text:
Managing supply during high rainfall
Throughout the year we manage water catchments, the water and wastewater network and treatment facilities to provide reliable services, including during storms and high rainfall events.
With the Australian Bureau of Meteorology forecasting higher than usual rainfall across South East Australia from October 2021 to December 2022, our people are managing our water catchments, reservoirs and network to maintain levels to make best use of rainfall as well as safely operate our infrastructure and protect the natural environment.
For detailed information on the climate outlook, visit the Bureau of Meteorology website.
So we're ready for heavy rainfall events we:
- Manage reservoir levels to minimise any impact to dam infrastructure, the environment and neighbouring communities.
- Routinely test drinking water and have a standby capability to increase the frequency and adjust treatment as required.
- Minimise blackwater events along the River Murray and other significant watercourses using sediment control structures.
- Work with our customers to reduce stormwater infiltration into the wastewater system (rainfall should be directed to the stormwater, not wastewater network).
You can see reservoir levels here.


Most Colorful Trippy Dippy Places in the World!
Sedona, Arizona (above) is certainly colorful, but there are places in the world that are so colorful that if you don't have a camera with you, you may weep.
Russian abandoned salt mine
Russia has an abandoned salt mine that is very psychedelic!
Blue Canyon, Death Valley
Death Valley may look barren and very rocky and dead, but the geology in the area shows some extraordinary colors.
Coyote Buttes, Utah
Grand Prismatic Spring, Wyoming
This is the largest hot spring in the US and third largest in the world. It contains the colors of the rainbow. Pigmented archae along the edges of the mineral-rich water create a color prism.
YuanYang Terraces, China
These man-made rice terraces are flooded with water, change colors depending on the season and growing.
Antelope Canyon, Arizona
The Navajo name for this canyon is place where water runs through rock.
Dallol, Ethiopia
Potash, sylvite and salt mining was done here on large scale.
Lake Retba, Senegal
The high salt content in this lake attracts a saline algae that turns the water pink.
Fly Geyser, Nevada
This geothermal geyser. It is partly natural and partly not so, as some attempted well drilling created a situation combined with geothermal to create this colorful and interesting place.
Zhangye Danxia Landform - China
Sandstone and minerals combined for 24,000,000 years to create this amazing scenic and colorful place.
What makes these places so colorful and unusual? Some are artificial, like the terraces in China or the salt mines that were dug in Russia. Others have minerals, geothermal, and geologic oddities to give them life.
These are surely out of this world places worth visiting and please, don't forget the camera!


Published On: Thu, Dec 3rd, 2020
3 Routine Costs Associated with Running a GP Surgery
Running a GP surgery is an important and vital role within the community. Because there are so many people that depend on your GP surgery, you need to ensure that you are running things properly from a financial perspective so that you can continue to give people the quality healthcare that they need on a regular basis.
GP surgery
If you are in the process of creating a budget for a new GP surgery, or even if you are currently evaluating the budget of your existing surgery, there are a number of routine costs that you are going to need to factor in and bear in mind.
Here are three such costs for you to consider as you create your budget.
1. Disposable Medical Supplies
Every medical facility now more than ever before is making use of disposable supplies like aprons, masks, gloves, and other PPE (personal protection equipment). While those within the medical community are no strangers to using PPE on a regular basis, the current situation that has unfolded over the last year has made it absolutely necessary to use such disposable equipment even more frequently than before.
Moreover, patients and visitors to your GP surgery are also required to use PPE as well as hand sanitizer. This has made it necessary for GP surgeries to factor such things into their own budget. Make sure that you have the cost of these and all of your other disposable GP Surgery Supplies factored into your monthly budget.
2. Equipment Maintenance
Aside from disposable medical equipment, your GP surgery is going to have plenty of other medical equipment on hand. Things like blood pressure cuffs, examination couches and beds, and diagnostic kits that include otoscopes need to be maintained properly so that they can be relied upon to work whenever they are required.
Since these items play such an integral role in the day-to-day operations of your surgery, you need to replace them whenever they fall into disrepair and take measure to maintain them so as to extend their lifetime. It is important to remember, though, that sooner or later, such things will need to be replaced entirely, and your budget needs to reflect that.
3. IT
When you think of a GP surgery, your mind might not initially jump to IT. However, all medical practices these days must use their fair share of technology in order to keep their practice running smoothly. Such software as can help to schedule appointments, keep medical records current, and act as cybersecurity to keep such records safe and secure.
Many GPs are also turning to online consultation forms in order to help alleviate the workload on the surgery itself. Such online forms can help patients get the advice and guidance they need without necessarily having to see the doctor. Such technology can go a long way to helping to improve the operations of your practice but bear in mind that they do come at a cost.


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Justice for girls
The report Disproportionate Minority Contact in the Hawaii Juvenile Justice System: 2000-2010 shines light on many important issues related to the state's juvenile justice system, especially those related to runaways ("Juvenile Injustice," Jan. 2). Dr. Chesney-Lind touched on one point that I want to elaborate on a little more: Many of these youth struggle with trauma from abuse, violence and/or neglect, and exhibit trauma symptoms like self-injury and running away.
[The Weekly] mentioned Wahi Kanaaho as a program that reconnects youth with their culture and community. Another resource girls and their families can turn to is Project Kealahou, a federally funded, trauma-informed program within the Department of Health. Inspired by other girl-focused programs like Girls Court, Project Kealahou provides support to all girls who need it, including those in the juvenile justice system, by providing services such as trauma therapy, mentoring, support groups and cultural education. Gender-responsive programs like Project Kealahou are important to making sure girls at the Hawaii Youth Correctional Facility and other facilities get the support they need to overcome their past traumatic experiences and create a better life.
The Project is also working on system-level policy development and initiatives to address trauma and the special needs of girls. For more information, please visit [projectkealahou.org].
Tia Roberts Director, Project Kealahou Honolulu, HI

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


First responders need as much training as they can get to deal with catastrophic events, but government agencies don't have the time and money to stage full-scale exercises as often as they would like.
But the federal government's deployed new gaming technology that could solve this problem for police and fire personnel — all they need is a computer, nimble fingers and an open mind.
The Enhanced Dynamic Geo-Social Environment (EDGE) system allows responders to engage in simulated environments without endangering civilians or themselves. The technology puts them inside a video game for virtual disaster mitigation, but the purpose is to educate, not entertain. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Science and Technology Directorate (DHS S&T) partnered with the U.S. Army to develop it.
EDGE is a government-owned prototype built on the popular Unreal Engine, the same platform behind many consumer first-person shooter and online role-playing games. In law enforcement's case, however, EDGE allows players to control an in-game avatar, navigate terrain and also use vehicles, equipment and tools to apprehend suspects, evacuate bystanders and perform other site-specific actions.
The players communicate with each other through gaming controls and headsets while training on the system. The communication and coordination required during the simulation is designed to prepare them to build those skills so that they are better prepared for when an actual crisis occurs.
The DHS S&T partnered with the Sacramento, Calif., Police Department on Nov. 20 for a live demonstration of the system inside a police building. Officers, firefighters, emergency medical professionals, dispatchers and unified command center operators worked together to respond to a virtual active-shooter event inside a model of the Sheraton Grand hotel in downtown Sacramento. In the game, terrorists had taken control of the building and the chaos started fires.
It was up to Sacramento's finest to remediate the situation, while unified command center operators coordinated first responder activity.
Assistant Fire Chief Niko King told Fox40 news that EDGE forces law enforcement and emergency management divisions to start thinking about how they'd collaborate during real-life scenarios.
"It's driving the conversations that need to take place. It takes a lot to go out and re-create something like this on the street, but to bring individuals to a controlled environment, to a room, and then create this chaos in the virtual world, it forces the training and thought process and conversations that need to take place," he said.
Players must perform their specific functions in the game in order to complete the mission successfully. Firefighters, for example, use virtual extinguishers to put out flames. EDGE had a fire propagation model inside the virtual Sacramento hotel that could spread throughout the game unless players handled it.
Officer Todd Edgerton's character got wounded in the game. He thought EDGE was useful to learn building layouts but said there were things in real-life police operations that a game just wouldn't be able to capture. "I think it'd be good to train me for a building that I've never been in because I do have some familiarization now with parts [of the building] that I've never been in," he said. "There's stuff that I can't do that I would do in a real tactical situation."
The DHS and U.S. Army had spent roughly $15 million for EDGE's development at the time of the demonstration. An additional pilot demonstration is planned for a simulated school shooting at a Sacramento district. If reception of these pilot demonstrations is positive enough, the federal government hopes to make EDGE available for all law enforcement agencies as an online service.
Hilton Collins, Staff Writer
Hilton Collins | GT Staff Writer


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star-of-Bethlehem, in botany, low, spring-blooming bulbous plant ( Ornithogalum umbellatum ) of the family Liliaceae (lily family), native to the Mediterranean region but naturalized in North America and cultivated in gardens. The plant has rather stiff, grasslike leaves and a cluster of white star-shaped flowers marked on the back with green. It spreads easily and tends to become weedy. Although the fresh plant is poisonous, the bulbs have been prepared and used as food in the Old World. The flower has been associated with the star that guided the Wise Men to the manger (see Star of Bethlehem). The star-of-Bethlehem is classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Liliopsida, order Liliales, family Liliaceae.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Botany: General


tranSMART data integration workshop
Facilitators: Mariska Bierkens (NKI) and Jochem Bijlard (The Hyve)
tranSMART is an open source data warehouse and a web-based browsing application for translational research designed to integrate data from various domains (e.g. clinical and -omics data). Its focus is on data integration, exploration and visualization, and hypothesis generation. It includes utilities for creating quick data summaries, running advanced workflows and has a fully functional genome browser.
It is possible to select a specific subject cohort in tranSMART and export data for customised processing, data analysis and extensive querying, but tranSMART users may explore data at various levels without needing to become domain experts to interpret the data.
In this workshop Mariska Bierkens and Jochem Bijlard will help you reproduce results from an oncology paper published in Nature Communications¹ using the tranSMART data warehouse.
You will integrate basic clinical variables and large scale DNA copy number variation data measured with array CGH, and e.g. recreate survival curves and frequency plots presented in the paper.
Figure 1. TransMART user interface. Display of data in tree-overview, summary statistics, gridview and an advanced workflow analysis (aCGH survival).

Reference:
¹ - Haan, JC et al (2014) Genomic landscape of metastatic colorectal cancer. Nature Communications. 5:5457 doi: _URL_

back to session overview


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The behavior of 26 adult American woodcock (Philohela minor) was studied in central Maine during the summers of 1971-73 using radiotelemetry. Adults used diurnal covers and nocturnal sites that were similar to those previously recorded for immature woodcock. The adults, however, were more active during the daylight hours and moved to nocturnal sites later in the evening. Adult woodcock seemed to be less susceptible than immatures to capture by banding crews at night, because adults walked more often between diurnal and nocturnal sites and remained close to the brushy edges at night. Adult birds occupied a smaller composite summer range than the immatures, did not move as far from their capture sites dunng the observation penods, and traveled shorter distances between diurnal and nocturnal sites.
Additional Publication Details
Summer behavior of adult radio-equipped woodcock in central Maine

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Ziv, Guy. Why Hawks Become Doves: Shimon Peres and Foreign Policy Change in Israel. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2014.
Why do hawkish leaders change course to pursue dovish policies? In Why Hawks Become Doves, Guy Ziv argues that conventional international relations theory is inadequate for explaining these momentous foreign policy shifts, because it underestimates the importance of leaders and their personalities. Applying insights from cognitive psychology, Ziv argues that decision-makers' cognitive structure—specifically, their levels of cognitive openness and complexity—is a critical causal variable in determining their propensity to revise their beliefs and pursue new policies. To illustrate his point, he examines Israeli statesman Shimon Peres. Beginning his political career as a tough-minded security hawk, Peres emerged as one of the Middle East's foremost champions of Israeli-Palestinian peacemaking. Drawing on a vast range of sources, including interviews with Peres and dozens of other political elites, archival research, biographies, and memoirs, Ziv finds that Peres's highly open and complex cognitive structure facilitated a quicker and more profound dovish shift on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict than his less cognitively open and complex rivals.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction: An Individual Level Explanation of Foreign Policy Change
2. Assessing Cognitive Structure: A Comparison of Four Israeli Prime Ministers
3. Peres: The Hawkish Years (1953–1977)
4. Peres's Dovish Turn, Phase I (1977–1987)
5. Pere's Dovish Turn, Phase II (1987–1997)


Rank of An Abelian Group
Get Rank of An Abelian Group essential facts below. View Videos or join the Rank of An Abelian Group discussion. Add Rank of An Abelian Group to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media.
Rank of An Abelian Group
In mathematics, the rank, Prüfer rank, or torsion-free rank of an abelian group A is the cardinality of a maximal linearly independent subset.[1] The rank of A determines the size of the largest free abelian group contained in A. If A is torsion-free then it embeds into a vector space over the rational numbers of dimension rank A. For finitely generated abelian groups, rank is a strong invariant and every such group is determined up to isomorphism by its rank and torsion subgroup. Torsion-free abelian groups of rank 1 have been completely classified. However, the theory of abelian groups of higher rank is more involved.
The term rank has a different meaning in the context of elementary abelian groups.
A subset {a?} of an abelian group is linearly independent (over Z) if the only linear combination of these elements that is equal to zero is trivial: if
where all but finitely many coefficients n? are zero (so that the sum is, in effect, finite), then all summands are 0. Any two maximal linearly independent sets in A have the same cardinality, which is called the rank of A.
Rank of an abelian group is analogous to the dimension of a vector space. The main difference with the case of vector space is a presence of torsion. An element of an abelian group A is classified as torsion if its order is finite. The set of all torsion elements is a subgroup, called the torsion subgroup and denoted T(A). A group is called torsion-free if it has no non-trivial torsion elements. The factor-group A/T(A) is the unique maximal torsion-free quotient of A and its rank coincides with the rank of A.
The notion of rank with analogous properties can be defined for modules over any integral domain, the case of abelian groups corresponding to modules over Z. For this, see finitely generated module#Generic rank.
 - The rank of an abelian group A coincides with the dimension of the Q-vector space A? Q. If A is torsion-free then the canonical map A -> A? Q is injective and the rank of A is the minimum dimension of Q-vector space containing A as an abelian subgroup. In particular, any intermediate group Zn < A < Qn has rank n.
 - Abelian groups of rank 0 are exactly the periodic abelian groups.
 - The group Q of rational numbers has rank 1. Torsion-free abelian groups of rank 1 are realized as subgroups of Q and there is a satisfactory classification of them up to isomorphism. By contrast, there is no satisfactory classification of torsion-free abelian groups of rank 2.[2]
 - Rank is additive over short exact sequences: if
is a short exact sequence of abelian groups then rk B = rk A + rk C. This follows from the flatness of Q and the corresponding fact for vector spaces.
where the sum in the right hand side uses cardinal arithmetic.
Groups of higher rank
Abelian groups of rank greater than 1 are sources of interesting examples. For instance, for every cardinal d there exist torsion-free abelian groups of rank d that are indecomposable, i.e. cannot be expressed as a direct sum of a pair of their proper subgroups. These examples demonstrate that torsion-free abelian group of rank greater than 1 cannot be simply built by direct sums from torsion-free abelian groups of rank 1, whose theory is well understood. Moreover, for every integer, there is a torsion-free abelian group of rank that is simultaneously a sum of two indecomposable groups, and a sum of n indecomposable groups.[] Hence even the number of indecomposable summands of a group of an even rank greater or equal than 4 is not well-defined.
Another result about non-uniqueness of direct sum decompositions is due to A.L.S. Corner: given integers, there exists a torsion-free abelian group A of rank n such that for any partition into k natural summands, the group A is the direct sum of k indecomposable subgroups of ranks.[] Thus the sequence of ranks of indecomposable summands in a certain direct sum decomposition of a torsion-free abelian group of finite rank is very far from being an invariant of A.
Other surprising examples include torsion-free rank 2 groups An,m and Bn,m such that An is isomorphic to Bn if and only if n is divisible by m.
For abelian groups of infinite rank, there is an example of a group K and a subgroup G such that
 - K is indecomposable;
 - K is generated by G and a single other element; and
 - Every nonzero direct summand of G is decomposable.
The notion of rank can be generalized for any module M over an integral domain R, as the dimension over R0, the quotient field, of the tensor product of the module with the field:
It makes sense, since R0 is a field, and thus any module (or, to be more specific, vector space) over it is free.
It is a generalization, since any abelian group is a module over the integers. It easily follows that the dimension of the product over Q is the cardinality of maximal linearly independent subset, since for any torsion element x and any rational q
See also
 1. ^ Page 46 of Lang, Serge (1993), Algebra (Third ed.), Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, ISBN 978-0-201-55540-0, Zbl 0848.13001
 2. ^ Thomas, Simon; Schneider, Scott (2012), "Countable Borel equivalence relations", in Cummings, James; Schimmerling, Ernest (eds.), Appalachian Set Theory: 2006-2012, London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series, 406, Cambridge University Press, pp. 25-62, CiteSeerX, doi:10.1017/CBO9781139208574.003, ISBN 9781107608504. On p. 46, Thomas and Schneider refer to "...this failure to classify even the rank 2 groups in a satisfactory way..."
Music Scenes


C6310

For the latest documentation on Visual Studio 2017, see Visual Studio 2017 Documentation.
For the latest documentation on Visual Studio 2017, see C6310 on docs.microsoft.com. warning C6310: illegal constant in exception filter can cause unexpected behavior
This message indicates that an illegal constant was detected in the filter expression of a structured exception handler. The constants defined for use in the filter expression of a structured exception handler are:
 - EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_EXECUTION
 - EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH
 - EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER
These values are defined in the runtime header file excpt.h.
Using a constant that is not in the preceding list can cause unexpected behavior.
The following code generates this warning:
#include <excpt.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <windows.h>

BOOL LimitExceeded();

void fd( )
{
 __try
 {
 if (LimitExceeded())
 {
 RaiseException(EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION,0,0,0);
 }
 else
 {
 // code
 }
 }
 __except (EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION)
 {
 puts("Exception Occurred");
 }
}
To correct this warning, use the following code:
#include <excpt.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <windows.h>

BOOL LimitExceeded();

void fd( )
{
 __try
 {
 if (LimitExceeded())
 {
 RaiseException(EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION,0,0,0);
 }
 else
 {
 // code
 }
 }
 __except (GetExceptionCode()==EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION ?
 EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER : EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH)
 {
 puts("Exception Occurred");
 }
}
Show:


object variable
A variable containing an object recognized by Visual Basic. You can declare variables of object data types with the Dim, Global, or Static statements.
You can create variables of these object types:
CheckBox FileListBox MDIForm
ComboBox Form OptionButton
CommandButton Frame PictureBox
CommonDialog Grid TextBox
Control HScrollBar Timer
Data Image VScrollBar
DirListBox Label
DriveListBox ListBox

In the Professional Edition, you can also create variables of these object types:
Database Index Table
Dynaset Indexes TableDef
Field QueryDef TableDefs
Fields Snapshot


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What to feed hedgehogs and badgers
Most wild mammals are nocturnal and secretive so you may not know you have any visitors. Whether you have an urban garden or you live in the countryside, hedgehogs, wood mice and even badgers often visit. You might be surprised at who makes an appearance!
Constantly putting out food can make wild mammals reliant on unnatural food sources. But putting out a bit of food during winter allows them to top up any low stocks, and gives them a helping hand through the cold and harsh weather.
Put out fresh food at dusk and don't forget a dish of fresh water!
Putting out a bit of food will help see wild mammals through the colder weather.
- Use plain kitten biscuits or a specialist hedgehog food (sold in garden centres), which helps to keep their teeth sharp and clean.
- If you have a problem with cats eating the food, try placing the food under a brick shelter with a hedgehog-sized gap in it.
- If food isn't eaten overnight, remove anything that will go off and replace it with fresh offerings in the evening. Research suggests that unpredictable supplementary feeding is beneficial e.g. moving the feeding spots around and scattering food in a more natural way.
- Avoid any interaction between dogs and hedgehogs. Sadly dog bites frequently cause injury or death to hedgehogs.
Remember: it is important not to leave bread and milk out for hedgehogs as it can cause diarrhea.
- Use wet cat or dog food, or specialist badger food.
- Provide some fruits, such as apples, plums or pears, and nuts, such as unsalted peanuts or brazils.
- Leave out root vegetables like carrots, along with some cooked potato.
- If food isn't eaten overnight, remove anything that will go off and replace it with fresh offerings in the evening.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
One- and Two-Dimensional Analysis of Flow in Hotophia Creek, MSby Yafei Jia, Univ of Mississippi, University, United States,
Carlos V. Alonso, Univ of Mississippi, University, United States,
Document Type: Proceeding Paper
Part of: Hydraulic Engineering
Abstract: A numerical experiment on the influence of a sand bar encroachment on the stream flow pattern is reported. The results of a two-dimensional analysis were compared with results of an equivalent one-dimensional analysis. For the condition being studied, the two dimensional model gave a more realistic depiction of flow around and over the bar, particularly near the area of maximum constriction.
Subject Headings: Two-dimensional analysis | Two-dimensional flow | Rivers and streams | Streamflow | Channel flow | Hydraulic models | Two-dimensional models | Shoals | Hydrologic models | Mississippi | North America | United States
Services: Buy this book/Buy this article
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PowerShell - Farewell to For
PowerShell - Farewell to For
In my last article (Goodbye, Goto), I described how batch files handle common iteration (repeating or looping) and subroutines using the Goto and Call commands, and the most common PowerShell language constructs that replace those commands. Batch files have one last iteration command command that you still need to know how to replace in PowerShell: The For command.
The For command was added to in DOS over 30 years go, and originally it allowed you to run a command for each file in a set (hence the name). When Microsoft released Windows NT, they extended the For command in Cmd.exe into a more general command that can iterate files, directories, text files, and the output of commands. Over time, the Cmd.exe For command has turned into a complex command that has a number of tricky syntax quirks. In this article I'll discuss how you can can replace each feature of the For command in PowerShell.
Iterating Files and Directories
Cmd.exe. The For /F command iterates files and directories--that is, it runs some command on each file or directory (folder) in a set. The syntax of the Cmd.exe For command to iterate files is as follows:
for [/D] %%x in (set) do command [parameters]
The set is a set of one or more files (with or without wildcards), and x is a single case-sensitive letter variable that For substitutes for each matching file's name when it runs the specified command. The optional /D parameter instructs the For command to match against directory names instead of file names. For example, the batch file command
for %%f in (*.txt) do start notepad "%%f"
opens Notepad for each.txt file in the current directory.
There are two things to note about this command. First, it's good practice to surround the variable with double-quotes (") to prevent parsing problems with the command. Second, if you want to type the command at the Cmd.exe prompt instead of putting the command in a batch file, you need to type only a single % character for the variable, as follows:
for %f in (*.txt) do start notepad "%f"
These are some of the syntax quirks you're forced to deal with in Cmd.exe.
PowerShell. PowerShell uses the ForEach-Object cmdlet to iterate a set of files. To open Notepad for all.txt files in the current directory, you would use the following command:
Get-ChildItem *.txt | ForEach-Object {
 notepad $_
The vertical bar (|) character creates a pipeline, and the $_ variable means "the current object from the pipeline." (For more information about the pipeline, see my article Presenting the PowerShell Pipeline.)
Repeating a Command in Subdirectories
Cmd.exe. The For /R command allows you to repeat a command in a directory tree (i.e., starting at a specific directory and including all of its subdirectories). The syntax is as follows:
for /R ["path"] %%x in (set) do command [parameters]
For example, the batch file command
for /R "C:\Program Files" %%p in (*.exe) do echo %%p
will list all of the.exe files in the C:\Program Files directory and its subdirectories.
PowerShell. To produce the same output in PowerShell, you can use the the Get-ChildItem cmdlet's -Recurse parameter:
Get-ChildItem "C:\Program Files\*.exe" -Recurse | ForEach-Object {
In order to produce the same output as the batch file command, this PowerShell example outputs the FullName property of each object. (For more information about how PowerShell works with objects and output, see my article PowerShell: Objects and Output.)
Iterating a Sequence of Numbers
Cmd.exe. The For /L command iterates a sequence of numbers. It uses the following syntax:
for /L %%x in (start,step,end) do command [parameters]
When you use the For command's /L parameter, start, step, and end are integers. The For command will repeat the command however many times you specify, starting with start, ending with end, by the amount specified by step. For example, the batch file command
for /L %%i in (5,-1,1) do echo %%i
will output a list of numbers from 5 down to 1, inclusive.
PowerShell. The PowerShell for statement has the same capability as the For /L command. The PowerShell equivalent would the following:
for ( $n = 5; $n -ge 1; $n-- ) {
For more information on the syntax of PowerShell's for statement, see my article Windows PowerShell Constructs.
Iterating a Text File's Contents
The Cmd.exe For /F command iterates the content of a text file. The syntax is as follows:
for /F ["options"] %%x in (set) do command [parameters]
The set is one or more files (wildcards are allowed). The For command opens each file and assigns the iteration variable (%%x) to each line of the file. The options string, enclosed in double quotes ("), alters how the For command interprets and parses the file content or command output. Table 1 lists the keywords available in the options string.
Specifies a single end-of-line character. The For command ignores the remainder of the text on the line if it encounters the specified character.
Skips this many lines at the beginning of the file content or command output.
Specifies delimiters for each line of file content or command output. The For command will split the content into strings, or tokens, based on the delimiters specified with this keyword. The default delimiters are space and tab.
The For command will split each line of file content or command output by the specified numeric token positions. You can specify a comma-delimited list of token positions or a range of positions separated by a dash. The * character means "remaining text on each line after parsing the last token."
Table 1: Keywords for the For /F options string
Let's take a look at how we can replace each of these options in PowerShell.
eol. There are a number of ways to parse strings in PowerShell. One way to ignore the remainder of a string after a certain character is to use the IndexOf and Substring methods. For example:
$name = "Test;string"
The first line specifies a string containing a semicolon, and the second line of code returns the portion of the string up to (but not including) the semicolon (i.e., the string "Test"). Another technique is to use the -split operator, which splits a string into array using a character or string as a delimiter. For example:
$array = "Test;string" -split ";"
The first command splits the string into an array, and the second command returns the first element from the array (i.e., the string "Test").
skip. You can skip lines at the beginning of input in PowerShell by using the Select-Object cmdlet with the -Skip parameter. For example, the command
Get-Content Test.txt | Select-Object -Skip 3
tells PowerShell to retrieve the content of the Test.txt but to skip the first three lines of the file.
delims. The PowerShell -split operator, as already noted, splits a string into an array of substrings based on one or more delimiters. For example, the command
"ABC,;DEF" -split ",;"
returns an array of two strings ("ABC" and "DEF").
tokens. PowerShell arrays have numeric indices, so you can easily return any item from an array simply by specifying its index in square braces. For example:
$array = @("Able","Baker","Charlie")
$element = $array[1]
In this example, the $element variable will contain the string "Baker".
Iterating a Command's Output
The Cmd.exe For /F command can also iterate the output of a command. The syntax is as follows:
for /F ["options"] %%x in ('command') do command [parameters]
In other words, instead of specifying a set or one or more files, you specify a command in single quotes ('). The For command will run the command in the single quotes and assign the iteration variable (%%x) to each line of the command's output. Aside from the single quotes, this syntax of the For /F command behaves identically whether it parses the lines in a file or the output of a command. For example, the batch file command
for /f "delims=" %%n in ('netsh wlan show networks ^| findstr "SSID"') do echo %%n
will list the wireless networks visible to the system. (This command assumes, of course, that you have an enabled wireless interface on your computer.) It goes without saying that this command is difficult to understand unless you are familiar with the For /F command.
In PowerShell, there's no difference between iterating the content of a file (Get-Content) vs. iterating the output of a command. Here is one way we can write a similar command in PowerShell:
netsh wlan show networks | Select-String "SSID"
Forget about For Frustration
The For command in Cmd.exe can be hard to understand, and it has numerous syntax quirks that make it difficult to use. In contrast, iterating files, directories, numbers, text files, and commands is much simpler and more straightforward in Windows PowerShell. Use the information in this article to leave the frustration of the For command behind and write your new scripts in PowerShell instead.
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November 8, 2011
Contact: John Ascenzi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia announced today that it will receive funding through Grand Challenges Explorations, an initiative created by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation that enables researchers worldwide to test unorthodox ideas that address persistent health and development challenges.
Terri Finkel, MD, PhD, chief of Rheumatology at Children's Hospital and Professor of Pediatrics at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, will pursue an innovative global health research project, titled "Use of a BET Antagonist to Control and Cure HIV Infection."
Grand Challenges Explorations funds scientists and researchers worldwide to explore ideas that can break the mold in how we solve persistent global health and development challenges. Dr. Finkel's project is one of 110 Grand Challenges Explorations grants announced today.
"We believe in the power of innovation—that a single bold idea can pioneer solutions to our greatest health and development challenges," said Chris Wilson, Director of Global Health Discovery for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. "Grand Challenges Explorations seeks to identify and fund these new ideas wherever they come from, allowing scientists, innovators and entrepreneurs to pursue the kinds of creative ideas and novel approaches that could help to accelerate the end of polio, cure HIV infection or improve sanitation."
Projects that are receiving funding show promise in tackling priority global health issues where solutions do not yet exist. This includes finding effective methods to eliminate or control infectious diseases such as polio and HIV as well as discovering new sanitation technologies.
Learn more about Grand Challenges Explorations
Dr. Finkel and her research team will study the potential of drugs called synthetic BET (bromodomain extra terminal) family protein antagonists to control HIV infection and latency. Current HIV drugs reduce the disease-causing virus to undetectable levels, but the virus goes into a dormant state called latency, from which it can make a resurgence if a patient stops taking medication. Previous studies by Dr. Finkel and other scientists have suggested that BET antagonists may flush HIV out of its hiding places where it can be destroyed by other antiretroviral drugs.
Dr. Finkel's chief collaborator in this project is Gerd A. Blobel, MD, PhD, holder of the Frank E. Weise III Endowed Chair in Pediatric Hematology at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, who has focused on the biological activities of BET family proteins. In the first part of the project, Drs. Finkel and Blobel will investigate the effectiveness of BET antagonists against HIV in cell cultures. If these results are encouraging, the project will progress to clinical trials in patients with HIV. Because this class of drugs will soon be tested in humans as treatments for other diseases, appropriate BET antagonists are expected to be freely available for HIV clinical trials.
Grand Challenges Explorations is a US$100 million initiative funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Launched in 2008, Grand Challenge Explorations grants have already been awarded to nearly 500 researchers from over 40 countries. The grant program is open to anyone from any discipline and from any organization. The initiative uses an agile, accelerated grant-making process with short, two-page online applications and no preliminary data required. Initial grants of $100,000 are awarded two times a year. Successful projects have an opportunity to receive a follow-on grant of up to US$1 million.


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Electricity has become an integral part of our daily lives, fueling our homes, businesses, and industries. In a dynamic city like Houston, Texas, electricity plays a vital role in powering its thriving economy and vibrant communities. With an array of options available in the electricity market, understanding the players, plans, and rates can be overwhelming. We'll explore the world of electricity companies in Houston, guiding you through the process of making informed choices for your energy needs.
Table of Contents
Understanding Electricity Companies in Houston
Houston benefits from a deregulated electricity market, offering consumers the freedom to choose their electricity provider. The market primarily consists of Retail Electric Providers (REPs) and utility companies. REPs compete to offer diverse plans and competitive rates, while utility companies maintain and operate the infrastructure.
In this bustling market, electricity rates are influenced by various factors, such as supply and demand, infrastructure maintenance, and weather patterns. Understanding how these rates are determined is crucial in making cost-effective decisions.
Choosing the Right Electricity Plan
When it comes to selecting an electricity plan, Houston residents have several options to consider. Fixed-rate plans provide stable pricing over a specific contract period, ensuring protection from market fluctuations. On the other hand, variable-rate plans offer flexibility but are subject to changes in the market.
Additionally, consumers increasingly seek green energy options to reduce their carbon footprint. Many providers offer sustainable and renewable energy plans, contributing to a cleaner environment.
Top Electricity Companies in Houston
Several electricity companies serve Houston, each with its unique features, plans, and customer service. Let's take a closer look at some of the top providers, including Arrow Energy, Reliant Energy, and Direct Energy, based on customer reviews and overall reputation.
Switching Electricity Companies
Switching electricity providers has never been easier, thanks to the deregulated market. However, before making a switch, it's essential to consider factors like contract terms, early termination fees, and plan details to ensure a smooth transition.
Saving Money on Electricity Bills
Reducing electricity bills can be achieved through energy-efficient practices and the use of energy-efficient appliances. Some providers offer time-of-use plans, encouraging consumers to use electricity during off-peak hours, resulting in potential cost savings.
Customer Service and Support
Reliable customer service is vital in ensuring a positive experience with an electricity provider. Handling billing inquiries, addressing complaints promptly, and providing quality support can significantly impact consumer satisfaction.
Incentives, Rewards, and Special Offers
Electricity companies often offer incentives and rewards to attract and retain customers. Loyalty programs, referral bonuses, and discounts on additional services can add value to your chosen plan.
Understanding Your Electricity Bill
Understanding the breakdown of charges on your electricity bill is essential to identify areas where you can conserve energy and reduce costs. Learning how to read your electricity meter can also help you monitor consumption effectively.
Energy Conservation and Environmental Impact
Responsible energy consumption is crucial in preserving natural resources and reducing environmental impact. Houston's efforts in promoting sustainability and eco-conscious initiatives are making a difference.
Dealing with Power Outages
Knowing how to report power outages and being prepared for potential emergencies can help minimize disruptions during unforeseen events.
Electricity and the Community
Electricity companies play a significant role in supporting the community through various corporate social responsibility initiatives. Additionally, they may offer assistance programs for low-income residents, ensuring accessibility to essential services.
Understanding Energy Contracts and Terms
Reading and comprehending energy contracts can save you from hidden fees and surprises. Understanding contract terms, conditions, and additional charges will help you make informed decisions.
In conclusion, the electricity market in Houston offers consumers a range of choices to meet their energy needs. From selecting the right electricity plan and provider to understanding billing details and embracing sustainability, being well-informed empowers consumers to make the best choices for themselves and the community. Responsible energy consumption not only saves money but also contributes to a cleaner and brighter future for Houston.
FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
Can I change my electricity plan anytime?
While some plans offer flexibility, certain contracts may have terms that require you to stay for a specific period. Review your contract details before considering a switch.
What is a fixed-rate plan?
A fixed-rate plan guarantees a stable electricity rate for a predetermined period, protecting you from market fluctuations.
Are green energy plans more expensive?
Green energy plans may have slightly higher rates, but the environmental benefits make them a popular choice among eco-conscious consumers.
How do I report a power outage?
Most utility companies have dedicated phone lines or online platforms where you can report power outages quickly.
What should I do during a power outage?
During a power outage, prioritize safety, stay informed through news updates, and minimize electricity usage to preserve backup power if available.


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B12 5000 liquid 30 ml
- Regular price
- Sale price
- Regular price
- Unit price
Adding product to your cart
B12 5000 30 ml is a dietary additive that is clinically tested to potentially support nerve cell health and cognitive function. Vitamin B12 can also play a significant role in contributing to increasing energy and maintaining a healthy immune system.
- Cognitive Function: B12 assists support nerve cell health and cognitive activity. It supports red blood cell function, energy metabolism, and neurological health in convenient liquid form.
- Cellular Energy Production: Vitamin B12 Liquid can also play a significant role in contributing to energy production and continue a healthy immune system.
- Immune Support: Vitamin B12 5000 Liquid plays an act in immune system health and active homocysteine metabolism.
- Recommendations: As a dietary additive, take 1 ml (one full dropper), with a meal, or as conducted by a health professional.
- Suggested Use: If pregnant nursing, taking other medications or many have another medical situation discuss with a doctor before use.
- Item Type: Liquid
- Material: No Chemical
If pregnant nursing, taking other medications or many have another medical condition "Consult Doctor Before Use.
These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
"Disclaimer: Actual product packaging and materials may contain more and different information than what is shown on our website. We recommend that you do not rely solely on the information presented and that you always read labels, warnings, and directions before using or consuming a product.


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Northern Ireland Fire & Rescue Service (NIFRS) along with the Health & Safety Executive for Northern Ireland are warning of the dangers of slurry pits to the local farming community and animals.
Farmers are being urged to take care in the maintenance and storage of slurry on farms. In particular, those with livestock near to slurry pits are being asked to check the safety of the pit.
To date this year, there have been four incidents across Northern Ireland where animals have fallen into uncovered slurry pits or slurry pits with badly fitted or maintained mixing point covers. Last year saw 20 incidents and in 2014 there were 15 incidents.
The presence of toxic gases emitted from the slurry means that the consequences can be devastating to not only livestock but also pose a significant risk to famers, farm workers and their families.
Northern Ireland Fire & Rescue Service (NIFRS) Group Commander and Farm Safety Lead Fergal Leonard said: "Firefighters have attended 4 incidents of animals falling into slurry pits this year. Whilst it is encouraging to see a decrease of this type of incident across Northern Ireland, famers need to be vigilant to keep the farming community safe and livestock safe.
"For Northern Ireland Fire & Rescue Service, public safety is our priority and the best course of action is through prevention. We would appeal for farmers to be vigilant in ensuring the access hatches into slurry pits are secure and well maintained. At this time of year, slurry is being removed from the pits and used as fertiliser on the fields. This can be hazardous if the slurry pit is not properly ventilated during mixing operations.


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From day one we envisioned a project based on environmentally friendly principles. Our farming practices go above and beyond the strict European Union organic farming guidelines. Yet they are very simple: absolutely no chemical use at all including those currently permitted by the organic protocol. We farm by respecting nature and actively promoting the life of the soil and the organisms within. We believe that this is why our products: Extra Virgin Olive Oil, Tuscan Sun Saffron and Wild Herbs such as Rose Hip, Fennel flowers and Wild Asparagus are full of flavour and nutrients.
The agriturismo and hospitality here at Antica Quercia Verde Cortona have been designed and built following the same environmental principles that guide us in our daily farming practices. Many ecological decisions have been incorporated into the set up and management practices. These include energy efficient appliances, LED lighting, eco-friendly cleaning products, energy efficient insulation, 100% renewably sourced electricity, use of our own wood (pruning of olive trees) for heating the main building, thermo dynamic pumps and solar panels for hot water, recycling of waste and 100% reuse of grey water for watering the gardens.
We operate our farm and farm-stay ethically and harmoniously with nature. Inspired by the beautiful environment around us these values allow us to create a more natural and relaxed holiday environment for our guests. We are a fully certified Ecolabel Agriturismo for accomodation, hospitality and outdoor activities and all the produce from our land is Organically certified.


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if (s >= 0 && s <= 1 && t >= 0 && t <= 1) { // Collision detected var intX = p0_x + (t * s1_x); var intY = p0_y + (t * s1_y); return [intX, intY]; } return null; // No collision } – cortijon Dec 19 '12 at 15:28
Great answer! But crap. I just spent like 15 minutes porting it to JavaScript only to find that someone already did it. D: – Cheezey May 18 '13 at 17:02
good algorithm, however fyi it doesn't handle cases where the determinant is 0. (the -s2_x * s1_y + s1_x * s2_y above). If it's 0 (or near 0) the lines are parallel or collinear. If it's collinear then the intersection may be another line segment. – seand Jul 5 '13 at 22:56
show 5 more comments
The problem reduces to this question: Do two lines from A to B and from C to D intersect? Then you can ask it four times (between the line and each of the four sides of the rectangle).
Here's the vector math for doing it. I'm assuming the line from A to B is the line in question and the line from C to D is one of the rectangle lines. My notation is that Ax is the "x-coordinate of A" and Cy is the "y-coordinate of C." And "*" means dot-product, so e.g. A*B = Ax*Bx + Ay*By.
E = B-A = ( Bx-Ax, By-Ay )
F = D-C = ( Dx-Cx, Dy-Cy )
P = ( -Ey, Ex )
h = ( (A-C) * P ) / ( F * P )
This h number is the key. If h is between 0 and 1, the lines intersect, otherwise they don't. If F*P is zero, of course you cannot make the calculation, but in this case the lines are parallel and therefore only intersect in the obvious cases.
The exact point of intersection is C + F*h.
More Fun:
If h is exactly 0 or 1 the lines touch at an end-point. You can consider this an "intersection" or not as you see fit.
Specifically, h is how much you have to multiply the length of the line in order to exactly touch the other line.
Therefore, If h<0, it means the rectangle line is "behind" the given line (with "direction" being "from A to B"), and if h>1 the rectangle line is "in front" of the given line.
A and C are vectors that point to the start of the line; E and F are the vectors from the ends of A and C that form the line.
For any two non-parallel lines in the plane, there must be exactly one pair of scalar g and h such that this equation holds:
A + E*g = C + F*h
Why? Because two non-parallel lines must intersect, which means you can scale both lines by some amount each and touch each other.
(At first this looks like a single equation with two unknowns! But it isn't when you consider that this is a 2D vector equation, which means this is really a pair of equations in x and y.)
We have to eliminate one of these variables. An easy way is to make the E term zero. To do that, take the dot-product of both sides of the equation using a vector that will dot to zero with E. That vector I called P above, and I did the obvious transformation of E.
You now have:
A*P = C*P + F*P*h
(A-C)*P = (F*P)*h
( (A-C)*P ) / (F*P) = h
share|improve this answer
This algorithm is nice. But there is a hole in it as pointed to by Dan @ stackoverflow.com/questions/563198/… & Elemental @ stackoverflow.com/questions/563198/… It would be cool if you would update your answer for future reference. Thanks. – Chantz Oct 6 '09 at 1:45
Is this algorithm numerically stable? I've tried a similliar aproach and it turned out to give weird results when working on floats. – milosz Aug 1 '10 at 8:57
There seems to be another problem with this algorithm. When it's fed the points A={1, 0} B={2, 0} C={0, 0} D={1,0}, although the line segments clearly touch at an end, F*P (and also E*Q, in line with the user below's fix) are both 0, thus causing division by 0 to find h and g. Still working on the solution for this one, but I thought the problem was worth pointing out. – candrews Feb 27 '11 at 6:24
This answer is simply incorrect. Try A={0,0}, B={0,1}, C={0,2} D={2,0} – Tim Cooper Dec 23 '12 at 14:32
A + E*g = C + F*h The two lines intersect if and only if the solution to that equation (assuming they are not parallel) has both, g and h between 0 and 1 (inor exclusive, depending on whether you count touching at an end point). – Daniel Fischer Dec 23 '12 at 16:23
show 5 more comments
I have tried to implement the algorithm so elegantly described by Jason above; unfortunately while working though the mathematics in the debugging I found many cases for which it doesn't work.
For example consider the points A(10,10) B(20,20) C(10,1) D(1,10) gives h=.5 and yet it is clear by examination that these segments are no-where near each other.
Graphing this makes it clear that 0 < h < 1 criteria only indicates that the intercept point would lie on CD if it existed but tells one nothing of whether that point lies on AB. To ensure that there is a cross point you must do the symmetrical calculation for the variable g and the requirement for interception is: 0 < g < 1 AND 0 < h < 1
share|improve this answer
I've been pulling my hair out trying to figure out why the accepted answer wasn't working for me. Thanks so much! – Matt Bridges Aug 22 '09 at 18:40
Also notable that the boundary conditions work in this case (i.e for h=0 or h=1 or g=0 or g=1 the lines 'just' touch – Elemental Oct 7 '09 at 8:34
add comment
The answer once accepted here is incorrect (it has since been unaccepted, so hooray!). It does not correctly eliminate all non-intersections. Trivially it may appear to work but it can fail, especially in the case that 0 and 1 are considered valid for h.
Consider the following case:
Lines at (4,1)-(5,1) and (0,0)-(0,2)
These are perpendicular lines which clearly do not overlap.
h=((4,1)-(0,0)) dot (0,1) / ((0,-2) dot (0,1)) = 0
According to the above answer, these two line segments meet at an endpoint (values of 0 and 1). That endpoint would be:
So, apparently the two line segments meet at (0,0), which is on line CD, but not on line AB. So what is going wrong? The answer is that the values of 0 and 1 are not valid and only sometimes HAPPEN to correctly predict endpoint intersection. When the extension of one line (but not the other) would meet the line segment, the algorithm predicts an intersection of line segments, but this is not correct. I imagine that by testing starting with AB vs CD and then also testing with CD vs AB, this problem would be eliminated. Only if both fall between 0 and 1 inclusively can they be said to intersect.
I recommend using the vector cross product method if you must predict end-points.
share|improve this answer
The "accepted" answer can change, so you should call it something else. (In fact, I think it has changed since your comment) – Johannes Hoff Feb 15 '13 at 21:21
add comment
Here's an improvement to Gavin's answer. marcp's solution is similar also, but neither postpone the division.
This actually turns out to be a practical application of Gareth Rees' answer as well, because the cross-product's equivalent in 2D is the perp-dot-product, which is what this code uses three of. Switching to 3D and using the cross-product, interpolating both s and t at the end, results in the two closest points between the lines in 3D. Anyway, the 2D solution:
int get_line_intersection(float p0_x, float p0_y, float p1_x, float p1_y,
 float s02_x, s02_y, s10_x, s10_y, s32_x, s32_y, s_numer, t_numer, denom, t;


.
The hourly average wind direction in Billington throughout September is predominantly from the west, with a peak proportion of 46% on September 1.
Wind Direction in September
Wind Direction in September in Billington181522291122334455667788991010111112121313141415151616171718181919202021212222232324242525262627272828292930300%100%10%90%20%80%30%70%40%60%50%50%60%40%70%30%80%20%90%10%100%0%AugOctwestsoutheastnorth
The percentage of hours in which the mean wind direction is from each of the four cardinal wind directions (north, east, south, and west), excluding hours in which the mean wind speed is less than 1 mph. The lightly tinted areas at the boundaries are the percentage of hours spent in the implied intermediate directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest).
Water Temperature
Billington is located near a large body of water (e.g., ocean, sea, or large lake). This section reports on the wide-area average surface temperature of that water.
The average surface water temperature in Billington is gradually decreasing during September, falling by 3°F, from 61°F to 58°F, over the course of the month.
Average Water Temperature in September
The daily average water temperature (purple line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
Growing Season
Definitions of the growing season vary throughout the world, but for the purposes of this report, we define it as the longest continuous period of non-freezing temperatures (≥ 32°F) in the year (the calendar year in the Northern Hemisphere, or from July 1 until June 30 in the Southern Hemisphere).
The growing season in Billington typically lasts for 7.0 months (212 days), from around April 9 to around November 7, rarely starting before March 9 or after April 29, and rarely ending before October 16 or after December 7.
The month of September in Billington is reliably fully within the growing season.
Time Spent in Various Temperature Bands and the Growing Season in September
Time Spent in Various Temperature Bands and the Growing Season in September in Billingtongrowing season181522291122334455667788991010111112121313141415151616171718181919202021212222232324242525262627272828292930300%100%10%90%20%80%30%70%40%60%50%50%60%40%70%30%80%20%90%10%100%0%AugOct100%Sep 16100%Sep 1690%Oct 1690%Oct 16very coldcoldcoolcomfortable
The percentage of time spent in various temperature bands: frigid < 15°F < freezing < 32°F < very cold < 45°F < cold < 55°F < cool < 65°F < comfortable < 75°F < warm < 85°F < hot < 95°F < sweltering. The black line is the percentage chance that a given day is within the growing season.
Growing degree days are a measure of yearly heat accumulation used to predict plant and animal development, and defined as the integral of warmth above a base temperature, discarding any excess above a maximum temperature. In this report, we use a base of 50°F and a cap of 86°F.
The average accumulated growing degree days in Billington are increasing during September, increasing by 185°F, from 1,025°F to 1,210°F, over the course of the month.
Growing Degree Days in September
The average growing degree days accumulated over the course of September, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
Solar Energy
This section discusses the total daily incident shortwave solar energy reaching the surface of the ground over a wide area, taking full account of seasonal variations in the length of the day, the elevation of the Sun above the horizon, and absorption by clouds and other atmospheric constituents. Shortwave radiation includes visible light and ultraviolet radiation.
The average daily incident shortwave solar energy in Billington is rapidly decreasing during September, falling by 1.6 kWh, from 4.2 kWh to 2.6 kWh, over the course of the month.
Average Daily Incident Shortwave Solar Energy in September
The average daily shortwave solar energy reaching the ground per square meter (orange line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
Topography
For the purposes of this report, the geographical coordinates of Billington are 53.816 deg latitude, -2.424 deg longitude, and 302 ft elevation.
The topography within 2 miles of Billington contains significant variations in elevation, with a maximum elevation change of 630 feet and an average elevation above sea level of 309 feet. Within 10 miles contains significant variations in elevation (1,798 feet). Within 50 miles contains very significant variations in elevation (2,759 feet).
The area within 2 miles of Billington is covered by grassland (84%) and artificial surfaces (11%), within 10 miles by grassland (70%) and artificial surfaces (16%), and within 50 miles by grassland (36%) and water (18%).
Data Sources
This report illustrates the typical weather in Billington year round, based on a statistical analysis of historical hourly weather reports and model reconstructions from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 2016.
Temperature and Dew Point
There are 3 weather stations near enough to contribute to our estimation of the temperature and dew point in Billington.
For each station, the records are corrected for the elevation difference between that station and Billington according to the International Standard Atmosphere , and by the relative change present in the MERRA-2 satellite-era reanalysis between the two locations.
The estimated value at Billington is computed as the weighted average of the individual contributions from each station, with weights proportional to the inverse of the distance between Billington and a given station.
The stations contributing to this reconstruction are: City Airport Manchester (39%, 39 kilometers, south); Blackpool Airport (36%, 40 kilometers, west); and Leeds Bradford International Airport (25%, 50 kilometers, east).
Other Data
All data relating to the Sun's position (e.g., sunrise and sunset) are computed using astronomical formulas from the book, Astronomical Tables of the Sun, Moon and Planets , by Jean Meeus.
All other weather data, including cloud cover, precipitation, wind speed and direction, and solar flux, come from NASA's MERRA-2 Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis . This reanalysis combines a variety of wide-area measurements in a state-of-the-art global meteorological model to reconstruct the hourly history of weather throughout the world on a 50-kilometer grid.
Land Use data comes from the Global Land Cover SHARE database , published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Elevation data comes from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) , published by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Names, locations, and time zones of places and some airports come from the GeoNames Geographical Database .
Time zones for aiports and weather stations are provided by AskGeo.com .
Maps are © Esri, with data from National Geographic, Esri, DeLorme, NAVTEQ, UNEP-WCMC, USGS, NASA, ESA, METI, NRCAN, GEBCO, NOAA, and iPC.
Disclaimer
The information on this site is provided as is, without any assurances as to its accuracy or suitability for any purpose. Weather data is prone to errors, outages, and other defects. We assume no responsibility for any decisions made on the basis of the content presented on this site.
We draw particular cautious attention to our reliance on the MERRA-2 model-based reconstructions for a number of important data series. While having the tremendous advantages of temporal and spatial completeness, these reconstructions: (1) are based on computer models that may have model-based errors, (2) are coarsely sampled on a 50 km grid and are therefore unable to reconstruct the local variations of many microclimates, and (3) have particular difficulty with the weather in some coastal areas, especially small islands.
We further caution that our travel scores are only as good as the data that underpin them, that weather conditions at any given location and time are unpredictable and variable, and that the definition of the scores reflects a particular set of preferences that may not agree with those of any particular reader.


Turning Off or Freezing a Layer in Autocad, what's the difference?
Awhile back, I was training a client on how to prepare his files in Autocad, prior to registering them in his CAFM/IWMS system, ARCHIBUS. My colleague, James Castruccio, introduced me and spoke very highly of my cad expertise to the gentleman I was training. While I was conducting the training, over a GoToMeeting, he was performing other work on the project and just listening in.
There was a point at which I was in the Layer Properties Manager dialog box and James piped up with a question, stating that he had always wondered why we sometimes freeze layers and other times turn them off, and could I educate him as to the differences?
You know, I have been doing this for so long, and have never had to articulate that before, having just sort of internalized the situations in which I would use one over the other.
Reflecting back on the topic, in the past, there were more functionality differences, before computing power and refresh rates, etc caught up to the functions of a full featured CAD program, but, I will try to focus on what is still applicable in more modern releases.
How are Freezing and Turning Off a Layer Similar?
Let's start with the things these two options have in common?
 1. Makes a layer invisible to the user
 2. Control from the Ribbon (Layers Panel of the Home tab)
 3. Control from the Layer Properties Manager
 4. Invoke from the Command Line interface
 1. LAYFRZ
 2. LAYOFF
 5. DWG Compare ignores layers that are Off or Frozen
How are they Different?
LAYOFF - Autocad's memory still holds the geometry
LAYFRZ - Autocad forgets the entities
 - this can speed up panning, zooming and regenerating
 - is ignored by Extents
 - is ignored during Rendering
TIP: When attaching an XREF, it is a good idea to have a dedicated layer for each one. So, you can easily FREEZE the layer and hide all of the external reference's layers, allowing an easy ZE or publish to extents, focusing only on the contents of the drawing you are working in.
LAYON - Does not force a regeneration of the drawing
LAYTHW - Forces a regen
OFF - Can be made the current layer
FROZEN - Cannot be made current
WARNING: When your current layer is turned OFF, any objects you create or insert will immediately become invisible and remain that way, until you turn the layer back on.
FROZEN - Entities are not selectable by any means or methods
OFF - Layers may be selected using the ALL option
WARNING: If you use the ALL option of the SELECT command, and choose to move or erase objects, even the objects on OFF layers will be affected.
OFF - Blocks with multiple layers might still be partially visible, even if the layer the block is inserted on has been turned OFF
FROZEN - Freezing the layer of a block will make all entities invisible
FROZEN - Layers can be frozen by Viewport
OFF - Cannot be controlled independently by VP
Other Layer Controls:
LAYISO invokes the OFF option, not the FROZEN option
LOCK - Unlike freezing or turning off a layer, when you lock a layer, it is still visible, just not able to be manipulated at all
If I have missed any differences or caveats to these to functions, please let me know in the comments.
Oh, and just to prove my street cred as someone who knows her layers, here is a t-shirt that my colleague The CAD Geek had made for me when we went toe to toe as the head of families for AutoCAD Family Feud at AU 2016. Thanks for the great conversation piece, Donnie!


text:
A feather from war eagle Old Abe
Feather from Old Abe the War Eagle
Old Abe was an eagle who became famous as the mascot of the 8th Wisconsin Infantry during the Civil War. Hatched in the spring of 1861 and named for the newly elected president, Old Abe accompanied the regiment in 37 battles and skirmishes, including Vicksburg. At the end of the war, Old Abe lived in the "Eagle department" in the basement of the Capitol building, attracting thousands of visitors until his death in 1881. This feather is one of the few remaining parts of this famous eagle.
Wisconsin in the Civil War Era|
The Iron Brigade, Old Abe and Military Affairs
|Creator: ||Old Abe
|Pub Data: ||Wisconsin Historical Society (Museum object #1972.59).
|Citation: ||Feather from Old Abe the War Eagle. Wisconsin Historical Society (Museum object #1972.59).
Online facsimile at:
Visited on: 5/23/2013


In the Belly of the Cage
Sarah McIntire '07 English 65, Fantasy, Brown University, 2003
Magic permeates the world of the last unicorn. The leaves don't fall in the forest because of her presence, and she can converse with both humans and animals. When she travels across country, townsfolk easily forget her companions, but remember "his white mare [that] troubled the nights of many a villager." To accentuate the magic that surrounds the last unicorn, Beagle brings normally ordinary or mundane settings to life. When captured by Mommy Fortuna and her traveling carnival, the unicorn finds herself locked in an iron cage that springs wickedly to life around her.
No creature of man's night loves cold iron, and wile the unicorn could endure its presence, the murderous smell of it seemed to turn her bones to sand and her blood to rain. The bars of her cage must have had some sort of spell on them, for they never stopped whispering evilly to one another in clawed, pattering voices. The heavy lock giggled and whined like a mad monkey.[18]
Beagle personifies the cage that surrounds the unicorn, giving the bars "clawed, pattering voices" and the lock a twisted madness. Often in The Last Unicorn, he uses personification to describe settings or places that are often magical when compared to the rest of the world, such as the "plump" town or Haggard's spooky castle that "crept into the sky."
1. Why does Beagle use personification to describe the unicorn's cage?
2. What kind of image do the words "murderous," "evilly," and "mad" conjure of the cage and the unicorn's situation? Why does the cage appear so horrible to the unicorn?
3. Why can't Schmendrick feel the evil in the cage? Does he know that it exists?
4. Why does Beagle use the phrase "creature of man's night"? Does this equate the unicorn with the other horrific creatures of Mommy Fortuna's Midnight Carnival?
Victorian Web Overview Peter S. Beagle Fantasy
Last modified 12 April 2004


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How to use the watercolor filter to reduce image noise in photoshop
A tutorial on how to apply watercolor filters to your photos, with lots of examples and tips to help you get the most out of your work.
source Google Blog (US) title Using watercolor to increase brightness in Photoshop article How to apply a watercolor effect to your photo and increase brightness using Photoshop.
source Getty Images (US, UK) title Watercolor filters: How to achieve stunning results in Photoshop?
article Watercolor effects have been around for a while, but they've always been used to enhance the quality of images in post-processing applications.
Now, thanks to a new technique that lets you combine the two techniques, it's possible to use watercolor effects to create stunning effects in Photoshop.
This tutorial will teach you how to use two watercolor techniques to create dramatic and detailed effects.
source Creative Commons license Creative Commons 3.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.
0)This tutorial was written by the senior photographer at Getty Images, Ben Oakes.
If you'd like to learn more about the effects of watercolor, we suggest you check out this guide from the Getty Images blog.
If you're interested in getting involved in the watercolorspace, sign up to receive our monthly newsletter.
It includes the latest watercolor tutorials, advice, and news.


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Marine Wildlife Encyclopedia
Yellow-lipped Sea Krait Laticauda Colubrina
This species is the most widespread of the sea kraits—a group of four closely related species that lay eggs on land, instead of giving birth at sea. It has a pale blue body, marked with eye-catching dark blue rings, and distinctive yellow lips, which give it its common name. The yellow-lipped sea krait feeds on fish in shallow water, and although it has highly potent venom, it presents very little danger to humans because it is not aggressive and even when handled it rarely bites.
Unlike many other marine snakes, sea kraits have large ventral scales that give them good traction when they crawl, allowing them to move around comfortably on land. During the breeding season, they come ashore in large numbers to mate and lay clutches of up to 20 eggs. Once they have hatched, the young make their way to the shallows, before dispersing along coasts and out to sea.


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The pitch hunt: The role of voice pitch in top-down repair of interrupted speechClarke, J. N. 2017 [Groningen]: University of Groningen. 190 p.
Research output: Thesis › Thesis fully internal (DIV)
For a normal hearing person, understanding speech from a single talker is effortless in quiet surrounding. It becomes more challenging when the talker is surrounded by a loud crowd or other kind of noise. Individuals with hearing impairment might already experience problems in understanding speech in quiet, and it may become even more challenging in noise. In the present dissertation, I investigated how characteristics of the voice of a talker contribute to understanding speech in difficult listening situation. For this, I presented sentences, which were either interrupted with silent gaps, or with noise filling in the gaps, making speech perception more challenging. I further manipulated the vocal characteristics of these sentences, allowing me to test for effects of vocal characteristic manipulation in challenging listening scenarios. The participants had to employ cognitive strategies to perceptually restore the parts of the sentences that were replaced with either silence or noise. I found that interrupted speech can be successfully restored even for some voice manipulations, when linguistic context prevails over these manipulations. The results help to establish the importance of pitch for interrupted-speech perception as well as for triggering the cognitive restoration mechanisms, especially when the input sounds are degraded, as in hearing-impairment. However, interestingly, speech perception improvement that was expected to occur with access to pitch cues was not captured at the group level for actual hearing-impaired individuals, although they perceived better sound quality. These findings contribute to assessing how to improve speech perception in noise for hearing-impaired individuals.
|Qualification||Doctor of Philosophy|
|Place of Publication||[Groningen]|
|State||Published - 2017|
No data available


Wednesday, April 19, 2006
Daily Build - The Daily Build concept
The Daily Build concept is integrated in nearly every new Software Engineering approach.
Personally I think that its common to use a separated build server applying the continuous integration approach / strategy. Call it however you want but in my point of view its a must.
The build server is responsible to request automatically request all sources from repository and its common to do that in a iteration of once a day. So this server is responsible to extract all sources and to build them. Its also common to integrate all your Unit test into this build to verify the integration. Oh, you don't have unit test ... what a pity... You should maybe checkout where the payback is of the additional effort of unit testing.
to make a build is much more then to press just F5 or F10 in visual studio or your preferred development environment. but anyway there are enough other sources you can receive the information what a complete build means [or check out previous posts.]
Lets go back to the issue of daily build, or the daily build concept.
Goals of Daily Build
There are several goals of daily build, but lets write about the main goal of it.
The main goal of Daily Build process is to integrate a periodical integration of all your software pieces.
Why periodically and not whenever when I want... 3 things..
1. in every handy made process the possibility of failures are here and usually they also not reproducible.
2. you have a build server, let him do the work. When it fails once then it always fails.
3. normally there are more then just one person who is working on sources.
The mention third point is very basically and can happen all the time. Just let the build process fail, which is really a bad problem for the project manager. If that happens, he or she has to locate the problem and solve it - or, even better, let the responsible programmers search for the problem in their code.
So, a developer has to write a few test cases which ensure the correct behavior of the main features or methods of his components. Which will be tested automatically every single night, and in the morning you get your report with all needed information why your daily build today failed ( or not failed ).
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Shared Cache - .Net Caching made easy
All information about Shared Cache is available here: _URL_ Its free and easy to use, we provide all sources at codeplex.
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5 Facts To Be Considered Before Naming Your Baby After Celebrity
In every era there has been a boom with the number of babies who are
5 Common Trends on How Babies are Named in Nepal
People often say that a lot of Nepali names are similar to the ones found
Do You Know These Secret Reasons Behind Nepali Babies Named After Their Parents?
Are we being subtly narcissistic for naming our baby after us? This is a question
Choose the Perfect Name for Your Baby
Taking care of a baby is difficult, difficult enough that even choosing the perfect name


The 2020 Production Assistant Jobs Report
We surveyed different production assistant jobs to better understand the current state of the industry for career seekers.
So if you've been looking for how to get a film production assistant job and profit from the movie industry, this article is for you.
In this report you'll learn:
 - How much production assistants earn.
 - Duties and responsibilities of a production assistant.
 - Basic skills, education, and certification required to become a production assistant.
 - Why people decide to become production assistants.
 - Lots more.
So without further ado, let's get right in.
Who is a Production Assistant (PA)?
A production assistant is a member of a film crew usually attached to individual actors or filmmakers to carry out odd jobs and support tasks in the process of production.
Production assistant jobs are basically entry-level jobs within the film production industry. It is the first step to a long career in Hollywood and movie production in general.
PAs do the jobs that no one else wants to do in a movie production set!
Here's a shortlist of some odd jobs a production assistant could be assigned to do:
 - Organizing food or catering
 - Making copies of movie scripts
 - Managing paperwork (contracts, scripts, timesheets, etc.)
 - Controlling crowds and fans
 - Answering important phone calls
 - Moving equipment around
 - Transporting casts and crews between locations
 - Many more…
Why Do People Decide to Become Production Assistants?
film production assistant job
From our recent survey, we were able to discover the following as major reasons why people decide to become production assistants:
1. The Love of Media
Most people aim at getting a production assistant job just because they are passionate about a particular medium (movie, TV or radio).
Randolph Bookman once stated in his article titled: Being a Production Assistant that:
It was a love of the film industry that drew him closer to his job as a film production assistant.
Randy is now a producer/production manager known for his works on Forced Alliance (2007), Poseidon (2006) and Terminator 3 (2003).
2. Connecting with Talents
Becoming a production assistant creates an opportunity to connect with top celebrities in the film production industry.
And it doesn't have to be all about connecting with celebrities!
Production assistants also have the chance to work with leading film producers and directors.
3. Learning the Craft
This is one of the major reasons why people decide to take-up production assistant jobs.
The willingness to view the job as a hand-on education is a huge advantage for every production assistant.
4. Union Benefits
Randy also pointed out that the job of a production assistant is part of a union with strong benefits attached, and protection against termination without cause.
Also, a production assistant may earn some residual income especially on movies or shows that earn a significant income.
Working as a production assistant is a great way to get to know all the various departments on a movie set and figure out what a person wants to do. It's also an excellent way to finally getting hired in those departments.
No matter what you think, there's little glory attached for being a production assistant.
But, is it really that easy to get a production assistant job?
Basic Skills and Requirements to Become a Production Assistant
The good news about production assistant jobs is that they are all entry-level positions and require the least number of years of experience.
Education, Certification, and Training
Production assistant jobs don't necessarily require a particular educational background or qualification.
But in order to be a bit ahead of your other job applicants, you may require an associate's or bachelor's degree with classes like theater, television and film production, communications, or an artistic field such as graphic design or costume would be helpful.
But basically, the minimal level of education you may require is a high school diploma or GED.
While working as a production assistant, you can work to prepare yourself for a better position. You can take up other side-gigs like working for your college radio station, local television stations or signup for internship programs.
You can also learn more about the movie industry business by participating in production assistant boot camps.
All these will help to expand your knowledge of filmmaking and learn how to handle different positions in the industry.
Required Skills
Although your level of education isn't a major criterion when applying for a production assistant job, recruiters still lookout for certain skills to qualify an applicant.
These skills include:
1. A good listener
Normally speaking, no employer likes to have to repeat themselves. So, for you to become a production assistant you must be a really good listener at all times, listening to the directions you are given.
2. Responsibility
Production assistants are really easy to replace.
So for you to retain your production assistant job, you must be really hardworking and try as much as possible not to be late and lazy at work.
3. Social skills
Surprisingly, this is one of the most important parts of a production assistant's job description.
Anyone working in the entertainment or film industry will at some point of his career comes to deal with some eccentric personalities. And for production assistant jobs, you need to be extra kind, polite and hospitable.
You also need to have confidence in yourself not to back down just because a director tries to bully you.
Your social skills will also be helpful in getting new jobs and moving your career up the ladder.
The movie industry is more about who you know to help you move forward. So, you will need to really put yourself out there, attend networking events, join as many Facebook groups as possible just to create a reliable network for your future gigs.
4. Always willing to learn
Production assistants are there to help and not become an obstacle to the completion of a film production process. Do as much as you can to learn more about every job on the set without getting in the way.
You are there as a production assistant both to help and to learn. Be open-minded to whatever you're asked to do on the set.
5. Patience
You must understand that it takes time to grow. And once you're the best at what you do, someone will definitely notice you.
N.B: A driver's license and clean driving record may be required of you because production assistant jobs often require you to make deliveries and run errands.
Production Assistant Jobs Economic & Career Outlook
movie production assistant role
Most production assistant jobs are typically short-term and lack any benefit or raise.
According to
"The average salary production assistants earn as of May 31, 2019, is $31,404. The job may last a few days or extend several months, all depending on the type of production."
Production assistants are usually paid by the week, with daily pay between $150 – $250, all depending on the job and your level of experience.
TV series and other returning shows may have the most potential for a longer-term of employment and promotion from within.
Production assistants can expect to work long hours, nights and even weekends. Set-based production assistants tied to a production schedule usually work hours that are typically more erratic.
The average work-time for a production assistant job is 10-12 hours daily.
How to Apply for Production Assistant Jobs?
Production assistant jobs are available anywhere in the country, but most opportunities can be found in Los Angeles and New York City.
You can get updated on production assistant job openings from sites like:
The same questions often come up during a production assistant job interview. You can prepare by reading these questions and getting acquainted with the best answers for them.
Film Production Assistant Job Alternatives?
Some production assistant career alternatives include the following:
Producer & Director
According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics:
The projected growth for employment positions of producer and director positions from 2016-2028 is 5%, which is faster than average.
The average salary of producers and directors is $71,680, though some producers and directors may earn portions from ticket sales.
Producers and directors working in advertising and public relations usually earn top wages than those just performing the arts.
Announcers are in charge of presenting news, music, and sports updates. They also interview guests and help to provide commentary.
Another report by the BLS shows that:
There's an expected decline for employment positions for announcers from 2016-2028 by 5%.
The average salary announcers earn is $31,990.
Being a production assistant, there are countless other job opportunities available for you. You may ultimately land into other jobs like a costume attendant which pays an average salary of $41,190.
Wrapping Up
I hope this survey helped you get a better understanding of how the production assistant job industry feels like in 2019.
And now I'd love to hear from you:
What did you really learn from today's survey?
Or maybe you have a question that has been bothering you from what you just read. Either way, feel free to leave a comment below with your thoughts and I'd be happy to get back to you.
2 thoughts on "The 2020 Production Assistant Jobs Report"
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text: The temporal relation between the first few hours of sleep and the secretion of growth hormone (GH), which is present in normal persons of both sexes from early childhood until late adulthood, is reviewed. In adults the most reproducible pulse of GH secretion occurs shortly after the onset of sleep in association with the first phase of slow-wave sleep (SWS) (stages III and IV). In men approximately 70% of the GH pulses during sleep coincide with SWS, and the amount of GH secreted during these pulses correlates with the concurrent amount of SWS. Sleep-related secretion of GH appears to be primarily dependent on the release of growth hormone-releasing-hormone. Rodent and human studies have shown that growth hormone-releasing hormone injections decrease wakefulness and increase SWS. During the fourth decade of life (ages 30 to 40 years) the total amount of GH secreted over a 24-hour span decreases by two- to threefold. Similarly, the amount of SWS decreases dramatically over the same narrow age range. Because the sleep-onset GH pulse is often the major secretory output in adults, age-related decrements in sleep-related GH secretion likely play a major role in the hyposomatotropism of senescence.


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"Floating" and "interaction" are essential concepts in Eneida Pérez's work. "Floating" as a state of calm movement while "interaction" captures the awareness of your surrounding and the people around you. Her urban art installations Floating Buddha were the first translation of these concepts into her work. During the installations the Buddhas float on the water in a meditative way while interacting with other Buddhas in an unforeseeable way.
Bike Art take the concept of "floating" and "interaction" a step further: it adds the aspect of functionality. The bike remains a functional item that is turned into an art object. Making art "livable", transmitting positivness and calmness. People react to the bike art objects. They evoke awareness and and a positive attitude from others.


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The Space Physics Group in the Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, is expanding and anticipates offering postdoctoral or more senior research positions in experimental/observational space physics.
The Space Physics Group carries out research in many aspects of space physics (aka heliophysics), and currently leads NASA's Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission, the Parker Solar Probe (PSP) Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun (ISOIS) instrument suite, and the Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP) mission. The successful candidate(s) can play a major role in 1) the development of the experimental capability of the group and development of space flight instrumentation for IMAP, 2) the analysis and publication of SEP observations from ISOIS, and 3) the analysis and publication of ENA observations from IBEX, and/or other funded space physics research. Preferred qualifications include having prior experience in the development of space flight instrumentation, analyzing these type(s) of particle data, the proven ability to lead/participate in the rapid development and publication of numerous excellent research articles.
For more information about this position, please visit


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Foreign Bank Entry and Business Volatility: Evidence from U.S. States and Other Countries
40 Pages Posted: 16 May 2003 Last revised: 2 Nov 2010
Date Written: May 2003
Theory suggests that bank integration (financial integration generally) can magnify or dampen the business cycles, depending on the importance of shocks to firm collateral versus shocks to the banking sector. In this paper, we show empirically that bank integration across U.S. states over the late 1970s and 1980 dampened economic volatility within states. Internationally, however, we find that foreign bank integration, which advanced widely during the 1990s, has been either unrelated to volatility of firm investment spending or positively related to that volatility. The results suggest the possibility that business spending may become more volatile as countries open their banking sectors to foreign entry.
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation


By Richard Robinson, Farmer at Hopestill Farm
weed large garden bed
Soil test results are the key to planning your soil fertility program. Adding the right amendments in the right amount can dramatically improve your plants' health and your garden's productivity. But once you have your test results, it can sometimes feel daunting to figure out how much of a particular amendment you need to add to get to your goal–and I say that as a former math and chemistry teacher!
In this article, I will try to greatly simplify that process with a few conversion factors and formulas. With these, you should be able to use your results to easily figure out what you need to order—from the NOFA bulk order or elsewhere—and apply your findings to fine tune your garden's fertility.
Step 1: Determine your garden's area in square feet. If it's rectangular, multiply the length times width.
Example: 100' long x 40' wide = 4000 square feet (sf)
Step 2: Convert your garden's area to acres. Divide your square feet by 43,560 sf/acre.
Example: 4000/43,560=0.092 acres.
Now that you know your garden's area, it's time to look at the soil test results. Many of the results you get will be in either parts per million (ppm) or pounds per acre (lbs./acre). The most useful form is usually lbs./acre, so it's best to convert any ppm results before going any further.
Step 3: Convert any soil test results reported in ppm to lbs./acre
The math gods were smiling on us when they cooked up this conversion factor: ppm x2 = lbs./acre. If your potassium test indicates you have 100 ppm in your soil, multiply by 2 to get the equivalent in lbs./acre.
Example: 100 ppm x 2= 200 lbs./acre.
(It is rare you would need to work backwards from lbs./acre to ppm, but of you do, take your lbs./acre and divide by 2. 200 lbs./acre /2 = 100 ppm.)
Step 4: Determine how much of the ELEMENT you want to add per acre.
This amount is the difference between what you want and what you have. Your soil test will probably indicate the "desired value" (in the words of Logan Labs) or the "optimum range" (from UMass). Following my K example from above, let's say that the desired value is 380 lbs./acre. So the amount of the element I need to add is:
Example: 380 – 200 = 180 lbs./acre.
If you are beginning with an optimum range given in ppm, be sure to convert it to lbs./acre before doing your subtraction.
Step 5: Determine how much of the ELEMENT you want to add for your garden. To do this, multiply the pounds of ELEMENT per acre by the area of your garden in acres determined in Step 2.
Example: 180 lbs./acre K x 0.092 acres = 16.6 lbs. K
Person spreading amendments in a large garden
Spread amendments evenly over your garden, then mix it in or cover it with mulch.
Step 6: Determine how much of the AMENDMENT you want to add for your garden. This step is slightly more involved than previous steps, but is not really any more complicated. If you could get pure K for your garden, you'd just add 16.6 pounds of it, and you'd be done (though you'd want to stand back, as it would quickly explode upon hitting the moist soil…). But your amendment is not pure K; it's a compound that is only part K. Most commonly, it is in the form of potassium sulfate (K2SO4) or "K-Mag," potassium-magnesium sulfate (K2SO4-2MGSO4).
Intuitively, you can see you need to add more than 16.6 lbs. of amendment to get 16.6 lbs. of K into your garden. Equally intuitively, you can see that if your amendment was 1/4 K by weight, you'd need to add 4×16.6 lbs. The actual fraction of K in the various amendments isn't quite that neat and tidy, but the principle is the same. We find out how much K is in the amendment, and then flip that to use as our multiplier.
Finding those multipliers involves consulting the periodic table of the elements and adding up the elements in each compound, but there is no need for every member of NOFA to do that on their own. A simple table of multipliers (below) can be used as long as you are using the amendment shown. Use the K2SO4 multiplier for K2SO4, but not for K-Mag!
Element Compound Formula Weight Percent Element Multiplier
B Borax Na2B4O7-10H2O 382 11% B 9.1
Ca Gypsum CaSO4-2H2O 172 23% Ca 4.3
Ca Calcium carbonate CaCO3 100 40% Ca 2.5
Cu Copper sulfate CuSO4-5H2O 250 25% Cu 4
K Potassium sulfate K2SO4 174 45% K 2.2
K K-mag K2SO4-2MgSO4 319 24% K 4.2
Mg K-mag K2SO4-2MgSO4 319 15% Mg 6.67
Mg Epsom salts MgSO4-7H20 246 10% Mg 10
Mn Manganese sulfate MnSO4-H2O 168 33% Mn 3
Zn Zinc sulfate ZnSO4/7H2O 287 23% Zn 4.3
So, if we want to add 16.6 lbs. of K to our garden, how much K2SO4 do we need? We use the multiplier 2.2.
Example: 16.6 lbs. K x 2.2 = 36.5 lbs. K2SO4.
If instead we were using K-Mag, the multiplier for K is 4.17.
Example: 16.6 lbs. K x 4.17 = 69.2 lbs. K-Mag.
And that's it—spread that evenly over your garden, mix it in or cover it with mulch, and your plants will thank you.
This same process can be used for any other element on your soil test: Find your desired amount of ELEMENT to add per acre, multiply by your garden's acreage, then multiply by your AMENDMENT's multiplier.


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Long used in its simplest form in mathematics, functional iteration is an elegant way to represent repeated operations. The Wolfram Language's symbolic architecture makes powerful general forms of functional iteration immediately accessible.
NestList — successively nest a function:
Nest — give the result of nesting a function: etc.
NestGraph — give the graph of nesting a function
FoldList — successively fold in a list of values:
Fold — give the result of folding in a list of values: etc.
TakeWhile — take from a list while a condition is satisfied
LengthWhile — the length while a condition is satisfied