text:
The ship's anchors, trypots and other parts have been lying amid the coral heads and patches of sand for more than 170 years—never found in part because Kure is so frightening to shipping that most folks try to stay clear.
(Image: A trypot from the Gledstanes lies on the sea floor at Kure Atoll. Trypots are the massive iron containers in which whale blubber was boiled down to oil. Credit: Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.)
The island has a long list of shipwrecks to its credit, including the Gledstanes, the whaler Parker in 1842, the 1870 wreck of the USS Saginaw, the 1886 wreck of the Dunottar Castle and a series of fishing and other boats.
The other islands of the archipelago are also sites of numerous shipwrecks. Pearl and Hermes Atoll is named for two whalers that went aground and ended their careers there.
A marine archaeology crew aboard the NOAA ship Hi'ialakai was specifically looking for evidence of the Gledstanes earlier this week, because they knew it had wrecked on this island. The work at Kure is part of a month-long marine archaeological survey that is trying to document shipwrecks within the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, which extends more than 1,000 miles from the waters between Kaua'i and Nihoa, past ten reefs, small islands and atolls, to the waters just west of Kure.
"Today was a great day to be a maritime archaeologist," wrote monument marine archaeologist Kelly Gleason at the monument website on Aug. 13, 2008: _URL_
Archaeologists have looked for the Gledstanes before, but have been thwarted by weather, currents, surf and other issues. This year, conditions were better.
(Image: A diver documents a massive anchor wedged in the Kure Atoll reef. It is believed to have come from the British whaler Gledstanes. Credit: Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.)
"At the end of the first drift dive of the day, the team discovered a pile of iron ballast and some chain. The ballast led a trail into the dramatic spur-and-groove topography of the reef of Kure Atoll, where further artifacts were scattered as they wrecked in 1837. Four massive anchors, iron ballast, what appear to be two cannons and a trypot filled with bricks, copper sheathing and a fastening are all tucked into the dynamic grooves of the reef," Gleason wrote.
The ship was destroyed, but its crew was able to make it ashore on one of the sandy islets within Kure's lagoon. There, they built a 38-foot boat and a small group of them sailed for help, managing to get to Honolulu, where arrangements were made to save the rest of the crew.
"The story of the Gledstanes and her survivors is limited, but adds to the important legacy of shipwreck survival stories at Kure Atoll," said Hans Van Tilburg, maritime heritage coordinator for NOAA's National Marine Sanctuaries' Pacific Islands Region.
The researchers did a pile of research to give them an idea where to look in the six-miles-across lagoon.
Some details were provided by cruise participant Dee O'Regan, editor of Sea History Magazine, of the
National Maritime Historical Society.
"When Dr. Hans Van Tilburg began studying historical records for information on USS Saginaw's wrecking event of 1870, he located a hand-drawn map that Saginaw's survivors had made noting the location of the whaler Gledstanes on the east side of the atoll. Armed with an historical chart, notes, and a hand-held GPS, the team searched the spot thought most likely to hold the remains of the ship. After preliminary surface surveys, one dive and there it was. Remarkable," O'Regan wrote in a blog posted at _URL_
Researchers are still looking for other ships, and are trying to identify wreck sites for which they have no clear identities.
© 2008 Jan TenBruggencate


Workaround for AWS IAM SSL certificate upload error for StartSSL cert
Posted on 2015-01-07
Amazon (AWS) CloudFront now supports using a custom SSL certificate so you can use your own domain name for HTTPS requests instead of having to use the Setup via the CloudFront console is easy: just pick the appropriate key from the list of keys you have uploaded to AWS IAM.
However, the IAM web console has no way to upload the key. You have to use the AWS CLI. Not hard, just a lot of parameters.
The command line blows up with a cryptic error:
A client error (EntityAlreadyExists) occurred when calling the UploadServerCertificate operation: The Server Certificate with name already exists.
Run it through openssl:
openssl rsa -in example.key -text >
Then delete everything up to the line -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- and save as example-aws.key
Step-by-Step Example
Generate a key and certificate request.
openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -sha256 -keyout example.key -out example.csr
You should now have two files: example.key and example.csr.
Upload to StartSSL and go through their certificates wizard. Save the result as example.crt
Transform the result to a format acceptable to AWS:
openssl rsa -in example.key -text >
Strip out everything from the except the RSA key. The following is a sed command line that will do it for you, but any text editor will work.
sed '/-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----/,$!d' >
Make the certificate chain. Download the appropriate intermediate and root certificates and merge them (just with each other, not with your new cert):
cat ca.pem >chain.crt
Upload to AWS IAM
aws iam upload-server-certificate --path /cloudfront/example/ --server-certificate-name example --certificate-body file://example.crt --private-key file:// --certificate-chain file://chain.crt
Extracted from a long thread in the AWS support forum.
Tags: aws ssl certificate aws-iam https StartSSL openssl


How to calculate Power of a number using recursion in C#?
CsharpProgrammingServer Side Programming
To calculate power of a number using recursion, try the following code.
Here, if the power is not equal to 0, then the function call occurs which is eventually recursion −
if (p!=0) {
 return (n * power(n, p - 1));
}
Above, n is the number itself and the power reduces on every iteration as shown below −
Example
 Live Demo
using System;
using System.IO;
public class Demo {
 public static void Main(string[] args) {
 int n = 5;
 int p = 2;
 long res;
 res = power(n, p);
 Console.WriteLine(res);
 }
 static long power (int n, int p) {
 if (p!=0) {
 return (n * power(n, p - 1));
 }
 return 1;
 }
}
Output
25
raja
Published on 09-Aug-2018 08:25:55
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text:
In-Person Early Learning Openings Available
New Horizons Academy is still accepting students, Preschool through Second Grade, for both its Wauseon and Toledo, Ohio campuses. New Horizons Academy's Early Intervention Services include; Speech Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Conductive Education and Behavioral Supports, to serve its' special needs students.
New Horizons Academy plans to hold in-person classes for students, five days a week during the 2020-2021 school year following health department guidelines.
New Horizons Academy's early learning classes focus on foundational skills necessary for your child's future education. Your student's day is filled with a variety of activities that promote skills so that they learn naturally.
Specialized programming allows students to rotate through classes gaining foundational skills. Structured set-up within each room helps develop consistent expectations for your child. In this focused environment they are supported by a Board Certified Behavior Analyst (BCBA) who oversees all aspects of your child's educational growth and development. Our BCBA also supervises our Ohio licensed staff delivering targeted instruction in Language and Literacy, Foundations in Math, Fine Motor and Handwriting, and Play and Social Skills.
Student Supports with Applied Behavior Focus:
- Positive reinforcement for skill acquisition
- Visual schedules and visual supports for expectations and routines
- Differential reinforcement for appropriate behavior
- Modeling skills
- Breaking down skills into small steps
- Data-driven decision making
Our early learning students' days are filled with many activities to promote generalization of skills in a natural way. Children receive instruction focused on:
- Language and Literacy (Including embedded speech services)
- Foundations in Math
- Fine Motor and Hand Writing
- Play and Social Skills
In these classes children complete activities targeting individual needs with the goal of completing independent activities. The second portion of the school day revisits all of the concepts taught in the morning rotations using a more natural, less intense approach such as during specials, circle time, and group games.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Specimen of the Week: Week 137
By Jack Ashby, on 26 May 2014
The cost that museums have to dedicate to caring for individual objects is determined by a number of factors. If it's particularly fragile or susceptible to the elements it might need to be housed in a controlled climate or stored in specialist materials. If it's particularly desirable it may need souped up security measures. If it's particularly large then museums have a whole feast of troubles – one giant object will take up the same space as dozens of smaller ones; they are very difficult to move; and they require huge amounts of equipment to prepare and store. This is why you don't get 30m blue whales stored in jars – just think how much alcohol that would take, and how thick the glass would have to be.
Fortunately for natural history museums, most big animals start off pretty small, so there's a way we can cheat the system. If we use baby animals in our collections we can avoid the problems caused by largeness, and still have the species represented. This week's specimen of the week is…
**The fluid preserved infant manatee**
1) Manatees and their relatives dugongs are the world's only herbivorous marine mammals. Because of this fact and their giant size (400-1500kg) they are sometimes called "sea cows". There are three species of manatee – the West African, West Indian, and South American. Regular visitors to Specimen of the Week will not be surprised to learn we don't know what species this specimen is. Detailed information in historic university zoology museums is notoriously poor, and data we now consider vital – such as specific identification and date and location of collection – was not a priority for our predecessors who probably just wanted to show their students what a typical manatee looked like.
2) As suggested in the intro, preserving a 4.5m long manatee in fluid would practically be beyond the scope of a Perspex or glass jar. Museums which have that much space and systems to deal with that much volatile alcohol would need to store them in metal tanks, which make them rather hard to display. If you've visited the giant squid in the Natural History Museum's tank room you'll understand why that kind of thing is unusual. It is probably for this reason that we have an infant manatee specimen. It still has its umbilical cord which suggest it's a foetus or newborn. Manatees gestate their young for 12-14 months.
3) All extant manatees and dugongs (the order Sirenia) live in the tropics where they graze on plants – mainly sea grasses – underwater. They will use their fins to dig up roots and have constantly growing molars to deal with the rough plant material which constantly grinds them down. Despite the "sea cow" moniker, they use hind gut fermentation like horses to digest their food – symbiotic bacteria live in their stomach and break down cellulose.
4) Manatees and dugongs are not closely related to other marine mammals like seals and dolphins, though they did appear around the same time, around 40-50 million years ago. Their closest living relatives are elephants. Sirenians, like dolphins and whales, have what I consider to be the best evidence of evolution you are likely to see in a museum: They have a pelvis. That's not so remarkable if you're an average mammal, but manatees and dugongs don't have legs – just one pair of front flippers which are modified arms. Their pelvises are splints of bone floating in soft tissue. Why would they have a pelvis, then, if they didn't evolve from animals with legs?
5) All three species of manatee are considered Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. They are threatened by basically every common threat that animals face – habitat degradation, pollution, hunting, changing temperatures and boat collision. This last one is particularly significant for the best known populations, and is also true for dugongs. As they are particularly large slow moving lumps that rest just below the surface, particularly in murky mangroves and estuaries, they are hard to spot at a distance and avoid. They also don't move fast enough to get out of the way. It is very common to see dugongs and manatees with scars from propellors and hulls.
6) Bonus self-indulgent story: One of the most exciting wildlife watching experiences of my life was with manatees – I was on holiday on an island in the Gulf of Mexico, spending 90% of my free time watching manatees and dolphins in the mangroves which covered the side of the island which faced mainland Florida. In one of my brief spells on the white sand/blue sea side of the island, whilst playing Frisbee in the sea, I spotted 6 massive dark shapes moving through the water. After a brief panic that they were sharks, then dolphins, they surfaced and I could see they were manatees. They swum within 1m of me to take a close look (or maybe to play Frisbee). I could barely breath.
Jack Ashby is the Manager of the Grant Museum of Zoology.


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I'm trying to use Kryo to read/write objects to disk: _URL_
Couple questions:
 - How do I determine the size of my byte buffer? If I make it too small it crashes, too large it eats up lots of memory and the files are huge. Follow up, shouldn't kyro already know how big the object is since it's the one serializing it?
 - What is a good way to convert them from a ByteBuffer to byte array and back?
 - Anyone have a effective and quick way of reading/writing objects to file using Kyro? My yucky xml is about 100 times faster (which includes parsing, not just i/o) which doesn't make sense according to the benchmarks. I tried using ByteBuffer writing to FileChannel.
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 4 down vote accepted
You actually don't need to muck with ByteBuffer at all, you can use the com.esotericsoftware.kryo.ObjectBuffer
Pretend you have a class MyObject that you want to serialize;
MyObject o = new MyObject();
Kryo kryo = new Kryo();
ObjectBuffer ob = new ObjectBuffer(kryo);
byte[] myByteArray = ob.writeObject(o);
share|improve this answer
Do you mean that after obtaining byte array I can dump it to file? – Bostone Feb 21 '12 at 1:30
And if so what is a simplest way to deserialize back to object? – Bostone Feb 21 '12 at 1:41
Your Answer


text: The feasibility of using acoustic and plasma optical feedback emissions for guidance during pulsed laser lithotripsy and angioplasty procedures was studied in-vitro. A flash-lamp pumped tunable dye laser operating at a wavelength of 504 nm (coumarin green) was used as the laser source. Acoustic signals were recorded with a hydrophone which has a useful frequency response of up to 350 KHz. Plasma optical emissions were transmitted retrograde along the laser fiber and reflected through a beam splitter to an optical detection system consisting of a series of spectral filters (to transmit plasma radiation from 380 to 440 nm and block any 504 nm laser light) and a photomultiplier tube. Measurements of the laser-induced acoustic and the plasma optical emission signals were obtained from urinary and biliary calculi, ex-vivo bovine ureters, blood, blood clots, bile, atheromatous plaque and normal arterial wall. Results of monitoring show that it is possible to know without direct vision whether the laser energy is being discharged in the lumen, on healthy soft tissue, or on calculus or atheromatous plaque. Blood, blood clots, bile produced strong acoustic signals but no plasma signals; calculi and plaque produced strong plasma and strong acoustic signals. Neither plasma nor significant acoustic signals were produced by normal ureteral or arterial wall. These distinctions may allow clinical laser fragmentation of calculi or ablation of plaque to be performed with fewer complications.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Lake Water Quality
Monitoring water quality in lakes and reservoirs is key in maintaining safe water for drinking, bathing, fishing and agriculture and aquaculture activities. Long-term trends and short-term changes are indicators of environmental health and changes in the water catchment area. Directives such as the EU's Water Framework Directive or the US EPA Clean Water Act request information about the ecological status of all lakes larger than 50 ha. Satellite monitoring helps to systematically cover a large number of lakes and reservoirs, reducing needs for monitoring infrastructure (e.g. vessels) and efforts.
The Lake Water Products (lake water quality, lake surface water temperature) provide a semi-continuous observation record for a large number (nominally 4,200) of medium and large-sized lakes, according to the Global Lakes and Wetlands Database (GLWD) or otherwise of specific environmental monitoring interest. Next to the lake surface water temperature that is provided separately, this record consists of three water quality parameters:
- The turbidity of a lake describes water clarity, or whether sunlight can penetrate deeper parts of the lake. Turbidity often varies seasonally, both with the discharge of rivers and growth of phytoplankton (algae and cyanobacteria).
- The trophic state index is an indicator of the productivity of a lake in terms of phytoplankton, and indirectly (over longer time scales) reflects the eutrophication status of a water body.
- Finally, the lake surface reflectances describe the apparent colour of the water body, intended for scientific users interested in further development of algorithms. The reflectance bands can also be used to produce true-colour images by combining the visual wavebands.


text:
EM-76 DC POWER CONTROLLER
The EM-76 is a panel mounted power controller for DC motors up to 100 Watts with a supply voltage of 12-24 Vdc. In order to achieve high efficiency the PWM principle is used. A suitable supply voltage is filtered DC and where the ripple is less than 20%. If the supply cable is longer than five meters a capacitor close to the regulator is recommended.
The max. output power is dependent on the installation i.e. free air or enclosed resulting in amount of heat developed ( There are examples in the tech specification ). The power is adjusted by the potentiometer on the front, and the initial level set by the trimmer behind the panel. The device is installed through a 10 mm hole and held in place with a nut. The output is protected against spikes, overload and short circuit, it can also withstand reverse polarity as long as the recommended fuse is used. The EM-76 is EMC tested according to the industrial standards EN 50081-2 and EN 50082-2
|Supply voltage||12-32 Vdc|
|No load current||< 25m A|
|Fuse||< T6.3 A|
|Max output power||3.0 A ( plastic panel. )|
|3.5 A ( free air )|
|4.0 A ( metal panel.)|
|Control range||0-99 % of supply voltage|
|Initial level||0-16 %|
|Output frequency||typ. 21 kHz|
|Efficiency||> 90 %|
|Ambient temperature||-10...50 °C|
|Dimensions ( mm )||40 x 33 x 30|
- 128 pcs. in stock
FAQ - Frequently asked questions
Cannot find the product information you are looking for?
Click here to open a form and send us a question.


Introduction
The CAP Image Processing Program is simple application which automatically watermarks digital imagery with geographically identifying details (target name, latitude/longitude, time on target, picture direction, etc).
The camera operator is responsible for collecting all of the required information and entering the information into a spreadsheet. Once the spreadsheet and original images are delivered by the camera operator, anyone with a computer and the CAP Image Processing Program can watermark the images prior to delivering the imagery to the customer.
Sample
Processed images are watermarked with identifying information and look like this:
Download (v1.3)
The Java Runtime Environment is a required prior to using the CAP Image Processing Program. Most computers already have Java installed. If you don't hava Java you can download it from: java.com
Download:
You'll also need:
Instructions
Using the CAP Image Processor is simple:
 1. Download the software and template picture worksheet using the links above
 2. Place all of the source images into a folder on your computer
 3. Open the template picture worksheet and modify it:
 1. Replace the sample record with your own data
 2. Add additional records for each image which will be processed
 3. Save the worksheet in "Comma-delimited values (CSV)" format using "Save As" (note: in Office 2008 you must go to "Save As" -> "Other Formats" and then select "CSV")
 4. If prompted about "incompatible features", say yes
 4. Create a new folder to store the output of the program; this folder can be anywhere on your computer and can have any name
 5. Run the CAP Image Processor by double-clicking on CAPImageProcessor.exe (the file you downloaded above)
 6. In the "Spreadsheet" selection box, select the worksheet you created/saved above in step 3
 7. In the "Picture Directory" selection box, select the folder containing all of the source images
 8. In the "Output Directory" selection box, select the new (empty) folder you created above in step 4
 9. Click the "Process Images" button and wait a few minutes...
 10. You will be notified when the process is complete, and your "Output Directory" will contain the processed images
Notes on the fields in the picture worksheet:
Version History
Known Issues / Limitations / Wish list
Need Help?


text:
House Approves Welch-Authored Provisions to Fund Federal Dam and Water Project Overhauls
Late yesterday evening, the U.S. House of Representatives overwhelmingly approved bipartisan legislation authorizing Army Corps of Engineer dam and water projects around the country.
Included in the bill at the request of Rep. Peter Welch (D-Vt.) were two Welch-authored provisions to shore up aging dams around the country. The aging Waterbury Dam in Waterbury, VT would be eligible for refurbishment using these new funds.
The first Welch provision increases by $30 million federal funding for the overhaul of aging dams constructed by the Corps of Engineers before 1940. The second Welch provision raises the existing cap on the amount of funds that can be spent on any one project.
"In 2011, Waterbury suffered a devastating flood during Tropical Storm Irene. More catastrophic damage was prevented due to the existence of the aging Waterbury Dam. The provisions approved last night by the House will increase funding to refurbish outdated and hazardous dams across the country, including our Waterbury Dam."
The Water Resources Development Act (WRDA) is periodically approved by Congress to authorize the construction of projects to improve high-risk waterways, dams, and other water resources infrastructure to mitigate flood and storm damage. It also provides assistance for water recycling and treatment projects.
The Waterbury Dam was built between 1935 and 1938 by the Corps of Engineers to serve as one of three dams to control the flow of the Little River, the Winooski River and their tributaries. In 1927, flood waters from the Winooski River killed 55 people and caused an estimated $13,500,000 in damage. Along with flood control, the dam also generates electric energy, generating an average of 17,000,000 megawatt hours annually.
Rep. Welch's two initiatives build on a measure included in the 2016 WRDA law by Senator Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.) that authorized efforts to study, design, and construct control gates, spillways, and dam safety improvements for aging flood control reservoirs constructed by the Army Corps of Engineers before 1940.
Click image to view video of Rep. Welch's full remarks.
A full transcript of Rep. Welch's remarks can be found here.


Sudden-Onset Headshaking
My pony started tossing his head and cribbing at about the same time. The head tossing has increased to the point of not being able to ride him. He has had his teeth floated and has been checked by a vet for common problems. He has never had any problems before this, and has always been a great pony hunter. I've changed bits, used a hackamore, longed him with tack--still with the same problems. He doesn't toss his head when turned out. This only happens when he is being ridden or under tack. It started in April and has gotten worse (now late September). Any suggestions? Michele
With a sudden onset of head tossing in a horse that has been a good performer for many years, it's always good to look long and hard for a physical irritant as the root cause. And in the case of your pony that started cribbing at the same time, it's probably even more important to keep looking for something physical that is bothering him. After what you have done already, it might be best to ask your veterinarian to refer you to a large veterinary referral hospital, where a team of clinicians with in-hospital imaging equipment can systematically evaluate the many possibilities. Repetitive head movements--
headshaking, tossing, rubbing, etc.--can be provoked by anything abnormal in the head area, including ears, eyes, mouth, or guttural pouches. Infections, allergies, parasites, neurologic abnormalities, and any number of conditions should be systematically ruled out. There is a condition known as photic trigeminal hyperstimulation or photic headshaking syndrome in which bright light induces rubbing, sneezing, and sometimes frantic headshaking.
It can be frustrating sorting out the relationship of headshaking with riding and tack. When your horse only does the headshaking when ridden or under tack, it might be the tack itself that is presently irritating the horse, or just that the tack and riding exacerbate an existing irritation. Theoretically, the behavior could become learned--it could continue after the irritation goes away. In my experience, this has rarely been the conclusion. In other words, if you can identify and eliminate the physical irritation, the behavior immediately goes away.
About the Author
Sue McDonnell, PhD, Certified AAB
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text:
The major issue with landing a plane that is overweight is over-running the runway.
If you are trying to land a plane that is over it's rated landing weight, you will need to be going faster to keep enough airflow over the wings to generate the lift required to keep the plane in the air. This, of course, has the consequence that it will take longer to stop when on the runway.
Another factor that contributes to it taking longer to stop when on the runway is that the extra weight of the plane adds to the momentum. The calculation for momentum is p=mv where m is mass and v is velocity (for this example we can think of it as speed.)
So not only are we now landing with a higher mass (m) we are also landing with a higher speed (v) so our momentum increases very quickly.
For example, if we had a plane that was 660,000 pounds, and needed to travel at (lets say) 290km/h (156 knots) to keep giving enough lift, it's momentum would be:
191400000 pounds km/h
If we look at a normal landing weight and speed of a 777 524,000 pounds landing at a normal speed of 250km/h then the momentum would be:
135500000 pounds km/h
you can see that even a small increase in speed causes the momentum to increase significantly.
The other issue is the load put on the landing gear which have the potential damage them, although I think that the deceleration speed is the bigger factor here.
(I am not a mathematician, my calculations may be wrong so feel free to edit the answer if I did get them wrong)
EDIT: One other thing I forgot to mention was that most larger airports have a special kind of surface at the end of the runway that serve to slow planes. They are constructed (iirc) out of some sort of very strong foam like material that is very effective at slowing a plane. I don't remember exactly what it was made out of though.
As mentioned by NoviceInDisguise and ChrisW, this is actually called the Engineered materials arrestor system and is made out of lightweight, crushable concrete blocks.
You can see an image of the effect here where the plane's wheels have dug through the soft layer which helps slow the plane.:


text:
- Chakra Number:
- 7: The number of the Crown Chakra "Sahasrara"
Violet is the color of the crown chakra and it is the color of cosmic awareness and cosmic consciousness. It is a unifying color, the color of oneness and spirituality. The energy of this color is very healing and can soothe away pain. Learn more about this powerful spiritual color.
- Color meaning:
The color violet relates to the imagination and spirituality. It stimulates the imagination and inspires high ideals. It is an introspective color, allowing us to get in touch with our deeper thoughts. The difference between violet and purple is that violet appears in the visible light spectrum, or rainbow, whereas purple is simply a mix of red and blue. Violet has the highest vibration in the visible spectrum.


Last edited 27 Apr 2021
Pontoon bridge
The Evergreen Point Floating Bridge in Washington State, carrying State Route 520 over Lake Washington, seen from the north side bicycle and pedestrian trail from the west high rise. It is the world's longest pontoon bridge.
[edit] Introduction
Bridges are a common feature of the built environment and one of the key elements of civil engineering. Movable bridges are designed in a way that allows them to accommodate different situations and the flow of different types of traffic. One kind of movable bridge is a pontoon (or ponton) bridge. These are also referred to as floating bridges.
[edit] How do pontoon bridges work?
Pontoon bridges are constructed on large, water-tight concrete floats, boats, barges or other buoyant structures that are rigidly connected end-to-end, upon which the road deck is constructed. Individual bridge pontoons are built on the land before being floated and towed to the bridge site. Once there, they are connected at each end to grounded approach structures, starting at the edge of the floating structure and then pieced together towards the bridge's centre. Cables hold the pontoons in place, connected to buried anchors.
The use of floating bridges is typically limited by the wind and wave forces that are likely to be experienced. The 'fetch' is the unobstructed clear distance over the water that wind can travel to the bridge. The longer the fetch, the higher the wind and wave forces will generally be. Pontoons bend, heave and twist as a result of wind and wave (and sometimes tidal) forces, creating large stresses in the pontoons and anchor system. However, even in the event of a '100-year storm' (a storm that statistically has 1% chance of occurring in any given year), the pontoons are designed to survive.
Due to the movement associated with a pontoon bridge, they often require more maintenance than traditional structures, even under normal operating conditions.
[edit] Strategic pontoon bridges
The earliest recorded use of a pontoon bridge goes back to Ancient China. While texts indicate use by the Zhou Dynasty in the 11th century BC, it is believed that temporary pontoon bridges were used several centuries earlier and permanent pontoon bridges came about in the 2nd century BC during the Qin Dynasty.
Temporary pontoon bridges were frequently used in Ancient Greek and Roman times. This continued in the middle ages, when they were frequently used in military applications.
As tactical structures, they were used during emergency situations, such as natural disasters or wartime conflicts. They were put in place either when conventional bridge construction was thought to be cost prohibitive or when additional flexibility (such as elevation or removal for the passing of waterway traffic) was necessary.
Temporary pontoon bridges could be built quickly and then either destroyed or removed and carried along with troops. Their flexibility prevented enemy forces from using the structures.
[edit] Permanent pontoon bridges
There are some permanent pontoon bridges in use around the world in places such as Australia, India, Canada and so on. As permanent structures, pontoon bridges generally require deep water and are practical in places where the softness of the ground beneath the bridge makes it unsuitable for safe pier construction.
In March 2016, Washington State in northwest America opened the world's longest floating bridge. The 'State Route 520 Bridge' (SR520), as it is known, is a six-lane pontoon structure 2.4 km in length. There are three additional pontoon bridges in Washington State.
[edit] Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki
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text:
Fresh from my auntie's garden, these Spotty Dotty Cuties have been grown without chemicals or pesticides!
This unique and eye catching annual grows on bushy short plants no more than a foot tall. Each plant is studded with white flowers each featuring five gorgeous and defined blue spots! Plats can grow in sun or shade and average to about 50+ bloom per plant at a given time. Flowers will bloom continuously through the season and attract loads of beneficial pollinators!
Each tiny flower is about 3/4 inch to 1 inch in diameter and provides a dazzling contrast to its emerald green foliage!
This California native prefers cool weather and way burn in planted in a high sun or hot area. In this case, please be sure to plant in the shade in hot climates or grow in a pot which you can move about!
Small, compact, and showstopping gorgeous, this spotty cutie is the main star in my aunties window boxes! Trillions of tiny blue dotted flowers are the envy of her neighbors and the centerpiece of her porch!
Although this plant is an annual, it will readily reseed itself.Plants will continue to grow in the following season where seeds have fallen on the ground. You can also harvest the seed pods and store the seeds to use later or send as gifts.
Each hand designed and child decorated packet contains at least 25 organic homegrown seeds! Each seed packet features it's own special image drawn by our residential little artists! We do not use pesticides or chemicals in our garden!
Shipping costs cover the base shipping and the handling- as I go out in my garden and harvest the seeds right before I ship them out!


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I want to have something below to save in the xml file
Question0 : What is ur name?
 Answer0: Tina
 Question0.0 : What are your hobbies?
 Answer0.0.0 : reading
 Question0.0.0.0 :What do you like in reading.?
 Answer0.. :.....
 Answer0.0.1 : Dancing
 Question0.0.0.1 :which dance do you like?
 ...........same question answer as above.
There can be nested question below an answer but below a question there can only be answers.
What will be the proper way to write into xml suing java. I can't think of a way....? Step by step solution to me will be great as I am new to java.
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1 Answer
up vote 2 down vote accepted
The easiest way is probably to use JAXB.
It consists in writing JavaBeans holding the information (in your case, a Question and an Answer class, with the Question class holding a list of answers, and the answer class holding a (sub-)question).
Then, you ave to annotate the classes to tell JAXB how to map the JavaBean properties to XML attributes or elements.
And then you have to get a Marshaller which will transform your JavaBean tree into an XML document.
The following page has a short tutorial over these steps. Googling for JAXB will lead you to a more exhaustive documentation: _URL_
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Okay tell me first how can i create this question and answers classes. – saurabh ranu Aug 26 '11 at 10:33
Or you go the other way around and create a schema (xsd) that your xml has to conform to. Once you have that you can use tools to create the JAXB classes for you. – Wivani Aug 26 '11 at 10:42
This is very basic Java. Follow the linked tutorial: The BookStore has a name (just as your Question and Answer have a text); it has a list of books (just as your question has a list of answers). Side note: don't give me orders. You're not my boss, and I'm not your slave. – JB Nizet Aug 26 '11 at 10:42
well I came to know that probably i will not use jAXB so any other options avaiable... – saurabh ranu Aug 26 '11 at 13:22
There are dozens of API to manipulate XML in Java (SAX, DOM, dom4j, JDom, XStream, JAXB, XMLBeans, StAX, commons digester, etc.). Pick one, learn it, and then ask a question if you have a problem. – JB Nizet Aug 26 '11 at 13:28
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text:
Dishing it out
The woman, with two children at her side, is breast-feeding an infant. She may symbolise the act of Charity. The figurine is an example of one of the more decorative pieces produced by the porcelain factory in Bow. The piece dates from the middle of the 1750s.
The Bow Porcelain factory was founded at Stratford in 1747. Bow porcelain was created to compete with the popular imported oriental porcelain. But it soon established its own market within Britain. Unlike London's other main porcelain factory of the time at Chelsea, Bow focused on wares for everyday use such as cups and bowls. These were decorated in blue and white patterns imitating oriental designs.
Centre for industry
With its location east of London, on the banks of the River Lea, Bow was well-situated for deliveries of raw materials. Other factories nearby included a calico-printing works.
Museum number NN2707

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


You are currently viewing Information about COVID-19 Vaccination
Information about COVID-19 Vaccination
Vaccination against COVID-19 has begun throughout the United States. There are different eligibility requirements based on which state you live in.
In New Jersey, the following individuals are currently eligible to receive a COVID-19 vaccine:
 - Health care personnel
 - Long-term care facility residents and staff
 - First responders
 - Individuals ages 65 and older
 - Individuals with high-risk medical conditions, including:
 - Cancer
 - Chronic kidney disease
 - COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
 - Down Syndrome
 - Heart conditions, such as heart failure, coronary artery disease, or cardiomyopathies
 - Obesity (body mass index [BMI] of 30 kg/m2 or higher but < 40 kg/m2)
 - Severe Obesity (BMI ? 40 kg/m2)
 - Sickle cell disease
 - Smoking
 - Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Any New Jersey resident can pre-register for the COVID-19 vaccine through the NJ Vaccine Scheduling System, found here: covidvaccine.nj.gov.
Those who pre-register will be notified when they become eligible for the vaccine and will be notified again when an appointment is available through the scheduling system.
Eligibility for the COVID-19 vaccine will continue to open up to more New Jersey residents as time goes on. The State of New Jersey has a webpage dedicated to vaccine information, which can be accessed at covid19.nj.gov/pages/vaccine. Visitors can pre-register for the vaccine, learn about eligibility and access resources for how to get vaccinated if they are eligible.
According to the State of New Jersey, no one will have to pay for the vaccine, regardless of health insurance coverage status. Those with health insurance will have vaccination coverage without copays, coinsurance or deductibles. The uninsured will not be billed for the cost of the vaccine.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is a reliable resource for COVID-19 vaccine information. The government entity has a page on its website (cdc.gov) dedicated to the myths and facts about vaccination. Below is the information provided. It can also be found at cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/facts.html.
Can a COVID-19 vaccine make me sick with COVID-19?
No. None of the authorized and recommended COVID-19 vaccines or COVID-19 vaccines currently in development in the United States contain the live virus that causes COVID-19. This means that a COVID-19 vaccine cannot make you sick with COVID-19.
There are several different types of vaccines in development. All of them teach our immune systems how to recognize and fight the virus that causes COVID-19. Sometimes this process can cause symptoms, such as fever. These symptoms are normal and are a sign that the body is building protection against the virus that causes COVID-19.
It typically takes a few weeks for the body to build immunity (protection against the virus that causes COVID-19) after vaccination. That means it's possible a person could be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 just before or just after vaccination and still get sick. This is because the vaccine has not had enough time to provide protection.
After getting a COVID-19 vaccine, will I test positive for COVID-19 on a viral test?
No. Neither the recently authorized and recommended vaccines nor the other COVID-19 vaccines currently in clinical trials in the United States can cause you to test positive on viral tests, which are used to see if you have a current infection.?
If your body develops an immune response — the goal of vaccination — there is a possibility you may test positive on some antibody tests. Antibody tests indicate you had a previous infection and that you may have some level of protection against the virus. Experts are currently looking at how COVID-19 vaccination may affect antibody testing results.
If I have already had COVID-19 and recovered, do I still need to get vaccinated with a COVID-19 vaccine?
Yes. Due to the severe health risks associated with COVID-19 and the fact that re-infection with COVID-19 is possible, vaccine should be offered to you regardless of whether you already had COVID-19 infection. CDC is providing recommendations to federal, state and local governments about who should be vaccinated first.
At this time, experts do not know how long someone is protected from getting sick again after recovering from COVID-19. The immunity someone gains from having an infection, called natural immunity, varies from person to person. Some early evidence suggests natural immunity may not last very long.
We won't know how long immunity produced by vaccination lasts until we have more data on how well the vaccines work.
Both natural immunity and vaccine-induced immunity are important aspects of COVID-19 that experts are trying to learn more about, and CDC will keep the public informed as new evidence becomes available.
Will a COVID-19 vaccination protect me from getting sick with COVID-19?
Yes. COVID-19 vaccination works by teaching your immune system how to recognize and fight the virus that causes COVID-19, and this protects you from getting sick with COVID-19.
Being protected from getting sick is important because even though many people with COVID-19 have only a mild illness, others may get a severe illness, have long-term health effects or even die. There is no way to know how COVID-19 will affect you, even if you don't have an increased risk of developing severe complications.
Will a COVID-19 vaccine alter my DNA?
No. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines do not change or interact with your DNA in any way.
Messenger RNA vaccines — also called mRNA vaccines — are the first COVID-19 vaccines authorized for use in the United States. mRNA vaccines teach our cells how to make a protein that triggers an immune response. The mRNA from a COVID-19 vaccine never enters the nucleus of the cell, which is where our DNA is kept. This means the mRNA cannot affect or interact with our DNA in any way. Instead, COVID-19 mRNA vaccines work with the body's natural defenses to safely develop immunity to disease.
At the end of the process, our bodies have learned how to protect against future infection. That immune response and making antibodies is what protects us from getting infected if the real virus enters our bodies.
Is it safe for me to get a COVID-19 vaccine if I would like to have a baby one day?
Yes. People who want to get pregnant in the future may receive the COVID-19 vaccine.
Based on current knowledge, experts believe that COVID-19 vaccines are unlikely to pose a risk to a person trying to become pregnant in the short or long term. Scientists study every vaccine carefully for side effects immediately and for years afterward. The COVID-19 vaccines are being studied carefully now and will continue to be studied for many years, similar to other vaccines.
The COVID-19 vaccine, like other vaccines, works by training our bodies to develop antibodies to fight against the virus that causes COVID-19, to prevent future illness. There is currently no evidence that antibodies formed from COVID-19 vaccination cause any problems with pregnancy, including the development of the placenta. In addition, there is no evidence suggesting that fertility problems are a side effect of ANY vaccine. People who are trying to become pregnant now or who plan to try in the future may receive the COVID-19 vaccine when it becomes available to them.
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text:
A Probabilistic Model for Cell Population Phenotyping Using HCS Data
Examples of classes found by the model (Copula model on the left, gaussian model on the right). The proportion of cells in apoptotic state is represented for the cell populations belonging to those classes. We compare for two classes the univariate marginal densities. For each class the empirical density is represented with a solid line and the density fitted by the model is represented with a broken line.


Cromwell)
The specified length of the COFF string table is less than the minimum.
(1039) inconsistent symbol count
(Cromwell)
The number of symbols in the symbol table has exceeded the number indicated in the
COFF header.
(1040) bad checksum: record 0x*, checksum 0x*
(Cromwell)
A record of the type specified failed to match its own checksum value.
(1041) short record
(Cromwell)
While reading a file, one of the file's records ended short of its specified length.
(1042) unknown * record type 0x*
(Cromwell)
The type indicator of this record did not match any valid types for this file format.
(1043) unknown optional header
(Cromwell)
When reading this Microchip COFF file, the optional header within the file header was
of an incorrect length.
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS52053B-page 455
MPLAB® XC8 C Compiler User's Guide
(1044) end of file encountered
(Cromwell, Linker)
The end of the file was found while more data was expected. Has this input file been
truncated?
(1045) short read on block of * bytes
(Cromwell)
A while reading a block of byte data from a UBROF record, the block ended before the
expected length.
(1046) short string read
(Cromwell)
A while reading a string from a UBROF record, the string ended before the specified
length.
(1047) bad type byte for UBROF file
(Cromwell)
This UBROF file did not begin with the correct record.
(1048) bad time/date stamp
(Cromwell)
This UBROF file has a bad time/date stamp.
(1049) wrong CRC on 0x* bytes; should be *
(Cromwell)
An end record has a mismatching CRC value in this UBROF file.
(1050) bad date in 0x52 record
(Cromwell)
A debug record has a bad date component in this UBROF file.
(1051) bad date in 0x01 record
(Cromwell)
A start of program record or segment record has a bad date component in this UBROF
file.
(1052) unknown record type
(Cromwell)
A record type could not be determined when reading this UBROF file.
(1053) additional RAM ranges larger than bank size
(Driver)
A block of additional RAM being requested exceeds the size of a bank. Try breaking
the block into multiple ranges that do not cross bank boundaries.
(1054) additional RAM range out of bounds
(Driver)
The RAM memory range as defined through custom RAM configuration is out of range.
(1055) RAM range out of bounds (*)
(Driver)
The RAM memory range as defined in the chip configuration file or through custom
configuration is out of range.
(1056) unknown chip architecture
(Driver)
The compiler is attempting to compile for a device of an architecture that is either
unsupported or disabled.
(1057) fast double option only available on 17 series processors
(Driver)
The fast double library cannot be selected for this device. These routines are only available for PIC17 devices.
(1058) assertion
(Code Generator)
This is an internal compiler error. Contact Microchip Technical Support with details.
DS52053B-page 456
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Error and Warning Messages
(1059) rewrite loop
(Code Generator)
This is an internal compiler error. Contact Microchip Technical Support with details.
(1081) static initialization of persistent variable "*"
(Parser, Code Generator)
A persistent variable has been assigned an initial value. This is somewhat contradictory
as the initial value will be assigned to the variable during execution of the compiler's
startup code; however, the persistent qualifier requests that this variable shall be
unchanged by the compiler's startup code.
(1082) size of initialized array element is zero
(Code Generator)
This is an internal compiler error. Contact Microchip Technical Support with details.
(1088) function pointer "*" is used but never assigned a value
(Code Generator)
A function call involving a function pointer was made, but the pointer was never
assigned a target address, for example:
void (*fp)(int);
fp(23);
/* oops -- what function does fp point to? */
(1089) recursive function call to "*"
(Code Generator)
A recursive call to the specified function has been found. The call may be direct or indirect (using function pointers) and may be either a function calling itself, or calling
another function whose call graph includes the function under consideration.
(1090) variable "*" is not used
(Code Generator)
This variable is declared but has not been used by the program. Consider removing it
from the program.
(1091) main function "*" not defined
(Code Generator)
The main function has not been defined. Every C program must have a function called
main.
(1094) bad derived type
(Code Generator)
This is an internal compiler error. Contact Microchip Technical Support with details.
(1095) bad call to typeSub()
(Code Generator)
This is an internal compiler error. Contact Microchip Technical Support with details.
(1096) type should be unqualified
(Code Generator)
This is an internal compiler error. Contact Microchip Technical Support with details.
(1097) unknown type string "*"
(Code Generator)
This is an internal compiler error. Contact Microchip Technical Support with details.
(1098) conflicting declarations for variable "*" (*:*)
(Parser, Code Generator)
Differing type information has been detected in the declarations for a variable, or
between a declaration and the definition of a variable, for example:
extern long int test;
int test;
/* oops -- which is right? int or long int ? */
(1104) unqualified error
(Code Generator)
This is an internal compiler error. Contact Microchip Technical Support with details.
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS52053B-page 457
MPLAB® XC8 C Compiler User's Guide
(1118) bad string "*" in getexpr(J)
(Code Generator)
This is an internal compiler error. Contact Microchip Technical Support with details.
(1119) bad string "*" in getexpr(LRN)
(Code Generator)
This is an internal compiler error. Contact Microchip Technical Support with details.
(1121) expression error
(Code Generator)
This is an internal compiler error. Contact Microchip Technical Support with details.
(1137) match() error: *
(Code Generator)
This is an internal compiler error. Contact Microchip Technical Support with details.
(1157) W register must be W9
(Assembler)
The working register required here has to be W9, but an other working register was
selected.
(1159) W register must be W11
(Assembler)
The working register required here has to be W11, but an other working register was
selected.
(1178) the "*" option has been removed and has no effect
(Driver)
This option no longer exists in this version of the compiler and has been ignored. Use
the compiler's –help option or refer to the manual to find a replacement option.
(1179) interrupt level for function "*" may not exceed *
(Code Generator)
The interrupt level for the function specified is too high. Each interrupt function is
assigned a unique interrupt level. This level is considered when analyzing the call
graph and reentrantly called functions. If using the interrupt_level pragma, check
the value specified.
(1180) directory "*" does not exist
(Driver)
The directory specified in the setup option does not exist. Create the directory and try
again.
(1182) near variables must be global or static
(Code Generator)
A variable qualified as near must also be qualified with static or made global. An auto
variable cannot be qualified as near.
(1183) invalid version number
(Activation)
During activation, no matching version number was found on the Microchip activation
server database for the serial number specified.
(1184) activation limit reached
(Activation)
The number of activations of the serial number specified has exceeded the maximum
number allowed for the license.
(1185) invalid serial number
(Activation)
During activation, no matching serial number was found on the Microchip activation
server database.
(1186) license has expired
(Driver)
The time-limited license for this compiler has expired.
DS52053B-page 458
 2012 Microchip Technology Inc.
Error and Warning Messages
(1187) invalid activation request (
Driver)
The compiler has not been correctly activated.
(1188) network error *
(Activation)
The compiler activation software was unable to connect to the Microchip activation
server via the network.
(1190) FAE license only - not for use in commercial applications
(Driver)
Indicates that this compiler has been activated with an FAE license. This license does
not permit the product to be used for the development of commercial applications.
(1191) licensed for educational use only
(Driver)
Indicates that this compiler has been activated with an education license. The educational license is only available to educational facilities and does not permit the product
to be used for the development of commercial applications.
(1192) licensed for evaluation purposes only
(Driver)
Indicates that this compiler has been activated with an evaluation license.
(1193) this license will expire on *
(Driver)


text:
The Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Corporate Communication focuses on the organizational strengths necessary in a business environment.
Corporate communicators are the voice of companies and organizations, and know how to build effective teams, convince the public of notable contributions, and manage difficult situations with appropriately crafted words and presentations.
- Draw from both communication and business disciplines.
- Study the following topics:
- Organizational communication
- Principles of marketing
- Advertising and promotions
- Intercultural communication
- Business and technical writing
- Public speaking


text:
By David Loader
Fund Custody and Administration presents an total standpoint of funding cash with out restricting its research to express fund constructions, as different books do. Since governance and oversight of funding cash at the moment are significant regulatory requisites, directors and custodians needs to position better emphasis at the custody and safekeeping of fund resources, at the self sustaining and powerful valuation of the resources, and on collateral administration. through concentrating on either the asset transactions made via the funding supervisor for the portfolio and at the transactions within the stocks or devices of the fund itself, it supplies readers insights concerning the crucial components of funding fund administration and management, despite their geographical backgrounds.
- Explores the main levels within the funding strategy, from constructing a fund via its release and operation
- Explains the jobs of individuals in addition to the methods legislation impacts the fund and its operation
- Describes the paintings circulate linked to custody and management approaches and processes
- Defines the function of compliance and chance administration within the context of the fund and in addition how compliance necessities observe to custodians and administrators


One Who Knows Me: An Interview
Anna M. Shields has written a marvelous book on friendship, literature, and history in medieval China. One Who Knows Me: Friendship and Literary Culture in Mid-Tang China (Harvard University Press, 2015) is the first book-length study of friendship in the Chinese tradition. Focusing on the period from the 790s through the 820s, it asks how writing on friendship both reflected & shaped broader transformations in mid-Tang literary culture, and it weaves together historical and literary analyses in offering its answers. To hear us talking about it for the NBEAS podcast, head over to this link.


text:
MacKenzie, Ian A., Ohndorf, Markus and Palmer, Charles (2010) Enforcement-proof contracts with moral hazard in precaution: ensuring 'permanence' in carbon sequestration. Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, 27. Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London, UK.
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Opportunistic behaviour due to incomplete contract enforcement is a risk in many economic transactions such as forest carbon sequestration contracts. In this paper, an enforcement-proof incentive contract is developed in which a buyer demands a guaranteed delivery of a good or service given a productive upfront payment, moral hazard in precaution, and the potential for opportunistic contract breach. The optimal design of forest carbon contracts to ensure permanence is derived. Buyer liability for loss of a carbon sink is shown to yield an inefficiently low level of sequestration. Yet it remains higher than the case where liability is neither allocated to the buyer nor the seller. Indexing contract prices to the seller's opportunity costs potentially boosts the upfront investment as does shifting liability to the seller but not beyond first-best levels. Assigning liability is shown to have implications for forest carbon contracts in an international climate policy regime.
|Item Type:||Monograph (Working Paper)|
|Additional Information:||© 2010 The Authors|
|Library of Congress subject classification:||G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > GE Environmental Sciences
H Social Sciences > HC Economic History and Conditions
|Journal of Economic Literature Classification System:||K - Law and Economics > K1 - Basic Areas of Law > K12 - Contract Law
Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q1 - Agriculture > Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation
|Sets:||Departments > Geography and Environment
Research centres and groups > Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment
Collections > Economists Online
|Date Deposited:||16 Dec 2010 10:36|
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text:
Loon is pioneering the commercial application of cutting-edge, stratospheric technologies. Together, these innovations are adding a new layer to the global connectivity ecosystem, making it possible to connect billions of people and things in places no one thought possible. After years of development, these technologies are in production at scale around the world.
Delivering Connectivity From the Stratosphere
The stratosphere can be a harsh, ever-changing place. Taking advantage of this seemingly inhospitable environment requires overcoming two key challenges:
Keep the platform in the stratosphere for hundreds of days
Get the system to stay over the people who need internet
These challenges require mastering pressure conditions, wind currents, the thermal environment, gravity waves, and solar radiation. As a consequence, the stratosphere has been largely underutilized.
The Loon Solution
Loon has overcome many of the challenges associated with utilizing the stratosphere. Today, our flight systems are operating in production and at scale around the world, achieving key operational milestones.
flight hours since 2013
flight hours since 2019
HAPS Alliance: Partnering with Industry Luminaries
Loon is a founding member of HAPS Alliance (HAPS stands for 'High Altitude Platform Station'). HAPS Alliance is working to advance commercial activity in the stratosphere, and to connect more people, places, and things around the globe. HAPS Alliance consists of some of the world's largest technology, aerospace, and telecommunications companies.


text:
Customer Service Center
Spirent KB Article
Doc ID: FAQ15028
Email Article Link
Spirent TestCenter: Why does the capture of RTCP and RTP frames only seen as UDP packets?
Wireshark needs some assistance to know how deep to decode a packet.
In this case RTCP and RTP is transmitted after a SIP call.
If Wireshark sees these SIP messages, it will look deeper into the UDP packets and decode accordingly.
If the SIP messages have already transpired prior to the capture taking place then wireshark doesn't know about any SIP protocol, and thus will only show RTCP and RTP packets as UDP packets.
Product : Spirent TestCenter,SIP,ALP


text:
Maintenance costs will vary greatly depending on the type
of trail, amount of volunteer labor use, available services, and geographic
location of the trail. These costs, however, must be considered during the
trail planning process, to ensure that trail owners can pay for the ongoing
maintenance of the trails they develop.
Maintenance costs are rarely broken down into specific
tasks such as those listed in Table 7-1. Most trails
will be maintained by an existing agency, such as a local or state park,
public works, or maintenance department. Estimated costs, therefore, are
broken down by the type of maintenance performed. There are three basic types
- Routine maintenance includes all the general activities -- such as brush
clearing, trash collection, and sweeping that may take place on a
regular basis throughout a season.
- Minor Repairs refer to activities that can be expected every five years
or so, such as amenity replacement, trail sealcoating, repainting, or restriping.
- Major Reconstruction refers to significant expenditures involving resurfacing
or reconstruction. These activities are the most costly trail maintenance
activities and should be planned for in advance.
Most of the routine maintenance of a trail facility will
be performed by an existing agency or a volunteer group. Local trail owners
should be well equipped to include trail maintenance into their parks or
public works maintenance budgets and activities. Activities that should be
considered as routine maintenance include:
- Yearly facility evaluation to determine the need for minor
- Tree/brush clearing
- Map/signage updates
- Trash removal/litter clean-up
- Repair flood damage: silt clean-up, culvert clean-out, etc.
- Patching, minor regrading, or concrete panel replacement
- Snow grooming and/or plowing for winter-use trails
- Planting, pruning, and general beautification
- Installation and removal of seasonal signage
The yearly cost for routine maintenance depends on the
maintenance capabilities already in place by the trail owner and the amount
of volunteer labor used. In general, yearly routine maintenance costs can
be estimated at $1,500 per mile. This figure assumes a single season trail,
and may increase if a trail is groomed or plowed for winter use. This cost
is estimated in year 2000 dollars, and will be affected by inflation. For
a discussion on inflation, see Chapter 5: Cost Analysis.
The need for minor repairs should be determined by a yearly
facility evaluation (see routine maintenance above). Minor repairs may include
the following activities:
- Replacement, repair, or repainting of trail support amenities, such as
restrooms, signage, benches, trash receptacles, or hitching posts
- Replacement of a portion of the trail
- Restriping of trails
- Sealcoating of asphalt trails
The cost for replacement, repair, or repainting of trail
amenities is based on the initial cost of those amenities. Trail operators
should maintain records of the general costs of trail amenities as a means
of estimating future repair and replacement costs. If custom elements, such
as lighting, decorative railings, or benches, are used in trail design, the
trail owner should consider ordering extra elements at the time of construction
and storing them for future use, thereby defraying the cost of single-runs
Replacement of a portion of a trail may be necessary if
severe flooding, continual erosion, or weak soils cause periodic difficulties
with trail maintenance. For estimated costs for new trail construction, see
Chapter 5: Cost Analysis.
Restriping of trails will cost the same (in year 2000 dollars)
as the original striping. The trail owner should keep a record of the original
bid to determine the price of restriping a trail using contracted labor.
In many cases, it is cost effective to perform restriping along with other
trail or highway maintenance. In such instances, the trail owner itself will
be the best source of costing information.
Sealcoating of asphalt trails should take place approximately
every five years. This will increase the longevity of the trail and provide
a quality riding surface. When performed, sealcoating will cost approximately
$3,500 per mile for a 6-foot pedestrian trail and approximately $5,800 per
mile for a 10-foot multi-use trail. A periodic cost such as this should be
included in the trail owners Capital Improvement Program, in order
to ensure that adequate funding is available.
There are essentially two activities that are considered
to be major reconstructions:
- Resurfacing of asphalt trails
- Complete replacement, regrading, and resurfacing of all trails
Asphalt trails will need to be resurfaced approximately
every 10 years, depending on how well they have been maintained. A resurfacing
typically involves placing an asphalt overlay on an existing asphalt surface
in order to erase cracks and bumps. It is not a perfect solution, as weak
underlying soils or tree root penetration will eventually affect this top
layer, but it does offer a lower cost means of extending a trails life.
The cost for resurfacing can be based on unit costs shown in Chapter
5: Cost Analysis. Asphalt surfacing costs approximately $1 per square
foot for a 4-inch depth. Asphalt overlays should have a depth of 1 to 2 inches.
Table 7-2 offers some sample costs for asphalt resurfacing.


text:
Taiwan typically has a subtropical climate in the northern and central regions and tropical in the south. Typhoons are common in summer and autumn and it gets monsoons. However, there has been very little rainfall in the past year, which has plunged Taiwan into its worst drought in 56 years. Many of its reservoirs are at less than 20% capacity, with water levels at some failing below 10%. This not only has impacts on the island's food and water security, but it also threatens its booming chip industry, which has worldwide ramifications.
What is Happening?
- Around 90% of the most advanced microchips are manufactured in Taiwan, but the drought has tightened demand and supply because the sector requires a lot of water to clean the wafers that go into many tech devices. To keep up with demand where it can, the government stopped irrigating more than 74 000 hectares of farmland last year.
- Other water-saving measures include turning off the tap for residents and businesses in three cities and counties two days a week. In especially dry areas, high-volume industrial users including semiconductor manufacturers have been asked to reduce water usage by 13%, and non-industrial users, such as hair salons and car wash businesses, by 20%.
- Naturally, farmers have been the hardest hit. While the government is compensating farmers, a lot of landowners take the subsidies instead, and farmers can't object for fear that they will not be able to lease the land. Some farmers have taken to growing crops that require less water, like watermelons and sunflowers. Farmers are concerned that the drought will worsen the already-low food self-sufficiency rate of Taiwan- the amount of food its people consume that is locally grown and not imported from overseas.
You might also like: Global Carbon Emissions Set to Soar in 2021 in Post-COVID-19 Economic Rebound
- Experts say that the writing has been on the wall for years. Hsu Huang-hsiung, a climate change expert at government-funded think tank Academia Sinica, says, "Taiwan has been suffering from a significant decrease in the number of rainy days each year since the 1960s."
- In parts of the island, the number of rainy days each year has fallen by about 50. Further, a warming trend in the Indian Ocean since 1950 may have brought about the Pacific Ocean's high pressure system last year, which prevented rain from falling in June and reduced the number of typhoons that were formed.
Mr Hsu says, "Climate change has never been a centre of discussion in our government or society. Although everybody talks about being afraid of climate change, it tends to be lip service. They express care, but don't take any action."
- Some have blamed the government for the shortage, pointing to its neglect of water resources. Many farmers say that the problem lies in how Taiwan uses its water; some point to pipes leaking water and how the island transfers its water between cities. Leaking pipes have caused Taiwan to lose nearly 14% of its water. Deforestation has also led to soil runoff when it does rain, leading to sediment build-up in the reservoirs, depriving them of their capacity to collect more water during rainy periods for use in droughts. However, the government has been tackling these problems; the pipe leakage rate has dropped from 20% a decade ago.
- Another problem is Taiwan's low water prices, which give consumers little incentive to conserve water. At NT$11 (USD$0.39) a ton, Taiwan's water rates are the second lowest among 35 countries and territories surveyed; four times lower than that of the US and six times lower than costs in the UK.
- The government is planning to build more seawater desalination plants. Most will be located in outlying islands, with only three on Taiwan's main island. A new facility has been built in Hsinchu to deal with the current drought, but it can only treat 13 000 tons of water daily, insignificant compared to the 170 000 tons used each day just by Hsinchu Science Park, where many semiconductor makers are based.
- The government has also tried to manipulate nature by carrying out cloud seeding numerous times.
- It is hoped that the annual rainy season, which normally lasts from mid-May to mid-June, will bring lots of showers. However, last year, by May, the rainy season was over and there wasn't enough rain.
- This is just another example of how climate change will affect water security around the world. Taiwan may get to the stage where it appeals to other countries to provide relief, but in a world where many other countries are suffering the same problem, it is unclear how this problem will be resolved.
Featured image by: Flickr


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Synchronizing SQL Azure
Sync Framework 2.1
The topics in this section provide background information, procedural content, and complete code examples for common synchronization tasks that you can perform by using Sync Framework. The topics are designed to demonstrate how SQL Server and SQL Azure databases can be synchronized by using Sync Framework. Because the same classes are used for both SQL Server and SQL Azure databases, many tasks and scenarios in the documentation for SQL Server apply to SQL Azure, such as provisioning, synchronizing, filtering, batching, and metadata cleanup. For more information about these tasks and scenarios, see Synchronizing SQL Server and SQL Server Compact. For a table of differences between the classes, see Differences between Synchronization Classes for SQL Azure and SQL Server. For information about synchronizing non-SQL Server databases, see Synchronizing Other ADO.NET Compatible Databases.
Each how-to topic contains a console application. This application is written in both C# and Visual Basic and demonstrates particular features of the API. Although it is quicker to show only code examples for a specific task or feature, it is much easier to understand how Sync Framework works if you see a particular feature in a fairly complete context.
Each application contains the following classes:
 - Program This class sets up synchronization and calls methods from the Utility class. The Utility class handles all functionality that is not directly related to synchronization, such as holding connection string information and making changes to the databases involved in synchronization.
 - SampleSyncOrchestrator This class, which is derived from SyncOrchestrator, sets synchronization options and displays statistics.
The code for all the applications has been tested on Visual Studio 2008 and SQL Server 2008.
To run each application
 1. Execute the "Tables for SQL Server Collaborative Scenarios" Transact-SQL script in Setup Scripts for Database Provider How-to Topics. This script creates three databases, with a set of tables in the first database.
 2. Copy the Utility class code from Utility Class for Database Provider How-to Topics. Paste this code into each application that you want to run, or create a DLL from the code and reference that DLL from each application. The database connection strings in this class use localhost for the database name. Update the database name if necessary.
 3. Add references to the following DLLs:
 - Microsoft.Synchronization.dll
 - Microsoft.Synchronization.Data.dll
 - Microsoft.Synchronization.Data.SqlServer.dll
 - Microsoft.Synchronization.Data.SqlServerCe.dll and System.Data.SqlServerCe.dll
Show:
© 2014 Microsoft. All rights reserved.


MAIA explained
Taking advantage of the launching of MAIA's website, it is explained how it works
Today we are launching a new website for MAIA 🙂
Taking advantage of the occasion, I will explain you how MAIA works. To do this I will copy here some information from the website (this entry will last forever, but the content of the website will be modified in the future…).
IOTA uses Witernitz hash-based cryptography signatures. This has two implications:
 1. IOTA is resilient to quantum computing.
 2. An IOTA address should not be reused for payments.
IOTA addresses are 81 trytes long and are created using seeds of 81 trytes long too.
If you want to transfer X iotas from the address Ai to the address B, it is necessary to prove that you are the owner of Ai. How? Signing the transaction with the private key of Ai. Obviously, it is also necessary that Ai has associated at least X iotas.
Since you should not re-sign with the private key of Ai, when you transfer X to B, you must transfer the change ZZ=(iotas in Ai)-X, to your new address Ajj > i.
One reason why many of us love IOTAs is because it allows feeless transactions. Do not you think it is great?
Thanks to this, it is possible to make transactions with zero value. In this case, since it is not necessary to sign the transaction we can use the field for the signature of the message to store any other data.
But, what happens if it is necessary to demonstrate the authorship of the data? Well, in this case a possible option is to use MAM, a second layer data communication protocol which adds functionality to emit and access an encrypted data stream.
MAM provides several modes to control visibility and access, in particular it is possible to define private, restricted and public channels. The easiest to understand, and the ones that interest us are the public ones.
In a public channel anybody who knows the address of the channel will be able to read the messages published in it, but only the owner will be able to publish new messages.
To achieve the above, the operation of a public MAM channel is similar to the one used to generate addresses from the seed (similar!= the same):
 1. Create a random seed, S'.
 2. Initialize index, k=0.
 3. Create address Sk. Note that S0 is used to create the address of the channel
 4. Create message k, Mk. It includes:
 1. The payload.
 2. The address Sk+1.
 5. Create a bundle to transfer Mk and sign it using Sk private key.
 6. To publish a new message, Mk+1:
 1. Increase k, k=k+1
 2. Go to 3.
A possible use case for a public MAM channel is to provide the most recent version of a data. To do this, just read the channel until you get the last published message.
If the data is your valid IOTA address, the channel is your MAIA.
That's all. In case you want to donate some IOTAs to support my work, send them to my MAIA donation address. (we are making changes to the protocol and sometimes the node that we use is down, so for now it is better that we do not take risks :') ).
Note that MAIA has its own MAIA address, so if you want to donate some IOTAs to support the project send them here.
5 comments on "MAIA explained"
 1. Can you elaborate more on this part "If the data is your valid IOTA address, the channel is your MAIA."?
 Is the MAM channel the address that subscriber will subscribe to? If yes then it is the first address A0 and still applicable to Witerniz signature and could not be reused for payments, right?
 If it is sth else then, how will the fund sent to an MAIA address end up under your control? There is no redirection to a different address, right?
 1. Thanks!
 'If the data is your valid IOTA address, the channel is your MAIA.' => 'If you store your valid IOTA address in the channel, the last message of the channel is your current valid IOTA address'. MAIA = A channel that follows this approach.
 You must not transfer IOTAs to the maia address!! (yet 😉 ), you must transfer them to the address stored in the MAM channel.
 Let's assume that ADDR(seed, index) is a function that generates a address (private & public key).
 You only sign once with ADDR(mam seed,0), when you do it you publish {current iota address, ADDR(mam seed,1)}. For the next MAM message you will use ADDR(mam seed,1) private address to publish {new iota address, ADDR(mam seed,2)} and so on.
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Task purpose estimation in software development based on automatic measurement data and machine learning
Ryota Ohashi, Kenichi Matsumoto, Hidetake Uwano, Akito Monden, Kenji Araki, Kingo Yamada
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
2 Citations (Scopus)
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Dive into the research topics of 'Task purpose estimation in software development based on automatic measurement data and machine learning'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Engineering & Materials Science


text:
This paper reviews the optical hardware required for photonic switching and optical computing systems that are based on free-space digital optics. It includes a comparison of the devices, interconnects, and systems that have been proposed for both types of systems.
Harvard Scott Hinton,
"Photonic switching and optical computing based on free-space digital optics", Proc. SPIE 1215, Digital Optical Computing II, (1 July 1990); doi: 10.1117/12.18057; _URL_


) function to do this for you. If the value in the txtAge text box is not a number, it tells the user and sets the focus back to the text box by calling the focus() method. Additionally, this time you highlight the text by using the select() method. This makes it even clearer to the users what they need to fix. It also allows them to rectify the problem without needing to delete text first.
if (isNaN(target.value)) {
alert("Please enter a valid age");
target.focus();
target.select();
}
}
You could go further and check that the number inside the text box is actually a valid age—for example, 191 is not a valid age, nor is 255 likely to be. You just need to add another if statement to check for these possibilities.
This function handles the blur event of the txtAge text box, but why didn't you use the change event, with its advantage that it only rechecks the value when the value has actually been changed? The change event would not fire if the box was empty both before focus was passed to it and after focus was passed away from it. However, leaving the checking of the form completion until just before the form is submitted is probably best because some users prefer to fill in information out of order and come back to some form elements later.
The final function is for the txtName text box's change event. Its use here is a little flippant and intended primarily as an example of the change event:
function txtNameChange(e) {
alert("Hi " + e.target.value);
}
When the change event fires (when focus is passed away from the name text box and its contents have changed), you take the value of the event target (again, making use of the target property) and put it into an alert box. It simply says Hi yourname.
Problems with Firefox and the blur Event
The previous example will fail with Firefox if you enter a name in the name text box and then an invalid age into the age box (for example, if you enter abc and then click the Check Form button). With other browsers the blur event fires and displays an alert box if the age is invalid, but the button's click event doesn't fire. However, in Firefox, both events fire with the result that the invalid age alert is hidden by the "form completed successfully" alert box.
In addition, if you enter an invalid age and then switch to a different program altogether, the "invalid age" alert box appears, which is annoying for the user. It could be that the user was opening up another program to check the details.
Although this is a fine example, it is not great for the real world. A better option would be to check the form when it's finally submitted and not while the user is entering data. Or, alternatively, you can check the data as it is entered but not use an alert box to display errors. Instead you could write out a warning in red next to the erroneous input control, informing the user of the invalid data, and then also get your code to check the form when it's submitted.
The Password Text Box
The only real purpose of the password box is to enable users to type in a password on a page and to have the password characters hidden, so that no one can look over the user's shoulder and discover his or her password. However, this protection is visual only. When sent to the server, the text in the password is sent as plaintext—there is no encryption or any attempt at hiding the text (unless the page is served over a secure connection from the server).
Defining a password box is identical to defining a text box, except that the type attribute is password:
<input name="password1" type="password" />
This form element creates an <input/> element object and has the same properties, methods, and events as normal text boxes.
The Hidden Text Box
The hidden text box can hold text and numbers just like a normal text box, with the difference being that it's not visible to the user. A hidden element? It may sound as useful as an invisible painting, but in fact it proves to be very useful.
To define a hidden text box, you use the following HTML:
<input type="hidden" name="myHiddenElement" />
The hidden text box creates yet another <input/> element object, and it can be manipulated in JavaScript like any other object—although, you can actually set its value only through its HTML definition or through JavaScript. As with a normal text box, its value is submitted to the server when the user submits the form.
So why are hidden text boxes useful? Imagine you have a lot of information that you need to obtain from the user, but to avoid having a page stuffed full of elements and looking like the control panel of the space shuttle, you decide to obtain the information over more than one page. The problem is, how do you keep a record of what was entered in previous pages? Easy—you use hidden text boxes and put the values in there. Then, in the final page, all the information is submitted to the server—it's just that some of it is hidden.
The textarea Element
The <textarea/> element allows multi-line input of text. Other than this, it acts very much like the text box element.
However, unlike the text box, the <textarea/> element has its own tag, the <textarea> tag, and it creates an HTMLTextAreaElement object. It also has two additional attributes: cols and rows. The cols attribute defines how many characters wide the text area will be, and therows attribute defines how many character rows there will be. You set the text inside the element by putting it between the start and closing tags, rather than by using the value attribute. So if you want a <textarea/> element 40 characters wide by 20 rows deep with initial text Hello World on the first line and Line 2 on the second line, you define it as follows:
<textarea name="myTextArea" cols="40" rows="20">Hello World
Line 2
</textarea>
Another attribute of the <textarea/> element is the wrap attribute, which determines what happens when the user types to the end of a line. The default value for this is soft, so the user does not have to press Return at the end of a line, though this can vary from browser to browser. To turn wrapping on, you can use one of two values: soft and hard. As far as client-side processing goes, both do the same thing: They switch wrapping on. However, when you come to server-side processing, they do make a difference in terms of which information is sent to the server when the form is posted.
If you set the wrap attribute on by setting it to soft, wrapping will occur on the client side, but the carriage returns won't be posted to the server, just the text. If the wrap attribute is set to hard, any carriage returns caused by wrapping will be converted to hard returns—it will be as if the user had pressed the Enter key, and these returns will be sent to the server. Also, you need to be aware that the carriage-return character is determined by the operating system that the browser is running on—for example, in Windows a carriage return is \r\n, on UNIX, UNIX-like systems, and Mac OS X, a carriage return is \n. To turn off wrapping client-side, set wrap to off.
NOTE The \n character is the universal line feed character. If you are formatting raw text output and need a new line, \n works in every browser on every operating system.
The object created by the <textarea/> element has the same properties, methods, and events as the text box object you saw previously, except that the text area doesn't have the maxlength attribute. Note that there is a value property even though the <textarea/> element does not have a value attribute. The value property simply returns the text between the <textarea> and </textarea> tags. The events supported by the <textarea/> element object include the keydown, keypress, keyup, and change event handlers.
TRY IT OUT Event Watching
To help demonstrate how the keydown, keypress, keyup, and change events work (in particular, the order in which they fire), you'll create an example that tells you what events are firing:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Chapter 11: Example 5</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="" name="form1">
<textarea rows="15" cols="40" name="textarea1"></textarea>
<textarea rows="15" cols="40" name="textarea2"></textarea>
<br />
<input type="button" value="Clear event textarea" name="button1" />
</form>
<script>
var myForm = document.form1;
var textArea1 = myForm.textarea1;
var textArea2 = myForm.textarea2;
var bt


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The City of Ember
The City of Ember
by Jeanne DuPrau
Power Theme
We've got two kinds of power going on in The City of Ember, and while they couldn't be more different on the surface, the more we dig, the more we realize they're intertwined. First, there's the power of energy—the river, the generator, and the electricity that lights the city. But that power is controlled by the people in power, mainly, the mayor. That gives him a whole lot of control over the citizens of Ember, since he's in charge of supplies and information. But while Lina and Doon may seem like just a pair of powerless kids, over the course of the novel, they learn that sometimes having power means taking matters into your own hands, no matter what The Powers That Be might do to you.
Questions About Power
 1. How might Lina and Doon have better addressed the power imbalance in Ember? What would you have done if you were in their shoes?
 2. Where does the power that runs the city's electricity come from? Do you think they'd have a chance to figure out how to make it work again?
 3. Who's more powerful, the mayor or Looper? What makes you say so?
 4. How do the guards figure into Ember's power structure?
Chew on This
The mayor only has power because people agree to give it to him.
It was pretty stupid of the Builders to leave the population of Ember without any idea of how their city is powered. That just goes to show that more than anything, knowledge is power.
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at least explain the concept.
The Bravais lattices are the 14 ways to repeat lattice points to fill a space by translation. There are 14 Bravais lattices (in 3D).
The point groups are the ways to repeat lattice points using reflection, rotation, or rotoinversion. There are 32 crystallographic point groups.
The space groups are the unique combination of Bravais lattices and point groups. There are 230 unique space groups in 3D. (If you're wondering why there are 230 space groups instead of 448, it's because many of those 448 end up identical).
For a list of the 230 space groups, check out this website.
Bravais Lattices vs Crystal Groups
There is one more thing which confuses a lot of people: Bravais lattices vs crystal groups. It's even possible that I made some mistakes with terminology in this article or elsewhere on the blog.
This is super confusing and not that important unless you need to describe complex crystal systems, so I'll put it in collapsable text.
Click here to expand!
The term "crystal group" may also be called "crystal system" or "crystal family." Basically, if you divided each of the space groups into an underlying Bravais lattice, you would find that some space groups could be both rhombohedral or hexagonal.
To avoid this, crystallographers invented a new term "crystal family" which combines rhombohedral and hexagonal into just the hexagonal crystal family. So, there are cubic, hexagonal, tetragonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic crystal families.
The term "crystal system" is used when crystallographers want to divide the hexagonal family into two: trigonal and hexagonal. The trigonal crystal system includes some point groups with rhombohedral and hexagonal underlying Bravais lattices.
Final Thoughts
In this article, you learned all about Bravais lattices! You learned about the Bravais lattices in 1D, 2D, and 3D.
The 3D Bravais lattices are important for categorizing crystals. Here is a summary table of the 14 Bravais lattices. You can click each one to view an entire article dedicated to that lattice and its related crystal structures.
Table: The 14 Bravais Lattices
3D Unit Cell Representation NameVectorsAnglesPrimitive Cell RepresentationSpace GroupsUnit Cell VolumeExamples
Simple
Cubic (SC)
a=b=cα=β=γ=90°
195,198, 200,201,205, 207,208,212,
213,215,218, 221-224
a3α-Polonium
(α-Po), Cu3Al, CsCl
Face-Centered
Cubic (FCC)
a=b=cα=β=γ=90°
196,202,203,
209,210,216,
219,225-228
a3Copper (Cu),
Aluminum (Al), Nickel (Ni), NaCl, Diamond
Body-Centered
Cubic
(BCC)
a=b=cα=β=γ=90°
197,199,204,
206,211,214,
217,220,229,
230
a3Tungsten (W), Lithium (Li),
Vanadium (V), SiF4
Hexagonala=b≠cα=120° β=γ=90°
143,144,145,
147,149,150,
151,152,153,
154,156,157,
158,159,162,
163,164,165
(3√3a2c)/2Magnesium (Mg), Cobalt (Co), Rhenium (Re), BN, Graphite
Rhombohedrala=b=cα=β=γ≠90°
146,148,155,
160,161,166,
167
a3√(1−3cos2α+2cos3α)Mercury (Hg),
β-Polonium (β-Po),
α-Arsenic
(α-As),
α-Samarium (α-Sm)
CuPt
Simple
Tetragonal
a=b≠cα=β=γ=90°
75-78,81,83-86,89-96,99-106,111-118,123-138a2cCuAu, β-Neptunium (β-Np),
CuTi3
Body-Centered
Tetragonal
a=b≠cα=β=γ=90°
79-80,82,87,
88,97,98,107-
110,119-122,139-142
a2cIndium (In), Protactinium (Pa), β-Tin (β-Sn),
Martensite
Simple
Orthorhombic
a≠b≠cα=β=γ=90°
16-19,25-34,
47-62
abcCdTe, AuCd
Base-Centered
Orthorhombic
a≠b≠cα=β=γ=90°
20-21,35-41,
63-68
abcα-Gallium
(α-Ga),
α-Uranium
(α-U),
Black Phosphorus (P), ZrSi2
Face-Centered Orthorhombica≠b≠cα=β=γ=90°
22,42-43,
69-70
abcγ-Plutonium (γ-Pu), TlF,
α-Sulphur
Body-Centered
Orthorhombic
a≠b≠cα=β=γ=90°
23-24,44-46,
71-74
abcMoPt2, ReSi2, S2Si
Simple
Monoclinic
a≠b≠cα=β=90°≠γ
3-4,6-7,
10-11,13-14
abc sinγNiTi, high-pressure Tellurium (Te)
Base-Centered
Monoclinic
a≠b≠cα=β=90°≠γ
5,8,9,12,15abc sinγα-O2, AuTe2, CuO, β-Plutonium (β-Pu)
Triclinica≠b≠cα≠β≠γ≠90°1-2abc√(1−cos2α−cos2β− cos2γ+2cosαcosβcosγ)PtI4, FeS2
References and Further Reading
You can check our figures for the unit cell volume here.
The examples of Bravais lattices were taken from this site.
Two great resources for crystals and crystal structures:
 - M. J. Mehl, D. Hicks, C. Toher, O. Levy, R. M. Hanson, G. L. W. Hart, and S. Curtarolo, The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes: Part 1, Comp. Mat. Sci. 136, S1-S828 (2017). (doi=10.1016/j.commatsci.2017.01.017)
 - D. Hicks, M. J. Mehl, E. Gossett, C. Toher, O. Levy, R. M. Hanson, G. L. W. Hart, and S. Curtarolo, The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes: Part 2, Comp. Mat. Sci. 161, S1-S1011 (2019). (doi=10.1016/j.commatsci.2018.10.043)
If you found this article helpful, odds are that you're taking a class on structures. If you want to see the other crystallography-related articles I've written, here is this list, in recommended reading order:
What are Crystals and Grains
Introduction to Bravais Lattices
What is the Difference Between "Crystal Structure" and "Bravais Lattice"
Atomic Packing Factor
How to Read Miller Indices
How to Read Hexagonal Miller-Bravais Indices
Close-Packed Crystals and Stacking Order
Interstitial Sites
Primitive Cells
How to Read Crystallography Notation
If you are interested in more details about any specific crystal structure, I have written individual articles about simple crystal structures which correspond to each of the 14 Bravais lattices:
1. Simple Cubic
2. Face-Centered Cubic
2a. Diamond Cubic
3. Body-Centered Cubic
4. Simple Hexagonal
4a. Hexagonal Close-Packed
4b. Double Hexagonal Close-Packed (La-type)
5. Rhombohedral
5a. Rhombohedral Close-Packed (Sm-type)
6. Simple Tetragonal
7. Body-Centered Tetragonal
7a. Diamond Tetragonal (White Tin)
8. Simple Orthorhombic
9. Base-Centered Orthorhombic
10. Face-Centered Orthorhombic
11. Body-Centered Orthorhombic
12. Simple Monoclinic
13. Base-Centered Monoclinic
14. Triclinic
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