Dzi bead
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Dzi bead
Modern 'new' dzi beads made from etched agate
Chinese name
Hanyu Pinyin tiānzhū
Literal meaning heaven pearls
Tibetan name
Tibetan གཟི
The meaning of the Tibetan word "dzi" [གཟི།] translates to "shine, brightness, clearness, splendor." In Chinese, the bead is called "heaven's bead" or "heaven's pearl" (天珠).
Cinnabar dots as seen on an ancient dzi.
Some dzi beads sport what are referred to as "blood spots," which are tiny red dots in the white areas, indicative of iron content. This is highly desirable, but relatively rare.[citation needed] Another desirable effect is "Nāga skin," in which the surface of the bead exhibits tiny circular weathering marks that resemble scales. Some dzi beads are simply polished agate, with no other decoration than the natural banding of the stone.
The number of "eyes," circular designs on the stone, is considered significant. The symbolic meaning of these beads is based on the number and arrangement of the dots. The highest number of eyes on ancient dzi is twelve. One thirteen-eye bead has been reported from a Taiwanese collector but its authenticity has not been confirmed. Dzi beads with more than twelve eyes are considered non-traditional. Any accompanying story or benefit tale is assumed to be fake as well, and a mere marketing strategy for the lucrative feng shui item market.
Although the geographic origin of dzi beads is uncertain, it is accepted that they are now called "Tibetan beads," just like "Tibetan coral," which also came to Tibet from elsewhere. Tibetans cherish these beads and consider them hereditary gems. In this way they have survived thousands of years, being worn by hundreds of individual people. Dzi are found primarily in Tibet, but also in neighbouring Bhutan, Nepal, Ladakh and Sikkim.[citation needed]
Since knowledge of the bead is derived from several differing oral traditions, the beads have provoked controversy regarding their source, their method of manufacture and even their precise definition.[citation needed] In Tibetan culture these beads are believed to attract local protectors, dharmapalas or deities or maybe beneficial ghosts, ancestors or even bodhisattvas. Because of this, dzi beads are always treated with respect.[1]
New dzi[edit]
Due to the unknown origin of these beads and the high demand for them, there has been recent reproduction of dzi beads in Asia. The first (and best) replica dzi beads came from Taiwan during the 1990s. China has also produced some good-quality dzi beads over the last three years.[when?] However, the number of modern dzi that would be accepted as beautiful by the Tibetan community is very small, making these beads highly desirable.[citation needed]
A nice dzi should be made of good quality agate with the cutting, drilling and decorating taking many days. Modern methods and technology such as lasers, modern sugars and chemicals, and vacuum chambers can produce very good results.[2] The waxy appearance is still desirable but is sometimes lacking. Some especially well-made new dzi are accepted by Tibetans because it is safe to wear them in public since they look like ancient dzi. Some[who?] claim the new dzi function with the same efficacy as the old ones; others believe the protective energies of ancient dzi can move into a new dzi, if the stone is of the same quality or better and the two beads are kept together or when binding rituals are performed.[citation needed]
Imitation dzi[edit]
Some people would also call the modern machine-carved and machine-drilled, highly polished new dzi "mock dzi." Almost invariably mass-produced, these are available for less than two dollars, and are often sold by the strand. The etching on these cheap beads has been done very quickly, and the decorations do not penetrate into the inner core of the bead. These are usually targeted for sale to mainland Chinese customers as lucky feng shui charms.
Market value for ancient beads can easily reach into hundreds of thousands of US dollars - especially for beads with more "eyes." Tiny red cinnabar spots caused by iron inclusion in the agate also increase the value. New etched agate dzi are also highly prized as long as they are well made, contain the traditional patterns, and are made from genuine agate without "dragon skin" or "dragon veins," with a clean, clear look and luster and nicely simulated abrasion signs at the drill holes (these abrasions should slope upward, simulating thousands of years of thread abrasion). New dzi prices range from about ten to two thousand US Dollars, depending on quality and luster. Because of the high value placed on them, Tibetans would typically only part with an authentic dzi bead under very extreme circumstances, such as theft, confiscation by banks or government, or even murder. As a result, many Tibetans have started wearing reproduction dzi in public, out of fear of theft.[citation needed]
Similar beads[edit]
An ancient goat eye bead from a site in Warad-Sin, Iraq. This ancient Mesopotamian bead[3] is very similar to the Luk Mik beads used by Tibetans. Beads like these are also found in Afghanistan and Bactria.
Luk Mik-style and other striped agate beads strung together. Susa, western Iran, dating back to 300 BC. Many of these beads were recovered in Taxila and southern Mesopotamia.
Similar to dzi beads are the so-called chung dzi,[4] which have been imported to Tibet since ancient times. These can be plain, naturally banded[5] agate beads, or etched beads (often with black and white striped patterns). Some are carnelians or black agate with thin white etching patterns resembling the back of a turtle, which is an ancient pattern that dates back to the era of the Harappan Indus culture. Ancient Roman agate beads as well as etched Bactrian, Middle Eastern, Chinese, Afghan, Yemeni,[6] and Indian agate and carnelian beads made their way into Tibet. All these are considered chung dzi (in Tibetan, "chung" means ordinary or common). Chung dzi are believed to have similar properties to real "eyed" dzi; they are less valuable, but they are highly prized by Tibetans and also considered a variety of dzi.
Another similar type of bead is called Luk Mik ("goat's eye") - it is a naturally formed "one-eyed" coin-shaped[3] agate (pictured). Luk Mik are the preferred dzi for travelling in Tibet.
See also[edit]
Further reading[edit]
 - Ebbinghouse, David and Winsten, Michael (1988). "Tibetan dZi (gZi) Beads". The Tibet Journal 13 (1): pp. 38–56.
External links[edit]


text:
The premise of this book is simple: Preachers can improve their preaching significantly by strengthening specific skills used in the preparation of expository sermons. Twelve Essential Skills for Great Preaching concentrates on twelve tasks that are necessary to the most effective sermon preparation:
- Diagramming the text structure
- Noting the text details
- Asking research questions
- Naming the text idea
- Bridging from text to sermon
- Writing sermon divisions
- Balancing persuasive elements
- Exploring natural analogies
- Drawing pictures, telling stories
- Touching human experience
- Aiming for a faith response
- Planning the oral presentation
Recent seminary graduates and seasoned pastors alike will easily identify skills that need personal improvement, and McDill encourages readers to address those areas at their own pace and in whatever order they feel is best. Every chapter of this new edition is revised and updated; also included are immensely helpful worksheets and real sermon examples.
Live up to your God-given gospel-sharing potential with Twelve Essential Skills for Great Preaching.
- Title: The 12 Essential Skills for Great Preaching
- Author: Wayne McDill
- Publisher: B&H Publishing Group
- Publication Date: 2006
- Pages: 305
About Wayne McDill
Wayne McDill is senior professor of preaching at Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary in Wake Forest, North Carolina. His books have been translated into several languages for pastor-training around the world.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Date(s): Sunday, March 6 | 8:00 am – 5:00 pm
Professional Education Course (PEC)
Instructor: David Thirtyacre, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Price by Jan. 14: $445 Member | $655 Nonmember
Price after Jan. 14: $575 Member | $840 Nonmember
This course is designed to familiarize participants with new applications and emerging technologies in uncrewed aircraft systems (UASs) and uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) and their economic, operational, and safety-related impact. In addition to the basics of UASs and UAVs and their history, topics will include UAS and UAV categories and platforms, operations and regulations, safety in the operating environment, and teaming between crewed and uncrewed systems.
Learning Objectives: By the conclusion of the course, participants will have learned:
- The uses and applications of uncrewed aerial systems and vehicles and how they impact the rotorcraft industry from an economic and safety perspective
- The current regulatory environment within the UAS/UAV industry
- The effects of the UAS/UAV operational environment on rotorcraft operations
- Present and future collaborative teaming between crewed and uncrewed rotorcraft and other UAVs.
View Full Class List
David Thirtyacre has been an instructor with Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU) for 10 years and is an assistant professor in the College of Aeronautics. He leads the ERAU Worldwide Department of Flight and currently teaches at the undergraduate and graduate levels in aerodynamics, aircraft performance, unmanned systems, airborne robotics, and aviation and aerospace simulation systems.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Carmichael, California AA Meetings
A suburb in the Greater Sacramento metropolitan area, Carmichael has its share of people who are struggling with an addiction to alcohol. The census-designated place (CDP) has Alcoholics Anonymous or AA meetings in place to help these residents. The drinking of alcohol is legal and widely accepted in society which makes alcohol abuse prevalent. It is a growing public health concern in America with millions of people diagnosed with alcohol use disorder. The factors that contribute to alcohol abuse are many. People resort to abusing alcohol for a lot of reasons from dealing with stress, coping with a loss, to dealing with trauma. Extended alcohol abuse usually takes a serious toll on a person's health and can result in long-term effects such as liver disease and brain damage among many others. Short-term effects of alcohol abuse like slow reaction time or restlessness can be just as damaging as long-term effects. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is an effective support therapy that has helped millions of people combat alcohol abuse. AA facilitates meetings where people who are dependent on alcohol share their personal addiction journeys with others who may be going through similar issues. Our directory also lists other AA California meetings outside of AA meetings in Carmichael.
Where do calls go?
All calls are private and confidential.
Who Answers?


If automatic IP address allocation is enabled in Weave Net (by default IPAM is enabled), then containers started via the proxy are automatically assigned an IP address, without having to specify any special environment variables or any other options.
host1$ docker run -ti weaveworks/ubuntu
To use a specific subnet, you can pass a WEAVE_CIDR to the container, for example:
host1$ docker run -ti -e WEAVE_CIDR=net: weaveworks/ubuntu
To start a container without connecting it to the Weave network, pass WEAVE_CIDR=none, for example:
host1$ docker run -ti -e WEAVE_CIDR=none weaveworks/ubuntu
Disabling Automatic IP Address Allocation
If you do not want an IP to be assigned by default, the proxy needs to be passed the --no-default-ipalloc flag, for example:
host1$ weave launch --no-default-ipalloc
In this configuration, containers using no WEAVE_CIDR environment variable are not connected to the Weave network.
Containers started with a WEAVE_CIDR environment variable are handled as before. To automatically assign an address in this mode, start the container with a blank WEAVE_CIDR, for example:
host1$ docker run -ti -e WEAVE_CIDR="" weaveworks/ubuntu
See Also


text:
How to Edit or Delete Documents
Learn how to edit and delete your documents, files, and official records stored in the Kendra Align application.
- Go to the 'Search' section of the documents module to search for and view the documents that you need to edit or delete.
- Type the name of the file in the search box and press search to view your file.
- Select the file that you want to edit or delete. You'll get a screen like below:
- To edit the document tags and details, press the 'Edit' button that you can see at the top of your screen.
- You can then edit the tags and details and click the 'Save' button to save your changes.
- To delete the document, click on the red 'Delete' button.
- You will get a confirmation message before deleting the document.
- Click 'Yes' to confirm that you want to delete it.


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How It Works
The Idle Free Work Truck No Idle Heat System™ includes a coolant heater and Engine Start Module (ESM) to provide engine heat, interior (cab) heat, and 12 volt electrical power for all work truck power needs. This system removes the need to start the engine with truck batteries. Engine starting is handled using the ESM. An ESM is similar to an ultracapacitor in that the module is charged by receiving electrons from the batteries attached to it or the alternator connected to it via the trucks batteries.
- Engine Start Module (also known as an ultracapacitor)
- The system uses the ESM instead of batteries to start a truck which allows the truck's battery type to change from starter batteries to deep cycle batteries.
- A change to deep cycle batteries (no engine starting) matches the current trend/need of the batteries regarding engine off periods including idle elimination.
- If the engine start needs are removed from the battery bank, the remaining batteries can be combined to perform all truck DC power needs.
- When the Idle Free Work Truck No Idle Heat System™ is turned on, power is supplied from the truck's battery to all necessary circuits to run the climate control.
- The climate control functions for the cab are used in the same manner they would be if the engine were running.
- The climate control functions (temperature-fan-mode) without needing to run the truck's engine.
Installation & Operations
Installation of the system, which typically takes only three hours, actually decreases the overall weight of the truck by about 35 pounds. With this system design, Idle Free eliminates the need for dedicated enclosures for any of the system components, making for a simple, clean, easy installation.
- System installation is typically 3 hours and requires a cable change, heater mounting, harness installation, fuel pump installation, engine coolant connections and toggle switch installation
- No need for a dedicated enclosure—engine start module fits into any truck battery box that currently contains more than a single group 31 battery
- Uses the current truck infrastructure with no integration into the trucks wiring
- Simple to operate with a flip of a toggle switch installed in the cab


text:
Abstract: This paper studies both theoretically and empirically the impact of using trade as a peace instrument to avoid an anticipated interstate conflict between countries disputing a historical territory. The impact of trade is examined through the role of organized interest groups in influencing their governments' foreign policies. A game theoretical model is used to observe the dynamics at the domestic and international level of negotiating a peace agreement that can be accompanied with a trade agreement. Using backward induction, I find that the probability of conflict depends on the contribution schedules offered by organized interest groups, weighted aggregate welfare, and military cost. Using the linear probability model with fixed effects, I test the model empirically. The main result is that the probability of an interstate conflict is lower when the government adopts trade liberalization policies in export-oriented industries while protecting import-competing industries. This indicates that organized interest groups are key when it comes to using trade to dampen conflicts.
(JEL Codes: F13, F14, F51, F52, F53)


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- Print Page
The Ugandan government Youth Livelihoods Programme (YLP) targets poor and unemployed youth between 18 and 30 years. The programme is designed to increase access to affordable credit, develop business skills and improve economic outcomes for youth and their families. This impact evaluation will assess the socioeconomic impacts of the YLP on youth employment, income and empowerment.
Youth in the targeted age bracket of 18 to 30 years constitute over a fifth (22.5%) of the Ugandan population and are twice as likely to be unemployed compared to adults. The government has identified YLP as an important national programme and has emphasised the need for rigorous evidence to assess its effectiveness.
- What is the impact of YLP on the employment and income of targeted youth?
- Does YLP have an impact on youth empowerment, and their access to and use of financial services?
The YLP is the Ugandan government's flagship rolling programme targeting youth between the age of 18 and 30 years. Youth interest groups are selected for funding through a rigorous process. Youth are provided vocational skills, entrepreneurship and life skills training as well as financial support for promoting job creation.
Theory of change
The creation of youth interest groups and the provision of training, toolkits and funding are meant to enhance youth access to credit, and increase self-employment and income. It is also likely to have an impact on youth lifestyle and behaviour.
This is a mixed-method impact evaluation. It uses a step-wedged cluster randomised controlled trial and qualitative research methods. Sample selection will follow a stratified three-stage cluster procedure. To ensure representativeness across the different sub-regions in Uganda, randomisation will be stratified first by 16 sub-regions with Kampala as a sub-region and at least one district per region. In the second stage, youth income groups will be selected within the districts. Within each group, five participants will be randomly chosen for the YLP cash transfer and followed over time. Women will be slightly oversampled to ensure that the sample size is adequate to study gendered effects of the programme.
Qualitative research includes key informant interviews with YLP implementers.


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Brix Hydrometers are calibrated to show the percentage of sucrose by weight at 20°C. The Brix Scale is based on the following: 1° Brix = 1° sucrose by weight at the specified temperature (20°C). the data of the National Bureau of Standards are used.
On select Brix Hydrometers with a built-in thermometer, the thermometer scale is located in the body of the hydrometer. All of the thermometers have a rage of 0-50°C with 1° subdivisions. A correction scale for conversion of the Hydrometer Brix reading to it's 20°C value is printed opposite the temperature scale.


15.10 - INTERVAL MONTH Literals - Teradata Database
Teradata Database SQL Data Types and Literals
prodname
Teradata Database
vrm_release
15.10
category
Programming Reference
featnum
B035-1143-151K
Declares an INTERVAL MONTH value in an expression.
where:

Syntax element …
Specifies …
sign
an optional minus sign to indicate a negative interval. The default is a positive interval.
The sign must be outside the apostrophes enclosing string.
string
one to four digits representing months. Spaces and new line characters are not allowed between the apostrophes.
Note: Only digits within the apostrophes are parsed and converted to numeric. For example, '1.05' is treated as '105'.
INTERVAL MONTH literals are partly ANSI SQL:2011 compliant.
The ANSI definition places the optional sign for the interval within the apostrophes; the Teradata implementation places the optional sign outside the apostrophes.
INTERVAL MONTH
For details on the INTERVAL MONTH type, see "INTERVAL MONTH Data Type" on page 155.
This example adds an interval of six months to the current system date. (For this example, assume the current system date is 1999-11-03.)
 SELECT (INTERVAL '6' MONTH) + CURRENT_DATE;

 ( 6+Date)
 -----------
 2000/05/03


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Increasing production on sandy soils in low and medium rainfall areas of the Southern Region
The project is looking at why there is unused soil water at harvest in cropping systems on sandy soils, and what are the mitigation and amelioration options to improve this situation. The project is investigating the physical, chemical impediments and the biological constraints in sandy soils and crop establishment on non-wetting soils.
On upper EP, 3 local replicated validation trials and 3 farmer demonstrations sites.
Replicated Validation trials: 2 in 2019, 1 in 2020
Demonstration sites: 1 in 2018, 2 in 2019
On lower EP, 2 replicated validation trails, 2 larger scale demonstration trials, and 4 associated field walks.
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How long is the Arizona Trail?
The current official length of the Arizona Trail is 788 miles, not counting side trails and summit routes to off-trail scenic overlooks. The trail may be rerouted each year due to wildfires, blowdowns, flooding, or other natural obstacles. The trail is subdivided into 43 passages or sections.
Where does The Arizona Trail begin and end?
The most popular route for the AZT is Northbound (known as NOBO), beginning at the U.S/Mexico border at a monument in In Coronado National Memorial near the Huachuca Mountains and ending at the Utah border on Buckskin Mountain. Hikers generally begin in late February or early March. Our team will hike Southbound (SOBO), beginning September 27th and ending in November 2020.
How many days will it take to complete the hike?
It generally takes a thru-hiker 6 to 8 weeks to complete the Arizona Trail. We are aiming for 45-50 days, weather and health permitting.
How many people thru-hike the AZT each year?
Roughly 100 people thru-hike the Arizona Trail each year. Many others complete various sections from the list of 43 passages; some piecing together the entire trail over many years of section-hiking.
How will you access and carry water?
We will each carry roughly 1 liter of water per 4 miles we plan to hike each day between water caches, streams, wildlife ponds, and cattle tanks strewn across Arizona. Although we always prefer fresh water supplied by our support team, there will be many times where it is necessary to filter water from wild sources. Our longest scheduled water carry is about 30 miles between water sources. We will have the capacity to carry up to 9 liters each. Each liter of water weighs 2.2 pounds! Our average water carry will be 3-5 liters each.
Where will you be sleeping?
We will each carry our own tent and will sleep most nights under the stars along the trail. There are a few "gateway communities" and towns along the way where we may stay in hotels, hostiles, or with friends.
How will you handle dangerous wildlife encounters?
Animals are more afraid of humans than we are of them. In Arizona, we will encounter scorpions, rattlesnakes, Gila monsters, coyotes, and possibly black bear, bobcats, and mountain lions. Our guide is experienced dealing with wildlife and will help us navigate and even enjoy these encounters.
How will you communicate in case of emergency?
We are carrying cell phones, satellite GPS two-way communicators, and a personal locator beacon (PLB) in case of emergency. Although the trail is remote and non-motorized, we will usually be within about a few hours from an extraction point if needed.
What if you get lost?
We are carrying GPS apps and a map and compass. Our guide is highly experienced with wilderness navigation.
Why did you select the Arizona Trail?
Arizona is our home. Of the 11 National Scenic Trails contained within the National Trails System, it makes the most sense for us to complete the AZT since our goal is to raise $1,000,000 to bring hope and healing to the people of Colorado City, AZ.


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Welcome to Sierra Azul Nursery & Gardens
Source for beneficial, edible, and drought tolerant and exotic plants with a 2 acre demonstration and sculpture garden.
Sierra Azul Nursery and Gardens specializes in plants and gardens for California's Mediterranean climate. Our goal is to promote the aesthetic use of Mediterranean climate adapted plants in water-conserving gardens and landscapes. This includes edibles, fruit trees, and plants for shade gardens.
Sierra Azul Nursery is a retail plant nursery specializing in Mediterranean plants from around the world. Our nursery includes a propagation based growing grounds and two acres of demonstration gardens featuring mature plants in a garden setting, accented by sculptures from local artists. Be sure to check out our special sales, and the workshops, classes, and events we host.
Sierra Azul Nursery and Gardens holds a vision of the garden as a place to link with the natural world and its many wonderful contrasting elements. We hope to share our vision with you. Come visit the rich, aesthetic, physical world of Sierra Azul Gardens.
We have spotted three Anna's hummingbird nests on site this year! It is such a treat to watch them from a respectful distance. You can see how the female built the little cup nest from plant material and spiderwebs, which are key for keeping the nest together and attached to the tree limb but also allow the nest itself to expand as the baby hummingbirds hatch and grow! They use lichen as a final touch to camouflage the nest; Alexa discovered one of them when she saw a female hummingbird hovering with lichen in its beak.
We certainly enjoy how the nursery and garden have created a little bird refuge; next time you visit take a moment to enjoy the sounds and sights of all the birds!.
Seasonal Organic Veggie & Herb Starts
We have varieties of kale, broccoli, cauliflower, lettuce, chard, chives, onion, thyme, mint, lemon verbena, catnip, stevia, chamomile, and cilantro. 3.5″ pots and 6-packs, prices range from $3.99-$4.49.
Brilliant blue, Spring blooms! A picture or two just doesn't do the color of these flowers justice so you'll just have to visit to really see for yourself. This groundcover reaches 1′ x 3-4′ and blooms Spring into Summer with moderate to occasional water. Available in 1-gallons.
This is one of our favorite succulents here at the nursery. It does great in the landscape and in containers. Quick to form pups, each plant will spread to a couple foot clump with time. Dainty little flowers in the Spring are full of nectar for the hummingbirds. Available in 1-gallons.
White and pink perfumed flowers strong enough to stir a scent memory. A great choice for covering fences, trellises, and arbors in full sun or light shade. It blooms late Winter into Summer. Medium to low water needs, deer-resistant.
(Wonga Wonga Vine)
Tubular white flowers cover this vine in Spring. It is a hardy grower for sunny or partly shady locations with low water needs once established.
1- and 5-gallons
Bare Root Fruit Trees – in stock!
Bare root fruit trees are in stock! We have a selection of apples, apricots, apriums, plums, pluots, pears, nectarines, peaches, cherries, persimmons, and persian muberries. Prices start at $39.99 (no tax!). Check out the list of varieties here!
Dave Wilson Potted Edibles
Potted edibles have arrived – we have a selection to choose from including varieties of blueberries, blackberries, ollalie-berries, raspberries, figs, grapes, and pomegranates.
Click Here to view the list of varieties of potted fruit and bare root trees
Winter Sculpture Garden
No matter the time of year, there are always sculptures to enjoy (and purchase) in the garden. Come for a visit, bring a picnic, and enjoy the change in seasons. The garden is open daily during nursery business hours.
Dragonfly | LMNO Arts
Parking Lot Sale – 30-60% off
New varieties every week, fresh from our growing grounds. Many great plants including perennials, grasses, succulents, and shrubs!
Family owned & operated nursery in Watsonville, CA with a two-acre sculpture garden. Low water & Mediterranean climate plants.
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An unpublished manuscript, entitled The Richmond Group of the Cincinnati Province, compiled by the late William H. Shideler, has been made available by the Division of Geological Survey as Open-File Report 95-1. Dr. Shideler was a professor of geology at Miami University from 1910 to 1957. He died in 1958.
The information in the manuscript was compiled by Shideler over a period of 17 years; he spent five summers during the 1920's in the employ of the Ohio Geological Survey. For 10 years, Shideler annually visited a series of classic exposures of highly fossiliferous Upper Ordovician rocks in southwestern Ohio and made extensive collections of fossils at these sections. From these data he was able to establish extensive faunal lists for each section and compile range charts for various species.
Shideler's typewritten manuscript was edited by Joe H. Marak, curator of the Carl E. Limper Geology Museum at Miami University. Marak notes that the manuscript is outdated, particularly in regard to the names of many fossil species, but will still be very useful to geologists and fossil collectors.
The 96-page report describes 26 exposures of Richmondian rocks in the Cincinnati area and includes an extensive index. Open-File Report 95-1 is available from the Division of Geological Surveys. Credit-card orders may be placed by calling _PHONE_.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
To ensure antennas are tall enough to cover a targeted cell area, cell towers are typically 50 to 200 feet in height. Towers can be standalone structures, such as steel poles or lattice frame, or affixed to other structures.
How tall are communication towers?
The height of a telecommunications tower shall not exceed two hundred and fifty (250) feet. Tower height shall be measured from the ground to the highest point of the tower or any antenna/lighting rod, whichever is higher.
How high do cell phone signals reach?
Some older phones, which have stronger transmitters and operate on analog networks, can be used at a maximum altitude of 10 miles, while phones on newer digital systems can work at altitudes of 5 to 6 miles. A typical airline cruising altitude would be 35,000 feet, or about 6.6 miles.
How tall are 5G towers?
Unlike the lattice cell phone towers that enable LTE networks—hulking, usually between 200 and 400 feet tall, and interspersed miles apart—5G networks rely heavily on petite units, aptly called "small cells," which are often attached to existing utility poles in urban settings. Is 5G Worth Getting an iPhone 12?
How dangerous is climbing cell phone towers?
Cell tower climbing is considered one of the most dangerous jobs in the United States. Individuals who work as cell tower climbers are at risk of sustaining catastrophic injuries, some of which can result in death.
Is Burj Khalifa taller than Mount Everest?
Which leads me to wonder: How many Burj Khalifa's tall is Mount Everest? Well, according to Wolfram|Alpha, Mount Everest is 29,035 feet high…which is about 5.5 miles (or 8.85 kilometers)! As we discovered yesterday, at 2717 feet the Burj Khalifa is just over 0.5 miles high.
What is the tallest thing in America?
|1||One World Trade Center||2014|
|2||Central Park Tower||2020|
|3||Willis Tower †||1974|
|4||111 West 57th Street*||2020|
Do planes block cell signal?
"The FAA bans the use of cell phones for safety reasons. FAA regulations prohibit anything that intentionally emits a signal, which includes cells phones used for voice communications. It would be up to an airline to demonstrate that a call phone does not cause electronic interference.
How far does a cell phone tower reach?
A typical cellphone has enough power to reach a cell tower up to 45 miles away. Depending on the technology of the cellphone network, the maximum distance may be as low as 22 miles because the signal otherwise takes too long for the highly accurate timing of the cellphone protocol to work reliably.
How far apart can 5G towers be?
5G wavelengths have a range of about 1,000 feet, not even 2% of 4G's range.
Are there 5G towers in USA?
5G coverage is rapidly expanding across thousands of U.S. cities. AT&T, T-Mobile, and Verizon have each launched 5G networks with both high-capacity mmWave and long-range sub-6 bands.
Who owns 5G towers?
The company's three largest tenants are AT&T (19% of revenues), T-Mobile (18% of revenues), and Verizon (14% of revenues).
Who invented 5G?
Q: Who invented 5G? A: No one company or person owns 5G, but there are several companies within the mobile ecosystem that are contributing to bringing 5G to life. Qualcomm has played a major role in inventing the many foundational technologies that drive the industry forward and make up 5G, the next wireless standard.
How much do you get paid to climb cell towers?
While it's a dangerous job, the role of transmission tower climber pays relatively well. In 2017, their median salary was $56,000 per year according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, which equates to $26.92 per hour.
How long does it take to climb a 1500 ft tower?
It had taken us exactly three hours to climb 1500 ft.
Is it illegal to climb a cell tower?
I like climbing on cell towers, you know the ones that consist of lots of metallic triangles, and are really high? Can I get sterile by doing this? First off, it's completely illegal to climb these, and depending on the circumstances could have some fairly severe penalties.


text:
In a Nutshell: Just like other businesses, banks need extra cash on occasion. But a bank that takes out a loan can be perceived as being a weak institution, so banks generally try to conduct their borrowing activities behind the scenes. A recent paper, "The Quality of Banks at Stigmatized Lending Facilities," by Federal Reserve Board economist Sriya Anbil and Claremont McKenna College Economics Professor, Angela Vossmeyer, Ph.D., explores how an emergency lending facility that is not confidential can attract a different caliber of bank asking to borrow money. The researchers looked at two emergency lending facilities during the Great Depression — one that remained confidential and one that was exposed. Anbil and Vossmeyer's research concluded that an exposed emergency lending facility can impact the quality of banks that approach them.
Let's talk about bank loans. But not the kind you're probably thinking about. Let's talk about loans that banks get from other lending facilities.
The topic isn't something the average consumer likely thinks about very often. But, just like any other business, banks need an infusion of funds from time to time whether it's to meet the daily reserve requirement or to cover other unexpected expenses.
At the same time, banks can be (understandably) a little touchy about having to borrow money. The issue is more complex, but on the surface, the immediate question from consumers and other businesses may be "Who wants to do business with a financial institution that can't handle its own finances?"
It's like going to a department store to buy a shirt, but you discover the store is out of shirts. But the sales clerk runs to the store next door, borrows a shirt, then sells it to you. You probably wouldn't leave the store with a great impression of the business and probably wouldn't shop there again.
Similarly, banks try to avoid having such a stigma attached to them.
A recent academic paper explores this behind-the-scenes world of banks that take out loans from emergency lending facilities, and how the quality of the bank can be deduced by which lending facilities they turn to.
"The Quality of Banks at Stigmatized Lending Facilities" was written by Federal Reserve Board economist Sriya Anbil and Claremont McKenna College Economics Professor Angela Vossmeyer, Ph.D. We recently spoke with Vossmeyer about this impactful corner of the finance world.
Exploring the Stigma Associated with Lending Facilities
Banks generally take out loans behind the scenes in one of a variety of ways.
A bank's daily reserve requirement is the amount of liquid funds it must have on hand at the end of each day. When the bank does not meet the requirement, it may take out an overnight loan from another bank, or it may borrow funds from the Federal Reserve Discount Window.
The interest rate at the discount window is slightly higher than the rate from other banks. The Federal Reserve sets the rate higher because it would rather banks borrow from one another. Therefore, if a bank must borrow from the discount window, it may be seen as a weaker bank because it can't get a loan from a peer institution.
Because of this, some view the discount window as a stigmatized lending facility. Banks also use other emergency lending facilities, but again, once the facilities have been revealed they can have a stigma attached to them, which may make them less than ideal for banks with good reputations.
"Coming into this paper, I had written previous papers on one of the facilities — the Reconstruction Finance Corporation — and came up with some econometric models about how banks choose to go to a facility," Vossmeyer said. "And then, on the other end, how the central bank decides which banks are the best to bail out in a crisis."
This means that, when a financial crisis arises, the Federal Reserve may be able to assist some banks to keep them afloat. But in evaluating which banks are worthy of bailing out, it may consider how often a bank has needed to borrow from an emergency lending facility.
Vossmeyer said she and Anbil were discussing the topic after they met at a conference and realized that, even as economic experts, they still had a lot of questions surrounding the issue of banks, stigma, and emergency lending facilities.
"We really didn't know the answers to some really basic questions," Vossmeyer said. "We didn't know exactly how banks choose which facility to go to, or even just how many banks would go to all facilities. Why wouldn't you, if you needed help? Why wouldn't you go to them all? So, we said, 'Let's dig into this.'"
During the Great Depression, Some Banks Were Hesitant to Approach Stigmatized Lending Facilities
"With this paper, we basically wanted to know if and how that pool would change if the facility suffered from the stigma problem where banks feel reluctant to ask for assistance because it might be taken as a sign of financial weakness," Vossmeyer said.
In the paper, Anbil and Vossmeyer noted they were not able to study the recent financial crisis because the current standing facility, the discount window, was arguably already stigmatized when the 2008 crisis began.
Instead, Anbil and Vossmeyer looked back to the Great Depression — specifically, 1932.
"We study the two lending facilities available to banks during the Great Depression — the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) and the Federal Reserve's Discount Window (DW)," according to the paper. "Upon the RFC's establishment in February 1932, both facilities were confidential and engaging in collateralized lending."
But the authors note differences between the two lending facilities.
"First, the DW's interest rate of 3.5% was 1-1.5 percentage points lower than the RFC's; second, the RFC was both willing to accept worse collateral and more flexible in making its decisions," Anbil and Vossmeyer wrote.
In the first half of 1932, banks approached both facilities nearly equally, but they used their best collateral for a better rate at the discount window and their inferior collateral at the RFC.
"However, an unexpected event occurred on August 22, 1932, that changed the cost of approaching the RFC," according to the paper. "A partial list of bank names that had received RFC assistance was leaked and published in the New York Times, stigmatizing the RFC."
Through their research, Anbil and Vossmeyer were able to determine that after the leak, 44 banks approached the RFC, while twice as many approached the non-stigmatized discount window.
Conclusions Reveal That Stigma Can Impact the Caliber of Bank Clients
"So, what we're finding is that, once the second facility is no longer confidential, the type of bank that's approaching — and essentially how that bank is using the emergency assistance — is different from the original pool of banks," Vossmeyer said.
She said the banks that continue to go to the stigmatized facility are either unable or unwilling to maintain liquidity buffers, which means keeping a stock of safe assets on the balance sheet.
Vossmeyer noted it's not really possible to distinguish between the banks that were unable to maintain the buffer from the banks that were unwilling to do so. But, rather than buying safe assets, the unwilling category comprises banks that are taking assistance and generally operating at a level of much higher risk.
"It's very possible that that latter scenario is driving a lot of this because when we look at these banks, and we follow them over time, the confidential facility continues to have these very high levels of participation," she said.
Essentially, the facility that remained confidential continued to attract a pool of highand low-caliber banks at a normal rate, while the stigmatized facility saw lower participation numbers. And the banks that did approach the RFC could generally be perceived as being of lower quality because of their inability or unwillingness to maintain liquidity buffers.
"In this paper, we find that the quality of banks that approached a stigmatized facility is very different from that of banks that approached a facility that maintained confidentiality," according to the paper's conclusion. "Once stigma was introduced at the RFC, stronger banks reduced their participation while weaker banks continued borrowing. These weaker banks maintained smaller liquidity buffers, signaling to the regulator that they might require closer monitoring."
Anbil and Vossmeyer wrote that the paper's findings have implications for how emergency lenders should be designed in some cases.
"If the goal of a facility is to mitigate banking panics, our results suggest that a confidential lending facility will attract both stronger and weaker banks, allowing the lender to inject much of the banking sector with liquidity," according to the paper.
But, recent policy changes mandate that the Federal Reserve must release the names of borrowing banks, which means the standing facilities may always be stigmatized.
"Therefore, our results suggest that a stigmatized lending facility may help examiners identify weaker banks that require closer monitoring," wrote Anbil and Vossmeyer.


text:
- There is a horizontal staff indicating if the accordion must be pushed (thick line) or pulled (thin line)
- There is a small rhythmic staff with lyrics that describes the bass buttons to press. The bar lines are made from gridlines
- The tabulator staff for diatonic accordions shows the geographic position of the buttons and not (as for every other instrument) the pitch of the notes; the keys on the melody-side of the accordion are placed in three columns and about 12 rows
In the tabulator staff notation the outermost column is described with notes between lines, the innermost column is described with notes between lines and a cross as accidental, and the middle column is described with notes on a line, whereby the row in the middle is represented on the middle line in the staff.
Some words to transpose piano notes to the diatonic accordion:
1. Every diatonic accordion is built for some keys only (for example, for the keys of C major and F major), so it is important to transpose a piano melody to match one of these keys. Transpose the source code, not only the output because this code is required later on to translate it once more to the tabulator staff. This can be done with the command
2. You have to alternate the pushand pull-direction of the accordion regularly. If the player has a too long part to pull the accordion gets broken. On the other hand, some harmonies are only available in one direction. Considering this, decide which parts of the melody are the push-parts and which the pull-parts.
3. For each pullor push-part translate the piano notes to the according tabulature representation.


Loop Plugin
The only way of putting repetitive numerical values into your templates is either by hard-coding them in or by enabling and using php to do it. I always try to avoid enabling php in templates for security purposes, and hard-coding in for example a drop-down select box with 100 values is never fun.
The loop plugin works just like a simplified for loop does. It takes as parameters an initial value, an increment value, and a limit.
Here is an example of using the loop plugin to create a drop-down select box that allows the user to select the year in which they were born:

 Select year
{exp:for_loop start="1980" end="2000" increment="1"}
 {index}


How to insert the value inside an array's cell into a char variable?
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Thread: How to insert the value inside an array's cell into a char variable?
 1. #1
 Join Date
 Apr 2013
 Posts
 8
 How to insert the value inside an array's cell into a char variable?
 I have this program in Java to read a database written in a .txt format (file name is "info.txt").
 It has the values record number, name, age, state, and salary class written in it. I've named the array to read that database as "ven[]". The program will load that text-file database into that array to display on the screen when it is run. When it reaches the array cell that has the salary class value, it displays on the screen the corresponding amount. Array cell ven[4] contains a single entry that's just one character long.(ven[0] is the where the record number or "R11-1000" is stored)
 That character corresponds to the value assigned to it. That is, if the value in it is "1", it corresponds to $200 per hour. Hence, on the screen the line, "Salary per Hour" will have the amount, $200 dollars next to it. I read that switch statements can only allow integers or characters as values in it. So, I've been trying to assign that array cell in question into a char-declared variable - as you can see in the photo of the few lines before reaching the switch statement. Unfortunately, I get error messages when I attempt to do so. (the compiler says they're incompatible data types). The error message, by the way, says "error: incompatible types - readDB.java - line 37"...
 I intend to use the entry inside ven[4] as a value for the switch statement in the code. I'm not quite a beginner but I'm not expert on Java either.
 I have no idea how to go around this problem - any idea how? That is, how to transfer an array's value into
 The code I've written is down below...(line 35 is where the error is...)
 Code:
 import java.util.*;
 import java.io.*;

 public class readDB
 {
 public static void main(String args[])throws Exception
 {
 Scanner v = new Scanner(System.in);
 Scanner i = new Scanner(new File("info.txt"));

 String s,salarytype;
 StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer();

 double ph=0;
 Boolean wr=false;

 System.out.println(" ");
 System.out.print("Enter Employee Code: ");
 s = v.nextLine();

 while (i.hasNextLine())
 { //first while loop start brace
 n = i.nextLine();
 String ven[] = n.split(";");

 if (s.equals(ven[0]))
 {
 System.out.println(" ");
 System.out.println("Name: " + ven[1]);
 System.out.println("Age: " + ven[2]);
 System.out.println("Address: " + ven[3]);
 System.out.println("Salary Type: " + ven[4]);
 result.append(ven[4]);
 String mynewstring = result.toString();
 char[] cArray = mynewstring.toCharArray();

 switch(cArray)
 {
 case 1: ph=200;
 System.out.println("Salary per Hour: "+ph);
 break;
 case 2: ph=300;
 System.out.println("Salary per Hour: "+ph);
 break;
 case 3: ph=500;
 System.out.println("Salary per Hour: "+ph);
 break;
 }
 wr=true;
 } else if (wr==false)
 {
 System.out.println ("Invalid Code ");
 }
 } //first while loop end brace
 }
 }
 2. #2
 Join Date
 Nov 2006
 Location
 Barcelona - Catalonia
 Posts
 364
 Re: How to insert the value inside an array's cell into a char variable?
 Hi,
 You can't switch on char arrays, and if you are using a JRE version prior to Java7 not even on Strings.
 So, you can't do:
 Code:
 switch (cArray) {[....]}
 Look at this site
 Try something like:
 Code:
 if (mynewstring.equals("1")) {
 // whatever
 } else if (mynewstring.equals("2")) {
 // whatever
 } else {
 // whatever
 }
 Hope this helps.
 Regards,
 Albert.
 Please, correct me. I'm just learning.... and sorry for my english :-)
 3. #3
 Join Date
 Apr 2013
 Posts
 8
 Re: How to insert the value inside an array's cell into a char variable?
 If in case I get the new JRE, would I still have to use the code lines you suggested? Or is there some way of getting
 the value of that specific array cell to be a switch value with a new JRE installed?
 Besides, aren't switch statements a lot clearer than embedded "if-else" statements?
 4. #4
 Join Date
 May 2009
 Posts
 2,413
 Re: How to insert the value inside an array's cell into a char variable?
 Quote Originally Posted by PC_flea View Post
 I read that switch statements can only allow integers or characters as values in it. So, I've been trying to assign that array cell in question into a char-declared variable -
 Well, a char array isn't a char. You'll have to single out a char from the array. If the char you want to switch on is firts in the array it would look like this,
 Code:
 switch(cArray[0]) // first char
 {
 case '1': // '1' is a char
 Another option is to turn the String into an int (assuming the String holds a number). Then you switch over that int as in the current code. You can use the parseInt() method of the Integer class, like
 Code:
 int mynewint = Integer.parseInt(mynewstring);
 By the way why are you appending to result? Since result is declared outside the loop it means ven[4] values will be added on to each other in each iteration of the loop and accumulate. Is that what you want?
 Last edited by nuzzle; April 23rd, 2013 at 12:38 AM.
 5. #5
 Join Date
 Apr 2013
 Posts
 8
 Re: How to insert the value inside an array's cell into a char variable?
 From member, nuzzle -
 By the way why are you appending to result? Since result is declared outside the loop it means ven[4] values will be added on to each other in each iteration of the loop and accumulate. Is that what you want?
 My reply - not really. I just thought that would be the answer to my problem. I really am focused on putting that very value into the switch statement. I could use nested if-else loops but I'm concerned about debugging them later on. For me, switch statements are cleaner - they're a lot easier to understand.
 As for the line
 Code:
 int mynewint = Integer.parseInt(mynewstring);
 Would it mean that my program would be written like this now?
 Code:
 System.out.println(" ");
 System.out.println("Name: " + ven[1]);
 System.out.println("Age: " + ven[2]);
 System.out.println("Address: " + ven[3]);
 System.out.println("Salary Type: " + ven[4]);
 result.append(ven[4]);
 String mynewstring = result.toString();
 int mynewint = Integer.parseInt(mynewstring);
 char[] cArray = mynewstring.toCharArray();

 switch(cArray)
 {
 case 1: ph=200;
 System.out.println("Salary per Hour: "+ph);
 break;
 case 2: ph=300;
 System.out.println("Salary per Hour: "+ph);
 break;
 case 3: ph=500;
 System.out.println("Salary per Hour: "+ph);
 break;
 ...
 Otherwise, where in the source code should I place the line you suggested? And what other lines do I need to remove to make the code work?
 Thanks for replying by the way..... :-)
 6. #6
 Join Date
 May 2009
 Posts
 2,413
 Re: How to insert the value inside an array's cell into a char variable?
 Quote Originally Posted


text:
CHARLESTON, W.Va. -- Relax, anglers. If you catch a fish in West Virginia and think it might be one of those nasty northern snakeheads you've heard about, chances are it's not.
It's almost certainly a bowfin - a species that has prowled the depths of Mountain State waters since before the last Ice Age.
"We've gotten calls from people who think they have caught snakeheads, but really what they had caught were bowfins," said Scott Morrison, a district fisheries biologist for the state Division of Natural Resources. "We've never had a confirmed sighting of a snakehead in West Virginia."
Maryland and Virginia fisheries officials have been trying to eradicate snakeheads in tributaries of Chesapeake Bay, where the species has become established. Authorities became aware of the species in 2002 when a fisherman caught one from a pond in Crofton, Md.
Maryland law enforcement officers discovered that a local man had purchased two adult snakeheads from a New York market and had released them into the pond. The pond was drained and the snakeheads were destroyed, but the incident put officials on high alert.
A 2004 search found an established population of snakeheads in the Potomac River between Great Falls and the Chesapeake Bay. Fisheries experts believe the fish are restricted to that single stretch of river by the presence of the falls upstream and the salinity of the bay downstream.
Even so, West Virginia officials have been on the lookout for snakeheads ever since. If the species ever gets established upstream from Great Falls, it could then migrate upstream into West Virginia's Cacapon and South Branch rivers.
As awareness of snakeheads has increased, so have reports from anglers who believe they might have caught them.
Morrison said all those fish turned out to be bowfins. To help fishermen distinguish snakeheads from bowfins, DNR officials had a graphic created, and have posted the graphic on the agency's website.
"The easiest way to tell the two species apart is to look at the anal fin - the long, non-paired fin on the fish's underside," Morrison said. "In the snakehead, that fin is very, very long. It's more than half the length of the dorsal fin, which is also very long.


text:
Great Fire of New York
Hold up, buddy.
The Great Fire of New York happened on September 21, 1776. At the time conditions were dry and there were few people in the city at the time so the fire spread fast but killed few. The reason for this was when the British moved in and took control of the city the people moved out. With the people gone eventually the British left so few people remained.
Many people believed that the British were responsible for the fire because of how fast it spread; however, in this case it was literally an accident. The fire wound up burning 25% of the city.
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text:
As social work educators continue to examine methods and techniques to provide meaningful knowledge about racism and discrimination, the role of self-assessment and dialogue should also be explored. This teaching note presents a tool for students and educators to use in considering literature discrimination and increasing awareness of multicultural resources. This tool and the related activities may be used for orientation or modified and combined with the variety of mixed media used to engage students in active learning.
- Content Type Journal Article
- Pages 159-166
- Gwenelle S. O'Neal, professor, Graduate Social Work Department, West Chester University, 650 Alley Way, Reynolds Hall, West Chester, PA 19383; e- mail: _EMAIL_


ASC
Converts double-byte (full-width) characters to single-byte (half-width) ASCII and katakana characters.
note
Sintaksė
ASC(Text)
Text: the text string that contains characters to be converted.
note
Applying the ASC function to a string composed of single-byte characters will return the input string without any modifications.
Pavyzdžiai
=ASC("LibreOffice") returns the string "LibreOffice". No modifications were made because all characters are single-byte characters.
=ASC("ライト") returns the string "ﾗｲﾄ", which is composed of single-byte characters.
Paremkite mus!


text:
10 Bizarre Scientific Photographs from the 19th Century
All photographs from the 19th century are strange but some go way beyond that. When photography arrived on the scene in the 1830s, scientists realized it could reveal secrets from the invisible worlds of microscopic bacteria and distant galaxies. Some believed the camera could go further and the surface image alone would uncover information about the internal workings of the body and the mind, even the moment of death. Forget post-mortem and spirit photography, the most extreme photographs from the 19th century were taken by scientists asking serious questions about the nature of existence. Usually it meant a lot more than setting up a camera in front of a subject. They often had to design and build their own equipment to take shots others considered technically impossible. Sometimes the results provided valuable information, in other cases their camera proved more important than the images produced and still others were filed away, left for others to find and wonder what on earth the photographers thought they were doing.
In 1862, French neurologist Guillaume Duchenne wanted to test the popular theory that the face was directly linked to the soul. He had already done some work applying electric shocks to patients' damaged muscles and he reasoned that if he could apply electric currents to a subject's face he could stimulate the muscles and photograph the results. One problem was that while it was easy to activate physical responses with electric shocks, most people relaxed immediately the jolt had passed through, too quickly for a camera to record it. One of the patients at the hospital where Duchenne worked was a shoemaker suffering Bell's Palsy. A of the manifestations of the disease was facial paralysis, which meant the shoemaker would hold his expression for a few minutes after receiving the electro-shock treatment; long enough that is for the photographer to record his expression.
Duchenne subjected the shoemaker to over 100 sessions, applying electrodes to various parts of his face to extract the gamut of emotions. Meanwhile, Paul Tournachon, brother of the famous Felix Nadar, snapped away. The results were published in The Mechanism of Human Physiognomy (Mecanisme de la physionomie Humaine). If the photographs look horrific you have to imagine what the poor shoemaker endured. Still, something good came out of the experiments. Duchenne was able to determine that when a person expressed a genuine smile particular muscles were activated. In physiology the authentic smile is called the Duchenne smile. People who don't use these muscles when they smile may be showing symptoms of sociopathy.
In the second half of the 19th century an epidemic of hysteria swept across Europe and America. Women in particular were struck down with paralysis, they could not find the energy to get out of bed or they complained of obstructions in their throats. At Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris, Jean-Martin Charcot, a former student of Duchenne's, set about finding an explanation for the condition. He had two major breakthroughs. One was that the condition was linked to some trauma in the past, the other was that men also suffered from it. His student, Sigmund Freud, would take his researches further.
In 1878 chemist Albert Londe was hired as the medical photographer at Salpêtrière and began working closely with Charcot. One of their projects was to photograph patients undergoing hysterical seizures, a question being whether there was a link between the convulsions and the facial expression. To photograph the cycle of a seizure, Londe invented a chronophotographic camera. The first model had nine lenses, a later one twelve and a current activated by a metronome triggered both. With these cameras he was able to record the seizures years before motion pictures arrived on the scene. In the end, Charcot decided photography wasn't helping him get any closer to a solution and stopped using it. Londe would later get credit as one of the pioneers of cinematography.
An occasional collaborator with Londe, Marey invented some important medical instruments, including a highly accurate sphygmograph for recording pulse beats. He was also a pioneer in aviation research and the Wright brothers acknowledged a debt to him. He is best known however for his chronophotographs. A century before CGI he was attaching small light globes to subjects' bodies and photographing them against a dark background. As it happens, he didn't think his images were all that important in the end.
Two years before Eadweard Muybridge produced his famous sequence of a trotting horse, Marey had already recorded a horse's gait but he transferred his results to a bar graph that needed some expertise to read. When he saw Muybridge's photographs in a magazine he realized anyone could understand the information in them. He was much more experimental than Muybridge. Some of his cameras were multi-lens apparatuses like Londe's, others were able to expose multiple images on the same plate. One of his cameras was a rifle that he used to photograph sequences of birds in flight. Around the turn of the century, Raymond Duchamp-Villon worked at Salpêtrière Hospital. One evening he brought some of Marey and Londe's photographs home and showed them to his brother, Marcel. Twelve years later Marcel Duchamp exhibited Nude Descending a Staircase, a landmark in western art.
Meanwhile, back at Salpêtrière, Hippolyte Baraduc wanted to go beyond the ordinary problem of photographing hysterical attacks. Along with Louis Darget he wondered if he could photograph images of thoughts. This wasn't as deluded or fraudulent as it may first seem. The recent invention of x-rays showed that the bones could be photographed and there was speculation that thinking created a form of electrical impulse. In an age when anything seemed possible, surely it was just a matter of fitting the pieces of a jigsaw together.
Among their experiments they tried taping a piece of film to a subject's forehead and attaching an induction coil between a subject and a camera in the hope the high voltage pulses would throw up something. Though both were sincere, it has to be said that if Darget believed he had photographed a dream involving an eagle most of his images look suspiciously like light flares. In 1909 Baraduc waited by the bedside of his dying wife, as any decent husband would. So far as sharing their last moments together, he wasn't acting entirely out of love. At the moment she began to pass away he pressed the shutter on his camera. He just wanted to see if it was possible to catch some departing ether on the camera.
The full title in English of this photograph is, A Spark Captured on the Surface of the Body of a Well-Washed Prostitute. It sounds like a name Marcel Duchamp would give one of his artworks but Duchamp never pulled off anything this uncanny. In 1889 Polish doctor Narkiewitsch-Jodko gave a demonstration in Russia of what he called electrography. Basically he was using the same principle as Darget and Baraduc, placing an induction coil beside a photographic plate and having his subjects impress part of their body against the plate. The intense electro-magnetic pulse left a shadowy silhouette surrounded by streaks of light. Unlike the French scientists, he was not after anything as abstract as a thought. As a doctor, he wanted to know what these auras indicated about physical health. He photographed anaemics, healthy children and adults, and prostitutes. From his researches he discovered that sick people did give off weaker energy than healthy subjects.
We know his process today as Kirlian photography and its association with new-age paranormal devotees has led a lot of others to dismiss it. Electrography was taken seriously in Narkiewitsch-Jodko's time but Wilhelm Röntgen's discovery of x-rays a few years later proved much more impressive. Electrographs might indicate a patient had a problem but x-rays could locate it. Narkiewitsch-Jodko's work was forgotten until the 1930s, when the Kirlians revived it.
During the early years of photography things that we take for granted were serious scientific and philosophical riddles for some people. How was it for example that in a single photo, someone close to the lens who moved was reduced to a blur while someone in the distant background could be frozen mid-step? It's said that Oliver Wendell Holmes, who invented a stereograph, used to sit at his desk and examine such photos through a magnifying glass, wondering if there was a mystery of nature everyone was missing. Normal lenses only capture between 40 and 60 degrees of the angle of view while most people see close to 180 degrees. Why was it so difficult to render the normal field of vision in a camera without distorting the image?
Ask anyone to name ten great pioneers of photography and they probably won't mention Louis Ducos Hauron, and that's a shame. As early as 1877 he invented a color process though it was unwieldy, expensive and unlikely to catch on. In 1868 he invented the anaglyph stereoview, which produced a 3D effect when viewed through red and blue lenses. His anamorphic self-portraits were one result of his researches. In the 1880s he designed lenses that produced images which were distorted unless the viewer looked at them from the proper angle. Of course the idea was never going to be popular with the photographic public but that was beside the point. Some things just needed to be researched.
In the 1870s Charles Bennett had discovered that when gelatin was heated over several days it 'ripened' and one result was incredibly fast film emulsion that could reduce shutter speeds to


1. mountaineering the activity of climbing a mountain
 2. mountain spinach Asiatic plant resembling spinach often used as a potherb
 3. mountain climbing the activity of climbing a mountain
 4. mountain pine tall pine of western North America with stout blue-green needles; bark is grey-brown with rectangular plates when mature
 5. mountain chain a series of hills or mountains
 6. maintenance activity involved in keeping something in good working order
 7. mountain ebony small East Indian tree having orchid-like flowers and hard dark wood
 8. mountain skink frequents oak and pine habitats in rocky mountainous areas of United States southwest and Mexico
 9. mountain range a series of hills or mountains
 10. mountain peak the summit of a mountain
 11. mountain bike a bicycle with a sturdy frame and fat tires
 12. mountain paca rodent of mountains of western South America
 13. mountain birch birch of western United States resembling the paper birch but having brownish bark
 14. melting point the temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid
 15. mountain anemone silky-foliaged herb of the Rocky Mountains with bluish-white flowers
 16. mountain avens creeping evergreen shrub with large white flowers
 17. maintainable capable of being maintained
 18. mountain sheep any wild sheep inhabiting mountainous regions
 19. out of keeping not in keeping with what is correct or proper
 20. landscaping working as a landscape gardener
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text:
As of fall 2022, the restoration of the water infrastructure cost $5.5 billion
This assessment was given by the World Bank. Anna Danylyak, an expert on the development of sustainable agriculture of the NGO "Ekodiya" (Ecoaction), told about this during a briefing at Media Center Ukraine – Odesa.
She noted that this assessment refers to the first six months of the war and only to the territories controlled by the Ukrainian authorities.
"The losses of Ukraine's water infrastructure are water pumping stations, water treatment facilities, wells, water supply networks, wells, sewerage networks, the World Bank estimated at $7 billion. But this assessment is far from complete," – Anna Danylyak said.
She added that, according to the World Bank's estimate, $5.5 billion should have been spent on the restoration of water infrastructure.
"But this is a preliminary estimate as of last fall. The longer the war lasts, the bigger will be losses and the need for recovery," – the expert noted.
She also noted that studying the impact of hostilities on water as a component of the environment is, in her opinion, "a task with an asterisk."
"If we talk about the impact of war on water as a component of the environment, primarily on chemical pollution, then this is a task with an asterisk. "It is often unknown what the quality of water and its chemical composition was before the start of hostilities. It makes a really big difference. Studying the impact of hostilities is a specific task because you have to know what you are looking for. We are talking about pollution with heavy metals, petroleum products, and other toxic elements. Not every laboratory had the ability to conduct such analyzes in Ukraine," – the expert added.
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Is an "institution offering fraudulent or substandard degrees" the same as a diploma mill?
The Texas legislature chose to use the phrase "institution offering fraudulent or substandard degrees" to describe the institutions from which consumers need protection. The phrase covers both institutions that intend to defraud the public and those who may not intend fraud but, by their substandard operations, accomplish the same bad result. In either case, they offer degrees with little or no serious work. Some sell the degrees through a web site or by sending money to a mailbox, often claiming to "assess your life experiences." Others require some nominal amount of work from the student, often in a traditional classroom setting, but do not require coursework as rigorous as that required by legitimate colleges.
Webster's Third New International Dictionary defines "diploma mill" as "an institution of higher education operating without supervision of a state or professional agency and granting diplomas which are either fraudulent or because of the lack of proper standards worthless." Another term often used to describe these institutions is "degree mill."
Are institutions offering fraudulent or substandard degrees really a problem?
Defrauding the public by offering fraudulent or substandard degrees is a crime. Worldwide the problem is huge but, being an illegal activity, its cost to the public is difficult to determine. It has been estimated that this industry generates a half billion dollars a year. That figure does not include the loss of money and time by employers deceived when fraudulent degree holders are hired, promoted, or given raises; by state licensing agencies and employers, both public and private, to screen out fraudulent degrees; and by the public depending on the false claims of the fraudulent degree-holders when purchasing goods and services. In addition, the public is endangered when fraudulent degree-holders obtain employment in criminal justice agencies, or in public and private schools or health fields, such as medicine, nursing, or public health.
What are some of the warning signs that an institution may be offering fraudulent or substandard degree?
The number one warning sign:
Other warning signs:
Does an ".edu" extension of an Internet web address mean that a school is legitimate?
No. Some institutions offering fraudulent or substandard degrees and some unaccredited schools have been able to obtain ".edu" extensions. There is currently no action underway to make these institutions cease using such extensions. An ".edu" extension means nothing regarding a school's quality, legitimacy, or accreditation status. However, the lack of an ".edu" extension is a warning sign that the institution may not be legitimate and warrants further investigation before enrolling.
What is accreditation and why is it important?
Accreditation is a system of institutional self-regulation to assure educational quality. The review is conducted by an accrediting association consisting of institutions that have met or exceeded agreed upon educational standards. Accreditation is a system that has been in use for over 100 years to assure that colleges and universities meet the minimal expectations of educational quality. This self regulation assures that higher education professionals determine educational practices. Accreditation has been an essential part of the reputation the United States has earned for having the finest higher education system in the world.
Accreditation is "voluntary", so doesn't that mean it is optional and not necessary?
Accreditation is voluntary in that the process of accreditation requires the full cooperation with and complete participation in the process of accreditation by the college or university seeking accreditation. At the heart of the accreditation process is a self-study prepared by the college or university demonstrating its commitment to the standards of accreditation.
Since accreditation is the primary means of determining the legitimacy and quality of colleges and universities in the United States, to describe the process as "voluntary" is not to describe it as "optional" or "unnecessary."
Isn't accreditation an unnecessary means of assuring educational quality? After all, Harvard is not accredited.
Though the story is much older than the term "urban legend," that is what the Harvard story is. Not only is Harvard University accredited, it has been accredited for over seven decades. The New England Association of Schools and Colleges first accredited Harvard in 1929. In addition, Harvard Divinity School has been accredited by the Association of Theological Schools since 1940.
What is the difference between accreditation and state certification?
Accreditation is a quality review conducted by private associations of colleges and universities to assure educational standards are met. Certification is a quality review conducted by the state of Texas to assure that the public is protected from institutions offering fraudulent or substandard degrees.
Why does the state regulate private post secondary schools if there is accreditation?
The certification process establishes legal authority to operate, a requirement of all accreditors. The certification process also protects the public while colleges are seeking accreditation and protects the public from those institutions avoiding accreditation in order to offer fraudulent or substandard degrees.
Foreign institutions generally do not have accreditation, so how are foreign institutions evaluated?
The National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign Academic Credentials created standards for interpreting foreign educational credentials and degrees from institutions located outside the United States. That Council consists of several associations, including the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers (AACRAO), who understand the various educational systems around the world.
Colleges and universities as well as private foreign credential evaluation services use these standards to assess the degrees held by individuals who wish to use the degrees for employment or admission to colleges or universities in the United States.
There is no governmental oversight of foreign credential evaluation services, nor does the Coordinating Board recommend any particular foreign credential evaluation service. However, we suggest that individuals seeking to have a foreign degree evaluated seek a reputable evaluator. The Board notes that AACRAO has an evaluation service. Information about that service can be found at _URL_ Also, the National Association of Credential Evaluation Services (NACES), a professional association of private foreign educational credential evaluation services, may be of help in finding a reputable evaluator. Information about that association can be found at _URL_.
Are religiously affiliated institutions exempt from state oversight under the First Amendment of the US Constitution?No. The provisions of the Texas Education Code narrowly regulate certain activities that are academic only, and since these provisions do not regulate any religious practice, there is no conflict between the state's oversight of degree-granting and the First Amendment of the US Constitution.
Does the Texas Religious Freedom Restoration Act exempt religiously affiliated institutions from state regulation?No, the Attorney General issued an opinion (JC-0200) that the Religious Freedom Restoration Act does not exempt religiously-affiliated institutions from the requirements under the Texas Education Code (Chapter 61, Subchapter G). That opinion further states that a court would likely rule that the statute and the Coordinating Board rules implementing the statute "are the least restrictive means of achieving the state's interest in maintaining the integrity of the post secondary degrees and protecting its citizens from fraud and misleading representations."
Is the Texas Education Code interfering with religious practices?
The statute does not regulate any religious practice. Institutions that have a religious affiliation are free to exercise their religious beliefs. The law is written to regulate very narrowly those activities that are academic only, such as representations that the instruction is college level or that the student can receive a degree, and not to impinge on any religious practice or belief.
In addition, institutions that do not wish to meet the academic standards of a higher educational institution are free to teach and prepare students for ministry positions as long as they do not assert that the level of their education is collegiate, either by offering degrees or calling the institution a college, university, or seminary.
Doesn't accreditation force religious institutions to compromise their religious beliefs?
No. Accreditation standards address only educational quality. Accrediting associations are member organizations and it is from the membership of the various schools that the standards are created. The member institutions of the legitimate accrediting associations consist of schools affiliated with every kind of religious denomination. There are even specialized accreditors for Bible colleges and for seminaries. No legitimate accreditor enforces any particular theological understanding, doctrine, or theology. Not only would that go beyond the scope of their purpose of assuring educational quality, their member institutions would not tolerate it.


Accents and job prospects in Ireland: Check out the RTE website on how accents may affect job prospects in Irish society. The piece comes in the context of a new bill aiming to ensure that employers do not discriminate against job applicants or employees because of their accent.
In the piece it reads that "In Ireland, it would appear that we are somewhat behind the UK when it comes to accepting that this is an issue. There, received pronunciation refers to the form of dialect adopted typically by those viewed as being from a middle-and upper-class, or southern region upbringing."


Preheat in Welding: What Is It and When Should You Use It?
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Welding preheat is important in many applications. Learn about the benefits and drawbacks of four common welding preheat methods.
Side-by-side image showing infrared heat using induction and induction setup with air-cooled cables
Preheating in welding is used to help ensure weld quality and reduce the occurrence of cracking and other problems that can result in costly rework. Welding preheat is commonly used before welding steel or steel alloy pipes or plates that are 1 inch thick or more. Preheating is often required in shop and field welding for oil and gas, transmission pipelines, power plants, structural construction, mining, shipbuilding and heavy equipment applications.
The process of preheating involves heating the area around the weld joint or the entire part to a specified temperature before welding. This reduces the cooling rate of the weld and drives out moisture, which in turn helps prevent hydrogen buildup and the potential for cracking.
Several methods can be used for welding preheat, including induction, open flame, resistance heating and convection ovens. Each one has benefits and drawbacks depending on the application. The best preheating method for a specific application often depends on the material thickness, the size of the weldment, the project timeline and budget, and available personnel and expertise.
When to use welding preheat
Determining if a welding application requires preheat depends on several factors, including the type and thickness of the base material. It's typically dictated by the welding code being used. To meet the requirements of the code, the welding procedure specification (WPS) for the job will outline the minimum and maximum preheat temperatures as well as the necessary duration of preheating. Often, a part must be held within a specific temperature range for a certain amount of time — such as between 250 degrees and 400 degrees Fahrenheit for 30 minutes — before welding can start.
Welders typically must monitor the base metal's temperature between weld passes to ensure the material remains within the required range. Common temperature verification tools include crayons, thermocouples, infrared thermometers and thermal imaging cameras.
Methods of preheating
In welding preheat, the heat can be applied directly around the area of the weld joint, or the entire part can be heated. There are four common welding preheat methods:
 - How it works: Induction creates a magnetic field that generates eddy currents within the base metal, heating it internally from within. Induction accessories, such as cables or blankets, are placed on the part to generate the magnetic field.
 - Pros: Induction offers quick setup, often in less than five minutes, and a fast time to temperature. Induction produces a uniform heated area — making it easy to achieve and stay within even a strict temperature window. The process is also extremely efficient and does not require personnel to watch it. Induction provides safety benefits, since the output coils don't get hot or create an uncomfortably hot environment for welders. The process also provides the flexibility to heat many different sizes and shapes of parts, and delivers localized heating where the part is.
 - Cons: Induction can have a higher initial cost and requires some operator training to ensure proper wrapping techniques.
Open flame
 - How it works: Operators use a fuel gas and compressed air torch (sometimes called rosebuds) to apply flame directly to the metal part.
 - Pros: If welding operations already have a torch, additional equipment doesn't need to be purchased for preheating. Flame preheating also requires little operator training.
 - Cons: Drawbacks of flame preheating include inconsistent temperature uniformity, a slower time to temperature since the process is inefficient, and comfort and safety issues for operators working near the soot, smoke and gases produced while using open flame. Flame preheating also involves the extra expense of the gas storage and distribution to the welding cells and requires personnel to be on fire watch during the process. Flame can cost $40 to $60 in consumable fuel per hour.
Resistance heating
 - How it works: Resistance heating uses electrically heated ceramic pads placed on the base metal. The heated tiles transfer heat to the part through radiant heat and conductive heat where the pads are in contact with the part.
 - Pros: Preheating with resistance can deliver temperature consistency if the system is working accurately and no pads are broken. It's also a method that can be used for larger projects and parts.
 - Cons: The cost of using resistance can be higher, especially since the method is often contracted out to a third party who controls the schedule and timeline. It can also be time-consuming — sometimes taking an hour or more to arrange and secure the heating pads to the part — and the required cool-down time adds to the time for setup and removal. Resistance heating elements also need insulation to help retain heat. The insulation and ceramic heating pads are costly consumables that need to be replaced occasionally, and the work environment can be an issue for these fragile components. Broken pads can cause hot and cold spots in the part. In addition, resistance heating elements get extremely hot and can pose a safety hazard for operators as well as affect operator comfort by adding to the ambient temperature. With resistance heating, electricians and a costly electrical drop are also necessary. During the heating cycle, the power source becomes a "spark generator" and require continued maintenance supervision from the mechanical contactors.
 - How it works: Ovens used for welding preheat use convection heating. The entire part is placed inside the oven for preheating.
 - Pros: Uniform heating is possible since the entire part is inside the oven. It's also a good option when an entire large part must be heated, or when the operation needs to do batch heating of many parts at once.
 - Cons: Ovens can be quite large and require connection to an electrical outlet, so they are often permanently installed in one location and don't offer mobility. As a result, parts must be brought to the oven for preheating, which can be difficult when very large parts are involved. These systems also typically require a substantial electrical connection and system, which adds expense. Also, the oven may have to be preheated for several hours before it's used, and it can put out enough heat to warm up the area around the oven, negatively affecting worker comfort. Outsourcing oven preheating causes a loss of control over the schedule and timeline.
Options for welding preheat
Many welding applications — especially critical welds in industries such as structural construction, oil and gas and shipbuilding — require preheat. Minimizing the temperature difference between the arc and the base material slows the weld cooling rate and lowers hydrogen, two factors that help reduce the risk of cracking and the potential for a failed weld.
Numerous welding preheat methods are available. Understanding the differences can help you choose the method that best helps optimize efficiency, reduce costs and rework, and produce high-quality welds in your application.
You can avoid the welding problems that threaten construction schedules and drive up costs.
Published: May 28, 2020


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Singapore American School
Singapore American School is a non-profit, independent, co-educational day school located in the Woodlands area of Singapore. It offers an American-based curriculum for students in preschool through high school.
Singapore American School identified a need to enhance the customer experience for new and existing parents of students at the school.
Collective Campus delivered a customer experience engagement that focused on two key areas:
1. Development of customer personas: Together with key stakeholders, we developed customer personas capturing all the information considered important to know from a Customer Experience perspective (eg. interests, concerns, needs/wants, channels).
2. Mapping of future customer experience journeys: Singapore American School is in the midst of a transformation that includes the development of a brand new Welcome Centre for parents. We developed future customer journeys that mapped all the key touch points and opportunities to WOW parents during the journey. In addition, a Design Thinking session was delivered that included a focused ideation session to brainstorm ideas to help provide a memorable experience for parents.
The key stakeholders from Singapore American School achieved the following outcomes:
- Understanding of how design thinking can be applied to education to generate insights, identify ideas and build prototypes
- Aligned understanding of the importance of customer experience in the education landscape
- Development of three key parent personas
- Identification of key parent needs and wants to help drive a common customer experience vision for Singapore American School
- Understanding of Design Thinking and the power of the approach in education
- Interviewing of real parents to gain key customer insights
- Development of two future customer journeys for the Welcome Centre
- Ideation exercise identifying over 80 ideas to help provide a memorable experience for new and existing families at the Welcome Centre
- Prioritisation of ideas based on Cost vs. Impact


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The PMCT accreditation process has been designed to obtain information about health service performance of the intern training program against explicit standards and criteria, to achieve the following objectives:
 1. Interns achieve a high standard of general clinical education and training; and
 2. The best possible environment exists for the organisation, supervision, education and training of interns.
 Accreditation is awarded to a health service for:
 1. The overall health service intern training program; and
 2. Individual intern terms
The objective of the accreditation process is to ensure that the training health service complies with the following seven standards:
 1. Health service culture and support for interns
 2. Orientation
 3. Education and training program
 4. Supervision
 5. Feedback and assessment
 6. Program evaluation
 7. Facilities and amenities
The standards have been developed with reference to the following documents:
 - Prevocational Medical Accreditation Framework for the Education and Training of Prevocational Doctors (CPMEC, 2009); National Intern Training Accreditation Framework (AMC 2014); and Registration Standard: Granting registration as a medical practitioner to Australian and New Zealand graduates on completion of intern training (MBA, 2012).
 - The AMC and the Medical Board of Australia have approved on 14 December 2016 revisions to the intern standards and domains and this can be found at
The PMCT Accreditation Guidelines (PDF-395KB) outline the process for intern training programs in Tasmania.


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Dry Ice: Alaska Native Artists and the Landscape is an exhibition including works by contemporary Native Alaskan artists that explore the multiple meanings of and associations with the Alaskan landscape.
"Dry Ice"—a term that denotes frozen carbon dioxide, which when taken out of a frigid environment rapidly dissolves from a solid form into a gaseous state—is meant to evoke the shifting significance of the Alaskan polar landscape in contemporary Native art. Given the central place of Alaska and its landscape in recent national debates surrounding the environment and the oil crisis, the subject of this exhibition is both timely and important to present outside of Alaska.
The exhibition features the work of Alaska Native artists, including Brian Adams, Susie Bevins-Ericsen, Perry Eaton, Nicholas Galanin, Anna Hoover, Erica Lord, Da-ka-xeen Mehner, and Larry McNeil. Each explores their relationship to the landscape, through a variety of interpretations and media, combining traditional and innovative forms from mask-making and skin sewing to photography and installation.
Dry Ice is curated by Julie Decker, Ph.D., of Anchorage, Alaska. Decker is the director of the International Gallery of Contemporary Art in Anchorage, a frequent guest curator of the Anchorage Museum and the author of numerous publications on art and architecture of Alaska.


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Electric vehicles (EVs) are paving the way toward a greener, more sustainable future. With zero tailpipe emissions and reduced reliance on fossil fuels, they promise a cleaner and more environmentally friendly mode of transportation. However, despite their numerous advantages, EVs also come with a prevalent concern known as "range anxiety."
Range anxiety refers to the fear or stress experienced by EV drivers due to the perceived limitations of their vehicle's driving range on a single charge. It's a psychological barrier that arises from the uncertainty of whether the EV's battery will last long enough to reach the intended destination or the nearest charging station.
One of the primary contributors to range anxiety is the limited driving range of early EV models. Even though modern EVs boast significantly improved ranges, this fear persists due to various factors such as environmental conditions, driving habits, and the availability of charging infrastructure.
However, innovative solutions are emerging to alleviate this concern. Solarville Technologies LLC introduces a game-changing solution – the portable solar-powered EV charger. This technology provides an emergency charge to EV batteries, offering a safety net when drivers find themselves in situations where reaching a charging station becomes uncertain.
The portable solar-powered EV charger acts as a lifeline, enabling EV owners to harness solar energy to replenish their vehicle's battery, ensuring enough charge for a critical boost in range. This compact and efficient device is designed to be easily transportable, making it an ideal companion for road trips, remote areas, or unexpected situations where access to charging infrastructure is limited.
What sets the Solarville Technologies LLC portable EV charger apart is its ability to harness solar energy, a renewable and sustainable power source, to provide a reliable emergency charge. This not only addresses range anxiety but also aligns with the overarching goal of reducing carbon footprints by utilizing clean energy solutions.
Moreover, the convenience and ease of use of this portable charger add a layer of reassurance for EV owners, fostering a sense of confidence and freedom to explore without the looming fear of running out of charge.
The significance of such innovations extends beyond individual users. They contribute to the growth and acceptance of electric vehicles by addressing a critical concern that has hindered widespread adoption.
For those interested in securing their peace of mind and embracing the freedom of driving an EV without the constant worry of range limitations, Solarville Technologies LLC's portable solar-powered EV charger is a must-have accessory.
Visit PortableEVCharge.com to explore and acquire this revolutionary solution that not only mitigates range anxiety but also champions sustainability through its utilization of solar power.
As the EV landscape continues to evolve and charging infrastructure expands, innovative technologies like portable solar-powered chargers are instrumental in empowering EV owners and shaping a future where clean energy and convenience intersect seamlessly.
In conclusion, range anxiety has been a prevailing concern for EV drivers, but with advancements in technology and the introduction of solutions like Solarville Technologies LLC's portable solar-powered EV charger, this fear is being assuaged. The convergence of renewable energy and cutting-edge innovation not only extends the range of electric vehicles but also accelerates the shift toward a more sustainable and eco-friendly mode of transportation.


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Summer Seminar Series
Throughout the summer we hold a weekly seminar series designed to expose REU students to a broad range of topics. Each session lasts 80-120 minutes and is usually subdivided in two, three, or four subtopics. The series consists primarily of four types of topics: lectures on research skills, panels on graduate life, traditional research talks, and REU student presentations. Because this series is scheduled to extend our regular academic-year seminar series, active participation from our faculty and graduate students is a departmental norm, providing another means through which the REU students are exposed to a dynamic, collaborative research environment.
Research Skills Lectures
At the beginning of the summer, the series focuses on interactive lectures about research skills. The main educational goal of these lectures is to expose students to all the major phases of the research process and to teach them to execute each phase effectively. The phases we emphasize are (expected lecturer in parentheses):
- Reading research papers (Mary Shaw)
- Applying a research method (Jonathan Aldrich)
- Formulating contributions and claims (Joshua Sunshine)
- Validating research claims (Jim Herbsleb)
- Writing a research paper (Claire Le Goues)
- Presenting research results (Christian Kästner)
These lectures are often accompanied by short readings and the lessons are emphasized outside of the seminar via direct mentorship within the context of each student's project.
Graduate Life Panels
Three times during the summer we invite Ph.D. students to be on a panel to discuss a specific element of the Ph.D. program:
- Applying to graduate school
- Adjusting to graduate studies and research
- The thesis process
We find that REU students enjoy hearing directly from graduate students, and internalize the lessons because they come from approximate peers. These panels also catalyze further interaction between graduate and REU students.
In the middle of the summer, the faculty, visiting faculty, and graduate students give traditional research talks. We select these talks to ensure that they are diverse in content, of high quality, and inspirational to undergraduates students. We also select for stylistic diversity. For example:
- The most recent faculty hire gives his or her job talk (Claire Le Goues spoke in 2015).
- A senior faculty member gives a keynote-style talk on the history of a field (David Garlan lectured on the history of software architecture in 2015).
- A student gives a tool demonstration or tutorial style talk.
- A junior faculty member talks about emerging work or a research proposal.
- A student gives a traditional conference-style talk about complete research.
The diversity of style exposes students to a wide swath of research life—from faculty job searching to proposing new research—and from idea formation to maturation.