Digitizing Risk-based Integrity Management of FPSOs
Industries are adapting to an increasingly digitalized landscape. The floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) industry is no different. As concerted efforts are made to improve project economics Matt Tremblay, ABS Senior Vice President, Global Offshore, discusses how digitalization can increase safety, reduce costs, and build robust technical and operational capabilities.
No one could have predicted what a challenging year 2020 would become. Offshore production activity fluctuated dramatically with changing market economics and a global pandemic, the fall out of heightened geopolitical tensions, not to mention new IMO regulations introduced at the beginning of this year.
On the horizon, however, is positive news. Markets are beginning to evolve, and an example of this is Brazil, where both Petrobras and international oil companies are again active. Increased activity is also taking place in the North Sea, and in Australia. New entrants are making strong headway in regions such as Mexico, where Petroleum Reform is opening offshore exploration and production to foreign companies.
Evolving FPSOs through the influence of digitalization
With these positive developments, the Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) markets and the assets themselves, continue to evolve.
With the largest fleet of classed FPSOs, ABS has supported their development in both size and complexity. At its core, an FPSO is simply a production, storage, and offloading system. While the basic design concept hasn't fundamentally changed, what is evolving are the technologies, systems, and tools available for an FPSO to optimize its design and operation.
Influencing this change are the fundamentals of how asset management can be applied to achieve leaner, cost-effective operations and reliable exploration activities. There is a primary focus on improving maintenance scheduling and performance, reducing human factor involvement, and increasing the lifetime use of the FPSO asset, safely. The importance of digitalization is increasingly becoming a priority on the boardroom agenda of many operators, particularly with industry-wide initiatives toward net-zero carbon.
Managing complex assets
Managing the integrity of an FPSO poses a particular set of challenges, and integrity management is still often managed using outdated, labor-intensive spreadsheets or other basic systems.
However, mindsets are changing with increasing awareness on how data can be leveraged to help provide real-time answers to common maintenance, operations and performance questions.
One of the benefits of digitalization is the increase in performance and productivity that can be achieved with a minute-by-minute visibility of how an FPSO is operating. Giving an owner-operator the opportunity to clearly track the change in asset condition over time, from construction through to late-life, helps make more informed decisions, supported by more reliable data, making the industry safer.
Considering the challenges of FPSO operations, fewer, more focused inspections that reduce the need for tanks or equipment to be physically examined while maintaining safety standards, represent a compelling proposition. As does an optimized maintenance system to improve uptime and increase reliability. Combine this, and you have a simpler way to manage maintenance crews on board, optimize turnarounds, simplify logistics, streamline the POB, and improve operations. The end result leads to safer operations, a reduction in OPEX, and improved profitability.
The trick is how to avoid adding unacceptable risk. It's why ABS has moved to develop solutions using data science as the basis for an informed and targeted decision-making process, using predictive analytics to guide operational decisions. Examples include analysis of early corrosion detection and coating failures using machine learning and pattern identification intelligence, and real-time monitoring and transparency into how a vessel's operational profile and loading patterns are affecting its structural integrity, providing predictive alerts for detected anomalies to reduce the risk of unplanned downtime and improvement in maintenance strategies.
The goal in moving to a condition-based system is that you are letting the condition of the asset – such as the FPSO hull – tell you how often you need to inspect and maintain it. For example, consistent hull inspections showing no corrosion may allow you to increase your inspection interval.
It starts with collecting data that will be processed and analyzed. Most of this data is something we already have, such as the original design information, the engineering assessments and analysis, the inspection records, and survey results. Environmental data may be acquired from industry sources or measured onboard. Operational data such as loading patterns, production profiles, failure modes, maintenance data, are also available by manual intervention and measurement, or through sensor-based monitoring systems.
When you combine all this information with diagnostic and potentially prognostic models, can then detect health and performance anomalies in the form of impending failure or performance degradation at an early stage.
This provides valuable information for corrective and preventative actions by allowing both onboard and onshore management teams to observe the condition and status of their vessels' integrity. This information empowers operators to develop appropriate strategies for maintaining their assets, optimizing decision-making, and managing integrity and maintenance as efficiently as possible to avoid unexpected downtime and productivity loss in operations.
Image courtesy ABS
Creating your data ecosystem
With any offshore unit, and in any operation, there are different kinds of data generated. There is data generated from the operational side, such as oil and vibration testing. There is data generated from repairs, maintenance, warranty claims, CMMS data, as well as met-ocean conditions and environment data.
All these data configurations are very diverse and were traditionally kept in silos. Today, we're able to combine data sets from multiple sources together with technologies that help operators make better and more informed to-the-minute decisions. Combining multiple data sets generates big data analytics, which is the concept of using different data sources to create penetrating new insights.
Auditing your data and applying digital technology will automate the translation and data analysis process.
Digital solutions can then be used to visualize the status of that asset, and monitoring tools can be used to help you focus on the big picture. For example, combining data analytics with Artificial Intelligence (AI) can investigate the 'what if scenarios' and provide future insights, enabling operators to begin to answer not only what happened, but also what will happen.
Building a Digital Asset Framework
"Digital Twin" is a familiar term, but it is a term that is hard to define. For example, if you assessed 10 separate projects, each with their own Digital Twin, all 10 of them would give you a different description of what it is, what it does, and what it delivers.
This is not necessarily a bad thing, and in reality, no two projects will be the same, particularly in the design and operation of FPSOs where there are vast technical challenges that require numerous detailed process, control, safety, and flow simulations to maximize production, from subsea to offloading.
In a Digital Twin, physics-induced data are used to mirror and predict the status and life of its corresponding physical twin. This enhances the operation of an FPSO by helping to both visualize and predict the performance of that asset. As the digital twin is designed to continuously collect and process operating data from sensors and other data sources, it presents a constantly evolving picture of the FPSO's living status at all times.
While you may not need all of the potential analysis capability available today to support a new FPSO that has just been installed, it is beneficial to deliver a new FPSO with a robust condition model to allow you to begin the full lifecycle of the model alongside the physical asset. Ultimately, it allows operators to better calculate and forecast the remaining life of their asset.
Applying Digital Twin technology as part of a "Digital Asset Framework", allows for a single source of truth that can be shared with stakeholders, including owners, operators, project financiers, insurance providers, and regulators alike. Everybody can access the same reports, data, and insights in a way that makes sense through data visualization.
Digital-driven business outcomes
The digital solutions applied to an FPSO impact its entire value chain, from equipment and inventory to operational efficiency, including optimization of inspections and onboard activities. Coupling these digital solutions with traditional risk-based inspection and maintenance planning techniques has shown a 10:1 return on investment opportunity over the total asset life due to optimized repair and inspection planning.
In early project CapEx planning, condition models, sensor data ingestion tools, remote inspection technology, are all aspects of what should be looked at to ensure an FPSO is future-proofed, so that in 10 years from now, an operator can apply the latest predictive analytics techniques to forecast its remaining asset life.
Where operators manage a fleet of multiple offshore units, using the right digital tools and data insight offers benchmarking that helps compare one offshore unit's performance against another in the fleet. This gives further opportunity to improve asset management activities through the efficient allocation or re-allocation of resources resulting in streamlined scheduling of fleet maintenance activities that are focused and specific.
A connected future
The transition from legacy systems to Digital Twin driven operations will be incremental, which will naturally incorporate a range of digital solutions to improve asset management and optimization.
The digital tools now entering the market allow operators to ingest, store, track, and analyze condition data in a way that was never possible before. These are technologies we are both building and implementing, focused on three primary goals; improving asset reliability, streamlining the Class process on offshore operations, and ultimately, supporting the improved profitability of the industry. Of course, this is all rooted in a framework of safety and quality spanning an end-to-end solution.
ABS has developed several innovations to support the monitoring and management of structural, machinery, and condition metrics needed for asset management and regulatory compliance.
ABS Condition Manager is just one of a suite of advanced new digital services and applications launched by ABS that offer unprecedented understanding of the status of an asset. A compartment-based, digital visualization of an asset's condition, including inspection and repair history, as well as critical area monitoring using Class and operational data, the ABS Condition Manager application is a good example of how digital


Naturally-primed life strategy plasticity of dimorphic Aethionema arabicum facilitates optimal habitat colonization. / Bhattacharya, Samik; Sperber, Katja; Özüdogru, Baris; Leubner-Metzger, Gerhard; Mummenhoff, Klaus.
In: Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, 16108, 06.11.2019, p. 1-11.
Research output: Contribution to journalArticle
Published
Abstract
Plasticity in plant dispersal traits can maximise the ability of a plant species to survive in stressful environments during colonization. Aethionema arabicum (Brassicaceae) is a dimorphic annual species that is hypothesized to survive stressful conditions during colonization due to adaptive plasticity in lifephase
(vegetative vs sexual) and fruit morph (dehiscent [DEH] vs indehiscent fruits [IND]). We tested for adaptive plasticity in life-phase and fruit morphs along laboratory environmental stress gradients found in the natural habitats of Ae. arabicum. We considered optimal environmental conditions (750–2000 m above sea level) to be those that resulted in the following fitness parameters: higher
biomass and a higher total number of fruits compared to stressful habitats. We found evidence of plasticity in life-phase and fruit-morph along a stressful environmental gradient. High hydrothermal stress proportionally increased the number of dehiscent morphs and non-dormant seeds germinating in autumn. This offsets natural phenology towards dry and cold winter (less hydrothermal stress), yielding fewer fruits that dehisce in the next generation. We conclude that the plastic responses of Ae. arabicum to natural stress gradients constitute a strategy of long-term adaptive benefits and favouring potential pathways of colonisation of the optimal habitat.
Original languageEnglish
Article number16108
Pages (from-to)1-11
Number of pages11
JournalScientific Reports
Volume9
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 6 Nov 2019
This open access research output is licenced under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
ID: 33321963


text:
GREEN BAY, Wis. (WTAQ) - Students at Webster Elementary School are celebrating Arbor Day by learning how to properly and safely plant a tree. They got the lesson from Asplundh Tree Expert Company and Wisconsin Public Service.
Greg Kirchmayer with WPS says the 3 donated crab-apple trees were the right size to go under power lines. Kirchmayer says the lessons are to find the right tree, put it in the right spot and do it safely by staying away from concrete, below power lines and calling Diggers Hotline before putting the shovel in the ground.
Listen to News Talk WTAQ's Jeff Flynt report Webster Elementary School celebrating Arbor Day.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Are you looking for an app that will blow your head off? Do you want a challenge? Are you a geography guru? Well, it is time to prove it through this epic country quiz!
It will put to test how well you know your countries, continents and locations all around the world. It covers aspects of flags as well!
What country has a red background and a funny looking star as their flag? How many countries are there in South America? What did Czslovakia turn into?
Can you answer all those questions? Well then, what are you waiting for? Download the app and answer many many more!
general, random, fun, general knowledge, country quiz, country questions, country trivia, countries quiz, countries trivia, countries questions, how smart are you?, random trivia, general knowledge trivia, general knowledge questions, random quiz, general knowledge quiz
Tags: general knowledge questions , general knowledge questions and answers , countries quiz answers , country quiz questions , countries quiz , countries quiz app answers theme 1 , general knowledge answers quiz , countries quiz theme 2 answers , country quiz

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Set API constraints
📘
Note
This task applies to Kona Site Defender specifically. Your own selections will vary depending on your product.
Once you register your API with Akamai and a web application firewall product like App & API Protector is in your contract, you can turn on and define API request body and resource constraints. Your WAF product then uses a positive security model to enforce these constraints on incoming API requests and alerts you on or denies an invalid request. Among other advantages, this lets you prevent API consumers from sending excessively large requests to your API.
You can set constraints for
 - undefined resources
 - general request body constraints
 - defined resources
 - methods, and for each method:
 - request
 - request parameters
 - request body
 - response
 - response parameters
 - response body
 1. On the Register new API page, in the Request constraints for undefined resources section, select:
 - Yes to allow requests to both defined and undefined API resources.
 - No to apply an action specified in your security configuration to the undefined resources.
 👍
 If your API has undefined resources just in a few cases, you can select No here and override this setting for the specific cases when you Add API resources.
 2. From the Methods dropdown select
 - Any to allow all methods for the API undefined resources.
 - Specific to see the list of the methods and select one or more.
 3. In the Request body constraints section, you can set the limits for both defined and undefined API resources to protect your API from excessively large requests
 4. From the the Request body content type dropdown, select
 - Any to accept any content type
 - Specific and choose JSON, XML or URL-encoded
 - None
 5. In the Body size (bytes) field, enter the maximum allowed body size in bytes.
 6. In the Nesting depth field, enter the maximum number of nested JSON objects or XML elements allowed in the request body.
 7. In the String length field, enter the maximum allowed string value length.
 8. In the Integer value field, enter the maximum allowed integer value.
 9. In the Number of elements pairs field, enter the maximum number of JSON or XML elements allowed in the request body.
 10. In the Element length field, enter the maximum allowed JSON or XML element length.


text: In the current study, an integrated renewable based energy system consisting of a solar flat plate collector is employed to generate electricity while providing cooling load and hydrogen. A parametric study is carried out in order to determine the main design parameters and their effects on the objective functions of the system. The outlet temperature of generator, inlet temperature to organic Rankine cycle turbine, solar irradiation intensity (I), collector mass flow rate (m(col)) and flat plate collector area (AF) are considered as five decision variables. The results of parametric study show that the variation of collector mass flow rate between 3 kg/s and 8 kg/s has different effects on exergy efficiency and total cost rate of the system. In addition, the result shows that increment of inlet temperature to the ORC evaporator has a negative effect on cooling capacity of the system. It can lead to a decrease the cooling capacity from 44.29 kW to 22.6 kW, while the electricity generation and hydrogen production rate of the system increase. Therefore, a multi objective optimization is performed in order to introduce the optimal design conditions based on an evolutionary genetic algorithm. Optimization results show that exergy efficiency of the system can be enhanced from 1.72% to 3.2% and simultaneously the cost of the system can increase from 19.59 $/h to 22.28 $/h in optimal states. (C) 2017 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


text:
Founded in the early 1950s, Hydrocut remains a family run business now with third generation involvement. It started as an agricultural contracting enterprise, but quickly evolved into an engineering company. In the late 1960s Hydrocut was the first to use hydraulics to power tractor mounted hedge cutters and gained an international reputation for exceptional quality, selling machines around the world. One even featured in an Alfred Hitchcock film and, amongst other agricultural machinery, was used to chase Sophia Loren across a wheat field, the first we knew of this was when watching the film in the cinema, we do not recommend this particular use!
Innovation continued with the development of the iconic Hy-crack™ log splitter, since then then close to ten thousand have been sold, many outside the UK. The build quality is such, that many, if not most of the original machines are still in use today, despite being over 30 years old.
In the early 1980s one of the founders had a eureka moment, purportedly in the bath, and invented the Hy-point post pointing machine; the more efficient and much safer alternative to the saw bench. These machines are in most saw mills throughout the UK and also in mills abroad. Again, the UK build quality has resulted in machines which can continue to operate literally for decades, even when in virtual daily use. It has been estimated that in excess of 750 million posts have been pointed on Hy-point machines, although the figure is more likely double this. Hydrocut, and the products produced, stand for quality and longevity.
Speak to a member of our team for more information about any one of our Hy-crack™ log splitters, Hy-point post pointers, saw head attachments or consumables today.


Harry Potter Wiki
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A Metamorphmagus
Remus Lupin on his infant son's Metamorphic abilities[src]
Difference between Animagi and Metamorphagi
"Metamorphmagi are born, not made."
—Tonks explaining to Harry about Metamorphmagi[src]
Using Metamorphic abilities
—Tonks regarding her Metamorphmagus abilities[src]
Nymphadora Tonks changing her facial features at will and with ease
It is unknown whether Metamorphmagi receive any training in developing their innate skill, or if they learn through trial and error; given their rarity, it is unlikely that much training is available. However, Tonks has shown that she only needs to concentrate a little to change her appearance, so it may be simply a matter of the Metamorphmagi wanting to change. While it has been debated whether Animagi transformations and Disapparition require a wand, it seems Metamorphmagi do not need theirs to utilise their abilities, as Tonks has claimed that other wizards need a wand or potions to transform, meaning Metamorphmagi such as herself are not restricted as such.
Tonks angry
Tonks' hair changing colour under the influence of her emotion
It is unknown if Metamorphmagi must register with the Ministry of Magic like Animagi must, as Metamorphmagi did not choose to become what they are, while Animagi did. Although unlike Animagi, Metamorphmagi do not possess any distinct markings that come with their transformation, so it would be far more difficult to keep track of them for any signs of ability abuse.
Like many other types of magic, a Metamorphmagus' abilities are affected by his or her emotional state. The person's appearance at any moment will often reflect the emotion the person is feeling at the time. Strong emotions, such as shock or sadness, can affect their abilities to the point of having trouble using them at all. For example, Nymphadora Tonks had difficulty using her abilities following Sirius Black's death, when she was depressed over her feelings for Remus Lupin.[3]
Metamorphic abilities can be very helpful when it comes to disguises. For example, Nymphadora Tonks was able to put her abilities to use in performing espionage for the Order of the Phoenix. She also got full marks in Concealment and Disguise of her Auror training, implying that this ability can be used for official examinations and competitions.[1]
Albus Dumbledore wrote an article examining whether it was possible for Metamorphmagi to use their transformational abilities to disappear without a trace in a 1926 issue of Transfiguration Today.[4]
Known Metamorphmagi
Behind the scenes
 - In latin, the female form of Magus is Maga. However, female Metamorphmagi are never refered to as "Metamorphmaga" or "Metamorphmagae", which would be the female plural, in canon.
Notes and references
Ad blocker interference detected!


Send notification if field has less or more than 7 characters
hi, the customer must enter exactly a 7 digit code.
some customer enter 6, 8 or 12 digit code. i want send a notification if they fail to enter the 7 digit code.
i have only the following options
send email if 7 digit code is
not
bigger than
smaller than
contains
begins with
ends with
can you help me with this?
Hey Ertan,
To achieve this, you'll have to set up conditional logic from the Email Notification Settings, like in the following screenshot.
For official documentation, you can take a look at the following article. :point_down:
For a visual guide, please refer to the following screen recording: :point_down:
Give it a try, and let me know how that goes! :smile:
Thank you for your help. It didn't work because the security code contains numbers and letters. like 123abc7
You can use an Input Mask that allows you to obtain a specific input combination from the user, such as 123ACB4 or any other format you prefer.
For more details, please check the official documentation below. :point_down:
For a visual guide, please refer to the following screen recording: :point_down:
Give it a try and let me know how that goes! :smile:
This topic was automatically closed 30 days after the last reply. New replies are no longer allowed.


Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects
Difference Between Groundhog and Beaver
In the mammal [population worldwide, 40% are rodents. These are animals characterized by incisors that continuously grow, both in the lower and upper jaws. They live in human-made and terrestrial habitats and have long tails, robust bodies, and short limbs. There are different kinds of rodents including squirrels, rats, mice, beavers, hamsters, groundhogs, and even chipmunks. They all have distinct characteristics that enable the differentiation between others.

What is Groundhog?
Groundhogs, though capable of swimming and climbing trees, spend the majority of their time on the ground. They make burrows in open spaces and fields and feed on fruits, tree barks, grass, and even plans. They can be a nuisance to farmers because they make unsightly burrows in the farms and feed on the produce. They weigh an average of 3kgs and have short and fluffy tails.

What is Beaver?
Beavers are well known for their ability to manipulate the environment. This is because they make burrows near ponds and lakes, and are capable of building dams in areas that are less appropriate to make it habitable. There have been instances where these rodents have blocked rivers and streams in a bid to make the ponds they desire. They are herbivores as they feed on aquatic plants, tree barks, roots, and even roots. For easy swimming, they have webbed feet, and a strong tail that can be used as a defense mechanism, as well as transparent eyelids that protect the eyes in the water. The average weight for a beaver is 32kgs and is the largest rodents in the world.

Similarities between Groundhogs and Beavers
 - Both are rodents
 - Both are herbivorous
 - Both do damages to human settlements
 - Both are an important part of the ecosystem

Differences between Groundhogs and Beavers
 1. Habitat
While groundhogs spend the majority of their time on the ground, beavers spend the majority of their time in water features such as lakes and ponds.
 1. Weight
The average weight for groundhogs is 3kgs. On the other hand, the average weight for beavers is 32kgs.
 1. Tails
Groundhogs have short and fluffy tails. On the other hand, beavers have wide and flat tails.
Groundhogs vs. Beavers: Comparison Table

Summary of Groundhog vs. Beaver
Despite the difficulty that may be involved in differentiating groundhogs and beavers, neither of them is a good sign to home and property owners. This is because of the damage involved in garden plants, landscapes, and even lawns. Groundhogs may cause a tripping hazard through the holes they dig as it is difficult to sight them. While they may be an important part of the ecosystem, the prevention of conflicts between these rodents and human beings cannot be ignored. Traps should, therefore, be used to catch the pests and remove them safely.

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3 Comments
 1. In the future fact check… the Capybara is the worlds largest rodent, not the beaver …
 - Someone already told you but since you didn't answer I'm telling you again that capybaras are the largest rodents in the world.
 2. Not sure what I have in my yard there is a large borough it went in. But could not see his tail much it looked black and thin hope you can help me please
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References :
[0]Auerbach P. Wilderness Medicine E-Book: Expert Consult Premium Edition - Enhanced Online Features and Print. Elsevier Health Sciences Publishers, 2011. _URL_
[1]Triefeldt L. Plants and Animals. Quill Driver Books Publishers, 2007. _URL_
[2]Owen Ruth. Beaver Kits. Bearport Publishing, 2011. _URL_
[3]Image credit: _URL_
[4]Image credit: _URL_
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This paper describes how undergraduates play intermediaries. A series of experiments was conducted to see how subjects play the monopolistic intermediary against given but unknown supply and demand. The results show that most subjects search for the bid and the ask prices that equalise the purchasing quantity with the selling quantity; then, keeping the trading quantity, they adjust the prices to obtain a locally maximum profit. This suggests that monopolistic firms can act as intermediaries even if they are not as informed as they are supposed to be discussed in the market microstructure theory. In addition, we investigate how people cope with ambiguity.
ASJC Scopus subject areas


text:
Choose one or more of the projects below to make your own connections to the Maya, Aztec, and Incan civilizations.
Each project can be completed by an individual student or by a small group.
Create a multimedia presentation showing artifacts from the Maya, Aztec, and Incan civilizations.
Choose a theme for your presentation, such as religion and ritual, legends, or counting and calendars.
Depending on the theme, you may want to focus on one or more of the three civilizations.
- You may want to include images contained in the articles in this section.
- Use the "Links" button to find additional images on the Internet.
- Remember to cite your sources for all images.
Using information from the articles "The Maya: Ancient Timekeepers," "Aztec Legends and Calendars,"
and "Accountants of the Inca," create an illustrated map of Latin America that shows the locations
of key sites in the Maya, Aztec, and Incan civilizations. Start by using your Internet search engine
to find and download an outline map of Latin America. Add details to the map, such as geographical
features, and the locations of ancient cities and archaeological sites from the three civilizations.
- Use "Links" to find additional information on the Internet.
- Option: use multimedia software to convert your outline map to an
interactive map. Add links to useful Web sites and digital images.
Read the articles "The Maya: Ancient Timekeepers," "Aztec Legends and Calendars," and "Accountants of the Inca."
Then write a short essay comparing the role of calendars in the Maya, Aztec, and Incan civilizations.
Explain the various calendars' roles in the daily lives and spiritual beliefs of each civilization's people.
- Discuss the multiple calendars used by some civilizations.
- Use the "Links" button to find additional information on the Internet.
Use the information in the article "The Maya: Ancient Timekeepers" to give an oral presentation on
the Maya counting system. Briefly demonstrate how the system functioned and how large numbers can be
recorded and calculated using Maya math. You may want to include the following in your presentation:
- drawings or photographs of Maya numbers
- worksheets on which students can practice using Maya math


Saturday, November 3, 2012
Draw Multinomial Random Variables
Original Code
* It is a little tricky to draw multinomial random variables (joint binomial distribution) in Stata because Stata does not have a canned inverse CDF function for the binomial that inverts P values to x values.
* Fortunately in my last post I programmed an inverseCDF command (
* I will load in the program for later use:
cap program drop CDFinv
program define CDFinv
 * Let's define the arguments of the program.
 * N is the total number of trials.
 * P is the CDF value that we would like inverted
 * p is the probability of one outcome being a success.
 * newvar is the name of the new variable to be generated.
 args newvar P N p
 * The challenging thing about trying to invert a CDF for a count distribution is that the CDF is a probability mass function with discontinuous regions.
 * However, the particularly nice thing about the binomial distribution is the the pool of outcomes is well defined. (1,2,3..N)
 * Thus we can simply count how many times the "steps" of the CDF fall below the target CDF level.
 cap drop 'newvar'
 qui gen 'newvar'=0
 label var 'newvar' "Inverse CDF of binomial"
 forv k=1(1)'N' {
 * Add 1 to the variable value every time the CDF(n,k-1,p) is less than the target CDF value P.
qui replace 'newvar'='newvar'+1 if binomial('N', 'k'-1, 'p')<('P')
* This post also draws on a previous post in which I show how to transform Stata multivariate normal random draws into into any correlated random variable (
set more off
set obs 10000
* For instance let's draw four variables.
* 1. a chi2 with 5 degrees of freedom
* 2. a poisson k = 5
* 3. a uniform variable with min = -5 and max = 5
* 4. a random f distribution draw with 5 and 5 degrees for numerator and denominator degrees of freedom.
* First we will specify the correlation matrix.
* The only constraint as far as I know is that the covariance matrix has to be PSD.
* This in practicality limits the possible correlations between variables since cross terms tend to cause vialations more likely in the PSD requirement.
matrix c = ( 1,.9,.3, .2 \ ///
 .9, 1,.2, .1 \ ///
 .3,.2, 1, .5 \ ///
 .2,.1,.5, 1 )
* If we do not specify a mean or covariance matrix then the default draws are standard normals which is what we want for simplicity.
drawnorm x1 x2 x3 x4, corr(c)
corr x?
spearman x?
* Now all we need to do is turn our normal draws into uniform draws.
* Note: if x~N(0,1) and THETA is the CDF of the normal then y=CDF(x)~uniform
* So for any new distribution with CDF ALPHA and inverse INVALPHA the variable z=INVALPHA(y) ~ alpha.
gen y1 = normal(x1)
gen y2 = normal(x2)
gen y3 = normal(x3)
gen y4 = normal(x4)
corr y?
spearman y?
* Looking good. All of the y variables are uniformly distributed now while still maintaining most of the correlation and all of the rankcorrelation.
* The key final step is to take the inverse CDF of the uniforms for a series of binomial draws.
* The function CDFinv is programmed so that the:
* 1st argument is the new variable name to be created
* 2nd is the cumulative P value to be inverted
* 3rd Number of total draws
* 4th probability of success on each individual draw
* Let's imagine you would like to simulate quarterly data on verterans.
CDFinv z1 y1 4.05
 label var z1 "Hospitalization from mental illness"
CDFinv z2 y2 4.15
 label var z2 "Hospitalization from accident"
CDFinv z3 y3 4.2
 label var z3 "Seeks treatment for PTSD"
CDFinv z4 y4 1.2
 label var z4 "Unemployed"
corr z?
spearman z?
* Note: Using an inverse CDF function is highly non-linear. Thus the correlations are significantly weakened since only a linear transformation of the initial values would maintain the same correlation values.
* To adjust the final correlations, experiment with initial values until you find outcomes that approximate the level of correlation desired.
* It is worth noting that there is an upper limit to the amount of correlation possible as a result of this transformation.
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text:
Survey 2: Trees and vegetation
In January 2017 we launched a survey to seek feedback on the thousands of plants and trees we will introduce into the new parkland. This survey closed on 28 February 2017.
190 people completed this survey, with 79% supporting the proposed planting concepts in Noble Park and Clayton and 78% supporting the proposed planting concept in Carnegie, Murrumbeena and Hughesdale.
80% of respondents told us that they supported the key species proposed for planting. We heard that generally natives and indigenous species were preferred and that you would like species planted which attracted bird life. You also told us that you would like River Red Gum's replanted.
We are actively investigating options to replant River Red Gums however, opportunities are limited due to operational and safety constraints within the rail corridor. We are actively exploring planting alternative species to introduce similar biodiversity values such as eucalyptus melliodora and eucalyptus radiata.


text: This paper considers probabilistic estimation of a low-rank matrix from non-linear element-wise measurements of its elements. We derive the corresponding approximate message passing (AMP) algorithm and its state evolution. Relying on non-rigorous but standard assumptions motivated by statistical physics, we characterize the minimum mean squared error (MMSE) achievable information theoretically and with the AMP algorithm. Unlike in related problems of linear estimation, in the present setting the MMSE depends on the output channel only trough a single parameter - its Fisher information. We illustrate this striking finding by analysis of submatrix localization, and of detection of communities hidden in a dense stochastic block model. For this example we locate the computational and statistical boundaries that are not equal for rank larger than four.


text:
LPRCA terminates Flood Warning for Lake Erie shoreline, reinstates Flood OutlookNovember 1, 2019
Long Point Region Conservation Authority (LPRCA) has terminated the Flood Warning for the Lake Erie shoreline and reinstated the standing Lake Erie Flood Outlook. As the heavy winds from last night have slowed, water levels and wave action in Lake Erie have dropped.
Though the wave action and water levels seen last night have calmed, standing water, erosion, property damage and other impacts from the strong wind, high water and waves overnight continue to affect low-lying shorelines, lakeshore bluffs and some river mouth areas. LPRCA reminds everyone to take heed of municipal messaging and stay away from affected shoreline, bluffs and river mouth areas due to erosion, instability and other damage that has occurred from the recent flooding. Parents are especially reminded to keep children and pets away from these areas due to slippery or unstable banks, cold water and other hazards.
Water levels in Lake Erie are expected to remain very high over the coming months. High static water levels increase the risk of flooding when moderate to severe wind-driven surge events occur. The season when high lakeshore surge events typically occur is just beginning and there is strong potential for further damaging lakeshore flood events over the coming months.
Due to these conditions, LPRCA is reinstating the previously issued Watershed Conditions Statement – Lake Erie Flood Outlook for all Lake Erie shoreline areas within its jurisdiction. Long Point Region Conservation Authority staff will continue to monitor conditions and will update this flood message as necessary.


Do Certain Vitamins Cause Frequent Urination?
Vitamins do a lot of good for the body, but they can have side effects if you take too much. With that being said, no vitamins cause frequent urination. If you think you've been making too many trips to the bathroom and can't figure out why, it's best to call a doctor rather than blame it on your vitamins.
If you take a multivitamin, it's important to drink plenty of water to flush excess vitamins out of your system. (Image: Hero Images/Hero Images/GettyImages)
Tip
Vitamins have many functions, but none cause frequent urination.
No Vitamins Cause Frequent Urination
There are two main categories of vitamins: water soluble and fat soluble. Our bodies need 13 different vitamins from those categories, and it's unhealthy to have too much or too little of any of them.
Water-soluble vitamins don't accumulate in the body and need to be replenished often. For that reason, it's difficult to consume too much of them in your diet. Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in your fat cells for later use, which means that it's possible to accumulate too much of them.
Since water-soluble vitamins are flushed out of your body by fluids, it makes sense that a myth about frequent urination caused by vitamins could start. There are no known vitamins that cause frequent urination, and there's no link to minerals like magnesium causing frequent urination. There may even be some evidence that vitamin C can prevent frequent urination.
Diuretics Increase Urination
A 2011 study published in European Urology looked at lower urinary tract symptoms in women. The researchers found that increased vitamin C intake caused a decrease in frequency of urination. It's not certain how this would play out in people who don't have lower urinary tract symptoms, but it shows that vitamins can have the opposite effect of frequent urination.
Substances that cause you to urinate more are known as diuretics. Caffeine and alcohol are the most common examples. Diuretics work by causing your body to flush out water and sodium. Your kidneys pull excess fluid out of your bloodstream, which you get rid of through urination.
Vitamins and Urine Color
No known vitamins act as diuretics. However, some vitamins have a surprising effect on your urine. Certain water-soluble vitamins actually change the color of your urine.
Vitamin C, for example, can make your urine orange, and certain B vitamins can give it a greenish tinge. You might be alarmed if this happens, but it's not something to worry about.
Other Causes of Frequent Urination
If you find yourself urinating 20 times a day or more and you haven't had any diuretics, it might be a sign of a more serious condition, and you should consult a doctor.
ACE-inhibitors, antidepressants and sedatives can cause frequent urination, and so can Type 1 diabetes. Your risk of suffering from increased urination is increased with lower urinary tract symptoms, age and a family history of incontinence.
Prostate cancer in men and pelvic or bladder cancer in both sexes can cause frequent urination. On the other hand, something as harmless as pregnancy can cause it. To be safe, see your doctor if you experience unusual symptoms.
REFERENCES & RESOURCES
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text:
Caribbean art is strong, passionate and filled with contradictions. As are the lives of the three men who are the main characters in the book Three Caribbean Artists. A rare glimpse is offered into the lives of three different artists, their upbringing, work and how they became established and well-known artists. Their story relates to the island of Curaçao, where folklore, magic and reality happily co-exist. The story of Jose-Maria Capricorne, Nelson Carrilho and Philippe Zanolino reflects the impact of slavery, racism and immigration, common to the history of the Caribbean. Equipped with their cultural background, skills derived from being craftsmen plus ample creativity and grit, they each conquered significant challenges encountered in their lives. All three artists passionately contribute to educating people on the importance and benefits of art in their own respective ways.
Two international art historians, Susan Wilczak from the United States and Marianne de Tolentino from Santo Domingo, tell the story of the lives of each of these three artists and what has formed them. In addition, an overview is provided of art developments in the Caribbean, an area that has proven challenging to capture and denominate art-wise. The artist's stories gravitate around the importance of their respective skills, some obtained through teachings and others self-taught.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Tombs of the sacrificers?
A few tombs share the characteristic of containing a few very specific objects
: full warrior equipment including a sword in its sheath, spear, shield and also a knife or cleaver (butcher's blade) and an axe with an eye handle, together with one or more small buckets, a bronze pan, a toolbox, and fragments of amphorae. One or other of these objects may be missing, depending on the chronology, but the assembly is still remarkable
. The trilogy of weapon(s)-small bucket(s)-axe/cleaver is always found and the general destruction of the weapons is reminiscent of the Gauls' sacred sites.
One of the axes fits perfectly into the wound in the skull of the murdered man discovered at the settlement and this similarity, together with the specific sets of metal objects, could indicate the tombs of sacrificers
. The replacement of the axe with the butcher's cleaver, at a time when hundreds of ewes were ritually slaughtered at the settlement, is another argument for viewing these remains as those of men of religion.


text:
Editor's note: The following was written by Patrick E. Guinan, University of Missouri Extension climatologist, for the Integrated Pest Management website March 3.
Missouri air temperatures are trending warmer over the last couple of decades, which is extending the growing season. The trendline for statewide averages for spring minimum air temperatures over the last 127 years indicates a warming of 1.4°F per century. Autumn air temperatures have trended 0.8°F higher.
Dates of last or earliest frost have also shifted. It seems good to focus in on those shifts as we approach the 2022 planting season. Here are three findings on Missouri freezing temperatures that stem from comparisons of 20-year averages to 127-year averages:
- The last spring freeze is occurring earlier. The average last spring freeze is occurring 3 to 6 days earlier than historical trends.
- The first autumn freeze is occurring later. The average earliest autumn freeze is occurring almost one week later than historical trends.
- The average increase in growing season days across Missouri ranged from seven days (Barton County site) to 20 days (Lewis County site).
These are anticipated trends in a warming world, but Missouri weather is still variable, and seemingly random freeze events can and will occur late in spring or earlier in the fall.
The 11 weather stations used in this analysis have a long, reliable track record. They are part of a network called the National Weather Service Cooperative Observer Program, which was established in 1890 when President Benjamin Harrison signed the Organic Act. A major premise of the program was to define the United States climate.


Laravel Mail – Sending Mailable, Markdown Mailable, and Raw HTML
Larvel provides several ways of sending the email. That could be through mailable, custom email template, or through raw HTML. Laravel has used the popular SwiftMailer library in the backend. Laravel also provides built-in drivers for SMTP, Mailgun, SparkPost, Postmark, Amazon SES, and sendemail.
Table of content
Let's dive into the various topics one by one to understand that clearly.
Laravel Mail with Mailable
The mailable feature was introduced in Laravel 5.3 to simplifying the way to sending emails. Laravel introduced the very simple command to create mailable class i.e.
php artisan make:mail SampleEmail
The above command will create a class SampleEmail.php at app/Mail directory. Don't worry if the directory does not exist in the app directory. The make:mail command will automatically check if the Mail directory exists or not. The structure of the file would be similar to the below codes.
namespace App\Mail;
use Illuminate\Bus\Queueable;
use Illuminate\Mail\Mailable;
use Illuminate\Queue\SerializesModels;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\ShouldQueue;
class SampleEmail extends Mailable
{
 use Queueable, SerializesModels;
 /**
 * Create a new message instance.
 *
 * @return void
 */
 public function __construct()
 {
 //
 }
 /**
 * Build the message.
 *
 * @return $this
 */
 public function build()
 {
 return $this->view('view.name');
 }
}
Take a close look on build() method, because this is the place where we can add the subject, view, from or attachment. Let's modify the existing build method.
....
use Queueable, SerializesModels;
public $subject;
public $data;
/**
 * Create a new message instance.
 *
 * @param string $subject Email Subject
 * @param mixed $data Template data
 *
 * @return void
 */
public function __construct($subject, $data)
{
 $this->subject = $subject;
 $this->data = $data;
}
public function build()
{
 return $this->subject($this->subject)
 ->view('emails.sample_email', [
 'data' => $this->data
 ]);
}
....
In the above codes, we have defined two custom properties $subject and $data. The $subject property is used to define the Email Subject and the $data property is used to add the custom data like name, email or message into the template. We have attached the template emails.sample_email, which means the blade template exists on resources/views/emails/sample_email.blade.php. Now let's send the email.
$subject = 'Welcome to Laravel Mailable';
$receiverEmail = '[email protected]';
$receiverData = \App\User::where('email', $receiverEmail)->first();
Mail::to($receiverEmail)->send(new \App\Mails\SampleEmail($subject, $receiverData));
Laravel Mail with Markdown Mailable
Markdown mailable was introduced in Laravel 5.4 and it allows you to take advantage of the pre-built templates and components. Markdown mailable will automatically generate the beautiful and responsive HTML template. Let's generate the mailable with a corresponding Markdown template.
php artisan make:mail SampleMarkdownEmail --markdown=emails.sample_markdown_email
The --markdown parameter asks the email directory path and the template name. And generate the template similar to the below codes.
@component('mail::message')
# Introduction
The body of your message.
@component('mail::button', ['url' => ''])
Button Text
@endcomponent
Thanks,<br>
{{ config('app.name') }}
@endcomponent
If you are not familiar with the Markdown tags the please take a look on the markdown documentation.
The SimpleMarkdownEmail class will look like the same as the mailable class except for the markdown() method. You can use the subject, from, etc., the same way as the previous.
public function build()
{
 return $this->markdown('emails.sample_markdown_email');
}
Take a look at the documentation to know more about the existing markdown. You can also take a look at how to customize the header and footer of the markdown mailable.
Laravel Mail with Raw HTML
There are some cases when we have to use the raw HTML instead of Mailable or Markdown classes. This is how we can attach the raw HTML with Laravel Mail class.
Mail::send([], [], function($message) use ($data) {
 $message->from($data['from']);
 $message->to($data['to']);
 $message->subject($data['subject']);
 $message->setBody($data['content'], 'text/html');
});
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text:
Americans who have wandered chilly London hallways in the middle of the night in search of a toilet will appreciate learning the peculiar British meaning of the word "ensuite."
In French, a set of two rooms or more forming a single accommodation can be advertised as rooms en suite (forming a suite). But the single word French word ensuite means something entirely different: "then, later." Around the middle of the 20th century English landlords and hoteliers began to anglicize the phrase, placing it before the noun, so that traditional "rooms en suite" became "en suite rooms," Ads read "bath ensuite" or "toilet ensuite" as if the phrase meant "in the suite." The phrase "en suite" came to be used solely to designate bathrooms attached to a bedroom.
Following standard English patterns, they hyphenated the phrase as "en-suite bath" and often made the phrase into a single word: "ensuite bath." These have become standard British usage, but hoteliers often go a step further by writing "all rooms ensuite" (Americans would write "all rooms with bath").
It is clearly nonstandard to use "ensuite" as if it were a noun synonymous with "toilet" or "bathroom": "I went to the ensuite to take a shower." You may puke on your suit, but not into "the ensuite."
Return to list of errors
Read about the book.


text:
Svetitskhoveli Cathedral (Georgian: სვეტიცხოვლის საკათედრო ტაძარი, svet'icxovlis sak'atedro t'adzari; literally, "the Living Pillar Cathedral") is a Georgian Orthodox cathedral located in the historical town of Mtskheta, Georgia, 20 km (12.5 miles) northwest of the nation's capital of Tbilisi.
Svetitskhoveli, known as the burial site of Christ's mantle, has long been the principal Georgian church and remains one of the most venerated places of worship to this day. It presently functions as the seat of the archbishop of Mtskheta and Tbilisi, who is at the same time Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia.
The current cathedral was built in the 11th century by the Georgian architect Arsukisdze, though the site itself is even older dating back to the early 4th century and is surrounded by a number of legends associated primarily with the early Christian traditions.
It is the second largest church building in the country, after the recently consecrated Tbilisi Holy Trinity Cathedral, and is listed as an UNESCO World Heritage Site along with other historical monuments of Mtskheta.


text:
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3823, pp. 683-692, Dec. 2005 (SCI, IF 0.402)
Kun Myon Choi, Eui-Nam Huh, and Hyunseung Choo
GridFTP is a high-performance, secure and reliable parallel data transfer protocol, used for transferring widely distributed data. Currently it allows users to configure the number of parallel streams and socket buffer size. However, the tuning procedure for its optimal combinations is a time consuming task. The socket handlers and buffers are important system resources and must therefore be carefully managed. In this paper, an efficient resource management scheme which predicts optimal combinations based on a simple regression equation is proposed. In addition, the equation is verified by comparing measured and predicted values and we apply the equation to an actual experiment on the KOREN. The result demonstrates that the equation predicts excellently with only 8% error boundary. This approach eliminates the time wasted tuning procedure. These results can be utilized directly and widely for the fast decision in typical applications such as GridFTP.


text:
The ISO 14001 Environmental Management System (EMS) sets out the standard for an environmental management system that can be certified to. It can be used by any large or small organization regardless of its field of activity. The environment and sustainability are the main focus of every industry. As a result, it is necessary to take a more energetic approach to environmental management, observe environmental regulations, and improve our environmental performance and thereby it protects the environment.
The ISO 14001 certification requires high commitment from top management to bring environmental management into the heart of business governance. This ISO 14001 certification in Thailand Clause requires highlighting the proactive initiatives to boost environmental management performance to starting with a business-wide analysis of social and environmental impacts. Make sure all the requirements are combined into business processes, and all environmental management risks are identified through the product and service lifecycle. All the organization which is seeking to manage the environmental responsibility appropriately it contributes to the environmental pillar of sustainability. It allows the organization to use the common approach and risk-based thinking to integrate its environmental management system with the requirements of other management systems.
ISO 14001 Benefits:
With an ISO 14001 Services in Thailand, you can make sure the stakeholders and customers of your business take its environmental impact seriously and prioritizes its reductions. To maintain this certification, you need to take a sustainable approach to waste management within the business and the community. By magnifying your green credentials, you can increase your business standard and maintain the best practices for the benefit of the environment. Employee morale increases in an organization with a shared environmental atmosphere and the certification will also reduce accidents or incidents that can compromise their health. One of the most important benefits of ISO 14001 certification in Thailand is it can help the organization with cost control and a maintained EMS system can help identify, control and reduce the number of environmental systems and incidents that can waste resources and result in thousands of dollars' worth of liability costs. besides, the solution which is provided by the EMS can reduce the costs by conserving energy and materials needed for operations
- Identify the cost savings with greater emphasis on resource, waste, and energy management
- Develops the corporate image and credibility
- Quantifying, monitoring, and controlling the collision of operations on the environment, now and in the future
- make sure the legislative awareness and compliance
- Improves the environmental performance of supply chain
- Protects the organization, assets, shareholders, and directors
- Potentially decrease the public liability insurance costs for our organization
- Grows access to business partners and potential customers
How to get ISO 14001 Consultants in Thailand?
If you are wondering How to get ISO 14001 Consultants in Thailand never give it a second thought approaching Certvalue with 100% track record of success without any fail in certification process. ISO 14001 Certification in Thailand is easy and simple with Certvalue. You can easily reach Certvalue by simply visiting _URL_ where you can chat with an expert or you can also write an enquiry to contact @certvalue.com so that one of our expert shall contact you at the earliest to provide best possible solution in available in the market.


text:
As we learned in yesterday's daf, Abaye was surprised to find that his teacher, Rabba, permitted a non-Jew to be asked to bring hot water to facilitate a brit mila on Shabbat in a place where there was no eiruv.
Abaye asked why completing the ritual to purify someone who had become tame which is forbidden on Shabbat by the Sages – cannot be performed even if it is necessary to perform a mitzva (e.g. to sacrifice and eat the Passover sacrifice), yet in our case, asking a non-Jew to bring water for the brit is permitted?
The Gemara's response to Abaye's question is that we distinguish between an "active" Rabbinic prohibition and a "passive" one. How to understand this distinction depends on different girsa'ot – variant readings – in the Gemara.
The standard text of the Gemara argues that the case of the brit is passive because Rabba did not ask the non-Jew to heat the water, only to bring the water. According to this reading, our case is passive because the activity that was done was just moving something from one place to another, rather than being a creative activity.
Rabbenu Hananel has a different text of the Gemara, which does not have the explanation that focused on whether the non-Jew needed to heat the water up. According to this version, the difference is between the Rabbinic decree of Amira la-Akum (asking a non-Jew to perform a forbidden act on) and other Rabbinic ordinances, which involve direct activity, not merely speech, which is not considered an active behavior.
The Ra'avad argues that this case is unique because it involves two Rabbinic ordinances – a shvut d'shvut. First of all, there is no action, only a request made by speaking. Secondly, the activity performed by the non-Jew – transferring water from the house to the courtyard – is, itself, not forbidden by the Torah, but only by the Rabbis. In this case, where it is necessary in order to perform the brit mila, the Rabbis never would have applied their restrictions.


Hybrid engine test by Nammo
Nammo's hybrid rocket works by having the oxidizer separate from the solid fuel, and it is able to regulate its power by simply regulating the flow of the oxidizer. If necessary, it can even be turned off completely before re-igniting. The main benefit, however, is that only one fluid needs to be regulated, which makes the rocket far more stable and easy to work with. In addition neither of the fuel ingredients needs to be stored at high pressure, under extreme cooling or represents an explosive risk.
Nammo article: Going hybrid in space


text:
A brief history of public inquiries
As was stated in the First Report of the Select Committee on Public Affairs there has been "a trend, from the primacy of parliamentary committees and royal commissions up to the second decade of the century to the dominance of 1921 Act inquiries until the 1970s, then the predominance of ad hoc or subject specific statutory inquiries subsequently."
Tribunals of Inquiry (Evidence) Act 1921
Before the Inquiries Act 2005, statutory tribunals of inquiry were established under the Tribunals of Inquiry (Evidence) Act 1921.
Oonagh Gay, in the parliamentary paper Investigatory inquiries and the Inquiries Act comments that public inquiries set up under the Tribunals of Inquiry (Evidence) Act 1921, "were independent of Parliament, although their establishment depended upon parliamentary resolution and upon the willingness of the Government to find the necessary time to debate such a motion." Sir Andrew Turnbull KCB KVO, Cabinet Secretary and head of the Civil Service between 2002 and 2005, in giving evidence to the Select Committee was rather more scathing in his description of "this rather clunking instrument of the 1921 Act, which assumes everything is in public, with full legal representation and so on…"
The Tribunals of Inquiry (Evidence) Act 1921 primarily deals with the powers of the inquiry once it has been set up, rather than the determination of public concern that the Inquiries Act 2005 stipulates. Gay comments that "the tribunals were designed to replace an earlier system of investigation by parliamentary committee into matters of urgent public concern after that system was discredited by the unsatisfactory outcome of an inquiry by a Commons committee into the Marconi Affair in 1913."
The focus of public inquiries held under the Tribunals of Inquiry (Evidence) Act 1921 has been allegations of serious misconduct by the government or public officials. They have included investigations into allegations of political corruption, police brutality and serious disasters. The Salmon Commission opined that tribunals held under the Tribunals of Inquiry (Evidence) Act 1921 should "always be confined to matters of vital public importance concerning which there is something of a nation-wide crisis of confidence." The limiting wording of the commission was not carried into the Inquiries Act 2005 however, which simply requires "public concern".
Since 1921, the British Government invoked the act around 20 times. Prior to four public inquiries, listed below, held in the 1990s, the Act fell out of use for some time. It is now repealed by the Inquiries Act 2005.
Notable public inquiries held under the Tribunals of Inquiry (Evidence) Act 1921 include:
- Aberfan landslide disaster
- Dunblane School Inquiry
- Harold Shipman Inquiry
The Republic of Ireland
The Republic of Ireland retains some United Kingdom legislation pre-dating independence in 1922. The Smithwick Tribunal of Inquiry, an inquiry set up to enquire into suggestions that members of An Garda Síochána or other employees of the State colluded in the fatal shootings of RUC Chief Superintendent Harry Breen and RUC Superintendent Robert Buchanan, was established by resolution of the Dail Eireann and Seanad Eireann and under the 1921 Act.
The Salmon Commission
The Royal Commission on Tribunals of Inquiry, 'The Salmon Commission' was chaired by Lord Justice Salmon. It made recommendations affecting the protection of witnesses, in particular the Salmon Principles.
Since the Salmon Commission
A useful and comprehensive narrative on the development of public inquiries can be found in the Report of the Select Committee.
Inquiries held under other legislation
Schedule 3 of the Inquiries Act 2005 repealed a range of sections or whole pieces of legislation that gave authority to hold a public inquiry.
Inquiries that had been held under such legislation include:
- Rosemary Nelson Inquiry (Police (Northern Ireland) Act 1998)
- Robert Hamill Inquiry and Billy Wright Inquiry (Police (Northern Ireland) Act 1998 before conversion to Inquiries Act 2005)
- Marchioness-Bowbell Inquiry (Merchant Shipping Act 1995)
- Victoria Climbié Inquiry (Children Act 1989; NHS Act 1977; and Police Act 1996)
- Ladbroke Grove Rail Inquiry (Health and Safety at Work Act 1974)
A number of public inquiries have been held on an ad hoc basis. These include:


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Implementation of a 10-Factor Definitive Screening Design for the Identification of Key Parameters Controlling a Two-Step Chemical Reaction
Sandrine Garcia, Synthetic Chemist, GlaxoSmithKline
The last stage of the synthesis of a pharmaceutical drug is a complex process involving two sequential chemical transformations resulting in a large number of parameters that may affect the chemistry. Ten critical parameters were identified as potentially having an effect on the reaction and studied in a definitive screening design (DSD) to determine their impact on the formation of the desired product. The DSD was chosen over a classical design because, for a similar number of experiments, the main effects can be unambiguously identified and curvature can be estimated. This approach minimised the resources required for a rapid understanding of the critical few effects controlling the chemical process. The setup and analysis of the design will be discussed to demonstrate how this enabled the identification of two parameters as having a significant impact on the outcome of the process. This provided the project team with the confidence to determine the operating ranges for those parameters and specify key control points.
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Man and Earth's Best Friend
By: Shani Lewis | February 11, 2021
Shani Lewis, VP of Environmental Issues YU Democrats
Everyone knows that a dog is man's best friend, but did you know that a dog is also Earth's best friend? Dogs have an enhanced ability of smell, in fact, their sense of smell is 10,000 times stronger than a humans.
Wildlife conservationists use dogs to help track down dangerous wildlife. Jaymi Heimbuch, a specialist in wildlife conservation, wrote that dogs are able to "[sniff] out invasive species like giant snails in the Galapagos or [detect] disease in beehives, dogs' noses can be put to work in searching out what shouldn't be there so that humans can act. Dogs are able to sniff out particular plant species, pointing ecologists to tiny patches of invasive mustard so that the plants can be removed before they take over an area."
This is a tremendous aid to wildlife conservationists who, according to Heimbuch, are only able to identify dangerous species of plants by sight when they are in full bloom. Which is ultimately too late since most plants once they are fully bloomed will spread their deadly nature to the wildlife around them. In addition to finding dangerous plants in wildlife, dogs are also able to sniff out endangered species, helping conservationists find and protect these species.
According to CNN, the dogs are trained to identify the endangered species from their feces. Many species have been saved, such as the San Joaquin kit fox, gray wolves, cougars, bobcats, moose, river otters, American minks, black-footed ferrets and even the North Atlantic right whale. With the help of dogs, conservationists around the world have been able to eliminate dangers to nature and protect wildlife that is endangered. Who knew man's best friend would also be a friend to Earth?
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text:
Certain fields in the Coordination Issues tool can be configured as required, optional, or hidden. For example, if you want to make a date required, or hide a section that is not relevant to you and your team, you can configure these preferences in the Company level Admin tool and then apply them to one or more projects. See Create New Configurable Fieldsets.
The table below details which of the Coordination Issues tool's default fields can be configured for projects:
- A GREEN checkmark indicates the field can be configured to this setting.
- A RED 'x' indicates the field cannot be configured to this setting.
- A field name in GRAY italics indicates the field cannot be configured from its default setting.


text:
Michigan –-(Ammoland.com)- The Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Audubon Great Lakes have announced a new bird conservation partnership. A joint position, which has been filled by former Audubon Important Bird Areas program coordinator Caleb Putnam, has been tasked with establishing a new conservation outreach program in Michigan with a special focus on birds.
Putnam has worked for Audubon since 2006, overseeing the identification and protection of 102 Important Bird Areas throughout Michigan. These areas are sites critical to the long-term conservation of birds. He brings a wealth of experience in the birding and bird conservation communities, as well as a diverse background in ornithology and wildlife management.
"I'm extremely excited to work on behalf of both organizations to engage the public in conversations related to bird conservation across various landscapes, including state-managed land," said Putnam.
One aspect of the position is to communicate bird conservation actions, policies and priorities of the DNR and Audubon to the public and stakeholder groups through a variety of means – including the creation of a steering committee. The committee will consist of conservation groups within the birding and hunting communities that will be tasked with guiding this program.
As the appointed managers of Michigan's wildlife, the DNR Wildlife Division has the potential to affect more than 10 million acres of public and private land statewide.
"This partnership makes good sense, because there are many wildlife watchers who enjoy DNR state game areas. However, because these folks traditionally haven't been part of our daily discussions about managing these lands, we could be missing out on good ideas and critical input," said Russ Mason, DNR Wildlife Division chief.
"We have strong relationships with the hunting community. We want to bridge these two communities so they appreciate each other. This partnership could have an outstanding impact on this state."
Audubon is focused on conserving ecosystems and habitats for both wildlife and people. In the Great Lakes region, Audubon has a particular focus on coastal wetlands and watersheds that provide critical habitat for breeding and migratory birds while also filtering and storing water.
"Audubon is thrilled to partner with Michigan Department of Natural Resources to foster collaborations between the birding and conservation communities and to introduce new audiences to the birds and public natural areas of Michigan," said Audubon Great Lakes Executive Director Rebeccah Sanders. "Michigan's vast lakeshores and centralized location within the Great Lakes make it an integral location to focus regional bird conservation efforts."
Together, these two organizations plan to change the conversations between Michigan's conservation groups.
Now in its second century, Audubon's mission is to conserve and restore natural ecosystems, focusing on birds, other wildlife, and their habitats for the benefit of humanity and the earth's biological diversity. Audubon has two state chapters in Michigan: Michigan Audubon and Detroit Audubon Society.
This post Michigan DNR and Audubon Great Lakes Announce New Partnership and Joint Position appeared first on AmmoLand.com Shooting Sports News .


text:
The Mg/Ca in foraminifera shells is commonly used as a proxy to estimate ocean temperatures in Earth's past. However, studies have shown that both dissolution and salinity influence the Mg/Ca in shells of tropical foraminifera, which can cause paleotemperature estimates to be inaccurate. We measured Mg/Ca in shells of Globigernoides ruber and Globigerinoides sacculifer from core tops in the eastern equatorial Pacific. We compared our results with global core top data, which paleotemperature equations have been calibrated and published. We find that Mg/Ca values range greatly at the same surface ocean temperature. We also find that salinity and dissolution do not affect the relationship between Mg/Ca and temperature. In analyzing the carbonate ion concentration of the water at 30m, we find that this might be affecting the relationship between Mg/Ca and temperature, which could be affecting the accuracy of the Mg/Ca proxy.
Foraminifera, Paleotemperature, Mg/Ca
Clark, Sarah and Mekik, Figen, "Does the Mg/Ca in Foraminifera Tests Provide a Reliable Temperature Proxy?" (2009). Student Summer Scholars. Paper 41.


Dive Into Greasemonkey
Teaching an old web new tricks
6.1. Storing and retrieving persistent data
Greasemonkey defines two functions, GM_setValue and GM_getValue, that allow user scripts to store and retrieve "private" data that only the user script can access. (Other scripts can't access them, not even other user scripts.) You can use these functions to store script-specific configuration, to maintain a cache that persists between pages, or to keep a permanent activity log.
Data stored with GM_setValue and retrieved with GM_getValue are similar to browser cookies, but there are important differences. Both are stored on the local machine, but while cookies are domain-specific and can only be accessed from their originating domain, Greasemonkey configuration values are script-specific and can only be accessed by the user script that created them (regardless of the URL that the user script is currently running on). And unlike cookies, user script data are never transmitted to remote servers.
GM_setValue stores a script-specific configuration value, and GM_getValue retrieves it.
function GM_setValue(key, value);
function GM_getValue(key, defaultValue);
key argument is a string of no fixed format. value may be a string, boolean, or integer. The defaultValue argument of GM_getValue is optional; if present, it will be returned if the requested key does not exist. If no defaultValue is given and the requested key does not exist, GM_getValue will return undefined.
These functions were introduced in Greasemonkey 0.3. You should test whether they exist and degrade gracefully if they do not.
Further reading
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I have a custom overlay grid whose labels are driven by an ugly attribute field which contains unnecessary leading zeroes and other labeling no-nos. How can I introduce a labeling expression to this grid? Thank you!
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is your overlay grid in a raster or vector format? – artwork21 May 12 '11 at 17:22
_USER_: the overlay grid is driven by a feature class comprised of vector polygon geometry. – MLF May 12 '11 at 17:41
Can't you create another column and clean up the values with vb script in the calculator? – Jakub May 12 '11 at 17:55
Not to be snarky, but have you read the manual? – Kirk Kuykendall May 12 '11 at 20:42
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3 Answers
up vote 0 down vote accepted
Per Esri, it is not possible at this time to incorporate a label expression with a custom overlay grid; Label expressions are not supported with grid labels.
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You can use many expressions in the label expression dialog.
You might try using regex to get at some of the hard to reach problems.
Here is one of my old questions that can show how it can be used.
If it is just trailing or leading zeros you can use...
Right ([mycolumn],4)
that will drop everything in the front leaving only 4 characters from the right side.
Function FindLabel( [NAME] )
 Dim fldValue, aWords, i, word, aNewWords, NewWord, numElements, k
 fldValue = [NAME]
 'k = 0 'One word first line and two words all other lines
 k = 1 'Two words first line and all other lines
 if not IsNull(fldValue) then
 aWords = split(fldValue, " ")
 numElements = UBound(aWords)
 'Create new array to store new field value and redimmension to store
 'the correct number of elements to match original number of elements
 aNewWords = Array()
 Redim aNewWords(numElements)
 for i = LBound(aWords) to UBound(aWords)
 if i Mod 2 = k then
 word = aWords(i) & vbCr
 word = aWords(i)
 end if
 aNewWords(i) = word
 NewWord = Join(aNewWords, " ")
 NewWord = fldValue
 end if
 FindLabel = NewWord
End Function
This is an example of a label expression from streetmap.
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Label expressions for a feature layer may be set by going to the the layers Properties>Labels tab, and click on the Expression button. However, Jakub has a good point that you should clean up your data first via field calculator. Here is the ArcGIS 10 link for feature expressions.
share|improve this answer
We are a large organization, and use SDE with strict permissions. I am not able to add a field unless I divorce the data from the SDE, and at that point, the end user would not benefit from modifications to the data (and indeed, we are about to update it), so that won't help here. – MLF May 12 '11 at 20:08
I'm not trying to modify labels on a feature layer. The custom overlay grid is a different beast all its own and does not have the same labeling options as the feature class itself. I want to inject some label class scripting into the actual grid. – MLF May 12 '11 at 20:11
What do you mean by "a different beast"? Isn't this a polygon feature class with attributes? it would be best to actually clean up the source data with vbscript or python, whichever you prefer. You can of course do it with label expressions but it has certain disadvantages such as slower drawing times... Kirk has provided a link to the manual. – Jakub May 13 '11 at 12:52
@ Jakub: This is a custom overlay grid. The only options to label a custom overlay grid are to label it according to one field inside the feature class, and there is no option to use a label expression. – MLF May 17 '11 at 16:31
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Your Answer


text:
The feature is based on a geospatial motion analysis algorithm which determines the success rate of snowplow operator based on the government regulations.This feature enables each operator to actively monitor the movement of the equipment. The system capacity allows tracking of 20,000 machines in real time.
The system generates various detailed reports based on weather, road segments, road types, snowplow responsibility, regions, budget, etc. System operators can track information on segments which are not covered during hard weather conditions based on the internal regulations. This allows operators to apply financial penalties and generate official reports based on GPS data.
This feature allows monitoring and recording of meteorological data for each road segment. The system provides more than 10 official weather sources and allows users to integrate their own sources. This provides a new generation of snowplow process reports.
The GNSS technology system for processing and tracking is based on a geospatial database. Road network data and internal regulations on winter maintenance levels are imported in a geospatial format, including road types. Geospatial data is divided into small segments and it describes the location of any point, line or object in the coordinate system of the world.


Silverback Gorilla Strength
How Strong is a Silverback Gorilla
Silverback is an adult experienced leader with gray hair on the back. It is the leader of a family, which consist of 30 members and more of females in number and few of infants. It is responsible for the safety of members', activities in their day to day life including their movements, protecting the family by fighting to death in case of a threat or attack.
This gorilla decides for the family members at times grabs different females from other groups / families. 'The question is how strong is a Silverbacks?' Research has been conducted on how strong a silverback is and actually its strength has never been measured. Its strength is evidenced by observing the gorilla casually bending and snapping objects such as banana plantations, breaking tree branches, tempered steel bars, Giant bamboo stalks.
Its muscles have power between 8-16 times that of man. The silverback is observed to hang from one arm with over 400 lbs. Infect A silverback does not use its strength to attack other animals in a manner of other apes like chimpanzees and Baboons, their peaceful in nature, with very powerful Jaws, which they use to get trees and plants.
A silverback is larger than a human body with its height ranging in height from 5'6' to 5'9, but the arm span is impressive depending on the size of a silverback its three feet larger than the variant human length. A silverback weighs from 298 to 397 lbs this is size has attracted many tourists to Uganda to trek the mountain gorillas.
It can lift up 10 times the amount of its own body weight. It gains this weight because of the huge chunk of plants it feeds on daily which helps it to regain a lot of weight and strength and also to be able to head the entire family. Some silverback gorillas can be found in Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National Park but mostly in Mgahinga.
book a trip


text:
Navy Aviation Electrician's Mates (AE) manage automatic control systems and other electrical components of an aircraft.
The objective is to generate power for the aircraft as well as maintain navigational equipment.
An Aviation Electrician's Mate may also get assigned as aircrew performing activities like operating radar and weapons systems.
Learn more about what it takes to become a Navy Aviation Electrician's Mate (AE), including required education and training.
Education, Qualifications, and Training
It takes some time and hard work to join the U.S. Navy.
Every sailor in the Navy has a military job or Navy rating.
Serving the Navy as an Aviation Electrician's Mate (AE) is a fulfilling purpose but you'll need to meet the necessary education requirements and training before qualifying for AE.
Related Article – Navy Electricians Mate (EM): Career Details
The United States Navy has educational requirements you need to meet before enlistment.
Sailors are required to have a high school diploma or GED equivalent.
Furthermore, all new sailors must complete the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB).
Recruits that are interested in Aviation Electrician's Mate (AE), have two options on the ASVAB:
- Receive a combined ASVAB test score of 222 on Arithmetic (AR), Electronics Information (EI), General Science (GS), and Mathematics Knowledge (MK).
- Or receive a combined ASVAB test score of 222 on Arithmetic (AR), Mathematics Knowledge (MK), Mechanical Comprehension (MC), and Verbal Expression (VE).
In addition to requirements for the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), there are other qualifications of AE.
Sailors that want to serve the Navy as an Aviation Electrician's Mate (AE) must receive secret security clearance.
The security clearance is granted through the U.S. Department of Defense and involves a fairly thorough background check.
The background check examines your personal character, finances, and criminal record.
Furthermore, the Department of Defense may contact references as well as examine any history of alcohol or drug abuse.
Navy Aviation Electrician's Mates are also required to have correctable vision to 20/20 with normal color perception (no colorblindness).
While not a direct requirement you also need to feel comfortable about spending lengthy amounts of time away from home and family.
The work conditions are often remote at sea or land, and much of the work performed is outdoors in different weather.
After qualifying for Aviation Electrician's Mate (AE) through the ASVAB and other requirements it is time to begin training.
All new recruits of the U.S. Navy, regardless of rating, start at Navy Boot Camp.
Boot camp takes place at Navy Recruit Training Command in Illinois and lasts eight weeks.
If you survive boot camp than you transition to training related to your Navy rating.*
Aviation Electrician's Mates (AE) attend A School at the Naval Aviation Technical Training Center (Pensacola, Florida).
Some Navy AE may receive alternate training at the Naval Aviation Station in Jacksonville, Florida.
Secondary "C" School Training for Aviation Electrician's Mates takes place around the nation.
The most popular location for "C" School Training for AE is in Oceana, Virginia and Lemoore, California.
*It is important to note that the Navy rating is not guaranteed for new recruits.
Recruits training for AE are considered "volunteers" and therefore technically enlist in the Navy as "Aviation Sailors (AV)".
What this means is Aviation Sailors can technically get assigned as Aviation Electronics Technicians (AT) instead of Aviation Electrician's Mates (AE) following graduation.
What does a Navy Aviation Electrician's Mate (AE) Do?
Aviation Electrician's Mates (AE) are the designated electricians of the Navy.
As a result, Navy Aviation Electrician's Mates handle a wide variety of electrical and navigational components of aircraft.
The sailors are also trained on related computer systems and other types of state-of-the-art equipment.
It is not uncommon for an Aviation Electrician's Mate (AE) to volunteer or receive an assignment as part of the aircrew.
The in-flight duties of an AE may include operating the radar systems or weapons systems.
Aviation Electrician's Mates may participate in missions using turbojets, propeller aircraft, or helicopters.
Job Duties of Aviation Electrician's Mates (AE)
The official job description for Navy Rating Aviation Electrician's Mate (AE) is as follows:
- Maintain electrical and instrument systems, including power generation, conversion, and distribution.
- Inspect and maintain aircraft batteries and electrical components.
- Maintain interior and exterior lighting on the aircraft.
- Handle electrical control of aircraft systems, including hydraulics, landing gear, utilities, and power plant engines.
- Supervision of automatic flight control and stabilization systems.
- Detailing aircraft compass systems, altitude reference systems, and inertial navigational systems.
It is worthwhile to mention that several credentials are available to Navy Aviation Electrician's Mates shortly after completing Class "A" Technical School.
The credentials may lead to promotional opportunities within the ranks of Aviation Electrician's Mates, or to another Navy rating.
Related Article – Navy Personnel Specialist (PS): Career Details
What does a Navy Aviation Electrician's Mate (AE) make?
The United States Navy compensates sailors based on military rank and years of service.
Therefore, your Navy rating (in this case Aviation Electrician's Mate) is not applicable to your base salary.
Here is a general idea as to what you can expect to earn in the Navy based on military rank:
|Insignia||Pay Grade||Rank||Abbreviation||2023 Minimum Monthly Pay|
|N/A||E-1 +4 months||Seaman Recruit||SR||$1,917.60|
|E-4||Petty Officer Third Class||PO3||$2,503.50|
|E-5||Petty Officer Second Class||PO2||$2,730.30|
|E-6||Petty Officer First Class||PO1||$2,980.50|
|E-7||Chief Petty Officer||CPO||$3,445.80|
|E-8||Senior Chief Petty Officer||SCPO||$4,957.20|
|E-9||Master Chief Petty Officer||MCPO||$6,055.50|
|E-9||Command Master Chief Petty Officer||CMDCM||$6,055.50|
|E-9||Master Chief Petty Officer Of The Navy||MCPON||$6,055.50|
The U.S. Navy has several benefits included with a monthly salary:
- Medical Insurance
- Affordable Life Insurance
- Vacation Time
- Special Pay
- Education: Sailors can earn full-tuition, merit-based scholarships, allowances for books and fees, plus an annual stipend for living expenses.
- Housing: Allowances for living expenses, utilities, and maintenance.
- Food: Allowance for the on-base dining hall and access to tax-free department and grocery stores.
You can read a variety of job reviews about Navy Aviation Electrician's Mate (AE) on job sites like Indeed.com:
The common theme is Navy AE work is demanding with long hours and plenty of responsibilities.
However, for most sailors, the pros greatly outweigh the cons.
One huge advantage of the U.S. Navy is that sailors commonly travel more compared to soldiers in other military branches.
It takes plenty of teamwork to survive in the U.S. Navy, particularly serving as an Aviation Electrician's Mate (AE).
Related Article – Navy Aircrew Survival Equipmentman (PR): Career Details
Civilian Job Opportunities
The work you perform as an Aviation Electrician's Mate (AE) is pretty specific to the military.
However, the experience and discipline you receive can translate well to a variety of careers in aviation.
Navy AE are trained electricians so it is common for ex-military to work in a related field, even if the aircraft or settings are different.
A Navy Aviation Electrician's Mate (AE) has several responsibilities on aircraft.
Aviation Electrician's Mates supervise, maintain, and repair electrical and instrument systems related to the aircraft.
Navy AE are skilled at resolving power generation, conversion, and distribution issues.
An Navy Aviation Electrician's Mate (AE) may also volunteer as a member of the aircrew, handling radar or weapons systems.


text:
Cheche Konnen Center
Reconceptualizing Diversity in Science Education
For more than a decade, the Chèche Konnen Center at TERC has been researching and documenting the various ways in which children's diverse ideas and ways of talking and knowing are intellectual strengths critical to the learning of science. The Center collaborates with teachers of bilingual students and more recently with teachers of students from a variety of economic, ethnic, and linguistic backgrounds. The Center's research and professional development program seeks to design and document pedagogical practices that enable teachers to develop new ways of seeing their students' intellectual and linguistic strengths and new ways of seeing what counts as scientific.
In partnership with teachers, Center researchers have come to view scientific sense-making as encompassing a varied complex of intellectual strengths that students from underserved communities bring to the task of learning in the sciences. These strengths intersect with those characteristic of the sciences in many ways, including forms of argumentation, imagining, narrative and analogical reasoning. Center researchers have documented how teachers can expand the range of discourse practices that they recognize as relevant in the science classroom. The research has also shown that students in these teachers' classrooms perform at high levels on tasks designed to tap their scientific understanding and reasoning as well as on conventional measures of achievement (e.g., items from state, national, and international assessments.) See "The Generative Potential of Students' Everyday Knowledge in Learning Science" in Mathematics and Science Matters.
To lean more about the center and its program of work see _URL_ or view the links under More Info.


_PHONE_
At Home STEAM Project: 009
Different types of boats serve different purposes, from the smallest sailboat to the largest aircraft carrier, they each have their own strengths. Some are built for speed while others are built to carry heavy cargo. What we will learn in this project is what makes a boat able to carry the most weight and why. So grab some supplies, get your child building and enjoy!
009: Tin Foil Boat
For today's project, have your child build, fill and float a boat made out of aluminum foil!
What you need:
-A bin (to fill with water)
-Aluminum foil
-Wooden blocks or similar items for filling the boats
Instructions:
-Ask your child to construct boats using aluminum foil.
-Floating the boat in the tub of water have them start to fill the boat with the blocks until the boat starts to sink
-Have them experiment with different types of boats to find the type that holds the most weight.
What they learn:
-Density
-Mass per volume
-Hint: the boat type that holds the most weight is large and flat with the sides bent up, like a military aircraft carrier.
When the project is complete:
-Take a photo of the structure and share it with us! Tag us on social media and use hashtag #theRchild, we can't wait to see the results.
Interested in learning more about STEAM education?
You can find our current class offering here.
2020-10-30
0


ServersThe Perl You Need to Know: Benchmarking Perl Page 6
The Perl You Need to Know: Benchmarking Perl Page 6
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 timestr(timediff(,));
 }
Due to the scoping of my variables, you can re-use and inside each subroutine
without conflict. Remember to modify the label for each benchmark so that you can recognize
which subroutine the measurement applies to. When the script runs, for instance in a Web
environment, the resulting Web page may then contain a rundown for each subroutine and its
execution time. Because this technique does not perform many iterations, you should invoke
the script a number of times to get a sense of consistency from the measurements.
Ultimately, the goal of adding stopwatches to your script is to find any abnormally slow
subroutines or sections of code. This quick diagnosis can point you to trouble spots quickly. In
the long run, focusing on the unusually slow sections of code will yield greater efficiency than
attempting to benchmark alternatives for every routine in the script.
Troubleshooting in Context
Finding a slow segment of code is one thing – identifying the hold-up, and a solution, can be
quite another. As we saw in earlier examples, there are many times that the Perl language itself
can be the source of slow performance. We've seen that there can be a variety of ways to
address a problem, using Perl, and some are much faster than others. As a general rule of
thumb, Perl will perform faster when you rely on built-in functions; for example, we saw that the
map function performed much faster than building a foreach loop of our own. The lesson here is
"don't re-invent the wheel" – let Perl do the work, whenever possible.
Equally important to identifying slow Perl syntax, though, are considerations beyond the
language itself. For example, if a particular subroutine is accessing data, consider where the
data is stored. Data retrieved from disk will likely be slower than data retrieved from memory.
Beyond that, the retrieval time of data on disk can vary considerably, depending on whether
the data is stored in a simple, slow database or a fast, indexed database. In any case, the
delay in retrieving data will inflate the execution time of such a subroutine, without being the
fault of the Perl code itself, but of the larger architecture.
Similarly, when a Perl subroutine retrieves data from a database, does it establish a connection
to the database on each invocation, or can it rely on an existing connection already
established (known as "persistent connections")? Again, this bottleneck can inflate the
execution time of such a segment of code.
Portions of code that make network requests are going to be subject to all of the delays
inherent in networks. Once again, reducing these bottlenecks may not involve changing the
Perl code at all, but changing the architecture of the system, whether that includes other
pieces of software or the hardware itself. Ultimately, the point is that measuring execution time
of code is important, but intepreting it in context is even more important: the code itself may, or
may not be, to blame for a bottleneck.
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