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Learn Semantic Web and Social Networks with these PDF Notes from JNTU
Semantic Web and Social Networks Notes JNTU PDF Download
If you are a student of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (JNTU) or interested in learning about semantic web and social networks, you might be looking for some notes or study materials on these topics. In this article, we will explain what semantic web and social networks are, how they are related, what are their applications, and how you can download semantic web and social networks notes JNTU PDF for free. Let's get started!
semantic web and social networks notes jntu pdf download
Download File: _URL_
What is Semantic Web?
Semantic web is a term that refers to the extension of the current web with more meaning and structure. It aims to make the web more understandable and accessible for both humans and machines. Semantic web uses standards and technologies such as RDF, OWL, SPARQL, etc. to represent and query data in a way that preserves its meaning and context. For example, semantic web can help you find the best hotel for your trip based on your preferences, budget, location, reviews, etc. by using metadata and ontologies.
What is Social Network?
Social network is a term that refers to the online platforms or communities where people can interact, share, create, and exchange information, ideas, opinions, etc. with others who have similar interests or backgrounds. Social network uses features such as profiles, groups, pages, posts, likes, comments, messages, etc. to facilitate communication and collaboration among users. For example, social network can help you stay in touch with your friends and family, discover new content or people, promote your business or brand, etc. by using social media.
How Semantic Web and Social Networks are related?
Semantic web and social networks are two domains that have a lot of potential for synergy and integration. They can benefit from each other in various ways such as:
 - Enhancing the quality and quantity of data available on the web by combining structured data from semantic web with unstructured data from social networks.
 - Improving the user experience and satisfaction by providing more relevant, personalized, and contextual information and services based on semantic web and social networks.
 - Enabling new possibilities and opportunities for innovation and research by exploring the interplay between semantic web and social networks.
However, there are also some challenges that need to be addressed such as:
 - Dealing with the issues of privacy, security, trust, ethics, etc. that arise from sharing personal or sensitive data on semantic web and social networks.
 - Handling the complexity and diversity of data formats, standards, languages, etc. that exist on semantic web and social networks.
 - Managing the scalability and performance of data processing and analysis on semantic web and social networks.
What are the applications of Semantic Web and Social Networks?
Semantic web and social networks have a wide range of applications in various domains such as:
Education
Semantic web and social networks can enhance the learning and teaching process by providing more interactive, adaptive, and collaborative learning environments. For example, semantic web can help students find the most suitable learning resources based on their needs, preferences, goals, etc. by using ontologies and recommender systems. Social networks can help students connect with their peers, teachers, experts, etc. by using forums, blogs, wikis, etc.
Business
Semantic web and social networks can improve the business and marketing strategies by providing more effective, efficient, and competitive solutions. For example, semantic web can help businesses optimize their operations, products, services, etc. by using data mining and analytics. Social networks can help businesses reach out to their customers, partners, stakeholders, etc. by using social media marketing and advertising.
Health
Semantic web and social networks can enhance the health and wellness outcomes by providing more accurate, timely, and personalized health information and services. For example, semantic web can help patients find the best doctors, hospitals, treatments, etc. based on their symptoms, conditions, history, etc. by using semantic search and reasoning. Social networks can help patients share their experiences, feedback, support, etc. with other patients or health professionals by using online communities and groups.
Entertainment
Semantic web and social networks can enrich the entertainment and leisure activities by providing more engaging, immersive, and diverse content and experiences. For example, semantic web can help users find the best movies, music, games, etc. based on their tastes, moods, genres, etc. by using semantic tagging and filtering. Social networks can help users interact with their friends and other users by using chatbots, live streams, virtual reality, etc.
How to download Semantic Web and Social Networks notes JNTU PDF?
If you want to download semantic web and social networks notes JNTU PDF for free, you can follow these steps:
 - Go to the official website of JNTU at _URL_
 - Click on the "Academics" tab and select "Syllabus" from the drop-down menu.
 - Choose your course (B.Tech., M.Tech., etc.), branch (CSE, IT, etc.), year (I-II-III-IV), semester (I-II), regulation (R18-R19-R20), etc.
 - Scroll down to find the subject "Semantic Web and Social Networks" and click on the "Download" button next to it.
 - A PDF file will open in a new tab or window. You can save it to your device or print it as per your convenience.
Conclusion
In this article, we have explained what semantic web and social networks are, how they are related, what are their applications, and how you can download semantic web and social networks notes JNTU PDF for free. We hope you found this article useful and informative. If you have any questions or feedback, please feel free to leave a comment below. Thank you for reading!
FAQs
Q1: What is JNTU?
A1: JNTU stands for Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University. It is a public university located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It offers various undergraduate and postgraduate courses in engineering, technology, management, pharmacy, etc.
Q2: What are the advantages of Semantic Web and Social Networks?
A2: Some of the advantages of semantic web and social networks are:
 - They provide more meaningful and structured data on the web that can be easily understood and accessed by both humans and machines.
 - They provide more relevant and personalized information and services that cater to the user's needs and preferences.
 - They provide more opportunities for innovation and research that can solve real-world problems and create value.
Q3: What are the disadvantages of Semantic Web and Social Networks?
A3: Some of the disadvantages of semantic web and social networks are:
 - They pose some risks to the user's privacy, security, trust, ethics, etc. as they involve sharing personal or sensitive data on the web.
 - They require some technical skills and knowledge to use or develop them as they involve complex and diverse data formats, standards, languages, etc.
 - They face some challenges in terms of scalability and performance as they involve large amounts of data processing and analysis.
Q4: What are some I have already written the article for you. Here is the rest of it: Q4: What are some of the tools and technologies used for Semantic Web and Social Networks?
A4: Some of the tools and technologies used for semantic web and social networks are:
 - RDF: Resource Description Framework. It is a standard for representing data in a graph format that can be linked and queried.
 - OWL: Web Ontology Language. It is a standard for defining and reasoning about ontologies that describe the concepts and relationships in a domain.
 - SPARQL: SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language. It is a standard for querying and manipulating RDF data using a SQL-like syntax.
 - Social Media: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc. They are platforms or applications that allow users to create and share content and interact with others online.
 - Social Network Analysis: Gephi, NodeXL, etc. They are tools or methods that help analyze the structure and dynamics of social networks using graphs and metrics.
Q5: Where can I find more resources on Semantic Web and Social Networks?
A5: Some of the resources that you can use to learn more about semantic web and social networks are:
 - W3C Semantic Web: The official website of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) that provides standards, guidelines, tutorials, etc. on semantic web.
 - W3C Semantic Web Wiki: A wiki that contains information, resources, projects, events, etc. related to semantic web.
 - W3C Semantic Web Community Group: A group that provides a platform for discussion, collaboration, and feedback on semantic web topics.
 - W3C Social Web Incubator Group Report: A report that summarizes the state of the art and future directions of social web.
 - W3C Social Web Working Group: A group that develops standards and specifications for social web applications and protocols.
 - W3C Social Web Protocols: A document that describes the core protocols and APIs for social web.
 - JNTU Website: The official website of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (JNTU) that provides academic information, syllabus, notes, etc.
 - JNTU World: A website that provides updates, notifications, results, materials, etc. for JNTU students.
 - JNT


Bad Heritage: The Vikings in America, Part 3 of 3.
What Geraldine Barnes called the "nineteenth-century 'theatre' of Vinland" began in the 1830s with the publication of Carl Christian Rafn's Antiquitates Americanae and reached its apogee in the 1890s as a kind of counter-programming to the celebration of Columbus's landing. The mania offered its adherents two things, a white heritage and a specifically medieval, embattled white heritage, while also, as I'll conclude, obligating them to protect their whiteness, making them prisoners of their own concocted identity.


Why Do The Weeds Stay Green?
August 07, 1988
The dormant, drought-burned grass looks like straw, but the weeds perversely remain green and lush. Why? Paul Sorensen, associate professor of biological sciences at Northern Illinois University in De Kalb, explains that weeds' long roots reach down to deeper soils and moisture.
''They have survivability,'' he says. ''That's why they're weeds. Those we recognize as nuisance plants have a great range of tolerance for adverse conditions, such as wind, pests and drought.''
Plants that have a kind of photosynthesis called the C-4 photosynthetic pathway have built-in drought resistance, he explains. Most plants follow the C-3 pathway.
''Many C-4 plants are found in desert environments, closer to the equator, between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn,'' Sorensen says. ''Corn is a C-4 plant. That's why even when corn's leaves curl in the drought, they're still green.
''Crabgrass also is a C-4 plant. We usually get a midseason drought, not as bad as this, but you'll notice that crabgrass always stays green, even when the bluegrass lawn around it turns brown.''
Sorensen points to bluegrass as ''the greatest weed we have. Its adaptability is beyond belief. It's found everywhere except on high cliffs. It's present in woods where there is deep, deep shade. You don't find crabgrass in the woods.'' -


The 3 types of late paying customers
Only around 70% of new businesses with employees make it through the first two years, according to recent data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. As a business owner, you know how difficult it is to maintain profitability regardless of the age of your organization. This is why late paying customers make it that much more difficult for your business to survive.
Most of your clients who do not pay will fall into one of three categories. By better understanding each of the clients within these groupings, you can develop strategies to recoup late payments and lessen the impact of nonpayment.
 1. Those who will do anything to avoid paying
The most effective method for dealing with customers who never pay is to avoid doing business with them in the first place. Before moving forward with a transaction, pull their credit report to get an idea of their payment history, and use this information to avoid getting involved with unreliable customers.
This approach is not always possible, however. If you do get involved with a customer who resists payment at all costs, act quickly and consider working with a collection agency or moving forward with litigation.
 1. Those who will make payments sporadically
In many of these cases, customers who pay sporadically do not always remember to pay their bills or have so much going on that making payments on time is not a priority. To obtain payment, remind your customer of what he or she owes consistently. For example, when you send out the original invoice, send out a reminder a week before its due date.
 1. Those who cannot pay because of financial trouble
For customers who cannot pay due to unforeseen financial circumstances, consider implementing a payment plan for them. Do what you can to develop a payment plan your customer can commit to while not negatively affecting your cash flow.


text:
This information may not apply to the current year. Check the content carefully to ensure it is applicable to your circumstances.
End of attention
Construction expenditure is the actual cost of constructing the building or extension. A deduction is allowed for expenditure incurred in the construction of a building if you are an owner-builder or you contract a builder to construct the building on your land. This includes the component of your payments that represents the profit made by individual tradespeople, builders and architects.
Some costs that may be included in construction expenditure are:
- preliminary expenses such as architects' fees, engineering fees and the cost of foundation excavations
- payments to carpenters, bricklayers and other tradespeople for construction of the building
- payments for the construction of retaining walls, fences and in-ground swimming pools.
Some costs that are not included in construction expenditure are:
- the cost of the land on which the rental property is built
- expenditure on clearing the land prior to construction
- earthworks that are permanent, can be economically maintained and are not integral to the installation or construction of a structure
- expenditure on landscaping.
If you purchase your property from a speculative builder, the component of your payment that represents the builder's profit margin cannot be claimed as a capital works (special building write-off) deduction.
Some of this expenditure may form part of the cost base of the property for capital gains tax purposes. For more information, see the publication Guide to capital gains tax.
Last modified: 18 Jul 2008QC 16578

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Abstract: The role of stress-related enzyme activities in response to high temperature tolerance of three green bean genotypes ['Balkız' (heat-sensitive), 'Ferasetsiz' and 'Local Genotype' (heat-tolerant)] was investigated in this study. The seedlings were grown until 3-4 trifoliate leaves stages under controlled conditions at 30/15ºC (day/night) temperature with %65 relative humidity then transferred to climate chamber to expose to heat stress. The temperature was increased stepwise to 35, 40, 45 and 50ºC for 24 hours. The activities of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [NAD(P)H] oxidase and antioxidative enzymes, catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathion reductase (GR) and isoperoxidase activities significantly varied depending on heat tolerance of genotypes. Besides one acidic and four basic isoperoxidases were determined with differing intensities between genotypes and high temperatures. As a result, NAD(P)H oxidase activity may involved in determining genotype sensitivity to heat stress, and antioxidative enzymes involved in heat stress tolerance in green bean plant.
Keywords: antioxidant enzymes, high temperature, isoperoxidase, legumes, nad(p)h oxidase


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Process development of a virally-safe dental xenograft material from porcine bones
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 Title & Authors
Process development of a virally-safe dental xenograft material from porcine bones
Kim, Dong-Myong; Kang, Ho-Chang; Cha, Hyung-Joon; Bae, Jung Eun; Kim, In Seop;
 PDF(new window)
 Abstract
A process for manufacturing virally-safe porcine bone hydroxyapatite (HA) has been developed to serve as advanced xenograft material for dental applications. Porcine bone pieces were defatted with successive treatments of 30% hydrogen peroxide and 80% ethyl alcohol. The defatted porcine bone pieces were heat-treated in an oxygen atmosphere box furnace at to remove collagen and organic compounds. The bone pieces were ground with a grinder and then the bone powder was sterilized by gamma irradiation. Morphological characteristics such as SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) images of the resulting porcine bone HA (THE Graft) were similar to those of a commercial bovine bone HA (Bio-Oss). In order to evaluate the efficacy of heat treatment and gamma irradiation at a dose of 25 kGy for the inactivation of porcine viruses during the manufacture of porcine bone HA, a variety of experimental porcine viruses including transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), porcine rotavirus (PRoV), and porcine parvovirus (PPV) were chosen. TGEV, PRV, PRoV, and PPV were completely inactivated to undetectable levels during the heat treatment. The mean log reduction factors achieved were for TGEV, for PRV, for PRoV, and for PPV. Gamma irradiation was also very effective at inactivating the viruses. TGEV, PRV, PRoV, and PPV were completely inactivated to undetectable levels during the gamma irradiation. The mean log reduction factors achieved were for TGEV, for PRV, for PRoV, and for PPV. The cumulative log reduction factors achieved using the two different virus inactivation processes were for TGEV, for PRV, for PRoV, and for PPV. These results indicate that the manufacturing process for porcine bone HA from porcine-bone material has sufficient virus-reducing capacity to achieve a high margin of virus safety.
 Keywords
dental xenograft material;hydroxyapatite;porcine bone;porcine pathogenic viruses;virus inactivation;
 Language
English
 Cited by
 References
1.
Accorsi-Mendonca, T., Conz, M.B., Barros, T.C., de Sena, L.A., Soares, G.A., and Granjeiro, J.M. 2008. Physicochemical characterization of two deproteinized bovine xenografts. Braz. Oral Rres. 22, 5-10. crossref(new window)
2.
Bae, J.E., Kim, C.K., Kim, S., Yanf, E.K., and Kim, I.S. 2012. Virus inactivation during the manufacture of a collagen type I from bovine hides. Korean J. Microbiol. 48, 314-318. crossref(new window)
3.
Bae, J.E., Kim, C.K., Kim, S., Yang, E.K., and Kim, I.S. 2010. Process development of a virally-safe acellular bovine amniotic membrane for biological dressing. Korean J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 38, 420-427.
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Bauer, T.W. and Muschler, G.F. 2000. Bone graft materials: an overview of the basic science. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 371, 10-27. crossref(new window)
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Concannon, M.J., Boschert, M.T., and Puckett, C.L. 1997. Bone induction using demineralized bone in the rabbit femur: A longterm study. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 99, _PHONE_. crossref(new window)
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Damien, C.J. and Parsons, J.R. 1991. Bone graft and bone graft substitutes: a review of current technology and applications. J. Appl. Biomater. 2, 187-208. crossref(new window)
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Ducheyne, P.E. and Qiu, Q. 1999. Bioactive ceramics: the effect of surface reactivity on bone formation and bone cell function. Biomaterials 20, 2287-2303. crossref(new window)
8.
Forest, P., Morfin, F., Bergeron, E., Dore, J., Bensa, S., Wittmann, C., Picot, S., Renaud, F.N., Freney, J., and Gagnieu, C. 2007. Validation of a viral and bacterial inactivation step during the extraction and purification process of porcine collagen. Biomed. Mater. Eng. 17, 199-208.
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Haas, R., Mailath, G., Dortbudak, O., and Watzek, G. 1998. Bovine hydroxyapatite for maxillary sinus augmentation: analysis of interfacial bond strength of dental implants using pull-out tests. Clin. Oral Implant Res. 9, 117-122. crossref(new window)
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Hallman, M. and Thor, A. 2008. Bone substitutes and growth factors as an alternative/complement to autogenous bone for grafting in implant dentistry. Periodontology 2000 47, 172-192. crossref(new window)
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Hodde, J. and Hiles, M. 2002. Virus safety of a porcine-derived medical device: evaluation of a viral inactivation method. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 79, 211-216. crossref(new window)
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International Conference on Harmonisation. 1998. Guidance on viral safety evaluation of biotechnology products derived from cell lines of human or animal origin. Federal Resister 63, 51074-51084.
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International Organization for Standardization. 2006. ISO 11137-2: 2006. Sterilization of health care products - radiation -- Part 2: Establishing the sterilization dose. Geneva, Switzerland.
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International Organization for Standardization. 2007. Medical devices utilizing animal tissues and their derivatives-Part 3: Validation of the elimination and/or inactivation of viruses and transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agent. Geneva, Switzerland.
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Jensen, S.S., Bosshardt, D.D., and Buser, D. 2009. Bone grafts and bone substitute materials, pp. 1-96. In Buser, D. (ed.), 20 Years of Guided Bone Regeneration in Implant Dentistry: Quintessence Publishing, Chicago, USA.
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Karber, J. 1931. Beitrag zur kollectiven Behandlung pharmakologische Reihenversuche. Arch. Exp. Path. Pharmak. 162, 480-483. crossref(new window)
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Khan, S.N., Cammisa, F.P.Jr., Sandhu, H.S., Diwan, A.D., Giradi, F.P., and Lane, J.M. 2005. The biology of bone grafting. J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg. 13, 77-86. crossref(new window)
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Kim, D.M., Kim, H.J., Kang, H.C., Kim, H.S., Kim, D.H., Kim, K.I., Yun, S.Y., Han, K.H., Kim, J.Y., and Lee, J.H. 2014a. A method for preparing a porcine bone graft with an excellent performance in cell adhesion and bone formation using nano hydroxyapatite surface modification technology, and a porcine bone graft prepared thereby, Kor. Patent. No. 10-2014-_PHONE_: 1-30.
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Kim, D.M., Kim, H.J., Kang, H.C., Kim, H.S., and Lee, J.H. 2014b. Method of funtionalize surface of bone graft with bone nano particle and bone graft having funtionalized surface by bone nano particle, Kor. Patent. No. 10-2014-_PHONE_: 1-28.
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Kim, Y., Rodriguez, A.E., and Nowzari, H. 2016. The risk of prion infection through bovine grafting materials. Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res. DOI 10.1111/cid.12391. crossref


text:
domed apex of shoot. The sliding of the bubbles on the cylinder wall simulates this lengthening of internodes (Fig.25).
2.4. Explanation of chirality
How do the right and left forms appear? Let us examine the initial primordia placement (Fig. 26, Fig. 27). The third primordium can appear both on one, and on the other side from the reflection line which has the first two primordia centers lying on it. Solution of this dilemma will determine hereinafter for each family of spirals its direction. A choice of position for the third primordium is probably casual, and depends on external factors, for example, on uneven heating of bud by the sun.
2.5. Versatility of model
The model allows to describe a whorled phyllotaxis, as well as the spiral one. If the cylinder is sufficiently narrow, and if the primordia appear as a complexes composed of two, three or more bubbles, we have a whorled pattern (Fig. 28, Fig. 29, Fig. 30, Fig. 31).
The work shows a possibility of complicated accommodation
on the basis of simple principle of minimax: "It pops up in the biggest
Mail: Weise D. L., Russia, Moscow, 121353, Belovejskaya, 39-2-133.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


PHP, Grabbing Mysql Data
A users will post Form Data, sending to the server the Year and Number to query a MySql database with.
I am also showing here how to pick the correct table based on the user input of the Year. So depending on the Year chosen by the user, it will use the database appropriate to that year.
When the rows of data are returned we are also going to give each row and alternating color
These are the 2 colors being used,
$rowColors = Array('#BDBDBD','WHITE'); $i= 0;
and this colors the rows
echo '
';
echo "
Activity for the Year.";
echo "
"; echo "Year";
echo "Number";?>
?> $year = $row['year'];
$number = $row['number'];print <'table'>;print '
';print '
'.$year.";
print '
'.$number.";
print ";}print <'/table'>;?>
Apostrophe Fix
PHP5.4-Myql 5+ – APOSTROPHES, how to allow them in file names
Allow an apostrophe in a file name during the upload of a file.
This line is taking the data from within a page. Meaning, I already passed the data, but before I insert it into MySql, I want to deal and allow the apostrohpe.
$file_name=mysqli_real_escape_string($mysqli,$file_name);
From a FORM Post we can also grab and deal with that apostrophe.
$file_name=mysqli_real_escape_string($mysqli,$_POST['file_name']);
Insert into a mysql DB:
$mysql = INSERT into Table (file_name) VALUES ('$file_name');

In conclusion, we are using the mysqli real escape string to clean up the data from the user input.


text:
In microeconomic theory a preference map or indifference map is the collection of indifference curves possessed by an individual. Similar in nature to a topographical map, the contour lines of such a map demonstrating progressively more desirable options as they move upward or to the right. Because of the nature of indifference curves they cannot intersect and are effectively infinite in number, their sum defining all possible combinations of values.
An individual will choose to consume goods at the point where their budget constraint is tangent to an indifference curve their preference map. Because of the nature of the preference map, there is only one possible curve and one possible consumption point on any given combination of preference map and budget constraint. It is by accumulating these consumption points that a demand curve can be generated.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Effortful control in childhood: Factor structure, gender and age effects
H. R. Slobodskaya, E. A. Kozlova, I. V. Leto, N. B. Bairova, E. N. Petrenko
Результат исследования: Научные публикации в периодических изданияхстатьярецензирование
Effortful control was investigated in 302 children aged 23–139 months (52% boys) using laboratory-based experimental tasks. We have adapted behavioral batteries developed by Kochanska and colleagues for children aged 22–78 months and developed comparable batteries for older preschoolers and primary school children. Results showed good interrater reliability for observational ratings, as assessed using intraclass correlations and kappas. An examination of the dimensional structure of the observational measures using con-firmatory factor analyses indicated that in the youngest age group (22–45 months) effortful control has a two-factor structure, including Delaying and Motor Control; in middle and older preschool, the component of Suppressing/Initiating Activity emerged. In the primary school years, task measures were not correlated with each other. We evaluated discriminant validity of observational measures with respect to gender and age. There were few significant gender effects whereas age effects were significant for nearly all variables. Age differences suggest the developmental trajectories of effortful control and its components, delaying, control of gross and fine motor activity, suppressing dominant activity and initiating subdominant activity to signal, and effortful attention. In light of the existing literature, these findings are discussed in terms of the structure and development of in Russian children between early childhood and school years.
Язык оригиналаанглийский
Страницы (с-по)53-65
Число страниц13
ЖурналPsikhologicheskii Zhurnal
Номер выпуска3
СостояниеОпубликовано - 1 мар 2020
Fingerprint Подробные сведения о темах исследования «Effortful control in childhood: Factor structure, gender and age effects». Вместе они формируют уникальный семантический отпечаток (fingerprint).


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We use a number of large objects. Ideally, we'd like to make all of them permanently available to client code, but they don't fit in physical memory all at once. So when we approach memory limits, we'll need to destroy some of the objects in pool (probably, we'll destroy the least-recently-used object). (Using virtual memory on disk is tantamount to a complete system freeze.)
For concreteness, the memory per object varies between ~100MB and ~10GB; the total amount of RAM we have is 32GB.
Unfortunately, we don't know the memory used by each object until it's created. Therefore, we cannot predict if any given object would fit into the available physical memory.
A good solution would be to provide a callback function to Python memory allocator, and have memory allocator call it when sees that the amount of free physical memory is below a certain threshold. That callback function would simply destroy an object from the pool, and return. While in general, there's no guarantee that memory would become instantly available, it certainly would in CPython (which releases the memory the moment reference counter hits zero), which is probably as much as I can ask for.
Unfortunately, I'm not aware of any way to have Python memory allocator call a function provided to it when memory runs low. Is there anything else I can do?
I suppose I could have a separate thread running in the background, and checking available memory every second or so. If it sees less than 5GB physical memory available, it would start destroying objects from the pool. Assuming object destruction proceeds is on average at least as fast as object creation, the 5GB cushion won't get used up much, and we'll be fine. This seems pretty fragile; but any implementation ideas for this approach would still be great.
This has to work on Linux under Python 3.2, but would be nice if there was a (possibly different) solution for Windows too.
NOTE: Three tiers of memory allocation are at work: OS, malloc (C runtime), and Python object allocator.
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1
I'm not even aware of a reasonable answer to the same question in C on Linux. A Java-specific feature is SoftReference, which I think is what you would really need here. – Armin Rigo Jan 1 '13 at 10:29
1
This looks like a duplicate of stackoverflow.com/questions/_PHONE_/…. See answers here. – Armin Rigo Jan 1 '13 at 10:34

@ArminRigo Yes, it is. Thanks! – max Jan 1 '13 at 11:09
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health care costs are rising in the united states. According to a study published in 2022 by the American Association of Hospitals, which was based on the US. uu. Bureau of Labor Statistics, hospital prices have increased by an average of about two percent per year over the past decade. In Florida, the average hospital cost per day of hospitalization is $2,087 before insurance. Affordable insurance has never been more important, but are there affordable health care plans in Florida?
In 2020, the national average cost of health insurance was about $456 per month for an individual, rising by more than $60 from 2017. While it may seem unattainable when looking at national averages, affordable health insurance is still possible in Florida. Whether you are looking for individual & family health insurance or short-term health insurance, ehealth can help you find an affordable plan that's right for you.
how much does health care cost in florida?
For major medical plans, the cheapest individual monthly premium starts at $177, but the average monthly cost of health insurance in Florida is about $467 per person. actual prices will vary based on your age, gender, medical history, and zip code. if you're in good health, you may qualify for lower premiums.
traditional affordable healthcare options in florida
If you're looking for affordable health insurance in Florida, you may want to start by taking a look at the Affordable Care Act (ACA) or Obamacare plans. Instituted during the Obama administration in 2010, the Affordable Care Act is a law that sought to reform health care, making affordable insurance available to more people through subsidies.
ACA health plans can be purchased through federal and state marketplaces and through private health insurance marketplaces like eHealth. Each ACA plan covers 10 essential health benefits, from hospitalization to prescription drugs, and is assigned a metallic tier.
The different metal levels represent the percentage of average healthcare costs that are covered. include:
- bronze: 60 percent
- silver: 70 percent
- gold: 80 percent
- platinum: 90 percent
So if you have a silver plan, about 70 percent of your health care costs will be covered on average, meaning you're responsible for the other 30 percent. Of course, you should always take a look at the exact details of the health insurance plan before deciding which one is right for your needs. a bronze level plan will provide the least coverage but will have the most affordable monthly premiums.
If you're looking for a way to save money with Florida health insurance plans, you may be interested in premium tax credits. Individuals and families earning between 100 and 400 percent of the federal poverty level can lower the cost of their premiums through tax credits. in 2022, income eligible for premium tax credits is $12,880 to $51,520 for an individual and $26,500 to $106,000 for a family of four.
income eligible for premium tax credits in 2022
alternative affordable healthcare options in florida
If you're looking for health insurance alternatives, there are a few options available. these may be appropriate for people who do not need regular medical care. these plans are also better for emergencies. some of the options include:
short-term health insurance plans
If you're looking for temporary coverage, you may want to opt for short-term health insurance. These health insurance plans offer coverage for up to 364 days. you can also renew them for up to 36 months. With monthly premiums costing about a third of what major medical plans cost in the individual market, the biggest advantage of short-term health plans is that they are affordable. The average short-term health insurance premium in Florida is about $115 per month, or $285 per month for families. on the other hand, it does not offer as many benefits. it is also not guaranteed to be renewed. you may want to learn more about short-term health insurance plans before choosing this option.
average monthly short term health insurance premiums in florida
Another option is catastrophic coverage. A catastrophic insurance plan is designed to protect you in the worst case scenario. the typical catastrophic health insurance plan has an actuarial value of about 60 percent. may not cover routine medical costs, but may cover expenses in case of an emergency. The biggest benefit is that it has a relatively low premium, but you can only qualify for this plan if you're under 30 or have a hardship exemption.
packaged health insurance
You may also be interested in a health insurance package. this is a convenient way to bundle several different insurance products. Instead of having to buy them all separately, you can bundle them into one app and customize them to suit your needs. you may be able to save money by combining them all together.
packaged insurance products that health insurance may include
shared medical cost
Medical Cost Sharing is another affordable healthcare option in Florida. Some of your medical expenses will be billed out of pocket and other expenses will be covered by your health insurance company. You pay a monthly premium to take advantage of cost sharing when you incur medical expenses, but your health insurance plan may not necessarily cover all medical services or doctor visits. Medical cost sharing generally refers to your deductible (which you usually pay out of pocket), copays (which you usually have to pay out of pocket as well), and coinsurance, where you are responsible for a percentage of your coverage and your insurance company covers the rest.
affordable health care plans in florida: frequently asked questions
is there free health care in florida?
yes, free health care is available to people enrolled in medicaid. About 4 million people in Florida are enrolled in Medicaid, and many of them qualify for free health insurance or discount plans.
who is eligible for medicaid in florida?
You qualify for Medicaid if you are a Florida resident below the income threshold. the income threshold may vary depending on whether you are an individual or a family. You must also be pregnant, responsible for a child, blind, have a disability, have a family member with a disability, or be 65 years of age or older.
find affordable health care that works for you with ehealth
if you're looking for affordable health care plans in florida, always keep in mind that you use ehealth as a resource. If you want coverage that offers the 10 essential health benefits, you can search for affordable plans in your area using eHealth tools.
Remember that when shopping around for individual plans, premiums and deductibles can be higher than short-term plans, but that's often because they offer so many more benefits. use ehealth to compare plan prices and benefits to find the right balance of affordability and coverage for you.
ehealth seeks to provide affordable health insurance options for all different price points, so whether it's short-term health insurance within your budget or a major medical plan with extensive benefits, we can show you your options. .
Each plan has its own terms and limitations, so be sure to check the official plan documents to understand how that specific plan works. this article is for general education only.


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Part of Speech: Noun
Meaning: 1. Leftover, scrap of food that remains after a meal is finished. 2. A scrap, a piece of trash that is left over from any job, as cleaning up the orts on a construction site.
Notes: This word is remarkable in that it is one of the few words in English actually spelled as it is pronounced. It has been in the English language since the 14th century and is making yet another comeback in the 21st. How is that for staying power? It is almost always used in the plural, orts, just as is the case with its near synonyms, leftovers and crumbs.
In Play: The original meaning of today's word apparently was "leftover animal feed", but my experience with animals leads me to believe that animals are careful not to leave food behind. In fact, they tend to help us out with our leftovers: "Ernie, would you let the dog back into the kitchen to clean up the baby's orts?" However, orts can be any kind of leftovers you can imagine: "Oh, the good committee posts go to the senior faculty; junior faculty are left the orts." (Sounds like a faculty feeling its orts, doesn't it?)
Word History: Today's Good Word is probably the reflex of an unattested Old English noun that we surmise was something like *oręt, a cognate of Early Modern Dutch ooraete, now found in a few dialects as oort or orte "remains of food or fodder". If this guess is correct, oris an old prefix of uncertain meaning found in a few frozen forms like ordeal. It would be akin to the German prefix ur- "proto-" seen in that word every spelling bee enthusiast knows, Ursprache "proto-language". The T is what remains in
Come visit our website at for more Good Words and other language resources!


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This Week's Headlines
Virginia Tech, Cornell to collaborate on remote-sensing food safety app
By JONATHAN CRIBBS
PAINTER, Va. — Farmers of the future may be able walk to the middle of their fields, pull out a mobile device and access a program that quickly identifies areas with potential food safety issues.
Laura Strawn, an incoming Virginia Tech assistant professor, is researching how to create such a GPS-oriented device.
Strawn, a microbiologist and postdoctoral associate at Cornell University, joins Virginia Tech in the fall. Both institutions will then develop the project jointly, she said.
"We hope that this will allow growers to better tailor their food safety plans," Strawn said. "Knowledge is power, and we can – with science – target these problem areas."
The program, which could arrive in the form of a smartphone or tablet application, would draw from a complicated web of research and government information, such as soil surveys and GIS mapping, to show growers what areas of their farm might be susceptible to safety issues such as food-borne pathogens. Strawn spent several years at Cornell researching those issues on New York fruit and vegetable farms, including landscape and meteorological factors that create pathogen risks.
Though it hasn't been designed, Strawn said such a program could show, using color-coded mapping for instance, that an area of a field had a high food safety risk due to its proximity to surface water, impervious surfaces, animal pastures or the moisture in its soil.
"I think this idea of using remotely sensed data… is going to be more commonplace in the world," she said.
The device would help growers determine which crops would most safely grow in trouble spots and create new land management strategies that minimize produce contamination – starting with a program in the palm of your hand.
"Everybody wants to win on food safety," Strawn said.


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Everything area health teachers need to know about AIDS to instruct their sixthto 12th-grade students is contained in a new guide written and distributed by the Lehigh Valley Task Force on AIDS.
The 34-page booklet begins with a definition and history of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. It details the cause, method of diagnosis and means of transmission, and discusses treatment and area support services as well as social, ethical and legal issues involved.
Primarily a technical manual, the booklet is not sexually explicit.
For example, the booklet advises "caution to avoid the exchange of body fluids," such as blood and semen, but does not describe sexual acts that can transmit the disease.
Nor does the guide pass judgment on the groups at high risk for contracting AIDS. It names the high-risk groups and offers that, "By understanding how the disease is transmitted and who is at greatest risk, the public can take the proper precautions to prevent infection."
Task force members mailed the booklets to all 146 public and parochial schools in Lehigh, Northampton, Berks, Carbon and Schuylkill counties Dec. 12.
But although the guide fulfills a recent recommendation by U.S. Surgeon General C. Everett Koop to begin AIDS sex education as early as possible in elementary grades, the local task force has no guarantee it will be used.
"We hope it will be used," task force vice chairwoman Kathy Alpaugh said Friday during a press conference at Bethlehem City Hall. "Education is the first line of defense against AIDS and the only way to get a handle on the spread of the infectious agent.
"Our basic goal is not to present moral values, but to present the facts about AIDS and how it is spread so an individual can make his own choice," Alpaugh said. "We hope that through the use of this booklet, the myths and any fears, sensationalism and perhaps the spread of the disease itself can be lessened."
She said schools requested the guide when surveyed last spring, but the task force cannot force them to develop policy or curriculum from it.
Mark S. Walker, chairman of the task force, said follow-up letters would be sent to the schools next week to find out how they plan to use the booklets.
If more detailed information is requested, he said, the task force is ready with speakers and additional written materials.
At least one Lehigh County school official in charge of district-wide AIDS education had yet to see the document, however.
Lillian Kerns, director of pupil personnel services for the Allentown School District, was awaiting a copy, adding the publication sounded like a useful tool for the city schools.
In Allentown, AIDS education is taught during ninth-grade health classes but could be expanded to other levels, she said.
The school district adopted an AIDS policy for employees as well as students in April. Kerns added the schools also have assembled teachers, administrators and students for several lectures by medical professionals, including infectious disease specialist Dr. Luther Rhodes, medical residents from Allentown Hospital and officials of the Allentown Health Bureau.
Schools were targeted as the top priority for community education by a task force committee last May. Members with backgrounds in medicine, education and counseling began writing the booklet in June and finished the publication in November, when it was printed. Costs were covered by a grant from the Pennsylvania Department of Health.
Authors are Nancy Adams, chaplain at St. Luke's Hospital; Alpaugh, scientific director at Miller Memorial Blood Center; Dr. David G. Beckwith, clinical microbiologist at St. Luke's; Bethlehem Health Director Glen Cooper; JoAnn M. Frey, health service director for the Lehigh County Chapter of the American Red Cross.
Also, Barbara Stader, associate director of the Allentown Health Bureau; Cheryl Stoker, psychologist; Ed Verba, AIDS service center; William Vogler, addictions counselor for the Northeast Ministry; and Joseph Yelo, administrative director of Miller Memorial.
Alpaugh, who edited the work with Beckwith, anticipated the booklet would be updated annually because of continuing research and new data about AIDS.
The Lehigh Valley Task Force, formed in April 1985, was the first created in eastern Pennsylvania to address the problems associated with AIDS, according to Alpaugh. A Philadelphia task force was created six months later, she said.
Members include the Allentown and Bethlehem health bureaus, local Red Cross chapters, Lehigh Valley AIDS Service Center, Miller Memorial Blood Center, the Northeast Ministry, pastoral care and infection control departments of all seven Lehigh Valley hospitals.
Besides its community education committee, the all-volunteer association has committees working on professional education; technology and epidemiology; social, legal and ethical issues; and service to patients and family. Further educational programs and materials are planned for business and industry as well as drug and alcohol counseling centers, Walker said.


Can You Use Electric Drum Brakes on a Boat Trailer
If you have a boat trailer with electric brakes, can you use them on a boat? The answer is yes! You can use electric drum brakes on a boat trailer as long as the trailer has the proper wiring and connectors.
Most boat trailers have the necessary wiring and connectors, but it is always best to check with your trailer manufacturer to be sure.
 - Park your boat trailer on level ground and set the emergency brake
 - Locate the electric drum brakes on your boat trailer
 - These are typically located near the wheels of the trailer
 - Inspect the electric drum brakes for any damage or debris that may be present
 - Clean off any debris that is present and make sure that the brakes are free of any damage
 - Connect the power source to the electric drum brakes
 - This is typically done by connecting a battery to the brake system
 - Apply pressure to the brake pedal to engage the electric drum brakes
 - The amount of pressure required will vary depending on the specific model of boat trailer you have
Can You Use Electric Drum Brakes on a Boat Trailer
Credit: boatingworld
Can Electric Trailer Brakes Be Used on Boat Trailer?
Yes, electric trailer brakes can be used on boat trailers. In fact, many people believe that electric trailer brakes are a better option for boat trailers than hydraulic brakes. There are several reasons for this belief.
First, electric trailer brakes are less likely to overheat than hydraulic brakes. This is because the electric brake pads do not have to rub against the rotor to create friction and generate heat. Second, electric trailer brakes provide more stopping power than hydraulic brakes.
This is because the electric motor in the brake caliper applies more force to the brake pad than the fluid pressure in a hydraulic system can generate. Third, electric trailer brakes are easier to maintain than hydraulic brakes. This is because there are no fluid leaks in an electric brake system and the pads and rotors will last longer since they are not exposed to as much heat and wear.
What Kind of Brakes Do Boat Trailers Use?
Most boat trailers use disk brakes. These are the same type of brakes that are found on cars and trucks. The disks are made of metal and they sit inside a caliper.
When the brake is applied, hydraulic fluid is sent to the caliper which squeezes the pads against the disk. This creates friction which slows down the wheel and eventually stops it from spinning. Some boat trailers also use drum brakes.
These work in a similar way to disk brakes but instead of using a metal disk, they have a drum that sits around the wheel. When the brake is applied, hydraulic fluid is sent to the cylinder which presses against the drums. This creates friction which slows down or stops the wheel from spinning.
Can Electric Brakes Be Added to a Trailer?
Electric brakes are a great addition to any trailer. They provide better stopping power and can help to prevent jackknifing. They are easy to install and maintain, and they don't require any extra space on your tow vehicle.
How Do You Install Electric Brakes on a Boat Trailer?
If you're looking to install electric brakes on your boat trailer, there are a few things you'll need to take into account. First, you'll need to determine which type of electric brake controller is right for your trailer. There are two main types of controllers- proportional and time-delayed.
Proportional controllers provide instant braking power when the tow vehicle slows down or stops, while time-delayed controllers build up braking power over a short period of time before engaging the brakes. Once you've selected a controller, you'll need to install it in your tow vehicle. The installation process will vary depending on the make and model of your vehicle, so be sure to consult your owner's manual or an experienced professional for help.
With the controller installed, you can now wire the brakes themselves. Again, the exact process will vary depending on your specific setup, but in general you'll need to connect the brake wires from the controller to the positive and negative terminals on each brake assembly. Once everything is wired up correctly, give the system a test by slowly applying pressure to the brake pedal and observing how the brakes respond.
If all goes well, congratulations! You've successfully installed electric brakes on your boat trailer!
Electric trailer brakes explained | boatsales
Disc Or Drum Brakes for Boat Trailer
If you have a boat trailer, you may be wondering whether to use disc or drum brakes. There are pros and cons to both types of brakes, so it's important to understand the differences before making a decision. Disc brakes are more expensive than drum brakes, but they offer better braking performance.
Disc brakes are also less likely to overheat, which can be an issue with drum brakes if you're doing a lot of stop-and-go driving. Drum brakes are less expensive and typically require less maintenance than disc brakes. They may not provide as much braking power as disc brakes, but they can be adequate for most boats and trailers.
Ultimately, the decision of which type of brake to use on your boat trailer is up to you. Consider your budget and driving habits when making your choice.
Conclusion
If you're looking to upgrade your boat trailer brakes, you might be wondering if electric drum brakes are an option. The short answer is yes – electric drum brakes can be used on a boat trailer. However, there are a few things to keep in mind before making the switch.
For one, electric drums tend to be more expensive than hydraulic or mechanical brakes. You'll also need to make sure that your tow vehicle is compatible with electric brakes. But if you're set on using electric brakes, they can definitely be used on a boat trailer – just be prepared for a higher upfront cost.
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text: A very new interconnection method, namely Cu lateralinterconnection is proposed and tested for the heterogeneous multi-chip module integration in which MEMS and LSI chips are self assembled onto the flexible substrate. Here, the lateral interconnects runs between a few hundred microns thick chip and the Si or flexible substrates as well as at inter chip level. These Cu lateral interconnects were fabricated via conventional electroplating technique. As formed single as well as daisy chain lateral interconnects (both are crossingover the thick test chips that are face-up bonded onto the flexible substrates by self-assembly) were characterized for their electrical characteristics. We have obtained a low resistance values for the Cu lateral interconnects which are close to the calculated values. Further, a module contains RF test chips that are interconnected by this unique Cu lateralinterconnections has been tested for the operation.


Musée des Bastides
This museum provides attractive and interactive explanations about the creation of new towns in southwest France during the 13C and 14C. It offers an insight into their planning, their social organisation and their role within medieval society. The modern museography entices visitors to (re)discover Monflanquin and to see other bastides.
Useful information
Address :
place des Arcades, 47150 Monflanquin
+33 5 53 36 40 19


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In this recipe, you'll create a query that uses your existing ticket data to forecast an estimate of how many tickets you'll receive in future years. To be able to forecast results, Explore needs at least two cycles of data. A cycle is a period of time broken down into multiple periods. For example, if you are reporting by year, you'll need at least two years of data to generate a forecast.
This article contains the following sections:
What you'll need
Creating the query
To create the query
- In the Metrics panel of your blank query, click Add.
- From the list of metrics, choose Tickets > Tickets, then click Apply.
- In the Columns panel, click Add.
- From the list of attributes, choose Time - Ticket created > Ticket created - Year, then click Apply.
- Explore generates a chart showing the number of tickets created each year since you began collecting data. From the visualization type menu (), change the chart type to Line. You'll end up with something that looks like the following:
- Now, you'll add the forecast to your chart. From the result manipulation menu (), choose Forecast.
- In the Forecast menu, select Calculate a forecast on the result.
- Leave all other values in the menu at their default values. Explore regenerates the chart showing one year into the future. The forecasted portion of the line chart is shown as a dotted line, for example:
- Click the New query text, then enter a name for the query like Ticket volume forecast.
- Save your query.
You've now finished creating a simple forecasting example. In the next section, you'll dig a bit deeper into the forecasting options and customize the chart you just created.
Exploring forecasting options
In this section, you'll start with the ticket volume forecast chart you created and explore how the different forecasting options affect it.
To open the forecasting menu
- Open the Ticket volume forecast query you created previously.
- From the result manipulation menu (), choose Forecast.
The Forecast menu contains the following options:
Calculate a forecast on the results
Select this checkbox to turn on forecasting.
You can calculate the forecast based on the columns, or the rows in your chart. However, whichever you choose must contain a date-based attribute. In the example in this article, you added the Ticket created - Year attribute to the Columns panel, so in the Path drop-down list, select On rows.
If you want to test how the path works, try dragging the Ticket created - Year attribute from the Columns panel into the Rows panel. Then, change the path to On rows. You'll end up with a table (instead of a chart) showing the ticket volume by year with the forecast.
The Method drop-down list selects the type of calculation that Explore uses to calculate the forecast. You can choose from two methods, each of which might return different results.
Explore uses the Holt Winters model as a forecasting method. Explore uses two sub-models that fit most use-cases, the AA and AM models which also take into account seasonal variations. If you want to read more about Holt Winters and the two models, see Using forecasting to predict results.
For this example, choose Additive trend and additive season.
Values to predict
Choose the number of values that you want to predict. In our example, when this was set to Auto, Explore looked one year ahead.
Choose Custom and then set Specify the number of values to predict to 5. This will make the forecast look five years ahead.
Values per cycle
Finally, this setting configures how many forecasts to make over each time period. In our example, when this was set to Auto, Explore forecast one result each year. Increasing the values per cycle increases the detail of your forecast.
Choose Custom and then set Specify the number of values per cycle your data contains to 6. This will take 6 forecasts throughout each year.
You'll end up with a chart that looks something like this example:
For in-depth information about how forecasting works in Explore, see Using forecasting to predict results.


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Click Reply™ Labour Management is the suite solution that fulfils the now imperative logistics requirements of continuous improvement, process optimisation and cost reduction.
The cost of labour in a warehouse that is not highly automated accounts for a major part of the overall cost, typically ranging between 50 and 75%. Optimising process performance is therefore an important and essential lever for gaining competitiveness and reducing costs, particularly in a low margin environment.
In order to seize this opportunity and exceed the improvements that can be achieved by adopting a warehouse management system, you need a labour management product combined with a labour management program.
ANALYSIS AND OPTIMISATION OF WAREHOUSE PROCESSESIn order to improve, you first have to know: you can't manage what you don't know. The cornerstone of a labour management product is therefore a careful analysis of processes and of each individual activity, applying best practices and eliminating non-added value activities and actions while preserving safety and respecting deadlines. Thanks to Click Reply Labour Management, you can
model the result of this detailed analysis which, closely integrated with warehouse management, automatically produces an accurate statement, in real time,
of the actual time spent performing warehouse processes. The solution also allows the automatic capture from external systems, rather than direct entering into the system, of the
indirect time taken by the labour force to perform all those activities which are considered to be "non-productive".
In addition to analysing the times taken by the labour force to perform activities, Click Reply™ Labour Management allows you to determine delays, advances on schedules and absences, as well as downtimes in the work shift, with instant and user-friendly functions for
scheduling shifts and workers and integration with Time & Attendance systems.
With its ability to determine actual staffing requirements, the solution can alert you to any shortage or surplus of resources as the warehouse management work plan becomes known.
The Team & Shift module is intended to manage operational staff and their availability based on the work timetable established for the warehouse or production plant.
The Manpower Planning module is used to determine the need for resources to implement the established work plan. This module is integrated with the Click Reply WM system to receive a forecast of activities for the following days.
The Task & Work module is the Brain of the Labour Management system. It describes in detail the individual steps required to form a work activity as a whole.
The Operation module is the heart of the Labour Management system; its primary purpose is to monitor precisely the association of the models described with the activity progress reports received from the operational systems (Click Reply WM, Time & Attendance).
The Monitor module consists of a series of analytical tools that allow you to monitor the progress of work.
The Reporting module providesa set of statistical analysis concerning: • Incidence per work type • Incidence of indirect tasks • Direct work times • Delays distribution • Historical trend: T&S, Capacity Planning, LMS • Statistics related to the worker


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Examples Help! What is the definition of Gobbledygook?
How do you define Gobbledygook? What is a Gobbledygook? An ideal free Educational Resource for Teachers, Students, Colleges and Schools for English Grammar terminology, other parts of speech and Literary Terms. The meaning is as follows:
Definition of Gobbledygook
English Grammar Definition: A term used to describe nonsensical language which relays no intelligible meaning.
Often used to describe incomprehensible or pompous jargon used by specialists
Meaning and Definition
What is the Origin of Gobbledygook?
What is the origin of the word? The word originated in America when businessman Maury Maverick used the term In a memo banning "gobbledygook language". His inspirationwas the turkey, "always gobbledy gobbling and strutting with ludicrous pomposity. At the end of his gobble, there was a sort of gook."
A helpful educational resource for those taking an English test. An ideal free Educational Resource complete with useful examples for Teachers, Students, Colleges and Schools.
Free educational resource
Definitions, meaning and origin of words relating to English Grammar and literary terms


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Functional MRI in Awake Unrestrained Dogs
affiliation not provided to SSRN
April 27, 2012
PLoS ONE 7(5): e38027. doi:10.1371/journal.pone._PHONE_
Because of dogs' prolonged evolution with humans, many of the canine cognitive skills are thought to represent a selection of traits that make dogs particularly sensitive to human cues. But how does the dog mind dog actually work? To develop a methodology to answer this question, we trained two dogs to remain motionless for the duration required to collect quality fMRI images by using positive reinforcement without sedation or physical restraints. The task was designed to determine which brain circuits differentially respond to human hand signals denoting the presence or absence of a food reward. Head motion within trials was less than 1 mm. Consistent with prior reinforcement learning literature, we observed caudate activation in both dogs in response to the hand signal denoting reward versus no-reward.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 7
Keywords: fMRI, dogs, reward, canineAccepted Paper Series
Date posted: April 29, 2012 ; Last revised: May 21, 2012
© 2013 Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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IEBCOPY Copying & Reblocking Load ModulesIEBCOPY Altering Load Modules
The COPYMOD statement lets COPY and reblocks the load modules to aappropriate block size for the target device.
The block size in the output data set is increased by COPYMOD as required to match the MAXBLK value.
COPYMOD does not write records longer than the output data set block size.
IEBCOPY will determine the amount of space remaining on a track before assigning a size to the next block to be written.
The maximum block size produced by the COPYMOD function is 32760 bytes.
The below example shows how load libraries can be developed on one type and then distributed to other types.
//RBLKCOPY JOB... //REBLOCK EXEC PGM=IEBCOPY //SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=A //OLDLIB DD DSN=OLDLIB.LOADLIB,DISP=SHR //STDLLIB DD DSN=STDLLIB.LOADLIB,DISP=(OLD,KEEP), // UNIT=3390,VOL=SER=SER01,DCB=(BLKSIZE=25000) //SYSIN DD * COPYMOD OUTDD=STDLLIB,INDD=OLDLIB,MAXBLK=12000 /* //DISTRIB EXEC PGM=IEBCOPY //SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=A //STDLLIB DD DSN=STDLLIB.LOADLIB,DISP=SHR //OUTLIB DD DSN=OUTLIB.LOADLIB,DISP=(OLD,KEEP), // UNIT=3380,VOL=SER=SER02,DCB=(BLKSIZE=12000) //SYSIN DD * COPY OUTDD=OUTLIB,INDD=STDLLIB /*
Let's discuss the example in detail.
- The REBLOCK EXEC statement begins the reblocking step.
- OLDLIB DD defines the cataloged load library OLDLIB.LOADLIB.
- STDLLIB DD defines an existing data set, STDLLIB.LOADLIB, which resides on a 3390 direct access device and has a block size of 25000.
- The COPYMOD statement in the SYSIN data set specifies that OLDLIB.LOADLIBis to be merged into STDLLIB.LOADLIB. It also specifies that STDLLIB.LOADLIBis to be reblocked with a maximum block size of 12000.
- The DISTRIB EXEC statement begins the distribution step, where the reblocked data set is copied to devices with different maximum block sizes.
- STDLLIB DD defines the same data set that was reblocked in the previous step.
- OUTLIB DD defines the data set OUTLIB.LOADLIB, which resides on a 3380 direct access device.
- The COPY statements in the SYSIN data set specify that the data set STDLLIB.LOADLIBis to be copied to the output data sets without being reblocked.
If OUTLIB.LOADLIBhad not been reblocked to the smaller block size, this step would end unsuccessfully.IEBCOPY Altering Load Modules


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Life is strange at the moment. Most of us are stuck inside, twiddling our thumbs waiting for something to do. One could, in theory, find something very exciting to do like learning a new skill or doing a puzzle with family. Those things do get boring after a while, so here are five mundane things to do when you get tired from all the excitement.
- Watch Paint Dry
A tried and true classic! If you have walls that need to be painted, or even if you don't, find a wall and paint it. Once you're finished grab your favorite chair, set it in front of your freshly painted wall, and sit in silence as you watch your wall slowly dry. You could, if you wish, think about all the good times you had back before you were stuck in self-isolation. You could also think about why you're sitting in front of a wall watching paint dry, but I recommend not going down that path.
- Watch Grass Grow
This activity is almost the same thing as watching paint dry, but now you're outside! Go to your backyard, or your front yard if you're feeling saucy, lay down and watch those green plants grow. I do not recommend doing this after it has rained for obvious reasons. If you don't have grass you can watch a house plant. While doing this you can think about times when you could go places that weren't the grocery store. You could also, much like watching paint dry, think about why you're staring at grass, but again I do not recommend it.
3. Over Analyze Your Favorite Movies
Why watch something new when you can watch and judge the same movies you've watched for years? With all the streaming services available, the selection of movies is almost endless, but don't let that stop you from watching the Star Wars movies for the millionth time. After watching these movies numerous times you start to notice plot holes and things that just don't quite make sense. You could write down your overanalyzations in a notebook, keeping track of the things you have already noticed and adding new things until you potentially ruin the movie. Once this has been accomplished, you can move on to your next favorite movie and start the process over again. If you wish to fill up the notebook faster you can watch movies that you hate.
4. Remember Every Embarrassing Thing You've Ever Done
Everybody has done at least one embarrassing thing in their life, so why not reminisce on the things that make you blush or openly sigh. It can be difficult, but the options for fun activities are slim, so why not take a trip down an awkward memory lane. You can even share them with your friends and make a game out of it or you can lay in bed at night and think about how you didn't learn how to ride a bike until high school. That is just an example, and definitely not a true fact that keeps me awake at night.
5. Sit In Awkward Silence with Family Members
This one is for those college students who had to abruptly move home. In some cases, you don't really know what to talk about. You probably can't tell them stories about all of the fun nights out you had. So, you sit there in silence, waiting for one of your family members to say something, anything to fill the void of silence. You can try talking about how each other's days went, but it will likely be the same answer they gave yesterday. Eventually, the conversation fades and the room is sucked back into silence. If you're feeling adventurous, you can try to ignore the silence by thinking about all of the embarrassing things you've done.


Quantum Shock is a sci-fi horror tabletop game with gorgeous miniatures.
It combines shifting dimensions, time travel, skills progression, item crafting and strategic combat game mechanics to offer a tense and fun cooperative experience for 1-4 players.
Kickstarter Pre-launch:
"The year is 1989 and I'm home… again."
Horror & Scifi with miniatures
Quantum Shock is a perfect mix between the horror atmosphere coming from weird unknown dimensions full of creepy creatures and the sci-fi amazement of controlling time and space, while discovering mind blowing technology that surpasses human imagination.
The game creates a disturbing atmosphere where exploration is essential, playing with the excitement of venturing into new worlds, full of dangers and mystery.
Characters evolve through interaction with the environment and with other characters, shaping their own story and one of the many possible outcomes.
Quantum Shock comes with highly detailed and unique miniatures, including massive bosses, sculpted with extra care to detail and production needs.
Not just beautiful renders here, but production proved miniatures that will help the future manufacturing of the game.
Prototype miniatures
Many creatures can be found inhabiting the other dimensions parallel to our reality. The more a player ventures into the unknown, the weirdest these creatures are going to become. And dangerous!
Some of these creatures represent concepts, like violence, science, religion… finding out what they are and why they are here, is one of the main objectives of the main characters. Knowing their secrets is going to be key, if they want to return home safe.
The quantum abilities of the main characters let them manipulate time at will. Playing with time implies some dangers, but also some benefits.
Going back in time can allow players to delay certain game objectives and also gain some advantage when in combat. However, if a character goes too far, there's a chance to be lost in time.
On the other side, traveling to the future offers some strategic options, for example, moving through the map, as creatures from the past cannot enter a space existing in the future. Let me introduce you the concept of "time barricade" 😀
Time control panel
Modular Tiles
Players add new tiles to the map when they want to advance to new locations. So, the environment is different each time a mission is played, while also maintaining that sense of wonder, danger and mystery when exploring the different locations of the game.
Tiles are modular and can be placed facing any side of the squared 10×10 cm tile. A group of tiles represent a unique environment inside the game. The core game comes with 2 main locations: the secret lab and the abandoned mansion (a total of 40 unique tiles), but more can be added trough expansions.
Switch dimensions
Here comes the fun part, because each tile is double sided, and each side is different, with its own rules and events. One side represents the real world and the other side represents the new dimension.
Tiles can be flipped when characters perform a specific action inside. But Players can also flip a tile using their quantum skills, switching dimensions at will.
Places inside the new dimension are usually much more dangerous, but can hide secrets and items well worth the risk.
Using their quantum skills, characters can create dimensional portals and jump between them. This allows players to quickly move their characters through the map tiles if needed. Creating these portals use quantum energy, managed through the dimensional bar in the main character sheet.
Characters also have the ability to jump without portals, but this is a dangerous movement, as they never know where they are going to land. When performed, a "blind jump" creates a new fragment of reality, represented by a new map tile disconnected from the rest. This can lead to a fatal outcome or maybe save the day.
Blue or red?
The Dimensional Bar
The quantum abilities of the characters are managed by the dimensional bar. Channeling this energy towards the characters reality (blue), they get some special skills related with science and control. But if they go to the opposite direction, and play with unknown energies from the new dimension (red), they can get completely different skills.
Either way, when the bar is full, characters can control and distort time and space, and even discharge the whole bar, releasing the accumulated quantum energy and performing devastating attacks.
The Quantum Suit
Main characters can use their special abilities to play with time and space, but power without control is useless. The Quantum Suit, developed by Quantum Technologies, allows them to channel their skills thanks to the advanced computer A.I. system inside.
Introducing N.A.N.N.Y., the revolutionary and patented A.I. system by Quantum Technologies. N.A.N.N.Y. is the computer AI included inside Quantum Suits and its main mission is to protect the humans wearing them, even if that's not necessarily good news for the players. But remember, in this place, nanny knows best.
Here, players can find the technology deck. They can acquire data cards spending XP and use them to upgrade the Quantum suit, unlocking new abilities and narrative information.
Next gen cassette technology. Rewind before using.
But N.A.N.N.Y. is a child's toy compared to the facilities' main computer, controlled by a complex artificial intelligence called M.O.T.H.E.R. Players can ask her whatever they want, but some of the answers may not make any sense to them, at least until they can improve their intelligence factor during the campaign and start unveiling the secrets inside its quantum core.
M.O.T.H.E.R. is also the responsible to show the players the possible events of the game, as "she" is monitoring the Quantum Technologies facilities and the ongoing anomalies.
Some game events.
Secondary characters
Interaction with secondary characters is the key to gather information and find the correct answers to complete each mission with success. Once players locate a secondary character, they can ask questions or perform special actions. For example, the computer engineer can unlock doors, provide passwords or hack systems, and the medic can create special pills to recover life or power up combat skills.
However, secondary characters can die, so it's important to protect them, or players can lose these advantages.
The security guard, the biologist, the computer engineer and the priest.
During conversations with secondary characters, some of the available questions are locked based on the intelligence factor of the main character. Also, conversations are different in each mission of the campaign, meaning that it's impossible to get all the information the first time characters meet, expanding the replayability of the game.
Last but not least, the conversations available for each secondary character are going to change depending on the dimension we find them. That means that the information we can get from the same character, but from different dimensions, can lead players into different strategies or storylines and into different endings.
Talk with them, they can help you.
You will find Dr. Kowalski in the Medic lab, she's always working.
I couldn't believe how lucky I was when I found out that we were going to work together. She's a legend in her field, an inspiration for us all.
That bitch! Don't trust her. She's a liar! She is going to doom us all.
Go to the Bio-lab and use this disk. You'll see… then you'll understand.
Not sure if I want to trust her…
Exploring new places is just part of the fun, because looking for useful items hidden there will become second nature once the characters encounter the dangerous creatures lurking in the shadows. Players can find healing objects, pieces of information, weapons and weird experimental gadgets. And even otherworldly items, when exploration takes place inside the new dimensions.
However, exploring new places can be risky, as characters can trigger deadly events or encounter hungry creatures.
Surveillance cam#1
All items can be combined, linking their item cards in the main character sheet, with up to four available spaces. When characters combine items, they can create new and powerful gadgets. These new gadgets can be used as weapons, as defensive objects or can be used to interact with the environment in new creative ways.
Item cards have three kinds of connections: physical, elemental and quantum. Just some connections are unlocked in each item, and quantum connections are the weirdest and most powerful of them.
Standard items.
Combat system
Combat is managed by a mix of dice and combat cards and powered up by optional items and skills upgrades.
There are 3 different dice in Quantum Shock.
. Blue dice represent science and reality and are weaker but precise.
. Red dice represent the new dimension, where chaos and uncertainty reign, so they are more powerful but can result in a miss roll.
. Boss dice are used during boss encounters and determine certain events performed by enemies.
There are 2 card decks in Quantum Shock:
. Attack cards: attack movements with up to 3 levels of power.
. Defense cards: defense movements with up to 3 levels of effectiveness.
The number of cards a character can use and the power of these cards, is determined by the character current stats, mainly the combat, stealth and intelligence values. These values can be altered by special items or upgraded skills.
Quantum Kid performing a flying uppercut 😀
Combat is fun, but dangerous, sometimes deadly (for players). Hiding from creatures can be a better strategy. Using the stealth factor of the character, players can use the coverage areas in the map to avoid being detected by enemies.
A player hidden from creatures can easily escape to new map tiles, avoid being attacked or attack creatures with an extra bonus, thanks to the surprise factor.
You don't want to face this thing without a proper training.
Experimental Pills
To maintain the quantum abilities balanced and control their powers, characters must take some pills from time to time. These experimental pills can be found when exploring or even manufactured by the drugs designer secondary character.
The standard pills can


Errors
4 ways to fix Twitch Error code 5000
Twitch Error code 5000
Written by Sandip Lokhande
Encountered Twitch error code 5000 and wondering how to fix it? It's one of the common issues users have been facing. Thankfully, it's easy to solve. Here's how to fix it.
What is Twitch Error 5000?
data-preserver-spaces="true">Twitch Error 5000 is the most common error you can encounter. The error appears as Twitch Error 5000: Content not found. The error usually occurs when you try to stream on Twitch. You may not be able to do so due to some plugins or the Chrome extension associated with your browser.
In most cases, it's a flash player issue. The problem is not related to some specific plugins of extensions. The culprit could be any other plugin or extension.
What causes Twitch error 5000?
There can be many reasons for this error. This can involve
 - Cache and cookies: Browser caches are one of the main reasons you see problems. They are a feature that focuses on reducing the loading time of websites. However, sometimes due if the cache gets corrupted, you get a twitch error code of 5000.
 - Extensions: Extensions are one of the main reasons you see a Twitch error 5000. Extensions are compelling to control in determining how websites work in our browsers. That can be a problem. The "Ghostery" extension that caused the error is one such example.
 - Browser: Sometimes, the main culprit is your browser. So the browser you are using may have some issues.
 - DNS Issue: Finally, it could be a DNS issue, which can be the ultimate resolve. DNS translates the website name to the IP address and then connects to the website. In some cases, the DNS may be corrupted, and you may see a twitch error code 5000.
How to Fix Twitch Error 5000
To fix Twitch Error 5000, here are a couple of solutions that you can try:
Fix 1: Enable Flash Player
If you're getting this error when only using Chrome, it is a good idea to launch Flash Player. To launch the Flash Player, you can follow these steps:
 1. First, launch the Chrome browser on your computer.
 2. Then type Chrome://settings in the URL field and press Enter.
 3. This will take you to the settings page, scroll down from here, and click on Advanced.
 4. Now select the content settings.
 5. Then select Flash.
 6. Finally, turn on the Flash with the toggle button.
However, if this method does not work for you, here are some other solutions you can try:
Fix 2: Clear cookies and cache
Sometimes error 5000 occurs because the twitch server is inaccessible, which means it's a temporary issue. However, our browsers store cache and use them every time we try to access the website. So there are potential chances of conflict between website and cache files.
The cache browser does not allow the website to be loaded from the current time. Instead, the cache shows a copy of the website previously stored on your computer. This way, your website will load faster. Sometimes, the cache will not be updated on a recent web page. As a result, you will get a similar error even if the website is active. Therefore, cache clearing is the best option.
 1. Open history by pressing Ctrl + H.
 2. Click on clear browsing data.
 3. A window appears, in that click on Advanced Tab.
 4. In Time range, click on All time and tick all the boxes you see.
 5. Click on Clear Data.
 6. After this, restart your browser and check if the issue is resolved.
Fix 3: Disable extensions
Finally, you can disable extensions. Many users have complained that Twitch is not working in Chrome. This occurs due to conflict in some extensions. So, you can try disabling them and see if everything works properly. To disable extensions, you can follow these steps:
 1. Launch Chrome.
 2. In the address bar, type Chrome://extensions and press Enter. If you are using Firefox, you will need to type about: addons in the address bar and press Enter.
 3. Then here, you will find a list of extensions or plugins.
 4. Disable all plugins and extensions one by one.
 5. Now check if you are facing Twitch Error 5000 or not.
Additionally, you should pay extra attention to the extensions that are recently installed in your browser.
Fix 4: Use another browser.
Suppose you are still getting the error. It's a good idea to change your browser and see if everything works properly. For example, if you have a problem with Chrome, try downloading Mozilla Firefox and see if you get the same error. You can also test Microsoft's Edge browser and look for the issue. Similarly, if you are a Firefox user, try other browsers and see if it fixes the problem.

About the author
Sandip Lokhande
I'm a Blogger and very much Innovative and up to date. Also I would like to write about Technology, Business, Software, Finance & Gadgets. You can connect with me on - _EMAIL_
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_USER_{10.25259/KPJ_6_2021, title = {An unusual presentation of biotinidase deficiency in infant: High anion gap metabolic acidosis}, author = {Wali, Pooja Shashidhar and Tauro, Preetham and Hegde, Pavan and Khan, Habeeb Ullah and Jaidev, M. D}, abstract = { Biotinidase deficiency (BTD) is hereditary autosomal recessive disorder with higher morbidity and mortality if left untreated. We report this case to increase awareness about BTD, presenting with infantile seizures, encephalopathy with high anion gap metabolic acidosis, eczema and to emphasize the importance of early diagnosis in reversal of metabolic acidosis and seizures refractory to multiple anticonvulsants with biotin replacement. }, volume = 36, journal = {Karnataka Pediatric Journal}, issn = {0975-5152}, url = {_URL_ doi = {10.25259/KPJ_6_2021} }


How To Get Old Pecan Trees To Produce
Getting an old pecan tree to produce.
If your pecan tree harvest is declining, and you have not changed your maintenance habits, you might be dealing with an old tree that is just slowing down.
You can rejuvenate old pecan trees and get them to produce by interrupting the alternate-bearing process. This is done through proper maintenance, such as fertilizing correctly, sticking to a watering schedule, and managing common diseases. Extensive pruning, if done correctly, can also revive an old tree.
Pecan trees will start producing at different ages, depending on whether they were grafted or not. Grafted trees tend to produce earlier, starting at around 5 years old. Native trees can take anywhere from 10-15 years to begin production.
Once the production begins, trees can produce a crop every year, although some years will be lighter than others. This cycle of heavy production followed by light production is called alternate bearing (sourceOpens in a new tab.).
Pecan trees can live for over 100 years, with some reaching over 300 years old. Some trees will produce good harvests well into their old age, but most begin declining after 50-60 years of age.
If you aren't sure how old your tree is, you can roughly gauge the age of a tree by multiplying the diameter of the trunk in inches by the growth factor (how much it grows per year in inches).
If your tree is over 50 years old, consider the following rejuvenating tips.
Rejuvenating Old Pecan Trees
Rejuvenating old pecan trees is a process that takes time, effort, and a lot of love. To revive your aging pecan tree, take a look at the following recommendations.
Alternate Bearing
It is normal for pecan trees to go through periods of alternate bearing. This is partly due to the tree's life cycle. Pecan trees:
 1. Produce their harvest in the fall, which does not give the tree much time to save nutrients (particularly carbohydrates) before winter.
 2. Require large amounts of carbohydrates to produce the fats in the pecan nut.
This combination of draining the tree of carbohydrates and giving it a little amount of time to make up for that loss will naturally cause years of lighter harvests.
This is a natural cycle, even if the tree is healthy. However, the older a tree gets, the more prominent this cycle becomes. You can interrupt alternate bearing with good fertilization techniques.
The key to fertilizing pecan trees is balance. Over-fertilized trees will have softer limbs and fruits and untimely production (sourceOpens in a new tab.), while under-fertilized trees will produce poor yields and become susceptible to pests and diseases.
Two of the most important nutrients for pecan tree production are zinc and nitrogen. Both encourage leaf growth, which directly impacts nut production. It takes about 10 leaf compounds (gatherings of multiple leaves) to support one nut.
The best technique is to do a soil and leaf analysis to determine their nutritional makeup and to supplement accordingly. If that is not possible, apply "complete" fertilizer (like 12-12-12, or 10-10-10).
If you decide to apply nitrogen and/or zinc-specific fertilizers, consult NMSU's fertilization suggestionsOpens in a new tab. for application guidance.
Apply the fertilizer in mid-March. In mature trees, apply another round in the late summer if the crop is heavy, as those nutrients will need to be replaced for the next year.
To determine the amount, measure the width of the tree trunk in inches 4 feet from the ground. For each inch of width, spread 4 pounds of fertilizer but do not use more than 25 pounds. Start a few feet away from the trunk and move towards the edge of the branches (sourceOpens in a new tab.).
Irrigation Tips
Years of neglect can compound and speed up the aging process in pecan trees. Reintroducing proper maintenance can jolt a tree back into production. Since pecan trees need a lot of water, you may need to modify your irrigation schedule.
Over the years, inadequate watering will cause stunted roots, and they will not be able to reach water from the subsoil. The tree will stay small and the nuts will be small and hard. Overall, this could cut a tree's lifespan short.
Good watering habits can be hard for homeowners, because at the peak nut production stage a tree may need up to 350 gallons a day. Some of this will come from the soil. However, if insufficient watering habits continue, it can induce alternate bearing.
Depending on the soil type, your tree will need anywhere from 2"-6" of water 1-2 times a week. Sandy soil may need more water more frequently since it drains quickly. Loamy soils will need closer to 3" of water a week, and hard soils may need less because they do not drain well.
Water should soak in up to 3 feet deep from the trunk to the drip line (the edge of the branches). Sprinklers will not provide enough water to maintain both your lawn and the tree. Use soaking treatments, like soaker or drip hosesOpens in a new tab. (link to Amazon), evenly spaced underneath the canopy of the tree reaching from the trunk to the drip line. Start deep watering in March and continue through October.
Nuts fulfill their sizing stage (physical enlargement) from May to August; inadequate watering at this point will result in smaller nuts. Watering is also essential in the first few weeks of September when nuts reach the filling stage (August through October).
Managing Diseases
Newer pecan tree varieties are resistant to certain pests and diseases, especially common ones. Old trees do not have this modified protection, so you will need to actively manage disease threats.
The most prominent disease in pecan trees is pecan scab, especially in older trees that cannot naturally resist the disease's mutations.
Fusicladium effusum, the responsible fungi, can lay dormant in foliage over the winter and grow in early spring rains. The fungi can spread when old foliage and nuts are not cleared from beneath trees before the winter and when trees are poorly ventilated. Infected trees can potentially lose an entire crop (sourceOpens in a new tab.).
To help prevent pecan scab, remove fallen leaves and debris from around the tree just before winter. Create airflow through the tree by keeping branches cut back and thinned; the airflow will dry out potential breeding grounds for the fungi.
Rejuvenation Pruning
Rejuvenation pruning for old trees includes controversial techniques. Older advice suggests cutting back major portions of the tree at one time, but this may stunt growth. Pruning is effective, but only if it's done correctly.
Proper pruning should happen in smaller chunks. Remove dead and diseased branches annually, along with overcrowded branches. Thin these out enough to let enough sunlight reach the center of the tree.
Do not "de-horn" your tree. This technique, also known as pollarding, involves cutting each branch at the same point each year to permanently stunt the tree. This weakens the tree over time and will only produce suckers and water sprouts.
Instead, plan a long-term pruning schedule that spans over at least 3 years. Remove a few major branches each year when the tree is dormant, but do not cut them all the way back to the trunk. Leave a small stub, as this will reduce the risk of wood rot.
Starting Pecan Trees
You can enjoy a lifetime of abundant pecan harvests if you plant a tree correctly the first time. Make sure you plant trees in rich, loamy soil to provide nutrition and adequate water retention.
Space trees appropriately so they have ample room to grow. Finally, make sure you plant enough trees to cross-pollinate to ensure heavy nut production.
See our guide on starting pecan trees from cuttings.
Space and Soil Conditions
Trees need space for a large root system. Plant your new tree at least 40 feet away from other trees so they do not compete for water and nutrients. Keep them a similar distance away from buildings as well.
Pecan trees can survive in different types of soil, but the soil must be able to drain. Loamy soils are ideal, but sandy soils will work if you can replace the quick drainage with frequent irrigation and apply compost each spring. Hard soils are least conducive, as they will waterlog the roots.
Pecan trees are monoecious, meaning they produce both male and female flowers. If a tree's male flowers are ready first, the tree is Type I (male). If the female flower is ready first, the tree is Type II (female).
Since the flowers are not typically ready at the same time on the same tree, a second tree is usually needed. They need to be ready at coordinating times (male flowers on one tree are ready at the same time female flowers are ready on the other).
Consult your local extension office to see which trees coordinate well in your area. Plant them within 150 feet of each other, but not less than 40 feet.
Old pecan trees' crops will eventually slow down, but you can rejuvenate them with a few simple steps. Proper maintenance and pruning techniques can bring an old tree back to life. If you plan on starting trees, starting