text: Assume circle contains circle. If it is possible to inscribe a quadrilateral touching with its vertices and with its sides, then it is always possible to find a quadrilateral touching both circles and passing through any point of outside. Such quadrilaterals are called bicentric. For this Demonstration circle (in tan) is fixed and the position of circle (in brown) can be changed by dragging the red center (the radius of is obtained through Fuss's formula). You can change the position of the red vertex of the quadrilateral.


Cantilever Robot
Gantry Robot
Automatic Unloading
 - Cantilever Robot is a robot whose job is to load and unload slabs on virtually any stone processing
 - line or machine (including resin lines, quartz plants, polishing lines, and CNC machines).
 - It can communicate in any language and receives orders through a user-friendly touch screen
 - (Schneider Electric PLC). Its four axes (X, Y, B, C) are controlled by encoders and inverters in order
 - to ensure precise, smooth and fast movements (cycle time for 8-meter long X rails is around 1 minute).
 - It can handle a wide range of materials (including marble, granite, and quartz slabs) even if they are
 - cracked or contain holes. This is possible thanks to the use of safety, non-return valves, and sensors for reading minimum vacuum levels. In other words, the robot can handle situations in which up to five suction cups fail due to face cracks or holes in the slabs.
 - It is smart. By means of weighing cells, it can detect if there are two or more wet slabs stuck together in order to avoid slab dropping. Additionally, in the event of a power failure, it can implement a safety system to maintain effective vacuum levels. With the help of a turn-over table, it can also perform "book-matching" operations.
 - The cantilever design and various other manufacturing details make it a reliable and flexible assistant that can be installed in many different configurations so as to optimize operations and material flow. Compared to traditional human-handling by means of cranes, it has proved to be safer and more efficient, ergonomic and cost-effective.
 - It payback period varies depending on the country where it operates, but considering its outstanding performance/price ratio, it is always a good investment.


Please help!!!
As you are trying to move a heavy box of mass m, you realize that it is too heavy for you to lift by yourself.There is no one around to help, so you attach an ideal pulley tothe box and a massless rope to the ceiling, which you wrap aroundthe pulley. You pull up on the rope to lift the box. Use g or themagnitude of the acceleration due to gravity and neglect frictionforces.
Part A
What is the magnitude F of the upward force you must apply to the ropeto start raising the box with constant velocity?
Express the magnitude of the force in terms ofm, the mass of the box.


text:
but because this is the difference between the surrounding air's temperature and the heated air, the process can continue right down as low as 34°F.
Pros and Cons of Desiccant Based Dehumidifiers
- Operate in temperatures ranging from 34°F to approximately 104°F
- Efficient in a range of temperatures – no loss of efficiency as temperature falls
- Can achieve RH as low as 35%
- Relatively compact and lightweight
- Very quiet to operate – sounds no louder than a desk fan. A compressor based dehumidifier is loud in comparison
- Relatively small capacity – compared to compressor based models, which can remove twice as much moisture in some conditions
- Expensive – a similar priced compressor based model will remove more moisture

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Radius Location Selection
Defined under the namespace Scandit.Datacapture.Core
RadiusLocationSelection
class RadiusLocationSelection : LocationSelection
Added in version 6.1.0
Location selection for selecting codes inside a circle with the given radius, centered on the point of interest. Any object that touches the circle is returned, objects that do not intersect the circle are filtered out.
constructor(radius)
constructor(radius: NumberWithUnit)
Added in version 6.1.0
Creates a new radius location selection instance with the specified radius.
radius
get radius(): NumberWithUnit
Added in version 6.1.0
The radius of the circle. When using fractional coordinates, the radius is measured relative to the view's width.


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This historic map of the Eastern Hemisphere simulates the illuminated mariners charts of the 17th Century. The original murals, painted by N.C. Wyeth, are in Hubbard Hall at the National Geographic Society headquarters.The 1928 "Map of Discovery: Eastern Hemisphere" map features:
- Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia
- Illuminated mariners chart style
- Present-day political boundaries
- Traces the routes of the great discoverers
- Margins depict the forces of nature in the style of the 16th Century
Coverage Area: Eastern Hemisphere, including Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia.
This Mounted Map is a fine art plaque that consists of your selected map printed on art print paper with a heat activated adhesive that adheres the map to a piece of MDF wood. A UV Blocking Laminate is added on top for protection (but not for dry erase).Click here to download sample images

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Some providers may request metabolic testing for individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). It is helpful for individuals with ASD and their families to understand why this test may be requested.
Metabolic testing is a way to study the body's chemistry in action. By measuring blood and urine samples at specific times in relation to fasting or meals, one can determine if a metabolic disorder is present that can contribute to autism. As an example, problems with energy production can result from insufficient activity of mitochondria, which are important parts of all cells and may function abnormally in as many as 20% of children with autism.
The week little Neil Buckley lost all his words, Maura and Paul Buckley lost their bearings.
The Lurie Center for Autism conducts innovative research to advance knowledge of autism spectrum and developmental disorders.
The Lurie Center for Autism is committed to advancing knowledge about autism spectrum disorders (ASD) for families, professionals, students, and trainees.


text:
How do you navigate the interface of Pro Tools's wavetable synth for sound design?
Sound Design with Pro Tools's Wavetable Synth
Sound design is an essential element of any music or sound production process. With a plethora of digital audio workstations (DAWs) at our disposal, each offers its unique toolset to manipulate and create diverse sounds. Among these DAWs, Avid's Pro Tools stands out for its wavetable synth. This powerful tool helps you cultivate an original sound pallet for all types of projects. Take a deep dive into exploring the potential of this intriguing tool.
What makes the wavetable synth stand out is its versatile range in creating diverse soundscapes. From harmonic pads, intricate rhythmic sequences, to roaring basses – the limits are up to your imagination.
Getting Started with Wavetable Synth
The first step in the sound design process is initializing the wavetable synth. In Pro Tools, you can do this by opening a new track and selecting the wavetable synth as your instrument.
The beauty of wavetable synthesis lies in its method of creating sound. It involves cycling through different waveforms, or 'tables,' at an adjustable speed. This results in complex, evolving timbres that can morph over time.
Working with Wavetable Synth
Pro Tools' wavetable synth interface gives you control over wave shaping, modulation, and effects. It offers robust control over the sound's sonic characteristics. You can dictate the movement of the sound across the wave table, assign modulation sources, apply effects, and more. With these controls at your fingertips, designing unique and intricate sounds becomes an intuitive process.
Creating Unique Sounds
By exploring different waveforms combined with various modulation sources, you can experiment and create truly unique sounds. Pitch modulation, amplitude modulation, filter modulation – these are just a few examples of what you can do with Pro Tools' wavetable synth. By manipulating these parameters, you can produce anything from calm ambient tones to aggressive, growling basses.
Taking it further with Effects
Besides the inherent features of the wavetable synth, Pro Tools provides a suite of effects like reverb, delay, and EQ that you can use to further shape your sounds, adding a whole new level of complexity and depth.
To conclude, Pro Tools' wavetable synth offers a powerful and flexible platform for creating rich and diverse sounds. By understanding and manipulating its features, you can create a vast array of sonic possibilities that make your productions stand out. Happy sound designing!

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Registration Dossier
Physical & Chemical properties
Currently viewing:
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
Description of key information
Zinc dilaurate is considered to be void of any explosive properties.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
non explosive
Additional information
According to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, the study does not need to be conducted if there are not any chemical groups associated with explosive properties present in the molecule (cf. Annex VII section 7.11 Column 2 of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006). According to ECHA Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment Chapter R.7a: Endpoint specific guidance (November 2012), zinc dilaurate does not contain functional groups that are directly associated with explosive properties.
However, since oxygen is present in the molecule, the oxygen balance (OB) according to the following chemical reaction and mathematical equation (Lothrop et al) was calculated:
CxHyOz + [x + (y/4)-(z/2)]. O2 → x CO2 + (y/2) H2O
using the formula: OB = -1600 [2x +(y/2) -z] / molecular weight,
where: x = Number of carbon atoms, y = Number of hydrogen atoms, z = Number of oxygen atoms.
In the following, the calculations which are in accordance with the requirements set forth in the ECHA guidance are briefly described. The calculations were performed for Zinc dilaurate.
Molecular formula (zinc dilaurate): Zn (C12H23O2)2
Molecular weight: 464.01 g/mol
OB=-1600[48+23-4]/ 464.01 = -231.03
The absence of reactive groups in the structural formula and the oxygen balance being less than –200 indicate that the substance will not decompose violently under formation of gases or release of energy (and thus does not pose a risk for explosivity). Thus, testing does not need to be conducted and a negative result can be predicted.
Zinc dilaurate is therefore considered to be void of any explosive properties. Finally, it is noted that despite the long-term use of zinc dilaurate, it is not classified for explosive properties according to UN transport regulations and derogation from testing is hereby applied for.
Justification for classification or non-classification
The substance zinc dilaurate is considered to be void of any explosive properties.Therefore, classification is not required for explosiveness according to CLP Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 and Directive 67/548 EEC.


How are Juice Plus+ capsules made?
We are crazy about fruits, vegetables and berries.
Our goal is to give you the best that fresh, ripened fruits, vegetables and berries have to offer. This is how we do it!
Step 1: We love our farmers.
We partner with family farmers, who take pride in their seeds, fields and orchards, growing the amazing fruits, vegetables and berries that go into our capsules.
Harvest ripe Cranberries
Step 2: Our farmers harvest at the peak of ripeness.
We wait until mother nature has done her job and allow the fruits and vegetables to ripen. By harvesting the fully ripened produce, we capture the maximum nutrition possible.
Step 3: The "quick freeze."
If our farms aren't close enough to where we make the capsules, we take that wonderfully ripened produce and give it the "quick freeze", also known as IQF (individual quick freeze) by the product nerds. This ensures we don't lose any valuable nutrients along the way as we prepare for the next step.
Step 4: Create fruit, vegetable and berry powders.
We selected 30 different fruits, vegetable and berries for our three blends. We juice the whole fruit, vegetable or berry, including peels, leaves and seeds whenever possible, to harvest the greatest amount of nutrients. We dry to remove water and create the colorful powders.
Step 5: Protect the plant-based goodness.
The powders are kept in a vegan capsule and preserved in special bottles that keep it protected from moisture and oxygen, ensuring that it stays fresh from our storage facility and all the way to your door.
Et Voilà! (And there you have it!)
Beautiful fruit, vegetable and berry capsules to help you build a solid nutritional foundation!


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Handle bulb by socket end only, DO NOT touch bulb.
Please click on "More Information" for further details.
|Metal Halide Systems|
Metal halide systems are high intensity discharge (HID) lighting systems popular among many aquarium hobbyists. Metal halide lamps generate a large amount of heat and also emit ultraviolet radiation which is harmful to eyes and skin. For this reason, Metal Halide discharge lamps require special handling and care to ensure safe and proper usage.
Metal halide lamps produce the most concentrated, most intense light of any type of artificial lighting. They are ideally suited for deep freshwater planted aquariums and saltwater reef aquariums containing light-loving corals such as SPS (small polyped stony) and LPS (large polyped stony) corals and invertebrates including Tridacna clams and others. A spectacular desirable effect of metal halide lighting in your aquarium is the "glitter effect," which replicates the effect of surface waves reflecting on a reef in a natural environment.
HQI systems are relatively new to the hobby and offer many of the same features as conventional metal halide systems, but differ in design. The bulb is much smaller than screw socket halides and is double ended. Many of the ballasts for the metal halides can also be used for HQI fixtures. The HQI bulbs, however, require a system-specific socket. Wattage selections for HQI bulbs are commonly available in 150 - and 250-watt bulbs.
Tip from our Techs
Metal Halide Bulb Safety and Handling


Bird's Custard
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bird's Custard
A tin of Bird's Custard powder and prepared custard in a measuring jug
Type Custard
Place of origin United Kingdom
Creator Alfred Bird
Main ingredients cornflour, milk
Cookbook: Bird's Custard Media: Bird's Custard
Bird's Custard was first formulated and first cooked by Alfred Bird in 1837, because his wife was allergic to eggs,[1] the key ingredient used to thicken traditional custard.
In some regions, such as Australia and the United Kingdom, the popularity of this type of dessert is such that it is simply known as "custard". In such cases, general usage of the word may be more likely to refer to the "Bird's" custard rather than to the traditional egg-based variety.
Bird's Custard and other brands mimicking its composition are also popular in India, where a large portion of the populace follows a vegetarian diet, although ovo-lacto variants are also available.
In recent years, "instant" versions (containing powdered milk and sugar and requiring only hot water) and ready-made custard in tins, plastic pots and cartons have also become popular.
Brand recognition[edit]
A food and drink survey carried out in 2000 found 99% of customers recognised the brand,[citation needed] which accounts for 45% of the custard consumed in the UK.[citation needed] Bird's Custard is also exported to several countries. Bird's Custard can often be found in many popular grocery supermarkets.
In addition to the Bird's brand, generic cornflour-based custards are widely available.
Until 2009 many Bird's products, such as its instant custard powder, contained hydrogenated vegetable oil, a product now banned in some countries due to health concerns relating to heart disease. Since then all Bird's custards have moved to non-hydrogenated vegetable oil.[2]
Alfred Bird and Sons Ltd.[edit]
After he discovered his custard was popular, Bird formed Alfred Bird and Sons Ltd. in Birmingham. By 1843, the company was also making the newly invented baking powder and, by 1844, was promoting custard powder nationally. By 1895, the company was producing blancmange powder, jelly powder, and egg substitute. In World War I, Bird's Custard was supplied to the British armed forces.
The company was one of the early users of promotional items and colourful advertising campaigns. The famous 'three bird' logo, however, was relatively late in arriving, only introduced in 1929.
World War II saw rationing and serious production limits. Shortly after the war, Bird's was purchased by the General Foods Corporation, which was itself taken over by Philip Morris in the 1980s and merged into Kraft Foods. Although the Bird's Custard product remains, the company itself is now just a brand. In late 2004, Kraft sold Bird's Custard and some other Kraft brands to Premier Foods, who are the current owners.[3][4]
In 1958, the company acquired Monk and Glass, a rival custard powder manufacturer based in London.[5]
The original custard factory has long ceased to exist, but the larger factory Bird's opened in Gibb Street remains (production was relocated to Banbury in 1964, along with the factory gates, featuring the company logo), and has been adapted as the Custard Factory arts centre.
In 1981, a dust explosion occurred at the Banbury factory when corn starch powder mixed with air, forming an explosive mixture.[6]
Physical properties[edit]
Though cooked custard is a weak gel, viscous and thixotropic, a suspension of uncooked custard powder (starch) in water, with the proper proportions, has the opposite rheological property: it is negative thixotropic, or dilatant, which is to say that it becomes more viscous when under pressure. This suspension is termed oobleck and often used in science demonstrations of non-Newtonian fluids. The popular-science programme Brainiac: Science Abuse demonstrated dilatancy dramatically by filling a swimming pool with this mixture and having presenter Jon Tickle walk across it.
 1. ^ Mann, M (1973). Workers on the Move: The Sociology of Relocation. CUP Archive. p. 68. ISBN 9780521087018.
 2. ^ "Deadly fats: why are we still eating them?". The Independent (London). 10 June 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
 3. ^ "Delight as Premier gets the cream of custard", Article dated 9 December 2004, retrieved 14 March 2006.
 4. ^ "Premier gobbles up Bird's Custard", Article dated 10 December 2004, retrieved 14 March 2006.
 5. ^
 6. ^ "Corn Starch Dust Explosion at General Foods Ltd, Banbury, Oxfordshire – 18th November 1981". Great Britain: January 1983. Occupational Health & Safety Information Service, UK. ISBN 0-11-883673-0
External links[edit]


A hybrid density functional theory study of the low-temperature dimethyl ether combustion pathways. I: Chain-propagation
Amity Andersen, Emily A. Carter
Research output: Contribution to journalArticle
22 Scopus citations
Abstract
Dimethyl ether (DME) has been proposed to be a promising alternative to conventional diesel fuel because of its favorable compression ignition property (high cetane number) and its soot-free combustion. A radical chain mechanism for hydrocarbon autoignition has been proposed for DME at low temperatures. In this mechanism, the chain initiation step consists of DME undergoing hydrogen abstraction by a highly reactive species (typically ·OH). The CH 3OĊH2 created in the initiation step then combines with O2; the subsequent CH3OCH2OO· radical is involved in a Lindemann-type mechanism, which can lead to the production of formaldehyde (CH2 = O) and ·OH. This concludes the chain-propagating step: the one ·OH produced then sustains the chain-reaction by creating another CH3OĊH2. A relatively stable intermediate (·CH2OCH2OOH), formed via isomerization of CH3OCH2OO· in the chain-propagation step, can combine with a second O2 to produce a radical (·OOCH2OCH2OOH) that can potentially decompose into two ·OH radical (and other products). This path leads to chain-branching and an exponential increase in the rate of DME oxidation. We have used spin-polarized density functional theory with the Becke-3-parameter Lee-Parr-Yang exchange-correlation functional to calculate the structures and energies of key reactants, intermediates, and products involved in (and competing with) the chain-propagating and chain-branching steps of low-temperature DME oxidation. In this article, Part I, we consider only the chain-propagation mechanism and its competing mechanisms for DME combustion. Here, we show that only certain conformers can undergo the isomerization to ·CH2OCH2OOH. A new transition state has been discovered for the disproportionation reaction ·CH2OCH 2OOH → 2CH2O + ·OH in the chain-propagating step of DME autoignition that is much lower than previous barriers. The key to making this decomposition pathway facile is initial cleavage of the O-O rather than the C-O bond. This renders all transition states along the chain-propagation potential energy surface below the CH3OĊH 2 + O2 reactants. In contrast with the more well-studied CH3ĊH2 (ethyl radical) + O2 system, the H-transfer isomerization of CH3OCH2OO· to ·CH2OCH2OOH in low-temperature DME oxidation has a much lower activation energy. This is most likely due to the larger ring strain of the analogous transition state in ethane oxidation, which is a five-membered ring opposed to a six-membered ring in dimethyl ether oxidation. Thus low-temperature ethane oxidation is much less likely to form the ·ROOH (where R is a generic group) radicals necessary for chain-branching, which leads to autoignition. Three competing reactions are considered: CH 3OĊ·H2 → CH2O + ·CH3; ·CH2OCH2OOH → 1,3-dioxetane + ·OH; and ·CH2OCH2OOH → ethylene oxide + HOO·. The reaction barriers of all these competing paths are much higher in energy (7-10 kcal/mol) than the reactants CH 3OĊH2 + O2 and, therefore, are unlikely low-temperature paths. Interestingly, an analysis of the highest occupied molecular orbital along the CH3OĊH2 decomposition path shows that electronically excited (1A2 or 3A2) CH2O can form; this can also be shown for ·CH2OCH2OOH, which forms two formaldehyde molecules. This may explain the luminosity of DME's low-temperature flames.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)245-260
Number of pages16
JournalIsrael Journal of Chemistry
Volume42
Issue number2-3
DOIs
StatePublished - Jan 1 2002
Externally publishedYes
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
 - Chemistry(all)
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'A hybrid density functional theory study of the low-temperature dimethyl ether combustion pathways. I: Chain-propagation'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
 - Cite this


text:
The RAF has announced a new project from the Dstl to develop novel concepts for unmanned aircraft.
The RAF Rapid Capabilities Office (RCO) and the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl) will create new concepts for unmanned aircraft to offer increased capability to F-35 and Typhoon Aircraft. The Lightweight Affordable Novel Combat Aircraft (LANCA) project aims to offer increased protection, information, and survivability for manned planes and even provide 'fleets' for the aircraft in the future.
The LANCA project aims to increase innovation by reducing cost and development time. For Phase 1, contracts were awarded to three teams led by Blue Bear Systems Research Ltd, Boeing Defence UK Ltd, and Callen-Lenz (Team BLACKDAWN partnered with Bombardier Belfast and Northrop Grumman UK Ltd).
Under LANCA, a technology demonstrator project known as 'Mosquito' has awarded contracts for Phase 1 of the work, which will produce a preliminary system design for an unmanned air vehicle and assessment of the key risk areas and cost-capability trade-offs for an operational concept. Initial flight test of the demonstrator air vehicle could take place as early as 2022.
Phase 1 will explore prototyping, manufacture, novel design, and development and the potential for a future unmanned fleet. LANCA originated in 2015 studies by Dstl to understand innovative Combat Air technologies and concepts that might offer radical reductions in cost and development time.
Dstl is adopting creative processes for the project, including launching a 'Best of Breed' competition to access non-traditional suppliers. MOD experts will be assigned to each team in the project to provide support with technical and operational advice and assist decisions.
If you would like to join our community and read more articles like this then please click here.


Soroptimist International of Europe
Centenary Award 2021 Guidelines
The Centenary Award 2021 has been created to recognise an outstanding Soroptimist or a group of Soroptimists who through their current or past work made a difference to their club, union or community and whose activity uniquely exemplifies standing up for women or women's rights.
This one-time-only Award will be presented during the SIE Centenary event in Krakow on 2nd July 2021.
The Awardee(s) should cover one of the following fields of activity:
 1. Access to Education
 2. Elimination of Gender-Related Violence and Discrimination
 3. Women's Rights and Justice
 4. Women & Leadership
 5. Economic Empowerment
The Award will consist of:
 1. A certificate signed by the SIE President and the Chair of the Jury
 2. A sculpture designed by Anne-Marie ADAM, a former Soroptimist from Belgium, living in France
 3. € 5.000, - financial reward
The Awardee will be invited to the SIE Centenary event to receive her prize. Her travel expenses and hotel accommodation will be covered by SIE. In the case the Award is presented to a group of women rather than one Soroptimist, the group will designate the individual who will represent them.
Criteria for decision
The following criteria will be taken into consideration, and at least three of them should be fulfilled:
 1. Long-term, sustainable and exemplary work
 2. Sense of responsibility, dedication to a cause
 3. Altruism / Selflessness
 4. Transparency and tolerance
The Centennial Committee will propose a pre-selection of approximately 5 to 10 suitable candidates from all applicants for the '100 years – 100' Soroptimists' to the chair of the Centenary Award Jury.
The Centenary Award Jury, chaired by the SIE Immediate Past President and four SIE Past Presidents, will select the Awardee for the Centenary Award, based on the recommendation of aforesaid Committee.
Financial Reward
The Reward of € 5.000 is for a specific project to be presented by the Awardee to the Centenary Award Jury in accordance with the Mission and Vision of Soroptimist International.


App authorization policy types in SharePoint 2013
apps for SharePoint
Learn about the different authorization policies for apps in SharePoint: app-only policy, user+app policy, and user-only policy. It also provides guidelines for using app-only policy.
Last modified: August 20, 2014
Applies to: apps for SharePoint | Office 365 | SharePoint Add-ins | SharePoint Foundation 2013 | SharePoint Server 2013
Note Note
The name "apps for SharePoint" is changing to "SharePoint Add-ins". During the transition, the documentation and the UI of some SharePoint products and Visual Studio tools might still use the term "apps for SharePoint".
In this article
Get an overview of app authorization policies types
See an example scenario of an app that uses the app-only policy
Learn how apps get permission to use the app-only policy
Learn how apps make app-only calls
Get guidelines for using the app-only policy
Additional resources
Before reading this article, you should first be familiar with the articles App permissions in SharePoint 2013 and Context Token OAuth flow for apps in SharePoint 2013.
SharePoint provides three types of authorization policies:
 - User-only policy— When the user-only policy is used, SharePoint checks only the permissions for the user. SharePoint uses his policy is enforced is when the user is accessing resources directly without using an app. (This policy was always used in SharePoint 2010.)

 - User+app policy—When the user+app policy is used, SharePoint checks the permissions of both the user and the app principal. Authorization checks succeed only if both the current user and the app have permissions to perform the action in question.
 An example of when this policy is used is when an app for SharePoint wants to get access to the user's resources on SharePoint. The code in the remote components of the app for SharePoint should be designed to make user+app calls to SharePoint.

 - App-only policy—When the app-only policy is used, SharePoint checks only the permissions of the app principal. Authorization check succeeds only if the current app has sufficient permissions to perform the action in question, regardless of the permissions of the current user (if any).
 An expense approval app is an example of when this policy is used. The app allows users who wouldn't otherwise be able to approve expenses to approve expenses below a certain amount. See the scenario below for details.
 Note Note
 Certain APIs require a user context and can't be executed with an app-only policy. These include many APIs for interacting with Project Server 2013 and for performing search queries.
See an example scenario of an app that uses the app-only policy
Let's says a sales manager at Contoso, Adam, buys an expense submission app that uses the app-only policy. When Adam chooses to buy the app, Adam is prompted to allow the app to elevate user permissions; that is, to allow the app to make app-only calls to SharePoint. Adam grants the app the requested permission. He then purchases enough licenses for all of the Contoso sales people to use the app, and he installs it in the sales team's central SharePoint site.
Soon, the salespeople are submitting expense reports using the new expense submission app. Salespeople usually cannot approve their own expense reports, but they can do this when using the app because Adam granted it the ability to do this for expense submissions below $50 because he set the app to automatically approve reports below $50. The app is automatically assigns him a task to approve reports of $50 or more. This could be implemented by giving the app for SharePoint Write permission to a SharePoint list of approved expenses. But, among users, only human resources managers have Write permission to the list. The code in the app is designed to make an app-only call to SharePoint, if the expense is less than $50, to add the expense to the list. Since the user's permissions aren't checked, any user's submissions below $50 are automatically added to the approved expenses list, even if the user doesn't have Write permission to the list.
Learn how apps get permission to use the app-only policy
To be able to make app-only calls to SharePoint, your app must request the ability to use the app-only policy in the app manifest. You do this by adding the AllowAppOnlyPolicy attribute to the AppPermissionRequests element and setting it to true as shown in the following markup:
<AppPermissionRequests AllowAppOnlyPolicy="true">
 ...
</AppPermissionRequests>
A user installing the app will be prompted to approve this request. If the app asks for tenant-scoped permissions, then only a tenant administrator can grant use of the app-only policy, so only a tenant administrator can install the app. If the app does not ask for any permissions scoped higher than site collection, then a site collection administrator can install the app. For more information about permission scopes, see App permissions in SharePoint 2013.
Learn how apps make app-only calls
The difference between an app-only call to SharePoint and a user+app call is the tyoe of access token that is included in the call. The following code shows how to make obtain user+app and app-only access tokens in managed code. The detailed coding is done for you in the TokenHelper.cs (or .vb) file that the Office Developer Tools for Visual Studio automatically add to the project in Visual Studio.
string contextTokenString = TokenHelper.GetContextTokenFromRequest(Request);
if (contextTokenString != null)
{
 //Get context token.
 SharePointContextToken contextToken =
 TokenHelper.ReadAndValidateContextToken(contextTokenString, Request.Url.Authority);
 Uri sharepointUrl = new Uri(Request.QueryString["SPHostUrl"]);
 //Get user+app access token.
 string accessToken =
 TokenHelper.GetAccessToken(contextToken, sharepointUrl.Authority).AccessToken;
 ClientContext clientContext =
 TokenHelper.GetClientContextWithAccessToken(sharepointUrl.ToString(), accessToken);
 //Do something.
 ...

 //Get app-only access token.
 string appOnlyAccessToken =
 TokenHelper.GetAppOnlyAccessToken(contextToken.TargetPrincipalName,
 sharepointUrl.Authority, contextToken.Realm).AccessToken;
 //Do something.
 ...
}
NoteNote
Apps that do not make OAuth authenticated calls (for example, apps that are only JavaScript running in the app web) cannot use the app-only policy. They can request the permission, but they will not be able to take advantage of it because doing so requires passing an app-only OAuth token. Only apps with web applications running outside of SharePoint can create and pass app-only tokens.
In general, a current user is required to be present for a call to be made. In the case of app-only policy, SharePoint creates a SHAREPOINT\APP, similar to the existing SHAREPOINT\SYSTEM user. All app-only requests are made by SHAREPOINT\APP. There is no way to authenticate as SHAREPOINT\APP through user-based authentication.
Get guidelines for using the app-only policy
Since app-only calls effectively elevate user privileges, you should be conservative in creating apps that ask for permission to make them. Calls should use the app-only policy only if:
 - The app needs to elevate its permissions above the user for a specific call; for example, to approve an expense report under conditions evaluated by the app.
 - The app is not acting on behalf of any user; for example, an app that performs nightly maintenance tasks on a SharePoint document library.
Show:
© 2015 Microsoft


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A selection of news from the world of embedded, this week featuring Advantech, Ayla Networks, Cadence Design Systems, Cirrus Logic, EdgeCortix, Espressif Systems, Infineon Technologies, Lynceus, OpenEye Scientific Software, SmartCow, and Winbond Electronics Corporation.
Cadence Design Systems said it is acquiring OpenEye Scientific Software, Inc., a provider of computational molecular modeling and simulation software – the company is said to have pioneered physics-based approaches and the cloud-native Orion software platform to accelerate advances in human health. The growing utilization of computational techniques in drug discovery for pharmacology, chemical synthesis and drug screening to study the 3D structure of molecules is a major factor fostering the growth of global biosimulation. Biosimulations are a critical tool for pharmaceutical research, providing atomic-level insight into molecular interactions, and there's growing demand for high-performance simulation of larger biological systems over longer time scales.
Ayla Networks announced that Espressif Systems will be an SoC partner for Ayla's software on its Matter-compliant smart home chipsets and modules, to help speed up and simplify development of smart home devices compatible with the Matter connectivity standard. Matter is a unifying, IP-based connectivity protocol designed to make inter-operable devices from multiple brands that work together seamlessly in a single secure eco-system. Matter works with devices that support Wi-Fi and Thread/802.15.4 for communication and BLE for provisioning. The partnership between Ayla and Espressif aims to provide Matter-compliant software and hardware in a single package.
Infineon Technologies said its' OPTIGA Trust M is the first security platform to receive the CLS-Ready certification, a scheme launched by the Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (CSA) in 2020. Based on four levels, CLS rates consumer IoT devices depending on their ability to withstand cyberattacks. This labeling provides end users with a visible security rating and helps them to easily identify products with higher security without having to deal with security jargon and specifications. Within the CLS-Ready initiative, smart product manufacturers can adopt hardware components, known as CLS-Ready platforms, that have passed the tests required for CLS Level 4 and integrate them into their commercial products.
Advantech has introduced two new LoRaWAN industrial sensing and I/O solutions. The WISE-2200-M is a LoRaWAN Modbus read/write communication device, supporting a maximum 128 address and 30 rule settings and can easily connect to Modbus sensors and meters for many different applications. The WISE-4610 advanced industrial LoRa/LoRaWAN wireless I/O Module features selectable private LoRa and LoRaWAN options. The application ready I/O module can be fitted with an IP65 enclosure and powered by solar rechargeable battery or 10~50VDC input. It also supports GPS, Galileo, BeiDou, GLONASS systems.
Winbond Electronics Corporation said its new package 100BGA LPDDR4/4X has achieved the JEDEC JED209-4 standard which covers energy conservation and carbon reduction. Now available in a space-saving 100BGA package measuring only 7.5 x 10mm2, the device is suited for IoT applications requiring higher throughput in a small package, allowing designers to reduce the PCB size for more compact designs. The LPDDR4/4X memory is available in density of 1Gb and 2Gb, supporting speeds of up to 4267Mbps. It is available in both single-die-package (SDP) with a 2Gb density and dual-die-package (DDP) with a 4Gb density.
Taiwan based engineering company SmartCow has released Ultron, an Nvidia Jetson-based edge AI platform with sensor fusion capability on the edge for industrial applications. An all-in-one control software platform in Ultron combines a wide range of industrial functionalities such as machine vision, sensor fusion, AIoT, and robotics. The control software integrates I/O control, computer vision, video analytics, and Nvidia DeepStream by providing the necessary vision and sensor fusion capabilities in the form of function libraries, I/O blocks, and APIs that can be called up from Ultron, all configurable through a browser-based programming tool.
EdgeCortix has announced the appointment of Akira Takata, former CEO and president of MegaChips Corporation, to the role of semiconductor sector advisor on the EdgeCortix strategic advisory board (ESAB). The ESAB was created as a platform to enable exceptional business and thought leaders to provide EdgeCortix with guidance on core business and market strategies and product go-to-market initiatives based on their respective and unique areas of expertise. While at MegaChips, Takata-san played instrumental roles in key strategic acquisitions like that of SiTime in 2014 and Kawasaki Microelectronics in 2012.
Lynceus has appointed EDA industry veteran David Park as its vice president of marketing. Park has over 20 years' experience in the industry, most recently at PDF Solutions. Prior to that, he held a variety of marketing positions with Optimal+, Synopsys, and Cadence Design Systems. Park started his career in ASIC and board design with Rockwell International, followed by an applications' engineering consultant role at Mentor Graphics that led to his career in enterprise software. He also currently serves as a board advisor to Voltaiq. Park holds a BSEE in electrical engineering from UC Irvine.
John Melanson, senior technical fellow at Cirrus Logic, has been granted his 500th U.S. patent: "Driver Circuitry and Operation" was granted on June 21, 2022. His core contributions are within the field of audio and electronics, particularly analog and mixed-signal technologies. His audio patents are instrumental to many of today's most popular consumer and professional audio applications.
His patents relating to LED lighting have positively impacted the environment through significant energy savings. His first patent in 1974 helped make modern keyboards possible. As a founding member of AudioLogic (later acquired by Cirrus Logic), Melanson pioneered the first use of low-power digital signal processors (DSPs) for hearing aids. He also received an Oscar in 2004 for his contributions to the evolution of digital audio editing for motion picture post-production. His work in algorithm development and implementation contributed to the active noise cancellation found in many smartphones and laptops today.


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In collaboration with the Platte Basin Timelapse project, Nebraska Game and Parks has released expanded wetlands educational content.
These new resources offer the opportunity to learn about Nebraska's five diverse wetland types and grow one's understanding of their importance to the state, its people, and its wildlife.
Cherry County Wetlands. Photo by: Mariah Lundgren/Platte Basin Timelapse
Expanded content includes:
Five documentary films about Nebraska's wetlands and the wildlife and people who depend on them. These films, created by Platte Basin Timelapse at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, highlight Nebraska's sandhills, playas, saline, riverine, and urban wetlands. Viewers take a journey across the state, meet people working to conserve these spaces, and see landscapes and wildlife few get to experience;
An updated "Guide to Nebraska's Wetlands and their Conservation Needs," available in print and PDF form. The full-color publication covers in-depth 14 Nebraska wetland systems;
A new booklet, "Wetlandology," a child-friendly, activity-filled publication on Nebraska's wetlands and the plants and animals that love them;
Five digital stories from PBT producers Mariah Lundgren, Ethan Freese, Grant Reiner, Dakota Altman, and Brooke Talbott. These ESRI StoryMaps integrate maps, text, photos, and video to generate an interactive learning experience; and
An educator guide to the products and two educational videos with paired lesson plans, which are nearing completion and will be shared soon.
Find all of these resources and more at:
This project was led by the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission and funded by a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency grant. Other project partners included the Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit at Nebraska and Ducks Unlimited.
American White Pelicans sit on a muskrat hut in the Nebraska Sandhills. Photo by: Dakota Altman/Platte Basin Timelapse
In Nebraska, our wetlands provide important habitats for 50% of our birds and plants, 100% of our amphibians and fish, a third of our mammals and reptiles, and 70% of threatened or endangered species. In addition to these benefits, they improve water quality, recharge groundwater, protect us from flooding and provide places to recreate.
"In many places, Nebraska's wetlands have suffered losses and face ongoing threats putting their benefits at risk," said Ted LaGrange, Game and Parks' wetlands program manager, who led the project. "We hope sharing these stories about Nebraska's wetlands will help to improve the conservation of these important areas."
Click to learn more about Sandhills Wetlands.


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On this page:
Triggered Source Water Monitoring
Also called triggered source sampling, triggered source water monitoring tests the untreated source water (from a well or spring) for coliform bacteria when "triggered." The trigger is a positive (present) result from a routine coliform sample in the distribution system. Groundwater systems that disinfect are subject to the triggered monitoring requirement under the Groundwater Rule unless
they are implementing the GWR compliance monitoring option
. The triggered samples must be incorporated into the water system's coliform sampling plan.
- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Triggered Source Water Monitoring
- Updates to the Coliform Sampling Plan Template for Small Systems (PDF; Summer 2009 Pipeline newsletter, page 7)
- Coliform Sampling Plan Template for Small Public Water Systems Serving Up to 1,000 Persons: fillable MS Word -orPDF
Note: There is no template for systems with populations over 1,000 people. For those sized systems, add into the coliform sampling plan that the triggered samples at the well(s) or spring(s) are also required, in addition to the repeat distribution samples.
- Representative Triggered Source Water Monitoring Plans: Systems with large distributions or multiple pressure zones may request to take triggered source samples only at those sources contributing to the location where the routine coliform distribution sample was positive. Prior approval of a representative triggered source water monitoring plan is required. Below are some helpful resources for developing such plans:
Source Assessment Monitoring
In the Groundwater Rule, source assessment monitoring refers to ongoing, periodic sampling of the source water that is not triggered by another test result. There are two types of source assessment monitoring:
- Annual Source Assessment Monitoring: The Groundwater Rule requires at least one "raw" untreated water sample from each source per year from all water systems that disinfect the water in any way - either with oxidizing agents (e.g., chlorine) or ultraviolet light. (A triggered source sample can meet this requirement for that calendar year.)
- Monthly Source Assessment Monitoring: Groundwater sources that are determined to be at higher risk of fecal contamination are required to collect monthly source samples for twelve months (or only during the months of operation for seasonal systems or sources) to determine whether any fecal contamination exists. Drinking Water Services will notify water systems individually if monthly source assessment monitoring is required.
Additional or Confirmation Monitoring
After one E. coli
-positive result from the source, a system must take five additional source samples within 24 hours to confirm fecal contamination, unless the system pursues corrective action immediately (with regulator approval).
GWR Compliance Monitoring
In lieu of triggered monitoring, a groundwater system that provides 4-log (99.99%) inactivation or removal of viruses can pursue the compliance monitoring option to meet Groundwater Rule requirements (GWR compliance monitoring). This option is only available to systems that: a) Drinking Water Services hydrogeologists determine do not need source reconstruction; and b) demonstrate that they achieve 4-log virus treatment before the first user. If approved, the water system will be assigned a minimum chlorine residual that must be maintained and monitored at the entry point.


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Prior to this project, the City of Montrose operated a 3 million gallon below-grade water storage tank on Sunset Mesa approximately 500 feet east of the baseball field complex. The old tank, built around 1960, was assessed in 2014 and was determined to be structurally compromised and in need of $1 to $2 million in repairs. The tank had also experienced pressure and operational issues due to its relatively low elevation and increases in water demand over the years. As a result of the tank's condition, it was isolated from the city's water distribution system and was only being used to store water for irrigation of the Sunset Mesa sports fields.
In September of 2018, the city hired Farnsworth Group to perform a detailed evaluation of tank alternatives and prepare construction plans for a replacement tank. Through this process, the city selected the preferred and most economical tank alternative as twin 1.5 million gallon standpipe tanks, approximately 130 feet tall. The first of these two tanks, with its associated piping and booster pump station, was constructed under this project. The new tank matches the hydraulic grade line of the system, meaning it can be filled entirely by gravity (without the use of any pumps) and does not require any pumping under typical operating conditions to supply water back into the distribution system.


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The Scherzo und Marsch
is a work apart from the others: one of Liszt's larger structures, it exploits the combination of two movements into one which is familiar from the and which reached its apogee with the Sonata. But the musical language of the Scherzo—in a very brisk 38, with its many barbed appoggiaturas—is a direct precursor of the Mephisto music: the Mephistopheles movement of the Faust Symphony (right down to the uncompromising fugal development) and the Mephisto Waltzes and Polka. The March, which is at once a new movement and a kind of trio section to the Scherzo, begins as a ghostly affair which presages the young Mahler and is denied its triumph by the shortened return of the Scherzo, only to reappear in diabolical glory at the furious coda. The neglect of this minor masterpiece is due to its severe technical demands; Liszt himself lamented that neither Kullak nor Tausig could bring the piece off in performance, and that only Blow had mastered it. (Typically, he never played it himself.) According to the Neue Liszt-Ausgabe the original incomplete draft of the work dates from 1851 and is subtitled Wilde Jagd ('Wild Hunt'). The hunting title is not really appropriate to the character of the work, however, and Liszt put it to much better use in the eighth of the Transcendental Études. The work was finally published in the present form in 1854.
from notes by Leslie Howard © 1994


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Subject and Keywords:
This article offers an analysis of current Polish economic administration under a new situation resulting from the establishment and operation of the European Union. Economic administration is an element of a public authority system, and its functions and place in society are determined by legal order. Poland's membership in the European Union, together with the previous adjustment period, has considerably changed our economic administration. This analysis concludes that the impact of the Union acquis on Polish economic administration is a process which should be carefully observed by academics and practitioners alike.


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For the pdf version of this bulletin, click here.
3.2. Sediment clogging
3.2.1. Sediment clogging occurrence
Pipes may become partially or fully clogged by sediment if proper pipe material is not used. When fine sand or silt particles enter the pipe, they can remain near the pipe entry point, build up over time, and cause clogging of the pipe. At typical pipe grades of 0.1% to 0.2%, sand will not be carried with water to the outlet. When clay particles enter the pipe, they wash away and do not cause a problem.
Sediment clogging of the pipe can be a problem in soil with low clay and organic matter. Example soils that can be a problem are sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, and silt (Stuyt et al., 2005). Soil with high clay provides cohesion (sticking of particles together) to keep the soil in place and prevent it from entering the pipe. To determine if drain sedimentation is a problem for your pipes, see Ghane (2022).
Improper connections can cause drain clogging. Avoid connecting lateral pipes to the bottom half of the main to reduce the chance of sediment clogging the drain pipe. When poor installation results in an off-grade dip or hump, or improper connection (Section 3.1.1), it creates an obstruction where fine sediment can accumulate and clog the pipe (Figure 4).
Figure 4- A 6-inch main, installed in 2013. The pipe was 2/3 filled with sand in 2020. The use of regular-perforated drains in sandy loam soil was the cause of drain sedimentation (photo credit: William Word).
3.2.2. Sediment clogging mitigation method
In the early period after installation, fine sediment may enter the pipe, where it is carried by water to the system outlet, causing turbid water (Vlotman et al., 2020). If severe sediment issues exist beyond two years, occasionally clean the pipes with high-pressure jetting to flush the sediment. If sediment is not flushed, it can harden and make the jetting more difficult. If this solution does not work, new drain pipes may be needed.
3.2.3. Sediment clogging preventive measures
A good installation will reduce the chance of drain sedimentation (Section 3.2.1). If drain sedimentation is a problem, use either a sock-wrapped pipe or sand-slot pipe. A sand-slot pipe has a narrow slot width to keep sediment out of the pipe. For more information about sock-wrapped and sand-slot pipes, see Ghane (2022c).
It is important to meet the minimum pipe grade requirement to maintain minimum water velocity, so water can carry the sediment to the system outlet.


Although today's home appliances are designed to be far more energy efficient than those made in the decades past, there's always room for improvement. Industry leaders are building energy-saving appliances because consumers demand high-performance products that do more with less energy. Fostering this trend toward innovation in energy efficiency, the Department of Energy (DOE) recently recognized the winners of a university-based student design competition to build more efficient appliances—products that can be manufactured at a lower cost and outperform comparable best-in-their-class products already on the market.
The Department's first Max Tech and Beyond Appliance Design Competition aims to inspire the nation's brightest young minds to pursue energy efficiency improvements in home and commercial appliances and other equipment, helping to develop innovative ultra-efficient products. The competition also supports the Energy Department's broader efforts to train and educate a new generation of engineers and entrepreneurs who will help solve our national energy challenges and bring cutting-edge energy technologies to the global market.
The winning team, from the University of Maryland, chose to simplify the design of a standard wall-mounted air conditioner by separating the systems that remove humidity and provide cooling. After the students tested a fully functional prototype, they found that the design reduced energy use by 30% compared with typical wall-mounted air conditioners already on the market. Since the largest consumer of electricity in most homes nationwide is the air-conditioning system, this innovative design has the potential to substantially decrease residential energy use and save consumers money.
The runner-up team from Marquette University developed a prototype of a natural-gas-fired combination water heater and clothes dryer that can use the waste heat from the clothes dryer to heat water for the next washing load. The team demonstrated that with this approach, they could get a 10% dryer efficiency improvement compared with the best comparable products on the market.
Learn more about the competition from the EERE progress alert.
So why are these gifted engineering students so bent on boosting energy efficiency to the next level? Because energy efficiency sells. These students see more and more Americans paying attention to their energy use, looking to save money, and doing their part to improve our energy security and protect our air and water. Participating in a team design competition can also help students hone the skills they need to find high-level jobs in the industry or get a head start on their peers in starting a new business.
The Department supports a variety of student competitions that drive innovation in energy efficiency and renewable energy—including graduate-level geothermal energy research, undergraduate clean energy entrepreneurship, and DOE's signature student challenge, the U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon, which will be held in Irvine, California, in the fall of 2013. The Solar Decathlon challenges student teams to design and build highly efficient homes that blend energy efficiency and renewable energy systems, and it demonstrates how attractive and comfortable efficient living spaces can be to the hundreds of thousands of people who visit the student-built homes. Not coincidentally, one of the mainstay events in which Solar Decathlon teams must excel to win the overall competition is in the performance of home appliances, underscoring the importance of high efficiency appliances in optimizing whole-home energy use.
But why focus on appliances? One of the biggest chunks of most people's energy bill is the power used to run your refrigerator, dishwasher, and washer and dryer. Appliances typically account for 13% of a family's energy bill. Reducing the power you use operate appliances, not to mention heating and cooling systems (another 54% of the average bill), will save you considerably on your energy costs. One of the best ways you can tackle your high utility bills—after performing basic improvements in your home, such as sealing ducts and air leaks, improving insulation, and installing programmable thermostats—is to start replacing your older appliances with energy-saving ones. Look for the ENERGY STAR® label. Also, consider retiring that extra refrigerator in your garage that was made in the '80s. It uses a lot more power and has less room than a new model.
Get the most out of your home and support America's manufacturers, innovators and entrepreneurs: next time, buy yourself an energy-saving appliance. And view more Energy Savers tips for more ways you can save money by saving energy.
Eric Barendsen is a communications specialist and former Presidential Management Fellow with EERE's Communications and Outreach office in Washington, D.C.


Part IV – Plane detection, a first step to implementing panorama hotspots
In order to be able to detect hotspots under the mouse, the first thing we need to do is find some way to detect which plane the mouse is currently over and what the local x,y coordinates of the mousecursor are in the local space of that plane.
Instead of providing all the theoretical background I want to try and make it conceptually clear how we can do this. So let go of the mouse coordinates for a moment and take a look at our untransformed starting cube we discussed in a previous post:
The Cube
We can see that a cube is nothing more than a space enclosed by 6 planes. We can even specify the equations for these planes:
The Cube Planes
The plane numbers correspond to how we have defined our planes in the panoramas these past examples. Contained within this cube is the set of all (x,y,z) coordinates with an absolute value for x, y and z less or equal to 1. In addition for the coordinates that lie exactly within a plane of the cube, 'special' equations hold. For example for plane 0 we could say that Math.abs(x) <= 1 AND Math.abs (y) <= 1, which is the same as saying that for all points in plane 0, Math.abs(x) <= Math.abs(z) AND Math.abs (y) <= Math.abs(z). But this is true for plane 2 as well, so how do we differentiate between these two planes? Simple, check the sign of z. If z < 0 and Math.abs(x) <= Math.abs(z) and Math.abs (y) <= Math.abs (z), or even shorter, if z < 0 and Math.abs(x) >= z and Math.abs (y) >= z, we are dealing with points in plane 0.
It gets even better, if the planes are closer or further away from the origin (0,0,0) and in effect the cube is smaller or larger, this will still hold. In order words seeing the z instead of -1 and 1 in the example equations above means that these equations hold for planes parallel to our planes as well. And we can write these kind of equations for each plane. So given any point you can tell in which plane (or rather quadrant) the point lies by looking at "the sign of the coordinate having the largest absolute value" (from page 142 from Mathematics for 3d Game Programming and Computer Graphics).
Visually this means that given any point contained in the cube you cannot only tell in which plane it lies, but in which quadrant as well. In other words if you view a cube as 6 pyramids put together, you know in which 'pyramid' a point lies by looking at "the sign of the coordinate having the largest absolute value".
The Cube Pyramids
(A cube's content split into 6 pyramids)
So the next problem presents itself: when we are pointing at a certain pixel in our cube, what is it's coordinate? We can calculate the coordinate by pointing a vector in the direction of our mouse pointer and see where it intersects one of the 6 planes. But how do we calculate the direction of the vector based on the position of the mouse pointer?
Remember the information we discussed in an earlier post about relating the field of view, wall size and wall distance (projection plane distance)?:
projectionplane_distance = (wallsize/2) / tan (fov_in_radians * 0.5)
Visually:
Calculating the field of view
The area within the rectangle on the wall, is the area of our 3d space actually visible on the screen.
(Note that we are using the same field of vision horizontally as we are vertically, like it has been in our panorama's all this time)
What this did in effect, was given a wall size (stage size in pixels), and a field of vision, calculate the projection plane distance.
Once we have a projection plane distance, we could pick a point in the visible area of our 3d space, in other words a point on our stage, in other words at a certain distance in pixels from the center of the wall/stage, and calculate what the angle of a vector towards that point on the wall would be:
First for the angle alpha which represents the angle between a vector pointing straight at the screen and the mouse x position:
projectionplane_distance = x_offset_from_center / tan (alpha) =>
projectionplane_distance * tan (alpha) = x_offset_from_center =>
tan (alpha) = x_offset_from_center / projectionplane_distance =>
alpha = atan (x_offset_from_center / projectionplane_distance)
The x_offset_from_center is the difference between the center of the stage and the mouse x in pixels.
Of course the mouse position does not only present an offset across the x axis but across the y axis as well:
We can see the same formula applies, however instead of the projectionplane_distance we need to use pythagoras on the plane distance and the mouse y offset from the center, to calculate the length of our adjacent, which gives us the following y angle:
beta = atan (y_offset_from_center / sqrt (projectionplane_distance^2 + x_offset_from_center^2))
So now, given any vector that goes through our camera and points at the center of the screen, we can create a vector that points at the pixel under our mouse by rotating it by the calculated angles.
rotatedvector = [0 0 z].rotateY (alpha).rotateX(beta)
Visually:
Pick whatever you want for z for example [0 0 -1] or [0 0 -10] or whatever. As long as x and y are zero and we are pointing away from the camera.
So now we have rotated vector, what can we do with it?
If we view our rotated vector as a point, we can determine in what quadrant of the cube we are. However we are faced with another problem. The principle that "the sign of the coordinate having the largest absolute value" determines that quadrant only works for an unrotated cube. And we are constantly rotating our cube as we are looking around in our panorama. So we have to 'undo' the rotation of the cube on our rotated vector, which gives us the vector we would have had if we were able to point at the same spot in the unrotated cube and use that one to determine in which quadrant (is quadrant actually the right term or should it be pyramid?) our vector lies:
_lastX = _canvas._xmouse;
_lastY = _canvas._ymouse;
var lDeltaXFromCenter:Number = _lastX - _viewportWidthDiv2;
var lDetaYFromCenter:Number = _lastY - _viewportHeightDiv2;
//tan (alpha) = opposite/adjacent
var lXAngleFromCameraToMouseX:Number = Math.atan(lDeltaXFromCenter / _projectionPlaneDistance);
var lYAngleFromCameraToMouseY:Number = Math.atan(lDetaYFromCenter / Math.sqrt((lDeltaXFromCenter * lDeltaXFromCenter) + (_projectionPlaneDistance * _projectionPlaneDistance)));
StageUtil.printScreen ("Mouse angles:" + lXAngleFromCameraToMouseX + "|" + lYAngleFromCameraToMouseY);
StageUtil.printScreen ("Pan/tilt angles:" + _pan + "|" + _tilt);
//now create a center point vector which points at the mouse coordinates by rotating it by our deduced angles
var lCenterPointVector:Point3D = new Point3D(0, 0, -1);
var lMatrix:IdentityMatrix3D = new IdentityMatrix3D();
lMatrix.rotateX (lYAngleFromCameraToMouseY); //is in radians
lMatrix.multiplyVector (lCenterPointVector);
lMatrix.rotateY (lXAngleFromCameraToMouseX); //is in radians
lMatrix.multiplyVector (lCenterPointVector);
//undo cube rotation
lMatrix.rotateX ( -_tilt * _toRadians);
lMatrix.multiplyVector (lCenterPointVector);
lMatrix.rotateY ( -_pan * _toRadians);
lMatrix.multiplyVector (lCenterPointVector);
var x:Number = Math.abs (lCenterPointVector.x);
var y:Number = Math.abs (lCenterPointVector.y);
var z:Number = Math.abs (lCenterPointVector.z);
var lPlane:Number = null;
if (z >= x && z >= y) {
 if (lCenterPointVector.z < 0) {
 lPlane = 0;
 } else {
 lPlane = 2;
 }
} else if (x >= y && x >= z) {
 if (lCenterPointVector.x < 0) {
 lPlane = 3;
 }


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- Daimabad Bronze industry
- Lothal Factory for stone tools and metallic finished goods.
- Balakot Pearl finished goods, bangle and shell industry
- Chanhudaro Beads and bangles factory
- Lothal (artificial dockyard) – Surkotada, Sutkagendor, Prabspattan, Bhatrao, Kalibangan, Dholavira, Daimabad were coastal towns of the civilisation.
- Major Exports Agricultural products, cotton goods, terracotta figurines, pottery, stetite beads (from Chanhudro), conch-shell (from Lothal), ovory products, copper etc.
|Gold||Kolar (Karnataka),Afghanistan, Persia (Iran)|
|Silver||Afghanistan, Persia (Iran), South India|
|Copper||Khetri (Rajasthan), Baluchistan, Arabia|
|Lapis Lazuli and Sapphire||Badakhshan (Afghanistan)|
|Steatite||Shaher-i-Sokhta, Kirthar Hills|
Art and Craft
- Harappans used stone tools and implements and were well acquainted with bronze. Bronze was made by mixing copper (from Khetri) with tin.
- Boat making, jewellery of gold, silver precious stone and bead making was practiced. Cotton fabrics were used in summer and woollen in winter.
- Both men and women were very fond of ornaments and dressing up.
- Pottery both plain (red) or painted (red and black) pottery was made. Pots were decorated with human figures, plants, animals and geometrical patterns and ochre was painted over it.
- Seals were made of steatite pictures of one horned bull (the most), buffalo, tiger, rhinocerous, goat and elephant are found on the seals. They marked ownership of property.
- Mesopotamian seals were found from Mohenjodaro and Kalibangan; Persian seal from Lothal. Most important one is Pasupati seal.
- Metal images Bronze image of nude woman dancer (identified as devdasi) and stone steatite image of a beared man (both obtained from Mohenjodaro).
- Terracotta figurines Fire baked clay was used to make toys, objects of worship, animals (monkey, dogs, sheep, cattle, humped and humpless bulls), cattle toys with movable head, toy-carts, whistles shaped like birds and both male and female figurines.
- They played dice games. Gambling was favourite time pass. No clear evidence of music.
- Chief Female Diety A terracotta figure where a plant ishwon growing out of the embryo of a woman, represents Mother Goddess (Goddess of Earth).
- Chief Male Diety Pashupati Mahadeva (Proto-Shiva), represented in seals as sitting in a yogic posture on a low throne and having three faces and two horns. He is surrounded by an elephant, a tiger, a rhino and a buffalo and two dear appear at his feet.
- Lingam and yoni worship was prevalent. Trees (pipal), animals (bulls, birds, dove, pigeon) unicorn, and stones were worshipped. No temple has been found though idoltary was practised.
- Indus people believed in ghosts and evil forces and used amulets as protection against them. Fire altars are found at Lothal and Kalibangan.
- Evidence of snake worship is also found.
- General practice was extended inhumation in North-South direction.
- Mohenjodaro Three forms of burial complete, fractional and post cremation.
- Kalibangan Two forms of burial-circular and rectangualr grave.
- Surkotada Pot-burial, Dholavira-Megalithic burial.
- Lothal Double burial
- Harappa East-West axis; R-37 and H cementary.
- It was pictographic in anture. Fish symbol is most represented.
- Overlapping of the letters show that it was written from right to left in the first line and then left to right in the second line. the style is called Boustrophedon.
Decline of the Cuvilisation
The Harappan culture flourished about 1800 BC, then it began to decline. There is no unanimity among historians regarding reason fro the decline of this urban civilisation. there are many different theories that shows the decline of the Indus culture.
|Theory||Reasons for Decline|
|Gorden Childe HT, Lambrick Kur, Kendey Orell and AN Ghosh||External aggression, Unstable river systems, Natural calamity and Climate change|
|R Mortimer Wheeler, Robert Raiker, Sood & Aggarwal||Aryan invasion, Earthquake, Dryness of river and Ecological imbalance|
Important Harappan Sites
|Harappa (Gateway city)||2 row of granaries with brick platform, work men's quarter, stone symbol of lingam and yoni, virgin-Goddess, clay figures of mother Goddess, wheat and barley in wooden mortar, copper scale and mirror, vanity box, dice. Sculpture Dogs chasing a deer (bronze), nude male and nude dancing female (stone), red sand stone male torso.|
|Mohenjodaro (Mound of the Dead)||The great bath, The great granary (largest building), multi-pillared assembly hall, college, proto-Shiva seal, clay figures of mother Goddess, Dice. Sculpture Bronze dancing girl, steatite image of bearded man.|
|Kalibangan (Black Bangle)||Decorated bricks, bangle factory, wheels of a toy cart, wells is every house. Remains of a massaive brick wall around both the citadel and lower town (lower town of Lothal is also fortified), bones of camel, tiled floor, Mother Goddess figurines are absent here.|
|Chanhudaro (lancashire of India)||Inkpot, lipstick, carts with seated driver, ikkas of bronze, imprint of dog's paw on a brick. Only city without Citadel.|
|Daimabad||Bronze images of Charioteer with chariot, ox, elephants and rhinoceros.|
|Amri||Actual remains of Rhinoceros.|
|Alamgirpur||Impression of cloth on a trough|
|Lothal (Manchester of Indus Valley Civilisation)||Rice husk, fire altars, grinding machine, tusks of elephant, granomy, terracotta ship, houses with entrance on main streets, impressions of cloth on some seals, modern day chess, instrument for measuring 180 and 90 and 45 degree angles.|
|Ropar||Buildings made of stone and soil. Dog buried with human. One inscribed steatite seal with typical Indus pictographs, oval pit burials.|
|Banawali||Oval shaped settlement, only city with radial streets, lack of systematic drainage pattern. Toy plough, largest number of barley grains.|
|Surkotada||Both Citadel and lower town fortified with stone wall. First actual remains of horse bones. Cemetry with for pot burials.|
|Dholavira||Only site to be divided into 3 parts. Giant water reservoir, unique water harnessing system, dams and embankments, a stadium, rock-cut architecture.|
|Sutkagendor||Two fold division of township-Citadel and lower town.|
Possible Causes of Disappearance
- Famine, hunger, drought
- Ecological factors/ Natural disasters (flood, typhoon, earthquake, volcanic eruption etc.)
- Periodic flooding of indus leading to desertion of cities.
- Invasions by another civilization Aryans.
Indus Valley Civilization PDF Download
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Indus Valley Civilization Multi Choice Questions (MCQ)
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of our lessons and feel as though you understand around half of it, mark your progress at 50%. This adds the lesson to your customized Progress Report, and gives you an incredible ability to document what you need to work on, and where you left off.
With thousands of lessons at your fingertips, JamPlay can be a touch intimidating to a first-time user. With Progressive Bookmarking, we give you the ability to systematically bookmark sections of any lessons you are working on to quickly access later. After all, what is the point of all this content if it isn't easy to use?
JamPlay also gives you the ability to leave notes for yourself on any lesson. Just like in any educational system, taking your own notes while learning gives you the ability to highlight the instruction that is important to you. Leave your notes, and we store them in our database for you to reference each and everytime you come back to the lesson.


Regulatory governance
Is regulatory stewardship sufficient to bolster our social license to regulate in the 21st century?
I am an architect by training and became interested in regulatory governance when I worked for a consultancy firm in the early 2000s. It struck me that, whenever a building-related incident occurred, it was not the contractor, the engineer or the architect who was blamed by the media and the general public, but the (often municipal) building inspector.
Seeking an answer to why that is the case, and considering how regulatory practice and regulatory governance could be improved, I embarked on a PhD project to study the privatization of regulatory enforcement. This was the start of a further academic career in public governance, with a focus on regulation, enforcement and compliance. This ultimately led me to my current quest to understand how governments and others can uphold and strengthen their 'social license to regulate' and whether regulatory stewardship is a promising means for doing this.
I have a broad interest in regulatory philosophy, regulatory theory and regulatory practice. My current research in this area can best be described as a generaly genealogy of regulatory governance. To better understand how we can improve regulatory governance, it is relevant to understand where we come from considering regulation, enforcement and compliance motivations.
Within the Victoria University of Wellington, I work closely with the Government Regulatory Practice Initiative (G-REG) to improve regulatory practice and regulatory stewardship in Aotearoa/New Zealand and elsewhere.


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In an effort to quantify how obesity affects diagnostic imaging quality,," said Raul N. Uppot, M.D., lead author and staff radiologist at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). and colleagues analysed radiology records from a 15-year span at MGH. They searched for incomplete exams that carried the label "limited by body habitus," meaning limited in quality due to patient size.
"While 0.10 percent of inconclusive exams were due to patient size in 1989, by 2003 the number had jumped to 0.19 percent, despite advances in imaging technology," said Uppot. "Americans need to know that obesity can hinder their medical care when they enter a hospital."
By 2003, the modality that yielded the most difficulties in rendering a diagnosis was abdominal ultrasound (1.90 percent), followed by chest x-rays (0.18 percent), abdominal computed tomography (CT), abdominal x-rays, chest CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (all anatomic regions included).
CT and MRI can be problematic because of weight limitations of the imaging table and the size of the opening on the imager (patients are inserted through a small "hole in the doughnut"). Standard CT tables can accommodate patients weighing up to 450 pounds, and MRI machines can typically obtain diagnostic-quality images in patients weighing up to 350 pounds.
For exams that require radiation exposure, such as x-rays and CT, the power can be increased on standard machines in an attempt to acquire a higher-quality image. However, this leads to an undesirable increase in radiation dose. Incomplete examinations related to obesity can lead to serious consequences for the patient, as in the case of misdiagnosis or failure to be able to assign a diagnosis at all.
MEDICA.de; Source: Radiological Society of North America


text: To determine whether the parietal lobes contribute to the selection of nonspatial features known to be processed in the ventral stream, the current study examined the effect of chronic unilateral parietal lobe lesions in humans on color and location priming. Patients and normal controls performed a go/no-go color discrimination task in which either the same color and different color pairs of stimuli (prime and probe) were projected sequentially either in the same hemifield or in opposite hemifields. Control subjects and patients both showed independent effects of color and location priming. In the patients, primes in either field produced color priming for target probes in the ipsilesional field but not for probes in the contralesional field. This observation implicates the parietal cortex in processing activated codes of stimulus attributes not only for spatial information but also for visual features processed in the ventral visual pathways.


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I have below a beginning of a theorem:
If a function $f:I \rightarrow \mathbb{C}$ defined on an interval $I$ of length $p$ can be expanded to a piecewise differentiable function on $\overline{I}$, then will...
What does $\overline{I}$ mean in this context?
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usually the closure of $I$. That is, if $I$ is any of $(a,b), [a,b), (a,b], [a,b]$, then $\overline{I}= [a,b]$. – user20266 Jun 6 '12 at 19:45
Thank you sir, I will leave it as it is for now. – Paul Slevin Jun 6 '12 at 19:50
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up vote 2 down vote accepted
Here $\overline I$ means the closure of $I$ - in general this is the smallest closed set which contains $I$. If $I \subseteq \mathbb{R}$ is an interval, then it is just the interval with the endpoints included.
For a more general example, in $\mathbb{R}^2$ you have the set $B = \{ (x,y) \in \mathbb{R}^2 : | (x,y) | < 1 \}$, the open ball of radius $1$, centred at the origin. If we take its closure we get $\overline B =\{(x,y) \in \mathbb{R}^2 : |(x,y)| \le 1 \}$, the open disc which contains the boundary. This is the two-dimensional analogue of an interval.
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October 10, 2001 - Detecting An Event within A Page
October 10, 2001|
Detecting An Event within A Page
Tips: October 2001
Yehuda Shiran, Ph.D.
attachEvent()syntax is as follows:
If there is an additional event handler defined for the object the event fired on, it will be run before the function
eventHandler()is called. If you attach several event handlers to the same page, they will be called in a random order, immediately after the object's event handler is run, if at all defined.
Let's take an example. In the page's
init() function you can ask that the function
mouseDownHandler() be called when the
onmousedown event fires:
And you can determine the object it fired on by going:
objectClicked = event.srcElement.id;


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Brian C. Webb
Pipeline supports show ability to stabilize a pipeline in emergencies.
During a flood, long sections of pipelines were washed out, leaving unsupported spans. BKW pipe devices were deployed to support the pipelines.
- Pipe supports are lowered to brace a pipeline installed over a rock outcrop or left stranded as a result of a washout around the outcrop.
- A pipeline crossing is dealt with by deploying pipe supports.
Underwater pipe spans can occur during the installation of pipelines or anytime afterwards as a result of currents scouring the bottom. These spans can produce excessive pipe stresses, and if allowed to increase in length, can cause pipe failure. In addition, the spans are subject to currents that can create vortices, which will cause pipe vibrations and pipe failure due to fatigue.
During construction, pipe spans are usually created when the pipe is laid across a rock outcrop that protrudes above the bottom of the ocean or when the natural sag of the pipeline will not allow the pipe to remain in contact with the bottom for support. When this occurs in deep water, telescoping pipe supports can provide the necessary support.
The design of the support will consider pipe diameters, desired specific gravity of the pipeline, current velocities and direction, bottom conditions, and fishing trawler activity.
When the design is complete, the supports are installed using a surface vessel, installation tool, and a remotely operated vehicle (ROV).
The installation tool is equipped with the required hydraulic functions for installing the pipe support and expanding the legs. A lifting device located on the surface vessel is used to lower and raise the tool during pipe support installation. On the surface vessel, the tool is attached to the pipe support and lowered to the pipe span.
When the installation tool and pipe support are on location, the pipe support is attached to the pipe using the ROV. The ROV is equipped with a hydraulic power pack. The support legs are extended to the bottom to raise the pipe to the desired elevation to reduce pipe stress. The tool is then disconnected from the pipe support and raised to the surface vessel for reloading another pipe support. The installation procedure is then repeated until the pipe span has been stabilized.
The telescoping pipe supports have successfully demonstrated the ability to provide adequate pipe support during emergencies. The supports were used in various pipeline river crossings in Missouri and Texas during times of flooding. The selection of telescoping pipe supports was based on low cost, quick deployment, and a minimum of equipment required for installation.
During the 1993 US floods on the Missouri River near St. Louis, several pipelines were effected by washouts. These pipelines were located on the flood plain, some as much as a mile from the river channel. Two of the pipelines were owned by Explorer Pipeline and Koch.
The two pipelines crossed a farm levee that just happened to blow out at the pipeline crossing and caused a washout 420 ft long and 85 ft deep. This created a 420-ft long span on both pipelines. Accessibility was limited to helicopters, because the flood plain was inundated with floor waters and the US Corps of Engineers' levee blocked boat traffic.
Several options were considered for supporting the pipe spans.
Each option would have to consider the length of span and the pipe stresses as a function of span length to air and water. Other considerations were the flood water current velocity, should heavy rains cause additional flooding, and the ability of a support system to raise the pipe span to reduce pipe stresses to acceptable limits.
Options considered included pipe clamp-equipped piles that could be driven into the bottom. This method could not be used because heavy equipment such as barges and cranes would be required and accessibility was limited to helicopters.
Cement bags were considered, but the cost and time required to airlift the cement bags was prohibitive. Five concrete bag supports would be required and the height of the support would be 65 ft with a base of 130 ft square using a one-to-one slope. In addition, air bags or some other means of lifting the pipe would be required to take the sag out of the pipe span prior to completing the cement bag supports. A means of attaching the pipe to the supports would be required because of the possibility of renewed flooding. This would cause a strong current that would wash the pipe off the supports.
The option selected was a telescoping pipe support developed by BKW, which included an installation system using a small barge. The barge, pipe supports, diving equipment and personnel were airlifted to the location and the supports installed. The telescoping pipe supports were a single leg design and the telescoping feature was designed to raise the pipe, thereby reducing the pipe stress.
The weight of the pipe filled with liquid in air was the basis of design. Calculations were made to determine pipe support spacing and the minimum allowable deflection.
Some minute stress would occur as a result of the single leg supports leaning away from the centerline of the pipeline.
The single leg support included a mud pad and cleat on the bottom of the support, and a pipe clamp and fill valve at the top. A buoy was attached to keep the pipe support in the vertical position when the helicopter dropped the pipe support on location. A work barge equipped with a hand winch was lowered on location by the helicopter.
The installation procedure included the placing of the pipe supports and work barge on location. The work barge would be tied to the pipeline at the point to be supported. A work boat would bring the pipe support buoy alongside the work barge and the pipe support connected to the winch on the work boat.
The pipe support buoy would be cut free and the pipe support clamped to the pipeline. A water pump on board the work barge would be used to expand the telescoping pipe support to the desired elevation. A range rod would be used to measure the elevation.
Adjustments could be made on the pipe supports at a latter date should span conditions change.
Explorer Pipeline also had a washout approximately 40 miles west of the earlier washout that caused two spans that were 180 ft each. Maximum depth of the bottom was 10 ft below the pipe.
However, this washout was connected to the river and when the river receded, the pipe in the washout would be exposed, thus creating a stress problem. A one-size-fits-all dual leg telescoping pipe support was installed at this location.
The installation included the use of the small barge and helicopter used on the first job. Post pads were used on these pipe supports because the legs were required to penetrate the bottom. This was to give support to the pipe in case the river current scoured the bottom to additional lengths.
The post pads were installed after legs penetrated to refusal to give additional support in case the legs settled. The pipe elevation was determined using a survey instrument, and when the flood water receded below the pipeline, the pipe elevation was adjusted.
During the 1994 San Jacinto river floods, the Explorer Pipeline washed out causing a 270-ft span. The one-size fits all supports left over from the Missouri washouts, and the work barge were shipped to Houston.
On October 23, 1994, the flood waters had receded to the point that the washout site and pipe could be examined using divers. Temporary cement bag supports were installed. A plan was established to provide a more stable support to the pipe.
The next day, the pipe supports were installed by helicopter in four hours and the pipeline system was sufficiently supported for service by the afternoon of October 24, 1994, only 36 hours after the flood waters went down.
In addition, an eight-inch pipeline was supported at the same washout location using single-leg telescoping supports. These pipe supports and an installation tower had to be fabricated and shipped from Tulsa, Oklahoma. Supports were installed on October 27, using two l4-ft boats and the installation tower. The tower legs straddled the pipe and was supported by the two boats.
Also during the Houston floods, Explorer Pipeline had a pipeline exposed in a drainage ditch. Two of the dual leg supports were installed as a precautionary measure in case additional rains would enlarge the ditch, and increase the span length. These supports were installed using a large crane. Divers were not required.
As a result of the four washouts experienced by Explorer Pipeline, the emergency response for washouts includes several dual-leg telescoping pipe supports that are stockpiled at a central location. These supports are modified for long-term storage and are ready for rapid deployment.
Brian C. Webb is a principal in BKW, a Tulsa-based engineering company.
Editor's Note: Parts of this article were presented at the International Workshop on Damage to Underwater Pipelines, sponsored by the US Department of Transportation and held earlier this year in New Orleans.
Copyright 1995 Offshore. All Rights Reserved.


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Director, Senior Scientist
The role of soil biota and plant/biota interaction in aggregate formation and soil profile development
Plant-soil interactions can be realised via interaction of plant roots with associated microbial symbionts as well as by interaction of plant litter with litter associated soil biota. The latter interaction pathways are the subject of this research programme. Processing of leaf litter affects release of nutrients but also formation of soil aggregates and consequently formation of whole soil profile. These processes connect composition of soil biota community with plant litter quality on one side and nutrient cycling and soil formation on the other side. We determine the changes of aggregate formation and soil profile development in soils under various plant species. We characterise the effect of aggregate formation on soil microbial community. And finally, we characterised the effect of soil development on plant growth.
What major biotic and abiotic factors determine formation of soil aggregates in particular? We want to explore interactions between plant roots, fungi, bacterial soil fauna and soil physical properties namely clay content. We expect that the role of individual biotic factors affecting the formation of aggregates vary between various ecosystem.
We use two basic approaches: (i) manipulation experiment in which formation of soil aggregates and soil profile are observed in field and (ii) laboratory microcosms experiment in which litter quality, soil properties (namely clay content) and composition of soil biota community are manipulated. Alternatively, we use several well defined chrono-sequences (such as those described by Frouz et al. 2008) and common garden experiment for which we know development of vegetation, soil microflora and soil fauna. In common garden experiment we use plots planted by single species in post mining overburden. These sites allow to determine effect of individual species on soil and aggregates formation [Frouz et al. 2013]. Combination of manipulation experiments in all available spatial scales and chronosequence studies allow to understand mechanisms of soil aggregates formation in details as well as verifying applicability of these mechanisms into field context.
The micro- and macroaggregates are separated using a fractionation procedure according to [Six et al. 1998; 2000]. Fractionation procedure according to [Zimmermann et al. 2006; 2007] is used to divide fractions according to OM availability. Total C and N content are estimated using a CHN analyser (solid state) or TOC analyser (liquid state) namelly in HWC extracted from soil samples. OM quality is characterized using traditional chemical methods [Sparling et al. 1998] and compound specific IRMS (both the natural abundance and trace labeling method are used). Microbial biomass and diversity analyses are routinely performed using biochemical markers. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis is used to determine total microbial biomass and to characterize the content of fungal and bacterial biomass. Neutral lipid fatty acid (NLFA) analysis is used for AMF abundance. Fungal and bacterial community composition and diversity are also analysed using the next-generation-sequencing approaches.


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Red Bay is named for the reddish cliffs found along the local shoreline. Between 1550 and 1600, Red Bay was the site of Buttes, a major Basque whaling station. A whaling ship, the San Juan, lost in 1567 in Red Bay Harbour, is the oldest shipwreck north of the Caribbean and one of the best preserved. After 1600, the whaling station was abandoned mainly due to the reduction of the whale stocks.
In the 18th century, Red Bay was a Canadian fur trading post. Red Bay became a Newfoundland fishing station in the 1800s. The first census was in 1856, and it showed 72 people settled in Red Bay; it increased to 152 by 1891. Dr. Wilfred Grenfell helped to establish the first co-operative at Red Bay in 1896.
In the 1950s and 1960s, many families moved to Red Bay from outlying fishing stations, and in the 1960s the first road was constructed. By the 1970s, archaeological work began and this led to Red Bay becoming an historical site and making tourism an important industry for the town. Red Bay was incorporated as a town in 1973.


Ms. Mango and Quark both see a bird and start to meow. Ms.Mango is 3m from the bird, while Quark is 5m from the brid. A.) If each cat individually has a power output of 0.02 W., whatsound level does the bird hear? B.) If the bird then flies 20mfurther away from t he cats, what sound level would the hear at itnew location? (assume beirds hear the same as humans)
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How An Oil Pressure Gauge Works
Oil Pressure Gauge Works
Here you can get oil pressure gauge working. Here we provide oil pressure gauge Mechanical gauges, Electric gauges and Pros and cons ect.
The oil pressure gauge is one among the most important instruments in a car. It acts as an indicator of the engine 's overall well-being and as an early-warning system, giving advance notice of any problems so you'll investigate the cause before an expensive breakdown occurs.
How oil pressure gauges work
The gauge monitors the oil pressure in one among the most oilways almost the pump and filter. To try to to this it's a tapping within the engine block, into which is screwed a sensor (for electric gauges) or an oil pipe take-off (for mechanical gauges).
The sensor for the oil red light is screwed into the union or T-piece at now, whether or not the car is fitted with an oil pressure gauge. Mechanical gauges work by literally forcing the needle around the dial under pressure from the engine. Electric gauges, on the opposite hand, work by using the sensor screwed into the engine block to supply a variable resistance that affects the amount of current passing through the circuit containing the gauge and sensor.
Reading an oil pressure gauge
Zero readings with the engine running above idling speed mean that either the gauge is faulty, the oil level is much too low or the oil pump or its drive has broken. If this happens, you should switch off the engine immediately.
Mechanical gauges
Oil is sent to the gauge from the tapping within the engine's oilway by a small-bore (3mm) pipe, usually copper or plastic. The pipe is routed away from anything that could damage it, because if the pipe is punctured the engine's oil would leak. The pipe enters the passenger compartment via a grommetted hole within the bulkhead, and joins the stub on the rear of the gauge via a knurled connector.
The gauge contains a versatile coiled tube called a bulb, the open end of which is rigidly mounted to the gauge's outer casing. the opposite end of the bulb is closed and connected by a lightweight linkage to the bottom end of the needle, which is itself mounted on a pivot. Oil is fed into the bulb from the supply pipe at very nearly the same pressure because it left the engine. The bulb tries to straighten under the pressure and in doing so moves the needle round the calibrated gauge scale . The greater the pressure, the more the needle moves.
Electric gauges
Electric current is supplied to the gauge from a fused power supply in practice the current is taken from one of the many wires or printed tracks behind the dashboard. The current passes through a wire-wound coil mounted around or within the needle's pivot and produces a magnetic field that moves the needle across the calibrated scale of the gauge. How far across the size the needle goes – what reading it gives – depends on how much current flows through the gauge. This in turn depends on the resistance of the gauge's return wire which is earthed to the engine block through the sensor.
The resistance of the sensor depends on the oil pressure. Oil enters the top of the sensor which is screwed into the cylinder block and pushes against a diaphragm . The diaphragm moves a wiper inside the sensor which runs up or down a blade of known resistance this blade is connected to the return wire from the gauge. The more the diaphragm moves under pressure, the further down the resistance blade the wiper moves. therefore the resistance of the sensor varies with oil pressure and moves the needle of the gauge accordingly.
All gauges are illuminated in order that they will be read in the dark . Integral gauges are lit from one among the panel lights which also illuminate the remainder of the instruments, while separate gauges have alittle (0.5 to three watt ) bulb mounted during a holder at their rear. of these lights are usually connected into the side/panel lighting circuit.
Pros and cons
Electric gauges are easier to integrate into the modern one-piece printed circuit instrument panels used in latest cars, they're less bulky and it's easier to route and connect a wire than a pipe.
Mechanical gauges aren't as common as electric ones, although they're still available in accessory shops. Because the oil arriving at the rear of the gauge is at engine pressure, you have the matter of messy leaks if the pipe comes undone. However, some people find a mechanical gauge more trustworthy.
Oil warning lights
Many cars don't have an oil pressure gauge fitted as standard, but because some indication of low oil pressure (especially zero reading) is so important, they will at least have a red or orange red light that shines if the pressure drops below a particular level.
Often this warning light will be connected to an oil-level sensor also , and in some cars the light doubles as an engine temperature warning light.
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