text:
Background: In schools, a major obstacle to drawing on emergent bilingual students' knowledge and skills in their first language is a widespread lack of awareness about language use among adolescent English learners, including how peer talk can connect knowledge and abilities in both languages to school-based learning. Although research often acknowledges the importance of engaging students' home language and culture to bridge to academic literacies in English, few have explicitly examined bilingual peer talk as a resource for language learning during adolescence.
Purpose: This study explores how emergent bilinguals engaged multiple linguistic codes to scaffold their own academic language development with peer support.
Research Design: Ethnography and discourse analysis of student interactions were used to contextualize and analyze the academic language use of four Spanish-speaking adolescent immigrant students, taking into account the affordances of classroom discourse structures and peer talk.
Conclusions: The study describes the linguistic resources available to Spanish-speaking adolescent immigrant students through their peers and shows that emergent bilingual youth used academic language in both Spanish and English most frequently—and in more elaborated interactions—while off-task or in less supervised spaces. Classroom discourse structures often limited student participation, particularly when students used nonstandard linguistic codes.


text:
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|dc.title||Potential sources of carcinogenic heterocyclic amines in the Chinese diet: Results from a 24-h dietary recall study in Singapore|
|dc.identifier.citation||Koh, W.-P., Yang, H.N., Yang, H.Q., Low, S.-H., Seow, A. (2005-01). Potential sources of carcinogenic heterocyclic amines in the Chinese diet: Results from a 24-h dietary recall study in Singapore. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59 (1) : 16-23. ScholarBank@NUS Repository. _URL_
|dc.description.abstract||Objective: Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) from high-temperature cooking of meat have been linked to increased cancer incidence in Western populations, but data on the sources of HCAs in Asian diets are scarce. Our aim was to identify potential sources of HCAs in the Chinese diet, and to provide the basis for efforts to quantify dietary exposure to these compounds. Design and setting: We conducted 24-h dietary recall interviews among 986 Chinese men and women in Singapore, who were a randomly selected subpopulation of participants from the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a population-based cohort. Details of all foods and beverages consumed by each subject in the past 24 h were recorded, and information on meat type, cooking method and portion size were abstracted from all meat-containing dishes, and gram weight equivalents computed. Results: The mean meat intake per person was 103.0g/day (standard deviation 74.2), of which 97.2% was fresh meat. Fish (38.0%), pork (30.6%), and poultry (21.0%) accounted for 89.6% of meat consumed. Patterns of meat consumption and cooking methods differed markedly from Western populations. Documented high-temperature cooking methods, combined with stir-frying, accounted for 44.3% of fish, 35.1% of pork and 25.6% of poultry consumed. Specifically, potentially significant sources of HCAs were pan-fried fish and barbecued pork. Conclusions: Our results identify the potential sources of HCA in the Chinese diet, highlight aspects which are relevant to HCA formation and intake, and call for novel approaches to estimating individual exposure to dietary HCAs in this and similar population. © 2005 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved.|
|dc.contributor.department||COMMUNITY,OCCUPATIONAL & FAMILY MEDICINE|
|dc.description.sourcetitle||European Journal of Clinical Nutrition|
|Appears in Collections:||Staff Publications|
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text:
The First Tasmanians: our story
Explore the history and culture of the Tasmanian Aboriginal people in this engaging exhibit developed under the guidance of the QVMAG Aboriginal Reference Group and with the support of the Tasmanian Community Fund.
Highlights include rarely-seen original objects and Tasmanian Aboriginal perspectives on climate change, astronomy, stories of creation, craft, technology and architecture.
The Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery respects and acknowledges the Aboriginal people of Tasmania, their culture and customs.
Queen Victoria Art Gallery at Royal Park
Warning: This exhibition and accompanying publications may contain the names and images of deceased Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Please note: Tasmanian Aboriginal language used in this gallery is selected from the earliest colonial records to reflect, where possible, words likely to have been spoken in northern localities around the time of European arrival. Where colonial records include several spellings, the most reliable is used. In some cases, however, the spelling preferred by a relevant artist or community member is used.


The International Korean Educators Network was founded in 2010 with a mission to create a systematic support network of educators who are in the field of Korean language and culture education for K-12 students. IKEN aims to strengthen our students' identity through Korean language and cultural education, and become global citizens of the future. IKEN has taken an active role in supporting Korean language and culture educators in various types of school models such as the Korean Dual Language Programs, Korean as a world language in secondary schools, and Korean community language schools around the world. IKEN partners with various policy makers and community partners in order to fulfill its mission.


Initial Geophysical Survey
Geophysical survey is a technique that allows us to gain an impression of what lies beneath the soil and, at once, learn about the layout of many buried buildings at Portus. The earliest phase of AHRC-funded research at the site comprised a survey of the whole core area of the port and its hinterland to the east: this work formed part of the Roman Towns in te Middle and Lower Tiber Valley. It began in 1998, was completed in 2004 and was subsequently published (Keay et al. 2005). It entailed a magnetometer study which systematically recorded localized magnetic anomalies relating to buried buildings to a depth of 1.2m. The survey covered 220 hectares and revealed new buildings, therein adding detail to known structures clustering around the Claudian and Trajanic basins. It also provided new information about the hinterland of the port lying between the hexagonal Trajanic basin and the Tiber, including evidence of the line of an aqueduct, road and canal, warehouses and a river port.
Results of the _PHONE_ geophysical survey
Interpretations of the _PHONE_ geophysical survey (Keay et al. 2005)


A Comparative Study of Transvaginal Tape, Transobturator Tape Outside-in, and Transvaginal Tape-obturator Inside-out Surgical Procedures in the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence
Details
Serval ID
serval:BIB_68ADFEBE25A5
Type
Article: article from journal or magazin.
Collection
Publications
Institution
Title
A Comparative Study of Transvaginal Tape, Transobturator Tape Outside-in, and Transvaginal Tape-obturator Inside-out Surgical Procedures in the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence
Journal
Journal of Pelvic Medicine and Surgery
Author(s)
Meyer S., Achtari C.
ISSN
_PHONE_
Publication state
Published
Issued date
2008
Volume
14
Number
3
Pages
173-177
Language
english
Abstract
The aim of this work was to use the Urinary Distress Inventory (UDI-6) and Incontinence Impact Quality of Life (IIQ-7) questionnaires to compare 3 surgical techniques for stress urinary incontinence: the transvaginal tape (TVT) (105 women), the transobturator tape outside-in (TOT) (43 women), and the transvaginal tape-obturator inside-out (TVT-O) (54 women). There were no significant differences in frequent urination, urine leakage related to the feeling of urgency, urine leakage related to physical activity, or small amounts of urine leakage. TVT-operated women had a lower percentage of micturition difficulties compared with TOT women. TVT-O-operated women described slight discomfort in the genital area compared with the TVT technique, but this difference was not significant when compared with the TOT technique. When utilizing the UDI-6 and IIQ-7 scoring modifications before and after surgery, no difference among these 3 techniques is apparent.
Create date
05/03/2009 16:55
Last modification date
20/08/2019 14:23
Usage data


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(Photo illustration by Cinders McLeod/The Globe and Mail)
(Photo illustration by Cinders McLeod/The Globe and Mail)
Why we want what we want: A new book looks to explain it all Add to...
"The enjoyment we get from something derives from what we think that thing is.... For a painting, it matters who the artist was; for a story, it matters whether it is truth or fiction; for a steak, we care about what sort of animal it came from; for sex, we are strongly affected by who we think our sexual partner really is."
More Related to this Story
In How Pleasure Works: The New Science of Why We Like What We Like, Yale psychologist Paul Bloom looks at how things gratify us, from sex, food and art, to celebrity memorabilia and our own imaginations.
Drawing on research in neuroscience, child development and behavioural economics, Prof. Bloom argues that while human sexual desires used to be driven by evolution, many today have little to do with survival or reproduction. He spoke with The Globe and Mail from New Haven, Conn.
You write that pleasure is rooted in essentialism. What do you mean by that?
The argument that I make in my book concerning sexuality and romance is that what arouses us isn't just superficial. We don't merely respond to certain sights, smells and sensations. Rather, a lot of our response is dictated by who we think we're responding to. Essentialism has an adaptive benefit. It pays off, from an evolutionary point of view, to care about invisible aspects of people, to fall in love with specific individuals.
What about the places where pleasure veers off evolutionary course, like fetishes? You write about foot and high heel shoe fetishists. You say we aren't sexually aroused by trees but there is objectum sexuality disorder, with people falling for roller coasters and the Eiffel Tower. How do you explain that in terms of pleasure?
If anybody tells you they know what's going on in fetishes, they're lying to you. Nobody has the foggiest idea. People tell their cockamamie behaviourist stories, which is that someone is approaching sexual release and his eyes happen to fall upon a woman's shoe. But why a shoe? Why not an alarm clock, or a lamp?
You preface a discussion on pleasure and sexual fetishes such as foot fetishes with a turkey study conducted in the 1950s, in which male turkeys were aroused by a lifelike model of a female turkey. The researchers began taking the replica apart, eventually leaving only the head behind, but the turkeys were still trying to mount the head.
Male turkeys are just turkeys. They can be aroused by very minimal stimuli.
"People can be turkeys," you write. "We can be transfixed by a body part while being indifferent to the person who comes with it."
That's the way fetishes are stupid. They're stupid because they're like the male turkey trying to mount the head. You're triggered by something, like a foot or something, without access to all the richness and complexity of normal desire.
What about pornography, which is far more widespread than foot fetishes? You point out that even animals look at porn, describing experiments with rhesus monkeys who gave up their fruit juice to look at photos of female monkey hindquarters.
Monkey porn.
Why do humans get pleasure from pornographic images?
The story of pornography is an accident. We've grown smart enough that we can fool ourselves into thinking we're looking at real world things. [Pornography]works by exploiting the fact that to some extent, we're indifferent to the difference between reality and fiction.
You quote psychologist Geoffrey Miller, who argued that the human penis evolved to be longer, thicker and more flexible than the penises of other primates so that men can give women more sexual pleasure, and that women are drawn to men who can give them that. You also point out that women don't have to orgasm to get pregnant. So what is the evolutionary benefit of that particular pleasure?
It's a huge debate - and I'm agnostic. One view is that it's an adaptation, that [female]orgasm helps the intake of sperm or facilitates pair bonding between males and females. If the female receives a rush of pleasure, she becomes more attached to the male and all sorts of good things arise from it. The other view is that it's an accident, that the female clitoris is just a homologue of a male penis.
You argue that our minds and sexuality are "not rationally calibrated to modern times." You point out society's unrelenting focus on virginity with people like Natalie Dylan, who tried to auction off her virginity.
For men, virginity matters a lot and there's an evolutionary rationale for that. The man can be confident that any children arising from sexual contact are his. From a genetic point of view, the worst possible fate for a man is to devote his life to raising children that do not contain his genetic material. That's from the natural selection point of view.... Humans are smart enough to create social systems where the genes don't really matter, but our biology and our minds have not evolved to be that smart. A lot of our desires are calibrated from our evolutionary past and they don't make sense, but that doesn't make them go away.
At the same time, you write that the mind is ultimately much more than a "Machiavellian schemer" or "data cruncher:" it's also an "entertainment centre, shaped by the forces of sexual selection to give pleasure to others."
What some evolutionary theorists argue, somewhat convincingly, is that a lot of what goes on when there are forces of evolution at play is that we be entertaining to one another. This is because we select each other as mates, as friends. They could please you by being pretty, funny and clever, so we've evolved to be pretty and funny and clever.
Does it take some of the pleasure out of pleasure to dissect it like this?
People always wonder that. There's a quote from Keats about the rainbow being less pretty once it was explained, but I don't think so. A theory of why you like art or sex or food doesn't make the pleasure go away. If anything, it has the chance of enhancing it because once you know how something works, you can exploit that knowledge for your own pleasurable benefit.
This interview has been condensed and edited.
In the know
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text:
When an executable JAR is created by the Project Launcher the compression is controlled with the -compression instruction. However, this über JAR contains bundles and JARs for the run path. Since executable JARs are sometimes used in embedded environments it is important that they are small and the code can loaded quickly. It is difficult to have defaults for this since there are many aspects:
In such a complex trade off there are no singular answers. This
-executable instruction allows therefore to
set the different options and then benchmark the result.
Experience shows that the size can be minimized by rejarring the inner bundles and JARs with the STORE compression but using DEFLATE for the outer/über JAR. This decreases the size because the compression algorithm then works on all class files of all bundles. This is much more efficient for the DEFLATE algorithm then compressing each class file on its own. Gains seen are 20%-30%.
rejar option in the
-executable instruction can take the values
DEFLATE. This will open
the embedded JARs and write them in the given compression in the über JAR.
The default is to not touch the bundle.
strip option can be used to strip resources from JARs embedded in the execetable. Its parameter can define
a list of two GLOBs. The first GLOB must match the file name of the resource and the second GLOB must match the
resource name in the bundle. GLOBs are separated with a colon (':'). If no colon is present then the first GLOB
is assumed to be the wildcard GLOB that matches anything.
strip ::= matcher ( ',' matcher )* matcher ::= ( GLOB ':' ) GLOB
*.map– Match all resources ending in
OSGI-OPT/*– Remove the optional resources in bundle
com.example.some.bundle.*:readme.md– Remove the readme's from bundles withe file name matching
Note hat if you combine multiple GLOBs then you must separate them with a comma (',') and that implies the total must be quoted with single or double quotes. If it is a single GLOB (pair) then quoting is optional. For example:
-executable: rejar=STORE, strip='OSGI-OPT,*.map'
The default is to not strip anything.
Rejarring and stripping should work for unsigned bundles since the signatures should not be affected by the compression algorithms used.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


WordPress.org
WordPress Developer Blog
How to create an animated timeline plugin
How to create an animated timeline plugin
Have you ever seen an animated timeline of events? As the visitor scrolls down and new events enter the viewport, the timeline animates any additional events into view. A linear visual, like a timeline, can tell a story. The events may represent critical milestones in a person or company's history. Similarly, animation can help reinforce storytelling and appeal to a visitor's creative interest.
I want to walk you through creating a unique timeline experience. You will learn to build it with blocks, register some custom CSS for animation, and use JavaScript to observe intersecting elements in the viewport. Of course, not everybody wants to experience elements moving on a page, so we will show you how you can opt to turn off animations.
Below is a video that captures the final timeline appearance that you'll create:
Create the timeline with blocks
First, you'll build the timeline layout and appearance with blocks. I ended up using the following blocks:
 - A Group block with a custom timeline CSS class assigned.
 - A Columns block with three nested columns.
 1. The first Column block represents the date of the event. Example: "2024, April 2"
 2. The second Column block represents a visual timeline divider. Iused block locking to prevent the editor from accidentally removing or moving this block.
 3. The third Column block is where the content will live for each event on the timeline.
Below is a visual, breaking down the blocks that make up the final Vertical Timeline pattern:
Next, consider modifying the pattern's inner content to assign critical animation classes, which we will accomplish within your plugin.
Animated timeline plugin setup
Let's create a plugin to package everything. This will also allow you to reuse it and drop it into any project.
You'll start by registering your plugin and setting up the file structure. Create a new animated-timeline directory in your wp-content/plugins, and add all of the files you'll need:
 - animated-timeline/: your plugin folder
 - /assets/scripts/core-blocks/group–animated-timeline.js: where you will use JavaScript to watch for intersecting elements in the viewport.
 - /assets/styles/core-blocks/group–animated-timeline.css: where you will use CSS to transition, delay, and animate critical elements.
 - animated-timeline.php: the main plugin file and where you will place most of the hooks.
Now, add your WordPress plugin's header in the animated-timeline.php file:
<?php
/**
* Plugin Name: Animated Timeline
* Description: Extends the Group block for an animating timeline effect.
* Requires at least: 6.5
* Requires PHP: 7.4
* Version: 1.0.0
* License: GPL-2.0-or-later
* License URI: _URL_
* Text Domain: animated-timeline
*/
if ( ! defined( 'ABSPATH' ) ) {
 exit; // Exit if accessed directly.
}
Go ahead and activate your new plugin.
HTML Tag Processor and block filters
One critical piece you need to accomplish is filtering the Group block's inner content. You need to check if any Group blocks have a custom class assigned, ensure it is .animated-timeline, and then process its inner block content.
You could utilize either of these handy filters to modify the block's output: render_block and render_block_{$this->name}. However, as the aim is to target customizations to the Group block, you can use the dynamic render_block_core/group variation.
Below is the code to add to your plugin's animated-timeline.php file:
/**
* Modify the core Group block.
*
* @param string $block_content The block content about to be rendered.
*
* @return string The maybe modified block content.
*/
function animated_timeline_filter_group_content( $block_content ) {
 $processor = new WP_HTML_Tag_Processor( $block_content );
 $counter = 0;
 // Check for the presence of the animated-timeline class.
 if ( ! $processor->next_tag( array( 'class_name' => 'animated-timeline' ) ) ) {
 return $block_content;
 }
 // Loop through each child block with the class name 'wp-block-column'.
 while ( $processor->next_tag( array( 'class_name' => 'wp-block-column' ) ) ) {
 $processor->add_class( 'animated__item' );
 ++$counter;
 switch ( $counter ) {
 case 1:
 $processor->add_class( 'animated__item--first' );
 break;
 case 2:
 $processor->add_class( 'animated__item--line' );
 break;
 case 3:
 $processor->add_class( 'animated__item--last' );
 $counter = 0;
 break;
 }
 }
 $block_content = $processor->get_updated_html();
 // Enqueue the custom script and style.
 wp_enqueue_script( 'animated-timeline-script' );
 wp_enqueue_style( 'animated-timeline-style' );
 // Return the maybe modified block content.
 return $block_content;
}
add_filter( 'render_block_core/group', 'animated_timeline_filter_group_content', 10 );
The HTML Tag Processor is a powerful tool that helps cycle through the nested block content and assign classes to each Column block. You may also notice that the code uses wp_enqueue_script() and wp_enqueue_style() to enqueue custom CSS and JavaScript files, but only if the Group block with the .timeline class is on the front end of the site. This ensures that the assets are only loaded when a Group block with the .animated-timeline class is output on the page.
Register custom CSS and JavaScript files
In the previous step, you called wp_enqueue_script( 'animated-timeline-script' ) and wp_enqueue_style( 'animated-timeline-style' ). You need to register these JavaScript and CSS files so that WordPress knows what to load. Add the following code to your animated-timeline.php to register the group--animated-timeline.js and group--animated-timeline.css files:
/**
* Registers the custom script and style for the timeline plugin.
*/
function animated_timeline_register_scripts() {
 // Register the custom script to be used later.
 wp_register_script(
 'animated-timeline-script',
 plugin_dir_url( __FILE__ ) . '/assets/scripts/core-blocks/group--animated-timeline.js',
 array(),
 '1.0.0',
 true
 );
 // Register the custom style to be used later.
 wp_register_style(
 'animated-timeline-style',
 plugin_dir_url( __FILE__ ) . '/assets/styles/core-blocks/group--animated-timeline.css',
 array(),
 '1.0.0',
 );
}
add_action( 'wp_enqueue_scripts', 'animated_timeline_register_scripts' );
Add the animation styles
Now add the custom CSS to the /assets/styles/core-blocks/group--animated-timeline.css file to handle animations:
/* Establish the positioning context for the timeline. */
.animated-timeline > div {
 position: relative;
}
.animated__item {
 visibility: hidden;
}
.animated__item.loaded {
 visibility: visible;
}
/* First column - initial state */
.animated-timeline .animated__item--first {
 opacity: 0;
 transform: translateY(25px);
 transition: transform 0.5s, opacity 0.5s;
 transition-delay: 0.3s;
}
/* Last column - initial state */
.animated-timeline .animated__item--last {
 opacity: 0;
 transform: translateY(45px);
 transition: transform 0.7s, opacity 0.8s;
 transition-delay: 0.5s;
}
/* First and last column - loaded state */
.animated-timeline .animated__item--first.loaded,
.animated-timeline .animated__item--last.loaded {
 opacity: 1;
 transform: translateY(0);
}
/**
 * Vertical line animation
 * The vertical line is a pseudo-element of the middle column.
 */
/* Establish positioning context */
.animated-timeline .animated__item--line {
 position: relative;
 visibility: hidden;
}
/* Vertical line - initial state */
.animated-timeline .animated__item--line::before {
 background-color: inherit;
 content: "";
 display: block;
 height: 1px;
 inset: 0;
 opacity: 0;
 over


text:
Definitions for Comprehensionˌkɒm prɪˈhɛn ʃən
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
com•pre•hen•sionˌkɒm prɪˈhɛn ʃən(n.)
the act or process of comprehending.
the state of being comprehended.
capacity of the mind to perceive and understand; power to grasp ideas.
perception or understanding:
mature comprehension of a difficult subject.
Origin of comprehension:
1400–50; late ME < L comprehēnsiō=comprehēnd(ere) to comprehend+-tiō -tion
an ability to understand the meaning or importance of something (or the knowledge acquired as a result)
"how you can do that is beyond my comprehension"; "he was famous for his comprehension of American literature"
the relation of comprising something
"he admired the inclusion of so many ideas in such a short work"
Kernerman English Learner's Dictionary
comprehension(noun)ˌkɒm prɪˈhɛn ʃən
the ability to understand or the amount understood
a student's level of comprehension
comprehensionˌkɒm prɪˈhɛn ʃən
impossible to understand
Their behavior is beyond my comprehension.
The totality of intensions, that is, attributes, characters, marks, properties, or qualities, that the object possesses, or else the totality of intensions that are pertinent to the context of a given discussion.
a compact syntax for generating a list in some functional programming languages
Origin: From compréhension.
the act of comprehending, containing, or comprising; inclusion
that which is comprehended or inclosed within narrow limits; a summary; an epitome
the capacity of the mind to perceive and understand; the power, act, or process of grasping with the intellect; perception; understanding; as, a comprehension of abstract principles
the complement of attributes which make up the notion signified by a general term
a figure by which the name of a whole is put for a part, or that of a part for a whole, or a definite number for an indefinite
U.S. National Library of Medicine
The act or fact of grasping the meaning, nature, or importance of; understanding. (American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed) Includes understanding by a patient or research subject of information disclosed orally or in writing.
Translations for Comprehension
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary
the act or power of understanding
After reading the passage the teacher asked questions to test the children's comprehension.
- begrip; omvangAfrikaans
- compreensãoPortuguese (BR)
- das VerständnisGerman
- درک؛ فهمFarsi
- supratimas, sugebėjimas suprastiLithuanian
- saprašana; aptveršana; ietveršanaLatvian
- fatteevne, forstandNorwegian
- درک؛ فهمPersian
- ورک کولPashto
- comprehensiune, (capacitate de) înţelegereRomanian
- anlama, kavramaTurkish
- 理解力Chinese (Trad.)
- ادراک ، فہمUrdu
- đọc hiểuVietnamese
- 理解力Chinese (Simp.)
Get even more translations for Comprehension »
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"Comprehension." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2013. Web. 21 May 2013. .

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Now would like to share the awesome Astronomy issue from Jersey. Look at the stamps carefully you will notice that there is special effect on the stamps. The stamps are printed in four colour process offset lithography plus embossed simili silver. Really nice set.
Information from Jersey Post:
On 10th February 2009, Jersey Post issue a set of stamps to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Galileo Galilei's first telescopic observatory. This set of stamps interprets PostEurop's theme for the Europa 2009 stamps issue - Astronomy - by featuring the satellites of Jupiter (which was just one of the galactic discoveries made by Galileo using a telescope) and various constellations which may be seen from Jersey at different times of the year. The stars within the constellations have been embossed and are highlighted in simili silver. The Europa logo will appear on two stamps only.
A short narrative by Sir Patrick Moore regarding Galileo and his telescopic discoveries appears on the First Day Cover envelope and Presentation Pack.
35p lo, Ursa Major and Cassiopeia
39p Europa, Bootes and Coran Borealis
43p Ganymede, Cygnus and Peganus
76p Callisto, Perseus and Orion


text:
BareFoot Brook was born between Saratoga and Riverside, Wyoming. There, artistic talent, green thumbs, and a lot of hard work came together to create a family business that produces locally grown floral creations.
Welcome to Wyoming
Originally from Michigan, Brooke and Jordan Seitz moved to Wyoming to work at the Encampment K–12 School, Brooke as an art teacher and Jordan as a science teacher.
Brooke had always loved growing plants. But she and her husband soon found that growing plants in Wyoming was a little more challenging than in Michigan! (This year, it dropped to 27 degrees in June at their house and the wind hit 90 mph gusts in the spring.)
Unfazed, the couple persisted in growing ornamentals outdoors and putting up a small unheated greenhouse. As their flowers and family grew, childcare and other considerations led Brooke to leave her teaching job. With small children at home, she wasn't planning to start a business.
Or so she thought. Brooke's urge to grow plants and use her artistic eye and education to create wonderful flower arrangements soon started her family down the entrepreneurial path.
BareFoot Brook is born
Most flower arrangement designers do not grow their own materials. And yet, four years ago, Brooke found herself designing arrangements to sell locally, using the plants she grew outdoors and in the small greenhouse as well those ordered from other sources.
"Most people don't do both—they don't grow and design. But I love both, I can't really give them up, so I'm just a mad woman," she says with a laugh.
She says it's a whole different experience to make arrangements with the flowers she grows versus ones that are ordered. "I grow my own supplies to make my artwork. That's the best part, it's so rewarding," she explains.
High (tunnel) hopes
Driven by her interest in growing as many of the flowers in her arrangements as possible, and by increasing demand, Brooke began dreaming of building a larger protected growing space. She knew that protection from the wind and extreme temperature swings would greatly improve flower production.
Mark Shirley, the local USDA-NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service) district conservationist, helped Brooke and Jordan explore funding options for building a large high tunnel. (See USDA-NRCS info at the end of the story.)
After a year of planning, looking for funding, and working through the application process, they received a cost-share covering 60 to 70 percent of the cost of the high tunnel itself from the USDA-NRCS Agricultural Management Assistance (AMA) Program.
The Seitzes say that without this financial assistance, building the 20 ft by 72 ft structure would have been unaffordable.
The NRCS requires the use of an approved manufacturer kit in the projects they fund to deal with the challenging climatic conditions in Wyoming. Extra purlins were added to the structure to help handle the wind and, as an additional weather measure, angled two-by-fours run off the wooden end walls to posts in the ground that act as braces.
The high tunnel is double-layered and squirrel cage fans blow air into the space between the two layers of plastic. This air gap provides insulation that maintains the warmer temperatures inside the structure. It also reduces the amount of slack in the plastic when temperatures are warmer, which keeps it from whipping in the wind and incurring additional wear.
Jordan, who contributes his summers and hours after work to the business, put the high tunnel up mostly by himself. Friends helped skin the structure, but he installed the heating, fans, and irrigation system.
A game changer
The high tunnel has truly been a game changer for Barefoot Brook! Everything the Seitzes used to grow outside now produces at least double that amount inside the high tunnel. Dahlias, which did not bloom until August when grown outside, bloomed so early that harvest began around June 10 this year.
Previously the Seitzes started all the plants in seed trays, then transplanted them, which slowed production. This year they experimented with direct sowing inside the high tunnel in April.
Brooke hand-watered the plants until they germinated, then switched to drip irrigation for the rest of the season. It worked even better than she had hoped.
Learning the ropes
Brooke and Jordan are still learning the nuances of high tunnel growing. Plants grow very well in the protected environment—but so do insects. They quickly discovered that the high tunnel was so well-insulated that temperatures never dropped enough to kill overwintering insects.
The couple uses organic methods for insect control and is experimenting with a variety of strategies. They also make sure there is adequate air movement through the high tunnel to help prevent potential disease issues.
They still use their small greenhouse to grow dahlias and zinnias, which are planted later than in the larger high tunnel. Since the structure is unheated and not insulated, temperatures in the smaller structure drop to the outside temperature at night. This staggered planting provides Jordan and Brooke with flowers when plants in the heated high tunnel are no longer producing.
They also grow some annual and many perennial flowers outdoors. Last year they planted thousands of tulips. Brooke also planted 35 peony plants; three years after planting she will start harvesting.
Flowers and family flourish
BareFoot Brook now produces about as much business as the family can handle without sacrificing all its personal time. Brooke creates flower arrangements for weddings, weekly subscribers, and a local dude ranch. Time and flower supply permitting, she also fills one-time orders.
She works more hours than she did as a teacher, and Jordan's summer and after-school hours are filled. The time and work they invest in their business is truly impressive, as is their commitment to creating a beautiful homegrown product.
Brooke's ultimate goal for the business is to grow all the flowers used in her arrangements. She is well on her way!
A week in the life of Barefoot Brook
Brooke grows many annuals and tender perennials in the high tunnel, including strawflowers, paper daisies, cosmos, dahlias, rudbeckia (black-eyed Susans), scabiosa, pansies, clarkia, orach, snapdragons, gomphrena, nigella, bachelor buttons, sunflowers, bupleurum, flowering tobacco, bells of Ireland, borage, basil, Queen Anne's lace, zinnias, explosion grasses, and Iceland poppies.
In the summer, it takes up to two hours each day to harvest the flowers. Each species is harvested at a particular stage of development and treated in a specific way so that it lasts as long as possible. This might include cleaning flowers in a particular way, holding them at a specific temperature, and much more!
After harvesting, Brooke starts designing orders and then the maintenance tasks begin—weeding, checking the irrigation, fixing netting, and more. On Wednesdays, she fulfills all of the week's orders, which are delivered on Thursdays. She and Jordan collect the vases from the past week's arrangements, clean them, and then the weekly cycle begins again.
The USDA-NRCS Agricultural Management Assistance program
Through the Agricultural Management Assistance (AMA) program, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS) offers financial assistance to eligible producers interested in diversification, natural resource conservation practices, or marketing.
USDA-NRCS also helps producers build high tunnels to increase local availability of fresh vegetables for sale in Wyoming communities. Visit _URL_ to contact your local NRCS district conservationist and explore options in your area.
Jennifer Thompson is the small acreage outreach coordinator for the University of Wyoming Extension. She is always interested in learning more from those who grow great things around our state!
[Story reprinted from the Fall 2022 issue of Barnyards & Backyards magazine.]


Developing a capitalization rate for tax assessment purposes seems like a relatively simple task. Using the market extraction approach, the one most commonly employed by assessors and appraisers, a property's net operating income (NOI) is divided by the sale price to extract a cap rate. Sounds simple, right? While the math offers no challenge, the proper application of this method for tax assessment purposes presents a quite complex problem.
Property tax assessors and appraisers usually take a few recent comparable sales and do the quick math to establish an applicable cap rate for a property. However, just because the comparable sales look and function similarly to the appraised property does not necessarily mean they are financially similar. This is where the extraction method's complexity comes into play.
What's so complicated?
When using the extraction method, assessors seldom, if ever, consider three critical issues. First and foremost, there must be reliable and sufficient data on the comparable sales. The data should reveal the property's anticipated net income, operating expense ratio, financing terms, lease structure, the relevant market conditions and whether the property was part of a larger transaction.
Second, the NOI must be calculated or estimated using the same factors the assessor plans to apply to the assessed property. For instance, if the assessed property reports net income based on trailing 12-month financial statements, the comparables must report on the same basis.
Third, and possibly the most overlooked issue of all, is the need to determine the level of risk associated with each comparable sale. For each comparable property, risk must be analyzed by investigating tenant credit ratings, market conditions, the stability of the income stream and the property's upside or downside potential. This process requires investigation, due diligence and professional expertise to get it right.
Effects of improper methods
The following example shows how an assessor's failure to properly utilize the extraction method can cause taxpayers to pay unwarranted property taxes. Let's assume your local property tax assessor in Texas develops a cap rate to value your office building using the market extraction method. In your jurisdiction, the property tax law dictates that an assessor must value the property at market value, based on prevailing market conditions as of a specific date, usually Jan. 1.
The assessor pulls comparable sales data in your competitive market area and corresponding NOI for each sale. Next, he simply divides the NOI by the sales price and determines that 9% represents a market cap rate for your property. This cap rate is then divided into your property's $1.25 million NOI, resulting in an assessed value of $13.9 million. This seems like a simple exercise, but the devil is in the details.
In your review of the assessor's comparable sales, it becomes apparent that the sales transactions he used to generate a cap rate contained below-market rental rates and short-term leases. As a result, the 9% cap rate developed by the assessor to set your $13.9 million value represents a cap rate for properties with significant upside potential.
Your property, on the other hand, has above-market rental rates and long-term leases with national tenants who have outstanding credit. As you investigate the 9% cap rate, you discover that one of the assessor's comparables sold for $5 million and produced $450,000 NOI. The assessor divided that income by the sales price and derived a cap rate of 9%.
Additional research, however, reveals that the property had below-market leases that were about to expire. Further, when you adjust the property leases to market rates, the comparable creates at least a $500,000 NOI. This $500,000 is divided by the $5 million sales price, yielding a 10% cap rate, rather than the 9% rate developed by the assessor.
By applying the 10% cap rate to your property's income of $1.25 million, the assessed value would be $12.5 million. As the accompanying chart shows, you'd cut your property tax assessment by just over $1.4 million.
In developing property tax assessments, assessors too often rely on the extraction method and its simple math to generate what they see as a correct cap rate. In fact, the proper extraction and application of a cap rate is a complex calculation that takes into account many factors to provide taxpayers with fair and equitable valuations of their properties.
By understanding all the factors used in developing your cap rate, you can avoid excessive property taxes.
Mark Hutcheson is a partner in the Austin law firm of Popp, Gray & Hutcheson, the Texas member of American Property Tax Counsel. He can be reached at


text: Home > Medical > Cancer > News Updated 08 July 2013 Sugar makes cancer light up in MRI scanners Scientists have developed a new technique using sugar to detect cancer. 0 Pin It Credit: UCL Related Gene-based blood test for colon cancer shows promise Blood tests to detect sexually transmitted cancers New model for gene testing in cancer patients Quiz Cancer: are you at risk? » Ask CyberDoc » Quiz Am I eating to optimise my health? » Subscribe Newsletters » Marijuana used for medical benefits Living with breast cancer part 1: Samantha's story A new technique for detecting cancer by imaging the consumption of sugar with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been unveiled by UCL scientists. The breakthrough could provide a safer and simpler alternative to standard radioactive techniques and enable radiologists to image tumours in greater detail. The new technique, called 'glucose chemical exchange saturation transfer' (glucoCEST), is based on the fact that tumours consume much more glucose (a type of sugar) than normal, healthy tissues in order to sustain their growth. The researchers found that sensitising an MRI scanner to glucose uptake caused tumours to appear as bright images on MRI scans of mice. Cheap, safe alternativeLead researcher Dr Simon Walker-Samuel, from the UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI) said: "GlucoCEST uses radio waves to magnetically label glucose in the body. This can then be detected in tumours using conventional MRI techniques. The method uses an injection of normal sugar and could offer a cheap, safe alternative to existing methods for detecting tumours, which require the injection of radioactive material." Professor Mark Lythgoe, Director of CABI and a senior author on the study, said: "We can detect cancer using the same sugar content found in half a standard sized chocolate bar. Our research reveals a useful and cost-effective method for imaging cancers using MRI – a standard imaging technology available in many large hospitals." He continued: "In the future, patients could potentially be scanned in local hospitals, rather than being referred to specialist medical centres." The study is published in the journal Nature Medicine and trials are now underway to detect glucose in human cancers. Vulnerable groups can be scanned regularlyAccording to UCL's Professor Xavier Golay, another senior author on the study: "Our cross-disciplinary research could allow vulnerable patient groups such as pregnant women and young children to be scanned more regularly, without the risks associated with a dose of radiation." Dr Walker-Samuel added: "We have developed a new state-of-the-art imaging technique to visualise and map the location of tumours that will hopefully enable us to assess the efficacy of novel cancer therapies." EurekAlert More in Medical Early prostate cancer detection with PSA testing More: CancerNews advertisement Get a quote Momentum - save up to 35% on healthcare advertisement Read Health24's Comments Policy Comment on this story 0 comments Add your comment Thank you, your comment has been submitted. Logout Comment 0 characters remaining Share on Facebook Logout Comment 0 characters remaining Share on Facebook Loading comments... Other news Lifestyle How to survive load shedding Natural How to cure insomnia naturally Medical Global warming could push malaria to higher areas Fitness No preferred treatment for neck pain Lifestyle FDA approves new testosterone drug Medical US fears for patents on next-generation drugs in India From our sponsors Recovery after exercise is an essential part of any workout What is Metabolic Syndrome? Could you have it? Eyecare for computer users Treet-It Anti-Lice aiding schools in the prevention of Head Lice Live healthier Down hill? » Argus Cycle Tour Celebrities who masturbate Can't get it up? Erectile dysfunction and the cyclist Does cycling cause erectile dysfunction? Some urologists seem to think so. Fitness fuel » Banned substances Sport and nutrition Exercise myths busted Are there any 'safe' sports supplements? Sportsmen and -women need to be super vigilant when they take any medication or supplement. Just one wrong step can ruin a promising career, DietDoc warns.


taking into account error in calculations or potential misuse of the product could potentially result in damage to the product, or put the operator at risk. A safety factor must be taken into consideration. An acceptable margin of safety defined by an increased maximum sheer torsion must be determined. Correspondingly a new cable drive radius must be calculated in order to test the feasibility of the increased radius. After determining the margin of safety in sheer torsion, repeat the calculations above to determine the radius able to handle the torsion.
The shaft in the Homelite Weed Whacker has a radius of approximately 4 mm. Using the measured radius it is possible to carry out the following calculation.
τmax = Tc/(½)*π*c4 -> T = (τmax*π*c4)/2c -> T = (τmax*π*c3)/2
T = ((145*106 Pa)*3.1416*(0.0043))/2 = 14.58 N*m
As a result of using a cable shaft diameter of 4 mm the shaft is able to withstand approximately 14.58 N*m of torque, about 2 times the amount of torque that the 26 cc engine motor is able to produce.
Using a safety factor of 2 does not have impact the design of the product much as it is still able to fit within the necessary spatial constraints. Also, it has little effect on the manufacturing cost, as the extra steel necessary to meet the safety requirement is relatively inexpensive. If the manufacturer wished to do so, they could use a lower grade steel that has a shear yield of about 100 MPa in order to offset some of the cost, while still producing a viable product.
Testing and Validation:
Test protocol for the cable drive should simulate a worst case scenario in which the blade is abruptly stopped from its highest momentum, in varying climate conditions. Assuming the product will be used in the most extreme temperatures ranging from 10˚F to 110˚F degrees the blade should be stopped instantaneously and the cable drive subjected to its maximum force 100 consecutive times in both 10˚F temperatures as well as 110˚F degree temperatures. If in all 200 test trials the cable drive is able to withstand breaking or warping, the cable drive is safe for use. The weed whacker should also be put through a test where it is run for an extended period of time in a normal use setting to ensure that the rod will endure extended use, as well as determine probable damages to other components of the weed whacker under the forces experienced by the cable.
Design Revisions
The following design revisions are recommended in place of the current component, or subsystem. They are intended to enhance the performance of the product in the domain of one or more of the GSEE factors.
 - Composite Drive Shaft Housing: Utilization of a composite light weight material would reduce the overall weight of the product. Reduced product weight would make it accessible to a broader range of users. Permitting a feebler user to properly operate the weed whacker. It could also, make the product safer to use by allowing greater control of the product for able bodies users. Finally, a lighter product could appeal to a user intending to operate the product over a longer range of time. Making it more feasible for the user to endure, sustained use of the product.
 - Electric Start for A Gas Motor: An electric starter for a gas powered mower would improve the overall user experience. It would facilitate the arduous engine start up process. The starter would take the physical strain out of starting the engine via the pull cord. This feature would need to be coupled with a few other minor design adjustments. An electric starter would require a power source. A battery could be used to supply the necessary energy. However, a battery may be too large to reasonably mount to the weed whacker. Another more practical option for an electric starter would be a plug that can be connected to an extension cord, and then connected to the wall. A plug would not significantly increase the weight of nor would nor would it be difficult to find a convenient place for it. The electrical start can be considered a societal consideration due to its influence on the intended marketable audience.
 - Electric Motor: Exchanging the gas engine out for an electric motor would make the product more environmentally friendly, by eliminating any emissions that the gas engine would produce. An electric motor would also improve the products function in society. An electric motor is much quieter than a gas engine and subsequently would be more beneficial in suburban neighborhoods. Economically the electric motor would cause an increase in the initial cost of the product, but would reduce the costs associated with product operation. Along with the electric motor two other components would need to be replaced. The cable driven throttle would need to be replaced with an on/off trigger to signal the engine. Finally, the gas tank would need to be replaced with a battery in order to supply the engine with the appropriate form of energy.
Production Explanation
Project Management: Critical Product Review
Cause for Corrective Action
There were three major Issues that the Group had to overcome: finding common group time, evenly distributing the workload, and getting the assignments finished with enough time for review.
 - Finding Common Group Time: Initially there was a pre-conceived notion that "group" work meant we all had to be together to work on the project simultaneously. Aligning schedules for large periods of time to work on the gates proved to be impossible. So, it was agreed that work would be evenly distributed among the members, to be worked on individually. This still posed an issue; the sections of the gates are heavily dependent on each other, and need to flow seamlessly from one section to the next. The next phase to developing a group work atmosphere without imposing strict time constraints was to set up a brief meeting time, as well as a group drop box account. The meeting time was set for the 10 minutes immediately following MAE 277 every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. These meeting are used to divide any new work that arises, address any issues that may have come up, bounce ideas off of other groups' members, or seek help where it is needed. The dropbox account serves as a common access point for each members work. In this way group members can refer to each other's material across different gate sections, and tie one section to the next.
 - Evenly Distributing the Workload: In the early development of the group it seemed as though there were a few members that carried the brunt of the work. All members were eager to participate. However, it was hard to integrate different sectional ideas into one flowing paper. So, one or two members would be responsible for writing the paper together and would call on other members for research purposes or ideas only. This put a heavy burden on the two members responsible for writing the entire paper. This issue was resolved by the implementation of the group dropbox, which allowed each member to work individually on his respective part, while still being able to access information developing in other sections.
 - Timely Completion and Review of the Gate: Gate one was finished one hour before the due date and time. Luckily, the Wiki manager is fluent in HTML and was able to successfully upload all of the information on time. Still the gate was submitted without any form of review and received poor marks. From that point forward the group made a universal decision to complete all sections of the Gate one week in advance of the due date. This allows for sufficient time for all gates to be reviewed and peer edited by other members. Finally, all materials are turned over to the Wiki Account Manager, two days in advance, to give him ample time to load and properly format all materials to the Wiki page.
Product Archaeology: Product Explanation
Product Reassembly
Necessary Tools:
 - Phillips #2 Screwdriver
 - T20 Torx Screwdriver
 - Crescent Wrench
 - Press
 - Slip Joint Pliers
Difficulty Scale
The same scale used for disassembly will be used for reassembly. This will give the user a comparison of how difficult each step is.
 - Red will be used for the most difficult tasks. These tasks required three or more people involved, using a combination of tools and in some cases strength.
 - Blue will be used for above average tasks. These required one to two people involved and using one or a combination of tools.
 - Green will be used for easy tasks. These required only one person and only one tool.
 - Note: Some steps might not fit exactly within the criteria of the scale but just were simply much more difficult for no obvious reason.
Engine Block Assembly:
 - Insert the piston into the cylinder, the notches on the piston will properly align the piston for you.
Group 17 Engine1.jpg
 - Insert the crankshaft into the bearing of the engine block so that the the thick end is near the crank arm on the piston. Align the notch in the crankshaft so that the crankshaft can be pressed into the bearing. A press must be used as it is a compression fitting.
Group 17 Engine2.jpg
 - Press the piston arm onto the smaller off-center shaft that is on the crankshaft by using the press. The piston should move up and down in the cylinder freely when the crankshaft is spun. (refer to picture)
Group 17 Engine8.jpg
 - Place the gasket for the cylinder cover around the opening so that the holes in the gasket align with the screw holes in the engine block. Then place the cover on so that the holes in the cover align with the holes in the gasket. Finally, place the six screws in the holes and tighten them using the T20 torx screwdriver to secure the cylinder cover. Note: use the 8-32 X 1 in T20 torx head screw.
Group 17 Engine5.jpgGroup 17 Engine6.jpg
 - Difficulties


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Control Networks Monitoring
We offer fully adjusted control networks and control stations, adjusted to millimeter accuracy, which allows for precise stations to be in place throughout the construction procedure. These can be produced using traditional Total Stations and traverse methods and Least Squares calculations. Or, if the site stretches over a vast area, or is separated by a feature such as a river, we are able to offer Post processing GPS. This can be done to millimetre accuracy by collecting GPS observations using a static receiver. By using our software and the Ordnance Survey Network of receivers around the country, a 3D position can then be accurately calculated. This can save time and money by cutting out lengthy traverses which can also be inherently inaccurate.
In the production of our control networks, we are also able to use traditional levelling techniques between the points for further accuracy. Smartnet control also allows us to easily re-establish, to centimetre accuracy, any control points which are moved accidentally during works.
We are also able to set up accurate control networks that are easily replicated over and over again, so as to measure any deformation or movement. This was used in a recent monitoring project on behalf of RoC Consulting, for measuring the possible movement of a retaining wall. Due to the fact a good methodology was set up at the first visit, we were able to complete the control network in exactly the same manner at every visit. Therefore, we can be sure that any difference in the measured values is due to the wall moving rather than inaccurate survey work.


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VisualSVN set-up guide
Installing the VisualSVN server
STEP 1: Download the standard edition of VisualSVN server from _URL_ Its free and it is supported by articy:draft
STEP 2: Install it on any Windows PC that can be reached from all computers running articy:draft. We recommend the same machine that also runs the articy:server.
STEP 3: Choose VisualSVN Server and Management Console 1
STEP 4: Choose a server port and write it down. You need this port number later when creating or importing an articy:draft project. If the port is already in use by another program or service, just pick another one from the drop down list.
STEP 5: Select a proper path for Repositories 1. This is the location where the data files are stored. It should be on a local drive of the machine. Do not use mapped or network drives!
STEP 6: Choose Use Windows authentication 2
Step 21 deals with how to handle Subversion authentication.
STEP 7: Open the VisualSVN Server Manager
STEP 8: Copy the Server URL of the VisualSVN Server into the clipboard or write the URL down. In the screenshot below the highlighted server URL is _URL_ 1. You need this URL later when creating or importing an articy:draft project.
STEP 9: Create a new repository by right-clicking Repositories 2 in the tree view on the left hand side and choose Create New Repository. A dialog box asks for a pository name. Choose any name (e.g. ArticyProjects). You also need this repository name for creating/importing projects so write it down too!
Create a new articy multi-user project
STEP 10: Start articy:draft
STEP 11: Connect to articy:server
STEP 12: Login with your articy user credentials as they were created by the articy:server admin
STEP 13: Click button Create new project on the bottom of the projects list
STEP 14: Switch to the Source control page of the create new project assistant.
STEP 15: Change source control type from Perforce provider 1 to Subversion 1.6/1.7
STEP 16: Enter https://MyServerURL:MyPort/svn/MyRepositoryName in the field Repository-URL (internal) 2
- "MyServerURL" is the server name you copied in step 8
- "MyPort" is the port number you copied in step 4
- "MyRepositoryName" is the name you have entered in step 9
STEP 17: In this example the full repository URL is _URL_
STEP 18: Enter any name in the field Repository-path 3. While you are free to choose any name, it makes sense to use the same name as the articy project itself for a better allocation. In this example the name choosen is MyProject.
STEP 19: Fill-out the remaining project details and click the Finish button 4.
STEP 20: Finally you are asked to authenticate with the SVN server.
STEP 21: As you have chosen Use Windows authentication in step 6, this is the same user account you use when starting Windows. Enter your username and password and confirm. If Windows authentication is not working for some reasons, you might want to change the authentication type of VisualSVN to Subversion authentication.
In order to do this,
- Open the VisualSVN Server Manager like shown in step 7
- Click on the link Configure authentication options... in the right side of the VisualSVN Server Manager window
- Switch to Use Subversion authentication 1 and confirm by pressing OK
- Click on the link Create new user... and fill out user name and password. Confirm by pressing OK
- Now you are able to use this SVN user account in step 20
STEP 22: The project is created and automatically stored into the VisualSVN repository.


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Please be aware of the following issues with using the bodyweight indicator alone when selecting your mask:
- Your weight maybe not be typical; you may have more muscle mass or perhaps weigh heavier/ lighter than average, but it doesn't affect the size of your face.
- Body types (ectomorphic, endomorphic, and mesomorphic) are very difficult to factor in.
- Your height and weight may not correlate at all with face sizes – this can often be seen in very tall people with ectomorphic body types.
If you have more questions about sizing, visit our newsroom sizing guide article to find your answer here.


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CLAM: Cognitive Learning Activities and Manual by Leslie McKerns
Price: $7.95 USD. 13250 words.
Published on October 7, 2012..
Teachers, Home Schoolers and Parents: Keep Your Kids Happy as a Clam while Learning! CLAM (Cognitive Learning Activities & Manual) is for grades 2-7, with more advanced level activities taking it into grade 8. Perfect for home schooling and enrichment programs. Filled with craft activity resources to make learning fun.


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Factors Influencing Delay in Construction/Civil Engineering Projects in the Persian Gulf Countries
MetadataShow full item record
A large number of projects around the world experience extensive delays; that is to say they go beyond initial time and cost estimates. There are various causes of delay in different countries including social, economical, political, environmental and religious issues. Severe weather conditions, heavy rains and floods are the most important causes of delay in road construction projects in Central Africa; on the other hand, in the Middle East, many delays are due to ineffective planning, shortage of labour and workmanship, whilst in West Central Asia many constructional delays are caused by changing orders and owners financial constraints. The work presented here discusses the extent to which geographical location and socio-economic variables affect construction delay generally, and examines in particular the main reasons of delay (and a means to address and mitigate such delay) in construction projects in the Persian Gulf. The work explores key factors of delay related to reliance of construction budget(s) upon oil price in locations where 85% of the national construction and infrastructure budget is derived from the oil income, and where fluctuations in dollar-per-barrel costs have a knock-on effect for construction project interim payments and final accounting to allow practical completion; discussion is made (in this early-stage research-project discussion paper) of an accurate means to predict and then allocate risk and fluctuation allowances into both the pre-contract feasibility stage as well as on-site activities directed and controlled by contractual arrangement.
Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.
Guidelines of Using Project Management Tools and Techniques to Mitigate Factors Causing Delays in Public Construction Projects in Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaAlotaibi, Nasser Obaid; Sutrisna, Monty; Chong, Heap Yih (2016)Delays can be considered a common problem within public and private construction projects around the world but the problem is endemic in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) where massive public funds are lost every year as a ...
Wang, T.; Ford, D.; Chong, Heap Yih; Zhang, W. (2018)Purpose: Delays during construction are one of the common scenarios in the construction industry. The purpose of this paper is to identify the primary causes of delays in the construction phase of building construction ...
Han, Sangwon; Love, Peter; Peña-Mora, Feniosky (2013)Design errors leading to rework and/or design changes are considered to be the primary contributor to schedule delays and cost overruns in design and construction projects. While design errors are deemed prevalent, most ...


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What is the superior choice: PU Leather or Faux Leather?
Leather has been a popular choice for various products, from furniture to fashion accessories, due to its luxurious look and durability. However, with the rise in ethical and environmental concerns, alternative materials like PU leather and faux leather have gained prominence. These synthetic options offer a similar aesthetic and functionality while addressing some of the drawbacks associated with genuine leather. In this article, we will explore the characteristics, benefits, and differences between PU leather and faux leather to determine which is the better choice for different applications.
What is PU Leather?
Definition and Composition
PU leather, short for polyurethane leather, is a synthetic material designed to mimic the appearance and feel of genuine leather. It is composed of a base fabric, typically polyester or cotton, coated with a polyurethane layer. This layer is responsible for giving the material its leather-like texture and appearance.
The manufacturing process of PU leather involves applying a liquid polyurethane coating onto the base fabric. This coating undergoes various treatments, such as dyeing, embossing, and buffing, to achieve the desired look and texture. The result is a material that closely resembles genuine leather.
Characteristics and Benefits
PU leather offers several advantages over genuine leather. It is more affordable, making it an attractive option for budget-conscious consumers. Additionally, PU leather is available in a wide range of colors and finishes, offering greater versatility in design choices. It is also resistant to fading, cracking, and peeling, providing enhanced durability and longevity.
What is Faux Leather?
Definition and Composition
Faux leather, also known as synthetic leather or vegan leather, is another alternative to genuine leather. It is made from various materials, such as PVC (polyvinyl chloride) or polyurethane, that are combined to create a leather-like material.
The manufacturing process of faux leather involves coating a fabric base with a layer of PVC or polyurethane. This coating is then treated to achieve the desired appearance, texture, and durability. Faux leather can be embossed, printed, or finished with a topcoat to simulate the look of genuine leather.
Characteristics and Benefits
Similar to PU leather, faux leather offers affordability, versatility, and durability. It is often considered a more ethical and sustainable choice, as it doesn't involve animal products. Faux leather is also resistant to moisture and stains, making it easier to clean and maintain compared to genuine leather.
Comparison between PU Leather and Faux Leather
When deciding between PU leather and faux leather, it's essential to consider various factors to make an informed choice. Let's compare these two synthetic materials based on different aspects:
- Durability and Longevity
Both PU leather and faux leather are known for their durability. They are resistant to wear, tear, and abrasion, making them suitable for everyday use. However, PU leather tends to have better longevity due to its stronger polyurethane coating, which enhances its resistance to fading and cracking over time.
- Appearance and Texture
In terms of appearance, both materials closely resemble genuine leather. They have a similar texture, grain patterns, and softness. However, PU leather often has a more consistent texture, while faux leather can have a slightly artificial appearance in some cases. The choice between the two depends on personal preference and the desired aesthetic for the specific application.
One of the significant advantages of PU leather and faux leather is their affordability compared to genuine leather. PU leather tends to be slightly more expensive than faux leather due to its higher-quality composition and enhanced durability. However, both options offer a cost-effective alternative without compromising on style.
- Sustainability and Environmental Impact
When it comes to sustainability, faux leather has an edge over PU leather. Faux leather made from PVC may have a higher environmental impact due to the production process and use of chemicals. On the other hand, PU leather, especially those made with water-based polyurethane, is considered more environmentally friendly. Additionally, faux leather's animal-free production makes it a popular choice for individuals concerned about animal welfare.
- Maintenance and Care
Both PU leather and faux leather are relatively easy to maintain compared to genuine leather. These items have stain resistance properties and can be easily cleaned with a damp cloth.. However, it's important to avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners that could damage the protective coating. Regular cleaning and occasional conditioning can help preserve their appearance and extend their lifespan.
Which is Better: PU Leather or Faux Leather?
Determining which material is better, PU leather or faux leather, ultimately depends on the specific application and personal preferences. Here are some factors to consider:
Intended Use: If durability and longevity are crucial, PU leather might be the better choice. It is ideal for items like handbags, shoes, and furniture that experience frequent use. Faux leather, on the other hand, works well for garments, accessories, and upholstery where a wider variety of colors and textures may be desired.
Personal Preference: Some individuals prefer the more genuine leather-like texture and appearance of PU leather, while others appreciate the ethical and sustainable aspects of faux leather. Consider your values, style preferences, and the overall look you want to achieve.
In conclusion, both PU leather and faux leather offer viable alternatives to genuine leather, each with its own set of advantages. Ultimately, the decision boils down to the specific needs of the application and personal preferences.
In the debate between PU leather and faux leather, there is no definitive "better" option. Both materials offer affordability, durability, and a similar appearance to genuine leather. PU leather excels in terms of longevity and consistency, while faux leather stands out for its ethical and sustainable qualities. Ultimately, the choice depends on personal preferences, intended use, and the specific benefits you value.
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Can PU leather be as good as genuine leather?
While PU leather can closely mimic the appearance and texture of genuine leather, it may not possess the same natural aging and patina that develops over time. However, in terms of durability and affordability, PU leather can be a great alternative.
Is faux leather good for the environment?
Faux leather, especially those made from sustainable materials, is generally considered more environmentally friendly than genuine leather. However, it's important to choose materials that are manufactured using Eco-friendly processes and avoid PVC-based faux leather, which can have a higher environmental impact.
Does PU leather crack easily?
PU leather is designed to be resistant to cracking, peeling, and fading. However, the quality of the PU leather can vary depending on the manufacturing process and the specific product. It's important to choose PU leather from reputable manufacturers to ensure better durability.
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Yes, faux leather is a popular choice for upholstery. It offers durability, versatility, and ease of maintenance. Faux leather upholstery can be found in furniture, automotive interiors, and other applications where a leather-like look and feel are desired.


text:
Cha Zhang, Dinei Florencio, and Charles Loop
Compressing attributes on 3D point clouds such as colors or normal directions has been a challenging problem, since these attribute signals are unstructured. In this paper, we propose to compress such attributes with graph transform. We construct graphs on small neighborhoods of the point cloud by connecting nearby points, and treat the attributes as signals over the graph. The graph transform, which is equivalent to Kahunen-Loeve Transform on such graphs, is then adopted to decorrelate the signal. Experimental results on a number of point clouds representing human upper bodies demonstrate that our method is much more efficient than traditional schemes such as octree-based methods.
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text:
A showy plant thought to have been long gone from Maine has been found this summer.
Officials say the Unicorn Root was found this summer on private land in Bowdoin after having last been seen in the state 130 years ago.
Unicorn Root features is a tall flowering stalk with white flowers that appear in June through August. It's also known as White Colic-root or Colicroot.
It grows in open, moist, sandy ground and is typically associated with tallgrass prairie habitats and damp, sandy meadows with little to no topsoil.
The last known specimen in Maine was collected near Lewiston in 1887. This summer, about 300 flowering stems were found in Bowdoin.
Copyright AP - Associated Press


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I have researched this topic a bit. One site suggested that prodigal is having reformed after being wasteful, while profligate is still engaging in such behavior.
However on studying the origin of the words, I found that this might not be correct. The parable of the prodigal son was the first reference of prodigal (from the resources I came across), and the parable is also referred to as the parable of the profligate father. Seems like prodigal is related to immorality somehow.
And studying the etymology of profligate, it seems to be linked to downfall.
What exactly is the difference between the two?
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4 Answers 4
Profligate has a semantic center of gravity that leans more towards general licentiousness and moral degeneracy, whereas Prodigal is more tightly focused, pertaining specifically to extravagance and wastefulness.
You could validly use profligate as an alternative to prodigal, but there are many times when prodigal would not be appropriate to use in place of profligate.
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But according to this parable I am referring to, it was the son who was morally degenerate and called prodigal. The father, on the other hand, turned wasteful because of his love for the son, and was called profligate. – tanvi Jul 3 '12 at 16:48
The story is referred to as the prodigal son merely because he wasted his inheritance, not because of his riotous living. It was his prodigality that led to his destitution and eventual return home. If he had been morally profligate and frugal, he would have never returned home and there would be no story. This story is also referred to as the Parable of the Prodigal Father. I have never heard of it referred to as the tale of the Profligate Father -- do you have examples of that? – Tolerance72 Jul 3 '12 at 20:00
Here is the link where i read about the profligate father. onemansweb.org/theology/gospel-of-luke-2010/… – tanvi Jul 4 '12 at 5:08
Thanks for the link, Tanvi. That helps put your question in context. On that page, the author actually reveals that he was not using the "immoral" meaning of profligate, but the "squandering" meaning, when he says: "Technically, there is not much difference between prodigal and profligate. If I bring up my Thesaurus in Ms Word, the meaning for prodigal is given as wasteful, and profligate is given as a synonym." He goes on to explain how the father is wasteful, and squanders his own wealth (and also the other sons' inheritances) by lavishing it upon the son who was insufficiently repentant. – Tolerance72 Jul 4 '12 at 6:00
So that means the story has actually helped attenuate the difference between the two words(as it is not stressing upon the moral degeneracy of the son)! – tanvi Jul 4 '12 at 16:22
Hmm, I've never heard this story referred to as either "The Prodigal Father" or "The Profligate Father". I've always heard it as, "The Prodigal Son". I just did a Yahoo search and found references to "Prodigal Father", but they all seem to be more like twists on the interpretation rather than serious descriptions. Of course it may be that different denominations call it different things.
In any case, I just re-read the story and the point is that the son was wasteful and irresponsible, not that he was necessarily immoral in a more general sense. There's just one reference to immorality, and that's when his older brother is criticizing him and says to the father that he has "devoured your livlihood with harlots", which is not necessarily to be taken literally; it might be intended to be a hyperbolic criticism.
And by the way, I've long found it curious that it is called "The Prodigal Son". Read the story in context: it's not about the prodigal son; it's about the older brother. The story is addressed to people who criticized Jesus for associating with the disreputable. He replies with several stories which make the point that it is proper to celebrate when the disreputable are helped, and mean-spirited to begrudge such a celebration because you didn't get similar help, when you didn't need help to begin with. The point isn't that the father forgave the prodigal son and welcomed him back. The point is that his older brother didn't.
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Excellent point, how the main lesson of the story relates to (what seems at first glance to be) a relatively minor character. – J.R. Jul 4 '12 at 0:30
I so not see that the word immoral necessarily means sexually immoral. It just means contrary to the accepted moral code. Irresponsibility and wastefulness should be rightly condemned as immoral, in my nannying opinion. – Barry Brown Jul 4 '12 at 6:07
According to a Catholic priest in a sermon a few years back, the key lesson of the story is that the father has such a high capacity for love. – Ward Jul 4 '12 at 6:08
As an aside, note that 'prodigious', from 'prodigy', means'marvellous or enormous'. An area of possible confusion. – Barry Brown Jul 4 '12 at 6:11
_USER_ I didn't mean to imply that "immorality" necessarily refers to sex. That's what I meant by "immoral in a more general sense", i.e. immoral in a sense OTHER THAN being wasteful. If wastefulness is immoral and not just foolish. Anyway, we're supposed to be talking about language and not morals. – Jay Jul 5 '12 at 7:31
Could the father in "the parable of the lost son" really be profligate, even in offering love? "Abandoned to vice or vicious indulgence; recklessly licentious or debauched," the Shorter Oxford says; "broken down in morals or decency" (from Latin "to dash to the ground"): Webster's Second. And Dr. Johnson, cited in SOED:
Profligate in their lives, and licentious in their compositions.
Whereas being prodigal is a minor sin in comparison, "wastefully lavish","lavish in the bestowal of things" SOED. Webster's gives it as
One who spends or gives prodigally; a spendthrift; a squanderer; often a repentant waster like the prodigal son; as, to receive the prodigal with joy. Noble prodigals of life. Archbishop Trench.
In the very effective retelling in the Prokofiev/Kochno/Balanchine ballet, the son, after being fleeced by revelers and a siren, crawls back on his hands and knees to the father, who is remote and unbending and only at the last minute will he give his blessing. In the original parable the father sees the son coming from a distance and runs to meet him, to the extreme disapproval of the older brother.
Incidentally the Greek word πορνῶν that the brother utters, usually translated as prostitute or harlot, is catamite in the first entries of Liddell & Scott, becoming genderless in NT usage - bringing to mind perhaps Nietzsche's quip about God's Greek language skills.
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According to MW, both the word profligate and prodigal both have, at their root, the idea of wasteful extravagance:
Profligate: "wildly extravagant."
Prodigal: <1> characterized by profuse or wasteful expenditure : lavish;
<2> recklessly spendthrift
It is only by extension (and, I imagine, by their connection to the biblical story) that these words have taken on the secondary meaning of "dissipation and licentiousness". Based on these root meanings, both the son and his father (in the parable of the Prodigal) can rightly be designated by these terms -- the son, because of the way he spent all his earnings; and the father, because of the way he extravagantly bestowed love and forgiveness on his son at his return.
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text:
I finally found a straightforward definition of an "acre." Dealing with real property as often as lawyers do, you would think I would have thought to have looked this up before -- or at least got it clear in my mind.
An acre was originally a parcel of a communal field -- a unit of measure of the area of a medieval lord's land that was "given" to a serf for their own use. The unit was an area equal to one furlong in length by one chain in width. That's not very helpful to the modern thinker until you learn that there are eight furlongs in a mile and that there are ten chains in a furlong. The original measurement was in rods, and there are four rods in a chain. ("Rod" is a funny word.)
So the classic acre is 660 feet long and 66 feet wide. That means it is 43,560 square feet of land. A square parcel of land with each side being 208 feet, eight and a half inches long would be almost exactly an acre. There are 640 acres in a square mile. An American "township" is a group of thirty-six square miles, six miles square. If you needed "forty acres and a mule" to survive on the frontier, that meant you needed a square plot of land one-quarter of a mile long on each side.
And a mule.
Acre is also the name of the westernmost of Brazil, bordering Peru. It consists mainly of virgin tropical rain forests and has two major rivers which carry pure, clean water that eventually flow into the Amazon. It is one of the smallest and least populated states of Brazil.
There was a coastal city and fiefdom named Acre which was of great military importance during the Crusades. The most important battle of the Third Crusade was the Battle of Acre. Today, Acre is located in northern Israel, on the bay of Haifa.
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The large ears of the jackrabbit are used in cooling, radiating heat via an extensive network of blood vessels.
Introduction
Jackrabbits live in the desert where they're exposed to extremely hot daytime temperatures, but these animals are able to stay cool by releasing excess heat from their oversized ears.
The Strategy
The jackrabbit's large ears provide an expansive surface area of exposed skin loaded with blood vessels. When the surrounding air temperature is slightly below body temperature, as when it retreats from hot desert sun into shade, the blood vessels in the outer part of its ears widen in a process called vasodilation. This results in greater circulation of warm blood from the body's core to the jackrabbit's ears, where heat is lost to the cooler surrounding air.
This cooling mechanism based on blood circulation helps to prevent overheating and maintain the jackrabbit's body temperature within set boundaries. It's also an important water conservation technique given the jackrabbit's arid habitat, as it reduces the need for evaporative cooling mechanisms, such as panting or sweating, which involve the loss of water. At air temperatures around 86° Fahrenheit (30° Celsius), convection from the jackrabbit's ears can shed all of the animal's excess heat.

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Jackrabbits spend most of their time slowly munching grasses and other plants in very open environments. Their cooling ears provide a break from the heat in these areas without much shade.
The Potential
Jackrabbit ears, like all heat exchangers, depend on surface area. However, most industrial equipment is built from rigid metals that can't "vasodilate." By increasing the diameter of its blood vessels, the jackrabbit effectively increases the surface area over which heat exchange can occur. This could result in more dynamic heat exchanger designs that adapt to improve overall efficiency. In a way, jackrabbits are using their ears as temperature sinks. Imagine homes or other buildings with surfaces that absorbed heat during the day and then retracted inside the home to help warm it during cooler nighttime temperatures.

This summary was contributed by Ashley Meyers.
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Last Updated July 21, 2017


text:
time constant, τ, for the pressure buildup. Thus, using this definition, and rearranging Eq. 11 yields:
A plot of the left side of Eq. 12 vs. (t−t0) is a straight line with slope equal to (1/τ), and intercept equal to zero.
These observations can be used to construct a fast method for finding the correct p*. First, calculate the average slope from an arbitrary early-time portion of the data shown in Table 2. This slope calculation starts at t1, and p1, and ends at t2 and p2. Next calculate the average late-time slope from a later portion of the table. The subscripts for beginning and end of this calculation would be 3 and 4, respectively. Next divide the early-time slope by the late-time slope for a ratio R:
Suppose we choose the second set of data points from Table 2: 2.0825 s and 4300 psia for the beginning of the early-time slope. Suppose further that we select data from sets 5, 9, and 11 as the end of the early time slope, and beginning and end of the late-time slope, respectively, with corresponding subscripts 2, 3, and 4. If we now guess that p* is 4700 psia, then insert these numbers into Eq. 13, the calculated value of R is 1.5270. Because this is greater than 1, the guess was too high. Results of this and other guesses for p* while using the same data above are shown as a curve plot 650 in
In general, for real data, the very early portion of the buildup data should be avoided for the calculations of p*, then k/μ. This fastest portion of the buildup, with high pressure differences, has the greatest thermal distortion due to compressive heating, and has the highest probability of non-Darcy flow. After p* has been determined as described above, the entire data set should be plotted per
Another method according to the present invention can be described with reference to
Equation 14 is valid for non-steady-state conditions as well as steady-state conditions. Formation flow rate qfn can be calculated using Eq. 14 for non-steady-state conditions when C is known reasonably accurately to determine points along the plot of
Steady-state conditions will simplify Eq. 14 because (pn−1−pn)=0. Under steady state conditions, known tool parameters and measured values may be used to determine points along the straight line region of
In Eq. 15, m=(p*−pss)/qpump. The units for k/μ are in md/cp, pn and p* are in psia, ri is in cm, qfn is in cm3/s, Vpump and V0 are in cm3, C is in psi−1, and t is in s. Each pressure on the straight line is a steady state pressure at the given flow rate (or draw rate).
In practice, a deviation from a straight line near zero formation flow rate (filtrate) may be an indicator of drilling mud leakage into the tool (flow rate approximately zero). The deviation at high flow rates is typically a non-Darcy effect. However, the formation pressure can be determined by extending the straight line to an intercept with zero draw rate. The calculated formation pressure p* should equal a measured formation pressure within a negligible margin of error.
The purpose of a pressure test is to determine the pressure in the reservoir and determine the mobility of fluid in that reservoir. A procedure adjusting the piston draw rate until the pressure reading is constant (zero slope) provides the information to determine pressure and mobility independently of a "stable" pressure build up using a constant volume.
Some advantages of this procedure are quality assurance through self-validation of a test where a stable build up pressure is observed, and quality assurance through comparison of drawdown mobility with build up mobility. Also, when a build up portion of a test is not available (in the cases of lost probe seal or excessive build up time), p* provides the formation pressure.
The procedure begins by using a MWD tool as described in
Phase II of the test 704 begins when the tool pressure drops below the formation pressure p*. The slope of the pressure curve changes due to formation fluid beginning to enter the test volume. The change in slope is determined by using a downhole processor to calculate a slope from the measurements taken at two time intervals within the Phase. If the draw rate were held constant, the tool pressure would tend to stabilize at a pressure below p*.
The draw rate is increased at a predetermined time 706 to begin Phase 3 of the test. The increased draw rate reduces the pressure in the tool. As the pressure decreases, the flow rate of formation fluid into the tool increases. The tool pressure would tend to stabilize at a tool pressure lower than the pressure experienced during Phase II, because the draw rate is greater in Phase III than in Phase II. The draw rate is decreased again at a time 708 beginning Phase IV of the test when interval measurements indicate that pressure in the tool is approaching stabilization.
The draw rate may then be slowed or stopped so that pressure in the tool begins building. The curve slope changes sign when pressure begins to increase, and the change initiates Phase V 710 where the draw rate is then increased to stabilize the pressure. The stabilized pressure is indicated when pressure measurements yield zero slope. The draw down piston rate is then decreased for Phase VI 712 to allow buildup until the pressure again stabilizes. When the pressure is stabilized, the drawdown piston is stopped at Phase VII 714, and the pressure within the tool is allowed to build until the tool pressure stabilizes at the formation pressure pf. The test is then complete and the controller equalizes the test volume 716 to the hydrostatic pressure of the annulus. The tool can then be retracted and moved to a new location or removed from the borehole.
Stabilized pressures determined during Phase V 710 and Phase VI, 712 along with the corresponding piston rates, are used by the downhole processor to determine a curve as in
Other embodiments using one or more of the method elements discussed above are also considered within the scope of this invention. Still referring to
Another embodiment of the present invention includes Phase 1702, Phase II 704, Phase VI 712, Phase VII 714 and the equalization procedure 716. This method is used in very low permeability formations or when the probe seal is lost. Phase II would not be as distinct a deviation as shown, so the straight line portion 703 of Phase I would seem to extend well below the formation pressure pf.
In operation, sampling and measuring instrument 13 is positioned within borehole 10 by winding or unwinding cable 12 from hoist 19, around which cable 12 is spooled. Depth information from depth indicator 20 is coupled to signal processor 21 and recorder 22 when instrument 13 is disposed adjacent an earth formation of interest. Electrical control signals from control circuits 23 including a processor (not shown) are transmitted through electrical conductors contained within cable 12 to instrument 13.
These electrical control signals activate an operational hydraulic pump within the hydraulic power system 14 shown, which provides hydraulic power for instrument operation and which provides hydraulic power causing the well engaging pad member 17 and the fluid admitting member 18 to move laterally from instrument 13 into engagement with the earth formation 11 and the bi-directional pumping member 19. Fluid admitting member or sampling probe 18 can then be placed in fluid communication with the earth formation 11 by means of electrical controlled signals from control circuits 23 selectively activating solenoid valves within instrument 13 for the taking of a sample of any producible connate fluids contained in the earth formation of intent. Apparatus 300 is contained in the tool.
As illustrated in the partial sectional and schematic view of
The present example of the invention runs FRA at the end of each pumping piston stroke on the suction side of the pump while the formation is building up to determine mobility, compressibility and correlation coefficient. The present invention provides a plot of mobility versus time as a deliverable to a sampling client as an indication of confidence of the integrity of the sample. The FRA plots pressure versus formation flow rate as shown in
The plot of pressure as a function of time yields the formation pressure, P* as a result of solving the equation P(t)=P*−[reciprocal of mobility]×[formation flow rate]. The slope of this plot is negative and the y intercept is P* with P on the vertical axis. The reciprocal of the plot is the mobility. The degree to which the plot matches a straight line is the correlation coefficient. When the correlation coefficient falls below 0.8, a problem is indicated. The present invention will give an up arrow indication to the operator to increase pump speed when the formation is capable of delivering single-phase formation fluid at a faster pumping speed and a down arrow to decrease pump speed when the pumping speed exceeds the formation's ability to deliver single-phase formation fluid at the existing pumping speed.
The pump volumes of chambers 62 and 64 are known and the position and rate of movement for the pistons 58 and 60 are known from LMP 47 so that FRA is performed on the bi-directional pump at the end of each pump stroke. As the draw down rate and pump volumes are known by the position of the piston and rate of change of position and the dimensions of the chamber 62 and 64, the draw down volume is also known or can be calculated.
Psaturation−P*=−(1/mobility)(formation rate). Psaturation


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A multi-stage rocket
 1. Feb 26, 2008 #1
 I was hoping someone could help me with this homework problem that has me stumped. Any assistance would be appreciated.
 Suppose the first stage of a two-stage rocket has total mass 1.30×10^4 kg, of which 1.10×10^4 kg is fuel. The total mass of the second stage is 1000 kg, of which 700 kg is fuel. Assume that the relative speed v_ex of ejected material is constant, and ignore any effect of gravity. (The effect of gravity is small during the firing period if the rate of fuel consumption is large.)
 A) Suppose the entire fuel supply carried by the two-stage rocket is utilized in a single-stage rocket with the same total mass of 1.40×10^4 kg. In terms of v_ex, what is the speed of the rocket, starting from rest, when its fuel is exhausted?
 B)For the two-stage rocket, what is the speed when the fuel of the first stage is exhausted if the first stage carries the second stage with it to this point? This speed then becomes the initial speed of the second stage. At this point, the second stage separates from the first stage.
 C)What is the final speed of the second stage?
 D)What value of v_ex is required to give the second stage of the rocket a speed of 6.00 km/s?
 2. jcsd
 3. Feb 26, 2008 #2
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 We don't do your homework for you. Please show some work. What are the relevant equations for this kind of problem?
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text:
Bold and vibrant, these futuristic postcards depict scenes of space travel as envisioned by nine artists, designers, and illustrators working in "The Studio" at NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL) in California.
The brightly colored oversize prints in this Visions of the Future set stretch to the very edges of each card, and are digitally printed at a local, minority-owned union printing company in California. The cardstock is heavyweight (130-lb./352 GSM) silk cover paper. Postcards require a first-class stamp and have a semi-glossy finish; each back contains detailed background information about its imagery as well as a paragraph explaining the NASA JPL.
From NASA: "Imagination is our window into the future. At NASA/JPL we strive to be bold in advancing the edge of possibility so that someday, with the help of new generations of innovators and explorers, these visions of the future can become a reality. As you look through these images of imaginative travel destinations, remember that you can be an architect of the future."
Size: 5" x 7"
Artist: NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
Printed in: USA