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I'm kind of new with objective c and I'm trying to pass an argument by reference but is behaving like it were a value. Do you know why this doesn't work?
This is the function:
- (void) checkRedColorText:(UILabel *)labelToChange {
 NSComparisonResult startLaterThanEnd = [startDate compare:endDate];
 if (startLaterThanEnd == NSOrderedDescending){
 labelToChange.textColor = [UIColor redColor];
 labelToChange.textColor = [UIColor blackColor];
And this the call:
UILabel *startHourLabel; (this is properly initialized in other part of the code)
[self checkRedColorText:startHourLabel];
Thanks for your help
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What do you mean by "behaving like it were a value"? – Ben Zotto May 23 '10 at 16:49
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5 Answers
up vote 32 down vote accepted
Jared P is wrong, objective-C only support passing parameters by value. The problem here has probably been fixed already (Since this question is more than a year old) but I need to clarify some things regarding arguments and Objective-C.
Objective-C is a strict superset of C which means that everything C does, Obj-C does it too.
By having a quick look at Wikipedia, you can see that Function parameters are always passed by value
Objective-C is no different. What's happening here is that whenever we are passing an object to a function (In this case a UILabel *), we pass the value contained at the pointer's address.
Whatever you do, it will always be the value of what you are passing. If you want to pass the value of the reference you would have to pass it a **object (Like often seen when passing NSError).
This is the same thing with scalars, they are passed by value, hence you can modify the value of the variable you received in your method and that won't change the value of the original variable that you passed to the function.
Here's an example to ease the understanding:
- (void)parentFunction {
 int i = 0;
 [self modifyValueOfPassedArgument:i];
 //i == 0 still!
- (void)modifyValueOfPassedArgument:(NSInteger)j {
 //j == 0! but j is a copied variable. It is _NOT_ i
 j = 23;
 //j now == 23, but this hasn't changed the value of i.
If you wanted to be able to modify i, you would have to pass the value of the reference by doing the following:
- (void)parentFunction {
 int i = 0; //Stack allocated. Kept it that way for sake of simplicity
 [self modifyValueOfPassedReference:&i];
 //i == 23!
- (void)modifyValueOfPassedReference:(NSInteger *)j {
 //j == 0, and this points to i! We can modify i from here.
 *j = 23;
 //j now == 23, and i also == 23!
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Yep, I solved this long time ago... :) But thanks for your answer – Rafael Oct 9 '11 at 1:52
Technically, yes, you only pass the primitives by value. However this is entirely misleading in that while the pointer to an object is passed by value, that pointer is pointing to the same object. As there is NO OTHER WAY TO PASS (or deal with) OBJECTS, objects are always passed by reference. The only time they behave as if they're not is if OP said labelToChange = nil; or something like that, but that's something everyone here knows wouldn't work and aren't discussing. – Jared Pochtar Oct 22 '11 at 16:49
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Objective-C, like Java, only has pass-by-value. Like Java, objects are always accessed through pointers. "objects" are never values directly, hence you never assign or pass an object. You are passing an object pointer by value. But that does not seem to be the issue -- you are trying to modify the object pointed to by the pointer, which is perfectly allowed and has nothing to do with pass-by-value vs. pass-by-reference. I don't see any problem with your code.
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+1 for the java comparison – Matt Logan Nov 11 '13 at 2:24
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In objective-c, there is no way to pass objects by value (unless you explicitly copy it, but that's another story). Poke around your code -- are you sure checkRedColorText: is called? What about [startDate compare:endDate], does it ever not equal NSOrderedDescending? Is labelToChange nil?
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In the method, NSOrderedDescending sometimes is true as I expected. The label is no nil. Actually, if I wired labelToChange to startHourLabel it works... It seems to me that is behaving like if I were passing the label as a value and not as a reference :S.. I don't understand.. Thanks for your help! – Rafael May 24 '10 at 7:25
What do you mean by " wired labelToChange to startHourLabel"? You can't wire a method argument to anything except by passing it as a parameter. – JeremyP May 24 '10 at 9:49
I mean by wiring to don't use labelToChange and use the startHourLabel variable directly(just for debugging puroposes). The startHourLabel is global and it could be reach in the method. But I want to use the same method for other labels in the view. That's why I added the labelToChange parameter. Thanks! – Rafael May 24 '10 at 17:48
gah! Global Variables == BAD. Refactor the code, then come back to this. Basically, I stand by what I said before; it is impossible to pass objects by value in objective-c; therefore this is not the problem. Far more likely it has something to do with your using of a global variable. – Jared Pochtar May 24 '10 at 20:05
Actually, I just went back and read the problem and i think _USER_ might have been partially right -- does the line 'UILabel *startHourLabel;' actually exist in the same method as the checkRedColorText: call? If so, and it is a global variable, you would be redeclaring the variable in local scope, and basically that means it ignores the previous definition. If so, it would not be pointing to the real label. If the variable is declared globally in the same file as the calling method, just leave out the line redeclaring it. If not, replace it with 'extern UILabel *startHourLabel;' – Jared Pochtar May 24 '10 at 20:13
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Did you edit out code between this line
UILabel *startHourLabel;
and this line?
[self checkRedColorText:startHourLabel];
If not, the problem is that you're re-declaring your startHourLabel variable, so you're losing any sort of initialization that was there previously. You should be getting a compiler error here.
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Presumably that was for illustrative purposes, because if nothing else, there would (likely) be an EXE_BAD_ACCESS if you did anything with an uninitialized local variable. – Jared Pochtar May 23 '10 at 16:50
Hello, thanks. No the startHourLabel is not there, the initialization is other part of the code. I declared it in the interface and I made a constructor for it. I'm not having errors there... – Rafael May 24 '10 at 7:24
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Here are the possibilities for why this doesn't work:
 1. the label you pass in to checkRedColorText is not the one you think it is.
 2. the comparison result is always coming out the same way.
 3.... actually, there is no 3.
You claim you initialised startHourLabel elsewhere, but, if it is a label from a nib file, you should not be initialising it at all. It should be declared as an IBOutlet and connected to the label in the nib with interface builder.
If it is not a label in the nib i.e. you are deliberately creating it programmatically, you need to check the address of the label you initialise and check the address of the label passed in to checkRedColorText. Either NSLog its address at initialisation and in checkRedColorText or inspect it with the debugger.
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Bop Concept
The Base of the Pyramid (BoP) is a demographic term that covers the approximately four and a half billion people who live on less than USD $8 per day at the base of the global economic pyramid. Companies have traditionally not considered this group as a potential market because of the low income of the households. As a result, income poor communities often lack competition, which leads to a poverty penalty where poor people often overpay for goods and services of low quality. However, by applying disruptive, new technologies and creating more inclusive business models, it is possible to generate innovative new commercial opportunities with tremendous potential to both scale laterally as well as "trickle up" to the top.


text:
Date of Award:
Master of Landscape Architecture (MLA)
Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning
This study had two goals: first, to establish a need to use native plant materials for planting and revegetation of highway right of ways in Utah; and secondly, to develop a list of potential native plants sui table for hi.ghway planting in Utah. To accomplish these two goals, three steps were completed. Correspondence was exchanged with officials of other state highway departments to determine their attitudes concerning the use of native plants for highway planting. Second, a case study was completed on two sections of the Interstate Highway system in the Weber-Davis area of Utah. This was done to document the present planting practices of the Utah Department of Transportation. The survival rate of the plants planted by Utah Department of Transportation was determined to be moderate to low, while native species have revegetated and were surviving without special maintenance. It was determined that there was a need to utilize native plants for highway planting in Utah. Third, a list of native plants was developed to provide a potential list of species suitable for highway planting and revegetation.
Carlson, Richard Llewellyn, "Applicability of Using Native Plant Species for Highway Planting in Utah" (1977). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 1656.
Copyright for this work is retained by the student. If you have any questions regarding the inclusion of this work in the Digital Commons, please email us at.

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Hephaestian Plane, Vulgo Vulcani (3.5e Environment)
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A plane handed down from the overdeity Hephaestian, ancient blacksmith of the gods. Vulgo Vulcani is a plane without equal in the pursuance of the finest materials and techniques of blacksmithing. Many worlds are earthlike with no particular dominant element but each planet has something in common. The rarest ores in the multiverse can be found here and blacksmithing is substantially easier due to the magic of this dimension. Xemus's the son of Hephaestus inherited this plane from him as he himself passed into nothingness. The legendary volcano forge of hephaestus exists here on Vulgo Vulcani, Xemus's world, for his own use.
Plane Traits[edit]
Physical Traits[edit]
 - Gravity: Normal:The usual rules for ability scores, carrying capacity, and encumbrance apply.
Subjective Directional Gravity: located in forgeries by blacksmiths, allows for better weaponsmithing and while used to smith offers +5 bonus for every wisdom bonus above 16.
 - Time: Flowing Time, slowed: Time still passes, but the effects of time are diminished.This affects hunger, thirst, aging, the effects of poison, and healing.
 - Size: Finite Size: This plane though finite is extremely vast to encompass all the rarest maetrials and ores in the multiverse.
 - Morphic: Alterable Morphic: objects remain where they are (and what they are) unless affected by physical force or magic. You can change the immediate environment as a result of tangible effort
Magic, Alignment, and Energy/Elemental Traits[edit]
 - Elemental Dominance:
Fire: The forging capabilities of this plane are extraoridnary. The Fire dominant sections of this plane are located entirely within specific starforges which must be entered to use. When entered unprotected wood, paper, cloth, and other flammable materials catch fire almost immediately, and those wearing unprotected flammable clothing catch on fire. In addition, individuals take 3d10 points of fire damage every round they are in a star forge unless magically protected. Those that are made of water take double damage each round. In the grand starforge in the form of a volcano on the planet Vulgo Vulcanis individuals incur 6d20dmg of fire damage every round while while those made of water burst into flames and are killed instantly.
 - Energy Dominance:
Positive: Other than the forges the planets can be described as a riotous explosion of life in all its forms. Colors are brighter, fires are hotter, noises are louder, and sensations are more intense as a result of the positive energy swirling through the plane. All individuals in this plane gain fast healing 2 as an extraordinary ability.
 - Alignment Trait:
The Hephaestus plane Vulgo Vulcani is considered mildly neutral-aligned, though it may contain high concentrations of evil or good, law or chaos in places.
 - Magic Trait:
Enhanced: Magic of the fire element are enhanced to double their strength or damage in a forge or blacksmith area.
Plane Links[edit]
This plane can only be accessed through an ritual known as the Path Forge. Access can then be accessed through the gateway at any time.
Plane Inhabitants[edit]
VulgansHumanoid people though appear to have much stronger body builds for both male and female counterparts. They create weapons and armor for warring countries and are intelligent as well as versetile in the way they conduct themselves.
Movement and Combat[edit]
Normal: movement and combat is normal done the same as through the material plane.
Features of the Plane[edit]
Vast and spacelike the plane is almost exactly like the material plane but the positive energy makes everything much more lively. The massive forge constructs located on every planet to make the most powerfull equipment are entered by only the most revered blacksmiths. There are towns cities people, dungeons, monsters, and even dragons. Though everything is slightly stronger than normal
Plane Encounters[edit]
More vibrant colored versions of monsters exist here. They are also much stronger than normal due to having survived the extreme war prowess of this plane. Rare ruins or deposits of rare ore are usually guarded by powerfull constructs or monsters that protect it with their lives.
Alternate Variances[edit]
Planets can be whatever you can imagine, though, think medevil earth. monsters are much stronger than normal, usually a simple kobold has double hitpoints, attack, and damage than normal. Forges greatly inhance craft skills and illemenate xp cost for creating any type of item. amount of days to make also decrese by half as also cost. While using a starforge caster level required is ignored. though caster/creater level of 25 must be had to enter.
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text:
SQLite::VirtualTable::Pivot::Cursor - a cursor for a pivot table query
Objects in this class represent cursors for queries on pivot tables.
They maintatin a statement handle corresponding to an unpivotted query on the base table. The pivotting operation is done one row at a time, as data is returned; i.e. we order by the id, and group on the fly.
It must be possible for multiple cursors to exist at once on the same pivot table, in case it occurs more than once in a query.


different at different points, as illustrated in Fig. 5.6. This is because the plate characteristic of the diode is not a straight line.
The resistance offered by a diode to alternating current is known as ac plate resistance, rp. It is defined as the ratio of a small change in plate voltage across a diode to the resulting change in plate current i.e.,
AC plate resistance,
For the operating point P on the plate characteristic, the inverse of the slope of the tangent line to the characteristic at point P provides ac plate resistance.
As the tubes are generally operated with ac, therefore, ac plate resistance is much more important than dc plate resistance. The ac plate resistance can be determined from plate characteristic by considering a small change of plate voltage half way on each side of the operating point. The ac plate resistance of a diode is also called its dynamic resistance.


e., with replacement) but disregarding different orderings (e.g. {2,1,2} = {1,2,2}). Associate an index to each element of S and think of the elements of S as types of objects, then we can let denote the number of elements of type i in a multisubset. The number of multisubsets of size k is then the number of nonnegative integer (so allowing zero) solutions of the Diophantine equation:[11]
If S has n elements, the number of such k-multisubsets is denoted by
a notation that is analogous to the binomial coefficient which counts k-subsets. This expression, n multichoose k,[12] can also be given in terms of binomial coefficients:
This relationship can be easily proved using a representation known as stars and bars.[13]
Proof
A solution of the above Diophantine equation can be represented by stars, a separator (a bar), then more stars, another separator, and so on. The total number of stars in this representation is k and the number of bars is n - 1 (since a separation into n parts needs n-1 separators). Thus, a string of k + n - 1 (or n + k - 1) symbols (stars and bars) corresponds to a solution if there are k stars in the string. Any solution can be represented by choosing k out of k + n − 1 positions to place stars and filling the remaining positions with bars. For example, the solution of the equation (n = 4 and k = 10) can be represented by[14]
The number of such strings is the number of ways to place 10 stars in 13 positions, which is the number of 10-multisubsets of a set with 4 elements.
Bijection between 3-subsets of a 7-set (left) and 3-multisets with elements from a 5-set (right).
This illustrates that .
As with binomial coefficients, there are several relationships between these multichoose expressions. For example, for ,
This identity follows from interchanging the stars and bars in the above representation.[15]
Example of counting multisubsets[edit]
For example, if you have four types of donuts (n = 4) on a menu to choose from and you want three donuts (k = 3), the number of ways to choose the donuts with repetition can be calculated as
This result can be verified by listing all the 3-multisubsets of the set S = {1,2,3,4}. This is displayed in the following table.[16] The second column lists the donuts you actually chose, the third column shows the nonnegative integer solutions of the equation and the last column gives the stars and bars representation of the solutions.[17]
No. 3-multiset Eq. solution Stars and bars
1 {1,1,1} [3,0,0,0]
2 {1,1,2} [2,1,0,0]
3 {1,1,3} [2,0,1,0]
4 {1,1,4} [2,0,0,1]
5 {1,2,2} [1,2,0,0]
6 {1,2,3} [1,1,1,0]
7 {1,2,4} [1,1,0,1]
8 {1,3,3} [1,0,2,0]
9 {1,3,4} [1,0,1,1]
10 {1,4,4} [1,0,0,2]
11 {2,2,2} [0,3,0,0]
12 {2,2,3} [0,2,1,0]
13 {2,2,4} [0,2,0,1]
14 {2,3,3} [0,1,2,0]
15 {2,3,4} [0,1,1,1]
16 {2,4,4} [0,1,0,2]
17 {3,3,3} [0,0,3,0]
18 {3,3,4} [0,0,2,1]
19 {3,4,4} [0,0,1,2]
20 {4,4,4} [0,0,0,3]
Number of k-combinations for all k[edit]
The number of k-combinations for all k is the number of subsets of a set of n elements. There are several ways to see that this number is 2n. In terms of combinations, , which is the sum of the nth row (counting from 0) of the binomial coefficients in Pascal's triangle. These combinations (subsets) are enumerated by the 1 digits of the set of base 2 numbers counting from 0 to 2n − 1, where each digit position is an item from the set of n.
Given 3 cards numbered 1 to 3, there are 8 distinct combinations (subsets), including the empty set:
Representing these subsets (in the same order) as base 2 numerals:
 - 0 – 000
 - 1 – 001
 - 2 – 010
 - 3 – 011
 - 4 – 100
 - 5 – 101
 - 6 – 110
 - 7 – 111
Probability: sampling a random combination[edit]
There are various algorithms to pick out a random combination from a given set or list. Rejection sampling is extremely slow for large sample sizes. One way to select a k-combination efficiently from a population of size n is to iterate across each element of the population, and at each step pick that element with a dynamically changing probability of (see Reservoir sampling). Another is to pick a random non-negative integer less than and convert it into a combination using the combinatorial number system.
Number of ways to put objects into bins[edit]
A combination can also be thought of as a selection of two sets of items: those that go into the chosen bin and those that go into the unchosen bin. This can be generalized to any number of bins with the constraint that every item must go to exactly one bin. The number of ways to put objects into bins is given by the multinomial coefficient
where n is the number of items, m is the number of bins, and is the number of items that go into bin i.
One way to see why this equation holds is to first number the objects arbitrarily from 1 to n and put the objects with numbers into the first bin in order, the objects with numbers into the second bin in order, and so on. There are distinct numberings, but many of them are equivalent, because only the set of items in a bin matters, not their order in it. Every combined permutation of each bins' contents produces an equivalent way of putting items into bins. As a result, every equivalence class consists of distinct numberings, and the number of equivalence classes is .
The binomial coefficient is the special case where k items go into the chosen bin and the remaining items go into the unchosen bin:
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
 1. ^ Reichl, Linda E. (2016). "2.2. Counting Microscopic States". A Modern Course in Statistical Physics. WILEY-VCH. p. 30. ISBN 978-3-527-69048-0.
 2. ^ Ryser 1963, p. 7 also referred to as an unordered selection.
 3. ^ Mazur 2010, p. 10
 4. ^ When the term combination is used to refer to either situation (as in (Brualdi 2010)) care must be taken to clarify whether sets or multisets are being discussed.
 5. ^ High School Textbook for full-time student (Required) Mathematics Book II B (in Chinese) (2nd ed.). China: People's Education Press. June 2006. pp. 107–116. ISBN 978-7-107-19616-4.
 6. ^ 人教版高中数学选修2-3 (Mathematics textbook, volume 2-3, for senior high school, People's Education Press). People's Education Press. p. 21.
 7. ^ Mazur 2010, p. 21
 8. ^ Lucia Moura. "Generating Elementary Combinatorial Objects" (PDF). Site.uottawa.ca. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
 9. ^ "SAGE : Subsets" (PDF). Sagemath.org. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
 10. ^ "Combinations - Rosetta Code".[user-generated source?]
 11. ^ Brualdi 2010, p. 52
 12. ^ Benjamin & Quinn 2003, p. 70
 13. ^ In the article Stars and bars (combinatorics) the roles of n and k are reversed.
 14. ^ Benjamin & Quinn 2003, pp. 71 –72
 15. ^ Benjamin & Quinn 2003, p. 72 (identity 145)
 16. ^ Benjamin & Quinn 2003, p. 71
 17. ^ Mazur 2010, p. 10 where the stars and bars are written as binary numbers, with stars = 0 and bars = 1.
References[edit]
External links[edit]


text:
The National Programme LEADER+ has two general development objectives:
Integrated, high-quality, sustainable development of the countryside, by means of pilot implementations.
Support for the endeavour to end the isolation of various regions, on all levels of economic and social life.
These objectives are attained locally through the implementation of an integrated strategy, which is structured around one important thematic axis, characterizing the identity of the region, the 'Priority Theme'. The 'priority themes' of our country's local programmes are as follows:
- Improvement of quality of life in the implementation regions.
- Use of contemporary technology and expertise to improve the competitiveness of products and services.
- Utilization of local products and facilitation of access to markets by strengthening relations among sectors, mainly for small-scale productive enterprises.
- Making the best use of natural and cultural resources, including enhancing the value of sites of Community interest selected under Natura 2000.


You probably do not come from: Bulgaria. If necessary, change to: United States
 1. Homepage
 2. Safety light curtains and grids by application
 3. Technology
Technology overview - safety light curtains
The primary goal of machine safety is to minimise the risk of possible injuries or damage to equipment and surroundings.This can be achieved through:
 - Avoiding the risk during the design phase of the equipment
 - Constructing physical barriers
 - Using signage and operator training
 - Using functional safety devices such as safety proximity sensors, light curtains, and light grids
Functional safety standards
In manufacturing, there is no such thing as zero risk.Risk can be evaluated and reduced to a tolerable level."Functional safety" involves determining how much harm a situation can cause and control it by means of safety-related devices.
ifm cannot perform a risk assessment on applications.We promote light curtains and grids with the highest protection:
 - Type 4
 - SIL 3
 - SIL cl 3
 - PL e
There are several standards for machine safety.
 - IEC 61508 is an international standard for functional safety for electric, electronic and programmable electronic devices.It defines the requirements for design, operation and maintenance of systems to meet a certain Safety Integrity Level (SIL).It is the reference standard, but other sector-specific standards are derived from IEC 61508.
 - ISO 13849-1 defines the requirements for Performance Level (PL) for electric, electronic and programmable electronic devices specifically for machinery.
 - IEC 62061 defines the requirements for Safety Integrity Level claim limit (SIL cl) for electric, electronic and programmable electronic devices as well as non-electrical machinery such as hydraulics and pneumatics.
 - IEC 61511 defines the requirements for Safety Integrity Level (SIL) for process automation.
 - IEC 61496-1 and -2 definethe requirements specifically for photoelectric devices like light curtains and grids (Type).
Terminology
Safety light curtains vs. safety light grids.
A safety light curtainissimilar to a photoelectric through-beam sensor in that ithasa transmitter and receiver.Multiple beams of infrared light surround the hazardous area and when interrupted, the light curtain sends a signal to the machine's E-Stop circuit.Light curtains have several closely positioned beams of light (14…90 mm apart depending on the resolution) while light grids only have a few beams of light (2, 3 or 4) spaced much further apart (300…500 mm).Depending on the resolution, light curtains can be used for finger, hand or body protection, while light grids are used only for body protection.
Type 2 vs. Type 4 light curtains and grids
When the functional safety device used is a photoelectric device, i.e. a light curtain or grid as opposed to an inductive proximity sensor, "Type" is used to define requirements in accordance with IEC 61496-1 and -2.
 Type 2 Type 4
Control reliable Checks for faults during start-up or re-start. Continuously monitors itself for faults.
Effective aperture
angle (EAA)
5° EAA. Light beam may find unsafe alternate path when mounted near shiny surfaces known as an optical short circuit. 2.5° EAA. Tighter effective aperture angle reduces risk of optical short circuit.
Redundant circuitry Not required. Includes duplicate critical components and circuits in order to provide a back-up system should the primary system fail.
Achievable safety
level
SIL cl 1 and PL c. Meets the highest maximum achievable safety level requirements according to IEC61496: SIL cl 3 and PL e.
Cost Lower cost. Typically higher cost … but ifm Type 4 light curtain prices are comparable to Type 2 light curtain prices.
Protected area height and width
Protected area height is not the overall length of the safety light curtain or grid.Rather, it is the area between the first and last light beam.Our safety light curtains offer protective heights from 160 to 1810 mm in increments of 150 mm and our safety light grids range from 500 to 900 mm.
The protected area width is the distance between the transmitter and receiver.It can also be thought of as range.All of our safety light curtains and grids can operate in high intensity mode, which increases the range.This is selectable via wiring.See below for details.
Access prevention vs. primary guarding
Access prevention refers to light curtains placed in close proximity to the machine to deny access to the dangerous areas.Primary guarding refers to light curtains or grids that are positioned around the perimeter of the machine to prevent access to the general area.
Resolution
Resolution is the sum of the diameter of a lens and the centre-to-centre distance between adjacent lenses.Objects larger than the resolution cannot pass through the protected area without causing a fault.The smaller the resolution, the smaller the object the light curtain can detect.
Muting applications
Muting temporarily overrides the safety function.Typical applications allow material being produced to pass through the light curtain or grid while denying operators access to the unsafe area.Muting is accomplished with ifm light curtains and grids by using them in conjunction with the G2001S safety relay.
A palletiser erects a pallet of kegs and places it on a conveyor. Muting sensors are tripped and the pallet is allowed to leave the area (moving from right to left in the image.) If an operator attempts to enter the palletising area, the light curtain will detect his presence and cut power to the machine.
Blanking applications
Blanking allows 1, 2 or 3 consecutive beams to be broken without interrupting the safety circuit. These types of light curtains are generally used for material feed or exit applications.Floating blanking allows beams to be randomly broken within the protected area.The permanent blanking mode allows an object to be permanently in the protected area without disrupting the safety circuit.The mode of operation of ifm's blanking light curtains can be selected via wiring.
Steel plates are conveyed to a stamping press. The bottom of the beams can be triggered without interrupting the safety circuit. However, if an operator tries to reach into the press, the machine will stop immediately.
Cascading applications
Cascading allows multiple light curtains connected in series to create custom shapes.ifm does not offer cascading light curtains at this time.Each light curtain requires its own safety relay.
A light curtain can be mounted vertically against a machine, and a second one mounted horizontally in front of it.


fast drumming
 1. How do I drum faster? Why speed is a byproduct of control (2021 – Updated)
 Posted in: Blog
 When engaged in a new hobby, it's natural that we want to progress as quickly as possible. For many beginner drummers, that means wanting to play beats faster. We all look forward to that moment when we can rock out at higher speeds to our favorite songs. There is definitely something exhilarating and hugely satisfying about drumming at faster tempos. Still, our obsession for speed can often lead to inadvertent neglect of the foundation that helps build control. There is… Read More


298
I have been reading some articles on memory leaks in Android and watched this interesting video from Google I/O on the subject.
Still, I don't fully understand the concept, and especially when it is safe or dangerous to user inner classes inside an Activity.
This is what I understood:
A memory leak will occur if an instance of an inner class survives longer than its outer class (an Activity). -> In which situations can this happen?
In this example, I suppose there is no risk of leak, because there is no way the anonymous class extending OnClickListener will live longer than the activity, right?
 final Dialog dialog = new Dialog(this);
 dialog.setContentView(R.layout.dialog_generic);
 Button okButton = (Button) dialog.findViewById(R.id.dialog_button_ok);
 TextView titleTv = (TextView) dialog.findViewById(R.id.dialog_generic_title);
 // *** Handle button click
 okButton.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
 public void onClick(View v) {
 dialog.dismiss();
 }
 });
 titleTv.setText("dialog title");
 dialog.show();
Now, is this example dangerous, and why?
// We are still inside an Activity
_handlerToDelayDroidMove = new Handler();
_handlerToDelayDroidMove.postDelayed(_droidPlayRunnable, 10000);
private Runnable _droidPlayRunnable = new Runnable() {
 public void run() {
 _someFieldOfTheActivity.performLongCalculation();
 }
};
I have a doubt regarding the fact that understanding this topic has to do with understanding in detail what is kept when an activity is destroyed and re-created.
Is it?
Let say I just changed the orientation of the device (which is the most common cause of leaks). When super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) will be called in my onCreate(), will this restore the values of the fields (as they were before orientation change)? Will this also restore the states of inner classes?
I realize my question is not very precise, but I'd really appreciate any explanation that could make things clearer.
612
What you are asking is a pretty tough question. While you may think it is just one question, you are actually asking several questions at once. I'll do my best with the knowledge that I have to cover it and, hopefully, some others will join in to cover what I may miss.
Nested Classes: Introduction
As I'm not sure how comfortable you are with OOP in Java, this will hit a couple of basics. A nested class is when a class definition is contained within another class. There are basically two types: Static Nested Classes and Inner Classes. The real difference between these are:
 - Static Nested Classes:
 - Are considered "top-level".
 - Do not require an instance of the containing class to be constructed.
 - May not reference the containing class members without an explicit reference.
 - Have their own lifetime.
 - Inner Nested Classes:
 - Always require an instance of the containing class to be constructed.
 - Automatically have an implicit reference to the containing instance.
 - May access the container's class members without the reference.
 - Lifetime is supposed to be no longer than that of the container.
Garbage Collection and Inner Classes
Garbage Collection is automatic but tries to remove objects based on whether it thinks they are being used. The Garbage Collector is pretty smart, but not flawless. It can only determine if something is being used by whether or not there is an active reference to the object.
The real issue here is when a inner class has been kept alive longer than its container. This is because of the implicit reference to the containing class. The only way this can occur is if an object outside of the containing class keeps a reference to the inner object, without regard to the containing object.
This can lead to a situation where the inner object is alive (via reference) but the references to the containing object has already been removed from all other objects. The inner object is, therefore, keeping the containing object alive because it will always have a reference to it. The problem with this is that unless it is programmed, there is no way to get back to the containing object to check if it is even alive.
The most important aspect to this realization is that it makes no difference whether it is in an Activity or is a drawable. You will always have to be methodical when using inner classes and make sure that they never outlive objects of the container. Luckily, if it isn't a core object of your code, the leaks may be small in comparison. Unfortunately, these are some of the hardest leaks to find, because they are likely to go unnoticed until many of them have leaked.
Solutions: Inner Classes
 - Gain temporary references from the containing object.
 - Allow the containing object to be the only one to keep long-lived references to the inner objects.
 - Use established patterns such as the Factory.
 - If the inner class does not require access to the containing class members, consider turning it into a static class.
 - Use with caution, regardless of whether it is in an Activity or not.
Activities and Views: Introduction
Activities contain a lot of information to be able to run and display. Activities are defined by the characteristic that they must have a View. They also have certain automatic handlers. Whether you specify it or not, the Activity has an implicit reference to the View it contains.
In order for a View to be created, it must know where to create it and whether it has any children so that it can display. This means that every View has an reference to the Activity (via getContext()). Moreover, every View keeps references to its children (i.e. getChildAt()). Finally, each View keeps a reference to the rendered Bitmap that represents its display.
Whenever you have a reference to an Activity (or Activity Context), this means that you can follow the ENTIRE chain down the layout hierarchy. This is why memory leaks regarding Activities or Views are such a huge deal. It can be a ton of memory being leaked all at once.
Activities, Views and Inner Classes
Given the information above about Inner Classes, these are the most common memory leaks, but also the most commonly avoided. While it is desirable to have an inner class have direct access to an Activities class members, many are willing to just make them static to avoid potential issues. The problem with Activities and Views goes much deeper than that.
Leaked Activities, Views and Activity Contexts
It all comes down to the Context and the LifeCycle. There are certain events (such as orientation) that will kill an Activity Context. Since so many classes and methods require a Context, developers will sometimes try to save some code by grabbing a reference to a Context and holding onto it. It just so happens that many of the objects we have to create to run our Activity have to exist outside of the Activity LifeCycle in order to allow the Activity to do what it needs to do. If any of your objects happen to have a reference to an Activity, its Context, or any of its Views when it is destroyed, you have just leaked that Activity and its entire View tree.
Solutions: Activities and Views
 - Avoid, at all costs, making a Static reference to a View or Activity.
 - All references to Activity Contexts should be short lived (the duration of the function)
 - If you need a long-lived Context, use the Application Context (getBaseContext() or getApplicationContext()). These do not keep references implicitly.
 - Alternatively, you may limit the destruction of an Activity by overriding Configuration Changes. However, this does not stop other potential events from destroying the Activity. While you can do this, you may still want to refer to the above practices.
Runnables: Introduction
Runnables are actually not that bad. I mean, they could be, but really we've already hit most of the danger zones. A Runnable is an asynchronous operation that performs a task independant from the thread it was created on. Most runnables are instantiated from the UI thread. In essence, using a Runnable is creating another thread, just slightly more managed. If you class a Runnable like a standard class and follow the guidelines above, you should run into few problem. The reality is that many developers do not do this.
Out of ease, readability and logical program flow, many developers utilize Anonymous Inner Classes to define their Runnables, such as the example you create above. This results in an example like the one you typed above. An Anonymous Inner Class is basically a discrete Inner Class. You just don't have to create a whole new definition and simply override the appropriate methods. In all other respects it is a Inner Class, which means that it keeps an implicit reference to its container.
Runnables and Activities/Views
Yay! This section can be short! Due to the fact that Runnables run outside of the current thread, the danger with these comes to long running asynchronous operations. If the runnable is defined in an Activity or View as an Anonymous Inner Class OR nested Inner Class, there are some very serious dangers. This is because, as previously stated, it has to know who its container is. Enter the orientation change (or system kill). Now just refer back


Routing
When a request comes in, Craft goes through several checks when determining where to route the request.
Here is an outline of what that entails:
 1. Should Craft handle this request in the first place?
 It's important to keep in mind that Craft doesn't actually get involved for every request that touches your server – only requests that go to your index.php file.
 The .htaccess file that comes with Craft (opens new window) will redirect all would-be 404 requests over to index.php behind the scenes, which is why Craft is able to respond to URLs that don't point to any actual folder/file in your web root. But if you point your browser directly at a file that does exist (such as a front-end image URL), Apache is going to serve that file directly. Craft won't be summoned for that.
 2. Is it a resource request?
 Resource request URIs begin with cpresources/ (or whatever your resourceTrigger config setting is set to). They are used to serve CP resources, user photos, etc..
 3. Is it an action request?
 Action requests either have a URL which begins with actions/ (or whatever your actionTrigger config setting is set to), or an "action" param in POST or the query string. Action requests get routed to a controller action, which are used to perform… actions. Controller actions are built into the system for core actions, but plugins may also have Controllers that define their own custom actions.
The request doesn't necessarily end after a controller has been called. The controller may allow it to keep going.
 1. Is it an entry/category request?
 If the URI matches an entry's or category's URI, the section's/category group's template will get loaded, and the matched element will be made available to the template via a pre-populated entry or category variable.
 (This step is not actually limited to entries and categories – plugins are also capable of adding their own types of elements, which can opt to have their own dedicated URLs.)
 2. Does the URI match any Dynamic Routes?
 If the URI matches any dynamic routes, the template specified by that route will get loaded. If the route contains any tokens, they will be available as variables to that template.
 3. Does the URI match a template?
 Finally, Craft will see if the URI is a valid template path. If it is, it will return the matched template. Note that if any of the URI segments begin with an underscore (_), Craft will return a 404, since template path segments that begin with an underscore are considered "hidden" from direct access.
 4. 404
 If none of those checks are successful, Craft will return a 404. You can customize your site's 404 page by placing a "404.html" template at the root of your craft/templates/ folder.
# Dynamic Routes
There are times when you want a URL to load a template, but you don't want the URI to match the template path.
A good example of this is dynamic URLs, such as a yearly archive template, where you want the year to be one of the segments in the URL (e.g. "blog/archive/2012"). It would be silly to create a new template for every year. Instead, your best bet is going to be to set up a new Route.
To create a new Route, go to Settings → Routes and click the "New Route" button. A modal window will appear where you can define the route settings:
Routes
The modal has the following settings:
 - What should the URI look like?
 - Which template should get loaded?
The first setting can contain "tokens", which represent a range of possible matches, rather than a specific string. (The "year" token, for example, represents four consecutive digits.) When you click on a token, it will get inserted into the URI setting wherever the cursor is.
So if you want to match URIs that look like blog/archive/2013, you would type blog/archive/ into the URI field, and then click on the "year" token.
Your URI should not begin with a slash (/).
After defining your URI pattern and entering a template path, click the 'Save' button. The modal will close, revealing your new route on the page. Now when you point your browser to _URL_ it will match your new route, and the specified template will get loaded. The value of the 'year' token will also be available to the template as a variable called "year".
# Available Tokens
The following tokens are available to the URI setting:
 - * – Any string of characters, except for a forward slash (/)
 - day – Day of a month (1-31 or 01-31)
 - month – Numeric representation of a month (1-12 or 01-12)
 - number – Any positive integer
 - page – Any positive integer
 - slug – Any string of characters, except for a forward slash (/)
 - tag – Any string of characters, except for a forward slash (/)
 - year – Four consecutive digits
# Advanced Routing
If you need to match a URL pattern that's not covered by the available route tokens and you're comfortable with regular expressions, you can set up your routes in craft/config/routes.php as well. When a request comes in, Craft checks this file first, and then the routes defined in Settings → Routes.
# Basic Syntax
Routes in craft/config/routes.php generally follow this syntax:
'some/uri/pattern' => 'template/path',
Note that you don't need to escape forward slashes; Craft will automatically escape them for you.
If your site is setup with multiple locales, then you can target locale specific routes via:
'global/uri/pattern' => 'global/template/path',
'de' => array(
 'german/only/uri/pattern' => 'german/only/template/path',
),
# Accessing Subpatterns in your Templates
If your route contains any subpatterns, a 'matches' array will be passed to the matched template containing them. For example, with this route:
'news/(\d{4})/(\d{2})' => 'news/_archive',
…if you access _URL_ your news/_archive.html template will get loaded with a matches variable set to this:
array(
 0 => 'news/2014/04',
 1 => '2014',
 2 => '04'
)
If you specify any named subpatterns, then those matches will also get their own normal variables. For example, with this route:
'news/(?P<year>\d{4})/(?P<month>\d{2})' => 'news/_archive',
…if you access _URL_ your news/_archive.html template will get loaded with year and month variables set to 2014 and 04.
# Routing to Controller Actions
You can also set your route to point to a controller action, rather than a template:
'some/uri/pattern' => array('action' => 'action/path'),


.
 - scaleReads: Config where to send the read queries. See below for more details.
 - maxRedirections: When a cluster related error (e.g. MOVED, ASK and CLUSTERDOWN etc.) is received, the client will redirect the command to another node. This option limits the max redirections allowed when sending a command. The default value is 16.
 - retryDelayOnFailover: If the target node is disconnected when sending a command, ioredis will retry after the specified delay. The default value is 100. You should make sure retryDelayOnFailover * maxRedirections > cluster-node-timeout to insure that no command will fail during a failover.
 - retryDelayOnClusterDown: When a cluster is down, all commands will be rejected with the error of CLUSTERDOWN. If this option is a number (by default, it is 100), the client will resend the commands after the specified time (in ms).
 - retryDelayOnTryAgain: If this option is a number (by default, it is 100), the client will resend the commands rejected with TRYAGAIN error after the specified time (in ms).
 - redisOptions: Default options passed to the constructor of Redis when connecting to a node.
 - slotsRefreshTimeout: Milliseconds before a timeout occurs while refreshing slots from the cluster (default 1000)
 - slotsRefreshInterval: Milliseconds between every automatic slots refresh (default 5000)
Read-write splitting
A typical redis cluster contains three or more masters and several slaves for each master. It's possible to scale out redis cluster by sending read queries to slaves and write queries to masters by setting the scaleReads option.
scaleReads is "master" by default, which means ioredis will never send any queries to slaves. There are other three available options:
 1. "all": Send write queries to masters and read queries to masters or slaves randomly.
 2. "slave": Send write queries to masters and read queries to slaves.
 3. a custom function(nodes, command): node: Will choose the custom function to select to which node to send read queries (write queries keep being sent to master). The first node in nodes is always the master serving the relevant slots. If the function returns an array of nodes, a random node of that list will be selected.
For example:
var cluster = new Redis.Cluster([/* nodes */], {
 scaleReads: 'slave'
});
cluster.set('foo', 'bar'); // This query will be sent to one of the masters.
cluster.get('foo', function (err, res) {
 // This query will be sent to one of the slaves.
});
NB In the code snippet above, the res may not be equal to "bar" because of the lag of replication between the master and slaves.
Running commands to multiple nodes
Every command will be sent to exactly one node. For commands containing keys, (e.g. GET, SET and HGETALL), ioredis sends them to the node that serving the keys, and for other commands not containing keys, (e.g. INFO, KEYS and FLUSHDB), ioredis sends them to a random node.
Sometimes you may want to send a command to multiple nodes (masters or slaves) of the cluster, you can get the nodes via Cluster#nodes() method.
Cluster#nodes() accepts a parameter role, which can be "master", "slave" and "all" (default), and returns an array of Redis instance. For example:
// Send 'FLUSHDB' command to all slaves:
var slaves = cluster.nodes('slave');
Promise.all(slaves.map(function (node) {
 return node.flushdb();
}));
// Get keys of all the masters:
var masters = cluster.nodes('master');
Promise.all(masters.map(function (node) {
 return node.keys();
})).then(function (keys) {
 // keys: [['key1', 'key2'], ['key3', 'key4']]
});
Transaction and pipeline in Cluster mode
Almost all features that are supported by Redis are also supported by Redis.Cluster, e.g. custom commands, transaction and pipeline. However there are some differences when using transaction and pipeline in Cluster mode:
 1. All keys in a pipeline should belong to the same slot since ioredis sends all commands in a pipeline to the same node.
 2. You can't use multi without pipeline (aka cluster.multi({ pipeline: false })). This is because when you call cluster.multi({ pipeline: false }), ioredis doesn't know which node the multi command should be sent to.
 3. Chaining custom commands in the pipeline is not supported in Cluster mode.
When any commands in a pipeline receives a MOVED or ASK error, ioredis will resend the whole pipeline to the specified node automatically if all of the following conditions are satisfied:
 1. All errors received in the pipeline are the same. For example, we won't resend the pipeline if we got two MOVED errors pointing to different nodes.
 2. All commands executed successfully are readonly commands. This makes sure that resending the pipeline won't have side effects.
Pub/Sub
Pub/Sub in cluster mode works exactly as the same as in standalone mode. Internally, when a node of the cluster receives a message, it will broadcast the message to the other nodes. ioredis makes sure that each message will only be received once by strictly subscribing one node at the same time.
var nodes = [/* nodes */];
var pub = new Redis.Cluster(nodes);
var sub = new Redis.Cluster(nodes);
sub.on('message', function (channel, message) {
 console.log(channel, message);
});
sub.subscribe('news', function () {
 pub.publish('news', 'highlights');
});
Events
Event Description
connect emits when a connection is established to the Redis server.
ready emits when CLUSTER INFO reporting the cluster is able to receive commands (if enableReadyCheck is true) or immediately after connect event (if enableReadyCheck is false).
error emits when an error occurs while connecting with a property of lastNodeError representing the last node error received. This event is emitted silently (only emitting if there's at least one listener).
close emits when an established Redis server connection has closed.
reconnecting emits after close when a reconnection will be made. The argument of the event is the time (in ms) before reconnecting.
end emits after close when no more reconnections will be made.
+node emits when a new node is connected.
-node emits when a node is disconnected.
node error emits when an error occurs when connecting to a node
Password
Setting the password option to access password-proctected clusters:
var Redis = require('ioredis');
var cluster = new Redis.Cluster(nodes, {
 redisOptions: {
 password: 'your-cluster-password'
 }
});
If some of nodes in the cluster using a different password, you should specify them in the first parameter:
var Redis = require('ioredis');
var cluster = new Redis.Cluster([
 // Use password "password-for-30001" for 30001
 { port: 30001, password: 'password-for-30001'},
 // Don't use password when accessing 30002
 { port: 30002, password: null }
 // Other nodes will use "fallback-password"
], {
 redisOptions: {
 password: 'fallback-password'
 }
});
Error Handling
All the errors returned by the Redis server are instances of ReplyError, which can be accessed via Redis:
var Redis = require('ioredis');
var redis = new Redis();
// This command causes a reply error since the SET command requires two arguments.
redis.set('foo', function (err) {
 err instanceof Redis.ReplyError
});
This is the error stack of the ReplyError:
ReplyError: ERR wrong number of arguments for 'set' command
 at ReplyParser._parseResult (/app/node_modules/ioredis/lib/parsers/javascript.js:60:14)
 at ReplyParser.execute (/app/node_modules/ioredis/lib/parsers/javascript.js:178:20)
 at Socket.<anonymous> (/app/node_modules/ioredis/lib/redis/event_handler.js:99:22)
 at Socket.emit (events.js:97:17)
 at readableAddChunk (_stream_readable.js:143:16)
 at Socket.Readable


text:
"Last month, dozens of scientists warned the prime minister, Rishi Sunak, that allowing industrial-scale exploitation of the seabed could have grave consequences."
By Phillip Pearson
Britain has shifted its position and now backs a moratorium on commercial deep-sea mining, after criticism from scientists, MPs and environmentalists of its previous stance in support of the emerging industry.
According to the Only One campaign:
"Despite formidable lobbying from the mining sector, the previous International Seabed Authority meeting in July 2023 yielded a positive outcome, with no mining regulations adopted that would allow operations to commence. Discussion on the moratorium was officially on the meeting's agenda for the first time in its history."
On 30 October 2023, the UK government announced it would back a temporary suspension on supporting or sponsoring any exploitation licences to mine metals from the sea floor until 'enough scientific evidence' was available to understand the impact on ecosystems.
The threats to deep marine ecosystems are immense and irrecoverable damage is forecast. Last month, dozens of scientists warned the prime minister, Rishi Sunak, that allowing industrial-scale exploitation of the seabed could have grave consequences, both for marine life and for the ability of the ocean – one of the planet's greatest carbon sinks – to absorb carbon dioxide.
You can see what we're up against with this anti-wokery headline from the Telegraph: "Banning it before we explore it? That's Britain alright."
They claim deep sea mining could supply critical minerals that we will need for a green energy transition. It will enable us to massively increase our production of raw materials without creating any ugly eyesores or using up precious space. Yep, that's because it takes place at ocean depths of 12,000 feet or more. Out of sight, out of mind?
- This article was originally published by the Greener Jobs Alliance (GJA) November 2023 Newsletter – you can read the newsletter in full here.
- You can follow the GJA on Facebook and twitter.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Nonlinear Air Acoustics.
Final rept. 1 Feb 71-31 Dec 72,
TEXAS UNIV AUSTIN APPLIED RESEARCH LABS
Pagination or Media Count:
Basic research on nonlinear acoustics in air was performed during calendar years 1971 and 1972. The projects described in this report are as follows Saturation of acoustic waves directional beams of intense sound diffraction of N waves focusing of N waves by a spherical mirror propagation of intense periodic waves in a tube propagation of finite-amplitude noise propagation of intense acoustic signals through the earths atmosphere parametric acoustic array in air and, parametric reception.


text:
Vs > Great Falls, Montana
Hua Hin vs Great Falls, Montana Climate & Distance Between
Hua Hin vs Cordoba Obs, Argentina
Hua Hin vs Gisborne, New Zealand
Hua Hin vs Cortina D'Ampezzo, Italy
Hua Hin vs Uummannaq, Greenland
Great Falls, Montana vs Guangzhou, China
Great Falls, Montana vs Shendi, Sudan
Great Falls, Montana vs Espinosa, Brazil
Great Falls, Montana vs Strasbourg, France
San J. Matas vs Bari/ Palese Macchie
Jacobina vs Columbia, South Carolina
M. Calamita vs Vicosa
Tooele, Ut vs Resia Pass
- The distance between Hua Hin, Thailand and Great Falls, Montana, Usa is approximately 12,650 km or 7,861 mi.
- To reach Hua Hin in this distance one would set out from Great Falls, Montana bearing 326.3° or NNW and follow the great circles arc to approach Hua Hin bearing 202.6° or SSW .
- Hua Hin has a tropical wet and dry/ savanna climate with dry winters (Aw) whereas Great Falls, Montana has a warm summer continental/ hemiboreal climate with no dry season (Dfb).
- Hua Hin is in or near the tropical moist forest biome whereas Great Falls, Montana is in or near the cool temperate steppe biome.
- The annual mean temperature is 20.4 °C (36.7°F) warmer.
- Average monthly temperatures vary by 22 °C (39.6°F) less in Hua Hin. The continentality subtype is truly hyperoceanic as opposed to subcontinental.
- Total annual precipitation averages 612.7 mm (24.1 in) more which is equivalent to 612.7 l/m² (15.04 US gal/ft²) or 6,127,000 l/ha (655,017 US gal/ac) more. About 2 3/5 as much.
- The altitude of the sun at midday is overall 30.2° higher in Hua Hin than in Great Falls, Montana.
Climate Comparison Table
The table shows values for Hua Hin relative to Great Falls, Montana. You can also view this comparison the other way around from the perspective of Great Falls, Montana vs Hua Hin
|Average Temperature °C ( °F)
|Average Precipitation mm (in)
|| -10 (0)
|| -1 (0)
|| -1 (0)
|| -3 (0)
|Average Daylight Hours & Minutes/ Day
|Sun altitude at solar noon on the 21st day (°)
There are so many comparison pages. Please post a link to one to help people find them:
Hua Hin vs Ittoqqortoormiit, Scoresbysund, Greenland
Hua Hin vs Eyrewell Forest, New Zealand
Hua Hin vs Biskra, Algeria
Hua Hin vs Minamitorishima, Japan
Great Falls, Montana vs Imbert, Dominican Republic
Great Falls, Montana vs Prachin Buri, Thailand
Great Falls, Montana vs Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
Great Falls, Montana vs Washington, District Of Columbia, Usa
Zugspitze vs Cabrobo
Chiclayo vs Puerto Cabezas
Tegucigalpa vs Melilla
Erlian vs Joao Pessoa
Hua Hin vs Great Falls, Montana Discussion
You are welcome to incorporate your thoughts on the differences in climate or other matters such as contrasts in culture, standard of living, demographics etc.
Currently under general maintenance.|
Climate Guides for Locations near Hua Hin
Climate Guides for Locations near Great Falls, Montana
- Big Trout Lake, On, Canada - 332.1 kms (206.4 miles) NNW
- Lethbridge (Cda), Ab, Canada - 267.5 kms (166.2 miles) NNW
- Libby, Mt, Usa - 327.9 kms (203.7 miles) WNW
- Kalispell, Montana, Usa - 234.5 kms (145.7 miles) WNW
- Augusta, Mt, Usa - 71.9 kms (44.7 miles) SW
- Missoula, Mt, Usa - 214.7 kms (133.4 miles) WSW
- Helena, Mt, Usa - 109.3 kms (67.9 miles) SSW
- Dillon, Mt, Usa - 303.3 kms (188.5 miles) SSW
- Medicine Hat, Ab, Canada - 285.9 kms (177.7 miles) N
- Sachs Harbour, Nt, Canada - 215.2 kms (133.7 miles) NNE
- Manyberries, Alberta, Canada - 193.4 kms (120.2 miles) NNE
- Billings/ Logan, Mt, Usa - 286 kms (177.7 miles) SE
- Red Lodge, Mt, Usa - 302.9 kms (188.2 miles) SSE
- Livingston, Mt, Usa - 277.6 kms (172.5 miles) S
- Yellowstone Park, Wyoming, Usa - 284.5 kms (176.8 miles) S


text:
Generic service component development for SPICE environment
MetadataShow full item record
This master thesis provides a study of the initial generic component model developed within the Service Platform for Innovative Communication Environment (SPICE) project and gives some examples of service components focusing on enabling components. An evaluation of the metadata describing these components is given along with the description of a roaming service functionality. This thesis defines the term enabling service, which is a service used by another service in order to provide parts of the service functionality. Enabling services can be Instant Messaging enablers, location enablers and service discovery facilities. Proper metadata descriptions of these components are important in order to provide efficient discovery. Service roaming can also be seen as an enabling service providing the means for a user to change domains while still maintaining a service offer. This can be realised by a roaming agent who communicates with entities in both the home domain and the visited domain. In collaboration with two other students a testbed implementing a service for demonstration realising the SPICE E-Tourism scenario has been set up. The specification, implementation and testing of the service is included in this thesis focusing on the enabling services and the component support. Finally a discussion of the implemented system is given to evaluate the development methodology for the SPICE service components and to highlight possible improvements.


Interleaving and Lock-Step Semantics for Analysis and Verification of GPU Kernels
Abstract
Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) from leading vendors employ predicated (or guarded) execution to eliminate branching and increase performance. Similarly, a recent GPU verification technique uses predication to reduce verification of GPU kernels (the massively parallel programs that run on GPUs) to verification of a sequential program.
Prior work on the formal semantics of lock-step predicated execution for kernels focused on structured programs, where control is organised using if- and while-statements. We provide lock-step execution semantics for GPU kernels that are represented by arbitrary reducible control flow graphs. We present a traditional interleaving semantics and a novel lock-step semantics based on predication, and show that for terminating kernels either both semantics compute identical results or both behave erroneously.
The method allows reducing GPU kernel verification to the verification of a sequential, lock-step program to be applied to GPU kernels with arbitrary reducible control flow. We have implemented the method in the GPUVerify tool, and present an evaluation using a set of 163 open source and commercial GPU kernels. Among these kernels, 42 exhibit unstructured control flow which our novel lock-step predication technique can handle fully automatically. This generality comes at a modest price: verification across our benchmark set was on average 2.25 times slower than using an existing approach that specifically targets structured kernels.


text:
This term refers to the manner in which the possible vertical range of human hearing is characterised through the occupancy and evolution of the frequency content of sound.
The concept is key to Spectromorphological theory, and the composer and writer Denis Smalley introduces extremely detailed descriptive termninology in "Spectromorphology: Explaining Sound-shapes". Organised Sound Vol. 2, No. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
It should be noted that it is difficult to separate this concept from the perception of pitch, harmonicity, timbre, sound quality and motion.
See also:Composed Space, Discourse within Electroacoustic Music, Frequency, Motion, Spectromorphology, Spectrum

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Best reform-school castle
Preston Castle
photo by bobby mull
.ContentInfoBox { display: none; }
Driving southeast on Highway 104, approaching the small town of Ione, there's something unexpected, maybe even out of place, piercing through the canopy of trees. But this 100-foot tall tower has been presiding as the highest point of Preston Castle for 120 years. Although the stately red-orange sandstone structure that looks like it belongs on the East Coast, not rural Northern California is now called a castle, royalty didn't live here: It was a reformatory for young boys who got in trouble with the law.
These days, nobody lives in its ruins other than some bats, birds and mice that have left ample sprinklings of their waste, but this formidable building was once the centerpiece of the Preston School of Industry, where the boys learned practical skills and made their own food and clothes. Before opening in 1894, the youngsters were incarcerated at Folsom or San Quentin state prisons, which seems like it would be traumatic for a 12-year-old. But being dragged around in Preston's basement-level, bone-chillingly cold pool of lye and bleach that was used to delouse new wards seems also traumatic.
These days, the pool is filled with ancient debris. In 1960, the state shut down the facility and swiped the slate roof (among other building materials) to "upcycle" it for other projects, resulting in years of water damage that has washed away the interior's plaster and, in some areas, rotted two stories of wood, leaving treacherous holes where a floor used to be. The site's current keepers, the Preston Castle Foundation, have taken on the task to restore the edifice, so for $10, the curious can tour the decay—and see where some of the school's staff members were murdered. Or pony up $100 and a dose of courage to spend the night there.
Despite being a supernatural jackpot, according to some folks, the building is becoming more integrated into the community these days, with events such as a wine tasting, a paranormal convention, the annual Halloween Haunt and an Old Tyme Christmas, which makes the grand structure feel less out of place. Hopefully, the ghosts don't mind sharing their space. 900 Palm Drive in Ione, _PHONE_,


text:
A Survey to Evaluate Crown Condition of Forest, Roadside, and Urban Maple Trees in Ontario, _PHONE_
Surveys of sugar maple trees, conducted in Ontario between 1987 and 1995, showed a general improvement in crown condition after 1990. Plots on the shallow soils of the Precambrian shield in central Ontario showed the highest levels of crown dieback in all years. This area was also defoliated at moderate-to-severe levels in 1988. Dieback levels on undefoliated plots were high in _PHONE_, but plots improved after 1988. Defoliated plots showed no improvement, and dieback remained high through 1995. Crown dieback was lower in forest and urban situations than at roadside plots. Roadside plots showed high levels of dieback and should be considered poor indicators of forest condition. Pest damage was recorded on all plot types. Sugar maple in both urban and roadside locations had a higher incidence of stem defects, stem canker, and stem insect damage than trees in forest plots. Root rots were most prevalent at roadside locations. Stem cankers, stem defects, and root rot were most common in the northern forest plots. North. J. Appl. For. 15(3): 141-145.
No Supplementary Data
No Article Media
Document Type: Journal Article
Affiliations: Canadian Forest Service, 1219 Queen St., P.O. Box 490, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 5M7
Publication date: 1998-09-01
More about this publication?
- Important Notice: SAF's journals are now published through partnership with the Oxford University Press. Access to archived material will be available here on the Ingenta website until March 31, 2018. For new material, please access the journals via OUP's website. Note that access via Ingenta will be permanently discontinued after March 31, 2018. Members requiring support to access SAF's journals via OUP's site should contact SAF's membership department for assistance.
Each regional journal of applied forestry focuses on research, practice, and techniques targeted to foresters and allied professionals in specific regions of the United States and Canada. The Northern Journal of Applied Forestry covers northeastern, midwestern, and boreal forests in the United States and Canada.
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Productive Club Helping you follow your dream
From A Weak to Confident Communicator - 30 Day Challenge
Day 11 Challenge: Count how many times you start a sentence with No, But, However
You might think you are approachable and listen to the opinion of others. Little do you know how frequently you disagree or shoot down what others have to say.
You do not have to agree with what every little thing. But when you start your response by disagreement, you push away a person from opening up to you. You have your opinion and he has his, so you can listen to a person without disagreement.
Today, you count the number of times you begin a sentence with any of these 3 words - No, But, However. It does not mean you cannot disagree, but you are not allowed to do that when you begin a sentence. You will be shocked to know how much you disagree with people.
Participate in the Challenge


text:
The Isenheim Altarpiece: God's Medicine and the Painter's Vision
by Andrée Hayum
Princeton University Press, 199 pp., $29.95
The Devil at Isenheim: Reflections of Popular Belief in Grünewald's Altarpiece I/University of California Press
by Ruth Mellinkoff
California Studies in the History of Art, Discovery Series, 109 pp., $39.95
In February 1793 the revolutionary government of France closed down the convent of the order of Saint Anthony at Isenheim in upper Alsatia. The commissioners of the French Republic charged with confiscating the monastery's furniture decided that the paintings and carvings from the high altar in the church should be conserved as outstanding works of art and transferred to nearby Colmar, the capital of the newly founded Department of the "Haut-Rhin." This decision, far from usual in those days of Jacobin iconoclasm, saved one of the greatest, and the most mysterious, works of German art, an altarpiece painted on the eve of the Reformation.
The fame of the Isenheim altarpiece came late, not until the end of the nineteenth century with the vogue for symbolism and expressionism. Even the name of the astonishing artist who painted the eight panels of the altar had by then been forgotten and turned into a kind of legend. Joachim von Sandrart (1606–1688), the German Vasari, called him Grünewald and as such he survives in the pantheon of art history. In contemporary documents he is called Master Mathis. An inventory established after his death identified him as "Meister Mathis Maler Nithart oder Gothart," and "Master Mathis painter Nithart or Gothart." But the mystery surrounding the artist, perhaps the greatest and certainly the most occentric genius of Renaissance Germany, is practically insoluble because of the lack of documentary evidence of his life and career.
We can do no more than conjecture that Mathis was born in Würzburg between 1475 and 1480, some five to ten years later than Dürer. We don't know where and by whom he was trained. A number of documents mention him but we have no letters or other writings from his own hand. Between 1505 and 1525 we know that Grünewald was active as a painter for churches at Aschaffenburg, Tauberbischofsheim, and Halle, and for the Dominicans in Frankfurt, and particularly active for the cathedral at Mainz. From what survives, his work seems to have been exclusively religious. His patrons were ecclesiastics, often canons of Saint Peter and Saint Alexander at Aschaffenburg. The most prominent among them was Albrecht von Brandenburg (1490–1545), Cardinal and Archbishop of Mainz and Magdeburg, a pompous prince of the Church and a lavish patron.
Notwithstanding such achievements, Grünewald appears to have had a curiously erratic character. He seems never to have really settled anywhere or to have had a real workshop. Nobody has discovered traces of a Grünewald school. He is said to have engaged in many activities besides painting, and it may suit our image of the universal Renaissance artist that this visionary religious painter also worked as a hydraulic engineer, made technical drawings, and constructed a chimney in the archbishop's castle at Aschaffenburg. But Master Mathis was not a northern Leonardo. He sold colors and at one point earned his living as a soapboiler. He died in 1528, the same year as Dürer. During the last years of his life …
Beat the Devil September 26, 1991


text:
Ashford Green Corridor Nature Reserve
Plan your journey
Compare the smartest ways to get to your destination.
The Great Stour floodplain runs through urban Ashford and provides valuable green space and wildlife habitats. Most of this area is designated as a local nature reserve, and supports wildlife including voles, kingfishers and bats. Detailed information and an interactive map can be found online at the virtual visitor centre _URL_.
All the Green Corridor areas marked on the interactive map are open to the public, although in some places access is restricted. Visitors to the reserve can enjoy a walk or cycle ride along most of the corridor. There are open spaces for games, sports pitches and play areas at many sites along the corridor. Many local people use the network of foot and cycle paths to take a stroll, go on a relaxing bike ride, walk the dog or simply get around town, avoiding busy roads.
The Corridor also forms links to rural areas, allowing people to walk and cycle from the town to the countryside around Ashford. The network of surfaced paths along many routes increases their accessibility to those with mobility problems, including wheelchair users. For specific information, visitors are advised to go to the interactive map, click on the relevant part of the route and look for information under the heading Disabled Access.
Where the Green Corridor reaches the outskirts of the town are 'gateways' to the countryside – ideal places to start exploring rural areas, using the network of lanes and public rights of way, and walking trails such as the Stour Valley Walk. The National Cycle Route 18, from Canterbury to Royal Tunbridge Wells, runs through the Ashford Green Corridor alongside the footpath.
Easy access information
This park and open space has well surfaced routes suitable for visitors with pushchairs and/or wheelchairs, and has no width restricting features, such as stiles or non RADAR kissing gates.


PIV measurements of flows around the wind turbines with a flanged-diffuser shroud
Kazuhiko Toshimitsu, Koutarou Nishikawa, Wataru Haruki, Shinichi Oono, Manabu Takao, Yuji Ohya
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
24 Citations (Scopus)
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'PIV measurements of flows around the wind turbines with a flanged-diffuser shroud'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Physics & Astronomy


1.034
See why the Glasair slowed down?
Now, to calculate the RPM at which a known tip mach occurs on your propeller, perform a bit of simple algebra on those four equations (Vr, Vt, Vs1 and M) to solve for RPM, given Prop Diameter, TAS, and outside air temperature.
(Instead of doing the calculations by hand, it is very convenient to put the equations into an Excel spreadsheet and let your computer do the arithmetic. The computer is much faster at it that you are.)
Propeller performance maps are 3-dimensional tables which list the efficiency of a propeller at various combinations of advance ratio and power loading for various altitude conditions. If you are fortunate to have access to a map for your prop, you can determine the operating efficiency accurately for most every condition (as long as map data represent the actual performance of the prop, which is not always the case! ).
In order to use a performance map, you will need to calculate the advance ratio and power loading.
Advance Ratio (J) = TAS / ( N * D ) and
Power Loading (Cp) = ( Prop HP * 550 ) / (air density * N^3 * D^5)
TAS is true airspeed in feet-per-second;
N is prop speed in Revs-per-second;
D is prop diameter in feet;
air density in is slugs-per-cubic foot ( sea level = 0.002376 )
Again, an Excel spreadsheet makes these calculations very easy.
<< Return to: Contents Go to: Top of Page Next Subject: Propeller Vibration >>


Open Access
Quantum-squeezing effects of strained multilayer graphene NEMS
Nanoscale Research Letters20116:355
DOI: 10.1186/1556-276X-6-355
Received: 1 March 2011
Accepted: 20 April 2011
Published: 20 April 2011
Abstract
Quantum squeezing can improve the ultimate measurement precision by squeezing one desired fluctuation of the two physical quantities in Heisenberg relation. We propose a scheme to obtain squeezed states through graphene nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) taking advantage of their thin thickness in principle. Two key criteria of achieving squeezing states, zero-point displacement uncertainty and squeezing factor of strained multilayer graphene NEMS, are studied. Our research promotes the measured precision limit of graphene-based nano-transducers by reducing quantum noises through squeezed states.
Introduction
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle, or the standard quantum limit [1, 2], imposes an intrinsic limitation on the ultimate sensitivity of quantum measurement systems, such as atomic forces [3], infinitesimal displacement [4], and gravitational-wave [5] detections. When detecting very weak physical quantities, the mechanical motion of a nano-resonator or nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) is comparable to the intrinsic fluctuations of the systems, including thermal and quantum fluctuations. Thermal fluctuation can be reduced by decreasing the temperature to a few mK, while quantum fluctuation, the quantum limit determined by Heisenberg relation, is not directly dependent on the temperature. Quantum squeezing is an efficient way to decrease the system quantum [68]. Thermomechanical noise squeezing has been studied by Rugar and Grutter [9], where the resonator motion in the fundamental mode was parametrically squeezed in one quadrature by periodically modulating the effective spring constant at twice its resonance frequency. Subsequently, Suh et al. [10] have successfully achieved parametric amplification and back-action noise squeezing using a qubit-coupled nanoresonator.
To study quantum-squeezing effects in mechanical systems, zero-point displacement uncertainty, Δx zp, the best achievable measurement precision, is introduced. In classical mechanics, the complex amplitudes, X = X 1 + iX 2, where X 1 and X 2 are the real and imaginary parts of complex amplitudes respectively, can be obtained with complete precision. In quantum mechanics, X 1 and X 2 do not commute, with the commutator [X 1, X 2] = iħ/M eff w, and satisfy the uncertainty relationship ΔX 1ΔX 2 ≥ (ħ/2M eff w)1/2. Here, ħ is the Planck constant divided by 2π, M eff = 0.375ρLWh/2 is the effective motional double-clamped film mass [11, 12], ρ is the volumetric mass density, L, W, and h are the length, width, and thickness of the film, respectively, and w = 2f 0 is the fundamental flexural mode angular frequency with
(1)
where E is the Young's modulus of the material, T s is the tension on the film, A is 0.162 for a cantilever and A is 1.03 for a double-clamped film [13]. Therefore, Δx zp of the fundamental mode of a NEMS device with a double-clamped film can be given by Δx zp = ΔX 1 = ΔX 2 = (ħ/2M eff w)1/2. In a mechanical system, quantum squeezing can reduce the displacement uncertainty Δx zp.
Recently, free-standing graphene membranes have been fabricated [14], providing an excellent platform to study quantum-squeezing effects in mechanical systems. Meanwhile, a graphene membrane is sensitive to external influences, such as atomic forces or infinitesimal mass (e.g., 10-21 g) due to its atomic thickness. Although graphene films can be used to detect very infinitesimal physical quantities, the quantum fluctuation noise Δx zp of graphene NEMS devices (approx. 10-2 nm), could easily surpass the magnitudes of signals caused by external influences. Thus, quantum squeezing becomes necessary to improve the ultimate precision of graphene-based transducers with ultra-high sensitivity. In this study, we have studied quantum-squeezing effects of strained multilayer graphene NEMS based on experimental devices proposed by Chen et al. [15].
Results
Displacement uncertainty of graphene NEMS
A typical NEMS device with a double-clamped free-standing graphene membrane is schematically shown in Figure 1. The substrate is doped Si with high conductivity, and the middle layer is SiO2 insulator. A pump voltage can be applied between the membrane and the substrate. The experimental data of the devices are used in our simulation [15]. For graphene, we use a Young's modulus of E = 1.03 × 1012 Pa, volumetric mass density of ρ = 2200 kg/m3, based on previous theories and scanning tunneling microscope experiments [13, 15, 16].
Figure 1
Schematic of a double-clamped graphene NEMS device.
In graphene sensors and transducers, to detect the molecular adsorbates or electrostatic forces, a strain ε will be generated in the graphene film [15, 17]. When a strain exists in a graphene film, the tension T s in Equation 1 can be deduced as T s = ESε = EWhε. The zero-point displacement uncertainty of the strained graphene film is given by
(2)
where ρ' represents the effective volumetric mass density of graphene film after applying strain. The typical measured strains in [15] are ε = 4 × 10-5 when ρ' = 4ρ and ε = 2 × 10-4 when ρ' = 6ρ. Based on Equation 2, measurable Δx zp of the strained multilayer graphene films of various sizes are shown in Figure 2, and typical Δx zp values of graphene NEMS under various ε are summarized in Table 1.
Figure 2
Δ x zp versus multilayer graphene film sizes with strains. (a) Monolayer graphene. (b) Bilayer graphene. (c) Trilayer graphene.
Table 1
Calculated Δx zp (10-4nm) of monolayer (Mon), bilayer (Bi), and trilayer (Tri) graphene versus strain ε (L = 1.1 μm, W = 0.2 μm)
ε= 0
ε= 4 × 10-5
ε= 2 × 10-4
Mon
Bi
Tri
Mon
Bi
Tri
Mon
Bi
Tri
34.0
17.0
11.3
6.05
4.23
3.39
3.67
2.59
2.10
According to the results in Figure 2 and Table 1, we find Δx zp large strain < Δx zp small strain; one possible reason is that larger applied strain results in smaller fundamental angular frequency and Δx zp, therefore, the quantum noise can be reduced.
Quantum-squeezing effects of graphene NEMS
To analyze quantum-squeezing effects in graphene NEMS devices, a back-action-evading circuit model is used to suppress the direct electrostatic force acting on the film and modulate the effective spring constant k of the membrane film. Two assumptions are used, namely, the film width W is on the micrometer scale and X 1 >> d, where d is the distance between the film and the substrate. Applying a pump voltage V m(t) = V[1+ sin(2w m t + θ)], between the membrane film and the substrate, the spring constant k will have a sinusoidal modulation k m(t), which is given by k m(t) = sin(2w m t + θ)C T V 2/2d 2, where C T is the total capacitance composed of structure capacitance C 0, quantum capacitance C q, and screen capacitance C s in series [18]. The quantum capacitance C q and screen capacitance C s cannot be neglected [1820] owing to a graphene film thickness on the atomic scale. The quantum capacitance of monolayer graphene [21, 22] is C q monolayer = 2e2 n 1/2/(ħv Fπ1/2), where n is the carrier concentration, e is the elementary charge, and v Fc/300, where c is the velocity of light, with bilayer C q bilayer = 2 × 0.037m e e 2ħ 2, and trilayer C q trilayer = 2 × 0.052m e e 2ħ 2, where m e is the electron mass [23].
Pumping the graphene membrane film from an initial thermal equilibrium state at frequency w m = w, the variance of the complex amplitudes, ΔX 2 1,2(t, θ), are given by [24]
(3)
where N = [exp(ħw/k B T) - 1]-1 is the average number of quanta at absolute temperature T and frequency w, k B is the Boltzmann constant, τ = Q/w is the relaxation time of the mechanical vibration, Q is the quality factor of the NEMS, and η = C T V 2/8d 2 M eff w m. When θ = 0, a maximum modulation state, namely, the best


Every pressure wave produces a sound of some kind. But we call those kinds of sounds noise. If you want a clear, pure tone, then you need a resonator to amplify the "good" parts of the sound and suppress the "bad" parts. That's what an organ pipe or a vibrating string is: a resonator. The standing wave represents the wavelength that the resonator is tuned to accept and reinforce.
Read more:


text:
- How can we decipher the symbolism of Maus 2, extracting more meaning from only the images?
- Frame analysis:
- DescribeDescribe the frame in detail. Make sure you find even the smallest pieces of information that are hiding within the illustration.
- ExplainExplain the meaning of each of the objects and details in this frame. What do these things symbolize or represent? Why does the author use this image instead of another one? What message is the author trying to convey through this frame?
- ExpandShow how this frame and its different meanings relate to the rest of the book or to your own life.
4. Use Photo Booth to take a picture of the frame you would like to analyze.
5. Annotate the photo with description, explanation, and expansion using preview (after you have converted it to a PDF)
6. Go to Slideshare.net and upload your file… Make sure that you tag it with maus2.
7. Look at our greatness.
- Using a backchannel to discuss and ask questions about Animal Farm (While we read).
- Text animalfarm and then your question or comment to 41411.
- I also need a google jockey to get images that help to express what is going on in Animal Farm.
- Read Chapters 9 and 10 of Animal Farm.


text:
Scuppernong Grape Vine
|Mature Height||15-20 Feet|
|Mature Width||10-15 Feet|
|Shipping Restriction||AZ, CA, OR, WA|
The Scuppernong grape is the state fruit of North Carolina. This muscadine grape vine is native to NC and grows well in the Southern United States and beyond. It has green to bronze fruit that is medium to large in size. The Scuppernong Grape Vine is a heavy producer so you will have plenty of fruit to share!
Scuppernong fruit is utilized for fresh eating, juice, jellies, jams, and more. Muscadine grapes are an extremely healthy, vitamin rich fruit that your family with love.
- A native plant! The Scuppernong Grape Vine is native to the Carolinas and commonly found throughout the Southern US and beyond.
- Fast growing and easy to maintain. Scuppernong Grape Vines are drought tolerant. Once established they require very little care.
- Heavy producer! Did you know that a Scuppernong Grape Vine produces 4 times the fruit of standard grapes?!
When to pick Scuppernong grapes. Pick these grapes when they are ripe. They will not continue to ripen off the plant. Taste will be the best indicator of ripeness. When they are sweet and delicious go ahead and start harvesting your fruit.
How to eat Scuppernong grapes. Simply bite down to break the skin and pop the fruit open. You can discard the skin as it tends to be on the tough side and spit out the seeds or eat them.
Difference between Scuppernong and Muscadine. Muscadine is a group of grapes native to the southeastern and south-central United States from Florida to Delaware and west to eastern Texas and Oklahoma. Scuppernong is a wild variety of Muscadine grape that was discovered along the Scuppernong River in North Carolina.
Scuppernong muscadine grapes are very easy to maintain. Water them deeply 1-3 times per week (more the first couple weeks and slowly taper down) for the first few months to get them established. Once established these vines are drought tolerant but a moist, well-drained soil (especially the first year) will offer the best growth and fruit. Fertilize with our slow release fertilizer in spring. Prune in late winter or early spring when the vine is dormant to invigorate an older plant or to keep your plant size controlled.
Train your Scuppernong Grape Vine up a trellis or arbor. You won't have to do much work; this vine climbs naturally. This is a great way to turn a fruit producing crop into a landscape feature. You can even use Scuppernong vines to cover an old fence. Create a Scuppernong arbor or muscadine draped fence and turn this vine into a piece of art!
Check out For additional options, be sure to browse our Dwarf Tree and Fruit Trees and Grape Vines collections.


text:
This online course creates awareness for aquatic professionals on heat stresses that can occur in the workplace, including what these stresses are, how to identify them, how they can affect a worker's health and safety, and how heat stress conditions can best be prevented.
Heat Stress training focuses on the following objectives, while the online format allows students to learn at their own pace:
- Identify heat stress hazards that can exist on the job
- Identify the nature, symptoms, and treatment of heat stress
- Recognize the precautions for protecting against heat stress
Successful completion of this 30-minute online course earns a Record of Completion. IACET CEUs are not available for this course.


Can You See the Chart Under the Notes?
Annotating your chart helps your audience to understand the reasons behind some patterns or outliers. But, please, please, don't bury the data under boxes and arrows and busy grid lines, like this one on the right does (from WTRG Economics).
How can you improve a chart like this? First of all, the series must be visible… 🙂 Don't create a competition for the readers' attention. Notes should be in the background, like the axis, labels and other chart objects.
A note is not a marker. Add a note to explain a specific behaviour ("this happened because…"). If you have a time series, create a timeline outside the chart and add markers for relevant contextual events (there are several other design options).
It is easy to come up with something cleaner:
There was enough notes about quotas to create a new chart, with new insights. All the other notes are there, but they only murmur. I don't feel confortable with using two axis, but that's a topic for another post.
By the way: there is (at least) a perceptual error in my chart. Can you find it?
1 thought on "Can You See the Chart Under the Notes?"
 1. hey. i like the approach. did you "draw" the lines? how would you make it automatic? I have been using this approach
 the problem here is that if you make a dymanic chart to display different timelines (for example different equity indices using a dropdown element) the height of the error bars must also be dynamic. also, with many events they tend to overlap in a dymanic chart…
Comments are closed.


the fact that the Hamiltonian is Hermitian.
ExemploExample
Esta secção é informativa.This section is informative.
A quantidade de matriz escassa que se segue representa o Hamiltonian $$ H = \esquerda (-5,0 (a^ { \dagger } _ {1,\uparrow} a _ {1,\uparrow}+a^ { \dagger } _ {1,\downarrow} a _ {1,\downarrow}+ 0,17 (a^ { \agger } _ {2,uparrow arow a arow a arow a arow a a{1\uparrow arow a a{2,uparrow arow a arow a a{2,uparrow arow a arow a arow a*downrow a a{1,\downarrow} _ {1,\uparrow}+ a^ { \dagger } _ {1,\uparrow} a _ {2,\uparrow}+a^ { \dagger } _ {2,\downarrow} a _ {1,\downarrow}+ a^ { \dagger } _ {1,\downarrow} a _ {2,\downarrow})\right) \ \mathrm{Ha}.The following sparse array quantity represents the Hamiltonian $$ H = \left(-5.0 (a^{\dagger}_{1,\uparrow} a_{1,\uparrow}+a^{\dagger}_{1,\downarrow} a_{1,\downarrow})+ 0.17 (a^{\dagger}_{2,\uparrow} a_{1,\uparrow}+ a^{\dagger}_{1,\uparrow} a_{2,\uparrow}+a^{\dagger}_{2,\downarrow} a_{1,\downarrow}+ a^{\dagger}_{1,\downarrow} a_{2,\downarrow})\right)\,\mathrm{Ha}. $$
one_electron_integrals: # required
 units: hartree # required
 format: sparse # required
 values: # required
 # i j f(i,j)
 - [1, 1, -5.0]
 - [2, 1, 0.17]
Nota
Broombridge usa indexação baseada em 1.Broombridge uses 1-based indexing.
Objeto integral de dois eletrõesTwo-Electron Integrals Object
Esta secção é normativa.This section is normative.
A two_electron_integrals propriedade do objeto Hamiltonian DEVE ser uma quantidade de matriz escassa com uma propriedade adicional chamada index_convention .The two_electron_integrals property of the Hamiltonian object MUST be a sparse array quantity with one additional property called index_convention. Cada elemento do valor de two_electron_integrals MUST tem quatro índices.Each element of the value of two_electron_integrals MUST have four indices.
Cada two_electron_integrals imóvel DEVE ter uma index_convention propriedade.Each two_electron_integrals property MUST have a index_convention property. O valor do index_convention imóvel DEVE ser um dos valores permitidos listados no Quadro 1.The value of the index_convention property MUST be one of the allowed values listed in Table 1. Se o valor for index_convention mulliken , então para cada elemento da quantidade de two_electron_integrals matriz escassa, um parser carregando um documento de Broombridge DEVE instantaneamente um termo Hamiltonian igual ao operador de dois eletrões $h_{i, j, k, l} a^\dagger_i a^\dagger_j a_k a_l$, onde $i$, $j$, $k$, e $l$ MUST são inteiros de valor pelo menos 1, e onde $h_{i, j, k, l}$ é o elemento [i, j, k, l, h(i, j, k, l)] da quantidade de matriz escassa.If the value of index_convention is mulliken, then for each element of the two_electron_integrals sparse array quantity, a parser loading a Broombridge document MUST instantiate a Hamiltonian term equal to the two-electron operator $h_{i, j, k, l} a^\dagger_i a^\dagger_j a_k a_l$, where $i$, $j$, $k$, and $l$ MUST be integers of value at least 1, and where $h_{i, j, k, l}$ is the element [i, j, k, l, h(i, j, k, l)] of the sparse array quantity.
AssimetriasSymmetries
Esta secção é normativa.This section is normative.
Se a index_convention propriedade de um objeto for igual a , two_electron_integrals mulliken então se um elemento com índices [i, j, k, l] estiver presente, os seguintes índices NÃO devem estar presentes a menos que sejam iguais [i, j, k, l] a:If the index_convention property of a two_electron_integrals object is equal to mulliken, then if an element with indices [i, j, k, l] is present, the following indices MUST NOT be present unless they are equal to [i, j, k, l]:
 - [i, j, l, k]
 - [j, i, k, l]
 - [j, i, l, k]
 - [k, l, i, j]
 - [k, l, j, i]
 - [l, k, j, i]
Nota
Como a index_convention propriedade é um objeto de quantidade escassa, nenhum índice pode ser repetido em diferentes elementos.Because the index_convention property is a sparse quantity object, no indices may be repeated on different elements. Em particular, se um elemento com índices [i, j, k, l] estiver presente, nenhum outro elemento pode ter esses índices.In particular, if an element with indices [i, j, k, l] is present, no other element may have those indices.
ExemploExample
Esta secção é informativa.This section is informative.
O seguinte objeto especifica o HamiltonianThe following object specifies the Hamiltonian
$$ H = \frac12 \sum _ {\sigma,\rho\in \ {\uparrow,\downarrow \ }}\Biggr( 1.6 a^{\dagger} _ {1,\sigma} a^{\dagger} _ {1,\rho} a _ {1,\rho} a _ {1,\rho} a {1,\a^{1,\rho} _ a _ _ {3,\rho} a _ {2,\sigma}- 0,1 a^{\dagger} _ {6,\sigma} a^{\dagger} _ {1,\rho} a _ {2,\rho} a _ {3,\rho} a {3,\sigma}- 0.1 a^{\dagger} _ {1,\a^a^} _ {6,\rho} a _ {3,\rho} a _ {2,\sigma}- 0,1 a^{\dagger} _ {1,\sigma} {{\dagger} _ {6,\rho} a _ {2,\rho} a _ {3,\sigma} $$ $-0,1 a^{\dagger} _ {3,sigma\a{\a{{2,\rho} _ a _ {6,\rho} a _ {1,\sigma}- 0.1 a^{\dagger} _ {3,\sigma} a^{\dagger} _ {2,\rho} a _ {1,\rho} a _ {6,\sigma}- 0,1 a^{\dagger} _ {2,\sigma} _ .\rho} a _ {6,\rho} a _ {1,\sigma}- 0,1 a^{\dagger} _ {2,\sigma} a^{\dagger} _ {3,\rho} a _ {1,\rho} a _ {6,\sigma}\Biggr) \ \textrm{Ha}


text:
Air force equipment
Air forces"Beltechexport" Company supplies the following Air Force Equipment with all support facilities:
- aircrafts: MiG-29, Su-24MK, Su-25, Su-27;
- helicopters: Mi-8 (Mi-17), Mi-24 (Mi-35).
Unmanned aerial vehiclesBelarusian enterprises are developing and producing a wide range of unmanned aerial vehicles. We are supplying unmanned aerial vehicles of various profiles:
- terrain survey (with 30–70 km radius of action);
- reconnaissance and patrol (with radius of action up to 290 km);
- attack (for surveillance operations, as well as transportation and application of special payloads, including armament);
- on airships (with a capability of flight with a low speed and hovering over an object).
UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS "BUSEL М", "BUSEL М40", "BUSEL М50"
"BUSEL MB" UNMANNED AERIAL SPECIAL-PURPOSE SYSTEM
UNMANNED TARGET AERIAL SYSTEMS
"BUREVESTNIK" LONG-RANGE UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM FOR TERRAIN AND OBJECTS MONITORING
"BUREVESTNIK MB" LONG-RANGE UNMANNED AERIAL SPECIAL-PURPOSE SYSTEM
MULTIFUNCTIONAL TARGET SYSTEM BASED ON UAV BERKUT BM