Here's Why ChefsTemp Edges Out the Competition
When seeking a company that produces the right kinds of food and meat thermometers, you can consider ChefsTemp's. Just like Thermoworks, they are out to service new and old chefs all over the world. With ChefsTemp, cooking aligns with technology.
If you're confused on why this company should be your go-to place for all kitchen appliances, then sleep scrolling through this article:
Why Should You Choose ChefsTemp?
Here are a few reasons why you should consider purchasing your food thermometers from ChefsTemp:
1. Accuracy
As a cook, you understand that if the thermometer doesn't read correctly, then it's pointless to have it in the first place. Different types of food need different measurements to come out perfect. So, if the thermometer is inaccurate, it can cost you the quality of the meal.
That is why ChefsTemp ensures that all thermometers meet the correct standards of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
2. Resolution
Resolution can simply be interpreted as the precision of the thermometer. It's also the number of fractions of degrees that the thermometer can measure at a particular time.
With food thermometers from ChefsTemp, you won't need to face the complexity of reading the resolutions, unlike that of other manufacturers.
3. Speed
Thermometers from ChefsTemp are also known for their high speed. You surely don't want to always wait long hours for your thermometer to function faster while you cook. This is most especially when you're cooking highly sensitive foods.
A slow thermometer will most likely ruin your meals, and that's why you need the speed that comes with the ChefsTemp's thermometer.
4. Reproducible
Reproducibility talks about the ability of the thermometer to bring out the same type of results each time you use it for your food. This will help you to understand the rate of accuracy the thermometer possesses and this is very common with the ChefsTemp's thermometer.
5. Recording
Lastly, ChefsTemp is known to produce thermometers with recording abilities. If a thermometer can record throughout the cooking process, you will be able to easily find out when things are not going right.
Recording thermometers will also enable you to receive notifications regarding problems. This way, you will be able to fix them before they become worse.
You can either opt for the thermometer that just displays the complete records of the cooking process or one that just calculates and presents the temperature of the food; the choice is yours. However, as a newbie, you can use the latter as it's much easier.
6. Range
Range helps you to determine if you can measure the temperature of the food cooked. It's something you must try to consider before purchasing any thermometer. Fortunately, ChefsTemp offers the right range measurement for each of their food thermometers.
Final Thoughts
ChefsTemp prides itself in the fact that there is a range of excellent engineers waiting to serve each client according to their needs. If after purchase you have an issue, there's a customer service team, dedicated to offering personalized answers to help you out of your dilemma.
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Why is Brazil a useful model in demographics?
Brazil's transition from the demographic transition model's stage 3 to stage 4 was fast paced and lacked government intervention.
By Pete Bailey
This post was originally published on the PopEd blog, see the original post here>>
Over the past fifty years, Brazil has seen fertility rates drop from an average of six children/woman to less than two according to data from the World Bank. This is a more rapid decrease in total fertility rate than any other country in Latin America during that time. Brazil is currently in stage 4 of the demographic transition model (DTM) along with Argentina, the United States and much of Europe, however the country stands out due to the fast pace and lack of government intervention during its transition.
In this post we'll explore how high rates of urbanization, higher education levels for women, and access to affordable contraception have decreased Brazil's fertility rate and pushed it from the DTM's stage 3 into DTM stage 4.
Economic Factors
Brazil's economy began to take off in the late 20th century. The abundance of natural resources, mostly comprising of mineral deposits, led to increased industrialization over the past fifty years. Brazil is now the second largest economy in the Americas behind the United States, largely due to its industry sector. As Brazil's economy moved from agriculture to industry, internal migration to urban areas increased rapidly. Brazil's urbanization rose at an astounding rate of 4.5% annually between 1940 and 1970. Most of the migration to urban areas derived from the rural poor seeking employment and better pay outside of agrarian lifestyles. Brazil is now home to two of the largest megacities in the world – Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo with populations of 13.3 million and 21.7 million respectively.
As people moved into Brazil's cities, the cost of living soared. This larger urban population resulted in an increased demand for land and housing. As such, Brazilians in urban areas paid much higher costs for the same amount of square footage of that in rural areas. Couple the increased cost of housing with higher price tags on most other day-to-day necessities when purchased in cities, and many families decided to have fewer children. These individual decisions, when multiplied across the region, resulted in a lower population over time – a pattern often seen during urbanization.
Sao Paulo Brazil at night
Sao Paulo by LWYang, CC BY 2.0
Women's Education and Employment
Brazil saw a dramatic shift in the role women play in society during the latter part of the 20th century. As societal norms changed, more women had access to higher education. This, combined with the burgeoning economy, led to an increase of women entering the workforce. Today, Brazilian women have a higher literacy rate (92.3%) than men (91.7%) and over 54% of the workforce is female. Women's access to education is one of the largest factors in lowering the fertility rate. Brazil is an important model in women's education, showing that improved access to schooling leads to more employment opportunities, a higher standard of living, and a natural reduction in overall population.
Social Factors
Brazilian telenovela Malhação promotional poster
Malhação poster (imdb.com)
Despite the strong Catholic influence in Brazil that might suggest otherwise, 79.4% of sexually active women use some form of modern contraception. Birth control pills, condoms, and other contraceptives are widely available and allow women more autonomy in their family planning decisions – they can better control the number of children they have and when they have them.
Another notable social factor that has led to a lower fertility rate is the influence of soap operas. Brazil's popular telenovelas often feature wealthy women living lives of luxury in large cities with small families. These types of characters demonstrate Brazil's cultural transformation over the past few decades, and promote this attractive lifestyle to millions of families across the country. According to a report prepared for the Inter-American Development Bank, fertility rates fell more quickly in areas receiving the TV Globo signal, resulting in 0.6% fewer children than areas that did not receive a signal.
Lack of Government Intervention
Brazil is not the only country that follows the traditional progression through the DTM, but it is a unique model because of how quickly, and naturally, the demographics shifted. The decrease in fertility rate is not a result of government intervention, but an effect of higher education levels for women, increased rates of urbanization, and access to affordable contraception.
The author – Pete Bailey – is the Professional Development Coordinator of Population Education, the education program focused on human population growth.
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One thought on "Why is Brazil a useful model in demographics?
 1. I study demographic processes and trends in different countries of the world. Thank you, your article is very professional and interesting. Great job!
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George Murray Levick, scientist with the 1910 Antarctic expedition led by Captain Scott, conducted a study on the "Sexual Habits of Adelie Penguins." His paper was considered too "graphic" for publication and remained unknown until recently.
According to The Guardian, Levick, a biologist and medical officer on Captain Scott's Terra Nova expedition to the South Pole in 1910, was a "typical Edwardian gentleman" who was simply horrified at his observations of the "sexual depravity" of penguins. When he returned with the paper to England, his "graphic account" of field observations was considered unfit for publication.
The Guardian reports that Levick's first major shock during his field observations of the "sexual habits" of the penguins came when he observed a young male penguin attempting to have sex with a dead female. And as if that was not shocking enough, during the summer of 1911-12, he observed among the colony of Adelies at Cape Adare, males seeking to have sex with female corpses that had died the previous season and some sexually coercing females and chicks and killing them in the process.
Levick ascribed what he termed the "astonishing depravity" of the penguins to the sexual habits of "hooligan males" in the colony. According to Time, Levick, fearing to expose the reading public to the horrors of penguin homosexuality, necrophilia, masturbation and rape he witnessed, coded his report in Greek so that only highly educated gentlemen would read and appreciate the depth of depravity of penguins in the Antarctic wild.
BBC reports that when Levick returned to England, he "submitted this extraordinary and graphic account of sexual behaviour of the Adelie penguins, which the academic world of the post-Edwardian era found a little too difficult to publish." Douglas Russell, curator of birds at the Natural History Museum, who discovered a copy of the paper recently, commented: "...reports and memos [went] back and forth at the museum about this particular paper. They didn't seem to know what to do with it. In the end they decided to cut this paper. It is clear they felt it was too challenging to openly publish."
When his volume in English language titled "Natural History of the Adelie Penguins" was published, care to taken to preserve public decency by expunging the "graphic section" titled "Sexual Habits of Adelie Penguins" that gave detailed account of the sexual behavior of the penguins.
According to BBC, the then keeper of zoology at the Natural History Museum decided to produce 100 copies of the paper and distribute among an exclusive circle of scientists. Thus, anxiety to preserve "public decency" deprived the scientific community and the general public information on the "remarkable sexual antics" of the Adelie. Levick's paper was lost to science and the information contained was unknown until about 50 years later, when a less squeamish generation of scientists discovered the facts themselves.
But recently, a copy of "Sexual Habits of the Adelie Penguin" was discovered. The Telegraph reports that Douglas Russell, curator of birds at the Natural History Museum, discovered a copy of the paper among records of Scott's polar expedition and had it published in the journal Polar Record.
According to The Telegraph, Russell described the paper: "The manuscript is quite extraordinary. It is the most graphic account of challenging sexual behaviour you are every going to read. It is challenging now, but for 1915 when he submitted it for publication, it was extraordinary. It would have been a bombshell if they had published it at the time. At the time homosexuality was still illegal, so one reason he encoded his notes (in Greek) could be that he was fearful of the legal implications of his observations."
BBC reports that Russell described how he found the paper: "I just happened to be going through the file on George Murray Levick when I shifted some papers and found underneath them this extraordinary paper which was headed 'the sexual habits of the Adelie penguin, not for publication' in large black type."'
Russell admits that the Levick's blow-by-blow account of penguin sexual perversion and "astonish depravity" was indeed "graphic." But Rusell found it "fascinating" rather than "offensive." He said: "It's just full of accounts of sexual coercion, sexual and physical abuse of chicks, non-procreative sex, and finishes with an account of what he considers homosexual behaviour, and it was fascinating."
The Guardian reports Russell did an analysis of Levick's paper co-authored with two colleagues, William Sladen and David Ainley. Part of the analysis read: "The pamphlet, declined for publication with the official Scott expedition reports, commented on the frequency of sexual activity, auto-erotic behaviour, and seemingly aberrant behaviour of young unpaired males and females, including necrophilia, sexual coercion, sexual and physical abuse of chicks and homosexual behaviour. His observations were, however, accurate, valid and, with the benefit of hindsight, deserving of publication."
In the paper Levick writes with evident feelings of disgust about the antics of male Adelies, who gather in "little hooligan bands of half a dozen or more and hang about the outskirts of the knolls, whose inhabitants they annoy by their constant acts of depravity." The Guardian reports that Levick described how "Injured females are mounted by members of these 'gangs,' others have their chicks'misused before the very eyes of its parents.' Some chicks are crushed and injured, others are killed..."
More recent studies have explained the behavior of the "hooligan males" and have given insight that may throw light on aspects of "aberrant" human sexual behavior. According to the studies, the "hooligans" were young males who have no experience of how to behave and tend therefore to respond to "inappropriate cues." For instance, a young male would readily confuse a dead female frozen in the snow, and lying with an eye half-open, with the typical posture of a sexually receptive female, and thus attempt to mate. The results of this simple error of judgement among the inexperienced males are what uninformed anthropomorphizing observers would call "shocking" observations of "necrophilia."
The Guardian reports that scientists also note that penguins being human-like, because of their bipedal posture, tend to have their behaviour interpreted in anthropomorphic terms. Russell observed the anthropomorphizing tendency in Levick: "He was just completely shocked. He, to a certain extent, falls into the same trap as an awful lot of people in seeing penguins as bipedal birds and seeing them as little people. They're not.They are birds and should be interpreted as such."
According to Russell,"Levick was... a gentlemen traveling with a group of men in very difficult circumstances, witnessing behaviour he neither expected nor understood. It is not surprising that he was shocked by his findings."
Levick and his colleagues were lucky to survive the expedition. The were stranded in the cold wastes of the Antarctic over an entire winter after their expedition ship, the Terra Nova, could not pick them up because pack ice blocked its route. The men spent the winter huddled in an ice cave with no provisions and were forced to survive on "blubber, cooked with blubber" eaten in the light of "blubber lamps." According to an account of the hardship they endured over the winter, "Their clothes and gear were soaked with blubber, and the soot blackened them, their sleeping bags, cookers, walls and roof, choked their throats and inflamed their eyes."
The men made it back to England in 1913, and Levick served in the First World War. After the war, he founded the British Schools Exploring Society in 1932, and died in June 1956.
His obituary described him as a "truly great English gentleman."
The Guardian reports that his field notebook is now on display at the Natural History Museum until 2 September as part of the Scott's Last Expedition exhibition.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Prepositions Spatial Diagram « Previous • Next » Square of Stops
The Eight Noun Rules (BBG, p. 346)
 1. Stems ending in α,η are 1st declension, stems ending in o are 2nd, consonantal stems are 3rd
 2. Neuters are always the same in Nominative and Accusative
 3. Almost all neuter plurals end in -α in the Nominative and Accusative Plural
 4. Iota always subscripts in Dative singular, if possible (not possible in 3rd declension, since iota only subscripts under vowels)
 5. Vowels often change their length (Ablaut)
 6. Masculine and Neuter always the same in Genitive and Dative
 7. The Square of Stops
 8. Tau cannot stand at the end of a word, and will drop off (ντ + ς = ς)


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Dining Table With Bench Seating ( Bench Seating Dining Table #23)
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Description of [keyword]
Diningdine (dīn),USA pronunciation v., dined, din•ing, n.
- to eat the principal meal of the day;
- to take any meal.
- to entertain at dinner.
- dine out, to take a meal, esp. the principal or more formal meal of the day, away from home, as in a hotel or restaurant: They dine out at least once a week.
Tableta•ble (tā′bəl),USA pronunciation n., v., -bled, -bling, adj.
- an article of furniture consisting of a flat, slablike top supported on one or more legs or other supports: a kitchen table; an operating table; a pool table.
- such a piece of furniture specifically used for serving food to those seated at it.
- the food placed on a table to be eaten: She sets a good table.
- a group of persons at a table, as for a meal, game, or business transaction.
- a gaming table.
- a flat or plane surface;
a level area.
- a tableland or plateau.
- a concise list or guide: a table of contents.
- an arrangement of words, numbers, or signs, or combinations of them, as in parallel columns, to exhibit a set of facts or relations in a definite, compact, and comprehensive form;
a synopsis or scheme.
- (cap.) the constellation Mensa.
- a flat and relatively thin piece of wood, stone, metal, or other hard substance, esp. one artificially shaped for a particular purpose.
- a course or band, esp. of masonry, having a distinctive form or position.
- a distinctively treated surface on a wall.
- a smooth, flat board or slab on which inscriptions may be put.
- the tablets on which certain collections of laws were anciently inscribed: the tables of the Decalogue.
- the laws themselves.
- the inner or outer hard layer or any of the flat bones of the skull.
- a sounding board.
- the upper horizontal surface of a faceted gem.
- a gem with such a surface.
- on the table, [Parl. Proc.]
- [Brit.]submitted for consideration.
- turn the tables, to cause a reversal of an existing situation, esp. with regard to gaining the upper hand over a competitor, rival, antagonist, etc.: Fortune turned the tables and we won. We turned the tables on them and undersold them by 50 percent.
- under the table:
- as a bribe;
secretly: She gave money under the table to get the apartment.
- wait (on) table, to work as a waiter or waitress: He worked his way through college by waiting table.Also, wait tables.
- to place (a card, money, etc.) on a table.
- to enter in or form into a table or list.
- [Parl. Proc.]
- [Chiefly U.S.]to lay aside (a proposal, resolution, etc.) for future discussion, usually with a view to postponing or shelving the matter indefinitely.
- to present (a proposal, resolution, etc.) for discussion.
- of, pertaining to, or for use on a table: a table lamp.
- suitable for serving at a table or for eating or drinking: table grapes.
Withwith (with, wiᵺ),USA pronunciation prep.
- accompanied by;
accompanying: I will go with you. He fought with his brother against the enemy.
- in some particular relation to (esp. implying interaction, company, association, conjunction, or connection): I dealt with the problem. She agreed with me.
- characterized by or having: a person with initiative.
- (of means or instrument) by the use of;
using: to line a coat with silk; to cut with a knife.
- (of manner) using or showing: to work with diligence.
- in correspondence, comparison, or proportion to: Their power increased with their number. How does their plan compare with ours?
- in regard to: to be pleased with a gift.
- (of cause) owing to: to die with pneumonia; to pale with fear.
- in the region, sphere, or view of: It is day with us while it is night with the Chinese.
- (of separation) from: to part with a thing.
- against, as in opposition or competition: He fought with his brother over the inheritance.
- in the keeping or service of: to leave something with a friend.
- in affecting the judgment, estimation, or consideration of: Her argument carried a lot of weight with the trustees.
- at the same time as or immediately after;
upon: And with that last remark, she turned and left.
- of the same opinion or conviction as: Are you with me or against me?
- in proximity to or in the same household as: He lives with his parents.
- (used as a function word to specify an additional circumstance or condition): We climbed the hill, with Jeff following behind.
- in with. See in (def. 22).
- with child, pregnant.
- with it:
- knowledgeable about, sympathetic to, or partaking of the most up-to-date trends, fashions, art, etc.
- representing or characterized by the most up-to-date trends, fashions, art, etc.
- with that. See that (def. 10).
Benchbench (bench),USA pronunciation n.
- a long seat for several persons: a bench in the park.
- a seat occupied by an official, esp. a judge.
- such a seat as a symbol of the office and dignity of an individual judge or the judiciary.
- the office or dignity of various other officials, or the officials themselves.
- the seat on which the players of a team sit during a game while not playing.
- thequality and number of the players of a team who are usually used as substitutes: A weak bench hurt their chances for the championship.
- [Informal.]See bench press.
- Also called workbench. the strong worktable of a carpenter or other mechanic.
- a platform on which animals are placed for exhibition, esp. at a dog show.
- a contest or exhibition of dogs;
- [Phys. Geog.]a shelflike area of rock with steep slopes above and below.
- a step or working elevation in a mine.
- berm (def. 2).
- on the bench:
- serving as a judge in a court of law;
- [Sports.](of a player) not participating in play, either for part or all of a game.
- to furnish with benches.
- to seat on a bench or on the bench: an election that benched him in the district court.
- to place (a show dog or other animal) in exhibition.
- to cut away the working faces of (a mine or quarry) in benches.
- to remove from a game or keep from participating in a game: to be benched because of poor hitting.
Seatingseat•ing (sē′ting),USA pronunciation n.
- an act or instance of furnishing with, assigning, or escorting to a seat.
- the arrangement of seats in a theater, stadium, etc.
- material for seats, esp. upholstery.
Among the things that define the Bench Seating Dining Table's sweetness is the design of the area. One of the subjects that we should attempt may be the bohemian model. Even though the Bohemian empire has long been extinct, the world neighborhood within this style's choices nonetheless have not faded. Especially if you combine it having a minimalist style that's straightforward, but still crosseyed.
- of or pertaining to seats or those who are sitting: the seating plan of a theater.
This can be it room decor minimalist-style Bohemian. Simple steps to do boho chic will be to display your products. Rings, earrings, bracelets and connections usually are located in a box, wear it a hook. It may be on the wall hanger or around the table. Wallpaper flowered or ethnic motifs in lively colors could make attractive and your area abruptly boho.
Not everything Bench Seating Dining Table within the category. Bohemian style bedroom is not just like decorating fashion happy teenis space. Bohemian favor feminism and Western racial personality that is sturdy. Do not neglect to put one or two potted flowers that are indoor while in the room. Flower may expire. But, it'd be greater if you use live plants being a languagein law, cactus, clinging or holding flowers.
Bohemian right into a fashion which can be primarily utilized by girls. This design is used via as, a female structure, such lace, braid, embroidery, travel. Motif helping suzani, fabrics georgia, and bohemian fashion kantha case. If it's hard to find, employ batik or just two colors bright batik periphery.
Elegant motifs and textures may be used through bed sheet, the bedcover, cushion, layer, place, or carpet. Bohemian came from mainland Europe, specially the Czech. Therefore, whenever choosing form and a style towards the

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Chemical analysis and classification of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) based on their country of origin using mass spectrometric methods and chemometrics
Journal: 2021/March - Food Research International
The current study applied gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and thermal desorption direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (TD-DART-MS) methods to the analysis of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) samples from different countries. The black pepper powder samples were analyzed directly by TD-DART-MS without any extraction, but for GC-MS and LC-MS methods, a methanol extraction procedure was employed before the analysis. Various compounds, such as piperamides and terpenes, were detected. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to classify black pepper samples based on their origins. Total ion mass spectrum (TMS) data profiles from GC-MS, LC-MS, and TD-DART-MS methods were constructed and evaluated for the performance of classification. A cubic-root data transformation was tested in the data preprocessing and found to be effective for improving the classification rates. The average classification rates of PLS-DA models with GC-MS-cubic-root-TMS, LC-MS-cubic-root-TMS, and DART-MS-cubic-root-TMS data representations were 94.1 ± 0.6%, 87.7 ± 0.6%, and 97.0 ± 0.3% respectively, for 100-time bootstrapped-Latin-partition cross-validation. This study presents for the first time the analysis of plant-based food materials by using TD-DART-MS, and it has been demonstrated as a simple and high-throughput method for classification studies.
Keywords: Black pepper; Chemometrics; Classification; DART-MS; GC–MS; LC-MS.
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text:
Head of a Guardian
Japanese, Heian period
Head of a Guardian, second half of 11th century
Assembled woodblock construction with traces of polychrome and gilding
The equipoise of this head derives from the works of the great sculptor Jocho, whose style dominated Japanese sculpture in the eleventh century. Reflecting the aristocratic taste of the Heian capital (modern Kyoto) during the Fujiwara regency and the flowering of a Japanese cultural and artistic expression, this elegant piece contrasts with the more emphatically Chinese character of ninth-century Heian sculpture.
Because it is a fragment and no specific attribute is present, the exact identity of the head remains unknown. It may have been from a set of Buddhist guardians of the four cardinal directions (Shitenno) or one of the twelve heavenly generals (Juni shinsho). The head was once painted and gilded, heightening the wrathful expression of this protector of the faith. Its assembled woodblock construction was developed to meet the demand for images created by the increased patronage of the Fujiwara period. Using this method, artistic workshops could produce large quantities of lightweight images with speed, pegging and gluing together relatively shallowly carved pieces of wood.


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When a service doesn't run as you would like, when you want to change its default configuration, Systemd offers you several options.
Firstly, you can copy the standard unit file from the /usr/lib/systemd/system directory into the /etc/systemd/system directory and then changes its content. The new unit file will take precedence over the default one. Don't forget to run the systemctl daemon-reload command each time you create or modify a unit file
Also, if you want to make clear that you built the new unit file from the default one, you can add the following line at the beginning of the new unit file (here /etc/systemd/system/httpd.service):
.include /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service [Service] CPUShares=500
Here you can read.include. It's not a typo but the syntax required by Systemd.
The specified directive (here CPUShares) will override the previous configuration except if this directive allows multiple values, in this case, the new value will be added at the end. To avoid this situation, you will have to proceed in two steps: assign an empty value and then assign the desired value in another line.
Secondly, instead of copying the default unit file, you can create a directory of the same name with the.d suffix in the /etc/systemd/system directory and drop a file with the.conf suffix containing the settings you want to override. This is automatically done when using the systemctl set-property command. This method also allows to override settings coming from a unit file located in the /etc/systemd/system directory.
In our example, create the /etc/systemd/system/httpd.service.d directory, then the file called constraints.conf and paste the following lines into it:
Thirdly, it is still possible to customize the environment before the service starts. You can specify a list of environment variables and their values with the Environment directive:
Environment="VAR1=word1 word2" VAR2=word3
You can also use a dedicated file with the EnvironmentFile directive. In the httpd case, you can see the following line in the /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service file:
Finally, don't hesitate to run the systemd-delta command to know what was changed from the default configuration.
Who said that Systemd was not flexible!


Question: English & Literature
Who is Godbee from Olive's Ocean and what is their importance?
In English & Literature | Asked by bookragstutor
Asked from the Olive's Ocean study pack
Godbee from Olive's Ocean is Martha's grandmother. They don't know one another that well so when she goes to visit Godbee, her grandmother suggests that each day they are together that they tell one thing about themselves to each other. Martha agrees and discovers that they have a lot in common. She also appreciates the fact that her grandmother seems to 'get' her and doesn't ridicule the notion that she wants to be a writer. Godbee is a good study of human nature and is easier with the rules than Martha's parents.
MHood2 | 218 days ago


Antonyms of UNSTABLE
Examples of usage:
 1. Man seems the unstable thing, Fevered and hurrying. "Poems" by Muriel Stuart
 2. Further out they are unstable. "LRL Accelerators The 184-Inch Synchrocyclotron" by Lawrence Radiation Laboratory
 3. It is safer and swifter to ride the magnetic currents than it is to ride the unstable currents of the air. "Astounding Stories of Super-Science, March 1930" by Various
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Formatting marks in a Word document.
Imagine that you have typed a few paragraphs. The paragraphs seem very far apart, and the second paragraph starts farther to the right than the first paragraph.
You can see what's going on in your document by looking at the formatting marks that Word automatically inserts as you type. These marks are always in documents, but they are invisible to you until you display them.
For example, a dot appears every time you press the SPACEBAR, such as between words. One dot is one space; two dots are two spaces, and so on. Normally there should be one space between each word.
Word inserts a paragraph mark ( ) each time you press ENTER to start a new paragraph. In the picture, there are two paragraph marks between the two paragraphs, which means that ENTER was pressed twice. This creates extra space between paragraphs.
One arrow ( ) appears each time TAB is pressed. In the picture there is one arrow before the first paragraph and two arrows before the second paragraph, so TAB was pressed twice in the second paragraph.
To see formatting marks, go to the ribbon, at the top of the window. On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click the Show/Hide button ( ). Click the button again to hide formatting marks.
Note: These marks are just for show. They won't be on printed pages, even when you see them on the screen.


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A comparison between Finite Element and Waveguide Finite Element Methods for the simulation of tire/road interaction
Konferensbidrag (offentliggjort, men ej förlagsutgivet), 2013
Due to increasing road utilization and tightening regulations, an increasing effort is made by the tire and automotive industries for accurate modeling of tire/road noise. It is well known that finite element (FE) based methods describing the vibration response of a rolling tire are computationally expensive while analytical models do not offer the necessary accuracy in the structural description of the tire. The recently proposed waveguide finite element (WFE) method combines the detailed description of a discretized tire cross section with a computationally efficient wave approach in the circumferential direction. The method has been successfully applied for tire dynamics and rolling noise simulations. An important aspect for the modeling of rolling noise is an accurate description of the road induced excitation. Both the high frequency vibration field and the lower frequency or quasi-static contact area need to be accurately captured. In this work we compare FE and WFE models of a tire in terms of traditional NVH properties such as mobility and modal frequencies, and in term of contact behavior such as footprint shape and structural stiffness. This way the potential of the WFE method for the modeling of both the excitation and the response of a rolling tire is critically examined.


Help Please!!
I made a struct array, and I'm trying to pass the entire array of that object to another function.
struct Crypt
{
char english;
char code;
int count=0;
};
void main (void)
{
Crypt Key[26];
analyze(key);
}
void analyze(?????????)
{ int i=0; /*just a sample of the text*/
 while(i!=26)
 {
 key[i].english=(i+65);
 printf("%d%c ", key[i].count,key[i].english);
 i++;
 }
}
????? I don't know how to set it up or what i should be passing and it's driving me insane.
How about
void analyze( struct Crypt key[] )
{
 ...
}
Although not required, you should pass the size of the array, too:
void analyze ( struct Crypt key[], int size )
This way the function works with different array sizes.
I don't know why people don't consult a book before post something?
commented: STFU. his question is totally valid, and he attempted it before asking. You, need to go learn how to initiialize pointers before you give out more f--ked up programming "advice" -1
^ his question is totally valid here. you, on the other hand, are not.
void main (void)
{
Crypt Key[26];
analyze(key);
}
one small problem you're going to have is that you're capitalizing your variable declaration, but lowercasing the argument.
you also need to consider whether or not you're going to modify the structure you pass to your function. if so, then you need to use the 'address of' operator (&) to pass the structure, and use the dereference operators (->) to assign new values to the pointed elements of the structure.
you also need to consider whether or not you're going to modify the structure you pass to your function. if so, then you need to use the 'address of' operator (&) to pass the structure, and use the dereference operators (->) to assign new values to the pointed elements of the structure.
Nope, sorry.
commented: Such a kewl dude! +1
oops. my bad. i was thinking about a structure of arrays, when he (and you) are clearly talking about an array of structs
but if i rewrite his code can i still pretend I know what I'm talking about? :D
struct Crypt
{
 char english[26];
 char code;
 int count[26];
};
void analyze(struct Crypt[]);
void main (void)
{
 struct Crypt Key;
 analyze(&Key);
}
void analyze(struct Crypt key[])
{ int i=0; /*just a sample of the text*/
 while(i!=26)
 {
 key->english[i]=(i+65);
 printf("%d%c ", key->count[i],key->english[i]);
 i++;
 }
}
commented: Using void main? tsk, tsk :P -4
commented: ;) +15
awww. crap man, i didn't even notice his "void main"... i just edited his original code for the relevant parts where he was passing the array.
thats not fair.
:(
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text:
Real Time Oxygen Sensor
Inventor: Ben Van Mooy, Richard Keil
Serial #: 13/476,531
Applications: The static measurement of dissolved oxygen as a surrogate for the metabolic status of algal and bacterial cultures is used in aquaculture and waste water management, respectively. Existing methodologies are laboratory-based, require several days to process, and measure dissolved oxygen as opposed to metabolic status. Thus, these methods do not provide real time information on the actual health of the biomass in the water column and cannot be used to inform instantaneous adjustment of culture conditions. Woods Hole scientists have developed a semi-autonomous system which passively samples the water column, and performs real time oxygen consumption measurements under in situ conditions for quick turn-around, direct measurement of biological oxygen demand. The unit can also be used as an early warning detector of toxic releases and spills into sensitive environmental areas. Working ocean prototypes have been developed.
Technology: Oxygen concentrations are tracked on passively acquired samples using oxygen optodes in incubations conducted at the depth and/or location where samples are taken. Data are transmitted directly without the need for sample recovery, disposal, or manipulation. Time-based recordings are made from both light-exposed and dark (control) sample chambers. No wet chemistry is involved and the device may be operated and maintained by personnel with minimal training.
Last updated: January 7, 2015


text:
Articles written in Journal of Chemical Sciences
Volume 127 Issue 1 January 2015 pp 49-59 Regular Articles
We explore the potential energy landscape of structure breaking binary mixtures (SBBM) where two constituents dislike each other, yet remain macroscopically homogeneous at intermediate to high temperatures. Interestingly, we find that the origin of strong composition dependent non-ideal behaviour lies in its phase separated inherent structure. The inherent structure (IS) of SBBM exhibits bi-continuous phase as is usually formed during spinodal decomposition.We draw analogy of this correlation between non-ideality and phase separation in IS to explain observation of non-ideality in real aqueous mixtures of small amphiphilic solutes, containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups. Although we have not been able to obtain IS of these liquids, we find that even at room temperature these liquids sustain formation of fluctuating, transient bicontinuous phase, with limited lifetime ($\tau \lesssim$ 20 ps). While in the model (A, B) binary mixture, the non-ideal composition dependence can be considered as a fluctuation from a phase separated state, a similar scenario is expected to be responsible for the unusually strong non-ideality in these aqueous binary mixtures.
Volume 135, 2023
Continuous Article Publishing mode
Click here for Editorial Note on CAP Mode

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Best Ipad Games
Dark Light
iPhone App Reviews: Reiner Knizia's Monumental A Fun Cerebral Puzzler
Reiner Knizia's Monumental, yet another offering from the genius behind Robot Master, Roto, and Knights of Charlemagne, has been released by Conlan Rios in the app store. As usual, a clean interface mixed with "simple to learn, hard to master" rules is a recipe for a fun, cerebral puzzler.
Dr. Knizia's latest takes place in a Mayan setting, with a pair of 3 x 4 grids. A solid column separates the grids. This column fills with rectangular stones, which must be shuttled either left or right into the grids. Each stone has a distinct color and number of symbols upon its face. The goal is to fill rows on either side of the center column that match as many distinctive features as possible. Ideally, you would want to have three red stones with one bird on each, for example. This would earn an excellent score for matching colors, symbols, and number of symbols. Of course, it will be rare to match across all three elements. If you can place stones with the same symbols in a row, even if these are a blue, red, and yellow stone, or two stones with two birds and one stone with three birds, these still qualify as symbol matches. You also score points if you match an identical pair in a row, regardless of what is contained on the third stone. Broken stones without symbols will appear, too. These can only match by color.
When you slide a stone left or right, it must go to the end of the row. There is no scoring or bonuses for anything matching in columns. When a stone is moved, all stones above it drop down one row. Therefore, once a stone reaches the bottom of the center column, it has no where to go but in either side of the bottom row. Planning ahead is key to avoid being stuck having to place stones in certain spots. There is but one way to "fix" a mistake such as this. You'll notice a small jeep in the bottom left corner of the screen. Each move propels the jeep a small step closer to its base camp. When it reaches base camp, you are rewarded with a stick of dynamite. This dynamite can be dragged onto any one stone, blowing it up and removing it from the board. This dynamite can be used right away or saved for later use. You can even have more than one bundle in your inventory at the same time.
As you progress further into the game, more colors and symbols will appear, as well as greater numbers of symbols on some stones. This greater variety typically serves to make matching more difficult, requiring even greater care in the placement of stones. When a row of three is completed, it will indicate its point total, but will not add it to your overall score just yet. Rows remain uncleared until the bottom row on both sides is full. That full row will be cleared and any others in sequence above it until there is an empty row or a row that is not completely filled. As rows are cleared, their scores are added to your overall score. If the entire bottom row does not incur any points, the result will depend on the game mode that you are playing.
Monumental offers two modes of play: Challenge and Action. Challenge is untimed, allowing you to carefully plan your moves. The trade-off is that as soon as neither side of the bottom row scores points, the game ends. Action mode is a bit more lenient, but you are timed, limiting your ability to plan your moves. The face of the Mayan god at the top of the screen is surrounded by lighted dots and a timer in the upper right corner is drained while you decide which stone to move. Moving the first stone starts the time, and moving any subsequent stone resets the timer. If the timer runs out, one of the lights around the Mayan god is extinguished. Failing to match stones in the bottom row extinguishes multiple dots. Once all of the dots have gone dark, the game ends.
The graphics are appealing, with a great Mayan theme and bright colors. The sounds add to the experience, with cool gong noises and other effects occurring during the course of play. Music from your own library can be played as an alternative. Controls are simple, utilizing dragging to accomplish your goal. There is a quick how-to-play section in the form of a few pages of an explorer's journal. As with many Reiner Knizia games, the explanations often sound confusing. Everything tends to click within the first couple minutes of playing, so have no fear if you have had trouble following along.
There are local leaderboards, as well as country-specific and global leaderboards to which you can submit your scores. These, along with intelligent, addictive gameplay, add to the replay value of the game. The game also autosaves and allows you to resume your last game, making for easy pick-up-and-play. Monumental will set you back $1.99, a fair price for this 5-Dimple strategic puzzler.
Reiner Knizia's Monumental gets our AppSmile 5-Dimple rating:
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Reader Nitin raises a good question: how does an app put extensible data into the Subscribe message that's used to set up events?
Example scenario: WSD Scan
Nitin's question asks specifically about the WSD Scan protocol built into Vista and Servier 2008, so I'll use that as an example. The scan protocol defines a ScanAvailableEvent (and includes a definition for this event in the WSDL) and the specification text says that when a client subscribes to the ScanAvailableEvent, it may supply a ScanDestinations element inside the extensible section of the Subscribe message. How this ScanDestination element works is largely unimportant in illustrating my point, but you can imagine it's a way for the client to send some information to the scanner for use in sending events.
The thing is that WsdCodeGen (or any other WSDL processing tool) won't ever have any idea that ScanDestinations is associated with ScanAvailableEvent, since the relationship isn't defined in the WSDL or schema. It's only included in the specification text, so there's no way to generate code that accepts ScanDestinations when subscribing for ScanAvailableEvent.
A tool that turned specification text into generated code could handle this problem; but if such a tool existed, I'd probably be out of a job.
What you can do to send custom data in Subscribe messages
Even though you can't get strongly typed generated code, WsdCodeGen does give you a way to pass DOM sections (WSDXML_ELEMENT and friends) into your generated Subscribe methods.
The way you do this is to open up your generated code by modifying your codegen.config file. By default, you'll typically get structures that look like this:
( IScannerServiceTypeEventNotify* eventSink
But by following a few steps, you can add two new methods to the SubscribeTo??? method so you can send extensible data in the request, and receive extensible data sent in the response:
( IScanServiceNotify* eventSink
, /* [in] */ WSDXML_ELEMENT* any
, /* [out] */ WSDXML_ELEMENT** anyOut
Here are some easy steps to getting the versions of these methods that accept WSDXML_ELEMENT structures:
 1. Edit your codegen.config file
 2. Find any instances of any of the following elements:
 3. Add this attribute to each element: extensible="true"
 - For example, this would look like ...
 4. Regenerate your code (wsdcodegen /generatecode codegen.config)
 5. Edit any calls you make to SubscribeTo??? methods so they include NULL parameters or WSDXML_ELEMENT structures.
And that's it! Now you can send any XML you like in the Subscribe message, and extract the response contained in the SubscribeResponse. Join me next time as I explain more about the WSDXML structures and how to properly build them.


HashAlgorithm.ComputeHash Method
Definition
Computes the hash value for the input data.
Overloads
ComputeHash(Byte[])
Computes the hash value for the specified byte array.
ComputeHash(Stream)
Computes the hash value for the specified Stream object.
ComputeHash(Byte[], Int32, Int32)
Computes the hash value for the specified region of the specified byte array.
ComputeHash(Byte[])
Computes the hash value for the specified byte array.
public:
 cli::array <System::Byte> ^ ComputeHash(cli::array <System::Byte> ^ buffer);
public byte[] ComputeHash (byte[] buffer);
member this.ComputeHash : byte[] -> byte[]
Public Function ComputeHash (buffer As Byte()) As Byte()
Parameters
buffer
Byte[]
The input to compute the hash code for.
Returns
Byte[]
The computed hash code.
Exceptions
buffer is null.
The object has already been disposed.
Examples
The following example computes the SHA256 hash value of a string and returns the hash as a 64-character, hexadecimal-formatted string. The hash string created by this code example is compatible with any SHA256 hash function (on any platform) that creates a 64-character, hexadecimal-formatted hash string.
using System;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;
public class Program
{
 public static void Main()
 {
 string source = "Hello World!";
 using (SHA256 sha256Hash = SHA256.Create())
 {
 string hash = GetHash(sha256Hash, source);
 Console.WriteLine($"The SHA256 hash of {source} is: {hash}.");
 Console.WriteLine("Verifying the hash...");
 if (VerifyHash(sha256Hash, source, hash))
 {
 Console.WriteLine("The hashes are the same.");
 }
 else
 {
 Console.WriteLine("The hashes are not same.");
 }
 }
 }
 private static string GetHash(HashAlgorithm hashAlgorithm, string input)
 {
 // Convert the input string to a byte array and compute the hash.
 byte[] data = hashAlgorithm.ComputeHash(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(input));
 // Create a new Stringbuilder to collect the bytes
 // and create a string.
 var sBuilder = new StringBuilder();
 // Loop through each byte of the hashed data
 // and format each one as a hexadecimal string.
 for (int i = 0; i < data.Length; i++)
 {
 sBuilder.Append(data[i].ToString("x2"));
 }
 // Return the hexadecimal string.
 return sBuilder.ToString();
 }
 // Verify a hash against a string.
 private static bool VerifyHash(HashAlgorithm hashAlgorithm, string input, string hash)
 {
 // Hash the input.
 var hashOfInput = GetHash(hashAlgorithm, input);
 // Create a StringComparer an compare the hashes.
 StringComparer comparer = StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase;
 return comparer.Compare(hashOfInput, hash) == 0;
 }
}
// The example displays the following output:
// The SHA256 hash of Hello World! is: 7f83b1657ff1fc53b92dc18148a1d65dfc2d4b1fa3d677284addd200126d9069.
// Verifying the hash...
// The hashes are the same.
Imports System.Security.Cryptography
Imports System.Text
Public Module Program
 Public Sub Main()
 Dim source As String = "Hello World!"
 Using sha256Hash As SHA256 = SHA256.Create()
 Dim hash As String = GetHash(sha256Hash, source)
 Console.WriteLine($"The SHA256 hash of {source} is: {hash}.")
 Console.WriteLine("Verifying the hash...")
 If VerifyHash(sha256Hash, source, hash) Then
 Console.WriteLine("The hashes are the same.")
 Else
 Console.WriteLine("The hashes are not same.")
 End If
 End Using
 End Sub
 Private Function GetHash(ByVal hashAlgorithm As HashAlgorithm, ByVal input As String) As String
 ' Convert the input string to a byte array and compute the hash.
 Dim data As Byte() = hashAlgorithm.ComputeHash(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(input))
 ' Create a new Stringbuilder to collect the bytes
 ' and create a string.
 Dim sBuilder As New StringBuilder()
 ' Loop through each byte of the hashed data
 ' and format each one as a hexadecimal string.
 For i As Integer = 0 To data.Length - 1
 sBuilder.Append(data(i).ToString("x2"))
 Next
 ' Return the hexadecimal string.
 Return sBuilder.ToString()
 End Function
 ' Verify a hash against a string.
 Private Function VerifyHash(hashAlgorithm As HashAlgorithm, input As String, hash As String) As Boolean
 ' Hash the input.
 Dim hashOfInput As String = GetHash(hashAlgorithm, input)
 ' Create a StringComparer an compare the hashes.
 Dim comparer As StringComparer = StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase
 Return comparer.Compare(hashOfInput, hash) = 0
 End Function
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
' The SHA256 hash of Hello World! is: 7f83b1657ff1fc53b92dc18148a1d65dfc2d4b1fa3d677284addd200126d9069.
' Verifying the hash...
' The hashes are the same.
Applies to
ComputeHash(Stream)
Computes the hash value for the specified Stream object.
public:
 cli::array <System::Byte> ^ ComputeHash(System::IO::Stream ^ inputStream);
public byte[] ComputeHash (System.IO.Stream inputStream);
member this.ComputeHash : System.IO.Stream -> byte[]
Public Function ComputeHash (inputStream As Stream) As Byte()
Parameters
inputStream
Stream
The input to compute the hash code for.
Returns
Byte[]
The computed hash code.
Exceptions
The object has already been disposed.
Examples
The following example calculates the SHA256 hash for all files in a directory.
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
public class HashDirectory
{
 public static void Main(String[] args)
 {
 if (args.Length < 1)
 {
 Console.WriteLine("No directory selected.");
 return;
 }
 string directory = args[0];
 if (Directory.Exists(directory))
 {
 // Create a DirectoryInfo object representing the specified directory.
 var dir = new DirectoryInfo(directory);
 // Get the FileInfo objects for every file in the directory.
 FileInfo[] files = dir.GetFiles();
 // Initialize a SHA256 hash object.
 using (SHA256 mySHA256 = SHA256.Create())
 {
 // Compute and print the hash values for each file in directory.
 foreach (FileInfo fInfo in files)
 {
 try {
 // Create a fileStream for the file.
 FileStream fileStream = fInfo.Open(FileMode.Open);
 // Be sure it's positioned to the beginning of the stream.
 fileStream.Position = 0;
 // Compute the hash of the fileStream.
 byte[] hashValue = mySHA256.ComputeHash(fileStream);
 // Write the name and hash value of the file to the console.
 Console.Write($"{fInfo.Name}: ");
 PrintByteArray(hashValue);
 // Close the file.
 fileStream.Close();
 }
 catch (IOException e) {
 Console.WriteLine($"I/O Exception: {e.Message}");
 }
 catch (UnauthorizedAccessException e) {
 Console.WriteLine($"Access Exception: {e.Message}");
 }
 }
 }
 }
 else
 {
 Console.WriteLine("The directory specified could not be found.");
 }
 }
 // Display the byte array in a readable format.
 public static void PrintByteArray(byte[] array)
 {
 for (int i = 0; i < array.Length; i++)
 {
 Console.Write($"{array[i]:


text:
STARTER: Listen to Gabe read his writing for his personal philosophy project last year, in combination with his painting shown to the left and contemplate the beautiful work represented by his ideas and artwork!
TODAY'S GOAL: Hone your Personal Philosophy project idea(s). You must complete the proposal by Wednesday AND have your visual piece IDEA critiqued by a classmate before you begin implementing it. Follow these steps today...
Step 1: Review the project proposal guidelines (last page of this document!)
Step 2: Continue to brainstorm ideas IF needed (see yesterday's brainstorm free-for-all directions)
Step 3: Begin working on your project proposal
Step 4: CRITIQUEFind a group of 3-4 students and on the whiteboard, write your critique group members' names. Then, write which day each person will get their project idea critiqued (either today or tomorrow). THEN, get to critiquing using these critique guidelines:
1. Get into groups of 3-4
2. Explain your project to the critiquers
3. As a group, discuss the following four prompts:
Step 5: Refine your proposal, Submit, Conference with Ashley!
Step 6: Begin Creating your BEAUTIFUL project!!
Humanities 11 Teacher at Animas High School


haskeline-0.6.4.2: A command-line interface for user input, written in Haskell.
System.Console.Haskeline.History
Description
This module provides a low-level API to the line history stored in the InputT monad transformer.
For most application, it should suffice to instead use the following Settings flags:
 - autoAddHistory: add nonblank lines to the command history (True by default).
 - historyFile: read/write the history to a file before and after the line input session.
If you do want custom history behavior, you may need to disable the above default setting(s).
Synopsis
Documentation
data History Source
Instances
Show History
Monad m => MonadState History (InputT m)
Monad m => MonadState History (InputT m)
addHistoryUnlessConsecutiveDupe :: String -> History -> HistorySource
Add a line to the history unless it matches the previously recorded line.
addHistoryRemovingAllDupes :: String -> History -> HistorySource
Add a line to the history, and remove all previous entries which are the same as it.
historyLines :: History -> [String]Source
The input lines stored in the history (newest first)
readHistory :: FilePath -> IO HistorySource
Reads the line input history from the given file. Returns emptyHistory if the file does not exist or could not be read.
writeHistory :: FilePath -> History -> IO ()Source
Writes the line history to the given file. If there is an error when writing the file, it will be ignored.
stifleHistory :: Maybe Int -> History -> HistorySource
Limit the number of lines stored in the history.
stifleAmount :: History -> Maybe IntSource
The maximum number of lines stored in the history. If Nothing, the history storage is unlimited.


text:
Things you can do when you visit Angel Island:
Hiking & Beachcombing
Rent a Segway & Take a Tour of the Island
Take a Historic Tram Tour
Hold a Special Event or Get Married on Angel Island
Check out the Weather for Tiburon and Angel Island
History of Angel Island - For a full history, visit Angel Island Associations Website
The island is alive with history… three thousand years ago it served as a fishing and hunting site for Coastal Miwok Indians. It was later a haven for Spanish Explorer Juan Manuel de Ayala, a cattle ranch, and a U.S. Army post starting with the Civil War.
From 1910 to 1940, the island processed hundreds of thousands of immigrants, the majority from China. During World War II, Japanese, and German POWs were held on the island, which was also used as a jumping-off point for American soldiers returning from the Pacific. In the '50s and '60s, the island was home to a Nike missile site.
In 1946 the Quarantine Station located in Hospital Cove was declared surplus, and all functions were moved to San Francisco. In 1954 a number of citizen's groups managed to persuade the California State Park Commission to obtain 36.82 acres surrounding Hospital Cove (aka Ayala Cove) for a State Park.
In 1962 the Nike missle site on the south side of the island was deactivated, and the army left the island. In December of that year, the entire island was turned over to the State of California for park purposes – with the single exception of the unmanned Coast Guard station on Point Blunt, which continues in active operation to this day.


text:
transitive verb re·ject·ed
- To refuse to accept, submit to, believe, or make use of.
- To refuse to consider or grant; deny.
- To refuse to recognize or give affection to (a person).
- To discard as defective or useless; throw away. See Synonyms at refuse1.
- To spit out or vomit.
- Medicine To resist immunologically the introduction of (a transplanted organ or tissue); fail to accept as part of one's own body.
One that has been rejected: a reject from the varsity team; a tire that is a reject.
Origin: Middle English rejecten
Origin:, from Latin rēicere, rēiectOrigin: : re-, reOrigin: + iacere, to throw; see yēin Indo-European roots
- re·jectˈer, re·jecˈtor noun


text:
Learning from practice - A brief history of performance measurement
Measurement is in the realm of mathematics. It is about keeping track, about establishing dimensions. Some of the earliest measurement activities in human history track back to 35,000 B.C. (Lebombo bone) and 9,000-6,500 B.C. (Ishango bone). Researchers consider them the first measurement tools in human history used for measuring intervals of time.
The Salamis metrological relief, dating back to the 4th century B.C. is considered an important measurement tool for architecture, as it illustrates the correlation between the different measuring systems used in Ancient Greece: Doric, Ionic and Common. This unification facilitated the construction of one of the symbols of civilization: the Parthenon, incorporating beauty, science and art.
In a business, measuring is linked to the use of money and can be traced back to Mesopotamia, where writing was first invented (3100 BC), banking was first developed (3000-2000 BC), and laws were first used to regulate banking operations (1792 – 1750 BC, The Code of Hammurabi).
Standards around measurement in a business environment are owed to the Venetians, who evaluated the performance of their sailing expeditions by calculating the difference between the investment made by the ship owner and the money obtained by selling the goods brought back by the journey. Venice merchant's need for a more elaborate approach to evaluating outcomes lead to double-entry bookkeeping system, described by Luca Pacioli's: 'Summa de arithmetica, geometrica, proportioni et proportionalita' ('Everything on arithmetic, geometry, proportions and proportionality'), published in Venice in 1494. While Pacioli is considered today the "father of accounting", the emergence of the discipline represents one of the earliest illustrations of learning from practice.
From this point on, the evolution of measurement in business was driven by three institutions: church, military and the public service, at both organizational and individual level. In mid 1500s, Ignatius Layola instituted a procedure to formally rate members of the Jesuit Society. In 1648 Dublin Evening Post in Ireland evaluated legislators by using a rating scale based upon personal qualities. Most Western armies did appraisals as early as the 19th century.
One of the earliest books on performance measurement that used used the term "measure" in the context of evaluating performance is: Efficient Democracy, by William Harvey Allen. It was written in 1907, not before the age of management consultants, business schools and strategy gurus. Allen was a practitioner, secretary of the Committee on Physical Welfare of School Children and General Agent of the New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor. He wrote on education, healthcare and philanthropy.
In _PHONE_ DuPont started using Return on Investment as a performance measure, one in a long series of business and technology innovations that emerged from the company.
In 1951, General Electric introduced the use of key corporate performance measure, through an initiative commissioned by the then CEO, Ralph Cordiner. The selected measures were grouped in categories such as market share, productivity, employee attitudes and public responsibility.
In the 1970s, General Motors used a system of performance measures that included non-financial indicators, considered a precursor of the Balanced Scorecard as measurement tool as introduced in 1992.
In the 1990s, performance measures use gained in popularity across a variety of sectors, most importantly in government. Not all implementations of performance management systems were smooth sailing and sometimes they generated more harm than good. However, both good and bad experiences contributed to making more informed decisions about the use of measures by learning from practice.
Where does all this history lead us? Practice has lead the emergence of management concepts and not the other way around. The use of performance measures has evolved organically over time, consultants being facilitators and enabler of better results, but not drivers.
Regarding the popularity of performance measurement terminology, as of August 2010, _URL_ searches illustrated the following results:
- "kpi" = 9,670,000 results
- "kpis" = 3,480,000 results
- "key performance indicator" = 215,000 results
- "key performance indicators" = 1,190,000 results
- "performance measure" = 1,150,000 results
- "performance measures" = 2,180,000 results
Ultimately, as Protagoras of Abdera said in Ancient Greece:"Man is the measure of all things."
Stay smart! Enjoy smartKPIs.com!


text:
term panchromatic pixel will refer to a pixel having a panchromatic photoresponse. Although the panchromatic pixels generally have a wider spectral sensitivity than the set of color photoresponses, each panchromatic pixel can have an associated filter. Such filter is either a neutral density filter or a color filter.
When a pattern of color and panchromatic pixels is on the face of an image sensor, each such pattern has a repeating unit that is a contiguous subarray of pixels that acts as a basic building block. By juxtaposing multiple copies of the repeating unit, the entire sensor pattern is produced. The juxtaposition of the multiple copies of repeating units is done in diagonal directions as well as in the horizontal and vertical directions.
A minimal repeating unit is a repeating unit such that no other repeating unit has fewer pixels. For example, the CFA in
An image captured using an image sensor having a two-dimensional array with the CFA of
The greater panchromatic sensitivity shown in
In an image capture device that includes panchromatic pixels as well as color pixels, the arrangement of panchromatic and color pixels within the pixel array affects the spatial sampling characteristics of the image capture device. To the extent that panchromatic pixels take the place of color pixels, the frequency of color sampling is reduced. For example, if one of the green pixels in minimal repeating unit 100 in
Since the panchromatic pixels are generally more sensitive than the color pixels, it is desirable to have higher sampling frequency for the panchromatic pixels than any one of the color pixels, thereby to provide a robust, higher sensitivity panchromatic representation of the image to provide the basis for subsequent image processing and interpolation of missing colors at each pixel. For example, Yamagami, et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,323,233 shows a pattern with 50% panchromatic pixels, 25% green pixels, and 12.5% each of red and blue pixels. A minimal repeating unit of this pattern is shown in
The minimal repeating unit of
The tiling arrangements for
Pixels of three different spectral sensitivities are generally sufficient to provide color information for a captured color image. The well-known Bayer pattern, for example, is commonly implemented with pixels having red, green, and blue sensitivities. In a panchromatic/color image capture device there is an advantage to providing a greater proportion of panchromatic pixels than any one color pixel in order to capture a robust panchromatic image. Assuming that pixels with three different spectral sensitivities are sufficient for color information and motivated by an interest in improving the panchromatic sampling, the pixel with a fourth spectral sensitivity Q in
The minimal repeating unit of
Note that although the color pixels are red, green, and blue in the foregoing discussion, an alternative set of colors such as cyan, magenta, and yellow can be used.
The panchromatic pixels in patterns of the present invention do not need to be identical in sensitivity. For example,
Although the minimal repeating units used to describe the present invention to this point are all two rows of four pixels per row arranged in a rectangle, there are alternative equivalent minimal repeating units. For example,
Note that rotating any of the patterns of
Although the sampling frequencies for each color of the four colors of
For some purposes it is advantageous to produce a lower resolution image from the sensor, for example to provide a higher frame rate for video capture or to provide an active preview image on a display screen. In
G R B G
Therefore, it is advantageous to provide the ability to read conveniently a reduced resolution, Bayer image from a sensor of the present invention.
Turning now to
In the Low-resolution Partial Color block 202 (
The Low-resolution Partial Color block 202 processes each pixel of the partial color image in a similar manner resulting in an array of color values, one for each low resolution pixel. Although not shown here, it is often advantageous to noise clean the low-resolution partial color image in this step.
Thus, the pixel containing green value G22 has eight neighboring pan values in the shape of a diamond, namely, P21, a, P12, b, P23, d, P32, c. Classifier values can now be computed at pixel G22 using the absolute value of the four center-difference gradients in the horizontal, vertical, slash, and backslash directions:
The corresponding predictor values for these directions are:
After selecting the direction having the smallest classifier value, the pan predicted value corresponding to the selected direction produces the interpolated pan value, P22.
Once pan values have been interpolated for the green pixels, it remains to do the same for the red and blue pixels. Again referring to the CFA pattern shown in
After pan values have been interpolated at all color pixel positions, there is a pan value, either measured or interpolated, for each pixel position on the sensor. These pan values make up the high resolution panchrome image 204, as shown in
The smaller classifier indicates which predictor value to use. The indicated color difference is then added to the pan value at the center pixel, P24, to produce the interpolated green value, G24.
Once the green values have been computed for the center pixel of each pan diamond, there is a green value for every pixel having two even subscripts. The next step is to compute green values at every pixel having two odd subscripts. For example, considering blue pixel B33, slash and backslash classifier and predictor values can computed according to the following equations:
The smaller classifier indicates which predictor value to use. The indicated color difference is then added to the pan value at pixel B33 to produce the interpolated green value, G33. The same approach is taken for red pixels. Once all these green values have been computed, there are green values for all pixel locations having subscripts that are either both odd or both even.
To complete the green interpolation, consider a pixel have one odd and one even subscript such as pixel P32. Horizontal and vertical classifier and predictor values can be computed according to the following equations:
The smaller classifier indicates which predictor value to use. The indicated color difference is then added to the pan value at the center pixel, P32, to produce the interpolated green value, G32.
All pixel locations now have pan values and green values. It remains to interpolate any missing red and blue values. Because there are the same numbers of red, green, and blue pixels, and because their geometric layout patterns are the same, the set of equations for interpolating green can be modified and applied to red pixels as well as blue pixels. In general, the method of computing a red value involves finding a R−G color difference value that is then added to an existing green value to produce a red value. Pan values are still used in determining the classifier values.
For example, consider computing a red value at blue pixel B33. Horizontal and vertical classifier and predictor values can computed using R−G color differences according to the following equations:
The smaller classifier indicates which predictor value to use. The indicated color difference is then added to the green value at the blue pixel, B24, to produce the interpolated red value, R24. A similar set of equations using B−G color differences can be used to compute blue values at red pixel locations. Once red values have been computed at all blue pixel locations and blue values have been computed at red pixel locations, there are red and blue values for every pixel location having two odd subscripts.
The next step is to compute red and blue values at pixels having two even subscripts. For example, consider computing a red value at the green pixel location G44. Slash and backslash classifier and predictor values can be computed according to the following equations:
The smaller classifier indicates which predictor value to use. The indicated color difference is then added to the green value at pixel G44 to produce the interpolated red value, R33. The same approach is taken for blue pixels. Once all the red and blue values have been computed, there are red and blue values for all pixel locations having subscripts that are either both odd or both even.
To complete the color interpolation process, consider a pixel have one odd and one even subscript such as pixel P32, and compute a red value. Horizontal and vertical classifier and predictor values can be computed according to the following equations:
The smaller classifier indicates which predictor value to use. The indicated color difference is then added to the green value at the pan pixel location P32 to produce the interpolated red value, R32. The same approach, using B-G color differences, is taken to compute the blue value B32. At this point the color interpolation is done because each pixel has all three color values: red, green, and blue. These pixels make up the high resolution final image 212.
The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications are effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.
light from subject scene
neutral density filter
analog signal processor
analog to digital (A/D) converter
image sensor stage
digital signal processor (DSP) bus
digital signal processor (DSP) memory
digital signal processor (DSP)
system controller bus
memory card interface
memory card socket
user control and status interface
minimal repeating unit for Bayer pattern
repeating unit for Bayer pattern that is not minimal
spectral transmission curve of infrared blocking filter
unfiltered spectral photoresponse curve of sensor
red photoresponse curve of sensor


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Many sign designers would agree that the design of a sign system ought to be suitable to its architectural environment. This is considered one technique to designing signs. Of course, designers will differ in what they think is proper, and they will vary in how delicate or responsive they are to the environment. For this method they ought to be understanding to the architecture, attempting to see it, for the most part, as the designer for a glass door logo does.
For some commercial jobs, finalizing and graphics can include more visual excitement and color than even the designer may have envisioned. However, for all jobs the signs should be considered an essential part of the architecture, as aesthetically essential as light fixtures, elevators, and other essential aspects. As with these other components, signing has both functional and esthetic elements. To interact details, organization signs need to be observed, but to accomplish this in an esthetically appropriate way needs a careful balancing of esthetics and function.
Another method to developing glass door logo signs considers the communicative function of signs of main value and the esthetics as secondary. With this technique, all elements of signage may be similar fit, product, color, and detail.
This method normally leads to signs which strongly con with the environment and seem most proper for industrial or industrial sign projects. Glass door logo sign systems of this kind work of communicating information, however they are rarely fully integrated with colors and products of the architectural environment.
Architecturally Integrated Signage:
The first approach thinks about a glass door logo signs program appropriate for both its function and esthetics. They can be customized to the environment of a task and to the customer's requirements. The architecture of each job is special in both look and construction and its sign system must reflect that originality. This author prefers this approach. It is more intricate and more time consuming since all the relationships between the environment and business signs must be thoroughly thought about, however can result in a great range of imaginative options.
Functionally Focused Signs Can Affect Design:
Designers who worry function often seem to ignore the environment, making all check in a group rectangular shape fit just varying the length of copy. Forget for a minute that needs to present information. Think about them as style aspects inside areas of different sizes and shapes, which can then affect the shape and size of the style aspects. If the environment is a tall area, such as an arena passage with very high ceiling, there is an opportunity to design high aspects for this area. A low broad passage area as in an arena. Making use of slim light boxes that stretch across the entire arena and displaying a wide variety of details.


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Sounds in cars for improved safety communication and comfort
29 May 2012
Luleå University of Technology
In a new project "3D sound design" at Luleå University of Technology, scientists from several disciplines are to develop information systems for cars, in cooperation with the automotive company Volvo Cars. Acousticians, psychologists, musicians, composers and designers are going to collaborate and develop systems such as can warn drivers of dangers such as moose or a pedestrian near the car
- Such a system should be able to provide an indication to the driver that it is an object at the side of the road where a danger is associated. We will examine what is the best way to provide the driver with information about this, says Anders Ågren Professor of Engineering acoustics at Luleå University of Technology.
7 million SEK will fund "3D sound design" which is co-financed by automotive company Volvo and Swedish transport administration in the FFI program. The purpose of the "3D Sound Design" is to use sound to improve road safety and better driving environment and strengthen the Volvo brand. Engineering Acoustics is the research area of the project, but unique is that it works across multiple disciplines as composition, design and technical psychology. The latter is about how older drivers who have poorer working memory capacity can handle "right now" situations and the former how audio signals must be composed to convey the level of risk, urgency, type of information and brand identity.
- We are good at this, and unique in that we are connecting these topics with the acoustics, says Professor Anders Ågren.
It is to create sounds from ideas and holistic approach that musicians and composers have been linked to the project. It is about finding a design methodology for noise, similar to how designers visualize images, and develop tools that make it possible to sketch sound along with vehicle developers.
- We brought in musicians and composers who sketched, one can say, and then we developed visual and auditory interfaces that made it easy to communicate with users and decision makers in this process, says Arne Nykänen, researcher in Engineering Acoustics.
Researchers in the "3D sound design" will examine how communication with the driver shall be undertaken so that driving is as safe as possible. Is a sound to warn for e.g. moose in the vicinity of a vehicle, perhaps in combination with signals to other senses, the best way to provide the driver with information about a hazard and in what form and from which direction should the warning in this case come, are some of the research issues.
- One important aspect is to draw attention to important events in the environment without pulling it from other important things, to have balance and set the right level of warning, says Professor Anders Ågren.
In the researchers lab there is driving simulators which one under controlled conditions can test driving abilities while the test pilot perform other tasks of various kinds. Using these can measure how the performance is affected by diffrent noises. In a pilot study the researchers have demonstrated that it actually becomes a difference in performance depending on where you place the sounds.
- We will extend this pilot study to find effects of placement of the sound and so we are working on technology to virtually place the sounds in the room anywhere, even outside the car, says André Lundkvist, PhD, Dep. of Engineering acoustics at Luleå University of Technology.
The project "3D sound design" led by fr. left Researcher Arne Nykänen, Professor, Anders Ågren Andre Lundkvist PhD, all within the research topic of Technical Acoustics at Luleå University of Technology. Photo Leif Nyberg
Inside the LTU-acousticlab researchers are driving simulator in which the impact of different types of warning information and driving ability can be simulated. Photo Leif Nyberg


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We are the complete scientific consulting firm:
Aquatic Ecology Environmental Assessments EPA RBPs Fishery Studies Macroinvertebrate Identification Stream Management Environmental Economic Impact Studies Wetlands Biomonitoring
Eugene Macri is a nationally known aquatic ecologist and environmental scientist working out of Pennsylvania. He is a modern scientific river keeper. His scientific research and analysis has been sited in thousands of publications world wide including Fly Fisherman Magazine, The Philadelphia Inquirer, Chambersburg Public Opinion, Carlisle Sentinel, Associated Press Wire Services, Harrisburg Patriot, Johnstown Tribune Democrat and others. Mr. Macri works with industry, watershed groups, Trout Unlimited Chapters, fly fishing organizations, fishing clubs, state departments of natural resources, conservancies and individuals in researching, analyzing and protecting the nation's waters.
He was part of the landmark study with Dr. Jack Black, An Ecological Survey of Big Spring Creek with Emphasis on the Effects of Fish Hatchery Effluent, that was instrumental in the closure of the hatchery whose effluent destroyed one of the world's greatest Brook Trout limestone spring creeks in Cumberland County (Big Spring), Pennsylvania. The stream is now on its way to returning to its once famous heritage (click here for an article in the Bay Journal by Macri on this subject).
Eugene Macri is the one scientist they call when they want an objective scientific opinion, research and analysis that will stand up. He is a no compromise scientist and never takes short cuts in his research and studies. He is one of the few aquatic ecologists with expertise in both limestone spring creeks and AMD waters (acid mine drainage). Recently, he has done extensive research on the recovery of AMD streams.
Gene is also a well known illustrator, photographer and graphic artist. He is an acclaimed fly fisherman and member of the famed Letort Regulars. His well known interview with the late Charlie Fox was published by Stackpole Books in Limestone Legends. Feel free to contact him and visit our service page for the many types of work we do. Gene also has a nonprofit (The Last River and Gamekeeper; _URL_) that furnishes help to the public and sportsman. He has joined forces to help save and restore the Eastern Brook Trout with state and federal agencies (click here for an article from the Public Opinion on this story) and welcomes your comments.
©2006 All Rights Reserved E. Macri


ScalaKnol : Loan Pattern Revisited
Reading Time: 2 minutes
Here I am going to modify the loan pattern described in this article "Scala Knol : Understanding Load Pattern" .
Let us take an example from earlier blog, we have all used connections to get to the database and then we need to destroy the connection so that there are no leaks. OK, we can use the connection factory but let us assume that we do not have that for now. The general code would look like this
Here this is a higher order function which takes a function f as an argument. function f takes connection as an argument and returns Int.
f: Connection => Int
User just need to pass the above function in doLoanSqlCall factory method. Function executeMySqlFunction do not need to worry about the creating and deleting the connection. All these stuff would be handled by the method doLoanSqlCall.
Hence the call becomes
Example given in this article is excellent if function is not expected to return any other value but Integer. It is working fine in case of most of the insert or update operation where Sql operation returns Integer values.
What is a problem is this approach ?
There is a obvious scenario where data is fetched from database then a custom object is created and returned by the function.
Suppose you have to execute following jdbc code and return an object instead of Integer then above described loan pattern will not help you.
Here mysql function is taking Connection as an argument and returning any generic type. ( In this case it is returning Optiont[List[Int]] but it can return any generic type)
So, Function defination is as follows
Connection => R
Now we need a factory method which need to accept a function f: Connection => R , instead of f: Connection => Int. The modified version of doLoanSqlCall is as follows
This version of doLoanSqlCall method will take a function which takes connection as an argument and return Option of any generic type.
Use executeMySqlFunction as closure
Following example explains the practical way of using the loan pattern with the help of closure.
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Mayank is a polyglot programmer who believes in selecting the right tool for the job. He has more than 8-year experience in Java Platform. He has been a Scala enthusiast ever since he came to know this beautiful language in 2010. He has been developing enterprise applications on the reactive stack. He's a big fan of agile development, scalable software and elegant code. Mayank has extensive knowledge in a huge spectrum of areas of software, and the ability to dive deeply into a new technology and achieve expert level in no-time. He found fun to architect complex systems in the simplest way and quite handy in Design patterns, micro-services & DevOps technologies. On the personal front, he is a marathon runner, spiritual learner & yoga practitioner.


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Multimedia Turkey Art
Use straws and various craft materials to create a cool, textured turkey collage for Thanksgiving!
- Feathers Brown
- Red Fuzzy Sticks
- Watercolor Paint Palette
- Smoothie Straws: Yellow, Orange & Red
- Craft Glue or Hot Glue**May Require Adult Assistance
- Card Stock
|Step 1. Gather your materials. |
Download and print the provided template on to card stock. To download the template, simply click the "Template" button above.
Paint a watercolor layer so you know what colors will go where.
Cut a straw in half, then cut each half open.
Cut the straws into small, .5″ to 1″ pieces that curl, as shown.
Cover the snood (the red dangle off a turkey's face) with red straws.
Cut a large orange smoothie straw the same way as Steps 4 & 5.
Cover the turkey's beak and feet in orange straws.
To make the toes, we pulled the straws and glued them along the curves.
Cover the turkey's body in brown feathers.
Add eyes so the turkey can see.
Cut more yellow, orange and red straws the same way as Steps 4 & 5.
Glue the straw pieces onto their corresponding colors.
Cut red fuzzy sticks into about 3″ pieces.
Curl as shown.
Glue to the last red layer of the turkey's feathers.


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The United States Congress designated the Black Elk Wilderness (map
) in 1980 and it now has a total of 13,426 acres
All of this wilderness is located in South Dakota
and is managed by the Forest Service.
The Black Elk Wilderness lies in the center of the Black Hills National Forest in western South Dakota. The wilderness encompasses the Harney Range, an area long held sacred by American Indians. The wilderness is named after Black Elk, a Oglala Lakota holy man. It is the only wilderness in the Black Hills. Deer, elk, turkey, mountain lions and a number of bird species make their home among the rugged granite spires. The wilderness is surrounded by the 35,000 acre Norbeck Wildlife Preserve, managed for the benefit of wildlife and breeding birds. Trails weave through the wilderness for primitive, non-motorized recreation experience. Harney Peak Trail #9 is a concentrated use area, if you are seeking solitude use an alternative trail such as Lost Cabin #2 (National Recreation Trail) or Grizzly Bear Creek #7 to reach Harney Peak. These routes are longer but provide a greater solitude experience.


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When dealing with moduli spaces of, say connections or metrics, I am using the notions of Frechet spaces/manifolds/groups. I have become familiar with Banach manifolds (I think), but Frechet manifolds less so. In my studies, we want to apply the Inverse and Implicit Function Theorems, which work on Banach spaces, but apparently fail for Frechet spaces (and as a result we pass to Sobolev completions).
Why does it fail (intuitively), or why should I expect it to fail? What is the hinge that allows it to work for Banach but not Frechet? Do I have to do a lot more to get an analogous result in the land of Frechet? This should also help me see the differences between a Banach and Frechet manifold, because right now it seems subtle.
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I don't know if this helps, but one side effect of this is that submersions of Fréchet manifolds are defined not in terms of surjective maps of tangent spaces, but in terms of surjective - in fact split surjective - maps of charts. I image the fact not all onto maps of Fréchet spaces are (continuously!) split has a key part in this. – David Roberts Jun 29 '13 at 3:48
_USER_ Not all onto maps of Banach spaces are continuously split either. The quotient map $\ell^\infty \to \ell^\infty/c_0$ is not split, for example. – Loop Space Jun 29 '13 at 20:56
Ok strike that last comment then. (I've revealed my almost total ignorance of functional analysis, I hang my head in shame) – David Roberts Jun 29 '13 at 23:11
7 Answers 7
up vote 20 down vote accepted
The usual proof of the inverse function theorem in the setting of Banach spaces uses the Banach fixed point theorem. We cannot make sense of the Banach fixed point theorem in a Fréchet space, since a Fréchet space is merely metrizable: there is no preferred choice of metric. I do not know exactly how crucial the Banach fixed point theorem actually is for proving the inverse function theorem in Banach spaces. Hopefully someone can come along and explain whether this is really the "hinge" that makes the inverse function theorem work.
Since you say IFT "apparently" fails for Fréchet spaces, I'm guessing you haven't seen a counterexample. Let $C^\infty[-1,1]$ denote the Fréchet space of smooth real-valued functions on $[-1,1]$. Consider the smooth map $$P: C^\infty[-1,1] \longrightarrow C^\infty[-1,1],$$ $$f \mapsto f - xff'.$$ Now $$DP(f)g = g - xgf' - xfg',$$ so $DP(0) = I$. Since $P(0) = 0$, if the inverse function theorem holds then $P$ should be invertible in some neighborhood of $f = 0$, with $P^{-1}(0) = 0$. To see that this is not true, consider the family of functions $$g_n(x) = \frac{1}{n} + \frac{x^n}{n!}.$$ Now $g_n \longrightarrow 0$ in $C^\infty[-1,1]$, but we claim that $g_n$ is not in the image of $P$ for any $n$. To see this, write the power series expansion $$f(x) = a_0 + a_1x + a_2x^2 + a_3 x^3 + \cdots.$$ Then we have $$Pf(x) = a_0 + (1 - a_0)a_1 x + (a_2 - a_1^2 - 2a_0a_2)x^2 + (a_3 - 3a_1a_2 - 3a_0a_3)x^3 + \cdots.$$ Suppose $Pf(x) = g_n(x)$. Then $a_0 = \tfrac{1}{n}$, and an inductive argument shows that $a_1 = a_2 = \cdots = a_{n-1} = 0$, giving $$Pf(x) = \frac{1}{n} + (1 - na_0)a_nx^n + \cdots.$$ The order $n$ term is then zero, contradicting the fact that $Pf(x) = g_n(x)$. Hence $g_n$ does not lie in the image of $P$ for any $n$. Since $P(0) = 0$, $DP(0) = I$ is invertible, and $g_n \longrightarrow 0$, this provides a counterexample to the inverse function theorem.
The generalization of the inverse function theorem to Fréchet spaces is the Nash-Moser theorem. You need some much better conditions on the map $f$ you want to invert in this case: First, $f$ must be invertible in a neighborhood, not just at a single point. Second, the Fréchet spaces involved and $f$ must satisfy the technical condition of "tameness." Finally, the inverses of $f$ in the neighborhood of interest must also be tame. There are counterexamples to show that each of these extra conditions is necessary.
For an overview of the Nash-Moser theorem, see Hamilton's The inverse function theorem of Nash and Moser.
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Could you say how this example change for $C^1[-1,1]$? That is a Banach space after all. – Igor Khavkine Jun 29 '13 at 10:23
Then the target space is $C^0$, and the differential is no longer invertible (it is inclusion). – BS. Jun 29 '13 at 11:12
@ Henry T. Horton: To me, your argument only could show that the image under $P$ of the subset of analytic functions in $C^\infty([{-1},1])$ does not contain a neighbourhood of zero. – TaQ Jun 29 '13 at 14:11
The simplest counterexample: $C^\infty(\mathbb R)$ with compact $C^\infty$-topology. $F(f)= e^f$ has $DF(f)g = e^f.g$ which is invertible everywhere. But the image of $F$ is not open, it consists of all positive functions, whereas any nonempty open set of $C^\infty$ functions is controlled only on a compact subset of $\mathbb R$ and thus contains functions which are negative far off.
The intuition for an IFT to hold is: You have to generate enough Banach space situation around your equation by using special circumstances like a priori estimates for elliptic PDE's and smoothing operators that you can use Banach's fixed point theorem.
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It's worth pointing out that the same thing can be said about $C^0(\mathbb{R})$ with the compact-open topology. The Fréchet-ness of this space comes from the non-compactness of the domain $\mathbb{R}$ rather than from considering infinite differentiability. – Igor Khavkine Jun 29 '13 at 10:25
To my knowledge, the example of Peter Michor is essentially already in a classical article of James Eels, possibly "A setting for global analysis", Bulletin AMS 72 (5): 751–807. 1966. – TaQ Jun 29 '13 at 14:21
One point that seems important to me is the very definition of differential. To write a first-order Taylor formula $$\varphi(v+h) = \varphi(v)+D\varphi(v)\cdot h + o(h)$$ you have to define what $o(h)$ means, that is to be able to measure vectors uniformly over the space. In a Fréchet space, you cannot do that or rather, you can do that in too many different ways, so you define $D\varphi(v)$ by restricting to one-dimensional ones. But clearly for many differential calculus theorems, including local inversion, you would need uniformity in the $o(h)$.
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Originally I thought I understood this, but can you briefly clarify "you can measure vectors uniformly over the space in too many different ways"? – Chris Gerig Jun 30 '13 at 3:08
Assume your topology is derived from some metric $d$. Then $d^{1/2}$ is still a metric, with the same balls as before, in particular it induces the same topology. But now the quantitative meaning of $o(h)$ is not the same as before. This kind of manipulation of the metric is possible because we did not ask for positive homogeneity, contrary to Banach spaces. – Benoît Kloeckner Jun 30 '13 at 10:25
A natural (and perhaps surprising at first sight) source of counter-examples to IFT are the Fréchet-Lie groups of diffeomorphisms of smooth closed manifolds, and the exponential map from vector fields to diffeomorphisms (both smooth).
Even in the


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Extension > Garden > Diagnose a problem > What insect is this? > Insects found indoors > Winged Insects - 1/4 inch up to 1/2 inch > Meal moth
Jeff Hahn, University of Minnesota Extension
Description: 1/4 - 3/8 inch long; 3/4 - 1 inch. Dark reddish brown band across the top and bottom of the wings; also olive or yellowish green band, outlined by wavy white lines in the center; abdomen is typically curved up at a 90o angle when at rest.
Where/When: Meal moths are found indoors, especially in kitchens and other rooms where dried food products, such as cereal, pasta, dry pet food, bird seed, grain-based products, dried fruits, chocolate, nuts, and spices are found. These moths can be present all year.
Significance: Adults don't harm people or property. However larvae consume and contaminate dried food products.


Why do I hear trucks or voices on the cam?
If you hear voices, vehicles, etc., it is because this cavity is in the heart of our headquarters (see photo below; cavity at top of ladder). Children, adults, volunteers and researchers are frequently nearby participating in the entire range of activities offered at Starr Ranch. In any case, the owls are used to all this.
Comments are closed.


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In its never-ending quest to organize the world's information, Google started to digitize old editions from newspapers like Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, St. Petersburg Times, Today's News-Herald and make them available at Google News Archive.
"Today, we're launching an initiative to make more old newspapers accessible and searchable online by partnering with newspaper publishers to digitize millions of pages of news archives. This effort expands on the contributions of others who've already begun digitizing historical newspapers. In 2006, we started working with publications like the New York Times and the Washington Post to index existing digital archives and make them searchable via Google News Archive," explains Google Blog.
The newspapers digitized by Google are available for free in an interface similar to the one from Google Book Search. Unfortunately it's quite difficult to read articles, even though Google automatically detects headlines and centers the associated content.
Daily Dot on the pre-history of Tumblr
1 hour ago