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In re the Exxon Valdez case brief summary
Pre OPA case, 9th circuit
- The Exxon Valdez ran aground on Bligh Reef spilling oil.
- Exxon spent over $2 billion on efforts to remove the oil from the water.
- Exxon spent $300 million on voluntary settlements prior to any judgments being entered against it.
- Exxon agreed to pay $900 million to restore damaged natural resources to the state of Alaska and the US
- This is an appeal of a $5 billion punitive damages award arising out of the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
- The verdict in this case is for damage to economic expectations for commercial fishermen.
- The plaintiffs here were almost entirely compensated for their damages years ago.
- The punitive damages at issue were awarded to punish Exxon not to pay back the plaintiffs.
- Whether punitive damages should have been barred as a matter of law and
- Whether the award was excessive.
- There was a class action.
- This is not a case about environment. It's about commercial fisherman.
- Are punitive damages barred as a matter of law? NO.
- Reasoning: this is a different result than in the Southport case were the court concluded the opposite.
- The Clean water act says nothing about punitive damages.
Punitive damages Permissibility
- Exxon argues that punitive damages aren't traditionally allowable in admiralty law.
- A prior criminal sanction doesn't generally bar punitive damages.
- Because the court has not been aware of a principle of law pursuant to which they should strike punitive damages award on the ground that the conduct had already been sufficiently punished and deterred.
Punitive damages in Maritime Law
- In admiralty law, punitive damages sometimes are allowable and sometimes they are not.
- Although rarely imposed, punitive damages have long been recognized as an available remedy in general maritime actions where defendant's intentional or wanton and reckless conduct amounted to a conscious disregard of the right of others.
- Punitive damages are available under the general maritime law.
- Punitive damages are traditionally unavailable for breach of contract.
- The consent decree pursuant to which the case was settled states the $900 million is "compensatory and remedial" and none of the amounts are described as punitive.
- The punitive damages in this case are for harming the economic interests of commercial fishermen, the availability of fish to native subsistence fishermen and private land. As such, the harm and the punishment is distinct from the harm to the environment and natural resources.
Statutory preemption of common law → this is the Southport core decision
- Exxon argues that the common law punitive damages remedy has been preempted by the comprehensive scheme for oil spill remedies in the Clean Water Act.
- The issue should not be treated as waived. Exxon clearly and consistently argued statutory preemption as one of its theories for why punitive damages were barred as a matter of law and argued based on the Clean Water Act prior to entry of judgment.
- Because the issue is massive in its significance to the parties and is purely on of law, it would be inappropriate to treat it as waived in the ambiguous circumstances of the case.
- The better reading of the Clean Water Act is that it doesn't preclude a private remedy for punitive damages.
- Where a private remedy does not interfere with administrative judgments and does not conflict with the statutory scheme, a statute providing a comprehensive scheme of public remedies need not be read to preempt a preexisting common law private remedy.
- The absence of any private right of action in the Act for damage from oil pollution may more reasonably be construed as leaving private claims alone than as implicitly destroying them.
- Miles case → it doesn't support Exxon's argument (different decision than in South Port). It says that Miles was about wrongful death case.
- The Clean Water Act doesn't preempt a private right of action for punitive as well as compensatory damages for damage to private rights / The Clean Water act doesn't preempt the right to punitive damages.
Rest of the case are the rules for allowing punitive damages (this isn't admiralty law as such)
Standard of Proof
- The standard of proof in maritime cases is preponderance of evidence as opposed to clear and convincing evidence required in instances as habeas corpus and deportation.
- Exxon argues that the district court erroneously instructed the jury that it could impose punitive damages on Exxon even if all the recklessness was by its employee Captain Hazelwood rather than by Exxon itself. The instructions said that "a corporation is not responsible for the reckless acts of all of its employees" but for "those employees who are employed in a managerial capacity while acting in the scope of their employment".
- The appellate court follows the of Protectus Alpha which says that punitive damages can be awarded against a principal for an agent's torts, not only where they are authorized, ratified or approved and not only where the agent wax unfit and the principal was reckless in employing him, but also where he was "employed in a managerial capacity and was acting in the scope of employment".
- The court affirms the punitive damages judgment because the foreman was a managerial employee acting within the scope of his employment and had discretion in what he did.
Sufficiency of Evidence:
- Exxon argues that there was insufficient evidence for the jury to award punitive damages against the Captain or against Exxon for the captain's conduct.
- There was sufficient evidence supported by testimony, exhibits and reasonable inferences from them.
Amount of the Punitive Damages Award:
- The jury awarded $5 billion in punitive damages against Exxon (as well as $5,000 in punitive damages against the captain). At the time it was the largest punitive damages award in American history.
- Exxon challenges the $5 billion award as excessive.
- The punitive damages amount is about one year's net profits for the entire world-wide operations of Exxon, and the jury may well have decided that for such egregious conduct the company responsible ought to have a year without profit.
- Before Motor v. Oberg the court would not disturb punitive damage awards unless it appeared that the jury was influenced by passion or prejudice. However, as explained in Ace v Aetna, under Oberg the court must consider whether punitive damages award passes "muster under federal due process analysis" in addition to reviewing whether the vidence is sufficient as a matter of law to support the award.
- The test of whether a punitive damages award survives review cannot be merely whether there is any evidence to support it, under Oberg.
- Two critical Supreme Court opinions decided after the district court's decision in this case, have expanded the way courts review constitutional challenges to large punitive damage awards.
- In BMW v Gore the court held that $4 million in punitive damages award was unconstitutional because the defendant lacked fair notice that such a severe award would be imposed (if it was so grossly excessive that the defendant lacked fair notice that it would be imposed). In concluding the award violated the Cue Process Clause, the court established three guideposts for courts to use in determining whether a punitive damage award is grossly excessive:
- The reprehensibility of the defendant's conduct
- The ration of the award to the harm inflicted on the plaintiff
- The difference between the award and the civil or criminal penalties in comparable cases.
- The Supreme Court reaffirmed the importance of BMW in Cooper v Leatherman – this time the courts said that considerations of institutional competence weigh in favor of independent appellate review. "Courts of appeal should apply a de novo standard of review when passing on districts courts' determinations of the constitutionality of punitive damages awards.
- In this case Exxon did not raise any direct constitutional challenges to the amount of the award until after the judgment. Therefore, the court has no constitutional analysis to which exercise any de novo review.
- The court remands the district court to consider the constitutionality of the amount of the award in light of the guidespots established in BMW.
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The Bacteria and the Formed Elements in the Urine in Normal Pregnancy *
By J. W. Hirshfeld, D. C. Leary and W. R. Foote
Topics: Articles
OAI identifier:
Provided by: PubMed Central
Suggested articles
 1. (1928). A bacteriologic study of the puerperal bladder.
 2. (1932). A clinical address on the importance of examining the urine bacteriologically. Guy's Hosp. Rep.,
 3. (1923). A contribution to the study of pyelitis in pregnancy.
 4. (1908). Acute and chronic infection of the urinary tract due to Bacillus coli. Lancet,
 5. (1905). Die Pyelonephritis Gravidarum et Puerperarum.
 6. Engelhorn: Ueber Pyelitis in der Schwangerschaft.
 7. (1928). Factors predisposing to pyelitis in pregnancy.
 8. (1930). Investigation of the bacterial content of the urine in normal pregnancy.
 9. (1916). Pyelitis of pregnancy with especial reference to its etiology.
 10. (1936). The microscopic and bacteriologic study of urine of obstetric patients.
 11. (1937). The relationship between infected urine and the etiology of pyelitis in pregnancy.
 12. Ueber den Keimgehalt des Urins Schwangerer.
 13. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Aetiologie der Schwangerschaftspyelitis.


consume more CPU resources. Consider reducing the number of cameras or using sub-streams for lower CPU usage.
- Optimize motion detection settings: Fine-tuning the sensitivity and areas of motion detection can help reduce false alerts and lower CPU usage.
3. What are the recommended hardware requirements for Blue Iris?
The recommended hardware requirements for Blue Iris depend on several factors, including the number of cameras, video quality, and desired performance. However, the following are general recommendations:
- Quad-core processor: A powerful processor with multiple cores can handle the video processing and encoding tasks efficiently.
- Sufficient RAM: Blue Iris recommends a minimum of 2GB RAM for optimal performance. However, for larger setups or higher video quality, more RAM may be necessary.
- Dedicated graphics card: A dedicated GPU can offload the video decoding and improve overall performance.
- Fast storage: SSD storage can enhance the read and write speeds, reducing the load on the CPU.
4. Can I run Blue Iris on a low-end system?
While it is possible to run Blue Iris on a low-end system, the performance may be compromised. Low-end systems may struggle to handle the processing requirements of multiple cameras and high-quality video feeds, resulting in increased CPU usage and potential performance issues.
If you plan to run Blue Iris on a low-end system, consider reducing the number of cameras or lowering the video resolution to alleviate the CPU load. However, for optimal performance and smooth operation, it is recommended to use a system that meets the recommended hardware requirements.
5. Can I optimize Blue Iris for better CPU performance?
Yes, there are several ways to optimize Blue Iris for better CPU performance:
- Update to the latest version: Blue Iris releases updates that often include optimizations and performance improvements.
- Enable hardware acceleration: Utilize hardware acceleration features if your system supports it. This offloads some of the video processing tasks from the CPU to dedicated hardware, reducing CPU usage.
- Fine-tune alert triggers: Adjust the alert-triggering settings to minimize false alerts, reducing unnecessary CPU usage.
- Regularly maintain and check your system: Ensure that your Blue Iris system is properly updated, hardware components are functioning correctly, and there are no conflicting processes or software that may impact CPU usage.
In conclusion, the Blue Iris CPU usage factor is a crucial aspect to consider when using the Blue Iris video surveillance software. It determines the efficiency and performance of the system, ensuring smooth operation and real-time processing of video feeds.
By measuring and optimizing the CPU usage, users can maximize the potential of Blue Iris and minimize system slowdowns or crashes. It is essential to monitor CPU usage regularly and take necessary steps such as upgrading hardware or adjusting settings to ensure the smooth functioning of the software.


Is being vegan bad for my teeth?
Home / Brisbane / Is being vegan bad for my teeth?
Veganism is growing in Australia and sales of vegan-friendly foods have soared over the past five years while beef and lamb sales have stalled and is predicted to start going downhill.
A vegan or vegetarian diet is good for your health. However, if you are a vegan, you need to be careful because your diet could cause your bones, including your teeth, to get weaker.
A study published by The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition has found vegetarians are much more likely to suffer from tooth decay, more acidic salivary (spit) pH levels, and lower stimulated saliva flow than non-vegetarians.
A study titled "Oral Implications of the Vegan Diet" assessed 15 subjects who had been on a vegan diet for at least 18 months and compared their oral health with 15 subjects who were on omnivorous diets. The results showed there was a greater incidence of demineralization in the teeth of the vegan group as compared to the omnivores. Saliva pH was also at a preferable level among the omnivores.
While this study is still at an early stage, it suggests that vegans are much more likely to have poorer dental health than non-vegans. So how can a person who is following a vegan or vegetarian diet protect himself or herself from the effects of their diet on their oral health?
Below are some of the main precautions you need to take if you are a vegan.
A vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to gum disease and eventually tooth loss. Plants do not provide adequate B12, so you need to consume B12-fortified cereals, yeasts, plant milks, and soy products. However, these may not provide you enough B12, and you may need to take supplements to keep up your oral health. The Vegan Society has helpful information on recommended amounts of supplements.
Remineralisation is a process which happens when essential minerals that support hardened and healthy enamel are resupplied to the tooth after loss caused by acid erosion. Remineralisation is helped through foods such as cheese, meat and milk. Nuts and leafy greens also help to a certain extent.
Non-vegan or vegetarians can supplement through dairy choices. For vegans who do not follow a dairy diet, the best remineralising foods can be supplemented below:
For calcium, which strengthens tooth enamel and builds strong teeth, eat beans and legumes including black-eyed peas and lentils; leafy greens such as broccoli, collard greens, kale, and spinach; almonds; and calcium-added orange juice or vegan milks such as almond, rice, or soy milk.
You can also keep your teeth strong by eating foods that contain potassium, which controls acid levels within your blood. Without this control, excess acid may deplete calcium levels within your bones and teeth. Good vegan sources of potassium include avocadoes, bananas, potatoes, prunes, sweet potatoes, swiss chard, and tomatoes.
For vitamin D, which helps your body absorb calcium (thus contributing to healthy teeth), good vegan sources are fortified cereal and portabella mushrooms. You can also help your body make vitamin D naturally when you go outside in the sun; just remember to wear sunscreen! You may also wish to consider taking vitamin D or combination calcium/vitamin D supplements.
Phosphorus rebuilds your tooth enamel, and you can get it from vegan foods such as lentils, pumpkin seeds, and soybeans.
The amino acid arginine, which is found in meat, poultry, fish, and dairy helps to prevent cavities and gum disease by breaking down dental plaque. While arginine is found in higher quantities in meat, vegan sources of arginine include chickpeas, lentils, and soybeans, peanuts and pumpkin seeds.
For good oral health, your body needs enough calcium to support healthy teeth and gums. Vegans need to supplement their diet with plenty of plant sources that contain calcium such as almonds, leafy greens and beans as well as fortified vegan milks such as almond, soy and rice.
Continual snacking provides an environment for bacteria to thrive and attack your tooth's enamel. Vegans may be more prone to frequent snacking to meet their body's need for energy.
Vitamin A keeps your mucous membranes healthy and helps prevent dry mouth. Excellent sources of vitamin A are bright orange foods such as apricots, cantaloupe, carrots, pumpkin, and sweet potatoes. Leafy green foods including collard greens, kale, and spinach are also great sources of vitamin A.
Your body heals most easily when you have enough intake of vitamin K. Without enough of this vitamin, you may bleed more easily, and it can take longer to heal after an injury or surgery. You can boost your body's healing processes by eating green vegetables including broccoli, brussels sprouts, collard greens, kale, parsley, and spinach – all great sources of vitamin K.
If you're eating a vegan diet with small amounts of protein and fat, you may find that you need snacks to keep up your energy during the day. Sugary and starchy foods (such as bread, cereal, crackers, muffins, pasta, and rice) can feed the bacteria in your mouth that cause tooth decay. Try instead to choose non-sugary snack foods that will replenish your energy, such as nuts, seeds, tofu, and vegetables.
After you eat, take 20 seconds to rinse your mouth vigorously with water to help eliminate leftover food particles and acid. Floss your teeth daily and brush them twice a day for two minutes each time and schedule regular teeth cleanings and dental check-ups. Your oral health is part of your overall health!
If you are a vegan or vegetarian, you need to be mindful of certain key nutrients that you may need to focus on or supplement in your diet. Following the above tips will help you protect yourself from the effects of your diet and to keep your dental health in tip-top shape!
Want to book a consultation? Call our friendly team on 3390 6100 or email us for more information on General Dentistry or Cosmetic Dentistry. Or click here to book your appointment.
Source: Compiled from websites.
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Another common way to represent graphs is to use incidence matrices. Let be an undirected graph. Suppose that are the vertices and are the edges of G. Then the incidence matrix with respect to this ordering of V and E is the matrix, where.
Example. Represent the graph shown in Figure below with an incidence matrix.
Solution: e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6
Incidence matrices can also be used to represent multiple edges and loops. Multiple edges are represented in the incidence matrix using columns with identical entries, since these edges are incident with the same pair of vertices. Loops are represented using a column with exactly one entry equal to 1, corresponding to the vertex that is incident with this loop.
Example. Represent the pseudograph shown in Figure below using an incidence matrix.
Solution: e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 e8
Date: 2015-01-02; view: 1074

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Up your bilingual recruiting game
How credit unions can recruit bilingual talent
Many credit unions are actively recruiting bilingual talent at all levels (from tellers all the way to the executive suite!) to better serve their linguistically diverse members. However, they are facing the same problem that other organizations face: that hiring and recruiting bilingual talent is challenging. By taking the following steps, your credit union will be able to save time, effort, and money, all while ensuring the most qualified bilingual talent serves your members and effectively communicates your credit union's value to the community.
Step One: Revise Your Bilingual Talent Strategy
Some credit unions think they can just hire a couple of Spanish speaking tellers and they are good. Understanding the language needs of your members and of your community (if you want to grow) is crucial. Do a comprehensive analysis to the commonly spoken languages in your area. While many areas have large Spanish speaking populations, don't just assume Spanish is the only language of your community. Try to figure out or estimate how many members or potential members have limited English proficiency and develop a plan to hire enough bilingual talent to serve them. For example, if 25% of your members speak primarily Spanish, then you should consider having at least 25% of your staff be fluent in Spanish and ensure that you have personnel to provide services such as mortgage lending, business lending, investments, etc. in Spanish. If not, your credit union could have a "gap" or "deficiency" where it cannot effectively serve its members due to the language barrier.
Step Two: Provide Detailed Language Qualifications in Job Postings
I have seen countless job postings for bilingual postings where the technical skills are clearly defined, but there is one very small line stating "bilingual (English/Spanish)". It was clear whoever created the job post had no real idea about the bilingual part of the job. If the language skill matters, then you do need to include detailed language qualifications and specifics for how the language will be used on the job. Explain how the candidate will utilize reading, listening, speaking, and writing skills in that language. Will the candidate be expected to translate mortgage documents into Spanish? Will the candidate be helping Mandarin speakers open member accounts? Will the candidate be a community liaison into the local Polish community?
Also, if being bilingual is truly a major component of the job, then bilingual skills should be heavily weighted in the decision process. Don't just say bilingual skills are required, make it required. Many credit unions place a surprisingly low weight on the bilingual skills, which puts the credit union at risk of hiring an unqualified (from the languages aspect) candidate. In however way your credit union weighs qualifications, make sure bilingual skills are either the biggest or one of the biggest factors in making a hiring decision.
Ask that when a candidate applies, that they demonstrate proof or explain why they are qualified for the role from a language perspective. Can the candidate prove the targeted language is their native language? If not, can they demonstrate they studied the language or have extensive work experience in the language? You must make sure the candidate's language skills are just as strong as their technical skills.
Step Three: Initial Language Screening
Languages are one of the most difficult skills to verify in the recruiting process. Few people who are bilingual have credentials that prove it. Often candidates develop the skill through years of study and practice. That is why it is so crucial to conduct an initial screen of the job candidate's language abilities. Unfortunately, some candidates, intentionally or unintentionally, claim to be bilingual when they really are not. Just because someone took a year or two of high school language courses or downloaded the Duolingo app doesn't mean they're qualified for a bilingual position.
Therefore, I suggest that credit unions implement an initial screening process so that they can identify the candidates with strong language skills for further consideration and eliminate the ones with weaker language skills. Some companies develop their own ad-hoc language screening processes, but these often consume valuable time and effort. ECLPS360 offers the Enterprise Cultural & Language Proficiency Screener (ECLPS), which is a platform where job candidates can take an automated assessment in either English, Spanish, French, Mandarin, Arabic, or Russian.
Step Four: Final Screening
After a small group of finalists have been identified, I highly recommend that an additional and more precise screening of the candidates take place, especially if it is a position where the language skills are critical. This level of screening is more intensive, and expensive, than then ECLPS described above, which is why it should be deployed at this late stage. Language Testing International, offers language assessments developed by ACTFL, the leading organization that advocates for the teaching and learning of languages. Not only will the candidate receive a nice credential in the form of a certificate, but the results will help make the final decision.
Don't look at the ECLPS and LTI assessments as a cost, but as an investment. In the same way you pay to inspect a home before buying it to uncover major issues, you should invest in effective screening methods to ensure the bilingual candidates are truly qualified. Hiring an unqualified bilingual candidate will cost your credit union far more than the screening and assessment costs.
Step 5: Retain & Develop the Bilingual Talent
Building the proper workforce does not end when the candidate joins the credit union. Make sure that you retain that talent (as they are in high demand and hard to find!) to serve your credit union for years to come. Just like with many other technical skills, look for professional development opportunities focused on the language. If you feel that a member of your team has room to improve their language skills, seek opportunities to raise their language skills and the investment will soon payoff.
Now you have a basic overview on how to improve the bilingual recruiting process at your credit union. Every credit union should have bilingual talent on their team to serve an America that is increasingly globally minded and diverse. Plus, that bilingual talent is the first step in gaining a competitive advantage over your competition and opening new markets for growth. I am also available to speak to and consult credit unions and industry associations about this topic.
Luis A. Valdez-Jimenez
Luis A. Valdez-Jimenez
Luis A. Valdez-Jimenez, Esq. MBA, is the Secretary of the Board of Directors for 360 Federal Credit Union. He is passionate about helping credit unions recruit young & diverse board... Web: _URL_ Details
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As you may have noticed when starting up the new Software Provisioning Manager SP20, a Web-Browser Window opens instead of the well known STD GUI.
The new Browser based User Interface (or SL Common UI as it is also called) is the default GUI for Software Provisioning Manager as of SP20.
The following questions may arise when facing the new Browser based you:
- How do I get the parameter list view with the new UI?
- What is the difference between the "old" SDT GUI and the new Web UI?
- How does the new Help functionality on field level work?
- How does the Logfile View and Task View in Web Browser Window work
- How can I follow an installation with Web Browser from a different machine?
- How can I start Software Provisioning Manager SP20 with the "old" SDT GUI?
I produced the following small video that demonstrates some nice functionality of the new Browser based UI and gives answers to the above questions:
Screenshot from old SDT GUI:
Screenshot from new Browser based UI:


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St. Columbanus School is a faith community in which students, Preschool to Grade 8, are encouraged to develop their intellectual, emotional, spiritual, social and physical gifts to their fullest potential.
Students are taught Christian prinicples to guide them in making moral decisions as they live out their Christian role of service in the global community.
We, the faculty and staff of St. Columbanus School, guide our students in their spiritual, intellectual, physical and social growth.
We provide an academically demanding curriculum in a nurturing Catholic environment that encourages and aids each student to develop his/her intellect to its full potential.
Our religious purpose is to educate the whole child based on the Gospel values and to foster growth in their faith journey to become more like Christ.
We understand that discipleship is ministry of care, encouragement and love.
We seek to express our faith to those outside our school community through word and action.
- Top Ranked NY School
- Grades: Prekindergarten-8
- Enrollment: 222 students
- Average class size: 20 students
- Application Deadline: None / Rolling
- Source: Verified school update
St. Columbanus School ranks among the top 20% of private schools in New York for:
School Membership(s)School Assoc.
Student Body Type
% Students of Color
State avg.: 40%
Students by Grade
Academics and Faculty
Total Classroom Teachers
Student : Teacher Ratio
National avg.: 13:1
% Faculty w/Advanced Degree
Average Class Size
Classroom Dress Code
Tuition and Acceptance Rate
None / Rolling
Mrs. Kathleen Nertney
Total ExtracurricularsTotal Extra-curric.
Band (Tuesday afternoons)
Source: Verified school update
Frequently Asked Questions
What is St. Columbanus School's ranking?
St. Columbanus School ranks among the top 20% of private schools in New York for: Highest percentage of faculty with advanced degrees.
When is the application deadline for St. Columbanus School?
The application deadline for St. Columbanus School is rolling (applications are reviewed as they are received year-round).
View the St. Columbanus School yearly calendar below.
Endorse St. Columbanus School. Endorsements should be a few sentences in length. Please include any comments on:
- Quality of academic programs, teachers, and facilities
- Availability of music, art, sports and other extracurricular activities
- Academic or athletic awards
Making Social Media Work for Your School
An introduction to using Facebook, YouTube and Pinterest to promote your school.
SEO for Private Schools - Part 3: Using Social Media
Social media for private K-12 schools is a bit different from social media for businesses. Some tips and strategies here.
The Pros and Cons of Teaching Overseas
Hundreds of private schools, and for that matter, public schools, outside the United States will be happy to have you as a teacher for a few years.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Principal Proposed Uses
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases
- Poor Digestion
The Latin name of elecampane comes from Helen of Troy, who was supposed to have carried elecampane with her while being abducted from Sparta. Revered by the ancient Greeks and Romans, this herb was recommended for treating such diverse problems as indigestion, melancholy, sciatica, bronchitis, and asthma.
What Is Elecampane Used for Today?
Some modern herbalists regard elecampane as a long-term treatment for respiratory diseases such as asthma and bronchitis, especially when excessive mucus is a notable feature. However, there is no real evidence that it is effective for this purpose.
Elecampane is also sometimes recommended as a daily supplement to improve general digestion.
A typical dosage of elecampane root is 1.5 to 4 g 3 times daily, either in capsule form or boiled in water as tea.
The only reported adverse effects of elecampane are occasional allergic reactions. However, safety in young children, pregnant or nursing women, or those with severe liver or kidney disease has not been established.
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 07/2012 -
- Update Date: 07/25/2012 -

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Jordan suffers summer of water shortages
Jun 28 2021
Jordanians face the country's worse water shortage in almost a decade due to the combined effect of weak rainfall and water overuse during COVID-19 lockdowns.
The arid country had only 60 per cent of the rainfall it usually gets between October 2020 and May 2021, leaving its four dams only 45 per cent full, official figures show.
At the same time, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic raised demand for water by between 10 and 40 per cent, amid lockdowns and increased handwashing, a report by the Economic and Social Council of Jordan says.
Jordan's Minister of Water and Irrigation, Muhammad Al-Najjar, blames the mismanagement of water resources in 2020 for the critical situation.
"The kingdom witnessed an excellent rainy season [last year], and a number of dams reached their full storage capacity, but we mishandled what was stored, and we did not anticipate the possibility that the year 2021 would be dry.
"In fact, we wasted water by providing farmers with large additional quantities of irrigation, above their approved quota."
The ministry urged citizens to cut down their water consumption. But many residents have had enough of the strain on resources and disruption to water supplies. Fadi Abu Qura, who lives in the Tla' Al-Ali suburb of the capital, Amman, told SciDev.Net: "We always live in a water crisis, and I don't know where all the rains go.
"We haven't received sufficient quantities of water since last February, and we no longer know what day the water will come."
Fadi Abu Qura, Amman resident


Popularly known as seethaphal in India, custard apples mainly belong to the sub-tropical Annonaceae group of trees. A fruit with high nutritional benefits, custard apple is considered highly beneficial for an expecting woman. This soft and fresh fruit contains a sweet flavor and measures around 8 to 16 cm in dimension. Available in more than one color, the shape of the fruit is heart-shaped, spherical or even unusual at times. The thicker creamy flesh of the fruit has been held high since ages for the pregnant women. An expecting mother is often prescribed to have this fruit on a regular course as it is a very rich source of all kinds of nutrients.
A note on nutritional value of custard apple during pregnancy:
We all know that would-be mothers are prescribed diets that are healthy, hygienic and safe at large. They can hardly grab a bite on much mouth-watering stuff that could be harmful for the baby inside. Seethaphal or custard apple is an ideal fruit for them for its enriched taste and nutritional value. The fruit is often recommended as part of a balanced diet for everyone. So far, as nutritious foods are better for all of us, we can eat this fresh creamy fruit for its overall benefits.
Custard apple is stuffed with all required nutrients like vitamins, minerals, protein, carbs, fiber and essential fats. This is a single source of so many nutrients altogether which is why it is mainly recommended for an expecting woman. Seethaphal is available easily all around, and is inexpensive when compared to others.
Vitamin A and C:
Vitamin A and C in custard apple is brilliant for the skin, eyes, hair and body tissues of the fetus inside the womb. It has been found that eating custard apple helps to build the brain nerves of the fetus. Regular consumption of this sub-tropical fruit is good for the growth of the baby. In addition to this, the fruit is equally beneficial for the mother as it is for the child.
Calories:
Custard apple is higher in calories, when compared to other fruits. However, they certainly make an ideal choice for the expecting mothers who require those extra calories for their existing physical condition.
Fiber:
The high fiber amount of custard apple helps them in fighting with constipation, which is a common condition for many pregnant women.
Antioxidants:
The fruit is also an excellent source of antioxidants. Therefore, it helps to remove the toxins from the body successfully.
How is eating custard apple during pregnancy beneficial?
Custard apple is a miracle fruit during pregnancy. It is stuffed with plenty of nutritional benefits that come to help collectively. For its manifold nutritional attributes, the fruit is considered best for the pregnant woman. Eating a custard apple daily along with other food stuffs will surely help a would-be mother in giving birth to a healthy child.
[ Read: Passion Fruit Benefits ]
Benefits of custard apple during pregnancy:
Custard apple's benefits for the fetus:
 - Custard apple helps in developing the brain of the fetus.
 - It also develops the nerves and immune system of the baby effectively.
 - Regular consumption of custard apple reduces the risk of miscarriage during pregnancy.
In addition, it also minimizes the extent of labor pain during childbirth. Experts believe that seethaphal can be an ideal alternative for milk. Therefore, it makes the perfect choice for those who are allergic to dairy products. Regular consumption of custard apple during pregnancy is best for the creation of breast milk as well.
[ Read: Uses of Peppermint ]
Custard apple's benefits for the expecting mother:
Custard apple is equally beneficial for the expecting mother as it is for the child.
 - It helps women to cope up with morning sickness as a result of being the finest source of antioxidants.
 - It also helps to fight nausea, numbness, mood swings and food cravings during pregnancy.
Therefore, eating custard apple during pregnancy can be beneficial from all ways around.
[ Read: Kiwi Fruit Benefits During Pregnancy ]
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A Conceptual Overview of Surface and Near‑Surface Brines and Evaporite Minerals
Publication year: 2021
Number of pages: 37
Warren W. Wood – Michigan State University, USA
Updated: 11 January 2022
Although few of us will personally experience the arid environments discussed in this book, these terrains cover nearly 20% of the continental surface of the Earth. They form in response to a combination of arid or semi-arid climate and a topography that results in the pervasive formation of brine and associated mineral deposits. The salts originate as dissolved solids in the rainfall and from the weathering of minerals as the rain infiltrates in the uplands and flows as groundwater to discharge in the lowlands where salt accumulates. The story sounds simple but understanding the formation of the mineral species and solutes within the hydrologic landscape is complex. The minerals that develop are a function of the input of dissolved constituents, leakage of solutes from the basin, thermodynamic state of the brines, water vapor content of the atmosphere, and the dynamic interplay between hydrology and thermodynamics with varying temperature driving the resulting mineral assemblages.


text:
Mon June 25, 2012
Greek Workers Find Ancient Highway In Subway Dig
A Greek city's new subway project has led to the discovery of an ancient road made of marble that was laid nearly 2,000 years ago. The road in Thessaloniki is made of paving stones that show signs of use by both horse-drawn carriages and local children, the AP reports.
Archaeologists tell the news agency that the discovery in Greece's second-largest city unearthed a 230-foot section of an ancient road that was built by Romans. They believe it was a main thoroughfare for the city, some 1,800 years ago. The road's path is roughly mirrored by an existing road in the city.
Portions of the road were shown to the public Monday. The surface of some large stones bore ruts from carts; others seemed to have been used to play board games.
The city reportedly plans to display it in a part of the subway system when it opens. Archaeologists also found a Greek-built road beneath the Roman-built surface. They estimate it to date from 2,300 years ago.
It was Thessaloniki's second brush with history in a week. On Friday, workers found a six-foot torpedo buried along a busy coastal highway along a waterfront that's being renovated. The torpedo was removed without incident.


text:
Part of Speech: Verb, transitive
Meaning: To insert into at various points, especially in a series, as to intercalate graphics at appropriate points in a book
Notes: Today's Good Word is obviously a perfectly formed Latin borrowing and so has the usual panoply of derivations: the noun is intercalation and the adjective, intercalary, as February has an intercalary day every four years (Leap Year).
In Play: Because of this word's close association with calendars, it is particularly fit to express the insertion of periods: "Maybe we should intercalate a few more vacation days into the schedule to reduce the stress levels of the crew." It is a good word to toss at a verbal bully who doesn't let any one else speak. "If I could just intercalate my own opinion," just might suffice to send him or her to a dictionary, allowing you time to express yourself.
Word History: Today's Good Word is based on the past participle (intercalatus) of the Latin verb intercalare "to proclaim", made up of inter "between, among" + calare "to call". This verb also contains the stem calendar is based on, calendarium, an account book whose name is based on calends, the first day of the month, when accounts were due and called in in ancient Rome. The original meaning of intercalate was to add days to the calendar to make it more accurate. (David Staebler suggested that we intercalate this interesting word among the Good Words of our series.)
Come visit our website at for more Good Words and other language resources!


text:
Continuous sealing machine for sale
- 1. What is a continuous sealing machine
- 2. How does a continuous band sealer work
- 3. Machine parameters
- 4. What kind of bags can the continuous band sealer be used to seal
- 5. The structure of the continuous sealing machine
- 6. The details of the continuous band sealer
- 7. Why do we need a continuous sealing machine
What is a continuous sealing machine
A continuous sealing machine is used to seal bags of powders, granules, liquids, etc. This band sealer is novel in structure, simple in operation, and complete in function, pushing and sealing at one time. It has a high degree of automation, which can significantly reduce the workload of workers.
How does a continuous band sealer work
|Maximum load of conveyor table||10kg|
What kind of bags can the continuous band sealer be used to seal
In fact, our machines are suitable for sealing thermoplastic materials (PP, PE, laminates) of any size and length. We offer both horizontal band sealers (where the bag is flat on the conveyor belt) and vertical band sealers (where the bag is in a standing position on the conveyor belt). Our band sealers can be used in a wide range of applications and industries, such as pharmaceutical, food, agriculture, daily chemical, etc. Besides, you also should notice the bags used for the vacuum sealer, granule packaging machine for 5-50kg.
The structure of the continuous sealing machine
The details of the continuous band sealer
Why do we need a continuous sealing machine
In Taizy Company, our continuous sealing machine has the following advantages:
- The body is made of stainless steel, with beautiful appearance and strong stability. Small machine size makes it easy to maintain and portable.
- The operation panel is simple and easy to operate, and the temperature can be adjusted at any time.
- The heating block and cooling block of the machine are made of pure copper block. The pure copper heating block makes the bag sealing area heated evenly, and the cooling block dissipates heat with cold air to help the sealing set quickly. By the way, the heating block is attached with a heat insulation cloth, so there is no need to worry about the melting of the bag due to the high temperature.
- The metal embossing wheel seal is firm and beautiful, and the pattern is clear and the indentation is flat. Ink wheel with printing wheel can meet the manufacturers' needs for printing the production date and shelf life, etc.


text:
Food intake assessment in acutely ill older internal medicine patients.
Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2019 Jul 22;:
Authors: Tonkikh O, Shadmi E, Zisberg A
AIM: Poor food intake is a major concern among hospitalized older adults. This study investigated the frequency and optimal timing of in-hospital food intake assessment in terms of its ability to predict hospitalization functional outcomes.
METHODS: Secondary analysis of a cohort study of 699 older adults (age ≥70 years) admitted to internal medicine wards for non-disabling conditions was carried out. Daily food intake was assessed using self-reported estimation of portions consumed at each meal and calculated according to the caloric composition of the meals. Nutritional status on admission, baseline and discharge activities of daily living, and cognitive status were assessed using validated questionnaires. Repeated measures analysis of variance (n = 263) and multiple logistic regression models (n = 475) for predicting activities of daily living and cognitive decline were used to establish required frequency and optimal timing of food-intake monitoring.
RESULTS: Mean daily intake significantly increased from the first 48 h from admission (0.51 ± 0.30) to the second and third assessments (0.62 ± 0.30 and 0.63 ± 0.30, respectively). Eating half or less of the served meals both within the first 48 h of admission and after 48 h was associated with higher odds of cognitive decline (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.27-2.94; OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.04-2.51, respectively). Low intake after 48 h of admission was associated with higher odds of activities of daily living decline (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.03-2.67).
CONCLUSIONS: Food intake increases from the first 48 h of admission onwards and becomes more consistent 3 days after admission. The associations between low food intake at various time points and worse functional outcomes show the importance of routine food intake monitoring for at least 3 days. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; ••: ••-••.
PMID: 31332926 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]


text:
Shimla, July 2 : The mountainous state of Himachal Pradesh is going to showcase and adapt drones in a bigger way to facilitate disaster management, supervision of electricity supply lines, agriculture, horticulture and healthcare, besides road surface condition monitoring.
To explore latest advancements, showcase success stories and shape the future of drones in various sectors, the state Department of Digital Technologies and Governance is organising a two-day event at Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya (CSKHPKV) in Palampur in Kangra district on July 4-5.
The inaugural session of the conclave will be presided over by Chief Minister Sukhvinder Sukhu. The event aims to explore the diverse applications of drone technology in various sectors like governance, law enforcement, disaster management, agriculture and forest management, tourism, infrastructure development and management and exploring career opportunities, a government spokesperson told IANS.
The conclave brings together industry leaders, experts, academia and stakeholders to foster knowledge exchange and collaboration in the rapidly evolving field of drones.
During the inaugural session, topics like the current scenario of drone technology in Himachal Pradesh, and the role of drone technology in governance will be highlighted.
The conclave will also be addressed by Chief Secretary Prabodh Saxena, Principal Secretary (Industries) R.D. Nazeem, Secretary (IT) Abhishek Jain, among other guests. The first panel discussion will focus on the career opportunities for the youth in drone technologies. It will delve into the increasing drone usage and manufacturing capabilities, highlighting the new avenues for employment in drone flying, data processing, and applications.
The discussion will provide insights into the exciting career opportunities available in this field besides, the second will throw light and focus on the diverse applications of drone technology in law enforcement, disaster management, and forest conservation.
Topics to be covered include surveillance in border areas and unrest-prone places, night surveillance, target identification, search and rescue operations during disasters, delivery of essential supplies and information to people in distress, as well as curbing wildlife poaching and theft of forest resources, the spokesperson told IANS.
In the third panel discussion, the applications of drones in agriculture, horticulture, and forest management will be explored. It will highlight how drones enable farmers to adopt safe methods of pesticide spraying, facilitate precision farming, monitor crops, promote efficient use of farm inputs, assess crop damage, and monitor forest cover and afforestation efforts.
On the final day, a session will be organised on the critical role of drones in delivering medical supplies and facilitating logistics and delve into the applications of drones in infrastructure management and developmental projects.
It will showcase how drones enable in-time healthcare services in remote areas, provide a quick response during emergencies, ensure the easy transportation of time-sensitive goods and materials, serve as efficient carriers for logistics in hilly areas, and contribute to environmental sustainability.


text:
Carsey Institute: Reading Levels of Rural and Urban Third-Graders Lag Behind Suburban Peers
By Lori Wright, Media Relations
May 11, 2011
The reading levels of rural and urban third-graders lag behind the reading levels of their suburban peers, the consequences of which can have important effects on later educational outcomes, according to new research from the Carsey Institute at UNH.
"To some extent, the differences in average reading achievement for rural, urban, and suburban third-graders reflect average achievement differences at the start of kindergarten. In addition, the average reading gains from kindergarten through Grade 3 for rural and urban children are lower than the gains for suburban children," said Suzanne Graham, associate professor of education.
Conducted by Graham and Christine Teague, a doctoral student in the UNH Department of Education, the research relies on data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, a multiyear study of a nationally representative sample of more than 22,000 children between 1998 and 2006. Children were surveyed two times during kindergarten, then in the spring of Grades 1, 3, 5, and 8. Teachers, parents, and school administrators also were surveyed. The data sample used for the brief consists of the 8,405 public school students for whom information was available on K-3 reading achievement, school location, family socioeconomic status, child race or ethnicity, and gender.
The key findings show:
- Rural and urban third-graders have lower average reading achievement levels than their suburban peers.
- Suburban children realize greater gains in reading achievement from kindergarten to third grade than their suburban or urban counterparts.
- Third-grade reading achievement gaps between rural, urban, and suburban children are associated with socioeconomic background differences.
- Rural students who were struggling readers at the beginning of kindergarten have lower average reading achievement in third grade than both urban and suburban students when children of the same socioeconomic status are compared.
- There are no average achievement differences by location for third-graders who were high achievers at the start of kindergarten.
- Only 27 percent of teachers in rural schools report active professional development programs in their schools, compared with 40 percent of teachers in suburban and urban schools.
"Reading achievement represents a complex interplay of family, school, and community factors. The differences in reading achievement at the start of kindergarten may reflect differences in preschool attendance among rural students. In addition, parents of rural children tend to have less education than urban and suburban parents," Graham said.
"The differences in third-grade reading achievement between rural and nonrural children who were low achievers in kindergarten most likely reflect different educational opportunities and school resources available to these children," she said.
The complete report about this research is available at _URL_
The Carsey Institute at the University of New Hampshire conducts research and analysis on the challenges facing families and communities in New Hampshire, New England, and the nation. The Carsey Institute sponsors independent, interdisciplinary research that documents trends and conditions affecting families and communities, providing valuable information and analysis to policymakers, practitioners, the media, and the general public. Through this work, the Carsey Institute contributes to public dialogue on policies that encourage social mobility and sustain healthy, equitable communities.
The Carsey Institute was established in May 2002 through a generous gift from UNH alumna and noted television producer Marcy Carsey. For more information about the Carsey Institute, go to _URL_.


Aligned Input Events
 - Chrome 60 reduces jank by lowering event frequency, thereby improving the consistency of frame timing.
 - The getCoalescedEvents() method, introduced in Chrome 58 provides the same wealth of event information you've had all along.
Providing a smooth user experience is important for the web. The time between receiving an input event and when the visuals actually update is important and generally doing less work is important. Over the past few releases of Chrome, we have driven down input latency across these devices.
In the interest of smoothness and performance, in Chrome 60, we are making a change that causes these events to occur at a lower frequency while increasing the granularity of the information provided. Much like when Jelly Bean was released and brought the Choreographer which aligns input on Android, we are bringing frame aligned input to the web on all platforms.
But sometimes you need more events. So, in Chrome 58, we implemented a method called getCoalescedEvents(), which lets your application retrieve the full path of the pointer even while it's receiving fewer events.
Let's talk about event frequency first.
Lowering event frequency
Let's understand some basics: touch-screens deliver input at 60-120Hz and mice deliver input typically at 100Hz (but can be anywhere up to 2000Hz). Yet the typical refresh rate of a monitor is 60Hz. So what does that actually mean? It means that we receive input at a higher rate than we actually update the display at. So let's look at a performance timeline from devtools for a simple canvas painting app.
In the picture below, with requestAnimationFrame()-aligned input disabled, you can see multiple processing blocks per frame with an inconsistent frame time. The small yellow blocks indicate hit testing for such things as the target of the DOM event, dispatching the event, running javascript, updating the hovered node and possibly re-calculating layout and styles.
A performance timeline showing inconsistent frame timing.
So why are we doing extra work that doesn't cause any visual updates? Ideally, we don't want to do any work that doesn't ultimately benefit the user. Starting in Chrome 60, the input pipeline will delay dispatching continuous events (wheel, mousewheel, touchmove, pointermove, mousemove) and dispatch them right before the requestAnimationFrame() callback occurs. In the picture below (with the feature enabled), you see a more consistent frame time and less time processing events.
We have been running an experiment with this feature enabled on the Canary and Dev channels and have found that we perform 35% less hit tests which allows the main thread to be ready to run more often.
An important note that web developers should be aware of is that any discrete event (such as keydown, keyup, mouseup, mousedown, touchstart, touchend) that occurs will be dispatched right away along with any pending events, preserving the relative ordering. With this feature enabled, a lot of the work is streamlined into the normal event loop flow, providing a consistent input interval. This brings continuous events inline with scroll and resize events which have already been streamlined into the event loop flow in Chrome.
A performance timeline showing relatively consistent frame timing.
We've found that the vast majority of applications consuming such events have no use for the higher frequency. Android has already aligned events for a number of years so nothing there is new, but sites may experience less granular events on desktop platforms. There has always been a problem with janky main threads causing hiccups for input smoothness, meaning that you might see jumps in position whenever the application is doing work, making it impossible to know how the pointer got from one spot to the other.
The getCoalescedEvents() method
As I said, there are rare scenarios where the application would prefer to know the full path of the pointer. So to fix the case where you see large jumps and the reduced frequency of events, in Chrome 58, we launched an extension to pointer events called getCoalescedEvents(). And below is an example of how jank on the main thread is hidden from the application if you use this API.
Comparing standard and coalesced events.
Instead of receiving a single event, you can access the array of historical events that caused the event. Android, iOS, and Windows all have very similar APIs in their native SDKs and we are exposing a similar API to the web.
Typically a drawing app may have drawn a point by looking at the offsets on the event:
window.addEventListener("pointermove", function(event) {
 drawPoint(event.pageX, event.pageY);
This code can easily be changed to use the array of events:
window.addEventListener("pointermove", function(event) {
 var events = 'getCoalescedEvents' in event? event.getCoalescedEvents() : [event];
 for (let e of events) {
 drawPoint(e.pageX, e.pageY);
Note that not every property on the coalesced events is populated. Since the coalesced events are not really dispatched but are just along for the ride, they aren't hit tested. Some fields such as currentTarget, and eventPhase will have their default values. Calling dispatch related methods such as stopPropagation() or preventDefault() will have no effect on the parent event.


text:
Parameterized Complexity of Optimal Planning: A Detailed Map / 954
Martin Kronegger, Andreas Pfandler, Reinhard Pichler
The goal of this paper is a systematic parameterized complexity analysis of different variants of propositional STRIPS planning. We identify several natural problem parameters and study all possible combinations of 9 parameters in 6 different settings. These settings arise, for instance, from the distinction if negative effects of actions are allowed or not. We provide a complete picture by establishing for each case either paraNP-hardness (i.e., the parameter combination does not help) or W[t]-completeness with t ∈ 1,2 (i.e., fixed-parameter intractability), or FPT (i.e., fixed-parameter tractability).


text:
Office 365, BIE Email
How do I access my BIE email?
- You do not need to use DOI VPN to access Office 365
- If you do not have a PIV Card, you are most likely not migrated to Office 365, and if this is the case, you can still access your BIE Email at webmail.bie.edu, until you migrate over when you have a working PIV.
1. Insert your DOI-issued PIV card into your card reader
2. Open a web browser, and navigate to _URL_
3. When prompted to enter a username, enter your DOI UPN (ex: [email protected]) DO NOT use your BIE email address to log in.
4. You should then be redirected to a DOI page where you can select the option to "Sign in with PIV Card" (NOTE: You do not need to type in a password in the password box.)
5. When prompted, select your DOI PIV certificate, and then enter your PIN.
If successful, you should now see the main Office 365 portal that will show all the apps you have access to.
NOTE: If your Bureau or Office has provided you with the Outlook desktop application, please be mindful that caching your mailbox may take significant time and bandwidth availability may impact this.
How do I set up my mobile device?
1. If you have a DOI-issued mobile device, you can follow instructions on how to set up your mobile device:
- Set up the Outlook Mobile App
- Set up the Native Mail client
QUESTIONS OR ISSUES?
View or Download the JumpStart Guides: The JumpStart Guides are designed to give you an overview of the Office 365 applications you will use the most. You can access the guide for Office 365's navigation bar and the guide for Outlook Online.


text:
Old Arabic texts describe 'filthy' VikingsBreaking News
tags: Vikings, Arab world, Norsemen, ancient texts
"They are the filthiest of all Allah's creatures: they do not purify themselves after excreting or urinating or wash themselves when in a state of ritual impurity after coitus and do not even wash their hands after food."
The Arab writer Ahmad ibn Fadlan noted the above after meeting Viking travellers around a thousand years ago.
The Icelandic historian Thorir Jonsson Hraundal has studied comments about what we call Vikings in original texts by Arab historians and geographers. The texts described Arab encounters with Scandinavians in areas around the Caspian Sea and the Volga River.
Their depictions differ radically from images of fearsome Viking conquerors handed down from the British Isles and France in the same era....
comments powered by Disqus
- Pakistani Historian Mobarak Haidar says Muslims "have no religious basis to rule Jerusalem"
- AHA Announces Last-Minute Sessions Timed to News Events
- In Australia, historians and artists have turned to cartography to record the widespread killing of Indigenous people
- Columbia's William Connell tells NPR why Italian-Americans embraced Columbus
- Scholar risked everything to tell Islamic State's secrets


text:
The FLAX team have released ten new mobile apps for Android which are free to download from GooglePlay. These game-based apps are a fun way to interact with the language collections in FLAX. Give them a go!
These powerful collections draw on large reference corpora like the British National Corpus (BNC) and even larger datasets from Google and Wikipedia. More powerful than a dictionary, these collections show numerous examples of language in context for some of the most challenging areas of English language learning - collocations and phrases - where there are literally hundreds of thousands of possibilities for combining words.
These collections come from the E-theses Online Service (EThOS) Open Access initiative managed by the British Library.
The resources used in these law collections come from open podcasts, Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) and Open Access publications. They have been developed to support learners with Legal English and to demonstrate the types of domain-specific collections that can be built using the FLAX software.
If you would like to build your own collections and put them here, please email us


text:
Northern Territory University: Completed
Khwaja Zulfiquar Hayder
The study aimed to develop a methodology for mapping and
monitoring savanna landscape by remote sensing and GIS techniques.
It also tested various resolution imageries for their suitability
in mapping the savanna landscape.
Sub-issues examined included:
- What sort of satellite data resolution is the most appropriate
for bringing about the best result;
- What is the influence of parameters such as land cover, land
use, rainfall and temperature on the classification technique;
- What procedures based on remote sensing and GIS technologies
can be developed to map savanna vegetation.
Various resolution imageries were used, such as Landsat MSS, TM,
SPOT XS, SPOT 4/SWIR and AIRSAR, with and without synergism, along
with digital elevation model (DEM) data to map large areas (upto
15000 km 2 ) of the savanna landscape. At various stages
of the study, different digital image processing programs such as
ENVI, ERDAS Imagine and microBrian and ArcView GIS (and some
ArcInfo) were extensively used.
They provided good results for mapping savanna land covers in
the region. A methodology involving spectral signature
extrapolation and GIS for mapping large areas of the region was
developed and more than 15000 km 2 area of savannas in
the northern Victoria River District of the Northern Territory was
mapped. Procedures for improving mapping accuracy were also
recommended in the study.
The methodology developed in the study can be used for mapping
and monitoring large areas of savanna landscape in northern Australia if
the proposed recommendations are met.


text:
Radar observations of two dimensional turbulence in the equatorial electrojet, 2Journal of Geophysical Research (1976)
AbstractObservations with an altitude resolution of about 1 km were made with the large, vertically directed 50-MHz radar system at the Jicamarca Radar Observatory during the day, when the electrojet was strong. Type 1 ('two stream') echoes were seen in a limited range of altitudes, with Doppler shifts corresponding to upward and downward motion at the acoustic velocity. Most of the radar returns were due to type 2 echoes, however. The direction of motion of the type 1 waves sometimes reversed in as little as 1 s, supporting a turbulent model of the electrojet region. During the day the upgoing type 1 waves were observed to be somewhat more easily excited than the downgoing waves, an effect similar to an east-west asymmetry noted in earlier studies. The correspondence between the Jicamarca radar observations and rocket measurements in India is discussed
- two dimensional,
- equatorial electrojet
Publication DateJanuary 1, 1976
Citation InformationFejer, B. G., D. T. Farley, B. B. Balsely, and R .F. Woodman, Radar observations of twodimensional turbulence in the equatorial electrojet, 2. J. Geophys. Res., 81, 130, 1976.


text:
To copy a file from a list of source paths in Column A to a corresponding list of destination paths in Column C, you would make a macro like this:
Dim i As Long, lastrow As Long
lastrow = Range("A" & Rows.Count).End(xlUp).Row
For i = 1 To lastrow
FileCopy Range("A" & i), Range("C" & i)
It's important to note the destination paths in Column C must be the full path; not just the desired new folder location. It's also important to note this macro copies the files from the source path to the destionation path. It doesn't move them. The original files will still exist in the source path.
Once you have your macro built, you can assign it to a button by clicking Insert > Form Control Button on your Developer Tab. You can even assign the macro to a shape, if you prefer.
The macro in this answer uses the native VBA FileCopy function, but you can also use the FSO CopyFile method. FSO stands for FileSystemObject and it allows you to control a whole suite of file properties. I highly recommend you take a look at our tutorial on the VBA FileSystemObject if this is something you're interested in.


You are here: Home » Families » HMGFM Home » Peek
Hudson-Mohawk Genealogical and Family Memoirs:
Go to previous family: Rector | next family: Ireland
In early records Maria Peek is called in 1664 "one of the oldest inhabitants of New Amsterdam." She was the wife of Jan Peek, an early settler of New Amsterdam, who for many years kept an inn. In 1655 he sold two houses in Fort Orange to Johannes Dyckman. His wife was Maria (De Truy) Volchers, a widow whom he married February 20, 1650. They had a son Jacobus, who took up land on the second flat, south side of the Mohawk river. He married Elizabeth Leunise and had many children. It is from this ancestry that the Peek family herein considered undoubtedly sprang, although the true line of descent cannot be given.
(I) James C. Peek was born in 1755, died March 7, 1826. He married Nancy ————, who died January 30, 1829. They settled on new land in the southwestern part of the town of Florida, Montgomery county, New York, where they cleared a farm and made a home in the wilderness. They endured all the hardships and were exposed to all the dangers of the pioneer. In that heavily timbered section the labor of clearing a farm was a long and arduous task. They reared a family, whose names with a single exception cannot at this time be given.
(II) John, son of James C. and Nancy Peek, was born on the homestead not far from the Mohawk river in Florida, 1784, died there in 1859. He inherited the homestead farm, which he still further brought under cultivation, and lived on it all his days. He married Nancy Van Voorhees, a daughter of another pioneer settler of Florida, where she was born. She survived her husband and lived to the age of eighty years. Children:
 1. James, who was a farmer of Florida for over forty years; he married ———— Cady, who lived to be eighty years of age, and left children, Walter and Hannah, both of whom survive.
 2. Walter, see forward.
 3. Margaret, married Chester Cooley, of Florida; they settled on a farm in the town of Amsterdam where they lived to be very old people.
 4. Cornelius, lived and died in the town of Amsterdam, New York; he was a blacksmith; he married Annie Swart and reared a family.
(III) Walter, second child of John and Nancy (Van Voorhees) Peek, was born on the farm in Florida, January 24, 1812, and here died January 29, 1853. He followed the pursuit of agriculture all his life. He was a member of the Presbyterian church, and a man of high standing in his community. He married, January 12, 1837, Katherine Peek (a cousin), born October 23, 1820, died April 28, 1908. She was also a Presbyterian. She survived her husband and became the wife of Dr. Grant Vanken, a widower with two children, Ida and Frank. Children of Walter and Katherine (Peek) Peek:
 1. John H., see forward.
 2. Ann Elizabeth, born June 15, 1845; married James R. Robb, a farmer of Florida; they reside on the farm; children:
 1. Agnes, wife of V. Turnbull, and
 2. Alexander Robb;
 3. a daughter, Dorothy Robb, is deceased.
(IV) John H., only son of Walter and Katherine (Peek) Peek, was born March 8, 1835, on the homestead farm, where he was reared and has always lived. He is of the fourth generation to own and cultivate the fertile acres which James C. Peek located and cleared. He, like the members of his family, is a member of the Presbyterian church. In political faith he is a Republican. He married, in Florida, June 8, 1871, Katherine O'Breen, born in the village of Ames, town of Canajoharie, Montgomery county, New York, January 25, 1842. Children:
 1. Henrietta, born June 23, 1873; now resides with her father; she is the widow of Peter Sibel, born in the town of Rotterdam, Schenectady county, New York, May 4, 1865, died on his farm in that town, January 31, 1909. He was of German parentage, a progressive, successful farmer. She is the mother of
 1. Louise Sibel, born August 11, 1894;
 2. Walter Sibel, December 6, 1895;
 3. Alta Sibel, May 2, 1896;
 4. Irene and
 5. Loreen Sibel (twins), March 3, 1905.
 2. Tracy W., born July 31, 1875; educated in the schools of Albany; married Albert Tyron, who is an electrician, and with his family resides in Schenectady, New York. They have two children:
 1. John F. Tyron, born May 21, 1908, and
 2. Ralph Tyron, born October 29, 1909.
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You are here: Home » Families » HMGFM Home » Peek updated March 30, 2015


text:
Improved Average-Voice-based Speech Synthesis Using Gender-Mixed Modeling and a Parameter Generation Algorithm Considering GV
MetadataShow full item record
For constructing a speech synthesis system which can achieve diverse voices, we have been developing a speaker independent approach of HMM-based speech synthesis in which statistical average voice models are adapted to a target speaker using a small amount of speech data. In this paper, we incorporate a high-quality speech vocoding method STRAIGHT and a parameter generation algorithm with global variance into the system for improving quality of synthetic speech. Furthermore, we introduce a feature-space speaker adaptive training algorithm and a gender mixed modeling technique for conducting further normalization of the average voice model. We build an English text-to-speech system using these techniques and show the performance of the system.


text: We report measurements of the cross section of the Li-8(d, alpha) He-6 reaction in the energy range E-c.m. =2.3-3.5 MeV using a Li-8-radioactive beam on a CD2 foil. The astrophysical S factor and reaction rate were calculated from the measured cross section. The He-6 nuclei produced in the reaction were detected in solidstate detector telescopes. This reaction might have affected the primordial abundance of Li-6 in big bang nucleosynthesis, since He-6 beta decays to Li-6. However, several big bang nucleosynthesis network calculations were found to be insensitive to this reaction, suggesting that the Li-8(d, alpha) He-6 reaction does not affect Li-6 primordial production.


Gas Density
Set Descending Direction
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is used in gas insulated switchgear because of its outstanding insulation and spark extinguishing (arc-quenching) properties. It thus makes it possible to set-up complex and safe power distribution systems even in large cities. The insulation strength depends basically on the gas density.
The safety of the facility is guaranteed when the correct level of gas density is maintained within the enclosed systems. The tightness of the installation has to be checked and controlled constantly as a leakage would result in a decrease in the insulation properties. Because SF6 is a strong greenhouse gas, strict regulations regarding the SF6 consumption have to be met by the switchgear operators in an increasing number of countries. These regulations stipulate a permanent monitoring of gas leakage which is done with gas density monitors or gas sensors. Gas density is often indirectly determined by the gas pressure using manometers or pressure sensors. As the pressure in the hermetically closed volume varies enormously with temperature, such devices need temperature compensation, which are a source of errors.
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 Gas density monitor for arctic temperatures
 Designation of application: Gas Density Monitor for SF6 and other gases
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|Korcula.NET > Places on the island - Korcula - Moreška dance|
|THE MORESKA DANCE
Moreska is pronounced 'Moreska'. It means 'Moorish'. The word is derived from the Spanish adjective 'Morisco' or the Italian 'Moresco'. It is a matter of conjecture whether the dance came to the Adriatic directly from Spain through roving Spanish sailors, or from Sicily or Italy when Dalmatia formed part of the Venetian Republic whether it was originally a Moorish dance or a Spanish one, inspired by the struggle of Spanish Christians against the Moors is also debatable though the latter seems the most likely. We do know for certain that it is one of the oldest traditional European dances still performed, and that records exist of it being danced in Lerida in 1156 in a form portraying a Christian and National victory over the Moors and their expulsion from Aragon.
From the 12th century and particularly in the 16th and 17th centuries, the dance spread to many Mediterranean countries: to Italy, Corsica, Sicily, Malta, France and, through Spanish trade, to Flanders, Germany and even to England. It was subject to frequent local variations, in regard to plot, protagonists and eventually also to form. In Corsica it was danced by eighty swordsmen on each side, armed with two swords apiece, who did battle for the town of Mariana to the music of a solo violin; in Elba the engagement was between Christians and Turks, in other places between Arabs and Turks; sometimes the damsel in distress was a white maiden of royal blood, sometimes a Turkish or Moorish one of equal innocence and beauty. In Ferrara a dragon was introduced who tried to devour the damsel and there were many later versions which degenerated from the original war-dance (intrinsically a useful sword practice and 'keep-fit' class for the warriors of small island or coastal garrisons for whom good swordsmanship and alertness meant their survival) into a form of folk drama, and eventually into the dance interludes of pastoral plays and Italian opera. In Germany the Moreska, though called Moriskentanze, became a mere collection of local folk dances and in England the Morris (l.e. Moorish) dancers threw away their swords and substituted long wooden sticks which they fought with and over which they hopped. In most of the Mediterranean the Moreska survived until the end of the 18th century, and in Italy and Dalmatia till the close of the 19th.
Today, Korcula is the only island where it is still danced with real swords in its original War-Dance form and where it has enjoyed a proud and almost unbroken tradition for over four centuries, though the text, music and pattern of the dance have been slightly altered and shortened (the contest used to last for two hours!) over the years.
The introduction to the dance is a short drama in blank verse which sets the scene -- four characters recite the verses: the enemy or the Black King, his father, Otmanovic, (a kind of Balkan mediator), the Hero or the White King, and the Bula or Moslem maiden, who is a peace-maker as well as a heroine (and a possible convert to Christianity?).
The Moreska arrived in Korcula in the 16th century, at the same time as it did in Dubrovnik, most probably from Sicily or Southern Italy, via Venice. An indication of this is that two of the dance "figures" have Italian names: the "Rujer" and the "Rujer di fori via". "Ruggero" was the name of a Sicilian war-dance, a version of the Moreska, in which the Saracens are shown fighting against the Norman Prince Ruggiero d'Altavilla -- a powerful family who ruled over Sicily and Southern Italy in the 11th and 12th centuries, which suggests a possible link. There are, however, no written records of the Korculan dance until the beginning of the 18th century. Latterly and up to the first World War the Moreska was "fought" only every few years -- protagonists were often wounded and replaced by'seconds' during the dance -- between 1918 and 1939 it was performed every year under the aegis of the Gymnastic Society of Korcula. Nowadays it is an exclusive Society (and 'club') of its own and the Moreska is performed much more frequently for the benefit of the many tourists who visit the Island. Every family in Korcula is proud to have one of its members dance in the Moreska, especially one of the key roles, which demand considerable talent and stamina. When the Black or the White Kings "retire" they are allowed to keep their crowns and these become valued family possessions.
During the second World war costumes, swords, even musical scores and instruments had all been lost in the bombing and fighting and for the first time in its history only very young lads of between twelve and seventeen were available to dance the Moreska, and they had to be taught from scratch.
It was the undefeatable and indefatigable spirit of Ivo Lozica, the town barber, and Bozo Jerirevic, a school-teacher, with the help of a local policeman, Zdravko Stanic, and Josip Svoboda the conductor of the town orchestra, that somehow got the Moreska dancing again and in a very short time the poor, thin undernourished youths were growing into splendid young men and were taking the Moreska to youth conferences and festivals at home and abroad.
THE MORESKA DANCE
The revised score of the Moreska was composed by Krsto Odak who, working with Josip Svoboda, conductor of the town orchestra at the time, reconstructed an earlier score lost in the war. The Moreska from Korcula opens with a scene in which the Black King is seen dragging the captured Bula (Moslem maiden) along in chains trying to persuade her to respond to his love. The Bula refuses because she loves the White King and knows that he loves her.
The White King and his army and the Black King's army with banners and swords enter from either side. The two Kings confront each other and a dialogue of hurled insults and scorn ensues. The Kings are the first to cross swords while their armies stand facing each other and ready for battle. When the White King calls on his men to fight, the two armies clash swords and then break away from one another in order to make way for the Dance of the Black King, the graceful but menacing 'Sfida'. In this dance, which is performed in 6/8 rhythm, the Black King challenges the White King to a contest. The White King accepts the challenge, and then the Black King's father, Otmanovic and a soldier from the White King's army join the fight. They dance in a circle threatening one another with swords. The soldier withdraws leaving the two Kings and Otmanovic. At a given moment both armies, who are facing each other, leap forward and clash swords and then the Black King, still dancing, forms a circle with all the soldiers of both armies gradually joining in.
After this, seven Kolaps or "strokes" of the Moreska are danced in different and complicated rhythms and patterns and all are performed within this circle. The fight consists of alternating sword thrusts and parries. It is performed in pairs, i.e. one White against one Black fighter.
The seventh Kolap is performed in a speedy 4/4 rhythm and the swords clashes are fast and furious. The Black soldiers, facing outwards, defend themselves from within the circle which becomes smaller and tighter as they withdraw from the charges of the White army. Finally the Black soldiers fall down wounded, dying and defeated, laying their swords at their enemy's feet. The Black King admits defeat and surrenders, the White King, the Victor, frees the Bula from her chains and kisses her.
The following dialogue is translated from pat of the 19th century Croatian text of The Moreska published in Zadar in 1869.
Bula: Leave me alone! Your demands are in vain My charms belong to another man. Sweet Osman, my beloved, If you could see now How my heart is breaking And full of sorrow for you! Although this odious steel Binds my hands, My heart is always with you And yours with me. I shall bear you in my heart As long as I have life. Moro: Stop wailing, my lady I have had enough! It is painful for me to listen When you call my opponent your pride Here, in front of my face But I bear and endure it all For the love I feel for you My dear nymph, I give you my heart For your sweet charms. Bula: If you will But one favour grant me, All I ask Is that you stop loving me. Of far more pain for me Is your unwanted love Than the steel That weighs upon my hands. Moro: I will not leave you Nor will I stop loving you. I love honorably your everlasting beauty. Ask whatever you wish, Even my father's kingdom. Drums are heard. Enter the White Army. Otmanovic: There is no fear in Otmanovic! Osman: Do not trust your sword Without honour and without honesty. Treacherously, you wished to steal My betrothed, by torturing her. Where is your knightly honesty, Where your bravery


.83).
The Ethipin® group showed the smallest margin around the implant in both views (Table 1). Statistical analysis of the margin of lysis showed a significant difference between the Asnis™-screws vs the Ethipin® group and the SonicPin™ group vs the Ethipin® group for the axial as well as the multiplanar view (p-values in Table 2). The comparison of the margins of lysis of the SonicPins™ vs the screws was not significant. For reason of clarity and comprehensibility only the p-values of the statistical significant differences were stated in Table 2.
Table 1..
Arithmetic mean margin of lysis and the osteotomy gap of different refixation systems by CT scan including standard deviation.
Implant Margin of Lysis Axial (mm) Margin of Lysis Multiplanar (mm) Osteotomy Gap Axial (mm) Osteotomy Gap Multiplanar (mm)
SonicPin™ 1.1 ± 1.1 0.8 ± 0.49 0.5 ± 0.6 0.2 ± 0.5
Ethipin® 0.2 ± 0.27 0.2 ± 0.3 1.1 ± 1.4 0.8 ± 2.0
Screws 1.5 ± 1.19 1.7 ±1.19 0.1 ± 0.4 0.0 ± 0.0
Table 2..
Arithmetic mean p-Values of statistical comparison of the margin of lysis by CT-scans including standard deviation.
 SonicPin™ Ethipin® Asnis™-Screws
SonicPin™ -- p=0.0064 (axial)
p = 0.0058 (multiplanar)
p=0.12 (axial)
p = 0.15 (multiplanar)
Ethipin® p = 0.0064 (axial)
p = 0.0058 (multiplanar)
-- p = 0.0075 (axial)
p = 0.0023 (multiplanar)
Asnis™-Screws p = 0.12 (axial)
p = 0.15 (multiplanar)
p = 0.0075 (axial)
p = 0.0023 (multiplanar)
--
Table 3..
Arithmetic mean fragment position and tibial surface rated in points of different refixation systems by CT scan including standard deviation.
Implant Fragment Position Axial
(Points)
Fragment Position Multiplanar
(Points)
Tibial Surface Axial
(Points)
Tibial Surface Multiplanar
 (Points)
SonicPin™ 3.21 ± 1.8 3.21 ± 1.7 4.21 ± 1.3 3.93 ± 1.5
Etipin® 3.00 ± 2.2 2.67 ± 1.9 4.33 ± 1.6 4.17 ± 1.6
Screws 4.13 ± 1.4 3.75 ± 1.3 3.5 ± 1.7 3.25 ± 1.6
Table 4..
Arithmetic mean bone densitiy measured in Hounsfield-units.
 Overall
Osteotomy
Overall
Contralateral
SonicPin™ SonicPin™
Contralateral
Etipin® Etipin®
Contralateral
Screw Screw
Contralateral
HU 820 636 829 625 653 547 931 674
 + 28% + 32% + 19% + 38%
The rating for the osteotomy gaps showed the highest results in the screw groups (Table 1), so the osteotomy gaps in the screw group were smallest due to high compression force of the screws. But the statistical comparison of the results with the other osteosynthesis methods was not significantly different for the three implants in either view.
The results for the rating of the opposing tibial surface showed better results in the resorbable implant groups than the screw group (Table 3). Understandably the non-resorable implants can harm the opposing tibial surface more than the resorbable implants because they are not a subject of degradation. But the statistical analysis showed no significant differences in both views. The results for the rating of the fragment position showed better results in the screw group than both resorbable implants (Table 3), but the statistical analysis showed again no significant differences in both views.
The bone density (HU) of the refixated fragment in comparison to the untreated lateralcondyle showed an overall rising of Hounsfield-units in the refixated fragments. The biggest rise could be stated for the Asnis™-screw group followed by the SonicPin™ and the Ethipin® group (Table 4). The measured increase of bone density showed no significant difference between the implants.
In summary no statistical significant differences between the three groups could be found concerning the comparison of the bone densitiy, the osteotomy gap, the fragment position and the tibial surface. Only the margin of lysis around the Ethipin® showed significant differences in comparison to the other implants.
Exemplary slices of the multiplanar CT reconstructions of the different implant types can be seen in Fig. (3).
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Electron microscopy images are limited to a qualitative description of cartilage. A statistical quantitative analysis is not practicable. Concerning the osteosynthesis screw, a smooth cartilage surface was found. In 2 of the 8 cases, the screws protruded above the level of the cartilage, this can be seen in Fig. (4). None of the screw heads were securely covered by cartilage tissue (Fig. 4).
In the Ethipin® group, in 2 cases the implant rose over the surface level of the cartilage. In the other 4 cases, the implant was nearly covered by cartilage tissue. Furthermore, could be observed that the cutting of the implant by the surgical knife left some marks on the cartilage tissue. A margin of lysis was not observed (Fig. 5).
Observing the SonicPin™ group, no implants protruded above the level of the cartilage surface, but none were covered by cartilage. The cartilage around the implants showed no defects. No margin of lysis was observed. After removing the implant, we saw overlapping flaps of cartilage surrounding the hole, as we did shortly after drilling (Fig. 6).
DISCUSSION
By CT and scanning electron microscopy, refixated osteochondral fragments in sheep were examined to evaluate if an ultrasound-activated pin showed different radiological outcome than conventional implants such as Ethipin® and cortical titanium screws. By CT we compared the following features: the fragment position, the margin of lysis around the implant, the effect on the corresponding tibial surface, the bone density and the osteotomy gap.
The parameters observed in the CT scans were not significantly different from each other, except for the margin of lysis measured around the Ethipin®, which was significantly smaller.
The explanation for this result lies in the way the Ethipin® was applied: it has to be applied after drilling with a K-Wire and not with a drill, with real excavation and a smaller diameter hole (1.3 mm compared to 2.0 mm drill diameter). The both other implants (screws, SonicPins®) need a real driller with excavation of debris that leads to bigger margins of lysis around the implants. Therefore, a larger margin of lysis around the screws and the SonicPin™ does not necessarily mean a stronger reaction in the surrounding tissue. Furthermore the results differ only around one millimeter and underlie a small possible error of measurement. Concerning the CT examination of the SonicPin™, this system is qualified for the secure refixation of osteochondralfragments, because the quality of refixation (CT) was similar to the srew fixation and Ethipin® osteosynthesis. Despite the fact that the radiological assessment of the tibial surface showed no significant differences, the impression of the prominent screw heads leads to the conclusion that a cartilage damage of the corresponding tibial surface has to be assumed. The screws were securely positioned under the cartilage surface during operation, so a migration of the screws or shrinking of the refixed fragment can be discussed. We could not state significant larger margins of lysis around the screws that would prove a migration of themselves, so the shrinkage of the fragment is the most probable explanation for the protrusion of the screw heads. This in vivo shrinkage finds its analogy in the risen Hounsfield-Units of the refixated fragments. When the volume of the fragments decreases the concentration of the tissue rises. An explanation for the documented shrinkage might be the postoperative full weight bearing we allowed. That leads to a high compression of the refixated fragment, but as well to certain shear forces during flexion. As above mentioned the study design was chosen as a worst case scenario by full weight bearing to test the new SonicPin® technique versus the conventional application under high load. In case of patient treatment only partial weight bearing would be allowed.
Schulman et al. showed that the ability to discriminate between bone and implant is greater with an XtremeCT, which allows a better examination of the bone-implant interface. However, an XtremeCT was not available for this study and might produce more exact results, especially when examining the tissue next to the implants [27]. Due to the higher compression force, the screws showed the best results for


Time for the third installment of the Mock Latin series!
Omnium gatherum ~ So technically, this one is only partly "mock." 😉 Omnium is indeed a Latin word for "of all things." Kind of like miscellaneous. In the 1520s (this one is OLD!), people came up with the humorous addition of gatherum to put with it, just from the English "gather." So of course if you gather all things, you end up with a motley collection, which is exactly what this phrase means. =)
Harum-scarum ~ This phrase actually originated in the 1670s as harum-starum. The harum part is taken from the verb "to harry or harrass," and then the scarum was added mostly just to rhyme. The -um endings are abbreviations of "them," the whole phrase meant to be a humurous mock-Latin that would quite literally mean "to harrass and scare them."
Two installments left in my Mock series!


Skip to definition.
Noun: chaos key-ós
 1. A state of extreme confusion and disorder
 - pandemonium, bedlam, topsy-turvydom, topsy-turvyness, tohubohu [US]
 2. The formless and disordered state of matter before the creation of the cosmos
 3. (physics) a dynamical system that is extremely sensitive to its initial conditions
Noun: Chaos
Derived forms: chaoses
Type of: confusion, dynamical system, Greek deity, physical phenomenon
Encyclopedia: Chaos, Solitons and Fractals


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Individual personalities predict social behaviour in wild networks of great tits (Parus major)
Authors
Abstract
Social environments have an important effect on a range of ecological processes, and form a crucial component of selection. However, little is known of the link between personality, social behaviour and population structure. We combine a well-understood personality trait with large-scale social networks in wild songbirds, and show that personality underpins multiple aspects of social organisation. First, we demonstrate a relationship between network centrality and personality with 'proactive' (fast-exploring) individuals associating weakly with greater numbers of conspecifics and moving between flocks. Second, temporal stability of associations relates to personality: 'reactive' (slow-exploring) birds form synergistically stable relationships. Finally, we show that personality influences social structure, with males non-randomly distributed across groups. These results provide strong evidence that songbirds follow alternative social strategies related to personality. This has implications not only for the causes of social network structure but also for the strength and direction of selection on personality in natural populations.
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Re: Perl Inheritance & module variables
by brian_d_foy (Abbot)
on Sep 20, 2008 at 19:41 UTC ( #712765=note: print w/ replies, xml ) Need Help??
in reply to Perl Inheritance & module variables
You're really asking how to write accessor methods. You call a method and you get the value of some property. You want to write methods that ask the question you want answered.
Here are two class, Parent and Child. The Child class inherits from Parent. Inside each class there is a VERSION method that returns the value of the $VERSION in that package. In neither case is $VERSION part of the object. They are class data.
package Parent; our $VERSION = 1.23; sub VERSION { $VERSION } sub child_version { $_[0]->VERSION } package Child; use base qw(Parent); our $VERSION = 5.43; sub VERSION { $VERSION } sub new { bless {}, $_[0]; } sub parent_version { $_[0]->SUPER::VERSION }
Those VERSION methods take care of answering the version question for each package as long as I call them directly as class methods:
print "Parent version is ", Parent->VERSION, "\n"; # 1.23 print "Child version is ", Child->VERSION, "\n"; # 5.43
But now I want to do that from a Child object. That's where the child_version and parent_version methods come in. Once I have the $child object, in parent_version I can get its parent version by calling its SUPER class. The SUPER is a virtual class that is the parent class of the one it is compiled in (Child in this case).
my $child = Child->new; print "Child version: ", $child->VERSION, "\n"; # 5.43 print "Parent version: ", $child->parent_version, "\n"; # 1.23
The VERSION and parent_version methods in Child take care of most everything you need. Where you're getting confused, I think, is how the Parent fits in to this. More on that in a moment. You can add a child_version method to Parent. It just takes the first thing on the argument list and calls VERSION on it. When I call child_version on the $child object, Perl doesn't find the child_version in Child so it looks in its superclass and finds it in Parent:
print "Child version: ", $child->child_version, "\n"; # 5.43
However, one of the points of inheritance is that you shouldn't need this two-way communication. You don't think about the parent class having part of it and the child class having another part. In this case, the child_version method is just the same thing as Child's VERSION:
print "Child version: ", $child->VERSION, "\n"; # 5.43 print "Child version: ", $child->child_version, "\n"; # 5.43
In Parent's child_version, it takes the first thing on the argument list, which is the $child object. That's how Parent accesses anything it needs to know in Child: just ask the child object that you got as the first argument.
--
brian d foy <_EMAIL_>
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