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SPADE is a powerful tool for the representation of an entire dataset as a two-dimensional clustered tree. This article overviews how to analyze a completed SPADE analysis and work with the tree visualization.
Click the links below to jump to the relevant section in this article:
- Discussion on SPADE Tree Structure
- SPADE Trees are Random but Results are Consistent
- Interpreting Structure and Arrangement of the Tree
- Color Clusters by Channel to Find Phenotypes
- Consolidate Similar Clusters into Bubbles
- Dynamically Visualize SPADE Clusters on 2D Dot Plot
- Set SPADE Tree Statistics with "Metric"
- Tree Visualization Controls
- Global / Local Coloring Range and Coloring Symmetry
- Tree Color Scheme and Background Color
- Cluster Size Range
- Merge Clusters Together
- Analyze SPADE Statistics
- Export SPADE Tree Images
- The Significance of Empty Clusters
- Next Steps: Export Bubbles as New FCS Files for Bulk Statistics and Visualization
It is often noted that SPADE trees "turn out different every time", and this observation is correct. The actual presentation of a SPADE tree will change between runs, and the structure and arrangement of two SPADE trees can't be directly compared across runs. Despite this situation, however, the results of a SPADE run will be consistent between runs. For example, if the goal is to phenotype and characterize cell types within the blood, 10 SPADE runs on the same data set will produce highly similar results. I.e., the relative event counts and signaling profiles of bubbled populations will be comparable for each run. The trees will look different, but after analyzing each one, the takeaway results will be the same.
Three components can be considered for SPADE tree structure: clusters, edges, and cluster location. Edges are what connect clusters. In SPADE, the location of individual clusters cannot be used to draw conclusions about similarity between clusters. Only the connections (via edges) between clusters can be used for this purpose. In such analysis, edge length is meaningless. Only the number of edges, or "steps", on a path between any two clusters is of consequence. When two clusters have fewer steps between them on a SPADE tree, this means that these two clusters contain events that are similar to each other as analyzed across all the channels included in the SPADE run. Conversely, more steps between two clusters on a SPADE tree indicates underlying differences between the events within those clusters.
(these two arrangements of the same snippet of a SPADE tree are completely equivalent, though the left is certainly easier to interpret. In line with the concepts above, cluster 7 is more similar to cluster 81 than cluster 81 is to cluster 85, and on the right, cluster 85 is not similar to cluster 37 simply because of their proximal location.)
One thing to consider when applying the concepts discussed above is that SPADE trees go from a multidimensional data distribution down to two dimensions, and certain sacrifices have to be made during this process that might render similar populations further apart from each other on the SPADE tree than one might expect, much like Alaska and Russia are close together on a three-dimensional globe, but might be rendered far apart on a two dimensional map.
The core workflow to analyze the SPADE tree is to color it by channel. To color the tree by channel, simply use the up/down arrows on the keyboard or find the Node Color Parameter drop-down menu within the SPADE interface. This menu is populated with channels from within the sample file currently being viewed:
When a channel is selected in this menu, each cluster in the SPADE tree will color itself according to a summary statistic of the events within the cluster on the channel selected. The color/statistic will depend on the selected metric, but in the default case, the clusters will be colored by the median expression level of the events within the cluster on the selected channel. Here is an example SPADE tree for a four-color dataset:
(example SPADE tree for a four-color fluorescent dataset colored by each channel that contributed to clustering. Classical phenotypes emerge and can be bubbled to consolidate them)
Bubbles serve as a way to assign human-decided population thresholds to the various computational populations (clusters) found by SPADE.
The example SPADE tree directly above could be bubbled in this fashion to organize the numerous computational clusters into major classes of phenotype for analysis and summary reporting:
(example SPADE tree bubbled according to major phenotype categories - note that the SPADE tree can only be colored by one channel at a time but bubbles help track previously established groups)
Bubbles can be applied to any group of clusters. Interaction tips:
- Use the mouse to select clusters to group together. Click the Add Bubble button. You'll be prompted to enter the name for that grouping of clusters.
- To add other clusters into the bubble, simply drag and drop them into the bubble.
- To remove clusters from a bubble, select the clusters, hold down the shift key, and drag them out of the bubble.
- Multiple individual clusters can be selected in succession by clicking on them individually while pressing the shift key, or by serially highlighting groups of clusters by clicking and dragging across them with the shift key held down.
- Groups of selected clusters can be rotated by clicking the Rotate Selected Nodes button or by pressing the 'Z' key on the keyboard.
(click to begin - animation example of adding and interacting with bubbles and clusters)
SPADE is a great way to analyze data, but sometimes it is necessary to get a view back to the raw data while analyzing to get an understanding of what events are in each cluster. This workflow is supported with the biaxial dot plot located to the left of the SPADE interface. Anytime a cluster or group of clusters is highlighted within the SPADE tree, the events within these clusters will be displayed on the biaxial plot. Multiple biaxial plots can be open at a time by pressing the button to pop out additional plots. Different plot types can be selected on the plot. Contour - Color by Density is a useful plot type because it shows outlines of events that aren't currently selected. See the example below:
(click to expand - example of using the 2D dot plot to analyze events within clusters)
There are two components to setting the coloring range of the SPADE tree, which is shown in the top left of the SPADE interface.
Coloring Range (called "Scale Range" in the SPADE interface) can be set to Global or Local. In global mode, the range of the color bar is standardized across all files. In local mode, the range of the color bar is tailored to the file being currently viewed. In both cases, the minimum and maximum bounds of the color bar are set to be the 2nd and 98th percentile values in the channel being analyzed, but the scope of the data from which these percentile values are drawn changes depending on the global/local setting. Global is recommended in most cases since local scaling can be misleading when comparing multiple samples to each other.
At this time, the coloring range cannot be set manually by the researcher.
Coloring Range Symmetry (called "Scale Symmetry" in the SPADE interface) can be set to Asymmetric or Symmetric. In asymmetric mode, the range of the color bar will be set as defined directly above by the 2nd and 98th percentile. In symmetric mode, the color bar min and max will be set to the same value in the positive and negative, depending on which the greater of the absolute values of the 2nd and 98th percentile. Asymmetric is generally recommended.
(asymmetric versus symmetric color bar range)
The SPADE tree itself can be colored in a variety of ways, including different backgrounds:
(the dropdown menus for tree and background color)
(example animation of various combinations of tree color and background color)
The size of a SPADE tree cluster is proportional to the number of events in each cluster. The dynamic range of cluster size can be configured using the slider. This size range can be set uniquely per sample file (Local) or to be the same across all sample files (Global) using the range selector below the range slider:
(example animation of altering cluster size range)
In addition to or instead of using bubbles it might be desired to simply merge clusters together. This can simplify visualization and reporting. Unfortunately, this functionality is not currently available.
SPADE produces a large amount of statistics and metadata. Read the dedicated article: Download SPADE Data and Statistics.
Read the dedicated article: How to Export Images of a SPADE Tree
When visualizing or analyzing statistics for a SPADE tree, empty clusters are sometimes observed. This means that the sample being observed is missing a population of cells that a different sample in the SPADE run has. Put another way, there are events in the n-dimensional space of a sample in this dataset that are not present in the sample currently being viewed. Empty clusters can only occur when multiple samples are being analyzed in the same SPADE run. This is potentially an interesting finding if it is unexpected! Try navigating through the samples in the analysis and finding the sample(s) where the cluster is not empty. The events within the cluster can then be analyzed to see why they are unique in this sample compared to other samples.
After a SPADE tree has been analyzed it can be useful to export the bubbles into new FCS files. This worfklow has various uses to help with downstream visualization of results (e.g. with heatmaps and dot plots) and export of batch statistics for bubbles instead of for each cluster alone. Read the dedicated article: How to Export SPADE Bubbles to FCS Files for Statistics and Visualization


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Six Sigma Key Process Output Variable Overview
Key Process Output Variables are used to measure the effectiveness of projects that are designed to improve business processes.
For example, a project that was undertaken to increase the profit margins on t-shirts by using a cheaper fabric supplier, would evaluate the project's success depending on whether customers continued to buy them, or if sales decreased due to poor customer satisfaction.
The end-goal profit margins, number of sales, and customer complaints are examples of output variables (KPOV), whereas the decision to change suppliers is an example of input variables (KPIV).
This article will look at:
- What Six Sigma KPOVs are
- How to identify them
- The role KPOVs play in DMAIC processes
What are KPOVS
A Key Process Output Variable (KPOV) is an outcome yielded by a process and is defined by Key Process Input Variables (KPIV). Depending on their placement, KPOVs may also become KPIVs for the next stage within a process journey. KPOVs need to measured and tracked to ensure that any Six Sigma led tweaks to KPIVs are generating the right result (i.e. a more positive KPOV).
It is important to remember that KPOVs should be measured before any process improvements are made as this gives a base-line with which to make a comparison.
KPOVs can be summarised as:
- Business processes that produce an output
- Characteristics that have a big impact on efficiency and/or customer satisfaction
- Responsible for lower levels of quality and reliability when allowed to vary too widely
How Are KPOVs Identified?
KPOVs are usually identified by mapping out business processes, usually using the SIPOC (Supplier, Input, Process, Output and Customer) method. By identifying these simple variables, you can develop a richer picture of how your business processes interact. For example:
- Supplier – DIY Store
- Input – Buy wood
- Process –Build fence
- Output – Protects pets from wild animals
- Customer - Pets
Through the use of these Six Sigma modelling techniques, it is possible to build up a picture of the various inputs and outputs of a process. By estimating the importance of each characteristic on a scale of 1-10 - where 1 is unimportant and 10 is critically important – businesses can measure the extent to which input variables have an impact and cause an output variable.
The sum of these weighted scores is used to rank the output variables to determine which deserve the most analytical attention. Processes that are more central to a customer's overall experience of doing business with your company will naturally be seen as mo9re important and so will have the largest number of important KPOVs to address and manage.
Six Sigma training can help your team identify the processes that define the way you do business, monitor and analyse them, and then suggest suitable, business-enhancing improvements. By tracking processes, you'll also work towards defining minimum expectations for your business performance and identify the key areas that can be refined and improved.
Compare Six Sigma prices for free with Expert Market
KPOVs and Six Sigma DMAIC Process
Six Sigma methodology follows a rigid roadmap for process improvement and problem solving, which focuses on the stages of DMAIC (define-measure-analyse-improve-control). KPOVs are the focus of the entire process, but central to 2 phases.
- Key aspects of the project 'as is' are measured and applicable data is collected
- KPOVs are defined
- Measurement integrity of KPOV's is confirmed
- Measurement plan is developed and a baseline for performance is established
- Cause-and-effect relationships are verified, ensuring that all factors have been considered.
- Root causes of defects are investigated and the relationship between response variables and control variables is established
- Process capabilities for KPOVs is established
- Relationships between KPOVs and control variables are established
To improve your team's performance today, fill in the form at the top of the page with your business details and we will match you with the suppliers best suited to your needs.
That means bespoke quotes, delivered straight to your phone and helping you to save up to 30% on the associated costs. Now that's a successful Key Process Output.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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PDF Archive search engine
Last database update: 17 May at 11:24 - Around 76000 files indexed.
Simulating thermal conduction of water flowing through a hot tank using ANSYS FLUENT 09/16 • Studied the effect on temperature,pressure and velocity of water flowing through a cylindrical tank maintained at a higher temperature,using ANSYS FLUENT modules.
- When the nominal pressure of the medium flow direction PN ≦ 16MPa, downstream flowing is usually adopted and the medium flows upward from downward direction of the valve flap;
We also consider flowing graphs where the positions of the voters change.
Contents 1 Studies in bubble formation I.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Uganda has a total installed capacity of 957.7 MW, including 743 MW for hydropower. The main and base electricity supply is generated from the Nile River, primarily from the 255 MW Bujagali, the 200 MW Kiira and the 180 MW Nalubaale plants.
In total, hydropower accounts for 78 per cent of installed capacity. Here are the 7 largest hydropower stations in Uganda some of which are under construction.
Karuma hydropower dam
The Karuma Hydroelectric Power Station is a 600 MW hydropower station in Uganda under construction. When completed, it will be the largest power-generating installation in the country.The power station is located at Karuma Falls on the Victoria Nile, at the former location of the Karuma Falls. This location is approximately 2.5 kilometres upstream of where the Masindi-Gulu Highway crosses the Nile.
Ayago Hydroelectric Power Station
Ayago Hydroelectric Power Station also Ayago Power Station, is a planned 600 megawatts (800,000 hp) hydroelectric power project to be constructed in Uganda.The power station will be located at Ayago, on the Victoria Nile, in Nwoya District, in the Acholi sub-region, in the Northern Region of Uganda. This location is close to the point where the Ayago River enters the Victoria Nile, within the confines of Murchison Falls National Park. It will be one of the largest hydropower stations in Uganda.
Oriang Hydroelectric Power Station
Oriang Hydroelectric Power Station is a proposed 400 megawatts (540,000 hp) hydroelectric power station in Uganda.The power station would be located on the Nile River, downstream of Karuma Hydroelectric Power Station, but upstream of Murchison Falls. This location is in Nwoya District, in the Northern Region of Uganda, close to the location where Oriang Stream enters the Victoria Nile. Oriang is approximately 923 metres (3,028 ft), above sea level.
Kiba Hydroelectric Power Station
Kiba Hydroelectric Power Station is a proposed 295 megawatts (396,000 hp) hydroelectric power station in Uganda.The power station would be located on the Nile River, downstream of Karuma Hydroelectric Power Station, but upstream of Murchison Falls. This location is in Nwoya District, in the Northern Region of Uganda, approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi), upstream of the boundary of Murchison Falls National Park.
Bujagali Power Station
The Bujagali Power Station is a 250 MW hydroelectric power station across the Victoria Nile that harnesses the energy of its namesake – the Bujagali Falls – in Uganda. Construction began in 2007 and concluded in 2012. It was officially inaugurated on 8 October 2012 by Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni and Aga Khan IV in the presence of African politicians and investors.
Kiira Power Station
Kiira Power Station, sometimes spelled Kiyira Power Station, is a hydroelectric power station with an installed capacity of 200 megawatts (270,000 hp), in Uganda.The power station is located at Kimaka, a northern suburb of Jinja, Jinja District, in eastern central Uganda, approximately 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi) northwest of the central business district of Jinja, Uganda's second-largest industrial city.
It operates next to the Nalubaale Power Station at the point where the River Nile pours out of Lake Victoria starting its 4,000 miles (6,400 km) journey to the Mediterranean Sea.
Isimba Hydroelectric Power Station
Isimba Hydroelectric Power Station is a 183.2 megawatts (245,700 hp) hydroelectric power station commissioned on 21 March 2019 in Uganda.Construction of this dam began in April 2015 and was completed in January 2019. Commercial operations began on 21 March 2019.


Moose Drawings (Sketching + Vector)
Moose drawings are fun to create. This adorable cartoon character often looks either mean, slightly dumb or suspicious. In this case, I decided to draw a moose with large eyes and tiny legs.
The moose is very present in North America, especially in Canada. Easily recognizable with its large Antlers (for the male anyway), it is quite easy to draw this cartoon animal and have a result similar to the real thing.
Step 1
Moose drawings
Let's start this drawing lesson by creating a sketch of the character. If you have a tablet, you can sketch directly to your computer. Like I said earlier, I tried to create a funny moose with large pupils, tiny legs and a cute tail.
Step 2
Moose drawings
When you are done, convert your drawing into a digital file (if you used a pencil and a piece of paper) and import the illustration on your computer. Then, open your vector software and add dark lines just like shown in the image above.
Step 3
Moose drawings
Create a new layer and place it behind the first two. Then, create new shapes and add plain colors for now. The goal is to separate the outlines and the plain shapes since shadows will be added between these two layers later on.
Step 4
Moose drawings
Select the gradient tool from your vector software and add a subtle effect on each element of the cartoon character. Remember that the bottom part of each shape must be darker.
Step 5
Moose drawings
When you are finished, create a new layer between the outlines and the plain shapes (that are now filled with gradient colors!). Add new dark shapes to represent strong shadows. Our goal is to add more depth to the moose.
Step 6
Moose drawings
Select the transparency tool and partially hide the top part of each shape added previously. Shadows are now subtle, but still strong enough to give more volume to the illustration.
Step 7
Moose drawings
Shadows are nice, but adding reflection to our moose drawings can definitely give a better result. To create reflection, simply add a new layer. Then, create new shapes that are colored in white. The pink one was added so that you could see the white shape positioned over another white shape.
Step 8
Moose drawings
Once again, select the transparency tool and partially hide the bottom part of each white shapes created previously. Highlights are subtle since the skin of the moose doesn't reflect light like plastic would (it's just an example).
Step 9
Moose drawings
Finally, you can alter the color of all outlines using a tone of color similar to the one from the shape closer to the line. Black outlines are great, but adding colors to the outlines is a more efficient option. Good job! I think our moose is ready to go! :)
Go back to Animal drawing tutorials
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Create Anything You Want Using Cute Cartoons!
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Simulink Design Optimization
Magnetic Levitation Controller Tuning
This example shows how to use numerical optimization to tuning the controller parameters of a nonlinear system. In this example, we model a CE 152 Magnetic Levitation system where the controller is used to position a freely levitating ball in a magnetic field. The control structure for this model is fixed and the required controller performance can be specified in terms of an idealized time response.
Earnshaw's Theorem
Earnshaw's theorem proved that it is not possible to achieve stable levitation using static, macroscopic, classical electromagnetic fields. However the CE 152 system works around this by creating a potential well around the point at which the ball is to be suspended, thereby creating a non-inverse square law force. This is achieved by an inductive coil that generates a time varying electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic field is controlled through the use of feedback to keep the ball at the required location.
Model Description
The magnetic levitation system is a nonlinear dynamic system with one input and one output. Double-click the Magnetic Levitation Plant Model to open this subsystem. The input voltage is applied to a coil that creates the electromagnetic field. The output voltage is measured by an IR receiver and represents the position of the ball in the magnetic field. The diagram below outlines this system.
The physical system consists of a ball (with mass 0.00837 kg) which is under the influence of three forces:
 - The magnetic field produced by an inductive coil. This is modeled by the Power amplifier and coil block in the Simulink® model. The input to the inductor is a voltage signal and the output a current. The force from the coil depends on the square of the current, the air-gap between the coil and the ball, and the physical properties of the ball. This produces an upward acting force on the ball.
 - The gravitational force acting downwards
 - A damping force which acts in a direction opposite to the velocity at any instant of time
These three forces cause the resulting motion of the ball and are modeled in Simulink as shown.
open_system('maglev_demo/Magnetic Levitation Plant Model')
Non-linearities arising from saturation of the coil and changes in dynamics outside the limits of the magnetic field are also modeled in the Simulink Model. As the force from the coil decays according to an inverse square law larger voltages are required the further the ball is from the coil. The control signal is scaled to account for this and the scaling is included in the Control signal scaling blocks.
Control Problem Description
The requirement for the controller is that it be able to position the ball at any arbitrary location in the magnetic field and that it move the ball from one position to another. These requirements are captured by placing step response bounds on the position measurement. Specifically we require the following constraints on the ball:
 - Position constraint: within 20% of the desired position in less than 0.5 second
 - Settling Time Constraint: within 2% of the desired position within 1.5 second
To meet the control requirements we implement a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller. For convenience the controller uses a normalized position measurement with a range from 0 to 1, representing the bottom-most and top-most positions of the ball respectively.
Simulink® Design Optimization™ and numerical optimization is ideally suited to tune the PID coefficients because:
 - The system dynamics are complex enough to require effort and time for analysis if we approach the problem using conventional control design techniques.
 - The controller structure is fixed
 - We have knowledge of the step response we require from the system.
Setting Constraint Values
Given the step response characteristic we desire, it is simple to specify the upper and lower bounds of the response. Double-click the Position Constraint block in the Magnetic Levitation Plant Model subsystem to view constraints on the position of the ball. The constraint lines may be moved using the mouse.
You can launch a pre-configured optimization task in SDOTOOL by first opening the model and by double-clicking on the orange block at the bottom of the model. From the SDOTOOL, press the Plot Current Response button to simulate the model and show how well the initial design satisfies the design requirements.
Defining Tuned Parameters
We select the PID controller parameters to tune by opening the Design Variables editor, as shown below
Running the Optimization
After specifying the optimization parameters and the required step response bounds we start the optimization by pressing the Optimize button from the SDOTOOL. During optimization, the plots are updated with the position of the ball for each iteration and the dark curve shows the final optimized trajectory of the ball (as shown below).
Verifying the Results
Once we complete the optimization, it is important to validate the results against other step sizes. A successful parameter optimization should be able to provide good control for all steps sizes close to the tuned step size of 1. Step sizes from.7 to 1 should be tested to confirm the controller's performance. The following plot shows the response to a step input from 0 to 0.85 at 0.1 seconds.
The verification step shows that controller's performance satisfies the requirements specified and the tuned parameter values are suitable for control. The tuned parameters could be used to provide baseline performance against which other control schemes can be compared, or a baseline for controllers for different operating regions.
% Close the model


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McCandless JW (1999) Detection of aircraft in video sequences using a predictive
optical flow algorithm. Optical Engineering, 3: 523-530.
Detection of Aircraft in Video Sequences
Using A Predictive Optical Flow Algorithm
Jeffrey W. McCandless
Human Information Processing Research Branch
Mail Stop 262-2
NASA Ames Research Center
Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000
phone: _PHONE_
fax: _PHONE_
Abstract. This paper presents a computer vision algorithm that segregates spurious
optical flow artifacts to detect a moving object. The algorithm consists of six steps.
First, the pixels in each image are shifted to compensate for camera rotation.
Second, the images are smoothed with a spatiotemporal Gaussian filter. Third, the
optical flow is computed with a gradientbased technique. Fourth, optical flow
vectors with small magnitudes are discarded. Fifth, vectors with similar locations,
magnitudes, and directions are clustered together using a spatial consistency test.


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Department of Environment, Water & Natural Resources and SA Water
Pike & Katarapko Floodplains, Riverland South Australia
State & Federal Government
- Groundwater-Surface Water-Vegetation Interaction
- Salinity Management
- Groundwater Modelling
- Borefield and Well Design
The SARFIIP program aims to develop floodplain infrastructure that will address the continuing decline in ecosystem health and deliver improved ecological outcomes for floodplains along the Lower River Murray in South Australia. The major focus of the proposed management actions for these sites is the construction of regulators and banks to facilitate floodplain inundation at low flows and to offset the reductions in natural flood frequency (Inundation Measures). It is an innovative project, seeking to increase the availability of low salinity water to improve ecosystem functions in a predominantly saline system. The SARFIIP program therefore includes Salinity Management Measures (SMM) to develop groundwater management infrastructure that manages the risks and enhances the benefits of inundation.
AWE has been engaged as the Design Contractor to develop groundwater management infrastructure for SARFIIP. The practice of managing long-term salinity risks is well established, but the management of ecological risk and the enhancement of ecological benefit from a groundwater perspective is a relatively new concept, and SARFIIP is the first instance where it has been actively considered in groundwater management along the River Murray.
In addition to the development of a Concept Design, the project team has also developed the language and the tools for the Client to communicate the concepts, and developed new methodologies and approaches for quantifying the outcomes of groundwater management. The primary outcome of the Concept Design phase has been the development of a borefield and infrastructure option, that will be progressed through to the Detailed Design phase of the project.


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Mar 06, 2013— read in full
How did Bronze Age soldiers fight? How did they build their houses? Experimental archaeology has the answers!
Have you ever wondered how archaeologists can describe the way an ancient people made or used a particular artefact? The answer lies in what is called experimental archaeology which involves the re-creation and testing of physical artefacts, such as making an old bow and arrow to see how it would have been used. A number of prehistoric buildings, for example, have been rebuilt to allow archaeologists to study the techniques of building and the processes of decay.
Proving a point
One of the most famous experiments to date is Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki expedition. Heyerdahl's theory concerned the colonisation of parts of Polynesia. Polynesia is a collection of islands situated between New Zealand and South America. Most archaeologists at the time believed that Polynesian people had come from Southeast Asia, but Heyerdahl believed that the people came from America, despite the journey from America being longer and more difficult.
To give his theory some credibility, Heyerdahl decided to experiment. Records showed that in 1526, a Spanish expedition had encountered a large balsa raft far out into the sea. The Spaniards had made a very detailed description of the craft. In 1950, Heyerdahl constructed a raft using the same basic materials and set-up. His craft made the 6900-km journey from the western coast of South America to the Tuamotu Islands. Some of the superficial features such as the cabin and masts were destroyed by the waves, but most of the cargo and all of the crew made it safely. This experiment didn't change everyone's thinking on the origin of the inhabitants of Polynesia, but it showed that it was possible.
Leather vs metal
One of the oddest experiments concerned shields. In 1963 two swords, a metal shield and a leather shield were made to resemble as closely as possible Late Bronze Age English weapons. Then two respectable archaeologists each equipped himself with one of the shields and a sword and started fighting. Fortunately it was a very short fight as the metal shield was cut and slashed into pieces by the first blows while the leather shield stood repeated heavy blows. The conclusion was that the metal shields were not suitable for actual physical conflict. Who said archaeology was boring?

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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On the 2nd of May, Generation Science staff led P6/7M in a "Power from the People" interactive workshop. During the workshop, they explored what electricity is and how it is produced.
P6/7M became electric scientists to discover how they could produce electricity from the movement of their bodies. Pupils explored the principles of electricity using circuits, flowing electrons, magnets and capacitors. As a final challenge, the children worked in small groups to assemble their own generator and produce electricity from their own movement. This was a great way to continue our learning about energy and electricity.
Can your children explain what is happening in each photo?


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In response to a resolution filed by shareholder representative As You Sow, which encouraged Microsoft to respond to the growing Right to Repair movement, the company has agreed to increase consumers' options to repair their devices by the end of 2022.
"This is an encouraging step by Microsoft to respond to the upswell of federal and state activity in the right to repair movement," says Kelly McBee, waste program coordinator at As You Sow, a nonprofit organization that promotes environmental and social corporate responsibility. "Excitingly, this agreement will begin to allow consumers to repair their Microsoft devices outside the limited network of authorized repair shops."
In 2021, Congress introduced the first bill on the Right to Repair, in addition to introducing legislation in more than half of the United States. (The bill never went to vote.) In May, the Federal Trade Commission issued a report to Congress determining that there was "scant evidence" to justify the restriction by companies of repair instructions, parts, and tools to a limited number of authorized establishments.
In exchange for As You Sow's withdrawal of its shareholder resolution, Microsoft will:
- complete a third-party study evaluating the environmental and social impacts associated with increasing consumer access to repair and determine new mechanisms to increase access to repair, including for Surface devices and Xbox consoles;
- expand the availability of certain parts and repair documentation beyond Microsoft's authorized service provider network; and
- initiate new mechanisms to enable and facilitate local repair options for consumers.
In recent months additional shareholder resolutions on right to repair have been filed with Apple and tractor manufacturer Deere & Co following President's Biden executive order instructing the Federal Trade Commission to issue rules removing manufacturer restrictions on third party and do-it-yourself repair of tractors and cell phones.
"I applaud the sincerity that Microsoft brought to the table in negotiating this agreement and hope additional manufacturers follow suit," McBee says. "Microsoft's action demonstrates that the company recognizes that extending the lifetime of its devices through repair is essential to meeting its climate goals and that the company is serious about taking action to do so."
Will this development have implications for the medical Right to Repair movement? Share your thoughts in the Comments section.


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Gus Narvaez is a patent agent in the Intellectual Property Practice Group. His work involves preparation and prosecution of patent applications filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Gus has a technical background in nanotechnology and previously worked as a scientist and research associate, conducting research related to electrochromic materials, and semiconductor and metal nanostructures. His research included computation of electronic structure and optical properties employing atomistic models of various complexity (effective potentials, tight-binding, pseudopotentials, etc.) and quantum chemistry approaches.
Gus' early research included measuring the optical properties of semiconductor low-dimensional structures and the transport properties of high-temperature superconductors.
He is registered to practice before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.


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The Peoples Participation Programme in Pujehun district is both sustainable and successful - proof that the type of grassroots development advocated by PPP does work. Most of the 73 groups which existed at the time of project completion in 1986 continue to function. Total membership in these groups grew from 1,066 in 1986 to 1,975 in 1989. Moreover, the PPP methodology has been widely replicated in the Pujehun, Bo, Moyamba and Kailahun districts - at least 211 new groups have been established.
The growth of the program reflects the strength of the PPP approach and specific conditions in Sierra Leone. The poor state of the economy, lack of services and difficult political environment in Pujehun created the need for action. The PPP group structure offered people a vehicle for self-improvement which built on local values and practices, and could be replicated with minimal resources. The project was successful in transferring technical and leadership skills to both local project staff and beneficiaries. And other development projects, most notably the GTZ Bo-Pujehun Rural Development Project, provided support for PPP group activities in the post-FAO period. It should be noted, however, that such support was not a necessary condition for group success.
The success of the original PPP groups built on itself. The groups proved to be effective tools for attracting development assistance to villages, enabling people to undertake development projects of an unprecedented scale in their villages, and providing a measure of social security. Many members reported increased income, increased food security, and decreased dependence on money lenders. Women realized a growing voice in the affairs of their community, and groups a growing voice in local politics. There was an increasing feeling of cooperation and unity in PPP villages. As the benefits of group participation became obvious, more members joined and more groups were formed.
PPP was also successful at creating an effective extension network. Former project staff were generally been promoted or given increased responsibilities in the post-project period, and have helped to spread the methodology to other districts.
While the PPP groups unquestionably made progress, a number of issues deserve further attention:
1. The project was affected by a number of exogenous factors, including: a banking crisis, the poor state of the economy, groups access to inputs and markets, the limited ability of the implementing agency (MRDSSY) to properly support the growing number of groups, and the conflicting policies of various development agencies operating in the area. Wherever possible, FAO should work with other donors to support the creation of an appropriate macro environment in which grassroots level groups can flourish.
2. The Pujehun groups are at a crucial stage. They must find ways to diversify their sources of income, develop more sophisticated management skills, make long term financial plans, and expand their base of contacts with support agencies. It will not be an easy task, given the rather modest means of the groups and the chaotic economic and political climate of the area. Further training and assistance may be needed.
3. The slow pace of progress in forming Womens groups and inter-group associations suggests the need for further study, new approaches, and a longer-term commitment to the project area.


text:
Belongs to the carrot family - with, e.g., chervil and parsley
Also known as bishop's weed
Recommended use:. ½-1 tsp per cup of boiling water. Let brew for 5-10 minutes and strain before serving. Drink 1-3 cups per day.
Toothpick plant belongs to the carrot family which also includes dill, parsley and chervil. This luxuriant plant has a multitude of white flowers that resemble lace. It is in bloom for months and is a beautiful sight - both on its own or with other summer flowers in your garden. Dried toothpick plant makes a nice cup of tea.
The name of the plant is presumably due to its stems being used as toothpicks by ancient Romans.


text:
Improving Public Understanding
The goal of the PCCO is to provide tools for improving public understanding of the mechanisms driving climate change, and possible responses to prevent or adapt to change.
Exploring and understanding the natural workings of the Earth's climate, the PCCO will retrace the evolution of the Earth's climate, and its possible future. The Observatory will also set out to explain the current drivers of climate change arising from human activities (including industry and agriculture), and how our future actions will depend on our capacity to understand the pace and direction of change.
An international Project
The International Polar Foundation is working with local partners to establish Polaris Climate Change Observatories in several regional locations around the world.
The Polaris Climate Change Observatory regional platforms will provide the public, policy makers, industry and civil society with a forum for interaction and for developing the collaborative actions required for an adapted response to global development in the face of climate change.


text:
Researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute have created a razor-like material that is truly on the "cutting edge" of nanotechnology. Called nanoblades, these first-of-their-kind magnesium nanomaterials challenge conventional wisdom about nanostructure growth, and could have applications in energy storage and fuel cell technology.
The discovery is detailed in the September 2007 issue of the Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology.
The sharp nanometer-scale surface is vastly different from any other nanomaterial that has been created before using oblique angle deposition, according to lead researcher Gwo-Ching Wang, professor and head of physics, applied physics, and astronomy at Rensselaer. The team's nearly two-dimensional structure changes the traditional understanding of oblique angle deposition, which was previously thought to always create cylindrical structures like nanorods or nanosprings.
Unlike three-dimensional springs and rods, nanoblades are extremely thin, with very large surface areas. They also are surprisingly spread out for a uniform nanomaterial, with one to two micron meters in between each blade, according to Wang.
The materials could be extremely useful for energy storage, particularly hydrogen storage, Wang said. In order to store hydrogen, a large surface area is needed to provide room for the material to expand as more hydrogen atoms are stored. The vast surface area of each nanoblade, coupled with the large spaces between each blade, could make them ideal for this application.
To create the nanoblades, the researchers used oblique angle vapor deposition. This widely used fabrication technique builds nanostructures by vaporizing a material — magnesium in this case — and allowing the vaporized atoms to deposit on a surface at an angle. As the deposition angle changes, the structure of the material deposited on the surface also changes.
When the researchers deposited the magnesium straight onto a surface at zero degrees, the blades resembled a handful of cornflakes — flat, flakey structures overlapping one another. It wasn't until the deposition angle was increased that the blade-like nature of these new nanomaterials became apparent.
As the magnesium deposition angle was increased, the researchers were surprised that the structures first tilted away from the magnesium vapor source instead of the expected inclination toward the source. The blades then quickly curved upward to form nearly vertical structures resembling nano-scale razorblades.
The blades also become ultra thin. From the side, the nanoblades resemble an overgrown lawn with thin, blade-like spires. At a 75 degree angle, the nanoblades had a thickness of as little as 15 nanometers and a width of a few hundred nanometers.
Researchers at Rensselaer are now looking at ways to coat the magnesium nanoblades with metallic catalysts to trap and store hydrogen.
The researchers monitored the blades as they were growing using a reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) technique to create a surface pole figure or image. The new technique, created at Rensselaer, is different from other diffraction techniques such as X-rays because it monitors the surface structure of the material as it grows. X-rays and other technologies measure the entire material, from the tip of the new growth straight through the substrate that the material is growing on.
Tracking the surface evolution of the material provides insight into how the structure evolves over time and helps scientists understand the mechanism of nanostructure formation, allowing engineers to later recreate ideal nanomaterials in the future. The creation of surface pole figures was particularly important in understanding the growth of nanoblades, as the surface morphology changed vastly over time.
The surface pole figure technique was first outline by Fu Tang, a postdoctoral research associate in Wang's group, in a 2006 issue of Applied Physics Letters. In that paper, surface pole figures were created for nanorod growth. The researchers are now working to analyze nanoblade growth to provide additional insight into the growth patterns of these new nanomaterials.
Other Rensselaer researchers involved with the project are Toh-Ming Lu, the R.P. Baker Distinguished Professor of Physics; GAANN fellow Tom Parker; and postdoctoral research associate Huafang Li.
Source: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Explore further: Researchers develop method to inkjet print highly conductive, bendable layers of graphene


text:
The Joseph S. Rumbaugh Historical Oration Contest
The National Association of Secondary School Principals has placed this program on the NASSP National Advisory List of Contests and Activities for 2012-2013.
NASSP Student Contests and Activities Page
The Joseph S. Rumbaugh Historical Oration Contest is open to all students attending home schools, public, parochial, or private high schools who are in their freshman, sophomore, junior or senior (grades 9 through 12) year of study.
History of The Joseph S. Rumbaugh Oration Contest
In 1945 an Ohio SAR member, Douglass G. High, originated this creative exercise in a Cincinnati Senior High. Two years later the NSSAR assumed National sponsorship. Douglass G. High passed away in 1952. In 1953 the National Society attached his name to the contest title as a memorial. He was the first Chairman on the NSSAR Oration Committee, serving in this capacity for five years.
In honor of a Florida SAR member, this Oratorical event was renamed the Joseph S. Rumbaugh Oration Contest. For many years this Compatriot has shown an active interest in the welfare of youth and has been a creative promoter of this contest. The contest is designed to explore the influence of the Revolutionary war on present day America.
Purpose Of The National Contest
- To support historical research in our high schools by promoting oratorical presentations related to our Revolutionary War period _PHONE_.
- To emphasize American History to the high school student and focus on and intelligent relationship between the past and the present.
- To place a positive emphasis on the plans of our founding fathers.
The preliminary rounds of the contest are held by Chapters and/or State Societies of the Sons of the American Revolution to select one winner from each participating state. In regions (SAR Districts) where no State Society sponsors an entrant, an SAR District entry is permitted. Prizes may be awarded to winners of Chapter and State Society (or District) competitions. The State or District sponsor is responsible for informing the contestant how expenses of competing at the National Level will be made. For example, travel, hotel for two evenings and meal expense.
The National Society competition between State Society winners is held during the NSSAR's National Congress in June/July.
The National Rumbaugh Orations Committee is currently attempting to raise the level of scholarship awards for our national winners. Please consider contributing to the Orations endowment by accessing the fillable form "The Dr. Joseph Warren Medal". Our youth thank you for giving them this increased opportunity for education. You can download the form here.
Rules of the Rumbaugh Oration Contest
For further information about the contest, do one of the following
- Call, write, or Email the contact in a nearby Chapter or State Society
- Email to NSSAR National Chairman at goebeltaconic [dot] net (National Chairman)
- Write -- making sure to enclose a number 10, business size, self-addressed envelope -- to the
Chairman of the Rumbaugh Oration Contest c/o NSSAR Headquarters 1000 South Fourth Street Louisville, KY 40203-3208
Official Rules of the The Joseph S. Rumbaugh Historical Oration Contest
- The contest will be held in preliminary round(s) by state societies and/or chapters of the Sons of the American Revolution to select one winner from each participating state. In districts where no state society sponsors an entrant, a district entry is permitted. Each participating state society or district should provide information regarding the contest to senior high school, parochial, private and home-schooled speech and/or history teachers and principals or counselors as early as possible.
- The contest is open to all students of the freshman, sophomore, junior and senior classes (Grades 9 - 12) in the public, parochial, private and home schools within the jurisdiction of the sponsoring state society or district.
- The oration must be original of not less than five minutes or more than six minutes. The subject shall deal with an event, personality, or document pertaining to the Revolutionary War and show a relationship to America today. The oration must be essentially the same as the submitted manuscript. Notes and props (including military uniforms) may not be used in the presentation.
- The state society or district establishes the date and deadlines for its contest allowing adequate time to submit its winner as an entrant in the national competition. (Four weeks before the start of NSSAR Congress) Form A & B, which can be found below, (National) must be received by the National Chairman by the deadline.
- Before the chapter winner competes in the state contest, a copy of the oration, a photograph and biographical sketch of the entrant, and the completed Form B should be mailed to the state chairman following the chapter contest. Form A (State) will be sent by the Chapter Chairman to the State Chairman.
- At Congress the NSSAR will furnish awards and give recognition to all orators who participate in the national preliminary and final contests.
- Expenses involving lodging, meals, and transportation to, at, and from the NSSAR Congress may be borne by the sponsoring state society or district. Chaperon for the entrant may be provided by the state society or district.
- During the presentation of orations at chapter, state-district, or national contest, no applause is permitted until all orators have finished speaking.
- During the contest, no private videotaping or flash picture taking will be allowed.
- By action of the 1985 Congress, all judges in the Joseph S. Rumbaugh Historical Oration Contest must be members of the SAR. The judges will select the winners by the following criteria: A. Composition; B. Delivery; C. Significance; D. History. Time allocated for delivery is between 5 and 6 minutes. (A penalty is applied for going outside the time allocations.)
- The contestants must agree that the interpretation of rules and the decisions of the NSSAR and its judges shall govern without reservation. The judging sheets and notes are the property of the SAR.
- The first place winner at the national level of the Joseph S. Rumbaugh Historical Oration Contest may not compete in its future competitions.
- The first place National winner is expected to attend the youth awards luncheon the day after the final competition.
NATIONAL SCHOLARSHIP AWARDS:
Third Place…………………………………………. $1,000
The above winners also receive an Olympic-size medal
All other finalists…………………………………… $300
All other national Contestants……….……… $200
The winner of the state or district contest may receive expenses toward their trip to compete in the national contest. The state society or district may give a cash award and/or an Olympic-size medal.
The Joseph S. Rumbaugh Historical Oration Contest Procedures
Insofar as possible the chapter, state or district contest should follow the procedures of the NSSAR Congress contest. These procedures are known to the majority of our chairmen, but new chairmen may be unfamiliar with them. The national procedures are as follows:
- At the beginning of the program the rules are explained to the orators and the audience.
- Before the contest begins, preferably in private conference with the chairman, the orators draw numbers to determine the speaking order.
- All orators are introduced only by number
- In giving the oration, at no time may the orator use notes or props.
- There are at least three judges, all of whom are SARs in accordance with the 1985 NSSAR Congress action. Prior to the contest, the chairman discusses the rules, procedures and judging sheets with the judges. The judges are seated throughout the audience with their location unknown to the speakers. The chairman acts neither as coach nor judge.
- Before the first orator comes before the audience, the timer is introduced. For the benefit of the orator, the signals to indicate five minutes and six minutes are described to the orators and the audience. If the orator announces a title, timing does not begin until the oration itself begins. The orator at the end of six minutes may complete his/her sentence. If the orator begins the next sentence and/or continues, the timer records the excess time. If the oration is less than five minutes, the timer records the time not used.
- The chairman follows the manuscript. The changing of a word or a sentence is understood, but if a substantial portion of the oration deviates from the manuscript, the chairman indicates this on the record. The timer and chairman are seated together for recording purposes. The one who is following the manuscript can and should prompt. The timer notes these promptings on his record.
- When the contest is over the judges and timer have retired, the chairman introduces each orator either by name or number and asks the individual to comment on his/her activities, school, future plans, and any family members or support group persons that may be with them at the contest.
- When the judges return, they are introduced. The judging sheets and notes are the property of the SAR. The winners are announced and presented with monetary awards and Olympic-size medals. Some chapter, states, and districts give monetary awards along with Olympic-size medal for first place. The medal is available for chapters, states and districts and can be purchased from the NSSAR Merchandise Department. Check the merchandise catalog for details.


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Cultural norms and trends are often reflected in patterns of language use. This article explores cultural perceptions of Palestine and Palestinians in the Englishspeaking world, through two analyses of large linguistic datasets. The first analysis seeks to uncover current conceptions of participants in the Israel-Palestine conflict, by identifying words that are distinctively associated with those participants in modern English usage. The second analysis asks what historical-cultural changes led to these current conceptions. A general theme that emerges from these analyses is that a cultural shift appears to have occurred recently in the English-speaking world, marked by greater awareness of Palestinian perspectives on the conflict. Possible causes for such a cultural shift are also explored.
Terry Regier is a professor of linguistics and cognitive science at the University of California, Berkeley. The ideas in this article were first presented in December 2013 at the Disputed Words: Palestine, Language and Political Discourse conference, organized by the Institute for Palestine Studies and the American University of Beirut. The author wishes to thank the organizers, participants, and audience of that workshop for their helpful feedback.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I always assumed $10$ was pronounced "ten" regardless of whether it's binary, decimal, or another system, just like how 5 is "five" in all systems that the digit exists exists. But someone told me that, if it's not base-10, it should be pronounced "one-zero", and that "ten" is the name of the number, not the ordered group of digits. I see no reason why it should, as taking that logic to hexadecimal, a should be called "ten", b "eleven" and so on. To me, that sounds like it would create more confusion. However, I have nothing to support (or refute) my view (neither does he, so far).
So, what is it, really? Or is it personal preference?
share|improve this question
If in hex you call 10 "ten", what would you call 1F? – Rahul Sep 19 '11 at 10:17
I would pronounce it 'two'. In order to remove potential for ambiguity, names for numbers should refer to their value and not to their representation in a particular notation (even though we derived the names from our experience with a base-10 system). Therefore '10' in binary notation is 'two' and '10' in decimal notation is 'ten' and '10' in hexadecimal is'sixteen'. Similarly 'a' in hex is 'ten', 'b' is 'eleven' et cetera, just as you guessed. To fully remove ambiguity you can subscript the notation with the base, as in '$10_{10}$' for ten (in decimal) and '$11_2$' for 'three' (in binary). – Chris Taylor Sep 19 '11 at 10:27
_USER_, i propose fteen :) – Mike Sep 19 '11 at 10:27
See the Schoolhouse Rock video on "Little Twelvetoes", and how he counts. youtube.com/watch?v=Myu_5eNdSJo&hd=1 – GEdgar Sep 19 '11 at 14:06
_USER_: In hex, you call $10$ "sixteen". In hex, $\mathrm{A}$ is "ten". $1\mathrm{F}$ is "thirty one" or "one-F base sixteen". – robjohn Sep 19 '11 at 20:49
4 Answers 4
up vote 17 down vote accepted
As a professor who faces this issue every time I teach (cryptography and algorithms both tend to run into non-decimal bases), I have the following policy:
 - If decimal, just say the number (with the word "decimal" if we're mixing contexts)
 - If any other base, read the digits and say the name of the base
So I might say, "therefore the answer is one-zero-one binary, or 5 decimal."
I would never call 10 hex "ten". Nor would I call 10 binary "two."
The confusion here reminds me of this T-Shirt:
enter image description here
share|improve this answer
That joke could be one of the reasons I thought about it the way I did in my question. To say the joke out loud, you basically have to call it "ten". But beyond that, it seems my view is the wrong (or at least, less popular) one. – AlbeyAmakiir Sep 19 '11 at 23:04
_USER_: The joke doesn't work so well when said out loud; I think it's doomed to be a T-Shirt (or bumper-sticker or email sig, etc) identifying the wearer as a huge nerd. :) – Fixee Sep 20 '11 at 0:12
It works perfectly when said out loud. You pronounce it the normal way it would be pronounced -- "one zero". – David Schwartz Dec 21 '11 at 23:08
"There are 10 types of people: those who understand ternary, those who don't, and those confuse it with binary". And so on, extending it to other bases. :-) Because of course, every base is base 10. – ShreevatsaR Dec 22 '11 at 8:06
_USER_: If you say it out loud as "one zero", then it doesn't "work perfectly" in the sense that it's no longer a joke, because it's not as unexpected. The "joke" in the written version is that you naturally read "10" as "ten", and then only when you encounter the word "binary" (or reach the end of the sentence) do you to reinterpret what "10" meant. With "one zero", the interpretation is held in abeyance until explanation is given... a listener doesn't automatically interpret "one zero" as "ten" the way a reader interprets "10" as "ten". – ShreevatsaR Dec 22 '11 at 10:09
I'd say "two"... A professor at my university said that you should call it with its actual "value", so 10 in binary is "two" in value. "Ten" means 10 units (in decimal), or 1010 in binary. Anyway I think it's just his own opinion.
share|improve this answer
one plus one is two in any base, whether it is binary or decimal. ** is two asterisks, not "ten base two". "binary ten" or "ten base two" would be the binary representation of ten, which is $1010_{two}$, not $10_{two}$ which is two.
$10$ when it's in binary is two.
share|improve this answer
If you are thinking of these numbers as just strings of digits then, when speaking, I would just list the digits. Otherwise I would say "binary ten." If, after some conversation in which every number mentioned is a binary number I would suggest we simply drop the word "binary." If this is written I would use the notation Chris Taylor describes.
share|improve this answer
May I request you change the phrase "binary 10" to use only letters and not digits? – MartianInvader Sep 19 '11 at 19:59
Made the change – Jay Sep 19 '11 at 20:02
Your Answer


text:
Birth Weights Linked to Leukemia Risk
Researchers have reported more evidence that both low and high birth weights may be linked to a risk of leukemia.
Writing in the International Journal of Cancer, researchers noted that high birth weight could be linked to an increased risk of leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Meanwhile both high and low birth weight may be linked to a higher incidence of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
"There is a growing body of evidence indicating that childhood leukemia is initiated in utero," said Dr. Robert W. Caughey of the Harvard School of Public Health and Dr. Karin B. Michels of Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston.
Caughey and Michels gathered data from 32 studies to determine the relation between birth weights and overall childhood leukemia as well as ALL and AML.
The 32 studies involved 16,501 cases of overall leukemia, 10,974 cases of ALL, and 1832 cases of AML.
They found that a higher birth weight was linked to a 35 percent increase in risk of leukemia as well as a 23 percent increased risk of ALL and a 40 percent risk of AML.
The overall risk of leukemia increased by 1.18 with every 1000 gram birth weight increase, researchers told Reuters on Thursday.
"Our study supports the notion that childhood leukemia is likely to be initiated in utero," Michels said in an email interview with Reuters Health.
"Birth weight is a marker for events during pregnancy that may have affected the risk for leukemia in the offspring."
"It will be important to investigate which factors may operate in utero that affect leukemia risk," Michels said.
On The Net:


Do tyres have expiry dates?
Tyres don't last forever, and old tyres can be a serious safety risk. As tyres age, cracks may form beneath the surface, causing the tyre to fail under load. If you haven't done so recently, it could be time to check how old the tyres on your vehicle are, and if they need replacing. Read on to find out how to check the age of your tyres and stay safe on the road.
What happens to old tyres as they age?
Tyres are made of various types of textile, steel and rubber compounds that have properties that evolve over time. As the rubber in a tyre gets older and is exposed to the elements, the strength of the bond between the rubber and the steel belts is reduced. When an old tyre is put under load, cracks in the rubber will begin to form.
These cracks may appear on the tyre's surface, but they can also appear out of sight within the structure of the tyre. Eventually, the cracking can even cause the steel belts in the tread to separate from the rest of the tyre. Driving on such a tyre is a serious safety risk.
tyre age marks
How to check the age of a tyre
How can I check the age of a tyre?
Check the age of a tyre by looking for the 10 to 12 digit serial tyre identification number, found on the tyre's sidewall. This identification number is usually preceded by the acronym "DOT", for example: DOT ELCB DKE 1800.
Tyres manufactured after 2000
If the tyre was manufactured after the year 2000, then you can determine its age by looking at the last four digits of this number. These represent the week the tyre was made, followed by the year. In the case of the serial number used above, the "18" would indicate the 18th week, and the "00" would indicate 2000. So, the tyre was manufactured in the 18th week of 2000.

Tyres manufactured before 2000
If the tyre was manufactured before the year 2000, things get a little more complex. For these tyres, age is indicated by the last three digits. Take for example the serial number DOT XYZ WT1 188. In this serial number, the 18 indicates the week the tyre was manufactured, while the 8 indicates the year of the decade. So, in this case, the tyre was made on the 18th week of the 8th year of the decade. During the 1990 – 2000 decade some tyres were marked with a triangle pointing to the last digit of the serial number in order to distinguish them from previous decades.

Still not sure of the age of your tyres?
Driving on old tyres can be a serious safety risk. If you're not sure how old your tyres are, pop into your local Bridgestone store, and ask one of our friendly staff for help.

Do tyres have an age limit?
Tyres should be removed once they reach ten years of age, regardless of appearance, mileage or actual wear. However, most tyres will need replacing before they reach the ten year mark. That's why it's important to keep a close eye on the condition of your tyres.
Take the time to regularly check your tyres' visual condition and inflation pressure. If you notice any visible damage or performance changes, such as cracking, increased air loss, or additional noise or vibration, it's time to have your tyres checked by a professional.
Along with your own regular inspections, we recommend that all tyres beyond five years old be inspected by a qualified expert at least once a year. Our staff can let you know whether or not your tyres are safe to continue using. If the tyres were original equipment on the vehicle, you should also follow the vehicle manufacturer's tyre replacement recommendations when specified.

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How to Size Current Transformers
By on
The correct sizing of current transformers is required to ensure satisfactory operation of measuring instruments and protection relays. Several methods exist to size current transformers. This note will look at several methods, with particular attention being paid to protection class CTs sized in IEC 60044, which is adopted internationally.
ABBCT
ABB Current
Transformer
Example of a CT specification: - a very common specification for a protection class CT would be an accuracy class 5P (1%), with rated accuracy limiting factors of 10 or 20. Typical burdens would be 5, 10, 15 or 20 VA. A typical specification would be 5P10 15 VA.
The IEC 60044 Method
IEC 60044 specifies the requirements for protection CTs (in addition to measuring CT's, VTs and electronic sensors).
The key to CT dimensioning under the standard, is the symmetrical short circuit current and transient dimensioning factors:
 - Kssc - rated symmetrical short-circuit current factor
 - Kssc - effective symmetrical short-circuit current factor
 - Ktd - transient dimensioning factor
Example IEC 60044 Calculation
Consider a CT with the following specification and protection requirements:
 - CT: 600/1 5P20 15 VA, Rct = 4 Ω
 - CT Leads: 6 mm2, 50 m long
 - use R=2 ρ l /a to calculate = 0.0179 Ω/m
 - Relay: Siemens 7SJ45, Ktd = 1
 - Short circuit current, Iscc max = 30 kA
To find the lead resistance Rleads (two leads – supply, return) we can use the standard formulae for resistivity:
Rleads = 2 ρ l /a = 2 x 0.0175 x 50 / 6 = 0.3 Ω
Numerical relays have low burdens, typically 0.1 Ω (where possible the relay manual should be consulted).
Plugging everything into the equations:
Rb = 15 VA / 1 A2 = 15 Ω
Rb = Rleads + Rrelay = 0.3 + 0.1 = 0.4 Ω
Kscc = Kscc (Rct + Rb)/(Rct + Rb)
= 20 (4 + 15 )/ (4 + 0.4) = 86.4
Required Kscc > 1 x 30000/600 = 50
In this case the effective Kscc of 86.4 is greater than the required Kscc of 50 and the CT meets the stability criteria.
The factor Kssc is relatively easy to understand and relates to the liner portion of a CT characteristic. The voltage and current across a CT are linear only up till a certain value (normally specified as a multiple of the nominal rating), after which the CT will saturate and the curve will level off. A CT rated at say 5P20 will stay linear to approximately 20 times its nominal current. This linear limit is the Kssc (i.e. Kssc = 20). As a reminder, the 5 [in the 5P20] would be the CT accuracy class and the 'P' signifies a protection class CT.
Slightly more complicated is the effective factor, Kscc. This is a calculated value which takes into account the burden (resistance) of the relay, resistance of the CT windings and resistance of the leads:
7345944727c6cb5e8f2423756b28f0bb
 - Rct - secondary winding d.c. resistance at specified temperature
 - Rb - rated resistive burden of the relay
 - Rb - Rleads + Rrelay; this is thel connected burden
CTs need to be able to supply the required current to drive the relays during transient fault conditions. The ability of the CT and relay to operate under these conditions is a function of Kscc and the transient performance of the relay, Ktd. The factor, Ktd is supplied by the relay manufacturer. Correct functioning is achieved by ensuring the following is valid:
 c176f53a1ee1cd44331dd80e552366ff
 - Issc max - maximum symmetrical short-circuit current
 - Ipn - CT rated primary current
That it. Once you have confirmed the above is ok, you know your CT is ok.
What the Manufacturer Wants
There is a slight complication in the manufacturers know their relays better than we (or the IEC) do. As general advice, you should always refer to the manufacturers information:
 - firstly it is the only way to get the factor Ktd
 - secondly manufacturers sometimes have additional requirements; for example Siemens' overcurrent, motor protection, line differential (non-pilot)and transformer differential are good to go with the above, while their line differential (pilot wire) and distance relays require the above and have additional limitations on Kscc
Connection Leads
In the sizing of protection transformers, the resistance (burden) of the connection leads can have a considerable effect. In calculations, the resistance of the connection leads can be estimated from:
myElectrical Equation
where:
l is the connection lead length in m
ρ is the resistivity in Ω mm2 m-1 (=0.0179 for copper)
A is the cross sectional area in mm2
Other CT Sizing Methods and Requirements
BS 3938 and BS 7626
BS 3938 and BS 7626 are older British Standards which deal the the specification and sizing of current transformers. Both of these have been withdrawn and are superseded by the IEC 6044 standard.
The standards adopted the concept of knee voltage and it is still common to find knee voltage voltage being used as a CT sizing parameter.
Knee voltage is defined as the point at which a 10% increase in voltage across the terminals, causes a 50% increase in excitation current
Utilising the British Standards, CTs were defined by the knee point voltage UKN and the internal secondary resistance Ri. To convert an IEC design the following can be used:
myElectrical Equation
where: I2N is the nominal secondary current
ANSI/IEEE C57.13
The IEEE standard C57.13 covers the requirements for CT sizing in the North American markets.
Class C of the standard defines CTs by their secondary terminal voltage at 20 times nominal current (for which the ratio error shall not exceed 10%). Standard classes are C100, C200, C400 and C800 for 5 A nominal secondary current.
This terminal voltage can be calculated from the IEC data as follows:
myElectrical Equation
with myElectrical Equation
and myElectrical Equation

If anyone has any questions, comments or suggestions on how to improve the post, please add them below.
Steven McFadyen's avatar Steven McFadyen
Steven has over twenty five years experience working on some of the largest construction projects. He has a deep technical understanding of electrical engineering and is keen to share this knowledge. About the author
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 1. Vinayan Chavarattil's avatar Vinayan Chavarattil says:
 10/15/2012 1:44 PM
 Dear Steven,
 It is a very informative technical article you shared here. Thanks for it. Could you please provide the reference clauses for the equations used for the calculations in IEC-60044. I could not find it in 60044.
 Thanks,
 Vinayan
 - Steven's avatar Steven says:
 11/15/2012 2:26 PM
 You need to derive them from the equations given in IEC 60044. If your looking for a reference where this is already done, I think you can probably check the Siemens Power Engineering Guide or maybe one of the Schneider Cahier Technique Papers (links to both these under Tools->Steven's Technical List).
 2. kamila's avatar kamila says:
 11/15/2012 2:09 PM
 Ktd x Issc max / Ipn = 1 x 30000/600 = 18.64
 how did u come up with this result? it should be 50
 - Steven's avatar Steven says:
 11/15/2012 2:58 PM
 kamila,
 It's good to know people read through what I write. I've corrected the example and hopefully got it a little closer to being right this time.
 3. tranthanhlc's avatar tranthanhlc says:
 1/10/2013 7:50 AM
 Hi Steven
 Could you add a topic about sizing the ZCT for the neutral of a transformer (Star-Delta) or a generator (with the neutral solidly earthed or earthed through a resistor)? How to select the primary current for this ZCT?
 Thank you.
 4. Notes's avatar Notes says:
 2/8/2013 11:28 AM
 Trackback from Notes
 Current transformers (CTs) are used to convert high level currents to a smaller more reasonable level for use as inputs to protection relays and metering equipment. Within electrical systems, current transformers are essential to ensure the correct... ...
 5. Adi's avatar Adi says:
 5/24/2013 3:15 AM
 Hi Steven
 Could you please give more detail example to sizing CT Class X.
 Specially for transformer differential application
 thanks
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ISO 21077:2016 (CCSDS 766.1.-B-1) Предпросмотр
Space data and information transfer systems -- Digital motion imagery
недоступно на русском языке
The purpose of ISO 21077:2016 is to provide a common reference and framework of standards for digital motion video and imagery, and to provide recommendations for utilization of international standards for sharing or distributing motion video and imagery between spacecraft elements and ground systems.
The scope of ISO 21077:2016 includes traditional real-time streaming video and television, including human and robotic spacecraft-to-spacecraft and spacecraft-to-ground systems, as well as video recorded and distributed later, either as a real-time stream or as a file transfer. In this context, real-time streaming includes all modes where video is sent from a spacecraft in a continuous stream and is intended for immediate use when received, regardless of the latency of the transmission path. Other specialized motion imagery applications, such as high-speed scientific motion imagery and multi-spectral motion imagery, are not addressed in this document. However, if a specialized imagery camera system has a requirement to interface to spacecraft systems in a video mode, it would be required to match these interfaces.
Ground-systems-to-ground-systems video distribution is obviously a key component of the entire video system. However, this is not the primary focus of this document. Currently, there are significant differences in the ways mission video products are exchanged between the various space agencies on the ground. This is the result of differences in network topologies between space agencies, and agreements for video sharing. Those differences preclude there being a standard methodology for delivering video imagery between agencies. Prior to the commencement of video transmission between space agencies, system design reviews and performance testing should be done between the ground systems in use to assure operability when video imagery comes from spacecraft.
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Стандарт, который пересматривается каждые 5 лет
Изменения / Исправления
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for Proxy authentication. If no password is specified, curl will ask for it interactively. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. --url <URL> Specify a URL to fetch. This option is mostly handy when you want to specify URL(s) in a config file. This option may be used any number of times. To control where this URL is written, use the -o or the -O options. -v/--verbose Makes the fetching more verbose/talkative. Mostly usable for debugging. Lines starting with '>' means data sent by curl, '<' means data received by curl that is hidden in normal cases and lines starting with '*' means additional info provided by curl. If this option is used twice, the second will again disable verbose. -V/--version Displays the full version of curl, libcurl and other 3rd party libraries linked with the executable. -w/--write-out <format> Defines what to display after a completed and successful operation. The format is a string that may contain plain text mixed with any number of variables. The string can be specified as "string", to get read from a particular file you specify it "@filename" and to tell curl to read the format from stdin you write "@-". The variables present in the output format will be substituted by the value or text that curl thinks fit, as described below. All variables are specified like %{variable_name} and to output a normal % you just write them like %%. You can output a newline by using \n, a carriage return with \r and a tab space with \t. NOTE: The %-letter is a special letter in the win32-environment, where all occurrences of % must be doubled when using this option. Available variables are at this point: url_effective The URL that was fetched last. This is mostly meaningful if you've told curl to follow location: headers. http_code The numerical code that was found in the last retrieved HTTP(S) page. time_total The total time, in seconds, that the full operation lasted. The time will be displayed with millisecond resolution. time_namelookup The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the name resolving was completed. time_connect The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the connect to the remote host (or proxy) was completed. time_pretransfer The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the file transfer is just about to begin. This includes all pre- transfer commands and negotiations that are specific to the particular protocol(s) involved. time_starttransfer The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the first byte is just about to be transfered. This includes time_pretransfer and also the time the server needs to calculate the result. size_download The total amount of bytes that were downloaded. size_upload The total amount of bytes that were uploaded. size_header The total amount of bytes of the downloaded headers. size_request The total amount of bytes that were sent in the HTTP request. speed_download The average download speed that curl measured for the complete download. speed_upload The average upload speed that curl measured for the complete upload. content_type The Content-Type of the requested document, if there was any. (Added in 7.9.5) If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. -x/--proxy <proxyhost[:port]> Use specified HTTP proxy. If the port number is not specified, it is assumed at port 1080. Note that all operations that are performed over a HTTP proxy will transparantly be converted to HTTP. It means that certain proto- col specific operations might not be available. This is not the case if you can tunnel through the proxy, as done with the -p/--proxytunnel option. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. -X/--request <command> (HTTP) Specifies a custom request to use when communicating with the HTTP server. The specified request will be used instead of the standard GET. Read the HTTP 1.1 specification for details and explanations. (FTP) Specifies a custom FTP command to use instead of LIST when doing file lists with ftp. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. -y/--speed-time <time> If a download is slower than speed-limit bytes per second during a speed-time period, the download gets aborted. If speed-time is used, the default speed-limit will be 1 unless set with -y. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. -Y/--speed-limit <speed> If a download is slower than this given speed, in bytes per second, for speed-time seconds it gets aborted. speed-time is set with -Y and is 30 if not set. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. -z/--time-cond <date expression> (HTTP) Request to get a file that has been modified later than the given time and date, or one that has been modified before that time. The date expression can be all sorts of date strings or if it doesn't match any internal ones, it tries to get the time from a given file name instead! See the GNU date(1) or curl_getdate(3) man pages for date expression details. Start the date expression with a dash (-) to make it request for a document that is older than the given date/time, default is a document that is newer than the specified date/time. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. -Z/--max-redirs <num> Set maximum number of redirection-followings allowed. If -L/--location is used, this option can be used to prevent curl from follow- ing redirections "in absurdum". If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. -3/--sslv3 (HTTPS) Forces curl to use SSL version 3 when negotiating with a remote SSL server. -2/--sslv2 (HTTPS) Forces curl to use SSL version 2 when negotiating with a remote SSL server. -0/--http1.0 (HTTP) Forces curl to issue its requests using HTTP 1.0 instead of using its internally preferred: HTTP 1.1. -#/--progress-bar Make curl display progress information as a progress bar instead of the default statistics. If this option is used twice, the second will again disable the progress bar.
FILES
~/.curlrc Default config file.
ENVIRONMENT
http_proxy [protocol://]<host>[:port] Sets proxy server to use for HTTP. HTTPS_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port] Sets proxy server to use for HTTPS. FTP_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port] Sets proxy server to use for FTP. GOPHER_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port] Sets proxy server to use for GOPHER. ALL_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port] Sets proxy server to use if no protocol-specific proxy is set. NO_PROXY <comma-separated list of hosts> list of host names that shouldn't go through any proxy. If set to a asterisk
EXIT CODES
There exists a bunch of different error codes and their corresponding error messages that may appear during bad conditions. At the time of this writing, the exit codes are: 1 Unsupported protocol. This build of curl has no support for this protocol. 2 Failed to initialize. 3 URL malformat. The syntax was not correct. 4 URL user malformatted. The user-part of the URL syntax was not correct. 5 Couldn't resolve proxy. The given proxy host could not be resolved. 6 Couldn't resolve host. The given remote host was not resolved. 7 Failed to connect to host. 8 FTP weird server reply. The server sent data curl couldn't parse. 9 FTP access denied. The server denied login. 10 FTP user/password incorrect. Either one or both were not accepted by the server. 11 FTP weird PASS reply. Curl couldn't parse the reply sent to the PASS request. 12 FTP weird USER reply. Curl couldn't parse the reply sent to the USER request. 13 FTP weird PASV reply, Curl couldn't parse the reply sent to the PASV request. 14 FTP weird 227 format. Curl couldn't parse the 227-line the server sent. 15 FTP can't get host. Couldn't resolve the host IP we got in the 227-line. 16 FTP can't reconnect. Couldn't connect to the host we got in the 227-line. 17 FTP couldn't set binary. Couldn't change transfer method to binary. 18 Partial file. Only a part of the file was transfered. 19 FTP couldn't RETR file. The RETR command failed. 20 FTP write error. The transfer


SPORT: A BREAK DURING THE HOLIDAYS, WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES?
You are going on holiday and you are afraid of losing the benefits of the work you have done all year? In this article, you are going to find out what happens to your body when you stop working out.
Eva, our Domyos coach, will explain how to continue training away from home. Follow the guide!
 HOLIDAYS AND A BREAK FROM SPORT: WHAT ARE THE RISKS?
 Various systems will change during a break from training:

- Decrease in cardio endurance: within 10 to 14 days, it will already be possible to see a 20% decrease in cardio-vascular performance, a decrease in pulmonary ventilation and an increase in heart rate.
- Decrease in strength: 4 weeks after taking a break from physical activity, you will see a 15-20% decrease.
- Energy reserves: intramuscular sugar reserves will decrease and fat reserves will increase.
- Changes in muscle compression: you will feel a difference after 3 weeks. The proportion of the fibres that have been specifically developed (rapid or slow/resilient fibres) will decrease.
- Changes in muscle mass: in about twenty days, approximately 10 to 15% of muscle mass will be lost if it is not maintained.

From the 10th day of your break from sport, your basic metabolism starts to drop.
This basic metabolism corresponds to the number of calories burned in 24 hours at rest. Training enables it to increase but inactivity reduces it.
It is therefore essential, if you stop physical activity, to reduce your calorie intake so as not to gain any body fat.
HOW CAN YOU CONTINUE TRAINING DURING THE HOLIDAYS?
Here are a few fitness exercises that you can do during your holidays, without any equipment
Exercise 1: Press-ups
- Muscles targeted: major and minor pectorals, triceps, deltoids and abdominals.
- Execution: face the ground with your hands more than shoulder width apart, put your weight on your feet with your legs out straight. Bend the elbows in order to lower the body until you are just above the ground (5cm from the ground), then push back up.
- Breathing: inhale on the descent, exhale after pushing back up.
- Safety tips: keep the abdominals contracted so you do not arch your lower back.
- Number of repetitions: 3 sets of 20 press-ups with a 1 minute rest between each.
Exercise 2: Burpees
- Muscles targeted: the whole body. This exercise improves the breath.
- Execution: stand with your feet apart, about the width of the pelvis, and put your hands on the ground. Quickly move your feet to the back to put yourself in plank position and then tuck them under your chest and jump up, with your hands above your head. For more of a challenge, you can add a press-up whilst you are in plank position or a hop after the jump.
- Breathing: exhale on the descent, inhale when you tuck your legs under your chest and then exhale as you jump.
- Safety tips: keep the abdominals contracted so you do not arch your lower back
- Number of repetitions: as many as possible in 30 seconds, do this 3 times.
Exercise 3: Sit ups
- Muscles targeted: the rectus abdominal muscle and hip flexors.
- Execution: lie on your back with your legs bent. Extend your arms behind you and bring them forwards to bring yourself up until completely straight. Once in the seated position, place your arms out straight above your head and stretch upwards.
- Breathing: inhale whilst on the ground and exhale whilst in the final position (seated).
- Number of repetitions: as many as possible in 1 minute.
Exercise 4: Lunges
- Muscles targeted: quadriceps, buttocks and hamstrings.
- Execution: stand with your feet apart, about the width of the pelvis, and take one step forward. Place your hands on your hips, look in front of you and bend the back knee to brush the ground, then bring it back up again. To increase the difficulty, try jumping lunges: jump to reverse the position of your feet at the end of each lunge.
- Breathing: inhale on the descent, exhale on the way back up.
- Safety tips: be sure to keep the front knee above the ankle so as not to hurt your knee. Contract your abdominals and keep your chest straight.
- Number of repetitions: do 8 lunges on one side, then the same number on the other side.
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text:
ICoICT 2022The 10th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology
Intelligent and Autonomous E-services toward a Hybrid Interaction Era
Welcome to the 10th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology 2022 (ICoICT 2022). ICoICT 2022 marks the 10th Anniversary of the annual ICoICT conferences. The conference will be held during August 2nd-3rd, 2022, and conference will be hosted by Telkom University Indonesia, MMU Malaysia, and UGM Indonesia and will take place virtually via online conference platform. The ICoICT delivers a prestigious interdisciplinary conference for researchers, engineers and students throughout the world to present their most recent ideas, innovations and trends in the fields of Information and Communication Technology.
Recently, the issue of intelligent and autonomous e-Services play very important role in digitally connected and interactive ICT applications. ICoICT 2022 conference explores the main elements of e-Services related to general concept of intelligent and autonomous e-Services, digital health services, ICT-based education services, Network and Infrastructures for e-Services, and several emerging ICT and e-Services. Intelligent and autonomous e-Services provides the impact of digital technologies on man-machine issues, human-to human issues, recent challenges in digital education, and digital health, that generates a new definition of hybrid interaction era.
Target audiences: researchers, students, professionals, engineers.
The theme of ICoICT 2022, "Intelligent and autonomous e-services toward a hybrid interaction era" will highlight the innovations to accelerate the shift to digital and fundamentally shake up the living landscape.
Papers from the previous ICoICT 2013 until 2021 have been published in IEEE Xplore and indexed in Scopus:
ICoICT 2013 : _URL_
ICoICT 2014 : _URL_
ICoICT 2015 : _URL_
ICoICT 2016 : _URL_
ICoICT 2017 : _URL_
ICoICT 2018 : _URL_
ICoICT 2019 : _URL_
ICoICT 2020 : _URL_
ICoICT 2021 : _URL_
with ISBN Information:
Electronic ISBN: 978-1-6654-0447-1
USB ISBN: 978-1-6654-0446-4
The previous ICoICT conferences have successfully served a forum to bring together a diverse group of people from academics and industries to share and present the latest issues and recent developments in the area of ICT.
MAY 8, 2022
JUNE 22, 2022
JUNE 25, 2022
Don't miss this unique opportunity!
Join the ICoICT 10th in Bandung, Indonesia
Speakers from both academic and industrial will be invited to elevate and inspire the audience about the broader frame of the current technology development in ICT.


coordinate graph perpendicular to the plane defined by the x and y axes.
The difference between true zero and an indication given by a measuring instrument.
Zero-Overhead Looping
The ability of a high-performance processor to repeat instructions without requiring time to branch to the beginning of the instructions.
Zero-Wait-State Memory
Memory fast enough that the processor does not have to wait during any reads and writes to the memory.
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All trademarks referenced are the property of their respective owners.


Social Media for Churches
Social Media For Churches
Social media is everywhere these days. Shouldn't the church be there too? In this course, we will show you the basics of using social media for ministry. You will take an in-depth look at the special features of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat. By taking the time to learn best practices for social media, your church will be on the right track to engaging with your members and reaching new people in your community.
What will I learn?
 - Understand the largest social media platforms used today
 - Develop a social media presence for your church and yourself
 - Engage with the members of your congregation using social media
 - Reach out to new people in your community using platforms they already use
 - Create a more dynamic and engaging ministry on the web
Cost: FREE
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In The Rabbit Hole Urban Survival Podcast Album ArtHosts Aaron and Jonathan discuss Survival CHI and its origins. The foundation of the entire show and blog, Survival CHI is what guides it all. It's what keeps In The Rabbit Hole all about rational practical preparedness.
Eight months have passed since Survival CHI was first unveiled and explained. By popular demand it's back with the story of how it was made and tips on how you can use it to improve your life today and survive the possible disasters of tomorrow.
 - How Survival CHI was formed.
 - What Survival CHI is.
 - How it impacts your life.
 - How the principles are intertwined.
 - How practicing the principles has changed Aaron and Jonathan's lives.
 - Implementing the principles in your life today.
 - Homework assignment!


text:
Identifying the writer's view or simply the true or false and not given
question is probably the most difficult to answer in IELTS academic reading.
This type may ask whether the given statement agrees with the view or claim of the writer, or whether the statement agrees with the information in the text. The purposes of these question types are to determine the examinee's ability to identify opinions or ideas or to recognize particular points of information that a passage conveys. In this type, the candidate is usually confused on which answer to give.
What is the best approach to break this confusion?
One way is to find the keywords in the statement. These keywords will help you to identify the area in the passage that possibly contains the answer. Then, skim the passage and read the first statement carefully and thoroughly. Having done this, scan the passage again for the area that will confirm (true) or deny (false) the given statement.
In the case of not given, this would probably your answer if the information in the passage neither confirms not denies the statement.
This question type may be hard but there is one thing that you should be happy about. The areas in the passage that confirm or deny or neither of the two (not given) are in order in the passage.
So you will save much time because you don't need to return at the beginning to check each statement.