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Two part question.
 1. As per the title, how many roundtrips does pg_query_params use?
 2. How do I count the number of database roundtrips in my scripts?
Example code:
 $result = pg_query_params($pg_connection, <<<'EOQ'
INSERT INTO accounts (username, salt, hash, created, lastlogin)
 VALUES ($1, $2, $3, NOW(), NOW())
EOQ
 , array($username, $salt, crypt($password, $salt)));
Thanks.
share|improve this question
up vote 3 down vote accepted
pg_query_params() uses only one roundtrip. It's a feature of the postgres wire protocol which allows to send query and params separately but without having to wait for a reply between the two.
You cannot count roundtrips really, but you could look at the source code, or simply look at query time while querying a server with non-zero ping time.
FYI, on a postgres server running on localhost, using a real prepared statement (ie, PDO) is much slower (>2x...) on very simple queries (because it uses 2 roundtrips) than pg_query_params().
About prepared statements : Postgres has several ways to execute a query.
 - Raw SQL with embedded parameters (the oldskool way) : it's still useful, and the only way to construct IN() or VALUES() lists. A proper API layer that handles quoting is a must (a la python DBAPI). Any trace of a direct call to quote() in user code is a sign of trouble !
 - Single use prepared statements (pg_query_params) : that's a special case of the protocol where the "Prepare" and "Execute with parameters" messages are sent in a single packet. From the user's point of view it's about the same speed as raw SQL (one roundtrip), a bit less parsing overhead on the server (might be useful to INSERT large data), and automatically secure (no quoting). You need to replace IN() and VALUES() lists with arrays (=ANY, unnest()), though. Postgres will use the parameter values in the query plan, so you'll get good plans.
 - Real prepared statements (PDO, prepare, etc) : Those are good if you want to pay the planning cost once and execute many times (although, usually a SQL query inside a loop is a mistake). Two roundtrips, much slower for a simple SELECT on primary key. Can hog postgres memory if you prepare a zillion plans without deallocating them afterwards. Parameters usually are NOT used in the query planning (since they are not available then) so you might get non optimal query plans. In the end, this is rather useless for a PHP application where neither Postgres nor PHP will cache the query plans. If you use an application server which keeps cached query plans for common simple queries, then a prepared simple query (like a SELECT on primary key) will use much less server CPU than a non-prepared one (quite faster than the self-proclaimed speed king MyISAM actually).
share|improve this answer

Thanks. By "look at source code", do you mean look at the C source code for the pg module? Also, yes, the PDO question was more or less where I was going with this. I'll also keep this open for another day or two if anyone has any easy answer to question #2 – Dragontamer5788 Jun 7 '11 at 11:57

Yep, the source code is the ultimate documentation isn't it ! And about PDO prepared statements : I'm going to edit my post. – peufeu Jun 7 '11 at 17:10

Doesn't Postgresql with PDO support the emulate prepares mode? – Denis de Bernardy Jun 7 '11 at 17:31

The usual "SELECT on primary key" which usually takes 50-100 microseconds using pg_query_params or raw SQL takes more than twice that using PDO prepared statements, so I suspect it's using real prepared statements. You can benchmark it, or just try to prepare a bogus SELECT on a non-existing table : if the Prepare throws an error, then there was a database roundtrip. – peufeu Jun 7 '11 at 18:02

@Denis -- PDO can emulate prepares, which ought to be similar to "single use prepared statements" (you'd only use one round trip). @peufeu, I'm happy to hear that pg_query_params will actually use the parameters in the query plan. – Dragontamer5788 Jun 10 '11 at 2:41
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This is an easy guide. It should only take a few minutes to complete. It doesn't require any tools.
 1. Lay the Roomba upside down on a flat surface with the blue strip away from you.
 - Lay the Roomba upside down on a flat surface with the blue strip away from you.
 2. Use your index fingers to pull the yellow tabs towards you. While still pulling the yellow tabs with your index fingers, tilt up the brush guard.
 - Use your index fingers to pull the yellow tabs towards you.
 - While still pulling the yellow tabs with your index fingers, tilt up the brush guard.
 - For reassembly, make sure to push in the brush guard until it clicks into place.
 3. Pull back the brush guard to unhook it from the latches.
 - Pull back the brush guard to unhook it from the latches.
 - Remove the brush guard by lifting it up and out of the Roomba.
 - This picture has a change in orientation to illustrate the latches. Continue disassembling the Roomba with the blue strip away from you.
 4. Set the brush guard aside.
 - Set the brush guard aside.
 - The flexible rubber brush is the smooth, all-rubber brush that is closest to the yellow battery.
 5. Remove the flexible rubber brush by grabbing it and pulling it up and out of the Roomba. For reassembly, orient the Roomba with the battery closest to you:
 - Remove the flexible rubber brush by grabbing it and pulling it up and out of the Roomba.
 - For reassembly, orient the Roomba with the battery closest to you:
 - First, insert the black end of the flexible rubber brush into the black square opening on the right side.
 - Second, lay the flexible rubber brush back into place.
Conclusão
To reassemble your device, follow these instructions in reverse order.
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Formulary managers
Do you want to give physicians access to your formulary?
Medication management is the key to an electronic prescription system. Formularies are not booklets that can be flicked through occasionally, but crucial links in the clinical process with many national, regional and local implications.
Various existing formularies are accessible in Prescriptor, including NHG-formularium, Formularium Nijmegen, Groninger Formularium, and ETAS. These formularies are maintained regionally or locally and can be accessed by the prescribers using Prescriptor and a special license key. The advantage is that regional agreements in the clinical practice automatically appear on the 'desktop', which promotes compliance. This allows better coordination of regional and local (transmural) therapy guidelines for the purpose of efficiency and drug safety.


text:
Why is the isolation of hazardous energies associated with plant important?
A range of hazardous energies exists in mobile and fixed plant in mining operations, such as stored, electrical, and mechanical energies. During normal operating conditions, workers are generally protected from these energies by controls such as the plant's design and guarding.
However, when normal operating conditions are interrupted during work such as:
- clearing an obstruction
the consequences can be significant if isolation controls are deficient, removed, bypassed or deactivated and people are exposed to hazardous energies. It is important to ensure potential exposures to hazardous energies during such work are identified and controlled. The consequences of unwanted events can be serious or even fatal.
In the past, isolation processes in the mining industry were not given adequate emphasis. It was common practice to use tags only to identify that a circuit or item of plant was deactivated or de-energised and that personnel may be working on or around it. In many instances, the potential sources of hazardous energies were not recognised and isolation was not understood or properly applied.
A guideline on isolation of hazardous energies associated with plant in Western Australian mining operations is available for industry use.
The guideline provides information on the development of safe systems of work associated with the isolation of hazardous energies, where protection is required from:
- the movement or operation of plant
- the movement of materials handled by plant
- contact with energy
- used to operate plant
- used to carry out processes associated with plant
- produced or carried by plant
- stored within plant.
For an introduction to the damage that can be done by stored energy, see the toolbox presentation below on improving hazard awareness.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Holmes' "Reasonable Man"
The concept of reasonableness that figures at the center of Holmes' notion of negligence is objective in nature, that is, conduct is measured against a community-wide standard of reasonableness rather that turn on the subjective mental state of the defendant. Recall that your text defines the reasonable man as "the man in the Clapham omnibus," or "the man who takes the magazines at home, and in the evening pushes the lawn mower in his shirt sleeves." Franklin & Rabin p. 51. Thus, a naive person who innocently lights firecrackers in a crowd not knowing that they might cause harm to others, will most likely be answerable in tort to those she injures because the community would deem that conduct unreasonable, even though we might also say that the conduct was reasonable in light of what she subjectively knew. In this case, she should have known of the danger her conduct posed to others.
But how realistic is an objective standard of reasonableness? Would all the members of a community agree about where to place the bounds of reasonable conduct? Might different populations feel differently? Is there any risk that the view ultimately determined to be reasonable is one which marginalizes the values of members of the society who typically experience marginalization?
If these concerns have any value, how should they affect the ways in which judges and/or juries determine the question of reasonableness in negligence cases? Should the care due from a defendant vary with the sex, race, ethnicity, religion etc. of the potential accident victim? Should the level of care due to a plaintiff vary with his or her sex, race, ethnicity, religion etc.?
After all, women are notoriously bad drivers and throwers, while men are much less nurturing than women (that was a joke, in case any of you are taking me seriously!).
The cases below are designed to illustrate more serious concerns about Holmes' Reasonable Man. As you read them, please consider both how you feel about a reasonable person standard being tailored to the particular circumstances raised in the cases, as well as the implications these concerns raise for negligence law more generally.
1. The Lake Shore & Michigan Southern R.R. Co. v. Mary Miller
2. Calivn Daniels v. Richard Clegg
3. Little Rock v. Tankersly
4. Ellison v. Brady
5. Taylor v. Metzger
Additional Materials on Reasonable Women - Optional Reading
Margo Schlanger, Injured Women Before Common Law Courts: _PHONE_, 21 Harv. Women's L.J. 79 (1998)
Leslie Bender, A Lawyer's Primer on Feminist Theory and Tort, 38 J. LEGAL EDUC. 3 (1988).
Leslie Bender, Changing the Values in Tort Law, 25 TULSA L.J. 759 (1990).
Martha Chamallas, The Architecture of Bias: Deep Structures in Tort Law, 146 U. Pa. L. Rev. 463 (1998)
Martha Chamallas, Importing Feminist Theories to Change Tort Law, 11 Wis. Women's L.J. 389 (1997)
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text:
Mermaid Reef Marine National Nature Reserve has been renamed Mermaid Reef Commonwealth Marine Reserve and forms part of the North-west Commonwealth Marine Reserves Network. Interim management arrangements apply until the management plan for the North-west Commonwealth Marine Reserves Network comes into effect.
The Mermaid Reef Commonwealth Marine Reserve is located about 150 nautical miles (290 km) north-west of Broome, Western Australia, near the edge of Australia's continental slope and is surrounded by waters that extend to a depth of over 500 metres. Mermaid Reef is the most north-easterly of three reef systems forming the Rowley Shoals. It is totally submerged at high tide and therefore falls under Australian Government jurisdiction. The other two reefs of the Rowley Shoals, Clerke Reef and Imperieuse Reef, are managed by the Western Australian Government as part of the Rowley Shoals Marine Park.
Mermaid Reef is listed on Australia's Commonwealth Heritage List.
|Name||Mermaid Reef Commonwealth Marine Reserve (renamed)|
|Date of Proclamation||21 March 1991, now renamed Mermaid Reef Commonwealth Marine Reserve|
|Depth range||15-500 m (approx.)|
|Types of zoning||IUCN Category Ia - Strict Nature Reserve|
Major conservation values
- Mermaid Reef has national and international significance due to its pristine character, coral formations, geomorphic features and diverse marine life.
- Key area for over 200 species of hard corals and 12 classes of soft corals with coral formations in pristine condition
- Important areas for sharks including the grey reef shark, the whitetip reef shark and the silvertip whaler
- Important foraging area for marine turtles
- Important area for toothed whales, dolphins, tuna and billfish
- Important resting and feeding sites for migratory seabirds
- The reserve, along with nearby Rowley Shoals Marine Park, provides the best geological example of shelf atolls in Australia
- Examples of the seafloor habitats and communities of the Northwest Transition.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Software and hardware complex ACS AllCtrl.SCADA based on 1C manages the water and nutrition supply system through opening/closing the corresponding valves based on information from the soil moisture sensors, schedule for each crop, and customized decision-making algorithms
The software and hardware complex automatically maintains the water temperature at a specified level. Management of watering occurs by the operator-specified parameters. The customized decision algorithms allow you to calculate the intensity and quality of irrigation in a precise and daily way.
AllCtrl.SCADA system based on 1C provides an opportunity to monitor important indicators in the process of supplying water for plants:
- • filtering water to avoid clogging of taps and ensure their continuous operation;
- • stabilization of pH and neutralization of bicarbonates;
- • water heating. Optimal temperature of water for watering is from 18 to 25 degrees, while tap water reaches an average of 3-7 degrees.
AllCtrl.SCADA based on 1C automates the process of preparation and supply of nutrients, balances the concentration and ratio of the macro and the micro elements, as well as controls the pH level in the nutrient solutions for plants. Automation of plants watering and nutrition supply management provides an opportunity to clearly record the expenditures on the amount of water, nutrition, and allows you to optimally balance the plants nutrition.
If required, our company may supply the necessary sensors/devices and implement a "turnkey" project to automate irrigation and plant nutrition control of your object.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Summer rainfall in Tonga is expected to be severely diminished with only half the expected monthly rainfall in some places, Tonga's Meteorological director warned today, after assessing the latest El Niño forecasts.
The current situation is that Niuafo'ou recorded the highest maximum day time temperature of 30.0°C on 1 August and the lowest night time minimum temperature was 12.0°C on 17 August in Fua'amotu, Tongatapu.
Rainfall received across the country during August was normal over the Niuas and wetter than normal throughout Tonga.
Rainfall in the last three months of June-August was below normal in the Niuas and Vava'u, normal in Ha'apai and Fua'amotu and above normal in Nuku'alofa.
Meanwhile, from August 8-12 rainfall eased the dry conditions experienced as more than 100mm rainfall received in 24-hours in Tongatapu, Ha'apai and Vava'u.
However, rainfall foreast for the next three to six months continues to favour drier than normal conditions for Tonga. Communities are advised to collect as much water as possible because this pattern of three month outlook is typical El Niño years.
The islands with rainfall deficiencies are likely to intensify in the current dry season from May-October, while below normal rainfall are favoured into the wet season, November-April.
The Meteorological Office will be issuing El Niño updates every two-weeks from now to get the message across, said 'Ofa.
For Tonga, El Nino usually brings cooler night time temperatures from May to October, less rainfall and more cyclones than usual.
El Nino years are excellent for growing sweet potatoes (provided enough water is given) and crops that depend on cooler night time temperatures but it not good for rain dependent crops in the summer time.
Fruit trees and vanilla also tend to do well during El Nino due to stress induce flowering while tuna fisheries on the other hand tends to be poor due to tuna stocks migrating away from Tonga waters.


text:
U.S. Senator Josh Hawley (R-Mo.) has introduced the State Border Defense Act to empower states to counteract President Biden's immigration policies, which critics argue have led to an influx of narcotics on American streets and an increase in child trafficking. Senator Hawley's legislation emerges in response to the Biden Administration's actions that some believe undermine states' ability to secure their borders. This includes hindering the installation of a buoy barrier and razor wire along the southern border. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) reported a record 232,972 southern border encounters in August, marking the highest monthly total in 2023.
"Our southern border is overwhelmed. Joe Biden's policies are exacerbating the situation daily, leaving states like Missouri grappling with the fallout. As the federal government appears reluctant to enforce our immigration laws, states must have the capability to do so," Senator Hawley stated.
The State Border Defense Act proposes to:
- Allow states to deport illegal immigrants instead of relocating them to other states.
- Prosecute individuals who commit crimes upon illegal entry into the country.
- Erect barriers on federal lands or waters along the southern border to deter illegal immigration.
Read the full text of the bill by clicking or tapping here.


text:
Prof Juan Pedro Laclette
Professor, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Co-Chair of the Interamerican Network of the Academies of Science at the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Mexico.
Juan Pedro Laclette gained his PhD in the Biomedical Research Institute of the UNAM and post-doctorate training in the Harvard Public Health School. For the last 28 years he has been conducting research at UNAM. His research concentrates on the study of the pork and human Cysticercosis, an infection caused by the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium. The current efforts of various Mexican groups, including Dr. Laclette's, are aimed at understanding the dynamics of the transmission of the disease and the development of a practical vaccine against porcine cysticercosis. Juan Pedro Laclette is currently the leader of an institutional megaproject directed to characterize the genome of this parasitic organism. He is also Co-chair of the Mexican Academy of Sciences Interamerican Network of Academies of Sciences, the other Co-chair is Michael Clegg from the National Academy of Sciences.
Professor Laclette will took the role of Chair of the plenary session to Demonstrate evidence of how incorporating sex and gender consideration into STEM research and innovation informs policy at the Gender Summit 3 North America 2013 (GS3NA). He brought to this role his experience as President of the Scientific and Technological Consultative Forum, which produced in 2009 the report "Measuring the Progress of Societies. A Mexican Perspective", which looked at the science's social commitment and proposed economic, social and environmental indicators of societies' wellbeing and progress.


text:
We've known for some time that keeping indoor plants in our living and working spaces improves our mental and physical health.
Plants improve our concentration and make us more productive. They generate happiness and make us smile. They reduce stress and improve relationships, and give us more energy so we can perform our daily tasks better. They help us retain information, heal faster, and lower our heart rate and blood pressure.
When combined with the benefits of feng shui, plants shine!
Feng shui is the ancient practice of using shapes and forms to influence our sense of well-being. Based on the eight cardinal directions that represent different aspects of life, we can use the living energy of plants to achieve certain goals around the office:
Boost Energy. Because plants are living, breathing beings they bring life to an otherwise still environment.
Balance Energy Levels. In feng shui there are areas associated water, metal, earth, fire, and wood. Plants boost the energy level associated with wood (e.g. office desks) and can weaken an area associated with water (less wasted time around the water fountain perhaps?).
Improve Relationships. In an office environment, we can't always choose with whom we spend the majority of day. The feng shui of office flowers and flowering plants can boost the good energy in relationships to produce a more harmonious environment.
Learn Faster. Science has proven that plants increase learning. Feng shui suggests that the "lucky bamboo" when placed four at a time in an area can increase learning abilities that help workers perform better.
To learn more about increasing your office success with plants and Feng Shui, we suggest reading more from The Spruce or talk with one of our plant experts here at Plantique.


text:
THE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT AT NESJAVELLIR, ICELAND ... generation of electric and thermal power. 3. PLANT LAYOUT Figure 2 shows an overview of the plant site, Figure 3 a close-up of the layout of the power station buildings and Figure 4 the equipment arrangement of the electrical generating units.
Siemens has broad experience of building power plants based on own rotating equipment. This provides continu- ... remaining balance of plant equipment and layout of the ... provides for optimization of the power plant's thermal design and steam parameters based on Siemens turbines.
1 1-1 power plants have been constructed in the last decade.1 Figure 1-1 illustrates the various components of a power plant and factors that affect its thermal efficiency.
Design features of power plant equipment and balance of plant equipment are described. Performance parameters for these components are explained. A site arrangement and electrical single line diagrams were drafted for the conceptual plant.
As majority of thermal power plants use coal as their primary fuel, this article is focused on a coal fired thermal power plant. Typical layout and working of a Thermal Power Plant A simplified layout of a thermal power station is shown below.
CCGT Design Considerations Designs and configurations for HRSGs and steam turbines depend on the exhaust gas characteristics, steam requirements, and expected power plant operations.
INTRODUCTION A Thermal Power Plant converts the heat energy of coal into electrical energy. Coal is burnt in a boiler which converts water into steam. The expansion of steam in turbine produces mechanical power which drives the alternator coupled to the turbine.
Solar Power Plant Design and Interconnection S&C Electric Company ... Equipment grounding – Grounding on the MV system in accordance with applicable NEC and NESC requirements. Utility-Scale PV Power Plant ... presented in "Modeling of Dish-Stirling Solar Thermal Power
by: Duncan C. Richardson, PE, Abstract: This practical, one-of-a-kind field manual explains how equipment in industrial facilities operates and covers all aspects of commissioning relevant to engineers and project managers. Plant Equipment and Maintenance Engineering Handbook contains a data log of all major industrial and power plant components, describes how they function, and includes …
Power Plant Electrical Distribution Systems Gary W Castleberry, PE ... following equipment in a power plant distribution system: Main electrical generator, isolated phase bus duct, step-up transformer, station auxiliary ... medium voltage switchgears located in the plant. In this plant design there are two sets of switchgear buses rated at 6 ...
Thermal Power Plant Layout and Operation Thermal Power Plant Lay out : The above diagram is the lay out of a simplified thermal power plant and the below is also diagram of a thermal power plant. ... Design features of power plant equipment and balance of plant equipment are described. Performance parameters for these components are explained.
General Layout of the Plant. Though each plant is unique in itself in terms of specific features and functionalities, still there is a broad outline to which all thermal power plants confirm to and in this article we will study about the general layout of a typical power plant.
The draft standard design criteria/guidelines for balance of plant of thermal power projects was developed in association with NTPC and a copy of the same was …
Thermal Power Plant presents practical content on coal-, gas-, oil-, peat- and biomass-fueled thermal power plants, with chapters in steam power plant systems, start up and shut down, and interlock and protection. Its practical approach is ideal for engineering professionals.
Development Of Condition Based Maintenance For Coal Handling Plant ... Email: [email protected] . 1.0 Abstract: - In the thermal power plants maximum requirements of fuel is a coal. The handling of this fuel is a great job. ... performance of CHP through availability of Critical Equipment. The basic layout of Coal Handling Plant is shown by ...
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS: STRUCTURE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS IN THE IAEA POWER REACTOR INFORMATION SYSTEM (PRIS) ... and list technical specifications of significant plant equipment. In addition to the design specification data, the PRIS database can also accommodate other descriptive data, such as unit ...
Thermal power generation plant or thermal power station is the most conventional source of electric power.Thermal power plant is also referred as coal thermal power plant and steam turbine power plant.Before going into detail of this topic, we will try to understand the line diagram of electric power generation plant. Theory of Thermal Power Station
Thermal Power Plant Layout and Operation Thermal Power Plant Lay out : The above diagram is the lay out of a simplified thermal power plant and the below is also diagram of a thermal power plant. Get A Free Quote
very similar to the avoided fossil fuel equipment. Perhaps 2/3 of the lifecycle cost of this plant is directly related to either fossil fuel handling or fossil fuel price. ... Design of a 240 MWe Solar Thermal Power Plant …
2018-5-25 · The experienced piping designer needs to have a working knowledge of plant layout, equipment arrangement, and system functionality associated with one or more fields of endeavor, such as commercial, industrial, refinery, petrochemical, or power.
The Design & Build Contractor will prepare a site layout and building design for the new Power Plant building and facility as shown in the layout provided in Exhibit 3 and Exhibit 7, page 3 for the Generators, Switchgear & Auxiliaries.
Main Electric Power and Balance of Plant Systems and Equipment of Qinshan Phas III CANDU Nuclear Power Plant Ji Yan*, Jin Wanggui*, He Ping*, and Surya Varanasi** ... Major BOP systems include thermal systems and equipment directly involved ... The major design parameters of the turbine–generator are presented in
A thermal power station is a power station in which heat energy is converted to electric power. In most of the places in the world the turbine is steam -driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator .
General Layout of the Plant Though each plant is unique in itself in terms of specific features and functionalities, still there is a broad outline to which all thermal power plants confirm to and in this article we will study about the general layout of a typical power plant.
Thermal Power Plant Layout and Operation. Thermal Power Plant Lay out : The above diagram is the lay out of a simplified thermal power plant and the below is also diagram of a thermal power plant. The above diagram shows the simplest arrangement of Coal fired (Thermal) power plant. Main parts of the plant are . 1. Coal conveyor 2.
Thermal power generation plant or thermal power station is the most conventional source of electric power. Thermal power plant is also referred as coal thermal power ... Get More Info.
Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) is the use of a heat engine or power station to generate electricity and useful heat at the same time. Trigeneration or combined cooling, heat and power ( CCHP ) refers to the simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heating and cooling from the combustion of a fuel or a solar heat collector.
generated power never makes it past the plant gate, as it is diverted back to the facility's own pumps, fans and other auxiliary systems. This auxiliary equipment has a critical role in the safe operation of the plant …


text: A recent development in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) research is to equip sensor nodes with an RFID reader so that they can be used to track animate or in-animate RFID tagged objects. A key problem in such networks, however, is the energy efficiency of current RFID anti-collision protocols. Specifically, the energy cost incurred by a RFID reader to read and monitor n tags.This paper, therefore, aims to identify the most energy efficient variant among 12 Pure and Slotted Aloha based RFID anti-collision protocols. We present an analytical methodology that evaluates the energy consumed in the following phases: (i) success, (ii) collision, and (iii) idle listening. We first calculate the delay of each phase and then use it to formulate the energy consumption, battery lifetime, and battery wastage of all variants. We found that the Pure Aloha with fast mode consumes the lowest energy and is suitable for tag identification. However, none of the protocols promises energy efficient monitoring of identified tags. In other words, the reader is required to re-read all tags every time to sense their presence; a process that consumes a significant amount of energy.


text:
Are you a cat lover who also happens to love caviar? Or are you simply curious about whether or not cats can eat caviar?
Whatever the reason, it's important to know whether or not it's safe for our feline friends to indulge in this delicacy.
In this article, we'll explore "Can Cats Eat Caviar?" and provide you with all the information you need to know.
What is Caviar?
Caviar is a luxury food item that is highly prized for its unique taste and texture.
It is traditionally made from the eggs of sturgeon fish but can also be made from the roe of other fish, such as salmon or trout.
There are many varieties of caviar that can be purchased, such as beluga, osetra, and sevruga, and each of these caviars has a flavor and consistency that is uniquely their own.
Can Cats Eat Caviar?
Are you wondering if your feline friend can indulge in the luxurious delicacy of caviar? Let's dive into the topic and explore whether cats can eat caviar without any consequences or not!
First and foremost, the answer is yes, cats can eat caviar but only in moderation. Caviar contains high levels of vitamins and minerals, including omega-3 fatty acids that are beneficial for your kitty's health.
However, it's important to note that caviar should only be given as an occasional treat and should never replace their regular meals.
While caviar can provide some health benefits for your cat, it's not entirely risk-free. Consuming too much caviar can cause an upset stomach, vomiting, and diarrhea.
In addition, caviar typically has a significant amount of sodium, which can cause cats to become dehydrated and contribute to various health problems.
Therefore, if you choose to offer your feline friend caviar as a treat, do it in moderation.
The general rule of thumb is to give only a small amount of caviar as a special treat, and a quarter of a teaspoon of caviar should be enough for most cats.
Nutritional Value of Caviar
Now let's talk about the nutritional value of caviar, both for humans and our feline friends.
Firstly, caviar is loaded with nutrients that are beneficial for human health. It's an excellent source of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamins like B12 and A.
These nutrients can help improve brain function, boost the immune system, and support healthy skin and hair. However, the nutritional benefits of caviar could be clearer when it comes to cats.
While cats also need protein and some vitamins, their dietary needs are different from humans.
Some experts even caution against feeding caviar to cats because it's not a natural part of their diet and may not provide all the nutrients they need.
So, while caviar can be a nutritious and delicious food for humans, it's important to consider your cat's unique nutritional needs before offering them a taste.
Other Foods to Consider for Cats
While caviar can be a delicious treat for cats, it is important to remember that it should only be given in moderation.
In addition to caviar, plenty of other foods are safe and nutritious for cats to eat. Some great options include lean meats like chicken and turkey and fish like salmon and tuna.
Cats also enjoy cooked eggs as a treat. It's important to note that cats are obligate carnivores and require a diet high in protein.
When introducing new foods to your cat, it's important to do so gradually to avoid stomach upset.
Comparison of Nutritional Benefits to Those of Caviar
While caviar is high in omega-3 fatty acids and protein, there are other foods that offer similar nutritional benefits to cats.
For example, salmon and other fatty fish are also high in omega-3s and protein but are typically less expensive than caviar.
Chicken and turkey are also excellent sources of protein and are often more affordable than caviar.
Additionally, eggs are a great source of protein and omega-3s and are safe for cats to consume in small amounts.
While caviar may be a tasty treat for your cat, it's important to remember that plenty of other safe and nutritious options are available.
So, can cats eat caviar? While it's technically safe for them to do so in moderation, it's not recommended as a regular part of their diet.
Plenty of other foods are better suited to a cat's nutritional needs, so it's best to stick with those.
As always, if you have any concerns about your cat's diet or health, consult your veterinarian.


Rotating Shift Schedule | 5 mins read
How a Rotating Shift Schedule Improves Employee Productivity
how a rotating shift schedule improves employee productivity _PHONE_ 1447
Lauren Christiansen
By Lauren Christiansen
Benefits of a Rotating Shift Schedule
A rotating shift schedule is a type of employee work schedule in which team members alternate between the day shift and night shift. This switch occurs after one or two weeks, depending on business and employee needs. For example, an employee may work night shifts for seven days and then switch to morning shifts the following week.
Healthcare, hospitality, the military, and other labor-intensive industries are more likely to use a rotation shift. A rotation schedule varies, depending on the method a supervisor chooses. The easiest method is to break a 16-hour schedule into two eight-hour shifts. For example, a diner may schedule a team from 8-4 p.m. and schedule another team for the 4-12 p.m. night shift. During the following week, the teams switch shifts with each other.
A rotating schedule ensures that team members cover all work shifts throughout the work week. While shift rotation can wreak havoc on employees' circadian rhythms and sleep cycles, rotating schedules also come with benefits. Read ahead to learn why so many businesses utilize this type of employee scheduling to streamline operations.
1. Rotating Shift Opens New Learning Opportunities
Employees may work the same two days each week, all morning shifts, or on a fixed schedule of 35 hours per week. While a set schedule provides a sense of stability, it's also a way to become pigeonholed. It's good to schedule employees outside of their comfort zone so they learn more about how the business operates.
As a result, an organization will have a more informed workforce, which leads to an increase in productivity. This type of shift work is also an opportunity for everyone to work busier hours and earn more money. This minimizes any discord between team members and improves workplace collaboration.
 - 68% of employees want to learn or train in the workplace
 - 58% of workers prefer to learn at their own pace
 - 49% of employees want to undergo training only when its necessary
 - 75% of employees embark on a learning course when it is recommeded by the manager
Online employee scheduling software that makes shift planning effortless.
Try it free for 14 days.
2. Rotating Shift Schedule Improves Engagement
A lack of engagement is a huge problem in the United States. With up to 70% of employees disengaged at work, there's a serious problem. Employees claim to feel disengaged because of poor communication, a lack of opportunity, and an inflexible schedule. Rotation shift schedules may be one way to solve this problem.
Regular shift changes keep employees on their toes. Team members know they will work busier and slower shifts. At the same time, rotating schedules don't change every day and don't impact last-minute plans. Employees have a better work-life balance but can still look forward to new opportunities at work. This type of schedule shift improves morale, decreases the turnover rate, and increases productivity levels.
3. Rotating Shift Schedule Provides Ample Training Time
3 rotating shift schedule provides ample training time _PHONE_ 8438
With high labor costs and limited time, the onboarding process is a challenge. It's hard to train a worker for one week when there are 10 different tasks to manage. Moreover, the new hire doesn't receive the ample experience required to handle busier times. This is particularly true for the restaurant industry, where different shifts are busier and slower.
Rotating schedules enable supervisors to train new hires and not cut into the evening-hour shift. Supervisors can establish a training meeting first thing in the morning. One team can train one week, and the next team can train the following week.
In other words, there is much more flexibility and time to complete onboarding. Furthermore, supervisors have more time to complete tasks and new hires gain a better experience. As a result, there is less of an impact on operations.
 - 68% of employees say training and development is a company's most important policy
 - 74% of employees claim to not be reaching their full potential due to poor training
 - 76% of workers are looking for career growth opportunities
 - 40% of poorly-trained employees leave the company within the first year
4. Rotating Shifts Improve Work-Life Balance
Some employees prefer to work long hours but still have a 3-day weekend to spend with friends and family. In many organizations, rotating shift workers receive a full week off each month. Other employees enjoy working night shifts so they can spend time with their family during the day, though this does wreak havoc on sleep.
Despite the mental health problems and the impact on sleep patterns, many employees still prefer rotating schedules. Organizations should speak with rotation shift workers regularly to ensure they receive adequate rest. This is imperative to avoid workplace injury, depression, and burnout.
Online employee scheduling software that makes shift planning effortless.
Try it free for 14 days.
5. Rotating Shifts Improve Productivity
5 rotating shifts improve productivity _PHONE_ 9101
In a rotation schedule, team members get to know one. They collaborate more effectively, build better relationships, and take turns to complete undesirable shifts. Because a lack of communication and collaboration hurts morale, this increase is good for businesses.
Furthermore, the company will cover early morning shifts, night shifts, and areas of operations. Supervisors won't need to worry as much about absenteeism or no-calls no-shows. There is plenty of time off, so employees won't feel as stressed out and disgruntled. Remember, happy employees are more productive and more efficient. There will also be a lower turnover rate, which saves money. Customers will be happier with the quality of service they receive, which further increases profits.
 - Employees spend an average of 31 hours per month in meetings. Simultaneously, workers believe meetings are one of the biggest time wasting activities
 - Employees are 45% more likely to be distracted during the summer months
 - One million workers miss work each day due to stress
 - Telecommuters are 14% more productive than office-bound employees
Key Takeaways of Rotating Shift Schedule
key takeaways of rotating shift schedule _PHONE_ 9052
In conclusion, here are the benefits of rotating shift schedules -
 - Employees have new learning opportunities in a rotating shift schedule. They can work peak hours, slow hours, evening shifts, and day shifts. This increases worker experience and boosts customer service.
 - Employees are more engaged with a rotating schedule. A flexible schedule provides ample opportunity to take vacations and spend time with friends and family. This improves morale and decreases the turnover rate.
 - Rotating shift schedules provide ample opportunity for employee training. Supervisors have more time to complete important tasks. Furthermore, workers will have a better work-life balance.
 - Rotating schedules increase productivity. Because employees have a more flexible schedule and are more engaged, they will be happier. Happier employees are more productive. This will also improve customer service and help to increase profits.
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UA Archives commemorates Civil War Sesquicentennial08/26/2014
More than 200 rare letters from The University of Akron archival collections that document the War Between the States were digitized to commemorate the Civil War Sesquicentennial and are now available online. Kent State University School of Library and Information Science student Adam Wanter implemented the project under the direction of UA Archival Services faculty and staff.
A letter in the Joseph Sailor Collection.
The letters represent four distinctly different collections held in Archival Services: The William McCollam Papers, the John J. Polsley Papers, the Joseph Sailor Letters and the Alvin Coe Voris Letters.
The letters cover military and camp life of both soldiers and officers, battles and skirmishes, and soldiers' and citizens' thoughts on the war as it unfolded. These collections and other resources on the history of the Civil War can be viewed online at University Libraries Archival Services Digital Collections.
"The letters document the profound effects the war had on the people of Ohio and the region," says UA archivist S. Victor Fleischer who heads UA Archival Services and serves as an associate professor of bibliography. "Digitizing the letters not only helps to commemorate the war and honor the contributions of Ohioans, but also brings their experiences to light in order to educate a new generations of Americans about this important time in our nation's past,"
About the Civil War Sesquicentennial
The 150th anniversary of the American Civil War is being commemorated by a number of organizations, both locally and nationally, including the National Park Service, the Smithsonian Institution and the Ohio Historical Society. For more information about the Civil War Sesquicentennial (2011-2015) in Ohio, please visit the Ohio Civil War 150 project online.
About The University of Akron's Archival Services
UA's Archival Services, which is part of University Libraries, collects, preserves and provides access to historic resources that primarily document the history of The University of Akron and the region. The department, which is located in Room LL10 of the Polsky Building in downtown Akron, is open to students, faculty, staff and the general public, Monday through Friday, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Appointments are recommended, but not required. To learn more, visit Archival Services online.
Media contact: Denise Henry, _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_.


By now most public schools in around the Northland have announced their plans for the upcoming school year - with reopening plans dictated largely by the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It's those concerns that will see two less teachers in the Superior school district when students come back in September.
The Superior School Board accepted the resignations of five teachers at their most-recent meeting on August 10 - two of which specifically mentioned their concerns about COVID-19 as the reason behind their decision. The teachers in question are from the Superior High School and Northern Lights Elementary School.
In one case - the teacher from Northern Lights Elementary - the concern was based on the large number of students she comes in contact with throughout the day. Her position was a specialist - teaching music - and she had broad contact with most of the students in the building. The other teacher - at the high school - teaches in the English department. She cited that she worries about getting sick and also getting her family sick.
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All five of the teachers - the two citing COVID-19 and the other three who are leaving for other reasons - are being held liable for liquidated damages. According to news sources, those damages vary between "$750 and $1,500 depending on when they made their resignation request." The concept of liquidated damages is foreign to many outside of the education world, but it has become commonplace at most public school school districts and many private schools. Superior School District Administrator Amy Starzecki explains:
"We added liquidated damages to the contract a few years ago to make up for things that we lost out when a teacher left closer to the start of school. [Those items that the district takes a loss on] include[...] their health savings account contribution, the cost to recruit someone for the position and the cost of a long-term substitute teacher."
The Superior School Board did make adjustments to the liquidated damages assessed to one of the teachers; that teacher asked for "leniency" as a result of the unprecedented times we're going through.
7 Ways People Are Wearing Masks Wrong


Shadows, Slicksters, and Soothsayers: Physicians in Canadian Poetry
That physicians are scientists is rarely questioned. One might expect, then, that doctors would be portrayed as such in Canadian poetry. However, when the author, a physician and poet herself, surveyed a sample of contemporary works, she found that doctors were rarely seen as scientists; instead, she groups their portrayals into three categories: shadows (physicians who appear as accidental tourists, or as manual labourers), slicksters (physicians doing the technical work of medicine, but also embodying the power struggles between doctor and patient), and soothsayers (physicians who divine some larger meaning about being human). Though this lack of physician-as-scientist imagery might exist because poets are generally less familiar with the workaday world of science than with the caring (or apparently not caring) aspects of physicianship, these portrayals suggest the world may view medicine as something emerging from science, but occupying a place closer to craftsmanship. I conclude with what this may mean for what patients want more of and less of from physicians.
This article "Shadows, Slicksters, and Soothsayers: Physicians in Canadian Poetry" originally appeared in Science & Canadian Literature. Spec. issue of Canadian Literature 221 (Summer 2014): 37-54.


Convert G℧ to n℧ (Gigamho to Nanomho)
Gigamho into Nanomho
Measurement Categorie:
Original value:
Original unit:
Target unit:
 numbers in scientific notation
Direct link to this calculator:
Convert Gigamho to Nanomho (G℧ to n℧):
 3. From the selection list, choose the unit that corresponds to the value you want to convert, in this case 'Gigamho [G℧]'.
With this calculator, it is possible to enter the value to be converted together with the original measurement unit; for example, '784 Gigamho'. In so doing, either the full name of the unit or its abbreviation can be usedas an example, either 'Gigamho' or 'G℧'. Then, the calculator determines the category of the measurement unit of measure that is to be converted, in this case 'Electric conductance'. After that, it converts the entered value into all of the appropriate units known to it. In the resulting list, you will be sure also to find the conversion you originally sought. Alternatively, the value to be converted can be entered as follows: '31 G℧ to n℧' or '24 G℧ into n℧' or '4 Gigamho -> Nanomho' or '55 G℧ = n℧' or '28 Gigamho to n℧' or '46 G℧ to Nanomho' or '80 Gigamho into Nanomho'. For this alternative, the calculator also figures out immediately into which unit the original value is specifically to be converted. Regardless which of these possibilities one uses, it saves one the cumbersome search for the appropriate listing in long selection lists with myriad categories and countless supported units. All of that is taken over for us by the calculator and it gets the job done in a fraction of a second.
Furthermore, the calculator makes it possible to use mathematical expressions. As a result, not only can numbers be reckoned with one another, such as, for example, '(58 * 63) G℧'. But different units of measurement can also be coupled with one another directly in the conversion. That could, for example, look like this: '784 Gigamho + 2352 Nanomho' or '10mm x 14cm x 48dm =? cm^3'. The units of measure combined in this way naturally have to fit together and make sense in the combination in question.
How many Nanomho make 1 Gigamho?
1 Gigamho [G℧] = 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 Nanomho [n℧] - Measurement calculator that can be used to convert Gigamho to Nanomho, among others.


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Discovery of Latent 3D Keypoints via End-to-end Geometric Reasoning
Supasorn Suwajanakorn
Mohammad Norouzi
NeurIPS (2018)
Abstract
This paper presents KeypointNet, an end-to-end geometric reasoning framework to learn an optimal set of category-specific 3D keypoints, along with their detectors. Given a single image, KeypointNet extracts 3D keypoints that are optimized for a downstream task. We demonstrate this framework on 3D pose estimation by proposing a differentiable objective that seeks the optimal set of keypoints for recovering the relative pose between two views of an object. Our model discovers geometrically and semantically consistent keypoints across viewing angles and instances of an object category. Importantly, we find that our end-to-end framework using no ground-truth keypoint annotations outperforms a fully supervised baseline using the same neural network architecture on the task of pose estimation. The discovered 3D keypoints on the car, chair, and plane categories of ShapeNet are visualized at keypointnet.github.io.


Heart Line – the Key to Your Love Life
heartstraightThere are three major lines in the hand, and each one is separately examined by a reader during a palm reading. The heart line is the first one. Found towards the top of the palm and under the fingers, this line represents love and attraction. According to believing, the heart line represents people's emotional living, and how our emotions act or will act during our lifetime.
The heart line is also linked to romantic perspectives, relationships, physical love, health of our heart etc. Sometimes, people can detect a high blood pressure and react in a timely manner, all thanks to palm reading of the heart line.
Where Does It Start
Depending of the position where the line starts, the meaning is different. For example, in situations where the heart line starts under the index finger, the reader determines that the client lives a satisfying love life. People who are selfish in love see their heart line starting beneath their middle finger. The last place where the line can start is between the first and middle finger. If it starts there, the person falls in love easily.
Symbols on the Line
Sometimes, there might be symbols on the heart line. A circle on the line signifies sadness or depression, while a broken heart or lines crossing show emotional trauma.
How Does the Line Look
The heart line is associated with all things concerning love. But the form and the shape of the line represent different meanings.
 - Long, straight line is associated with people who are rational and analytical. They tend to consider other's feelings first.
 - People who need freedom in love have short straight line. They tend to show their affection through actions rather than words.
 - A long, curved line is associated with people who are driven by passion and desire.
 - A short, curved line represents reserved people in love, preferring more intimate settings.
 - People who've experienced personal betrayal have unique heart line. There line has two or more Xs found at the outer palm.
 - If the line is split in two, the person hides his/her emotions in order to meet the needs of other people.
 - If the heart and the life line touch, the person is very vulnerable and his/her heart can be broken easily.
Players (people with many lovers) have wavy heart line. Even though they have many lovers, very few of those relationship develop to something serious.
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STRING_ACTION);
 ArrayList<DetectedActivity> detectedActivities = (ArrayList) result.getProbableActivities();
 i.putExtra(Constants.STRING_EXTRA, detectedActivities);
 LocalBroadcastManager.getInstance(this).sendBroadcast(i);
 }
}
In the above class, the constructor is required. It calls the super IntentService(String) constructor with the name of a worker thread.
In onHandleIntent(), we get the ActivityRecognitionResult from the Intent by using extractResult(). We then use this result to get an array list of DetectedActivity objects. Each activity is associated with a confidence level, which is an int between 0 and 100. Then we create a new Intent on which we are going to send the detected activities. Finally we broadcast the Intent so that it can be picked up.
Paste the following into the manifest file so that the Android system knows about the service. It should be a child of the application tag.
<service
 android:name=".ActivitiesIntentService"
 android:exported="false" />
In MainActivity implement the ConnectionCallbacks and OnConnectionFailedListener interfaces.
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity implements ConnectionCallbacks, OnConnectionFailedListener
Make the necessary imports and implement their methods.
@Override
public void onConnected(Bundle bundle) {
 Log.i(TAG, "Connected");
}
@Override
public void onConnectionSuspended(int i) {
 Log.i(TAG, "Connection suspended");
 mGoogleApiClient.connect();
}
@Override
public void onConnectionFailed(ConnectionResult connectionResult) {
 Log.i(TAG, "Connection failed. Error: " + connectionResult.getErrorCode());
}
You will see an error as we haven't created the mGoogleApiClient variable yet.
Add the following variables to MainActivity.
private static final String TAG = "MainActivity";
private GoogleApiClient mGoogleApiClient;
private TextView mDetectedActivityTextView;
Paste the following at the end of onCreate().
mDetectedActivityTextView = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.detected_activities_textview);
mGoogleApiClient = new GoogleApiClient.Builder(this)
 .addConnectionCallbacks(this)
 .addOnConnectionFailedListener(this)
 .addApi(ActivityRecognition.API)
 .build();
Note that we add the ActivityRecognition.API when creating the Google Api Client and not the location API as we did in the previous examples.
Include the onStart() and onStop() methods to connect and disconnect the client.
@Override
protected void onStart() {
 super.onStart();
 mGoogleApiClient.connect();
}
@Override
protected void onStop() {
 super.onStop();
 if (mGoogleApiClient.isConnected()) {
 mGoogleApiClient.disconnect();
 }
}
In the ActivitiesIntentService class, we broadcast an Intent that has an array of detected activities and we need a receiver class to receive this. Before we create that, Include the following strings in the strings.xml. file.
<string name="in_vehicle">In a vehicle</string>
<string name="on_bicycle">On a bicycle</string>
<string name="on_foot">On foot</string>
<string name="running">Running</string>
<string name="walking">Walking</string>
<string name="still">Still</string>
<string name="tilting">Tilting</string>
<string name="unknown">Unknown activity</string>
<string name="unidentifiable_activity">Unidentifiable activity: %1$d</string>
In MainActivity, add the following method which we'll use later in our BroadcastReciever. This takes the code for the detected activity type and returns a relevant string related to the activity.
public String getDetectedActivity(int detectedActivityType) {
 Resources resources = this.getResources();
 switch(detectedActivityType) {
 case DetectedActivity.IN_VEHICLE:
 return resources.getString(R.string.in_vehicle);
 case DetectedActivity.ON_BICYCLE:
 return resources.getString(R.string.on_bicycle);
 case DetectedActivity.ON_FOOT:
 return resources.getString(R.string.on_foot);
 case DetectedActivity.RUNNING:
 return resources.getString(R.string.running);
 case DetectedActivity.WALKING:
 return resources.getString(R.string.walking);
 case DetectedActivity.STILL:
 return resources.getString(R.string.still);
 case DetectedActivity.TILTING:
 return resources.getString(R.string.tilting);
 case DetectedActivity.UNKNOWN:
 return resources.getString(R.string.unknown);
 default:
 return resources.getString(R.string.unidentifiable_activity, detectedActivityType);
 }
}
Add the following subclass to MainActivity that extends BroadcastReceiver.
public class ActivityDetectionBroadcastReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {
 @Override
 public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
 ArrayList<DetectedActivity> detectedActivities = intent.getParcelableArrayListExtra(Constants.STRING_EXTRA);
 String activityString = "";
 for(DetectedActivity activity: detectedActivities){
 activityString += "Activity: " + getDetectedActivity(activity.getType()) + ", Confidence: " + activity.getConfidence() + "%\n";
 }
 mDetectedActivityTextView.setText(activityString);
 }
}
Above, we get the array of detected activities and iterate through them getting the type and confidence of each. We then append this to a string and update the UI with the string.
In MainActivity add the following variable.
private ActivityDetectionBroadcastReceiver mBroadcastReceiver;
Then instantiate it in onCreate() after the statement that instantiates mDetectedActivityTextView
mBroadcastReceiver = new ActivityDetectionBroadcastReceiver();
Add the following methods to MainActivity.
public void requestActivityUpdates(View view) {
 if (!mGoogleApiClient.isConnected()) {
 Toast.makeText(this, "GoogleApiClient not yet connected", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
 } else {
 ActivityRecognition.ActivityRecognitionApi.requestActivityUpdates(mGoogleApiClient, 0, getActivityDetectionPendingIntent()).setResultCallback(this);
 }
}
public void removeActivityUpdates(View view) {
 ActivityRecognition.ActivityRecognitionApi.removeActivityUpdates(mGoogleApiClient, getActivityDetectionPendingIntent()).setResultCallback(this);
}
private PendingIntent getActivityDetectionPendingIntent() {
 Intent intent = new Intent(this, ActivitiesIntentService.class);
 return PendingIntent.getService(this, 0, intent, PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT);
}
Then change the class definition to implement ResultCallback since in the code above we set the result callback to this.
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity implements ConnectionCallbacks, OnConnectionFailedListener, ResultCallback<Status>
The first method above uses requestActivityUpdates() to register for activity recognition updates, while the second unregisters. The activities are detected by periodically waking up the device and reading short bursts of sensor data. It makes use of low power sensors to keep the power usage to a minimum. The activity detection update interval can be controlled with the second parameter. Larger values will result in fewer activity detections while improving battery life. Smaller values will result in more frequent activity detections but will consume more power since the device must be woken more frequently. Activities may arrive several seconds after the requested interval if the activity detection service requires more samples to make a more accurate prediction.
Implement the following ResultCallback method which takes the status and logs out different messages depending on it.
public void onResult(Status status) {
 if (status.isSuccess()) {
 Log.e(TAG, "Successfully added activity detection.")


Capacitors in Space: Standards for Space Mission High-Reliability
Dec 5, 2023
Capacitors used in space missions require stringent reliability standards due to the extreme conditions present in space, including radiation, vacuum, temperature variations, and cosmic rays. Capacitors function as devices for storing and subsequently releasing electrical energy. They are essential for filtering noise, stabilizing voltage, and maintaining precise timing in electronic circuits.
 - Radiation Hardness: Space environments expose electronic components to high levels of radiation. Capacitors need to be radiation-hardened to withstand this, ensuring that they maintain their functionality and do not degrade or fail due to radiation exposure.
 - Temperature Range: Space experiences extreme temperature fluctuations. Capacitors must function reliably across a wide temperature range, from extreme cold to high heat, without degradation in performance.
 - Vibration and Mechanical Stress: Launches and maneuvers in space subject components to significant mechanical stress and vibrations. Capacitors must be able to withstand these conditions without failure.
 - Longevity and Reliability: Space missions often last for years or even decades. Capacitors should have a long operational life without significant degradation or failure throughout the mission's duration.
 - Outgassing and Vacuum Compatibility: In the vacuum of space, materials can outgas, releasing substances that might degrade nearby components or surfaces. Capacitors used in space must be made of materials that are compatible with a vacuum environment and have minimal outgassing.
 - Testing and Qualification Standards: Various space agencies like NASA, ESA (European Space Agency), and others have specific standards and testing protocols for space-grade components. Capacitors need to meet these standards and undergo rigorous testing to ensure their reliability in space environments.
 - Quality Assurance and Traceability: Manufacturing processes for space-grade capacitors require strict quality control measures and traceability of components to ensure reliability. Components need to be traceable back to their origin and manufactured under controlled conditions.
 - Space-Grade Capacitor Types: Certain types of capacitors are more suitable for space applications due to their inherent properties. For instance, tantalum capacitors are often used because of their stability and reliability in harsh environments.
NASA EEE-INST-002: A Comprehensive Guide for Reliability
The NASA EEE-INST-002 specification serves as a guiding light for selecting, screening, and qualifying electrical, electronic, and electromechanical (EEE) components. Developed by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre (GSFC), the standard ensures that components meet the necessary reliability and cost criteria. The NASA EEE-INST-002 specification serves as a comprehensive guide for electrical, electronic, and electromechanical (EEE) parts selection, screening qualification, and derating. The standard is tailored for NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre (GSFC) projects and establishes a baseline criterion ensuring that components and materials align with the rigorous standards set by NASA.
Section C1 {Focus on Multi-Layer Ceramic Capacitors (MLCCs)} of the specification specifically addresses multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs). These capacitors are widely used due to their compact size, high capacitance, and excellent stability. To comply with NASA standards, MLCCs must adhere to MIL-PRF-55681 and MIL-PRF-123 standards. These military standards define the performance, testing, and qualification procedures for capacitors used in space applications. These capacitors are widely used in space applications for their compact size, high capacitance values, and stability.
ESCC 3009: European Standards for Space Components
ESCC 3009, or the European Space Components Coordination (ESCC) standard for space components, is a comprehensive set of specifications and requirements designed to ensure the reliability and quality of components used in space missions. The European Space Components Coordination (ESCC), established by the European Space Agency (ESA), focuses on ensuring the availability and affordability of mission-qualified EEE components. Within the broader framework of ESCC 3009, particular attention is given to space capacitors, critical components that play a pivotal role in the functioning of space systems. These capacitors are meticulously scrutinized for their ability to withstand the harsh conditions of space, including extreme temperatures, radiation exposure, and vacuum environments. ESCC 3009 sets stringent criteria for the design, manufacturing, and testing of space capacitors to guarantee their performance in space applications. Parameters such as capacitance stability, leakage current, and dielectric strength are carefully defined to meet the demands of long-duration space missions. The standard ensures that space capacitors adhere to the highest quality and reliability standards, minimizing the risk of failure and ensuring the success of space missions where these components are deployed. Compliance with ESCC 3009 not only enhances the dependability of space capacitors but also contributes to the overall robustness and longevity of space systems, reflecting the commitment of the European space industry to excellence in space exploration and satellite technology.
The European Space Components Coordination (ESCC) plays a pivotal role in shaping the standards for mission-qualified EEE components for space programs. ESCC 3009, one of the standards set by ESCC, focuses on capacitors and their vital role in ensuring the availability and affordability of reliable electronic components. ESCC's collaborative approach involves stakeholders from various European countries and institutions, fostering a global effort to standardize and enhance the reliability of electronic components for space exploration. This not only benefits European space programs but contributes to the broader international community engaged in space endeavors.
ESCC 3009 specifically outlines the requirements for ceramic dielectric capacitors in space applications. These capacitors must withstand extreme temperatures, radiation, and mechanical stress. By adhering to ESCC standards, manufacturers ensure that their capacitors meet the demanding needs of space missions.
ESCC 3009, while ensuring high reliability, also emphasizes the affordability of mission-qualified components. Balancing reliability with cost-effectiveness is a constant challenge in space missions. The ESCC standards aim to provide a framework that allows for the development of space-grade components without unduly burdening project budgets.
MIL-PRF-55681: Rigorous Standards for Space Components
MIL-PRF-55681 is a stringent standard established by the United States Department of Defense, outlines rigorous requirements for space components to ensure their reliability and performance in demanding aerospace environments. MIL-PRF-55681 is a military specification that outlines the performance and testing requirements for high-reliability MLCCs. This includes parameters such as electrical characteristics, mechanical properties, and environmental testing. Within this comprehensive standard, specific attention is directed towards space capacitors, essential components critical to the functionality of space systems. Capacitors meeting these standards are more likely to withstand the harsh conditions of space, ensuring the longevity and reliability crucial for mission success.
MIL-PRF-55681 defines the performance and testing requirements for high-reliability MLCCs used in space applications. The standard specifies the quality control and qualification procedures for these capacitors, including visual inspection, electrical testing, and environmental testing.
MIL-PRF-55681 mandates precise specifications for the design, manufacturing, and testing of space capacitors, emphasizing their ability to withstand the extreme conditions prevalent in space missions, including high levels of radiation, varying temperatures, and vacuum environments. Parameters such as capacitance stability, equivalent series resistance (ESR), and insulation resistance are meticulously defined to meet the stringent demands of space applications. Compliance with MIL-PRF-55681 ensures that space capacitors exhibit exceptional durability and longevity, minimizing the risk of failures during extended space missions. The standard reflects the commitment of the U.S. Department of Defense to maintaining the highest quality and reliability standards for space components, contributing to the success and resilience of space exploration initiatives and satellite technologies. Adherence to MIL-PRF-55681 underscores the dedication to precision and excellence in the design and manufacturing of space capacitors, critical elements for the success of aerospace missions.


Science in Utah high schools missing more than one link
Published June 13, 2013 7:41 am
Strong standards for state's youngsters weaken as students approach college.
As Utah begins a $10 million push to boost science, math, engineering and technology (STEM) education, a national education foundation found the state's science standards have critical gaps, especially in high school.
High school physics and chemistry standards are missing key topics, including Kepler's laws of planetary motion, modern physics such as lasers and nuclear power, organic chemistry and writing chemical equations, the analysis said.
But the standards include an "excellent" treatment of evolution and are strong for kindergarten through second grade, earning the state an overall "B" from the Thomas B. Fordham Institute. It ranked Utah 13th nationally.
The nonprofit analyzed science standards across the nation and compared them to Next Generation Science Standards, developed by 26 states and groups such as the National Research Council and the National Science Teachers Association.
The Fordham report, released Thursday, urges states not to adopt the new standards released in April, saying they're poorer than those in place in 20 states, including Utah. The report was written by a team of science and education professors from universities nationwide.
Debra Roberts, state school board chairwoman, has said the state does not plan to adopt the Next Generation standards, but would review them as Utah continues to revise its own.
Utah's science standards are about a decade old and officials are hashing out a timeline to develop new ones, said Sarah Young, science specialist at the state education office.
The office has picked seventh grade as an area that needs improvement — the standards were designed for half-year courses but most schools teach a full year, Young said.
The Fordham analysis may be considered in the revision process, Young said, but officials will examine whether its recommendations are "feasible in a classroom and if it prepares students to be collegeand career-ready."
Utah's science standards do a good job of preparing elementary school students, such as introducing geology and fossils in earth sciences early, the report said.
The state also earned praise for its handling of evolution, focusing on DNA, fossil records and comparing today's species to those that have died out.
But the analysis said critical content is missing from high school standards across topics. Earth science lessons, it said, neglect a critical element: the factors that shape climate.
Physics requirements don't incorporate relevant math lessons, the report said. They ask high school students to recall formulas, such as the relationships between speed, wavelength and frequency of waves. But they do not have the students put them to use by calculating those elements of a particular wave.
When Utah high school graduates get to Weber State University, nearly half need remedial help with math, said Barbara Trask, associate dean of the college of science. She sees the same discrepancy the report notes: Utah students often have a good understanding of content but struggle to use it to solve problems.
"They know what a cell is, what the parts of the cell are, what they do," said Trask, also a professor of zoology. But when asked to critically analyze data, she said, "They're not as well-prepared as they could be."
Students have "memorized a lot of things. It's just that the ability to be able to use what they've learned in a new situation" can be missing, she said.
Lawmakers this year set aside $10 million for a STEM education center and technology and training for teachers. The center will first focus on improving math instruction for middle school students and increasing college math readiness.
Lindsay Whitehurst contributed to this report. — States' science grades
A Thomas B. Fordham Institute analysis found science standards in 20 states, including Utah, are stronger than new Next Generation Science Standards. How they graded states:
A: District of Columbia and five states, including California and Massachusetts
B: 7 states, including Utah
C: 12 states
D: 16 states
F: 10 states, including Idaho
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Solar_User::locale()
public string Solar_User::locale ( string $key , string $num = 1 , array $replace = NULL )
Looks up class-specific locale strings based on a key.
Inherited from Solar_Base.
Parameters
 - (string) $key: The key to get a locale string for.
 - (string) $num: If 1, returns a singular string; otherwise, returns a plural string (if one exists).
 - (array) $replace: An array of replacement values for the string.
Returns
 - (string) The locale string, or the original $key if no string found.
Description
Looks up class-specific locale strings based on a key.
This is a convenient shortcut for calling that automatically uses the current class name.
You can also pass an array of replacement values. If the $replace array is sequential, this method will use it with vsprintf(); if the array is associative, this method will replace "{:key}" with the array value.
For example:
<?php
$page = 2;
$pages = 10;
// given a locale string TEXT_PAGES => 'Page %d of %d'
$replace = array($page, $pages);
return $this->locale('Solar_Example', 'TEXT_PAGES',
 $pages, $replace);
// returns "Page 2 of 10"
// given a locale string TEXT_PAGES => 'Page {:page} of {:pages}'
$replace = array('page' => $page, 'pages' => $pages);
return $this->locale('Solar_Example', 'TEXT_PAGES',
 $pages, $replace);
// returns "Page 2 of 10"
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 - Worth 1000: Is your photography supporting your firm's voice?
Worth 1000: Is your photography supporting your firm's voice?
Worth 1000: Is your photography supporting your firm's voice?
If your law firm's name was not mentioned somewhere in your articles, on your website or on your advertisements, could people identify the material as coming from you? If a potential client came across one of your Facebook posts and one of your SlideShare presentations, would he or she recognize that each was produced by the same entity? If you met in person, would that encounter reflect the experiences that individual has already had with your firm online?
Hopefully, the answer to these questions is yes. Or, at least the answer is, "Yes, that is what our firm is trying to accomplish."
Producing content that is immediately recognizable is a tall order for law firms. Many attorneys will inevitably cover similar law-related subjects, and you will have to discuss many of the same topics as your competition. However, the way by which you present the material can vary greatly. Just because you have to talk about the same thing does not mean you must do it with the same voice. Marketers spend a lot of time talking about how your content should sound human. And it should. But equally important is giving that human personality and a voice.
What is a brand voice?
A brand voice is a consistent style that is created through the deliberate use of words, sentences and visual cues. Your firm's voice should reflect its unique personality. Your voice should help establish your firm as an identifiable and authoritative resource for your readers and ultimately for your clients.
Defining your voice
Think of your firm's personality as you would if you were considering a real person. Pick three to five words that describe this personality. For example: warm, outgoing and energetic. Or, aggressive, passionate and independent. Maybe, idealistic, creative and daring. Each of these combinations describes a very different person.
Next, think about how those characteristics can be represented through writing and symbolism. For example, if you have chosen "passionate," a guideline could be to always write in active voice. If you have described yourself as intellectual, set a standard of avoiding colloquialisms. If you are optimistic, pick images that use warm colors. Outline the do's and don'ts for each of your personality characteristics so that everyone at the firm understands how you are presenting your voice — and why.
In written content, brand voice is determined by a number of factors, including (but not limited to) sentence length, word length, word complexity, the use of first, second or third person, the use of contractions, tempo and level of formality. If one attorney at your firm always uses third person and another first or second, they will inevitably sound like two different authors. Your goal should be to eliminate that distinction.
Defining brand voice through visual cues
Your brand voice is not only defined by the words you write. It is also exemplified in the pictures and other visual elements you use.
Photography is an underutilized marketing resource for many firms. Choosing a picture to go with a blog post easily becomes an afterthought. Scheduling photo sessions, especially at larger firms, is challenging. Instagram and Pinterest were not created for law firms.
But humans are visual creatures. Pictures, colors and forms evoke emotions and solidify memories. Because of this, no brand voice guidelines are complete if they do not consider visuals.
Creating photo brand guidelines
Pictures that are associated with your firm should also adhere to guidelines. Write these guidelines down to make sure everyone responsible for picking and publishing images understands what they are looking for — including anyone who may be writing about your firm. Many large brands will publish a collection of acceptable images that may be used in stories about the company. This makes reporters' jobs easier and ensures the brand is accurately represented.
Here are some items to consider when creating photo guidelines:
1. Subject: You must first decide whether you would like to use pictures that predominantly show people, or whether you would rather use environments, or even objects. Within this specification, outline how these subjects should be shown. For example, if you are using people, will you show the whole person in context or use closely cropped images? Presenting a subject close-up gives a very different feeling than presenting a subject with a lot of breathing room. If you are using environments, should the pictures contain a lot of sky? Water? Neither? Will your pictures be posed, or will they show the subject in a natural environment?
2. Colors: Good pictures will have a distinct color palette. They may have one dominant color that is supported by similar secondary colors, or they may contain several complementary but contrasting colors. Either way, you should be able to pick two to four colors from the image that hold it together.
Photo guidelines can specify what types of palettes are acceptable. Should the colors in your pictures be complementary or contrasting. Should pictures contain a consistent, dominant color, and if so, what is that color?
3. Saturation and use of light: Light is everything in photography. Light will determine whether pictures are warm or cold, saturated or washed out, natural or artificial. Consider the type of light you want in your pictures. Do you want pictures to be intentionally oversaturated and full of light? Or, should the light be more balanced? Will you use photo manipulation tools to over or under-emphasize light? Should the light source be natural or artificial? Is it ever acceptable to use flash?
4. Feeling: Define the emotions you would like to produce with your pictures. (Hint: these emotions should match your personality.) For example, the University of California's guidelines say that photography should "reveal the excitement and energy of discovery and transformation." UCLA specifically states that pictures should convey "a sense of optimism and confidence." Pictures can reveal a broad range of emotions from energy to calmness, anticipation to security, friendliness to formality. Choosing pictures that evoke emotions that clash with your brand's personality and writing style is unsettling — even if readers or visitors cannot directly describe why. This is not the feeling you want them to leave with.
5. Depth of field: Depth of field is the range of distance between objects that are in focus and those that are blurry. If the subject is sharply in focus in the foreground and most of the background is blurry, the image has a shallow depth of field. If most of what is contained in the image is sharp, that image has a deeper depth of field.
6. Themes: UCLA's photography guidelines provide an excellent example of how to define a theme. They specify not only that pictures should contain a lot of natural light, but that pictures should have washouts and sun flares. They define how to show buildings (never close up) and tell people to use pictures that contain as much sky as possible, which reflects their brand's promise of "limitless opportunity." The sky and sunshine are clear themes that the university wants used in its pictures.
Make consistency easy
Consistency is the key to any brand-building activities, from writing to advertising to choosing and producing photography. To help everyone involved with the firm stay consistent, put guidelines in writing. As a resource, keep a database of high-quality images that can be used online and in print. If you use different service providers to produce written content and print or video advertising, make sure they communicate with each other. Give them the same tools. Ensure that everyone who speaks for your firm is using the same resources. Only then can you know you are speaking with a unified voice and building the authority your firm deserves.
Kristen Friend


🌟 Creating a clean city
Jurisdiction: Victoria
Our residents and businesses produce, consume, and dispose of waste every day. Many residents are unaware of what happens to their waste once it enters a bin or simply don't care. How might we use data to empower and educate our community about their waste?
We aspire to be a clean and clever city and want to ensure we don't waste one of our most valuable resource, our data.
With population growth comes an increased amount of waste being generated.
We need to support people to make smart choices at each step of the waste life cycle.
How can we paint a picture of the waste life cycle for our community using data?
Eligibility Use atleast 1 City of Ballarat waste dataset from data.gov.au
Entry: Challenge entry is available to all teams in Australia.
Dataset Highlight
Data.gov.au - city of Ballarat
Go to Dataset
Challenge Entries
Back to Challenges


Thursday, September 12, 2013
Smarter playlist length calculations
For my playlist controller/generator application, I wanted to have a way to produce an accurate list length to reflect about one day's worth of songs. I figured that if I knew how long every track was in my library, I should be able to get a good estimate as to how many tracks I could potentially play in a single day. From that, I then can figure out how many tracks to load into the playlist. So, first I need to have the lengths, in seconds (and fractions of seconds) for each and every track in the library.
I have my library partitioned into different categories, one category per track. I did not want to use the genre for this, as the genre could be something that does not reflect my own personal preference for categorizing my music. I have the categories organized in my settings file so that they are listed in order of my preference. This is done in a two-dimensional list configuration in python. The placement order in this list determines the "weight" of a particular category, which effectively determines how much more or less I'd like to hear songs in that category.
I divide up the tracks based on category, and take the geometric mean of the lengths of each track in each category. For those who are unfamiliar with a geometric mean, it is another kind of average that can be taken. The more common arithmetic mean is you sum up the values, then divide the sum by the number of values present. The geometric mean is taken by multiplying all of the values, then take the Nth root of the product, where N is the total number of values. So, if you have three values, 3, 2, 4, the arithmetic mean of these would be (3 + 2 + 4) / 3 = 3. Th geometric mean would be the cube root of (3 * 2 * 4), or the cube root of 24, which would be 2.88... This kind of average tends to predict lower than the arithmetic mean, which in this particular scenario would be like assuming what might be possible if a lot of smaller-length tracks were played within a single day.
Unfortunately, the calculation for geometric means results in insanely huge numbers due to multiplication, and actually can end up going out of bounds for floating-point numbers due to the size of the number that is calculated. So, there is a trick that can be done to avoid this. The trick is to use the arithmetic mean, and the harmonic mean. The harmonic mean is summing the reciprocals of the values, and then multiplying that by the total number of values (in the above example, you would do 3 * (1/3 + 1/4 + 1/2) = 2.77...). then you do the geometric mean of the arithmetic and harmonic means (square root of 3 * 2.77... = 2.88...).
Because I process favorites vs non-favorites differently, I run this geometric mean on all tracks in a category, and then just the favorites in that category, and apply the weights I've defined in my settings file for favorites or normal tracks to the results, and sum the two together to get the adjusted geometric mean for the whole category.
I then do a weighted average for the adjusted geometric mean for each category, based on the weights I've calculated earlier. A weighted average is to multiply the category's geometric mean by the category's weight, and summing that with the product of each category, and dividing it by the sum of the weights. The end result is a very good estimate for the average length, in seconds, for each track. I divide the number of seconds in a day by this average length, and I get the total number of tracks per day, which will be the basis for the number of tracks I load into the playlist. The end result is that different tracks impact this calculation in different weights based on the category and whether it is a favorite track or not. My favorites in my favorite category have a bigger impact than a non-favorite track in my least favorite category. Smaller-length tracks have a bigger impact on this number than longer tracks.
Tuesday, September 10, 2013
Making my playlist processing be concurrent.
This may come as a shock to some people, but I have this itch to continually tweak my music playlist. It started with me having a set of songs I liked... And [un?]fortunately, this collection grew, and grew. Soon, I wanted to have a way to organize my music and ensure that I'm listening to a certain set of songs. Enter the iTunes Smart Playlists, which let me define, in Set Theory-like notation, multiple playlists each following a different set of rules, that I could combine together and randomize to produce a "daily playlist", which I loaded into my Gen 1 iPhone. This worked fairly well.
Well... eventually I replaced that phone, and chose a less technologically-advanced phone (read: not a smart phone), and had to come up with some other way to get my music. So I took my music, and used a plethora of different streaming servers, building the same kind of functionality as I had with the iTunes smart playlists, building a daily playlist to stream to me at work (or wherever I can get the stream from). I eventually got fed up with most of the streaming servers, and settled onto Music Player Daemon (MPD). I also found a nice python library to interface with the MPD server, and control it (python-mpd2). This meant I could basically write my own playlist generator, how I wanted it, and have my music streamed through MPD, without all of the annoyances that the proprietary streaming servers were doing.
Now, several generations and revisions later, I have my own music database (the backend is unimporant, it will work with any database backend that SQLAlchemy can use) for my playlist generator, which has transformed into a playlist controller (it continually runs, and updates as songs are played through the day, eventually loading in a new batch of songs as the internal playlist gets used up). I have rebuilt it so that the database updating, and the playlist generating is all done concurrently, with multiple "worker processes" that drive handles chunks of the processing of each independently of the other processes. The beauty of this is that I can leverage multi-core computers for the playlist controller, and be able to have the processes spread around the different cores, which gives a nice performance boost.
Now, I am trying to add in new features to it. I want it to scrobble to I want my holiday music playlist modifications to work again. I want it to play stuff from podcasts, I want to be able to mix in music from Pandora. These will keep m busy, now that I think I have the core processing working in a way I am comfortable with.
Thursday, May 23, 2013
A Christian's Response To: A Christian's View of World of Warcraft (published in 2008)
I found this little jewel out on the 'net, and feel a need to respond to the blatant misconstruing of what is or isn't OK with World of Warcraft. I am a Christian (Confessional Lutheran, to be precise), and I also enjoyed playing World of Warcraft. I don't like it when people muddy the name "Christian" with stuff that is not Christian, and feel compelled by my Christian Freedom and Christian Responsibility to respond to this, even if I am about 5 years late on finding it. I am not a fan of the Legalism or the Moralism that plagues American Protestantism. So... here we go:
Evil Character and Quests
The classic argument about playing "evil characters" in a game. This has recently been touched upon quite well by Rev. Jonathan Fisk at Worldview Everlasting. This is basically an arbitrary line in the sand being drawn. Why do I say that? Because in the game, you pretend to be a different person, basically, you lie. So this line is drawn claiming that one kind of lying (role-playing a good character) is better than another kind of lying (role-playing a bad character). Further, this argument could be applied to condemn any writer to ever have evil characters portrayed in their books. Because they have to get into the role of those characters to know how the characters would act/react in the book. Or, for that matter, you better just not read any book with conflicts between good and evil characters within it, because the author was obviously being evil when writing about the evil characters, and it is better to avoid it entirely. Oh, wait, this means you better skip reading the Bible, because it is filled with all kinds of conflicts between good and evil, most notably between the triune God and sin, death, and the Devil. Like I said, it is an arbitrary line... and one that is not made in the Bible at all. As it is not expressly forbidden in the Bible, it becomes a matter of Christian Freedom. The correct term for it is "adiophra", which means those things not expressly forbidden in the Bible.
Sorry, but psychology is not a study based on the Bible, or even remotely connected to the Bible (and in fact, is arguably contrary to the Bible on many points). This has absolutely nothing to do with Christianity, and everything to do with human reason. The jury is still out as far as gaming "addiction" is concerned, and I don't see this as any kind of point with merit when defining Christian reasons to oppose playing WoW.
So what? It is, by definition a game, with rules connected to how to play the game. A game without rules would be


text: Botrytis cinerea is a fungus that can express itself as a 'noble rot' or 'gray rot'. The positive variant, noble rot, arises when the mornings are moist (morning mist) and the grapes are able to dry in the afternoon sun. The Botrytis cinerea fungus makes the skin of the grapes porous resulting in dried out shrivelled grapes. These grapes have concentrated sugars, acids and aromas, which contributes to the rich wine flavours and aromas. The negative variant, gray rot, arises when the grapes do not dry up and remain moist. The gray mold fluff is characteristic of this variant.


text:
Ireland's first Railway (Dublin to Kingstown) was completed by the end of 1834 and on December 13 of that same year the first train "Hibernia" puffed her way out of Westland Row station, destination Kingstown. This ushered in a railway revolution that would see Ireland covered in 3,480 miles of track by 1920.
In 1844 Isambard Kingdom Brunel (Thames tunnel, Clifton Suspension Bridge, S.S. Great Eastern) told the Dublin and Kingstown Railway (D.&K.R.) that his company (the Great Western Railway) planned to build a line into South Wales and start a new sea route from Fishguard to what is now Rosslare. Also in 1849 a small private tramway was carrying over 400 tons of copper and lead ore from local mines to the port of Wicklow. Brunel's line plus the ore made the idea of extending the D&KR line to Wicklow profitable. The railway to Wicklow opened in 1855 that was transformative to the town's importance as a port.
The simplest and most obvious route inland would not prove as scenic as the coastal route, but to boost the appeal leisure travel the coastal route was chosen. This proved to be a disaster because this scenic line ran far too close to the sea and relied on far too many viaducts to be safe. Tragedy struck in 1867 when the Eniscorthy to Dublin left the tracks at Bray Head killing two and prompting the building of the Bray head tunnel.
Scene of the Bray Head disaster,1867
After Wicklow the track headed inland to incorporate the old mining train tracks.
Wicklow was also one of the several stations where a builder of a new residence within one mile of the station could obtain for himself or a nominee a free season ticket for seven years between the station and Harcourt Street.
Organised excursions were features of special "Sea Breezes" to Wicklow (Mainline or Murrough). In August, 1932, 3,354 passengers travelled on five trains from Harcourt Street at a return fare of one shilling.


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Prove that if a is a natural number and the square root of a is rational, then it is a square number (an integer n^2 for some integer n.)
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Good Approximations
Solve quadratic equations and use continued fractions to find rational approximations to irrational numbers.
Spirostars
Age 16 to 18 Challenge Level:
20 point star
To produce this star, twenty line segments of equal length are drawn in a continuous path, with equal angles between consecutive line segments.
Imagine instructing a small creature to walk along the path. You would give the instruction to walk forward a certain distance then to turn through a certain angle and to repeat the instruction over and over again.
To do this, you could use the Logo commands:
repeat 20 [forward 100 right $\theta$]
Experiment with the Logo program
repeat $q$ [forward 100 right $\theta$]
What shapes can you draw? Vary $q$ and $\theta$. For what values of $\theta$ can you find closed paths (returning to the starting point)?
Prove that the path is closed if and only if $\theta$ is a rational multiple of 360 degrees.
Compare this property to the results found in the problem Stars.