text:
- Seigniorage derived from specie—metal coins—is a tax, added to the total price of a coin (metal content and production costs), that a customer of the mint had to pay to the mint, and that was sent to the sovereign of the political area.
- Seigniorage derived from notes is more indirect, being the difference between interest earned on securities acquired in exchange for bank notes and the costs of producing and distributing those notes.
Seigniorage is a convenient source of revenue for some governments.
Scenario A
A person has one ounce of gold, trades it for a government-issued gold certificate (providing for redemption in one ounce of gold), keeps that certificate for a year, and then redeems it in gold. That person ends up with exactly one ounce of gold again. No seigniorage occurs.
Scenario B
Instead of issuing gold certificates, a government converts gold into currency at the market rate by printing paper notes. A person exchanges one ounce of gold for its value in currency. She keeps the currency for one year, and then exchanges it all for an amount of gold at the new market value. If the value of the currency relative to gold has changed during the interim this second exchange may yield more or less than one ounce of gold. (Assume that the value or direct purchasing power of one ounce of gold remains constant through the year.)
If the value of the currency relative to gold has decreased, then the person receives less than one ounce of gold. Seigniorage occurred.
If the value of the currency relative to gold has increased, the redeemer receives more than one ounce of gold. Seigniorage did not occur.
Seigniorage, therefore, is the positive return on issuing notes and coins, or "carry" on money in circulation.
The opposite, "cost of carry", is not regarded as a form of seigniorage.
Ordinary seigniorage
Ordinarily seigniorage is only an interest-free loan (for instance of gold) to the issuer of the coin or paper money. When the currency is worn out, the issuer buys it back at face value, thereby balancing exactly the revenue received when it was put into circulation, without any additional amount for the interest value of what the issuer received.
Historically, seigniorage was the profit resulting from producing coins. Silver and gold were mixed with base metals to make durable coins. Thus the British "sterling" was 92.5% pure silver; the base metal added (and thus the pure silver retained by the government mint) was (less costs) the profit, the seigniorage. USA gold coins were made from 90% gold, 7% silver, and 3% copper; one can easily see the seigniorage.
Currently, under the rules governing monetary operations of major central banks (including the central bank of the USA), seigniorage on bank notes is simply defined as the interest payments received by central banks on the total amount of currency issued. This usually takes the form of interest payments on treasury bonds purchased by central banks, putting more dollars into circulation. However, if the currency is collected, or is otherwise taken permanently out of circulation, the back end of the deal never occurs (that is, the currency is never returned to the central bank). Thus the issuer of the currency keeps the whole seigniorage profit, by not having to buy worn out issued currency back at face value.
Solvency constraints of central banks
The solvency constraint of the standard central bank only requires that the present discounted value of its net non-monetary liabilities (separate from its monetary liabilities accrued through seigniorage attempts) be zero or negative in the long run. Its monetary liabilities are liabilities only in name, as they are irredeemable: the holder of base money cannot insist at any time on the redemption of a given amount of base money into anything else other than the same amount of itself (base money) – unless, of course, the holder of said base money is another central bank reclaiming the value of its original interest-free loan.
Seigniorage as a tax
Some economists regarded seigniorage as a form of inflation tax, redistributing real resources to the currency issuer. Issuing new currency, rather than collecting taxes paid out of the existing money stock, is then considered in effect a tax that falls on those who hold the existing currency. The expansion of the money supply may cause inflation in the long run.
This is one reason offered in support of free banking, a gold standard, or at a minimum the reduction of political control over central banks. The latter could then take as their primary objective ensuring a stable value of currency by controlling monetary expansion and thus limiting inflation. Independence from government is required to reach this aim – indeed, it is well known in economic literature that governments face a conflict of interest in this regard. In fact, "hard money" advocates argue that central banks have utterly failed to obtain the objective of a stable currency. Under the gold standard, for example, the price level in both England and the US remained relatively stable over literally hundreds of years, though with some protracted periods of deflation. Since the US Federal Reserve was formed in 1913, however, the US dollar has fallen to barely a twentieth of its former value through the consistently inflationary policies of the bank. Economists counter that deflation is hard to control once it sets in and its effects are much more damaging than modest, consistent inflation.
Banks or governments relying heavily on seigniorage and fractional reserve sources of revenue can find it counterproductive. Rational expectations of inflation take into account a bank's seigniorage strategy, and inflationary expectations can maintain high inflation. Instead of accruing seigniorage from fiat money and credit most governments opt to raise revenue primarily through taxation and other means.
Seigniorage today
The "50 State" series of quarters (25-cent coins) was launched in the U.S. in 1999. The U.S. government planned on a large number of people collecting each new quarter as it rolled out of the U.S. Mint, thus taking the pieces out of circulation. Each set of quarters is worth $14.00 (a complete set includes quarters for all fifty states, the five U.S. territories, and the District of Columbia). Since it costs the Mint about five cents for each 25-cent piece it produces, the government made a profit whenever someone "bought" a coin. The U.S. Treasury estimates that it has earned about US$6.3 billion in seigniorage from the quarters over the course of the entire program.
In some cases, national mints report the amount of seigniorage provided to their respective governments; for example, the Royal Canadian Mint reported that in 2006 it generated $C93 million in seigniorage for the Government of Canada. The U.S. government, the largest beneficiary of seignorage, earned approximately $25 billion annually as of 2000. For coinage only, seigniorage accruing to the U.S. Treasury per dollar issued for the fiscal year 2011 was 45 cents.
Occasionally, central banks have introduced limited quantities of higher-valued banknotes in unusual denominations, with the intention of these notes being collected. The denomination chosen will usually coincide with an anniversary of national significance. However, the potential seigniorage that can be earned from such printings has proven to be limited, since the unusual denomination makes the notes more difficult to circulate and only a relatively small number of people are willing to collect higher-valued notes.
According to some reports, over half of Zimbabwe governmental revenue in 2008 was seigniorage. Zimbabwe has experienced hyperinflation (see Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe), with the annualized rate at about 24,000% in July 2008 (prices doubling every 46 days).
Overseas circulation
A very profitable type of seignorage is from the international circulation of banknotes. While the cost of printing banknotes is minimal, the foreign entity must provide goods and services at the face value of the note to obtain it. The banknote is retained because the entity values it as a store of value because of mistrust of the local currency.
Overseas circulation is intimately tied in with large value banknotes. One purpose of using foreign currency is for store of value, but another is efficiency of private transactions, many of which are illegal.
American currency has been circulating globally for most of the 20th century. Certainly in World War II, the amount of currency in circulation was increased several fold. However, the modern era of huge printings of the United States one hundred-dollar bill started with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. Production was quadrupled with the first ever trillion dollar printing of this bill. As of the end of 2008, U.S. currency in circulation with the public amounted to $824 billion and 76% of the currency supply was in the form of $100 denomination banknotes, amounting to twenty $100 bills per U.S. citizen. Over the past decade there has been considerable controversy concerning the amount of U.S. currency circulating abroad. Porter and Judson have claimed that in the mid nineties between 53 and 67 percent of U.S. currency was overseas, whereas Feige's estimates suggested a figure closer to 40 percent abroad. Most recently, Goldberg writing in a New York Federal Reserve publication asserted that "about 65 percent ($580 billion) of all banknotes are in circulation outside of the country. However, these assertions are contradicted by the Federal Reserve Board of Governors Flow of Funds statistics which show that at the end of March


Steampunk: Quadcopter
Introduction: Steampunk: Quadcopter
Noah Baker, Jacob Steele, Luke Barrow, Stephen Podlogar
We were interested in creating a quadcopter from scratch, and potentially take it a step further to follow us via Bluetooth.
How it Works:
When the remote control is powered on and the throttle is pushed forward, it sends a radio signal to the receiver on the drone
When the battery is connected to the power distribution board it will light up two light, one signals it has at least 11 volts of power while the other signals it has at least 5 volts of power. Once the power distribution board has power it then sends power to each of the four speed controllers, which have built in resistors, and the speed controllers individually send power to each motor.
Parts List:
4x 2300kv Brushless Motors: _URL_
4x electornic speed controller: _URL_
Power Distribution Board: _URL_
4x Propellers: _URL_
UltraSonic Sensors: _URL_
Lipo Battery: _URL_
Motor Drive expansion: _URL_
RC Remote with Receiver: _URL_
Toolbox:
Hot Glue Gun
Hot Glue Sticks
Wires
Electrical Tape
Soldering Iron
Solder
Wrench
Wire Strippers
Teacher Notes
Teachers! Did you use this instructable in your classroom?
Add a Teacher Note to share how you incorporated it into your lesson.
Step 1: 3D Print Center Piece
Step 2: 3D Print 4 Legs
Step 3: Create Frame
Step 4: Attach the 4 Motors to Frame
Step 5: Solder 4 Electronic Speed Controllers (ESPs) to Power Distribution Board (PDB)
Step 6: Solder 4 ESPs to the 4 Motors
Step 7: Solder PDB to Flight Controller
Step 8: Solder Radio Receiver to Flight Controller
Step 9: Attach 4 Signal Wires From ESPs to Radio Receiver
Step 10: Setup RC to Work With the 4 Radio Channels You Connected
Step 11: Attach Battery to PDB
Do not cross wires!! Battery will run out very fast due to high current, so be sure to disconnect either positive or negative side after each test/use.
Step 12: Turn RC On
Motors should start to beep and fidget if everything is set up correctly
Step 13: Move Throttle Up
Step 14: Motors Should Begin Spinning!
Be the First to Share
 Recommendations
 - Backyard Contest
 Backyard Contest
 - Silly Hats Speed Challenge
 Silly Hats Speed Challenge
 - Finish It Already Speed Challenge
 Finish It Already Speed Challenge
 Discussions


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- HMS Blenheim was a 90-gun second rate launched in 1679 as HMS Duchess. She was renamed HMS Princess Anne in 1701, HMS Windsor Castle in 1702, and HMS Blenheim in 1706. She was broken up in 1763.
- HMS Blenheim was a 90-gun second rate launched in 1761, reduced to a third rate in 1800 and wrecked in 1807.
- HMS Blenheim was the name selected for the captured Danish HMS Christian VII, but the name was not used.
- HMS Blenheim was a 74-gun third rate launched in 1813. She was reduced to harbour service in 1831, converted to screw propulsion in 1847 and was broken up in 1865.
- HMS Blenheim was a Blake-class armoured cruiser launched in 1890, used as a depot ship from 1907 and scrapped in 1926.
- HMS Blenheim was a depot ship, previously the SS Achilles. She was purchased in 1940 and scrapped in 1948.
|This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.|

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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By Past RI Vice President Serge Gouteyron, member of the Rotary Club of Valenciennes-Denain aerodrome (France) and Chair of the 2015-16 RI Rotary Fellowships Committee
The second Object of Rotary encourages Rotarians to hold high ethical standards in business and profession; to recognize the worthiness of all useful occupations; and to dignify each Rotarian's occupation as an opportunity to serve society. Through Rotary, members from different professional and cultural backgrounds are able to combine their expertise and experiences to create a greater impact. By connecting with fellow Rotarians who share a common profession or hobby, Rotary Fellowships contribute to the promotion and advancement of Rotary worldwide. Fellowships enable Rotarians to bond with those outside of their club, district, or country. Vocationally oriented fellowships allow Rotarians to use their unique skill sets to serve their community and further their professional development while building lasting friendships.
How can we increase our impact through Fellowships?
Dear friends, let's extend our spirit of friendship and service spirit beyond our clubs and let's further mutual understanding through Rotary Fellowships. We invite Rotarians whose profession is not represented among the current fellowships to create one. Vocationally-based fellowships based are quite significant as they embody the historical identity of Rotary and of its values.
The following stories will inspire you to join an existing group or start a new one:
- Passion for the friendly skies fosters international service partnerships
- Medical myths inspire fellowship and service
- Rotary Fellowships: service inspired by passion
- Rotary Fellowships' annual activities support polio eradication efforts
Starting a fellowship requires a roster of potential members representing at least three countries and approval from the RI Board of Directors. Find more information online: _URL_

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


. 5a but exhibits an hyperbolic nature with multiple maximum points at \(\lambda = - 1\) with respect to \(\lambda\) as shown in Fig. 5b. The trend of partition function and other thermodynamic properties obtained in this work is in excellent agreement with researches of refs [50,51,52,53,54] which affirm the accuracy of the work.
Fig. 1
figure 1
a, b Variation of partition function with \(\beta\) and \(\lambda\) for thermodynamic properties
Fig. 2
figure 2
a, b Variation of vibrational mean energy with \(\beta\) and \(\lambda\) for thermodynamic properties
Fig. 3
figure 3
a, b Variation of specific heat capacity with \(\beta\) and \(\lambda\) for thermodynamic properties
Fig. 4
figure 4
a, b Variation of vibrational mean entropy with \(\beta\) and \(\lambda\) for thermodynamic properties
Fig. 5
figure 5
a, b Variation of vibrational free energy with \(\beta\) and \(\lambda\) for thermodynamic properties
Conclusion
In this work, we study an approximate bound state solutions of Schrӧdinger wave equation with MESPYP potential model using parametric Nikiforov–Uvarov method where we obtain energy eigenequation and total unnormalized wave function expressed in terms of associated Jacobi polynomial. We obtained numerical bound state energies for five selected diatomic molecules. The resulting energy eigenequation was presented in a compact form and employed to study partition function and other thermodynamic properties. The numerical bound state solutions were carried out with a fixed control and optimizing parameter. The thermodynamic curves obtained are in excellent agreement to work of an existing literature.
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article.
References
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1983General Election: A Tory landslide as Labour tears itself apart
Labour's defeat in 1979 was followed by the party swinging to the left, electing the veteran socialist Michael Foot as leader. This led to several senior Labour leaders leaving the party to found the Social Democratic Party, which formed a pact with the Liberals and stood as the Alliance. Labour's manifesto for this election, calling for leaving the European Union, scrapping nuclear weapons and abolishing the House of Lords, was subsequently dubbed the longest suicide note in history. Meanwhile, although Margaret Thatcher's economic policies caused initial unpopularity, victory in the Falklands War gave a big boost to Conservative fortunes. The result was that votes were almost equally split between Labour and the Liberal/SDP Alliance, giving the Tories the most decisive victory since Labour's in 1945, although in fact the Conservative total vote dropped slightly relative to 1979.
No chart. No chart.
See the election results mapped by constituency
Hint: the quickest way to find the historical constituencies


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A University of Michigan researcher says the environmental benefits of biofuels are exaggerated, so much so that he says burning fossil fuels is better. On our Tuesday environmental segment, a biofuels industry spokesman responds.
Last week on Current State's weekly environmental segment, we learned about an attention-getting study from the University of Michigan Energy Institute. The institute's John DiCicco said it found that biofuels are not, as often touted, carbon neutral. That is, the emissions from biofuels like ethanol are not entirely reabsorbed by plant life.
Biofuels supporters have taken issue with the report.
Current State speaks with Geoff Cooper of the Washington D.C. based Renewable Fuels Association.


models.parkinresearch.com
Single-Impulse Coplanar Orbit Transfer
This model represents the change in orbit when a Δv is applied. Orbit 0 is the initial orbit some time before the Δv is applied. Orbit 0i is the initial orbit the moment before the Δv is applied. Orbit 1i in the new orbit the moment after the Δv is applied. Orbit 1 is the new orbit some time later.
Press «enter» to see the model. To infer results, try one of the examples below, or your own inputs. To clear results, refresh your browser.
Circular orbit to GTO (geosynchronous transfer orbit)
 1. A satellite begins in a 300 km circular orbit. Specify zero eccentricity and 300 km altitude by typing:
 0i.e = 0 «enter» 0i.h = 300 «enter»
 The model infers the initial orbital characteristics.
 2. The 'cheapest' GTO has periapsis at our initial altitude of 300 km and apoapsis at geosynchronous altitude of 35,786 km:
 1i.hp = 300 «enter» 1i.ha = 35786 «enter»
 The model infers that this takes a ΔV of 2.4 km/s.
 3. How long after the ΔV does it take to reach geosynchronous altitude? Setting the altitude of orbit 1 to apoapsis and telling the model to assume a fractional orbit:
 1.h==ha = true «enter» 1.as = true «enter»
 The model infers that the duration from point 1i to point 1 (Δt₁.h), takes 5.3 hours, which is exactly half the period of this GTO (1i.T.h).
run this example
Rocket cutoff to circular orbit
 1. A microwave thermal rocket, let's say, reaches 7.3 km/s at 80 km altitude with a flight-path angle of 10°. What is the ΔV needed to circularize the orbit at 500 km? To calculate this, start by specifying the cutoff conditions in orbit 0:
 0.v = 7.3 «enter» 0.h = 80 «enter» 0.g = 10 «enter» 0.as = t «enter»
 The model infers orbit 0 (type 0 «enter» to see). For example, the eccentricity is 0.2 and periapsis altitude is -1950 km, meaning that the rocket will not complete a full orbit and instead reenter. The apoapsis is 549 km.
 2. Only a ΔV at 500 km can nudge the payload into a circular orbit at this altitude (the before and after orbits have to intersect). Luckily, the previous step found that the peak altitude (apoapsis) is above 500 km, so circularization is possible. The desired circular orbital altitude of 500 km can be entered by typing:
 h = 500 «enter» 1i.ic = t «enter» 0i.io = t «enter»
 The latter entry specifies that the ΔV occurs while height is still increasing (as opposed to decreasing when it comes down again later). The model infers that the rocket takes 8 minutes after cutoff to reach 500 km, and that it then takes a ΔV of 1 km/s with the nose of the rocket pointed 26° below horizontal (γΔV = -26°) for the orbit to be made circular.
run this example


text:
More than finding your place in the world, Kid-Architect is about making it.
Through the use of the most basic building block of space of our time – the box – children can explore the composition of space, forming it as they wish and improvising as they play.
Applying the simple box layout promotes an intuitive understanding of form and function, making the play process more accessible.
Suitable for children ages 5-11 Kid-Architect helps create a sense of space and volume while developing the child's ability to take into account multiple aspects of problem solving by enabling him to form various shapes/spaces using the same given objects.
With simple design and choice of basic materials it may be used in a variety of ways over different periods of time. By using more panels you increase the volume of buildable space as well as the number of options for this three dimensional composing.
As children grow, Kid-Architect grows with them.
Kid-Architect is made from recycled foam cut into 60X60X1.5cm pieces. Each two pieces are glued together with an added rip-stop cloth protruding from one side in order to attach permanently to other pieces.
The temporary connection of pieces during the game is done with Velcro attached to the edges. In order to be able to connect any two parts together Velcro is assembled in a way which produces no two similar strips thus eliminating the dependence on a polarized system.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Meissonier, ErnestBack to Artists
Ernest Meissonier (French, _PHONE_)
Oil on panel, 10 ¼ x 6 ¾ inches
Signed and dated lower left: E Meissonier 1851
Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier (born February 21, 1815, Lyon, France—died January 31, 1891, Paris), French painter and illustrator of military and historical subjects, especially of Napoleonic battles.
Meissonier studied first under Jules Potier, then in the studio of Léon Cogniet. In his early years Meissonier spent much time making illustrations for the publishers Curmer and Hetzel, but beginning in 1834 (at age 19) he exhibited regularly at the French Salon, and he received the highest official honours from the middle of the 1840s onward.
Most of Meissonier's paintings are on a small scale and are concerned with military subjects or with genre in a historical setting. Meissonier's minute and scrupulous technique was largely derived from the study of Dutch painters of the 17th century, but the documentary approach of his preparatory study of costume and armour and of his detailed observation of nature (such as his systematic analysis of the movements of horses) links him with the 19th century. Among his major works are Napoleon III at Solferino (1863) and 1814 (1864), both of which celebrate heroic military campaigns, but he also captured the horrors of conflict in works such as Remembrance of Civil War (1848–49), which depicts the moment when the Parisian insurgents of 1848 were slaughtered on barracades by the Republican Guard.


text:
Driven by our shared dream to see Sarawak take on its role as a nation-transformer, we at R.O.S.E. believe that the key is to create awareness among and empower rural communities in Sarawak. To this end, we have chosen to focus our resources on several initiatives, including:
- Building awareness and empowering Sarawakian voters about their rights as electorate in a democratic nation.
- Voter Registration Drives in and around Kuching
- Civic Education Training for youths and rural communities e.g. Projek Rumah Baru which includes modules on good governance and decision-making
- Rural community transformation
- Financial literacy training
- Collaborating with other NGOs involved directly with rural community empowerment and transformation
- Championing Free and Fair Elections
- Polling and Counting Agents (PACA) Training
- Collaborating with other NGOs and creating awareness of the Election Comission's Electoral Delineation proposals
If Not Now, When?
If Not Us, Who?


text:
Writing in the International Journal of Food Science & Technology, the researchers note that jumbo squid mantle muscle used to make frankfurter-type products performed well in sensory tests.
The results suggest that the mantle muscle of the cephalopod could open up "a range of possibilities for product development", wrote the authors, led by Anibal Felix-Armenta.
"The importance of the present study lies in that no work has been published about the elaboration of gelled-emulsified type value-added product made of jumbo squid mantle muscle," said the researchers.
Using the mantle muscle of jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas), reportedly an abundant species in the Gulf of California, the researchers evaluated the formulation, processing and physicochemical characteristics of a gelled-emulsion frankfurter-type product.
The researchers note no changes in the pH or the water holding capacity of the product, a result they took to show as "an indication of the great stability this product can show during cold storage".
Analysis of the sensory qualities, including colour, flavour, aroma, texture and overall acceptability found that colour was most negatively criticised factor. This was followed by aroma and texture, said the researchers.
The panellists involved in the sensory tests said they 'liked slightly' the product. One explanation for this relatively low score, said the researchers, was that this "might be […] the panellists' first introduction to this type of product, as no seafood frankfurter has been introduced in the regional market".
The researchers noted an unfavourable microbial profile, with growth of aerobic bacteria observed during 27 days of storage.
"The results […] indicate that, although a stable product may be manufactured, more work needs to be done to increase the further physicochemical and microbiological storage life of jumbo squid frankfurters," said the researchers.
"This study showed that having a proper post-harvest control of raw material (jumbo squid mantle muscle) results in the production of a wholesome gelled-emulsified type product.
"In general, from the physicochemical stand point, frankfurters showed good storage stability during the evaluated period. However, microbial growth was the decisive factor for their storage life," they concluded.
Source: International Journal of Food Science & Technology Published online ahead of print, doi: 10.1111/j._PHONE_.2007.01709.x"Jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) mantle muscle gelled-emulsified type product: formulation, processing and physicochemical characteristics" Authors: A. Felix-Armenta, J.C. Ramirez-Suarez, R. Pacheco-Aguilar, M.E. Diaz-Cinco, G. Cumplido-Barbeitia, G. Carvallo-Ruiz


text: When grouped together, radiocarbon determinations from heat-retainer hearths from western New South Wales decrease in frequency with age. One interpretation for this pattern is that it reflects an increase in the frequency of occupation, and perhaps ultimately an increase in Aboriginal populations in this region during the late Holocene. An alternative explanation is that the increase in frequency reflects the differential preservation of the land surfaces on which the hearths are found. According to this explanation, the pre-servation of ancient surfaces itself decreases with time, with the destruction of ancient records of occupation accounting for the relatively recent skew in the age distribution of heat-retainer hearths. We test these hypotheses by comparing the distribution of hearth radiocarbon ages against the distribution of ages obtained from samples associated with buried human remains from western New South Wales. Samples obtained by excavating buried deposits should not be subject to the same range of erosion processes that have affected surface deposits. Therefore the samples from buried deposits are able to act as a control against which the distribution of hearth ages can be evaluated. Results indicate that age estimates obtained from human burials have a distribution different from those obtained from hearths, supporting the conclusion that the decrease in hearth frequency with age is a product of geomorphic preservation rather than cultural change.


text:
Publication Date : 15 September 2012
The EPUB edition contains embedded music files that play in Apple's iBooks for iPad and iPhone and in the desktop EPUB reader Calibre. Other readers don't currently support audio.
Free print preview
This ethnomusicological and organological study of the Paraguayan diatonic harp in the twentieth century tells its story as an emblematic national musical instrument. First used liturgically by Jesuit missions in colonial times, the transplanted European diatonic harp was transformed and adopted into the folk music vocabulary of Paraguay and the Río de la Plata region. Following the commercial success of Paraguayan harpist Félix Pérez Cardozo in the 1930s in Argentina, the instrument's symbolic value as an icon of social, cultural, and national identity was articulated in local traditions such as popular folk music festivals. It received the designation of arpa paraguaya (Paraguayan harp) and, in 2010, official recognition as símbolo de la cultura nacional (cultural national symbol).
The book integrates an account of the historical and musical development of the diatonic harp in Paraguay, an analysis of the musical contributions by harp composers and performers, a survey of the various traditional genres associated with the instrument, and a discussion of the popular and academic settings where the instrument has been cultivated and performed in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The author's fieldwork in Paraguay and continuous contact with composers, educators, festival organizers, harp performers, researchers, and festival organizers have provided unique insights into the development of the Paraguayan harp tradition as a cultural icon of the nation.
This book will be of interest to a large and varied audience, including scholars and professionals in the fields of musicology and ethnomusicology, Latin American specialists, historians, libraries, harp performers and other musicians, and general readers interested in the history of musical instruments and culture.


The Council of European Employers of the Metal, Engineering and Technology-Based Industries (CEEMET) has recently launched a new joint manifesto on industrial growth with the European engineering industries association, Orgalime. CEEMET's director explains why they have done so.
Uwe Combüchen is director general of CEEMET. He was interviewed by EurActiv's Jeremy Fleming.
Why have you published the joint manifesto?
The European Commission recently sent a clear message stressing that industry is vital to the economic recovery and that the industrial output must grow to reach 20% of GDP. We had been discussing the conditions needed in the current challenging time to get the manufacturing sectors back on track or keep them on the right path - what would be needed to ensure growth and jobs in the sectors? - and we decided to jointly respond to the Commission's recent communications such as "A stronger European industry for growth and recovery".
Why is the metal industry significant for industrial development?
The metal, engineering and technology based industries are critical to the European economy, directly employing upwards of 13 million people. Our voice needs to be heard on what European industry needs from the EU. We have listed in our joint policy manifesto a number of core issues for our industry, where we believe improvements will indeed help to ensure a stronger and greener manufacturing economy in Europe.
Are you concerned about the current state of the negotiations on the MFF, in relation to Horizon 2020?
As we have understood, within the future EU budget, the aim is to ensure that "spending should be mobilised to support growth, employment, competitiveness and convergence" and we do think that better focusing of the scarce resources better is always positive.
As national governments are cutting budgets, it is normal that the EU will need to do so too. The cuts should be done in inefficient areas and where no real added value has been reached. Spending should however absolutely not be cut in some key areas such as innovation, research and development. Rather, the budget should be increased there to keep Europe in the frontline of industrial development and to ensure growth and creation of new jobs.
What is your opinion on the recent review of Europe's industrial strategy?
We are of course very supportive of the Commission's renewed focus on industry. The four pillars that the communication focuses on are crucial (investment in innovation, better market conditions, access to finance and capitals, human capital and skills). Now we have to make sure the right measures are taken to ensure the implementation of the pillars. This is not something the Commission can do alone – we have to work together on ensuring the best conditions for industry in Europe.
How are you intending to make your manifesto message heard?
The Manifesto has also been sent to hundreds of stakeholders in Brussels and in national capitals. We plan to keep the priority topics on the agenda in the future in all times when we contact and discuss with our stakeholders as well.
By joining the forces with Orgalime we wanted to make sure the topics get more weight since they are so important to both organisations, and need urgent action, such as ensuring competitive labour markets in Europe and making national social security systems future proof (reforms are surely needed as well as with the pension systems) and responding to the skills shortage in the EU manufacturing industry so better matching of skills and labour market needs.


text:
The National Baseball Hall of Fame is partnering with Mango Publishing to explore 100 years of baseball on the radio airwaves.
One hundred years ago, a new technology carried descriptions of the Aug. 5, 1921, Pirates vs. Phillies game beyond Forbes Field and into a few hundred homes with receivers within reach of KDKA-AM in Pittsburgh. It was the start of an unbreakable bond between broadcasting and baseball – one that brought the national pastime to more fans than ever.
"Memories from the Microphone: A Century of Baseball Broadcasting" brings to the written page the magic of baseball over the airwaves. The new book, authored by historian Curt Smith, takes readers behind the scenes of some of baseball's greatest moments with the announcers who brought those games to millions of fans.
"If a baseball broadcaster bonds with the public, he becomes an extended member of the family," Smith said in a media release. "'Memories from the Microphone' tells how for the last one hundred years on radio, then television, America's family has been buoyed by Major League Baseball on the air."
Organized chronologically, "Memories from the Microphone" charts the history of baseball broadcasting through the stories and personalities that have shaped the game. Featuring rich content detailing iconic moments described by legendary announcers like Mel Allen, Red Barber, Harry Caray, and Vin Scully, the book – published by National Baseball Hall of Fame Books, a division of Mango Media Inc. – accompanies the reader on a journey through baseball history via the men and women whose descriptions turned hits and runs into history.
The book features a forward by Hall of Famer and longtime Orioles broadcaster Brooks Robinson.
"I was privileged to work with the greatest players and coaches when I played and some of the greatest announcers when my playing career was through," Robinson wrote in the forward. "Those broadcasters helped continue and strengthen the connection between the game and the fans – a bond that has made baseball the National Pastime."
The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum will celebrate the anniversary of the first baseball game broadcast on radio with a virtual program with the book's author, Curt Smith, discussing the book and baseball broadcasting history at 2 p.m., Thursday, Aug. 5.


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6.111 Labkit
 FPGA Labkit
for 6.111 Introduction to Digital Systems
6.111 homeLabkit home → Getting Started with ISE
Getting Started with ISE
by Nathan Ickes
The Xilinx Integrated Software Environment (ISE) is a powerful and complex set of tools. The purpose of this guide is to help new users get started using ISE to compile their designs. This guide provides a very high-level overview of how the tools work, and takes the reader through the process of compiling. The ultimate reference to ISE is of course the official documentation, which is installed on every PC in the lab, and is available from the Xilinx website.
From HDL to FPGA
The process of converting hardware design language (HDL) files into a configuration bitstream which can be used to program the FPGA, is done several steps.
First, the HDL files are synthesized. Synthesis is the process of converting behavioral HDL descriptions into a network of logic gates. The synthesis engine takes as input the HDL design files and a library of primitives. Primitives are not necessarily just simple logic gates like AND and OR gates and D-registers, but can also include more complicated things such as shift registers and arithmetic units. Primitives also include specialized circuits such as DLLs that cannot be inferred by behavioral HDL code and must be explicitly instantiated. The libraries guide in the Xilinx documentation provides an complete description of every primitive available in the Xilinx library. (Note that, while there are occasions when it is helpful or even necessary to explicitly instantiate primitives, it is much better design practice to write behavioral code whenever possible.)
In 6.111, we will be using the Xilinx supplied synthesis engine known as XST. XST takes as input a verilog (.v) file and generates a.ngc file. A synthesis report file (.srp) is also generated, which describes the logic inferred for each part of the HDL file, and often includes helpful warning messages.
The.ngc file is then converted to an.ngd file. (This step mostly seems to be necessary to accommodate different design entry methods, such as third-part synthesis tools or direct schematic entry. Whatever the design entry method, the result is an.ngd file.)
The.ngd file is essentially a netlist of primitive gates, which could be implemented on any one of a number of types of FPGA devices Xilinx manufacturers. The next step is to map the primitives onto the types of resources (logic cells, I/O cells, etc.) available in the specific FPGA being targeted. The output of the Xilinx map tool is an.ncd file.
The design is then placed and routed, meaning that the resources described in the.ncd file are assigned specific locations on the FPGA, and the connections between the resources are mapped into the FPGAs interconnect network. The delays associated with interconnect on a large FPGA can be quite significant, so the place and route process has a large impact on the speed of the design. The place and route engine attempts to honor timing constraints that have been added to the design, but if the constraints are too tight, the engine will give up and generate an implementation that is functional, but not capable of operating as fast as desired. Be careful not to assume that just because a design was successfully placed and routed, that it will operate at the desired clock rate.
The output of the place and route engine is an updated.ncd file, which contains all the information necessary to implement the design on the chosen FPGA. All that remains is to translate the.ncd file into a configuration bitstream in the format recognized by the FPGA programming tools. Then the programmer is used to download the design into the FPGA, or write the appropriate files to a compact flash card, which is then used to configure the FPGA.
Template Design Files
In order to interact with any of the codecs, memories, or even general I/O pins on the labkit, the I/O ports defined in the top-level Verilog module of a design must be mapped to the correct I/O pins on the labkit's FPGA. This is done by means of constraint statements inside a universal constraints file (.ucf).
The FPGA used in the labkit has 684 I/O pins (and most of them are actually connected to something on the labkit PCB!) It would be extremely laborious to type out the necessary constraints for each new project, so, to simplify the process of adding pin constraints to a new design, two template files have been developed.
 - labkit.v is a template top-level Verilog module. This module defines names for all of the signals going in or out of the FPGA. Additionally, it provides default assignments for all FPGA outputs, so that unused circuits on the labkit are disabled.
 - labkit.ucf is the standard constraints file for the labkit. This file contains constraint statements that tie the signals in labkit.v to the appropriate physical FPGA pins.
The labkit.v should be used for the top-level module of every labkit project. You will have to modify this file to instantiate your own design within it.
An ISE Tutorial
 1. Download the following source files: the standard toplevel template module (labkit.v), the standard labkit constraints file (labkit.ucf), and the sample counter design for this tutorial (counter.v).
 2. Launch the Project Navigator application (Start → Programs → Xilinx ISE 8.2i &rarr Project Navigator).
 3. Select "New Project" from the "File" menu
 4. Enter a project name and choose a project location. Be sure the top-level source type is set to HDL (hardware design language). Click the "Next" button.
 5. On the second form, enter the target device information. The FPGA on the labkits is a Virtex 2 family XC2V6000, speed grade 4, in a BF957 package. Select "ModelSim-SE Verilog" as the simulator.
 6. The next form allows you to create a new source file and automatically add it to the new project. Note that there is really no reason to create a new source file when creating a project: you can create a new source file and add it to the project at any time. Since you have already downloaded all of the source files needed for this tutorial project, just click the "Next" button.
 7. The following form allows you to add any existing source files to the new project. Add the labkit.v, counter.v, and labkit.ucf files you downloaded earlier, as shown below.
 8. Click "Next" to advance to the project summary form, and then click "Finish" to create the project. When the "Adding Source Files..." dialog pops up, click "OK".
 9. Once ISE has created the new project, the "Sources in Project" tree in the Project Navigator window should look like this:
Modifying the labkit.v Template
 1. To instantiate the counter module in the top-level labkit module, open by double-clicking on its name in the source tree, and then add the following code to the end of the file, just before the endmodule statement.
 wire [31:0] count;
 counter counter1 (.clock(clock_27mhz),.count(count));
 assign led = ~count[31:24];
 After saving the file, note that the project hierarchy tree changes to show that the counter module is now a submodule of labkit.
 2. The stock labkit.v file assigns a default value to the LED outputs. In order to drive the LEDs with the counter module, we need to delete the following line, which can be found near the end of labkit.v.
 assign led = 8'hFF; // Turn off all LEDs
Compile the Design
 1. The labkit.ucf file includes constraints for all of the input and output ports defined in labkit.v. Most designs, however, will not use all of these signals, in which case the synthesis engine will optimize the unused signals out of the design. The location constraints in labkit.ucf for these unused signals will then generate errors. It is therefore necessary to tell ISE not to generate an error if it encounters a pin constraint for a (now) nonexistent signal. To do this, right-click on the "Implement Design" item in the process pane, and select "Properties...". Check the box to "allow unmatched LOC constraints" in the "Translate Properties" form, as shown below.
 2. Make sure the top-level labkit module is selected in the project source tree.
 3. Double click "Generate Programming File" in the tasks area of the Project Navigator window.
 This will cause the "Synthesize", "Implement Design" and "Generate Programming File" tasks to be run in order. It's normal with this design for each stage of the compilatio to produce warnings, so a yellow triangle will appear beside each task when it is successfully completed. It will take a couple minutes for everything to complete.
Downloading the Compiled Design to the Labkit Hardware
Once you have successfully run the "Generate Programming File" task, read the configuration methods tutorial to learn how to download the compiled design to the actual labkit.
MIT 6.111 Introduction to Digital Systems, Updated February 04, 2007


Institute Welcomes Peter Gourevitch
Peter Gourevitch, Professor of Political Science at the University of California San Diego, visited the Institute Thursday to meet with students before giving a campus wide talk on the implications of the current economic crisis. Gourevitch is a specialist in political economy with a particular focus on international trade and economic globalization, trade disputes, regulatory systems, and corporate governance.
In his campus wide talk, Gourevitch gave his answer to the question: How does the current global crisis in the economy resemble earlier economic shocks, and what can we learn from those other episodes about issues that face U.S. and world policy makers? To Gourevitch, several themes appear striking: the interaction of "private bonding" arrangements and government regulation in shaping the trust that underlies economic life; the pattern of cycles vs. sequences in explaining how countries converge or diverge in what they do; the relationship between economic shock and political choices; the autonomy of the state; the role of ideology in shaping economic policy outcomes; the interaction of globalization and domestic politics.


text:
Satyendra Rana | Tuesday 11 September 2018
Greentech Knowledge Solutions Private Limited (GKSPL) and Bihar State Pollution Control Board (BSPCB) have jointly conducted several workshops on "Design, construction and operation of a Zigzag Kiln" across different districts of Bihar during 2018-19. During the workshops, we have observed that there are many fundamental misconceptions prevalent among kiln owners and masons regarding construction and operation of a Zigzag kiln. Here we have tried to clear up the most widespread misconceptions in a very clear manner with short explanations.
It must be clear in everybody's mind that "Zigzag kiln" is NOT a completely new design of brick kiln and it is similar in many ways to the traditional "oval shape" Bull's trench brick kiln. Zigzag kiln is just an "improved version" of the traditional kiln. The main difference between oval-shape Bull's trench kiln and Zigzag kiln is the brick-setting pattern and hence, the fuel feeding/firing method. Applying the improved brick-layout design in a Zigzag kiln, air/hot-gases are provided more time to exchange heat with bricks which is the main reason for its better performance compared to a conventional kiln.
Yes, it is RECOMMENDED for a Zigzag kiln to have a rectangular shape to properly employ improved brick-setting pattern and thus to obtain better performance compared to traditional kiln.
Zigzag kiln refers to a kiln in which air/hot-gases does NOT flow "mostly" in a straight line (unlike in traditional oval-shape kiln) along the length of trench. Zigzag kilns can be of two types:
Chimney type is SAME for both natural-draught and high-draught Zigzag kilns. The cross-section of chimney can be either circular or square in both types of Zigzag kilns. For a given daily production capacity and brick-setting design, chimney internal diameter and height changes according to the type of Zigzag kiln.
It is absolutely WRONG to say that a new type of chimney called "Zigzag chimney" is essential to run any Zigzag kiln. If for a given daily production capacity and brick-setting design, the required internal width, height and quality is met by the existing chimney, then the same chimney can be used to operate the Zigzag kiln.
It is NOT necessary for a chimney to have square cross-section to operate any Zigzag kiln. The cross-section of chimney can be either circular or square in both the types of Zigzag kilns.
There is NO demand from state pollution control board to compulsorily install chimney having square cross-section to operate a Zigzag kiln. Both circular and square cross-sectional chimney are permitted to run any Zigzag kiln.
Central or state pollution control board ONLY specifies the "minimum height" of chimney as per the type of Zigzag kiln. If the existing, new or retrofitted chimney is meeting the required minimum height criteria for a given Zigzag kiln type, pollution control board will allow it to operate. According to draft notification published on March 16, 2018 by "Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change", the minimum height requirements for Zigzag kiln are as follows:
Since in an induced-draught or high-draught kiln the required draught is created artificially with the help of fan, ANY type of brick setting viz. single, double or triple Zigzag can be employed satisfactorily.
If the chimney is meeting the "minimum height criteria" set by central or state pollution control board and the chimney's internal width and height is meeting the design criteria for the required daily production capacity, it is NOT compulsory to increase the height of chimney.
Brick-setting design in a Zigzag kiln is NOT VERY different from the setting employed in conventional oval-shape Bull's trench kiln. The basic pattern of stacking bricks in "rows" along the width of trench with each row containing several "brick columns" is same in both traditional and improved kilns. To increase the time required for heat exchange between bricks and hot-gases/air, some rows in Zigzag kilns are made differently (like a wall) to allow air/hot gases to flow past them only through few spaces left in the wall. (For more details, refer Knowledge briefs a). How is setting of bricks done in a natural-draught kiln, b). How is setting of bricks done in an induced-draught Zigzag kiln).
Yes, it is COMPULSORY to install platform and ladder on the chimney as per the criteria set by central/state pollution control board to facilitate the kiln's emission measurements. (For more details, refer Knowledge brief – What are the good practices for the construction of masonry chimney of a Zigzag kiln?).
The writer is a Consultant at
Greentech Knowledge Solutions Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi


Proposal 2 assumes that the benefit of an index (improved
 seeking performance) outweighs the disadvantages (incomplete demuxer
 implementations that cannot seek when the index is absent).
 The disadvantages of Proposal 2 are:
 1) Redundant, non-structural information. Having a non-authoritative
 index increases the opportunity for mux and demux implementation
 bugs. There will certainly be cases in the wild where the index
 does not agree with the stream. This disagreement isn't possible
 if there's no non-structural or redundant seeking information.
 2) A front-positioned index breaks the Ogg 'everything is always a
 stream' model, as a front-positioned index necessarily requires a
 second pass.
 3) Experience in multiple containers show that implementors will
 tend to implement index-only seeking [and even tell users their
 files are 'broken' if the files don't contain an index].
 The advantages of Proposal 2 are:
 1) Latency. Indexes can be generated for consumption models like the
 web where seeks can be very high latency, and reducing the seek
 number to 'always only 1' is a boon.
 2) A tail-positioned index would preserve the streaming model and
 keep time-to-first-frame low by avoiding a large index in the
 header at stream startup. The index can be grabbed from the
 stream tail asynchronously.
 3) Coarse-grained indexes can be used as a mechanism to inform
 bisection search, still resulting in fewer seeks while also
 reducing the index overhead in situations where this overhead is
Proposal 3: Bisection search with threaded backreference
 Proposal 3 makes use of bisection seeking as above, but rather than
 using an index, adds an auxiliary backreference structure threaded
 through the stream in order to eliminate the second stage of the
 bisection seek. The bisection sarch algorithm always short-circuits
 at step 5:
 seekpoint based on known stream duration and simple linear
 2) Seek and capture a page
 location based on DTS of captured page
 first with a time stamp immediately preceeding the desired point
 the desired point.
 we're finished.
 5.b) If we need to seek to a backreference, the auxiliary
 backreference structure gives us a hard byte offset to seek back
 The proposed threaded backreference mechanism would append a single,
 variable-length-encoded byte offset to the end of each page after
 the packet data. This addiiton would modify the capture criteria
 such that capture must account for the optional, unsignaled field.
 After reading packet data, demux framing would have to check for
 either a capture pattern, or a backreference followed by a capture
 Variations of this proposal could also include bisection hints to
 further reduce the order of complexity of the bisection search.
 As I see it, this middle of the road approach is a compromise
 without real advantages. In its favor:
 1) Streams that make use of backreferences (most AV streams) would
 avoid the second bisection search, always reducing the average
 number of seeks by a little more than one.
 However, there are significant disadvantages.
 1) Like Proposal 2, the threaded backreference mechanism means
 seeking makes use of two ~ unrelated mechanisms instead of one.
 The threaded backreference increases mux and demux complexity.
 2) The average seek number drops from ~ 4.5 physcal seeks to ~ 3.5.
 This is not a significant improvement given the additional
 compexity. Proposal 2 is simpler, similar overhead, and drops
 best case seeks to 1.
 3) Like proposal 2, the additional backreference offset is
 redundant, non-authoritative, and non-structural.
In short, this mechanism has the disadvantages of Proposal 2 (in addition to being weird) but does not deliver as much advantage as Proposal 2.


Namespaces
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Actions
std::vector::max_size
From cppreference.com
< cpp | container | vector
Revision as of 16:31, 2 November 2012 by P12bot (Talk | contribs)
size_type max_size() const;
Returns the maximum number of elements the container is able to hold due to system or library implementation limitations, i.e. std::distance(begin(), end()) for the largest container.
Contents
Parameters
(none)
Return value
Maximum number of elements.
Exceptions
(none) (until C++11)
noexcept specification:
noexcept

(since C++11)
Complexity
Constant.
Notes
This value is typically equal to std::numeric_limits<size_type>::max(), and reflects the theoretical limit on the size of the container. At runtime, the size of the container may be limited to a value smaller than max_size() by the amount of RAM available.
See also
returns the number of elements
(public member function) [edit]
returns the number of elements that can be held in currently allocated storage
(public member function) [edit]


text:
Correct me if I am wrong, but I am wondering if your example is working correct in the first place. Your example shows a character conparison on date: date between '1-jan-2005′ and '10-mar-2005′.
Consider these entries in your file/table/database:
If the date field is a character field, then the first 3 entries get selected, because of the fact that they are sorted in this order.
It would be a different story if your entries in the file/table/database are filled in like this:
In this case you would select: date between '20050101' and '20050310', which would select 6 entries. If your routine builds the dates like this, then the dynamic selection will work.


text:
From Engineering on March 23, 2007 in Decks and Patios
Over 80% of the countrys decks are made from pressure treated wood, making it the most popular deck material in the US. Even if a deck is made of cedar or redwood, it will most likely have a pressure treated substructure, because it is economical and long-lasting. About 80% of pressure treated wood is southern yellow pine. Its initial greenish color eventually fades to gray and is available at nearly every lumber outlet. Pressure treated wood usually has a warranty against decay and gets its name from the process of forcing a chemical preservative into the wood under pressure. Preservatives can be toxic so dont burn the wood or breath-in the saw dustthough a new process was introduced in 2005, making the lumber safer to use. Though the preservatives in the wood help protect against insects and rot, it does not prevent against weathering. Pressure treated would can be stained or painted, but be sure the product you are using is compatible with the pressure treated material. Pressure treated lumber will shrink and some of the grain may rise or open up. These so-called splits and splinters are a natural occurrence with pressure treated lumber and may happen within a few days after being exposed to the sun. It is by far the least costly building material available in deck construction and comes in a variety of dimensions. Estimated Cost of Pressure Treated Wood: 35-50 cents/linear foot.


text:
A prospective review of acute coronary syndromes in an urban hospital in sub-Saharan Africa
Internal Medicine (East Africa)
Objectives: To determine the epidemiology of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in sub-Saharan Africa.
Methods: A prospective survey was carried out of all patients with a diagnosis of ACS who were admitted to the critical care unit of a tertiary teaching hospital over a 25-month period. Demographics, presentation, management and outcomes were subsequently recorded.
Results: A total of 111 (5.1% of all hospitalisations) patients were recruited, with 56% presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and the rest non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) or unstable angina (UA). Chest pain was the most common presenting symptom, and up to one-third of all STEMI patients did not receive any form of reperfusion therapy, primarily due to late presentation. As in the developed world, diabetes, hypertension and cigarette smoking still account for the most common predisposing risk-factor profile, and the mortality associated with ACS is about six to 10% in our unit.
Conclusions: ACS, contrary to common belief, is increasingly more prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, with similar risk profiles to that in the developed world. Late presentation to hospital is common and accounts for the increased mortality associated with this condition.
Cardiovascular Journal of Africa
(2012). A prospective review of acute coronary syndromes in an urban hospital in sub-Saharan Africa. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa, 23(6), 318-321.
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High court sides with ex-athletes in NCAA compensation case
The Supreme Court has decided unanimously that the NCAA cannot enforce rules limiting education-related benefits that colleges offer to student athletes — things like computers and paid internships
The case doesn't decide whether students can be paid salaries. Instead, the ruling will help determine whether schools decide to offer athletes tens of thousands of dollars in education benefits for things including tutoring, study abroad programs and graduate scholarships.
The high court said that NCAA limits on the education-related benefits that colleges can offer athletes who play Division I basketball and football violate antitrust laws.
Justice Neil Gorsuch wrote for the court that the NCAA sought "immunity from the normal operation of the antitrust laws." And he said that allowing colleges and universities to offer "enhanced education-related benefits … may encourage scholastic achievement and allow student-athletes a measure of compensation more consistent with the value they bring to their schools."
Under current NCAA rules, students cannot be paid, and the scholarship money colleges can offer is capped at the cost of attending the school. The NCAA had defended its rules as necessary to preserve the amateur nature of college sports.
But the former athletes who brought the case, including former West Virginia football player Shawne Alston, argued that the NCAA's rules on education-related compensation were unfair and violated federal antitrust law designed to promote competition. The Supreme Court upheld a lower court ruling barring the NCAA from enforcing those rules.
As a result of the ruling, the NCAA itself can't bar schools from sweetening their offers to Division I basketball and football players with additional education-related benefits. But individual athletic conferences can still set limits if they choose.
"It is our hope that this victory in the battle for college athletes' rights will carry on a wave of justice uplifting further aspects of athlete compensation," said Steve Berman, an attorney for the former college athletes, in a statement following the ruling. "This is the fair treatment college athletes deserve."
The NCAA had argued that a ruling for the athletes could lead to a blurring of the line between college and professional sports, with colleges trying to lure talented athletes by offering over-the-top education benefits worth thousands of dollars. Even without the court's ruling, however, changes seem on the way for how college athletes are compensated. The NCAA has been working to amend its rules to allow athletes to profit from their names, images and likenesses, frequently abbreviated NIL. That would allow athletes to earn money for things like sponsorship deals, online endorsement and personal appearances. For some athletes, those amounts could dwarf any education-related benefits.
"Even though the decision does not directly address name, image and likeness, the NCAA remains committed to supporting NIL benefits for student-athletes," NCAA President Mark Emmert said in a statement following the ruling. "Additionally, we remain committed to working with Congress to chart a path forward, which is a point the Supreme Court expressly stated in its ruling."
The players associations of the NFL, the NBA and the WNBA had all urged the justices to side with the ex-athletes, as did the Biden administration.
AP College Sports Writer Ralph D. Russo contributed to this report.


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The housing crisis is a nationwide, multi-faceted issue with numerous, complex underlying causes. Accordingly, it demands a multi-faceted response. We can and must address our housing needs while simultaneously protecting our environment. Advancing smart growth housing solutions supports Vermonters' quality of life, resilience to economic, social and environmental change, and and protects ecological systems. Smart growth allows people to more easily access jobs and services, increases transportation options, and lowers transportation costs. It also reduces municipalities' infrastructure costs, and cuts climate pollution by reducing how far people need to travel to jobs and services.
Legislative Priorities for 2023:
- Smart Growth Housing:Adopt a housing equity bill that makes it easier to develop, rent, and purchase smaller homes in downtowns and village centers, that are closer to jobs, services and affordable transportation.
- Expand funding and eligibility for downtown and village tax credits, and increase funding for the Vermont Housing and Conservation Board (VHCB) to build more smart growth housing.


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teenth birthday present to Harry Potter. Hermione Granger also gave Harry a Sneakoscope for his seventeenth birthday, which later on alerted them of the Snatchers outside their tent who appeared when Harry accidentally said Voldemort's name, which was Tabooed. Unfortunately, it also alerted their presence to the Snatchers.
A small sphere which turns red when you have forgotten something. First seen in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, when Neville Longbottom received one from his grandmother. Later in that same book, he dropped the remembrall during his first flying lesson, when he fell to the ground. Draco Malfoy picked it up, and would not give it to Harry, who then chased after him. Malfoy threw the remembrall toward Hogwarts castle, and Harry flew to it, and caught it. This was all seen by Prof. McGonagall, who saw potential in Harry to be a seeker for the Gryffindor Quidditch team.
Mad-Eye Moody's Magical Eye


Sketch Engine supports annotation of concordance lines, i.e. assigning labels to concordance lines. In addition, Sketch Engine can store additional (JSON) data with each label and allows creating a rich annotation schema suitable for many types of annotation tasks.
To be able to edit/add/remove the customized label information, a special web form needs to be developed. By default, only a simple template for storing attribute-value pairs is available. Some projects, however, require complex structured data:
A custom form of a Dutch annotation project
Custom form of a Dutch annotation project
Sketch Engine uses Riot.js library for the user interface (front-end). The customized web form is a component in Riot.js which must be integrated into Sketch Engine. An example source code of a very small custom component (input box only):
<simple class="simple card">
 <b>{data.label}</b>
 <input name="field" oninput={oninput} value={data.data.field} />
 <button onclick={save}>Save</button>
 <script>
 const {AnnotationStore} = require('annotation/annotstore.js')
 this.data = this.opts.data
 oninput(e) {
 this.data.data.field = e.target.value
 }

 save() {
 AnnotationStore.save_label(this.data)
 }
 </script>
</simple>
The whole component is enclosed in element simple and has "simple" class (for easy styling). The following lines contain the actual HTML template with JavaScript expressions enclosed in curly brackets. The input box has oninput method attached to it. This method should update the current JSON data associated with the label. You may have more methods for each input box or radio button or any other standard form input.
The Save button calls a method which in turn invokes pre-defined method which will take the JSON data, encode it, send to the server and store in the database.
The component can implement any JavaScript code, e.g. for validating the data in the form, it can define constants for auto-completion of input boxes etc. Note that any code will be first scrutinized by our developers before incorporating into Sketch Engine.
The customized schema can be shared among other users and in this case, you will also share all your annotations with the users.
The JSON data can be rendered and shown in the list of labels, next to the label strings. Below is an example of label strings rendered for an Italian annotation project.


We try to cover as many aspects of autism as possible, and strive to bring you the latest autism research.
If there is something you want to know more about, contact us with your question or topic suggestion, and we will do our best to write a post about it.
Current Nº of articles:
227
Tag: Emotional reactivity
When you frequently have strong emotional arousal. During times of stress, anger, and pain people tend to react impulsively. Feelings of fight-or-flight are examples of emotional reactivity.


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Guess we have three functions, where one's result is being passed as second's input and so on. In this scenario how you will call all those functions? ( Share your thoughts on possible ways by commenting here 🤗 )
To call all functions in series or one by one, I've defined one simple function called pipe() which will take all functions as arguments in the same order of execution. And in return, it'll trigger left-to-right all functions in series by passing left one's result value to the right one's argument. Let me make it easy for you to explaining the snippet itself.
const pipe = (...fns) => fns.reduce((fn, g) => (...args) => g(fn(...args)));
As first, i've stored all functions arguments into array called fns by using spreading operator ( it's an concept of ES6 if you new to this word please check this first to learn in detail ) and in return i've called reduce method of array to execute every functions one by one and pass results one to another. And for same i've used again spreading operator to clone all results and passed it to current function. Let's use to know more it.
const add = (x, y) => x + y const square = (x) => x * x const display = (x) => console.log(x) const addNSquare = pipe(add, square, display); addNSquare(6,5) // 121 in console
Here, I've first defined three functions to add a number, to square number, and just display number into the console. where I needed to pass add the result as a square argument and square result to display argument. So next, I've defined a new function using pipe function and passed all three functions as an argument in the same order of execution I want. Now, I can call addNSquare() function with two values and it'll do it's the best job by executing all three functions in the order I passed functions as arguments.
This snippet helped me to call multi functions in series at many scenarios, so, I thought to share it with you guys too. I hope you liked my explanation (if yes, hit like ❤ button ) and if you found it informative then do follow from here because I'll learn and share every day.😋


162. Find the peak [binary search]
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A peak element is an element whose value is strictly greater than its left and right neighbors.
Given an integer array nums, find the peak element and return its index. The array may contain multiple peaks, in which case the position of any one of the peaks is returned.
You can assume nums[-1] = nums[n] = -∞ .
You have to implement [an] O(log n) algorithm to solve this problem.
Example 1:
Input: nums = [1,2,3,1]
Output: 2
Explanation: 3 is the peak element, and your function should return its index 2.
Example 2:
Input: nums = [1,2,1,3,5,6,4]
Output: 1 or 5
Explanation: Your function can return index 1, whose peak element is 2;
 or index 5, whose peak element is 6 .
hint:
1 <= nums.length <= 1000
-231 <= nums[i] <= 231 – 1
for all valid i have nums[i] != nums[i + 1]
class Solution {
public:
 int findPeakElement(vector<int>& nums) {
 int mid,l=0,r=nums.size()-1;
 while(l<r)
 {
 mid = (l+r)/2;
 if(nums[mid]<nums[mid+1])
 {
 l = mid+1;
 }
 else
 {
 r = mid;
 }
 }
 return l;
 }
};
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I believe that those who photograph at night provide us "day dwellers" with a totally different perspective on the world. Star trail photography is a technique that many people may never attempt but is not as difficult as it may seem. This topic will be presented in two parts. In this article, I will discuss the steps necessary to take star trail photographs in the field. In the part two, I will discuss the steps to merge a series of images in Photoshop CS5 to create the final image.
Most photographers have seen an image in which the stars make beautiful arcs and patterns through the sky.
Capturing these images on film was a simple process with great results, one simply needed to point their camera to the sky, lock open their shutter (using a cable release) and wait for a few hours (depending on how much movement you wanted to show).
This same process can also be used with today's digital cameras, however the results will not be nearly as clean and sharp as those on film. The biggest problem with using a digital camera to shoot star trails is that they are subject to producing an undesirable characteristic in the image known as "noise."
Digital cameras depend upon an imaging sensor to capture and "see" light coming in from the lens. To capture this light, the camera sends power to the sensor which allows it to see the light. This power and energy in and on the sensor will cause it to heat up. When your sensor heats up, some pixels on the sensor will change color or not appear similar to the rest of the photograph. This effect is referred to as noise.
Two things that produce more heat buildup on the sensor and as a result more noise are long exposures and high ISO's. During a long exposure, the power needed to capture light is needed throughout the exposure, this means that the longer your exposure is, the more heat is produced across the sensor and the more noise. A high ISO will also bring about more noise in your photograph. To put it simply, by raising your ISO, all you are doing is pumping more power into your sensor to make it more sensitive to light. Because of noise, the process of creating satisfactory star trails with a digital camera becomes much harder.
It is here that we need to turn to more alternative methods of creating these images with our digital cameras. This process that I explain below can be done in any newer versions of Adobe Photoshop. However, I will be giving the steps in Photoshop CS5.
The way we get around the problem of noise in the digital age requires us to combat the two things that cause noise. We do so by shooting at a low ISO and by avoiding long shutter speeds. Do you see a problem here? How are we going to see the movement of the stars through the sky if we can't keep the shutter open for longer than 30 seconds? Simply put, we need to take multiple images and merge them into one.
I like to set my camera to ISO 100 or 200 for shooting star trails; this will minimize any noise that would be created using a high ISO. A good rule of thumb for shutter speed is to not go much longer than 30 seconds. I also set my camera to shoot compressed JPEG files so I can get more images on the card and it will take less time to process later on.
To capture a timed series of images, you will need a cable release to lock open the shutter and force your camera to keep photographing (even after you go to sleep). Once you have your camera set up on a tripod and your image has been composed, make sure that all your settings are in order (f-stop, shutter speed and ISO). Also make sure that your camera is set to "continuous" drive mode which will ensure that after each exposure is completed, the next will automatically begin. If you forget to do this, you will have large gaps between images as the stars move.
Once you return to your computer, download the images to a folder on your desktop. This makes it much easier to find them when you want to merge them together. The process for merging these images together is quite simple despite the number of JPEG files you end up with. To process or make global adjustments to this files you will use the "actions" function in Photoshop, a little set of instructions that tells the computer to batch process all 500 of your photos automatically and consistently. All we need to do now is load the appropriate action onto our computer and into Photoshop so that we can use it to create our final star trail composite image.
How to complete this process will be the topic of my next article (arriving in two weeks).
Tags | Digital Noise, Forest Chaput de Saintonge, Night Photography, Photoshop CS5, star trails


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Automation playbooks can be triggered by several events in the life cycle of an external alert:
- When an external alert is ingested
- When an external alert validation state changes
- When an external alert hasn't been correlated for 24 hours
These triggers enable powerful workflows that allow your team to best defend your organization.
What automation actions affect the state of external alerts?
A number of automation actions can affect the state of external alerts. These include:
- Comment on Alert in Source Platform
- Update State of Alert in Source Platform
You can find the complete list of actions in your Red Canary portal.
What are examples of automation that begins with external alerts?
Notifying your team when a high-severity alert is ingested from a network security product
You can use Red Canary to fulfill basic SIEM and SOAR use cases, such as notifying your team when any of your network security products identifies what it reports as a high-severity threat:
Notifying your team when an alert could not be correlated to endpoint and process data within 24 hours
You may want to notify your team if Red Canary has been unable to correlate certain alerts with endpoint or process activity within 24 hours so you can investigate that alert yourself.
Automatically closing low / informational severity alerts for certain noisy platforms
Many alert sources generate a high volume of alerts with low severities and do not provide the ability to automatically close or adjudicate those alerts. You can use Red Canary to better operationalize those platforms:
By triggering playbooks that:
- Add a comment on the alert (in the underlying platform) that "This alert is being automatically closed because it is high volume / low value" using the Comment on Alert in Source Platform action.
- Close the alert (in the underlying platform) using the Update State of Alert in Source Platform action.


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Date of this Version
The use of diversionary food is an ecological method to reduce feeding damage by wildlife to forest and agricultural crops. The red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) feeds on the vascular tissues of young lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) and this damage is particularly severe in intensively managed stands. Aerial application of sunflower seed on an operational scale significantly reduced damage by squirrels. This result was achieved in three different ecological zones in the interior of British Columbia, Canada. The food shortage apparently experienced by these rodents during the May-June damage period can be accommodated by an artificial food source such as sunflower seeds. Cost of this operational program is $0-$45/ha and is a worthwhile expense even if required annually for 5-10 years to protect the $2,000+/ha invested in intensively managed pine stands. Adaptation of this technique is discussed with respect to understanding the sociological aspects essential to successful application of research results.


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Helping Parents Cope with Drug Addiction
Being the parent of a drug addict can be an overwhelming and heart-wrenching experience. It is a journey filled with fear, sadness, and uncertainty. As a parent, you may find yourself constantly worrying about your child's well-being and struggling with feelings of guilt and helplessness. However, there is hope. Our "Coping with Being the Parent of a Drug Addict: Empowering Hypnosis Download" is designed to provide you with the tools and support you need to navigate this difficult journey and find inner strength.
Empowerment through Hypnosis: A Life-Changing Solution
Hypnosis is a powerful tool that can help you cope with the challenges of being the parent of a drug addict. Our hypnosis download is specifically created to empower you, providing you with a sense of control and resilience. Through deep relaxation and guided imagery, the hypnotic session will enable you to tap into your subconscious mind and unlock your innate inner strength. It will help you develop a positive mindset, allowing you to focus on your own well-being and make healthier choices for yourself and your child.
Overcoming Challenges: Transforming Parenthood with Hypnosis
Parenting a drug addict comes with its unique set of challenges. It is essential to take care of yourself first, as your well-being plays a critical role in supporting your child's recovery. Our hypnosis download will guide you through the process of overcoming these challenges. By addressing your fears, anxiety, and feelings of guilt, you will be able to release negative emotions and find solace within yourself. With increased self-awareness and emotional resilience gained through hypnosis, you can become a more effective parent, capable of making wise decisions and providing the necessary support your child needs.
Unlocking Inner Strength: Supporting Your Child's Recovery
Supporting your child's recovery from drug addiction requires not only physical but also emotional strength. Our hypnosis download aims to unlock and strengthen your inner resources, enabling you to be a beacon of support for your child. By improving your self-confidence, reducing stress, and promoting a positive mindset, hypnosis can enhance your ability to communicate with your child effectively. It can also help you set healthy boundaries and make difficult decisions when necessary, all while maintaining a loving and compassionate connection.
– Hypnosis is a powerful tool for parents coping with the challenges of having a drug addict child.
– The hypnosis download empowers parents by unlocking their inner strength and promoting a positive mindset.
– It helps parents overcome challenges and make wise decisions while supporting their child's recovery.
Don't let the challenges of being the parent of a drug addict drain your strength and spirit. Our "Coping with Being the Parent of a Drug Addict: Empowering Hypnosis Download" is a valuable resource that can provide you with the tools and support you need to navigate this difficult journey. With the power of hypnosis, you can find inner strength, overcome challenges, and support your child's recovery. Embrace this life-changing solution and discover the peace and empowerment you deserve.


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Status In Oklahoma, the number of dwarf pipeworts is declining as a result of fire suppression. Previously, the species was a Category 2 (58 FR 188; September 30, 1993), but currently has no Federal status.
Dwarf pipewort can be as either an annual or biennial plant. It flowers in mid-May.
Dwarf pipewort grows in acid seeps and glades in the sand hillsides in southeastern Oklahoma. It grows on granite outcrops in the Georgia Piedmont region. Populations are widely scattered, but single populations of dwarf pipewort usually have numerous individuals.
Populations of dwarf pipewort are scattered along the Piedmont of Georgia, the Ozarks of Arkansas, and the Coastal Plain of Oklahoma and Texas. Dwarf pipewort occurs in three southeastern Oklahoma counties: Atoka, Muskogee, and Pushmataha.
Because of its small size, dwarf pipewort can be difficult to find. It is easiest to locate in flower, when the clusters of white to gray-green betray its presence. Also, the growth of dwarf pipewort is highly dependent upon precipitation. In years of low rainfall, it may not be evident at sites where it was abundant in previous years. Ten-angled pipewort (E. decangulare) is the only other species of pipewort in Oklahoma. Unlike dwarf pipewort, it has white flowers and the flowering heads have long hairs.
Causes of Decline
Habitat loss, as a result of wetland draining, is a serious threat to populations of dwarf pipewort. Natural disturbances, such as fire, are also necessary for such a small plant to persist. In the absence of fire, neighboring vegetation will grow taller than dwarf pipewort and shade it out. Fires help to remove competing vegetation.
Known populations should be protected from wetland conversion and draining. Natural disturbance regimes should also be reestablished at sites harboring dwarf pipewort.
Dwarf pipeworts are small (approximately 2-4 inches [5-10 cm] tall) and grasslike in appearance. Leaves are in tufts that appear to grow directly out of the ground. They are erect, thin, pale green, hairless (=glabrous) and up to 1 3/8 (3.5 cm) inches long and 1/32 inch (1 mm) wide. Each leaf has three distinct veins. Inflorescences are composed of minute flowers in a tight cluster (=head) at the apex of a stalk (=peduncle). There may be up to 25 peduncles per plant. Each peduncle grows to approximately 4 inches (10 cm) in height. The basal sheath is approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm) tall. Heads are spherical or hemispherical with a few hairs or hairless. Flowers white to gray-green with both a calyx and corolla. Sepals and petals number either two each or three each. Flowers are imperfect (=some flowers have stamens but no pistils, while others may have pistils and no stamens). Both types of flower generally occur on the same plant. There twice a s many stamens as petals. Pistils have two or three stigmas, one style, and a one-, two-, or three-celled ovary.


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It is pertinent to note that there is essentially no difference between prostitution and sex work. This would be expatiated upon in the course of this paper. Sex Work in Nigeria is illegal in all Northern States that practice the Islamic Penal Code. In the Southern part of Nigeria, the activities of pimps, underage prostitution and the ownership of brothels are penalized under Sections 223 to 225 of the Nigerian Criminal Code. This Article examines the history and prevalence of Sex Work in Nigeria, its causes, its effects, both positive and negative. It further seeks to examine the disposition of several jurisdictions towards Sex Work and Constitutional provisions protecting sex workers with regards to their freedom of choice, freedom from discrimination, among others. In entirety, this paper attempts an appraisal of the need to decriminalize and subsequently regulate sex work in Nigeria and not criminalize or victimize sex workers.
To read the full article, click here.
UNILAG Law Review, (2020) Volume 4 Edition 1
About the Author
Shadare Oluwasemilore Enoch is a 500-level law student the University of Lagos He has a special interest in ADR, and he is an Associate Member of the Institute of Chartered Mediators and Conciliators (ICMC), Nigeria.