text:
The 1H NMR spectra of a series of high-spin ferric metmyoglobins (metMbs) have been analyzed to assess the validity of meso proton (meso-H) contact shift direction as a probe for H2O coordination and to develop a quantitative interpretative basis of the hyperfine shift pattern as a structural probe for the heme-iron ligation state. The quantitative analyses of the hyperfine shifts are based on a comparison of the structurally characterized six-coordinate sperm whale metMbH2O and the five-coordinate Aplysia metMb. The developed spectral probes are subsequently applied to elucidate the role of distal residues in modulating H2O coordination in a series of E7 and El 1 point mutants of sperm whale Mb. The elusive distal El 1 residue signals are assigned in the two reference proteins on the basis of their unique relaxation properties and from the spectral characteristics of El 1 sperm whale Mb point mutants. Quantitative analysis of the El 1 residue dipolar shifts demonstrates that the loss of coordinated H2O leads to a substantial increase in the zero-field splitting constant, D. The change from strongly low-field meso-H shifts in six-coordinate sperm whale metMbH2O to strongly upfield meso-H shifts in five-coordinate Aplysia metMb is accompanied by predicted changes in chemical shifts for heme methyl, F8 His CβH, and El 1 Val methyl protons. The most readily recognized change is the 5-ppm low-field bias of the mean methyl shift upon loss of water coordination. The consistency in the changes of all the NMR spectral parameters supports the use of the meso-H chemical shifts as probes for ligation state but suggests that all accompanying changes should be analyzed. Substitution of El 1 Val by lle, Phe, or Ala results in minimal perturbation with full retention of coordinated water. Substitution of E7 His by Val or Phe abolishes H2O coordination, while replacement by Gin or Gly leads to a fractional H2O coordination. The sensitivity of the hyperfine shifts of the heme methyl protons to solvent isotope composition supports the proposed changes in H2O ligation. The application of the heme mean methyl shifts as a probe for H2O coordination in a series of natural genetic variants differing in E7 residue confirms previous conclusions, except for elephant metMb (E7 Gin) which is concluded here to be primarily five-coordinate rather than six-coordinate. The occupation of the sixth position by water as a function of E7 residue is found to be very similar in sperm whale E7 point mutants and natural genetic variants, and it is concluded that H bonding by E7 residue is the strongest but not the only stabilizing influence on H2O coordination.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Colloid and Surface Chemistry


text:
The notion of shapeshifting has been around for nearly as long as human beings. The possibility that a person can take the shape of another being—most often an animal—can be traced back thousands of years, permeating various cultures and religions. While transmogrification has been widely valued in various religious mythologies, there is also evidence of its influence in pseudo-historical (possibly historical) records.
Shapeshifting in Fairy Tales and Myth
Shapeshifting appears very often in fairy tales and myths. In tales from Greek mythology, Zeus transformed into countless creatures, such as a swan, a bull, and an ant. The myths of the Egyptians depicted the gods with the heads of animals, as seen in the bird head of Horus and the dog head of Anubis, while the myths of the Norsemen showed the mischievous god Loki change into a giant, a woman, and various animals. More recently, in the well-known tale recorded by the Brothers Grimm, The Frog Prince (written in the 19th century), the male protagonist was changed into a frog for a mistake he made in his past.
Illustration of The Frog Prince, P. Meyerheim (Wikimedia Commons)
It is considered likely that the earliest depictions of shapeshifting capabilities comes from the Cave of the Trois-Frères, located in southern France. Though the purposes behind the images discovered there are constantly up for debate, and are unlikely to be definitively decrypted in the near future, many scholars believe that some of these drawings indicate a pre-historic belief in the ritual of transformation.
The cave's depiction of "The Sorcerer", for example, gives the impression of both animal and human parts, his awkward position explained by placing him in the physical moment of alteration. If modern scholars are right about this, then beliefs in shapeshifting and transmogrification can be traced all the way back to 13,000 BC.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Finials dating from the Anatolian Seljuk period
that have survived to the present day are all
carved from solid blocks of white marble. In
the Ottoman period, on the other hand, with
the exception of a few ceramic finials found
on buildings in and around the city of Tokat,
they were always made from bronze, iron, copper
or gilded copper. Hollow inside, they consist
of separate base, body and crest riveted together.
The base is generally hemispherical and either
ribbed or fluted, and the body knopped. The
crest is the most eye catching part, and may
be in the form of horns, a crescent, a horseshoe
or a lily. One face is always turned in the
direction of Mecca, and in some cases they are
engraved with verses from the Koran. Standards
used by the mystic orders were usually surmounted
by the symbol of the order.
An interesting example of an Ottoman Turkish
finial is to be seen on a church in Hungary
near to the tomb of Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Effect of Octadecylamine Surfactant on DNA Interactions with Graphene Surfaces.
Understanding of how to integrate DNA molecules with graphene materials is important for the development of biosensors and biomolecular logic circuits. For some of these applications, controlling DNA structural conformation on the graphene substrate is critically important and can be achieved through the use of self-assembled monolayers. Here, we performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to understand how various 1-octadecylamine (ODA) coatings of the graphene surface affect the conformation of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) on the surface. The simulation results demonstrated that dsDNA structures become more stable as ODA concentration increases due to the formation of DNA-ODA hydrogen bonds and reduction of DNA-surface interactions, which aid in retaining internal DNA interactions. Specifically, the interaction of ODA molecules with DNA prevents nucleobases from forming π-π stacking interactions with the surface. Some dsDNA conformations, such as sharp kinks or unwinding, can occur more frequently in DNA with A-T sequences due to weaker pairing interactions than with G-C sequences. Furthermore, our results conclude that both DNA sequence and ODA concentration play an essential role in experimentally observed conformational changes of DNA on the graphene surface.
Kim, HS; Brown, NA; Zauscher, S; Yingling, YG
Volume / Issue
Start / End Page
Electronic International Standard Serial Number (EISSN)
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Hydromette-B Line compact- Gann
Building and Wood moisture meter
The GANN Hydromette BL Compact is an electronic moisture meter used for different kinds of wood as well as for soft building materials and insulating materials.
The pins are pressed into the respective material and enable a precise measurement of the moisture content in sawn timber, chipboard, veneer and fibreboard materials up to a maximum thickness of 25 mm as well as normal gypsum or mixed plasters.
Atfer the measurements the minimum and maximum values can be accessed in the memory storage depending on the building material.
The device is delivered fully equipped with battery, extra pins, protective cap and plastic box.
6 - 25 % moisture content
0.4 - 6.0 % of dry weigh
Direct indication of wood moisture and strucural moisture in % of dry weight (mass weight percent) via a 3-line LCD, 4-step correction of wood species
Direct readings for 3 types of building materials and 2 types of insulating materials. Min/Max and Hold functions for measured values
Indication of the device's temperature/ambient temperature, automatic cut-off of the device
Power supply: 9 V dry cell or Ni-Cd accumulator )


. This should also help compiler performance, by reducing the implicit search space.
 - Syntax is layered in the same way as type classes. Importing the syntax for, say, Applicative will also provide the syntax for Apply and Functor.
Syntax can be imported in two ways. Firstly, the syntax specialized for a particular instance of a type class can be imported directly from the instance itself.
// import the type class instance
import scalaz.std.option.optionInstance
// import the implicit conversions to 'MonadOps[Option, A]', 'BindOps[Option, A]', ...
import optionInstance.monadSyntax._
val oi: Option[Option[Int]] = Some(Some(1))
// Expands to: 'ToBindOps(io).join'
oi.join
Alternatively, the syntax can be imported for a particular type class.
// import the type class instance
import scalaz.std.option.optionInstance
// import the implicit conversions to 'MonadOps[F, A]', 'BindOps[F, A]', ...
import scalaz.syntax.monad._
val oi: Option[Option[Int]] = Some(Some(1))
// Expands to: ToBindOps(io).join
oi.join
For some degree of backwards compatibility with Scalaz 6, the über-import of import scalaz.Scalaz._ will import all implicit conversions that provide syntax (as well as type class instances and other functions). However, we recommend to review usage of this and replace with more focussed imports.
Standalone Type Class Usage
Type classes should be directly usable, without first needing to trigger implicit conversions. This might be desirable to reduce the runtime or cognitive overhead of the pimped types, or to define your own pimped types with a syntax of your choosing.
 - The methods in type classes have been curried to maximize type inference.
 - Derived methods, based on the abstract methods in a type class, are defined in the type class itself.
 - Each type class companion object is fitted with a convenient apply method to obtain an instance of the type class.
 // Equivalent to 'implicitly[Monad[Option]]'
 val O = Monad[Option]
 // 'bind' is defined with two parameter sections, so that the type of 'x' is inferred as 'Int'.
 O.bind(Some(1))(x => Some(x * 2))
 def plus(a: Int, b: Int) = a + b
 // 'Apply#lift2' is a function derived from 'Apply#ap'.
 val plusOpt = O.lift2(plus)
Type Class Instance Dependencies
Type class instances may depend on other instances. In simple cases, this is as straightforward as adding an implicit parameter (or, equivalently, a context bound), to the implicit method.
 implicit def optionMonoid[A: Semigroup]: Monoid[Option[A]] = new Monoid[Option[A]] {
 def append(f1: Option[A], f2: => Option[A]): Option[A] = (f1, f2) match {
 case (Some(a1), Some(a2)) => Some(Semigroup[A].append(a1, a2))
 case (Some(a1), None) => f1
 case (None, Some(a2)) => f2
 case (None, None) => None
 }
 def zero: Option[A] = None
 }
Type class instances for 'transformers', such as OptionT, present a more subtle challenge. OptionT[F, A] is a wrapper for a value of type F[Option[A]]. It allows us to write:
val ot = OptionT(List(Some(1), None))
ot.map((a: Int) => a * 2) // OptionT(List(Some(2), None))
The method OptionT#map requires an implicit parameter of type Functor[F], whereas OptionT#flatMap requires one of type Monad[F]. The capabilities of OptionT increase with those of F. We need to encode this into the type class instances for [a]OptionT[F[A]].
This is done with a hierarchy of type class implementation traits and a corresponding set of prioritized implicit methods.
In case of ambiguous implicits, Scala will favour one defined in a sub-class of the other. This is to avoid ambiguity when in cases like the following:
type OptionTList[A] = OptionT[List[A]]
implicitly[Functor[OptionTList]]
// Candidates:
// 1. OptionT.OptionTFunctor[List](implicitly[Functor[List]])
// 2. OptionT.OptionTMonad[List](implicitly[Functor[List]])
// #2 is defined in a subclass of the enclosing class of #1, so #2 is preferred.
Transformers and Identity
A stronger emphasis has been placed on transformer data structures (aka Monad Transformers). For example State is now a type alias for StateT[Id, A, B].
Id is defined in the scalaz package object as:
type Id[A] = A
Contributing
Documentation for contributors
Credits
Support for Scalaz development is provided by Jetbrains.
Thanks to Mark Harrah and the sbt contributors for providing our build tool.


text:
Effective Tax Rate Formula (Table of Contents)
- Effective Tax Rate Formula
- Examples of Effective Tax Rate Formula (With Excel Template)
- Effective Tax Rate Formula Calculator
Effective Tax Rate Formula
In a very simple language, the effective tax rate is the average rate of tax at which the income of a corporation or an individual is taxed. In the case of an individual, it can be calculated by taking a ratio of total tax expenses and taxable income and for corporations, it is calculated by dividing total income tax expense by the earnings before taxes. We should always keep in mind that the effective tax rate is not the same as the statutory tax rate or the marginal tax rate. The statutory tax rate is the dollars amount of tax levied per $100 of taxable income. On the other hand, the marginal tax rate is the rate which is applicable to additional income earned. Generally, income tax is progressive in nature. Which implies that the income is segregated into slabs and higher income slab will carry higher tax rate and vice versa. So all the income will not be taxed at the same rate and we can see what the effective tax rate is by dividing the total tax with total taxable income.
Formula For Effective Tax Rate :
Examples of Effective Tax Rate Formula (With Excel Template)
Let's take an example to understand the calculation of Effective Tax Rate in a better manner.
Effective Tax Rate Formula – Example #1
In many countries, an individual's income is divided into tax brackets and each bracket is taxed at a different rate. Let's take an example of Tax calculation in the US for individuals.
Following are the tax brackets for a single individual:
Let's say Antony is a financial analyst. His annual income is $100,000 and he put some of his income in tax savings financial instruments. Let assume that amount to be $20,000. So his taxable income is $80,000.
Since the lower limit is zero so the value of Taxable Income will be 9,325 i.e. upper limit.
Calculation of 2nd Tax Bracket:
Similarly, we will calculate the taxable income for the 3rd bracket.
4.9 (3,296 ratings)
To find his effective tax rate, we need to find the tax expenses based on the above brackets.
Similarly, calculate Tax Expense for other brackets.
Then we have calculated the total of Antony's Taxable income and a total of tax expense as follows,
Effective Tax Rate is calculated using the formula given below
Effective Tax Rate = Total Tax Expenses / Taxable Income
- Effective Tax Rate = 15,738.75 / 80,000
- Effective Tax Rate = 19.67%
If you see closely, you will get to know the difference is all the three tax rates. The tax rate on every bracket is the statutory tax rate. The incremental tax rate (15% on 28,625 and 25% on 42,050) is basically the marginal tax rate. So we can see that the effective tax rate is lower than the marginal tax rate but higher than the lowest bracket income tax. The reason for that is the progressive nature of taxation.
Effective Tax Rate Formula – Example #2
Below is the extract of Amazon's financial statements to calculate the effective tax rate for a corporation.
Effective Tax Rate is calculated using the formula given below
Effective Tax Rate = Total Tax Expenses / Earnings Before Taxes
- Effective Tax Rate = 1,197,000 / 11,270,000
- Effective Tax Rate = 10.6%
- Effective Tax Rate = 769,000 / 3,802,000
- Effective Tax Rate = 20.2%
Because of the progressive tax system, all the income will not be taxed at the same rate. So individuals and companies will pay different tax for a different level of income. Effective tax rate helps us in comparing companies and taxpayers. For individuals, they might not have much leeway to decrease their effective tax rates, but for corporations, it plays a vital role and they take various measure to reduce that amount.
Every business has a unique structure, business plan, circumstances, and tax implications. Because of which, every company has a different effective tax rate which it pays. For example, companies who are not doing well and had experienced financial losses in the past, they can use their losses to decrease their taxable income. Also, for research and development costs, there are tax breaks from the government which can affect not only net income but applicable income tax rates. Similarly, corporations with operations in different countries, they may strategically choose to expand operations in those countries where the tax rates are most favorable. So in a way, they will reduce their tax amount which otherwise they have to pay if they have not chosen that country.
Relevance and Uses of Effective Tax Rate Formula
The effective tax rate is one of the measures which investors use as a profitability indicator for a company. This value can change in any direction and sometimes the changes are very drastic. But it cannot be interpreted immediately why it has happened. Sometimes this happens due to operational efficiencies or limitations. But sometimes companies can indulge in activities like asset manipulation so that they can reduce their tax burden. So one should keep a close eye on that.
It can also help us in comparing the actual tax liability of the company. For example, Let say there are 2 companies A & B who are in the same bracket of a marginal tax rate of 25%. But this will not give us a clear picture of the tax exposure of these businesses. We need to see what the effective tax rate is and then compare. So if company B has more money which is taxed at 25% than A, it will have to pay a higher effective tax rate compared to A. So if we say effective tax rate of company A is 18.5% and B is 21.3%, this will be a more accurate reflection of a company's tax liability.
Effective Tax Rate Formula Calculator
You can use the following Effective Tax Rate Calculator
|Effective Tax Rate for Individual||=||
This has been a guide to Effective Tax Rate Formula. Here we discuss how to calculate Effective Tax Rate along with practical examples. We also provide Effective Tax Rate calculator with downloadable excel template. You may also look at the following articles to learn more –
- Guide To Cost of Capital Formula
- Explanation of Cost of Debt Formula
- Calculator For Diluted EPS Formula
- How To Calculate Maturity Value?
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Chemistry : Elements with Variable Valencies
apid Just what you need to know!
Do Some Elements Have Variable Valencies?
Valency is the number of hydrogen atoms that can combine with (or displace) one atom of the element to form a compound. For example, two atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom of oxygen to form water (H2O); so, the valency of oxygen is two.
For elements that do not combine with hydrogen, the valency is the combining power of the element with another element whose valency is known. Valency may also be defined as the number of electrons that an atom donates or accepts to form the duplet state (i.e., 2 electrons in outermost shell) or octet state (i.e., 8 electrons in outermost shell).
The valency of an element is always a whole number. Some elements exhibit more than one valency, i.e., they have variable valency. In Iron [II] sulfate or ferrous sulfate, i.e., FeSO4, the valency of iron is two. In Iron [III] sulfate or ferric sulfate, i.e., Fe2(SO4)3, the valency of iron is three. Generally, the Latin / Greek name for the element (e.g., Ferrun) is modified to end in 'ous' for the lower valency (e.g., Ferrous) and to end in 'ic' for the higher valency (e.g., Ferric). The table below lists some elements that exhibit variable valencies.
Element Symbol Valency Ions Nomenclature
Copper Cu 1, 2 Cu1+
Copper [I] or Cuprous
Copper [II] or Cupric
Silver Ag 1, 2 Ag1+
Silver [I] or Argentous
Silver [II] or Argentic
Mercury Hg 1, 2 Hg1+
Mercury [I] or Mercurous
Mercury [II] or Mercuric
Iron Fe 2, 3 Fe2+
Iron [II] or Ferrous
Iron [III] or Ferric
Tin Sn 2, 4 Sn2+
Tin [II] or Stannous
Tin [IV] or Stannic
Lead Pb 2, 4 Pb2+
Lead [II] or Plumbous
Lead [IV] or Plumbic
Phosphorus P 3, 5
Sulfur S 4, 6
An ion is any atom or group of atoms with a positive or negative charge due to loss or gain of electrons. Positively charged ions are called cations [e.g., Fe3+], whereas negatively charged ions are called anions [e.g., Cl1-].
Practice Exercise for Chemistry Module on Elements with Variable Valencies
Practice Exercise for Chemistry Module on Elements with Positive Valencies
Practice Exercise for Chemistry Module on Radicals with Negative Valencies - Basic
Practice Exercise for Chemistry Module on Radicals with Negative Valencies-Advanced
58 more pages in Chemistry Quiz Activities


text:
Why did Islam spread so quickly? Islam is the religion of Muslims which has spread very rapidly across the globe. The faith began in Mecca and then spread to Spain, East Africa, the Middle East, China. There are two significant themes in Islam: "Allah is the one" and "Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W) is His messenger."
There are many reasons why did Islam spread so quickly. The most important and main reasons are conquest, law, and trade. The people of the Arab made the trade with faraway regions of the world, which spread Islam faster than other religions.
Islam starts with a man named Muhammad (S.A.W). He spent most of his life working as a merchant, and then he retreated to the cave in a nearby mountain where Hazarat Muhammad (S.A.W) received his first revelation from God at the age of 40. After three years of this revelation, he publicly preached Islam.
Quran is the Holy book of Muslims, and it is revealed to Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W). Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) started sharing this message with his friends and family and later spread it to his tribe. He faced countless difficulties from his tribe. The life of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) is the basic definition of the Quran and Islam.
What Is Islam?
Islam is the religion of Allah. God teaches us to Pray, and we bow before him five times a day. Islam has five fundamental pillars which Muslims were expected to follow. These pillars are faith, prayer, obligatory, charity, pilgrimage, and fasting. A Muslim can enjoy life by following the teachings of the Holy Quran.
These five pillars teach the world that Islam is the religion of peace. When it is revealed that there were chaos and wars everywhere, Islam teaches people how to stop violence against the innocent and bring peace. That is the main reason why did Islam spread so quickly.
In Holy Quran, Allah says:
"Whosoever killed a person – unless it is for killing a person or for creating disorder in the land, it shall be as if he had killed all mankind" (5: 33).
Reasons Why Did Islam Spread So Quickly
Islam spread quickly across the globe due to multiple reasons. Islam continues to influence society with its unique elements and divine unity of humanity. Muslims believe that their purpose in life is to serve their creator and obey him, which can only be done through Prophet Muhammad's teachings (S.A.W).
1. The Message
The message of Islam is very loud and clear. Islam is a religion of peace and gives a clear message to help the poor and needy. Muslims pray five times a day to ask for help and forgiveness from Allah. Remembering Allah makes their connection with him stronger and follows his teachings to serve humanity.
One of the important messages given in Islam is that everything belongs to Allah to purify their possessions set aside a particular portion to give to those in need. Fasting is another message which Islam gives to every non-Muslims. It makes people realize the needs of hungry and poor people. In Quran, Allah says, "O you who believe! Fasting is prescribed for you as it was prescribed to those before you that you may learn self-restraint" (2:183).
Islamic trade routes surrounding Mecca served as one of the effective ways to spread Islam in the world. During the trade, Muslims also preach where they go about Allah, and through their actions and way, they spread Islam. People also come for trade-in Arab and see how Muslims deal with other people through their honest trade methods.
The most famous trade route that helps Islam reach far away is China, Central Asia, Africa, and Europe. Many people from these lands traveled to Arab to witness Islam and its religious theories. Essential elements of Islam reach many foreign lands, making many non-Muslims into Muslims.
3. Military Conquest
Another way from Islam's rapid spread is its vast land conquered. Muslims conquered many lands such as Europe, Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, etc. The main reason why Islam reaches any of the above lands is that the Islamic military conquers these lands and spreads the meaning of Islam.
Islam influences the major and most powerful countries of the world. Muslims enter foreign lands to do trade and spread Islam. One of the reasons why Islam spread so quickly is the military conquest of foreign lands and settling there.
4. Political Order
Islam has a unique political organization that provides equality, serves justice, and maintains order. The Muslim government retains the necessary privileges and rights of Muslims and non-Muslims, which impress people to join this faith and religion.
Muslims' military wanted to protect people and protect their lives and rights. The political system of Islam includes rights for non-Muslims too. Non-Muslims are allowed to practice their religion in Muslim-dominated land, and they have to pay Jizyah in exchange for protection for Muslims.
5. Missionary Work
The missionary work started, and the Muslim scholars and preachers reached faraway lands to tell people the religion of Islam. From 700 to 1000 AD, there was a massive rise in Islamic missionary work, and many people converted to Muslims.
Muslims impress foreign people through their actions, trades, ways of politics, etc. The work of scholars and preachers has resulted in many communities embracing and adopting Islam.
Why did Islam spread so quickly? There are many reasons behind the spread of Islam. Muslims preach Islam and set examples by their characters and daily life dealings. They impress people across the globe through their unique and fair trade methods. Muslims conquered lands and served justice there to everyone. They protect Muslims and non-Muslims from injustice and give them the right to live and grow. One of the important reasons is missionary work. People from Islamic countries go toward faraway land and spread the religion of Allah and his Prophet (S.A.W).


to -0.5. It falls between 0 and -1 and it is located on the left hand side of zero, therefore, 0 is greater than -\frac{1}{2}.

e) \sqrt {25} is equal to 5 and it is clearly greater than -5.

f) -\frac {1}{3} is equal to -0.3. -0.4 is located on the left side of -0.3, hence, we can say that -\frac {1}{3} is greater than -0.4.

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How to Get Mold Smell Out of Dresser Drawers
Mel Frank
Dressers are a perfect way to store clothing, keeping it safely out of sight yet on hand and quickly accessible. The problem is that these drawers are dark, typically sealed off when closed, and can quickly develop moisture that leads to the development of a musty, moldy odor. To remove the odor, simply treat the drawers with a quick odor removal solution.
Get rid of mold smell with ease.
 1. Place a small dish of baking soda in each drawer. The baking soda is a natural odor absorbant that will also draw any moisture out of the drawers. Let the baking soda sit overnight.
 2. Fill a spray bottle with white vinegar. The vinegar is a deodorizing agent and will also kill any mold or mildew growth that is causing the odor.
 3. Spray the vinegar solution into all of the drawers.
 4. Keep the drawers open, and allow the drawers to air out overnight.
 5. Repeat if needed if all odor has not dissipated.


Can small changes make big improvements in English fluency?
By 31 August 2020 Video lessons No Comments
improvements in English fluency
This is Video #3 of the series "Intermediate to advanced English, with virtual immersion & tiny habits". In this video, we'll see how tiny "1%" changes in your English can create big improvements in your fluency, confidence, and credibility.
If you missed Videos #1 & #2, here they are again:
 1. Stuck on the intermediate plateau in English?
 2. Create your Virtual Immersion routine in English [SAMPLE PLAN]
Last time, we talked about the concept of virtual immersion. You saw a concrete example of a virtual immersion plan for one day.
And you saw that, it's possible to do English during your day, even if you're busy. (Of course, it's much easier if someone tells you exactly what you need to do! That's why I gave you the plan 😉
When you make tiny changes over time, you improve much faster than you imagined!
In today's video, I'll show you how tiny changes in your English lead to great improvements in your confidence, fluency, and level.
This is the concept of marginal gains
What are "marginal gains"?
4 concrete "1% improvements" you can make today
1% grammar improvement: Uncountable nouns that are common in business English
1% vocabulary improvement: Phrasal verb "look into" instead of "investigate" or "research"
1% pronunciation improvement: "Wednesday"
1% business English improvement: Writing & saying dates
4 tiny changes = 4 big improvements
1. What are "marginal gains"?
"Marginal gains" = making very small improvements over a period of time. Over time, a lot of small improvements creates a lot of improvement in your general performance.
It's a very step-by-step approach. British cycling coach Dave Brailsford made this approach popular.
The British cycling team hired Brailsford in 2003 to coach their team, because they had had very bad performance for the past 100 years.
Since 1908, British cyclists had only won 1 Olympic gold medal. Their performance was so bad that a big European bicycle manufacturer refused to sell their bikes to the British team. The company was afraid it would hurt their reputation, if other cyclists saw a bad team using their bikes!
To fix the situation, Brailsford implemented a new coaching system. He called this the system of "marginal gains."
He looked at every aspect of cycling performance. And he found a way to improve each aspect individually.
These were very small changes:
 - What's the best position for the bike seat?
 - What's the best clothes to wear when cycling?
 - What's the best breakfast to eat before a race?
 - And other small changes
Individually, each change was very small.
But when the team combined all of the small changes, over time, they made great improvements.
After the changes, the British Cycling team won 60% of cycling gold medals in the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
They set 7 world records in the 2012 London Olympics, and won the Tour de France in 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, and 2017.
And remember, before using the concept of marginal gains, the team had won zero events since 1908!
So marginal gains are small changes that combine to great great improvements.
It's what happens in a Virtual Immersion program, like Business English Mastery.
2. 4 concrete "1% improvements" you can make today
As you learn each of these 1% improvements, imagine the difference they will make in your English.
Imagine how you'll sound more natural, more correct.
Imagine how you'll feel more confident.
Imagine if you could make small 1% changes like this EVERY day for the next 3 months!
Right now, these may seem like very small improvements. It may seem that they don't make a difference.
But when you make small improvements over a period of time, you will see A LOT of improvement in your English level, and your confidence.
3. 1% grammar improvement: Uncountable nouns that are common in business English
Let's look at 3 words that are very common in business:
 - Information
 - Data
 - Advice
These words NEVER have -s at the end of them!
She gave me the (informationS) information I needed.
She gave me the (dataS) data I needed.
She gave me the (advices) advice I needed.
→THE CHANGE: This grammar rule is clear now! You never need to ask yourself the question about "Should I put -s at the end?" But you need to practice so it becomes a reflex to use the correct form.
4. 1% vocabulary improvement:
In conversation, we often use the phrasal verb "to look into" instead of its synonyms "investigate" or "research"
"I'll investigate LOOK INTO the source of the problem and prepare a report."
"I'll research LOOK INTO some possible dates for the conference."
It's also correct to say "investigate" and "research", but it's more informal to use "look into."
→ THE CHANGE: Now, you can use the phrasal verb "look into" to sound more natural in your conversations, by using "look into" instead of "investigate" and "research"!
5. 1% pronunciation improvement: "Wednesday"
You know that the way you write a word in English, and the way you pronounce a word in English are sometimes very different.
When you need to schedule meetings & events, it's good to pronounce this day of the week correctly: Wednesday.
We pronounce it /wins-day/, not /wed-nes-day/. (Watch the video to hear the example, and practice with me!)
→ THE CHANGE: Now, you have zero doubts about how to pronounce Wednesday, and can say it with 100% confidence. (Again, practice will help you have the good habit to pronounce it correctly!)
6. 1% business English improvement: Writing & saying dates
Here's a quick & easy tip to avoid confusion with dates:
Write the date like this:
Date (number) – month – year
For example: Today is 1 September 2020.
It works in all countries because it is impossible to confuse the day and the month.
In contrast, if you try to write dates like Americans and British typically write dates, it can create confusion.
For example: 9/1/2020
Is it 9 January 2020, or September 1, 2020?
It depends on the country where you live!
That can be confusing for international communication (and lead to BIG mistakes in planning!).
That's how you can write dates, but how can you say dates?
Say the date like this:
Month – ordinal number (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th – 11th, 12th, etc.) – year.
So today is "September first, two thousand twenty"
Tomorrow is September second two thousand twenty, etc.
7. 4 tiny changes = 4 big improvements
Those are 4 tiny changes to your English, but now that you know them, and you're 100% sure about them.
And you can use them confidently starting today, because they're so common in business conversations.
Already, you're making changes in the way you speak English!
Now, imagine if you made tiny improvements like this every day, because you have an English routine, and good learning habits.
You make improvements in grammar and vocabulary, but also in your communication skills, the way you present in English, your confidence, your mindset…
Over time, you will learn faster than you ever imagined. You're doing it step by step, each day, in a virtual immersion with my team and me.
And now, you're one step, even a few steps, closer to speaking better English and feeling more confident!
If you want to join my Virtual Immersion System, Business English Mastery, subscribe to my email list today!
Enrollments open tomorrow, Wednesday September 2nd.
People on my email list get an invitation tomorrow to start the program with my team and me.
Plus, if you are one of the first people to join, you get some exceptional bonus gifts.
This program gives you everything you need to transform your English and your self-confidence. You work with my team and me directly, for the next 3 months.
I'll see you tomorrow!
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text:
nCCPM Servo Consistency Master / Servo tester
nThe device also can be used as a signal generator for electric speed controller (ESC), then you can test your motor system without using a transmitter and receiver.
nThere are 3 modes to check servos or ESC:
nManual mode: turn the knob with different speed, check the reaction time.
nNeutral mode: make the servo go back to the neutral point.
nAutomatic "window wiper" mode: make the servo swing like a window wipers in the biggest angle.
nIt can connect 1-3 servos simultaneously and test such as 1-3 servos consistency and so on.
nYou can also connect 1-3 ESC to test and compare their reaction time respectively.
nIt can connect 3 servos of the CCPM helicopters and select servos.
nIt can also connect the servo of airplanes install the steering-box and adjust planes by using such as the neutral mode and so on.
nVoltage consumption: DC4.8-6V
nSize: 48 x 42 x 17mm
nOriginal box: NO
nItem size: 48*42*17 mm
nNet weight: 7g
nPackage weight: 13g
n1 x multi Servo tester


A strange wreckage billowing with smoke was found on the grass at Eccleston Primary School early this Monday morning followed by tweets the night before from parents and residents, claiming strange sighting and sounds throughout the evening and night before. Scientists have confirmed that a family of Zhdun's from the planet Flube have crash landed and taken temporary residence in the school. They are a safe, friendly species who must be well looked after. The children will be working hard to ensure that their stay here remains safe, comfortable and short as they build various things including toys, vehicles, clothing and a spacecraft in the hope that we can guarantee a safe passage home.


NHS accused of age discrimination over lifesaving surgery
"It is alarming to think the treatment a patient receives may be influenced by their age," said Professor Norman Williams, president of the Royal College of Surgeons. While there are often valid explanations why older patients decide not to have surgery or are recommended non-surgical treatment, he said: "The key is that it is a decision based on the patient rather than how old they are that matters."
The report details "barriers" to older people receiving surgery, including that "some symptoms can be dismissed as an inevitable part of ageing rather than a potential sign of ill-health. This can mean a disease is at a more advanced stage by the time they are diagnosed, ruling out surgical treatment". Equally, some older patients' overall health may mean the risks of having a procedure outweigh the benefits.
The report takes doctors and surgeons to task for letting outdated attitudes influence their decision-making about older people's eligibility for surgery. "The clinical benefit of providing treatment may be questioned when relative life expectancy is shorter," it says.
Communication with older patients to discuss risks and benefits can be limited or ineffective. Conflation of chronological and biological age "means decisions may not always be made on the basis of a comprehensive and objective assessment but on a series of assumptions about fitness in older age".
While the incidence of breast cancer is highest in women aged 85 and over, surgery peaks among those in their mid-60s and declines sharply from 70. Similarly, rates of surgery for prostate cancer, which kills 10,000 men a year, do not reflect the number of older men being diagnosed with the disease.


text:
Explore similar Bible verses on Luke 11:17 in English Standard Version
"But he, knowing their thoughts, said to them, "Every kingdom divided against itself is laid waste, and a divided household falls."
- Mt 9:4 But Jesus, knowing their thoughts, said, "Why do you think evil in your hearts?
- Mt 12:25 Knowing their thoughts, he said to them, "Every kingdom divided against itself is laid waste, and no city or house divided against itself will stand.
- Mr 3:23 And he called them to him and said to them in parables, "How can Satan cast out Satan?


@article {71232, title = {Reproductive natural history of the brown bullhead Ictalurus nebulosus in Michigan}, journal = {The American Midlands Naturalist}, volume = {114}, year = {1985}, pages = {318-330}, abstract = {Reproductive activity in the brown bullhead begins in May and spawning occurs in late May and early June at Munro Lake, Michigan. Most oviposition occurs during a 10- to 15-day period each year. Adults care for eggs (embryos), larvae and juveniles as long as 20 days after oviposition. Males and females breed with only one mate in each season. Care-giving involves nest-building prior to oviposition, and then guarding embryos, larvae and juveniles. In addition, embryos and larvae are fanned and manipulated by the parents at the nest site. Males alone give parental care more frequently than do females alone. When both sexes attend a brood, males spend more time with the brood and more time in close proximity to the offspring than do females. For these reasons, males can be viewed as the principal care-givers. Male parental care occurs throughout the Ictaluridae and biparental care is common in the genus Ictalurus.}, keywords = {SEX}, author = {Blumer, Lawrence Steven} }


text:
When To Come
The climatic conditions of Nepal vary by the geographical conditions, topography and the altitude. Nepal has climates ranging from tropical to the arctic. The low-land Terai regions have the least elevation and also consist of the lowest region of Nepal which is at 70m from the sea level. The maximum altitude of the Terai region is 305m. The mid-lands or the hilly region have a pleasant weather almost throughout the year. The mountains that lie above 3300 meters have an alpine climate where the temperature is very low in the winter.
September, October and November (Autumn):
This is the best season for trekking in Nepal. The weather is lively and pleasant and you can enjoy clear views of the mountains. The trekking routes are full of adventurers and trekkers in this season.
March April and May (Spring):
This comes only next to the Autumn in terms of popularity. The temperature is moderate and the rhododendrons in full blossoms can be sighted. The mountains can also be viewed with great clarity.
June, July and August (Summer):
This is the best season to trek in Nepal if you are planning on a trek to upper Mustang, Annapurna conservation area, Upper Manang, Manaslu or Upper Dolpo region. These rain shadow areas aren't affected by the monsoon because of the high mountains. Researchers and botanists prefer this season for trekking. You may need to carry insect repellents and raincoats with you.
December, January and February (Winter):
Winters are very cold in the high mountains. These are suitable for trekking in the lower altitudes of 3500 meters.


text:
- UCAR Home
- About Us
- For Staff
IMAGe GSP Brown Bag Seminar (Bring your lunch)
Johannes Werner (TU Darmstadt) and Susan Tolwinski-Ward (NCAR)
May 22 at 12:00
Location: ML Penthouse on tower B
During the last years, new and improved climate reconstructions of the pre-instrumental period have become available. They usually focus on one variable of interest only, regressing e.g. temperature on tree ring growth. However, most of the climate archives respond to more than one climate variable and limited tree growth could be caused by colder than normal temperatures as well as too dry conditions. We know from documentary data that in Central Europe the year 1540 was extremely hot, still it does not show up as an extreme year in the tree ring based reconstructions - likely because tree growth was limited by the drought beginning in 1539.
The aim of our project is to integrate both documentary evidence and tree ring data of 1540 into a joint reconstruction targeting moisture and temperature over the Western Alps, using suitable statistical descriptions: VS-Lite for the tree growth and a multinomial model for the documentary data. These models are then combined with a process level model over the instrumental period. The use of different climate archives and the extension to two variables of interest should improve future climate reconstructions.


MOTH DIARY
ELEPHANT HAWKMOTH - Deilephila elpenor

The English name of this moth is derived from the caterpillar's fanciful resemblance to an elephant's trunk.
The adults are attractively coloured pink and green affairs, with a streamlined appearance. They fly from May to July, visiting flowers such as honeysuckle (Lonicera) for nectar.
The larvae feed mainly on rosebay willowherb (Epilobium angustifolium), but also other plants as well, including bedstraw (Galium).
It is a common species in most of Britain, including Scotland, where it has increased its range in recent years..

The Green-eyed monster of a caterpillar eventually turns into the fabulous pink Elephant Hawk Moth.


text:
Recycling tires can help harmful chemicals stay out of the earth, water, and air. It can prevent tires from becoming disease-carrying-pest breeding grounds, and can keep them from starting raging fires.
A positive fact, however, is that old tires can also be used as an alternative for fossil fuel. These tires can be recycled and made into tire-derived fuel (TDF). The process helps to produce over 25 percent more energy than coal and it is more energy-efficient.
Tires can be recycled into other products. Many are ground into crumb rubber for use in paving projects or shredded into a lightweight fill for use in other civil engineering projects. There are many other eco-friendly products made from recycled tires.
Lightweight fill, reduced lateral load, increased drainage, shear strength, mitigate vibrations, significant cost reduction


text:
refreshing choice. Low carbonation beers help reduce the uncomfortable feeling of being overly full and can minimize discomfort during digestion. These beers are a great alternative option for individuals who are sensitive to high levels of carbonation or experience digestive issues after consuming regular beers.
The lower levels of carbonation in these beers result in a smoother, lighter mouthfeel, making them easier to enjoy without the worry of feeling bloated. Additionally, low carbonation beers often have a more subtle effervescence, allowing the flavors to shine through and providing a more balanced drinking experience.
So, if you're looking for a beer that won't leave you feeling excessively bloated, give low carbonation beers a try and discover a more comfortable way to enjoy your favorite brews.
Moderation and Balance: Key Principles for Digestion
Now, it's time to remember that finding the right balance and practicing moderation in your drinking habits is essential for maintaining a healthy digestive system. Understanding moderation means being aware of the amount of beer you consume and ensuring it aligns with your body's needs. It's important to strike a balance between enjoying your favorite beer and not overindulging. By maintaining balance, you can avoid the discomfort of bloating and other digestive issues that can arise from excessive drinking.
To help you visualize the concept of moderation and balance, here is a table that highlights the key principles:
|Limiting the quantity of beer consumed||Drinking in proportion to your body's tolerance||Reduces the risk of digestive problems|
|Taking breaks between drinks||Alternating alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages||Promotes better digestion|
|Listening to your body's signals||Practicing mindful drinking||Enhances overall well-being|
By understanding moderation and maintaining balance, you can enjoy your beer while keeping your digestive system in optimal health. Cheers to a harmonious relationship with your favorite brew!
Frequently Asked Questions
Can drinking beer help with digestion issues like bloating and gas?
Drinking beer can potentially help with digestion issues like bloating and gas. Certain beers contain probiotics that promote a healthy gut microbiome, which can aid in digestion and alleviate symptoms. Explore the benefits of beer for gut health.
Are there any specific ingredients in beer that can negatively impact digestion?
Beer can have negative effects on gut health due to certain ingredients. Common digestive issues caused by beer consumption include bloating, gas, and heartburn. These ingredients can disrupt the balance of the gut microbiome, leading to digestive discomfort.
Is it true that light beers are easier to digest compared to other types of beer?
Light beers can be easier to digest compared to other types of beer. They have lower alcohol content, fewer calories, and less carbonation, which can all contribute to a smoother digestion process. Dark beers, on the other hand, may negatively affect digestion due to their higher alcohol content and richness in flavor.
Can drinking wheat beers improve digestion due to their smoothness?
Drinking wheat beers can benefit your overall gut health. Research suggests that the smoothness of wheat beers may aid digestion, potentially reducing symptoms like bloating and discomfort. Explore the link between beer consumption and improved digestion.
Are there any specific beer styles that are recommended for individuals with sensitive stomachs or gluten intolerance?
If you have a sensitive stomach or gluten intolerance, opt for gluten-free beers like sorghum or millet-based styles. These can help reduce bloating and gas, providing a more enjoyable drinking experience.
So there you have it! When it comes to choosing the best beer for digestion, remember to opt for light beers that are easier on the stomach, like a crisp pilsner or lager.
If you prefer a smoother experience, go for a wheat beer that offers a gentle touch to your digestive system.
For those who enjoy a tangy flavor, a sour beer with its acidity can aid in digestion.
Dark beer lovers can savor the complexities of flavor while still supporting healthy digestion.
And if you have a sensitive stomach, gluten-free beers are the way to go.
Lastly, don't forget to consider low carbonation options to minimize bloating.
Cheers to a happy, well-balanced digestive system!


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Analysis of a rapid sea ice retreat event in the Bellingshausen Sea
The winter advance of the sea ice edge in the Bellingshausen Sea is frequently interrupted by periods of rapid retreat lasting a few days. The frequency and duration of such events strongly controls the location of the late winter sea ice edge in this sector of the Antarctic. We examine the dynamics and thermodynamics of a retreat event that occurred in May 2001 using data from a drifting buoy array together with diagnostics from a kinematic/thermodynamic ice growth model and a high-resolution (11 km) regional coupled ocean-ice model. During the retreat event, the ice edge retreated by 250 km over 13 days in response to strong and persistent northerly winds associated with a quasi-stationary low-pressure system. Ice motion in the outer part of the pack was convergent and correlated strongly with local wind forcing. By contrast, in the region closer to the coast, ice motion was less well correlated with wind forcing. Model diagnostics indicate that ice thickening resulting from convergence in the outer pack was largely balanced by basal melting. In the outer pack, ice was in a state close to free drift while, closer to the coast, internal ice stresses became significant. The ocean-ice model simulated the characteristics of the retreat event realistically, giving us confidence in the ability of such models to reproduce ice conditions in this sector.
Authors: King, J.C. ORCID record for J.C. King, Doble, M.J., Holland, P.R. ORCID record for P.R. Holland


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Colourimetric analysis of thermally altered human bone samples
Colourimetric analysis of thermally altered human bone samples
Samenvatting
At this moment, no method is available to objectively estimate the temperature to which skeletal remains have been exposed during a fire. Estimating this temperature can provide crucial information in a legal investigation. Exposure of bone to heat results in observable and measurable changes, including a change in colour. To determine the exposure temperature of experimental bone samples, heat related changes in colour were systemically studied by means of image analysis. In total 1138 samples of fresh human long bone diaphysis and epiphysis, varying in size, were subjected to heat ranging from room temperature to 900 °C for various durations and in different media. The samples were scanned with a calibrated flatbed scanner and photographed with a Digital Single Lens Reflex camera. Red, Green, Blue values and Lightness, A-, and B-coordinates were collected for statistical analysis. Cluster analysis showed that discriminating thresholds for Lightness and B-coordinate could be defined and used to construct a model of decision rules. This model enables the user to differentiate between seven different temperature clusters with relatively high precision and accuracy. The proposed decision model provides an objective, robust and non-destructive method for estimating the exposure temperature of heated bone samples.
Toon meer
Thema
OrganisatieVan Hall Larenstein
AfdelingBiotechnologie
Gepubliceerd inScientific Reports Uitgave: 8923
Datum2019-06-20
TypeArtikel
ISSN2045-2322
TaalEngels
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filterbend.prm
Application using this process: Adobe Premiere Pro
filterbend.prm
Application using this process: Adobe Premiere Pro
filterbend.prm
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Application using this process: Adobe Premiere Pro
Recommended: Scan your system for invalid registry entries.
What is filterbend.prm doing on my computer?
filterbend.prm is a process belonging to Adobe Premiere Pro from Adobe Systems Incorporated Non-system processes like filterbend.prm originate from software you installed on your system. Since most applications store data in your system's registry, it is likely that over time your registry suffers fragmentation and accumulates invalid entries which can affect your PC's performance. It is recommended that you check your registry to identify slowdown issues.
filterbend.prm
In order to ensure your files and data are not lost, be sure to back up your files online. Using a cloud backup service will allow you to safely secure all your digital files. This will also enable you to access any of your files, at any time, on any device.
Is filterbend.prm harmful?
filterbend.prm is unrated
Can I stop or remove filterbend.prm?
Most non-system processes that are running can be stopped because they are not involved in running your operating system. Scan your system now to identify unused processes that are using up valuable resources. filterbend.prm is used by 'Adobe Premiere Pro'.This is an application created by 'Adobe Systems Incorporated'. To stop filterbend.prm permanently uninstall 'Adobe Premiere Pro' from your system. Uninstalling applications can leave invalid registry entries, accumulating over time. Run a free scan to find out how to optimize software and system performance.
Is filterbend.prm CPU intensive?
This process is not considered CPU intensive. However, running too many processes on your system may affect your PC's performance. To reduce system overload, you can use the Microsoft System Configuration Utility to manually find and disable processes that launch upon start-up. Alternatively, download PC Mechanic to automatically scan and identify any PC issues.
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Process related issues are usually related to problems encountered by the application that runs it. A safe way to stop these errors is to uninstall the application and run a system scan to automatically identify any PC issues.
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text:
The project Biotechnology for a sustainable economy (Ghent Bio-Economy) of Ghent University is a multidisciplinary partnership (MRP) involving 15 professors at Ghent University from the Faculties of Bioscience Engineering, Sciences, Economics and Business Administration, Law, Arts and Philosophy and 1 professor at the University of Antwerp at the faculty of Biology.
This Multidisciplinary Research Partnership is focusing on the synergistic interaction between green and white biotechnology that is expected to lead to substantial scientific progress in the transition from the present fossil-based economy to a biobased economy.
Plant (green) biotechnology on the one hand is important for the primary production of biomass through the genetic improvement of crops. Industrial (white) biotechnology on the other hand is involved in the conversion of these renewable resources into a wide range of bioproducts, biomaterials and biofuels.
The biobased economy is still in its infancy, but is expected to grow exponentially as a consequence of the drive towards sustainable production processes, the strong price increase for fossil resources such as petroleum, and the need to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases such as CO2.


);
double[] scoresB = DataGen.RandomNormal(rand, 42, 57, 10);
double[] scoresC = DataGen.RandomNormal(rand, 23, 79, 5);
// To create a population series we need to start with an array of populations.
// In this example each population series just has one population in it.
var popsA = new Statistics.Population[] { new Statistics.Population(scoresA) };
var popsB = new Statistics.Population[] { new Statistics.Population(scoresB) };
var popsC = new Statistics.Population[] { new Statistics.Population(scoresC) };
// create a PopulationSeries for each set of scores, naming it in the process
var seriesA = new Statistics.PopulationSeries(popsA, "Class A");
var seriesB = new Statistics.PopulationSeries(popsB, "Class B");
var seriesC = new Statistics.PopulationSeries(popsC, "Class C");
var seriesArray = new Statistics.PopulationSeries[] { seriesA, seriesB, seriesC };
// create a MultiSeries object by passing in the array of series objects and plot it
var multiSeries = new Statistics.PopulationMultiSeries(seriesArray);
var popPlot = plt.AddPopulations(multiSeries);
// now customize its public fields to extensively customize its display options
popPlot.DistributionCurve = true;
popPlot.DistributionCurveLineStyle = LineStyle.Dash;
popPlot.ScatterOutlineColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
popPlot.DataFormat = ScottPlot.Plottable.PopulationPlot.DisplayItems.ScatterAndBox;
popPlot.DataBoxStyle = ScottPlot.Plottable.PopulationPlot.BoxStyle.BarMeanStDev;
// colors are managed at the population series level:
foreach (var popSeries in popPlot.MultiSeries.multiSeries)
 popSeries.color = Tools.GetRandomColor(rand);
// improve the style of the plot
plt.Legend(location: Alignment.LowerLeft);
plt.XAxis.Ticks(false);
plt.XAxis.Grid(false);
plt.YAxis.MajorGrid(lineStyle: LineStyle.Dot);
plt.SetAxisLimits(yMin: 0);
plt.SaveFig("population_advanced.png");


text:
Metal ion sensors are an important yet challenging field in analytical chemistry. Despite much effort, only a limited number of metal ion sensors are available for practical use because sensor design is often a trial-and-error-dependent process. DNAzyme-based sensors, in contrast, can be developed through a systematic selection that is generalizable for a wide range of metal ions. Here, we summarize recent progress in the design of DNAzyme-based fluorescent, colorimetric, and electrochemical sensors for metal ions, such as Pb2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, and UO22+. In addition, we also describe metal ion sensors based on related DNA molecules, including T-T or C-C mismatches and G-quadruplexes.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Number of pages||24|
|Journal||Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry|
|State||Published - Jul 19 2011|
- gold nanoparticles
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Analytical Chemistry


text:
Move to resolve 'vocal learning' puzzle.
New Zealand's tiniest native birds could be the missing piece of a puzzle facing scientists around the world
By Jamie Morton, originally published in New Zealand Herald, 29 December 2017
A new study aims to answer whether New Zealand wrens — the petite group of birds now represented only by our smallest bird, the rifleman, and the mountain-dwelling New Zealand rock wren—possess a special
trait that allows them to learn new sounds.
But the implications of the research, supported with a $300,000 Marsden Fund grant, could reach beyond our shores.
Although most animals communicate with innate sounds, a select group — among them whales, dolphins, bats, elephants, some birds, and us — can develop their own.
What's called "vocal learning" is often associated with songbirds and parrots, whose famed vocal abilities and learning process are so similar to ours, they've become important research subjects for understanding of how speech evolved in humans.
Much of this research is based on assumptions about when, where and why vocal learning evolved — but recent research has drastically reordered the bird family tree.
"For decades, we thought that parrots and songbirds were only distantly related, so we assumed that each group had evolved vocal learning independently," said Dr Kristal Cain, an integrative biologist at the University of Auckland.
"However, new research has shown that they are actually very close to each other on the bird family tree, and scientists now think their distant ancestor may have evolved vocal learning.
"If so, vocal learning is much, much older than previously thought, and probably evolved for very different reasons than we previously thought."
One special group of birds was on the branch between parrots and songbirds —New Zealand wrens — but no one yet knew if they were vocal learners.
"If they are, this would really change how we view vocal learning, and alter the direction of future research."
The New Zealand wrens are considered unusual and ancient, having evolved before all of the songbirds found in our wilderness today.
"They are very important for understanding the evolution of vocal learning and how the brain evolved to allow vocal learning, but we know almost nothing about their vocal patterns," Cain said.
"Because they make very simple noises, it has long been assumed that they are not learners, but recent research suggests it is possible they actually learn those simple vocalisations."
Her team will focus on rifleman birds living in the wild, tracking them from birth to adulthood and recording their sounds.
They'll then compare those sounds with those of adults around them, and to other populations, to find whether they have been learned.
They are working with people who did earlier research on the species and draw on new technology that allows large amounts of data to be recorded without disturbing the birds.
"This will solve one problem, but it also creates a new one: how to efficiently deal with stacks of recordings.
"To deal with that challenge we're using special software that will allow us to train the computer to find the
noises we're interested in.
"The best part of this project, is that whatever the answer — whether they are or not learners — the results will be very exciting and important for future research."
New Zealand was prized by biologists as a natural laboratory for studying the evolutionary history of birds, as it was once part of the supercontinent Gondwana, yet still boasted very old species of songbirds and parrots.
"Songbirds are the most widespread and diverse group of birds, and parrots are widely regarded as some of the most intelligent and vocally flexible. Consequently, New Zealand could become one of the world leaders driving our understanding of how and why these bird groups evolved the way they did."
Understanding whether the New Zealand wrens were vocal learners would also be important for conservation: "Finally, to understand when, why and how vocal learning evolved in birds we must have a better idea of vocalisations in the New Zealand wrens. They really are a missing piece to this puzzle."
Dr Kristal Cain
The University of Auckland


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Donation Heart Ribbon
Blood Test To Predict Heart Attacks Found By Scripps Researchers
Aired 1/13/14 on KPBS News.
Scripps scientists have found a bio-marker in the blood that can predict heart attacks. The next question: How far in advance do they appear?
Chest pain could mean you've got a pinched nerve, an inflammation or it could mean nothing at all. Or it could mean plaque on your arteries is breaking loose and accumulating in your heart and a heart attack is soon to come.
Peter Kuhn is a physicist and faculty member at the Scripps Research Institution. He was a member of the team that identified endothelial cells as heart attack predictors.
So what if a simple blood test could tell us that process is underway? Scientists at the Scripps Research Institute are close to making that a reality.
Their research has been published in the journal Physical Biology. Researchers say the presence of so-called endothelial cells in the blood show that dangerous plaque is circulating in the bloodstream. So a positive blood test for the cells can predict a heart attack.
"So we have something that shows up before the heart attack," said Peter Kuhn, a Scripps faculty member and co-author of the scientific discovery. "What we do not know yet is how much in advance does this actually show up."
Kuhn says further research must determine when endothelial cells appear in the blood. It could be two days or it could be two weeks before a heart attack.
If you know a heart attack is imminent, doctors can try to ward it off with blood thinners and other treatments.
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want to remove hidden data and personal information from presentations you save in the OpenDocument Presentation. PowerPoint presentation can save several types of hidden data and personal information. While this information might not be immediately visible, it can still be retrieved from your presentation.
 Hidden information can include the data that PowerPoint adds to let you collaborate on creating the presentation with other people. It can also include information that you deliberately designate as hidden. PowerPoint presentations can contain the following types of hidden data and personal information:.
 This information can allow other people to see the changes that were made and the names of those who worked on your presentation, along with comments from reviewers. If you used specific features, your document might also contain additional kinds of personally identifiable information PII , such as email headers, send-for-review information, routing slips, and file path information for publishing Web pages. This off-slide content can include text boxes, clip art, graphics, and tables. In PowerPoint, the Document Inspector displays several different Inspectors that enable you to find and remove hidden data and personal information that is specific to PowerPoint presentations.
 For a list of the different types of hidden data and personal information that the Document Inspector can find and remove from presentations, review the following table. If your organization customized the Document Inspector by adding Inspector modules, you might be able to check your presentations for additional types of information. This feature is only available to Office subscribers who have joined the Office Insider program. If you are an Office subscriber, make sure you have the latest version of Office. Content or objects that are not immediately visible in a presentation because they are located outside the slide area, including:.
 The Document Inspector cannot remove pictures that are added to the Notes section of a presentation. The Document Inspector detects the following items that might have data that isn't visible in your presentation. Document Inspector can't remove these items for you because it might cause the presentation to not work properly. Revision tracking data, introduced in PowerPoint build for Office Insiders, illustrates a limitation of Document Inspector.
 Revision tracking data that is, user names and the times when they made edits is added to the presentation. If Mohammed subsequently opens Presentation A in PowerPoint and runs Document Inspector on the file to remove personal data, the Document Inspector in that version of PowerPoint won't be able to detect and remove the revision tracking data added to the presentation by the newer, Office version of PowerPoint used by Kelly and Linda. You can remove hidden information in Visio, just like you can from other apps for Office. Sign in.
 Browse Search. Ask a question. User profile for user: Apple ID Speciality level out of ten: How does one go about reading the metadata on a file written in Microsoft Word?
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 I read all kinds of entertaining stories about embarrassing editing left in Word metadata by inexperienced users. I use Word myself and know to turn off the "track changes" tool. But how do I snoop on what other people may have left in their files? All replies Drop Down menu. Loading page content. Don Archibald Don Archibald.
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 How to Find Metadata in Word Documents
 Simon Teale Simon Teale. Every time MS Word auto-saves, or you select to Save the current document, Word simply attaches all the editing changes you have made to the end of the file. So anything that was previously in the file while it was saved, or auto-saved, will still be visible in the file if opened with something like BBEdit Lite. Only selecting Save As MS Word is also famous for saving a lot more into the file that you would think it needs. Computer name, OS, etc. I recently came across some old Word 5 or 6 for Windows documents I'd been working on many years ago, probably from Windows 95 days.
 My first attempt to open them was in a plain text editor, I was horrified to see all the extra stuff in there.


Impact of ICD-10 and Other Coding Regulations on Worker Productivity
For Medical Coding and Billing, Proper Training is Paramount for Success
The healthcare industry is a highly regulated industry, with good reason, as millions of lives are impacted by the quality of health care provided to patients across the country. However, is it possible that the medical industry may be regulated too much? How do the increasing pressures of new rules, new processes, and increasingly stringent regulations impact the millions of healthcare professionals who make up the medical workforce?
Some studies seem to indicate that the healthcare industry may be over-regulated, or at least too regulated for many healthcare workers to keep up without undue levels of stress and errors. The constant growth and change in healthcare regulations continually add layers of bureaucracy, causing stress on healthcare employees, to the point that they may feel disengaged and disconnected from their employers, which makes them feel insufficiently supported with enough training and resources to do their jobs well. In fact, hospitals in the United States may at a crisis point, with more than 56 percent of the workforce feeling that way, according to a 2017 study by CultureIQ, entitled "Engagement & Retention in Healthcare Workers."
Coding Changes
One relatively recent, and significant change in healthcare regulations at issue is the new ICD-10 coding system, which replaced ICD-9 in October of 2015. The new coding system nearly quadrupled the volume of diagnostic codes from 14,000 to 68,000, while procedure codes jumped more than 2,000 percent, from 4,000 to 87,000 codes. This has resulted in a 69 percent increase in the amount of time taken to process patient medical bills (17 minutes on ICD-10, vs. 5 minutes per coding on ICD-9).
The specificity of ICD-10 codes has led to misunderstood terms in the workplace, causing mistakes, overwork, and limited time to complete billing procedures. This results ultimately in a decline in reimbursements, and an increase in overtime costs, financially choking physicians, all while reducing quality of patient care, according to David Womack, president and CEO of Practice Management Institute (PMI), which provides education and training to medical office staff at hospital systems, medical societies, and educational institutions nationwide.
Though ICD-10 implementation promised streamlined processes, sudden exponential increases of new data can have the opposite effect, Womack adds.
Based on his experience in the healthcare staff training field, Womack says reported employee disengagement is partially a result of this over-regulation, combined with lack of training. Per Womack, such a substantial increase of data without accompanied training could prove to be a catastrophic combination for the healthcare industry—a monumental risk for an industry already rife with coding errors.
Mistakes Are Costly to the Healthcare Industry
Mistakes do not only cost the industry, and employers, a great deal of money in lost reimbursements. Errors also cost valuable time, and quality—directly impacting patient health.
When employees are hit with too many things at once that they don't understand, they go into apathy and tune out – resulting in increased mistakes, errors, and a general lack of understanding.
Up to 80 percent of all medical bills contain mistakes, costing $68 billion in lost healthcare spending. Combined with an overload of new data, Womack says risk of errors increases tenfold.
Why is there such a high rate of billing mistakes? "The oversight exists on the payer side of claims," Womack explains. "Private and government payers alike scrutinize claims for accuracy. When problems are found, claims are denied, and money is lost."
What Is the Solution? How to Prepare, Engage Staff in Wake of New Regulations
The healthcare industry will likely become more heavily regulated in the future. Therefore, according to Womack, high-quality, ongoing staff training is paramount to maintaining a cohesive, engaged team and minimize preventable errors.
"An engaged workforce is a well-trained workforce," according to Womack. "Coding and reimbursement staff with proper training contribute to the solution in the form of clean, efficiently expedited [health insurance] claims."
Studies show that healthcare organizations with a highly engaged workforce perform more successfully on safety, quality, and patient experience measures, heavily influencing financial outcomes.
Womack adds that companies offering professional certification in medical coding, third-party billing, office management, and compliance, are helping set a higher standard in employment by providing up-to-date education and testing that assures each applicant's complete understanding. The result being that physicians can focus their attention solely to patient care, translating to a better experience for the patient, all while ensuring the practice continues to be successful.
Furthermore, Womack warns against hiring untrained medical coders and billers. "One of the biggest risks of employing untrained coders comes when healthcare auditors find problems resulting in the recovery of large sums of money for things like billing for services not rendered, unbundling, upcoding, etc. Ultimately, the physician bears responsibility for signing off on all claims, but the staff may share liability for incorrect billing practices, if they knowingly submit false claims."
Is proper billing and coding historically a challenge for medical practices? Yes, says Womack. "The complexity of the reimbursement process is a pain point for sure, Womack states. "Fighting for dollars [owed] to the practice can sometimes take precedence over the treatment of medical conditions in determining the sustainability of a medical practice. Coders who lack proper training add fuel to the fire," he adds.
Not only can a lack of training for medical coders and billers impact the back office of a medical practice, it may also impact the overall productivity of the entire practice. "Well-trained coders and billers can improve the overall profitability of the practice by finding missed revenue opportunities and submitting claims for every dollar that is rightfully do. Well-trained staff leads to better employee engagement, fewer errors and [greater] overall job satisfaction."
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Unit operations and processes in environmental engineering
Unit operations and processes in environmental engineering, second edition is for an advanced undergraduate course or a graduate-level course in environmental engineering. It has been written primarily for the civil/ environmental engineering curriculum : howefer, It may be used in other fields, such as chemical engineering, where water and wastewater treatment are taught. The book presents water and wastewater treatment untder a single cover, using the unit operation and process approach.
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Have you ever been compelled to leave your country for another due to your home country's hostile living conditions? If you have gone through that experience, then that is what Moroccans are going through in their homeland. They are leaving their country for other nations because of the harsh conditions in Morocco. Leaving your homeland due to poor residential situation is an experience you should never long to meet in your life. It encompasses challenges that pose risks to your life through exposure to fatal dwelling conditions and deficiency of basic needs. Leaving your nation may emanate for several reasons, and this explanation seeks to identify why Moroccans are fleeing Morocco.
There are varied reasons that compel Moroccans to move out of their land and settle in other parts of the world. These migrants target finding better residential areas that can help these Moroccans evade the harsh lives in Morocco. The poverty level is one of the major reasons that make Moroccans flee their motherland. It is because the living conditions in Morocco cannot allow them to continue residing in those areas. They are unable to meet their basic needs as they languish in hunger caused by increased poverty levels. Because of the strife caused by poverty, these citizens resort to other areas to have better lives and meet their needs.
Natural calamities explain why Moroccans are fleeing their land. On many occasions, these citizens confront calamities that impede their lifestyles in their homeland. For instance, many areas in Morocco are common to floods making life in those areas unbearable. These floods displace the citizens causing them to miss shelters. The floods have the effect of destroying property, making them lose their valuables, a condition that continues to worsen their lives. Famine is another calamity that affects the Moroccans making them move out of their realm.
Cultural influence is a vital factor that explains the increased instances of the Moroccans running away from their realm. This aspect is common among the young Moroccans who find it difficult to maintain their cultural practice. They have succumbed to cultural influences that compel them to move out of their realm to find a better avenue for expressing their desires for a new culture. The American way of life is the primary culture that poses risks to the Moroccan culture, making young people run away from their land. In this new culture, the desire to put on suits by those young people keeps them moving out of their roots to enjoy other charming practices of the western culture.
Unpleasant political policies in Morocco define the reasons why Moroccans are fleeing their nation. This aspect significantly affects the young populations as they feel that the political parties have neglected their presence. For instance, those political parties do not give space for the youths so that they can also take an active part in the activities within the parties. State parties do not offer leadership positions or the youths' chances to contest for the executive posts with state parties' support.
Incompetent government is a factor that makes Moroccans run away from their nation. It is because their government has ignored to support them and meet their needs. For instance, they cannot get a quality education that can help them improve their skills in different professions. The government has failed to offer employment chances for the young people, making them opt for different countries to get jobs. Those citizens are also suffering since their government has been unable to offer them social amenities like healthcare services to allow them to live healthy lives and get treatments for their sickness.
Indeed, Moroccans are leaving their countries for other nations, as their home country's life is unbearable. The need to find greener pastures is their primary goal: to quench their thirst for healthy living. Primarily Moroccans are moving out of their nation due to the increased poverty levels that can allow them to continue living there. The country's economy has gone down, and the government is not ready to consider alternatives to support its citizens. Natural calamities drive people out of their country in Morocco, as the living conditions are unbearable. Political parties have failed to give a space for the youth to express their skills in leadership positions. They have faced rejection as the older people have occupied all the leadership posts.


No Module Named 'Cryptodome' With Code Examples
No Module Named 'Cryptodome' With Code Examples
Hello everyone, In this post, we will examine how to solve the No Module Named 'Cryptodome' problem using the computer language.
pip install pycryptodome
There are a variety of approaches that can be taken to solve the same problem No Module Named 'Cryptodome'. The remaining options will be discussed further down.
pip3 install pycryptodomex
pip3 uninstall crypto
pip3 uninstall pycrypto
pip3 install pycryptodome
>> pip install pycryptodomex
from Cryptodome.Cipher import AES
pip uninstall pycrypto
As we have seen, the issue with the No Module Named 'Cryptodome' variable was resolved by making use of a variety of distinct instances.
How do I fix No module named error?
you do not have the module you tried importing installed on your computer.Here are some solutions.
 - Make sure imported modules are installed. Take for example, numpy .
 - Make sure modules are spelled correctly.
 - Make sure modules are in the right casing.
 - Make sure you use the right paths.
How do I fix a missing module in Python?
How do I fix No module named PyMySQL?
The Python "ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'pymysql'" occurs when we forget to install the PyMySQL module before importing it or install it in an incorrect environment. To solve the error, install the module by running the pip install PyMySQL command.20-Apr-2022
How do I add a module to Python?
To create a module just save the code you want in a file with the file extension .py :
 - Save this code in a file named mymodule.py.
 - Import the module named mymodule, and call the greeting function:
 - Save this code in the file mymodule.py.
 - Import the module named mymodule, and access the person1 dictionary:
What is the command to install pip?
Ensure you can run pip from the command line Run python get-pip.py . 2 This will install or upgrade pip. Additionally, it will install setuptools and wheel if they're not installed already. Be cautious if you're using a Python install that's managed by your operating system or another package manager.
How do I resolve an import error?
Here is a step-by-step solution:
 - Add a script called run.py in /home/bodacydo/work/project and edit it like this: import programs.my_python_program programs.my_python_program.main() (replace main() with your equivalent method in my_python_program .)
 - Go to /home/bodacydo/work/project.
 - Run run.py.
How do I install a missing Python module?
Linked
 - 451. Installing python module within code.
 - How to install distutils packages using distutils api or setuptools api.
 - -3. try import if not, install in python.
 - -2.
 - Method of opening .py scripts without packages installed? ( pip)
 - Providing a custom command class to setup.py in a separately installed package.
How do I install a Python module locally?
Installing Python Packages with Setup.py To install a package that includes a setup.py file, open a command or terminal window and: cd into the root directory where setup.py is located. Enter: python setup.py install.09-Aug-2022
How do I find a Python module?
We can also use the inspect module in python to locate a module. We will use inspect. getfile() method of inspecting module to get the path. This method will take the module's name as an argument and will return its path.14-Sept-2022
How do I install PyMySQL on Windows 10?
How to Install pymysql on Windows?
 - Type "cmd" in the search bar and hit Enter to open the command line.
 - Type " pip install pymysql " (without quotes) in the command line and hit Enter again.
 - The previous command may not work if you have both Python versions 2 and 3 on your computer.
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Longstreet Highroad Guide to the North Georgia Mountains
The Chickamauga Valley lies between the Cumberland Plateau's Lookout Mountain to the west and the Armuchee Ridges to the east. Where it divides the "thumb" of Pigeon Mountain from Lookout Mountain is the famed McLemore Cove. The Chickamauga Valley forms a natural passageway between the high ridges on either side. Because it gives access to both Chattanooga and the Tennessee River and contains a few low ridges, it was the site of much movement and conflict during the Civil War.
The Chickamauga Valley is not just one valley but a series of northeast-southwest trending valleys with limestone floors and ridges some 200 to 300 feet high, capped with more weather-resistant rock. Down through these valleys and across the ridges between Chattanooga and Atlanta, Union army forces under General William Sherman pursued Confederate troops during the fighting which led to the Battle of Atlanta near the end of the Civil War. Visitors to the military parks at Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and Orchard Knob, as well as other areas such as the lovely and serene McLemore Cove, will come away with a clearer understanding of how the natural geology of the region has helped shape recent human history.
From the Chickamauga Valley, especially GA 337, one can reach a variety of natural features lying at the base of the Pigeon Mountain escarpment. These include giant, dry, forest sinkholes; Blue Hole; and the entrances to the enchanting Dickson and McWhorter gulfs, deeply eroded into Pigeon Mountain's east wall.
[Fig. 5(13)] A postcard-pretty valley nestled in the V formed by Lookout Mountain and Pigeon Mountain, the McLemore Cove Historic District was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. The steep limestone and sandstone walls of the mountains form a dramatic backdrop for a scenic drive through the cove. The area is almost exclusively agricultural, with small dairy farms taking up most of the land. At the southwest end of the cove is a portion of the picturesque 11,500-acre Mountain Cove Farm. Red cedars which thrive on the limestone soil here are profuse throughout the cove, particularly along West Cove Road, as indicated by the names of the natural features and landmarks: Cedar Grove Creek, Cedar Grove community, and Cedar Grove Church and Cemetery. Perhaps nowhere else in Georgia are so many cedars concentrated in such a small area.
The cove, which was named for Robert and John McLemore, sons of a white trader and a Cherokee mother, is just south of Chickamauga Battlefield. One of the Civil War battles took place at Davis Crossroads.
Near Cedar Grove Methodist Church, a large number of Union soldiers spent the night of September 17, 1863, immediately prior to the historic Battle of Chickamauga. Another antebellum structure is the 130-year-old, plantation-plain style farmhouse where the Hise family has lived for generations. It is located.5 mile south of Mt. Hermon Church on Hog Jowl Road. Most of the other old houses and buildings in the cove are not antebellum but date from the 1890s, when the railroad was built through the northern part of the cove.
This park is comprised of four separate battlefield sitesChickamauga, Point Park, Orchard Knob, and Missionary Ridge. The park became the first of four military parks established by Congress between 1890 and 1899, the others being Shiloh, Gettysburg, and Vicksburg.
CHICKAMAUGA. [Fig. 5(7)] The Civil War battle of Chickamauga, in the northwest corner of Georgia, was the first of a series of decisive battles that culminated in the fall of Atlanta and brought the Civil War to a close. A Union force of about 58,000 men and a Confederate force of about 66,000 men clashed on the battlefield at Chickamauga September 1920, 1863. The result, after 34,000 casualties (3,969 dead), was that the Union army retreated north to Chattanooga, then a town of about 2,500 people, and the Southern forces occupied Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain, which bordered the town. Troops from 29 of the 33 states east of the Rockies engaged in the campaign; four states had troops on both sides.
The Chickamauga Battlefield visitor center has an excellent small museum containing artifacts related to the Civil War. It also houses the Fuller Gun Collection, which consists of 355 weapons dating from the Revolutionary War period through World War II. A 26-minute, multimedia show is presented daily. Books on Civil War history and four rental audiocassettes are available.
The major points of interest on the Chickamauga Battlefield, which when the battle was fought consisted of small fields, dense woods, and thick underbrush, can be reached by following a 7-mile driving tour. Monuments and markers along the road indicate the locations of units and batteries engaged in the battle.
Chickamauga contains remarkable natural environments. In the eastern portion is Georgia's best example of the remarkable cedar glades, where red cedars dominate an open forest community. The thin soil over a limestone outcrop supports rare and unique prairie plants, some found nowhere else in the state. There are late-summer displays of showy coneflowers and black-eyed susans. The only year-round stream, Cave Springs Creek, has rich aquatic fauna; large shell-bark hickories grow along it. Two quarry ponds lie just east of US 27 near its junction with Viniard Road. Several limesinks, or sagponds, occur. The most historic is Bloody Pond, near the southwestern corner of the park. The largest and most interesting limesink is just north of Alexander's Bridge over Chickamauga Creek in the southeast corner of the park. It contains huge, 36-inch-diameter willow oaks buttressed at the base. Staff is not available to assist in nature tours.
POINT PARK. [Fig. 5(3)] Point Park, although located in the Cumberland Plateau, is more conveniently discussed here, in the Chickamauga Valley section. After the Battle of Chickamauga, the Union army retreated to Chattanooga, and the Confederate army reformed battle lines around the city with the intention of starving and freezing the Union troops into submission. Point Park, strategically positioned on top of Lookout Mountain, was the location of one of those battle lines. The dominance of the location over the city below cannot be fully grasped until one stands on the edge of Point Park and looks down on Chattanooga.
A visit to this park is an opportunity to visualize the grand strategy of a major Civil War battle. During the Battle of Lookout Mountain, termed the "Battle Above the Clouds" because during the fighting a band of mist and fog hung around the middle of the mountain, the Union army drove the Confederates from their position and effectively gained control of the city.
Point Park is on the northeastern tip of Lookout Mountain. The welcome center contains a fine 13-foot-by-30-foot mural painted by James Walker, an eyewitness to the battle. A tape recording provides a narrative that describes the scene and effectively draws the visitor into the action. The small Ochs Museum in the park has an observation deck which affords a commanding view of the area.
ORCHARD KNOB. [Fig. 5(4)] This hill in front of Missionary Ridge was initially the forward position of the Confederate defense line. It was taken by Union forces, and from here General Ulysses Grant commanded the assault on Missionary Ridge. On November 25, 1863, six cannon shot from this hill signaled the beginning of the battle for the ridge. Visitors will find a half dozen state monuments and a number of cannon, but the real reason to visit Orchard Knob is the geographical perspective it gives to the fighting between Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge.
MISSIONARY RIDGE. [Fig. 5(5)] Missionary Ridge was occupied by the Confederate forces after the Battle of Chickamauga and was part of the battle line around Chattanooga. During the battle for the city, Union troops attacked and captured the ridge. Along the ridge are remarkable views of Orchard Knob, Chattanooga, and Lookout Mountain. Markers, plaques, and gun positions give details of troop positions and describe the action in which various units participated. The historical markers are dispersed among elegant houses.
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Technical Preparation monochromatic filters the visible rang hybrid materials using sol-gel method
Assistant Dr. Sina Ibrahim Hussein/Baghdad University – Faculty of science – Department of physics
Prof. Harith Ibrahim Jaafar/Baghdad University – Faculty of science – Department of physics
The importance of filter preparation from the polymeric material because the cost, a high elasticity , unbreakable and high quality .To preparation filter with the wavelength (490nm) using visual application , it is used in the al photometer device in the specified wavelength . instead of the filter glass breakable and expensive .It is used in the manufacture of optical detectors with in specific spectral ranges. Filters used in imaging cameras where the film is affected by lights and colors. It is used by the application blue light filter for eye care of an important application of the eye from the display lighting in the mobile phone to protect. The aim of this work is the possibility to manufacture optical filter specific wavelength and has a high elasticity length using organic-inorganic material with sol-gel method. To preparation the compound gelatin(TEOS) to use 5 ml TEOS, 5ml Ethanol , 10 ml water does not ionic and 0.08 ml hydrochloric acid. It has been dissolve the dye in the ethanol with different concentration ( 10-5,10-6,10-7, 10-8) . It was chosen best concentration of the dye to be mixed with the polymer ( PMMA) by 10% polymer and 90% dye. When mixing 20% TEOS , 70% PMMA and 10% organic dye with mixing the room temperature to preparation hybrid films.Where examined films the absorption spectrum and fluorescence spectrum , when mixing the polymer with the dye, the absorption spectrum that has a high absorbency (0.8 with wavelength 350 nm ). When add TEOS , polymer and dye showed achange in the absorption spectrum with films prepared as increased absorbability ( 2.1 with 200-350 nm ) and ( 1.4 with 400-800nm). The fluorescence spectrum with dye solution 450-580 nm , the mixture dye with polymer 430-530 nm and when mixture TEOS, dye and polymer got filtered wavelength , the fluorescence showed determine the wavelength when the wavelength 490nm.


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KOPPERL, TEXAS. Kopperl, near Farm Road 56 fourteen miles northeast of Meridian and forty miles northwest of Waco in northeastern Bosque County, was founded in 1881 and named in honor of Moritz Kopperl, a Galveston banker and Santa Fe Railroad director. The community was on the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway. In 1953, after the construction of the Lake Whitney dam, a levee was erected around the town to protect citizens from possible flooding. In 1904 the estimated population was 329. The population in 1974 was 225. Kopperl was the subject of a song by Stephen Fromholtz, "The Texas Trilogy." In 1990 the population was still reported as 225.
Bosque County History Book Committee, Bosque County, Texas, Land and People: History of Bosque County, Texas (Dallas: Curtis Media, 1985). William C. Pool, Bosque Territory (Kyle, Texas: Chaparral, 1964).
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Karen Yancy, "KOPPERL, TX," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed May 24, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


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Bharal (blue sheep)
Bharal (Pseudois nayaur)
Bharals, also known as blue sheep, have short, dense hair. Distinctive physical features are labeled on the pictures below. Females can be half to two-thirds the size of males. Young bharals are smaller and browner.
Relevance to snow leopard conservation:
Bharals are preferred prey for snow leopards.
Bharals move in herds of 10 or more, with males forming separate herds outside of mating season. They are active during the daytime (diurnal).
Bharals are herbivores, eating grasses, leaves, mosses, and lichens.
Bharals live at elevation of 4,000 – 6,500 meters. They prefer bare, rocky hills above the tree line but below the snow line, where grass is abundant.
Animals that could be mistaken for this species:
While adult males' horns and markings make them distinctive, females and young can look very similar to some domestic goats, and female and young ibex.
Images of bharals
These are images from our research cameras that CatCam visitors have identified as containing at least one bharal. Click on a thumbnail to see a larger image
Gurung, K.K., & Singh, R. (1996). Field Guide to the Mammals of the Indian Subcontinent: Where to watch mammals in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan. London: Academic Press.
Schaller, G.B. (1998). Wildlife of the Tibetan Steppe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sterndale, R.A. (1982). Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon. New Delhi: Himalayan Books.