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I am a bit confused about a sentence I came across in an anki deck:
I know that that 誰 means "who" and も means "also", but the translation it gives me is:
"No one knows that story."
Someone please explain.
Thank you n_n
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2 Answers 2
up vote 5 down vote accepted
by itself does not mean 'who'. Nor does always mean 'also'. Words like are called indeterminates, and are more essential than wh-words (It can be a part of the meaning of a wh-word; Not wh-word itself). only means'some variable (something that does not have a fixed reference) that ranges over people'. Depending on what particle it is used with, it would be translated into different words in English:
誰 who
誰か someone
誰も anyone/everyone
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Thank you so much! I haven't learned about indeterminates yet. You were very helpful. It makes a lot of sense now. n_n – kraftydinosaur Dec 1 '11 at 20:21
used with a negative verb 誰も means no one or nobody.
誰もその卑わいな冗談を笑わなかった。No one laughed at the obscene joke.
Used with a regular verb (positive?) it can mean anyone, anybody, everybody or everyone.
誰もがその話を知っている。Everyone knows that story.
誰もそのことに異存［異論］はない。Everyone agrees about that. （No one objects to that.)
here are a number of examples _URL_
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Thank you! The examples are very helpful. – kraftydinosaur Dec 1 '11 at 20:22
[誰もその話を知っている。Everyone knows that story.] - Shouldn't that be 誰でも or 誰もが? – istrasci Dec 1 '11 at 23:09
I also was going to ask about 誰でも. So does it mean everyone or anyone? Or something else entirely? – dotnetN00b Mar 6 '12 at 3:48
_USER_ it can mean everyone, anyone or noone when used with ない. depends on context: eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=誰でも&ref=sa – yadokari Mar 6 '12 at 17:00
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For the genus of fungi, see Gibellina (fungus).
Comune di Gibellina
Coat of arms of Gibellina
Coat of arms
Gibellina is located in Italy
Location of Gibellina in Italy
Coordinates: 37°49′N 12°52′E / 37.817°N 12.867°E / 37.817; 12.867
Country Italy
Region Sicily
Province Trapani (TP)
 - Mayor Arch Rosario Fontana (since 02/06/2010)
 - Total 45 km2 (17 sq mi)
Elevation 233 m (764 ft)
Population (2010)
 - Total 4,298
 - Density 96/km2 (250/sq mi)
Demonym Gibellinesi
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 - Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 91024
Dialing code 0924
Patron saint Saint Roch
Saint day 16 August
Website Official website
Gibellina (Sicilian: Gibbiddina) is a small city and comune in the mountains of central Sicily, Italy in the Province of Trapani. It was destroyed by the 1968 Belice earthquake.[1]
The new city, Gibellina Nuova, was rebuilt some 11 kilometres (7 mi) distant from the old one. The new city was designed by many of the most prominent artists and architects in Italy, but done in a piecemeal fashion so that the parts of the new city bear little relation to one another or to the indigenous architecture of Sicily.
Ruderi di Gibellina (as the ruins of the city are now referred to) remained just as it was after the earthquake, practically a ghost-town. Artist Alberto Burri covered the entirety of the ruins in concrete, while preserving the shape of the buildings and the streetscape. Additionally, Italian sculptor Pietro Consagra and Senator Ludovico Corrao formed an open air museum with a Consagra sculpture "Porta del Belice" or "Door to Belice" at the entrance. Consagra expressed a wish to be buried at Gibellina on his deathbed in July 2005.[2]
Ruderi di Gibellina by Gabriel Valentini


Students Against Depression
Harmless support people and their families who have issues surrounding self harm in the UK with a range of user led solutions. They also offer services to local government and organisations wanting more information about this condition. They also manage the Tomorrow Project which is a support structure for people who have suicidal thoughts.
PAPYRUS (prevention of young suicide)
PAPYPRUS is a charity that works in suicide prevention for young people. They run a national helpline as well as text and email support services. They are staffed by a team of mental health professionals who provide practical help and advice to vulnerable young people and to those concerned about any young person who may be at risk of suicide.


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Making Good Habits
So you're ready to make your wearable and you are going to start sewing with conductive thread, that's great! But you need to make sure you have these things done before getting to that point:
 - Pick the right Conductive Thread
 - Draw out the circuit and triple check the orientation of each component.
 - Test your hardware and software before sewing them into a circuit that's difficult to correct.
 - Do not cross threads in a circuit unless you take protective measures - crosses will create a short.
Conductive threads
There are several different conductive threads, but the main two types in textile projects are silver-coated nylon, and stainless steel thread made entirely of stainless steel.
Silver-Coated Nylon
Silver-coated nylon has a base of nylon, so it is most like regular thread when hand sewing the conducitve thread.
 - Easy to work with due to flexible nylon core
 - Cannot be soldered - the nylon base will not survive
 - Varying amounts of resistance in different silver threads so this will need to be checked
Stainless Steel Thread
Stainless Steed thread is spun out of real steel fibers.
 - Reliably low resistances
 - Can be soldered
 - The steel fibers grab onto fabric easily, so there is some skill involved to keep it untangled
Draw Out Connections Before Sewing
Once you start a project that has more than one or two components, drawing out your circuits becomes especially important. You can use these steps to draw it out:
 1. Lay out all the parts you're going to use on a blank piece of paper.
 2. Do any research you need in order to determine which pins should be connected.
 3. Draw the connections in the best way to minimize any crossing threads so that you have a guide to follow while you sew the components.
If you are using two different sides of fabric, (ie. a shirt with LEDs on the front, and the processor concealed on the other side of the fabric) make sure when you draw out your circuit that all components are oriented in the way they will be sewed.
I recently thought myself bulletproof with a wearable. I followed the golden rule of testing my program with hardware that I use for testing, and put brand new components into a circuit that was made with love, needle pricks, and a lot of time. I took extra time with every stitch to conceal my hardware and make everything look seamless, and did not test anything until every stitch was completed. When I went to upload my program, nothing worked and I had to trace back through my circuit and undo stitches and components until I was back to a working condition.
Always test the exact hardware that's going into your project so you don't end up getting frustrated and ditching your project! As you build your projects, try to plan simple tests along the way to get progress updates so you know when and where issues are if they occur. For example, if you are using 10 RGB LEDs in your project, test after each one is sewn into the circuit so you know if there are any shorts or other problems.
Get cables to simulate your threaded connections, and test test test.
Crossing Stitches without Shorts!
If you come to a point where you still have crossing stitches, there is a safe workaround.
 1. Make all the stitches necessary for the first thread.
 2. Find a spare piece of fabric.
 3. Sew the spare fabric on top of the first thread using regular thread that is not conductive. Make sure to note where the bottom fabric is mentally or by drawing it on the extra fabric.
 4. Keeping in mind where the first thread is sewn, sew the second thread on top of the extra fabric that is protecting the first thread.
Ta-da! Now you can build any circuit without worrying about shorts from unavoidable thread crossings!
Contact Us
Thanks for making with us!


2
$\begingroup$
I have the following function of five parameters of which I would like to construct a 3D density plot using Plot3D
d = 4 (12 g1^2 + 12 g2^2 + 12 g3^2 - Γ^2 + Γ κ1 - κ1^2 + (Γ + κ1) κ2 - κ2^2)^3 + (36 g1^2 (Γ + κ1 - 2 κ2) + (36 g3^2 - (Γ + κ1 - 2 κ2) (2 Γ - κ1 - κ2)) (Γ - 2 κ1 + κ2) + 36 g2^2 (-2 Γ + κ1 + κ2))^2
I then do
solg3 = g3 /.Solve[d == 0, g3] /. {Γ -> 0.01, κ1 -> 1, κ2 -> 20};
And plot
Plot3D[solg3, {g1, 0, 2.5}, {g2, 0, 8}, ImageSize -> Large, PlotRange -> All, RegionFunction -> Function[{g1, g2, solg3}, solg3 >= 0]]
I am returned with
enter image description here
At this point, I am seeing a lot of jagged lines on the contour and I'm not sure why this is happening. Firstly, it can be seen that there are six solutions to solg3 but I only want positive values of g3 hence there are only three contours. However, I'm puzzled by the appearance of those jagged lines on the lower edges of the contour surface. Why is this happening? And why are there gaps? Is it saying that g3 is complex in those regions?
$\endgroup$
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ try the option MaxRecursion with a large value (say MaxRecursion -> 10) and increase PlotPoints (say PlotPoints->200) $\endgroup$ – kglr Jun 13 '19 at 21:09
 - $\begingroup$ If you don't know this, the LeafCount of solg3 is about 2800. peek at the FullForm of your function to see what you are expecting it to precisely plot. Simplify makes it even worse! Is there any way you can simplify that function 50 or 100 fold? PlotPoints->5 makes it less jagged, but I'm expecting that won't be acceptable either. $\endgroup$ – Bill Jun 13 '19 at 21:26
 - $\begingroup$ @kglr The plot is still simplifying past 20 minutes. I do not think that having MaxRecursion of 10 and PlotPoints of 200 is tractable. Any other ideas? $\endgroup$ – kowalski Jun 13 '19 at 21:33
 - $\begingroup$ @Bill That is the best I can do in simplifying d. And PlotPoints of 5 is not enough. Any other suggestions? $\endgroup$ – kowalski Jun 13 '19 at 21:35
3
$\begingroup$
Looks like a job for ContpurPlot3D:
dd = d /. {Γ -> 0.01, κ1 -> 1, κ2 -> 20};
ContourPlot3D[
 dd == 0,
 {g1, 0, 2.5}, {g2, 0, 8}, {g3, 0, 4},
 AxesLabel -> {"g1", "g2", "g3"},
 MaxRecursion -> 5
 ]
enter image description here
The result is still a bit jagged (at other places; try also different values of MaxRecursion), but much less.
$\endgroup$
 - $\begingroup$ Thanks this looks like what I'm looking for! My question is, given that the solution to dd == 0 has 6 solutions, shouldn't I be seeing 6 different contours? Or at least 3 of them since the other 3 is simply the negative of the former. $\endgroup$ – kowalski Jun 14 '19 at 15:13
 - $\begingroup$ ContourPlot3D employs purely numerical techniques (most likely bisection techniques for root finding). This is why it cannot distinguish the algebraic branches of the solition set. ContourPlot3D does apply different colors for different levelsets, though. $\endgroup$ – Henrik Schumacher Jun 14 '19 at 15:18
 - $\begingroup$ The equations might have six solutions in the complex numbers. Notice however, that (i) we limit the search range by {g1, 0, 2.5}, {g2, 0, 8}, {g3, 0, 4} and that (ii) ContourPlot3D ignores all nonreal solutions. $\endgroup$ – Henrik Schumacher Jun 14 '19 at 15:19
 - $\begingroup$ I will have to look up on applying the colors separately for separate contours on the plot. I would, ideally, match the colors that I obtained from Plot3D but I'm skeptical of the plot regions, especially the jagged ones. $\endgroup$ – kowalski Jun 14 '19 at 15:26
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Can Traffic Cameras Be Used Against You? What You Need to Know
traffic camera in the urban
Running red lights is one of the top causes of accidents, accounting for thousands of deaths and tens of thousands of injuries each year in the U.S. Because this is such a serious problem, cities across the country have started to add more and more traffic cameras to promote safety and reduce accidents at intersections.
If you've been involved in a collision at an intersection, you might be wondering whether traffic camera footage can be used against you in a personal injury case, or if this footage may be useful to your claim. While violators caught on camera will often receive a ticket for the infraction, it is possible that more severe consequences could come if you're involved in a crash.
What Is the Purpose of Traffic Cameras?
Red light cameras and speed cameras are intended to help law enforcement monitor traffic and deter violations by recording video footage of activity around red lights and speed-restricted areas, respectively.
Q: How do traffic cameras work?
A: Most of the time, red-light cameras are only triggered when violators run red lights at monitored intersections. Speed cameras are only activated when drivers cruise past them while exceeding the legal speed limit. However, mistakes sometimes happen.
Q: Are Traffic Cameras Legal?
A: Not everywhere in the United States, but law enforcement agencies are permitted to operate both speed cameras and red light cameras in most locations throughout Alabama.
How Are Traffic Cameras Used Against You?
If you've received a traffic camera violation ticket, you're probably expecting some kind of a fine, but how else could traffic cameras be used against you?
Q: Do you have to pay for traffic camera tickets?
A: Generally speaking, yes. Traffic camera tickets are enforceable throughout Alabama, so unless you win a successful challenge to your ticket, you will have to pay the given fee.
Q: How much could my ticket cost?
A: This depends on your particular jurisdiction and the nature of your violation, but could be as much as $110 after administrative fees.
Traffic Camera Video in a Car Crash Case
So, what happens if you're in an accident involving a traffic violation that was recorded by a red light camera or speed camera? Again, the answer depends on your jurisdiction and the specific types of traffic light cams they use.
Some cameras just capture still images of license plates or seconds-long video of the events surrounding a traffic violation. Others give law enforcement agencies access to 24/7 footage and recordings of all activity.
Both types of recordings could be useful in your car crash case but may be challenging to obtain. An experienced Montgomery auto accident lawyer can help.
Disputing a Traffic Camera Ticket
If you believe you have received a traffic camera ticket in error, you may feel unsure of what to do. It's common to feel pressured to pay your fine to avoid trouble, but you do have the option to dispute your ticket.
With the help of a dedicated attorney, you may be able to fight back by demonstrating that:
 - You were not driving the vehicle in question when the traffic violation occurred.
 - The flagged behavior was not a traffic violation, only mistakenly labeled as such by automated systems or human reviewers.
 - The traffic cameras were not adequately marked or otherwise used properly.
Contact a Car Accident Lawyer Today
If you were involved in an accident at an intersection that may have been recorded by a traffic camera, contact the Alabama car accident lawyers at Stokes Stemle, LLC today. We provide free consultations to discuss your accident, and we'll collect no fees unless we win compensation for you.
Call us now or contact us online to learn more.


text:
standard for electrical signals in CMOS circuits used to
provide higher data transfer speeds with smaller voltage
swings [compared with what?].
The GTL signal swings between 0.4 volts and 1.2 volts with a
reference voltage of about 0.8 volts. Only a small deviation
of 0.4 volts (or thereabouts) from the reference voltage is
required to switch between on and off states. Therefore, a
GTL signal is said to be a low voltage swing logic signal.
Gunning Transceiver Logic has several advantages. The
resistive termination of a GTL signal provides a clean
signalling environment [what?]. Moreover, the low terminating
voltage of 1.2 volts results in reduced voltage drops across
the resistive elements. GTL has low power dissipation and can
operate at high frequency and causes less electromagnetic
GTL/BTL: A Low-Swing Solution for High-Speed Digital Logic.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Major Section: PROGRAMMING
(Reverse x) is the result of reversing the order of the
elements of the list or string
The guard for
reverse requires that its argument is a true list
or a string.
Reverse is defined in Common Lisp. See any Common Lisp
documentation for more information.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The Presidential Chain of Office and the University Mace were created by Mary Sartor, M.F.A., University of Colorado Boulder. Both were gifts to the university by Mr. and Mrs. David G. Hawthorn, Class of 1924.Colorado gold and silver are used in both pieces to symbolize the importance of these minerals to the history of the state. The chain's gem stones also consist entirely of minerals from Colorado.
The Presidential Chain of Office
The chain, created in 1980 for the inauguration of President Arnold R. Weber, holds three suspended pendants. The back pendant is the seal of the state of Colorado surrounded by a golden ribbon representing the golden circle of knowledge. The top pendant in the front is the seal of the University of Colorado surmounted by an arch set with diamonds and topaz, signifying the necessary link between the search for knowledge and its practical application to the world beyond the university. The laurel wreaths that decorate the bottom of the seal symbolize honor and success. At the center of the bottom pendant is a gold topaz indicating humankind's quest for knowledge. The surrounding ring is paved with fragmented cubes and diamonds.
The University Mace
The mace was created for the commencement ceremonies of May 1984. The foot of the scepter is encased in sterling silver bound in 14-karat gold, ending in an intaglio of the seal of Colorado. The shaft of the mace was carved from a black walnut tree thought to have been one of the saplings given to the settlers of the Colorado Territory by President Abraham Lincoln. Sterling silver is also used in the crown, and the university seal is bound in gold and supported by an inner rod of gold surrounded by eight arching tapered silver ribs. At the base, the motto of the university, translated as "Let your light shine," circles the crown in Greek characters. The wooden staff is bound at uneven intervals in gold and silver rings.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Latest news
Bushcraft Day Inspires Year 7
Writing a History of Skipton's Aireville School was a labour of love for former teacher John Tomlinson. In the book John tells how the school started its education journey at its current site in April 1958 and how over the years it has changed, developed, and adapted to meet the needs of a changing community, changing demographic, and a changing need for the school site.
Mr Tomlinson said he had wanted to write a history of the school for some time, as it had played a large part in his life. Another former teacher, David Eager, who taught history at the school, had produced a leaflet some years ago, but he felt it was time to 'expand on David's work'. Through the process of writing the book, Mr Tomlinson talked to many former headteachers, past colleagues, and former students. The work involved collating photos, trawling archives of documents, and reading through many Craven Herald archives from over the years. The book explored how national and local events have moulded the school and its development, how the site and its buildings have changed, as well as the staff and pupils, the many changes in education over the years.
All copies of the book have now sold out and Mr Tomlinson has very generously donated £500 from the sales. Principal Richard McManus commented how appreciative the school were with the very generous donation, which was going to be used to enhance students' experience. After a challenging year for many pupils, it was decided that the money would be used to help support the youngest students in the school. The year group missed out on a traditional transition and due to the many restrictions placed on schools due to Covid19, the money helped them take part in a Bushcraft day.
The day provided students with the opportunity to supplement their standard curriculum with opportunities to learn bushcraft, wilderness, and survival skills, such as fire lighting, shelter building, outdoor cooking, and afforded them the opportunity for pupils to develop their hard and soft skills. Students also developed their confidence, team-working, and leadership skills. On the day, the students had the opportunity to take advantage of the extensive grounds, an opportunity to enjoy the glorious weather, and complete the many activities offered to them. Students commented how enjoyable the day was, the chance to make and meet new people in their year group and work together to complete all the challenges set.
Reviewing the day, Richard McManus commented, in addition to having an amazing time with their friends, learning to work in teams, and building new skills, the students have recognised how they can contribute to the well-being of others by acquiring important and lifelong life-saving skills
< Back to all news stories


Edit Article
Tomatoes are not only food a person can eat, but also it can help refresh your face and reduce any pimples.
 1. 1
 Wash and dry your face before starting.
 2. 2
 Cut a tomato in half.
 3. 3
 Pour about a spoonful of sugar in a shallow dish.
 4. 4
 Gently press the tomato half into the sugar.
 5. 5
 Press the tomato half onto your face and move it around in circles.
 6. 6
 Wait 10 minutes.
 7. 7
 Wash your face and feel fresh.
 - It's good to do this method twice a week.
 - Avoid putting too much sugar on the tomato.
 - Discard the used tomato half afterwards.
Things You'll Need
 - Sugar
 - Shallow dish
 - 1/2 tomato
 - Knife
Article Info
Categories: Handmade Cosmetics | Facial Preparations
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Español: usar un tomate para limpiar tu piel, Italiano: Usare il Pomodoro per Pulire la Pelle, Русский: использовать помидоры для очистки кожи, Português: Usar um Tomate para Limpar a sua Pele
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text:
William Henry Lytton Earle Bulwer, Baron Dalling and Bulwer
Bulwer, William Henry Lytton Earle, Baron Dalling and Bulwer (bŏlˈwər; lĭtˈən) [key], 1801–72, English diplomat and author; brother of the novelist Edward Bulwer-Lytton. He was known most of his life as Sir Henry Bulwer. Although he sat in Parliament for some years (1830–37, 1868–71), he was most prominent as a diplomat. As secretary of the embassy in Constantinople (1837–38) he secured a commercial treaty with Turkey. He was ambassador to Spain (1843–48) during the affair of the Spanish Marriages (see Isabella II) but was ordered to leave by the dictator Ramón Narváez, whom he offended. As minister to Washington (1849–52), he concluded the important Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850. Among his later diplomatic posts were Florence, Bucharest, and, again, Constantinople (1858–65). He was created a baron in 1871. His writings include An Autumn in Greece (1826), France: Social, Literary, and Political (1834–36), Historical Characters (1867), and biographies of Lord Byron (1835) and Viscount Palmerston (1870–74, unfinished).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: British and Irish History: Biographies


text:
|START Conference Manager|
This paper reports an exploratory reusability study of digital learning material. Materials from eight university professors and the corresponding interviews by chat were collected and analyzed from qualitative inquiry perspective and using grounded theory method. Sensitizing initial concepts from education, design, computer and information science were used in the initial approach to collect data, but the analysis results were rooted in actual material and chat texts. The research team was composed of three researchers and two assistants; group discussions led to the collection and analysis of data. The findings suggest that: (1) learning promotion, (2) access, (3) emotional appeal, (4) technical suitability, (5) effective graphical and textual communication, (6) creativity, (7) collaboration, and (8) subject authority are related to reusability. These categories offer the structural elements to design and implement digital learning material collections. The latter are the basis for knowledge management oriented systems aimed at sharing and preserving digital learning materials.
Program Track: Posters and Demos Submission Type: Poster
START Conference Manager (V2.56.8 - Rev. 1261)


text:
This study investigates the relationship between regional precipitation and large-scale climate variations. The Waikato is an economically important region of New Zealand that is dependant on a reliable source of precipitation for agriculture and hydroelectric power generation, but is also prone to flooding. Previous long-term precipitation studies have represented this region by a single rain gauge. This study has incorporated more data from more rain gauges and extended the analysis period to 107 years, 1900–2007.
The meteorological causes of extreme precipitation events within the region were examined. This identified that heavy precipitation is associated with periods of increased baroclinicity that produces a rapid sequence of mid-latitude cyclones or the presence of a blocking high to the east of New Zealand.
A regionally representative time series was used to compare known climate variations to the occurrence and magnitude of extreme precipitation events. Since 1900 there have been no significant variations in the total annual precipitation nor in the occurrence or magnitude of extreme precipitation events, indicating that the precipitation resource in this region is dependable. Events were also uncorrelated to the large-scale Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Southern Annular Mode indicating that the seasonal probability of extreme precipitation is independent of these circulations. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society


text:
Via: Numedeon, Inc – Whyville Launches Innovative Avatar Based Education Program To Help Children Cope With Stress
Working in collaboration with the MassachusettsSchool of Professional Psychology, Numedeon (please find also Whyville:Serious Games Inspiring Children's Fashion) last week launched an innovative new avatar -based effort to provide children mechanisms for coping with emotional concerns in their own lives.
Designed to introduce coping skills and techniques to children, a simulated avatar wanders into Whyville chat rooms and profess to be upset. Whyvillians in the chat rooms select question envelopes and then work together to figure out what is wrong, subsequently picking advice envelopes to offer to the avatar in distress. When sufficient appropriate advice has been offered, the avatar is no longer distressed and Whyvillians are rewarded with a "clam storm", in which Whyville's virtual currency rains from the sky.
In the few days since launch, more than 10,000 children have opened more than 100,000 question envelopes in an effort to better understand the emotional malady of the wandering avatar. Numedeon intends to expand this project to additional forms of emotional challenges for children.


text: The Lotus Diagram Ground Rules Classroom Mission created by students Statements Quality tools and PDSA used regularly Classroom Meetings facilitated by students The Continuous Improvement Classroom Student-led conferences Classroom and Student Measurable Goals Classroom Data Centers Student Data Folders Lotus Diagram Overview • A lotus diagram is an analytical, organizational tool for breaking broad topics into components, which can then be further organized, analyzed or prioritized. • It is a picture of the separate components of a topic. It provides a common understanding of the components of the topic. What is a Lotus Diagram • A visual of the components of a whole • Organizational tool for: foster thinking, analyzing, prioritizing, categorizing When? • Teams or individuals need a process for organizing and prioritizing components of a larger whole • Examine complex systems • Organize thoughts • Organize brainstorming around a theme or topic Why? • Defines the topic being studied • Fosters thinking skills • Organize ideas • Identify relationships Quality Tools Lotus Diagram Brainstorming Affinity Diagram Pareto Diagram Quality tools Nominal Group Technique Cause & Effect Fishbone Flow Chart Run Chart Student Project Example Topic: Civil War • creative thought and critical analysis as students explore new ideas. • lotus allows students to examine a variety of related areas, enriching a class's understanding of the war in the context of its time. Some of the outcomes of the war Lotus as a Planning Tool The lotus was used to gather information for a research project. It was colored coded to differentiate between topics. Lotus in a Kindergarten Classroom Other Uses of the Lotus Diagram? Uses of the Lotus Diagram?


text:
EBP Compendium: Summary of Systematic Review
Current Practice, Accuracy, Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of the School Entry Hearing Screen
Bamford, J., Fortnum, H., et al.
Health Technology Assessment 11(32).
Indicators of Review Quality:
The review addresses a clearly focused question
Criteria for inclusion of studies are provided
Search strategy is described in sufficient detail for replication
Included studies are assessed for study quality
Quality assessments are reproducible
Description: This health technology assessment contains a systematic review of systematic reviews and comparative studies addresing the effectiveness of school entry hearing screening.
How accurate are the tests used in school-based hearing screening in terms of sensitivity and specificity?
What is the performance of school-based hearing screening in terms of yield and uptake?
What is the effectiveness of school-based hearing screening in terms of language, education and social outcomes of children?
What are the adverse effects of school-based hearing screening?
Population: Children ages 4-6 years
Intervention/Assessment: Hearing screening
Number of Studies Included: 28
Years Included: Through 2005
Lack of quality evidence and poor comparability between studies limit the conclusions which can be drawn as to the effectiveness of school entry screening. (abstract)
Keywords: Hearing Screening
Access the Review
Added to Compendium: December 2011


text: Kevin Kelly does a short essay on adaptive peaks vs. wells (or basins). Inverting the landscape leads to a different way of thinking about the energy required to adapt, and therefore to the strategies needed to get to a local (or general) optimum. Is the optimum attractive (like a basin) or do we have to fight gravity to get there (a mountain)? Does the going get easier as we get near, or harder? Do we know when we're moving in the right direction, or when to change strategies?


text:
What is wheel hop?
Wheel hop is a nasty action whereby the driven wheels of a car voilently shake, vibrate, hop, grab,
and/or thump upon acceleration. It's usually quite obvious when your car suffers from this condition,
for it sounds and feels like your car fell off a garage lift three times every second. Wheel hop
doesn't just feel bad - it's bad for your car, too. For reasons that will be explained below, wheel hop
can lead to broken drivetrain parts, including axles and rear differentials on a rear-wheel-drive car,
and axles and transmissions on a front-wheel-drive car. If your car wheel hops - get it fixed!
What causes wheel hop?
A lot of people don't know why wheel hop occurs, which often leads to them throwing the incorrect parts
at the car in an effort to eliminate the issue. Fortunately understanding (and correcting) wheel hop is
not difficult. Here is what happens. When a car accelerates, you can picture the forces involved as
something (the ground) pushing the driven wheels of the car forward. Obviously if you push the wheels
forward, the car is going to move forward also. However, the wheels are not rigidly fixed to the
chassis, so when the ground pushes on the wheels, they move forward a bit in the wheel well. Normally a
car's acceleration is so small that this motion is negligible, but when a car accelerates quickly,
especially during a launch, the wheels can move forward quite a bit in the wheel wells. As the wheels
move forward, significant toe changes occur. Now, everybody knows that a tire can provide the most grip
when it is perpendicular to the ground, parallel with the acceleration, and pressurized to provide the
optimal contact patch. That being said, if the toe of the driven wheels changes during acceleration,
the grip of the tire must be changing. Wheel hop is a result of this change in grip. Here is the
sequence of events:
1.) Acceleration begins with good grip.
2.) The wheels move forward, toe changes, and available grip is reduced. Wheelspin occurs.
3.) During wheelspin, acceleration is very small. The wheels move back again, toe changes back, and the
tire regains grip.
4.) Acceleration begins again, and the process repeats itself.
This rapid switching between grippy acceleration and wheelspin is wheel hop. My above description of
the wheel hop process sounds tame, but the frequency of the grip changes and the magnitude of the forces
involved is what makes wheel hop so violent. Race tires can prevent wheel hop since they have more grip
(i.e., they don't lose grip even with the toe change), but cars that wheel hop with race tires will do
so in a much more violent fashion.
How do I get rid of wheel hop?
Getting rid of wheel hop really isn't difficult. If you can limit the motion of the wheel with respect
to the chassis, then the toe changes during acceleration will be small and the tire will not suddenly
lose grip. If the tire does lose grip (common on a high-HP car of course), then it won't suddenly regain
grip due to the wheel moving back to it's static position. How do you keep the wheel from moving with
respect to the chassis? Well, assuming your car has reasonably rigid suspension arms, then all you need
to look at are the suspension bushings! The wheel can move with respect to the chassis because the
bushings flex...especially old, stock rubber bushings. Sometimes simply replacing old rubber bushings
with new rubber bushings is all that is required. However, on a modified car that posesses more
horsepower than the designer's intended, upgrading to stiffer materials like nylon or polyurethane may
be required. The ultimate solution is to use rod ends or spherical bearings at every suspension joint,
but that is unreasonable unless your car will never again see public roadways. Anyway, by simply
upgrading your bushings, the suspension bushings will not flex as much under strong acceleration, the
wheel will not move far forward in the wheel well, the toe of the car will not appreciably change, and
your tires will not lose grip. Wheel hop will have been eliminated.
In some cases weak shocks can allow a perturbed wheel to continue hopping up and down since the motion
is not damped. This is a less likely scenario, but shocks should not be ruled out as a potential
What doesn't get rid of wheel hop?
As mentioned earlier, a lot of people throw the wrong parts at the car in an effort to eliminate wheel
hop. First, springs and sway bars will generally not do anything to promote or prevent wheel hop.
Additionally, suspension settings, such as camber and toe, will generally not help the issue. It is the
change in toe that leads to wheel hop, not the static setting. Tires do not cause wheel hop, though
they do determine the grip level at which wheel hop occurs. For example, race tires, with their
increased grip over street tires, will not break traction until you reach a higher level of
acceleration. Some people might think that race tires solved their wheel hop problems, but in truth they
merely changed their "wheel hop acceleration threshold" from a level below their launch acceleration to
a level above their launch acceleration. Once they increase their horsepower to the point where they can
accelerate enough to once again reach that threshold, their wheel hop will return.
Limited-slip differentials will also not prevent wheel hop. They may increase the acceleration threshold
at which wheel hop occurs (much like installing race tires), but once again an increase in horsepower
will eventually reintroduce the problem.
Check your shocks. If they are not malfunctioning, then you need to increase your bushing stiffness.


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Zinc (Zn) is one of the essential mineral elements for both plants and humans. Zn deficiency in human is one of the major causes of hidden hunger, a serious health problem observed in many developing countries. Therefore, increasing Zn concentration in edible part is an important issue for improving human Zn nutrition. Here, we found that an Australian wild rice O. meridionalis showed higher grain Zn concentrations compared with cultivated and other wild rice species. The quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was then performed to identify the genomic regions controlling grain Zn levels using backcross recombinant inbred lines derived from O. sativa 'Nipponbare' and O. meridionalis W1627. Four QTLs responsible for high grain Zn were detected on chromosomes 2, 9, and 10. The QTL on the chromosome 9 (named qGZn9), which showed the largest effect on grain Zn concentration was confirmed with the introgression line, which had a W1627 chromosomal segment covering the qGZn9 region in the genetic background of O. sativa 'Nipponbare'. Fine mapping of this QTL resulted in identification of two tightly linked loci, qGZn9a and qGZn9b. The candidate regions of qGZn9a and qGZn9b were estimated to be 190 and 950 kb, respectively. Furthermore, we also found that plants having a wild chromosomal segment covering qGZn9a, but not qGZn9b, is associated with fertility reduction. qGZn9b, therefore, provides a valuable allele for breeding rice with high Zn in the grains.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- General Biochemistry,Genetics and Molecular Biology
- General Agricultural and Biological Sciences


How a Business Library May use Technology to boost Its Providers
A corporate archives is simply a specialized library created for use by executive staff of a provider. It provides access to books, journals and other reading material that the personnel might not be able to get to on their own. Corporate libraries also serve as meeting locations for business top operations to meet and discuss current business concerns and challenges. Corporate your local library are especially helpful for those firms with a little or electronic workforce, as they can provide books and other studying materials online to the staff. Corporate libraries also conserve staff period, and are valuable tools intended for competitive intellect work.
There are numerous components into a corporate collection. The most basic service offered by a large number of corporate your local library is a central collection region in which to maintain all literature and reading materials. This kind of central collection area might be considered a large space or might be divided into smaller sized cubicles or perhaps areas. Larger libraries often times have multiple pc workstations and listening areas. With the creation of the Internet, a corporate library also can include online access to the Internet, providing a wealth of data and research resources designed to employees. Many libraries also provide conference and presentation establishments, along with audio-video appliances.
One of the main reasons how come libraries have been completely growing in the past few years is the developing importance of e-commerce in business. E-commerce has changed the way in which businesses are conducted, and it is expected that more business activities changes the face within the traditional book and media channels market. Because many libraries have a limited amount of space, digital library solutions are being used to expand the scope and size of a company's digital library. This enables companies to expand the knowledge of digital media, digital technology and related topics. This kind of also helps to ensure profound results for the company to fully make use of electronic multimedia system and audio-visual resources.
Collection automation is normally one technology that has been developed to help managers manage their particular digital collection. Library motorisation provides a method for managers to produce customised work flow that quickly arrange and sort the digital media trapped in a business library. The resulting workload can be maximised by the creation of workflows that lower the time spent looking through individual files and searching for specific data. Automation allows managers to use their coming back other essential business duties, which makes it simpler for them to take care of the developing complexity of e-commerce.
Yet another way that your local library are being used to increase a provider's knowledge is certainly through the use of wise digital libraries. These your local library are designed to offer users with access to the most up-to-date information, with minimal effort. Sensible digital your local library can be made through a a few different methods, including content websites, internet websites, computer system publishing, email libraries, mobile applications and electronic studying software. The knowledge contained in a brilliant digital catalogue can be reached from everywhere, as long as an individual has entry to a wireless network or mobile phone. Intelligent digital libraries can easily significantly reduces costs of the process of exploring and learning, making it more convenient and fulfilling for users.
In order to think loose inside the corporate library industry, the services of a professional authoring service are essential. An writing service will make sure that the corporate and business library provides the highest quality ebooks and will help create customized publications focused on the requirements of the local library. They can as well help develop and pic academic reference point materials that could appeal to publishers. In addition, these expertise can also use publishers to produce newsletters, pr campaigns and catalogues, which will effectively reach the entire academic community.
Another way that the company library may use its digital transformation to improve its expertise is throughout the development and implementation of strategic pursuits. The most effective corporations will be those that cash long-term technique planning. Digital transformation permits these companies to think about their long run, focusing on the ongoing future of their library offerings. This way, they can expand the collections and be sure that they have a comprehensive range of high-quality publications perfect their customers. A well-planned and comprehensive tactical plan may also help the provider to avoid unnecessary spending by avoiding purchasing too many periodicals that do certainly not meet the specific requirements.
Finally, one other way that the company library companies can use the transformation to boost their providers is through the creation and maintenance of an information center. Info centers will be information hubs, providing users access to you're able to send catalog, web site and e-mail. The info center need to be designed in a way that provides you with quick access to all in the information the corporation provides. This allows the company to make certain it gets to out to their fullest selection of potential customers and improves their profitability.


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Anticipation and Time: The Greatest Warriors of Decisions?
What is the nature of time? Not the space-time of general relativity, but the time we perceive. Which factors induce us to choose $100 today over $200 in a year? Is it the desire for immediate gratification? If so, why do we prefer to store a bottle of expensive champagne instead of consuming it right away? These are some of the questions that will be answered in this blog.
Of the various assumptions underlying economic analysis of intertemporal choice (choices differing in payoffs and time), perhaps, the assumption of preference for today over tomorrow is the most widespread and non-controversial one. It makes logical sense to appraise more value to $100 today compared to $200 at a later time, since we do not know what goods and services can be bought next year with that amount. Our short-term preference for positive events bespeaks that we are maximizing our utility through the elimination of uncertainty. Likewise, we have a long-term preference for events incurring us costs, i.e. preferring paying $150 in 1 year over $100 today. However, it requires little effort to think of examples of behaviour in which the converse is apparent. The pleasurable deferral of a vacation, the speeding up of a dental appointment, and the prolonged storage of wines are all instances of this phenomenon. Therefore, the traditional economics approach misses an imperative element of intertemporal choices: anticipation of future events.
Anticipation in the Form of Present Utility
It is unequivocally correct that individuals, in their choices, attempt to attain the highest utility. However, the key is to understand that the sensation of the present is affected by the anticipation of the future. We often get positive feelings from anticipating an imminent event. In an experiment conducted by renowned behavioural economist, George Loewenstein, subjects were asked to specify the amount that they would pay now to obtain or avoid each of five outcomes, which were further grouped into time delays. The outcomes were: (1) obtain four dollars; (2) avoid losing four dollars; (3) avoid losing one thousand dollars; (4) avoid receiving a non-lethal 110-volt electric shock; and (5) obtain a kiss from the movie star of your choice. Time delays were: (1) immediate; (2) in twenty-four hours; (3) in three days; (4) in one year; and (5) in ten years. The subjects were also told that the outcomes were certain to occur at the designated time. The results are illustrated in the following graph.
It can be inferred that the two non-monetary items, the kiss and the shock, exhibit unusual patterns. The short-term preference implies that individuals would prefer to obtain positive outcomes as soon as possible. This prediction, however, is contradicted by the kiss item, for which, the highest value appraised to occurrence was 3 days. In like manner, the economist assumption asserts that negative outcomes are delayed whenever possible. Yet, in the shock outcome, subjects preferred to pay slightly more to avoid a shock that was delayed by 3 hours than 3 days.
Explaining the Phenomenon
The ostensibly contradictory phenomenon becomes unambiguous if we consider the affect of anticipation of future events on the present utility. In the experiment, the most valued time for the kiss was three days, as there was also a value from expecting the event to occur. Individuals actually increased their inner pleasure through savouring utility of both the event and the expectation of the event. Likewise, in the shock case, a negative utility arises from expectation of the event, exacerbating the total pain felt by the individual. These negative anticipatory feelings can be acute; researchers have found that in some cases the anticipation of an event may be worse than the event itself.
Evolutionary biology traces the source of this tendency to the aspects of innate mammalian system. In the acknowledged fight-or-flight response system that prepares the body to stay and fight or to flee, negative anticipation of a future event induces people to take the flight response. However, in the cases which the drastic future event cannot be avoided, the individual is propelled to fight now, as in the experiment subjects preferred the shock now instead of having it in three days.
In essence, the determinants of intertemporal choices are not limited to time preferences, and the feelings associated with expectation of a future event further affects individual choices. As the avant-garde economist Alfred Marshall remarked, "When calculating the rate at which a future benefit is discounted, we must be careful to make allowance for the pleasures of expectation."
Caplin, A. and Leahy, J. (2001). Psychological Expected Utility Theory and Anticipatory Feelings. The Quarterly Journal of Economies, 116(1), pp. 55-79.
Loewenstein, G. F. and Prelec, D. (1992). Anomalies in intertemporal choice: Evidence and Interpretation. The Quarterly Journal of Economies,107(2), pp. 573-597.
Loewenstein, G. F., Weber, U. E., Hsee, K. C. and Welch, N. (2001). Risk as Feelings. Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), pp. 267-285.
Ortony, A., Clore, G. and Collins, A. (1988). The Cognitive Structure of the Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


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|Noah Webster's Dictionary|
1. (a.) Ruling; governing; prevailing; predominant; as, the dominant species, church, spirit, power.
2. (n.) The fifth tone of the scale; thus G is the dominant of C, A of D, and so on.
Dominant (1 Occurrence)
Numbers 21:28 for a fire has gone out of Heshbon, a flame from the city of Sihon. It has devoured Ar of Moab, The lords of the high places of the Arnon. (See NAS)


I want to do is I want you to go in Chur. Results equals men. Compare M e m c M P. Now ask for buffer one in buffer to So let's just do hello world and then do Hello World here is well, make sure that the same guy so I can demonstrate this, uh and now just do s t l n Hello? Won't. Okay, so well, that's gonna do. That's going to compare the hello world memory with hello world on its the length of hello world. So compare all of that and it should be zero. But anyway, let's test that a 2nd 1% I here and put resulting here Unless compel that and you can see zero. So men compare function. It returns zero if the two pieces of memory match. So this is the first address. This is the second address and this is the length that we're gonna be compared. Okay, so you now know that men can't men compared return zero when they both match. Now what if they differ? Well, let's try that, shall we? I want to put a by here, and I wanted to put a beat by here. And then I want you to compel that I'm run that and you see a minus one. Now the reason you see a minus one is because what the men compare function does the first byte that does not match it checks to see which one is greater the one in point of one or the one in pointed to Andi. It returned minus one here because be has a greater decimal value than a Because if you remember the asking table, you have decimal numbers and in characters next to it. Well, if you look at the asking table, you'll see a is before B uh, the decimal equivalent, the binary. So a and B our differ on because B is greater than a we get a minus one returned. Now, if you change this to see, but keep, this is Bello. And if you then Kampala you see one. So then that has the opposite effect. Because C is greater than be so returns one. So once again if they match returned zero. So I just wrote this coat quickly just to demonstrate this a little further. Here we say If the buffer on my message match like the values match the values there pointing at matches based on this land, then output they match. So essentially because Buffett has hello world because we copied it here online nine on my message has hello, world. Then they are both a match so that so it will output This message without men copy here. It will not help put it because buff no longer contains hello world. 35. Reading And Writing Files: Hello and welcome back. We're now going to discuss how to read and write files. Firstly, make sure you include STD ioo dot page on memory dot page. Okay, So what we're gonna do, then, is I want you to do file f equals f open dot Ford's last test up. Txt on This is the following. We want to open on the second. The second parameter is the mode. So this could be like opening the foul for writing, opening the foul for a pending or open and foul for reading. So here we go, which means we're opening this fall for reading. Andi, if you now do if f on inside here doing explanation mark just before the f and then do print F failed to open file return minus one Now, while this will do is if it first opened the file for reading, it'll output this message and leave. So if we know, compile that GCC main dot C Dachau main run that you can see fail to open file. And that's because test optics T does not exist in the directory that this excusable is run because remember dot forward slash means This directory means the current directory. So in our case, it will be the current directory Main Dxy is being running. Um, so if we now create a new file here, I call it test on txt enough. We type hello world in here and we now compile it again and run that you can see we see no error message because it managed to open the file. So down here just to f close f on what this does is it closes the file. So that is just to close the file handle. Basically, when you finish with the file, you close it. So we're now going to read from the file. So first sailing to create a buffer, call it sharp buff and put 20 in here for 20 bites. We're going to go meme set buff, zero size of buff. So this will set our entire array to zero. Um, because when we re from foul, we want there to be a null terminated at the end. Right. So here. Now, I want you to go f freed. I wanted a passing buf a buff, and this is the element size. So f read reads in blocks. So, for example, if we put 20 for the elements size on put, I don't know. 30 for the element count. It'll read 30 elements in 20 byte blocks. So read 20 bites, and then that's one. That's one element in Louise. Another 20 bites. That's two elements on every returns, the number of elements red. So, for example, if you haven't element size of 20 on an element kind of one way read 20 bites, but one is returned because the block size is 20. All the elements sizes 20. So, what we're gonna do in here, we're gonna put the elements sizes one because we want to read one bite at a time and we're gonna put, uh, we're gonna put 20 by here. And then finally, here goes our fall stream are open files we put f. And now, if you know, check to see if this is equal to zero on. If it is, we read nothing. There was a problem. Okay? And now you can return minus one here. So now we should be able to just print out our buffer here. So if you do print F percent s, which means that we are out putting a strength. So will happen is print. F will go through our buff. It allow. Put every single character until it finds Arnold Terminator on. Then it will stop. So let's no compile that and we run that we see Hello world. So it's red Hello, wolf from our file into the into this buffer here and then it's out. Put it now let's take a look at the result off, eh? Freed. So if we go interject results equals f read and into that And here we just to result equals equals zero show the era And now in here If we output underneath here we go Firstly put a backslash end here for a new line If we then go print f percent I and then we do results And now we now compile that again I'm run that you'll see the outputs 12 which is the size of hello world because it read 12 elements. So if you're expecting a certain a certain sides to be read then you could also check here that it it is equal to that. And if it is not equal to that, you know if it doesn't equal 12 If it does not equal 12. Then we failed to read the full string that we wanted, for example, but equals equals zero is sufficient for now. So let's change the size here to to So that elements sizes too. If we now compile, um in that we can see hello world, but that the result returned from Jeffrey to six because it read six elements because it was reading two bites at the time. So I hope that makes sense. If we put in 12 years, so reads the full thing on. We want to read 20 blocks of 12 so it will attempt to read. It will attempt to return from 40 bites. Then what will happen is that we run that now Compile it first. We now see one because it's red one block because it's read the full 12 bytes, which was one block. We have 13 here and we can pilot. Now you can see problem reading from file because 13 was the minimum matter bites I had to read and it couldn't finish reading that block. So there was a problem. So it returns zero because it couldn't read the four block because remember the result that every returns is the amount of blocks read on because our block size is 13 and we only have 12 bytes in the file. It couldn't read the full block, so it read zero blocks. I hope that makes sense with F read. So we're now going to discuss how you can write to files. So let's get rid of all of this. And I want to change this mode here to W on what w means. It means we want to open this file for writing. If the file exists, overwrite it. That's what that means. So now if we now do f writes and we did, um, hello roads and in our element size waas one. Because we we want to read we want to write one bite at a time And then the element count is the size of hello world. I mean string length Hello, world string land Hello world. And then here we do f for file. If we now run that it will write hello world to our file. But let's just to hello world. How are you instead and make sure you change. This is well, guys because it needs it needs to be able to write the full amount. Right? So now if we now compile that again on run there you can see we see no message. But if you now go to test up txt you see Hello world. How are


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Farmers not hopeful about future
FARMERS are more pessimistic now than they have been for more than two years, according to a private survey.
The farmers say they feel this way in response to government policies and global economic uncertainty.
More farmers are expecting conditions to worsen rather than improve over the next year, according to the latest quarterly Rabobank Rural Confidence Survey, released yesterday.
The survey found that 35% of farmers expected conditions to worsen in the coming year, compared to 12% in the prior quarter.
Rabobank's Rural Australia general manager, Peter Knoblanche, said the fall in farmer confidence appeared to be influenced by factors outside the farm gate.
"Global market volatility and concerns about public policy issues were shown to have had the main dampening effect on farmer confidence this quarter," Mr Knoblanche said in a statement.
Nearly half of the farmers expecting conditions to worsen over the next year had nominated government interventionist policies as a major factor.
Farmers were concerned about the federal government's proposed carbon tax, the suspension of live cattle exports to Indonesia and the effect of mining and coal seam gas exploration on agriculture.
Only 18% of farmers expected the agricultural economy to improve, compared to 42% in the prior quarter.
Conditions were expected to stay the same by 42% of farmers.
Just over half, 52%, of all farmers surveyed believed coal seam gas exploration to be a threat to agriculture.
Only 7% believed coal seam gas exploration to be an opportunity, while 40% were undecided.
Of those farmers who expected conditions to improve over the next year, 52% cited rising commodity prices as the main influence, and 46% cited favourable seasonal conditions.
Mr Knoblanche said seasonal conditions were generally good or average across Australia.
There has been sufficient rain to maintain winter crops and pasture growth, although average spring rainfall would be needed to guarantee a decent harvest.
According to the survey, farmer sentiment had weakened in all states, with Queensland farmers the least confident and Tasmanian farmers the most confident.
All sectors recorded a decline in confidence.
Cattle farmers were the least confident, and dairy farmers were the most confident.


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Why ABX Testing Usually
Produces Null Results with Human Subjects
ABX testing has been extremely controversial since it was introduced decades ago. It is my hope to put this testing protocol in its final resting place by combining its sad history coupled the difference between how humans perceive sound and how ABX testing actually is applied.
The "X" in the ABX is either A or B, randomly selected, the listener needs to identify whether that "X" is "A" or "B". Unfortunately human beings do not have the ability to compare three sonic events sequentially. One must keep a sonic memory of sample "A" they just listened to so they can compare it to the sample "B" and then listen to "X" and try to decide if it sounds more like "A" or "B". It is the introduction of this third sound that makes it impossible for human beings since we can compare two different sounds as long as we don't wait too long however our sonic memory cannot juggle three no matter how many times one is allowed to go back and forth. Thus ABX tests usually get null results, and cause listening fatigue.
The better way to do this is to play "A" in a relaxed setting for an entire piece of music, at least five minutes and then play the same piece of music with "B" and then ask not if they sound different, but instead which one did you like? This is how most people shop for stereo equipment. Thus, it is not the methodology of ABX tests I object to, but instead their very existence.
Since the introduction of ABX double blind testing protocols many decades ago I have known they were complete and utter frauds and that is one reason I started my print newsletter in the 1980's and later my blog "The Audio Iconoclast" _URL_
From its purpose statement "The Audio Iconoclast will challenge many deeply held beliefs in both the audio and musical communities. In music and its reproduction explaining what one hears when it is not directly measurable is not easy, the common practice is to dismiss it. This is wrong! In our world of music enjoyment there are subjectivists "music listeners" and objectivists "audio scientists" who try to measure phenomenon. Music listeners believe what they hear with their ears. Audio scientists do not believe what they hear unless they can quantify and measure it. If they cannot measure it, it does not exist and they convince themselves they are not hearing what they hear! My quest is to show the wisdom of enjoying the sound of music and accepting what one hears, even if it cannot be scientifically proven."
For example SACD would have replaced CD by now if not for ABX tests and pseudo-scientific studies in AES papers. Anyone possessing a pair of ears on the sides of their head can clearly hear the huge difference between low and high resolution for themselves however too many of them have been brainwashed not to believe their own ears and instead rely on these pseudo-scientists who over the years with ABX double-blind testing have proven:
1) All amplifiers sound the same.
2) All CD players sound the same.
3) A coat hanger sounds the same as an expensive interconnect.
4) MP3 sounds the same as CD.
5) CD sounds the same as SACD.
6) High resolution PCM sounds the same as DSD.
Remember the infamous 1987 blind listening test conducted by Stereo Review that concluded that a pair of Mark Levinson monoblocks, an output-transformerless tubed amplifier, and a $220 Pioneer receiver were all sonically identical?
Or perhaps you remember the ABX test that was likely the most damaging to these pseudo-scientists, comparing a known audibly defective amplifier to a perfectly working one? All listeners were able not only to hear the defect in the amplifier but able to describe it's distorted sound under normal listening conditions. However using ABX testing protocols none were able to identify the difference between the defective and the working amplifier with any statistical significance, thus proving beyond a shadow of a doubt that ABX testing does not work. In addition I am sure none of the participants would be willing to take home the defective amplifier, I am quite sure they would all want the perfect working one!
ABX double-blind testing should be banned by all intelligent people as the absolute scam it is. If one cannot prove the differences people experience every day of their lives when listening to music they love then any such tests are total and complete failures. But more dangerous than that they are hurting the sales of superior audio equipment, superior recordings and the musical satisfaction of gullible music lovers who believe these tests instead of their own ears because of the scientific garb they are dressed in. It is time for the real motives of the anti-high resolution crowd be revealed and their rhetoric buried forever so the masses can actually listen to high resolution with unbiased ears!
In summery ABX double-blind testing does not prove that everything sounds the same as real sonic differences are easily heard in casual listening. No, instead what ABX double-blind testing proves is that human subjects do not have the ability to compare three sonic events sequentially with any statistically significance, revealing a deficiency in short-term sonic memories of our species.
I believe even the most golden-eared audiophiles would not be able to identify differences with any statistical accuracy between an MP3 music file and a professional master recording using ABX double-blind testing protocols. This does not mean we should all only listen to MP3s on the cheapest stereos we can find, quite the contrary it means that we should enjoy the highest resolution music possible on audio equipment that we have determined to sound the best using our ears in standard casual listening evaluations.
Blind Listening Tests are Flawed: An Editorial by Robert Harley


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Definition: RTGS, is a short form for Real-Time Gross Settlement. It is a facility provided by the banks, that allows instant and complete settlement of funds from one bank to another and from one place to another, on an individual order basis. This means that the transactions are settled at the same time when they take place and so there is no waiting period.
Payments made through RTGS are final in nature which cannot be revoked. Moreover, the prescheduling of a transaction is allowed.
RTGS is mainly used for the high-value interbank transfer of money, in order to mitigate the risk of settlement and fraud.
Details Required for RTGS
The person (sender) who initiates the transfer must have the following details:
- Indian Financial System Code (IFSC) of the beneficiary's bank.
- Name of beneficiary
- Account number of the beneficiary
- Amount to be remitted
- Name of the beneficiary's bank and branch
- Account number of the sender/originator
Along with this, the bank branches of both the parties need to be RTGS-enabled, only then the transaction will be processed.
Minimum and Maximum Limit
This system is primarily developed to facilitate the transfer of large value funds between parties. Hence the least amount which is transferred through this system is Rs. 2 lakhs, while no maximum ceiling is there in RTGS.
Banks provide this service for a specified fee, wherein inward transactions are free, but a certain amount is charged on the outward transaction, depending upon the amount remitted.
How to do RTGS?
To transfer funds using RTGS, the first thing you require is the activation of internet banking facility. For this purpose, you need to visit your bank branch and complete the formalities for its activation. Nowadays, one can activate this facility online also using the concerned bank's website.
- Log in to the web portal, using the UserID and password.
- Once you enter the user ID and password, you will land at your account and profile where you have to select the profile.
- Thereafter click on Add and manage beneficiary.
- Then, you need to enter your profile password and click the submit button.
- You will see various options for adding a beneficiary, choose the relevant option as per your need.
- Upon clicking the appropriate option, you will be asked to fill the details of the beneficiary.
- Check the details and click on approve now button.
- Next click on the approve beneficiary radio button, where you will have two options – Approve through ATM, or Approve through OTP
- If you choose to approve through OTP, you will receive a high-security password at your registered mobile number, linked to the account. Now simply enter the password and click on approve button.
- Once the beneficiary is added the following steps are required to follow:
- Go to the payment/transfer tab and click inter-bank transfer.
- Select the Transaction Type, i.e RTGS and go to fund transfer section
- A list of beneficiaries will be displayed, select the beneficiary/payee
- Enter the amount to be transferred
- Select the checkbox stating that you agree with the terms of service and accept.
- Review the details and confirm.
In this way, the amount will be transferred successfully to the beneficiary's account.
Advantages of RTGS
- RTGS is one of the safest as well as the fastest mode of interbank transfer
- This facility is available on all business days, whose timings may vary from bank to bank.
- It is an immediate fund transfer mechanism.
- It is a paperless transfer of funds.
- The beneficiary is not required to visit the bank, to deposit the money.
- The funds can be transferred using the internet banking service.
Limitations of RTGS
- RTGS does not provide the facility to track the transaction to its customers, as only the positive confirmation feature is implemented by the central bank in which the remitting bank gets a message of fund transfer to the beneficiary bank, from the central bank.
In general, the beneficiary branches may receive funds in real-time, i.e. as and when the funds are sent by the remitting bank. The beneficiary bank has to credit the fund in the account of the beneficiary, within half an hour of the funds' transfer message.
However, if the funds are not transferred to the beneficiary's account due to the reasons like account frozen, or non-existence of account, then the funds are returned to the originating bank. Moreover, if there is a delay in refunding the failed amount, the initiating party is entitled to receive compensation at the current repo rate + 2%


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On 29 November, the United Nations Volunteers (UNV) programme in Fiji launched a flagship report, the State of the World's Volunteerism Report (SWVR) 2018, demonstrating that volunteers across Asia and the Pacific region are a fundamental coping strategy for resilient communities. The SWVR 2018 launch in Suva, Fiji was held on the occasion of the UNV Executive Coordinator's official visit to the Pacific.
As our climate changes rapidly, it brings major new risks for communities. Across all societies, volunteers are at the forefront of responding to and coping with shocks, using local knowledge, networks, and capacities to build community resilience. But the scale and unpredictability of future risks, rising inequalities, and low capacities mean that new support is required to sustain this people-centred approach to climate resilience. The Policy Brief acknowledges how volunteers are already mapping and monitoring climate change at scale.
UNV commissioned this global research study to provide a picture of trends and lessons in the development of supportive volunteerism policies and legislation in the decade of volunteering from 2001. A review was conducted in seven regions, complemented by country-specific case studies in each region. The study analyses considerations in drafting and implementing volunteerism laws and policies, and highlights the need to tailor them to specific local, national and regional contexts. This paper is currently being updated for the 2018 State of the World's Volunteerism Report.


text: Analogical and causal reasoning theories both seek to explain patterns of inductive inference. Researchers have claimed that reasoning scenarios incorporating aspects of both analogical comparison and causal thinking necessitate a new model of inductive inference (Holyoak, Lee, & Lu, 2010; Lee & Holyoak, 2008). This paper takes an opposing position, arguing that features of analogical models make correct claims about inference patterns found among causal analogies, including analogies with both generative and preventative relations. Experiment 1 demonstrates that analogical inferences for these kinds of causal systems can be explained by alignment of relational structure, including higher-order relations. Experiment 2 further demonstrates that inferences strengthened by matching higher-order relations are not guided by the transfer of probabilistic information about a cause from base to target. We conclude that causal analogies behave like analogies in general—analogical mapping provides candidate inferences which can then be reasoned about in the target.


Non GMO Project & USDA Organic: Choosing the Right Label
Non-GMO Project Verified and USDA Organic are compatible labeling programs with some overlap in their process and applicability. Understanding the evaluation and labeling requirements for each program is essential to choosing to participate in either, or both programs. This engaging one hour webinar explores how both programs are administered, prerequisite requirements for participation, and will help Participants ensure they've chosen the right program for their specific needs and goals.


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Face2: Art 220 Portraits
Face2: Grid-Based Self-Portraits
ART 220, Fall 2008
Wilson Library, 3 Central
Based on the work of Chuck Close, the process of creating the self portraits for this beginning painting class required students to take close-up photos of each other, and to create a grid on the photo and on their canvas.
Next, the image was transferred to the canvas unit by unit, mixing a different color for every unit. They have to average colors when different colors occur in the same unit.
Most paintings have one to three thousand units - an incredibly sophisticated optical color-mixing exercise. It is at the same time a reflection on how an image is constructed digitally.


Christian Aid Logo Learn Logo
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Poverty over
Theme: Poverty eradication
Country: Afghanistan, Brazil, Mali
Workshop outline for students aged 16 and over to improve understanding of poverty, its causes, effects and what can be done to tackle it.
Why, in a world of plenty, are so people many living in desperate poverty from around the globe? What does poverty mean for people - and what causes it? This hour-long interactive session is packed with useful information to help students understand what poverty means - and what might be done to eradicate it.
By the end of this session, students will have engaged with the different approaches to defining global poverty and will have engaged with some of the solutions that could bring about a world free from poverty.
Age: 16+ / Sixth form
Subject areas: Geography, RE


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Schoodic Institute and Friends of Acadia share the common goal of helping create the brightest future for Acadia National Park, a philosophy that we can add value by working together and coordinating our efforts, and an understanding that the success of both organizations is in the best interest of Acadia and our region.
1. What are the missions of Friends of Acadia and Schoodic Institute?
The mission of Friends of Acadia is to preserve, protect, and promote stewardship of the outstanding natural beauty, ecological vitality, and distinctive cultural resources of Acadia National Park and surrounding communities for the inspiration and enjoyment of current and future generations.
The mission of Schoodic Institute at Acadia National Park is to guide present and future generations to greater understanding and respect for nature by providing research and learning opportunities through its outstanding Acadia National Park setting, unique coastal Maine facilities, and innovative partnership programs.
2. Are Friends of Acadia and Schoodic Institute affiliated with each other?
Each organization is an independent 501c3 nonprofit, dependent for its success, at least in part, on philanthropic support from individuals and foundations.
3. Do contributions to either organization support the other?
Although there are areas in which each organization's work is relevant to the other, and some areas of direct partnership, in general, contributions to one organization do NOT directly support the other. Each contributes to Acadia and local communities in distinct ways, and each must raise its own operating budget.
Friends of Acadia is a long-established grant-maker to Acadia National Park. Grants from Friends of Acadia may support Acadia National Park programs that occur in partnership between Acadia National Park and Schoodic Institute, or in certain instances, grants may be made directly to Schoodic Institute for such programs.
4. What are some areas where Friends of Acadia and Schoodic Institute work together?
The primary areas of partnership are in our shared commitments to youth and to resource protection. Delineating roles for each of these areas and how we are working together – or separately on complementary projects – will help ensure efficiency for each organization, clarity for our donors, and the best end result for Acadia National Park.


Volleyball Blocking Tips
Volleyball blocking how to, technique, and important keys to success.
How to Block in Volleyball
Techniques for blocking...
 - Stand in a semi-flexed, stationary position.
 - Hands are out in front of you with palms facing the net.
 - Do a quarter squat jump as you time the attack.
 - One of the most important aspects to blocking is hand positioning.
 - Be sure to penetrate the net.
Penetrate means to get your hands onto the other side as far as possible. Penetration narrows the angles your opponent has to hit in. Penetrating might be the most important part of blocking. If all else fails, remember to penetrate.
Volleyball Blocking
Always remember to penetrate the net and take up a lot of "crossing space"
Keys to Hand Positioning
 - Always penetrate the net. Penetration means reaching over the net. Not contacting the ball on the opponents side while blocking is the most common and critical error made by a blocker.
 - Keep hands far apart while blocking. Most blocks should occur with only one hand or arm making contact with the ball. If you make contact with the ball by both hands, your hands are likely too close together. If the ball is hit between your hands or arms, this is referred to as a "good miss" because most beginners have trouble keeping the hands apart during volleyball blocking.
 - Keep the fingers apart and strong. There should be space between your fingers while you block.
 - Position your hands and arms so the ball will rebound into the court. You want to angle your hands so the ball will be deflected back into your opponents court.
 - Most blocks should be made by the hands, not the arms. If you block the ball with your arms, you probably get tooled a lot. The best volleyball blocking skills involve the technique of penetrating the net, clamping down on the ball, and completing the block with the hands.
Key Points to Blocking
 - Use consistent footwork and learn to time the attacker. You need to get good at reading the play that's unfolding on the other side of the net. The better you are at reading the pass, reading the set, and reading the attacker, the better you'll be at getting in position to block.
 - Getting in the right blocking position is important. However, you also need to understand what good positioning is. Always penetrate the net and angle your hands into the court.
 - Commit to what you are blocking and don't reach. A common error is trying to react and reach for the ball. You don't want to be reaching. You want to focus on blocking the crossing space. Great blockers don't focus on reaching high to block. Great blockers focus on penetrating into the crossing space, extending over the net as far as possible.
 - Know what area you are suppose to block. Are you suppose to block angle while your team covers line? Know what you're suppose to block and commit to it.
Volleyball Blocking Swing Technique
Swing blocking is the technique of volleyball blocking by swinging the arms in an effort to jump higher to block.
This movement involves using the arms, hips, and shoulders to create more effort and force for jumping up to block.
A swing block is like an "approach" for blocking
The swing block is much like the approach prior to spiking. For example, the blocker will take a certain amount of steps to get in position to block. Basically, the blocker is approaching to block.
The swing block just like any other skill in volleyball should be used appropriately. A team likely shouldn't swing block in every situation.
For example, there are times when a swing block won't be effective against a first tempo attack. A team that runs a fast offense will be very difficult to swing block against. Always remember that there will be times that it's better to use conventional blocking methods.
› Blocking


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- If you laid all tarpaulins that have been distributed by Shelter Cluster agencies end on end, they'd reach from New York City to Mexico City, Madrid to Moscow, Bangkok to Beijing or Nairobi to Cairo.
- The earthquake created approximately 19 million cubic meters (25 million cubic yards) of debris that have to be removed. It would take someone in a standard pick up truck more than 8 million trips to a waste facility to move this amount of debris. The majority of Haitians are removing the debris from their plots by hand.
- 19 million cubic meters of debris placed in a building 33 metres by 33 metres (100 x 100 feet) would reach 21 kilometres (13 miles) into the sky. In comparison: Mount Everest is 8,848 metres (29,029 feet) high.
- Over 18 months, Shelter Cluster agencies are planning to build approximately 125,000 transitional shelters. These will provide safe places to live for approximately 625,000 people. This is slightly more than the number of people living in the city of Las Vegas.
- Shelter Cluster agencies are planning to build enough transitional shelters for 55,000 people per month. This equals the population of Cheyenne, WY, USA; Schweinfurt, Germany; Hereford, UK; Limerick, Ireland; Roskilde, Denmark or Katras, India.


Lauren Winner Addresses the Trinity and Sex in Nyvall Lectures
Author Lauren Winner
CHICAGO, IL (April 30, 2007) – Noted author Lauren Winner admitted her two lectures at North Park Theological Seminary on Thursday were incongruous: the first on the Trinity, and the second on sex.
Still, Winner's humor and breezy style captivated the packed audience at both presentations when she delivered the Nyvall Lectures in the Isaacson Chapel.
Churches often avoid speaking about the Trinity other than as a theological idea because it is so elusive. "Don't you just feel like you're nailing Jell-O to the wall?" she asked. At her Episcopal Church on Trinity, "The rector is always mysteriously out of town," leaving the sermon to a guest speaker, she quipped.
But incorporating a proper understanding of the Trinity into people's lives enriches their faith and communal relationships, she said. She spoke about three characteristics of the Trinity:
--The Trinity always is participating in an ongoing conversation about God's redeeming love.
--The Trinity models distinction without subordination.
--The Trinity means God is defined by relationships.
Understanding that the Trinity already is in conversation should shape how people understand prayer, Winner said. "We are being invited into a conversation that already is happening," Winner said. Therefore, Christians should not think of prayer as something they initiate.
The ongoing conversation also means that prayer includes silent listening. "Silence is probably more urgently needed now than perhaps any time in our Christian history."
The lack of subordination in the Trinity demonstrates an "ontology of peace," Winner said. "We are bid to a politics of peace because the Trinity is a relationship without violence."
She pointed to John 14 in which Jesus tells his disciples, "My peace I give to you." "Calm is not the only kind of peace," Winner said. "My peace," she explained, also means a life of reconciliation. The early church practiced pursuing peacemaking and reconciliation as a fruit of the Holy Spirit, she added.
Winner said it is easier for people to call for peace in Iraq, where they are not involved in an ongoing, intimate fashion, than it is to live peaceably in households and churches.
Those households and relationships are characterized by a commitment to hospitality because God is defined through relationships, Winner said. "The persons of the Trinity don't exist by themselves. They are defined by their relationships with one another."
She added that Christian hospitality means involving people more deeply in one another's lives and "not just inviting people into our homes occasionally."
In her second lecture, Winner drew from her book, Real Sex: The Naked Truth about Chastity. She told the gathering that the church has engaged in four myths about sex that ultimately are damaging to people:
--People will necessarily feel bad about having premarital sex.
--Men have uncontrollable libidos and women have none.
--Sex is necessary for fulfillment.
--Sexual sin is the unforgivable sin.
Telling young people they will feel bad if they have premarital sex ultimately will undercut trust of pastoral authority, Winner said, because not everyone feels regret or guilt. "Scripture is clear that sin works because what is corrosive actually feels fantastic."
Talking about sex cannot be isolated from the larger context of sin in general, Winner said, adding that the church often tells people they will be permanently damaged by having premarital or extramarital sex. As with any sin, people will be affected by their actions and will need to deal with its repercussions, she explained, but, "Saying reformation is a long process is not the same as saying someone is scarred for life."
Winner also told the gathering that the church's discussion of sex also demeans singleness. "The way the church says sex is necessary is to say marriage is necessary," Winner said. That attitude "explicitly or tacitly says that singleness doesn't count." Winner noted that Paul preferred singleness and Jesus remained single.
The church also causes harm when it tells the lie that men have raging libidos and women are not interested in sex. She drew laughter from the audience as she read from a contemporary Christian book on sex that highlighted that view.
Women, she added, are told to be chaste before marrying and then to become an entirely different person overnight. That is an impossible burden.
To say someone is waiting until they get married also is to assume that someone will get married. People must realize that they may never get married. "This is accepting that discipleship is not hard, and that following Jesus will always make you happy."
The church needs to speak better about marital sex, as well. "The church has not answered the question, 'Why is sex in marriage the best kind of sex?'"
The answer, she said, was the power of commitment and stability in a relationship.
The Nyvall Lectures are delivered each spring at North Park Theological Seminary and are named in honor of the school's founder, David Nyvall.


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Thumbmaster Drinking GameSpread all cards over face down in the middle of the table. Mix them up. First person draws a card. Each card stands for as follows.
Ace: Waterfall(Drawer starts drinking person to their left can't stop until they stop. Person to the left of the person to the left can't stop until that person stops and goes around circle.
1: Take one drink.
2: Take two drinks.
3: Give three drinks.
4: Whores(Girls drink.)
5: Thumbmaster(Person who drew card is now thumbmaster. They can put there thumb on the table at any time through the rest of the game or until another person draws a 5 and becomes thumbmaster. Everyone else has to then put there thumb on the table; the last one to do so drinks.)
6: Dicks(Guys drink.)
7: Ahead(Person to left of drawer drinks)
8: Straight(Person across from drawer drinks)
9: Rhyme(Say a sentence person to the left of you has to rhyme with the last word of that sentence. Goes around till someone doesn't rhyme. They have to drink)
10: Social(Everyone takes a drink)
Jack: Category(Say a category and everyone has to name something out of that category including person who starts it. Goes around cirlce until someone is stumped, they have to drink)
Queen: Question(Ask someone a question. They have to turn to someone else and ask a question. The first to answer isntead of asking another question drinks)
King: Rule(They get to make a rule that lasts for the remainder of game; example everytime so and so drinks an item of clothing has to be taken off)
More Drinking Games


Critical Mass
The Critical Library: Helen Vendler
Each week, the National Book Critics Circle will post a list of five books a critic believes reviewers should have in their libraries. We recently heard from Helen Vendler, A. Kinglsey Porter University Professor at Harvard University, and a three-time NBCC finalist. Here is what she pointed out as worth keeping in your library at all times.
The Bible, with a concordance: It lies behind English and American literature.
Shakespeare: A never-failing resource of the poetic imagination.
an Etymological Dictionary: For the ground of meaning of all words
the OED
: For the history of the meaning of a word
an en face Horace: To see a set of classical lyrics with many genres, no wasted words, and an impregnable structure.
Helen Vendler
is A. Kingsley Porter University Professor at Harvard University.


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Second quantization and atomic spontaneous emission inside one-dimensional photonic crystals via a quasinormal-modes approach.
PHYS REV E
, Article 056614. 10.1103/PhysRevE.70.056614.
An extension of the second quantization scheme based on the quasinormal-modes theory to one-dimensional photonic band gap (PBG) structures is discussed. Such structures, treated as-double open optical cavities. are studied as part of a compound closed system including the electromagnetic radiative external bath. The electromagnetic field inside the photonic crystal is successfully represented by a new class of modes called quasinormal modes. Starting from this representation we introduce the Feymnan's propagator to calculate the decay rate of a dipole inside a PBG structure. related to the density of modes,. in,the presence of the vacuum fluctuations outside the one-dimensional cavity.
|Title:||Second quantization and atomic spontaneous emission inside one-dimensional photonic crystals via a quasinormal-modes approach|
|Keywords:||2-COMPONENT EIGENFUNCTION EXPANSION, EXCESS SPONTANEOUS EMISSION, DAMPED HARMONIC-OSCILLATOR, HERMITIAN OPTICAL-SYSTEMS, BAND-GAP STRUCTURES, DIPOLE EMISSION, WAVE-EQUATION, FINITE, CAVITY, LOCALIZATION|
Archive Staff Only


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A Gondola on the Grand Canal, Venice, 1866
Signed and dated
17 7/8 x 13 7/8 in. (45.4 x 35.2 cm)
William Callow made several visits to Italy, each time making drawings and sketches that he used in London to produce finished watercolors. The Grand Canal in Venice has always been a popular subject for artists, and in the eighteenth century many images were produced of the great water festivals that took place there. During such festivals, processions of highly decorated gondolas progressed through the city's canals like a floating carnival. The gondola is the main mode of transport in Venice. This long, narrow boat is propelled by the gondolier, who uses a pole to propel the craft through the water. In Callow's painting, the gondolier can be seen pushing his gondola away from the steps of a house on the right of the picture. The striped red and white poles rising up from the canal were used as moorings to tie up the gondolas; each house had its own set of poles. Two figures lounging on the steps emphasize the proximity of water to the city's buildings.
Sotheby's, London, March 26, 1975, lot 250; with Thomas Agnew & Sons, London; with Galerie de Cadre, Paris; private collection, U.K.; Christie's, London, July 8, 1997, lot 74
See Artist Profile


The history
Aretai is derived from the ancient Greek word αρετη. It is a word that is used in the writings of the great Greek philosophers, like Plato and Aristotle. For these philosophers, aretai is the highest virtue a man could possibly try to achieve. In English, aretai could best be described with the word "excellence". It is this strive for excellence that characterises the company Aretai.
The universe doesn't allow perfection. — Stephen Hawking


JSci.maths.statistics
Class TDistribution
java.lang.Object
 extended byJSci.maths.statistics.ProbabilityDistribution
 extended byJSci.maths.statistics.TDistribution
public final class TDistribution
extends ProbabilityDistribution
The TDistribution class provides an object for encapsulating student's t-distributions.
Constructor Summary
TDistribution(int r)
 Constructor for student's t-distribution.

Method Summary
 double cumulative(double X)
 Cumulative student's t-distribution function.
 int getDegreesOfFreedom()
 Returns the degrees of freedom.
 double inverse(double probability)
 Inverse of the cumulative student's t-distribution function.
 double probability(double X)
 Probability density function of a student's t-distribution.

Methods inherited from class JSci.maths.statistics.ProbabilityDistribution
checkRange, checkRange, findRoot

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait

Constructor Detail
TDistribution
public TDistribution(int r)
Constructor for student's t-distribution.
Parameters:
r - degrees of freedom.
Method Detail
getDegreesOfFreedom
public int getDegreesOfFreedom()
Returns the degrees of freedom.
probability
public double probability(double X)
Probability density function of a student's t-distribution.
Specified by:
probability in class ProbabilityDistribution
Returns:
the probability that a stochastic variable x has the value X, i.e. P(x=X).
cumulative
public double cumulative(double X)
Cumulative student's t-distribution function.
Specified by:
cumulative in class ProbabilityDistribution
Returns:
the probability that a stochastic variable x is less then X, i.e. P(x<X).
inverse
public double inverse(double probability)
Inverse of the cumulative student's t-distribution function.
Specified by:
inverse in class ProbabilityDistribution
Returns:
the value X for which P(x<X).