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<NetFx40_PInvokeStackResilience> Element
Specifies whether the runtime automatically fixes incorrect platform invoke declarations at run time, at the cost of slower transitions between managed and unmanaged code.
<configuration> Element
 <runtime> Element
 <NetFx40_PInvokeStackResilience> Element
<NetFx40_PInvokeStackResilience enabled="1|0"/>
The following sections describe attributes, child elements, and parent elements.
Attributes
Attribute
Description
enabled
Required attribute.
Specifies whether the runtime detects incorrect platform invoke declarations and automatically fixes the stack at run time on 32-bit platforms.
enabled Attribute
Value
Description
0
The runtime uses the faster interop marshaling architecture introduced in the .NET Framework 4, which does not detect and fix incorrect platform invoke declarations. This is the default.
1
The runtime uses slower transitions that detect and fix incorrect platform invoke declarations.
Child Elements
None.
Parent Elements
Element
Description
configuration
The root element in every configuration file used by the common language runtime and .NET Framework applications.
runtime
Contains information about runtime initialization options.
This element enables you to trade faster interop marshaling for run-time resilience against incorrect platform invoke declarations.
Starting with the .NET Framework 4, a streamlined interop marshaling architecture provides a significant performance improvement for transitions from managed code to unmanaged code. In earlier versions of the .NET Framework, the marshaling layer detected incorrect platform invoke declarations on 32-bit platforms and automatically fixed the stack. The new marshaling architecture eliminates this step. As a result, transitions are very fast, but an incorrect platform invoke declaration can cause a program failure.
To make it easy to detect incorrect declarations during development, the Visual Studio debugging experience has been improved. The pInvokeStackImbalance managed debugging assistant (MDA) notifies you of incorrect platform invoke declarations when your application is running with the debugger attached.
To address scenarios where your application uses components that you cannot recompile, and that have incorrect platform invoke declarations, you can use the NetFx40_PInvokeStackResilience element. Adding this element to your application configuration file with enabled="1" opts into a compatibility mode with the behavior of earlier versions of the .NET Framework, at the cost of slower transitions. Assemblies that have been compiled against earlier versions of the .NET Framework are automatically opted into this compatibility mode, and do not need this element.
Configuration File
This element can be used only in the application configuration file.
The following example shows how to opt into increased resilience against incorrect platform invoke declarations for an application, at the cost of slower transitions between managed and unmanaged code.
<configuration>
 <runtime>
 <NetFx40_PInvokeStackResilience enabled="1"/>
 </runtime>
</configuration>
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© 2015 Microsoft


text:
Chironomids are widely and abundantly distributed in the vicinity of standing waters. Larvae of Chironomus and some other genera are known to contain hemoglobins, which have been described as a major allergen, and the adults that have no hemoglobins also have been reported to contain allergens. In this study, we tried to establish the role of chironomid allergy and characterize the allergen of Chironomus kiiensis adults. Skin tests using C. kiiensis adult extracts were performed on patients with allergic symptoms. A cDNA library of C. kiiensis adults was screened with C. kiiensis immune mouse sera to identify allergens, and results were confirmed using skin test-positive human sera. Recombinant allergen was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity chromatography using nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid agarose to investigate its allergenic properties. Out of 275 allergic patients 14.2% showed a positive reaction to C. kiiensis adult crude extracts in the skin test. The tropomyosin was cloned by immunoscreening and expressed in Escherichia coli. C. kiiensis tropomyosin has a high homology at the amino acid level with tropomyosins which were previously known to be allergens in various arthropods (Periplaneta americana, 86.3%; Panulirus stimpson, 78.9%; Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, 76.5%). Specific immunoglobulin E antibodies reacting to recombinant tropomyosin were detected in 17 (81%) of 21 patients whose skin test results were positive. Cross-reactivity against house dust mites and other insects was noticed with mouse anti-recombinant tropomyosin immune serum. C. kiiensis adults were shown to be an important source of inhalant allergens in Korea. Molecular cloning of C. kiiensis tropomyosin was performed and IgE reactivity was demonstrated using skin test-positive human sera. Recombinant tropomyosin will be useful for further studies or clinical applications.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Immunology and Allergy
- Clinical Biochemistry
- Microbiology (medical)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
When I first came across Blake Synder's Beat Sheet. 4 thoughts on "Blake Synder's Beat Sheet, with template" Leslye says: February 1, 2014 at 1:30 am.The Beat Sheet: Skeleton of a Screenplay. Blake Snyder's beat sheet from Save the. It is the moment that sets the rest of the film into motion.Introducting The Beat Sheet Lesson 4.2 – The Beat Sheet You've. Beat Sheet Basics 101. A beat sheet – as in, the beat of each story point — is a list of.Treatments, Outlines and Beat Sheets. film analysis (90) genre (16) Get Out (3) Humor (2) Inception (11) independent film (4) Interview (16) Karen.
Protect confidential information with a free Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA). Easily personalize, print or download your form in minutes.
What, Technically, is a "Beat" in a. When you start to outline your story beats and then create a beat sheet. can you provide some film examples of a.
Save the cat beat sheet pdf. BIIEAII IIITG 2m 25.The Blake Snyder Beat Sheet is the best plot structure template Ive come across. save the cat beat sheet tv.he Beat Sheet calculator allows you to enter the total projected number of pages in your screenplay, and then returns to you a beat by beat sheet of the. the film.
Script Magazine. Register. How to Structure a Screenplay – In Defense of. The most popular current "story template" is the "Beat Sheet" from Blake.motion picture | Made-for-TV movie. Feature film (over 60 minutes). Della Reese as Claudine. (Personnel On Camera). Motion Picture (Form).A beat is the timing and movement of a film or play. In the context of a screenplay,. Following is a beat example from The Shawshank Redemption.Forms for members. Email Cat at:. Writing Credit Contract for Film. Sample Beat Sheet (My Name Is Earl).See the products you can purchase from Blake Snyder's Save the Cat! Store. Cart: 0;. Save the Cat!® Strikes. New York City Weekend Intensive Beat Sheet.Some screenwriters will construct a 'beat sheet. Some say the origin of this eight-sequence template is the. 2 comments to Introduction To Sequence Structure.
I use a modified version of a beat sheet when I outline, called a "timeline". Here are some examples. WRITING INDIES - Writing an Indie film?.Found at Storyfix.com by Larry Brooks Here's Your Beat Sheet Template There are many ways to create a "beat sheet.". Very heartwarming film.Building The Beat Sheet The Three Act Structure. Act One of the script is the Thesis of the film. It invites the reader into the normal world of the protagonist.11 thoughts on " The One-Sheet TV Pitch Document ". For examples on how to write the content of a pitch. Where is the article re: One-Sheet for Film?.
Looper Beat Sheet. February 24, 2013 By William Robert Rich 4 Comments. FULL BEAT SHEET ACT I. Joe Time past and time future What might have been and what has been.According to Blake Snyder, every good script should have a certain structure, certain beats at certain places. The beats should be roughly proportional to the script.Ella Fitzgerald Collection. The Ella Fitzgerald Sheet. Metronome magazine and Down Beat magazine 1955 Appears in the film Pete Kelly's Blues.A step outline (more commonly called a beat sheet) is a detailed telling of a story with the intention of turning the story into a screenplay for a motion picture.Beat Sheets – Alphabetical. Al Rodriguez or Geoff Harris will analyze your film or. Jessica Brody will consult on your novel and analyze your beat sheet.
A "beat" is the smallest unit of measurement in a screenplay. A "beat sheet" is a type of outline where each "beat" is an individual. For example, a.Outlines, Beat Sheets. if you use something like Grimm's fairy tales as your template,. Outlines, Beat Sheets & Treatments; Short Film Scripts.
beat sheet for Oscar winner Short Film Animated: Feast _URL_

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Birth and Family[edit | edit source]
Merriman was born July 9, 1846 in Beallsville, Ohio, the son of Colbert and Catherine Elizabeth C. Harris. Merriman married Flora Best October 23, 1873. They had two daughters, Florence and Elizabeth.
Military Service and Education[edit | edit source]
Ordained Ministry and Missionary Service[edit | edit source]
Merriman entered the ministry of the Pittsburgh Annual Conference of the M.E. Church in 1869, serving as a Pastor and a Missionary. He was sent to Japan in 1873, and later he established Japanese missions on the Pacific Coast of the U.S. and in Hawaii. He became the Superintendent of Japanese Missions in San Francisco in 1886. He also served as Superintendent of all Pacific Coast Japanese Missions of his denomination, including the Hawaiian Islands, in 1890.
Episcopal Ministry[edit | edit source]
Merriman Colbert Harris was elected a Missionary Bishop by the 1904 General Conference of the M.E. Church. He was assigned Korea and Japan.
Selected Writings[edit | edit source]
- Address: Japanese Buddhism, San Francisco, 1887. Typed, in Methodist Bishops' Collection.
- Christianity in Japan, 1907.
- Save Korea, Quarterly-Centennial Documents, 1910.
- Contributor, Japan Proverbs.
- Statement in Competent Witnesses on Korea as a Mission Field, Korea Documents, with others.
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- Leete, Frederick DeLand, Methodist Bishops. Nashville, The Methodist Publishing House, 1948.
- Methodism: Ohio Area (1812–1962), edited by John M. Versteeg, Litt.D., D.D. (Ohio Area Sesquicentennial Committee, 1962).
- Price, Carl F., Compiler and Editor: Who's Who in American Methodism, New York: E.B. Treat & Co., 1916.


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Pandas Series dt.dayofweek | Get Day of Week from DateTime Series in Pandas
Last Updated : 07 Feb, 2024
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Pandas dt.dayofweek attribute returns the day of the week from the given DateTime Series Object. It is assumed the week starts on Monday, which is denoted by 0, and ends on Sunday which is denoted by 6.
Example:
Python3
import pandas as pd
sr = pd.Series(['2012-10-21 09:30', '2019-7-18 12:30', '2008-02-2 10:30',
 '2010-4-22 09:25', '2019-11-8 02:22'])
idx = ['Day 1', 'Day 2', 'Day 3', 'Day 4', 'Day 5']
sr.index = idx
sr = pd.to_datetime(sr)
result = sr.dt.dayofweek
print(result)
Output:
dt.dayofweek output
Syntax
Syntax: Series.dt.dayofweek
Parameter: None
Returns: Series with integers indicating day of week
How to Extract Day of Week From Pandas Series
To extract the day of the week from the Pandas Series we use the dt.dayofweek attribute of the Pandas library in Python.
Let us understand it better with an example:
Example:
Use the Series.dt.dayofweek attribute to return the day of the week for the given DateTime in the underlying data of the given Series object.
Python3
# importing pandas as pd
import pandas as pd

# Creating the Series
sr = pd.Series(pd.date_range('2012-12-12 12:12', periods = 5, freq = 'M'))

# Creating the index
idx = ['Day 1', 'Day 2', 'Day 3', 'Day 4', 'Day 5']

# set the index
sr.index = idx

# Print the series
print(sr)
Output :
datetime series created
Now we will use the dt.dayofweek attribute to return the day of the week for the given DateTime in the underlying data of the given Series object.
Python3
# return the day of week
result = sr.dt.dayofweek

# print the result
print(result)
Output :
day of week returned
As we can see in the output, the dt.dayofweek attribute has successfully accessed and returned the day of week in the underlying data of the given series object.
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|Islam in Panama|
There are 24,000 Muslims in Panama or 0.7% of the population. The first Muslims came to Panama as slaves from Africa brought by the Spaniards, to work the gold mines in 1552. |
A group of Muslim Mandinka slaves numbering 500 escaped from a sinking ship and maintained their independence. They elected Bayano as leader and he led them in their fight against the colonialists. They were steadfast on Islam and built mosques. Bayano made covenants with the Governor of Panama to live in peace but the Spaniards eventually crushed them. Bayano was captured. The river Bayano is named after this Muslim leader.
The second wave of Muslims came from 1904. Muslims from Lebanon and India came and married local women. The formed an organization and built a place of worship in Panama City. Muslims of West Indian descent from Jamaica, Trinidad and Barbados also settled in Panama. In 1963 a Muslim cemetery was bought.
The first official mosque was inaugurated in 1982. There are 10 mosques in the country presently. Islam enjoys a prominent place in Panama society. The vast majority of Muslims are of Lebanese, Palestinian and Indian descent. In Colon, Muslims and Jews form the majority of the traders. There are several Muslim organizations in Panama.
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


ARTICLE: Impact is an ideologically and strategically driven aim for entrepreunial journalists
Picture: DKD_8062 by Deven Dadbhawala, license CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
Studying entrepreunial journalists, constructive journalism and the concept of impact shows the complexity of conceptualising journalism. Andrea Wagemans, Tamara Witschge and Frank Harbers, all of the University of Groningen, analysed data from interviews with 129 entrepreneurial journalists on four continents. The interviews were conducted in 2014–2017.
The researchers wanted to find out how entrepreneurial journalists position themselves in relation to other journalists and society by exploring their understanding of journalism's impact in society.
Based on the interviews, entrepreunial journalists see it as their mission to seek innovation, both technological and ideological. A recurrent theme in the interviews was the wish to create useful and impactful journalism for their audiences and the society.
Impact was defined in varying ways, including individual, community, and societal levels.
The entrepreneurs navigate between traditional and alternative journalistic values seemingly effortlessly, challening some binary distinctions found in earlier research. Their practices are not only ideologically driven, but are also influenced by strategic considerations, the authors state. This involves targeting specific audiences.
The researchers end with the observation that notions such as constructive journalism are not neutral or unambigous. The concepts people refer to are informative about how they look at the world around them. This also means that the definitions of journalism given by the entrepreneurs do not provide definite answers to the debate on what journalism is or what it should be.
The article "Impact as driving force of journalistic and social change" was published in Journalism and is freely available on the publisher's website (open access).
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This fall Kat Ran Press will be issuing an interesting little book reproducing samples of paste papers made by 19 bookbinders, collected and presented by binder David Bourbeau.
"In his introduction to [Paste Papers of the Pioneer Valley], the late David P. Bourbeau gives a fascinating history of fine printing and binding in the Pioneer Valley of western Massachusetts, with special attention paid to decorated and paste papers. This precedes full-page reproductions of nineteen paste papers with short biographies of their makers—many of whom are the unsung hero-binders of books from fine press publishers such as Gehenna Press, Pennyroyal Press, Cheloniidae Press, Warwick Press, ELM Press, The Lone Oak Press, and Double Elephant Press."
The book (48 pp, 6 x 8.25 inches, $30) reproduces one paper by each binder (including HM's friends Claudia Cohen and Sarah Creighton). It is published in collaboration with Catawba Press, which a quick Google search suggests is the imprint of binder Barbara Blumenthal (a handful of titles were issued in the first half of the 1980s, but it seems to have been in abeyance since). This would make sense since she is making the boxes for the deluxe edition of 20 copies, issued with large, matted samples of each paper reproduced in the book ($950).


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Frequently Asked Questions
This page answers some questions which are most often asked about UK bank and public holidays. It is written in general terms only and should not be regarded as a complete and authoritative statement of the law. The entitlement to paid annual leave is contained in the provisions of the Working Time Regulations.
What are bank holidays?
Bank holidays are days in the whole or part of the UK on which banks may close for business. The law makes provision for certain payments to be deferred until the next appropriate day for this purpose.
Does this entitle employees to a holiday?
What rights do employees have on bank holidays?
Any right to time off or extra pay on bank holidays depends on the terms of an employee's contract of employment. Even when entitlements of this nature are not explicitly written down, they may sometimes be incorporated by custom and practice (for example, where they have become part of the customary terms of employment in a particular industry).
Does the Government have any plans to ensure that employers do not include bank holidays as part of the 20 days statutory annual leave entitlement?
See Holiday Entitlement page.
When are the bank holidays?
The expected dates of bank and public holidays in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland for 2005 to 2008 inclusive have been announced by the DTI. Following Devolution, dates for Scotland are a matter for the Scottish Executive.
There are currently 8 permanent bank and public holidays in England and Wales and Scotland and 10 in Northern Ireland. These include Christmas Day and Good Friday which, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, are common law holidays - they are not specified by law as bank holidays but have become customary holidays because of common observance.
What happens when bank holidays fall on a weekend?
Substitute days are customarily appointed for all UK bank and public holidays which fall on a Saturday or Sunday. For some bank holidays, these substitute days are laid down in legislation. In other cases, they are appointed by Royal Proclamation (or Proclamation by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland). The substitute day is normally the following Monday.
What happens to those workers who normally work weekends when certain bank holidays fall at a weekend i.e. Christmas?
Time off for the actual Christmas Day and Boxing Day would be determined by a worker's contract of employment which may have been explicitly agreed or incorporated by custom and practice.
Is there provision for special bank holidays?
Provisions in the legislation enable the dates of bank holidays to be changed or other holidays to be declared, for example to celebrate special occasions. The most recent examples of special bank holidays were for the Royal Wedding in 1981, the Millennium holiday in 1999 and the Queen's Golden Jubilee in 2002.


Maya Majiks
Oracle Card Readings for Guidance
How it works
Decide which reading you would like. Carefully write in what you would like to know about, what your question is. This is not really designed for yes/no questions. If you don't know how to phrase your question, just explain what you would like to know about and I will put it into an appropriate question for you. I will draw the cards and interpret them based on your question. Then I will take a photo of the cards and email it to you along with a detailed explanation and some suggestions about how you can apply the information to your life!
Just fill out a form below to get started
You Have 4 Options
2 Card Sacred Day Reading
Based on the Tzolk'in Sacred Mayan Calendar
Two cards are drawn and read together as one. Together they form a single energy that will help bring you direction.
1. Mayan Day God, 2. Point on the Magical Energy Wave
 5 Card Maya Cross Reading
The 5 Point Cross is central to the cosmovision of the Maya
1. What is beginning 2. What is clear. 3. What is changing 4. What is ending. 5. What advice to follow.
7 Card Virtues of Divine Power reading
The Divine Virtues encompass the four elements (fire, air, water, & earth), Heart of Sky, Heart of Earth & Center
1. Fire: What drives you, 2. Air: What you think about, 3. Water: Your emotions
4. Earth: What grounds you, 5. Heart of Sky: Your heavenly guardian, 6. Heart of Earth: Your earthly guardian
7. Center: Your path to ascension
13 Card Magical Wave Circle Reading
The 13 Energies at work within You. A comprehensive look into how you are doing!
1. What you are Attracting, 2. What is Polarizing in your life, 3. What you are Creating, 4. What you are finding Balance in, 5. Where you are feeling Empowered, 6. What is Flowing, 7. What you are Channeling, 8. What you are Harmonizing with, 9. What is Expanding in you, 10. What is Manifesting, 11. What you are Releasing, 12. What you are Understanding, 13. Where is your point of Ascension!
 2 Card Sacred Day Reading
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only $15.00!
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 5 Card Mayan Cross Reading
Receive your reading now for $27.00
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 7 Card Virtues of Divine
 Power Reading
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 13 Card Magical Wave Reading
Receive your reading now $47.00
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text:
Kurt Friedrich Plötner (19 October 1905 – 26 February 1984) was a Nazi Party member and doctor who conducted human experimentation on Jews and Soviet prisoners of war in German concentration camps. American intelligence recruited him to work for the United States in 1945. He returned to the medical field as a professor at the University of Freiburg in West Germany after working for the Americans and living under an alias.
Kurt Friedrich Plötner was born in Hermsdorf on October 19, 1905. A devoted Nazi as well as a Leipzig lecturer and researcher, he joined the SS as a physician in the 1930s, reaching the SS rank of Sturmbannführer.
Plötner participated in a series of research tasks involving human experimentation at the Dachau concentration camp during the Second World War II. These included participation in the malaria experiments of Claus Schilling, in which prisoners were injected with drugs at lethal doses. In 1944, he was given Dachau physician Sigmund Rascher's role as head of the "Department R" of the Ahnenerbe project for carrying out experimental work on living subjects. Plötner also administered the hallucinogen mescaline to Jews and Russian prisoners, watching them display schizophrenic behavior, as part of the Nazi search for a truth serum that could be employed as an aid in interrogations.
Hired by the CIA, 1945
Plötner's work in the concentration camps came to the attention of Boris Pash, an American intelligence officer who would go on to work in the CIA at the time of Operation BLUEBIRD in the late 1940s, and the United States Navy's intelligence officers recruited him in 1945, permitting him to continue his interrogation research.
Resumed civilian life, _PHONE_
Despite Plötner's actual residence in this western German zone, when the French government sought to have Plötner prosecuted in 1946 and appealed to the United States for assistance, the Americans replied that he could not be located, and was probably being shielded by the Soviet Union. He subsequently was able to quietly resume his real identity in 1952, at which time he was hired by the University of Freiburg in West Germany. He became an associate professor in 1954.
Plötner died on February 26, 1984.
- Kater, Michael H. Das 'Ahnenerbe' der SS 1935- 1945: Ein Beitrag zur Kulturpolitik des dritten Reiches, Studien zur Zeitgeschichte Volume 6. Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2006. ISBN 3-486-57950-9, ISBN 978-3-486-57950-5. P. 467. (in German)
- Cockburn, Alexander & Jeffrey St. Clair. Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs, and the Press. London: Verso, 1998. ISBN 1-85984-139-2, ISBN 978-1-85984-139-6. P. 51.
- Blackman, Shane J. Chilling Out: The Cultural Politics of Substance Consumption, Youth and Drug Policy. Maidenhead, Berkshire: Open University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-335-20072-9, ISBN 978-0-335-20072-6. P. 33.
- Cockburn, Alexander. "The Wide World of Torture". The Nation. 8 November 2001. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
- Schmid, Hans. "Psychopathen, Psychiater und Psychonauten". Telepolis. 8 August 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2009. (in German)
- Klee, Ernst. "Silke Seemann: Die politischen Säuberungen des Lehrkörpers der Freiburger Universität nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges (1945–1957)". Deutsches Ärzteblatt. 27 June 2003. Retrieved 11 November 2009. (in German)


도시기본계획의 환경부문 계획 수립 실태 분석 및 개선방안
도시기본계획의 환경부문 계획 수립 실태 분석 및 개선방안
Issue Date
Series/Report No.
기초연구 : 2008-01
iv, 98 p.
Abstract A Study on the Improvement and Analysis of Environment-related Sections of the Urban Plan In this study, we made some suggestions to strengthen environment-related sections of the urban plan. To achieve this objective, we deduced assessment factors from the environment-related sections of the guidelines for urban planning the chief opinions collected during the review process of both the Korea Environment Institute and the Ministry of Environment and the assessment criteria of previous research. In addition, we conducted case studies on existing urban plans. On the basis of analyses for the deduced assessment factors, we concluded that some improvements need to be achieved in the following five sections: In the section regarding the characteristics and current status of the corresponding area, it is necessary to describe, in detail, ecological conditions (e.g., vegetation and animals) and to take into account the area's unique characteristics. Furthermore, in the section on high-level or related plans, environment-related policies within those plans need to be included. In the section on the establishment of the planning objective and indicators, the objective and action plans should take into account the area's own characteristics. Action plans should consider the integrity and coherence ofeach sectional plan. Various environmental indicators should be developed to achieve quality (not quantitatively) evaluations and to meet urban and environmental objectives. In the section pertaining to urban spatial structure, it is necessary to propose alternatives to the conservation axis as well as the development axis. Also, environmentally-friendly urban spatial structures should be planned after analyzing, in detail, the merits, and demerits of each alternative. In the section on land use planning, it is necessary to designate conservation areas; taking into account natural resources. Furthermore, areas thatconserve or reserve development in development-possible areas need to be designated as conservation areas. In the section regarding environmental conservation and management, it is necessary to systematically plan thenatural and ecological environment. In addition, environmental conservation and management plansshould be coherent with other plans related to landscape, parks, and greenspace.
Table Of Contents
차 례
제1장 서론
1. 연구의 배경 및 목적
2. 연구의 내용 및 방법
제2장 일반적 고찰
1. 도시기본계획의 개요
2. 도시기본계획수립지침
제3장 실태분석을 위한 평가요소 설정
1. 도시기본계획의 평가기준
2. 도시기본계획의 환경관련 수립내용 분석
3. 평가요소의 도출
제4장 도시기본계획의 작성실태 및 개선방안
1. 평가대상 및 방법
2. 작성현황 및 개선방안
3. 종합분석
제5장 결론
참고 문헌
Appears in Collections:
Reports(보고서) Working Paper(기초연구)
Files in This Item:
RIS (EndNote)
XLS (Excel)


Riemann–Siegel theta function
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In mathematics, the Riemann–Siegel theta function is defined in terms of the Gamma function as
\theta(t) = \arg \left(
- \frac{\log \pi}{2} t
for real values of t. Here the argument is chosen in such a way that a continuous function is obtained and \theta(0)=0 holds, i.e., in the same way that the principal branch of the log Gamma function is defined.
It has an asymptotic expansion
\theta(t) \sim \frac{t}{2}\log \frac{t}{2\pi} - \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\pi}{8}+\frac{1}{48t}+ \frac{7}{5760t^3}+\cdots
which is not convergent, but whose first few terms give a good approximation for t \gg 1. Its Taylor-series at 0 which converges for |t| < 1/2 is
\theta(t) = -\frac{t}{2} \log \pi + \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^k \psi^{(2k)}\left(\frac{1}{4}\right) }{(2k+1)!} \left(\frac{t}{2}\right)^{2k+1}
where \psi^{(2k)} denotes the Polygamma function of order 2k. The Riemann–Siegel theta function is of interest in studying the Riemann zeta function, since it can rotate the Riemann zeta function such that it becomes the totally real valued Z function on the critical line s = 1/2 + i t.
Curve discussion[edit]
The Riemann–Siegel theta function is an odd real analytic function for real values of t. It has 3 roots at 0 and \pm 17._PHONE_\ldots and it is an increasing function for values |t| > 6.29, because it has exactly one minima and one maxima at \pm 6.289835988\ldots with absolute value
3.530972829\ldots. Lastly it has a unique inflection point at t=0 with \theta^\prime(0)= -\frac{\ln \pi + \gamma + \pi/2 + 3 \ln 2}{2} = -2._PHONE_\ldots where the theta function has its derivation minimum.
Theta as a function of a complex variable[edit]
We have an infinite series expression for the log Gamma function
\log \Gamma \left(z\right) = -\gamma z -\log z
+ \sum_{n=1}^\infty
\left(\frac{z}{n} - \log \left(1+\frac{z}{n}\right)\right),
where γ is Euler's constant. Substituting (2it+1)/4 for z and taking the imaginary part termwise gives the following series for θ(t)
\theta(t) = -\frac{\gamma + \log \pi}{2}t - \arctan 2t
+ \sum_{n=1}^\infty \left(\frac{t}{2n}
- \arctan\left(\frac{2t}{4n+1}\right)\right).
For values with imaginary part between -1 and 1, the arctangent function is holomorphic, and it is easily seen that the series converges uniformly on compact sets in the region with imaginary part between -1/2 and 1/2, leading to a holomorphic function on this domain. It follows that the Z function is also holomorphic in this region, which is the critical strip.
We may use the identities
\arg z = \frac{\log z - \log\bar z}{2i}\quad\text{and}\quad\overline{\Gamma(z)}=\Gamma(\bar z)
to obtain the closed-form expression
\theta(t) = \frac{\log\Gamma\left(\frac{2it+1}{4}\right)-\log\Gamma\left(\frac{-2it+1}{4}\right)}{2i} - \frac{\log \pi}{2} t,
which extends our original definition to a holomorphic function of t. Since the principal branch of log Γ has a single branch cut along the negative real axis, θ(t) in this definition inherits branch cuts along the imaginary axis above i/2 and below -i/2.
Riemann–Siegel theta function in the complex plane
Riemann Siegel Theta 1.jpg
Riemann Siegel Theta 2.jpg
Riemann Siegel Theta 3.jpg
 -1 < \Re(t) < 1
 -5 < \Re(t) < 5
 -40 < \Re(t) < 40
Gram points[edit]
The Riemann zeta function on the critical line can be written
\zeta\left(\frac{1}{2}+it\right) = e^{-i \theta(t)}Z(t),
Z(t) = e^{i \theta(t)} \zeta\left(\frac{1}{2}+it\right).
If t is a real number, then the Z function Z\left(t\right) returns real values.
Hence the zeta function on the critical line will be real when \sin\left(\,\theta(t)\,\right)=0. Positive real values of t where this occurs are called Gram points, after J. P. Gram, and can of course also be described as the points where \frac{\theta(t)}{\pi} is an integer.
A Gram point is a solution g_{n} of
\theta\left(g_{n}\right) = n\pi.
Here are the smallest non negative Gram points
n g_{n} \theta(g_{n})
-3 0 0
-2 3._PHONE_...
-1 9._PHONE_...
0 17._PHONE_... 0
1 23._PHONE_... π
2 27._PHONE_...
3 31._PHONE_...
4 35._PHONE_...
5 38._PHONE_...
6 42._PHONE_...
7 45._PHONE_...
8 48._PHONE_...
9 51._PHONE_...
10 54._PHONE_... 10π
11 57._PHONE_... 11π
12 60._PHONE_... 12π
13 63._PHONE_... 13π
14 65._PHONE_... 14π
15 68._PHONE_... 15π
The choice of the index n is a bit crude. It is historically chosen in such a way that the index is 0 at the first value which is larger than the smallest positive zero (at imaginary part 14._PHONE_...) of the Riemann zeta function on the critical line. Notice, this \theta-function oscillates for absolute-small real arguments and therefore is not uniquely invertible in the interval [-24,24]! Thus the odd theta-function has its symmetric Gram point with value 0 at index -3. Gram points are useful when computing the zeros of Z\left(t\right). At a Gram point g_{n},
\zeta\left(\frac{1}{2}+ig_n\right) = \cos(\theta(g_n))Z(g_n) = (-1)^n Z(g_n),
and if this is positive at two successive Gram points, Z\left(t\right) must have a zero in the interval.
According to Gram's law, the real part is usually positive while the imaginary part alternates with the gram points, between positive and negative values at somewhat regular intervals.
(-1)^n \, Z\left(g_{n}\right) > 0
The number of roots, N\left(T\right), in the strip from 0 to T, can be found by
N\left(T\right) = \frac{\theta(T)}{\pi} + 1+S(T),
where S(T) is an error term which grows asymptotically like \log T.
Only if g_{n} would obey Gram's law, then finding the number of roots in the strip simply becomes
N\left(g_{n}\right) = n + 1.
Today we know, that in the long run, Gram's law fails for about 1/4 of all Gram-intervals to contain exactly 1 zero of the Riemann zeta-function. Gram was afraid that it may fail for larger indices (the first miss is at index 126 before the 127th zero) and thus claimed this only for not too high indices. Later Hutchinson coined the phrase Gram's law for the (false) statement that all zeroes on the critical line would be separated by Gram points.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]


General Buying Information
Vehicle Weight Averages for Certain Models
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If weight is a consideration in your new car purchase, then it's important to know the average vehicle weight of different models of vehicles. Here are the figures on what the average weight should be for some of the more common classes of cars:
 - Compact cars (Honda Civic) should weigh between 3,000 to 4,500 pounds.
 - Midsize cars (Ford Taurus) usually weigh between 4,500 pounds to 5,500 pounds.
 - Full size cars (Mercedes S Class) average between 5000 and 6000 pounds.
 - Minivans or Crossovers (Dodge Caravan) mostly fall between 5500 and 6500 pounds.
 - Light trucks and SUV's (Ford Explorer) between 5000 and 7000 pounds.
 - Full size pickups and SUV's (Toyota Tundra) can weigh between 7,500 to 12,000 pounds.
Remember these are just vehicle weights, not gross weight ratings. There is a difference between a vehicle weight and a gross weight rating. The vehicle weight is the car by itself. The gross weight rating is the car's weight plus the weight of whatever is in it: like fuel, passengers and cargo. Your car's weight can be an important thing to consider for one of a few reasons. Some neighborhoods have limited access to heavier vehicles for a variety of reasons, like road wear or the weight capacity of bridges in the area. Heavier vehicles may not be able to pass without damaging the road or causing danger to passengers. For people that access their homes or business using ferry boats, weight is also an important consideration. If your ferry charges vehicles by weight, just a few pounds may save you hundreds or even thousands of dollars a year.
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Home / FAQ
What makes the Rocky Talkie different from other radios?
The Rocky Talkie is designed for athletes to push their limits in the outdoors. Unlike the fragile plastic belt clips of other radios, our radio easily secures to backpacks and harnesses using an ultra-light carabiner. For extreme terrain, a back-up leash is included to prevent drops. We find that this system is the difference between actively using the radio and keeping it in a backpack for emergencies.
In addition to the convenience offered, the Rocky Talkie includes a shatterproof LED screen (no-glass) and a thermoplastic covering to protect the electronics. The radio is ready to use out of the box and requires zero configuration. The electronics are simple and reliable - we cut out all of the superfluous radio features that kill battery life. The radio has 5 buttons that are easy to understand and still support the critical advanced features (such as privacy codes to prevent outside interference).
What is the usable range of a Rocky Talkie?
What is the battery life of a Rocky Talkie?
Can I use my Rocky Talkie with other radios?
Can I use a different charger to charge my radio?
How will cold weather effect my Rocky Talkie?
What sports are the radios recommended for?
Is the radio waterproof?
How can I change between high and low power?
How long does it take to charge a Rocky Talkie?
Are the accessories safe to climb with?
My radio is on but won't transmit?


text:
Two judo fighters face off, one in a white judogi (the traditional judo uniform) and one in blue. They reach for each other's shoulders and lock arms, in what looks like an awkward dance, before the fighter in blue throws his opponent head-over-feet onto the mat.
Judo and mixed martial arts have become increasingly popular over the past few years and scientists have taken note. The two fighters were actually filmed as part of a science experiment that demonstrates how researchers can quantify exactly how the athletes are spending their energy. The video will be published in JoVE, the Journal of Visualized Experiments.
Previously, researchers have only been able to study predictable sports that are easy to replicate in the laboratory, such as running. With this new method, scientists will be able to study the team and individual sports that have previously been neglected.
"Each sport has specific characteristics which confer different metabolic demands to them," said paper-author Dr. Emerson Franchini. "One of the most important aspects of the metabolic demand is the relative contribution of the energy systems."
Three energy systems are used in exercise: the aerobic metabolism, which uses oxygen to convert nutrients into energy; lactic anaerobic metabolism, which doesn't require oxygen and makes energy exclusively from carbohydrates, with lactic acid as a by-product; and alactic anaerobic metabolism, which makes energy without oxygen and doesn't produce lactic acid.
In this article, the researchers chose to study judo, a complex and unpredictable sport. To figure out the relative contributions of each energy system, the researchers recorded the participants' resting oxygen consumption, and used a portable gas analyzer (which looks a little bit like a mini jet-pack) to measure exercise oxygen consumption. The researchers took these measures, as well as post-exercise oxygen consumption, rest lactate concentration, and peak lactate concentration post-exercise, and used various mathematical formulas to determine how much each individual energy system contributed.
"One amazing aspect of this method is that it can provide information regarding the energy demands of specific components within a sport," said JoVE Content Director, Dr. Aaron Kolski-Andreaco. "For example, the relative contributions of the energy systems can be calculated for different Judo throws, and the authors elegantly demonstrate this in their article."
As the authors point out, the problems with assessing unpredictable or team sports in the laboratory has meant that less attention has been paid to those sports by scientists. They hope that this method will help change that.
More information: To watch the full video article, please follow the link: _URL_


text:
In tire manufacturing different material layers are rolled up onto a drum, thus the tire is built up layer by layer. For tire quality and safety it is necessary for the start and end of each layer to have a defined overlap.
Up to now, for the determination of this overlap, systems capable of acquiring only one track are employed. The Fraunhofer EZRT development SpliceChecker is applying light-sectioning techniques in order to inspect layer setup along the entire width and circumference for the first time. As a result of this measurement not only the overlap is determined but also a possible lateral offset of the layer with regards to its desired position. Optionally, it can also be determined, whether the layer has been deposited at all or if a material with incorrect width or thickness was used. Also production flaws like folded corners ("dog-ears") or foldings can be detected.
In light-sectioning a light-section is projected diagonally towards material layer onto the drum and monitored by a specialized camera under an angle from the projection direction. From the course of the light section a height profile is generated. During tire buildup up to 8000 height profiles of the material layer are recorded. This enables tire buildup inspection even at layer deposition velocities of 120 m/min.
The current SpliceChecker systems are acquiring the layer buildup on a width of 400 mm or 700 mm resp. Under development is a modular system capable of acquiring a layer width of up to 1000 mm with just one camera. Measurement speed and resolution are adapted to the individual requirements of our customers. By coupling with existing machine controls an integration into existing manufacturing systems is possible.
- Data acquisition during layer buildup
- Suitable for all material layers (Innerliner, Ply, Breaker, etc.)
- Usually no additional cycle time required
- Measurement of the entire material layer
- Precise determination of splice (overlap/open) throughout the entire width
- Determination of material width and offset throughout the entire winding
- Customer specific evaluation possible
- No reference data acquisition necessary
- Can be flexibly adapted to various tire systems
- Offline evaluation of saved data possible


text:
The Signature flow meter is designed for open channel flow monitoring applications. It supports flow measurement technologies including bubbler, non-contact laser area velocity, submerged Doppler ultrasonic area velocity, and ultrasonic. The meter can calculate flow using standard open channel level-to-flow and area velocity conversions, as well as user-defined equations, level to area data points, or level to flow data points, depending on the application need.
The Signature flow meter has unique features to verify data integrity. It logs key events such as changes in calibration and power outages to validate data accuracy. Data can be easily reviewed to detect any type of data alteration. With multiple smart interface options and multi-parameter logging (such as pH), the Signature flow meter provides a common platform for control action, reporting, and communication.
Multiple flow technologies are available so you can select the best flow technology for the measurement site and channel conditions. Available technologies are: bubbler, ultrasonic, continuous wave area velocity, and non-contacting LaserFlow™ velocity.
Multiple simultaneous flow technologies
RS-485 Modbus input
RS-485 Modbus output
Rain gauge input
Multiple parameter data logging
Program and Summary Reports
Data integrity verification
Triggering, sampler enabling
Compatibility with Flowlink® software


Nearly 58% of flu increase in Arizona found in children
The Arizona Department of Health Services reports compared to last year's flu season, the number of flu cases has increased by nearly 75% and about 58% of that increase is the B-strain, also known as the Influenza B, and is mainly found in children ages 18 and younger.
"We know that Influenza B impacts kiddos more and we usually see that in the second half of the influenza season," Dr. Cara Christ said.
The health department says this year, flu cases started popping up earlier and they are seeing a lot more of them -- approximately 8,600 cases have been reported this flu season so far.
"When we look at influenza, we see in Arizona a peek between January and March," Dr. Christ said. "This year, we've seen cases as early as October or November."
And there's a large number of flu cases that go undocumented.
"So the cases that we're reporting, we know are only the tip of the iceberg because they are the ones that have gone, had the flu tested and have been reported to the department," Dr. Christ said. "A lot of people don't go to the doctor for flu, so we know we're just seeing a small minority of cases."
However, the department of health also says although flu cases have spiked, the number of flu shots has stayed the same.


other icons_FA
Debit Order Scams
Media statement: PASA on unauthorised debit orders
14 January 2019 - Unauthorised debit orders, sometimes referred to as "R99 debit order scams" (although amounts vary), have once again received close press attention in recent weeks. The South African Reserve Bank, the Payments Association of South Africa (PASA), the banks, and a number of user associations are aware of the problem; they have been actively focused on the matter and on a number of steps to address it.
Customers are understandably frustrated by the issue, but there is also some confusion and misinformation around the issue which deserves some clarification – which we hope to achieve by responding to a few frequently-asked questions.
Why do banks allow debit orders to go through?
Banks act as facilitators of payments and are bound by law to honour debit orders submitted into the payment system by other banks on behalf of their clients. Each debit order transaction involves an entity (called a "user") as well as the banks, and if all parties do not collaborate in an organised manner, the debit order system, through which 55 million payments to the value of over R80 billion are processed every month, would cease to function. Accordingly, when banks submit transactions on behalf of users, they do so on the basis that such a user has included only valid debit orders backed by a paper or voice mandate. These mandates are, however, held by the user, and not by the sponsoring bank -- the bank simply facilitates the transaction on behalf of their client.
Then why don't they just refuse debit orders from companies that customers regularly reverse?
The vast majority of disputed debit orders are in fact legitimate ones agreed to by customers, but which are reversed for "cash management" reasons – so that the money can be used for something else.
To put the numbers in perspective, on average about 1,5 million of the 55 million monthly debit orders are disputed – less than 3%. Based on PASA and bank estimates, however, of the 1,5m only about 10% of the debit orders disputed by customers are actually unauthorised.
This is a major problem for the industry. First, customers need to be aware that it is illegal, not to mention unethical, to reverse a debit order they have authorised as payment for a legitimate legal contract or service. Second, the millions of monthly reversed legitimate debit orders make it extremely difficult to identify those debit orders initiated by fraudsters. For example, a corporate user that is completely compliant to the rules in every respect and only submits debit orders with valid mandates may still face high levels of disputes through no fault of their own.
Are the banks profiting from this?
PASA CEO Walter Volker explains, "Banks are certainly not profiting from debit orders being reversed; on the contrary, by virtue of their sponsorship of the transactions and the associated legal obligations, they are exposed to the full value of the debit orders being disputed.
"If a bank reverses a debit order on instruction from a customer, and it turns out there was a valid mandate, the bank risks losing that entire amount if they cannot get it back from the consumer. On the other hand, in the event that an illegal debit order is disputed, the sponsoring bank would be liable to reimburse the full amount, even after the so-called rogue user has been exited from the system." There are therefore many hidden costs and risks, which consumers are not always aware of.
Why are some banks charging consumers when they dispute a debit order?
Reversing disputed debit orders takes time and work. As explained above, banks take on the risk that the company submitting a debit order has either been excluded from the system or is no longer in business, so the cost of managing and upholding disputes is high. At the same time, as explained above, 90% of disputes are ultimately found to be illegal. Some banks, therefore, have introduced fees in the hopes of limiting such illegal disputes. Even for banks who do charge, however, a consumer would be within their rights to request a refund if it is found that there was no valid mandate and that the debit order is in effect unauthorised or fraudulent.
Which banks have been hit by the so-called "R99 scam"?
No bank is immune to unauthorised debit orders. Volker says, "This is not just a problem involving one bank, one company or one scam. It is an industry-wide problem and PASA is working with all the banks to improve the safety of the system, both for consumers and for companies."
What is being done about the problem?
PASA has been working with the banking industry since 2013 to implement a wide-reaching and complex system called DebiCheck, the first of its kind anywhere in the world. The initial phase went live on 1 August 2018, by which time all 11 participating banks had implemented DebiCheck operationally.
Right now, user companies are busy implementing the systems and introducing the new business processes that are necessary to fully utilise DebiCheck. Volker explains: "Thousands of user companies, from large corporates to small business, will be using the system – so we need to ensure it remains stable and that consumers are not adversely affected."
With DebiCheck, banks will require customers to electronically confirm debit order information with them directly at the start of a new contract with a user, before any collection can take place; thus ensuring that both consumers and their banks know precisely what should be debited from their bank account. Once the consumer has authorised the electronic mandate, it will be stored on their bank's mandates database and can be verified or monitored at any time.
Will DebiCheck be available as an option in all instances?
In its initial phase, only consumers dealing with companies that have implemented DebiCheck will be required to confirm their debit order information electronically. Although the system is working already, it will take time for all DebiCheck users to ramp up their usage of the system. This number will grow over time, and the aim ultimately is to eradicate any and all unauthorised debit orders, through a combination of DebiCheck and other, more general debit order abuse measures.
While DebiCheck is ramped up, what other protection is provided?
In addition to DebiCheck, PASA is working with the banks to improve the processes by which new companies are allowed into the debit order system and to ensure rogue companies are identified and removed from the payment system. "This is a very serious matter for us and we are doing everything we can to identify those companies who are abusing the debit order system," says PASA Senior Legal Counsel Charl Ackerman.
PASA and the banks are also working to refine existing rules and processes in the payment system to further curb debit order abuse. Informational material has been developed and is being rolled out to educate consumers on their rights and obligations in the debit order environment.
In some instances, individual banks have put in place other measures such as SMS alerts for all debit transactions, free debit order reversals below a certain amount and cheaper appor online-based debit order dispute procedures.
Why is DebiCheck taking so long?
The scale and complexity of DebiCheck means that it has taken a great deal of work and time to implement. As of August 2018 the system is in place and in use, and companies are being added to the system all the time. New DebiCheck debit order customers are already receiving confirmation requests from their banks, but there is still work going on to mature the systems and to fully implement all functionalities required by users and banks.
The Reserve Bank recently granted a 12-month extension (until October 2020) to fully implement DebiCheck. This only affects the final date by which the old systems will be switched off. Nevertheless, says Volker, "The eleven banks participating in DebiCheck are committed to the process and still aim to have most companies on the system this year."
These additional 12 months will also be used to mature the system and to phase out old contracts and systems.
What can customers do to protect themselves?
 - Check your bank statements regularly for transactions you do not recognise.
 - Query unauthorised debit orders with your bank immediately and report the details to the Payments Association of South Africa at _EMAIL_.
 - Ensure that your bank has your correct cellphone number so that you receive SMS alerts when money is deducted from your account and also to receive DebiCheck confirmation requests.
 - Be wary when entering into contracts verbally, electronically or in writing.
 - Do not share or confirm your banking details, including your account number and branch code, if you are not certain exactly what they will be used for.
 - Do not dispute debit orders that you have authorised.
For more information about debit order abuse, DebiCheck and what the public can do to protect their accounts, please visit _URL_
For regular updates, follow the Payments Association of South Africa on Twitter _USER_ and Facebook.
About PASA
PASA is the payment system management body recognised by the South African Reserve Bank (SARB), in terms of the National Payment System Act of 1998, to organise, manage and regulate the participation of its members in the payment system. For more information, please visit _URL_


text:
I think it depends how much ice you have avalaible to you, or could have available.
- Surface area / volume, show how much more slowly large pieces of ice melt compared to the same volume of small pieces.
- Have a container with a large volume of floating ice, mark the water level and show how it doesn't change while the ice melts - already floating ice will have no effect on sea level.
- Have a slope of something covered in ice leading to a container of water to represent an ice shelf on the land, as this melts, the water (sea) level rises.
- Do the melting in water things at different temperatures, fridge, cooler room (outside?) warm place - draw a graph of temp v speed of melting.
- Do you have one of those mist generator things you put under a small amount of water? If so you can use it over a mound of something to represent the Antarctic continent. As the mist is generated and falls down the slope, it is acting like a catabatic wind.
That's all I can think of for now, let me know if you want anything specific and I'll see if I can think of something.


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Critiques are one of the most effective ways Pincher SAR has to improve the manner in which it works. The purpose of a critique is not to be critical but to share an understanding of what worked well and what could be improved. By building on this shared understanding, Pincher SAR can continuously improve its responses.
Pincher SAR performs a critique after all but minor incidents.
Neutral knowledgeable facilitator
Invite all stakeholders
Respect confidentiality
Facts first
Focus on learnings
A critique is not about criticism. It should not become a forum for blame or guilt.
Ideas, not decisions
Discuss around functional areas
After an incident of any size there is a lot to discuss. If every person brings up every point they can think of, the meeting will be so long that everyone would be exhausted.
Round table
Leading up to the critique
 - Prepare for the meeting
 - Announce by e-mail or call-out.
 - Decide whether snacks are needed and arrange them.
 - Collect suggestions from those members that can't attend.
Your effort: 1 hr
At the critique
 - Chair the meeting.
 - Your function is to focus and facilitate the discussion. Let the participants do most of the talking. If you get involved in bringing out your own suggestions or teaching, it's very easy to get distracted from your facilitation role. Perhaps you can add any suggestions you have to the report in the same way as you'll add any suggestions emailed to you by those who could not attend.
 - Ask someone to take detailed notes. This shouldn't be someone who will be doing a lot of talking during the critique (e.g. central person in the incident).
 - introductions
 - sign in (to the critique)
 - confidentiality
 - what a critique is
 - understanding
 - learning, improvement
 - suggestions, ideas
 - how suggestions will be distributed
 - committees that will make decisions on suggestions
 - incident summary (from draft 1-page report)
 The leading questions are just to help the participants think about the subject matter of the functional area. The chair can read them if the participants are stumped about what to say about a functional area. They don't have to be answered.
 - mandate
 leading questions: Does our team have a mandate to respond to these types of situations? Should it? Are there other organizations that have a mandate to be involved?
 - first notification / tasking
 leading questions: Was the emergency detected promptly? How was it deteced? Who called who? Was the magnitude of the emergency assessed correctly at the start? What means were used for this assessment? Are any guides or aids needed to assist emergency evaluation? Was our information adequate?
 - call-out
 leading questions: When was Callout notified? Was it appropriate to mobilize PCSAR resources and was this promptly initiated? How could the response time improve? Was a search manager notified promptly? Were search personnel notified promptly? Were the appropriate type of personnel requested? Were there people that met the criteria that were not called? Was their an appropriate response? Were contact numbers up to date?
 - investigation
 leading questions: What investigations were happening beyond the search effort? What information was key to shaping the search? What could be done to obtain trustworthy information in a timely manner?
 - communications
 leading questions: Were communications adequate? What technology was or could have been used? Did messages get passed when they were needed? Was communications clear and accurate?
 - (de)briefing
 leading questions: How were teams briefed? Were they provided sufficient background information? Did they understand their assignment and operating procedures? Were teams efficiently debriefed? Did all the information that was needed get recorded?
 - searching
 leading questions: What was the initial strategy for response to this emergency? What techniques proved effective How did the stategy evolve and change during the emergency and how were thes changes implemented? What problems did seachers encounter? What improvements could be made in searching?
 - access/return from segment
 leading questions: How was access to/from the search segments?
 - extrication
 leading questions: How was the subject extricated? What would have made it more complicated? Was the team prepared for the possible situations?
 - stand down
 leading questions: When was the decision made to stand down? Were there problems demobolizing?
 - CISM
 leading questions: What were/could have been the critical stresses on this incident? What support was available/used?
 - prevention, public education
 leading questions: How could this incident have been prevented? Was this incident used to educated the public?
 - travel
 leading questions: How did responders get to and from the site? Were convoy's used? Was there a need for people to check in when they returned? Was travel safety evaluated?
 - Plans Section
 leading questions: What preplans were in place to help with this incident? Were maps, situation reports, weather and hazard forecasts provided to all who needed them? Was the selection of team assignments guided by analysis of the situation? Was the plan for the next op period ready before it started? Were clues, PODs, map updates and recommendations from the field being used to focus search efforts and provide updated information to teams going to the field?
 - Logistics Section
 leading questions: What teams/personnel/equipment/materiel was mobilized? How were they mobilized? How did utilization change with time? Were resources used effectively? Were they easy to obtain? Do we have adequate knowledge of resource availability? Are there other resources in our team that we didn't know we had?
 - media
 leading questions: How was the media handled? What problems were encountered?
 - family
 leading questions: What support did the family need? What critical information came from the family? Was the family kept informed? Did we use other teams to link with family in other communities?
 - post ops
 leading questions: What were the major post op activities? When was the team fully ready to be deployed again? Was this work left to only a few volunteers?
 - learning
 leading questions: How has/could the critique support learning? For exercises, how did/could the goals/techniques promote learning?
 - miscellaneous
 leading questions: Are there any subject areas we haven't touched on?
Your effort: 1.5 hrs
After the critique
 - Report
 - Forward your report to each group.
Your effort: 2.5 hrs.
Critique notes
See also
Personal tools


Posted by: Dave Richeson | April 18, 2009
Musings about traffic on the highway
Here's a neat looking infographic by Stephen J. Beard and Rich Exner from The Plain Dealer that I bookmarked a few months ago. It addresses the question, why do freeways come to a stop?
Seeing this graphic reminded me of how much I used to be fascinated by traffic when I was a child (even though I grew up in Rochester, NY, where traffic wasn't often a problem). Here are a few scenarios I used to think about when I was on road trips with my family or just going to the store.
Scenario 1. Suppose there was a multilane highway that is near maximum capacity, but everyone is traveling full speed. Then one driver puts his foot on the brake (maybe just taps it, maybe slams his foot on it). This causes the cars behind him put their brakes on. But, if one lane is slowing, the drivers in the neighboring lanes will probably also apply their brakes.
 1. Clearly the brake lights travel backward relative to the front car, which is moving forward. But how do the spreading brake lights travel with respect to the highway?
 2. How do the brake lights spread outward?
 3. If we had a theoretical highway with many many lanes and this braking driver was in the middle lane, what pattern would these brake lights make if viewed from above, and how would this pattern move in time?
Scenario 2. Suppose there was a large but traversable pothole in the middle of the highway or an accident on the shoulder. Then every person who reaches that spot would slow down. What would be the pattern of the brake lights? (This is the "rubber necker" traffic jam.)
Scenario 3. We've all experienced the situation on a highway in which a 2-lanes go down to one lane. You and hundreds of other drivers are crawling toward the merge point. When you get past the merge point, the cars start moving faster. Pretty soon, you are driving at full speed down this single lane with generous space between the cars. How could this happen?
Just for fun, let's do a quick-and-dirty, back-of-the-envelope calculation to see why this last scenario can happen.
 - Fact: the average length of a car is a little over 16 feet.
 - Assumption 1: after the merge there is one lane of traffic moving 55 mph=80 ft/sec, with cars spaced every 60 feet
 - Assumption 2: before the merge, there are two lanes of traffic, with cars spaced every 20 feet.
How fast are the pre-merge cars moving?
After the merge, 4 cars pass a given point every 3 seconds. Thus the same must be true before the merge. In particular, the pre-merge traffic would be moving approximately 13.3 ft/sec=9 mph.
I'm sure traffic has been thoroughly-studied and these scenarios are well-understood. I've never thought about them mathematically. Maybe some day I will. (Now I live in a small town AND walk to work every day, so I don't think about traffic much.)
Here are a few cool traffic-related tidbits I found while searching the web.
As a postscript, here's a non-mathematical traffic-related observation from later in my life. When I lived in Chicago (near Wrigley Field) I had to drive up to Evanston where I went to school. I could take Ashland Avenue (a 4-lane road) or Clark Street (a 2-lane road). Both routes were always full of traffic and very slow. Most drivers were irritated by Clark Street. There were always people trying turn left or parallel park. Drivers had to stop a lot—it was slow going. On Ashland there were many people turning left and parallel parking too, but with an extra lane the drivers could avoid them by changing lanes. The problem was, you never knew which lane would be faster. Often I'd change into the faster left lane, only to get stopped by someone turning or parallel parking. Even if I played things well and repeatedly chose the faster lanes, I'd probably only gain 100 yards on my original position for the entire trip. I didn't get there much sooner, and the price of the time savings was a lot of anxiety. Eventually, I realized that Clark street was more relaxing for me. I just drove when I could, stopped when I had to, and never had to worry about changing lanes. I also realized that this is why I liked shopping at smaller grocery stores rather than the mega-supermarkets. It can be exhausting to make choices. The payoff of slightly lower prices and more variety isn't worth the the effort required to make multiple decisions.
 1. I enjoyed your thoughts about traffic very much but I was not impressed by the graphic. It's "a neat looking infographic" but there is no substance to the graphic; only the text provides significant information. It's a pet peeve of mine seeing this explosion of gaudy 3-d illustrations that pose as useful graphics. A picture should be worth many words but increasingly graphics are simply eye-candy or worse actually mislead.
 Effective communication with graphics would be an interesting topic to address some time. Edward Tufte's books are brilliant.
 Back on traffic. Is there a formula for deciding when to change lanes? Obviously when one lane is faster, people start switching to that lane which then slows down. A contrarian approach might work if one knew when to move out of the fast lane. Hmmm, sounds similar to stock trading.
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EGGS donated by young women could be used to repair the damaged eggs of older women, increasing the chances of successful fertilisation.
IVF often fails in older women and one reason is thought to be abnormalities in the cytoplasm of their eggs. Injecting the nucleus of one egg into an "enucleated" egg, was recently explored as a means of bypassing rare, inheritable diseases caused by faulty mitochondria, which are found in the cytoplasm.
Now Atsushi Tanaka of St Mother Hospital in Kitakyushu, Japan, and colleagues are using nuclear transfer to breathe new life into old eggs. His team removed the nuclei from 31 eggs collected from women undergoing IVF and injected them into enucleated eggs donated by women aged under 35. Of these, 25 eggs looked viable. When injected with sperm, 7 eggs or 28 per cent formed early-stage embryos called blastocyts, compared with just 3 per cent of...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.


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English Language Fellow Justine Flores conducted a 3-hour teacher training at the Future Pioneers Model School in Jericho. There were a variety of teachers who had studied either education or English in attendance. Flores found that these teachers had complementary skills and paired them together to allow for a more dynamic training session.
The Future Pioneers Model School follows a student-centered learning style where teachers encourage their students to try innovative styles of learning. Flores implemented aspects of innovative teaching in her training by taking time to compare the pronunciation of vowels in English and in Arabic. Participants found that this activity helped them improve their English language awareness. At the end of the training participants felt more confident in their teaching abilities.


text: 80 страниц. 2011 год. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing Network tomography enables operators to monitor and take action based on path measurements between nodes, often located at the network edge. State-of-the-art network tomography solutions use tools to measure performance parameters such as jitter, loss and round-trip time between multiple nodes. This book describes and analyses a self-organizing, distributed and scalable control protocol for methods conducting continuous active measurements. Performing path available capacity measurements pose some interesting scalability challenges solved by the control protocol. The control protocol also aims at providing full-mesh coverage of end-node measurement pairs in order to give the operator a "performance map". By setting a few parameters at startup the system autonomously can control the network and node overhead. Further, it is shown that the control protocol is scalable with respect to the number of nodes that is involved in the measurements.


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The anatomy of a sheep includes, among other components, its reproductive system, skull, horns, digestive system, and other internal organs. Ewe anatomy is similar to ram anatomy, with the main difference being their reproductive systems, size, and frequently, lack of horns.
Table of Contents
Ewe reproductive systems
The reproductive system of a ewe consists of ovaries, oviducts, and a uterus. The ova develop in the ovaries and are then released into the oviducts.
- The oviduct has a few different parts: a uterus, a cervix, and an area where the embryo develops before being implanted in the uterus. The uterus is lined with endometrium, which nourishes the embryo as it grows within it.
- A sheep's heat cycle occurs around every 17 days.
- Sheep are in heat for around 24-36 hours during each cycle.
- Depending on the breed, sheep may breed only during a certain season. Some types of sheep breed all year round.
- Sheep pregnancies range from 138 to 159 days
Ram reproductive systems
Rams have two testicles. The testicles produce testosterone, which helps to build muscle mass and increase libido in rams. They also produce sperm.
Testosterone makes rams more aggressive toward other rams, leading to fights for dominance within their herd.
The daily average sperm count in rams is about 20 million sperm cells for each testicle.
Ewe skulls are smaller than ram skulls. Among horned sheep, the skull supports the horns. Its sturdy structure protects the brain from impact and potential injuries.
A sheep's skull is composed of the maxilla, the frontal bone, the sphenoid bone, the occipital bone, and the parietal bone.
- The maxilla is located above the eye sockets. It is used as leverage for the ophthalmic muscles to attach to the skull.
- The frontal bone is located on the top and front of the head.
- The sphenoid bone attaches to the occipital bone at the back of the ewe's head. It helps protect the brain.
- The occipital bone is located behind the ears and attaches to the skull, with a ball joint that allows for movement.
- The parietal bone surrounds the brain and forms part of the forehead. It also contains blood vessels and nerves that help control eye movement, hearing, balance, and smell.
Not all sheep have horns. Some breeds are polled, and ewes are less likely to have horns than rams.
Horned sheep have horns made of fibrous keratin tubules that protect against damage to the skull. Horns are used among rams for protection and fighting for territory against other rams.
Contrary to popular belief, sheep do not have four stomachs. They have one stomach with four compartments.
The four compartments of a sheep's stomach are:
- Rumen: acts as an area where the ewe can store food. Fermentation of foods starts here.
- Reticulum: compresses the bolus (ball of food) and propels this towards the next compartment.
- Omasum: contains glands that secrete hydrochloric acid and enzymes needed for digestion.
- Abomasum: The abomasum is where food is combined with other enzymes and chemicals to break down its chemical bonds for absorption and utilization of nutrients.
Notable internal organs in a sheep include the heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, and spleen.
- The heart pumps blood and brings oxygenated blood to different body parts while excreting deoxygenated blood (a byproduct of the process) through the lungs.
- The lungs bring oxygen into the body and work with the circulatory system to get the optimal balance of acids and bases in the sheep's body.
- The kidneys remove waste products from the bloodstream, thus improving the balance of minerals, salts, and water inside the sheep's body.
- The liver aids in digestion by breaking down fats into smaller molecules for easier absorption.
- The spleen filters the blood plasma by fighting off viruses and bacteria. It also helps store blood.


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精选 生晒 南非红螺头（16oz/包）
Dried Red Snail Conch (16oz)
Snails possess anti-cancer properties and boost the immune system due to their antioxidants and anti-inflammatory effects. An average snail is comprised of 80% water, 15% protein, and 2.4% fat. They contain essential fatty acids, calcium, iron, selenium, magnesium and are a rich source of vitamins E, A, K, and B12...
Why we should eat it: Virtually fat-free, carbohydrate-free, and sugar-free, escargot is an excellent source of lean protein. They're rich in iron, magnesium, selenium, phosphorus, and potassium. Like other mollusks, snails are a good source of tryptophan, an amino acid that helps the brain produce serotonin. (businessinsider.com)
From the manufacturer:
The shells of red snails are spherical and thick, with spinous processes on the surface. The inner surface of the shell very smooth and orange-red. Their meat, especially the muscles of the feet, is thick, and like abalone, it is good seafood. Red snail meat is rich in protein, inorganic salt, and multiple vitamins. It is sweet and cool in nature and has the functions of clearing heat [anti-inflammatory] and improving eyesight. It is not only delicious but also has high nutritional value. The soup made from this contains high protein, carbohydrates, and a variety of amino acids necessary for the human body. It has the effects of nourishing the liver, improving eyesight, and nourishing the kidneys. Regular eating can treat weakness of the spleen and stomach, nervousness, weakness, dim eyesight, and blurred vision.
Red Snail Bamboo Fungus Soup
150 grams of red snail head, 80 grams of bamboo fungus [aka dried white bamboo, bamboo pith, Phallus indusiatus] 400 grams of pork bones, 80 grams of red [adzuki] beans, 4 slices of ginger.
Cooking: Rub the red snail meat with saltwater and scrub it; soak the bamboo fungus and chi xio dou [adzuki] in warm water; cut into sections. Put it in a clay pot and add 2,500 ml of water (about 10 bowls). After is boiled, change to a simmer for about 2 hours. Finally, add a little salt, then serve for 4~5 people.


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For full information on MEPC 80 discussions on black carbon, greenhouse gas emissions, emission control areas, scrubbers and underwater noise, along with relevant IMO papers, please visit our MEPC 80 media briefing. See also: Low Hanging Fruit: Reducing Shipping's Black Carbon Emissions This Decade and our video Q&A on MEPC 80.
London, 3 July 2023:- As the International Maritime Organization (IMO) gathers today for a meeting of its Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC 80, July 3-7), the Clean Arctic Alliance called on IMO member states to adopt ambitious interim targets that will lead to a 50% reduction in shipping's climate impact by 2030, commit to delivering mandatory black carbon emissions reductions from shipping – which impact the Arctic, and to support designation of new Emission Control Areas (ECAs) to reduce air pollution in the Arctic.
"During MEPC 80, governments can change the world by slashing shipping's greenhouse gas emissions by 50% by 2030 – and 100% by 2040", said Clean Arctic Alliance Lead Advisor Dr Sian Prior. "As a recent study shows, this can be achieved without impacting trade".
"Amidst the current climate and biodiversity crisis, halving greenhouse gas emissions would set a crucial precedent by global shipping that would inspire other sectors to follow", she added. "However, as the planet is already considered to have heated by around 1.1 degrees Celsius, we must take advantage of 'low-hanging fruit': that means slashing black carbon emissions from shipping that are contributing to Arctic warming" (see below for on black carbon and the Arctic).
"The shipping sector has the power to rapidly reduce its emissions of black carbon – what's needed now is the political will", continued Prior. "Reducing black carbon emissions from shipping in and near the Arctic is straightforward, does not require development of new fuels or new technology, and can be achieved immediately."
"Individual marine engines would see up to a 80% reduction in black carbon emissions depending on the engine by moving from heavy fuels to diesel fuels (the type and condition of the engine, and load of the ship are also factors). Moving all the ships operating in the Arctic and currently using heavy fuels will result in around a 44% reduction in black carbon emissions. Installing a diesel particulate filter – an existing technology used in land-based transport but which can only be used with cleaner fuels, would reduce black carbon emissions by over 90%."
"News that the Arctic – a major regulator of the global climate – considered by climate scientists to now be warming as much as four times faster than the planet as a whole, and the possibility of days with no summer sea ice – known as blue ocean events – as soon as the 2030s raises serious concerns", said Prior.
"We have known for around three decades that reducing black carbon emissions is necessary, due to its climate and health impacts. On land, considerable effort has been made to ban dirtier fuels in power stations, and to install diesel particulate filters on land-based transport, but despite over a decade of prevarication the same efforts have not yet been made at sea."
"The International Maritime Organization truly has a chance to pluck low-hanging fruit, by cutting black carbon emissions, and while no major decisions on reduction of black carbon emissions are expected week, it does provide the opportunity for the IMO to bring forward concrete proposals for cutting these emissions for consideration in early 2024."
For full information on MEPC 80 discussions on black carbon, greenhouse gas emissions, emission control areas, scrubbers and underwater noise, along with relevant IMO papers, please visit our MEPC 80 media briefing. See also: Low Hanging Fruit: Reducing Shipping's Black Carbon Emissions This Decade and our video Q&A on MEPC 80
About Black Carbon and the Arctic
Black carbon is a short-lived climate pollutant, produced by the incomplete burning of fossil fuels, with an impact more than three thousand times that of CO2 over a 20 year period. It makes up around one-fifth of international shipping's climate impact.
Not only does it contribute to warming while in the atmosphere, black carbon accelerates melting if deposited onto snow and ice – hence it has a disproportionate impact when released in and near to the Arctic. The melting snow and ice exposes darker areas of land and water and these dark patches then absorb further heat from the sun and the reflective capacity of the planet's polar ice caps is severely reduced. More heat in the polar systems – results in increased melting. This is the loss of the albedo effect.
Declines in sea ice extent and volume are leading to a burgeoning social and environmental crisis in the Arctic, while cascading changes are impacting global climate and ocean circulation. Scientists have high confidence that processes are nearing points beyond which rapid and irreversible changes on the scale of multiple human generations are possible. Scientists say it is now too late to save summer Arctic sea ice, and research has shown that "preparations need to be made for the increased extreme weather across the northern hemisphere that is likely to occur as a result."
Black carbon also has a negative impact on human health, and recent research has found black carbon particles in the body tissues of foetuses, following inhalation by pregnant mothers.
The need to reduce emissions of black carbon because of both the climate and health impacts has been long recognised. On land, considerable effort has been made to ban dirtier fuels in power stations, to install diesel particulate filters on land-based transport, and to improve the burning of dry wood – all to reduce emissions of black carbon and improve air quality. However, at sea the same efforts have not yet been made.
Dave Walsh, Communications Advisor, [email protected], +34 691 826 764
About the Clean Arctic Alliance
Made up of 20 not-for-profit organisations, the Clean Arctic Alliance campaigns to persuade governments to take action to protect the Arctic, its wildlife and its people.
Members include: The Altai Project, Alaska Wilderness League, Bellona, Clean Air Task Force, Green Transition Denmark, Ecology and Development Foundation ECODES, Environmental Investigation Agency, Friends of the Earth US, Global Choices, Greenpeace, Iceland Nature Conservation Association, International Cryosphere Climate Initiative, Nature And Biodiversity Conservation Union, Ocean Conservancy, Pacific Environment, Seas At Risk, Surfrider Foundation Europe, Stand.Earth, Transport & Environment and WWF.
More more information visit _URL_


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BASF at International Vitamin Conference
BASF Human Nutrition was proud to be one of the main sponsors for the International Vitamin Conference held from September 21-23, 2021, in Copenhagen, Denmark. Representing BASF as experts in their field of work were Dr. Ute Obermueller-Jevic, Global Scientific Marketing Lead and Christine Haupt, Global Lead for Food Fortification & Partnerships, both of whom discussed and shared about the functional roles of vitamins and food fortification with approximately 150 international participants at the event.
During the pandemic, consumer interest on supporting immune health has spiked, including the importance of vitamin D in relation to a healthy immune system. At the conference, Dr. Obermueller-Jevic gave an overview of the latest research on how vitamins as key micronutrients, play a role in the immune system function. Linking consumer needs to science-based nutritional solutions, she gave examples on innovative supplement formats targeting immunity, including insights about BASF's collaboration with Temasek Foundation in Singapore. In March 2020 the Temasek Foundation distributed vitamin D to low-income families, the elderly and pregnant women in Singapore to strengthen their immune systems.
Providing the right nutrients to the right people at the right time is the fundamental principle underlying BASF's food fortification initiative. As global lead for Food Fortification, Haupt drew on her experience to illustrate how Food Fortification is a complementary strategy to tackle micronutrient deficiency in addition to supplementation as a short-term intervention and the diversification of diets as a long-term strategy.
Haupt also went on to explain that Food Fortification does not require a change of eating habits, as vitamins and minerals are added to staple foods consumed daily. Fortification of staple foods with essential vitamins and micronutrients is an important measure to improve micronutrient deficiencies in developing and emerging countries, where malnutrition is considered a severe public health problem. This is also the rationale behind BASF's partnership approach of food fortification which aims to create shared value for all stakeholders involved and ensure the sustainable success of projects.


text: Firms are increasingly opening up their innovation efforts to allow users to tap into the benefits they can offer, such as mobile data service (MDS) innovation on iOS and Google Android platforms. For this purpose, platforms typically provide toolkits to facilitate user participation, aiming to create an ecosystem for sustainable innovation. However, with the barriers to user innovation and attrition of existing innovators, it could be challenging for firms to attract and sustain users' MDS innovation. With the possible benefits from user innovation, and considering the challenges faced, firms need to understand how to influence potential user innovators to take part and to encourage extant user innovators to innovate again. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research and understanding of what drives users' intentions to innovate services and the differences in the antecedents of such intention between potential and actual user innovators. Further, although prior studies have suggested that toolkits can support user innovation, little research has theorized and empirically tested their influence. Motivated thus, this study proposes a model based on (1) user innovation theory to explain the antecedents (including toolkit support) of user MDS innovation intention and (2) construal level theory to explain the differential effects of the antecedents for actual and potential user innovators. We tested the model through survey data from potential and actual MDS user innovators on Google Android and iOS platforms. We find that trend leadership and anticipated extrinsic reward influence both potential and actual user innovators' intentions to innovate. However, anticipated recognition and toolkit support affect only actual user innovators, while anticipated enjoyment affects only potential user innovators. Interestingly, toolkit support strengthens the influence of anticipated enjoyment for actual user innovators but weakens its influence for potential user innovators. Further, potential user innovators value anticipated extrinsic rewards less than actual innovators do. The implications for research and practice are discussed.


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the classic British curry
Did the British invent curry? No. Is there such a thing as a British curry? Yes.
When I say "British curry" I don't mean something like Chicken Tikka Masala which is a restaurant invention created by British Asian restaurateurs to satisfy the British taste for curries. What I'm talking about goes way further back than the 1970's when Chicken Tikka Masala was first concocted. I am talking about the sort of curry which was served by British memsahibs in colonial India in the 19th century and which subsequently became as British as roast beef.
So let's look at the dish that fuelled an empire.
Firstly let me explain why I am describing the curry as British rather than just English. The British Empire was exactly that, British. The Scots in particular played an important part in shaping the empire and many Scots saw service in India. It was the British as a whole who adopted the curry as their own not just the English.
When the British first established trading posts in India in the mid 17th century they were simply trading partners. The food eaten by the employees of the East India Company would have been largely the same as the food eaten by the local Indian population. And there appears to have been plenty of choice; one East India Company employee wrote in 1759 "The currees are infinitely various". By the time the British had become the colonial rulers of India in the mid 1800's there had been a huge influx of British nationals into India to administer British affairs. The British colonials were by now eating predominantly British-style food although they found that they had to adapt to local conditions and use local produce. Numerous books were written to help newly arrived young British wives advising them how and what to cook and how to manage a household in India.
My favourite author of the time was a cavalry officer named Colonel Arthur Kenney-Herbert who, on his eventual return to England, became a "celebrity chef" of his day. While he was in India he wrote a best selling cookery book under the pseudonym Wyvern entitled Culinary Jottings For Madras first published in 1878. In his introduction Wyvern explains "Our dinners of to-day would indeed astonish our Anglo-Indian forefathers". He continues "Quality has superseded quantity, and the molten curries and florid oriental compositions of the olden time - so fearfully and wonderfully made - have been gradually banished from our dinner tables."
Wyvern's book is mainly concerned with how to cook British and European dishes under Indian conditions but, even so, there is an enlightening chapter entitled Our Curries. He did not write this chapter to describe local Indian dishes nor to give recipes for those "molten curries" of earlier generations of British colonials who had "gone native" in their eating habits. No, he is writing about the Anglicised curries of the Raj and they are ours. They are British curries. The Indian staff of British households may have cooked them but I don't expect they eat them any more than the Bangladeshi staff at your local curry house eat the Chicken Tikka Masala off the menu. Wyvern's curries from Madras are made with a home-made curry powder, onions and garlic cooked in butter, a sweet-sour agent (his favourite was redcurrant jelly), coconut milk and meat stock. He uses additional aromatic spices like cloves, cinnamon and cardamoms and flavourings like fresh ginger and herbs to give each curry an individual flavour. Wyvern considers his curries to be on a par with the best British and French food. But he was an old India hand and laments the trend where "curries now-a-days are only licensed to be eaten at breakfast, at luncheon, and perhaps at the little home dinner". By the time Wyvern was writing a memsahib wouldn't dream of serving curry at a dinner party.
Curry recipes were commonly taken home by returning colonials but in Britain the fresh ingredients were either hard to find or were too expensive for ordinary households in Britain. Eliza Acton wrote in 1845 "The great superiority of the oriental curries over those generally prepared in England is not, we believe, altogether the result of a want of skill or experience on the part of our cooks, but is attributable in some measure to many of the ingredients, which in a fresh and green state add so much to their excellence, being here beyond our reach". The lack of fresh curry ingredients fuelled a huge demand for curry powder and a lucrative export industry built up centred around Madras (now Chennai). Mrs Beeton includes the recipes for a dozen curries in her famous Book of Household Management of 1861 and the sauces are all made with curry powder, thickened with flour and can include some chopped apple for a sweet-sour flavour. Her main ingredient is often re-heated meat or fish left over from other meals. Even though Mrs Beeton's curries would all taste much the same they were economical to make and became extremely popular in Britain as away of using up meat from the traditional Sunday roast dinner. This type of recipe became the Classic British Curry for the next 100 years.
The decline in popularity of the traditional roast dinner and the relative affluence of a society that doesn't need to make the most of leftovers has meant that the Classic British Curry has steadily fallen out of favour since the early 1970's. So does that mean that the British love affair with curry has ended? Not a bit of it. We eat more curries than ever before. It's just their style that has changed. Curries are now made in the style of the Indian restaurants which spread throughout Britain in the 1970's and 80's. In any British supermarket you can buy a great variety of ready made curries or jars of curry sauce to add to the fresh meat or vegetables of your choice. Curiously, Chicken Madras is still one of the best selling curries but it's gone back to being more like Wyvern's version rather than Mrs Beeton's.
recipe for Classic British Curry
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Please note the following information before performing the test.
They are also included in the instructions for the test:
- The day before sampling (from 24 hours before) you should not take any flatulent or high-fiber foods (beans, lentils, cabbage, peas, whole grains, etc.)
- Even foods with fructose (fruit sugar), lactose (milk sugar) or sorbitol should be avoided.
- You should not eat 12 hours before sampling.
- The test must be done with an empty stomach!
- You should not smoke for at least an hour before the test.
- If you have recently taken antibiotics or constipation medication, this may affect the outcome.
- Please take only a small amount of water during the sampling.


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April 17, 2013
By Benét J. Wilson
Because general aviation and community airports in Missouri play a critical role in the lives of citizens, as well as in the operation of businesses and farms, Gov. Jay Nixon has proclaimed April 2013 as "General Aviation Appreciation Month."
The proclamation acknowledges that "the state of Missouri has a significant interest in the continued vitality of general aviation, aerospace, aircraft manufacturing, educational institutions, aviation organizations, community airports and airport operators." GA also contributes $2.4 billion to the state's economy and accounts for 16,000 jobs statewide.
Missouri is home to 31 charter flight companies, 54 repair stations, and eight flight schools operating 86 aircraft, and the state relies heavily on GA and community airports for the continued flow of commerce, tourists, and visitors.
"With nearly 16,000 general aviation pilots, 6,814 general aviation aircraft, and 125 public-use airports across the state, general aviation helps to drive the economies of these local communities and supports everything from medical care to business growth, and agriculture to law enforcement across Missouri," said AOPA President Craig Fuller. "We appreciate Governor Nixon's recognition of the economic impact of general aviation and look forward to working with him to promote these important airports and aircraft."
The proclamation came as the Missouri State Aviation Council and the Missouri Airport Managers Association held meetings in Lake of the Ozarks, Mo., where AOPA Central Southwest Regional Manager Yasmina Platt gave presentations on issues affecting general aviation.
AOPA eNewsletter and Social Media Editor Benét J. Wilson joined AOPA in 2011. She is working on her private pilot certificate.
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