest, even invisible, samples. However, as laboratory techniques improve, so too should the procedures applied in the search for and initial testing of clues in order to be equally effective. This requires continuous revision so that those procedures may resolve the problems that samples present. As far as bloodstains are concerned, there are methods available that are recognized as being both highly sensitive and effective. Nevertheless, the marketing of new cleaning products, those that contain active oxygen, has raised doubts about the ability of those procedures to detect blood. It has been shown that stains washed with these detergents (and still visible) invalidated both the presumptive test (reduced phenolphthalein, luminol, and Bluestar®) and that applied for determining human hemoglobin. These findings have caused considerable concern both within the forensic and scientific community, and among the general public, so obliging us to seek solutions. In this work, the effect of these new cleaning products on DNA analyses is studied. The results, encouraging ones, show that these detergents, despite invalidating all other tests, do not hinder the extraction, or the subsequent analysis, of DNA.


text:
Does water affect coffee taste? Absolutely! After all, coffee is 98% water. Water is a crucial element in the process of brewing coffee, as it is responsible for extracting the flavors and aromas from coffee beans. The type and quality of water used can significantly impact the flavor of the final cup of coffee.
Mineral Content of Water for Coffee
A crucial factor that can affect the flavor of coffee is the mineral content. Water with high levels of minerals such as calcium and magnesium can enhance the flavor of coffee. Water with low mineral content may result in a flat or dull-tasting cup. However, a balance is needed to achieve the best tasting cup of coffee. Different varieties, origins, and roast profiles are affected differently by varying levels of mineral contents. A simple google search of "Your City" and "Water Hardness" will let you know about the water profile of your tap water. For example, the water at our coffee roaster in St. Louis Park is four times the average water hardness, so we use filters to soften the water to ideal coffee brewing profiles.
pH of Water for Coffee
The pH level of the water can also affect the flavor of coffee. Water with a high pH level (alkaline) can cause the coffee to taste bitter, while water with a low pH level (acidic) can bring out the natural sweetness in the coffee. Again, the balance of pH levels will affect coffee varieties and roast profiles differently.
The temperature of the water is also an important factor in coffee brewing. A good general rule is the higher the water temperature, the higher the extraction. If the temperature is too high, too much extraction from the coffee beans can occur, resulting in a bitter taste. Water that is too cold will not create enough extraction. The optimal brewing temperature for coffee is between 190-205°F. Preheating your brewer will reduce temperature decreases while brewing coffee.
In addition to these factors, the quality of the water itself affects the flavor of coffee. Water that is contaminated or has an off-putting taste or smell can ruin the flavor of the coffee. Using filtered or bottled water helps to ensure that the water used in coffee brewing is clean and pure.
One of our favorite methods to ensure the best water for brewing coffee is making your own at home using Third Wave Water coffee minerals. The creators of Third Wave Water developed the ideal mix of minerals to add to distilled water for optimal water profiles for light roasts, dark roasts, and espresso. Simply add one packet of the Third Wave Water coffee minerals to one gallon of distilled water to get the best water for brewing coffee at home. We love the light roast Third Wave Water with the Folly Coffee House Bean. The water profile brings out the natural sweetness and fruit-forwardness of the coffee. Hear an interview with the founder of Third Wave Water, Taylor Minor, on the Folly Coffee Podcast on Episode 38!
Hopefully by this point we've answered the question "Does water affect coffee taste?". In summary, the water used in the coffee brewing process can have a significant impact on the flavor of the final cup of coffee. By using water with the right mineral content, pH level, temperature, and quality, you can brew the best tasting cup of coffee at home.
Once your coffee water is on point, check out our favorite recipe for the French Press!


Paper 2023/542
A multistep strategy for polynomial system solving over finite fields and a new algebraic attack on the stream cipher Trivium
Roberto La Scala, Università di Bari, Dipartimento di Matematica
Federico Pintore, Università di Trento, Dipartimento di Matematica
Sharwan K. Tiwari, Technology Innovation Institute, Cryptography Research Centre
Andrea Visconti, Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Informatica
Abstract
In this paper we introduce a multistep generalization of the guess-and-determine or hybrid strategy for solving a system of multivariate polynomial equations over a finite field. In particular, we propose performing the exhaustive evaluation of a subset of variables stepwise, that is, by incrementing the size of such subset each time that an evaluation leads to a polynomial system which is possibly unfeasible to solve. The decision about which evaluation to extend is based on a preprocessing consisting in computing an incomplete Grobner basis after the current evaluation, which possibly generates linear polynomials that are used to eliminate further variables. If the number of remaining variables in the system is deemed still too high, the evaluation is extended and the preprocessing is iterated. Otherwise, we solve the system by a complete Grobner basis computation. Having in mind cryptanalytic applications, we present an implementation of this strategy in an algorithm called MultiSolve which is designed for polynomial systems having at most one solution. We prove explicit formulas for its complexity which are based on probability distributions that can be easily estimated by performing the proposed preprocessing on a testset of evaluations for different subsets of variables. We prove that an optimal complexity of MultiSolve is achieved by using a full multistep strategy with a maximum number of steps and in turn the standard guess-and-determine strategy, which essentially is a strategy consisting of a single step, is the worst choice. Finally, we extensively study the behaviour of MultiSolve when performing an algebraic attack on the well-known stream cipher Trivium.
Note: 29 pages.
Metadata
Available format(s)
PDF
Category
Foundations
Publication info
Published elsewhere. Finite Fields and Their Applications
Keywords
Polynomial system solvingFinite fieldsCryptanalysis
Contact author(s)
roberto lascala @ uniba it
federico pintore @ unitn it
sharwan tiwari @ tii ae
andrea visconti @ unimi it
History
2024-06-05: revised
2023-04-16: received
See all versions
Short URL
_URL_
License
Creative Commons Attribution
CC BY
BibTeX
@misc{cryptoeprint:2023/542,
 author = {Roberto La Scala and Federico Pintore and Sharwan K. Tiwari and Andrea Visconti},
 title = {A multistep strategy for polynomial system solving over finite fields and a new algebraic attack on the stream cipher Trivium},
 howpublished = {Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2023/542},
 year = {2023},
 note = {\url{_URL_
 url = {_URL_
}
Note: In order to protect the privacy of readers, eprint.iacr.org does not use cookies or embedded third party content.


text:
This example shows how to use the Graph Cut option in the Image Segmenter app to segment an image. Graph cut is a semiautomatic segmentation technique that you can use to segment an image into foreground and background elements. Graph cut segmentation does not require good initialization. You draw lines on the image, called scribbles, to identify what you want in the foreground and what you want in the background. The Image Segmenter segments the image automatically based on your scribbles and displays the segmented image. You can refine the segmentation by drawing more scribbles on the image until you are satisfied with the result.
The Graph Cut technique applies graph theory to image processing to achieve fast segmentation. The technique creates a graph of the image where each pixel is a node connected by weighted edges. The higher the probability that pixels are related the higher the weight. The algorithm cuts along weak edges, achieving the segmentation of objects in the image. The Image Segmenter uses a particular variety of the Graph Cut algorithm called lazysnapping. For information about another segmentation technique that is related to graph cut, see Segment Image Using Local Graph Cut (Grabcut) in Image Segmenter.
Read an image into the workspace. For this example, read the sample image
baby.png into the workspace.
b = imread('baby.jpg');
From the MATLAB® toolstrip, open the Image Segmenter app. On the Apps tab, in the Image Processing and Computer Vision section, click Image Segmenter.
On the app toolstrip, click Load, and then select Load Image from Workspace. In the Import from Workspace dialog box, select the image you read into the workspace. The Image Segmenter app displays the image you selected.
You can also open the app using the
imageSegmenter command, specifying the image:
On the Image Segmenter app toolstrip, select Graph Cut.
The Image Segmenter opens a new tab for Graph Cut segmentation. As a first step in Graph Cut segmentation, mark the elements of the image that you want to be in the foreground. When the Image Segmenter opens the Graph Cut tab, it preselects the Mark Foreground option. To mark an object as foreground, draw a line (also called a scribble) over the object. When you draw a line, try to include all the different values in the object you want to segment. You can draw as many separate lines as you like. If you are not satisfied with the lines you draw, you can always edit them. Click Erase and move the cursor over any part of the line you want to remove. If want to start over, click Clear Markings.
Next, click Mark Background and draw scribbles to mark the elements of the image you want to be the background. When you finish drawing the lines, the Image Segmenter immediately performs the segmentation (shown in blue).
To refine the segmentation, continue drawing foreground and background lines. For example, there are several areas near the bottom of the image that need to be removed from the foreground. To fix these problems, draw additional background lines on these parts of the image.
To get a better look at the segmentation, click Show Binary.
When you are satisfied with the segmentation, click Create Mask in the toolstrip on the Graph Cut tab. The app closes the Graph Cut tab and returns you to the Segmentation tab.
When you return to the main Segmentation tab, you can use tools to refine the mask image, such as Morphology and Active Contours. To save the mask image, click Export. You can also use the Export option to obtain the code the Image Segmenter app used to create the segmentation.


Eumenes fraternus
Geographic Range
Eumenes fraternus, a species of potter wasp, is native to the Nearctic region. It is found in eastern North America and the eastern United States, occuring as far west as Ontario in Canada, and Minnesota, Kansas, Oklahoma, Nebraska, and Texas in the United States. (Buck, et al., 2008)
Habitat
Eumenes fraternus lives in temperate forests, at woodland edges, and in shrubby fields. These wasps are also found in suburban or agricultural areas. Juveniles live in small domes that the mother constructs with mud. These domes are found on shrubs, bushy plants, and various overhangs that are anywhere from less than 1 meter off the ground to about 5 meters high in the treeline. The egg domes are usually found on the outside of forest edges. (Fontenelle Nature Association, 2008; Bequaert, 1938; Hubbell, 1989)
 - Range elevation
 1 to 9 m
 3.28 to 29.53 ft
Physical Description
Eumenes fraternus is small and delicate, measuring about 9.5 to 19 mm long. The body is black and shiny, and ivory markings are present on the face, thorax, and abdomen. The first abdominal segment is long and stalk-like. Wingspan ranges from 8 to 12.5 mm and wings are a metallic bluish-brown. Females are slightly larger than males. The species can be distinguished from close relatives Eumenes crucifera and E. verticalis by a shorter pubescence of the scape, which is less than 0.8x mid ocular diameter. In the closely related species, the scape has longer hairs. This wasp undergoes incomplete metaphorphosis and has immature stages differing from adults. (Fontenelle Nature Association, 2008; "Potter Wasp", 2012)
 - Sexual Dimorphism
 - female larger
 - Range length
 9.52 to 19.05 mm
 0.37 to 0.75 in
 - Range wingspan
 8 to 12.5 mm
 0.31 to 0.49 in
Development
Female potter wasps (Eumenes) lay fertilized eggs in a dome constructed with mud. The sex of each of these eggs is genetically determined by a single gene loci with many alleles. Once the eggs hatch, the larvae grow and develop in the pot and eat paralyzed caterpillars that the mother provides for sustenance. Potter wasp development occurs solely within a closed environment, and little is known about the metamorphosis between juvenile and adult stages. Development can be put on hiatus for overwintering. In this case, the egg remains within the mud dome until conditions are appropriate for the wasp to continue development. Once the wasp reaches adulthood, it burrows out of the nest. (Buck, et al., 2008; Hubbell, 1989; Hubbell, 1993)
Reproduction
Eumenes fraternus has a short life cycle, and thus can spawn two or three generations within one season. Mating occurs in the spring, summer, and fall, and the species overwinters during the colder winter months. Research has not yet determined if these wasps are polygynous or polygynandrous. (Hubbell, 1993)
Reproduction in potter wasps is not well understood. Courtship, mating, and oviposition occur in the spring, summer, and fall, and potter wasps can spawn two to three generations between winters. Females are oviparous and lays one egg in each mud pot they construct. Females may construct many pots to house all of her eggs. (Hubbell, 1993)
 - Breeding interval
 Potter wasps can breed two to three times per year, in the warmer months.
 - Breeding season
 Courtship, mating, and oviposition occur in the spring, summer, and fall.
Male Eumenes fraternus do not invest in the offspring, except to contribute gametes. Females construct mud domes where the eggs mature. They also paralyze caterpillars and deposit them into the dome for nourishment. Afterwards, female potter wasps do not tend to the pot and do not stay long enough to see the adults emerge. ("Potter Wasp", 2012)
 - Parental Investment
 - female parental care
 - pre-fertilization
 - provisioning
 - protecting
 - female
 - pre-hatching/birth
 - provisioning
 - female
Lifespan/Longevity
Potter wasps are able to produce 2 to 3 generations within one season. (Hubbell, 1993)
Behavior
Potter wasps are solitary wasps, living on their own or in groups. They are known for constructing miniature spherical pots or spheres on a variety of plants or overhangs. Like their relatives, they hunt for caterpillars and paralyze them to feed them to their young. Females are not particularly aggressive and do not defend their nests, but the males are known to defend good feeding areas quite aggressively from members of their same species. (Fontenelle Nature Association, 2008; "Potter Wasp", 2012; Bequaert, 1938; Hubbell, 1993)
Home Range
The size of the home range of potter wasps in not known.
Communication and Perception
Eumenes fraternus is a solitary wasp, and does not communicate explicitly with others of its species. However, the female potter wasp can defend herself by stinging. Male potter wasps of closely related species have been found to be quite aggressive towards other species of insects when they have located a good feeding area. Although information about perception in E. fraternus is sparse, closely related species use UV detection and photodetection to determine which spots are pollen or nectar rich and good for feeding. (Hubbell, 1993)
 - Perception Channels
 - ultraviolet
 - chemical
Food Habits
Potter wasps are omnivorous. Adults feed primarily on flower nectar from mid-summer through the fall. However, the young only eat moth and butterfuly (Lepidoptera) larvae placed in the nest by the mother. Females are known to store up to 12 caterpillars in their nests for the developing young. ("Potter Wasp", 2012; Krombein, 1979)
 - Animal Foods
 - insects
 - Plant Foods
 - nectar
Predation
Female E. fraternus can sting their predators. Their markings are imitated by a non-harmful species of Diptera, which is further evidence of their defensive properties. As juveniles, the only means of defense against predators is the mud dome in which they develop. Luckily, this is quite effective, and the hard exterior successfully protects the larvae. (Krombein, 1979; White, et al., 1998)
Ecosystem Roles
Potter wasps are both predators and prey in their ecosystem, and function to control caterpillar populations. (Tavolacci, 2003)
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
Gardeners are especially fond of potter wasps for controlling caterpillars in the garden that would otherwise destroy their crops. (Hubbell, 1993)
 - Positive Impacts
 - controls pest population
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
Potter wasps will not sting humans unless they are bothered. They can be pests to humans if they build pots in garden areas or on windowsills of a home. Luckily, it is not difficult to remove an empty pot by simply scraping it away. (Krombein, 1979)
 - Negative Impacts
 - injures humans
 - bites or stings
 - crop pest
Conservation Status
This species of potter wasp is not considered endangered or threatened.
Contributors
Sarah Short (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Catherine Kent (editor), Special Projects.
Glossary
Nearctic
living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico.
World Map
agricultural
living in landscapes dominated by human agriculture.
arboreal
Referring to an animal that lives in trees; tree-climbing.
bilateral symmetry
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
chemical
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
diapause
a period of time when growth or development is suspended in insects and other invertebrates, it can usually only be ended the appropriate environmental stimulus.
diurnal
 1. active during the day, 2. lasting for one day.
ectothermic
animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature
female parental care
parental care is carried out by females
fertilization
union of egg and spermatozoan
forest
forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality.
metamorphosis
A large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. In insects, "incomplete metamorphosis" is when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form, and "complete metamorphosis" is when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms. Butterflies have complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis.
motile
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
native range
the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.
omnivore
an animal that mainly eats all kinds of things, including plants and animals
oviparous
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body.
polygynandrous
the kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females.
polygynous
having more than one female as a mate at one time
seasonal breeding
breeding is confined to a particular season
sedentary
remains in the same area
sexual
reproduction that includes combining the