- Accumulator lowers this restriction.
Use Cases :
 - One of the most common uses of accumulator counts the events that occur during job execution for debugging purpose.
 - Meaning count the no. of blank lines from the input file, no. of bad packets from a network during a session, during Olympic data analysis we have to find age where we said (age!= 'NA') in SQL query in short finding bad/corrupted records.
Examples :
scala> val record = spark.read.textFile("/home/hdadmin/wc-data-blanklines.txt")
record: org.apache.spark.sql.Dataset[String] = [value: string]
scala> val emptylines = sc.accumulator(0) warning: there were two deprecation
warnings; re-run with -deprecation for details e
mptylines: org.apache.spark.Accumulator[Int] = 0
scala> val processdata = record.flatMap(x =>
 if(x == "")
 emptylines += 1
 x.split(" ")
processdata: org.apache.spark.sql.Dataset[String] = [value: string]
scala> processdata.collect
16/12/02 20:55:15 WARN SizeEstimator: Failed to check whether UseCompressedOops is set; assuming yes
Output :
res0: Array[String] = Array(DataFlair, provides, training, on, cutting, edge, technologies., "", DataFlair, is, the, leading, training, provider,, we, have, trained, 1000s, of, candidates., Training, focues, on, practical, aspects, which, industy, needs, rather, than, theoretical, knowledge., "", DataFlair, helps, the, organizations, to, solve, BigData, Problems., "", Javadoc, is, a, tool, for, generating, API, documentation, in, HTML, format, from, doc, comments, in, source, code., It, can, be, downloaded, only, as, part, of, the, Java, 2, SDK., To, see, documentation, generated, by, the, Javadoc, tool,, go, to, J2SE, 1.5.0, API, Documentation., "", Javadoc, FAQ, -, This, FAQ, covers, where, to, download, the, Javadoc, tool,, how, to, find, a, list, of, known, bugs, and, feature, reque…
scala> println("No. of Empty Lines : " + emptylines.value)
No. of Empty Lines: 10
28) Explain SparkContext in Apache Spark.
Ans. A SparkContext is a client of Spark's execution environment and it acts as the master of the Spark application. SparkContext sets up internal services and establishes a connection to a Spark execution environment. You can create RDDs, accumulators and broadcast variables, access Spark services and run jobs (until SparkContext stops) after the creation of SparkContext. Only one SparkContext may be active per JVM. You must stop() the active SparkContext before creating a new one.
In Spark shell, a special interpreter-aware SparkContext is already created for the user, in the variable called sc.
The first step of any Spark driver application is to create a SparkContext. The SparkContext allows the Spark driver application to access the cluster through a resource manager. The resource manager can be YARN, or Spark's Cluster Manager.
Few functionalities which SparkContext offers are:
 1. We can get the current status of a Spark application like configuration, app name.
 2. We can set Configuration like master URL, default logging level.
 3. One can create Distributed Entities like RDDs.
29) Discuss the role of Spark driver in Spark application.
Ans. The spark driver is that the program that defines the transformations and actions on RDDs of knowledge and submits a request to the master. Spark driver is a program that runs on the master node of the machine which declares transformations and actions on knowledge RDDs.
In easy terms, the driver in Spark creates SparkContext, connected to a given Spark Master. It conjointly delivers the RDD graphs to Master, wherever the standalone cluster manager runs.
Also, see How Spark works
30) What role does worker node play in Apache Spark Cluster? And what is the need to register a worker node with the driver program?
Ans. Apache Spark follows a master/slave architecture, with one master or driver process and more than one slave or worker processes
 1. The master is the driver that runs the main() program where the spark context is created. It then interacts with the cluster manager to schedule the job execution and perform the tasks.
 2. The worker consists of processes that can run in parallel to perform the tasks scheduled by the driver program. These processes are called executors.
Whenever a client runs the application code, the driver programs instantiates Spark Context, converts the transformations and actions into logical DAG of execution. This logical DAG is then converted into a physical execution plan, which is then broken down into smaller physical execution units. The driver then interacts with the cluster manager to negotiate the resources required to perform the tasks of the application code. The cluster manager then interacts with each of the worker nodes to understand the number of executors running in each of them.
The role of worker nodes/executors:
 1. Perform the data processing for the application code
 2. Read from and write the data to the external sources
 3. Store the computation results in memory, or disk.
The executors run throughout the lifetime of the Spark application. This is a static allocation of executors. The user can also decide how many numbers of executors are required to run the tasks, depending on the workload. This is a dynamic allocation of executors.
Before the execution of tasks, the executors are registered with the driver program through the cluster manager, so that the driver knows how many numbers of executors are running to perform the scheduled tasks. The executors then start executing the tasks scheduled by the worker nodes through the cluster manager.
Whenever any of the worker nodes fail, the tasks that are required to perform will automatically allocates to any other worker nodes
For information on how Spark works Spark-How it works
31) Discuss the various running mode of Apache Spark.
Ans. We can launch spark application in four modes:
1) Local Mode (local[*],local,local[2]…etc)
-> When you launch spark-shell without control/configuration argument, It will launch in local mode
spark-shell –master local[1]
-> spark-submit –class com.df.SparkWordCount SparkWC.jar local[1]
2) Spark Standalone cluster manger:
-> spark-shell –master spark://hduser:7077
-> spark-submit –class com.df.SparkWordCount SparkWC.jar spark://hduser:7077
3) Yarn mode (Client/Cluster mode):
-> spark-shell –master yarn or
->spark-shell –master yarn –deploy-mode client
Above both commands are same.
To launch spark application in cluster mode, we have to use a spark-submit command. We cannot run yarn-cluster mode via spark-shell because when we run spark application, driver program will be running as part application master container/process. So it is not possible to run cluster mode via spark-shell.
-> spark-submit –class com.df.SparkWordCount SparkWC.jar yarn-client
-> spark-submit –class com.df.SparkWordCount SparkWC.jar yarn-cluster
4) Mesos mode:
-> spark-shell –master mesos://HOST:5050
32) Describe the run-time architecture of Spark.
Ans. There are 3 important components of Runtime architecture of Apache Spark as described below.
 - Client process
 - Driver
 - Executor
Responsibilities of the client process component
The client process starts the driver program.
For example, the client process can be a spark-submit script for running applications, a spark-shell script, or a custom application using Spark API. The client process prepares the classpath and all configuration options for the Spark application.
It also passes application arguments, if any, to the application running on the driver.
Responsibilities of the driver component
The driver orchestrates and monitors the execution of a Spark application. There's always one driver per Spark application.
The driver is like a wrapper around the application. The driver and its subcomponents (the Spark context and scheduler ) are responsible for:
 - requesting memory and CPU resources from cluster managers
 - breaking application logic into stages and tasks
 - sending tasks to executors
 - collecting the results
Responsibilities of the executors
The executors, which is a JVM processes, accept tasks from the driver, execute those tasks, and return the results to the driver. Each executor has several task slots (or CPU cores) for running tasks in parallel.
6. Best Apache Spark Interview Questions and Answers
33) What is the command to start and stop the Spark in an interactive shell?
Ans. Command to start the interactive shell in Scala:
First, go the spark directory i.e.
hdadmin@ubuntu:~$ cd spark-1.6.1-bin-hadoop2.6/
hdadmin@ubuntu:~/spark-1.6.1-bin-hadoop2.6$ bin/spark-shell
Command to stop the interactive shell in Scala:
scala>Press (Ctrl+D)
One can see the following message
scala> Stopping spark context.
34) Describe Spark SQL.
Ans. Spark SQL is a Spark interface to


Home Advanced Materials Bioactive Materials Market Size, Share | Growth Analysis [2031]
Bioactive Materials Market
Bioactive Materials Market: Information by Material Type (Bioactive Glass, Bioactive Ceramics, Bioactive Composites), Application (Orthopedics, Dental Care, Nanomedicines and Biotechnology), and Regions—Forecast Till 2031
The global bioactive materials market size was valued at USD 2.09 billion in 2022. It is estimated to reach USD 7.09 billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 14.55% during the forecast period (2023–2031). Major factors driving the market are the s
Report Code: SRAM55233DR
Market Overview
The global bioactive materials market size was valued at USD 2.09 billion in 2022. It is estimated to reach USD 7.09 billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 14.55% during the forecast period (2023–2031). Major factors driving the market are the surging demand for root canal treatment and dental care and increasing applications in the medical industry. The bioactive materials have a greater and stronger bonding capacity with fluids and tissues, which boosts their demand in the medical and healthcare sectors for body tissue healing and repair.
Bioactive materials are substances that interact with biological systems, including cells, tissues, and organs. These synthetic or natural materials are primarily utilized in various medical applications, like drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. They can enhance specific biological responses, like cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, by imitating the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the tissue being targeted.
Bioactive materials can also be utilized for drug delivery, in which the material is designed to gradually release a drug or therapeutic agent. This can be useful for targeted drug delivery, in which the drug is released directly into the affected tissue, thereby reducing adverse effects and enhancing efficacy. As a result, bioactive materials are gaining widespread popularity worldwide, as they have numerous applications in the medical field and are an essential tool for advancing the treatment of various diseases and conditions.
Report Scope
Report Metric Details
Base Year 2022
Study Period 2021-2031
Forecast Period 2023-2031
CAGR 14.55%
Market Size USD 7.09 billion by 2031
Fastest Growing Market Europe
Largest Market North America
Report Coverage Revenue Forecast, Competitive Landscape, Growth Factors, Environment & Regulatory Landscape and Trends
Geographies Covered
 - North America
 - Europe
 - APAC
 - Middle East and Africa
 - LATAM
Get more information on this report Download Sample Report
Market Dynamics
Materials Market Drivers
Growing Demand for Dental Care and Root Canal Treatment
Bioactive biomaterials have been increasingly used in dental care applications for managing tissue loss due to congenital or acquired diseases such as dental caries, periodontitis, and bone defects. These materials will provide diverse functions, including inhibiting bacterial biofilm formation, remineralizing mineral loss in dental hard tissues such as dentin and enamel, and the regeneration of diseased pulp bone soft tissues.
Portland cement or mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a bioactive material used in root canal therapy for maintaining pulp and periodontal tissue vitality during pulp capping and perforation repair procedures. Caries of permanent teeth are estimated to affect 2 billion people worldwide, while 520 million children suffer from caries of primary teeth. Thus, the demand for bioactive materials will likely increase in the dental care industry in the forecast period.
Increasing Applications in the Medical Industry
Bioactive materials play an integral role in the medical industry as they restore function and facilitate healing for people after injury or disease. Biomaterials may be synthetic or natural and are utilized in medical applications to support, improve, or replace damaged tissue or a biological function. Materials such as bio cement and biostaple are used in medical implants in heart valves, stents, and grafts; hearing loss implants, artificial joints, ligaments, and tendons; and devices that stimulate nerves.
According to WHO, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the foremost cause of fatality worldwide, taking an anticipated 17.9 million lives annually. Cardiovascular disease, the preliminary cause of mortality in the United States, results in the death of an American individual approximately every 36 seconds. By 2030, 43.9% of Americans will have cardiovascular disease, increasing the demand for bioactive materials for surgical procedures. Thus, the increasing application of bioactive materials in the medical field will likely boost the market studied in the forecast period.
Market Restraints
High Cost and Regulations
One of the major challenges for bioactive material is the operational cost, which utilizes these materials in plastic surgeries and medical implants such as heart valves, stents, and artificial joints, making it difficult for the weaker section of society to get operated on. Moreover, there are many challenges when designing an effective drug-eluting medical device or tissue-engineered construct.
In addition to design challenges, regulatory approval of these products is a major consideration. Medical devices, drugs, and biologics are all regulated by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States to ensure the safety and efficacy of any new product. Thus, the regulatory approvals of all the newly developed products take a lot of time after proper verification, and convincing the government to meet regulations is a challenge, as a huge capital expenditure is involved in developing any new process or product.
Market Opportunities
Rising Healthcare Market in Emerging Economies
The bioactive materials market in emerging economies is predicted to expand substantially over the forecast period. This is largely attributable to the surging patient population, rising adoption of implantable devices, rising awareness of cardiovascular diseases, surging disposable income, improving healthcare infrastructure, and less stringent regulatory guidelines (compared to developed nations) in these nations.
Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) are among the world's economies with the highest growth rates. In 2020, according to the World Economic Forum, these emerging economies accounted for one-third of global healthcare expenditures. The rising demand for surgical procedures, the rising geriatric population, and the rising incidence of target diseases are some of the main factors expected to expedite the demand for advanced healthcare services and novel medical devices in the healthcare systems of these countries. This is anticipated to present bioactive materials market participants with growth opportunities in the future years.
Regional Analysis
Based on region, the global bioactive materials market is bifurcated into North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, and the Middle East and Africa.
North America Dominates the Global Market
North America is the most significant global bioactive materials market shareholder and is estimated to exhibit a CAGR of 15.85% during the forecast period. North America is estimated to dominate the global market due to the United States' highly developed healthcare industry and ongoing investments in the medical technology industry. The United States healthcare industry is one of the most advanced in the region. As per the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, between 2021 and 2028, national healthcare expenditures are projected to increase by an average of more than 5.5%, reaching approximately USD 6.192 trillion by 2028. Moreover, the increasing number of forest fires in the United States is a leading cause of burns and even trauma injuries caused by accidents in the region where tissue, bone, and ligament regeneration utilize bioactive materials, boosting the market.
Additionally, Canada's total health expenditures were valued at USD 245.72 billion in 2022 and are anticipated to reach USD 264.5 billion by year's end. Surgical procedures necessitate using sophisticated medical equipment and components, such as bioactive substances. This, along with the use of these materials in the pharmaceutical industry, is anticipated to drive the bioactive materials market in North America over the coming years.
Europe is estimated to exhibit a CAGR of 13.72% over the forecast period. Europe is the second-largest market in this industry due to the region's extremely rapid geriatric population growth, increases in life expectancy, and rising prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases. As per the National Health Service (NHS), approximately 10 million persons in the United Kingdom have arthritis, of which 8.5 million have osteoarthritis. Additionally, based on results of the first medium-term population projection by the Federal Statistical Office (Destatis) reports, between 2020 and 2035, the number of people aged 67 or over will rise by 22% from 16 million to an expected 20 million in Germany.
Furthermore, increasing demand for bioactive materials in dentistry, orthopedics, and wound care is expected to boost the regional market for bioactive materials. For instance, France is one of Europe's largest oral care markets, with a revenue of around USD 1.25 billion in 2020, according to Statista Consumer Market Outlook, increasing the demand for bioactive materials in dental care applications.
In Asia-Pacific, the market for bioactive materials is expanding at a healthy rate because of the region's rapidly expanding healthcare sector. The region's developing nations, like India and China, are spending more on medicine and healthcare. The region's growing population and rising healthcare costs are expected to have a significant positive impact on the market for bioactive materials. In recent years, the significance of oral care and oral care products has increased dramatically due to increased consumer awareness and improved information dissemination. In 2019, as per the Chinese National Bureau of Statistics, approximately 3.1 million dental implants were placed in Chinese patients, continuing a recent upward trend.
Furthermore, In India, around 10 percent of the population is above 60 years of age, so the country's requirement for hip and knee replacements is increasing. Estimates show that over 1,20,000 knee replacement procedures and about 70,000 hip procedures occur annually in


text:
Arab Monetary Fund is a regional Arab financial institution based in Abu Dhabi, with the mission to lay the monetary foundation of Arab economic integration and to accelerate the process of economic development of its member countries. In this context, the AMF supports banking and financial sector development in the Arab States and provide assistance towards its integrity and efficiency. Moreover, the AMF carries out and acts as a technical secretariat for the Council of Arab Ministers of Finance, the Council of Arab Central Banks and Monetary Authorities' Governors as well as for its sub-committees and task forces.
The AMF is seeking to hire "Financial Sector SpecialistFintech"
Duties & Responsibilities:
- Contribute to the implementation of the AMF's strategy in relation to financial sector development programs and initiatives, including promoting Fintech ecosystem and enhancing digital financial services in Arab countries.
- Support the implementation and follow-up activities of the initiatives in the Arab countries focusing on enhancing Fintech digital financial services and digital economy.
- Contribute to formulate technical assistance programs to the Arab countries in developing their financial and banking sector with focus on Fintech and digital financial infrastructure.
- Contribute to the implementation of various programs and activities related to fostering Fintech ecosystem in Arab countries, jointly conducted with IFIs.
- Contribute to delivering training and workshops to the Arab regulatory & supervisory authorities.
- Participation in the work of various committees and task forces, in which AMF acts as a technical Secretariat, such as the Arab Regional Fintech WG, the Financial Inclusion Task Force, as well as Financial Stability Task Force.
- Contribute to various activities in the financial sector with focus on Fintech and digital financial services.
- Conduct researches and working papers, studies and events carried out by the AMF within the framework of its financial sector development mandate.
- Supervisory skills in providing training courses for member countries in the area of Fintech.
Selection criteria, Academic qualifications and experience required:
- Arab Country's citizen.
- A doctorate degree from a recognized university in the fields of economics or finance.
- Relevant experience in similar fields of work of 5 years in related regulatory & supervisory authorities such as central banks, relevant financial institutions, or regional and international financial institutions.
- Comprehensive knowledge of international principles / guidelines and papers issued by the relevant standard setters such as BIS, IMF, WG, FSB, Basel Committee, FSI, IFSB.
- Deep knowledge of concepts related to Fintech such as digital transformation, digital ID and eKYC & CDD, digital payments systems, digital financial services, Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT), Artificial Intelligence, and cyber resilience.
- Deep knowledge of Fintech standards and related financial legislations around the world.
- Deep knowledge of risks related to Fintech activities, and hoe to mitigate those risks.
- Comprehensive knowledge of financial, banking, and digital financial infrastructure legislations in Arab countries.
- Have recently published refereed researches / articles in reputed scientific journals.
- Fluent in Arabic, English, and French is plus.
The fund offers competitive terms of service in accordance with the applicable employment policy, which includes tax free salary, housing allowance, furniture allowance, air tickets, education allowance, and life & medical insurance
Only short-listed candidates will be contacted.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


# Euclidean distance between points P and Q: Dist:= (P,Q)-> sqrt(add((P-Q)^~2)): # Midpoint between P and Q: Mid:= (P,Q)-> (P+Q)/2: # An arbitrary symbolic point on the ellipse: P:= <x,y>: # Foci and major-axis length: F:= [<0,-5>, <5, 0>]: MA:= 12: (* An ellipse's defining property: The sum of the distances from any of its points to its foci is constant. I'll call that constant C for the moment. We'll use that other piece of given information, the length of the major axis, to figure out C in a moment. *) Ell_eqn:= C = add(map(Dist, F, P)); LV9JLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nRzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliRzYiSSxtcHJpbnRzbGFzaEdGKDYkNyM+SShFbGxfZXFuR0YoL0kiQ0dGKCwmKiQsJiokSSJ4R0YoIiIjIiIiKiQsJiEiJkY2SSJ5R0YoISIiRjVGNiNGNkY1RjYqJCwmKiQsJiIiJkY2RjRGO0Y1RjYqJEY6RjVGNkY8RjY3I0Yu # Perhaps you'll accept without further explanation that the line through the foci # (which is collinear with the major axis) is MA_line:= y = x - 5; LV9JLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nRzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliRzYiSSxtcHJpbnRzbGFzaEdGKDYkNyM+SShNQV9saW5lR0YoL0kieUdGKCwmSSJ4R0YoIiIiISImRjI3I0Yu (* The next step to getting C is finding numerically any point on the ellipse. Two such points are the points on that line that are at distance MA/2 from the midpoint of the foci. We solve for them: *) %solve({MA_line, Dist(P, Mid(F[])) = MA/2}, explicit); sols:= value(%); LUknJXNvbHZlRzYiNiQ8JC9JInlHRiQsJkkieEdGJCIiIiEiJkYrLywkKiQsLCokRioiIiMiIiUqJEYoRjJGM0YqISM/RigiIz8iI11GKyNGK0YyRjgiIidJKWV4cGxpY2l0R0Yk LV9JLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nRzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliRzYiSSxtcHJpbnRzbGFzaEdGKDYkNyM+SSVzb2xzR0YoNiQ8JC9JInhHRigsJiMiIiYiIiMiIiIqJEY1I0Y2RjUiIiQvSSJ5R0YoLCYjISImRjVGNkY3Rjk8JC9GMSwmRjNGNkY3ISIkL0Y7LCZGPUY2RjdGQjckRi9GPw== # As suspected, there are 2 solutions. We only need 1, and I arbitrarily choose # the first. To find C, we just use these x and y in the ellipse's equation: eval(Ell_eqn, sols[1]); eval(Ell_eqn, %): # Put that in for C # Subtract one side from the other to make an expression # implicitly equated to 0: (lhs-rhs)(%); evala(Norm(%)); # Convert that to a polynomial (primpart/sign)(%); # Cancel common integer factors of the coeffients L0kiQ0c2IiwmKiQsJiokLCYjIiImIiIjIiIiKiRGLCNGLUYsIiIkRixGLSokLCYjISImRixGLUYuISIkRixGLUYvRi0qJCwmKiQsJkYqRi1GLkY1RixGLSokLCZGM0YtRi5GMEYsRi1GL0Yt LywmKiQsJiokLCYjIiImIiIjIiIiKiRGKiNGK0YqIiIkRipGKyokLCYjISImRipGK0YsISIkRipGK0YtRisqJCwmKiQsJkYoRitGLEYzRipGKyokLCZGMUYrRixGLkYqRitGLUYrLCYqJCwmKiRJInhHNiJGKkYrKiQsJkYyRitJInlHRj8hIiJGKkYrRi1GKyokLCYqJCwmRilGK0Y+RkNGKkYrKiRGQkYqRitGLUYr LCoqJCwmKiQsJiMiIiYiIiMiIiIqJEYpI0YqRikiIiRGKUYqKiQsJiMhIiZGKUYqRishIiRGKUYqRixGKiokLCYqJCwmRidGKkYrRjJGKUYqKiQsJkYwRipGK0YtRilGKkYsRioqJCwmKiRJInhHNiJGKUYqKiQsJkYxRipJInlHRj0hIiJGKUYqRixGQSokLCYqJCwmRihGKkY8RkFGKUYqKiRGQEYpRipGLEZB LC4qJEkieEc2IiIiIyEkdyUqJkYkIiIiSSJ5R0YlRikiJCsjKiRGKkYmRidGJCIlISlHRiohJSEpRyIlT2pGKQ== LC4qJEkieEc2IiIiIyIkPiIqJkYkIiIiSSJ5R0YlRikhI10qJEYqRiZGJ0YkISQ/KEYqIiQ/KCElJWUiRik=


text:
July 22, 2008
Peter Wise Lake Guardian Visits Oswego
The U.S. EPA's 180-foot research vessel, the R/V Peter Wise Lake Guardian, visited the port of Oswego as part of its exploration of Lake Ontario geography and natural resources. The week-long program is sponsored by New York Sea Grant and the Center for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence (COSEE) Great Lakes. It has taken the crew from Youngstown, Ohio to Clayton, NY with stops in Toronto, Canada; and Rochester and Buffalo, New York in addition to Oswego's visit.
The Environmental Protection Agency's research vessel, the Peter Wise Lake Guardian, recently docked in Oswego for a tour of the Eastern Lake Ontario shoreline along with the Salmon River Fish Hatchery. Fifteen teachers and environmental educators are aboard to work alongside federal researchers as they perform field exercises and collect data to monitor the Great Lakes. Pictured is sixth-grade science teacher Kenneth Huff from Buffalo, NY.
Questions about the Oswego County Public Information Office?

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


DLS Special: Three decades riding the photonic crystal fibre wave
Thirty years ago I proposed that a hair-thin glass fibre perforated along its length with an array of microscopic hollow channels might guide light in novel ways. In such a "photonic crystal fibre" (PCF) the hollow channels would strongly scatter light and thus could be used to "corral" it within a central hollow or solid core. Initially it was far from clear that such an intricate microstructure could ever be made, since nothing comparable had previously been attempted. Nevertheless, after several years of trying different approaches, the first light-guiding PCF emerged from the drawing tower in late 1995, ushering in a new age of fibre optics. By offering enhanced control over the propagation of guided light, PCF has led to a whole series of scientific and technical breakthroughs in the science of light. Solid-core versions are being used to transform invisible infrared laser pulses into white light millions of times brighter than the sun – revolutionary new light sources with a multitude of applications. Hollow core PCFs filled with gas are used to compress infrared laser pulses to durations a million-billion times shorter than a second, underpinning a range of unique and extremely bright sources of tuneable deep and vacuum ultraviolet light. When chirally twisted, PCF acts like an impeller, creating optical vortices with fascinating properties. In hollow core PCF, small particles can be optically trapped and propelled over long distances and used as moveable point sensors. In the lecture I will look back over the last 30 years, and discuss how some of the scientific discoveries made possible by PCF have evolved into real-world applications.
To attend, please register here for our DLS newsletter. You will then receive the link for the zoom conference by e-mail shortly before the presentation.
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Logo Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light
17.05.2021 15:00 o'clock - 18:00 o'clock
Prof. Dr. Philip Russell
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light
Staudtstraße 2 | D- 91058 Erlangen
+49 9131 7133-805


text:
Income mobility can be viewed as a first-order Markov process, with a matrix of transition probabilities which measure how individuals move from an income status in time t to a new status in time t+1. Direct estimation of transition matrices is difficult, since time series panel data are unavailable and limited data on the distribution of income do not suffice to determine the coefficients mathematically, let alone provide enough degrees of freedom for estimation. In this paper, we show that maximum entropy econometrics offers a feasible way to estimate transition matrices using distributional data from Colombia. Using a cross-entropy estimation method, we make efficient use of prior information about the structure of the transition matrices and how they vary with age. The approach is very flexible, allowing the use of "information" in a variety of forms such as inequality constraints, errors in measurement, and prior estimates. Under weak assumptions about the error generation process, we can derive test statistics based on the likelihood ratio measuring the significance of the estimation. The model fits the data well in that the predicted and actual distributions for period t+1 are close. The results show that there is a large degree of upward mobility in Colombia, especially at the bottom of the income distribution and for the younger age cohorts.
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)


Yazdegerd II
Yazdegerd II, drachma coin.CNG Coins (_URL_)
Yazdegerd II, (flourished 5th century), king of the Sāsānian dynasty (reigned 438–457), the son and successor of Bahrām V.
Although Yazdegerd was at first tolerant of the Christians, he remained a zealous Zoroastrian and later persecuted both Christians and Jews. He was engaged in a short war with Rome in 442 and also fought against the Kushans (Kuṣāṇas) and Kidarites in the east. Little else is known of Yazdegerd's reign; he was succeeded in turn by two of his sons, Hormizd III and Fīrūz.


text:
22 tonnes of improved wheat seeds producedJute Research Programme in Itahari, Sunsari has produced eight different improved varieties of wheat seeds totalling 22 tonnes this year.The programme diversified its research to producing improved varieties of wheat, paddy and lentils seeds. It used to produce only jute seeds.
Jute Research Programme in Itahari, Sunsari has produced eight different improved varieties of wheat seeds totalling 22 tonnes this year.The programme diversified its research to producing improved varieties of wheat, paddy and lentils seeds. It used to produce only jute seeds.
The research office said that the objective to produce seeds is aimed at making optimum utilisation of government's land that has been housing agricultural firms. "We have produced 22 tonnes of improved varieties of wheat seeds this year under the government's policy to making the country self-reliant on seeds," said Govinda Timsina, a senior scientist at Jute Research Programme. "Out of 31 bigas of land, we have been producing seeds on 25 bigas."
According to him, jute seeds are normally produced during mid-March to mid-July. After that, the land normally is left idle.
"Now, we have started to better utilise the land." Under the programme, 3 tonnes of jute seeds are produced annually estimating jute cultivation coverage areas of 10 bigas. Wheat and lentil seeds are produced during the winter period, while paddy and jute seeds are produced in summer.
Timsina said that they had a target of producing 7.5 tonnes of wheat seeds, but managed to produce 22 tonnes. The produced varieties are NL-1055, NL-297, Bijay, Gautam Swargadwari, Dhaulagiri, Tillotama and Aditya. Likewise, 100 kgs of lentils seeds were also produced.
"Besides, wheat seeds, we have also produced improved varieties of paddy seeds this year during the summer plantation season," he said.
The programme had targeted producing 25 tonnes of paddy seeds of different varieties like Sukhha 3, Sambha sub-1, swarna sub-1, Kanchhi Mansuli and Hardinath. These improved varieties of paddy seeds are tolerant to extreme climatic changes stress like drought, flooding or submergence.
According to the government's statistics, the rate of seed replacement in Nepal is 11 percent, and under National Seed Vision 2013-25, the government plans to increase the rate to 25 percent for cereals by 2025.
Due to the lack of improved varieties of seeds, Nepal's agriculture has been suffering from low productivity particularly in the cereal crops.


Posted in Blog, Commercial Litigation, Employment Law by
By Joseph G. Ballstaedt
[email protected]
Owning a business is a rewarding and challenging experience. Perhaps one of the most challenging responsibilities for business owners is hiring quality employees and—when necessary—knowing when and how to fire employees. This article briefly discusses 7 tips that will help you avoid legal and other issues when you let an employee go.
 1. Clearly Define Work Expectations at the Outset
If you decide that terminating an employee is necessary, the fired employee should not be surprised—or should at least know that being fired based on established expectations was a real possibility. To establish proper work and performance standards, clear training at the outset is important, and progressive disciplinary measures are also crucial. All employers, big and small, should keep detailed records of the training and disciplinary process to avoid claims of improper conduct, as discussed in more depth below.
 1. Fire for a Legal Reason
Employees in Utah can fire at-will employees for almost any reason, such as arriving 5 minutes late to work, performing tasks poorly, or acting abrasively to other employees. An employer generally doesn't even need a basis at all to fire an at-will employee. Any reason is fine—so long as it isn't an illegal reason.
One illegal reason is firing based on a protected class. Protected classes in Utah include race, color, sex, national origin, and gender identity—qualities or traits that all people have—as well as other traits such as religious affiliation, being pregnant, being over the age of 40, or having a disability. Federal laws are similar. Avoid any appearance of firing an employee for a reason associated with a protected class.
There are other prohibited reasons for firing an employee, such as firing in retaliation against an employee who reports an employer's violation of law or firing an employee who takes time off under the Family and Medical Leave Act. And perhaps it goes without saying that an employer cannot fire an employee for refusing to engage in an illegal act.
 1. Be Consistent with Discipline and Firing
Be consistent on how you handle employee issues, whether large or small. For example, if you allow one person to arrive late without any consequence but then you fire or discipline another for being late, this may create a potential discrimination claim. Every person in Utah fits into a protected class (explained above). The mere fact of being male, female, or asserting no sexual orientation makes you a member of a protected class. So, each person has some trait or quality that an employer cannot use as motivation for any adverse action, like discipline, demotion, or discharge.
Even if an adverse action is not based on a protected class, it may give an appearance of discrimination. For instance, if all males regularly arrive 20 minutes late without consequence, but all females are punished for the same behavior, the employer has created an appearance of violating laws against discrimination. Even if the employer wasn't motivated by gender, it has acted dangerously under the law.
 1. Fire Based on Facts and for Business Reasons
Although you can generally fire at-will employees for any reason (so long as it isn't an illegal reason, as discussed above), you should avoid firing based on hunches, emotions, or other subjective motivations. It is best to fire based on facts and for business reasons. If there is no clear, explainable basis for firing, suspicions and emotions can create allegations and issues that employers want to avoid. The more emotional the firing events are, the more likely the reason for firing is questioned and scrutinized legally.
It is generally best to explain these reasons to the employee in a short, professional, in-person meeting, as discussed later.
 1. Pay the Employee Everything Owed
When you fire an employee, it is usually wise to pay the employee every cent that he or she has earned—or arguably earned. If timecards aren't clear for whatever reason, err on the side of overcompensating. If you are tempted to deduct wages for damages the employee caused to company property, think twice. If the employee fails to return employee property, you probably don't want to deduct the costs from the final paycheck.
Employees are generally entitled to their pay, and after being fired, an employee is more inclined to retaliate against an employer who hasn't paid everything. For instance, such a disgruntled employee is more likely to file a lawsuit or initiate an investigation by the Utah Labor Commission. Dealing with a lawsuit or investigation, even if you prevail, likely isn't worth the headache and associated costs.
 1. Document the Actual Firing Process in Writing
When you fire an employee, you should carefully document in writing the firing process, in addition to documenting prior disciplinary action and issues that occurred leading up to the actual firing. The reasons the employee is fired should be well documented in company records. Such a written record will help protect you from claims that the termination was based on an improper, illegal reason—a reason you did not state or intend and a reason that did not exist (such as reasons based on gender, age, disability, etc.).
If you have a contemporaneous record that explains the reason for the firing, it will be good evidence later—perhaps months down the road—to counter an employee's claims that you fired him or her for an illegal reason. Your statements after the claim is brought will not carry as much weight as statements and records you created at the time of the firing. Good records help combat "he said she said" situations.
 1. Implement a Plan for the Firing Process—And Follow It
Implement a plan setting forth procedures for all employees you fire. The experience of being let go will be very memorable for each employee. You'll want it to go as smoothly as possible. Most employees respect—or at least deserve—an in-person conversation explaining in brief and professional terms the reason for the firing. Emails, texts, or telephone conversations are not favored. Keep the conversation short, and be very clear that the firing is final. Rip the Band-Aid off.
Set up procedures that allow you to recover all company property from the employee. Don't allow the employee to keep company documents, equipment, etc.
Also, implement procedures that make the firing less visible to the rest of the company, which helps make the process less public and emotional. It may be respectful to allow the employee to immediately leave work, with the ability to gather his or her belongings on a later date. Or you can offer to send the employee's belongings to his or her house.
It may be wise to ask the employee to immediately leave work, without further mingling with the other company employees or spending the day working (or crying) at his or her desk. After being fired, an employee likely won't contribute to the work environment and may do or say something harmful. For this reason, it is probably wise not to allow the employee continued access to the company property and information after being fired.
It is often appropriate to have another person present when an employee is fired. This additional witness can help combat false claims of how the firing process occurred and what was said or done.
Help with Employment Issues
If you have issues with an employee, are considering firing an employee, or have general employment law questions, give me a call. I am happy to help. I offer a free consultation. My direct dial is _PHONE_, and you can e-mail me at [email protected].
Joseph G. Ballstaedt
[email protected]
This author hasn't yet written their biography.
Still we are proud contributed 85 great entries.


text:
Imphal Peace Museum Project Ⅲ
|Implementing Agency||Sasakawa Peace Foundation|
|Project Type||Self Operated|
The Imphal Peace Museum was successfully opened in the state of Manipur in Northeast India on June 22, 2019. With financial support provided by The Nippon Foundation, this project aims to strengthen the museum's governance structure, develop the capabilities of museum staff and curators, and work to enhance the quality of the museum's programs and exhibits to ensure the successful operation and administration of the museum. Activities include arranging exchange programs that both send experts to visit Northeast India as well as welcome museum stakeholders to Japan, conducting interviews with war survivors in Northeast India to collect oral histories, creating special exhibitions featuring items donated by the bereaved families of those who participated in the Battle of Imphal, and publishing the English translation of the Military History Series: The Battle of Imphal. Through these activities, this project aims to ensure that the Imphal Peace Museum, which has garnered widespread attention within India and around the world, will maintain its high standards as a museum based on rigorous historical research with a universal message of peace and continue to act as a platform for peace education to promote mutual understanding and multiculturalism and to pass down the region's history to future generations.


Technology 3 min read
3D-Printed Third Thumb Enhances Your Human Abilities
The Third Thumb | Danielle Clode |
The Third Thumb | Danielle Clode |
Danielle Clode has designed a prosthetic thumb that's not intended to replace a lost thumb. Instead, it's a wearable that augments overall dexterity for anyone–even you!
The arrival and advancement of new tech such as 3D printing are driving prosthetics to go beyond providing solutions for people with unfortunate physical disabilities.
Designers are rethinking the way prosthetics are made and used, in order to improve the physical performance of humans and increase their capabilities.
#3Dprinted _TAG_ makes you better.Click To Tweet
The Thumb-Driven Progress of the Human Civilization
Let's take a minute and think about the most important of human digits: the thumb.
Have you ever considered what it'd be like without that independent finger?
The thumb is morphologically different from other fingers, and is the most mobile, endowing the hand with "prehensility", or the ability to hold and seize objects.
Ask any woodworker who lost a thumb on the table saw, and they'd tell you it's the most challenging of finger amputations, as it alters their life forever after.
There's a reason why humans and primates, occupying respectively the first and second places on the intelligence podium, are the only species to have thumbs.
The two most intelligent species on the planet have opposable thumbs.Click To Tweet
The thumb has played a significant throughout the history of humanity. Had the thumb been absent, or placed elsewhere, humans' dexterity would have been dramatically reduced.
Without the thumb, even the most basic tasks that involve hands would be challenging, like grasping objects and making things. We would never have invented complex tools or machinery. Sciences and arts would have remained at an embryonic stage–intelligence notwithstanding.
We can speculate and say that for an alien civilization to thrive, they need limbs that act as our hands and fingers for "intelligent" tool making and using.
Dani Clode's Extra Thumb That you Don't Think you Need
Founded by New Zealander Dani Clode, a grad student at London's RCA (Royal College of Art), DaniClodeDesign is a UK-based startup specialized in product design and industrial design.
"Prosthesis" comes from Ancient Greek, and it means "addition", or "extension" and not "replacement". Taking this definition literally, Clode designed prototype prosthesis, called "The Third Thumb, that doesn't fix a disability but enhances ability.
third thumb
The Third Thumb | Danielle Clode
Acting as a body augmentation, the Third Thumb is thought of as a wearable that enhances the ability to perform tasks with hands, such as grasping things, playing music, or using the keyboard.
The Third Thumb, which wraps around the wrist, is made of a flexible, 3D-printed material, and is powered by two servomotors to replicate the dynamic motion of the real thumb.
As they would with car brakes or piano pedals, the wearer use their toes to press down two sensors retrofitted in their shoes. This pedal communicates with the thumb via Bluetooth.
The Third Thumb was a winner of the Helen Hamlyn Creativity Awards.
Three Thumbs up to Dani Clode!
Of which finger would you want an extra?
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text:
Estimation of pollutant fluxes through river systems calls for accurate and precise load estimation. However, considerable uncertainty is associated with these estimates due to diffuse loading, which sets high requirements not only on sampling frequencies but also on calculation methods. The aim was to examine the variation in load calculations and the reliability of the load estimates of total phosphorus, total nitrogen and suspended solids in 24 Baltic rivers varying in size and land-use characteristics. Reliability of the load estimates was tested by simulation experiments in the river Paimionjoki using a Monte Carlo procedure.
The estimates calculated by the most reliable method were compared to the loads estimated by five other methods. The general reliability (RMSE) for P and SS was best by the correlation method and for N by the periodic method. Load calculations varied greatly depending both on the characteristics of the rivers and the calculation method. The flow-stratified method overestimated the P and SS loads by about 20% in large low-lake rivers. In small low-lake rivers, the overestimation was 10% and over 14% for P and SS, respectively. By contrast, the averaging method underestimated P and SS loads by 10% and 21% in small agricultural low-lake rivers. All the methods produced rather similar results for N in each of the river types.


Serbian troches
from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Serbian troche is a trochaic fivelifter without a caesura and rhyming, whereby individual troches can also be replaced by spondes. The designation goes back to the catalectic ten-syllable of the Serbian folk poetry, in particular the Serbian heroic songs, and was introduced into German poetry through their reproduction with Trochaic five-pointers by Johann Gottfried Herder. In the following examples can be found mainly in (historical) ballads by Gottfried August Bürger, Johann Wolfgang Goethe ( lament of the noble women of Asan Aga, The Bride of Corinth ), Friedrich Rückert, August von Platen ( Abbasids ), Emanuel Geibel, Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, Gottfried Keller, Detlev von Liliencron, Agnes Miegel ( Duke Samo ), Josef Weinträger ( The Trochäus ) and Max Mell ( The Fair Weather Witch ).
As an example from Platen's verse epic The Abbasids the first verses:
A thousand tents were pitched
through the field at the gates of Baghdad,
To celebrate the festival of the new year:
On the throne sat the great Harun
As caliph with all signs of dignity,
ring in the circle his crown officials [...]
Individual evidence
 1. ^ August Graf von Platen: The Abbassids. In: Collected works of Count August von Platen. Volume 4. JG Cotta, Stuttgart and Tübingen 1847, p. 227.


text:
It can be concluded from a study conducted by the Hertie School of Governance in Berlin. The main reason for underpayment is care of children or elderly relatives.
German culture minister Monika Grütters. Photo: Olaf Kosinsky, Wikimedia
Though women constitute about 48% of the cultural workforce in Germany, they hold only 21% of top management positions at media companies and 16% of the decision-making positions at major culture departments, the Art Newspaper quotes the study.
Women represent 39% of the faculties of art colleges, but only 20% of the presidents of art colleges are women. Yet two-thirds of students studying arts, humanities and media subjects are female.
The study found that the main barrier in women's career is care of children or elderly relatives. Women have to interrupt their careers to take care of children, which also makes their pensions significantly lower.
"We still need to catch up in terms of the proportion of women in leadership positions in broadcast and media companies and in closing the gender pay gap," German culture minister Monika Grütters said. The study was commissioned by the government. Germany works to solve gender problems in different areas and narrow gender pay gap through science, education and lelgislation, including laws on child and elder care.Subscribe to our mailing list:


text:
US President Donald Trump has declared a national emergency and banned Chinese telecommunications giant Huawei from the country's 5G networks.
In an executive order, Trump handed sweeping powers to the US government to stop American companies doing business with foreign suppliers of mobile equipment, of which Huawei is the biggest, for reasons of national security.
In a long-running dispute, which has coincided with the US-China trade war, Washington has repeatedly claimed that Huawei's equipment could be used for spying and industrial espionage by Beijing.
In a previous order, Trump banned all government departments from using Huawei equipment and has urged its allies around the world to do the same.
What is 5G and what does it mean for the ports and terminals industry? Find out by reading a brand new Port Technology technical paper
As well as imposing approximately US$400 billion tariffs on each other's goods since January 2017, the US and China have also been battling to dominate the upcoming 5G market.
5G refers to the next-generation of mobile networks that promise super-fast download speeds and the ability to underpin innovative technologies.
For the ports and terminals industry, it is currently one of the biggest talking points and is seen by some as a means of improving efficiencies and data handling.
The Port of Hamburg and Nokia spent much 2018 developing an industrial 5G testbed, which was hailed as a success in November that year.
Cover image courtesy of Gage Skidmore


you can find it out by running the following:
$ twitter-to-sqlite fetch \
 "_URL_ \
 | grep '"id"' | head -n 1
Design notes
 - Tweet IDs are stored as integers, to afford sorting by ID in a sensible way
 - While we configure foreign key relationships between tables, we do not ask SQLite to enforce them. This is used by the following table to allow the followers-ids and friends-ids commands to populate it with user IDs even if the user accounts themselves are not yet present in the users table.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Algorithm to clone a tree is quite easy, we can do pre-order traversal for that. Is there an efficient algorithm to clone a graph?
I tried a similar approach, and concluded we need to maintain a hash-map of nodes already added in the new graph, else there will be duplication of nodes, since one node can have many parents.
share|improve this question
modified bfs/dfs where nodes are copied when they are marked as "visited"? – Oren Jan 26 '13 at 12:00
Depends heavily on the data-structure. – Zeta Jan 26 '13 at 12:11
Graph traversal on wikipedia. Relatively big article that might give you something. – ᴋᴇʏsᴇʀ Jan 26 '13 at 12:17
_USER_ Assuming graph is represented as Adjacency Matrix – Amit Jan 26 '13 at 12:29
_USER_ DFS/BFS with flag in original graph will help me to not visit the node again. But in the new graph i do want a link between the current node and a node already added in the graph. Since the already added node has more than one parents. Think of it as some social network graph where in you will have mutual friends. – Amit Jan 26 '13 at 12:32
show 1 more comment
3 Answers
It suffices to do a depth first search and copy each node as it's visited. As you say, you need some way of mapping nodes in the original graph to corresponding copies so that copies of cycle edges can be connected correctly.
This map also suffices to remember nodes already visited in the DFS.
So in Java you'd have something like:
class Node {
 // Contents of node...
 Data data;
 //... member declarations like array of adjacent nodes
 final ArrayList children = new ArrayList<>();
 // Recursive graph walker for copying, not called by others.
 private Node deepCloneImpl(Map copies) {
 Node copy = copies.get(this);
 if (copy == null) {
 copy = new Node(data);
 // Map the new node _before_ copying children.
 copies.put(this, copy);
 for (Node child : children)
 return copy;
 public Node deepClone() {
 return deepCloneImpl(new HashMap());
A different approach is to put an additional field in each node that points to the copy if there is one and is null otherwise. This merely implements the map by another method. But it requires two passes over the graph: one to make the copy and another to clear these map fields for future re-use.
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add comment
Your hash map approach seems viable if you had some quick way of uniquely identifying every node.
Otherwise, you would be best off if you:
 1. used data-structure to store graph that allows you to store "is duplicated" unique flag directly in every node (for example, 0 not duplicated, 1 to numberOfNodes for duplicated nodes),
 2. traversed nodes (via BFS, DFS) taking care of the already duplicated nodes and reconstructing all connections from the starting graph.
Both your starting graph and finishing graph should have corresponding unique "is duplicated" flag in every node, so you are able to reconstruct connections from starting graph properly. Of course, you could use "is duplicated" flag and "unique identifier" as separate variables.
share|improve this answer
add comment
As you copy nodes from the source graph, place each node in a map (thus numbering the nodes from 1 to N).
As you paste nodes in the destination graph, place each node in a map (again numbering from 1 to N, but with mapping in reverse direction for reasons that will be clear soon).
When you find a backlink in the source graph, you can map that backlinked "source copy" node to an integer i using the first map. Next, you use the second map to lookup the integer i and find the "destination copy" node which needs to have the same backlink created.
share|improve this answer
I just realized this is pretty much the same answer Gene posted above, but with the Node<->Node map exploded into two maps. Oh well. :-) – The111 Aug 10 '13 at 0:24
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Your Answer


ivity is essential to estimate the ampacity for buried power cables. The effective thermal conductivity of saturated and unsaturated soils, as a function of water transport, water vapour transport and heat conduction, mainly depends on the soil water content, its bulk density and texture. The major objectives of this study are (i) to describe the thermal conductivity of soil samples with a non-steady state measurement at changing water contents and for different bulk densities. Based on that it is (ii) tested if available soil thermal conductivity models are able to describe the measured data for the whole range of water contents. The new method allows a continuous measurement of thermal conductivity for soil from full water saturation to air-dryness. Thermal conductivity is measured with a thermal needle probe in predefined time intervals while the change of water content is controlled by evaporation. To relate the measured thermal conductivity to the current volumetric water content, the decrease in weight of the sample, due to evaporation, is logged with a lab scale. Soil texture of the 11 soil substrates tested in this study range between coarse sand and silty clay. To evaluate the impact of the bulk density on heat transport processes, thermal conductivity at 20°C was measured at 1.5g/cm3; 1.7g/cm3 and 1.9g/cm3 for each soil substrate. The results correspond well to literature values used to describe heat transport in soils. Due to the high-resolution and non-destructive measurements, the specific effects of the soil texture and bulk density on thermal conductivity could be proved. Decreasing water contents resulted in a non-linear decline of the thermal conductivity for all samples
 20. RNA interference of the nicotine demethylase gene CYP82E4v1 reduces nornicotine content and enhances Myzus persicae resistance in Nicotiana tabacum L.
 PubMed
 Zhao, Dan; Qin, Li-Jun; Zhao, De-Gang
 2016-10-01
 The CYP82E4v1 gene was identified to encode nicotine demethylase, which catalyzed the conversion of nicotine to nornicotine. In this study, we constructed CYP82E4v1-RNAi vector and genetically transformed tobacco variety K326. The determination results of nicotine and nornicotine content via HPLC demonstrated that there was significant increase of nicotine content and reduction of nornicotine content in transgenic plants compared with those in wild-type plants. Exogenous application of IAA or GA3 could reduce the nicotine content in tobaccos, while ABA or 6-BA could increase the content of nicotine. And the more significant difference of nicotine content change in transgenic plants. Aphid-inoculation experiment demonstrated the number of aphid population in transgenic plants was significantly lower than wild-type plants at 12 d after aphid-inoculation. Meanwhile, the activity of AOEs and PAL in transgenic and wild-type tobacco plants after aphid-inoculation was measured. At 3 d after aphid-inoculation, both AOEs and PAL activity were significantly higher than controls, including wild-type plants with aphid-inoculation and transgenic plants with mock-inoculation. Also, the relative expression of these genes involved in salicylic acid/jasmonic acid (SA/JA) signaling pathways was analyzed at different stages after aphid-inoculation and the results demonstrated that there was significantly higher expression of JA-induced LOX gene in both transgenic and wild-type plants inoculated by aphid than the non-inoculated ones while no significant difference in the expression of SA-induced PR-1a gene among them was found, which indicated the JA-mediated resistance response was activated during aphid infestation. Moreover, although the expression level of BGL (another JA-induced gene) was less significant between the two inoculated tobaccos, it was significantly higher than the plant without inoculation, which was 1.4 and 2.2 folds higher than the non-inoculated controls
 1. Effects of amiodarone therapy on thyroid iodine content as measured by x-ray fluorescence
 SciTech Connect
 Fragu, P.; Schlumberger, M.; Davy, J.M.; Slama, M.; Berdeaux, A.
 1988-04-01
 Thyroid iodine content (TIC) was measured by x-ray fluorescence in 68 patients who had received amiodarone treatment for varying intervals (1 g/week for 1-120 months). Thirty-six patients were euthyroid; the mean TIC of the patients (n = 15), who had been treated for less than 12 months was 30 +/- 19 (+/- SD) mg, twice the normal mean value (14.6 +/- 5.0 mg), and it was 39 +/- 17 mg in those (n = 16) who had been treated for 12-60 months and 29 +/- 6 mg in those (n = 5) who had been treated longer (greater than 60 months). Nineteen patients were hyperthyroid and had elevated TIC values. Of them, 6 patients had a goiter; their TIC (50 +/- 19 mg) was not significantly different from that of the hyperthyroid patients with no goiter (55 +/- 29 mg), but they became hyperthyroid more rapidly. Thirteen patients were hypothyroid; none had TIC values above the normal range, and it was below 2.5 mg in 5 patients. A sequential study was undertaken in 11 euthyroid patients who had no detectable antithyroid antibodies. TIC did not increase during treatment in 2 patients; both developed hypothyroidism, which was transient in 1 despite continuation of amiodarone treatment. The TIC initially increased during amiodarone treatment in the other 9 patients, leveling off at the end of the first year. The TIC rose well above the upper limit of the normal range in 4 patients, of whom 2 became hyperthyroid during the second year of treatment. TIC remained within the normal range in the other 5 patients, of whom 3 became hypothyroid after 12-24 months of treatment (1 subclinical, 2 overt). Although the TIC was significantly higher in the patients with hyperthyroidism than in the patients who remained euthyroid, the TIC test cannot be used to predict the occurrence of hyperthyroidism.
 2. Knowledge-based method for determining the meaning of ambiguous biomedical terms using information content measures of similarity.
 PubMed
 McInnes, Bridget T; Pedersen, Ted; Liu, Ying; Melton, Genevieve B; Pakhomov, Serguei V
 2011-01-01
 In this paper, we introduce a novel knowledge-based word sense disambiguation method that determines the sense of an ambiguous word in biomedical text using semantic similarity or relatedness measures. These measures quantify the degree of similarity between concepts in the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). The objective of this work was to develop a method that can disambiguate terms in biomedical text by exploiting similarity information extracted from the UMLS and to evaluate the efficacy of information content-based semantic similarity measures, which augment path-based information with probabilities derived from biomedical corpora. We show that information content-based measures obtain a higher disambiguation accuracy than path-based measures because they weight the path based on where it exists in the taxonomy coupled with the probability of the concepts occurring in a corpus of text.
 3. Measurement of sugar content of watermelon using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy in comparison with dielectric property
 NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
 Tao, Xuemei; Bao, Yidan
 2006-09-01
 The sugar content of watermelon is important to its taste thus influences the market. It's difficult to know whether the melon is sweet or not for consumers. We tried to develop a convenient meter to determine the sugar of watermelon. The first objective of this paper was to demonstrate the feasibility of using a near-infrared reflectance spectrometer (NIRS) to investigate the relationship between sugar content of watermelon and absorption spectra. The NIRS reflectance of nondestructive watermelon was measured with a Visible/NIR spectrophotometer in 325-1075nm range. The sugar content of watermelon was obtained with a handhold sugar content meter. The second objective was to measure the watermelon's dielectric property, such as dielectric resistance, capacitance, quality factor and dielectric loss. A digital electric bridge instrument was used to get the dielectric property. The experimental results show that they were related to watermelon's sugar content. A comparison between the two methods was made in the paper. The model derived from NIRS reflection is useful for class identification of Zaochun Hongyu watermelon though it's not quite accurate in sweetness prediction (the max. deviation is 0.7). Electric property bears little relation to sugar content of watermelon at this experiment and it couldn't be used as non-destructive inspection method.
 4. Quantitative assessment of ratiometric bimolecular beacons as a tool for imaging single engineered RNA transcripts and measuring gene expression in living cells.
 PubMed
 Zhang, Xuemei; Song, Yang; Shah, Akash Y; Lekova, Virzhiniya;


text:
- Does China get snow?
- How hot is China in summer?
- Does China have extreme weather?
- Why is it so cold in China?
- What is the coldest month in China?
- Does it rain a lot in China?
- How cold does China get in winter?
- What is the hottest place in China?
- How long is summer break in China?
- How often does it rain in China?
- How many climates are in China?
- What is the snowiest country in the world?
- Why is China dry in winter?
- What language do they speak in China?
- Does Beijing get snow?
- Does it normally snow in Beijing?
- Do homes in China have heat?
- What was the hottest day in China?
- Does it snow in China in February?
- What are 10 facts about China?
- What age does school start in China?
- Does China celebrate Christmas?
- What is a school day like in China?
Similarly, What is the weather like in China all year round?
The climate in the north is moderate, with summer temperatures about 25 degrees Celsius and very frigid winters. It is subtropical in the south, with extremely hot summers and moderate winters. Monsoons blow heavy rain showers in from the east in the summer, while dry and chilly breezes whisper in from the northwest in the winter.
Also, it is asked, Is China a hot or cold country?
China is a massive nation with a wide range of climates. Summer is hot throughout, save in the highlands and high mountains, while winter is very cold in the north, in the mountains and plateaus, while it is moderate in the south.
Secondly, What type of climate is China?
Eastern and southern China are impacted by monsoon due to their geographic location, and have climates such as tropical monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate, and temperate monsoon climate. There are two kinds of climate in western China: temperate continental climate, plateau climate, and highland climate.
Also, What are the season like in China?
Despite the fact that the majority of the nation is in the temperate zone, the country's climatic patterns are complicated. In general, the four seasons may be found in most places of China. March to May is spring, June to August is summer, September to November is autumn, and December to February is winter.
People also ask, Does China have 4 seasons?
Summer, Winter, Autumn, and Spring are the four distinct seasons of China. With the approach of winter and the offset of summer, Autumn and Spring are unquestionably the finest times to visit China, since the temperatures are reasonable and the weather is pleasant.
Related Questions and Answers
Does China get snow?
Despite the fact that Northern China receives snow in the winter, it is normally a dry season. Each year, Beijing receives fewer than 2 inches of snow. Winters may be windy, with the wind coming down from Siberia, so layers, down coats, and thermals are essential.
How hot is China in summer?
In much of China, the summer heat starts to set in, as the temperature climbs beyond 30°C (86°F). The summer rainy season has arrived in the areas south of the Yangtze River. The heat is amplified by the humidity, which makes it seem sultry. In the north, the weather is typically pleasant and dry.
Does China have extreme weather?
China's accidents, harsh weather, and catastrophes | The South China Morning Post is a newspaper published in South China. Flooding in central and southern China continues to wreak havoc on citizens' lives, as severe rains that began in late May 2022 inundated houses and swept away crops.
Why is it so cold in China?
The Siberian High, also known as the Siberian Anticyclone, is a climatological phenomenon. The winds surrounding an anticyclone, or structured region of high pressure, spin clockwise, the opposite of a cyclone. As a result, icy Siberian air is pushed into northern China. Not only is it chilly and windy, but the air is also quite dry.
What is the coldest month in China?
January is the coldest month, with average high temperatures of 1.8°C (35.2°F) and low temperatures of -8.4°C (16.9°F).
Does it rain a lot in China?
There is a monsoon season in southern China. During the summer (usually April to September), monsoon rain falls in China's southern cities, with the quantity of rain varying depending on the city. For example, Guangzhou receives an average of 276 mm of rain in June and 233 mm in July.
How cold does China get in winter?
The temperature swings about 0°C, rising to 6°C (43°F) at times and dropping to -6°C (21°F) at other times. While the northern and central parts of China experience bitter winter weather in December, places in the south, such as Hong Kong, Macau, and Sanya, continue to enjoy comfortable temperatures.
What is the hottest place in China?
Chongqing is number one. Chongqing is a massive inland metropolis on the Yangtze River that serves as the primary departure point for Yangtze River cruise ships. It is the hottest city in the world, with temperatures reaching Red Alert levels (above 40°C, 104°F) in August.
How long is summer break in China?
Approximately 2 months
How often does it rain in China?
Beijing has a low annual precipitation of 500–600 mm (20–24 inches), most of it falls in the summer, particularly in July and August. It rains 10–14 days a month in the summer. Summer brings a lot of rain, especially in the first three months (June to August).
How many climates are in China?
China may be split into six temperature zones from south to north: tropical, subtropical, warm temperate, temperate, cold temperate, and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Temperate Zone.
What is the snowiest country in the world?
Why is China dry in winter?
China's climate is characterized by dry seasons and rainy monsoons, resulting in significant temperature changes between winter and summer. Northern winds from high latitude places are chilly and dry in the winter, whereas southern breezes from lower latitude sea areas are warm and wet in the summer.
What language do they speak in China?
Chinese (Mandarin) is the official language of China. Standard Chinese — Standard Northern Mandarin or Standard Beijing Mandarin in linguistics, Mandarin in everyday speech, often known as Standard Mandarin, Modern Standard Mandarin, or Standard Wikipedia
Does Beijing get snow?
The amount of artificial snow utilized at these Games has reached a historic level of more than 90%, despite Beijing's low winter precipitation. The artificial variety has been used nearly exclusively by the Yanqing National Alpine Ski Centre.
Does it normally snow in Beijing?
With temperatures below 28 degrees and an average dew point of about 7 degrees in February, the mountains above Beijing are excellent for generating snow. Water is the one item that is lacking in that location. To produce snow, a lot of water is required. The snowmaking equipment need water to be pumped in.
Do homes in China have heat?
Many new residential communities, particularly in rich locations such as Shanghai, have built their own heating systems, which are then paid for privately. Some people utilize electric heat, such as multi-purpose air conditioners or space heaters.
What was the hottest day in China?
The temperature in Shanghai, which has a population of more than 24 million people, soared to 105.6 degrees (40.9 degrees Celsius) on Friday, the city's hottest day ever recorded. Since 1872, the Chinese metropolis, which boasts the world's largest population, has kept track of temperatures.
Does it snow in China in February?
Snow occurs on occasion, however since North China is dry, the overall quantity of snowfall is little. Beijing's temperature ranges from above freezing during the day to below freezing at night. The city only receives a dusting of snow three times a month, while the Great Wall gets a lot more.
What are 10 facts about China?
China's 10 Most Interesting Facts The world's third-largest nation (by area) Toilet paper with a virtual private network (VPN) was created in China. In China, the color red is associated with happiness. Fortune Cookies are not a common practice in China. In China, there is just one time zone. China's national sport is ping pong. China was the first country to discover tea.
What age does school start in China?
six years old
Does China celebrate Christmas?
Christmas may not be a traditional or legally recognized holiday in China, but it is celebrated by tens of millions of Christians in the nation, and much of the general public partakes in festive rituals that are widespread across the globe, like as shopping for presents or going out with friends.
What is a school day like in China?
The school day often goes from 7:30 a.m. to 5 p.m., with a two-hour lunch break in between. China's educational system necessitates a nine-year education. High school is not mandatory, although it is rather prevalent. Each classroom has around 30 pupils.
The "what is the climate like in china" is a question that is often asked. This article will answer this question.
This Video Should Help:
Weather in China can be very different from what is happening in other parts of the world. In Wuhan, for example, it might be raining and cold. Reference: weather in china wuhan.
- weather in china shanghai
- china weather seasons
- climate of china 2021
- china average temperature by month
- china temperature in summer


InCopy Book Publisher's Workflow Management
By nature, book publishers don't have the same kind of workflow or InDesign page structure as magazine and newspaper publishers."
Book publishers have longer production deadlines and knowingly embrace a linear (my turn, your turn) workflow between editorial, design and production departments. Magazine and newspaper publishers have shorter timelines and need a collaborative (work on content at the same time) workflow to streamline the process. Because InDesign pages are designed with linked frames with inline content for books, they actually need a linear workflow, even in a collaborative InCopy workflow.
In this post I'd like to explore how book publishers can embrace the linear workflow, and why they need to.
A Closer Look at Linear and Non-Linear Workflows
The most alluring feature of using InCopy and InDesign together, has always been the collaborative workflow. The ability to have editors in InCopy editing text at the same time that InDesign users are building pages eliminates the linear (take-turn) workflow.
In the past, editorial staff would wait to review hard-copies of pages or PDF's to markup. Then those documents would be delivered back to the production staff and the changes would be entered. Then, more hard-copies or PDF's would then be produced again, so that editorial staff could check that the edits they noted were actually made. These rounds of edits meant that countless hours were wasted in this take-turn workflow. When editorial staff begins using InCopy, the edits are done once by editorial, thus eliminating multiple rounds of editing reviews.
It seems that the shorter the production schedule, the more appealing this collaborative workflow becomes. It just makes sense that a daily newspaper would fully embrace this feature. The "get-it-out-the-door" mentality of newspapers is there to meet press deadlines. I've worked at many newspapers over the years; believe me when I tell you it's no fun waiting for an editor to walk a hard copy over to your desk at 1am.
For book publishers, production schedules have never been based on a daily, weekly or a monthly printing schedule. These types of publishers actually have the flexibility (luxury) to shift schedules and production dates. While many book publishers see the allure of a collaborative workflow, most book companies actually prefer to keep their linear workflows. Why? Because of the way books are built in InDesign, keeping a linear workflow between InDesign and InCopy will actually benefit them.
The Structure of a Book
To understand why a linear workflow will benefit book publishers you have to understand the anatomy of a book built in InDesign.
InDesign layout artists usually don't save one giant file for a whole book, this would mean only one person in InDesign would be able to edit the book (never mind the fact that it would take forever to open or navigate inside a document). Longer books are usually saved as separate documents, each one containing an individual chapter, or lesson.
Publications like magazines and newspapers have many individual stories in stand-alone text frames. These types of layouts often contain separate frames for the story body, pullquote, captions, headline, decks, and sidebars.
In contrast, books are typically made up of one major story (the narrative content) built using text frames that are threaded from page to page, which means the bulk of the book is one big story. If text is added to page 3, the text just reflows naturally through the subsequent threaded frames. It is only logical that books, especially text-heavy books would be built this way. Even books that are filled with graphics can be built this way.
A common trend for designers and production staff in book publishing is to embed graphics in the text flow. Instead of just placing graphics loose on a page, graphic artists are using InDesign's inline or anchored object feature. Inline graphics are graphics that are placed (or pasted) within a text frame. Anchored objects are objects that can flow with the text relative to the anchor that has been placed within the text frame. Both of these objects allow graphics and text to reflow together as edits are made. To realize how much time this saves, you only need to think about the alternative workflow. If graphics weren't part of the text, and were just placed over text, as text was edited and reflowed, all the images would need to be repositioned after every round of text editing. I'm exhausted just typing that.
How does InCopy fit with this workflow?
When InCopy-using editors check out stories in magazines or newspapers to edit them, the InDesign user can still layout the rest of the page, because the graphics and images are not contained inline in text frames. But for books with inline and anchored images, InDesign users need to check out the story to insert, move, and manage the artwork.
That just means that these publications will need to use a more linear (turn-taking) workflow rather than a concurrent one. The editors don't start editing the book until the designer is done laying it out. When an editors is done editing the main story, then another editor (if necessary) can take a turn reviewing those edits, and then the designer can take their turn and continue refining the design and the formatting. In the end, the process is still way more streamlined than the old "marked up paper proofs" method, because everyone is working on the live file, doing what they do best.
3 thoughts on "InCopy Book Publisher's Workflow Management
 1. Good points about InCopy use in the book publishing world. Most book publishers edit first and design second; however, if the process is reversed, it makes it possible to do at least some nonlinear work, particularly if the book feature is used in InDesign. We do a basic layout and then tweak it while editing and proofing are being done. Of course, this takes some scheduling. Getting the basic layout done first also helps with the creation of digital products.
 2. That's a great point Paul. One that Rob didn't mention in his article. It's not that InCopy isn't of value in the book publishing world, it's simply different. You don't have the ability (nor the need) to work concurrently on the same file between editor and designer because your working with one story. Your point however about using the Book panel in InDesign is an excellent one. With a book, you have multiple InDesign documents, each of which can be worked on concurrently in the scope of the overall book. And as you point out, it might take some scheduling but it works quite well!
 3. Hi Paul!
 Thanks for taking the time to leave a reply!
 I agree that using the Book panel will allow you have multiple InDesign documents, therefore allowing more team members to edit their sections. This is just a real high-level look at the way book publishers need to approach an InCopy and InDesign workflow. I wrote this blog so that companies, (especially book publishers) will realize that just because an InCopy workflow let's you work collaboratively, the production artist actually can't update graphic elements (within a checked-out article) until they have they power to check out the needed article themselves. Hence scheduling is of utmost importance as you have pointed out.
 Thanks again!
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The pass-through card / hardware bridge on a ProxySG
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Article ID: 166989
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ProxySG Software - SGOS
Issue/Introduction
The pass-through card / hardware bridge on a ProxySG
How does the pass-through card work on a ProxySG?
You want help with the pass-through card / hardware bridge
Resolution
A pass-through adapter is a 10/100 dual interface Ethernet adapter designed by Blue Coat to provide an efficient fault-tolerant bridging solution. If this adapter is installed on a ProxySG, SGOS detects the adapter upon system bootup and automatically creates a bridge—the two Ethernet interfaces serve as the bridge ports. If the ProxySG is powered down or loses power for any reason, the bridge fails open; that is, Web traffic passes from one Ethernet interface to the other. Therefore, Web traffic is uninterrupted, but does not route through the appliance.
Once power is restored to the ProxySG, the bridge opens and Web traffic is routed to the appliance and thus is subject to that appliance's configured features, defined policies, and content scanning redirection instructions.


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Billings: Geography and Climate
Billings is located in southern Montana in the fertile Yellowstone River valley, with mountains on three sides. The Yellowstone River flows along the eastern boundary of the city. The mountains shelter the city from the most severe winter weather, but blizzard conditions are not uncommon in the spring and fall. Moist air from the Pacific Ocean, called "Chinook winds," often brings surprisingly warm weather in the winter and cooler temperatures in the summer. Spring features the most unpredictable weather, and summers are typically dry with cool nights.
Area: 33.82 square miles (2000)
Elevation: 3,126 feet above sea level
Average Temperatures: January, 22.8° F; August, 72.5° F; annual average, 49.2° F
Average Annual Precipitation: 13.65 inches
Discuss this city on our active forum.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Exploring VHD Volumes
Using the R1Soft Hyper-V VHD Explorer, you can explore the files and folders that are contained on a VHD volume.
You can explore only mounted volumes. See Mounting VHD Volumes.
To explore a volume, follow the instructions below.
1. Launch the R1Soft Hyper-V VHD Explorer.
2. Select an attached VHD in the "Attached VHDs" pane.
3. In the right pane, right-click a volume contained in a mounted VHD. Select the "Explore..." option from the appeared menu.
4. You can explore the Volume in the opened Windows Explorer window.
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Question: Can You Study Too Much In One Day?
How much is too much studying a day?
How many hours a day should you study?
Does studying too much make you do worse?
Because new research shows that kids who study too much actually perform worse on standardized tests. And that's not all. Stanford researchers found that high school students who are swamped with homework often suffer from poor mental and physical health because they're studying instead of exercising or sleeping.
Is studying 8 hours a day too much?
I'm sure many people do well by studying 8 hours a day for months, but if you do that it will likely hurt your grades and other areas of your life. I'm not saying you shouldn't study a lot for the test, or that it's easy if you just do it the right way. It is still difficult and it still takes a lot of work.
Can I study for 8 hours a day?
I'm sure your first reaction when you see someone studying for 8 hours is that you think it's impossible. It is not, it's work, like those who work from 9 to 5 in offices. The trick is to have diversified tasks to do. Such as challenging tasks, easy, long and short.
What happens to your brain when you study too much?
To start off, cramming in information and over-studying can turn into extra, unwanted amounts of stress and tension that can burn out. … Researchers also say that too much stress from studying can cause brain inflammation and result in memory loss and depression. Even working, in general, can hurt people.
Is studying 12 hours a day too much?
12 isn't healthy but using a pomodoro timer works well. It's scientifically proven that it's better to study 1 hour per day rather than 2 hour per day. The reason is, you learn less per hour when you cram more information.
Can homework kill you?
Can too much studying be bad?
Studying too hard and too much can easily lead to burnout and leave your mind frazzled on the test date. You'll want to take breaks away from studying and focus on the rest of your life, fun, and school work. When you create your study calendar, make sure to account for breaks as well as entire days off.
Can I study for 15 hours a day?
Yes you can study 16-20 hours during your exam days, but not everyday and even if you will able to do so, you will stop studying in a month or two. Hence, take good amount of sleep and concentrate on the quality instead of quantity.
Is it healthy to study everyday?
Studying everyday, impacts your brains a lot, it is increase your memory power as well as quick leaning skills and also we help you to increase your IQ. student who studied everyday faces 75% less stress than student who don't. It increases your focus and concentration.
What happens to your brain when you study?
When You Learn, Your Brain Swells with New Cells — Then It Kills Them. Every time you learn a skill, new cells burst to life in your brain. Then, one after another, those cells die off as your brain figures out which ones it really needs. … Researchers have long known that brains change in response to learning.


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Ho ho ho, here's some Christmas-themed science!
The British Medical Journal's Christmas issue this month features a study about reindeer that treats a fantastical idea with some medical reality. The result is a lesson in how reindeer noses compare to the noses of humans and what purpose their underlying structures serve.
Can Ince, a professor who works in intensive care medicine at Erasmus Medical Center in the Netherlands, studies microcirculation, or how the smallest blood vessels in the body receive blood. Red blood cells go to these vessels to relieve themselves of oxygen, delivering it to the tissues that need it.
Ince and colleagues developed a hand microscope so that doctors can look for abnormalities and pathologies in the smallest blood vessels, even when blood pressure is normalized. This has had a great influence on intensive care medicine, Ince said.
Particularly interesting to Ince was how this might apply to the nasal tract and, more generally, to ear, nose and throat diseases.
"We decided to study the best known nose in the business, which was, of course, Rudolph's nose," Ince said.
The new study looked at both humans and reindeer. Five healthy human volunteers, two adult reindeer, and a patient with a condition called nasal polyposis participated. The researchers saw that the patients with nasal polyposis had abnormal microvasculature, or blood vessels in their noses.
To check out the reindeer noses, Ince traveled to Tromso, Norway, where researchers there study how reindeer and other animals adapt to their environment. It is indeed relatively near the North Pole; in fact, the University of Tromso, where one of the researchers is based, is the world's northernmost university, according to its website.
These reindeer are subjected to some fairly frosty temperatures in the wild, as low as around -40 degrees F. But they still need a way to cool off vital organs. Researchers put reindeer on a treadmill to see what happens to their internal temperature when they're running.
The nose of the reindeer plays an important role in regulating the animal's brain temperature, Ince said. The nose ventilates the brain with the blood in the microcirculation, Ince said.


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New 3D design software called Sketchup has been released by Google and is helping people with Autism to express themselves using 3D drawing tools. Project Spectrum is focusing on bringing this freely downloadable software to the Autistic community. I think that this is another good example of how people with high-functioning Autism and Asperger's Disorder can utilise their capacity for visual representation in a creative and therapeutic way.
Second Life allows the same type of interaction with 3D objects but goes one step further in allowing high levels of social (virtual) interactivity in the same space without the associated disabling (real world) anxiety this necessarily involves for people on the Autistic Spectrum. Combining the consistency and fixed nature of virtual 3D structures that people with ASD crave alongside the changing social relations and interactivity of Second Life, we may be able to provide stimulating social learning spaces for people with Autism. Please see this video for more information on Project Spectrum.


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Development of an Inexpensive Autonomous Guidance System
Published by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, St. Joseph, Michigan _URL_: Paper number 051139, 2005 ASAE Annual Meeting . (doi: 10.13031/2013.19794) @2005
Authors: Randy R. Price, Goutam Nistala
Keywords: Guidance, autonomous, automatic guidance, PDA, GPS, ATV, soil sampler
A low cost guidance system is being developed for small agricultural vehicles (such as allterrain vehicles ATVs) to allow autonomous operation and automated soil sampling. The system uses a PDA, slot card GPS, microcontroller, and various actuators to provide autonomous operation of the ATV. Advantages of the system are that fields can quickly be reduced to sampling points and then sampled automatically.(Download PDF) (Export to EndNotes)


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Desert Knowledge Australia Solar Centre
The Desert Knowledge Australia Solar Centre (DKASC) is a unique Australian facility in Alice Springs that demonstrates solar technologies to the general public, educators and the renewable energy industry. The Solar Centre has been operating as a working demonstration of the potential of solar power in Australian since 2008, and was awarded a 2009 Engineering Excellence Award for its role in research and innovation.
An initiative of CAT Projects and Desert Knowledge Australia, the Solar Centre was funded by the Australian Government through the Regional Remote Power Generation Program. CAT Projects has been involved from the project's inception, overseeing a tender process and the installation of 27 technologies, totalling 201 kW in solar power capacity, from 15 proponents.
CAT Projects has also developed the Solar Centre as an educational site, presenting the science of the working grid-connect, solar power plant to the visiting public. The Solar Centre website also provides an educational resource to the public with live online data showing the performance of different arrays through the extremes of Alice Springs' climate.
The specification of precision metering and the development of an automated data monitoring system have consolidated the Solar Centre's value in education and research. Performance data from the installed technologies is distributed via the Solar Centre website to research institutions in Australia and around the world.
Since its opening in 2008, the Solar Centre has become an important reference for the solar industry as it grows rapidly in Central Australia and across the nation. CAT Projects continues to operate and maintain the Solar Centre, and is in the process of developing and expanding the Solar Centre further.


How to know ip address of laptop queue?
 1. Select Start > Settings > Network & internet > Wi-Fi and then select the Wi-Fi network you're connected to.
 2. Under Properties, look for your IP address listed next to IPv4 address.
Correspondingly, how do I find the IP address of a current computer? First, click on your Start Menu and type cmd in the search box and press enter. A black and white window will open where you will type ipconfig /all and press enter. There is a space between the command ipconfig and the switch of /all. Your ip address will be the IPv4 address.
Also know, how do I find the print queue in Windows 10?
 1. To view a list of items waiting to print in Windows 10, select the Start menu, then type printers and scanners in the search box on the taskbar.
 2. Select Printers & scanners and select your printer from the list.
 3. Select Open queue to see what's printing and the upcoming print order.
Subsequently, how do I know what IP address my printer is on?
 1. Go to Settings > Devices > Printers and Scanners.
 2. Find your printer in the list, click on it, and select Manage.
 3. Click on Printer Properties.
 4. In the General tab, find the Location field. Your printer's IP address will be located in it.
See also How to spoof ip address android?
In this regard, what is my IP address VPN? A VPN replaces your actual IP address to make it look like you've connected to the internet from a different location: the physical location of the VPN server, rather than your real location. This is just one reason why so many people use VPNs.
What is a 127 IP address?
Local Loopback Address: In IPv4, IP addresses that start with decimal 127 or that has 01111111 in the first octet are loopback addresses(127. X.X.X). Typically 127.0. 0.1 is used as the local loopback address.
How do I find my HP printer queue?
 1. If a printer icon displays in the Dock, click the icon to open the print queue.
 2. If a printer icon does not display, search for and open Printers & Scanners, select your printer in the list, and then click Open Print Queue.
Where is the print queue?
Double clicking on the printer icon will open the Print Queue on your computer. (You can also open the Print Queue by clicking on Devices and Printers in the Start Menu, then double clicking on the printer you are trying to print to.) The Print Queue will show you how many jobs are waiting to be sent to the printer.
What is Printmanagement MSC?
Print Management is a snap-in in Microsoft Management Console (MMC) that enables you to install, view, and manage all of the printers in your organization from any computer running Windows Server. Print Management provides up-to-the-minute details about the status of printers and print servers on the network.
What does an IP address look like?
An IP address is a string of numbers separated by periods. IP addresses are expressed as a set of four numbers — an example address might be 192.158. 1.38. Each number in the set can range from 0 to 255.
See also How to check ip address of laptop brands?
How do I find the IP address of my printer on a Macbook?
 1. Open System Preferences.
 2. Click on Printers and Scanners.
 3. Select a printer from the left column.
 4. Your printer's IP address will be under Location.
How do I know VPN is working?
 1. Check your original IP address. Make sure that your VPN is turned off and head to our "What is my IP address?" page, which will show your actual IP.
 2. Turn on your VPN and connect to a server.
 3. Compare your virtual IP address against your actual IP.
Is my IP address hidden?
When you're using a VPN on Windows or other platforms, your IP address is hidden because your traffic takes a detour through the VPN server. When your traffic — sites visited, online apps used, uploads, downloads, etc. — reaches its destination, it does so under a "virtual" IP address assigned by the VPN.
How do I know if my IP address is IPv4 or ipv6?
 1. Click the Windows Start menu, type ncpa.
 2. In the Network Connection window, right-click on the connection that you wish to check and select Properties.
 3. In the Networking tab, under This connection uses the following items, make sure the box next to Internet Protocol Version 6 is checked.
Should I use 127.0 0.1 or localhost?
0.1 is known as a loopback address, but you may see it under the name "localhost." When you point your browser to 127.0. 0.1, it tries to connect to the computer you're using right now. This is handy when you want to connect to a server on your own computer. 127.0.
See also How to get static ip address in php?
What is a 172 IP address?
The address 172.16. 52.63 is a class B address. Its first octet is 172, which is between 128 and 191, inclusive. Class C networks use a default subnet mask of 255.255.
What is a 169 IP address?
What does a 169 IP address mean? An IP address starting in 169.254 is called an APIPA address. Windows grabs one of these when it can't reach a DHCP server. When your computer gets an IP address starting in 169.254, it means it couldn't reach the DHCP server to get a real IP address.
How do I get a document out of queue?
 1. On the host, open the Run window by pressing the Windows logo key + R.
 2. In the Run window, type services.
 3. Scroll down to Print Spooler.
 4. Right click Print Spooler and select Stop.
 5. Navigate to C:WindowsSystem32spoolPRINTERS and delete all files in the folder.
What is in my printer queue?
A print queue is a list of printer output jobs held in a reserved memory area. It maintains the most current status of all active and pending print jobs.
Why is my print queue not printing?
If your print jobs still get stuck in a queue, the main cause is a wrong or outdated printer driver. So you should update your printer driver to see if it fixes your problem. There are two ways to update your printer driver: manually or automatically.
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