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For this question, we are allowed to assume the following is true and has been proven:
Let A,B R and p R. Prove that p is an accumulation point of A B if and only if p is an accumulation point of A or p is an accumulation point of B: (A B)'=A' B'.
Now since we assumed the above is true,
Conclude that the closure of a union is the union of the closures:
(A B)^cl=A^cl B^cl. How would I go about proving this?


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Idea #250 – Visiting the old town of Telc
The City of Telc, situated near the southwest border between Moravia and the Bohemia, is quoted for the first time towards 1333-13335, when the existence of an important castle is mentioned. The City was doubtless established in the middle of the XIVth century. Up to the decrees Benes of 1945, the city, as well as its neighbor Jihlava, was mainly populated by the Germans of the Sudetes.
Telc developed on the hilltop, around the marketplace in the shape of lengthened triangle. The city was surrounded with a curtain, doubled by moats. The Gothic castle was reconstructed in late Gothic style in the XVth century, before being reshaped in the XVIth century by Zacharie de Hradec. Following another devastating fire, this Lord also makes reconstruct the marketplace in the same style. The city, which results from all these works, constitutes a remarkable example of town planning and architecture of the Renaissance.
In the XVIIth century, roof corners were added on the facade of certain houses of the marketplace ; later changes brought rococo and classic elements. The parochial church Saint-Jacob presents a plan to two naves of the beginning of the XIVth century; a choir of Renaissance style was added to him in 1638, and the Gothic tower was crowned by a baroque dome in 1687. The industrial revolution of the beginning of the XIXth century comes along with a considerable cultural awakening in the region and with a bigger prosperity, but the city of Telc was however able to maintain its traditional character. It did not suffer excessive restorations, so that its buildings, as well as its urban landscape, kept all their authenticity, both in the used materials and in their typology.
Where is it ?
Telc, Czech Republic.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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The Reg. Science-Fellows project is developing a cohort of people in southern Africa with practical experience of regulatory assessment. It is organising a fellowship scheme jointly managed by the Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe and the University of Zimbabwe. Its aim is to develop a cohort of medicines reviewers and regulatory science professionals with particular expertise in key areas of product assessment. During 2021, it continued to organise short courses for regulators and regulatory affairs professionals in southern Africa.
Among other events, the SEN-ETHICS project, which is enabling Senegal to strengthen and harmonise its regulatory processes for clinical research, hosted a webinar on 'Ethical Issues on the response against the COVID-19 pandemic: Experts' viewpoint' in 2021. In addition, the AFREENET project, which concluded in February 2021, held a training session dedicated to the questions that arise during outbreaks, bringing together 40 participants from ethics committees in Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire and Benin.
The BERC-Luso project, which is building ethics review and clinical research oversight capacity in five Portuguese-speaking countries (Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau, Mozambique and Sao Tomé and Príncipe), organised more than 30 webinars and meetings with partner institutions in 2021. Topics discussed included informed consent in pandemic times, clinical research and procedures during pandemics, and innovation and clinical research.
The project also organised intensive training sessions on biomedical research and clinical trials, which were attended by five trainees from each of the five countries participating in the project. It also offered a six-day practical internship opportunity in Lisbon, Portugal.
EDCTP's contribution towards ethics and regulatory activities in Africa
Establishment of new national ethics committees where these do not exist.
Increased public awareness of research ethics review and regulatory oversight of clinical trials.
Higher qualified staff of national ethics committees and national regulatory authorities in research ethics and ethics evaluation.
More efficient turnaround times of study protocols and effective pharmacovigilance reporting.
Improved compliance of legal frameworks for national ethics committees and national regulatory authorities with international standards.
Improved efficiency of national ethics committees in providing research ethics oversight.
EDCTP-supported ethics and regulatory projects are being conducted in 38 sub-Saharan African countries.
In 2021, the BCA-WA-ETHICS II project also launched its virtual research ethics secretariat. This is a virtual helpdesk available to all West African national research ethics committees (NRECs) free of charge. The aim of the secretariat is to strengthen the process of ethical research review in West Africa and to harmonise protocol-evaluation tools. The secretariat works directly with members of NRECs, assesses their needs, and provides technical support to improve their capacities in governance, research ethics, gender mainstreaming and systematic evaluation of research protocols.
The year also saw the launch of the latest edition of the Procedural Manual of the National Health Research Ethics Committee of Senegal. This gender-sensitive manual, developed in collaboration with the BCA-WA-ETHICS project, aims to improve the quality of health research conducted in Senegal, taking into account the needs and experiences of different population groups. The manual will be shared, to inspire other national ethics committees to integrate sex and gender considerations into their procedures.
Building on the success of the BCA-WA-ETHICS project, its follow-up – BCA-WA-ETHICS II – was launched in 2021. The project, spanning institutions in Benin, Mali, Senegal and Spain, has had a strong emphasis on gender issues and mainstreaming a gender perspective into all aspects of ethics review. In 2021, it published the French version of its publication 'The ethicist's practical guide to the evaluation of preclinical research from a sex and gender perspective'. It also organised a virtual conference, 'Lumière Du Sud: Établir des alliances pour l'Agenda 2030 avec les femmes scientifiques africaines' (Light from the South: Establishing alliances for the 2030 Agenda with African women scientists), to promote the contributions of African women scientists.
In November 2021, BCA-WA-ETHICS II launched its webinar series 'Biostatistics for ethicists', which aims to strengthen the capacities of ethicists and research evaluators in biostatistics and research methodology. The webinar attracted 32 participants from six sub-Saharan African countries. Further webinars are being held in 2022, and are available to view on the project's website. At the end of 2021, the project also opened registration for the first virtual training programme in its e-learning work package, 'Training on research ethics, gender mainstreaming, NREC governance, and audit preparedness'. The course took place over seven days in January 2022.
EDCTP funds multiple South–South and South–North consortia aiming to build capacity in ethics review and other key oversight activities, providing opportunities to share experience and encouraging mutual learning. Although the COVID-19 pandemic meant that many planned activities took place online rather than in person in 2021, projects were still able to advance their capacity-building agendas, and organise activities of direct relevance to the pandemic.
As well as having scientific capacity for clinical research, it is also critical that countries in sub-Saharan Africa are able to ensure effective governance of all stages of clinical research studies. This includes ethics review of research proposals, through institutional and national research ethics committees, and monitoring of clinical studies in progress. These activities are important for protecting the interests, health and wellbeing of study participants, and to maintain public trust in research.
EDCTP-funded projects organised multiple events and training activities in 2021 to build capacity in ethics review and clinical research oversight.
Building ethics review and regulatory capacity


当前位置：网站首页>How can complex systems maintain stability while upgrading without downtime? You have to think about the following
How can complex systems maintain stability while upgrading without downtime? You have to think about the following
2020-12-06 14:57:29 The wind and waves are as calm as a yard
background
In the Internet industry , The upgrading of online services is a common occurrence . According to statistics , Over the past quarter, idle fish engineers have carried out more than a thousand releases , The total number of updated code is over a million lines .
In these releases , Some may only have updated a few lines of code , Some may have performed the migration and upgrade of the whole cluster . And no matter how big the impact of these changes is , We all have to ensure the availability of online services , Users have no perception . This article will take the migration and upgrading of the idle fish search service as an example , Let's introduce the technical scheme behind it .
The underlying search service of idle fish is provided by query planning service Search Planner、 Query understanding service Query Planner、 Ranking service Rank Service And search engines Heaven Ask 3 The composition of . The calling relationship between them is shown in the figure below ：
You can see , The whole search service is composed of several independent microservices . Different microservices are isolated from each other , Providing services through pre exposed interfaces . All of the microservices eventually go through Search Planner Close up , To provide unity to the outside world 、 Full search capabilities .
On top of the underlying search service , There are business logic layer and access gateway layer , The specific structure will not be repeated here . The user's search request is first forwarded to the logic layer through the gateway layer , Then send a search request to the underlying search service . This request chain contains dozens of clusters , The call depth reaches two digits , There may be hundreds of servers providing services throughout the process .
For such a complex system , Obviously, the upgrade process can't be accomplished overnight . The good news is that the reasonable decoupling of various microservices has brought great convenience to the upgrading work , It can effectively prevent the whole body from being unable to start , So that we can deal with the upgrade problem in different categories .
 - notes 1：Search Planner It's a function based 、 As a service 、 visualization 、 The search service gateway layer built by parallelization development framework .
 - notes 2：Query Planner The main role of is to understand user input , Then the search terms are optimized . Finally get better search recall results .
 - notes 3：Rank Service It's a real-time ranking service , Its function is to score the audition results of the search engine recall according to the multi-dimensional characteristics . The higher the score, the more likely the product will be at the top of the search results .
 - notes 4：Heaven Ask 3 （ Ask questions 3） It is a stable and efficient product developed by Alibaba 、 Powerful search engine . For Ali group, including Taobao 、 The core business including tmall provides search service support .
Keep compatible
Before you start the upgrade , We first need to confirm whether the upgraded service maintains forward and backward compatibility . Keeping compatible not only reduces the workload , It also reduces the risk of failure caused by upgrades .
In order to avoid incompatibility caused by upgrade , We can summarize some development principles ：
 - Remote procedure call （RPC） Need to be able to ignore unknown parameters , And allow missing parameters .
 - If you need to delete an existing parameter , Need to confirm with all relying parties . You can mark the parameter as Deprecated Instead of just removing .
 - When using parameters , Distinguish between default and missing values .
 - If the interface is not compatible , Create a new interface instead of the old one . Don't break old interface compatibility .
When upgrading , Upgrade services that have no external dependencies first . Wait until the dependent party upgrades , Then upgrade the relying party . After determining the upgrade order of each service , We will determine the upgrade plan according to the actual situation of the service .
Stateless service upgrade
Officially enter the upgrade process , We first focus on the part of the search link that is designed as a stateless service , For example, for business logic Java Microservices 、 For processing query logic Search Planner etc. . Their common feature is , After each request is processed , The resource about the request is released . There are no interdependencies and timing requirements between different requests . Different machine nodes in the same stateless service are completely equivalent .
The characteristics of stateless services make it easy for them to scale dynamically through horizontal expansion . So on the premise of compatibility , Their upgrade process is relatively common and simple ：
 1. The number of batches is determined according to the minimum availability of the service .
 2. Select a batch of containers to be updated , Out of Service .
 3. Batch upgrade containers 、 Update image .
 4. Wait for this batch of containers to resume service , Continue to update the next batch of containers .
In general, we can store the state in the message queue 、 cache 、 Database or other external middleware to achieve stateless service . The benefits of designing services as stateless are obvious ： There is no need to allocate additional machine resources when upgrading , Fast upgrade , The cost of change is small , Therefore, it can support frequent iterative updates . however , This design also brings additional overhead to state access and update , It may not be applicable in some performance sensitive situations .
Stateful service upgrade
We continue to focus on the state part . The trouble with stateful service upgrades is that , State storage 、 recovery 、 The transition is often designed by the service separately according to the actual situation （ Or no design at all ）, So upgrading is more difficult . We can simply list some relatively common stateful service upgrade options .
 - Access layer gateway provides the ability of heating and updating （ for example Nginx）, Isolate the maintenance of state in the access layer . It's suitable for scenes that need to stay in state for a long time .
 - Progressive update , New requests are gradually switched to new services , The old service is destroyed after it has processed the stock request . It is suitable for short-term state keeping （ For example, game services 、 Real time audio and video communication service ）.
 - Create a new copy of the service , Keep the old and new service state consistent through data double writing , Gradually replace the old with new services .
In the framework of idle fish search , Although the search engine itself provides stateless Services , But the engine has internal storage for processing index partitions , Various states of incremental progress . The final upgrade plan is as follows ：
 1. Use the new version of the image to create a completely independent new engine .
 2. Full data synchronization between old and new engines .
 3. Incremental data is sent to both old and new engines .
 4. The new engine goes online , Gradually expand the proportion of flow to undertake .
 5. The old engine no longer takes on the traffic and goes offline .
Compared with the upgrade of stateless Services , This method not only uses twice the additional machine resources , And every upgrade requires a complex and cumbersome service configuration . If the service itself is not stateless , We also need to encode the stream switching logic , Ensure that the requests of the same user can fall on the same cluster . The overall upgrade cost is more expensive , Only suitable for services with very low update frequency . If the service is updated more frequently , According to the actual situation of the service, we should design a scheme with lower upgrade cost .
Service discovery
In the process of upgrading , Service discovery mechanism plays an important role . It provides us with the following functions ：
 - Ensure distributed consistency
 - Elegant service online and offline
 - Load balancing
 - Traffic control and request degradation
 - The same machine room priority scheduling
 - Cross machine room disaster recovery scheduling
Service discovery is the main valve of flow control . A mature and stable service discovery mechanism can not only effectively avoid the request success rate jitter caused by publishing , It also provides a guarantee for fast roll back hemostasis in case of abnormality .
Risk prevention and control
Each cluster of the search link is upgraded according to the dependent order 、 mount 、 Cutting flow is undoubtedly a high-risk operation , A little carelessness may lead to online failure . therefore , We have sorted out the upgrading process according to Alibaba's principle of safe production ：
 - Can be monitored ： The important indicators of important links are guaranteed to monitor coverage in advance . For example, the total number of requests , Request success rate , Request response time and so on . To ensure that significant issues can be detected in a timely manner through monitoring indicators .
 - It's grayscale ： Any changes are not allowed to be published online without grayscale . For stateless Services , We usually adjust the weight of service discovery or adjust the proportion of the machine to complete the gray scale . For some cases that cannot be randomly grayed , We have designed a mechanism to release the volume in batches according to the users .
 - Roll back ： The change system provides a common one click rollback capability , But it's not the fastest way . In many cases , We are ready to remount or remount the machine or cluster to be updated on service discovery before executing the change , The time from problem discovery to recovery is basically seconds .
summary
in summary , The principle and process of upgrading complex systems without downtime can be summarized as follows ：
 1. Decoupling and isolation between services , Ensure that the scope and impact of a single upgrade can be controlled .
 2. Determine the order of service upgrade according to compatibility and dependency .
 3. The upgrade method is determined according


Tag Archives: googlebot
How to slow down a robot
There is a flipant answer here about turning it off/remove batteries etc.
But, what do you do if you are having some server troubles or a bot is hitting you really hard. There are 2 obvious options open to you.
 1. Use your verified Google/Bing webmaster tools account and press the buttons, or
 2. To use an entry in your Robots.txt file
Option 1 is straightforward, so for the rest of this short post, lets focus on option 2. You can find some more details on the Bing community site. In short all (reputable) engines have signed up to the Robots Exclusion Protocol (REP). So…
How to set the crawl delay parameter
In the robots.txt file, within the generic user agent section, add the crawl-delay directive as shown in the example below:
User-agent: *
Crawl-delay: 1
and replace as necessary if you want to apply to any specific bot e.g. msnbot/googlebot etcetera.
User-agent: msnbot
Crawl-delay: 1
What speed should I set?
They suggest no slower than 10, or it could affect their ability to stay on your site.
Crawl-delay setting
Index refresh speed
No crawl delay set
Normal
1
Slow
5
Very slow
10
Extremely slow
Good luck and happy bot management.


s and cons of each cluster type.
Spark local modes
Spark local mode and Spark local cluster mode are special cases of a Spark standalone cluster running on a single machine. Because these cluster types are easy to set up and use, they're convenient for quick tests, but they shouldn't be used in a production environment.
Furthermore, in these local modes, the workload isn't distributed, and it creates the resource restrictions of a single machine and suboptimal performance. True high availability isn't possible on a single machine, either.
Spark standalone cluster
A Spark standalone cluster is a Spark-specific cluster. Because a standalone cluster is built specifically for Spark applications, it doesn't support communication with an HDFS secured with Kerberos authentication protocol. If you need that kind of security, use YARN for running Spark.
YARN cluster
YARN is Hadoop's resource manager and execution system. It's also known as MapReduce 2 because it superseded the MapReduce engine in Hadoop 1 that supported only MapReduce jobs.
Running Spark on YARN has several advantages:
 - Many organizations already have YARN clusters of a significant size, along with the technical know-how, tools, and procedures for managing and monitoring them.
 - Furthermore, YARN lets you run different types of Java applications, not only Spark, and you can mix legacy Hadoop and Spark applications with ease.
 - YARN also provides methods for isolating and prioritizing applications among users and organizations, a functionality the standalone cluster doesn't have.
 - It's the only cluster type that supports Kerberos-secured HDFS.
 - Another advantage of YARN over the standalone cluster is that you don't have to install Spark on every node in the cluster.
Mesos cluster
Mesos is a scalable and fault-tolerant "distributed systems kernel" written in C++. Running Spark in a Mesos cluster also has its advantages. Unlike YARN, Mesos also supports C++ and Python applications, and unlike YARN and a standalone Spark cluster that only schedules memory, Mesos provides scheduling of other types of resources (for example, CPU, disk space and ports), although these additional resources aren't used by Spark currently. Mesos has some additional options for job scheduling that other cluster types don't have (for example, fine-grained mode).
And, Mesos is a "scheduler of scheduler frameworks" because of its two-level scheduling architecture. The jury's still out on which is better: YARN or Mesos; but now, with the Myriad project, you can run YARN on top of Mesos to solve the dilemma.
Get in touch 👋
If you have any questions or suggestions, feel free to open an issue on GitHub!
© 2023 Raki Rahman.


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Thursday, October 29, 2015
The Hollow Earth
Radial Ice Betrays North Polar Hole
The image above shows the radial ice flow from the north polar opening to the hollow earth. This pattern projects outward from a conspicuous ring of ice approximately 80 miles in diameter. The 80 mile opening likely restricts to approximately 50 miles at its narrowest point.
According to calculations made by comparing the polar and equatorial diameters of the earth, a 50 mile opening would indicate that the crust is approximately 600 miles thick at the poles, slimmed down from an 800 mile crust at the equator.
With such a small diameter opening, it becomes apparent just how easily an "anomaly" such as this can be wiped from satellite imagery and kept from the prying eyes of the public.
(Image provided by Chris Baird.)
Labels: hollow earth


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NEWS - EGLS: NOT just another Online Version!
EGLS was adapted to a virtual format that ALSO provides physicians with a real opportunity to enhance their manual ultrasound skills. Don't wait for this pandemic to end to get training: subscribe now! _EMAIL_
There are 4 steps to our EGLS online program:
1. Preparation (6h)
Prior to the online group session, participants complete the pre-course material. They read the EGLS theory book (sent by mail) and complete the e-Learning.
2. Online interactive Group Session
Participants attend an online group course. Basic notions are reviewed and clinical cases are discussed as a group.
3. Practical Session
Participants pick-up the probe in their own environment of practice and complete an EGLS porfolio of videos. They are asked to acquire 30 ultrasound images in total.
4. Personalized Coaching Session
Participants share their videos with an EGLS instructors to receive personalized and constructive feedback.
Register for our Online Program Now!
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1. Technology Overview
The present invention is a method for producing a non-polar a-plane GaN thin film on an r-plane sapphire substrate using metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) technique. Particularly, the method provides suitable growth conditions for GaN layer during MOCVD by controlling V/III ratio, reaction temperature and flow rate of reactants, but not limited thereto. It was found that such method could provide non-polar a-plane GaN thin film on r-plane sapphire substrate with reduced lattice mismatch between each layer.
- UMCIC File Number: 603/1114
- Patent: PI 2016 703999
- Patent status: Pending
- Malaysia patent: Method for Producing A Non-Polar A-Plane Galllium Nitride (Gan) Thin Film on an R-Plane Sapphire Substrate.
- This technology is currently available for licensing and commercialisation.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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What are the minimum requirements of SecuRe Pay that are most relevant for MIDAS Alliance
The full 42 page guidance is available at:
The changes to its definition of Strong Authentication are of the greatest relevance to the MIDAS Alliance:
Definition of Strong Authentication – SecuRe Pay mandates multi-factor authentication, but in addition it also brings in some interesting caveats as to how these factors are handled, so that one or both of these factors;
- Must be mutually independent, i.e. the breach of one does not compromise the other(s);
- Should be non-reusable and non-replicable (except for inherence);
- Designed in such a way as to protect the confidentiality of the authentication data;
- Not capable of being surreptitiously stolen via the internet.
SecuRe Pay in addition lays out the following requirements for every issuing bank to conform to based on the use of two or more of the following elements:
- Something only the user knows, e.g. static password, code, personal identification number;
- Something only the user possesses, e.g. token, smart card, mobile phone;
- Something the user is, e.g. biometric characteristic, such as a fingerprint or face recogniton.
In addition for SecuRe Pay, the elements selected must be mutually independent, i.e. the breach of one does not compromise the other.
"At least one of the elements should be non-reusable and non-replicable and not capable of being surreptitiously stolen via the internet. The strong authentication procedure should be designed in such a way as to protect the confidentiality of the authentication data."
The purpose of the SecuRe Pay guidelines is to define common minimum requirements for the internet payment services listed below, irrespective of the access device used:
- The execution of card payments on the internet, including virtual card payments, as well as the registration of card payment data for use in 'wallet solutions'
- The execution of credit transfers (CTs) on the internet
- The issuance and amendment of direct debit electronic mandates
- Transfers of electronic money between two e-money accounts via the internet.


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Delivery in day(s): 5
Global Business Environment Oz Assignments
Globally the rice producing countries, rice husks are one of the most available agriculture wastes. Annually it is estimated that 600 million tons of rice paddies are produced. Averagely 20% of the total rice paddy is husks. Which gives a total of approximately 120million tones annually. If poorly managed rice husks is a great threat to the marketing environment as it can easily cause a lot of damages to the land and the surrounding Areas[CITATION NPC16 \p 235 \l 1033 ]. Hence he commercial use of the husks and its ash is the alternate solution to the disposal problem.
Rice husks is an agricultural byproduct or residue of rice milling industry. Different rice samples have different chemical composition this is due to the varying climatic conditions on which the rice was grown. The current conditions of the world greatly demand for the use of durable materials which are also very strong. Rice husks are known to be good example of such materials. The husks are produced under controlled conditions at a temperature that is below 800 produced silica in an amorphous form. The produced silica can be utilized for the purpose of construction works.
Landfill cover refers to a layer of compressed earth or soil which is laid on top on deposition of an operational landfill site. The covers assist in preventing the interactions between the air and the wastes. This greatly reduces odor and offers a stable base upon which machinery and vehicles may operate[CITATION Wal16 \p 184 \l 1033 ].
The rice husks have been accepted as green supplementary material that has many applications ranging from small scale to large scale. It can be used as a cover in landfill sites and water proofing. In other situations, it is also used as an admixture to make the concrete resistance against the chemical penetration.
Due to the large amounts of rice husks that are produce in various countries it has been a great challenge on how to dispose them. This calls for studies to come up with ways on how the husks can be used commercially. The current conditions of the world greatly demand for the use of durable materials which are also very strong. Rice husks are known to be good example of such materials[CITATION Ami14 \p 338 \l 1033 ].
This report focuses on the use of bentonite added rice husk as impervious barriers of landfill covers. From the studies that have been carried out by many scholars regarding to this subject. It has been concluded that rice husks can be commercially used in various industries such as the processing of cement, steel, refinery industries among many more. The sustainability of rice husks ash mainly depends on the chemical composition of the ash, predominantly the silica content available. Due to its properties rice husks have been found to be more superior to other supplementary materials such as silica, slag, fly ash and fume.
Project aims and objectives
The main aim of this study was to find out how bentonite added rice husk as impervious barriers of is used as landfill covers. With that many other objectives were set to aid in achieving the main aim of the study. The specific objectives in this study included.
To carry out a detailed literature survey regarding to bentonite added rice husk as impervious barriers of landfill covers, in order to get a deep understanding of this topic.
1. To find out what are the properties of rice husks ashes
2. To determine the application of rice husks ashes in various industries su8ch as construction
3. To understand the various burning process of rice husks and the quality of ashes obtained from them.
The significance of the research
This study is carefully crafted to find out how bentonite added rice husk as impervious barriers of can be used as landfill covers. The findings of this study will be of great importance to the conservation of the environment since the disposal of rice husks has been a great challenge in many countries globally considering that rice is a stable food in many countries.
Delimitations and limitations
The study will mainly focus on how the bentonite added husks can be used as landfill covers. With that the research will be tied strictly to the topic of study. Any other information not related to the topic of research will not be looked into. Various sources both primary and secondary sources that contain information relevant to this topic will be reviewed.
[CITATION Gré13 \p 563 \l 1033 ]conducted some experiments to study the impact of mixing rice husks ash together with bentonite in an effort to upgrade it as a construction material. The outcome of that study enabled him to conclude that stress strain behavior of the unconfined compressive strength indicated that failure strain and stress increased by 50% and 106% respectively, the moment the rice husks ash content was increased from 0% to 25%. when the rice husks content was increased from 0% to 12%.
According to [CITATION Bre16 \p 149 \l 1033 ] carried out the research on the behavior of the clay soil, which was stabilized with the rice husks ash that was mixed with the soil to study the enhancement of the weak subgrade in terms of the strength and compaction characteristics. The silica produced from the rice husks ash was found to be successful as a pozzolainc material in the soil stabilization.
[CITATION Fra13 \p 382 \l 1033 ]carried pout a research on the impacts of the rice husks ashes on the engineering properties of black cotton soil. The findings of the research concluded that with the increase in the rice husks percentage the optimum moisture content in the soil increased from 18.25 to 22 percent. The maximum dry density also decreased from 1.68 to 1.51gm/cm3. There was a great increase in the values of California bearing ration and the unconfirmed comprehensive strength.
Applications of rice husk ash
The ash obtained from rice husks has a wide range of applications in many industries such as the processing of cement, steel, refinery industries among many more. The sustainability of rice husks ash mainly depends on the chemical composition of the ash, predominantly the silica content available. Rice husks ash has been found to be a superior to other supplementary materials such as silica, slag, fly ash and fume.
The rice husks have been accepted as green supplementary material that has many applications ranging from small scale to large scale. It can be used as a cover in landfill sites and water proofing. In other situations, it is also used as an admixture to make the concrete resistance against the chemical penetration[CITATION Joh161 \p 43 \l 1033 ].
The rice husks ash as wide applications in the construction industry such as;
2. Green concrete
3. Industrial factory flooring
4. Swimming pools concreting the foundations
5. Rehabilitation and water proofing
Burning process of the rice husks
As initially mentioned the quality of the rice husks greatly depends on the type of burning process which they undergo. Various type of burning is usually carried out such as,
Open Field Burning method
This technique of open burning of the rice husks usually produces ash of poor quality. These usually produce a highly crystalline form structure which has lower rates of reactivity.
Fluidized -Bed Furnace Burning method
In this technique the burning of the rice husks is controlled. The heat that is produced during the combustion process is used to generate electricity. The operations management that are controlled are carried out by controlling the time and temperature. The combustion is carried out at temperatures between 500 and 700 degrees Celsius. The process is carried out for a longer period to ensure that carbon is completely removed or the same is achieved by increasing the temperature from 700 to 800 degrees Celsius for a period of 1 minute[CITATION NPC16 \p 670 \l 1033 ].
The husk ashes produced from 6his method contains 80% to 95 % silicon dioxide, 3-18% of unburned carbon and 1-2% of K2O. The ash produced by this method has a higher cellular structure.
This technique is mainly used to facilitate economic and environmental reason. The ashes produced by this method have amorphous silica and cellular structure. The ashes also obtained from this method are highly pozzolainc.
Material and method
The sample soil that were used for this study will be collected from a local dumping site and the rice husks will be collected from the local rice mills. The rice husks will be burnt on an open field in order to convert them to rice husks ash. The Bentonite that was used will be sodium bentonite. Standard procedures will be followed while various laboratory experiments were carried out.
Data collection strategies
Data for this study will be collected by use of various methods. Both primary and secondary sources will be used. For the secondary all the books, journal and other publications that contain information related to the topic of research will be reviewed while for the primary sources various practical sessions will be organized where by experiments will be done.
Role of the researcher
The role of the researcher will be to collect data regarding to the topic of research, it will be the responsibility of the researcher to come up with the most appropriate techniques of collecting data. It will also be the responsibility of the researcher to organize the research according to the timeframe.
From the experiments that were carried out the hydraulic conductivity of soil when it was tested alone was high. This clearly indicates that soil was highly permeable which cannot be used as covers for land fill. The addition of bentonite and rice husks ashes


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Two modified Fried wavefront reconstructors are proposed, both based on an enhanced geometry that combines and balances those of Fried and Hudgin with an additional weight. The optimal weights for both of them are derived with the analytical frequency response functions, which can provide near-unity spatial frequency response over broad bandwidth to the Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensing system. Comparisons between the proposed reconstructors and the classical ones are presented in the frequency domain, and simulations have further confirmed the frequency characteristic and the reconstruction performance of the new reconstructors. It is expected that the optimized reconstructors can help improve the performance of adaptive optics systems for high-power laser wavefront control and other relevant optical systems that require high-accuracy wavefront sensing.
© 2012 Optical Society of America
Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics
Original Manuscript: July 23, 2012
Revised Manuscript: September 10, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: September 10, 2012
Published: October 10, 2012
Tenghao Li, Mali Gong, Lei Huang, Yuntao Qiu, and Qiao Xue, "Weighted Fried reconstructor and spatial-frequency response optimization of Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensing," Appl. Opt. 51, 7115-7123 (2012)


text:
How to Use the VAM Web Site Simulations with
There are two ways that you can use the simulations on the VAM web
site in Powerpoint presentations depending on whether you have fast
Internet access in the lecture room.
If you have fast Internet access in the lecture room:
Create a slide with hypertext that points to a URL for the simulation
that you want to use. During the lecture, click on the hypertext to
access the desired simulation. Run the simulation. When you are done
using the simulation, use the back arrow button on your web browser
toolbar to return to your slide show.
If you do NOT have fast Internet access in the lecture room:
STEP1. To teach with the desired simulation in an area without fast
Internet access, first access the simulation from a laptop, notebook
or portable computer at a nearby location with Internet access. Once
the simulation is working the computer can be disconnected from the
Internet. Make sure your battery has sufficient charge for the trip.
Keeping your portable computer powered and your web-browser running,
transport the computer to the location without Internet access and you
should be able to use the simulation there. If you will use the VAM
simulation and your laptop goes into "sleep" mode, click on
"Reset" (on the orange column on the right of the VAM simulation
screen) and then "Pause Simulation" (an instructor VAM feature)
before transport. When you arrive at the lecture hall, click on "Reset"
before using the VAM simulation.
STEP 2. Create your Powerpoint presentation and create a page with placeholder
text to remind you to go to the simulation. Open your Powerpoint slide
show. When you get to the reminder slide, press the "Alt"
and "Tab" buttons simultaneously. A series of icons representing
the different programs running should be displayed. To navigate to and
select the desired program, keep the "Alt" key down while
pressing and releasing the "Tab" key until the desired icon
is selected. When the icon representing the browser running the simulation
is selected, a square will appear aroud the "e" icon if you
are using Microsoft Internet Explorer. When the desired icon is selected,
release the "Tab" key to bring that program "to the front".
When you are done using the simulation, use the "Alt"/"Tab"
key combination to select the Powerpoint slide show icon and resume
Please address any questions or comments to Sem


text:
The Weekly Newsmagazine of Science
|Recently on MathTrek:|
March 6, 1999
For a truly cool experience, there's nothing like transforming a 12-foot, 20-ton block of manufactured snow into a giant sculpture. That's the premise underlying the Breckenridge snow sculpture championships in Colorado, held annually in January.
This year, the international competition featured 15 four-member teams representing 10 countries. It also had a striking mathematical component. Noted mathematical sculptor Helaman Ferguson, joined by math professors Dan Schwalbe and Stan Wagon (see Riding on Square Wheels, July 11, 1998) and student Tamas Nemeth of Macalester College in St. Paul, Minn., labored intensively for 65 hours to carve a spectacular version of a minimal geometric structure known as the Costa surface. Wolfram Research sponsored the team, and Ferguson's wife, Claire, photographed the event.
The equations for this minimal surface were discovered in 1984 by the Brazilian mathematician Celso J. Costa. The figure's curvature resembles that of a potato chip, which typically starts out as a flat, thin slice of moist potato. As it dries out during frying, the chip shrinks. Minimizing its area, it curls into a saddle shape. Every little section of the Costa surface has this saddle configuration. Indeed, one can imagine the surface as the sum of an infinite number of saddles.
From certain angles, the Costa surface has the splendid elegance of a gracefully spinning dancer flinging out her full skirt so that it whirls parallel to the ground. Gentle waves undulate along the skirt's hem. Two holes pierce the skirt's lower surface and join to form a tunnel that sweeps upward. Another pair of holes, set a right angles to the first pair, lead from the top of the skirt downward into a second tunnel.
Several years ago, Ferguson created a number of marble and bronze versions of the Costa surface. Carving one in snow, however, presented a host of new challenges.
In fact, when Wagon first approached Ferguson with the idea of submitting a proposal to the by-invitation-only competition, Ferguson was initially somewhat reluctant to get involved. "I do granite; I don't do snow," he replied.
Ferguson's interest, however, increased as he and Wagon began to discuss which of his many pieces would look best in snow. It forced Ferguson to think about what material properties snow and stone might have in common.
Stone, for example, can carry weight. It has compressive strength. But it can't be stretched very much, so it has significantly less tensile strength. You can make an arch out of stone. Snow has similar characteristics. An igloo is really a system of arches. And a minimal surface can also be thought of in terms of arches. In effect, every point seems to be the keystone of a cluster of arches.
What about sculpting snow into the Costa surface? Marble can be carved fairly thin. Could the same be done with compacted snow?
Ferguson wanted to test the feasibility of carving snow into the required shape, but there was a dearth of snow in the month of May in Maryland. He ended up retrieving several cubic feet of high-consistency snow (shaved ice) dumped by a Zamboni ice-smoothing machine outside a local ice rink.
On a warm afternoon, using a giant kitchen spoon and spatula, Ferguson carved a minimal-surface form with lots of holes. As it melted in the late afternoon sun, he watched its walls get thinner and thinner. The sculpture, however, maintained its basic structure.
"It seemed that a Costa form could be carved in snow, and without any special equipment," Ferguson says.
The Wagon-Ferguson proposal to create a Costa form, titled "Invisible Handshake," was accepted. The team was the only one in the competition with no prior snow-sculpting experience.
To work out the technical details of carving snow into the Costa surface, Ferguson got permission from the manager of the ice arena where the Washington Capitals hockey team practices to get additional Zamboni snow at various times between May and the competition date in January. Those details included determining the types of tools to use, what sort of clothing to wear for the anticipated long days of snow carving, and how best to coordinate the actions of team members, who were mathematicians, not sculptors.
Remarkably, it all came together in four and a half days of intense labor. By the end of the competition's third day, the rough Costa shape was visible, just in time for the arrival of a class of kindergarten children, who crawled and slid along the surface's intriguing tunnels. The team continued to shave the outside walls down until they were only 4 inches thick.
The final day of the competition was warm, bringing with it the threat of melting. The Costa surface, however, held up nicely. A week after the event, the other sculptures had all lost detail, and one had even imploded. The only significant change in the "Invisible Handshake" was that its walls had become thinner still.
"It was a real blast," Wagon says. "We will be back next year."
Comments are welcome. Please send messages to Ivars Peterson at _EMAIL_.
Ivars Peterson is the mathematics/computers writer and online editor at Science News. He is the author of *The Mathematical Tourist, Islands of Truth, Newton's Clock, Fatal Defect, and The Jungles of Randomness. His current work in progress is Fragments of Infinity: A Kaleidoscope of Mathematics and Art (to be published in 1999 by Wiley).
MATHEMUSEMENTS: Look for math-related articles by Ivars Peterson every month in the children's general-interest magazine Muse (_URL_) from the publishers of Cricket and Smithsonian magazine.
Back to Top
Copyright © 1999 Science Service

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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i have this exercice Let the problem $$y'=f(y) g(x), y(x_0)=y_0$$ if $f(y_0)=0$ what are the conditions on $f$ for the probleme admits a unique solution thank's
share|improve this question
Use the Picard-Lindeloef's Theorem to give a sufficient condition... – Alex Apr 19 '13 at 22:24
$f(y)$ has to be Lipschetz continuous by Picard-Lindeloef's theorem. – Mhenni Benghorbal Apr 19 '13 at 22:45
We use Picard theorem to $f(y) g(x)$ not just to $f(y).$ or not? – lili Apr 19 '13 at 22:48
_USER_: Read the theorem carefully, if $y'=G(x,y)$, then we require $G$ to be Lipschitz continuous in $y$ and continuous in $x$. – Mhenni Benghorbal Apr 19 '13 at 23:12
ok! $f(y)$ must be lipschitz. But why lipschitz continuous? if $f$ is lipschiz, so she is continuous! – lili Apr 20 '13 at 9:30
1 Answer 1
$$f(y)g(x)=h(x,y) $$
If both $h(x,y)$ and $\displaystyle\frac{\partial h}{\partial y}(x,y) $ are continuous over some rectangle $R$ then for $(x_{0},y_{0})\in R$ the solution exists and it is unique
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text:
Application field of roughness measuring instrument
The application fields of roughness meter are:
First, mechanical processing manufacturing industry, mainly metal processing and manufacturing. Roughness meter was originally produced to detect the surface roughness of machined parts. In particular, the stylus roughness measuring instrument is suitable for the detection of hard metal surface. Such as: auto parts processing manufacturing, machinery parts processing manufacturing and so on. As long as these processing and manufacturing industries involve the workpiece surface quality, it is essential for the detection application of roughness meter.
Second, non-metallic processing manufacturing industry, with the progress and development of science and technology, more and more new materials are applied to the processing technology, such as ceramics, plastics, polyethylene, and so on, now some bearings are processed with special ceramic materials, and pump valves are processed with polyethylene materials. These materials are hard and can replace metal materials to make workpieces in some applications. The surface roughness also needs to be tested in the production and processing process.
Three, with the continuous strengthening and improvement of the technology and function of the roughness instrument, as well as in-depth promotion and application, more and more industries are found to demand roughness detection, in addition to mechanical processing and manufacturing, power, communication, electronics, such as the coupling on the switch, integrated circuit semiconductor production process also need roughness evaluation, Even the stationery used in people's life, tableware, the surface of people's teeth all need to use the surface roughness test.以上翻译结果来自有道神经网络翻译（YNMT）· 通用领域


text:
THE IMPORTANCE OF LAWS ON PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
Aside from private car accidents there are also a great number of related public transportation accidents. The Federal Government is the one regulating the common carriers that transport passengers and cargo across the entire state. Nevertheless, each separate state has its own regulated public transportation system all within its stateís lines. But in general itís the Federal Government that controls the interstate transportation while the individual states are to manage the intrastate transportation. Just what are common carriers? Common carrier is the term given to refer to one who make known to the public that his business involves the transporting of persons or cargo from one point to another within or outside the state in return for compensation and also the services rendered are available to the public. Some of the common carriers available are buses, trains, ferries and airplanes.
Nevertheless, there are some exceptions especially when it comes to certain types of airplanes as well as some vessels that are included in the private charter transportation. The importance of knowing whether a transportation service is a common carrier or not is for the implementation of specific common carrier regulations in various states. The common carrier regulations are usually applied to equipment requirements, licensing, transportation procedures, fare and rates and others that are related to the operation of the common carrier. The set regulations are provided to benefit not only the common carrier industry but more so the general public. Common carriers are required to follow strictly the regulations and standards impose in their respective states.
For accidents relating to common carriers, the Federal Government has created various regulations as to the degree of the liability that common carriers have to its passengers who are injured while making use of the common carrier services. In case of common carrier accidents individual State law applies in determining the extent of personal injuries which a common carrier may be liable. However, a great number of states follow the general rule that common carriers are liable for personal injuries sustained by its passengers. This law is based on the premise that a common carrier must and should employ the highest level of care, diligence as well as vigilance when transporting passengers to their appointed destinations. The common carrier is also expected to maintain necessary equipment coupled with a reasonable degree of skill in order to accomplish the safe transportation of passengers. And depending on the governing state law, there are some state regulations that do not necessarily obligate a common carrier to be completely responsible for the safety of its passengers but requires that the common carrier should show a high degree of care to its passengers. But still the general rule applies that a common carrier would be held responsible for injuries sustained by its passengers in cases wherein accident would have been avoided if only the carrier had used care and diligence in transporting their passengers. For comments and suggestions kindly visit Los Angeles Vehicle Accident Attorney.


the outcome of the assertion.
False
Assertions for text data
has_text:
Asserts the specified text appears in the output (e.g. <has_text text="chr7">). If the text is expected to occur a particular number of times, this value can be specified using n. Optionally also with a certain delta. Alternatively the range of expected occurences can be specified by min and/or max.
Attributes
Attribute
Details
Required
text
Text to check for
True
n
Desired number, can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
delta
Allowed difference with respect to n (default: 0), can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
min
Minimum number (default: -infinity), can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
max
Maximum number (default: infinity), can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
negate
Negate the outcome of the assertion.
False
not_has_text:
Asserts the specified text does not appear in the output (e.g. <not_has_text text="chr8" />).
Attributes
Attribute
Details
Required
text
Text to check for
True
has_text_matching:
Asserts text matching the specified regular expression (expression) appears in the output (e.g. <has_text_matching expression="1274\d+53" /> ). If the regular expression is expected to match a particular number of times, this value can be specified using n. Note only non-overlapping occurences are counted. Optionally also with a certain delta. Alternatively the range of expected occurences can be specified by min and/or max.
Attributes
Attribute
Details
Required
expression
Regular expression to check for
True
n
Desired number, can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
delta
Allowed difference with respect to n (default: 0), can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
min
Minimum number (default: -infinity), can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
max
Maximum number (default: infinity), can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
negate
Negate the outcome of the assertion.
False
has_line:
Asserts a line matching the specified string (line) appears in the output (e.g. <has_line line="A full example line." />). If the line is expected to occur a particular number of times, this value can be specified using n. Optionally also with a certain delta. Alternatively the range of expected occurences can be specified by min and/or max.
Attributes
Attribute
Details
Required
line
The line to check for
True
n
Desired number, can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
delta
Allowed difference with respect to n (default: 0), can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
min
Minimum number (default: -infinity), can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
max
Maximum number (default: infinity), can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
negate
Negate the outcome of the assertion.
False
has_line_matching:
Asserts a line matching the specified regular expression (expression) appears in the output (e.g. <has_line_matching expression=".*\s+127489808\s+127494553" />). If a particular number of matching lines is expected, this value can be specified using n. Optionally also with delta. Alternatively the range of expected occurences can be specified by min and/or max.
Attributes
Attribute
Details
Required
expression
Regular expression to check for
True
n
Desired number, can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
delta
Allowed difference with respect to n (default: 0), can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
min
Minimum number (default: -infinity), can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
max
Maximum number (default: infinity), can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
negate
Negate the outcome of the assertion.
False
has_n_lines:
Asserts that an output contains n lines, allowing for a difference of delta (default is 0), e.g. <has_n_lines n="3" delta="1"/>. Alternatively the range of expected occurences can be specified by min and/or max.
Attributes
Attribute
Details
Required
n
Desired number, can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
delta
Allowed difference with respect to n (default: 0), can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
min
Minimum number (default: -infinity), can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
max
Maximum number (default: infinity), can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
negate
Negate the outcome of the assertion.
False
Assertions for tabular data
has_n_columns:
Asserts tabular output (actually only the first line) contains the specified number (n) of columns (e.g. <has_n_columns n="3"/>) optionally also with delta. Alternatively the range of expected occurences can be specified by min and/or max. Optionally a column separator (sep, default is \t) 'and comment character(s) can be specified (comment, default is empty string), then the first non-comment line is used for determining the number of columns.
Attributes
Attribute
Details
Required
sep
Separator defining columns, default: tab
False
comment
Comment character(s) used to skip comment lines (which should not be used for counting columns)
False
n
Desired number, can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
delta
Allowed difference with respect to n (default: 0), can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
min
Minimum number (default: -infinity), can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
max
Maximum number (default: infinity), can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
negate
Negate the outcome of the assertion.
False
Assertions for archives (zip/tar)
has_archive_member:
This tag allows to check if path is contained in a compressed file. The path is a regular expression that is matched against the full paths of the objects in the compressed file (remember that "matching" means it is checked if a prefix of the full path of an archive member is described by the regular expression). Valid archive formats include .zip, .tar, and .tar.gz. Note that depending on the archive creation method:
 - full paths of the members may be prefixed with ./
 - directories may be treated as empty files
<has_archive_member path="./path/to/my-file.txt"/>
With n and delta (or min and max) assertions on the number of archive members matching path can be expressed. The following could be used, e.g., to assert an archive containing n±1 elements out of which at least 4 need to have a txt extension.
<has_archive_member path=".*" n="10" delta="1"/>
<has_archive_member path=".*\.txt" min="4"/>
In addition the tag can contain additional assertions as child elements about the first member in the archive matching the regular expression path. For instance
<has_archive_member path=".*/my-file.txt">
 <not_has_text text="EDK72998.1"/>
</has_archive_member>
If the all attribute is set to true then all archive members are subject to the assertions. Note that, archive members matching the path are sorted alphabetically.
The negate attribute of the has_archive_member assertion only affects the asserts on the presence and number of matching archive members, but not any sub-assertions (which can offer the negate attribute on their own). The check if the file is an archive at all, which is also done by the function, is not affected.
Attributes
Attribute
Details
Required
path
The regular expression specifying the archive member.
False
all
Check the sub-assertions for all paths matching the path. Default: false, i.e. only the first
False
n
Desired number, can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
delta
Allowed difference with respect to n (default: 0),


text:
23. The craft of agriculture.106
The fruit of this craft is the obtainment of foodstuffs and grains. People must undertake to stir the earth, sow, cultivate the plants, see to it that they are watered and that they grow until they reach their full growth, then, harvest the ears, and get the grain out of the husks. They also must understand all the related activities, and procure all the things required in this connection.
Agriculture is the oldest of all crafts, in as much as it provides the food that is the main factor in perfecting human life, since man can exist without anything else but not without food. Therefore, this craft has existed especially in the desert, since, as we have stated before, it is prior to and older than sedentary life.107 Thus, it became a Bedouin craft which is not practiced or known by sedentary people, because all their conditions are secondary to those of desert life and their crafts, thus, secondary and subsequent to (Bedouin) crafts.
God is "the Creator, the Knowing One." 108


text:
Gayetty's paper, first introduced in 1857, was available as late as the 1920's. Gayetty's Medicated Paper was sold in packages of flat sheets, somewhat like Kleenex boxes. Original advertisements for the product used the tagline "The greatest necessity of the age! Gayetty's medicated paper for the water-closet."
Seth Wheeler of Albany, New York, obtained the earliest patents for toilet paper and dispensers, the types of which eventually were in common usage in the US.
Gayetty first marketed toilet paper in 1857 which originally sold for $0.50 U.S. Dollars in packs of 500 bearing a watermark of his name. The original product contained aloe as a lubricant and was marketed as an anti-hemorrhoid medical product. Gayetty's product was licensed to other manufacturers and sold as late as the 1920's.


text:
What is a Skinner box? And how can it be related to gaming? In this blog post I will discuss the psychology utilised by MMO game developers to condition a desired gaming behaviour in their costumer clientele.
Skinner boxes are small glass or plexi-glass boxes with levers and drinking tubes. In this box laboratory rats are placed and conditioned to perform different tasks through what is known as "positive" or "negative" reinforcement.
Positive and negative reinforcement according to Sheldon Cooper:
So what is positive and negative reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement means a reward (in the Skinner Box the rat gets a food pellet). Negative reinforcement means the removal of a reward or positive consequence which works out as a sort of punishment (in the Skinner Box the rat gets a small electric shock unless they perform the tasks in time). The method is called "Operant Conditioning". In the Skinner Box the rat is conditioned this way to perform very basic tasks at first. After a while these tasks become more intricate. Similar techniques are used by game designers to condition players to pursue more and more elaborate gameplay.
MMORPGs systematically use many operant conditioning methodologies. "Fixed" and "variable" ratio schedules for an example is utilised to determine how and when players will be rewarded. The rewards could be gaining experience points and leveling up or loot such as armor, weapons or other rare items. Certain ratio schedules are encouraged for game developers to fully engage their player base with the expectation of rewards.
In his article "Behavioral Game Design" John Hopson describes fixed and varied ratio schedules like this:
"One of the most common contingencies found in games, fixed ratio schedules typically produce a very distinct pattern in the participant. First there is a long pause, then a steady burst of activity as fast as possible until a reward is given. This makes sense when one considers that the very first action never brings a reward, so there is little incentive to make that first kill. Once participants decide to go for the reward, they act as fast as they can to bring the reward quickly.
The distinct pause shown under a fixed ratio schedule can be a real issue for game designers. Having a period of time where there is little incentive to play the game can lead to the player walking away. Additionally, the length of the pause is a function of the size of the ratio (the number of actions required), so the more actions required the longer the pause. This means that if the ratio increases over time, such as the increasing number of experience points required to gain a level in Dungeons & Dragons, so does the pause. Eventually, the pause can become infinite, and the player simply decides it's not worth it and walks away. On the plus side, during the pause other, less rewarding activities often come to the fore. For example, if players know it will take them a long time to gain their next level, they might take the time to test a new tactic or try out different aspects of the game.
There are also 'variable ratio' schedules, in which a specific number of actions are required, but that number changes every time. A player might be required to shoot down approximately 20 enemy fighters to gain an extra ship, but the precise number is randomly generated each time. It's important to note that the player does not know how many actions are required this time, just the average number from previous experience.
Under variable ratio schedules, participants typically respond with a steady flow of activity at a reasonably high rate. While not quite as high a rate as the burst under a fixed ratio schedule, it is more consistent and lacks the pausing that can cause trouble. Since it's possible (though unlikely) that the player can gain a life for shooting down only one enemy, there's always a reason to go hunting."
Skinner's rats and gamers
Later on in this article Hopson goes on to describing the behaviour of the rat in B. F. Skinner's experiment with the Skinner Box. Hopson then continues to explain:
"This is not to say that players are the same as rats, but that there are general rules of learning which apply equally to both."
Interestingly enough John Hopson included pictures of a rat in a Skinner Box when describing to game designers how to best modify player behaviour. He also went on to discuss the behaviour of pigeons and chimpanzees in relation to gamers and their behaviour. Some may argue that this is insulting in itself but the fact is it works. What has been learnt from science about manipulating human behaviour has indeed been discovered by experiments on animals. Experiments such as the skinner box. Just as these other animals, humans are vulnerable to this type of psychological manipulation of our behaviour. That is why being aware of these techniques integrated into games to get us addicted is important. Companies will use it to make money out of us if they can. (Though I'm looking at operant conditioning in MMORPGs today another excellent example would have been games such as Farmville or Candy Crush.) The difference between us and certain animals is that it is possible for us to become aware of the conditioning we are subjected to. Even better, it is possible that this awareness can help us not fall victims to it as easily. I'm not saying don't play games (never!), I'm simply saying this is why if you are a gamer and you want to keep being a gamer then you really should become well versed on this subject.
This said, gaming is far from the only place that these methodologies are being utilised. If you consider it for a moment I am sure you will think of many places in society where operant conditioning is used to modify behaviour. We are especially fond of conditioning our children to grow up to be what we consider "good people" whilst society is keen to condition them through a kind of educational skinner box to create what they consider "good citizens".
Want some further reading? Have a look at John Hopson's article where topics such as "How to make players play hard" and "How to make players play forever" are explored. Nick Yee also wrote about "The Virtual Skinner Box" especially in relation to the game EverQuest and since all things Nick Yee are super interesting you should definitely check it out!


text:
Joyful Opportunity English Education is a non-profit foundation that brings lively lessons to children growing up in protective care homes (or orphanages) in Japan. Learning English from native speakers using puppets, songs and games gives these children a rare advantage in a world that presents serious challenges to these youngsters who do not have the benefit of a supportive family. A knowledge of basic English will allow them to find fulfilling work when they exit the care homes at age 18.
Almost 45,000 children live in institutionalized care homes across Japan. Because adoption rates are extremely low and because Japanese laws prevent these children being adopted by foreign families, most of these children will spend their entire young lives in care homes. At age 18, they must exit and try to make it on their own. Without a supportive family, they struggle to enter college or to find work. Homelessness and unemployment are common; orphans are often discriminated against in Japan.
JOEE brings creative English lessons to children in Japanese institutionalized care. We teach language using puppets, songs, and stories. We use fun pronunciation games. Besides using high quality, native English-speaking teachers to teach the children, JOEE strives to build self-esteem and hope. By learning English and proper pronunciation at a young age, these children can do better in school and access a variety of jobs in Japan or abroad when they leave the care home at the age of eighteen.
As the birth rate in Japan drops and the population ages, Japan is more than ever in need of competent and well-balanced citizens who can contribute meaningfully to society. Thousands of orphans are growing up in institutionalized care in Japan and they are a desperately needed resource. These are not "throw-away" children as they are sometimes labeled by Japanese society. They can be future bilingual leaders, empathetic to others in need and able to think globally, beyond the borders of Japan.
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Antony Green's Q&A
Stephen asks, what convention governs the association of red with Labor and blue with the Liberal Party?
Q: In media coverage of elections, the same colours are commonly assigned to each major political party in graphs, charts and other representations. For example, Labor is usually given red while Liberals are given blue. What is the convention, if any, that governs this? - Stephen Mok
There are no particular conventions. To a large extent, we have adopted the same party colours as used in the United Kingdom. Traditionally, candidates in the UK use rosettes pinned to their chest when campaigning, and it is an old tradition that these rosettes be coloured. The Conservative Party has always been blue, Labour has used the traditional red colour of socialism, and the Liberal Democrats yellow.
We have simply adopted the same colourings in Australia. Until quite recently, the signs stuck up on power poles (known colloquially as corflutes) were blue for Liberal candidates and red for Labor candidates. These days they are often printed in brighter colours, like yellow or hot pink.
We have simply adopted this red and blue convention for the Labor and Liberal parties. The National Party have traditionally been given dark green as their party logo is green and gold. The Australian Democrats have traditionally used yellow in their publicity material. Recently the ABC has adopted the convention of colouring the Greens light green.
Beyond those established colours, ABC-TV has used brown and light blue for other parties in recent years. These colours have been used mainly to distinguish them from other colours used on graphics. Independents and minor party candidates are traditionally been coloured grey.
Posted: Monday, July 26 2004 .


text:
Source: Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, Volume 44, Issue 5, 2016, Pages 486-503.
This article examines how coaching using questions could assist novice teachers to promote mathematical thinking and discussions within time-constrained programmes.
Videos of rehearsals, reflective debriefs, and student teacher surveys were collected across a range of courses over 4 years.
Findings included that student teacher roles in rehearsals were enhanced through coaching with questions and co-construction was enabled. Coaching questions exposed effective practice, particularly in relation to orchestrating mathematical discussion, enabling student teachers to reflect, discuss, make decisions, and immediately trial teaching strategies. Questions appeared to lengthen rehearsals but improved their effectiveness through enhancing participation and enabling co-construction of meaning. Findings indicate that questions used in coaching of rehearsals inform and empower novice teachers, essential factors within initial teacher education for equitable and ambitious mathematics teaching.


Creating a simple game (part 3)
The series starts here
Last time we saw how a player could be handled by using a very simple state machine, this time we pick up the pace and make things more interesting (and complex!) by implementing some aliens… Lets start by looking at the different states an alien can be in.
am_Enter = 0, am_Form, am_Dive, am_Explode, am_Dead, am_SgoL, am_SgoR
I decided right off the bat, to make things simple (but a lot less flexible) and stick with a fixed number of aliens, held in a simple array. The first mode, am_Enter is used then the alien is entering into the formation, its worth looking at how we handle this, as horror of horrors there's some maths involved, but raylib makes even that easy!
 // rotation from alien to player
 aliens[i].rot = Vector2Angle(aliens[i].pos, player.pos) - 90.0;
 Vector2 ftarg; // formation target
 ftarg.y = formationPos[i].y;
 // formation is going in two different directions at the same time...
 if (i>7) {
 ftarg.x = formOffset-formationPos[i].x;
 } else {
 ftarg.x = (((gameScreenWidth/ 4.0)*8)-formOffset)-formationPos[i].x;
raylib has a handy header raymath.h which gives us some easy to use and handy functions. First we rotate the alien to face the player, which is as simple as using Vector2Angle. As our formation is moving in two different directions with the top and bottom ranks moving opposite to each other the position we're targeting is moving, once we have our target calculated, we can head off in that direction
 // move to the formation point or if there change mode
 Vector2 dir = Vector2Subtract(ftarg, aliens[i].pos);
 float l = Vector2Length(dir);
 if (l<8) {
 aliens[i].mode = am_Form;
 } else {
 dir = Vector2Normalize(dir);
 dir = Vector2Scale(dir, 6);
 aliens[i].pos = Vector2Add(aliens[i].pos, dir);
Subtracting two positions (the alien and target) we can determine how far away the alien is, if its close enough we just set the aliens mode to am_Form the alien is then in its formation position, otherwise we take the direction vector and normalize it (make its length 1.0 while retaining its direction) after scaling this vector we know how far to move, to get us a step closer to the aliens formation position.
While the rest of the mode handling code is more complex than the player code, by tackling each mode one at a time, you only need to take into account a small chunk of code at a time. Just as with the player many of the modes rely on each other and in combination with a simple counter, make for some interesting behavior, with the capability to add new behaviors made straight forward.
You'll notice however that there is a rigid maximum number of aliens with one reserved for the saucer that runs along the top of the screen. Worse still the array is traversed not with a define or constant for its maximum range, but a magic value littered all through the code, which is far from ideal practice! We'll introduce a much more flexible way of handling collections of objects later when we implement shooting…
Every time we loop through the alien array we check to see if the aliens mode is am_Dead if all our aliens are dead, this leaves a flag (allDead) true, meaning we need to start a new wave of aliens, this is just the point where we could set off all sorts of different types of alien waves. However for the sake of simplicity we just have one type of attack wave.
As the player has no way to destroy aliens yet, there is some test code to destroy a random alien in the formation, when the space key is pressed. This allows you to see a new formation enter the game once all the aliens have been destroyed.
I've not detailed every mode so as to give you the opportunity to dig through the code in aliens.c and discover for yourself how it works, while at first look it seems complex, don't forget just take one mode at a time and you greatly reduce the amount of code you're looking at.
Once you think you understand whats going on why not have a go at implementing am_Dive here's what you need to do:
 - When an alien is in am_Form check a random chance, and set its mode to am_Dive, set an extra target property in the alien structure to the players current position at this time.
 - While in am_Dive mode move towards the dive target (see am_Enter) on reaching the target, set the mode to am_Enter so the alien returns to the formation
 - implement player vs aliens collisions
 - play, and notice there are other things to implement, for example you will probably need to change all aliens from am_Dive to am_Enter….
There's a lot look at so go ahead and grab the code here
Once you're happy you know whats going on, the rest of the tutorial continues here.
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text:
While investigating the WHO and UN role in the biological weapons attack called the A-H1N1 (Swine Flu) pandemic of 2009, criminal intelligence (CI) agents from Canada and the US have stumbled upon a covert and sinister plan to kill off as many as 3 billion people by food malnutrition. The organization that is responsible for preparing for the murder of 3 billion people is called the Codex Alimentarius Commission. It was established in 1963 by the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Their officially stated purpose is to develop international food standards to protect consumer health and to facilitate fair trading practices in foods. Today, there are 181 member governments including Canada. CI agents have uncovered the real purpose of this WHO / UN organization – to murder 3 billion people. How will they murder some 3 billion people?
It was Henry Kissinger, who in 1974 conceived the idea of the food genocide to control world population – less people to consume world resources – more for the rich nations (elites) to exploit the sources of the world to satisfy their greed. On December 10, 1974 the US National Security Council under Henry Kissinger prepared a classified study 'National Security Study Memorandum 200 (Full text of NSSM 200 (governmental source – pdf file)) – which falsely claimed that the worldwide population growth poses a great threat to US national security interests.
US Air Force weapon of mass destruction military installation called HAARP – live cam image from November 29, 2010. Red arrow points to military truck parked at installation and lights are clearly shown to be on at each of the trailers. HAARP is active and is responsible for causing recent earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, heat waves and monsoon rainfall that caused major flooding.
Classified UN documents reveal that 1 billion people will be killed by starvation as UN trade agreements and WHO health moratoriums will forbid any country from selling and exporting any food to targeted regions for depopulation. Starvation of 3 billion people has already begun as the United States has been using its weapon of mass destruction called HAARP to control, alter and intensify the weather of the targeted nations. This past summer HAARP was used to create a heat wave in Russia, resulting in the near complete destruction of its crops. Also this past summer the US used HAARP to cause the massive flooding in China and Pakistan – an attempt to wipe out the crops of China and Pakistan resulting in the mass starvation of their populations. 2 billion more will be murdered by diseases and illnesses associated with malnutrition from crop destruction, pasteurization and irradiation. The Codex Alimentarius Commission will be responsible for causing disease and illness from malnutrition by implementing the 2 latter killing instruments. The Codex Alimentarius Commission has begun this process by labeling the life sustaining nutrients (vitamins, minerals and enzymes) in our foods as poisons. Now that nutrients are classified as poisons they have been given the authority by the United Nations to eradicate all nutrients in our foods. They have already begun the eradication process by pasteurizing (exposing to high heat) and irradiating (exposing to radiation) all of our food. Milk was the first to be targeted for eradication as milk is the most important life sustenance on Earth. It is packed full of vitamins, minerals and enzymes. All essential for keeping us healthy and alive. Next was eggs. Another very important food that keeps us very healthy and alive.
With the recent false declarations of E. coli contamination in fruits and vegetables the member nations of The Codex Alimentarius Commission have been ordered to pasteurize or irradiate all fruit and vegetables. Why? Pasteurization and irradiation destroys all of the nutritional value of our food. These processes don't eliminate the microorganism they claim they are killing in our food. It kills the organisms and everything else including the vitamin, mineral and enzyme content of our food. Furthermore pasteurization and irradiation doesn't clean or filter out the bad organisms in our food it just kills them and when we drink or eat pasteurized or irradiated foods and beverages we are consuming the dead, rotting and disease and illness causing bodies of the organisms. Because all of the vitamins, minerals and enzymes have been destroyed by pasteurization and irradiation your body can't stop or fight off the disease and illnesses caused by consuming the dead and rotting organisms.
Who is behind this mass murder of 3 billion people?
In the investigation of the WHO and UN plans for murdering 3 billion people there is one region of the World that seems to have been exempted. The only region that is not being targeted for mass depopulation are the countries that made up old Europe. Why everywhere else but old Europe. Because, according to information written in the classified UN documents, Canada, the US, China, Russia, Pakistan, the Middle East and Africa are nations populated with people who are considered inferior races. The only superior race of people is the Aryan Race. Adolf Hitler started WWII to reinstate the Aryans as a master race of Indo-Europeans. The Aryans are supposed to be Nordic in appearance and directly ancestral to the Germans. During WWII the Nazi SS officers and soldiers were put in charge of slaughtering all inferior races of people by whatever means possible, including; war, famine, poison, biological diseases and mass executions. Today the UN has been put in charge of slaughtering as many as 3 billion people.
Very few people realize that the UN was created by former high ranking politicians and war criminal officers of Nazi Germany. Even fewer people know that an International organization existed during WWII and it was that League of Allied Nations who were responsible for the defeat of Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany. Immediately after WWII the League of Nations was destroyed by the Nazi Germans in retaliation for defeating them in WWII. In its place the Nazi Germans formed the UN. The UN (the negative prefix un means – Opposite of; contrary to: unrest.) was formed to bring about global unrest. Once global unrest was achieved a New World Order governed by "The Four principles" (The Fourth Reich) – * One Leader * One Budget * One Programme and * One Office would be implemented. To have an understanding of the clandestine agenda of the UN you must have an understanding of the meaning of Reich. Reich is the territory or government of a German state, as the Holy Roman Empire (the Vatican), or First Reich, from 962 to 1806; the German Empire, or Second Reich, from 1871 to 1919 (Germany's WWI); the Weimar Republic, from 1919 to 1933; and the Third Reich, from 1933 to 1945 (Nazi Germany's WWII). The Nazi formed United Nations launched the "Delivering as One" initiative in 2007 – the Fourth Reich. Today Germany is once again the leader of the new and Fourth Reich. A former Nazi German Youth – Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger ( served the Third Reich for at least 4 years) is now leader of the Vatican – the original or First Reich.
The Nazi war criminals also formed many of the International and national organizations we have today, including NATO (created by commanding officers and ex-multinational conscripts that made up the German Waffen SS army units), the CIA (created by former Gestapo agents to spy on, sabotage, torture and kill agents, military personal and political figureheads of the Soviet Union ), the WHO (created by former Auschwitz death camp scientists and physicians), NASA (created using former Nazi rocket scientists who were smuggled into the US in Operation Paperclip).
Now that our governments have been ordered by the Nazi UN to begin pasteurizing and irradiating every consumable food the only question left to ask is "how much time do we have left before we starve to death from eating?"
A viewer just reminded me of a very important historical fact that relates to this story. I was reminded of the fact that the Royal Family of England, namely Queen Elizabeth II and the House of Windsor, are actually descendants of the German arm of European Royalty – the Saxe-Coburg-Gotha family. Due to anti-German sentiment in the United Kingdom during the German Reich World War I, George V of the United Kingdom changed the name of his branch from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to Windsor in 1917. The same happened in Belgium where it was changed to "van België" (Dutch) or "de Belgique" (French). The House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha is a German dynasty, the senior line of the Saxon House of Wettin that ruled the Ernestine duchies, including the duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The House of Wettin is a dynasty of German counts, dukes, prince-electors (Kurfürsten) and kings that once ruled the area of today's German states of Saxony, the Saxon part of Saxony-Anhalt, and Thuringia for more than 800 years as well as holding at times the kingship of Poland. Agnates of the House of Wettin have, at various times, ascended the thrones of Great Britain, Portugal, Bulgaria, Poland, Saxony, and Belgium; of these, only the British and Belgian lines retain their thrones today. This historical fact means that Germans rule the United Kingdom, Canada and a host of other Commonwealth Nations. The head of state in Canada is the sovereign or Queen of Canada (a German from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha). The Queen's powers are exercised by the Governor General of Canada except when the Queen is in Canada


text:
Elk Island National Park of Canada
Phenotypic Differences Between the Bison Subspecies
Historic range of plains and wood bison.© Parks Canada
The differences between plains and wood bison can be separated into two groups; pelage characters and structural characters. Plains bison tend to have pelage characters which are larger and more obvious than those of the wood bison. Whereas plains bison have large chaps, a full beard and neck mane and a well-demarcated cape, wood bison have no chaps, a thin pointy beard, a rudimentary neck mane and a cape that grades smoothly back to the loins. Structurally the highest point of the hump on a plains bison is directly over the front legs while the highest point of the wood bison is well forward of the front legs. There are differences in weights as well with the wood bison being considerably larger than the plains. The Park maintains a bison weight database going back to 1956 and during all that time there is only one record of a plains bison bull weighing more than 2000 pounds (909 kg) while over one-third of the wood bison bulls exceed this weight.
There has been some discussion as to whether the subspecies are simply ecotypes, and that if a wood bison was placed in plains bison habitat, or vice versa, it would assume the traits of the host bison, simply due to the environmental pressures under which it is placed. A large-scale phenotyping study was conducted during the early 1990s where almost every publicly managed bison herd (both plains and woods) was examined for its external phenotypic expression, and it proved that, despite the habitat in which they reside, they maintain the traits which characterize the subspecies. Recent research at the University of Alberta has conclusively proven a genetic difference between the two subspecies.PLAINS BISON
Plains bison bull.© Parks Canada / EI9912310025, 1991/12/31
- The highest point of the hump is directly over the front legs.
- Large thick chaps on the front legs.
- Thick pendulous beard.
- Full neck mane which extends below the chest.
- Sharply demarcated cape line behind the shoulder.
- Thick bonnet of hair between the horns.
- Cape is usually lighter in color than the woods.
- About one-third smaller than a wood bison of similar age.
Wood bison bull.© Parks Canada / EI9912310026, 1991/12/31
- Highest point of the hump is well forward of the front legs.
- Virtually no chaps on the front legs.
- A thin scraggly beard.
- The neck mane is short and does not extend much below the chest.
- The cape grades smoothly back towards the loins with little if any demarcation.
- The forelock lies forward in long strands over the forehead.
- The hair is usually darker, especially on the head.


_R_VPM));
+
+ /* "The Thread End instruction and the following two
+ * delay slot instructions must not write or read
+ * address 14 in either regfile A or B."
+ */
+ assert(!writes_reg(insts[j], 14));
+ assert(!reads_reg(insts[j], 14));
+
+ }
+
+ /* "The final program instruction (the second delay slot
+ * instruction) must not do a TLB Z write."
+ */
+ assert(!writes_reg(insts[i + 2], QPU_W_TLB_Z));
+ }
+
+ /* "A scoreboard wait must not occur in the first two instructions of
+ * a fragment shader. This is either the explicit Wait for Scoreboard
+ * signal or an implicit wait with the first tile-buffer read or
+ * write instruction."
+ */
+ for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+ uint64_t inst = insts[i];
+
+ assert(QPU_GET_FIELD(inst, QPU_SIG) != QPU_SIG_COLOR_LOAD);
+ assert(QPU_GET_FIELD(inst, QPU_SIG) !=
+ QPU_SIG_WAIT_FOR_SCOREBOARD);
+ assert(!writes_reg(inst, QPU_W_TLB_COLOR_MS));
+ assert(!writes_reg(inst, QPU_W_TLB_COLOR_ALL));
+ assert(!writes_reg(inst, QPU_W_TLB_Z));
+
+ }
+
+ /* "If TMU_NOSWAP is written, the write must be three instructions
+ * before the first TMU write instruction. For example, if
+ * TMU_NOSWAP is written in the first shader instruction, the first
+ * TMU write cannot occur before the 4th shader instruction."
+ */
+ int last_tmu_noswap = -10;
+ for (int i = 0; i < num_inst; i++) {
+ uint64_t inst = insts[i];
+
+ assert((i - last_tmu_noswap) > 3 ||
+ (!writes_reg(inst, QPU_W_TMU0_S) &&
+ !writes_reg(inst, QPU_W_TMU1_S)));
+
+ if (writes_reg(inst, QPU_W_TMU_NOSWAP))
+ last_tmu_noswap = i;
+ }
+
+ /* "An instruction must not read from a location in physical regfile A
+ * or B that was written to by the previous instruction."
+ */
+ for (int i = 0; i < num_inst - 1; i++) {
+ uint64_t inst = insts[i];
+ uint32_t add_waddr = QPU_GET_FIELD(inst, QPU_WADDR_ADD);
+ uint32_t mul_waddr = QPU_GET_FIELD(inst, QPU_WADDR_ADD);
+
+ assert(add_waddr >= 32 || !reads_reg(insts[i + 1], add_waddr));
+ assert(mul_waddr >= 32 || !reads_reg(insts[i + 1], mul_waddr));
+ }
+
+ /* "After an SFU lookup instruction, accumulator r4 must not be read
+ * in the following two instructions. Any other instruction that
+ * results in r4 being written (that is, TMU read, TLB read, SFU
+ * lookup) cannot occur in the two instructions following an SFU
+ * lookup."
+ */
+ int last_sfu_inst = -10;
+ for (int i = 0; i < num_inst - 1; i++) {
+ uint64_t inst = insts[i];
+
+ assert(i - last_sfu_inst > 2 ||
+ (!writes_sfu(inst) &&
+ !writes_reg(inst, QPU_W_TMU0_S) &&
+ !writes_reg(inst, QPU_W_TMU1_S) &&
+ QPU_GET_FIELD(inst, QPU_SIG) != QPU_SIG_COLOR_LOAD));
+
+ if (writes_sfu(inst))
+ last_sfu_inst = i;
+ }
+
+ int last_r5_write = -10;
+ for (int i = 0; i < num_inst - 1; i++) {
+ uint64_t inst = insts[i];
+
+ /* "An instruction that does a vector rotate by r5 must not
+ * immediately follow an instruction that writes to r5."
+ */
+ assert(last_r5_write != i - 1 ||
+ QPU_GET_FIELD(inst, QPU_SIG) != QPU_SIG_SMALL_IMM ||
+ QPU_GET_FIELD(inst, QPU_SMALL_IMM) != 48);
+ }
+
+ /* "An instruction that does a vector rotate must not immediately
+ * follow an instruction that writes to the accumulator that is being
+ * rotated.
+ *
+ * XXX: TODO.
+ */
+
+ /* "After an instruction that does a TLB Z write, the multisample mask
+ * must not be read as an instruction input argument in the following
+ * two instruction. The TLB Z write instruction can, however, be
+ * followed immediately by a TLB color write."
+ */
+ for (int i = 0; i < num_inst - 1; i++) {
+ uint64_t inst = insts[i];
+ if (writes_reg(inst, QPU_W_TLB_Z)) {
+ assert(!reads_a_reg(insts[i + 1], QPU_R_MS_REV_FLAGS));
+ assert(!reads_a_reg(insts[i + 2], QPU_R_MS_REV_FLAGS));
+ }
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * "A single instruction can only perform a maximum of one of the
+ * following closely coupled peripheral accesses in a single
+ * instruction: TMU write, TMU read, TLB write, TLB read, TLB
+ * combined color read and write, SFU write, Mutex read or Semaphore
+ * access."
+ */
+ for (int i = 0; i < num_inst - 1; i++) {
+ uint64_t inst = insts[i];
+ int accesses = 0;
+ static const uint32_t specials[] = {
+ QPU_W_TLB_COLOR_MS,
+ QPU_W_TLB_COLOR_ALL,
+ QPU_W_TLB_Z,
+ QPU_W_TMU0_S,
+ QPU_W_TMU0_T,
+ QPU_W_TMU0_R,
+ QPU_W_TMU0_B,
+ QPU_W_TMU1_S,
+ QPU_W_TMU1_T,
+ QPU_W_TMU1_R,
+ QPU_W_TMU1_B,
+ QPU_W_SFU_RECIP,
+ QPU_W_SFU_RECIPSQRT,
+ QPU_W_SFU_EXP,
+ QPU_W_SFU_LOG,
+ };
+
+ for (int j = 0; j < ARRAY_SIZE(specials); j++) {
+ if (writes_reg(inst, specials[j]))
+ accesses++;
+ }
+
+ if (reads_reg(inst, QPU_R_MUTEX_ACQUIRE))
+ accesses++;
+
+ /* XXX: semaphore, combined color read/write? */
+ switch (QPU_GET_FIELD(inst, QPU_SIG)) {
+ case QPU_SIG_COLOR_LOAD:
+ case QPU_SIG_COLOR_LOAD_END:
+ case QPU_SIG_LOAD_TMU0:
+ case QPU_SIG_LOAD_TMU1:
+ accesses++;
+ }
+
+ assert(accesses <= 1);
+ }
+}
diff -


text:
There is strong evidence suggesting that movement is a valuable predictor of future health and resilience against disease. Moving well can keep you healthier and help you live longer. Here are some examples of the power of movement when it comes to predicting future health:
Gait Velocity is how fast you walk. Studies have shown that if your typical walking speed is over 1 m/s or 3.3 ft/s, you're likely able to complete typical daily activities independently. You're also less likely to be hospitalized and less likely to have adverse events like falls.
Get On and Off the Floor.
A series of studies suggest that if you can go from standing to sitting on the floor and back to standing without using your hands, you're a lot less likely to die than someone who can't. It's called the sitting-rising test. You can find the instructions and examples with a quick internet search.
Notice that both gait velocity and the sitting-rising test aren't specific to any one thing. The risk of hospitalization in the gait velocity studies was hospitalization for any reason. Death in the sitting-rising studies was death from anything. So science says that moving well is incredibly important to your overall health. It's also important for your quality of life. We think moving well is just as important as your teeth, eyes, and taxes. If you agree, get that annual PT exam scheduled!


Fargesia
Fargesia is a genus of flowering plants in the bamboo family Poaceae. They are medium to small mountain clumping bamboos, native to alpine conifer forests of East Asia, from China south to Vietnam and west to the eastern slopes of the Himalayas. They are known in Chinese as jian zhu ({zh|c=箭竹|p=jiànzhú}), meaning 'arrow bamboo'. There are .....
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