Limiting Class Instances in C# with Private Constructor
Remember how we can create tons of instances of our classes, like making copies of blueprints? Pretty cool, right?
But what if we wanted to limit the number of copies we can make, kinda like having a production cap? Is that even possible?
Absolutely! There is an idea, sirji.
Imagine a counter inside the class, keeping track of how many instances have been created. Whenever someone tries to make a new one, the counter goes up. But if it reaches the limit we set, bam! The gate slams shut, and no more instances can be born.
Okay, we can create a counter inside a class, but how to make this shut to create instances? You know the power of classes with a private constructor. Just think, if a class has a private constructor, how can we create an instance of it? We cannot even inherit it, so it seems useless, right? But nah, still, we can create instances and access them.
If you want to ensure that your class can be instantiated only a limited number of times, such as two times in your case, you can use a combination of a private constructor and a counter variable to track the number of instances created.
Here's an example in C#.
public class LimitedInstancesClass
{
 private static int instanceCount = 0;
 private static readonly int maxInstances = 2;
 // Private constructor
 private LimitedInstancesClass()
 {
 // Increment the instance count
 when an instance is created
 instanceCount++;
 }
 // Public method to create an instance
 public static LimitedInstancesClass CreateInstance()
 {
 // Check if the maximum number of instances has been reached
 if (instanceCount < maxInstances)
 {
 // If not, create a new instance
 return new LimitedInstancesClass();
 }
 else
 {
 // If the maximum number of instances has been reached, return null or throw an exception
 // You can choose the appropriate behavior based on your requirements
 return null;
 // Alternatively, you can throw an exception to
 // indicate that no more instances can be created.
 // throw new InvalidOperationException
 // ("Maximum number of instances reached.");
 }
 }
}
In this example.
 - The constructor is private, so instances can only be created from within the class.
 - The Create Instance method is a public method that checks if the maximum number of instances (maxInstances) has been reached before creating a new instance.
 - The instanceCount variable keeps track of the number of instances created.
You can use this class as follows.
LimitedInstancesClass instance1 = LimitedInstancesClass.CreateInstance();
LimitedInstancesClass instance2 = LimitedInstancesClass.CreateInstance();
LimitedInstancesClass instance3 = LimitedInstancesClass.CreateInstance();
// This will return null or throw an exception after the maximum number of instances is reached
This approach allows you to control the number of instances created and enforce the limitation you specified.
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the explorer restarts, the thread will first check if ~/.blurnet/lmdb/emission_amount.txt is present, read its values, and continue from there if possible. Subsequently, only the initial use of the tread is time consuming. Once the thread scans the entire blockchain, it updates the emission amount using new blocks as they come. Since the explorer writes this file, there can be only one instance of it running for mainnet, testnet and stagenet. Thus, for example, you cant have two explorers for mainnet running at the same time, as they will be trying to write and read the same file at the same time, leading to unexpected results. Off course having one instance for mainnet and one instance for testnet is fine, as they write to different files.
When the emission monitor is enabled, information about current emission of coinbase and fees is displayed on the front page, e.g., :
BLUR emission (fees) is _PHONE_.430 (52545.373) as of _PHONE_ block
The values given, can be checked using Blur daemon's print_coinbase_tx_sum command. For example, for the above example: print_coinbase_tx_sum 0 _PHONE_.
To disable the monitor, simply restart the explorer without --enable-emission-monitor flag.
Enable JavaScript for decoding proving transactions
By default, decoding and proving tx's outputs are done on the server side. To do this on the client side (private view and tx keys are not send to the server) JavaScript-based decoding can be enabled:
xmrblocks --enable-js
Enable SSL (https)
By default, the explorer does not use ssl. But it has such a functionality.
As an example, you can generate your own ssl certificates as follows:
cd /tmp # example folder
openssl genrsa -out server.key 1024
openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr
openssl x509 -req -days 3650 -in server.csr -signkey server.key -out server.crt
Having the crt and key files, run xmrblocks in the following way:
./xmrblocks --ssl-crt-file=/tmp/server.crt --ssl-key-file=/tmp/server.key
Note: Because we generated our own certificate, modern browsers will complain about it as they cant verify the signatures against any third party. So probably for any practical use need to have properly issued ssl certificates.
JSON API
The explorer has JSON api. For the API, it uses conventions defined by JSend. By default the api is disabled. To enable it, use --enable-json-api flag, e.g.,
./xmrblocks --enable-json-api
api/transaction/<tx_hash>
curl -w "\n" -X GET "http://127.0.0.1:8081/api/transaction/6093260dbe79fd6277694d14789dc8718f1bd54457df8bab338c2efa3bb0f03d"
Partial results shown:
{
 "data": {
 "block_height": _PHONE_,
 "coinbase": false,
 "confirmations": 1,
 "current_height": _PHONE_,
 "extra": "01be23e277aed6b5f41f66b05244bf994c13108347366ec678ae16657f0fc3a22b",
 "inputs": [
 {
 "amount": 0,
 "key_image": "67838fd0ffd79f13e735830d3ec60412aed59e53e1f997feb6f73d088b949611",
 "mixins": [
 {
 "block_no": _PHONE_,
 "public_key": "0a5b853c55303c10e1326acfb085b9e246e088b1ccac7e37f7a810d46a28a914"
 },
 {
 "block_no": _PHONE_,
 "public_key": "527cf86f5abbfb006c970f7c6eb40493786d4751306f8985c6a43f98a88c0dff"
 }
 ]
 }
 ],
 "mixin": 9,
 "outputs": [
 {
 "amount": 0,
 "public_key": "525779873776e4a42f517fd79b72e7c31c3ba03e730fc32287f6414fb702c1d7"
 },
 {
 "amount": 0,
 "public_key": "e25f00fceb77af841d780b68647618812695b4ca6ebe338faba6e077f758ac30"
 }
 ],
 "payment_id": "",
 "payment_id8": "",
 "rct_type": 1,
 "timestamp": _PHONE_,
 "timestamp_utc": "2017-03-17 12:24:16",
 "tx_fee": _PHONE_,
 "tx_hash": "6093260dbe79fd6277694d14789dc8718f1bd54457df8bab338c2efa3bb0f03d",
 "tx_size": 13323,
 "tx_version": 2,
 "xmr_inputs": 0,
 "xmr_outputs": 0
 },
 "status": "success"
}
api/transactions
Transactions in last 25 blocks
curl -w "\n" -X GET "http://127.0.0.1:8081/api/transactions"
Partial results shown:
{
 "data": {
 "blocks": [
 {
 "age": "33:16:49:53",
 "height": _PHONE_,
 "size": 105390000000000000,
 "timestamp": _PHONE_,
 "timestamp_utc": "2017-03-17 12:24:16",
 "txs": [
 {
 "coinbase": true,
 "mixin": 0,
 "outputs": 8491554678365,
 "rct_type": 0,
 "tx_fee": 0,
 "tx_hash": "7c4286f64544568265bb5418df84ae69afaa3567749210e46f8340c247f4803f",
 "tx_size": 151000000000000,
 "tx_version": 2
 },
 {
 "coinbase": false,
 "mixin": 5,
 "outputs": 0,
 "rct_type": 2,
 "tx_fee": _PHONE_,
 "tx_hash": "2bfbccb918ee5f050808dd040ce03943b7315b81788e9cdee59cf86b557ba48c",
 "tx_size": 19586000000000000,
 "tx_version": 2
 }
 ]
 }
 ],
 "limit": 25,
 "page": 0
 },
 "status": "success"
}
api/transactions?page=<page_no>&limit=<tx_per_page>
curl -w "\n" -X GET "http://127.0.0.1:8081/api/transactions?page=2&limit=10"
Result analogical to the one above.
api/block/<block_number|block_hash>
curl -w "\n" -X GET "_URL_
Partial results shown:
{
 "data": {
 "block_height": _PHONE_,
 "block_reward": 0,
 "current_height": _PHONE_,
 "hash": "9ef6bb8f9b8bd253fc6390e5c2cdc45c8ee99fad16447437108bf301fe6bd6e1",
 "size": 141244,
 "timestamp": _PHONE_,
 "timestamp_utc": "2017-04-21 08:06:14",
 "txs": [
 {
 "coinbase": true,
 "extra": "018ae9560eb85d5ebd22d3beaed55c21d469eab43


text:
Have you seen what acid dye can do? After doing a good deal of reading about how you only need the primary colors of acid dyes and that by mixing the primary colors you can make any color with acid dye, I decided to venture out in my own usual way. Instead of opting for the primary colors and carefully weighing and measuring everything to build a color, I decided to use the pre-mixed colors and "break" them into their component colors. The results are more fun than you can imagine!
The rules are there for a reason, but what is the reason? Pre-dissolving the dyes is necessary regardless of color, as no one wants to have dye granules in their yarn or fiber. Heating the dye pot is needed to activate the dye. The two aspects that can be manipulated to get amazing results is the distribution of the acid in the dye pot, and the pre-wetting of the fiber. These are rules that are in place to give uniform results within the batch and to make it possible to repeat colors from one batch to the next. This is a great tool for mass production, but for small batch artistic dye work, it may not be the best way.
I use food grade citric acid in my dye pot. It takes a scant tablespoon to four gallons of water. The citric acid is sold in most health food stores in a white granulated form. To achieve a broken dye, add the citric acid to the pot and stir minimally. This will allow the acid to dissolve without being evenly distributed through the dye pot. The variations in the ph within the dye-bath will cause certain colors to be taken up more readily than others. For example, using ProChem Violet 818, it breaks into a very dark purple, a blue, and a deep mauve.
The other factor that can be manipulated when dyeing protein fibers is pre-wetting the fiber. Leaving a portion of the yarn or roving floating on the top of the soak water and only wetting it as it is placed into the dye pot, will cause an uneven take-up of the dye solution. The resulting yarn or fiber will be various shades of the same color. If you combine this technique with the layered dye bath, the results are phenomenal!
It just proves that while most rules are there for a reason, some can be broken to achieve amazing results!

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Thermographic Improvements Benefit Automotive Industry
- Sunday, 01 April 2007
Stress and Fatigue Analysis
For most of the past decade, the automotive industry also has used IR imaging systems as part of their stress analysis and metal fatigue evaluation program. Both applications use a lock-in thermography technique to make energy measurements that compliment visible imagebased correlation methods for stress analysis. Often, these two approaches are seen as competitive; however, that ignores the inherent differences in the spatial and energy measurements generated by visible and IR imaging systems. Lock-in thermography measures minute changes in temperature through Fourier analysis produced by the thermoelastic effect in stressed materials.
Improvements in spatial resolution, thermal resolution, size, cost, and energy consumption are widening thermography applications in the automotive industry. At the same time, greater understanding by IR camera makers of automotive applications is leading to new calibration, filtering tools, lock-in analysis, and peripheral I/O, making thermography systems more effective for real-world automotive applications.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
A major water supply project that will bring an end to severe watering restrictions in the Township of East Langley, British Columbia will be completed by the end of summer 2015.
The $33.5-million East Langley Water Supply project will provide clean, safe, and dependable drinking water to residents, businesses, and schools when it is completed. The 14-kilometre project will connect the communities of Aldergrove and Gloucester to Metro Vancouver's water system.
Kevin Larsen, the town manager of water resources and environment, told the Aldergrove Star that, "Connecting to Metro Vancouver's water system will provide a dependable water supply that will meet the needs of the area's growing population, while reducing pressure on local aquifers. The environment will benefit as local aquifers can recharge and be sustained into the future, and base flows to local streams and watercourses will increase."
More than 13 kilometres of the 14-kilometre water pipeline has already been installed and a new pump station has been completed in Murrayville. Only 800 metres of pipeline currently remain under construction.
For years, the Township of East Langley has had severe watering restrictions in the summer months to help preserve the water in its seven groundwater wells. Historical monitoring of groundwater levels in Aldergrove and Gloucester has shown a downward trend that indicates the current rate of groundwater extraction is unsustainable for the community. The existing wells are unable to meet the current peak summer flows as shown by the water restrictions that are in place.
The East Langley Water Supply is expected to be completed by August 7 and the surrounding areas will be re-vegetated and fully restored in the following months.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


How to Use a Double Bridle?
To use a double bridle, evaluate your riding level. Evaluate your horse to ensure that you are able to bend and flex her easily in all directions. Then fit the bridle to your horse ensuring you hang the curb chain carefully. Hold the reins using your fists between the index finger and thumb with the snaffle reins on top.
1 Additional Answer Answer for: how to use a double bridle
How to Use a Double Bridle
A double bridle is used by advanced riders and horses in a variety of English disciplines, including saddle seat, hunters, jumpers and dressage. Most commonly used in the higher levels of dressage, the double bridle is a wonderful way to lighten and... More »
Difficulty: Moderately Challenging
Q&A Related to "How to Use a Double Bridle"
1. Evaluate your riding level. Riders using the double bridle are advanced enough to know how to keep their hands still. In other words, they do not use their hands as the primary
A double bridle, also called a full bridle or Weymouth bridle, is a bridle that has two bits
A double bridle has two bits - a bradoon, or snaffle - and a curb bit. The curb is usually used to help create the horse's frame, and the snaffle is used more to give the horse cues
A double bridle is used to provide both a snaffle (called the bradoon) and a curb bit (called the bit) which can be used independently of each other. An extra strap (the bradoon hanger
Explore this Topic
Bridoon refers to a type of snaffle bit, with small rings, usually used on a double bridle. It is normally used in conjunction with a curb bit. A snaffle is a...


Biotechnology Engineering Notes | Syllabus, Reference Books and Important Questions
Biotechnology Engineering Notes: Are you planning to study Biotechnology Engineering course? Notes on Biotechnology Engineering help students apply engineering fundamentals, science, and mathematics to complex engineering problems. Engineering graduates can identify, formulate, and analyze critical questions to reach verified conclusions using these notes. Students will get information about the latest syllabus, reference books, and a list of important questions for Biotechnology Engineering notes.
Students can use research-based knowledge, including analysis, interpretation of data, and experiment designs, to give valid conclusions. Referring to Biotechnology Engineering notes encourages candidates to create, select, and apply suitable techniques and IT tools to intricate activities. Avail subject-wise B.Tech Notes related to Engineering Departments like ECE, CSE, Mech, EEE, Civil, etc. all in one place and plan your preparation according to your requirements.
The article given below helps candidates access the best Biotechnology Engineering notes as per the updated curriculum.
Introduction to Biotechnology Engineering Notes
Biotechnology Engineering is the combined education of biology and engineering for in-depth research and development. It is the field of chemical engineering plus applied biology that includes living things in engineering, technology, and other applications. The program uses various biological processes that involve the study of microorganisms. Students will get the knowledge of antibiotics and a tremendous chance to implement them for different industrial purposes.
Biotechnology Engineering Notes and Study Material PDF Free Download
Notes on Biotechnology Engineering aids students apply to reason informed by the associated knowledge to evaluate societal issues pertinent to engineering training. Interested aspirants can acquire knowledge on the biotechnology fundamentals for a solid base. This pdf enables candidates to understand the latest and emerging concepts of engineering in life sciences. Students can gain information in the domain of biotechnology, aiding their applications in research and industry.
Biotechnology Engineering notes empower students to attain technological know-how by linking interdisciplinary aspects of biotechnology with discipline. Students can refer to and use Biotechnology Engineering notes pdf while preparing for annual and competitive exams.
Biotechnology Engineering Reference Books
Reference books of Biotechnology Engineering are beneficial for B.Tech students of top institutions and universities. These books aid aspirants to find all vital and scoring topics effortlessly. Exam appearing candidates will find these reference books for proper exam preparation.
Practising Biotechnology Engineering reference books thoroughly in a comprehensive manner is useful for students. Here is the list of best-recommended books for the subject:
Book Title Author
Biotech Innovations and Fundamental Rights Roberto Bin and Sara Lorenzon
Biopatent Law: Patent Strategies and Patent Management Andreas Hubel and Thilo Schemlcher
Nanotechnology for Biology and Medicine: At The Building Block Level Gabriel A. Silva and Vladimir Parpura
Biotechnology and Its Applications in Science P.B. Bansal
Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA Jack J Pasternak and Bernard J Glick
Biotechnology: Fundamentals and Applications Purohit and SS
Biotechnology: Applications and Careers Meenakshi Munshi and SK Sopory
Bio-Inspired Nanotechnology: From Surface Analysis to Applications Marc R Knecht and Tiffany R Walsh
Engineering Graphics B Bhattacharyya
Biotechnology Engineering Syllabus
The syllabus for Biotechnology Engineering generally varies from university to university. The best way to start preparing for the Biotechnology Engineering exam is to go through the syllabus and vital topics. It will give a brief idea of what and how to study, a topic-wise breakup of the sections, and how to allot time for each section. Here, students will find a general list of syllabus topics included in the course:
Subjects Topics
Foundation course in Physics Diffraction
Interference by the Division of Wavefront
Fibre Optics
Introduction to Lasers
Inorganic Chemistry Acids and Bases
Chemical Bonding
Life Sciences Histology
Origin of Life
Energy Utilization
Introduction to Computers Introduction to Basics of Computers
Programming using C
Syntax and Programming Codes
Data Storage
Concepts in Biotechnology Introduction to Biotechnology
Plant Cell Structure
Protein Structure and Engineering
Essential in Mathematics Quadratic Forms
Algebra of Matrices
Mean Value Theorems
Partial Derivatives
Electric Sciences Alternating Currents
Properties of Conductor and Insulators
Measuring Instruments
Foundation Course in Organic Chemistry Electronic Displacements
Reactive Intermediates
Microbiology Microbial Growth
Microbes in Human Life
Functional Anatomy
Life Sciences Homeostasis
Coordination and Control
Asexual Reproduction
Bioenergetics Carbohydrates
Biochemical Evolution
Nucleic Acids
Chemical Engineering Chemical Equations
Basic Concepts of Chemical Engineering
The flow of incompressible fluids
Hearts of solution
Cell Biology Cell
Cell Signalling
Structure and Function of Living Cells
Cell Cycle and Division
Enzyme Technology Introduction to Enzymes
Immobilization of Enzyme
Specificity of Enzymes
Molecular Biology Structure of Nucleic Acids
Properties of Nucleic Acids
Gene Mutation
DNA Replication
Animal Biotechnology Introduction to Animal Tissue Culture
Design, Layout, and Equipment of Animal Tissue
Primary Culture
Developmental Biology History and Basic Concepts
Germ Cell Morphongenesis
Plant Tissue Culture Cellular Totipotency
Cell and Suspension Culture
Haploid Culture
Protoplast Culture
List of Biotechnology Engineering Important Questions
Students preparing for the Biotechnology Engineering exam and refer to the list of vital questions stated below. These questions aim to enhance students' understanding and preparation skills.
 1. How can you define the concentration of drugs in human plasma?
 2. Give Norton's Theorem. Explain with Norton's equivalent circuit.
 3. How can one claim the use of biotechnology in developing agriculture processes?
 4. Explain what genetic engineering and its scope is.
 5. Write some points of difference between traditional and biotechnology.
 6. What is the source of the first endonuclease?
 7. What is EFB?
 8. Which compound is used to stain the isolated DNA?
 9. Write an example of a palindromic DNA sequence.
 10. What primers set are required for gene amplification?
 11. Define the process of electrophoresis.
 12. Explain with a suitable diagramDNA recombination.
 13. Write a short note on the recognition sequence.
 14. Define the function of cells.
 15. Differentiate between the properties of insulators and conductors.
Frequently Asked Questions on Biotechnology Engineering Notes
Question 1.
Why should one opt for Biotechnology Engineering as an option of the profession?
Biotechnology Engineering is one of the rapidly growing sectors encompassing the innovative entrepreneurial ecosystem and better academic interface. There is a wide scope for the graduate and post-graduate students to pursue their career in the Biotechnology Engineering field. They can either apply for private sectors or in development centres created by the government.
Question 2.
What kinds of jobs can an individual expect in the Biotechnology field?
Jobs related to the Biotechnology Engineering field are available in both the private and public sectors. One can join research institutes at positions like technical assistants, research assistants, officers, associates, or others. Students can also get into quality and production management divisions of the drug and vaccine industry, food and pharmaceutical industry, and more.
Question 3.
What are some important Biotechnology Engineering questions from an exam point of view?
Students can take a hint from the list of important questions about the difficulty level before appearing for the Biotechnology Engineering exam. Some of the vital questions that students can practice includes:
 - Differentiate between rDNA technology and conventional hybridization.
 - What is the purpose of conventional biotechnology?
 - To which class restriction enzymes belong?
 - Write a short note on microbes in human life.
 - Explain with a diagramplant cell structure.
Question 4.
What are some important subjects in the Biotechnology Engineering course?
There are several subjects that students will study while pursuing Biotechnology Engineering. It includes food microbiology, biochemistry, food packaging technology, bioremediation technology, molecular biology, applied mathematics, electrical sciences, life sciences, and more.
The Biotechnology Engineering Notes and Study Material provided above aim to help students at the time of exam preparations. Candidates can improve their knowledge and understanding of the course while studying for competitive exams. Students can practice the given important questions from the provided Biotechnology Engineering notes.
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Questions answered simply
Can an electric vehicle burn? Is charging safe in the rain? And what has to be taken into account when towing? Many questions relating to safety come up when talking about electric mobility. You will find the answers here.
Illustration of an ID.3 car charging using the Elli Wallbox
Safety rules when dealing with a high-voltage system
Illustration of a fire fighter standng in front of a Volkswagen ID.3.
Safety measures when charging
Illustration of a Volkswagen ID.3 standing in the rain being charged as a person walks past it.
Flammability of an electric vehicle and extinguishing methods
There is a water hose in front of a parked Volkswagen ID.3.
Health risks


text:
The Sordones were an ancient (Pre-Roman) people of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania). They are believed to be of Iberian language. Their territory was located in the Roussillon, in what is now the French département of Pyrénées-Orientales and was limited in the west by the Pyrenees. They are classified as ancient Iberian or as ancient Gauls according to the sources.
The main towns of the Sordones were Ruscino, present-day Château-Roussillon near Perpignan, and Illiberis, present day Elne.
||Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sordones.


text:
INFORMS Journal on Computing vol:25 issue:3 pages:411-419
A variety of neighbourhood operators have been used in local search and metaheuristic approaches to solving nurse rostering problems. We test and analyse the efficiency of these neighbourhoods on benchmark problems taken from real world scenarios. A variable depth search is then developed based on the results of this investigation. The algorithm heuristically chains together moves and swaps which define the more effective search neighbourhoods. A number of heuristics for creating these chains were developed and we present experiments conducted to identify the best ones. As end users vary in how long they are willing to wait for solutions, a particular goal of this research was to create an algorithm that accepts a user specified computational time limit and uses it effectively. When compared against previously published approaches the results show that the algorithm is very competitive.


text:
Analysis of Monoclonal Antibody Charge Variants by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis
Sep 03 2012
Author: Marcia R Santos on behalf of Beckman Coulter Ltd
Charge heterogeneity analysis is important in the characterisation of monoclonal antibodies because it provides important information about product quality and stability. Heterogeneity can be caused by such molecular adaptions as C-terminal lysine modification, deamidation, and post translational modification. One method for separating charge variants is capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) which provides information regarding isoelectric point variation for related molecular isoforms. cIEF requires electrophoretic separation in a coated capillary which helps suppress electro-osmotic flow (EOF) and prevents surface protein adsorption but can result in a fairly long cycle time and complex sample preparation.
We demonstrate here that by using a simple separation buffer system and a bare fused silica capillary, it is possible to obtain a highly resolved, reproducible separation of a representative monoclonal antibody in less than 12 minutes. We also demonstrate that while high resolution can be achieved using a short effective length (20cm), the fine structure of the monoclonal antibody used in this study can be revealed by increasing the effective length to 40cm.
In This Edition Evaluation of Recovery of Basic Analytes Using a Mixed-Mode Strong Cation Exchange SPE Microplate by HPLC-MS The Benefits of SEC-MALLS in Biopharmaceutical Applications...
View all digital editions
Jul 24 2022 Chicago, IL, USA
Jul 24 2022 Virtual event
Aug 21 2022 Chicago, IL, USA & Online
Aug 22 2022 Frankfurt, Germany
Aug 27 2022 Maastricht, Netherlands


submatrix of X whose columns are the p g SNPs of gene g. A generalized linear model is generally assumed for GWAS, where the phenotype is considered as a random variable y i whose conditional expectation can be written as a function of the covariates X i and their interactions Z i ,
$$g\left(E \left[y_{i} | X \right]\right) = \boldsymbol{X}_{i}^{T} \boldsymbol{\beta} + \boldsymbol{Z}_{i}^{T} \boldsymbol{\gamma}, $$
where
$$\boldsymbol{\beta} = \left(\underbrace{\beta_{1,1}, \beta_{1,2},\ldots, \beta_{1,p_{1}}}_{gene_{1}},\ldots, \underbrace{\beta_{G,1},\ldots, \beta_{G,p_{G}}}_{gene_{G}} \right)^{T}, $$
and Z i is the ith line of the matrix of interactions and γ a parameter vector of appropriate dimension. When the phenotype is binary (case control study), it is usual to assume a logistic model where g() is the logit and Y is assumed to follow a binomial distribution. Below we will consider only quantitative phenotypes using a classical linear model. In this case g() is the identity and the residuals are assumed to be Gaussian.
The main effect of each gene is modeled through the sum of the effects of all its SNPs. Concerning interaction effects, we compute new variables representing interactions between two specific genes and define as a group all the interaction variables related to a given pair of genes. The matrix of interaction is thus structured into G(G−1)/2 submatrices:
$$\boldsymbol{Z}= \left[\boldsymbol{Z}^{11} \cdots \boldsymbol{Z}^{rs} \cdots \boldsymbol{Z}^{G(G-1)/2}\right] $$
where Z rs describes the interactions between the two genes r and s. The parameter vector γ is accordingly structured into sub-vectors γ rs. We will now present and compare three different approaches for modeling gene-gene interactions.
Modeling gene-gene interactions
Let us consider two genes r and s described respectively by p r and p s SNPs. A possible interaction term describing the epistasis between the two genes is
$$ {\boldsymbol{Z}_{i}^{rs}}^{T} \boldsymbol{\gamma}^{rs} = \sum_{j=1}^{p_{r}} \sum_{k=1}^{p_{s}} \gamma_{jk}^{rs} X_{ij}^{r} X_{ik}^{s}. $$
(1)
We hereafter set \(\boldsymbol {W}^{rs}=\{ X_{ij}^{r} X_{ik}^{s} \}_{i=1\cdots n}^{j=1,\cdots,p_{r}; k=1,\cdots,p_{s}}\). In this case the submatrix of interactions is Z rs=W rs and \(\boldsymbol {\gamma }^{rs}=\{\gamma _{jk}^{rs}\}\) is a vector of size p r p s . The number of parameters in such a model is obviously too large to be reliably estimated. For this reason a number of papers in the literature consider reducing the dimension of γ.
In this paper we will consider three different methods for reducing the dimension reduction, namely Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Partial Least Squares (PLS), and our proposed Gene-Gene Eigen-Epistasis approach that we have termed G-GEE.
Principal component analysis
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) can reduce the number of variables describing each gene r from p r to q r <p r . Considering gene r described by p r SNPs, we compute the matrix of the first q principal components
$$C^{r} = \boldsymbol{X}^{r} U^{r}, $$
where U r is the matrix of the first q r principal axes. Using C r and C s instead of X r and X s in the computation of the interaction allows the number of parameters relative to each interaction to be controlled. This control is achieved by choosing the number of principal components q. The PCA model that we describe draws upon ideas in [20]. The interaction term takes the form
$${\boldsymbol{Z}_{i}^{rs}}^{T} \boldsymbol{\gamma}^{rs} = \sum_{j=1}^{q} \sum_{k=1}^{q} \gamma_{jk}^{rs} C_{ij}^{r} C_{ik}^{s}. $$
Relating this expression to the general form of the interaction term \(\boldsymbol {W}_{i}^{rs}\) described above, we can see that performing PCA prior to computing the interactions is a means of constraining the linear interaction term of Eq. 1.
The submatrix of interactions is \(\boldsymbol {Z}^{rs}=\{ C_{ij}^{r} C_{ik}^{s} \}_{i=1\cdots n}^{j=1, \cdots, q;k=1, \cdots, q }\), and \(\boldsymbol {\gamma }^{rs}=\{\gamma ^{rs}_{jk}\}\) is a vector of size q 2 describing the interaction between genes r and s. In particular, if a single principal component is chosen, there will be only one parameter to estimate per interaction.
Partial least squares
Wang et al. proposed an alternative method for integrating interactions using a PLS approach [8]. Let (X r,X s) be the genotypic matrix for the given pair of genes (r,s). Their approach computes the components that maximize cov 2(X r u,T v), with T=(y,X s) and (u,v) the weight vectors. The interaction of a couple of genes (r, s) is then represented by the first q components:
$$ {\boldsymbol{Z}_{i}^{rs}}^{T} \boldsymbol{\gamma}^{rs} =\sum^{q}_{j=1} \gamma^{rs}_{j} T^{rs}_{ij}. $$
In this approach phenotypic information is retained when the interaction variables are constructed.
Gene-gene Eigen-Epistasis
We propose an original approach for modeling interactions. The general idea is to consider the interaction variable between the two genes r and s as a function f u (X r,X s) parameterized by u. One way to estimate u is to maximize the correlation between the interaction function and the phenotype:
$$\hat{\boldsymbol{u}}= arg \max_{\boldsymbol{u}, \| \boldsymbol{u}\|=1} cov^{2}\left(\boldsymbol{y},f_{\boldsymbol{u}}\left(\boldsymbol{X}^{r},\boldsymbol{X}^{s}\right)\right). $$
If we consider the function f to be linear, our problem becomes easily tractable and has only one solution. Setting
$$ \boldsymbol{Z}^{rs}=f_{\boldsymbol{u}}\left(\boldsymbol{X}^{r},\boldsymbol{X}^{s}\right) = \boldsymbol{W}^{rs}\boldsymbol{u}, $$
where \(\boldsymbol {W}^{rs}=\{ X_{ij}^{r} X_{ik}^{s} \}_{i=1\cdots n}^{j=1 \cdots, p_{r}; k=1,\cdots, p_{s}}\) and \(\boldsymbol {u} \in \mathbb {R}^{p_{r} p_{s}}\) we obtain the following problem


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Search for organizer data
You can search for organizer data on your BlackBerry® device that contains specific information.
- On the Home screen or in the Applications folder, click the Search icon.
- Perform any of the following actions:
- Select the check box beside one or more applications.
- Press the Menu key.
- Click Search.
After you finish: To stop a search, press the Escape key.
Note: If you type more than one word in the Text or Name field, only items that contain all the words appear.
Previous topic: Organizer data


text: Children of Gallipoli offered viewers another angle on the Gallipoli story. Produced for TVNZ and Turkish television, the documentary focuses on four young people, two Turks and two New Zealanders. All are descended from men who fought at Gallipoli in 1915. Travelling to Turkey, the Kiwis explore the battle site and meet the other two participants. Together they gain an insight into the grim reality of what their ancestors experienced. Seeing it through their eyes charges the film with a strong emotional resonance. Anna Cottrell writes here about the challenges of directing it.


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China culture and political syatem
Final Research Paper On China
The Final Research Paper is a research study addressing a country mentioned in the course. The Final Research Paper provides you with the opportunity to demonstrate the understanding of how cultures and politics affect one another, and ultimately affect social change.
Within the Final Research Paper, address the following:
1. Describe CHINA culture and political system.
2. Identify a problem within CHINA's culture.
3. Determine how the political system and the culture affect solutions as well as and the development of policies regarding the identified problem.
The paper must be eight to ten pages in length (excluding the title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style. You must use at three scholarly sources, to support your claims and subclaims. Cite your resources in text and on the reference page. For information regarding APA samples and tutorials, visit the Ashford Writing Center within the Learning Resources tab on the left navigation toolbar.
Writing the Final Research Paper
The Final Research Paper:
· Must be eight to ten double-spaced pages in length, and formatted according to APA
· Must include a title page with the following:
· Title of paper
· Student's name
· Course name and number
· Instructor's name
· Date submitted
· Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement.
· Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought.
· Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis.
· Must use at least three scholarly resources.Must documents all sources in APA style.
· Must include a separate reference page, formatted according to APA style


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From the ancient Egyptians to modern times, naan and pita flatbreads have been a key source of carbohydrates. Pita breads date back more than 6000 years! Both of these traditional breads have evolved into new styles. These include pizzas and chapatis that keep people coming back for more. So what is the difference between naan and pita?
Naan vs pita: what are the differences?
Naan's origin is India, and it's common in south and west Asia, as well as the Caribbean. Pita originated in the middle east, yet is popular in eastern Mediterranean countries.
These two flatbreads, naan and pita are sometimes mistaken, but they're very different! Naan is thicker and more enriched making it softer. Pitas are a leaner flatbread that is ideal for stuffing with salads, falafel or kebab meat.
The 7 Things You're (Probably) Doing Wrong!
Improve Your Baking Skills With My Free Email CourseSign Up Here!
How are naans and pitas different?
The ingredients that go into the making of naan are:
Flour, water, yeast, milk, yogurt, oil or butter.
Often eggs, onion (nigella) seeds and Indian spices such as cumin are also included. After baking the naan is usually brushed with ghee. It's common for the flavour of naan breads to be enhanced with extra ingredients. Common combinations are:
- Garlic and coriander
- Keema (ground mutton, lamb and goat meat)
- Peshwari (sweetened coconut)
- Paneer Naan (Indian cheese)
Pita has way less ingredients in it. They consist of whole and white wheat flour, water, yeast and salt. Some producers include sugar and vegetable oil for flavour and to improve its shelf life.
Naan flatbread has a teardrop or oval shape. They are around 1-2 cm thick and have uneven pockets on the surface.
A Pita flatbread is more uniform. Its shape is more rounded, and when cut through the middle will open out into a pouch.
Both recipes are made using the same routine. They are mixed, kneaded and then left to rest for an hour or so. After the first rise they are divided into dough balls. The pitas will be flattened whereas naans will be left in ball shapes. After 30 minutes (or longer if left in the fridge), the breads are baked.
Naan is best cooked in a traditional clay or metal oven known as a tandoor. They origin from ancient Egyptian ovens. A tandoor will heat up around 480 degrees! The oven door is open so the baker slaps the round ball to the wall of the tandoor.
It can also be cooked at home using an iron skillet or a preheated baking stone placed under the grill.
When it comes to cooking Pita flatbread, a hot oven is used. They are baked at high temperatures for just a few minutes. This makes the dough pieces puff up. Once a slight browning appears on the crust the pitas are removed. As they cool they collapse into the flat bread we see in our stores.
How do they taste?
The addition of yoghurt, sugar and fat give naan breads a soft and more fluffy texture. Baking at a high heat for a short amount of time gives a soft crumb with a crust that's caramelized. Naan bread has more flavour as in most cases spices orextral flavourings are added.
This could be, because pita has been around a lot longer than naan, and that may explain the reason for the basic ingredients to it.
Pita has a dryer texture to it. The purpose of a pita bread is to hold the fillings and soak up juice. Pita breads are stronger, but don't really have a crumb. They are just crust on both sides with a hollow centre. They make a dish complete, but are not particularly exciting on their own.
Which one is easiest to make?
Pita bread tends to be easier to make, because it uses less ingredients. The cooking method doesn't require a special oven making the pita much easier to make.
What food to serve with a naan
Naan bread is usually eaten as an accompaniment to a curry. They also make a great mid-meal snack on their own. Although mainly found in India and Pakistan, it is likely to see naan breads with other cuisines.
- They can be eaten like a taco by dressing with chicken or lamb meat.
- Kids love them as a bed for grated cheese and a tomato sauce to turn it into a pizza.
- A chicken panini.
- Topped with cheese, potatoes, and eggs as a breakfast sandwich.
- I love them served with kebabs!
What food to eat with a pita
These can be filled with your preferred choice of sandwich ingredients or fillings. Or:
- Served with hummus or any kind of dipping sauce.
- Eaten as nachos.
- With kebab meat or falafel and salad
- Opening up the pita pocket, and packet with salad and your favourite salad dressing.
- Spread with peanut butter and filled with sliced up bananas, and apples.
- My son just likes grated cheese – poor guy…
What is healthier, Naan or Pita Bread?
When it comes to which one is healthier, it's a no brainer. Considering the ingredients that can go into the making of naan, pita is way more healthier than naan. It's lower in sugars, and it also has less fat, whereas naan is high in both fat and calories.
Naan vs Pita. Which one do I prefer?
It's a difficult one but I prefer naan breads to pita. They go great with two of my favourite dishes, kebab and tarka dhal. Delicious! I still like pita, but a naan offers just that little bit more. What is your favourite?


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Title: Binding, unbinding and aggregation of crescent-shaped nanoparticles on nanoscale tubular membranes
Using molecular dynamics simulations of a coarse-grained implicit solvent model, we investigate the binding of crescent-shaped nanoparticles (NPs) on tubular lipid membranes. The NPs adhere to the membrane through their concave side. We found that the binding/unbinding transition is first-order, with the threshold binding energy being higher than the unbinding threshold, and the energy barrier between the bound and unbound states at the transition that increases with increasing the NP's arclength L np or curvature mismatch μ = R c / R np , where R c and R np are the radii of curvature of the tubular membrane and the NP, respectively. Furthermore, we found that the threshold binding energy increases with increasing either L np or μ . NPs with curvature larger than that of the tubule ( μ > 1) lie perpendicularly to the tubule's axis. However, for μ smaller than a specific arclength-dependent mismatch μ *, the NPs are tilted with respect to the tubule's axis, with the tilt angle that increases with decreasing μ . We also investigated the self-assembly of the NPs on the tubule at relatively weak adhesion strength and found that for μ > 1 and high values of L np , the NPs self-assemble into linear chains, and lie side-by-side. For μ < μ * and high L np , the NPs also self-assemble into chains, while being tilted with respect to the tubule's axis. more » « less
Award ID(s):
_PHONE_
NSF-PAR ID:
_PHONE_
Author(s) / Creator(s):
; ; ;
Date Published:
Journal Name:
Soft Matter
ISSN:
1744-683X
Format(s):
Medium: X
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
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 1. Lipid-coated noble metal nanoparticles (L-NPs) combine the biomimetic surface properties of a self-assembled lipid membrane with the plasmonic properties of a nanoparticle (NP) core. In this work, we investigate derivatives of cholesterol, which can be found in high concentrations in biological membranes, and other terpenoids, as tunable, synthetic platforms to functionalize L-NPs. Side chains of different length and polarity, with a terminal alkyne group as Raman label, are introduced into cholesterol and betulin frameworks. The synthesized tags are shown to coexist in two conformations in the lipid layer of the L-NPs, identified as "head-out" and "head-in" orientations, whose relative ratio is determined by their interactions with the lipid–water hydrogen-bonding network. The orientational dimorphism of the tags introduces orthogonal functionalities into the NP surface for selective targeting and plasmon-enhanced Raman sensing, which is utilized for the identification and Raman imaging of epidermal growth factor receptor–overexpressing cancer cells.

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 How nanoparticle (NP) mechanical properties impact multivalent ligand–receptor‐mediated binding to cell surfaces, the avidity, propensity for internalization, and effects due to crowding remains unknown or unquantified. Through computational analyses, the effects of NP composition from soft, deformable NPs to rigid spheres, effect of tethers, the crowding of NPs at the membrane surface, and the cell membrane properties such as cytoskeletal interactions are addressed. Analyses of binding mechanisms of three distinct NPs that differ in type and rigidity (core‐corona flexible NP, rigid NP, and rigid‐tethered NP) but are otherwise similar in size and ligand surface density are reported; moreover, for the case of flexible NP, NP stiffness is tuned by varying the internal crosslinking density. Biophysical modeling of NP binding to membranes together with thermodynamic analysis powered by free energy calculations is employed, and it is shown that efficient cellular targeting and uptake of NP functionalized with targeting ligand molecules can be shaped by factors including NP flexibility and crowding, receptor–ligand binding avidity, state of the membrane cytoskeleton, and curvature inducing proteins. Rational design principles that confer tension, membrane excess area, and cytoskeletal sensing properties to the NP which can be exploited for cell‐specific targeting of NP are uncovered.

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 3. In this study, hydrophilic silica nanoparticles (Si NPs) were used to modify α-alumina tubular membranes to improve their performance in terms of flux, oil rejection, and anti-fouling properties. Our work focuses on enhancing membrane performance, particularly for difficult applications such as produced water treatment. The prepared membranes were applied for oil-in-water emulsion treatment. After coating hydrophilic Si NPs, the oil contact angle improved from 133.8° to 171.4°. To prevent Si NPs from leaching off the surface of α-alumina tubular membranes, polyvinyl alcohol was used to coat the membranes as a pre-treatment step before Si NP modification. After coating the membrane with Si NPs, the roughness of the membrane surface decreased, likely leading to less fouling. After coating Si NPs, Total Organic Carbon rejection increased from 93.1% for pristine α-alumina tubular membranes to 97.7% for silica-modified membranes because of hydrophilic improvements of the modified membranes. The Si NP coating improved the anti-fouling property of membranes with the flux recovery ratio increasing from 71.3% for pristine α-alumina tubular membranes to 85.9% for silica-modified membranes. Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy- dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, oil contact angle, and Atomic Force Microscopy characterization tests were done. The tests showed successful Si NPs impregnation and altered wettability.
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 4. In recent years, there has been a heightened interest in the self-assembly of nanoparticles (NPs) that is mediated by their adsorption onto lipid membranes. The interplay between the adhesive energy of NPs on a lipid membrane and the membrane's curvature energy causes it to wrap around the NPs. This results in an interesting membrane curvature-mediated interaction, which can lead to the self-assembly of NPs on lipid membranes. Recent studies have demonstrated that Janus spherical NPs, which adhere to lipid vesicles, can self-assemble into well-ordered nanoclusters with various geometries, including a few Platonic solids. The present study explores the additional effect of geometric anisotropy on the self-assembly of Janus NPs on lipid vesicles. Specifically, the current study utilized extensive molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the arrangement of Janus spherocylindrical NPs on lipid vesicles. We found that the additional geometric anisotropy significantly expands the range of NPs' self-assemblies on lipid vesicles. The specific geometries of the resulting nanoclusters depend on several factors, including the number of Janus spherocylindrical NPs adhering to the vesicle and their aspect ratio. The lipid membrane-mediated self-assembly of NPs, demonstrated by this work, provides an alternative cost-effective route for fabricating highly engineered nanoclusters in three dimensions. Such structures, with the current wide range of material choices, have great potential for advanced applications, including biosensing, bioimaging, drug delivery, nanomechanics, and nanophotonics
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 Optical binding of metal nanoparticles (NPs) provides a promising way to create tunable photonic materials and devices, where the ultrastrong interparticle interaction is generally attributed to the localized surface plasmon resonances of NPs. Here, it is revealed that the optical binding of metal NPs can be self‐reinforced by the plasmonic surface lattice resonances (PSLRs) associated with the discrete NP arrays. Through simulations and experiments, it is demonstrated that PSLRs can spontaneously arise in optically bound gold NP chains with just a few NPs when they are relatively large, e.g., 150 nm in diameter. Additionally, the PSLRs are enhanced by increasing the chain length, leading to stronger optical binding stiffness. These results reveal a previously unidentified factor that contributes to the ultrastrong optical binding of metal NPs. More importantly, this study presents a prospect for building freestanding and reconfigurable NP arrays that naturally support PLSRs for sensing and other applications.

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Formed in the summer of 2013, Springer Creek Restoration and Preservation Alliance (SCRAPA) is an environmental stewardship group that promotes community engagement around Springer Creek. SCRAPA believes that a commitment to preserving and restoring the environment is key to unified, resilient community.
Vision and goals
Our vision is a healthy creek that contributes to the ecological value of the larger watersheds to which it belongs. In pursuit of this vision, we have three main goals: to preserve the Springer Creek Canyon; to restore the Creek's outflow into Slocan Lake; and to assess industrial sites in the watershed that could impact water quality.
Our local situation has led us to develop two complementary aspects of stewardship education. We seek to promote awareness of the unique and valuable characteristics of our small creek well beyond the local community, and we seek to inform our local community about how important our small creek is to the health of the larger watersheds, and the economic and social benefits of adopting an environmental stewardship ethic.
Stewardship, community development, and recreation
As a small, newly formed group, we have had to respond creatively to an unusual geographic, social and economic situation. In terms of geography, the most ecologically significant part of the Creek, where the watershed joins that of the Slocan River, is also the location of the Village of Slocan, a community in transition from a resource-based economy. While we ultimately hope to cultivate in this local community a strong base of support for preservation and restoration, previous history and current economic depression have so far meant that an environmental perspective, while certainly present, is still a long way from being a significant force in strategic planning. This creates challenges for stewardship education and advocacy.
For example, we want to see Springer Creek Canyon preserved, but the Village holds, and plans to develop, a hydropower license that would impact the Canyon. We want to restore the lower portion of the Creek, but it currently flows through the former sawmill site, a large private lakefront property, whose development is likely necessary if the Village is to thrive again.
Given this complex situation, we realized that we needed to take local economic and social conditions into account. We therefore concluded that the best way ultimately to preserve and restore the Creek is to promote a convergence of economic development and environmental stewardship. A more resilient Village, with strong social and economic bonds, is more likely to appreciate Springer Creek's ecological importance; and by committing to restoration and preservation, a newly branded Village might actually encourage sustainable growth, attracting public and private investors, visitors and new residents alike by emphasizing a strong stewardship ethic.
Confident in this analysis, we then sought a strategy for raising awareness of the unique ecological contribution of Springer Creek and the need for community development in the Village of Slocan. In this context, we decided that the best strategy for the moment, the best way to make Springer Creek interesting and important to both local and wider communities, is to emphasize the recreation value of the highly accessible lower reaches of the Creek. The theory here is that anyone who experiences the Creek, and the Village, and their intimate relationship, will be more likely to appreciate the necessity of environmental stewardship in sustainable development.
SCRAPA welcomes questions and comments. Please contact us at _EMAIL_ or on facebook.


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Definition from Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary
A court order allowing a motion or other legal matter to be set at a time shorter than provided by law or court rules. Shortening time is usually granted when the time for trial or some other court action is approaching and a hearing must be heard promptly by the judge. Example: Local rules require that a party give the other side ten days' notice before a hearing. If the trial is set to begin in nine days, a court might shorten the time to schedule a hearing to five days, provided the notice is served within 24 hours.
Definition provided by Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary.
August 19, 2010, 5:24 pm


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Leaving a cell blank can have unexpected consequences. For instance, the value 0 and a blank cell might visually suggest the same thing - there's no valid entry - but many Excel functions will evaluate them differently. For example, Excel's AVERAGE() function will return 20 when evaluating three cells with the following values: 10, blank, and 30. If you enter a 0 into the blank cell, AVERAGE() returns 13.3. Excel totally ignores the blank cell, but evaluates the 0. For this reason, it's a good idea to use 0s instead of leaving cells blank (unless you have a specific reason for doing so - you might want Excel to ignore the blank cells) in a numeric data range.
Now, let's suppose a user is working with a sheet similar to the one shown below and he needs to fill all the blank cells with the value 0. (It could be any value, but let's stick with the zero example.) In a small sheet, entering all those 0s would be a quick task, but imagine a sheet with hundreds or thousands of blank cells! Can you help this user enter the value 0 into all those blank cells, without entering them one-by-one?


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The Most Effective Way To Get Paid In Construction.
Bond Claim Forms
Claim The Money That Is Yours
- Are you getting slow-paid?
- Are your accounts receivables spiraling out of control?
- Is someone making up a dispute about your work to avoid payment?
- Are you unpaid because your customer can't get paid from the state or county?
Getting paid in the construction industry can be tough, but you're in the business of doing or supplying to construction work, not financing construction projects. When unpaid on a state, county or municipal construction project, rather than filing a traditional mechanics lien to get paid, contractors or suppliers can file a "Bond Claim."
Similar to mechanic liens, bond claims are inexpensive to file and very effective. A properly filed bond claim provides your company security in receiving payment, as it obligates a surety company (usually a well-funded insurance company) to your claim directly, and it puts substantial pressure on the prime contractor's relationship with their surety.
When it's time to file a bond claim, trust the leaders in bond claims: zlien . You can use our industry leading technology to make your claim in minutes.
What Exactly Is The Bond Claim Process?
This is a very common question, and it's understandable, because the bond claims process is a bit confusing. We've written a helpful article on this subject titled "How Lien and Bond Claims Against State Projects Work." Essentially, these are the stages of a typical bond claim:
STEP 1: FILE BOND CLAIM
The first step in filing a bond claim, is of course, filing the bond claim! This step is simple enough, but because of the complexity of state requirements and the chance of error, it's worth using a reputable bond claim processing technology like zlien to file the claim for you.
The biggest mistake you can make when filing your bond claim, however, is not getting the claim filed on time. Each state has separate deadlines for when these bond claims are due. You must get the bond claim prepared correctly, and filed in the right place all before the state's deadline. To determine the deadline to file a bond claim in your project's state, consult zlien's industry leading state bond claim resources.
STEP 2: REPLY TO BONDING COMPANY WITH BACKUP
After your bond claim is filed, you'll be contacted by the surety to advise that a claim has been opened, and to request you reply with backup materials about your claim and a sworn statement of claim. Your next step is to return this sworn statement and any backup documentation you have. Return these documents as quickly as possible to keep the claim moving along, as your claim will be delayed as long as you delay returning the materials.
STEP 3: FOLLOWUP WITH THE BONDING COMPANY
After you file your bond claim and return your bond claim sworn statement and information, the bonding company will contact their customer (the prime contractor) and notify them of the claim. They will also give the prime contractor an opportunity to respond to the claim. Prime contractors often delay responding to the bonding company, which delays your claim.
Move your claim along by following up with the bonding company and pushing them to approve the claim.
STEP 4: FILE AN ENFORCEMENT ACTION
If the bond claim doesn't produce payment right away, and your claim is either denied or delayed unreasonably, it may be time to file a lawsuit against the surety to enforce your bond claim. That is the last step, if necessary.
The Difference Between A Bond
Claim and a Mechanics Lien
When you're unpaid for materials or labor furnished to a private project, the law allows you to file a lien claim against that property. When working on a state, county or municipal project, of course, the government isn't going to tolerate claims against its interest in the land.
Therefore, to protect contractors and suppliers on the job, prime contractors working on these projects are required to post a payment bond. The payment bond is secured by a surety company, who must meet certain qualifications to guarantee they have the finances to secure the value of the project. When someone goes unpaid on the state, county or municipal project, they can make a claim for payment directly against the payment bond.
So, while a mechanics lien filing attaches to and is secured by the physical property, a bond claim attaches to and is secured by the payment bond. In a lot of ways, since properties can be over-leveraged and complex to foreclose upon, claims against payment bonds are cleaner, simpler and faster than mechanics lien claims.
"You perform a valuable technology for small businessmen like me. In addition though, you do it in a really caring and professional manner. I commend you and your team and, although I hope to never need you again in the future… you've earned a loyal customer!"Read More
"Thank you for helping me get my money."Read More
Why zlien's Bond Claim
Lien Genome™ makes complex lien landscape easy.
Lien rules are hyper-complex, and one small mistake can be costly. zlien has mapped the entire Lien Genome™, and through an intuitive web platform, places it in the palm of your hands. Handling all states and situations with high legal integrity, and through a simple to use web interface.Learn More


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Founded in 1990, Green Newton is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Our members and volunteers work to create sustainable solutions to environmental problems facing our city and our world, often in collaboration with City government and schools, and with other nonprofits across Massachusetts.
Our programs and advocacy build awareness, provide opportunities for public dialogue, and educate about and empower citizens to take personal and civic action to protect our environment.
Our members include people who live or work in Newton and neighboring communities, as well as representatives of community organizations, institutions and businesses.
In 2013, The Environmental League of Massachusetts (ELM), the oldest statewide environmental advocacy group in the Commonwealth, honored Green Decade Newton for their "Outstanding Community Leadership Protecting the Environment." Green Newton was also honored to receive a 2015 New England Merit Award by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA).
Founder Louise Bruyn
In the late 1980's, Louise Bruyn brought together local environmental activists to form the Green Decade/Newton (now known as Green Newton) to work on global warming issues and the protection of our natural resources.
Louise Bruyn's longtime activism is a model to all. In 1971, she walked from Newton to Washington, DC to protest the Vietnam War and her journey is recorded in her must-read book She Walked for All of Us. She has been an all star community leader, who also spent much of her time working on issues of peace and justice.
Louise thoughtfully devoted several years to serve as Green Newton's first president from 1990 to 2000, minus a one-year respite, as co-editor of the Green News for 19 years. Under her inspiring leadership, our organization made a significant difference in our community by educating and motivating hundreds of residents to work with our organization to make steady progress on environmental protections and conservation.
The Bruyn Fund was established in honor of our founder and president emerita, Louise Bruyn. The Bruyn Fund encourages and rewards Newton students and teachers who identify and investigate solutions to environmental problems.
To contribute to the Bruyn Fund, go to the 'Donate' page and enter 'Bruyn Fund' in the 'Reason for Contribution' box. Contributions are fully tax-deductible.


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Julien Levy (1906–1981) was one of the most influential art dealers of the twentieth century and an impassioned champion of Surrealism, experimental film, and photography. The Julien Levy Gallery, which he opened in Manhattan in 1931 and closed in 1949, played an essential role in the shift of the cultural avant-garde from Paris to New York. Among the artists he exhibited (many for the first time in New York) were Berenice Abbott, Henri Cartier-Bresson, Joseph Cornell, Salvador Dalí, Max Ernst, Walker Evans, Frida Kahlo, Man Ray, Lee Miller, Ben Shahn, and Dorothea Tanning.
Tanning recalled that Levy's persona "was a magnet for adjectives. They swarmed around him, clung to his profile (lovely to draw), hair (shiny and black), silhouette (slim, gracile), the ensemble elegant, suave, debonair, elusive, without any of them, or even all of them together, pinning him down." Berenice Abbot made this portrait of Levy in Paris, just after he left Harvard to sail for Europe with Marcel Duchamp. His head is shaved as an homage to his father-in-law, the Dada poet-boxer Arthur Cravan, who shaved his head every summer and as a visible sign of Levy's avant-garde aspirations.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Città di Aosta
Ville d'Aoste
A view of Aosta from the mountains
Coat of arms
Aosta is located in Italy
Location of Aosta in Italy
Coordinates: 45°44′N 07°19′E / 45.733°N 7.317°E / 45.733; 7.317Coordinates: 45°44′N 07°19′E / 45.733°N 7.317°E / 45.733; 7.317
Country Italy
Region Aosta Valley
Province Aosta Valley (AO)
 - Mayor Bruno Giordano
 - Total 21 km2 (8 sq mi)
Elevation 583 m (1,913 ft)
Population (December 31, 2010)
 - Total 35,049
 - Density 1,670/km2 (4,320/sq mi)
Demonym Italian: Aostani
French: Aostois
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 - Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 11100
Dialing code 0165
Patron saint Saint Gratus
Saint day October 08
Arch of Augustus
Porta Prætoria: The Praetorian Gate, the eastern entrance to the Roman city
Aosta (Italian: Aosta, French: Aoste) is a city in northern Italy. It is the capital city of the Valle d'Aosta (French: Vallée d'Aoste) region. It is roughly in the middle of the region, along the Dora Baltea (French: Doire baltée), the main river that flows in the valley. It is at 583 m above sea level. Around the city there are many mountains (the Alps).
Romans conquered the area in 25 BC. Later, the city was conquered by the Frankish Empire after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Finally, it went under control of the House of Savoy in the 11th century. Many Roman buildings still survive in the city, like the east and south gates. The basic plan of the city, with rectangular blocks of streets, is Roman.
History[change | change source]
The valley of Aosta is a typical alpine valley, cut into a V-shape by glaciers during the ice age. It runs from an upper part near Mont Blanc to lower areas like the city of Aosta.
The area has been Roman, French and Italian (House of Savoy) before the unification of Italy. All street names are in French and Italian, and dialects of French are still spoken by many.
Roman Aosta[change | change source]
The Romans defeated the local Salassi tribe in 25 BC.[1] Their commander, Marcus Terentius Varro, then founded the Roman colony of Augusta Praetoria Salassorum, housing 3,000 retired veterans.
Significance[change | change source]
Aosta is at the join of two rivers. It is at the end of the Great St Bernard Pass (which leads to Switzerland) and the Little St Bernard Pass (which leads to France). Its position gave it considerable military importance, and the layout of the town was that of a Roman military camp.
The valley was a way for trade and soldiers to get from Italy to Gaul (later, France). This explains its importance to the Romans. Now it sits near the Italian entrance of the Mont Blanc Tunnel.
At present Aosta Valley is a semi-autonomous region in northwestern Italy. It is the smallest region in Italy, and is not divided into provinces.
Aostan[change | change source]
Aostan French (French: français valdôtain) is the variety of French spoken in the Aosta Valley, where many speak some form of French. Some expressions, words and phrase constructions are different from standard French; some are similar to Swiss French. Some words come from the Piedmontese language or Italian. Both modern French and Italian mix with this local patois, valdôtain, which is Franco-Provençal in type.
References[change | change source]
 1. Lemprière, John; DaPonte, Lorenzo & Ogilby, John David 1839. Bibliotheca Classica: or, a dictionary of all the principal names and terms, 10th ed, New York: W.E. Dean, p. 281. [1]
Other websites[change | change source]
Remains of the Roman theatre


How to create a GUI(Graphical User Interface) using C programming Language.. (part 5)
28 10 2011
Hi, everyone it's been a long time., yes, ok now I'm back with some Tech things. As promised , today I'm going to blog about how to create Mini-Calculator with C language GUI. So before get started I thing it's better to read past articles on this topic, because some guys informed they didn't get it very clear. I think that happens because they didn't go through the past articles related to this one before read the fresh one 😀 .
Mini Calculator v 1.0
So here is related articles …. read them first
1) How to create a GUI(Graphical User Interface) using C programming Language..
2) How to create a GUI(Graphical User Interface) using C programming Language.. (part 2)
3) How to create a GUI(Graphical User Interface) using C programming Language.. (part 3)
4) How to create a GUI(Graphical User Interface) using C programming Language.. (part 4)
Now open Glade Software and create a user interface with these settings.
 - For the main Window
General–> Name= mainWindow
General–>Resizable= No
Common–>Height request = 400
Common–>Width request=250
 - For Display Label
General–>Name=displayLabel
General–>Label=Mini-Calculator v1.0 | gihansblog.com
 - For Text Entry
General–>Name=textEntry
 - For Exit Button
General–>Name=exitButton
General–>Label=Exit
Signals–>Clicked=on_exitButton_clicked
 - For Button 0 to 9
General–>Name=no1Button
General–>Label=1
Signals–>Clicked=on_no1Button_clicked
General–>Name=no2Button
General–>Label=2
Signals–>Clicked=on_no2Button_clicked ………
 - For + Button
General–>Name=addButton
General–>Label=+
Signals–>Clicked=on_addButton_clicked
 - For – Button
General–>Name=subButton
General–>Label= –
Signals–>Clicked=on_subButton_clicked
 - For x Button
General–>Name=mulButton
General–>Label= x
Signals–>Clicked=on_mulButton_clicked
 - For ÷ Button
General–>Name=divButton
General–>Label= ÷
Signals–>Clicked=on_divButton_clicked
 - For √ Button
General–>Name=sqrtButton
General–>Label= √
Signals–>Clicked=on_divButton_clicked
After you finish with Glade it should be similar to this..
Mini Calculator v 1.0 Gihan's Blog.comNow open Colde Blocks gtk project. Erase the default contents of main.c . Here I have changed the structure of the project like this ..
1) main.c
2) callbacks.c
3) callbacks.h
main.c contains the main method of programm, and callbacks.c contains the rest of methods and callback.h header file contains functions prototypes of methods that contains callback.c
project_structure_ gihansblog.com
DOWNLOAD the Source code!
Here I'm not going to explain all the things, because I've already explained most of it in previous articles.
Code Explained…
GladeXML *xml;
GtkWidget *textValue;
gdouble display;
gdouble primaryTotal=0;//primary total
gdouble mainTotal=0;
gchar *d_string;
int clickedButton=0;// find the clicked buttton default is zero '0'.
 /*
 Values of 'clickedButton'
 ————————
 plusButton_clicked –>1
 subButton_clicked –>2
 mulButton_clicked –>3
 divButton_clicked –>4
 */
Mainly in here, what we do with a calculator is do some calculation. For example think we are going to do this operation "1+2". So first what we do is hit the "1" button and hit "+" and "2", then press "=" to get the result on the text entry. In this algorithm , when pressing the "1" button it gives the "1" value to the text entry and when "+" button clicked it stores the display value in display variable and get the sum with primaryTotal variable and put it to again primaryTotal . Then we press "2". So now this also displays on the text entry, then "=" button clicked ,it should chose the correct operation(at this time, it is "+") in the operation primaryTotal value should do the related operation with display then should put it again into mainTotal. For example in addition it should be
mainTotal=primaryTotal+display;
G_MODULE_EXPORT void on_no1Button_clicked(GtkWidget *widget, gpointer *data)
{
 /* Find the Glade XML tree containing widget. */
 xml = glade_get_widget_tree(GTK_WIDGET( widget ));
 /* Pull the widgets out of the tree */
 textValue= glade_xml_get_widget(xml, "textEntry");
 gtk_entry_append_text(GTK_ENTRY(textValue),"1″);
}
Here first line gets the widget tree to a GladeXML type variable. Then second line gets the textEntry value to the GtkWidget type variable called textValue. Third line set "1" to the textEntry object as append action. Like this all 0-9 button code works.
G_MODULE_EXPORT void on_addButton_clicked(GtkWidget *widget, gpointer *data)
{
 /* Find the Glade XML tree containing widget. */
 xml = glade_get_widget_tree(GTK_WIDGET( widget ));
 /* Pull the widgets out of the tree */
 textValue= glade_xml_get_widget(xml, "textEntry");
 /* Get the string value form the Entry widgets */
 d_string=gtk_entry_get_text(GTK_ENTRY(textValue));
 /* convert it into the double */
 display=atof(d_string);
 /* Add it to the primary total */
 primaryTotal=primaryTotal+display;
 /* Clear the entry*/
 gtk_entry_set_text(GTK_ENTRY(textValue),"");
 /* Set clicked button as 1 'plusButton_clicked' */
 clickedButton=1;
}
In this method first 3 lines are similar to above explanation. In third line I have used atof() function from math.h header. It converts the string value to double. Because we need double values to calculate the maths. Next line gets the sum of primaryTotal and display variables. Then clearing the textEntry field it sets clickedButton variable to 1, to mention that the operation is set to summation. Like wise, value of clickedButton says the operation to do.
Values of 'clickedButton'
————————
plusButton_clicked –>1
subButton_clicked –>2
mulButton_clicked –>3
divButton_clicked –>4
G_MODULE_EXPORT void on_equalButton_clicked(GtkWidget *widget, gpointer *data)
{
 /* Find the Glade XML tree containing widget. */
 xml = glade_get_widget_tree(GTK_WIDGET( widget ));
 /* Pull the widgets out of the tree */
 textValue= glade_xml_get_widget(xml, "textEntry");
 /* Read the entry value and copy it to a char* */
 d_string=gtk_entry_get_text(GTK_ENTRY(textValue));
 /* convert the string to double*/
 display=atof(d_string);
 /*Do the oprations according to clicked button*/
 switch(clickedButton)
 {
 case 0 :{
 break;
 }
 case 1 :{
 /* Do Addition*/
 mainTotal=primaryTotal+display;
 break;
 }
 case 2 :{
 /* Do Substraction*/
 mainTotal=primaryTotal-display;
 break;
 }
 case 3 :{
 /* Do Multipication*/
 mainTotal=primaryTotal*display;
 break;
 }
 case 4 :{
 /* Do Division*/
 mainTotal=primaryTotal/display;
 break;
 }
 }// end switch
 /*convert double to string and print the value on entry*/
 gtk_entry_set_text(GTK_ENTRY(textValue),g_strdup_printf("%f",mainTotal));
 /* set total to zreo '0'*/
 primaryTotal=0;
 /* Set clicked


6 Energistics URI
Topic Version1Published10/20/2016
For StandardEID v4.0
The Energistics URI also provides a mechanism to identify an asset using compound identity, location in a hierarchy, or identifiers other than UUIDs. Two things are important to remember about URIs:
 1. They are identifiers and not necessarily locators. Because of their format and the way identifiers are constructed, it is a common mistake to think that they point to an actual resource on the Web (a URL). While it is possible for a URI to be URL, it is not always true and do not assume that it is true. URIs are simply ways of uniquely identifying things.
 2. It is expected and normal for a given real-world object of interest to have multiple URIs.


text:
In aboriginal cultures, the role of the shaman and the tribal leader is often one and the same. Rishi (seer, sage, saint) was the name for the wise men of the Aryan culture of Vedic India and Iran. Scholars will disagree, but this could also be the meaning of the Celtic "rix/rixs" – (king, a tribal leader). Rix is, of course, a cognate with Latin "rex" (king, ruler). But since the Latin word does not have any other meaning than that, I believe that the original source was probably Sanskrit.
In any case, from the earliest of times to pharaohs and medieval kings, there was always the same connotation that a king is a holy person. Rulers were descendants of gods or demi-gods in the worst case. To reinforce this impression, rulers developed a language of symbols, in the form of common royal regalia that represents their power and wisdom. With slight variations, these symbols are almost identical and very often, astronomical in their essence.
Scepter, the royal staff
One of the oldest symbols of royal power is the scepter. It existed in virtually all ancient cultures, from Mesopotamia and Egypt to Greece and India, from Christianity to European Monarchs. Regardless of the variations in the general shape and size, the meaning is always the same.
The scepter is an upgraded version of the shepherd's staff. It symbolizes the power to lead and protect the flock, but also to judge and punish it. In an astronomical sense, staff represents the Axis Mundi – an invisible pole around which the whole universe rotates.
Sword as the symbol of power
As we entered the ages of metal, the staff was not enough of a statement anymore. The sword became the new power symbol of the royal regalia. The role of the king also gravitated towards the warlord in this period.
When swords first appeared, they represented something truly mystical, holding great strength and power. The blacksmiths who made them were seen as magicians, and the skill with which they subdued the elements inspired numerous myths and superstitions. No wonder then, that all ancient cultures have stories of magical swords. What is strange, is how most of these myths tell similar stories. But this will be a topic of another article.
For now, let us say that the and upside down sword looks like a cross. In other words, just like the staff – it can both lead and punish.
The royal crown and the zodiac
Crown developed from the diadem. The oldest example of diadem comes from the Indus Valley Civilization, in 3,000 BC. The earliest crowns were probably made of flowers and leaves. We can conclude that from the earliest golden models, which were simply following the age-old tradition. With time, the golden crowns became more elaborate, including various animals, crosses, and other symbols. On top of that, precious jewels were added.
However, the original symbolism never changed. Crown represents the starry sky and the zodiac. The one wearing it is in the center of it. In other words, his mind understands the cosmic laws and brings them to Earth. His rule is divine.
The ring as the symbol of power
Similar to the crown, the ring was another important part of the royal insignia. Its place is on the finger which in palmistry belongs to the Sun, so we can say that the ring is just a miniature crown. The symbolism is the same. The practice of "kissing the ring" existed at least since the Middle Ages. It is adopted both by Papacy and the Italian Mafia, according to Mario Puzo. Kissing the ring, meant recognizing the supreme rule of its wearer.
Mantle as the symbol of power
Mantle, or the royal garment, has a very long history. Nowadays, the first association is that of the European kings and queens. But even the priestly mantle is just a more modest version of the same. In antiquity, the mantle represented the skies, as they were seen as a cover, a cape. It was a very popular motif in Greek representations of gods, where it served as a substitute for the wings of the angels. From the same symbolism comes the cape. Its function in the marriage is to add the holy, celestial element. For this reason, even the modern superheroes have it, especially those that can fly.
The earliest form of the mantle was probably an elaborate piece of garment, similar to an Indian sari. The roots of the sari, just like the crown, go back to the Indus Valley civilization. Another Asian royal symbol with the same meaning is the umbrella.
Throne as the symbol of power
Every ruler has to have a throne. The first thrones were megalithic and they were cut directly out of the bedrock. They were aligned towards cardinal directions so that the seer could observe the movement of the stars from them. In the later period, these priest-kings moved into palaces. The thrones became more elaborate, engraved with various symbols of power. But they were still carved out of huge rocks – a memory of their earliest meaning and purpose.
The word "throne" comes from the Greek "thrónos" – meaning "chair, throne". Its root is the PIE "*dʰer- ("to hold"). This same root is in the Vedic "Dharma", meaning "post, sacrificial pole, support of heavens". But the other meaning of Dharma is "divine justice, the cosmic law".
Globus cruciger as the symbol of power
Globus cruciger (cross-bearing orb) is another ancient symbol of power. Cross is a later addition, under the Christian influence. In ancient Greece, Zeus had an orb under its foot, symbolizing his rule over the Earth. Christianity adopted the symbol, adding the cross to mark the dominion of Christ. But even the Atlas, carrying the globe on his shoulder conveys the same symbolism. The idea is clearly ancient, as many Asian cultures also use the orb in their religious imagery.
Its meaning is obvious, and not very different from that of the throne. In other words, just like the crown and the ring, the throne and the orb are substitutes.
Shoes as the symbol of power
Shoes are not an important part of the western royal insignia, but they are in the east. In Ramayana, Rama goes to exile, and of all royal regalia, Bharata chooses his slippers. This could have been Bharata's way of implying to Rama that he will lead the kingdom in the same manner, so he has nothing to worry about. In other words, he will literally step in his shoes. Whether for this reason or not, but the shoes are an important part of royal regalia in many Asian countries, Thailand for example.
More on the astronomical meaning of the royal regalia
By now, most of the associations with astronomy should be obvious. But perhaps there is even more than meets the eye. The crown can be the symbol of the zodiac, but also the planet Saturn, whose ring was not unknown to ancient cultures. The path of Saturn through the zodiac depicts the furthest boundaries of our solar system. The sword is, of course, a symbol of the war-god Mars. And the staff was a common attribute of Hermes/Mercury and its other equivalents. As we saw, both the throne and the orb are attributes of Zeus/Jupiter. And the cape, or a mantle, the only "female" attribute, would represent Venus.
Even the lunar nodes, an important element of ancient astronomy, could be represented by a pair of dragons, snakes, or other dual animals that usually adorn the thrones. The seated person, therefore, represents the union of the Moon (mind) Sun (soul), and the Earth (body). In this way, he is the true ruler of earth and sky, a manifestation of the cosmic order.
The royal (and priestly) regalia goes back to the dawn of human civilization. Its symbolism speaks volumes about the first leaders of our race. They were seers, astronomers, and masters of time and destiny. Like cape-wearing superman, they were more than human – enlightened beings. But as it usually happens, this golden age had to end. The greed and corruption took over the wheel, and only the symbolism remained.
Astrology was pushed aside centuries ago, to give way to modern science. But the leaders of western civilization did not move away from it. True, they do not wear mantles anymore (except the Pope) but they still use the same symbols, although more concealed. Fake nimbuses of saints that we often see behind the faces of politicians on our TV screens, made with the clever use of photography, are a good example. But astronomical symbolism goes much deeper. It exists even in the logos, sculptures, and architecture of the world's most important organizations. In short, these archetypes still affect our subconscious mind, just as they affected the minds of our ancestors thousands of years ago. The only question is, does our elite care to truly understand what these symbols represent, or do they only care about holding the world in their hand.


text:
American space research institute NASA will conduct a study on the weather and climate change in Bangladesh.
"NASA will conduct the research under its South and Southeast Composition, Cloud, Climate Coupling Regional Study Programme," Hal Maring, chief scientist of NASA's Earth Science Division was quoted as saying by the Daily Star.
Maring discussed the programme at a meeting with Bangladesh's Environment and Forests Minister Hasan Mahmud.
The top NASA official said around 250 scientists will take part in the study through NASA's biggest aircraft next August-September.
"The findings of the research will help Bangladesh forecast weather warnings and conduct further research in agriculture," Maring said.
Mahmud said the research will help the region exchange weather and climate related information.


text:
LearnBoost welcomes Ashville High School
Asheville High School (known as Lee H. Edwards High School _PHONE_) in Asheville, North Carolina, United States, is the only secondary school in the Asheville City Schools system. It is located at 419 McDowell Street, in a building designed by Douglas Ellington. Construction of the original building was begun in 1927 and completed in 1929. A modern addition was built in 1970, and in 2006 a new cafeteria was finished.
The railroad reached Asheville in 1881, and between the 1880 and 1890 censuses the population of the City grew from 2,000 to 10,000. In response to this population influx the City began a Public School System in 1888. The System originally consisted of a high school and three elementary schools. The elementary schools were Orange Street School (site currently occupied by NC DOT offices), Queen Carson Elementary School (corner of Haywood Street and Park Avenue, currently occupied by the City bus garage) and Montford Avenue School, in the old Asheville Military Academy, which structure was replaced by the current William Randolph Elementary in the late 1940s. The high school was located at the corner of Broadway and Woodfin Street, in what had been the private home of Nicholas Woodfin. After use for educational purposes ceased about 1923 this structure was the downtown YMCA until a new structure was built further east on Woodfin about 1970, and the old building torn down. The former high school campus is currently occupied by a bank. The City of Asheville built two structures in the early 1920s, Hall Fletcher in West Asheville and David Millard, on Oak Street, adjacent to First Baptist Church, which, together, were known as Asheville High School. The David Millard Campus occupied a portion of the grounds of a former girl's school, with the balance of the former school grounds covered by the Church. Athletic teams and extracurricular clubs were drawn from both campuses. The former site of David Millard is currently covered by One Oak Plaza and the extension of Charlotte Street, and the West Asheville campus is currently occupied by a new Hall Fletcher Elementary School. The current University of North Carolina - Asheville began in 1927 as a two-year college, known as Asheville-Biltmore College, using classrooms on the ground floor of David Millard.
The population of Asheville continued to grow in the late 1920s. By 1926 the school board agreed that "a large, central high school plant" was needed. A committee formed to locate a suitable location reported that it found "only one site within the City of sufficient size, and of reasonable price … this tract of land lies between Victoria Road and the new McDowell Street." Out of seven architects submitting proposals for the new high school, Douglas D. Ellington was selected by majority vote. In addition Dr. Nickolaus Louis Englehardt of Columbia University was hired as an advisor to the architect. Dr. Englehardt had worked a great deal in school planning and design on a national level. Ellington and Englehardt's collaboration made the new Asheville High a model facility in terms of architecture and educational offerings. The former Asheville High School was renamed David Millard Junior High School and, together with Hall Fletcher, served as the city's junior high schools for a time.
Asheville High School opened on February 5, 1929, with a dedication ceremony in the auditorium including as speakers the Mayor of Asheville, the superintendent of Asheville City Schools, Douglas Ellington, Lee H. Edwards, the president of the PTA, the Headmaster of the Asheville School and the president of Duke University. When first opened, Asheville High had a wide variety of vocational programs including automotive mechanics, full print shops (all yearbooks, newspapers, and magazines were printed on-campus), mechanical drawing, and photography, including a darkroom.
When the stock market crashed in September 1929, it took Asheville by surprise. This forced the programming for the schools, and indeed the city's economic well-being, to hit rock bottom. For a time, Asheville High was closed, and students were removed to David Millard and Hall Fletcher. All extras were cut for a time, including much of the school's technical curriculum. In 1935 the school was renamed Lee H. Edwards High School in honor of Principal Edwards, who died unexpectedly that year.
In 1949, another vocational facility (known today as the ROTC building) was created across from the original shop wing. This facility was built by students in the vocational program, as a real-world example of construction. In 1965, another larger vocational building was built. In the early 1970s, a media center addition was added to the main building. In 1973, a new gym and athletic facility was attached to the old vocational building. In the early 1990s, a cultural arts building was built. Finally, in 2006, a new cafeteria was added to the campus.
On October 5, 2008, then Senator Barack Obama visited Asheville High School in his race for the White House. Over 25,000 people showed up at the Football Stadium to see Obama deliver his rally speech.
- Ashville Elementary School
- Ashville Middle School
- Moody Elementary School
- Moody High School
- Moody Jr High School
- Odenville Elementary School
- Odenville Intermediate
- Odenville Middle School
- Ragland High School
- Ruben Yancy Alternative School
- Saint Clair Co High School
- Springville Elementary School
- Springville Middle School
- Steele Jr High School
- Eden Area Tech Ctr
- Moody Middle School
- Springville High School


To leverage the Collab.Land bot, you will be asked to connect your wallet to the bot so it may verify you are the wallet owner.
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 1. After following the link you will receive a DM from the bot with a Start button at the bottom.
 2. Select the Start button
 3. Select Connect button.
 1. A new window or tab will pop up in your browser with a selection of supported wallets. Select a wallet option to proceed.
Note: MetaMask selections are to connect while on a desktop. For mobile wallet apps please select WalletConnect.
 1. Follow the instructions to have your wallet sign the connection request from the bot.
 2. When the wallet is successfully linked, a wallet connected message will appear in the browser window. Return back to Telegram to proceed.
 1. With your wallet connected, the bot will now provide a button to Join Group. Select the button to enter the group.