{"title": "Synthesizing Robust Plans under Incomplete Domain Models", "book": "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems", "page_first": 2472, "page_last": 2480, "abstract": "Most current planners assume complete domain models and focus on generating correct plans. Unfortunately, domain modeling is a laborious and error-prone task, thus real world agents have to plan with incomplete domain models. While domain experts cannot guarantee completeness, often they are able to circumscribe the incompleteness of the model by providing annotations as to which parts of the domain model may be incomplete. In such cases, the goal should be to synthesize plans that are robust with respect to any known incompleteness of the domain. In this paper, we first introduce annotations expressing the knowledge of the domain incompleteness and formalize the notion of plan robustness with respect to an incomplete domain model. We then show an approach to compiling the problem of finding robust plans to the conformant probabilistic planning problem, and present experimental results with Probabilistic-FF planner.", "full_text": "Synthesizing Robust Plans\n\nunder Incomplete Domain Models\n\nTuan A. Nguyen\n\nSubbarao Kambhampati\n\nMinh Do\n\nArizona State University\n\nArizona State University\n\nNASA Ames Research Center\n\_EMAIL_\n\_EMAIL_\n\_EMAIL_\n\nAbstract\n\nMost current planners assume complete domain models and focus on generating\ncorrect plans. Unfortunately, domain modeling is a laborious and error-prone task,\nthus real world agents have to plan with incomplete domain models. While do-\nmain experts cannot guarantee completeness, often they are able to circumscribe\nthe incompleteness of the model by providing annotations as to which parts of the\ndomain model may be incomplete. In such cases, the goal should be to synthesize\nplans that are robust with respect to any known incompleteness of the domain. In\nthis paper, we \ufb01rst introduce annotations expressing the knowledge of the domain\nincompleteness and formalize the notion of plan robustness with respect to an in-\ncomplete domain model. We then show an approach to compiling the problem of\n\ufb01nding robust plans to the conformant probabilistic planning problem, and present\nexperimental results with Probabilistic-FF planner.\n\n1\n\nIntroduction\n\nIn the past several years, signi\ufb01cant strides have been made in scaling up plan synthesis techniques.\nWe now have technology to routinely generate plans with hundreds of actions. All this work, how-\never, makes a crucial assumption\u2014that the action models of an agent are completely known in\nadvance. While there are domains where knowledge-engineering such detailed models is necessary\nand feasible (e.g., mission planning domains in NASA and factory-\ufb02oor planning), it is increasingly\nrecognized (c.f. [13]) that there are also many scenarios where insistence on correct and complete\nmodels renders the current planning technology unusable. The incompleteness in such cases arises\nbecause domain writers do not have the full knowledge of the domain physics. One tempting idea is\nto wait until the models become complete, either by manual revision or by machine learning. Alas,\nthe users often don\u2019t have the luxury of delaying their decision making. For example, although there\nexist efforts [1, 26] that attempt to either learn models from scratch or revise existing ones, their\noperation is contingent on the availability of successful plan traces, or access to execution experi-\nence. There is thus a critical need for planning technology that can get by with partially speci\ufb01ed\ndomain models, and yet generate plans that are \u201crobust\u201d in the sense that they are likely to execute\nsuccessfully in the real world.\n\nThis paper addresses the problem of formalizing the notion of plan robustness with respect to an\nincomplete domain model, and connects the problem of generating a robust plan under such model\nto conformant probabilistic planning [15, 11, 2, 4]. Following Garland & Lesh [7], we shall assume\nthat although the domain modelers cannot provide complete models, often they are able to provide\nannotations on the partial model circumscribing the places where it is incomplete.In our framework,\nthese annotations consist of allowing actions to have possible preconditions and effects (in addition\nto the standard necessary preconditions and effects).\n\nAs an example, consider a variation of the Gripper domain, a well-known planning benchmark\ndomain. The robot has one gripper that can be used to pick up balls, which are of two types light and\nheavy, from one room and move them to another room. The modeler suspects that the gripper may\nhave an internal problem, but this cannot be con\ufb01rmed until the robot actually executes the plan. If\nit actually has the problem, the execution of the pick-up action succeeds only with balls that are not\n\n1\n\n\fheavy, but if it has no problem, it can always pickup all types of balls. The modeler can express\nthis partial knowledge about the domain by annotating the action with a statement representing the\npossible precondition that balls should be light.\n\nIncomplete domain models with such possible preconditions and effects implicitly de\ufb01ne an expo-\nnential set of complete domain models, with the semantics that the real domain model is guaranteed\nto be one of these. The robustness of a plan can now be formalized in terms of the cumulative prob-\nability mass of the complete domain models under which it succeeds. We propose an approach that\ncompiles the problem of \ufb01nding robust plans into the conformant probabilistic planning problem.\nWe then present empirical results showing interesting relation between aspects such as the amount\ndomain incompleteness, solving time and plan quality.\n\n2 Problem Formulation\nWe de\ufb01ne an incomplete domain model eD as eD = hF, Ai, where F = {p1, p2, ..., pm} is a set of\n\npropositions, A is a set of actions a, each might be incompletely speci\ufb01ed. We denote T and F as\nthe true and false truth values of propositions. A state s \u2286 F is a set of propositions. In addition\nto proposition sets that are known as its preconditions P re(a) \u2286 F , add effects Add(a) \u2286 F and\ndelete effects Del(a) \u2286 F , each action a \u2208 A also contains the following annotations:\n\nneed as its preconditions.\n\n\u2022 Possible precondition set gP re(a) \u2286 F \\ P re(a) contains propositions that action a might\n\u2022 Possible add (delete) effect set gAdd(a) \u2286 F \\ Add(a) (gDel(a) \u2286 F \\ Del(a)) contains\n\npropositions that the action a might add (delete, respectively) after its execution.\n\na (p), wadd\n\na\n\n(p) and wdel\n\nIn addition, each possible precondition, add and delete effect p of the action a is associated with\na weight wpre\na (p) < 1) representing the\ndomain writer\u2019s assessment of the likelihood that p will actually be realized as a precondition, add\nand delete effect of a (respectively) during plan execution. Possible preconditions and effects whose\nlikelihood of realization is not given are assumed to have weights of 1\n2 . Propositions that are not\nlisted in those \u201cpossible lists\u201d of an action are assumed to be not affecting or being affected by the\naction.1\n\na (p) (0 < wpre\n\na (p), wadd\n\n(p), wdel\n\na\n\ndomain models whose actions have all the necessary preconditions, adds and deletes, and a sub-\n\nGiven an incomplete domain model eD, we de\ufb01ne its completion set hheDii as the set of complete\nset of the possible precondition


text:
Translation of congenial in Spanish:
- [person] simpático, agradable a congenial atmosphere un ambiente agradable y en el que uno se siente a gustoExample sentences
- The reason he had the respect of such a wide range of his younger peers was the quality of his poetry - not just his congenial personality.
- It's always the case when you get a bunch of bloggers in the room: as a rule they are the smartest, most congenial people you could hope to meet.
- A congenial man with a neatly trimmed white beard, he's a classic civic booster who loves to extol his hometown's virtues.
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Sherry is produced in an area of chalky soil known as albariza lying between the towns of Puerto de Santa María, Sanlúcar de Barrameda, and Jerez de la Frontera in Cádiz province. It is from Jerez that sherry takes its English name. Sherries, made from grape varieties including Palomino and Pedro Ximénez, are drunk worldwide as an aperitif, and in Spain as an accompaniment to

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of the Finger Lakes that extends northward as marshland. All of the others square off against moraines. The Native Americans called the lake "Tiohero," the lake of flags or rushes, or lake of the marsh. The marshes are now the Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge.
To explore the Finger Lakes region firsthand is to avail oneself of millions of years of geologic change. It is possible to see a great deal while traveling the highways of New York. The book, Roadside Geology of New York by Bradford Van Diver is especially useful in leading the reader throughout the state with easy-to-understand geologic maps and text.
by Laurel Wemett
Laurel Wemett is a correspondent for the Daily Messenger newspaper in Canandaigua. She owns a gift shop named Cat's in the Kitchen and lives in Canandaigua.
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Sardinia's electricity transmission network
Sadinia's main electricity transmission network consist of a main bone line at 370 kV that interconnects the main generation sites located in the industrial sites of Fiume Santo, Sulcis and Rumianca, and a ring at 220 kV. The rest of the transmission system consist of a mesh network at 150 kV.
Sardinia is connected with Corsica and with the Italian peninsula through two submarine HVDC
power lines: SACOI and SAPEI.
SAPEI: Sardegna-Penisola Italiana
SAPEI (Sardinia-Italian peninsula) connect directly Sardinia to Italian peninsula since 2010trough 420 km of submarine cable layed down up to 1600 m under the sea level. The maximum power is 1000 MW, splitted in two cables of 500 MW. SAPEI is a 420 km long submarine cable (435 if you also consider the land section) between Sardinia and Lazio, passing 1600 meters below the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is the deepest submarine cable in the world. SAPEI is composed of two cables, with a total capacity of 1000 Megawatts. The laying of the cables was entrusted to "Giulio Verne", the largest cable laying ship in the world.
SACOI: Sardegna-Corsia-Italia
The direct current connection SACOI (Sardinia – Corsica – Italy) is an HVDC interconnection used for the exchange of electricity between the Italian mainland, Corsica and Sardinia since 1965.
It is unusual, having more than two conversion stations as part of a single HVDC system and (as of 2012) it is one of only two multi-terminal HVDC systems in operation in the world (the other multi-terminal scheme is the Quebec transmission system -New England which connects the northeastern United States with Quebec in Canada). The scheme is a monopole that uses a combination of overhead line and submarine cable for the 200 kV high voltage conductor and return to the sea for neutral current. Overhead lines and submarine cables are duplicated, with both circuits installed on the same towers.
Until the 1990s mercury vapour rectifier where used, which have now been replaced by thyristors. The capacity is of 200 MW at a voltage of 200 kV. In 1992 a second pole was installed with a maximum power of 300MW at 200 kV. The fist cable of 200 MW have been in service for more than 40 years and is going to be dismissed in the next years because obsolescence.


text:
As part of the activities commemorating the 30th jubilee of the foundation of the Army, members of the Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) and its subordinate units participated in an fitness-recreational march on Mountain Slavej.
During the march activity participants visited the commemorative monument at the site where 1st regular military unit of the National Liberation Army of Macedonia, battalion 'Mirche Acev', was formed. To honor it, the Army celebrates the date as The Day of the Army.
March participants had the opportunity to attend a lesson in history on forming and activities of the battalion 'Mirche Acev'. Historical and cultural values which are considered national heritage were presented. The history lesson was given by a curator from the Association of Army Veterans from the city of Ohrid.

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text:
White Guinea Pigs
Name: Yvonne K.
If two white guinea pigs produced only white
offspring. Which gene is dominant and which is recessive and why?
It's probably recessive since only white are produced, however if the white
guinea pigs are both homozygous dominant they would also produce only white
offspring. So you need more information to say for sure.
Click here to return to the Molecular Biology Archives
Update: June 2012

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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His house is a _____ between a palace and a hotel.
A. combination
B. union
C. cross
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Category: Language
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 C. If you changed "between" to 'of", then A would work.
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A systematic comparison of motion artifact correction techniques for functional near-infrared spectroscopy
Research output: Contribution to journalJournal articleResearchpeer-review
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is susceptible to signal artifacts caused by relative motion between NIRS optical fibers and the scalp. These artifacts can be very damaging to the utility of functional NIRS, particularly in challenging subject groups where motion can be unavoidable. A number of approaches to the removal of motion artifacts from NIRS data have been suggested. In this paper we systematically compare the utility of a variety of published NIRS motion correction techniques using a simulated functional activation signal added to 20 real NIRS datasets which contain motion artifacts. Principle component analysis, spline interpolation, wavelet analysis, and Kalman filtering approaches are compared to one another and to standard approaches using the accuracy of the recovered, simulated hemodynamic response function (HRF). Each of the four motion correction techniques we tested yields a significant reduction in the mean-squared error (MSE) and significant increase in the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the recovered HRF when compared to no correction and compared to a process of rejecting motion-contaminated trials. Spline interpolation produces the largest average reduction in MSE (55%) while wavelet analysis produces the highest average increase in CNR (39%). On the basis of this analysis, we recommend the routine application of motion correction techniques (particularly spline interpolation or wavelet analysis) to minimize the impact of motion artifacts on functional NIRS data.
Original languageEnglish
JournalFrontiers in Neuroscience
Pages (from-to)147
Publication statusPublished - 2012
ID: 128982414


Exploring the complexities associated with full-scale wind plant wake mitigation control experiments
Jr J. B. Duncan, Brian Hirth, John Schroeder
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
Abstract
Recent research promotes implementing next-generation wind plant control methods to mitigate turbine-to-turbine wake effects. Numerical simulation and wind tunnel experiments have previously demonstrated the potential benefit of wind plant control for wind plant optimization, but full-scale validation of the wake-mitigating control strategies remains limited. As part of this study, the yaw and blade pitch of a utility-scale wind turbine were strategically modified for a limited time period to examine wind turbine wake response to first-order turbine control changes. Wind turbine wake response was measured using Texas Tech University's Ka-band Doppler radars and dual-Doppler scanning strategies. Results highlight some of the complexities associated with executing and analyzing wind plant control at full scale using brief experimental control periods. Some difficulties include (1) the ability to accurately implement the desired control changes, (2) identifying reliable data sources and
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)469-488
JournalWind Energy Science
StatePublished - Apr 15 2020
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text: Cylinder systems require less space than pump systems. This is because they only require Nitrogen and water cylinders that are connected via a manifold and not a pump set. When a cylinder system is electronically or manually activated, the Nitrogen will enter the water cylinder to create the high-pressure water that will then discharge high pressure mist from the activated nozzle. A cylinder system will have a static pressure of 200bar which then drops when activation occurs. All cylinder systems or pressure vessels need to be tested or replaced after 10 years; FGS can test the quality of the cylinders using a method called hydro-static testing.


text:
Floyd Holmes is working at Rottnest Island for his PhD, where he is investigating whether passerine bird behaviour and breeding success can be used to assess the quality of restored habitats. Floyd studied Scarlet Robins in the Jarrah forests of south-western Australia for his honours and is now focussing on Red-capped Robins and Golden Whistlers as likely indicators of restoration quality.
Habitat destruction and degradation are causing widespread losses in biodiversity around the world. Through the use of restoration practices (facilitating and accelerating habitat successional processes), it is possible to aid the recovery of degraded ecological systems so they can maintain the ecosystem functions and services that they previously provided. However, restoration projects are often forced to rely on ad-hoc adaptive management, meaning the restored area may develop characteristics that weren't present in the pre-disturbance state. Given that some habitat characteristics are faster recovering or easier to reintroduce than others, many restoration efforts favour some species, while providing little benefit for others. If restoration efforts are to be improved, better planning of restoration based on sound theoretical frameworks must be taken.
This investigation hopes to ascertain the use of bird behaviour as quantitative data, that can be used in conjunction with other contemporary theoretical frameworks (such as ecosystem intervention, habitat filtering and hierarchical habitat selection theory) to assess habitat quality. By quantifying the habitability of a range of areas, including heavily disturbed and fragmented areas, and assessing differences in the animals' behaviour in each habitat type, Floyd will assess the practicality of using animal behaviour as a bio-indicator of habitat quality.
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Which is better a permanent or contract job position?
Getting a desirable career – a permanent position with benefits, recurring income, and retirement package at a respectable organization-is something of yesteryear. Some claim that these days, the principle of focusing on a single profession is out of date, especially with the gig economy.
In order to further their learning and acquire varied experiences, the new fashion is to invest their energies in many kinds of occupations. One of the common employment arrangements embraced by these individuals is contract employment. Let's look at the pros and cons that are possible.
 1. Pay
In pay terms, contract workers typically earn higher wages. No other advantages are predicted. During a deal, no holidays or unpaid leave. A fixed wage and a (variable) performance-related bonus mostly pay permanent workers. Additional benefits can include, in some cases, retirement, dental, paid leave, stock options and preferential rates on loans and mortgages. Although a reasonably rational comparison should be the overall reward, many individuals are slightly biased and drawn to the "guaranteed" higher pay of contract employee jobs. In order to determine the two choices, it would be more prudent to take an objective and risk assessed approach.
In short, the pay of a permanent career provides you a healthy net income, with a number of benefits to shield you from certain risks and add to your retirement savings. A fair comparison of the wages of the contract worker is to measure the disposable income by taking out the portion you will allocate for unexpected expenditure and retirement (which in turn is based on your risk appetite).
2. Job Security
As a contract employee, at the end of each contract, you need to find a new position. But there are also situations in which your client will employ you after the contract as a permanent employee if they see your value. If the company is doing well and not on a decreasing trend due to shifts in business model and technology, there will be greater work protection for permanent workers. Re-organization will alter your position, but your job will only be at risk of downsizing.
The availability of contract employee jobs would be more susceptible to economic conditions. For example, the first to cut contracts and contract employee services would be when an organization wants to downsize. The last to go would likely be permanent employees, especially high performers who clearly add value to the organization (if ever). There will be severance payments or other benefits equal to months of pay for those who are to be let go (depending on length of employment).
The other angle to consider is whether the position of the business and work you are in is on the increase. If so, the probability of making several or recurring contract offers is high and you have basically no chance of project gaps. Furthermore, your salary is likely to rise much quicker than that of a permanent employee.
Vice versa, it'll be just as real. If your work is easily replaceable or the market is shrinking, once your current one ends, you will face the dilemma of seeking a new contract. Even if you have a permanent employment, due to downsizing, you will still face layoffs. The benefit of working in a big corporation as a permanent employee is that you probably have a chance to re-skill yourself in a different role.
In conclusion, job protection is more important to your position in the job (i.e. the abilities you have) and the industry in which you are. You have more flexibility in re-skilling yourself if you are a permanent worker in a big organization. If you are a contract employee, you would be on your own, and you would be under constant pressure to keep your skills up-to-date and marketable.
3. Career Progression
Continuing as a contract employee means that your hard skills and expertise are being sold. In a specialized area, you will be the top expert, but it is doubtful that you will step into general leadership positions. There are 2 options open to permanent workers. To gain expertise in a special area, they can concentrate on a "technical path" or they can pursue a "management path" to be developed into an executive.
That's where the difference is greatest. Contract workers can shift horizontally, but if he has not been in a management role before, a business would seldom hire a contract employee into an executive position. By nature, permanent workers will have the channel for vertical movements. They will get the preparation, experience and opportunity needed to move up gradually.
As a young adult, a management position seems far away, so it does not matter to pick a contract staff job. However, after a few years of seeing what management looks like, if you plan to become an executive one day, you should seriously consider it. You need to prepare to move into permanent employment if you do. If you have moved up to the management tier, you can still switch positions, but the jump from individual contributor to manager would require you to gain faith from the senior level to give you the chance.
The choice between contract and permanent employment is not easy, but by being more cautious in comparing the compensation packages and deliberately self-assessing your risk appetite, you can mitigate your prejudices. If you have done well in acquiring your hard skills, improving your soft skills and choosing the right form of job in an insurrection industry, it makes no difference whether a contract worker or a permanent role.
As a matter of fact, you will get preferential benefits (e.g. bonus, paid training and vacation) even as a contract employee if you have outstanding skills (both hard and soft) in your career. Employers, regardless of their form of jobs, store great resources and will go all the way to hold them as long as they are needed.
It is also a good idea for you to try both if you have just joined the job market or in your first 5 years. After 10-15 years or when you have substantial life event shifts, the option will become more important (or plans, such as getting married, having children). This is because your risk appetite will shift, you are likely to commit to longer-term arrangements, and you need to take retirement savings seriously.
Check out my related post: What challenges do millennials face?
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FUNFLICKS BRINGS THE DRIVE-IN TO YOU. CLICK THE IMAGE BELOW!!
Your Cortland County weather forecast for Wednesday, February 22, 2023:
An icy mix of precipitation will make for slick roads this afternoon and evening.
The morning hours should be quiet with increasing and thickening clouds. Precipitation will first arrive as early as the midday hours and may start as a little light snow.
During the early afternoon, the precipitation should transition to sleet and then freezing rain. This icy mix will last most of the afternoon and may persist into the evening hours.
Sleet is precipitation that falls as already frozen ice pellets. Freezing rain falls as a liquid but freezes once it contacts the surface. The ratio of sleet to freezing rain during the afternoon is uncertain and will likely vary from location to location.
Anywhere from a glaze to as much as a quarter-inch of ice will be possible. Generally speaking, higher elevations have the greater chance for significant icing.
If the ice amounts end up on the higher end, some sporadic power outages could result.
At some point this evening, the precipitation should mostly lift north and temperatures will just nose above freezing. Roads and sidewalks will remain slick if not properly treated, though.
Temperatures throughout the day will hover around or just under freezing in the low 30s. Winds will be from the east and southeast at around or just over 5 mph during both the daytime and nighttime hours.
Here is a look at the weather for the next few days:
Thursday: Morning clouds and some drizzle. Some breaks of afternoon sun possible. Morning lows in the low and mid 30s. Afternoon highs in the low 40s.
Friday: Lake effect snow showers, especially in the morning. Windy. Morning temperatures in the upper 10s. Afternoon temperatures dropping to the mid 10s.
Saturday: Mostly cloudy. Morning lows in the mid single-digits. Afternoon highs in the mid 20s.
Sunday: Scattered snow showers. Morning lows near 20. Afternoon highs in the low 30s.


Category:
What are Wetting Agents?
Article Details
 - Written By: Victoria Blackburn
 - Edited By: Bronwyn Harris
 - Last Modified Date: 04 February 2017
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A wetting agent is a chemical compound that reduces the surface tension of a liquid. The surface tension of a liquid is the tendency of the molecules of a liquid to bond together and is determined by the strength of the bonds between the liquid's molecules. A wetting agent stretches these bonds and decreases the tendency of molecules to hold together, which allows the liquid to spread more easily across any solid surface.
A wetting agent can also be known as a surfactant, which is a type of chemical that alters the properties of liquids, because it causes changes to the surface tension of the liquid. Surfactants can also contain dispersants, which are chemicals that separate oil and water, and emulsifiers, which combine oily liquids with water. Wetting agents can be made up a variety of chemicals, all of which have this tension-lowering effect.
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When the wetting agent is applied, it causes the liquid to create particles called micelles, which allow the penetration of the solid by the liquid. Micelles are made up of molecules that attract water and molecules that repel water. In water, the micelles assemble in a large cluster where the water-attracting molecules form a ring with the water-repelling molecules in the center. When the wetting agent is used in oily liquids, the structure of this micelle is reversed as the water-repelling molecules are on the outside of the ring because they are attracted to the oily liquid and the water-attracting molecules are repelled by the oily liquid.
Most people come into contact with wetting agents regularly, as many are for personal use. Others, which are not meant for personal use, can have much harsher chemical compounds in them. Wetting agents are used in a number of cleaning products, such as detergents, shampoos, conditioners and soaps, which are typically used with water. These chemical compounds are very useful in decreasing surface tension of water and spreading the water over the solid surfaces that it comes into contact with, such as clothing, skin and hair.
Some wetting agents are actually used inside the human body. Laxatives are just one example of a wetting agent used internally. Since dehydration of the intestinal tract can often cause constipation, adding a wetting agent can help solve this problem by applying water to the impacted intestinal material. Toothpaste can also contain wetting agents, although swallowing toothpaste is generally not recommended.
Harsher chemical compound examples of wetting agents may include pesticides, herbicides and insecticides. Wetting agents are used in these products to allow the other harmful chemical agents in these products to penetrate the solid they are applied to. This type of chemical liquid application is also used in paint to decrease its surface tension so it applies more easily to the solid surface being painted.
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Denha
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Those internal wetting agents mentioned here can also have the opposite side effect, if you use too much; they can leave you horribly dehydrated if you use too many laxatives or other products, unbalancing your body all over again.
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text:
Cultivated Abundance: How We Can Build a Better Future through Transformative Technology Entrepreneurship
What does it take to build startups that fundamentally change the world? And of the startups that attempt to create this change, what separates those who succeed from those who fall short?
In Cultivated Abundance: How We Can Build a Better Future through Transformative Technology Entrepreneurship, serial entrepreneur Mihir Pershad challenges common Silicon Valley wisdom. Drawing on insights from The Good Food Institute, Effective Altruism, and Impossible Foods, Pershad argues that truly transformative startups need to follow a new playbookone that takes into account the long-term effects of their decisions.
In Cultivated Abundance, youll learn how to...
* identify a Big Intractable Problem to solve,
* develop a startup to maximize your impact on that problem, and
* increase your startups chance of success with a tried and tested methodology.
Pershad notes, What the most ambitious people do with their lives matters. Whether youre looking to tackle climate change, food scarcity, water shortages, or any other massive problem, you can use this book as a tool to create positive change in the world through entrepreneurship.
- Paperback: 386 pages
- Author: Mihir Pershad
- Product Dimensions: 13.9 x 1 x 21.5 cm


P² quantile estimator rounding issue
Update: the estimator accuracy could be improved using a bunch of patches.
The P² quantile estimator is a sequential estimator that uses \(O(1)\) memory. Thus, for the given sequence of numbers, it allows estimating quantiles without storing values. I already wrote a blog post about this approach and added its implementation in perfolizer. Recently, I got a bug report that revealed a flaw of the original paper. In this post, I'm going to briefly discuss this issue and the corresponding fix.
Introduction
I already described the P² quantile estimator algorithm in one of the previous blog posts. This approach includes maintaining of five markers \(\{ n'_0, n'_1, n'_2, n'_3, n'_4 \}\). If the considered sequence currently contains exactly \(n\) elements, the marker values are defined as follows:
 - \(n'_0 = 0\)
 - \(n'_1 = (n - 1) p / 2\)
 - \(n'_2 = (n - 1) p\)
 - \(n'_3 = (n - 1) (1 + p) / 2\)
 - \(n'_4 = (n - 1)\)
After adding another element in the sequence, the marker values should be invalidated. The original paper suggests using the marker increments to "reduce CPU overhead":
 - \(dn'_0 = 0\)
 - \(dn'_1 = p / 2\)
 - \(dn'_2 = p\)
 - \(dn'_3 = (1 + p) / 2\)
 - \(dn'_4 = 1\)
@AnthonyLloyd has reported that such approach has rounding issues. Let's try to fix this problem and see how it affects the approach.
Experiments
Let's implement the classic approach with increments (P2QuantileEstimatorOriginal) and the new one without increments (P2QuantileEstimatorPatched):
public class P2QuantileEstimatorOriginal
{
 private readonly double p;
 private readonly int[] n = new int[5]; // marker positions
 private readonly double[] ns = new double[5]; // desired marker positions
 private readonly double[] dns = new double[5];
 private readonly double[] q = new double[5]; // marker heights
 private int count;
 public P2QuantileEstimatorOriginal(double probability)
 {
 p = probability;
 }
 public void AddValue(double x)
 {
 if (count < 5)
 {
 q[count++] = x;
 if (count == 5)
 {
 Array.Sort(q);
 for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
 n[i] = i;
 ns[0] = 0;
 ns[1] = 2 * p;
 ns[2] = 4 * p;
 ns[3] = 2 + 2 * p;
 ns[4] = 4;
 dns[0] = 0;
 dns[1] = p / 2;
 dns[2] = p;
 dns[3] = (1 + p) / 2;
 dns[4] = 1;
 }
 return;
 }
 int k;
 if (x < q[0])
 {
 q[0] = x;
 k = 0;
 }
 else if (x < q[1])
 k = 0;
 else if (x < q[2])
 k = 1;
 else if (x < q[3])
 k = 2;
 else if (x < q[4])
 k = 3;
 else
 {
 q[4] = x;
 k = 3;
 }
 for (int i = k + 1; i < 5; i++)
 n[i]++;
 for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
 ns[i] += dns[i];
 for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++)
 {
 double d = ns[i] - n[i];
 if (d >= 1 && n[i + 1] - n[i] > 1 || d <= -1 && n[i - 1] - n[i] < -1)
 {
 int dInt = Math.Sign(d);
 double qs = Parabolic(i, dInt);
 if (q[i - 1] < qs && qs < q[i + 1])
 q[i] = qs;
 else
 q[i] = Linear(i, dInt);
 n[i] += dInt;
 }
 }
 count++;
 }
 private double Parabolic(int i, double d)
 {
 return q[i] + d / (n[i + 1] - n[i - 1]) * (
 (n[i] - n[i - 1] + d) * (q[i + 1] - q[i]) / (n[i + 1] - n[i]) +
 (n[i + 1] - n[i] - d) * (q[i] - q[i - 1]) / (n[i] - n[i - 1])
 );
 }
 private double Linear(int i, int d)
 {
 return q[i] + d * (q[i + d] - q[i]) / (n[i + d] - n[i]);
 }
 public double GetQuantile()
 {
 if (count == 0)
 throw new InvalidOperationException("Sequence contains no elements");
 if (count <= 5)
 {
 Array.Sort(q, 0, count);
 int index = (int)Math.Round((count - 1) * p);
 return q[index];
 }
 return q[2];
 }
}
public class P2QuantileEstimatorPatched
{
 private readonly double p;
 private readonly int[] n = new int[5]; // marker positions
 private readonly double[] ns = new double[5]; // desired marker positions
 private readonly double[] q = new double[5]; // marker heights
 private int count;
 public P2QuantileEstimatorPatched(double probability)
 {
 p = probability;
 }
 public void AddValue(double x)
 {
 if (count < 5)
 {
 q[count++] = x;
 if (count == 5)
 {
 Array.Sort(q);
 for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
 n[i] = i;
 ns[0] = 0;
 ns[1] = 2 * p;
 ns[2] = 4 * p;
 ns[3] = 2 + 2 * p;
 ns[4] = 4;
 }
 return;
 }
 int k;
 if (x < q[0])
 {
 q[0] = x;
 k = 0;
 }
 else if (x < q[1])
 k = 0;
 else if (x < q[2])
 k = 1;
 else if (x < q[3])
 k = 2;
 else if (x < q[4])
 k = 3;
 else
 {
 q[4] = x;
 k = 3;
 }
 for (int i = k + 1; i < 5; i++)
 n[i]++;
 ns[1] = count * p / 2;
 ns[2] = count * p;
 ns[3] = count * (1 + p) / 2;
 ns[4] = count;
 for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++)
 {
 double d = ns[i] - n[i];
 if (d >= 1 && n[i + 1] - n[i] > 1 || d <= -1 && n[i - 1] - n[i] < -1)
 {
 int dInt = Math.Sign(d);
 double qs = Parabolic(i, dInt);
 if (q[i - 1] < qs && qs < q[i + 1])
 q[i] = qs;
 else
 q[i] = Linear(i, dInt);
 n[i] += dInt;
 }
 }
 count++;
 }
 private double Parabolic(int i, double d)
 {
 return q[i] + d / (n[i + 1] - n[i - 1]) * (
 (n[i] - n[i - 1] + d) * (q[i + 1] - q[i]) / (n[i + 1] - n[i]) +
 (n[i + 1] - n[i] - d) * (q[i] - q[i - 1]) / (n[i] - n[i - 1])
 );
 }
 private double Linear(int i, int d)
 {
 return q[i] + d * (q[i + d] - q[i]


text:
This page contains bill sponsorships in the Senate and House.
Bill sponsorships indicate the topics that legislators are most interested in, and spend the most time on.
Decided Aug 2, 2004
Bill Sponsorship: the Northern Uganda Crisis Response Act
Source: Bill sponsored by 9 Senators
Expresses the sense of Congress that the United States should: Became Public Law No: 108-283.
- support efforts for a peaceful resolution of the conflict in northern and eastern Uganda;
- work with the Government of Uganda and the international community to make available sufficient resources to meet the relief and development needs of the towns and cities that are supporting large numbers of displaced people;
- urge the leaders and members of the Lord's Resistance Army to stop the abduction of children, and urge all armed forces in Uganda to stop the use of child soldiers, and seek the release of all individuals who have been abducted;
- urge the Government of Uganda to improve the professionalism of Ugandan military personnel currently stationed in northern and eastern Uganda, with an emphasis on respect for human rights and civilian protection;
- work with the international community to assist and increase the capacity of Ugandan civil institutions to monitor the human rights situation in northern Uganda;
- make clear that the relationship between Sudan and the United States cannot improve unless no credible evidence indicates that authorities of the Government of Sudan are providing support to the Lord's Resistance Army.
- Topic: Foreign Policy
- Headline: Monitor human rights in Uganda-Sudan crisis
- Key for participation codes:
- Sponsorships: p=sponsored; o=co-sponsored; s=signed
- Memberships: c=chair; m=member; e=endorsed; f=profiled; s=scored
- Resolutions: i=introduced; w=wrote; a=adopted
- Cases: w=wrote; j=joined; d=dissented; c=concurred
- Surveys: '+' supports; '-' opposes.
participating in 04-S2264
Total recorded by OnTheIssues:


text:
Author(s): Sivapullaiah PV, Savitha S
Bentonite, commonly used for liner constructions in waste containment systems, possesses many limitations. Illite or illite containing bentonite has been proposed as an alternative material for liner construction. Their properties in different types of pore fluids are important to assess the long-term performance of the liner. Further, the illite-bentonite interaction occurs and changes their properties. The effect of these interactions is known when the pore fluid is only water. How their properties are modified in electrolyte solutions has been brought out in this paper. The index properties have been studied since they give an indication of their engineering properties. Due to reduction in the thickness of the diffused double layer and consequent particle aggregation in bentonite, the effect of clay-clay interaction reduces in electrolyte solutions. In electrolyte solutions, the liquid limit, the plasticity index, and free swell index of bentonite are lower than illite. The plasticity index of bentonite is further reduced in KCl solution. Clays with a higher plasticity index perform better to retain pollutants and reduce permeability. Hence, the presence of both illite and bentonite ensures better performance of the liner in different fluids.


text:
The origins of the intercultural city concept
The concept of the Intercultural City originated with the British think tank Comedia. In 2004, with support from the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, Comedia conducted a two year research programme entitled
'The Intercultural City: Making the Most of Diversity'. Its aims were to:
consider the extent to which cultural diversity is a source of innovation, creativity and entrepreneurship and how this can become a positive force releasing new energy and resources for the development of cities.
understand how the combination of different cultural skills and attributes leads to new and divergent thinking and what are the conditions that most encourage this.
explore the extent to which increased intercultural dialogue, exchange and activity is the catalyst for this process.
seek to understand the role of intercultural networks and intermediary change-agents, finding out who they are, how they work and what are the conditions which either encourage or hinder them.
explore the institutional barriers and opportunities to maximizing economic benefits and aim to provide guidance for future policy on diversity and wealth creation in cities.
The project was directed by Phil Wood (_URL_) who is now principal advisor to the CoE/EU Intercultural Cities programme.
Research was conducted in the UK, United States, Australia, New Zealand and Norway. It led to an extensive series of research findings and publications.
Some of these can be acquired from the Comedia website:
The Intercultural City Reader
Editor: Phil Wood, 2004
Planning for the Intercultural City
Jude Bloomfield and Franco Bianchini, 2004
The Road to Interculturalism: tracking the arts in a changing world
Naseem Khan, 2006
Planning & Designing Culturally: More than just a bridge
Richard Brecknock, 2006
Others can be accessed from this site.
The main publication arising from the project, which first set out the emerging methodology of intercultural cities was:
How can we unlock the potential of cultural diversity in cities?
By Phil Wood, Charles Landry and Jude Bloomfield,
This report was then extensively expanded upon to become the book which has provided the methodological and conceptual foundation for the Intercultural Cities programme:
The Intercultural City: Planning for Diversity Advantage
By Phil Wood and Charles Landry Earthscan, London, 2008
Other publications from the project
1. Is Bristol Open?
(A city case study based upon extensive interviews whose main output was the creation of a set of Indicators of Openness)
2. The Attraction and Retention of Migrants to the Tyne and Wear City Region
(A city case study exploring how less-favoured regions can attract migrants, recommending changes in UK national legislation and in local cultural attitudes and procedures)
3. Knowing Lewisham
(A city case study of a London Borough exploring new approaches to urban planning and development through the a better understanding and application of cultural literacy)
4. Intercultural Consultation for a Global City District
(A city case study in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, recommending new approaches to community engagement, particularly around neighbourhood planning issues)
5. Ethnic diversity and entrepreneurship in Oslo and Drammen
(Two related city case studies of the application of intercultural approaches in the Norwegian context)
6. A wellspring of ideas, a meeting of people
(A city case study in Auckland, New Zealand of what intercultural approaches could achieve in a traditionally bi-cultural, and recently multi-ethnic, context)
7. City of Logan
(A city case study from Queensland, Australia, on the influence of ethnic spatial distribution on levels of intercultural engagement)
8. When immigrants revive a city and when they donít: lessons from American cities
by Gregg Zachary
9. Intercultural Social Entrepreneurship
by Lise Bisballe
10. Intercultural innovations in UK business practices
by Lia Ghilardi
11. The role of schools in the intercultural city
by Maurice Coles and Bob Vincent
12. Planning and Engaging with Intercultural Communities
by Phil Wood
13. Intercultural Sport
by Charles Landry
14. Profile of Intercultural Innovators
by Jude Bloomfield


Browse Publications Technical Papers 2011-01-0382
2011-04-12
Optimization of a Mono-fuel Liquid Phase LPG MPI Fuel System 2011-01-0382
A liquid phase multi-point injection (MPI) fuel system for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) offers increased volumetric efficiency relative to conventional gaseous phase MPI fuel systems. Because liquid phase systems evaporate the fuel in the inlet port, the air/fuel mixture entering the cylinder is cooler and denser.
However, executing a reliable, high-performance liquid phase LPG MPI fuel system presents a number of key challenges. These include:
 1. 1
 maintaining the LPG in a liquid phase at the fuel rail under all vehicle operating conditions;
 2. 2
 minimizing heat transfer to the fuel tank to enable fast and repeatable refueling; and
 3. 3
 achieving acceptable hot start performance with a mono-fuel LPG fuel system.
Numerical and statistical methods can be used to help address these challenges. In this paper, an investigation into the thermal behavior of a liquid phase MPI fuel system is presented. The use of statistical response surface modeling, numerical modeling techniques and multi-objective optimization for this purpose is highlighted.
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text:
Calculating the Area of a Square
How to find the area of a square:
- The area of a square can be found by multiplying the base times itself. This is
similar to the area of a rectangle but the base is the same length as the height.
- If a square has a base of length 6 inches its area is 6*6=36 square inches


Washing, conveying and milling
Voran's machines can significantly reduce the time spent on different processes and increase the efficiency of production. The cleaning and sorting table is a combination device for cleaning and manual sorting of fruit and vegetables that helps to prepare fruit for milling process more efficiently.
Washing-elevating-milling systems help to save time on transporting fruits and vegetables from washer to the mill and allow higher throughput. These Voran machines are washing fruits and vegetables and also shred them in the same device right after washing process. After milling process the fruit pulp is ready to be pressed.


While it's not illegal to pack a laptop in your checked baggage, the Transportation Security Administration advises against doing so. Your sensitive electronic devices weren't made to withstand the abuse that checked bags often endure. This means that if you plan to fly with a laptop, you should carry it on the plane with you – and there are a few simple rules for doing so.
Items you will need
 - Checkpoint-friendly bag
Step 1
Use a "checkpoint-friendly" laptop bag to make the screening process easier when you go through security checkpoints. These bags allow X-ray machines to get an unobstructed look at your laptop so you don't have to remove the device from the bag. Checkpoint-friendly bags include laptop sleeves and butterflyor trifold-style bags that have a laptop-only section that can lie flat on the scanning belt.
Step 2
Check that your checkpoint-friendly laptop bag doesn't have metal buckles, zippers or snaps on top of, underneath or inside the bag's laptop-only section; and don't put anything else in the laptop compartment beside your laptop. For a clear view on the X-ray machine, the laptop needs to be visible without any obstructions.
Step 3
Place power cords, zip drives and other laptop accessories in a separate compartment or in another bag. The laptop must get scanned separately from its other components.
Step 4
Prepare to take your laptop out of your bag if you don't have a checkpoint-friendly bag. It's perfectly fine to use a bag with straps and zippers that block the laptop; but, if this is the case, you'll have to place your laptop on the scanning belt separately. If you're using a bag that isn't checkpoint-friendly, make sure your laptop is easily accessible so you can remove it from the bag when the time comes.
 - Fully charge your laptop before you pack it for flight to get the most out of your battery once you're on board.
 - Don't store your laptop in an overhead bin when flying — it could sustain damage during turbulence. Instead, place your laptop under the seat in front of you to keep it safe.
About the Author
Photo Credits
 - Thinkstock/Comstock/Getty Images
Suggest an Article Correction


text:
Without a bank account
- As in urban districts, low-income households are more likely to have no bank or building society account than households on average incomes.
- As in urban districts, the proportion of households in rural districts who have no bank or building society account has fallen over the last decade. However, the rate of reduction has been much slower than that in urban districts and, as a result, the differences between rural and urban districts have been largely eliminated over the last decade.
- See the UK indicator on bank accounts.
On most poverty and social exclusion indicators, rural areas have 'better scores' than urban areas. The purpose of the table below is to differentiate between those subjects where rural areas are 'a bit better' and those where rural areas are 'a lot better'. It does so by presenting the rural statistics for the indicator as a proportion of the urban statistics. So, for example, a rural'score' of 6 in the table below means that the rural statistic is around 60% of its urban equivalent.
|Type of district||Average of 2006/07 to 2008/09|
|Households in the poorest fifth||Households with average incomes||All households|
|'Very rural' districts||9||7||7|
|'Mostly rural' districts||7||11||9|
|'Part rural' districts||12||12||11|
For each type of local authority district, the first graph shows the proportion of households without a bank, building society or any other kind of account. The data is split to show households in the poorest fifth of the income distribution and for households on average incomes (middle fifth of the income distribution) separately. As well as bank and building society accounts, the figures also count any savings or investment accounts as well as post office card accounts but do not include stocks and shares, premium bonds, gilts, Save As You Earn arrangements or Credit Unions. Income is household disposable income, equivalised (adjusted) to take account of household composition and is measured after deducting housing costs.
For each type of local authority district, the second graph shows how the proportion of households without a bank, building society or any other kind of account has changed over time. The data is for all households.
Level of the data
Lower tier local authorities (districts), as classified by the DEFRA 2009 classification system. Both the DEFRA classification rules and their results by local authority can be found on the page on rural/urban classification systems.
Family Resources Survey, DWP.
|Type of district||Proportion of households without an account|
|Average of 1996/97 to 1998/99||Average of 2006/07 to 2008/09|
|Households in the poorest fifth||Households with average incomes||All households||Households in the poorest fifth||Households with average incomes||All households|
|'Very rural' districts||15%||2%||5%||5%||2%||3%|
|'Mostly rural' districts||13%||2%||5%||4%||3%||3%|
|'Part rural' districts||16%||3%||5%||7%||4%||4%|


text:
Coming Soon, Touchscreens made of paper!
Present day computer touchscreens, which are nearly ubiquitous on laptops, tablets and smartphones, are often made of glass or plastic that is heavy, inflexible and even breakable.
But now, researchers have devised a way to make computer touchscreens out of paper, which is lightweight, flexible and cheap.
Use of paper touchscreens could range from electronic devices to nutritional labels & price tags.
The paper, created by a team of researchers led by Aaron Mazzeo, a mechanical engineer at Harvard, starts with a process already used to make shiny labels for beer bottles: Paper is coated with a very thin layer of aluminum, which is then covered in a thin film of transparent polymer, Discovery News reported.
"We are interested in designing systems that use low cost materials to provide high-tech functionality," said Mazzeo.
Aluminum conducts electrical charges. Putting two sheets of the metallic paper next to each makes a capacitor, a device that stores an electrical charge.
With the help of an external circuit, the metallized material becomes a surface that can detect charges. When a person touches the paper layer, the amount of charge in the paper goes up - just like it does on a glass or plastic touchscreen.
To build a keyboard, the researchers used a laser to etch cuts into the metal-coated paper.
The paper is fairly cheap, approximately 25 cents per square meter, which implies that a nine-digit keypad the size of those on a calculator could be made for a few cents.
The work has been published in the journal Advanced Materials.


UNIX ON-LINE Man Pages - Die Onlinehilfe
Die Syntax von Unixbefehlen wird in den entsprechenden Manpages dokumentiert. Hier können Sie diese Onlinehilfe für viele Standardbefehle abrufen.
Suchoptionen:
Seiten auflisten, welche beginnen mit:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ALPHA NUM ANDERE ALLE
Compose(5) Compose(5)
NAME
 Compose - X client mappings for multi-key input sequences
DESCRIPTION
 The X library, libX11, provides a simple input method for characters
 beyond those represented on typical keyboards using sequences of key
 strokes that are combined to enter a single character.
 The compose file is searched for in the following order:
 - If the environment variable $XCOMPOSEFILE is set, its value is
 used as the name of the Compose file.
 - If the user's home directory has a file named .XCompose, it is
 used as the Compose file.
 - The system provided compose file is used by mapping the locale
 to a compose file from the list in /usr/share/X11/locale/com-
 pose.dir.
 Compose files can use an "include" instruction. This allows local mod-
 ifications to be made to existing compose files without including all
 of the content directly. For example, the system's iso8859-1 compose
 file can be included with a line like this:
 include "/usr/share/X11/locale/iso8859-1/Compose"
 There are two substitutions that can be made in the file name of the
 include instruction. %H expands to the user's home directory (the
 $HOME environment variable), and %L expands to the name of the locale
 specific Compose file (i.e., "/usr/share/X11/locale/<localename>/Com-
 pose").
 For example, you can include in your compose file the default Compose
 file by using:
 include "%L"
 and then rewrite only the few rules that you need to change. New com-
 pose rules can be added, and previous ones replaced.
FILE FORMAT
 Compose files are plain text files, with a separate line for each com-
 pose sequence. Comments begin with # characters. Each compose
 sequence specifies one or more events and a resulting input sequence,
 with an optional comment at the end of the line:
 EVENT [EVENT...] : RESULT [# COMMENT]
 Each event consists of a specified input keysym, and optional modifier
 states:
 [MODIFIER_LIST] <keysym>
 Each modifier consists of a specified modifier and a state:
 (! MODIFIER ) | None
 Modifiers may be preceded by a "~" character to indicate that the modi-
 fier must not be present.
 The result specifies a string, keysym, or both, that the X client
 receives as input when the sequence of events is input:
 "STRING" | keysym | "STRING" keysym
 Keysyms are specified without the XK_ prefix.
 Strings may be direct text encoded in the locale for which the compose
 file is to be used, or an escaped octal or hexadecimal character code.
 Octal codes are specified as "\123" and hexadecimal codes as "\0x123a".
 It is not necessary to specify in the right part of a rule a locale
 encoded string in addition to the keysym name. If the string is omit-
 ted, Xlib figures it out from the keysym according to the current
 locale. I.e., if a rule looks like:
 <dead_grave> <A> : "\300" Agrave
 the result of the composition is always the letter with the "\300"
 code. But if the rule is:
 <dead_grave> <A> : Agrave
 the result depends on how Agrave is mapped in the current locale.
ENVIRONMENT
 XCOMPOSEFILE
 File to use for compose sequences.
 XCOMPOSECACHE
 Directory to use for caching compiled compose files.
FILES
 $HOME/.Xcompose
 User default compose file if XCOMPOSEFILE is not set.
 /usr/share/X11/locale/compose.dir
 File listing the compose file path to use for each locale.
 /usr/share/X11/locale/<localemapping>/Compose
 System default compose file for the locale, mapped via com-
 pose.dir.
 /var/cache/libx11/compose/
 System-wide cache directory for compiled compose files.
 $HOME/.compose-cache/
 Per-user cache directory for compiled compose files.
SEE ALSO
 XLookupString(3), XmbLookupString(3), XwcLookupString(3), Xutf8Lookup-
 String(3), mkcomposecache(1), locale(7).
 Xlib - C Language X Interface
 __vendorversion__ Compose(5)

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text:
What does CUNT mean in Funnies?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand CUNT in the Miscellaneous field in general and in the Funnies terminology in particular.
Find a translation for CUNT in other languages:
Select another language:
What does CUNT mean?
- cunt, bitch(noun)
- a person (usually but not necessarily a woman) who is thoroughly disliked
Discuss this CUNT abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
CUNT also stands for:
... and 8 more »


text:
Open Time : 6:00 am to 8:00 pm
Entry : free
Address : Bull Temple, Steps to Bull Temple, Basavanagudi, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
More Travel Tips from Bangalore
Why to visit Bull Temple
It is well-known for its enormous statue of the sacred bull, Nandi, and is also known as the Nandi Temple. The Nandi idol in this temple is actually one of the largest in the world, measuring roughly 6.1 metres in length and 4.6 metres in height.
History of the Bull Temple:
- According to a legend, Lord Shiva put the iron plate on the bull's head there to prevent the statue from growing.
- According to an inscription in the temple, the spring that lies beneath the Nandi statue is the source of the Vrishabhavathi River, which flows through Bengaluru's western region.
Things to see at Bull Temple:
- The Bugle Boulder is a sizable rock that is estimated to be 3000 million years old. One of the main draws in Bugle Rock Park is it.
- A park featuring natural rock formations that are millennia old is called Bugle Rock Park. It has many trees, well-maintained walking trails, and a water tank with murals of significant Karnataka people.
- The enormous monolithic figure of Nandi, the Shiva Lingam positioned behind it, and the temple's statues of the Sun God and Moon God.
Opening Time: 6:00 AM to 8:00 PM.
Best Time to Visit: June to February
Photography and Videography: Allowed
Entry Fee: Free
Nearest Bus Stop: Bull Temple (280 meters by walk)
Nearest Metro Station: Lalbagh (2 km) and National College (2 km) on the Green Line
How to reach Bull Temple?
- Bull Temple Bus Stop is the name of the bus stop that is most convenient for the Bull Temple. The distance to the temple is 600 meters or about 7 minutes' worth of walking.
- The temple is only 6 km from the Bengaluru Railway Station, and in normal traffic, it takes about 27 minutes to get there. From various locations throughout the city, taxis and autorickshaws frequently run to this magnificent temple.
FAQ on Bull Temple
How to reach Bull Temple?
Bull Temple Bus Stop is the name of the bus stop that is most convenient for the Bull Temple. The distance to the temple is 600 metres, or about 7 minutes' worth of walking. The temple is only 6 km from the Bengaluru Railway Station, and in normal traffic, it takes about 27 minutes to get there. From various locations throughout the city, taxis and autorickshaws frequently run to this magnificent temple.
What are the places to visit near Bull Temple?
Nearby attractions include: Sri Govardhana Temple (250 m) Gavi Gangadhareshwara Temple (1 km) Lalbagh Botanical Garden (2 km) Tipu Sultan's Summer Palace (3 km)
When is the best time to visit Bull Temple?
The best time to visit Bull Temple is in the month of June to February.
What are the restaurants near Bull Temple?
Kamat Bugle Rock, Sandwich Guru and Megna's Pizza are the restaurants near Bull Temple.
Every last Monday and Tuesday of "Kaarthik Maas" is marked as "Kadalekai Parsihe." Additionally, you will see shops selling toys made of mud, clay, stones, etc. Other street cuisine and small servings are available at stalls. For the tourists and locals, it is a pleasant time of year and has become a significant aspect of their religious lives.
By TANISHA JAISWAL
Disclaimer: Please note that the content of this blog/article including links, texts, images, and graphics is only meant for informational purposes. We do not intend to infringe any copyright policy or do not possess any third-party material. If you have issues related to any of our content or images, kindly drop your message at _EMAIL_


text:
The firm aims to start mass production of the engines in 2025 for buses, trucks and heavy equipment.
Hyundai Doosan Infracore Co., a South Korean construction company, said on June 26 that it will start a state-run project to develop hydrogen engine systems for commercial vehicles and construction equipment.
The project, set by Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology (Keit) under the Korean government, is to develop hydrogen engine storage and supply systems for construction equipment and commercial vehicles.
Appointed by Keit to lead the project, Hyundai Doosan Infracore will develop hydrogen engine and tank systems with 300 kilowatts (kW) of power generation and 11 liters of displacement. It is aiming to install engines in commercial vehicles such as buses, trucks, crawler excavators and other heavy equipment by 2024 and start mass production in 2025.
Hydrogen engine can save costs and speed up commercialization as it uses a converted version of existing internal combustion engines. Also, compared to a fuel cell that requires 99.99% of high purity hydrogen, hydrogen engines run on low purity hydrogen, and are thus more economical.
The Korean company is targeting the global hydrogen engine market with its technologies related to heavy equipment, power generators and marine engines.
As the European Union is expected to publish the draft of the Euro 7 initiative for stricter carbon emission regulations in the third quarter, a number of automakers and engine manufacturers from the UK, Germany and Japan are accelerating hydrogen engine development.
The hydrogen combustion engines market is forecast to project a compound annual growth rate of 8.7.% from 2022 to 2030, according to global market research firm Market Statsville.
Hyundai Doosan Infracore was set up last year as Hyundai Heavy Industries Group, the global shipbuilding giant, merged Doosan Infracore Co, with Hyundai Construction Equipment Co. last year.
Hyundai Heavy completed the acquisition of a 34.97% stake in Doosan Infracore for 850 billion won ($663.4 million) in August 2021.
As of 2020, Doosan Infracore ranked 10th in global construction equipment sales, accounting for a 3.7% market share, according to the 2021 Yellow Table report by KHL Group, a media on the construction and power industries. Hyundai Construction Equipment ranked 21st with a 1.2% market share at the time.


Inhibition of ripening in tomatoes
Undisplayed Graphic
Inhibiting the expression of a specific gene can often result in new traits. In tomato, the softening that occurs during ripening is partly due to an enzyme called polygalacturonase. CalGene has transformed tomatoes with an "antisense" polygalacturonase gene, which interferes with the expression of the normal polygalacturonase gene. As a result, polygalacturonase production in fruit is slowed, which in turn slows the ripening process. Firm fruit can be shipped with minimal damage, and ripen on the shelf.
Marketed under the trade name Flavr Savr®, this is the first transgenic food to be sold commercially.
Kramer, MG, K. Redenbaugh. (1994). Commercialization of a tomato with an antisense polygalacturonase gene: The FLAVR SAVR® tomato story. Euphytica 79:293-297.
Pfeiffer N (1994) FDA OKs Calgene's Flavr Savr® Tomato for Marketing in Supermarkets in the U.S. Genetic Engineering News June 1, 1994.
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text:
ABSTRACT: The American Academy of Pediatrics called for action for improved screening of mental health issues in the emergency department (ED). We developed the rapid screening tool home, education, activities/peers, drugs/alcohol, suicidality, emotions/behavior, discharge resources (HEADS-ED), which is a modification of "HEADS," a mnemonic widely used to obtain a psychosocial history in adolescents. The reliability and validity of the tool and its potential for use as a screening measure are presented.
ED patients presenting with mental health concerns from March 1 to May 30, 2011 were included. Crisis intervention workers completed the HEADS-ED and the Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths-Mental Health tool (CANS MH) and patients completed the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Interrater reliability was assessed by using a second HEADS-ED rater for 20% of the sample.
A total of 313 patients were included, mean age was 14.3 (SD 2.63), and there were 182 females (58.1%). Interrater reliability was 0.785 (P <.001). Correlations were computed for each HEADS-ED category and items from the CANS MH and the CDI. Correlations ranged from r = 0.17, P <.05 to r = 0.89, P <.000. The HEADS-ED also predicted psychiatric consult and admission to inpatient psychiatry (sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 87%; area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.82, P <.01).
The results provide evidence to support the psychometric properties of the HEADS-ED. The study shows promising results for use in ED decision-making for pediatric patients with mental health concerns.
PEDIATRICS 07/2012; 130(2):e321-7. · 4.47 Impact Factor


text:
|Lights on termite mound, Pantanal, Brazil|
The green lights we saw were the glowing abdomens of Pyrophorus, or click beetle, larvae which burrow into the edges of termite mounds and use the lights to attract other insects - as prey. Apparently some of these glowing beetles are found in the US, in Texas and Florida.
This was a 30-second exposure at ISO 2000, so there is little depth of field, and a fair amount of noise. But it was good enough to at least capture this rarely-seen behavior - and learn a new story.
Nikon D3, with 24-70mm lens


Saturday, July 21, 2018
Home » Flowstone Workshop » Flowstone Workshop 18
Flowstone Workshop 18
Flowstone-HeaderVOICE RECOGNITION Command Your Robot!
FLOWSTONE WORKSHOP 18-6FLOWSTONE WORKSHOP 18-7It wasn't that long ago that voice recognition was a pipe dream. But now that advances in processing power have made this technology almost commonplace with most smart phones incorporating some form of voice recognition built in, how can we use this to command our robots?
FLOWSTONE WORKSHOP 18-9
One option is to determine a way to attach an Android smart phone to the robot and then write an Android application to transmit the instruction signals from the phone to the robot hardware. Another way would be to use dedicated hardware which is surprisingly accessible and lost cost.
The benefit of being able to use a phone system is that the voice recognition applications in phones are pre-programmed to recognize words spoken in English from any- one… provided they speak clearly. The hard- ware systems that are available today, generally, are limited to recognizing a single voice and need to be trained to recognize the need- ed word and phrase commands. Hardware solutions can also be less robust given that another person will have difficulty initiating verbal commands effectively and variances in background noise can reduce the chances of recognition dramatically. An advantage to using hardware is that you can use any language or even make up your own words!
THE HARDWARE
We opted for the hardware solution and decided to use a Voice Recognition Click board from Mikroelektronika connected to our own FlowPaw hardware. The VR Click board comes with a nice PC application which records your own voice and assigns an ID to each command. When the board recognizes a command it sends a serial ID to the FlowPaw board which in-turn sends it back to the PC via FlowStone so you can make decisions on what to do with it. The VR Click board can process up to 200 voice commands which should be enough for most applications.
PLUG & PLAY
The MikroElektronika system is quite easy to use, the board is connected to the PC via USB, the recording application lets you hit "record" to say your sentence and it automatically assigns the sentence an ID. Set the serial mode plug into your FlowPaw board and you're ready to start working in FlowStone. From here you connect the soft- ware equivalent of the Voice Recognition board to the FlowPaw module and you're off. Each time you say a pre-programmed word the board detects it and outputs its unique ID (phrase, 1,2,3,4 etc.). Now the fun starts – what can you command?
FLOWSTONE WORKSHOP 18-8
YOUR WISH IS MY COMMAND
Once in the FlowStone environment the VR IDs can be used to trigger just about any- thing, one of the first things we did was us the IDs to turn on some LEDs on a screen, Red, Yellow, Green, etc. but then we started to get creative. One fun project was to pro- gram the names of music tracks and command Spotify using their unique track URLs, but before long we had it mounted on our FlowPaw rover with the idea to drive it around using voice commands!
FLOWSTONE WORKSHOP 18-10COME ON ROVER!
One of the special things about the FlowPaw/FlowStone combination is that if you use the Bluetooth wireless Claw module, your robotics hardware is free to roam but still have all of the main processing happen on the PC via telemetry. The big advantage of this is that you can leave your robot hardware on the floor and concentrate on developing your code in real-time on the fly on the PC. This saves hours when programming as there is no code/compile/download/test cycle.
EXAMPLE
Imagine we want our Rover to advance for 1 second on a voice command. We could pro- gram the VR Click to recognize "Forward One" and let's say the output id assigned is '01' in FlowStone. We would then need to code "if id = 01 turn on both wheel motors for one second". We could do this in one of two ways: 1) using a FlowStone Equals module and a Timed Pulse module to select a motor value of 999 using the Select module, Or 2) using the Ruby code module where we could code the decision and use an event timer. Both work equally well so the choice is up to the programmer. We can see how building up each command to output different values a robot command system can become quite sophisticated. And we can, of course, combine any combination of decoding to control a range of actions/activities. If you happen to have an X10 home automation control box, you can even turn the lights and TV on and off, etc.
CONCLUSION
Getting hardware voice recognition capability into a robot is now a reality and it is surprisingly easy to use thanks to a new breed of Voice Recognition chips. In this project we were able to get things going in a matter of minutes and working with Voice Recognition connected to and controlling various pieces of hardware is great fun as well as educational. There can be limitations like single voice and sensitivity to background noise but on the whole it proves to be quite reliable and consistent.
Links
DSP Robotics, dsprobotics.com
Mikroelektronika, mikroe.com


text:
The Healing Word | Preaching & Teaching Health Ministry (Patterson)
+ CLICK IMAGE TO ZOOM
Customers also like. . .
Divided into six parts, each with two inspiring sermons, four reflections, and a series of discussion questions. The Healing Word: Preaching and Teaching Health Ministry is an engaging and energizing resource for parish nurses, healthcare workers, and clergy. Deborah Patterson provides a practical and much needed resource if you are searching for a new way to approach the subject of healthcare from a viewpoint that integrates spirituality and well-being. Patterson's years of healthcare and ministry experience give her unique views on healthcare and ministry. The Healing Word is perfect for small group study helping us all better understand the ministry of healing as found in the Word.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Deborah L. Patterson is the Executive Director of Northwest Parish Nurse Ministries, which support the growth and development of parish nursing/faith community nurse programs and health ministries throughout the Pacific Northwest. Deborah is the author of a primer on parish nursing (The Essential Parish Nurse), one on Health Ministries (Health Ministries: A Primer for Clergy and Congregations), a book of prayers and meditations for parish nurses and health ministers, and a book of sermons and adult education resources for health ministries, covering topics such as "access to care, call to health ministry, healthy lifestyles, healthy families, healing our infirmities, and the health of creation." Formerly the Executive Director of the International Parish Nurse Resource Center, Deborah has also personally experienced just how essential a parish nurse can be, and how healing words can make all the difference in the world.
Paperback: 134 pages (5.5 x 8.5 in.)
Copyright © 2018 UCC Resources. All Rights Reserved. All prices USD.


text: The present study systematically investigated the effects of warehouse and greenhouse aquaponic growing conditions on consumer acceptability of different basil cultivars. A total of 105 consumers rated their liking of three basil cultivars (Nufar, Genovese, and Eleonora), each grown in three conditions (aquaponically in a greenhouse, aquaponically in a warehouse, both with Cyprinus carpio, Koi fish, and grown in soilless medium). We used linear random effect models to investigate consumer preferences for attributes of basil plants grown in different environments by controlling for individual-specific random effects. Participants generally liked the soilless medium–grown and greenhouse aquaponically grown basil plants more than the warehouse aquaponically grown plants. The soilless medium–grown basil had the highest appearance liking and flavor intensity, followed by the greenhouse aquaponic grown and then by the warehouse aquaponic grown. Aquaponically grown cultivars were rated less bitter than soilless medium–grown cultivars.


text:
times of arrival – i.e. given the edge, then. The bottom panel of Fig. a shows the incremental construction of the diffusion tree shown in top panel: node is the root of the tree and the source of the information diffusion; at each time, node attaches to the previous tree constructed at time.
|diffusion tree. In case the tree is unobserved, is a diffusion scenario.|
|node in the diffusion tree (i.e. retweets).|
|directed edge in the diffusion tree, tweet is a direct retweet of.|
|time of arrival of node (timestamp of the tweet).|
|user that has emitted tweet.|
|local influence (i.e. number of followers) of user.|
Diffusion scenarios for retweet cascades. The diffusion tree is not observed for real Twitter retweet cascades, since the Twitter API does not expose the direct retweet relationships. Instead, it assigns every retweet in the cascade to the original tweet. Every retweet cascades constructed based on raw retweet information from the Twitter API resembles the graph in Fig. a. Due to this particular shape, we denote retweet cascades as stars. However, the API exposes the time of arrival of the retweets. We denote as a diffusion scenario any valid diffusion tree that could be associated with the observed retweet star – i.e., the edges in the diffusion tree respects the order of arrival of retweets. Fig. b shows four examples of diffusion scenarios associated with the star in Fig. a.
Constructing diffusion scenarios. Fig. b exemplifies a straight-forward method to enumerate all diffusion scenarios associated with the star in Fig. a. The node is the root node and it is published at time ; tweet occurs at time and it is undoubtedly a direct retweet of – a directed edge is drawn from to. Tweet observed at can be a direct retweet of either tweet or tweet. Therefore, at time there are two possible diffusion scenarios: with the edge set and with the edge set. Similarly, can be a direct retweet of, or, in either or. Consequently, at time there are 6 possible diffusion scenarios. The process continues until all nodes have been attached. For an observed star of size, there are associated diffusion scenarios.
Probability of a diffusion scenario. Given that in retweet cascades individual edges are not observed, we define the probability of an edge as the likelihood that emitted tweet as a direct retweet of. In line with previous work [\citeauthoryearCrane and Sornette2008, \citeauthoryearMishra, Rizoiu, and Xie2016, \citeauthoryearZhao et al.2015, \citeauthoryearShen et al.2014, \citeauthoryearYu et al.2015], we model two factors in the likelihood of retweeting: firstly, users retweet fresh content [\citeauthoryearWu and Huberman2007]. The probability of the edge decays exponentially with the time difference ; secondly, users prefer to retweet locally influential users, also known as preferential attachment [\citeauthoryearBarabási2005]. We measure the local influence of a user using his number of followers [\citeauthoryearKwak et al.2010, \citeauthoryearCha et al.2010, \citeauthoryearRizoiu et al.2017]. We quantify the probability of an edge as:
where is the number of followers of the user of and controls the temporal decay of the probability.
Under the assumption that retweeting events (i.e. edges) occur independently one from another, we obtain the probability of a diffusion scenario as:
Note that the above assumption of independence of retweet events is a strong assumption. Current state-of-the-art approaches [\citeauthoryearMishra, Rizoiu, and Xie2016, \citeauthoryearZhao et al.2015] for modeling retweet cascades employ self-exciting point processes, in which the arrival of one event increases the probability of future events. However, for our application of estimating the probability of a diffusion scenario it is the simplest assumption. Additional arguments in its favor are also that we are studying networks of events (in which each event is identified with unique user), not networks of users. The interdependence often observed in socially generated networks (like triadic closure) can be ignored in edge formation within a particular retweet cascade.
a.2 Computing tweet influence
[\citeauthoryearDu et al.2013] define user influence of a user as the average number of users in the social network who get in contact with the content emitted by. For retweet cascades the diffusion tree is not observed; it is impossible to directly measure user influence, apart from the root user. We define the tweet influence over a retweet cascade as the expected number of time it is retweeted – direct retweets or descendants in a diffusion scenario –, over all possible diffusion scenarios associated with the given star. Finally, we compute the influence of user as the sum of the influences of the tweets that authored. We see that the definition in [\citeauthoryearDu et al.2013] is a special case of our definition, in which the diffusion tree is observed.
Tweet influence over one diffusion scenario. Let be a path in the diffusion scenario – i.e a sequence of nodes which starts with and ends with. is the probability of reaching from. is the influence of and it is computed as the expected number of users reached from using a model of independent binomials to decide whether or not to take each hop in each path that starts with. Formally:
where is a function that takes the value 1 when the path from to exists in.
Tweet influence over a retweet cascade. We compute the influence of tweet over – all possible diffusion scenarios associated with a retweet cascade – as:
It is intractable to directly evaluate Eq. (13), plugged in with Eq. (10) and (12), particularly due to the factorial number of diffusion scenarios in. For example, there are diffusion scenarios for a cascade of 100 retweet. We develop, in the next section, an efficient linear time algorithm to compute the influence of all tweets in a retweet cascade.
Appendix B Efficient tweet influence computation
The key observation is that each tweet is added simultaneously at time to all diffusion scenarios constructed at time. contributes only once to the tweet influence of each tweet that is found on the branch it attached to. This process is exemplified in Fig. c. Node is added to a given diffusion scenario, generating 4 new diffusion scenarios at time. We color in red the nodes whose influence increases as a result of adding node. This allows to compute the tweet influence incrementally, by updating at each time. We denote by the value of tweet influence of after adding node. As a result, we only keep track of how tweet influence increases over time steps and we do not require to construct all diffusion scenarios.
b.1 Complete derivation of the recursive influence formula
Incremental construction of diffusion scenarios. Let be a diffusion scenario constructed at time, with the set of nodes. When arrives, it can attach to any node in, generating new diffusion scenarios, with and. This process is exemplified in Fig. c. We can write the set of scenarios at time as:
We write the tweet influence of at time as:
Note that in Eq. (15) we explicitly make use of how diffusion scenarios at time are constructed based on the diffusion scenarios at time.
Attach a new node. We concentrate on the right-most factor in Eq. (15) – the tweet influence in scenario. We observe that the terms in Eq. (11) can be divided into two: the paths from to all other nodes except and the path from. We obtain:
Note that a path that does not involve has the same probability in and in its parent scenario :
Consequently, is the tweet influence of at the previous time step. Note that because is necessarily the direct retweet of one of the previous nodes of the retweet cascade.
Contribution of. With being the influence of at the previous time step, intuitively is the contribution of to the influence of. Knowing that:
we write as:
An alternative interpretation for is the influence of over. Eq. (19) can be intuitively understood as the expected influence of over a newly attached node is proportional to the influence of over each already attached node multiplied with the likelihood that attached itself to. We obtain the formula of the the expected influence of a node over another node as:
b.2 Tweet influence algorithm
We define two matrices: matrix, with. Element of the matrix is the square probability that tweet is a direct retweet of tweet ; matrix, with defined in Eq. (20). Element of matrix is the contribution of to the influence of. Alternatively, can be interpreted as the influence of on.
From Eq. (20) follows the formula for computing iteratively the columns of matrix :
with the value 1 occurring on line. For each column, we compute the first elements by multiplying the sub-matrix with the first elements on the column of matrix. The computation of matrix finishes in linear time, after steps, where is the total number of retweets in the retweet cascade. Fig. 9 demonstrated the computation of the first four columns in. Algorithm 1 gives an overview of the efficient influence computation algorithm.
Appendix C Generation of synthetic data
This section completes and details the results concerning the evaluation on synthetic data, presented in the main text Sec. 5.1. This section details the construction of a synthetic random social graph (Sec. C.1) and the sampling of synthetic cascades (Sec


text:
Now that you've set up your VR presentation by adding cameras and 360 hotspots, you're ready to give a VR presentation. InsiteVR has made it easy to communicate with your clients while they explore your VR scene. Here's how:
1. Launch the VR desktop app:
2. Click "Start Presentation:"
3. Launch your 3D model from the InsiteVR GearVR app now:
4. The GearVR app can take up to a minute or two to load. Please be patient and wait for the model to appear in the GearVR. Once it appears the desktop app will say "Connected" and will begin to mirror what is being seen in the GearVR.
NOTE: Your GearVR's phone and your computer must both be connected to WiFi. It does not have to be the same network.
6. You can right click on the screen with your mouse to project a laser pointer into the scene to direct your client's attention.
The following video covers the instructions above.
Congratulations! Being able to stream a VR presentation is the most critical part of communicating with a client during a VR presentation. This will enable you to finally take advantage of virtual reality.
Over time the InsiteVR team has witnessed hundreds, if not thousands, of VR presentations. Here are some presentation tips and best practices that we've collected over that time
If you have any trouble getting your presentation to stream please contact _EMAIL_.


Woodman
takes care of your logs
Woodman is a JavaScript logger utility for Web and Node.js applications that is roughly as simple to use as the console, only much more powerful. Woodman lets you take precise control over what gets logged where and how... and knows how to disappear from production code if needed.
// Using Woodman
woodman.load('console');
var logger = woodman.getLogger('myapp');
logger.log('Hello Woodman');
logger.warn('This is a warning');
logger.error('This is an error');
// Using the console
//
//
console.log('Hello Woodman');
console.warn('This is a warning');
console.error('This is an error');
OR
Install Woodman with NPM
npm install woodman
Latest version: v0.9.0 (changelog)
Woodman features:
 - message levels similar to those exposed by the console object (log, info, warn, error). Through configuration, messages may be filtered based on their level.
 - a logger hierarchy to keep track of the origin of messages and disable some of them based on their origin.
 - appenders to change the destination where messages are sent without changing the code. Messages can be sent to multiple destinations at once. Examples of appenders include the console, a log file or a remote server using Web sockets. New appenders can easily be created.
 - layouts to specify the format and structure of the messages sent to an appender: raw string, CSV, JSON, XML, whatever. New layouts can easily be created.
 - filters to disable messages based on something else than their level or origin.
 - a removal tool that drops all traces of Woodman from your code to create a shipping version of your app without logs. With Woodman, no more console.log in your production code!
What now? If that all sounds clear and great, get started then check the configure section. If you're ready to dig into the code to fix a bug or implement a new Appender, Layout or Filter, take a look at the Contribute section. Last but not least, if you cannot help but wonder why Woodman exists at all, what it brings on top of the usual console and how it relates to other similar projects, check the About section.
Wherever applicable, Woodman follows the architecture, terminology and API of the Apache Log4j 2 project.


text:
The perfect sunbeam weather occurs on humid, hazy, summer mornings that follow an evening or nighttime of showers or thunderstorms. The air is filled with fog and haze particles which makes sunlight visible by diffraction, reflection, and scattering of the light. Shadows from trees or clouds provide the contrast needed to highlight the individual rays of light.
Sunbeams are really crepuscular rays that can occur any time of year. They originate from clouds, trees, buildings, or even windows. On the morning of June 17, the crepuscular rays shining through the trees near Oakton, Virginia were particularly vivid and well-defined. Thunderstorms occurred the previous evening which was followed by light ground fog in the morning that set the stage for the light show.
Read below for more photos of the sunbeams from June 17.


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I'm wondering if anyone with a better understanding of python and gae can help me with this. I am uploading a csv file from a form to the gae datastore.
class CSVImport(webapp.RequestHandler):
 def post(self):
 csv_file = self.request.get('csv_import')
 fileReader = csv.reader(csv_file)
 for row in fileReader:
 self.response.out.write(row)
I'm running into the same problem that someone else mentions here - _URL_
That is, the csv.reader is iterating over each character and not the line. A google engineer left this explanation:
The call self.request.get('csv') returns a String. When you iterate over a string, you iterate over the characters, not the lines. You can see the difference here:
 class ProcessUpload(webapp.RequestHandler):
 def post(self):
 self.response.out.write(self.request.get('csv'))
 file = open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'sample.csv'))
 self.response.out.write(file)
 # Iterating over a file
 fileReader = csv.reader(file)
 for row in fileReader:
 self.response.out.write(row)
 # Iterating over a string
 fileReader = csv.reader(self.request.get('csv'))
 for row in fileReader:
 self.response.out.write(row)
I really don't follow the explanation, and was unsuccessful implementing it. Can anyone provide a clearer explanation of this and a proposed fix?
Thanks, August
share|improve this question
add comment
2 Answers
up vote 9 down vote accepted
Short answer, try this:
fileReader = csv.reader(csv_file.split("\n"))
Long answer, consider the following:
for thing in stuff:
 print thing.strip().split(",")
If stuff is a file pointer, each thing is a line. If stuff is a list, each thing is an item. If stuff is a string, each thing is a character.
Iterating over the object returned by csv.reader is going to give you behavior similar to iterating over the object passed in, only with each item CSV-parsed. If you iterate over a string, you'll get a CSV-parsed version of each character.
share|improve this answer

Thanks for the explanation, it makes a lot more sense to me now. – August Flanagan Jun 4 '10 at 19:10

I would consider using .splitlines() instead of .split('\n') – robert king Mar 13 '12 at 1:46
add comment
I can't think of a clearer explanation than what the Google engineer you mentioned said. So let's break it down a bit.
The Python csv module operates on file-like objects, that is a file or something that behaves like a Python file. Hence, csv.reader() expects to get a file object as it's only required parameter.
The webapp.RequestHandler request object provides access to the HTTP parameters that are posted in the form. In HTTP, parameters are posted as key-value pairs, e.g., csv=record_one,record_two. When you invoke self.request.get('csv') this returns the value associated with the key csv as a Python string. A Python string is not a file-like object. Apparently, the csv module is falling-back when it does not understand the object and simply iterating it (in Python, strings can be iterated over by character, e.g., for c in 'Test String': print c will print each character in the string on a separate line).
Fortunately, Python provides a StringIO class that allows a string to be treated as a file-like object. So (assuming GAE supports StringIO, and there's no reason it shouldn't) you should be able to do this:
class ProcessUpload(webapp.RequestHandler):
 def post(self):
 self.response.out.write(self.request.get('csv'))
 # Iterating over a string as a file
 stringReader = csv.reader(StringIO.StringIO(self.request.get('csv')))
 for row in stringReader:
 self.response.out.write(row)
Which will work as you expect it to.
Edit I'm assuming that you are using something like a <textarea/> to collect the csv file. If you're uploading an attachment, different handling may be necessary (I'm not all that familiar with Python GAE or how it handles attachments).
share|improve this answer

Thanks! This solved it, and your explanation was a lot easier for me to understand. – August Flanagan Jun 4 '10 at 19:10

@August Flanagan I don't think the idea expressed in the sentence The Python csv module operates on file-like objects, that is a file or something that behaves like a Python file. Hence, csv.reader() expects to get a file object as it's only required parameter. being correct. Documentation says "csv.reader(csvfile, dialect='excel', **fmtparams) Return a reader object which will iterate over lines in the given csvfile. csvfile can be any object which supports the iterator protocol and returns a string each time its next() method is called" – eyquem Sep 27 at 21:46

@AugustFlanagan So it's clear that csv.reader(x) operates on an object x that is not necessarily a file-like object, the only requirement is that x must be an iterable and return strings when iterated. – eyquem Sep 27 at 21:50

@AugustFlanagan The more common practice is to pass a file-like object to csv.reader but the doc expresses clearly that it's not the obly possibility: "— file objects and list objects are both suitable." - It happens that a string is iterable and that the iteration of a string returns objects whose type is str, then a string can also be accepted by csv.reader(); that doesn't mean that it is intersting to pass a string to csv.reader(), that the reason why the doc deosn't precise it. But over-strictly speaking it would be correct if it was written .... – eyquem Sep 27 at 22:06

@AugustFlanagan ....: — file objects and list objects and strings objects are all suitable. But it wouldn't be a practical information, so it is not written like that. However we must not understand things with confusion. - That's why the following sentence is also false in my opinion: Apparently, the csv module is falling-back when it does not understand the object and simply iterating it : it doesn't fail, it perfectly handles a string as an iterable. – eyquem Sep 27 at 22:06
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text:
SAREL: an assistance system for writing software specifications in natural language
Document typeResearch report
Rights accessOpen Access
All rights reserved. This work is protected by the corresponding intellectual and industrial property rights. Without prejudice to any existing legal exemptions, reproduction, distribution, public communication or transformation of this work are prohibited without permission of the copyright holder
This report presents a SAREL system and it is compared with several systems focused on the quality of the specification phase in software development process. The main goal of SAREL system is to assist engineers in the creation of software specifications written in natural language. The assistance process takes into account the writing norms and the main quality properties.
CitationCastell, N., Hernandez, M. "SAREL: an assistance system for writing software specifications in natural language". 1994.
Is part ofLSI-94-17-R