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Market Garden City
What is Market Garden City?
Market Garden City is an emerging planning concept from the 2014 Wolfson Prize Essay by Gary Young & Hannah Smart.
"Our Wolfson essay argued that both historic towns and new towns have evolved over time to become staunch guardians of their inherited and imperfect gardens and green belts. This has become the accepted status quo without understanding the loss of real'market gardens' which could produce food locally, giving access to open space and sustaining the community".
The essay title stems from the practice of market gardening, a common and essential balance of rural and urban living until the mid 20th century. Local growers provided fresh food delivered daily to markets in towns or cities feeding the local urban population. Market Garden City is a planning concept put forward by landscape architects and urban designers to illustrate how this balance could be recreated as a new type of 21st Century garden city. The concept creates a plan from the small scale and specific to the universal, providing a role at the beginning for either individuals or small group.
The plan describes how the measurement of space available to grow food can be correlated to a potential for calories and hence a daily supply of nutrition. Starting from an understanding of how an individual could effectively grow a percentage of their own food, the plan would then support and develop skills to up-scale to a larger self-sufficient community using, food-share hubs, knowledge-share, innovative food growing technologies and delivery. The spatial plan would ensure sufficient open space, building surfaces or interiors and distribution hubs are available fro growing food to meet demand locally, expanding from this group capability towards an entirely sustainable local population.
"Where an individual could start one day with an area of just 1m2 to supply food and sustain themselves for the equivalent of 1 day, then, over time, learn to grow the idea collectively at local level to achieve sustainable food for themselves and others over 365 days a year".
Has this approach been considered before and why is it especially relevant today?
The Market Garden City has existed before, where localised food production has enabled cities to prosper and survive for centuries before globalisation, yet its importance has been forgotten during the 20th century. This is not because the Market Garden City is impossible to achieve, rather because local food production for local people has not been seen as a long term investment, has not been valued highly enough, or given incentives to compete with alternative global economies. The scientific facts demonstrating human impact on the planet are clear and require urgent action. Continuing irreversible environmental damage, "the do nothing scenario" and hoping for unproven planet scale technical fixes is not a plausible alternative. The consequences of inaction are no longer just science fiction.
In addition to man made climate change, a wide mixture of global trends affecting food self-sufficiency: historic patterns of capital and land ownership, trade tariffs, depletion of natural resources, increasing prosperity for some and poverty for others. Rapid changes and efficiency gains have convinced that large scale agricultural practice and global transportation are better than local, however these methods are heavily dependent on fossil fuels.
Food supply is affected by a growing population with economic pressure to leave rural areas resulting in the need to spend more time commuting longer distances to work in urban areas. Combined with the demand generated by media for luxury foods, this has resulted in widespread consumption of prepackaged and non seasonal food. Together with lack of available land this has culminated in communities and businesses being unwilling, deskilled or not able to afford time or money to select or provide food from local sources for self-sufficiency.
We require the land area equivalent to three times our planet earth through human exploitation of earths resources beyond sustainable levels. This includes food production and lifestyle and is adversely affecting all species. However, a growing number of champions are protecting the environment, understanding the science and advocating ethical choices. There is hope that young people could be leaders of a sustainable future. This momentum inspired our publication of Market Garden City, providing a reasoned planning approach to support food grown locally.
Does Market Garden City have a wide application or is it just relevant to the UK?
The Market Garden City concept started by understanding the UKs specific food growing conditions and a recent history of market gardens. The concept of sustainable food growing would be adaptable more widely with proper consideration of local soil, climate, external or internal space available, local economies and food growing opportunities. Each approach would then create benchmarks from the calories required for a population to be generated from food produced in the available local areas. Taking into account the specific local conditions, monitoring the food produced, the plan would balance the available areas and demonstrate needs for further progress towards sustainability. The local spatial plan would demonstrate how food production would be integrated within and around villages, towns and cities.
There are positive conclusions from Market Garden City. Sufficient amounts of good quality land could be available. The awareness and value of local food is growing. Incremental plans could be scaled up to build cohesion. A growing web based community can provide real information on why, how and what can be done. The instincts of a sociable population can influence and direct to such an extent that vast untapped community resources makes local food production a reality.
A "Market garden city....without limits: the truly green ecumenopolis".
This concept has potential, it is not science fiction, it would sustain an entire planet, providing local food for all its species, human, flora and fauna.
How can Market Garden City concept begin to influence individuals and communities?
The Market Garden City concept demonstrates how the daily amount of calories required by a typically active person can have a spatial dimension established from reviewed metrics to estimate the area needed to grow a range of foods for sustenance. The examples show the amount of space required for food one day or a year for a range of produce, predominantly vegetable and fruit with some eggs and dairy. For example in the UK potatoes are the most effective food grown to create maximum calories from minimum space, however will need more variety to provide a suitable mixed diet. Although meat as a food source has higher calorific return per kg, it is not considered in this concept for two reasons: the areas required would be between 10 to 30 times the examples shown, exceeding areas which are viable for the concept. Equally, the Market Garden City concept aims to promote small scale local horticulture for self sufficiency, which is the opposite of large scale agriculture, and emphasises how scaling up from an individual to a whole community is feasible and desirable.
Illustrations from Market Garden City explaining some detail of the idea:
Minimum = 365m 2 per person
(equal to 1m 2 per day of each year). This would consist of a diet providing maximum food energy from potatoes with little variation.
Standard = 730m 2 per person
(equal to 2m 2 per day of each year). This would consist of a diet on mainly potatoes with some veg etable and fruit variation.
Variety = 1095m 2 per person
(equal to 3m 2 per day of each year). With a diet consisting of potatoes with some vegetables, fruit, dairy and eggs.


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pewter, any of a number of ductile, silver-white alloys consisting principally of tin. The properties vary with the percentage of tin and the nature of the added materials. Lead, when added, imparts a bluish tinge and increased malleability and tends to escape from the alloy in poisonous quantities if the percentage used is too large; antimony adds whiteness and hardness. Other metals including copper, bismuth, and zinc can also be added. Pewter is shaped by casting, hammering, or lathe spinning on a mold and is usually simply ornamented with rims, moldings, or engraving, although some Continental display ware, especially of the Renaissance period in France and Germany, shows intricate ornamentation. Pewter was early used in East Asia, and Roman pieces are extant. England was a pewter center from the Middle Ages; pewter was the chief tableware until it was superseded by china. America imported much English pewter in colonial times and from c.1700 made large quantities. The craft had virtually disappeared by 1850 but was revived in the 20th cent. in reproductions and in pieces of modern design. The collection and study of pewter are increasingly popular, although relatively little old pewter has been preserved because of its small intrinsic value and of the ease with which it may be melted and reused. Pieces made of britannia metal are similar in appearance to pewter ware.
See L. L. Laughlin, Pewter in America (1969); and H. J. Kauffman, The American Pewterer (1970); C. F. Montgomery, A History of American Pewter (1973).
More on pewter from Infoplease:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Arts and Crafts

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Topic: Practical help in using the Kalman Filter (Read 2261 times) previous topic - next topic
There does not seem to be a clear forum for this question so I hope this place will do.
I have a robot that wanders around my garden. It gets given where it starts and where it is to go to and with the help of a compass it does a reasonable job of doing so. When it gets there it gets given another target and so on.With the other things it is doing it reads the compass and adjusts its direction about 5 times a second. It is a simple matter of using the speed (which is only estimated from the motor speed) to workout where it has moved to and what direction it has now to go in. I have not yet bothered with trying to detect wheel speed because the intrinsic odometer process by itself is just not accurate enough in the long term.
This is fine as far as it goes but if it is not to fall into the pond or the stream it needs to become more accurate.
So now I have added a GPS, and after much reading I am ready to integrate it into the system using a Kalman Filter.
The GPS reports every second. It is supposed to be able to do up to 10Hz but then the differential GPS does not work and the result is less accurate.
So what do I feed in?
I initially got hung up on thinking that I should in some way feed in all the inputs that have been made but there does not seem to be any point. So one solution is just to alter the A matrix every step so that it takes the previous (X,Y) and gives the new (X,Y) one second later.Use the GPS (X,Y) to compare and calculate.(The A matrix is the one that calculates the state transfer from t to t+1)
Alternatively I could fix the Matrix A and incorporate velocity. I could calculate an Xvel and Yvel and use those. Again use the GPS (X,Y) to compare and calculate (no reading for velocity).
I think the two above alternatives are actually the same.
An alternative is to calculate a velocity and direction and use the velocity and direction the GPS reports and use an ordinary Kalman filter to combine.
Similar would be to use the Extended Kalman filter to combine GPS velocity and Direction to give (X,Y)
This may catch the relationship that exists between the X and Y coods
Finally as the GPS velocity and direction are calculated in a completely seperate way from the GPS X,Y position using the Doppler effect on the signal frequencies, using the GPS position or the GPS vel,dir will give different answers. (ie if you start from a known position and move then the new position calculated from the GPS velocity and direction will not be the same as the GPS X,Y )
Assuming there is additional information in each of the methods, how do I combine the two answers to get a better result?
Using each of the calculated Kalman gains I could adjust the answer twice? Or should I average the Kalman Gains or What?
Here are a few other things that I have discovered and would like comments on.
I am using the Adafruit Ultimate GPS. It reports a time in exact seconds ie 12 hours 34mins 56.000sec.
Does anybody know if this IS the exact time that the measuremens were taken or is it a rounded time. An error in time
of up to 0.5sec is quite a lot.
From inspecting the readings of the GPS it may be random over a long time but in the short term (10 - 20 secs) it goes walkabout. I have seen this on some published traces on the internet so I do not think it is my particlular instrument. Has anybody found a way to cope with this?
Again from inspecting the readings from the GPS and the robot there seems to be a lag af about 2sec between where the robot reports and where the GPS reports. How have other people dealt with this given that I do not have a highly accurate clock on board?
Thank you for any comment you can make about your experiences.
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CKC can manufacture an amine unit or a pressure swing adsorption system using carbon molecular sieves. The amine system can be a MEA, DEA, DGA, MDEA, or hindered amine technology depending on the concentrations and H2S selectivity. The pressure swing molecular sieves can achieve 100 ppmv CO2 levels for cryogenic pre-treatment.
??Carbon Dioxide Removal from Natural Gas
To build an amine system requires strict
attention to the corrosion potential.
Proper chemical treatment and
metallurgy are essential.
Carbon molecular sieves have their place
and the technology is improving steadily.
With the pressure swing requirements,
it's necessary to examine energy
consumption closely.


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If you're looking for a way to cool off on a hot summer day, look no further than the rotary impact sprinkler head. This incredible device can turn your lawn into a refreshing oasis, complete with a gentle mist and a soothing breeze. Here's what you need to know:
The Basics of Rotary Impact Sprinkler Heads
Rotary impact sprinkler heads are a type of irrigation device that spray water in a circular pattern. They're typically used in large areas, such as lawns and gardens, and are designed to be highly efficient and effective. These sprinkler heads work by using a stream of water to rotate a drum, which then sprays water in a circular pattern.
The Benefits of Rotary Impact Sprinkler Heads
1. Efficient Watering
One of the biggest benefits of rotary impact sprinkler heads is their efficiency. These sprinkler heads are designed to deliver water in a slow and steady stream, which helps to minimize evaporation and waste. This means that you can water your lawn and garden without having to worry about wasting water or increasing your water bill.
2. Customizable Coverage
Another benefit of rotary impact sprinkler heads is their customizable coverage. These sprinkler heads typically offer a range of spray patterns and radius adjustments, which means that you can easily adjust the coverage to meet your specific needs. Whether you have a small lawn or a large garden, these sprinkler heads can be customized to deliver the perfect amount of water to keep your plants healthy and thriving.
3. Easy Installation
Finally, rotary impact sprinkler heads are also incredibly easy to install. These devices come with a variety of mounting options, which makes it easy to install them in your lawn or garden. Whether you're a seasoned DIYer or a complete novice, you can easily install a rotary impact sprinkler head in just a few simple steps.
Choosing the Right Rotary Impact Sprinkler Head
When it comes to choosing the right rotary impact sprinkler head for your needs, there are a few things to keep in mind:
1. Water Pressure
One of the most important factors to consider when choosing a rotary impact sprinkler head is water pressure. Different sprinkler heads require different water pressures to operate effectively, so it's important to choose a sprinkler head that's compatible with your water system. Check the packaging or the manufacturer's website to find out what water pressure your sprinkler head requires.
2. Coverage Area
Another important factor to consider is coverage area. Different sprinkler heads have different coverage areas, so it's important to choose a sprinkler head that can effectively cover the area you need watered. Look for a sprinkler head with a coverage area that's appropriate for your lawn or garden.
3. Spray Pattern
Finally, consider the spray pattern of the sprinkler head. Most rotary impact sprinkler heads offer multiple spray patterns, such as full circle, half circle, or quarter circle. Choose a sprinkler head with a spray pattern that's appropriate for your lawn or garden.
If you're looking for an efficient and effective way to water your lawn or garden, a rotary impact sprinkler head is an excellent choice. These devices are highly customizable, easy to install, and offer a range of benefits that make them a smart investment for any homeowner. So why wait? Head to your local home improvement store and pick up a rotary impact sprinkler head today!
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source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


NIIT (Net Investment Income Tax) is a 3.8% tax on investment income that was passed as part of Obamacare. This tax only applies to investment income if total income is above a threshold that varies based on filing status. For more information, see the IRS website. Following the IRS instructions, US taxpayers are unable to use Foreign Tax Credits (for taxes paid in Australia) to offset NIIT. So Australian taxpayers who are subject to NIIT are paying a Medicare Levy in Australia AND NIIT to fund US health care under Obamacare. This is a clear case of double taxation!
Of interest is this recent post by John Richardson exploring whether the current Australia/US Tax Treaty requires the US to allow a credit against NIIT for taxes paid in Australia.
2 thoughts on "NIIT"
 1. Dual U.S.-Australian nationals living in Australia are exempt from the Unearned Income Medicare Contribution Tax; more commonly known as the Net Investment Income Tax.
 The reason I emphasize the naming difference is critical. If it's an income tax, you would consider foreign tax credits and the income tax treaty. If it's a Medicare tax, it's covered by the U.S.-Australia Totalization Agreement; a separate treaty that addresses social security and Medicare taxes.
 It is most definitely not an income tax. That was a misnomer; a name given to the tax by people that are not qualified to advise on international tax matters. Shockingly, it became the norm, but it does serve to distinguish between international tax practitioners that know what they're talking about and those that don't.
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Count to 100
- App Store Info
DescriptionDoes your child need to learn how to count to 100? Have they ever asked you, "Mommy, how do you count to 100?" Instead of counting to 100 over and over again (yourself), give your child this app!
Teach your child how to count to 100 with this app. They can count to 100 by 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10. They can count up or down and can adjust the counting speed.
Have your child practice counting with this app. This is the simplest way for your child to practice counting from 1 to 100.
P.S. This app can also be used as a timer for games or taking turns! Find creative ways to practice counting using this app in other ways.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


3D Particles Overview
Parcles use a large number of small objects, controlled by emitter or scripts, to simulate phenomena such as water, fire, smoke and smoke, etc. To use 3D particles, do the following:
1 Create a 3D particle
Drag and drop a 3D particle from 3D Objects to Scene.
image
2 Modify objects' properties
Modify basic properties, or move and dynamically adjust a particle's states with mouse, such as its position, scale and rotation, etc. You can use Particle Universe to create more particle effects and import the files into Cocos Studio.
3 Import particle resources
Import particle resources to a project, and then drag and drop them to scene.
 image
 image
image
To use particle resources, just drag and drop them to the Scene.
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Drag and drop particle files to Particle widget to replace previous resources.


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The casual encounters you enjoy at neighborhood–scale businesses and the public spaces around them build relationships and community cohesiveness.
Boosts local economy:
Money spent at locally owned businesses supports local families and stays in the local market, there fore boosting the local economy.
Shape our character and unique identity:Independent businesses help give our community its distinct personality.
Less waste: Because of the shorter distribution chains for local foods, less food is wasted in distribution, warehousing and merchandising.
Creates a healthier environment:
Independent, community-serving businesses are people-sized. They typically consume less land, carry more locally-made products, locate closer to residents and create less traffic and air pollution.
Local foods promote agritourism—farmers' markets and opportunities to visit farms and local food producers help draw tourists to a region.


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Nestled in the south of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg lies the Land of the Red Rocks referred to as the Minett by local residents. This region owes its name to the valuable ore that ignited the steel industry in Luxembourg. The region bears witness to an impressive industrial heritage which has been redeveloped into various tourist and cultural attractions. As part of the Remix Esch2022 programme with the University of Luxembourg, we also discover traces of Luxembourg's industrial heritage in Brazil: the mysterious colônia luxemburguesa João Monlevade.
First, let's start by (re)discovering the country's iron and steel history in order to understand the redevelopment of the iconic landscape of the South. Then, in a second article, we'll unveil a tropical version of Luxembourg's industrial south hidden in Brazil!
A short introduction to Luxembourg iron and steel industry
In order to truly comprehend, showcase and appreciate the Grand Duchy's tangible heritage, we must first recognise the importance of its industrial past. With this in mind, here is an overview of the steel industry in Luxembourg.
1839 is a key moment in Luxembourg's history. Following the Treaty of London signed that year, Luxembourg has its territorial ties with the Netherlands severed. Consequently, it must establish an economic base. At that time, the country was mainly agricultural with only a few small industries. Following the Grand Duchy's entry into the German Zollverein in 1842, Germany provided the necessary capital and manpower to develop heavy industry. With the inauguration in 1859 of the first railway line, which opened up the country from a geographical perspective, the conditions for an economic expansion were now ripe for development. But it was the discovery of iron ore deposits in the south of the country during the early 1840s that allowed Luxembourg to launch its industrial revolution. From 1870 onwards, the first major factories were built in the coal-mining region and thus, on the eve of the First World War, Luxembourg was ranked among the top six global producers! In 1911, several companies merged to create ARBED (Aciéries réunies de Burbach, Eich et Dudelange - Integrated steelworks of Burbach, Eich and Dudelange), which became the main player in the Luxembourg steel industry. In 1919, Luxembourg exited the Zollverein and in 1921 it created the Belgian-Luxembourg Economic Union, which is still in effect today. Until the economic crisis in the 1970s, the steel industry remained the backbone of the Luxembourg economy. Between 1974 and 1992, steel production decline by more than 50% and, consequently, the last blast furnace closed in 1997.
Luxembourg's industrial past becomes its heritage
The industrial revolution caused a radical transformation of the landscape of southern Luxembourg, and the material vestiges of the country's industrial history are still evident today. The country's major steel and mining regions, which drove the economy for more than 100 years, have become Luxembourg's industrial heritage. These areas are currently being actively preserved and developed.
The Belval district in Esch-sur-Alzette and the city of Dudelange have adopted two strategies to regenerate these areas.
The history of Belval is fascinating. The Escher Bësch forest, a recreational area between Belvaux and Esch around 1850, was transformed in 1909 into a state-of-the-art site: a steelworks including blast furnaces, steelworks and rolling mills. In 1913, over 3,000 workers produced a total of 400,000 tons of cast-iron, 360,000 tons of steel and 297,000 tons of rolled products! Belval has even played its part in the construction of Europe: in 1953, Jean Monnet activated the first casting of the European Coal and Steel Community. Following the economic crises of the 1970s, the blast furnaces were shut down after a symbolic last casting in 1997. A reflection on the regeneration begins!
What has happened in Belval since then? The area has become a centre of knowledge and scientific research, a residential zone and an area dedicated to culture and learning.
In terms of centres of knowledge, you'll find, for example, Luxembourg's major scientific institutes and research centres, as well as the business incubator Technoport and the Luxembourg Learning Centre and the library of the University of Luxembourg's Belval Campus. The site has established itself as one of the major development centres in the Grand Duchy and the Greater Region.
In terms of the cultural benefits of the regeneration project, the inauguration of the Rockhal in 2005, the largest concert hall in Luxembourg, was a turning point. In 2014, after major renovation works, the blast furnace site shines bright again! Nestled in the heart of the new urban landscape, it is now accessible to visitors and they can enjoy an educational tour on the history of steel production in Belval.
Also, two of the areas regenerated as part of Esch2022 have become contemporary spaces. The Massenoire, the former production hall for capping compound (referred to as the black compound because it was made from tar), and the Möllerei, which was used in the past to store the fuel and ores which were needed to continuously fuel the blast furnace. These halls will host numerous exhibitions and activities throughout 2022. The Esch2022 agenda, not to be missed!
The city of Dudelange is one of the cradles of the steel industry in Luxembourg. The origins of ARBED date back to the end of the 19th century with the creation of the Société anonyme des hauts fourneaux et forges de Dudelange in 1882. This steel mill is considered as the forebearer of ARBED, which is now ArcelorMittal.
These historical landmarks have been refurbished and house art centres. The Waassertuerm (water tower) and the Pomhouse (pump room) of the former steelworks have been redeveloped and are now used as exhibition spaces. Thus, the water tower, built in 1928, continues to be a landmark in the landscape of southern Luxembourg and an icon of the city!
Migration - the soul of the economic boom
Industrialisation has also changed the demographic and social structures of the country. Following the discovery of mineral deposits in the south of the country, farmers in the north left their agricultural land to work in the mines and factories. Local labour, however, was not sufficient. Thus, in the 1890s, Luxembourg actively encouraged immigration. There were several waves of immigration: the first to arrive were the Germans, then the Italians and finally, in the 1960s, the Portuguese.
In Dudelange, Little Italy is a prime example of a workers' colony developed to house this new workforce. Created at the end of the 19th century, this neighbourhood, which was lodged between the factory and the mine, is proof of the history of migration in the Grand Duchy. As such, we highly recommend a tour of the Documentation Centre on Human Migration to discover the role of migration and its impact on the development of Luxembourg. In fact, without these immigrants, who still make up a large part of the population, Luxembourg would not have experienced the industrial boom and subsequent economic prosperity.
Another wave of migration which is also linked to the industrial heritage of Luxembourg, but much less known, is that of Luxembourgers emigrating to Brazil, which we encourage you to discover in this second article dedicated to Luxembourg's industrial heritage.


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Concrete Institute and most experienced concrete professional recommend • Make sure concrete is poured over a solid base The code is most often 2" of compacted gravel but more may be needed if the sub base is soft or wet Many contractors skip on the gravel because it can be time consuming to dig out soil but it's worth it
Discover with Our Concrete, Asphalt and Aggregate Calculator Figure out how much material is needed for your project with our concrete flatwork, concrete column, asphalt and aggregate calculator Please note that these calculators should be used for estimates only Actual material requirements may differ based on job site specific conditions
How to Calculate the Energy Efficiency of your Lime ,
The practice of burning limestone to produce quicklime is, almost literally, as old as the hills In terms of basic chemistry and materials, the process involves the conversion of calcium carbonate, CaCO 3, to the more useful calcium oxide, CaOCalcium oxide is a very reactive substance
Mar 26, 2015· The limestone acts as a seed crystal for the cement, better distributing the reaction products and increasing the reactivity of the cement As there is always unhydrated cement in the concrete, this change will have no real measurable effect on the use of fly ash The cement might have a reduced water demand, and the coarser cement gradation .
Conversion Tables for aggregates,cement,sand,m,ft,m2,ft2 ,
Conversion Tabl Have you ever struggled to convert units of measure from one to another or m³ of a material to kg ? For example, concrete is measured as m³, but if mixing on site the separate constituents are purchased by weight and despite having used metric measurement for over 40 years, a number of imperial units are still widely popular and in regular use
Concrete, Limestone with Portland volume to weight conversion
Concrete, Limestone with Portland weighs 2371 gram per cubic centimeter or 2 371 kilogram per cubic meter, ie density of concrete, Limestone with Portland is equal to 2 371 kg/m³ In Imperial or US customary measurement system, the density is equal to 148 pound per cubic foot [lb/ft³], or 1371 ounce per cubic inch [oz/inch³]
How much clinker is required to make one ton of cement ,
May 01, 2017· Your question is very complicated 1 Calculation of the amount of fly ash in clinker: Assuming clinker heat consumption =780 kcal / kg of coal, coal air dry base calorific value of Qnet, ad=5900 kcal 8/ kg of coal, air dry base ash Aad=12% The amou.
The ingredients listed above include both naturally occurring materials such as limestone and clay, and industrial byproduct materials such as slag and fly ash From Table 33 it may seem as if just about any material that contains one of the main cement elements can be tossed into the kiln, but this is not quite true
Equivalent Open Hole Conversion 7: PHINoh = - 00174 + 03702 * PHINbh + 2958 * PHINbh^2 - 4070 * PHINbh^3 + 300 * PHINbh^6 This is the equivalent of limestone porosity (PHIN_LS) before any other corrections are made and is what we read from a compensated neutron log
Cement Manufacturing Process | Phases | Flow Chart ,
Aug 30, 2012· Cement Manufacturing Process Phase II: Proportioning, Blending & Grinding The raw materials from quarry are now routed in plant laboratory where, they are analyzed and proper proportioning of limestone and clay are making possible before the beginning of grinding Generally, limestone is 80% and remaining 20% is the clay
clinker factor - Page 1 of 2 - International Cement Review
Nov 10, 2010· Re: clinker factor The majority of Portland cement clinker manufactured around the world has a lime saturation of between 90 and 100% This means that c155 tonnes of raw mix are required and c055 tonnes of CO2 are lost due to calcination of the CaCO3 in the raw material
2 Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard ASTM Standards C51 Terminology Relating to Lime and Limestone (as used by the Industry) C109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in or [50-mm] Cube Specimens)
Nov 26, 2019· This company wants to make steel and cement with solar power Here's how , both from the fossil fuels burned to generate heat and the conversion of limestone into lime, which releases CO2 .
ABS 321- CH 13: Concrete Construction Flashcards | Quizlet
Start studying ABS 321- CH 13: Concrete Construction Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools , a hydraulic cement made from a finely ground mixture of limestone and clay materials are extracted from many sources (limestone, chalk, marble, etc) , the chemical conversion of limestone (calcium .
Our goal is the conversion of insoluble limestone to soluble lime To accomplish this, we need to heat the bejeesus out of crushed limestone It might be possible to get a campfire hot enough to accomplish the conversion But to secure the efficient conversion to lime, it is better to use a kiln
The Advantages of Portland-Limestone Cement| Concrete ,
Aug 12, 2014· So what is portland-limestone cement? PLC is a slightly modified version of portland cement that improves both the environmental footprint and potentially the basic performance of concrete It is now described in ASTM and AASHTO specifications and is used just like traditional portland cement in mix designs
How to Calculate the Energy Efficiency of your Lime ,
The practice of burning limestone to produce quicklime is, almost literally, as old as the hills In terms of basic chemistry and materials, the process involves the conversion of calcium carbonate, CaCO 3, to the more useful calcium oxide, CaOCalcium oxide is ,
In the manufacture of Portland cement, clinker occurs as lumps or nodules, usually 3 millimetres (012 in) to 25 millimetres (098 in) in diameter, produced by sintering (fusing together without melting to the point of liquefaction) limestone and aluminosilicate materials such as clay during the cement kiln stage
Blue Planet's limestone-coated light weight aggregate was specified in Interim Boarding Area B at San Francisco International Airport where it was included in the concrete poured in 2016 by Central Concrete Concrete testing showed that Blue Planet's concrete met all ,
Cement production accounts for around 7% of total global industrial energyuse and about 7% of global emissions Carbon dioxide is a by-product of a chemical conversion process used in the production of clinker, a component of cement, in which limestone (CaCO 3) is converted to lime (CaO) Sources of greenhouse gas emissions in a typical cement .
Calculators | Quality Construction Materials | Pennsy Supply
Cement is an important construction ingredient produced in virtually all countri Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a by-product of a chemical conversion process used in the production of clinker, a component of cement, in which limestone (CaCO3) is converted to lime (CaO) CO2 is also emitted during cement production by fossil fuel
Disclaimer Whilst every effort has been made in building this construction conversion tool, we are not to be held liable for any special, incidental, indirect or consequential damages or monetary losses of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use of the converter tools and information derived from the web site
How is concrete made from limestone? | Shelly Company
Jan 29, 2014· Limestone is also used as a pigment in toothpaste In addition to the value of limestone slabs quarried for building materials, limestone is also used in cement A discussion about cement requires a distinction between cement and concrete: although the ,
Indian Cement Review Magazine | Use of high MgO limestone ,
Although the consumption ratio of limestone to cement has gone down in India due to production of more blended cement, the limestone quantity requirement for cement manufacture has increased 15 times in last 15 years Further the demand for high grade limestone has been increased due to production of more 43 and 53 grade cements
You can also get contact with us through online consulting, demand table submission, e-mails and telephones. Our staff shall wholeheartedly provide product information, application knowledge and good service for you.


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Discover the essential terms and concepts of product development with our comprehensive Product Management Dictionary.
Product development is a crucial aspect of product management. It's the process of taking an idea and turning it into a tangible product that meets the needs and expectations of the customers. In this article, we'll explore the key concepts, processes, and methodologies involved in product development, and how they fit into the broader context of product management.
Product development is a critical component of the product management lifecycle. It's the stage where ideas are transformed into products that customers will use. Product development is a collaborative process that involves various stakeholders, such as designers, developers, product managers, and marketers. These stakeholders work together to create a product that meets customer needs and is viable for the business.
Product development is a complex process that requires a deep understanding of the market, customer needs, and business goals. It's not just about creating a product; it's about creating a product that solves a problem for customers and adds value to the business.
The product manager is the person responsible for overseeing the entire product development process. They act as a bridge between the different teams involved in product development, such as designers, developers, and marketers. Product managers are responsible for setting the product vision, defining the product roadmap, and making critical decisions that impact the success of the product. They work closely with stakeholders to ensure that the product development process stays on track, and the product meets the needs of customers.
Product managers need to have a deep understanding of the market, customer needs, and business goals. They need to be able to communicate effectively with different teams and stakeholders and make tough decisions that balance the needs of customers and the business.
Understanding key terms and concepts in product development is essential for anyone looking to develop a successful product. Some of the key terms and concepts to be familiar with are:
The product development process typically consists of several stages, including:
The product development process is iterative, meaning that each stage can involve multiple iterations as the product is refined and improved. It's important to involve stakeholders from different teams and to gather feedback from customers throughout the process to ensure that the product meets their needs and expectations.
Product development is a complex process that involves several stages. Each stage is critical to the success of the product. In this article, we'll take a closer look at the different stages of product development and what each stage entails.
The ideation stage is the first stage of product development. This stage involves generating new product ideas. There are several ways to generate new ideas, including brainstorming, customer feedback, competitive analysis, and internal research. Once the ideas have been generated, the next step is to refine them into concepts that can be developed further. This involves evaluating the technical and financial feasibility of the idea, conducting market research to determine customer needs and preferences, and developing a business plan.
During the ideation stage, it's important to keep an open mind and consider all possibilities. It's also important to involve stakeholders from different areas of the business, such as marketing, engineering, and sales, to ensure that the product meets the needs of all stakeholders.
The feasibility analysis stage is a critical step in product development. This stage involves evaluating the technical and financial viability of the product idea. This includes identifying any technical challenges that need to be addressed and evaluating the cost of developing the product. Market research is also an essential step in product development. This involves gathering information about customer needs, preferences, and behavior, as well as market trends, competitor products, and pricing strategies.
During the feasibility analysis and market research stage, it's important to gather as much information as possible. This information will help to determine whether the product is viable and whether there is a market for the product.
The design stage involves creating a mockup or prototype of the product. This can involve various design tools and techniques, such as wireframing, storyboarding, and user testing. The goal of this stage is to create a product design that meets customer needs and is technically feasible. After the design is finalized, a prototype is developed. This can be a functional or non-functional prototype, depending on the nature of the product.
During the design and prototyping stage, it's important to involve stakeholders and gather feedback. This feedback will help to refine the product design and ensure that the product meets the needs of all stakeholders.
Once the prototype is developed, the product moves into the development stage. This involves building the product based on the final design. This stage can involve many iterations as the development team works to create a product that meets quality standards. Testing is an essential step in product development. This ensures that the product meets quality standards and functions as intended.
During the development and testing stage, it's important to involve stakeholders and gather feedback. This feedback will help to refine the product and ensure that it meets the needs of all stakeholders.
The final stage of product development is the launch stage. This involves introducing the product to the market and creating a marketing strategy to increase customer awareness and sales. Once the product has launched, it's important to evaluate its performance and make any necessary changes to ensure its success. This can involve gathering customer feedback, monitoring sales data, and making incremental improvements to the product.
During the launch and post-launch evaluation stage, it's important to monitor the product closely and make any necessary changes. This will help to ensure the success of the product and the business as a whole.
The waterfall model is a linear and sequential approach to product development. It involves following a set of predefined steps to create a product, starting with ideation and ending with launch. Each step must be completed before moving on to the next step. This approach is suitable for projects with clearly defined requirements and predictable outcomes.
Agile development is an iterative and flexible approach to product development. This approach involves breaking the product development process into smaller stages, called sprints. Each sprint is focused on creating a specific feature or functionality of the product. The emphasis is on quick iteration and continuous improvement, which allows for more flexibility in responding to changing customer needs and market trends.
Lean product development is a methodology that emphasizes the elimination of waste in the product development process. This approach focuses on reducing time to market, minimizing costs, and maximizing customer value. The goal is to create a product that meets customer needs with minimum resources and waste.
Design thinking is an approach to product development that emphasizes empathy, ideation, and prototyping. This approach involves gathering feedback from customers and stakeholders, generating new ideas, and creating prototypes to test and refine the product. The focus is on creating products that solve real-world problems and meet customer needs.
Product development is a complex process that requires careful planning and execution. It involves various stakeholders and teams working together to create a product that meets customer needs and is viable for the business. Understanding the key concepts, processes, and methodologies involved in product development is essential for anyone looking to develop successful products. By following these principles, product managers can ensure that their products meet customer needs, are delivered on time, and generate profits for the business.


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What is it?
A visual mapping technique that shows the multiple, interconnected variables in a system. This technique is similar to Causal Loop Mapping, but specifies both the direction and weight of influence among variables. Thus, it can quantitatively model system dynamics, test possible intervention scenarios, and identify differences in how stakeholders perceive a system. It is helpful in the context of a specific issue or field. For more information, you can read "Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Modeling Complex Systems" by Maikel Leon et al. and the Mental Modeler online platform for creating cognitive maps.


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The use of mobile data applications has grown dramatically over the last year, even as overall cell phone ownership has remained steady
Eight in ten American adults (82%) currently own a cell phone of some kind, a figure that has remained fairly stable over the past year. Since a similar point in 2006, the proportion of Americans with a mobile phone has risen by nine percentage points.
While overall mobile phone ownership has not grown over the last year, cell owners now take advantage of a much wider range of their phones' capabilities. Compared to when we asked these questions in April 2009, mobile phone owners are significantly more likely to use their phones to take pictures (76% now do this, up from 66% in April 2009); send or receive text messages (72% vs. 65%); play games (34% vs. 27%); send or receive email (34% vs. 25%); access the internet (38% vs. 25%); play music (33% vs. 21%); send or receive instant messages (30% vs. 20%); and record a video (34% vs. 19%).
Along with these eight activities, we also asked about seven additional cell phone data applications for the first time in our 2010 survey. Among all cell phone owners:
- 54% have used their mobile device to send someone a photo or video
- 23% have accessed a social networking site using their phone
- 20% have used their phone to watch a video
- 15% have posted a photo or video online
- 11% have purchased a product using their phone
- 11% have made a charitable donation by text message
- 10% have used their mobile phone to access a status update service such as Twitter
Young adults are much more likely than their elders to use mobile data applications, but cell phone access is becoming more prevalent among 30-49 year olds
Picture-taking and texting are near-ubiquitous among young adult cell phone owners. Fully 95% of cell-owning 18-29 year olds use the text messaging feature on their phones, and 93% use their mobile devices to take pictures. Since nine in ten young adults own a cell phone, that means that 85% of all 18-29 year olds text, and 83% take photos using a cell phone. Young adult cell phone owners are significantly more likely to do all of the other mobile data applications we asked about in our survey relative to older cell owners—often by fairly dramatic margins.
Although young adults are significantly more likely than all other age groups to use non-voice data applications on their mobile devices, these services are growing more popular among older adults (specifically, those ages 30-49). Compared with a similar point in 2009, cell owners ages 30-49 are significantly more likely to use their mobile phone to:
- Take pictures (83% of cell owners ages 30-49 now do this, compared with 71% in April 2009)
- Send or receive text messages (82% vs. 75%)
- Access the internet (43% vs. 31%)
- Record a video (39% vs. 21%)
- Send or receive email (37% vs. 30%)
- Play music (36% vs. 21%)
- Send or receive instant messages (35% vs. 21%)
Out of the eight mobile data activities we measured in both 2009 and 2010, playing games was the only one for which 30-49 year olds did not experience significant year-to-year growth—37% of cell owners ages 30-49 currently play games on a mobile phone, compared with the 32% who did so in 2009.
Minority Americans continue to outpace whites in their use of cell phone data applications
As we found in previous research on this topic, minority cell owners are significantly more likely than whites to use most non-voice data applications on their mobile devices. They also take advantage of a wider range of mobile phone features compared with whites. On average, white cell phone owners use 3.8 of the thirteen activities we measured, while black cell owners use an average of 5.4 and English-speaking Latinos use an average of 5.8 non-voice data applications.
Additional mobile data applications – sharing multimedia content and texting charitable donations
In a separate survey, we asked about two additional mobile activities—half of cell owners (54%) have used their mobile device to send a photo or video to someone else, and one in ten (11%) have made a charitable donation by text message.
As with the other mobile data applications discussed above, both of these activities are particularly common among young cell owners and minority Americans (particularly Latinos). Fully 81% of cell owners ages 18-29 have used their phone to send a photo or video to someone else, significant higher the proportion of cell owners ages 30-49 (63%), 50-64 (40%) or 65+ (18%) who have done so. Young cell owners are also more likely than cell owners in other age groups to make a charitable donation using the text messaging feature on their phones (19% of cell owners ages 18-29 have done so, compared with 10% of 30-49 year olds, 8% of 50-64 year olds and just 4% of cell owners 65 and up).
In terms of racial/ethnic comparisons, Latino cell phone owners are especially likely to do both of these activities using their mobile devices. Among cell owners, 70% of English-speaking Latinos have sent someone a photo or video (compared with 58% of African-Americans and 50% of whites) and 23% have made a charitable donation via text message (compared with 16% of African-Americans and 7% of whites).
More than half of mobile web users go online from their phones on a daily basis
In addition to being a growing proportion of the overall cell phone population, users of the mobile web now go online more frequently using their handheld devices than they did as recently as last year. More than half of all mobile internet users go online from their handheld devices on a daily basis—43% do so several times a day, and 12% do so about once a day. At a similar point in 2009, just 24% of mobile internet users went online several times a day.
Among mobile internet users, frequency of use is highest among the affluent and well-educated, as well as Latinos. Among those who go online using a handheld device 55% of English-speaking Hispanics, 52% of college graduates and 56% of those with a household income of $75,000 or more per year use their cell phone to go online several times a day. Young adults are also intense mobile internet users—52% of those ages 18-29 who go online using a cell phone do so several times a day, and an additional 17% do so about once a day—although 43% of mobile web users ages 30-49 go online multiple times a day.


factual-api-0.1.2: A driver for the Factual API
Safe HaskellSafe-Infered
This module exports functions which are used to execute queries and handle the OAuth authentication process.
API functions
makeRequest :: Query query => Token -> query -> IO ResponseSource
This function takes an OAuth token and a query (which is member of the Query typeclass and returns an IO action which will fetch a response from the Factual API.
generateToken :: Credentials -> TokenSource
This function takes a set of credentials and returns an OAuth token that can be used to make requests.
The hoauth Token type
data Token
The OAuth Token.
This token is used to perform 2 legged OAuth requests.
The service provider has granted you the request token but the user has not yet authorized your application. You need to exchange this token by a proper AccessToken, but this may only happen after user has granted you permission to do so.
This is a proper 3 legged OAuth. The difference between this and ReqToken is that user has authorized your application and you can perform requests on behalf of that user.


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NewsYour location：Home > News > Advantages of microwave radar sensors over voice-activated sensors - [Twllink]
Advantages of microwave radar sensors over voice-activated sensors - [Twllink]
The microwave radar sensor is based on the Doppler principle to sense whether the object moves in a noncontact manner to achieve the relevant switching operation. During the period after the induction light is turned on, if someone is within the detection range, the switch will continue to be turned on until the person leaves and delays the time, and the power is turned off automatically.
The voiceactivated sensor switch has a similar receiver that accepts external sounds. After amplification, the relay or thyristor is pushed.After a delay circuit is turned off, the circuit is turned off to operate the switch.However, the microwave radar sensor has evolved intoa steerable, energy-saving, and intelligent sensor switch in response to the development of the times.
|Microwave radar sensor|| infrared sensor|
|Longer service life and less prone to outside interference.||It is easily interfered by external factors and has a low service life.|
|The installation is concealed and the luminaire can be controlled directly in the lampshade.||It is exposed to the outside world and is easily eroded and destroyed by the outside world.|
|High sensitivity, able to penetrate glass and thin wood.||Low sensitivity, unable to penetrate glass and wood.|
|Not affected by the environment, temperature, sound, dust, etc.||It is susceptible to external environment, dust, sound, and temperature.|
|Wide range of applications, parking areas, toilets and other monitoring sites.||Only suitable for smaller range spaces.|
|Strong anti-radio interference capability, weak anti-interference ability||No moving object automatically turns off after the delay time|
People are increasingly pursuing high quality and convenient life. Microwave radar sensors are the future life trend. However, Shenzhen Tiankele Communication Technology Co., Ltd. is a national hightech industry company with 11 years of research and development team and 10 years of ISO quality system. Control, with more than 30 quality control personnel, with electrical performance, mechanical properties, environmental performance and other three advanced laboratories, the strength of the company to manufacture quality products, your trust, is the recognition of our product quality.


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Vortex lattice melting and irreversibility temperatures in YBa2Cu3O7Author(s): S.B.Ota
The dc I-V characteristic of polycrystalline YBa2Cu3O7-X high temperature superconductors (HTSC) is measured near the transition temperature (Tc). A difference in voltage was found for forward and reverse current directions near Tc. The measured dc voltage showed increased noise near Tc which is related to flicker 1/f noise. The experimental results are explained in terms of melting of the vortex lattice and irreversibility temperature which is observed near the superconducting transition in YBa2Cu3O7-x.


next up previous contents index
Next: PCell Abutment Up: Parameterized Cells and Vias Previous: Parameters Panel: Set PCell Contents Index
PCell Stretch Handles
Xic supports the protocol for stretch handles defined by Ciranova. This provides support for stretch handles defined in PyCells, but also allows use of stretch handles in native pcells.
A stretch handle is a graphical item that can be moved with the mouse pointer, where the motion causes a change in a parameter value. Usually, the object is associated with a parameterized cell instantiation, and motion causes remastering of the instance to a new sub-master created with the new parameter. For example, stretch handles might be used to graphically change the gate length and width of a MOSFET pcell instance, if the corresponding pcell supports the protocol.
Stretch handles are visible and activated only when the containing instance is shown large enough on-screen, to avoid false-triggering. The size threshold can be set from the PCell Control panel from the Edit Menu, or equivalently with the PCellGripInstSize variable.
In Xic, when editing a sub-master containing stretch handles, the handles are visible as well, and can be moved. This will change the parameterization of the sub-master, and all of its instances. This is equivalent to modifying the pc_params property with the Cell Property Editor from the Edit Menu.
If the Hide and disable stretch handles check box in the PCell Control panel from the Edit Menu is checked, or equivalently if the PCellHideGrips variable is set, all stretch handles will be invisible and disabled.
Adding stretch handles to a pcell amounts to adding box objects with the grip property applied. The grip property provides the setup information.
There are example capacitor pcells that use stretch handles that can be found in the examples directory of the Xic program distribution area. These demonstrate use of stretch handles and illustrate the property syntax.
grip property, number 7195
This property is very similar to the Ciranova pycStretch property, used to implement stretch handles. The property has meaning when applied to physical-mode boxes only. The property string has the following format:
name:val; stretchType:val, direction:val, parameter:val, minVal:val, maxVal:val, location:val, userScale:val, userSnap:val, key:val
The terms have precisely the same names and interpretation as the pycStretch property described in the Ciranova PyCell EDA Tool Integration Guidelines document provided with the Ciranova PyCell Studio package (now available from Synopsys). However, there are some differences.
 1. Ciranova does not allow white space within the string. In Xic, white space can appear between the terms as shown above.
 2. The semicolon following the name and the commas are optional, the terms can be white-space separated.
 3. In both cases a property string can contain multiple grip specifications. Ciranova separates the specifications by white space. In Xic, a new specification is started whenever a keyword is repeated.
 4. Ciranova requires that all keywords be provided in each specification, except for the name, which can be omitted for names with varying key strings. In Xic, when parsing multiple specifications, previous values of the various parameters are retained, so only changed values need be given.
 5. Xic keyword matching is case-insensitive.
The terms have the following significance.
name
A name for the stretch handle, which should be a unique string token within the pcell.
stretchType
Set to one of the keywords 'relative'' or ''absolute''. Per Ciranova, if relative, the increment is measured relative to the center of the rectangle, while absolute is the increment measured according to the absolute X and Y directions. This parameter is ignored in Xic, since the explanation does not seem to make sense.
direction
Set to one of the keywords ''NORTH_SOUTH'' or ''EAST_WEST'', specifying the translation direction of the stretch handle.
parameter
The name of the pcell parameter that is modified by the stretch handle.
minVal
A numerical value giving the minimum value of the parameter being modified. SPICE-style scaling suffix values and units, e.g., 1K, 100nM, are acceptable, units are ignored.
maxVal
A numerical value giving the maximum value of the parameter being modified.
location
This specifies the location point for the graphical stretch handle on the layout rectangle. The value must be one of
''Location.CENTER_LEFT'',
''Location.LOWER_CENTER'',
''Location.CENTER_RIGHT'',
''Location.UPPER_CENTER'',
which specify the left, bottom, right, and top sides.
userScale
This is a real number scale factor used to multiply the change in parameter value.
userSnap
The real number resolution value which should be used for snapping the parameter value, i.e., the reported parameter value will be an integer multiple of the userSnap.
key
The name used as a key to specify values for multi-valued parameters, and should be ''None'' for ordinary parameters. Multi-valued parameters are not supported in Xic.
In Xic, stretch handles are available only in physical mode. They are visible in selected, expanded instances only. A stretch handle is represented as a double-line highlighting of one of the four edges of the rectangle to which the rip property is applied.
The user can drag the highlighted edge in a direction normal to the edge over a range set in the property. The edge is ghost-drawn and attached to the mouse pointer during the move. Unlike some other move operations in Xic, only dragging is allowed, clicking on a grip will do nothing special. If the associated parameter has a constraint string defined, the highlighting will be visible only for allowed values of the parameter.
next up previous contents index
Next: PCell Abutment Up: Parameterized Cells and Vias Previous: Parameters Panel: Set PCell Contents Index
Stephen R. Whiteley 2017-11-08


text: The human skin microbiome has important roles in skin health and disease. However, bacterial population structure and diversity at the strain level is poorly understood. We compared the skin microbiome at the strain level and genome level of Propionibacterium acnes, a dominant skin commensal, between 49 acne patients and 52 healthy individuals by sampling the pilosebaceous units on their noses. Metagenomic analysis demonstrated that although the relative abundances of P. acnes were similar, the strain population structures were significantly different in the two cohorts. Certain strains were highly associated with acne, and other strains were enriched in healthy skin. By sequencing 66 previously unreported P. acnes strains and comparing 71 P. acnes genomes, we identified potential genetic determinants of various P. acnes strains in association with acne or health. Our analysis suggests that acquired DNA sequences and bacterial immune elements may have roles in determining virulence properties of P. acnes strains, and some could be future targets for therapeutic interventions. This study demonstrates a previously unreported paradigm of commensal strain populations that could explain the pathogenesis of human diseases. It underscores the importance of strain-level analysis of the human microbiome to define the role of commensals in health and disease.


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Iberdrola, a Spanish energy company, has set up a substation in Brittany, France, for its 500 MW Saint-Brieuc offshore wind farm. Reportedly, the substation will start operating the following year and will be the first significant application of this technology in France. At the Saint-Brieuc power plant, 62 offshore wind turbines have been installed. Once they are operational, the 3,400 tonnes substation will collect clean energy generated by those wind turbines.
The offshore facility will offset approximately 200,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide annually in addition to generating enough clean energy to power and heat 835,000 households. Iberdrola will deploy 90 km of submarine cables for the transmission of renewable energy generated from the wind farms. A joint venture (JV) between Smulders and Equans constructed the substation in Belgium. Smulders was responsible for the engineering and construction of the substation's foundations, and Equans was responsible for the assembly and commissioning of the substation.
In May 2022, Iberdrola started construction on the 50.5 MW Korytnica II wind farm in Poland. The plant, which is located north of Warsaw in the Mazowieckie region, would increase the company's onshore wind power capacity in Poland to 163 MW. Iberdrola already operates the 30 MW Zopowy wind farm in the Opole region, as well as the 82.5 MW Korytnica I wind farm.


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Orthogonal ray imaging is a new technique under investigation by our groups. It shows good potential for (1) dose verification in external beam radiotherapy and (2) very-low-dose computed tomography (CT-like) imaging. We have simulated with Geant4 the performance of four flat-panel-like perfect detectors for evaluating the capabilities of orthogonal ray imaging and portal imaging for assisting external beam therapy. The four detectors were positioned surrounding the head of the patient, three parallel and one perpendicular to the beam axis. Each detector covers an area of 185mm×185mm and the simulation scores every particle seen by every detector. This allows for a second-stage investigation of optimum acceptance angles and energy thresholds, presented here. For demonstration purposes one small rectangular, sub-therapeutic beam with a front area of 20mm×5mm, maximum entrance dose in the buildup region of 1.3mGy, and tumor dose of 0.8mGy, was shot at the region of the pituitary gland of an anthropomorphic phantom. Despite the low dose, visual inspection shows a remarkable agreement both with the predicted dose and with patient bone structures, collected with the orthogonal ray detectors. The portal imaging detector could not provide comparable information based on a single shot. In addition, seven small rectangular beamlets irradiating the region of the pituitary gland of the phantom with 4.6mGy and simulating an intensity modulated radiation therapy treatment-like scenario were also analyzed, showing equally a visual agreement with the planed dose distribution. We finally evaluate the possibility of using rotation-free, scanned megavoltage orthogonal ray imaging (multi-slice collimation) for patient morphologic imaging. The technique provides images of high visual correlation with phantom morphology, therefore being of potential usefulness e.g. for low-dose, on-board patient imaging prior to a radiotherapy treatment, among other applications. © 2012 IEEE.
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A Capacity-Aware Thread Scheduling Method Combined with Cache Partitioning to Reduce Inter-Thread Cache Conflicts
Masayuki SATO Ryusuke EGAWA Hiroyuki TAKIZAWA Hiroaki KOBAYASHI
Publication
IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Information and Systems Vol.E96-D No.9 pp.2047-2054
Publication Date: 2013/09/01
Online ISSN: _PHONE_
DOI: 10.1587/transinf.E96.D.2047
Print ISSN: 0916-8532
Type of Manuscript: PAPER
Category: Computer System
Keyword:
chip multiprocessors, shared caches, inter-thread cache conflicts, thread scheduling, cache partitioning,
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Summary:
Chip multiprocessors (CMPs) improve performance by simultaneously executing multiple threads using integrated multiple cores. However, since these cores commonly share one cache, inter-thread cache conflicts often limit the performance improvement by multi-threading. This paper focuses on two causes of inter-thread cache conflicts. In shared caches of CMPs, cached data fetched by one thread are frequently evicted by another thread. Such an eviction, called inter-thread kickout (ITKO), is one of the major causes of inter-thread cache conflicts. The other cause is capacity shortage that occurs when one cache is shared by threads demanding large cache capacities. If the total capacity demanded by the threads exceeds the actual cache capacity, the threads compete to use the limited cache capacity, resulting in capacity shortage. To address inter-thread cache conflicts, we must take into account both ITKOs and capacity shortage. Therefore, this paper proposes a capacity-aware thread scheduling method combined with cache partitioning. In the proposed method, inter-thread cache conflicts due to ITKOs and capacity shortage are decreased by cache partitioning and thread scheduling, respectively. The proposed scheduling method estimates the capacity demand of each thread with an estimation method used in the cache partitioning mechanism. Based on the estimation used for cache partitioning, the thread scheduler decides thread combinations sharing one cache so as to avoid capacity shortage. Evaluation results suggest that the proposed method can improve overall performance by up to 8.1%, and the performance of individual threads by up to 12%. The results also show that both cache partitioning and thread scheduling are indispensable to avoid both ITKOs and capacity shortage simultaneously. Accordingly, the proposed method can significantly reduce the inter-thread cache conflicts and hence improve performance.


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Green Supply Chain Design: A Lagrangian Approach
Merrick, Ryan J.
MetadataShow full item record
The expansion of supply chains into global networks has drastically increased the distance travelled along shipping lanes in a logistics system. Inherently, the increase in travel distances produces increased carbon emissions from transport vehicles. When increased emissions are combined with a carbon tax or emissions trading system, the result is a supply chain with increased costs attributable to the emission generated on the transportation routes. Most traditional supply chain design models do not take emissions and carbon costs into account. Hence, there is a need to incorporate emission costs into a supply chain optimization model to see how the optimal supply chain configuration may be affected by the additional expenses. This thesis presents a mathematical programming model for the design of green supply chains. The costs of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were incorporated in the objective function, along with the fixed and transportation costs that are typically modeled in traditional facility location models. The model also determined the unit flows between the various nodes of the supply chain, with the objective of minimizing the total cost of the system by strategically locating warehouses throughout the network. The literature shows that CO2 emissions produced by a truck are dependent on the weight of the vehicle and can be modeled using a concave function. Hence, the carbon emissions produced along a shipping lane are dependent upon the number of units and the weight of each unit travelling between the two nodes. Due to the concave nature of the emissions, the addition of the emission costs to the problem formulation created a nonlinear mixed integer programming (MIP) model. A solution algorithm was developed to evaluate the new problem formulation. Lagrangian relaxation was used to decompose the problem by echelon and by potential warehouse site, resulting in a problem that required less computational effort to solve and allowed for much larger problems to be evaluated. A method was then suggested to exploit a property of the relaxed formulation and transform the problem into a linear MIP problem. The solution method computed the minimum cost for a complete network that would satisfy all the needs of the customers. A primal heuristic was introduced into the Lagrangian algorithm to generate feasible solutions. The heuristic utilized data from the Lagrangian subproblems to produce good feasible solutions. Due to the many characteristics of the original problem that were carried through to the subproblems, the heuristic produced very good feasible solutions that were typically within 1% of the Lagrangian bound. The proposed algorithm was evaluated through a number of tests. The rigidity of the problem and cost breakdown were varied to assess the performance of the solution method in many situations. The test results indicated that the addition of emission costs to a network can change the optimal configuration of the supply chain. As such, this study concluded that emission costs should be considered when designing supply chains in jurisdictions with carbon costs. Furthermore, the tests revealed that in regions without carbon costs it may be possible to significantly reduce the emissions produced by the supply chain with only a small increase in the cost to operate the system.


Business Tax Update: Common Reporting Standard
3 min
The Common Reporting Standard (CRS) is being introduced in 2017 and will significantly change the degree to which global financial institutions exchange sensitive financial information about their customer base. The United States has notably abstained from adopting the CRS and as such, has evolved into an increasingly more attractive jurisdiction for banking secrecy and asset protection.
What is the CRS?
The CRS is a reporting standard for the automatic exchange of information developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as part of a coordinated global initiative to combat tax evasion. The agreement requires financial institutions in participating countries to reciprocally collect and report financial information regarding local account holders, including taxpayer identification data, account balances, asset composition, and items of annual income (such as interest, dividends, capital gains).
Who are the participants?
The first wave of countries implementing the CRS in 2017 includes most European Union members and certain jurisdictions traditionally used as offshore havens, such as the Cayman Islands, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Gibraltar, Luxembourg, and Malta.
A second wave of countries will implement the CRS in 2018, including those in the Asian Pacific and Middle Eastern regions, as well as Russia, Switzerland, Australia, and the remaining European Union members.
In total, over 100 countries have committed to adopting and enforcing the CRS.
What about the US?
The US has rejected the CRS on the basis that it already utilizes the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA), a reporting regime aimed at US persons with offshore accounts. FATCA is much narrower in scope than the CRS and imposes withholding tax where applicable financial information is not exchanged with respect to international investments held by US persons. Though the US generally reciprocates by providing similar information to foreign countries, it is not obligated to do so under the FATCA guidelines.
By resisting the CRS, the US is providing a potential shield against international financial disclosure requirements and is consequently becoming an increasingly favorable location for banking secrecy and asset protection. This has resulted in a marked upswing in the migration of accounts from offshore haven countries like the Bahamas and Switzerland to the US.
How can Venable help?
The OECD's regulatory and tax initiatives continue to complicate the financial landscape for US and international investors, including the further loss of financial opacity under the CRS. While the US provides certain protections against invasive asset reporting, the US tax system remains complex and requires nuanced planning in order to optimize any contemplated asset migration.
If you have offshore operations or investments, or are looking to expand globally, we can help you navigate these domestic and international rules to achieve an operationally effective and tax efficient structuring strategy.


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Welcome to the Learning Game portal!
The main objective of the Learning Game project is to promote the application of innovative strategies and solutions to education, making an effective use of videogames as teaching and learning tools.
The Learning Game Portal contains 3 databases where users can search for:
- eLearning based teaching materials, focusing on the main subject areas taught in European secondary schools
- Videogames which have been evaluated and reviewed for their educational potential by European secondary school teachers
- Softwares that can be used to produce innovative e-learning based educational material and videogames with an educational purpose
The Learning Game portal also provide access to:
Tutorials, organized into Software Tutorials on the use of software for the development of e-learning material and educational videogames. Courses Tutorials providing guidelines for the development of the educational videogames that are contained in the Pilot Courses section of this portal
Training Manual addressed to teachers on the application of multimedia solutions to education and on the development of videogames for educational purposes.
Teacher Workshops section, presenting the activities carried out during the parallel workshop held in the partners countries on the topic of the application of videogames to education.
Pilot courses developed by the secondary school teachers involved in the project. These pilot courses try to exploit the potential of multimedia and videogame technology for educational purposes.


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Date of Award
Doctor of Education (EdD)
Existing research indicates that improved student achievement in urban schools may be impacted by the strategic identification of school finances. Thus, the allocation of discretionary funds and the effectiveness of their use remains a critical element in school finance. This quantitative study examined practices that exist in the allocation of discretionary funds made by urban elementary principals. The study used a matched sampling methodology to provide an analysis of resource allocation in four schools in Good Standing and four schools not in Good Standing. The study found that principals in Good Standing primarily use their discretionary spending in the strategy Create Individual Attention as the primary means to create a high performing school. Further findings suggest that in order to create a highly individualized school environment, flexibility in spending provides principals with an opportunity to tailor the needs of their school more strategically. The findings offer principals, district administrators, and institutions of higher learning insights into the resource allocation practices of discretionary funds to create an individualized learning environment to improve student achievement particularly when enhanced by braiding school finance theories and practices.
Mascitti-Miller, Elizabeth, "Resource Allocation: Practices in Urban Elementary Schools" (2012). Education Doctoral. Paper 19.
Please note that the Recommended Citation provides general citation information and may not be appropriate for your discipline. To receive help in creating a citation based on your discipline, please visit _URL_


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Horseshoe Dam is named for the horseshoe-shaped bend in the Verde River at the dam site.
The dam was built between 1944-46 by the Phelps Dodge Corporation as part of a water exchange agreement. Phelps Dodge pumped water from the Black River and provided water to SRP from the Little Colorado River.
Spillway gates, funded by the city of Phoenix, were added in 1949 to establish water rights for city water users. The earthen dam is 144 feet tall and 1,500 feet long, including the spillway. It has no hydroelectric generating capabilities.
Horseshoe Dam forms Horseshoe Reservoir. Below are some reservoir statistics:
- Length: 5 miles
- Shoreline: 27 miles
- Capacity: 109,217 acre-feet
- Surface acreage when full: 2,722 acres
- Maximum depth: 77 feet


text:
Inheritance diagram for IPython.history:
History related magics and functionality
Alternate name for %history.
Print input history (_i variables), with most recent last.
%history -> print at most 40 inputs (some may be multi-line)%history n -> print at most n inputs%history n1 n2 -> print inputs between n1 and n2 (n2 not included)
Each input's number is shown, and is accessible as the automatically generated variable _i. Multi-line statements are printed starting at a new line for easy copy/paste.
-n: do NOT print line numbers. This is useful if you want to get a printout of many lines which can be directly pasted into a text editor.
This feature is only available if numbered prompts are in use.
-t: (default) print the 'translated' history, as IPython understands it. IPython filters your input and converts it all into valid Python source before executing it (things like magics or aliases are turned into function calls, for example). With this option, you'll see the native history instead of the user-entered version: '%cd /' will be seen as '_ip.magic("%cd /")' instead of '%cd /'.
-r: print the 'raw' history, i.e. the actual commands you typed.
-g: treat the arg as a pattern to grep for in (full) history. This includes the "shadow history" (almost all commands ever written). Use '%hist -g' to show full shadow history (may be very long). In shadow history, every index nuwber starts with 0.
- -f FILENAME: instead of printing the output to the screen, redirect it to
- the given file. The file is always overwritten, though IPython asks for confirmation first if it already exists.
Repeat a command, or get command to input line for editing
Place a string version of last computation result (stored in the special '_' variable) to the next input prompt. Allows you to create elaborate command lines without using copy-paste:
$ l = ["hei", "vaan"] $ "".join(l) ==> heivaan $ %rep $ heivaan_ <== cursor blinking
Place history line 45 to next input prompt. Use %hist to find out the number.
%rep 1-4 6-7 3
Repeat the specified lines immediately. Input slice syntax is the same as in %macro and %save.
Place the most recent line that has the substring "foo" to next input. (e.g. 'svn ci -m foobar').


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This is an x-ray detector built by [Ben Krasnow]. It's an interesting combination of parts working with an oscilloscope. The result is an audible clicking much the same as you would hear from a Geiger counter
He's measuring backscatter, which is the reflection of x-rays on other objects. Because the signal will be quite weak compared to waves emitted directly from an x-ray source he needed a large collector to measure them. He started by gutting an x-ray image intensifying cassette. This has a phosphor layer that glows when excited by x-rays. The idea is that the glowing phosphors do a better job of exposing film than direct x-rays can. But [Ben's] not using film. He built that pyramid-shaped collector with the phosphor material as the base. At the apex of the pyramid he mounted a photomultiplier tube (repurposed from his scanning electron microscope) which can detect the excited points on its surface. His oscilloscope monitors the PMT, then issues a voltage spike on the calibration connector which is being fed to an audio amplifier. Don't miss his presentation embedded after the break.
[Ben] mentions that this build is in preparation for a future project. We'd love to hear what you think he's working on. Leave your guess in the comments section.


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Tuesday 21 May
Pemba scops-owl (Otus pembaensis)
What's the World's Favourite Species?Find out here.
Pemba scops-owl fact file
- Find out more
- Print factsheet
Pemba scops-owl description
Described as a 'creature of the night' (3) (4), the Pemba scops-owl is a mysterious bird, identified with witchcraft by the local inhabitants of its island home (4). Two different forms, or morphs, of the Pemba scops-owl exist: a rufous and a brown morph. Both morphs have small ear tufts, light spots on the shoulders and pale 'eyebrows' that vary in their prominence. Often there are striped markings on the wings and outer tail feathers, and the crown and underparts can be streaked (2) (5). The eyes are yellow and the black-tipped bill varies from dull green to yellow-grey (5). In keeping with its enigmatic reputation, the call of the Pemba scops-owl is a long series of monotonous, haunting notes 'hoo hoo hoo…' (2) (4).
- Otus rutilus.
- Autillo de Pemba.
- Length: 16 – 20 cm (2)
World Owl Trust:
- BirdLife International:
- A species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area.
- One of two or more distinct types of a given species, often distinct colour forms, which occur in the same population at the same time (that is, are not geographical or seasonal variations).
- Active at night.
IUCN Red List (April, 2008)
- Duncan, J.R. (2003) Owls of the World: Their Lives, Behavior and Survival. Key Porter Books, Toronto, Canada.
- Virani, M. (2005) Pemba scops-owl: folklore and history describe this elusive 'creature of the night'. The Peregrine Fund Newsletter, 36: 12 - 13.
- Pakenham, R.H.W. (1937) Otus pembaensis. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, 57: 112 -.
- del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. and Sargatal, J. (1999) Handbook of the Birds of the World Volume 5: Barn-owls to Hummingbirds. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
BirdLife International (April, 2008)
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- teachers, lecturers and students may incorporate the Material in their educational material (including, but not limited to, their lesson plans, presentations, worksheets and projects) in hard copy and digital format for use within a registered educational establishment, provided that the integrity of the Material is maintained and that copyright ownership and authorship is appropriately acknowledged by the End User.
Pemba scops-owl biology
A nocturnal bird, the Pemba scops-owl spends its daylight hours roosting amongst the thick foliage of trees, or in dense undergrowth about two metres above the ground (2) (4). As night falls, and with a call of 'hoo hoo hoo'(4), the owls emerge from their hiding and commence their search for food. The Pemba scops-owl feeds primarily on insects, which are swooped down on from a perch, snatched from the air in flight, or plucked off foliage (2) (5).
Almost nothing has been recorded about the breeding biology of the Pemba scops-owl (2), but it is thought to breed between August and October (4), and probably nests in natural holes in trees (2) (5).Top
Pemba scops-owl rangeTop
Pemba scops-owl habitatTop
Pemba scops-owl status
Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List (1).Top
Pemba scops-owl threats
Although the Pemba scops-owl had been thought of as common and widespread, a survey undertaken in 2004 found this to be incorrect, and discovered that it was only common in native forest, a habitat that makes up less than two percent of the island. The Pemba scops-owl was found to occur mainly in two tiny patches of natural forest, Ngezi Forest and Msitu Mkuu (3), and this restricted distribution makes it vulnerable to the effects of continued forest degradation and clearance for agriculture (2). Native forest is threatened by exploitation for building materials, fuelwood, and in some areas, conversion to rubber plantations and infrastructure development (6).
Clove plantations, where the Pemba scops-owl occurs at lower densities, are also now a threatened habitat. A global collapse in clove prices resulted in many farmers clearing clove plantations in order to plant more lucrative crops such as rice and cassava, creating an open farmland habitat entirely unsuitable for the scops-owl (3) (6). In addition, this species' association with witchcraft makes persecution by humans a distinct possibility (2) (5).Top
Pemba scops-owl conservation
The two forest patches which hold the majority of the Pemba scops-owl population, Ngezi and Msitu Mkuu (3), are both forest reserves, which may offer some degree of protection, but are unfortunately still subject to illegal exploitation (6). Undertaking in-depth population surveys, researching this species' ecology, and investigating methods of controlling illegal activities within the forest reserves are just some of the actions that have been proposed to ensure the survival of this enigmatic owl (3) (6).Top
Find out more
For further information on owl conservation see:
For more information on this and other bird species please see:
This information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact:
More »Related species
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Ridder weather stations
Comprehensive data on the outdoor climate
The outdoor climate has a major effect on your growing conditions and cultivation strategy inside the greenhouse. That's why a weather station is vital to greenhouse control. It plays a crucial role in anticipating and responding to extreme weather conditions. That way, you can ensure that the greenhouse structure doesn't suffer damage during heavy winds or other severe weather.
Ridder offers robust weather stations for fast and accurate measurements of outside influences, such as rainfall, wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity, solar radiation, PAR light and outgoing heat radiation. Ridder weather stations are available in various configurations, and each one can be adapted to suit any situation, location, greenhouse or crop. Measurements are relayed rapidly and accurately to the climate computer, so that it can automatically anticipate the changing weather conditions and make pinpoint adjustments to your cultivation strategy.
Ridder can provide two different types of weather stations:
Meteo Pro weather station
This advanced, all-in-one weather station is revolutionary in terms of monitoring outdoor conditions. Not only is our new weather station more compact and therefore easier to install, it is also more reliable and requires less maintenance because it has no moving parts.The Ridder Meteo Pro weather station also features additional readings compared to our previous model (Meteo CX), such as rain intensity, type of rain, barometric pressure and GPS location as standard. The new measurements help ensure more accurate control when rain is detected and provide a more precise reading of the CO2 level (through pressure compensation). The weather station is equipped with a RH (relative humidity) sensor, as standard. Monitoring the RH outside is becoming increasingly important for ventilation and humidity control, especially in semi-closed greenhouses.
All the benefits of the Meteo Pro weather station
 - Accurate measurements
 - Compact
 - Easy to install
 - No moving parts
Ridder Pyrgeometer
The Ridder Pyrgeometer enables growers to explore new boundaries in climate management without taking risks. Using the Ridder Pyrgeometer, you can open and close the energy-saving screen based on the level of outgoing heat radiation. If the outgoing radiation level is high, the screen should close sooner than if this level is low. This can be fully automated using a climate computer. It is also possible to influence the outside temperature at which the screen closes based on the outgoing radiation level. By measuring outgoing heat radiation, as well as plant temperature, fruit temperature and light level, you can maintain full control over every factor affecting the climate in your greenhouse. You can also include the outgoing radiation data in your heating strategy: by anticipating the outgoing radiation level, you can prevent the heating system from being set too high.
All the benefits of the Ridder Pyrgeometer
 - Accurate use of screens, based on outgoing radiation levels
 - Insight into heat losses
 - Anticipate increases in pipe temperature
 - No more surprises
Contact us now!Download brochure
Are you looking for robust, reliable weather stations that are easy to maintain and perform under all conditions? Please contact our account managers. They are happy to inform you about the possibilities
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Climate computers & sensors from Ridder
Our smart, user-friendly automatic control systems feature a complete range of environmental control functions. These systems allow greenhouse operations to continue growing in both scale and complexity, while operators will have no problem mastering new aspects of the system as it is upgraded. Our climate computers are specifically designed to help you manage scarce resources such as energy, water and other resources, so you can produce crops with maximum efficiency.
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Classroom Vignettes Dissertation Example
- Teaching //=$name_cat?>
- Discussion //=$name_cat_chapter?>
- Bachelor's //=$name_cat_level?>
Free Classroom Vignettes Dissertation ExampleClassroom Vignettes This paper will analyze the two classroom vignettes and address whether the classroom management strategies were applied efficiently. In the first vignette, Mr. Fowler is not addressing his student's self-awareness. Although the teacher lets Sasha post her drawings in the classroom after completing her assignments, this is not enough. The teacher just does a small favor to an F-grade student, while he should rather focus on helping the girl recognize her achievements and gradually lead her to completion of assignments without the supervision. Mr. Fowler should encourage Sasha to meet small challenges offered in the classroom and recognize her success of turning in the assignments. This should help the student move on and improve her performance. Mr. Fowler is promoting Sasha's self-management because he is directing her to stay on task and encouraging to complete the assignment. However, the teacher could encourage his student to exercise self-management more efficiently by stimulating Sasha's cognitive activity, self-instruction, self-monitoring, self-assessment, and self-reinforcement by assigning her with a task and asking her to analyze her progress and evaluate the results. Mr. Fowler has not been demonstrating the promotion of Sasha's self-efficacy as vignette 1 does not display the teacher's strong belief that the student is able to execute the assignment. The professor only emails her parents each time she fails to turn in an assignment, however, he does not motivate Sasha to get engaged into work other than letting her post her drawings. The student still needs to understand the possibilities of her capabilities and start approaching more challenging tasks. Mr. Fowler does not strongly stimulate Sasha to raise her self-esteem as the consequences of Sasha's low self-esteem and unwillingness to learn are portrayed in vignette 1. Sasha has demonstrated lower than average cognitive abilities in most of the subjects and lea...
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The Islamic Enlightenment: The Modern Struggle Between Faith and Reason The Islamic Enlightenment: The Modern Struggle Between Faith and Reason by Christopher De Bellaigue
My rating: 2 of 5 stars
In these frankly, traumatic times where various parties are taking more umbrage at each other's point of view and the language is becoming more provocative one of the accusations levelled against the Muslim world is that they are failing to adapt to a modern world and modernise their culture. This has not always been the case though, as back in the nineteenth century the Muslim world embraced change and modern practices, medicine and universal suffrage. In this book on the Islamic Enlightenment, de Bellaigue goes back over 200 years to take us through the history of the region and the politicians, scientists and writers who have been key to driving the change in the region.
This is not a book you can rush, as de Bellaigue takes enormous pains to find the movers and shakers who drove through the change in this Muslim world and tell their story. It is full of complex tales and he is equally critical of the Muslim countries and of the Western states that carved up the region for their own ends whilst using the local political leaders to continue to oppress the populace. The amount of research that has gone into this makes for incredibly dense prose and I found it quite challenging to read. I also felt that sometimes the narrative of the stories of the people got lost in the detail. Will probably become a standard text in its time, but it is possible more for the specialist rather than the general reader.
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