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AdvantaPure, the division of plastics tubing manufacturer NewAge Industries, has been granted a second US patent (number 9,869,408) for its AdvantaPass technology.
The US-based company introduced AdvantaPass four years ago. The product is a cleanroom wall portal system used to transfer large volumes of biopharmaceutical and pharmaceutical fluids between different classes of cleanrooms. The system maintains the separation of room atmospheres and minimizes contamination risks.
AdvantaPass's first US patent (number 8,870,230) was assigned for the system's unique method of providing complete isolation between manufacturing suites when conveying multiple lines of fluid through a single wall portal. It integrates single-use tubing, connectors and seals with permanently-mounted stainless steel components to reduce and even eliminate certain cleaning validations.
Unlike the first patent, the new patent includes installation methods and uses for the AdvantaPass system.
Improvements to the technology such as welded wall portals, the elimination of adhesives or sealants, additional choices for sealing and clamping to create a closed system, and adjustable wall flanges are part of the second patent.
"It's part of our commitment to continuous process improvement," said Gregg Donovan, product marketing manager. "These upgrades to AdvantaPass give users more options when it comes to mounting and using the system while retaining its most important feature: using multiple fluid transfer lines safely through a single portal."
AdvantaPass works with single-use tubing and components made from AdvantaSil platinum-cured silicone or from weldable and sealable AdvantaFlex biopharmaceutical grade TPE.
The system involves fewer moving parts and less maintenance than similar transfer methods and may be retrofitted into existing manufacturing suites or installed in newly constructed facilities.


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A Wrinkle in Time is the story of Meg Murry, a high-school-aged girl who is transported on an adventure through time and space with her younger brother Charles Wallace and her friend Calvin O'Keefe to rescue her father, a gifted scientist, from the evil forces that hold him prisoner on another planet.
Meg Murry and her little brother, Charles Wallace, have been without their scientist father, Mr. Murry, for five years, ever since he discovered a new planet and used the concept known as a tesseract to travel there. Joined by Meg's classmate Calvin O'Keefe and guided by the three mysterious astral travelers known as Mrs. Whatsit, Mrs. Who and Mrs. Which, the children brave a dangerous journey to a planet that possesses all of the evil in the universe.
The casts include Oprah Winfrey,Storm Reid,Levi Miller, etc

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Data Structure Audits
Last week, I suggested using the operating system to help you put firewalls around parts of a system that might fail. I want to continue by discussing how to clean up after such subsystem failures.
White PapersMore >>
- Informed CIO: SDN and Server Virtualization on a Collision Course
- InformationWeek 2013 IT Spending Priorities Survey
Many data structures can be divided into two parts, which we might call the data part and the structure part. The idea is that a data structure contains a collection of data, together with additional information that can be used to access those data particularly easily or quickly. For example, the data in a typical filesystem are the contents of the disk blocks that constitute the filesystem. Each file has a corresponding part of the filesystem that keeps track of the blocks that constitute it. Directories (also known as folders) store collections of name/value pairs that make it possible to locate particular files. Moreover, there is usually an additional data structure that keeps track of all of the disk blocks that are not part of any file, so that when a user program wants to create a file, or add to a file that already exists, it is easy to find space on disk to do so.
It is not hard to imagine an invariant for a filesystem. It might specify that every disk block is part of a file, a directory, free space, or one (and only one) of the auxiliary data structures that keep track of the files, directories, or free space. Because this property is an invariant, operating-system code that manipulates the filesystem can assume that it is true, and such code is responsible for ensuring that the invariant remains true whenever user code is executing.
Just about anyone who has spent much time working with filesystems has learned two things about them:
- Despite the best of intentions, it is not always possible to maintain the invariant in the face of a hardware crash or power failure.
- Accordingly, most modern operating systems come with some kind of filesystem verifier that can be used to ensure that the underlying data structures — and associated invariants — are valid when required.
Filesystem checkers are tremendously useful. Not only can running such a program after a crash repair any damage that the crash might have caused (or that might have caused the crash!), but it also reports whether damage was present. Such reports are particularly useful to filesystem designers, because the designers may be able to redesign their filesystems to make them more robust against particularly common kinds of failure. This benefit to designers comes in addition to the benefit to users that an ordinary crash need not cause extensive data loss.
A filesystem checker is an example of a data-structure auditing program. Such a program typically verifies or reconstructs the structure part of a data structure from the data part. Such a program has two prerequisites:
- The data has to be stored in a way that even if the structure becomes corrupted, it is still possible to reconstruct it.
- Someone has to spend the time to write the auditing program and figure out when to use it.
I first learned about data-structure audits from a fellow I met at a conference. He had spent many years working on telephone switching systems at a time at which processors were so expensive that a typical telephone central office had only two of them — despite a requirement of no more than eight hours of down time for any reason over 40 years. He said that this level of reliability required three separate strategies.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


european molecular precision
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CentriPure P2 Columns
Cat. No.
Gel filtration column for purification and desalting of proteins larger than 5 kD. Processes sample volumes of 150 to 300 µL.
CentriPure P2 Gel Filtration Columns are designed for rapid desalting and efficient removal of small molecules (dyes, salts, buffers, biotin, haptens, etc.) from proteins in a sample volume of 200 µL.
Purified antibodies, enzymes and other proteins larger than 5 kD are eluted using gravity into a buffer of choice. The removal efficiency of small molecules typically exceeds 99.99%, with a dilution of around 2-fold and a protein recovery generally greater than 85%. Samples are processed in under 15 minutes.
The gel matrix in CentriPure P2 is Zetadex-25, a size-exclusion gel with an effective pore size of about 5 kD. Molecules larger than the pores are excluded from the gel, remain in the void volume, rapidly pass through the column, and are eluted free of small molecular weight contaminants.
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text:
Special Needs Registry
The Special Needs Registry allows residents with medical needs and organizations assisting those with social needs an opportunity to provide information to Fairfax County so that agencies can communicate emergency preparedness, response and recovery resources to our vulnerable, at risk and hard-to-reach residents.
The information collected will only be shared with Fairfax County agencies and partner agencies and organizations to improve their ability to serve and will not be available to the public.
Fairfax County defines a person with medical needs as a person who has a high-risk health condition that is either temporary or chronic who cannot manage for themselves in a shelter or evacuation center and will require assistance in performing the activities of daily living and/or will require care for and the monitoring of a health condition. For example: people with mobility impairment; people with condition which make them dependent on electricity; people with medical conditions that will require additional support during emergencies.
Medical Needs Brochure (PDF Format)
Social Needs refers to people considered to be vulnerable, at-risk, or hard to reach in the event of an emergency, but who are not medically dependent. These people may require targeted communication, transportation support, or sheltering in the event of an emergency. The nature of the assistance provided to people with social needs will be determined by the individual, the emergency and the resources available to the county.
Social Needs Brochure (PDF Format)


text:
MOTTO | "KNOWLEDGE BASED URBANISM"
Cities in the knowledge-based society
We are convinced that science and education are the central factors that will drive social development in the 21st century. But do they change the face of our cities? In contrast to industrialization or the introduction of the automobile, educational establishments and research institutes can favorably influence the appearance of our cities in the future. Yet how do we build a city where knowledge is networked? How do we create places and spaces where innovation becomes manifest for all to experience? And how do we design such spaces so that they can be used as meeting places for all sorts of different milieus? The knowledge city of the future faces challenges that are complex and can only be met to a certain degree by traditional planning processes. We at the IBA Heidelberg are therefore seeking innovative solutions by experiments – beyond the customary day-to day planning.
Communication is key
Communication is key on the journey towards a knowledge society. Even if it appears to be increasingly globally structured, knowledge and education are ultimately a matter of people and therefore tied to places. Developing something new and communicating it to third parties normally requires close personal encounters and discussions, frequent and planned, as well as random and incidental. Despite Internet and smartphones, the basis for such intense communication is physical proximity. The generation of knowledge is directly linked to the city's spatial structures and architecture: Knowledge creates a city. And a city creates knowledge.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
versión impresa ISSN 0042-9686
LANSANG, Mary Ann y DENNIS, Rodolfo. Building capacity in health research in the developing world. Bull World Health Organ [online]. 2004, vol.82, n.10, pp. 764-770. ISSN 0042-9686. _URL_
Strong national health research systems are needed to improve health systems and attain better health. For developing countries to indigenize health research systems, it is essential to build research capacity. We review the positive features and weaknesses of various approaches to capacity building, emphasizing that complementary approaches to human resource development work best in the context of a systems and long-term perspective. As a key element of capacity building, countries must also address issues related to the enabling environment, in particular: leadership, career structure, critical mass, infrastructure, information access and interfaces between research producers and users. The success of efforts to build capacity in developing countries will ultimately depend on political will and credibility, adequate financing, and a responsive capacity-building plan that is based on a thorough situational analysis of the resources needed for health research and the inequities and gaps in health care. Greater national and international investment in capacity building in developing countries has the greatest potential for securing dynamic and agile knowledge systems that can deliver better health and equity, now and in the future.
Palabras llave : Health services research [organization and administration]; Education, Graduate; Staff development; Investments; Access to information; Social justice; Academies and institutes; Interinstitutional relations; Developing countries; Developed countries.


text:
The membrane ddG application is packaged with PyRosetta. The released version cab be found in:
The developmental version can be found in the Rosetta source code in
A demo for this application can be found in
Rosetta Revision #58096
Measuring free energy changes upon mutation can inform our understanding of membrane protein stability and variation and is a step toward design. In this application, we predict ddGs by measuring the difference in Rosetta energy for the native and mutated conformation. This application uses a modified version of the all atom energy function for membrane proteins, which includes the fa_elec term and pH energy (see below). The Membrane ddG application is part of the RosettaMP Framework.
The Membrane ddG application predicts the ddG by taking the difference in Rosetta energy between the native and mutated conformations. Several variations of this protocol are available:
The following options can be used to adjust settings for ∆∆G predictions
|--in_pdb||-p||Input PDB file||String|
|--in_span||-s||Input spanfile (transmembrane spanning regions of the protein)||String|
|--out||-o||Output filename for ddG data. ddG predictions referenced by pose numbering. Default: ddG.out||String|
|--res||-r||Pose residue number to mutate||Int|
|--mut||-m||One-letter code of residue identity of the mutant. Example: A181F would be 'F'||Char|
|--output_breakdown||-b||Output ddG score breakdown by weighted energy term into a scorefile. Default: score.sc||String|
|--repack_radius||-a||Repack the residues within this radius (in Å). Default value is 0Å||Real|
|--include_pH||-t||Include pH energy terms: e_pH and fa_elec. Default value is false.||Bool|
|--pH_value||-v||pH Value at which to predict ddGs. Default value is pH 7. Must pass -include_pH first||Real|
Below is a sample commandline using inputs provided in the 2015 MPddG protocol Capture. In this command, all residues are repacked within 8.0Å of the mutated position and calculations are performed at pH 4:
./compute_ddG.py --in_pdb inputs/1qd6_tr.pdb --in_span inputs/1qd6_tr_C.span --res 181 --repack_radius 8.0 --include_pH true --pH_value 4.0
The columns in the output file are the following:
Alford RF, Koehler Leman J, Weitzner BD, Duran A, Tiley DC, Gray JJ (2015). An integrated framework advancing membrane protein modeling and design. PLoS Comput. Biol. - In Press
Chaudhury S, Lyskov S, Gray JJ (2010) PyRosetta: a script-based interface for implementing molecular modeling algorithms using Rosetta.
Moon CP, Fleming KG (2011) Side-chain hydrophobicity scale derived from transmembrane protein folding into lipid bilayers. Proc Natl Acad Sci.
Kellogg, Elizabeth H., Leaver-Fay A, and Baker D. "Role of Conformational Sampling in Computing Mutation-Induced Changes in Protein Structure and Stability." Proteins 79, no. 3 (March 2011): 830–38. doi:10.1002/prot.22921.
Kilambi, KP, and Gray JJ. "Rapid Calculation of Protein pKa Values Using Rosetta." Biophysical Journal 103, no. 3 (August 8, 2012): 587–95. doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2012.06.044.
Questions and comments to:


text:
[This is a MPIWG MPDL language technology service]
Forms: x (data provider: created dynamically cause no lemma is available)
Baretti: A dictionary of the English and Italian languages
X is not used in the Italian language. The x found in Latin words is translated by a double s, as Alessandro for Alexander, and sometimes with a single one, as esemplo, for exemplum;some old authors use the x, but merely for the purpose of avoiding an equivoque, as in the word Xanto, a Greek river, which, if it were written with an s, would equivocate with Santo, a saint. In such a case others use a z, and write Zanto. X denotes the number ten.


text:
Publications: Peer-reviewed journal articles (by staff)
Novel technique for the short-term culture and laboratory study of Didymosphenia geminata
Kuhajek J, Wood SA 2014. Novel technique for the short-term culture and laboratory study of Didymosphenia geminata. Diatom Research – special issue on Didymo. Volume 29, Issue 3.
Techniques for assessing the freshwater diatom Didymosphenia geminata in the laboratory under controlled conditions are described. Two methods for harvesting free, unattached cells from mats, and two methods for assessing cells were developed. Free cells were harvested from mats up to 28 days old using either a static method or a shaking method.
Harvested cells were then assessed using two multi-well formats: a multiplefollowed by a single-cell method. The multiple-cell method was found to be a rapid screening tool for fine-tuning parameter ranges to be assessed in the single-cell assay. The single-cell method, through careful monitoring, allowed quantitative assessment of cell processes.
Attachment to a substratum was observed to be critical for survival and the division of free D. geminata cells. Although cells attached readily in the multiple-cell method, the inclusion of a hydrophobic substratum was essential for attachment to occur reliably when using the single-cell method. The improvement of the single-cell method through inclusion of a hydrophobic substratum was investigated, and results with and without the substratum were compared. A temperature of 18 degrees C was found to be more suitable than 12 degrees C for conducting the assay and the optimal pH range for the assay was found to be 7.6 to 8.2.


text:
Vamps, riffs and ostinanti
At the community choir last night our conductor referred to part of a song we were practising as a vamp. I have heard this term before in the context of songs, but wasn't entirely sure what it meant, so decided to find out.
According to the OED, vamp (/væmp/) has a number of meanings, including:
1. That part of hose or stockings which covers the foot and ankle; also, a short stocking, a sock.
2. The part of a boot or shoe covering the front of the foot; U.S., that part between the sole and the top in front of the ankle-seams.
3. Anything vamped, patched up, or refurbished; a patchwork; a book of this nature.
4. A vamped or improvised accompaniment.
Etymology: from the Anglo-Norman *vampé / *vanpé, from the Old French avanpié, which later became avantpied – a combination of avan(t) (before) and pié foot.
None of these definitions entirely fit what we were singing last night – a short repeated phrase at the end of a song.
According to Wikipedia, a vamp is "a repeating musical figure, section or accompaniment" that's used mainly in jazz, gospel, soul, and musical theatre, and also in other types of music. Vamp can also mean "to improvise simple accompaniment or variation of a tune".
The equivalent of vamp in classical music is ostinato, the Italian word for 'stubborn'. A related term is riff, which is perhaps an abbreviation of refrain and refers to a repeated chord progression, pattern, refrain or melodic figure, and is used mainly in rock, funk, jazz and Latin music.


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I was wondering if someone can explain what is informal protocols in Objective C? I try to understand it on apple documentation and some other books but my head is still spinning so i will really appreciate that if someone can explain with example.
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7 Answers 7
up vote 48 down vote accepted
An informal protocol was, as Jonnathan said, typically a category declared on NSObject with no corresponding implementation (most often -- there was the rare one that did provide dummy implementations on NSObject).
As of 10.6 (and in the iPhone SDK), this pattern is no longer used. Specifically, what was declared as follows in 10.5 (and prior):
_USER_ NSObject(NSApplicationNotifications)
- (void)applicationWillFinishLaunching:(NSNotification *)notification;
_USER_ NSObject(NSApplicationDelegate)
- (NSApplicationTerminateReply)applicationShouldTerminate:(NSApplication *)sender;
Is now declared as:
_USER_ NSApplicationDelegate
- (NSApplicationTerminateReply)applicationShouldTerminate:(NSApplication *)sender;
- (void)applicationWillFinishLaunching:(NSNotification *)notification;
That is, informal protocols are now declared as _USER_ with a bunch of _USER_ methods.
In any case, an informal protocol is a collection of method declarations whereby you can optionally implement the methods to change behavior. Typically, but not always, the method implementations are provided in the context of delegation (a table view's data source must implement a handful of required methods and may optionally implement some additional methods, for example).
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One of the common examples given of informal protocols is to define callbacks. Suppose you are using a library that lets you download something in the background. This library lets you register a callback object to be called when complete.
- (void)download:(NSURL*)url whenComplete:(id)callback
When the download is complete, it will call a particular method on your callback object:
- (void)downloadComplete:(NSURL*)url
Of course, there is no guarantee that your callback object actually implements this method. Informal protocols provide trivial implementations of these methods on NSObject, using a category. As a result, all objects in the system will respond to the downloadComplete: method, though they will do nothing in response to that method by default. Classes that override the downloadComplete: method can provide more useful functionality.
So far, you can accomplish the same thing with a formal protocol. However, informal protocols allow you to have optional methods. A class that implements a formal protocol must provide an implementation for every method in the protocol. A class implementing an informal protocol can omit implementation for any method - it has already inherited an implementation from NSObject.
Since Objective-C 2.0, formal protocols can contain optional methods. In addition, Apple might be moving away from informal protocols for new APIs - UIAccelerometerDelegate is a formal protocol.
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The use of the term callback is potentially confusing here, especially in a world where blocks exist. What you're talking about is delegation. (I realize that this answer probably made more sense in 2010.) – lwburk Nov 21 at 20:07
We define an informal protocol by grouping the methods in a category declaration,
_USER_ NSObject ( MyXMLSupport )
- initFromXMLRepresentation:(NSXMLElement *)XMLElement;
- (NSXMLElement *)XMLRepresentation;
Informal protocols are typically declared as categories of the NSObject class, Since that broadly associates the method names with any class that inherits from NSObject.
Because all classes inherit from the root class, the methods aren't restricted to any part of the inheritance hierarchy. (It would also be possible to declare an informal protocol as a category of another class to limit it to a certain branch of the inheritance hierarchy, but there is little reason to do so).
When used to declare a protocol, a category interface doesn't have a corresponding implementation. Instead, classes that implement the protocol declare the methods again in their own interface files and define them along with other methods in their implementation files.
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Informal protocols are a way to add optional methods to an object by means of category.
So one doubt may arise
Will it become informal protocol if there are any optional methods on protocol itself?
The answer is no.
If the methods are declared in protocol and it is said to be conforming to a class without any usage of category then it's formal protocol.
Optional methods in protocol were introduced in objective c 2.0 so before that the purpose was achieved through informal protocol I.e by means of category.
It is a language level feature meant to be alternative for sub classing aka inheritance.
I hope it sheds some lime light on this..
share|improve this answer
All an informal protocol is is a category on some class (often NSObject) that states the interface for the protocol. AppKit uses this a lot for its delegation.
A subclass that you write can implement these methods. The difference between this and a formal protocol is that formal protocols are declared using the _USER_... _USER_ notation. There is no checking whether a class implements a given informal protocol.
I almost always use formal protocols, but I suppose an informal protocol is useful if you want to provide default behavior (just provide an implementation for your category that can be overridden).
share|improve this answer
So its about "Subclassing" thing and then implement them? I was trying syntax. – itsaboutcode Jan 6 '10 at 0:22
Based on "Jonathan Sterling" answer, can i say the following code represent informal protocol?
Apple documentation:
_TAG_
_USER_ Cat1 : NSObject {
- (void) simpleMethod;
_USER_ Cat1
- (void) simpleMethod
 NSLog(@"Simple Method");
_USER_ Cat1 (Cat2)
- (void) addingMoreMethods;
_USER_ MYClass : Cat1
_USER_ MYClass
- (void) addingMoreMethods
 NSAutoreleasePool * pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
 MYClass *myclass = [[MYClass alloc] init];
 [myclass addingMoreMethods];
 [myclass release];
 [pool drain];
 return 0;
share|improve this answer
Sorta. The method declared in Cat2 is an informal protocol, more or less. The usage, though, is not -- typically, you would see if([myclass respondsToSelector: _USER_(addingMoreMethods)]) [myclass addingMoreMethods];. – bbum Jan 6 '10 at 0:31
Thanks bbum, i am not interested if its used too much, but i really wanted to understand the whole concept! – itsaboutcode Jan 6 '10 at 0:35
The point, though, is that an informal protocol is composed of methods that may optionally be implemented. Thus, the calling site must check to see if it is implemented or else the call will crash! – bbum Jan 6 '10 at 0:46
Yah you are right, we should check if it respond to. Why? because lets say NSObject has a category named "NSCoderMethods", since i dont know if it implement or not (i dont have its code), so i should always check it. Infact all the category methods should be check if they respond or not using respondsToSelector. – itsaboutcode Jan 6 '10 at 1:01
an informal protocol defines which methods an object must understand. This is called "conforming to a protocol". Conforming to a protocol is independant from the class hierarchy. When declaring a pointer to hold the reference to an object you may define to which protocols this object should conform. If you write code that assigns an object which doesn't conform to all the required protocols, you'll get a warning at compile time. Informal protocols help you to rely on a set of methods that an object understands. You don't have to invoke isKindOfClass: or respondsTo: in your code to check wether objects passed in will be suitable for your processing. Protocols are sort of aspect oriented programming.
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Absorption coefficient (a) and refractive index (b) of DL-phenyllactic acid at . The curves correspond to measurements of a pure pellet (solid circles) and diluted samples of the ground and unground substances (estimated grain size ) mixed with PE.
Absorption coefficient and refractive index of DL-phenyllactic acid and PE. The inset illustrates light scattering by the Christiansen effect. At an absorption peak, stronger scattering occurs on the low-frequency wing due to the larger refractive index contrast.
Absorption coefficient of the finely ground phenyllactic acid (PA) sample (lower solid line) and calculated scattering loss (dashed line). Their sum (upper solid line) is plotted with the spectrum of the unground sample (open circles), both vertically offset for better clarity.
Accumulated scattering phase per path length of the unground sample (solid circles). The solid curves are calculated Mie-scattering efficiencies for spherical particles of DL-phenyllactic acid with diameters .
Absorption coefficient (a) and refractive index (b) of fructose measured for a diluted sample at (dashed lines). Using the indices of fructose and PE, the scattering contribution to the absorption coefficient is calculated and removed from the spectrum.
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Full Title: Endless Ocean Endless Sky Set Design
Location: Portland, OR
Description: This project was commissioned by emerging choreographer Tahni Holt for her performance Endless Ocean Endless Sky. The set was designed in response to several design criteria relating to both the evocation of the choreographic aesthetic and the limits of financial and logistical constraints. From the very beginning of the design phase, we were interested in creating a minimal set that could be built and transported easily that was also able to create an evocative and mutable space for both the performers and audience. Relying heavily on the work of Ant Farm and their inflatable constructions in the 1970's, a small 20′x40′ space was made using standard polyethylene. Additional seams and creases were welded into the plastic in order to avoid the typical balloon aesthetic of inflatables. Rather, there was a desire for the installation to be able to evoke both things that were simultaneously heavy and light (massive icebergs floating in the sea, 747's flying through the sky, etc.). A generative algorithm was developed that would allow a fragmented pattern of creases to emerge on the surface without having to laboriously transcribe a predefined pattern on to the surface.
Credits: Andrew Kudless with help from Ronnie Parsons and Chris Walker.
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Tuesday, August 04, 2015
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Could you pass fourth-grade math?
June 18, 2011 at 1:18 a.m.
The following are problems from a 2008-09 fourth-grade math TAKS test.
 1. Alexis made 5 gallons of fruit juice. How many quarts of fruit juice did she make?
 2. On Monday, 36 people visited an art museum. On Tuesday, 15 fewer people visited the museum than on Monday. Each person paid $5 for admission. How much money was paid for admission to the museum on Tuesday?
 3. Charles walked for 45 minutes in the morning and for one hour and 20 minutes in the evening. What is the total amount of time Charles walked?
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 1. 20 quarts
 2. $105
 3. Two hours and five minutes
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Diabetes Discoveries & Practice Blog
Curiosity and Context are Key to Care
Photo depicting the telephone game with woman holding can next to her ear with string connected to another can that man is holding next to his ear.
A provider says "grazing" and the patient thinks, "Does she think I'm a cow?"
Chair of the National Diabetes Education Program Dr. Linda Siminerio reflects on nearly 20 years of patient-provider interactions and shares personal anecdotes that convey the importance of context and curiosity in creating a positive dialogue with patients.
Q: What do you think interferes with effective patient-provider communication?
A: Providers have the best intentions in the world, but don't always realize how their patients are receiving their messages. In patient management and care, we frequently use terms that we think our patients understand. Patients often don't interpret our communications in the correct way or in the way that we think they would interpret it.
I had a patient who grew up on a farm and had never been out of this rural community, in which we conduct telemedicine sessions. She had challenges with her weight and managing her diabetes, many of her issues due to excessive snacking. When talking to the patient, our endocrinologist used a term that we, as providers, use frequently and asked, "Are you grazing? I think the problem is you are grazing between meals and that is what plays havoc on your blood sugars." While I understood what, my colleague meant, "you seem to be snacking a lot and not sitting down to eat a meal," that's not what the patient understood. The patient was just shocked. She looked at me and asked, "Does she think I'm a cow?" It totally disrupted the entire session because our patient became disenfranchised with her provider, who had the best intentions. For that particular patient, the word "grazing" prompted the image of a cow. She had not heard this word used in any other context. This was a perfect example of some of the challenges we can face with communications and issues around health literacy.
Q: What other factors may affect patient-provider communication?
A: Often times, our patients may be afraid to talk openly or ask questions of their provider. I had a patient who worked in construction. Our physician came out and said to me, "You know, Linda, this patient is just totally noncompliant. I've tried everything. He needs to take these insulin injections three times a day when he is going to be eating and has not been complying. No wonder his A1C is 9.5%".
I started talking with this patient and learned that no one ever went over the schedule to help him figure out how to work insulin injections into his daily routine. When we got into a conversation, I did a lot of listening. I found that he wanted to take the injections. He asked, "How do I take an injection when I'm out on the road in construction?" and "I am in front of my buddies and you want me to pull out a needle?" His questions were the start of an important conversation where I was able to be curious and remind this person that our job is to help him. I asked questions such as "What if we did injections at other times of the day when you are not out on the road?" He was willing to work with us to figure out a schedule that would meet his needs. Up to this point, he had been too afraid and too embarrassed to share his concerns because he thought his physician would think less of him, which is crazy, but understandable from his perspective. Listening is so clearly the most important first step in helping people to self-manage.
Q: Why is curiosity about the patient as a whole so important for providers?
A: The environment, their social dynamic, attitudes, and beliefs and culture—all of these things influence how people make decisions about their health care. I think the key to helping patients who may have particular barriers or disparities in their care, is to learn to listen. Instead of focusing solely on what you need to check off to make sure you've met all your quality check marks—just listen. Ask, "What's going on in your life? What are the challenges? How does diabetes fit into your life? What do you find so hard?" It's amazing how asking a couple of those types of questions can open the door to learning so much about a patient.
I have a good friend who is a young endocrinologist. She recently shared that sometimes a good visit doesn't mean going over every medical detail. She found that some of her best, most informative visits with her patients are just about getting to know them. Isn't it wonderful to develop that bond? Most people want to talk about themselves at some point in time. Wouldn't it be great if your provider just really knew you?
Thank you Dr. Siminerio for sharing your insights on improving the patient experience through provider communication.
Tell us a time when diabetes care got lost in translation.
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Home > Math Topics > Integers >
Absolute Value and Basic Operations Worksheets
Answer Keys Here
Aligned To Common Core Standard:
Grade 7 - 7.NS.A.1c
How Does Absolute Value Affect the Order of Math Operations? When solving an equation, students need to understand the levels of math. There are four basic arithmetic operations that a student will come across in an equation. However, they have to follow an order when solving the equation, and that order is known as PEMDAS. P - Parenthesis, E - Exponents, M - Multiply, D - Divide, A - Add, S - Subtract An easy way to remember this order is to remember the phrase "Parachute Expert, My Dear Aunt Sally." You start solving an equation by solving whatever there is in parenthesis followed by exponents, multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction. A lot of students get confused when they see a value in modulus or an absolute value. They do not know what they have to do with it. We know that absolute value signs make the final result of operation positive. When you come across such value in an equation, you need to treat the absolute value bars like parenthesis, thus solving them at the initial stage. These worksheets and lessons take into account the concept of absolute value and the operations that may affect them.
Printable Worksheets And Lessons
Single Operations Involving Absolute Value Practice Sheets
Twenty problems that involve only one type of operation with absolute value.
Mixed Operation Practice Worksheets
Practice related operations sheets here.


text:
World War II
New Forest Remembers - Untold Stories of World War II
Few people realise the important role that the New Forest played in World War II. Its strategic location on the south coast meant that the New Forest was crucial in a range of operations and was home to a wide range of World War II installations. Whilst some of these are still visible today, many have been hidden by soil and vegetation or lost during land management activities.
It is estimated that the current archaeological records provide details of only a small proportion of the actual sites and artefacts that are present in the Forest. Similarly, at present there is a wealth of untapped information about the World War II activities in the memories of those who were living in the New Forest at the time, whether they be evacuees, local residents, or military personnel either from this country or from abroad. These people are now reaching their 80s and 90s and so it is critical to capture these memories during the next few years, to ensure that they can inform the understanding of future generations.
Current interpretation and general communication about World War II in the New Forest is also limited to a number of well-known sites, which further increases the bias in knowledge about our recent past. So despite a resurging interest in local history and information about World War II, the important role that the New Forest played during the period remains generally unknown by both visitors and residents alike.
The New Forest Remembers Project intends to address the lack of survey work, knowledge and understanding about the New Forest's role in World War II and aims to bring the war years alive for a wide range of people including residents, visitors, school children and community groups, offering a wide range of volunteering opportunities for those who might wish to be further involved.


ConnectWise SLA Implementation
## How to use Connectwise SLA Statuses
ConnectWise SLA questions are one of the most frequently asked questions by our customer base. In order to help address the questions we have put together this slide deck and video to walk you through how the SLA statuses are set up and impact your SLA reporting. The video will walk you through topics like
- Where SLAs are set up within ConnectWise
- SLA Status Definitions
- Sample Ticket & SLA Flow Process
- How A Two Step Ticket Close Impacts SLA
- BrightGauge Sample Visuals
Instruction video below!
## **Deeper Dive into how ConnectWise implements the SLA numbers in the actual database.**
In April of 2014 we had some issues calculating the SLA time statuses for ConnectWise customers. After some troubleshooting and playing some ping pong between our support staff and that of ConnectWise, we finally got to an understanding of how things worked, implemented an update on our end, and then pushed it out to everyone. We then took a look at what was happening and then decided we should relay it to our customers so that anyone designing their own SQL datasets off this data is not as confused as we once were. Below you will find a summary of some information which you can find at ConnectWise university here:
When you create SLA statuses in ConnectWise you have the following options:
1. Response
2. Plan
3. Resolve
4. Waiting
You can set various ticket statuses to correspond to each SLA status, but they boil down to these four. Unfortunately when looking in the SQL database, ConnectWise stores numbers in the following ways:
1. Responded\_Minutes
2. Resplan\_Minutes
3. Resolved\_Minutes
4. Waiting\_Minutes
5. Minutes\_Before\_Waiting
6. Responded\_Skipped\_Minutes
7. Resplan\_Skipped\_Minutes
The first four fields seem reasonable enough, but in reality they're not so straight forward.
When a technician works on a ticket, ConnectWise expects a ticket to go from Response -> Plan -> Resolve. You cannot go backwards and more importantly, skipping a status has implications. When you skip the response and/or planning phase, the time value for the phase you start with then gets applied to the skipped statuses as skipped minutes and the actual minutes get a value of 0. This of course is only in the database, on the front end ConnectWise just shows you the values summed up. Take a look at the following animation to help get a grasp on what is happening:
As a result, you would need to do some math to match the values from the database with the views in ConnectWise. Here's an animation to explain the math:
For our default datasets, we have already implemented the mathematical changes required to match what our customer see in their ConnectWise views. For those that wish to see the old values, they're still there, it would just require an easy SQL query. The old values could be really helpful, for example looking to get values for the average time to get from plan to resolve.
Minutes Waiting and Minutes Before Waiting
These two values are something else entirely. Minutes Waiting is a value you will only see if you have it set up in the SLA statuses and Minute Before Waiting is a value you should never see when looking at a completed ticket. This is because Minutes Before Waiting is a temporary status that exists when you set one status, spend some time in limbo and then set the ticket to Waiting. Those minutes between the first status and the Waiting status are then assigned to Minutes Before Waiting, however whenever you apply the next non-waiting status, then that status takes the Minutes Before Waiting value and Minutes Before Waiting is set to 0. Confused? So were we, so here's an animation to hopefully help:
Got a grasp on it all? Great! Amazing! Still lost? You're normal. It took us some time to understand it and we'll be more than willing to help you at BrightGauge Support.
Code Summary:
Responded Minutes = Responded\_Minutes + Responded\_Skipped\_Minutes
Plan Minutes = Resplan\_minutes+ Resplan\_Skipped\_Minutes + Responded\_Minutes
Resolved Minutes = Resolved\_Minutes + Resplan\_Minutes + Responded\_Minutes
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text:
[whatwg] Spellchecking mark III
giecrilj at stegny.2a.pl
Sat Feb 14 04:34:01 PST 2009
The following sentences are *commands* that refer to browser actions:
Let automatic completion be turned _on_. (command)
Let spell checking be turned _on_. (command)
The following sentences are *descriptions* that refer to user actions:
Let this content _be_ editable.
(description what happens if the user wishes to edit this content)
Let this element _be_ draggable.
(description what happens when the user attempts to drag)
Therefore I insist on having spellcheck="on". Spellcheck="true" is
misleading because spellcheck is a command for the browser.
P.S.: While I am immensely grateful to you for rescuing "referrer", I shall
nevertheless criticize you mercilessly for prescribing spellcheck="true".
So be warned ;-)
More information about the whatwg


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I need to pick a future date from calendar, suppose the date I am selecting is 04/30/2013. Now what I want is to send the date to server. At server end I need to calculate the number of days between the future date and current date and send it to database.
The problem is that when I do the calculation locally (because my server and browser are in same timezone) it works fine, but when the server is in a different timezone than the browser the difference in days does not come as expected. Someone please help me how to solve the timezone issues.
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Why don't you substract the dates on the client? – NeplatnyUdaj Apr 17 '13 at 9:23
How do you send the date to the server? What format, I mean? – MaxArt Apr 17 '13 at 9:24
_USER_ That would be a violation of the MVC paradigm. – MaxArt Apr 17 '13 at 9:25
Your question is not entirely clear to me: you are using javascript on the client side and java on your server? – jeroen_de_schutter Apr 17 '13 at 9:26
Well, you could simply pass the utc time to the server which generates the dates and calc the days between. – sk2212 Apr 17 '13 at 9:28
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2 Answers
Convert both dates in one common timezone e.g. GMT and then calculate the difference.
share|improve this answer
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To Offset for time differences
You should use a format to send the data that includes the timezone within it. You could:
 1. Use UNIX time which does not use timezones (milliseconds since epoch) with GMT 00, and also use this on java side
see: Get current date/time in seconds?
 1. Use ISO-8601 which is a standard and can include the timezone as well of the browser, and then parse this server side:
To Calculate the Difference (using MS and Calendar Object)
You need to use the calendar object. You create a calendar object and set with a future date: e.g. How to set Java.util.calendar to a specific time period in the future Then you can perform a calculation by subtracting the current date (as long) with the long returned by the calendar, and dividing by (1000*60*60*24).
Some code I used in my own application to find entries greater than a specific datetime (midnight):
long currentTimeStamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
Calendar cal;
cal = Calendar.getInstance();
cal.setTime(new Date(currentTimeStamp));
cal.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 0); cal.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 0); cal.set(Calendar.SECOND, 0); cal.set(Calendar.MILLISECOND,0);
long midnight = cal.getTimeInMillis();
if(currentTimeStamp - midnight > (30*24*60*60*1000))break;
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Your Answer


Generation, spectroscopic characterization and antioxidant activity of tetracoordinate and hexacoordinate complexes of diethylgermanium(IV) of relatively sterically undemanding N-protected amino acids and sterically demanding heterocyclic β-diketones containing radical sensitive Ge-O bond
Two new sets of diethylgermanium(IV) complexes of the types Et2GeA2 and Et2GeB2 have been generated by the reactions of diethylgermanium(IV) dichloride with sodium salts of N-protected amino acids (AH) [where AH = , R = -CH(CH3)C2H5: A1H, R = -CH2CH(CH3)2: A2H, R = -CH(CH3)2: A3H] and with sodium salts of sterically demanding heterocyclic β-diketones (BH) [where BH = , R' = -C6H5: B1H, R' = -p-(Cl)C6H4: B2H, R' = -CH3: B3H, R = -C2H5: B4H], respectively in 1:2 molar ratios in refluxing dry benzene. Plausible structures of these complexes were suggested on the basis of physico-chemical and spectroscopic studies. It is suggested that the complexes of the types Et2GeA2 and Et2GeB2 contain four coordinated and six coordinated germanium centers, respectively. The ligands and organogermanium(IV) complexes were evaluated for their free radical scavenging activity by DPPH method. These compounds/complexes demonstrate potential antioxidant activity.


text: Kuan Yin (Guan Yin); in English generally known as Goddess of Mercy. She is also known as 'the goddess who has great mercy and great pity'. Her Chinese title signifies 'she who always views or hears prayers'. The most usual image of the goddess is a beautiful and gracious woman, wearing a rosary. She sometimes holds a child, and can also be shown with several heads and hundreds hands with different objects as request, of which she helps the unhappy and afflicted.


Talent Acquisition vs Recruiting: What's the Difference?
When it comes to bringing on new hires, the process may look a little different than ever before. Video and phone conversations are taking over in-person interviews as the new norm. Now more than ever it is important to stay up to date with your current recruiting practices. With many individuals currently looking for new opportunities, understanding the difference between talent acquisition and recruiting could make a difference in who you bring on to fill current vacancies.
We are Committed to Providing You With Safety Solutions
Download our informative small business Safety Solutions Flyer Today!
In this week's blog, we will uncover the difference between talent acquisition and recruitment so that you can determine which best fits your company's hiring needs.
Defining Talent Acquisition
Talent Acquisition is a continuous and proactive process that is geared toward focused competencies (i.e. knowledge, skills and behaviors) for a long-term fit, broad systems, and networking. The process is cyclical and revolves around building relationships, anticipating your future hiring needs and creating a pool of candidates from those relationships.
This approach involves planning and strategy since you need to establish a solid understanding on what your workplace will need now and in the future. Looking at your company through a wider lens will allow you to understand the inner workings of your company and the skills and experiences that each position requires for success.
What is Recruitment?
While Talent Acquisition is an ongoing approach, recruitment is more of a reactive, linear process. Recruitment is often seen as reactive because a position is vacant and someone must be recruited to fill it; typically, very quickly. The process is usually streamlined by the human resources or management team and it primarily involves searching for, evaluating and hiring experienced people to fill the vacancy.
But What's the Difference?
Recruitment focuses more on a tactical process for an immediate problem whereas talent acquisition is a holistic strategy that a company uses to find specialists, leaders and other future top talent based on the knowledge, skills, and behaviors needed within your company. Recruitment focuses on the now and talent acquisition focuses on the long term.
Which Should Your Company Use?
When deciding between talent acquisition and recruitment, you obviously will need both from time to time based on the urgency and position. Yet, for most roles, there should be a clear strategy, network, and targeted system in place to ensure you are adding the "right person to the bus" vs. just filling a role.
Talent Acquisition vs Recruiting: What's the Difference?


Can chinchillas eat peanuts?
Can Chinchillas Eat Peanuts?
Wild chinchillas likely eat nuts and seeds, when they find them. So should you feed a pet chinchilla peanuts? And if not, why not?
Can chinchillas eat peanuts? They can, but peanuts of all kinds are nutritionally unsuitable for chinchillas. That includes roasted nuts, raw peanuts, unsalted and salted, and even monkey nuts still in their shells. They are too high in fat and calories so can make chinchillas overweight. They also don't contain enough fiber or carbohydrate for your chinchilla's gut, so may cause bloating. Feed your chinchilla safe snacks like rose hips, sweet hay or shredded wheat instead.
The guide below details exactly why chinchillas shouldn't eat peanuts, by looking at their nutritional content vs. the nutrients a chinchilla needs. We'll also look at some of the side effects that peanuts are likely to cause (and they aren't pretty). And for anybody who is going to insist on giving their chinchilla peanuts, we've also made recommendations on serving sizes that, while not good for your chinchilla, at least aren't likely to cause it significant harm.
Can Chinchillas Eat Peanuts?
Chinchillas can physically eat peanuts. They have big, strong teeth that can easily break them apart. And chins aren't stupid, so won't try swallowing peanuts whole—they know to chew them first. But while a peanut won't immediately poison or choke your chinchilla, it won't be good for its health, so we don't recommend feeding them.
Do Chinchillas Like Peanuts?
Can chinchillas eat peanuts?Chinchillas enjoy eating anything new, sweet and/or fatty. They're naturally inclined to eat high-calorie foods because these are hard to find in the wild—the same instinct that we have. So, if you offer your chinchilla a peanut, it will eat it.
The problem is that your chin doesn't know what's best for it. It's in the wild, and it has unlimited access to hay and pellets. It doesn't need to gorge on dense foods like peanuts. In that sense, peanuts are a lot like the chinchilla equivalent of the snacks and fast food that we enjoy eating (but probably shouldn't).
Why Can't Chinchillas Eat Peanuts?
Peanuts are nutritionally unsuitable for chinchillas. If fed regularly, they will make your chinchilla gain weight. And because your pet isn't used to them, they could cause digestive issues like bloating, too.
Nutrients in Peanuts
To fully understand why peanuts have the effect that they do, you have to look at the specific amounts of each nutrient they contain. The table below uses data from These data relate generically to unsalted peanuts, not one brand or another.
NutrientsAmount per 100gRequirements
It should be immediately obvious that peanuts don't give chinchillas some of what they need, and give far too much of things they don't need much of.
Carbohydrate, Protein & Fat in Peanuts
The key issue with peanuts is that they contain far too much fat for chinchillas.
Contrary to popular belief, no one nutrient is the 'enemy'. You shouldn't entirely cut out carbs, fat, or anything else. Rather, the issue here is that fat contains more calories per gram than protein and carbohydrates (roughly double). As such, peanuts have almost three times as many calories as chinchillas need. This means that your pet will quickly gain weight if you feed it peanuts, even as a snack. The fact that peanuts have around 20-40% more protein than chinchillas need makes this problem even worse.
What else makes peanuts unsuitable is that they contain little fiber, or at least, less fiber than chinchillas need. Chins need a very high fiber diet, perhaps up to 30g per 100g. Their digestive systems are tailored to just such a diet. If your chin doesn't get enough fiber, its stools may be soft or even runny.
Vitamins & Minerals in Peanuts
Peanuts have lots of vitamins and minerals compared to other foods, both in terms of the number of different micronutrients they contain, and the amounts of each. Here is a table, again with data from, that lists each micronutrient that peanuts contain high amounts of:
Vitamin/MineralAmount per 100g
Vitamin B10.64mg
Vitamin B20.135mg
Vitamin B312.066mg
Vitamin B51.767mg
Vitamin B60.348mg
Vitamin E8.33mg
This table may seem like a plus-point in favor of peanuts, but it's not.
Chinchillas can thrive on a diet of hay and hay alone. That's because hay contains every vitamin and mineral that chinchillas need to live healthy lives. That may seem surprising, but many animals don't need a varied diet like we do.
If your chinchilla is deficient in something, peanuts aren't an effective 'supplement'. Rather you should talk to your vet about actual supplements. Take calcium, for example: timothy hay doesn't contain quite enough, which is why chinchilla pellets often contain alfalfa, which contains lots. If your chin isn't getting enough, the vet can recommend a suitable supplement. Or, you can give your chinchilla a cuttle bone as a chew toy. Both of these options are better than peanuts because they don't make your pet gain weight or have digestive issues.
Are Peanuts Poisonous to Chinchillas? (Digestive Issues)
Peanuts aren't poisonous for chinchillas. Your chin can eat one, and it won't immediately get sick, let alone pass away.
Rather, they cause digestive issues. These take longer to appear than a poison would take to take effect. Peanuts, and any food your chinchilla is unfamiliar with, can cause bloating which is a dangerous problem for a chinchilla to face.
This occurs because a chinchilla's digestive system is set up perfectly to digest rough fibers like those found in hay. The chinchilla digests its food twice over to extract as much nutrition from it as possible, and its gut bacteria and enzymes specialize in breaking down fibrous foods. While peanuts are reasonably fibrous, they are nowhere near as fibrous as hay.
When the chinchilla's gut has to digest something it isn't used to, the food can ferment. When this happens, it produces lots of gas, and since chins can't pass gas easily, this gas gets trapped. So much can get trapped that the chinchilla's gut or stomach lining can burst. While this won't happen if you feed your chinchilla just one peanut, peanuts and other unsuitable snacks can contribute to an existing issue, or create an issue from nothing if fed regularly.
Can Chinchillas Eat Raw Peanuts?
Can chinchillas eat peanuts?
Peanuts grow in the ground!
The statistics above relate to raw, unsalted peanuts. Every peanut has this much fat in it, that many calories in it (if not more), and isn't suited to your chinchilla's diet. That applies to peanuts you get in packets, peanuts you get in tubs, or monkey nuts that you get with their shells still on.
Can Chinchillas Eat Salted Peanuts?
Salted peanuts are worse for your pet than raw peanuts. That's because of all the sodium (salt) they contain/have on their surface. Sodium has negative health effects like raising blood pressure. It's proven to increase the risks of kidney disease, stomach cancer and heart failure too. While these effects haven't been proven in chinchillas specifically, they have been observed in other rodents, so are likely to occur in chinchillas too.
Can Chinchillas Eat Peanut Shells?
While peanuts aren't suitable for chinchillas, peanut shells are.
Peanut shells are too tough and fibrous for us to eat. But it's these qualities that make them the perfect chew toy for chinchillas. Chins need a chew toy to keep their teeth from growing overlong. Apple wood sticks are a common choice, and there's no reason not to give these. But chinchillas enjoy having new toys and new treats: it keeps them entertained.
Peanut shells are a good choice because when chinchillas gnaw on things, they can accidentally ingest some by accident. That's why it's best to offer chew toys made from natural materials like wood. Peanut shells don't contain the same high levels of fat and protein that peanuts do, which means they're safe to ingest.
Can Chinchillas Eat Peanut Butter?
Peanut butter is tasty, but doesn't make a good chinchilla treat.
The same issues that apply to regular peanuts apply to peanut butter, too. Peanut butters have the same, if not higher, levels of fat and protein than raw peanuts. They have lots of salt added, too.
And besides nutrition, peanut butter poses other problems. If you got any peanut butter in your chinchilla's fur, it would be a nightmare to clean out.
How Many Peanuts Can Chinchillas Eat?
We would recommend against feeding your chinchilla any peanuts, for the reasons covered above. On top of that, though, there are snacks that are perfectly suitable for chinchillas that won't have these effects. Chinchillas enjoy these snacks just as much as fatty, sugary or generally unhealthy ones. There's therefore no logical justification for offering unhealthy peanuts when healthy rose hips or herbs will suffice.
And besides that, ch


text:
They might be known as "man's best friend" but dogs are particularly good companions to pregnant women.
Researchers looked at the activity levels of 11 000 expecting mothers and found that having a dog helped women reach the recommended 30 minutes of exercise per day. In fact, pregnant dog owners were 50 percent more likely to reach this recommended amount of exercise.
Said Dr Sandra McCune of Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition told the Daily Mail, "As a low-risk exercise, dog walking can help women who may otherwise find it hard to meet their exercise targets, keep active and fit during pregnancy."
Being overweight while pregnant can pose major health risks for both mother and child with many studies linking mother obesity to child obesity.
Together with a balanced diet, walking your dog every day can be the right step towards a healthy and happy pregnancy.


text:
We know that once we enable debug mode via "Ctrl+Alt+Shift+P", this setting will be persisted: even if you turn off your laptop and launch the application tomorrow, the debug mode will still be there.
In Chrome development tool, there is an Application tab which records this setting via key value pair using Local Storage.
As usual we can still use debug to investigate what has happened when the checkbox "Use Debug Sources(reload)" is clicked.
In Chrome development tool Elements tab, click the small arrow icon to enter the element inspection mode, then click the checkbox, then its html source code will be automatically navigate.
Perform global search via keyword "useDbgSources", and then we can find the event handler onUseDbgSources for debug mode set:
Set a breakpoint on this function, then mark the checkbox in UI, breakpoint is triggered as expected:
Within the function, we can know the debugging flag is set via localStoage API: window.localStorage.setItem
This API will change the following file in my laptop:
If I open the changed file via some SQLite management tool, I can find the corresponding entry with key sap-ui-debug and value 'X' set:


_ENCODING)), then it will assume the shader's output is in the linear RGB colorspace. It will therefore convert the output from linear RGB to sRGB.
Note that Logical Operations are disabled for any sRGB buffer when GL_FRAMEBUFFER_SRGB is enabled.
Blending
Blending may interact with sRGB colorspace destination images. The sRGB colorspace is non-linear, and linearly interpolating between non-linear colorspaces generally leads to colors that are not accurate, compared to linearizing each color, doing the blending in linear RGB, then converting back to sRGB.
However, if GL_FRAMEBUFFER_SRGB is not enabled, then it is assumed that the user knows what they are doing. Therefore, blending against an sRGB image when GL_FRAMEBUFFER_SRGB is not enabled will cause linear interpolation between the values, with no sRGB correction at any point.
If GL_FRAMEBUFFER_SRGB is enabled, then the appropriate correction will be done. That is, destination value will be converted to linear RGB, blended with the source value via the appropriate blending setup, and the result will be converted back to sRGB for writing.
Clearing
Read color buffer
Certain operations, like pixel reads or blits, will read from a particular color image of the framebuffer. Which color image they read from is defined by the current read buffer. The framebuffer's read buffer is specified by:
void glReadBuffer(GLenum mode);
Warning: This sets the read buffer for the framebuffer currently bound to GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER. So make sure that the framebuffer you want is bound to that buffer.
The read buffer is part of the framebuffer's state, so each framebuffer will remember its previously set read buffer.
If the GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER is the default framebuffer, then mode must be the name of a color buffer name. It may be one of the multiple buffer aliases, which degrades as specified. If the read framebuffer is an FBO, then mode must be GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENTi.
mode may also be GL_NONE, which indicates that no reading can be performed from color buffers on this framebuffer.
Fragment shader outputs
The final step of the rendering pipeline is writing the fragment data to the current GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER framebuffer. Because framebuffers only store one depth and stencil image, there is only one destination for the depth and stencil fragment outputs. The fragment color data is more complicated. The framebuffer stores a mapping table that maps fragment shader color outputs to specific named images in the framebuffer.
A fragment shader has a list of output fragment colors, which are indexed on the half-open range [0, GL_MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS). The framebuffer's table maps from these indices to named color images in the framebuffer. To set this mapping table, use this function:
 void glDrawBuffers( GLsizei n, const GLenum *bufs );
This function sets the first n entires of the mapping table. The indices of the enumerators correspond to the output fragment colors from the vertex shader. Thus, n can only be as large as GL_MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS. The entries in the bufs array are enumerators referring to buffer names in the framebuffer.
The values in bufs must name specific color images. For the default framebuffer, image names cannot be the one of the multiple buffer aliases; you must use GL_BACK_LEFT rather than GL_BACK. Framebuffer Objects use GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENTi image names. An entry in the list can be GL_NONE, which means that the output (if the shader outputs a value for it at all) is discarded.
If you are only setting up one draw buffer, you may use glDrawBuffer. It takes one enumeration value and sets the fragment color 0 to draw to that buffer. All other fragment colors are set to GL_NONE. For the default framebuffer, the multiple buffer aliases can be used (though it is not advised to do so). They will cause drawing operations to write to all of the specified buffers.
The state set by glDrawBuffers is part of the state of the framebuffer. So you can generally set this up once and leave it set.
Buffer reading
Pixel data can be read from a framebuffer and stored into CPU memory (or a buffer object). The framebuffer being read from is the framebuffer bound to GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER; remember that binding to GL_FRAMEBUFFER binds to both the read and the draw.
To begin reading pixels, use this command:
void glReadPixels(GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid * data)
This performs a Pixel Transfer read operation; as such, the destination data can be an offset into a Pixel Buffer Object if you so desire.
Framebuffers can have many images to read from. Which image is read from depends in part on the format parameter. If format is GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, then the depth buffer is read from. If it is GL_STENCIL_INDEX, then the stencil buffer is read from. If it is GL_DEPTH_STENCIL then both the depth and stencil buffers are read from.
If format is a color format, then the current #Read color buffer is used. If the current read buffer is GL_NONE, then a GL_INVALID_OPERATION error will occur.
Blitting
Framebuffers can be bound to two separate targets with glBindFramebuffer: GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER and GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER. Binding to GL_FRAMEBUFFER is equivalent to binding the framebuffer to both.
The reason for the separation of these targets is to allow data in one framebuffer to be blitted to another framebuffer.
A blit operation is a special form of copy operation; it copies a rectangular area of pixels from one framebuffer to another. This function also has some very specific properties with regard to multisampling.
You bind the source framebuffer to GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER, then bind the destination framebuffer to GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER. The read framebuffer is the source of the blit, and the draw framebuffer is the destination. The read and draw framebuffers can be the same.
After binding the framebuffers, you call this function:
void glBlitFramebuffer(
 GLint srcX0, GLint srcY0, GLint srcX1, GLint srcY1,
 GLint dstX0, GLint dstY0, GLint dstX1, GLint dstY1,
 GLbitfield mask, GLenum filter);
The pixels in the rectangular area specified by the src values are copied to the rectangular area specified by the dst values. The mask parameter is a bitfield that specifies which kinds of buffers you want copied: GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT, GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT, GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT, or some combination. The filter parameter specifies how you want filtering performed if the two rectangles are not the same size.
One thing to keep in mind is this: blit operations only read from the color buffer specified by glReadBuffer in the read FBO and will only write to the color buffers specified by glDrawBuffers in the write FBO. If multiple draw buffers are specified, then multiple color buffers are updated. This assumes that mask included the color buffer. The depth and stencil buffers of the source framebuffers are blitted to the destination if the mask specifies them.
The glReadBuffer state is stored with the FBO/default framebuffer, just like the glDrawBuffers state.
Note that it is perfectly valid to read from the default framebuffer and write to an FBO, or vice-versa.
Format Considerations
Blitting is not the same as performing a pixel transfer operation. The conversion between source and destination format is more limited. Blitting depth and stencil buffers works as expected: values are converted from one bitdepth to the other as needed. Conversion between color formats is different.
A blit operation can only convert between formats within 3 groups. Signed integral and unsigned integral formats make up two groups, with all normalized and floating-point formats making up the third. Thus, it is legal to blit from an GL_RGB8 buffer to a GL_RGB32F and vice versa. But it is not legal to blit a GL_RGB8 from or to a GL_RGBI8 format image.
The data during blitting is converted according to simple rules. Blitting from a floating-point format to a normalized integer format will cause clamping, either to [0, 1] for unsigned normalized or [-1, 1] for signed normalized.
Multisampling Considerations
Multisampling is


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SUMMARY Spartacus is based on an historical figure and is the story of the rise and fall of a slave living in Rome before the
Spartacus ha il pregio di inserire una voce autentica nella grande produzione di Hollywood e dunque di incidere sul gusto di milioni di spettatori e di dimostrare che incassi ed impegno d'arte non sono per forza in contraddizione fra loro.
Hailed in Farewell by Eugene Archer Critics have always debated the correct way to apportion the credit for a multi-million-dollar production among producers, writers, actors
EPIC FILMS ANCIENT AND MODERN A week of epics. It is true that neither Spartacus (Gaumont) nor The Guns of Navarone (Regal) conform to Bible
by Gordon Braden Roman History at the Movies At the end of Ridley Scott's film Gladiator (2000), the mortally wounded Maximus (Russell Crowe), having killed
Seen today, in the lovingly restored 197-minute version now playing at the Ziegfeld, the two-tiered historical pageant that is Spartacus says at least as much about America in the late 1950's as it does about ancient Rome.
Spartacus had a powerful star and a politically committed screenwriter. So how did Stanley Kubrick put his personal stamp on the film, asks Henry Sheehan?


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Legitimation by the subsequent marriage of their parents of children born out of wedlock, although recognised by canon law, was rejected by the common law of England, which New Zealand inherited in 1840. This harsh rule survived in England until 1926, but it was ameliorated in some cases in New Zealand in 1860, when the children of Europeans and Maoris, who had subsequently married, were made legitimate. The introduction of adoption in 1881 opened an indirect means of legitimation. In 1894 the Legitimation Act, whose promoters seem to have been inspired by the law of Scotland, made general provision for legitimation by subsequent marriage.
Under the 1894 Act a child was legitimated only if its parents might lawfully have married when it was born; that is, if neither parent was then married to anyone else. Moreover, legitimation depended on registration. The first of these restrictions was removed in 1921, the second in 1939. The present law is that any child whose parents have subsequently married, wherever the child was born or the marriage occurred, is automatically legitimate for all the purposes of New Zealand law as if born in lawful wedlock.
by Bruce James Cameron, B.A., LL.M., Legal Adviser, Department of Justice, Wellington.
- New Zealand, the Development of its Laws and Constitution (ed.) Robson, J. L. (1954).


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A voluntary severance package is a financial incentive that's offered to an employee in hopes that he will resign or retire. Unlike most severance packages, a voluntary severance package gives the employee the option to decline the offer.
Generally, voluntary severance packages are offered at a time that will benefit the company by reducing the workforce and cost of salaries and benefits. Long-term employee who are close to retirement age and earn high salaries may be offered early retirement packages, for example, in the hopes of forestalling layoffs. Because a voluntary severance package benefits both the employer and the employee who accepts the package, it is sometimes referred to as a "golden handshake."


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Student Learning Outcomes for Health & Exercise Science Majors
1. Demonstrate critical thinking skills in addressing discipline-based questions.
Examples of evidences: a) the application of effective oral and written communication skills using appropriate APA style in various forms appropriate to both professional and community audiences; and b) the application of knowledge and skills through experiential learning opportunities.
2. Demonstrate knowledge and skills of research principles and methodologies relevant to the discipline.
Examples of evidences: a) use of valid sampling techniques with appropriate data collection and analysis; and b) Use of an array of technologies to support the process of inquiry and its outcomes
3. Be familiar with standards, ethics, and expectations of professional communities within our disciplines
Exercise Science major Student Learning Outcomes
4. Examine and analyze physical activity and motor skill performance as they relate to the physiological, psychological, and social responses and adaptations to exercise.
5. Integrate learned competencies and skills as part of learning activities and experiences throughout the curriculum.
6. Describe the reciprocal relationship between sport and the philosophical, historical, or sociological perspectives of society.
Health Science majorStudent Learning Outcomes
7. Recognize how the social, cultural, economic, political, and biological environments affect personal & community health.
8. Describe the U.S. health profile, including key indicators, determinants, disparities, access to health services, historical and contemporary trends and implications.
9. Understand the role of research, evaluation, and the use of data in health promotion, disease prevention, and health services.


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Wind Energy | previous page
South Dakota Wind Energy Potential
South Dakota ranks in the top five states for wind energy potential. In a recent study, South Dakota was estimated to have the potential to produce more than 3 million gigawatt-hours of energy on annual basis. If this entire wind energy potential of South Dakota was harnessed, it would be nearly enough to provide power for the entire United States. While it is not feasible to harness every breeze, wind farms in the state have reported higher than industry standard capacity factors, which means the quality of South Dakota wind is high. This wind resource map shows how the wind is classified throughout South Dakota. NREL has also developed a wind resource map for South Dakota's tribal lands.
Web site links found throughout _URL_ are intended to provide helpful resources. Inclusion of a Web link on this site is not necessarily an endorsement of an organization, product or service.


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MEASURES TAKEN TO IMPLEMENT THE CBD PROGRAMMES OF WORK AND ACHIEVE THE 2010 BIODIVERSITY TARGET:
The city is implementing the Convention and the 2010 biodiversity target, notably through the adoption of several plans and policies with its Master Plan, which defines a framework for urban planning activities. It includes explicit commitments to promote Montréal's natural heritage. The Heritage Policy identifies the conservation and enhancement of Montréal's natural heritage as primary concern.
Montréal also has implemented a policy respecting the protection and enhancement of the natural environment. The goal is to increase the aggregate hactarage of protected natural spaces on the Island of Montréal by reconciling economic, social and environmental interests. The city has invested $35 million in these efforts. Ten ecoterritories have been designated recently in the Master Plan. Two other sectors are the focus of attention: existing parks and riverbank environments.
Montréal also has adopted a Tree Policy that aims to diversify the species of tress lining city streets, in order to better withstand the effects of climate change and devastating insect infestations. In 2006, Montréal planted 9,000 trees with the objectives of planting "the right tree at the right place", creating a greater diversity of tree species and expanding the canopy cover to offset the heat-island effect.
Arising from the Montréal Summit held in 2002, development and implementation of the first Strategic Plan for Sustainable Development (SPSP), introduced in April 2005, are characterized by a unique, participative approach. Over 80 partners from various sectors of the community and over 40 municipal administrative units (local and corporate administrations) have given priority to certain environmental affairs goals and have carried out 24 different projects as a result.
Between 2007 and 2009, community mobilization will continue in the following areas:
- Air quality improvement and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
- Improvement to the quality of residential living spaces
- Responsible resource management
- Sound, sustainable development practices at corporations, institutions and businesses
- Protection of biodiversity, natural environments and green spaces
At the 11th session of the Conference of the Parties to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 11/MOP 1), held in Montréal in December 2005, Montréal undertook to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 20% between 2002 and 2012. Given that it had already reduced its emissions by more than 80% between 1990 and 2002, this was a very ambitious objective. To achieve this, an action plan was adopted by the city administration, which consisted of 12 different actions aimed at improving energy efficiency in the following areas:
- Vehicles and municipal buildings
- Infrastructures (water treatment plant, drinking water production, etc.) as well as a process and the sharing of information.
Moreover, Montréal is currently developing an action plan to adapt to climate change. This will affect its most sensitive areas, i.e.:
- Heat islands
- Biodiversity on riverbanks and in parks
Playing a leadership role in the Montréal community's movement towards sustainable development, Montréal drew up an inventory of greenhouse gas emissions throughout the community, in 2002 and 2003. This serves as a call to action for stakeholders, specifically those industries that account for a significant percentage of the emissions. As a community, Montréal has joined other large cities of the world that have already set targets for greenhouse gas reduction within their communities, i.e. 20% by 2010, 30% by 2020 and 80% by 2050.
The significant work achieved by the Montréal nature museums is notable. Their mission is to increase public knowledge of nature and related disciplines, contribute to the study and preservation of biodiversity and promote responsible environmental behaviour. Each establishment contributes to the achievement of this mission in its respective field of expertise. Several programs and initiatives have been put in place. For instance, the "Conservation Emergency Program" has been established at the Montréal Botanical Garden, which aims to: establish, within the existing collections, a "path to the biodiversity of Québec", enabling visitors to appreciate local endangered plant species, develop awareness regarding conservation, sustainable use of natural resources and protection of wild habitats, as well as implement a research program aimed at establishing the bases of ex-situ and in-situ conservation of Québec's rare plants. The "Wild Leek Restoration Program" is another initiative of the city through the Biodôme. More than 1,100 owners of stands of maple were interested in safeguarding the seeds of this endangered species. Montréal has also identified an amazing green tool for cities: the willow. This species, Salix vinimalis, can be used for biomass, erosion control, phytoremediation or roadside noise barriers. Finally, a research project has been conducted at the Garden, involving the study of traditional knowledge of the First Nations. This has led to the rediscovery of the medicinal potential of many wild species and highlighted the importance of those species on the health of these nations.


How Strong Can A Human Kick?
Can a boxer's punch kill?
So, yes anyone can kill with a punch, a trained boxer has more likelihood of delivering that punch drunk or sober with accuracy and power, but the result depends on a number of factors, including a bit of luck on part of the recipient..
Can a gorilla kill a lion?
How much can a gorilla squat?
Many sites claim that a gorilla can lift anywhere from 4 to 27 times their body weight. But the most common statistic that I can find states a gorilla's strength at 10 times their body weight.
What is the hardest kick?
Shogun Rua shows some brute strength by demonstrating the single hardest strike Sport Science has recorded – 2,749lbs of force. That's one hell of a Muay Thai Kick.
Can a horse kick kill you?
A horse's kick is extremely powerful and can cause severe, even fatal injuries. Many riders have experienced broken bones, deep lacerations from a hoof, and even cardiac arrest if the kick landed on their chest. It is also extremely possible to suffer from head injuries that can be fatal if the impact was extreme.
How hard can a gorilla punch?
Can a human fight off a wolf?
Yes but an exceptional human might prevail. A lot of these wolf attacks even powerful men barelyhold off are probably coy wolves intermediate between true wolves and coyotes in size and power.
Who has the strongest kick in UFC?
UFC heavyweight knockout artist Francis Ngannou made the rounds in January when he earned a score of 129,161 on the UFC's PowerKube, setting a new record for the hardest punch ever recorded at the UFC Performance Institute.
What hurts more a kick or a punch?
Undoubtedly, a kick can hurt more than a punch. While punches are particularly painful, they mostly involve using your muscles to throw your weight as violently as possible into another person. Kicks do involve weight transfer, but they have an added benefit that punches do not.
What is the deadliest punch?
A rabbit punch is a blow to the back of the head or to the base of the skull. It is considered especially dangerous because it can damage the cervical vertebrae and subsequently the spinal cord, which may lead to serious and irreparable spinal cord injury.
What is considered a strong punch?
Generally, there are five components to punching power that must be present for a puncher to be considered truly powerful: lack of arm punching, proper weight shifting, stepping during a punch, pivoting with a punch, and using proper footwork. This body connection requires the development of a strong core.
How hard can I punch?
How strong is a kick?
The strongest kick which is the stepping side kick, is estimated to be 4 times the power of a master overhand right punch. Overhand right is the strongest punch ever known. However you don't need a kick in a fight to end it. A kick is so much harder to use that it's basically never used in a street fight.
What is the most powerful type of kick?
But generally, the spinning side kick is regarded as the most powerful kick. It harnesses a ton of rotational energy and nearly the entire mass of your body to throw a powerful, piercing kick that can tear clean through even the strongest blocks.
Can you hit the heavy bag everyday?
YES, it's true – hitting a punching bag all day might hurt your boxing skills. The main reason why is because over-training on a heavy bag makes it easy for boxers to develop bad habits. … The main purpose of a heavy bag is to increase your punching power.
What animal kicks hardest?
ZebrasZebras may commonly fall prey to fearsome big cat foes like lion and cheetah, but they occasionally get in a pretty serious hit of their own. In fact, zebras have the most powerful kick of any animal on the planet, and like giraffes, they've been known to kill lions with a swift kick to the head.
How strong can a human punch?
The average, untrained person can throw a punch anywhere from 60-85 PSI (Pounds per square inch). But a trained striker can generate quite a bit more force. They strike within the range of 194-336 PSI.


Test Pit Investigation
Test pits are a common way to investigate the subsurface soils and collect soil samples if needed. This is done for purposes of delineating contamination in order to determine the location and size of a plume.Test pits are often requested over soil borings in landscapes where terrain is more extreme and to visibly see at what depth groundwater is at.
ENRC has the necessary equipment and experience in safety performing test pits with accuracy. If test pits aren't what you are looking for and you would need something with less ground disturbance, we can also perform soil borings up to 100 feet.


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We want to use the ADE7878 for measuring half-wave RMS Values of Voltage, Current and for Phase Voltage Sag Detection. It should be used to detect a Voltage Sag when a LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through) occurs on a Phase. The detection of a LVRT (voltage dips to under 0,9 * Uc) should be less than 20 ms. After the detection we need a half-wave RMS Value of the voltage for control strategy.
My Question is: how long does it take to get a new RMS value, when the voltage dips on a phase?
Example: The Voltage dips to 0V. Does a new RMS Value need the specified 440 ms to settle or less? Is it possible to calculate the half-wave RMS values of voltage and current?


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FRUIT fly eradication efforts in the Riverland will reach new heights, with more community and grower involvement than ever before, as the weather warms up and flies re-emerge, threatening locally-grown fruit.
The Fruit Fly Spring Eradication Plan led by PIRSA started on August 1 to provide the best chance at getting fruit fly numbers down ahead of warmer spring weather in September.
The spring plan includes a new grower self-baiting program, traps on residential properties, and higher levels of activity in the highest risk areas.
Residents in red outbreak zones will start to see more PIRSA staff out and about, requesting access to yards to install or check fruit fly traps.
The Cera-traps, capture and kill fruit flies and are safe to people and pets.
Traps will be regularly checked by PIRSA, residents with home gardens may see traps in their trees, even if they are not fruit trees, as fruit flies rest and feed on all kinds of leaves.
Fruit Fly Response general manager Nick Secomb said was confident they could get on top of fruit fly in the Riverland.
"We eradicated Adelaide's 12 outbreaks last year, and together with industry have developed this Spring Eradication Plan to do just that," he said..
"Community will play an integral role. PIRSA can't do it alone, and just as Adelaide residents helped us last year, we know the Riverland community is stepping up and will help us even more now to prevent fruit fly breeding in backyards.
"To help the traps and bait have the greatest impact, it's everyone's job to pick their ripe fruit promptly and collect fallen fruit off the ground to break the fruit fly life cycle. It seems like a simple thing, but it really does work to stop the flies from successfully breeding."
Riverland Fruit Fly Committee chair Jason Size said the horticultural industry has been working closely with PIRSA to explore new ways of responding to the Riverland fruit fly outbreaks.
"We've been working through different scenarios because with 13 Riverland fruit fly outbreaks, fruit movement conditions for the horticultural industry became unmanageable," he said.
"Changes have been made to make it easier for commercial growers to receive the permission they need from PIRSA to do business across fruit fly affected areas.
"These changes came after some good consultation, and provided a great opportunity to look at the eradication approach a bit differently.
"Our joint planning day in June was a day of key Riverland stakeholders working together to develop a more flexible and proactive plan to get rid of fruit fly in the Riverland.
"The Spring Eradication Plan offers eligible commercial growers free bait and devices such as traps to use on their properties.
"PIRSA will bait and deploy devices for 200 metres around detection sites, but outside that it's over to growers in outbreak areas to use the bait and devices PIRSA will supply.
"With growers' help, this spring the eradication effort will achieve a greater reach and greater intensity than previously possible.
"PIRSA and industry are confident that the new approach gives the region the best possible chance of achieving fruit fly eradication in the Riverland Pest Free Area."
Primary industries minister Clare Scriven said it's important PIRSA, growers and the community work together to get on top of these outbreaks.
"We're committed to working alongside our growers, retailers and residents to ensure they have the right education and tools on hand to help protect our horticulture industry," she said.
Commercial growers interested in being part of the self-baiting program are encouraged to e-mail _EMAIL_ or call 1300 666 010 to request a registration form.
Sign up here to Good Fruit and Vegetables weekly newsletter for all the latest horticulture news each Thursday...
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Open Access Subscription or Fee Access
Hematology and Serum Biochemistry of Broiler Chicks Fed Soybean (Glycine Max) Subjected to Varying Toasting Times
Hematology and serum biochemical responses of broiler chicks to soybean subjected to varying toasting periods were assessed using ninety 4-week old broilers. In the 28-days trial, broilers were assigned to soybean subjected to five toasting times of 0 minutes as control, 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes as treatment 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively and incorporated into the treatment diets. Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. Feed and water were served ad libitum to the birds. Results showed that most hematological and serum biochemical parameters differed significantly (p<0.05) between birds in various treatments. However, no trend was observed in most of the results. Packed cell volume of the birds on T1, T2, T3, and T4, which were 25.33, 26.67, 25.00 and 27.33% respectively were below the normal range of 30-40% except those of T5, which had 30.67%. A similar trend was observed for Hb values of the birds. The serum biochemical parameters also varied (p<0.05) between treatments. Cholesterol level reduced with increasing toasting time of the soybean. It is hereby recommended that 15 minutes-toasting time of dietary soybean at 500C is optimal broilers.
Keywords: Broilers, Soybean, toasting time, hematology, serum chemistry


Peter Marklund
Peter Marklund's Home
Fri Apr 24 2009 15:19:17 GMT+0000 (Coordinated Universal Time)
Rails Gotcha: ActiveRecord##Base.valid?, errors.empty?, and before_validation Callbacks
The ActiveRecord::Callbacks module (that depends on ActiveSupport::Callbacks) defines a multitude of before and after callbacks for the lifecycle of your ActiveRecord objects. Similar to how before filters in controllers work, if a before_validation callback method returns false, the save process will be aborted. Here is what the API documentation says:
# If the returning value of a +before_validation+ callback can be evaluated to +false+,
# the process will be aborted and Base#save< will return +false+.
# If Base#save! is called it will raise a ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid exception.
# Nothing will be appended to the errors object.
# If a before_* callback returns +false+, all the later callbacks and the associated
# action are cancelled. If an after_* callback returns
# +false+, all the later callbacks are cancelled. Callbacks are generally run in the
# order they are defined, with the exception of callbacks
# defined as methods on the model, which are called last.
What this means is that if a before_validation callback returns false, then save and valid? will both return false but errors.empty? will return true. Yes, you read correctly, there are no validation errors but the record is not valid. Also, note that the valid? method defined in the ActiveRecord::Base class will never even be invoked.


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Sharon Shayanewako and Edgar Vhera
THE GOVERNMENT'S push to move citizens from overreliance on wheat bread and embrace other nutritional options has gone a gear up with 2, 3 million virus free sweet potato vines being distributed to farmers countrywide.
Chief director Agriculture and Rural Advisory Services, Professor Obert Jiri said Government had made significant strides in the push to diversify food consumption options from bread or wheat to sweet potato to enhance food security.
"It is important that we have alternatives from wheat bread to sweet potato. There are good varieties available for the farmers and we are distributing improved virus-screened varieties from our Horticulture Research Station (HRS).
"So far 2, 3 million sweet potato virus-free vines have been dispensed to our farmers. The rule of thumb is that they have to be virus free in order to improve the yields," said Prof Jiri.
This is a sure case of the operationalisation of the Horticulture Recovery and Growth Plan (HRGP), which seeks to stimulate a transformative rural horticulture sub-sector under the Presidential Horticulture Scheme covering all 1, 8 million rural households.
The sweet potato intervention is being bolstered by the Presidential borehole drilling exercise currently underway in the whole country. Drilling of boreholes in each village will make it possible for nutrition community gardens to be established and this will go a long way in allowing farmers to embark on a year-round sweet potato production cycle.
The second round Crop and Livestock Assessment (CLA) report for 2022 showed that sweet potato yields had decreased from 422 613 tonnes in the 2020/2021 season to about 207 529 tonnes for the 2021/2022 season, a 51 percent decline.
As the country requires 318 080 tonnes of sweet potato annually, the projected 207 529 tonnes for 2021/22 season translates into a deficit of 110 551 tonnes.
For the 2021/22 season, Mashonaland East province planted the largest area of 9 676ha followed by Masvingo at 7 060ha. Masvingo province committed the largest area of 13 319ha to sweet potato followed by Mashonaland East at 10 251ha in the 2020/21 season.
On productivity, Mashonaland West province was forecast to have the highest yield of 20,53 tonnes per hectare followed by Manicaland at 13,7 tonnes per hectare for the 2021/22 season. For the 2020/21 season, Matabelaland South had the largest yield 11, 04 tonnes per hectare with Manicaland coming second at 10, 84 tonnes per hectare.
Under the HRGP, the Presidential Horticulture Rural Development Scheme targets 1, 8 million households to receive elite, virus-free sweet potato vines to improve yields, quality and spur value addition and beneficiation to transform the rural economy.
The HRGP has set a conservative yield increase figure of 8 tonnes per hectare. Planting a quarter of an acre (0, 1ha) with virus-free sweet potatoes by each household will realise an expected yield of 800kg, which if sold at a price of US$200 per tonne, will produce US$160 as income.
Elaborating on the yield potential of virus-free sweet potato vines, Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Fisheries, Water and Rural Development research scientist, Mrs Sibusisiwe Pinkson Dube said sweet potato was a climate-resistant crop, which was easy to grow, requires less inputs, intensity and that can be produced on a small piece of land.
"Sweet potatoes are generally an easy crop to farm due to their limited input requirement, capital intensity and applicability on small tracts of land. In addition, the crop yields very high with yields of around 30 tonnes per hectare possible.
"Its production features prominently in smallholder cropping systems because of its versatility as well as being climate-resistant," said Mrs Dube.
She further added that sweet potatoes are easy to store and could be a famine reserve crop to counteract increased effects of climate change.
"Tissue culture has the potential of improving livelihoods of subsistence farmers that largely rely on vegetatively propagated crops. Through shows, trainings and field days around the country, farmers are being educated on the need to use tissue cultured planting materials that are free of pests and diseases especially viruses.
"The country has also seen the active use of biotechnology by local universities, private companies and research institutes in improving productivity in sweet potatoes," added Mrs Dube.
"The Research Department has developed rapid multiplication techniques as a measure to increase the multiplication ratio of sweet potato vines. This technique mainly targets smallholder farmers as a strategy to allow availability of sufficient quality planting material both at household and ward level. This is made possible by the employment of district vine multipliers (DVM) in ward-based nutrition gardens to grow and disseminate the planting materials," explained Mrs Dube.