text:
100mg/ml PG NIC Salts Base
These types of nicotine salts base products has to be blended down with a non nicotine Usp Kosher Vegetable Glycerin ( VG ) Or Propylene Glycol( PG ) product for your special used. Absolutely prohibit directly to smoke with any e-cigarette.
*How many pure nicotine to use in each strength and volume
*How to preserve the pure nicotine:
1.Keep in dark place and avoid sunlight directly.
2.Avoid high temperature and heat.
3.Avoid to expose in air for long time.
1.Highly advisable to do it in a laboratory or a well-ventilated areas.
2. Keep out from Reach of children, pets and unaware adults
3. Avoid be inhaled or absorb through skin
4. Use with proper information, tools and laboratory/facility.
* First Aid:
1. Touch on skin: clean with Saline solution or running water
2. Get in Eyes: wash Eyes with water,if you still dont feel good, please to doctor for help.
3. Inhaled: leave the area and drink more water or seek medical advice


text:
Some Thomson junior high students got a warm, fuzzy feeling while doing their math. And they're sharing that feeling with cancer patients.
Eighth-graders designed paper quilt squares using congruent pairs of right triangles cut from various sized squares. The math lesson was learned, and many others followed -- lessons of meaningful purpose, collaborative relationships, kindness and generosity.
As a result, 35 real quilts will be donated to the children's oncology floor at the Medical College of Georgia.
"I think they're pretty," eighth-grader Tierra Collins said. "And it's good to help the sick children."
Math coach Sonya Strong came up with the idea, which was inspired by retired teacher "Mrs. Nicholson" who made a quilt for Mrs. Strong's young daughter, Sky, when she was going through radiation treatments for brain cancer several years ago.
"This quilt is still very special to Sky today," Mrs. Strong said. "She still asks for it and uses it."
Mrs. Strong and history teacher Vicki Nicholson co-wrote a grant application for funds to make the quilts. The project was then approved by the McDuffie County Board of Education.
Making shapes and collages from cuts of colored paper is something teachers are accustomed to. Transferring them to cloth and running them through a sewing machine was unfamiliar territory.
Assistant Principal Neal Tam went to work and found some quilters called the "Busy Bees" at Philadelphia United Methodist Church in Harlem.
"We are so grateful to Mr. Tam. Without his assistance and diligence, we would not have ever known about the Busy Bees," Mrs. Strong said.
Busy Bees Chris Miller, Janeth Hitt, Jana Kennedy and Roberta Harris made child-sized quilts, using the students' paper quilt squares as the patterns. The ladies brought several of the finished quilts to the school last week.
"When the Busy Bees brought the quilts in, the kids gave them a standing ovation," Mrs. Strong said. "The quilts exceeded anything we imagined."
Not only was the project used to teach math concepts, but it was incorporated into history class where the students were learning about slavery in America -- quilts were used as maps for escapes to freedom via the Underground Railroad.
"To help these kids understand the Georgia Performance Standards while building character is so special," Mrs. Strong said. "It was all inspired by Mrs. Nicholson. She is very much missed here (at Thomson-McDuffie Junior High School)." p>

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
10 Amazing Health Benefits of Switching to Gingelly Oil
The sesame plant is a flowering plant whose seeds grow in a capsule after the flower is pollinated and dries up. The sesame seed capsule is dehiscent, which means that at a certain stage of maturity the capsule splits and the seeds burst out and scatter. Evolution may have designed the plant this way to ensure that the seeds are spread far away from the parent. But today, when sesame, or til as we know it in India, is a valuable crop, cultivated for its seeds and the oil extracted from them, this characteristic poses challenges for farmers. It is manually harvested to prevent loss of seeds due to spontaneous scattering. This explains why the production and use of gingelly oil or sesame oil is limited despite it being a healthy oil option.
Here's a bit of trivia: It is this characteristic of the plant that the saying "Open Sesame" has come from.
Sesame is cultivated all over the world, but the largest producers are India and China. In southern India, gingelly oil is used both as a cooking medium and an external applicant in body and hair massages. Sesame, in both seed and oil forms, is also widely used in South-east Asian and Middle Eastern cuisines. It has one of the highest oil content among seeds. It is valued for its nutty flavour, especially in South-East Asian cooking.
Sesame is one of the oldest oilseeds in cultivation. The oil extracted from it – gingelly oil – is said to be one of the healthiest seed oils and can easily replace most of the oils that are used in daily cooking. The health benefits of gingelly oil have been acknowledged by both, ancient physicians and modern doctors. It has an amazing nutrient profile with notable amounts of manganese, copper, calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, and smaller amounts of many others. External application of gingelly oil, too, has huge health benefits. We may be well advised to make gingelly oil a part of our daily diet and body-care routine.
Types of gingelly oil
Based on methods of cultivation, extraction and treatment there are various types of gingelly oils in the market. Each has its own distinctive property, flavour and uses.
1. Unrefined gingelly oil: This is oil which has not been treated or refined in any way and is produced from commercially grown, non-organic sesame seeds. Gingelly oil is high in anti-oxidants and the unrefined variety has the highest quantity of antioxidants of all. Therefore, unrefined gingelly oil is least prone to getting spoilt or rancid. This type of gingelly oil has a light golden amber colour and the characteristic 'nutty' flavour. It has a high smoke point and is most suitable for stir frying. Besides anti-oxidants, unrefined gingelly oil also has a good number of minerals such as magnesium, copper, calcium and vitamin B6 as well.
2. Refined gingelly oil: Refined gingelly oil is lighter in colour and the flavour is also less pronounced. It does not flavour the food cooked in it. It has a higher smoke point than unrefined oil and is good for methods of cooking using high heat such as deep frying.
3. Toasted gingelly oil: Toasted gingelly oil or dark gingelly oil is extracted from the sesame seed that have been toasted. It is dark in colour, rather like coffee, and has a very strong nutty flavour. It has a very low smoke point and is unsuitable for cooking. It is used as a flavouring in salads, marinades and dips. Sometimes it is added to stir fries after it has been taken off the heat to impart extra flavour. As the flavour is intense, a very small amount of the oil is needed.
4. Cold pressed gingelly oil: In cold pressed extraction, only pressure is applied to the sesame seeds to extract the oil. At no stage is any heat applied in the process of extraction. This ensures that most of the nutrients in the oil are preserved during the extraction process and the resulting oil has the richest nutrient profile of all the varieties. This process takes more time than others but the oil produced is considered better.
5. Organic gingelly oil: Organic gingelly oil, is the oil that is extracted from organically grown sesame seeds. These plants are grown without any pesticides or chemicals. These plants grow slower as they are not given growth enhancers and the yield may also be lower than non-organic crops. Organic gingelly oil is perhaps the most expensive of all.
Let us look at the benefits of switching to gingelly oil, both for cooking our food and for use as a body care oil for our hair and body externally.
- Tags: Health

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
The White-bordered Copper (Lycaena pavana) is a small butterfly found in India that belongs to the Lycaenids or Blues family.
- Evans, W.H. (1932) The Identification of Indian Butterflies. (2nd Ed), Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India
- Gaonkar, Harish (1996) Butterflies of the Western Ghats, India (including Sri Lanka) - A Biodiversity Assessment of a threatened mountain system. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.
- Gay,Thomas; Kehimkar,Isaac & Punetha,J.C.(1992) Common Butterflies of India. WWF-India and Oxford University Press, Mumbai, India.
- Haribal, Meena (1994) Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and their Natural History.
- Kunte,Krushnamegh (2005) Butterflies of Peninsular India. Universities Press.
- Wynter-Blyth, M.A. (1957) Butterflies of the Indian Region, Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.


text:
Solid Wood Panels
A Solid Wood Panel (SWP) is a method of construction that uses timber to form load-bearing solid timber wall, floor and roof panels. Structural openings, such as doors and windows, are incorporated within the panels. In many cases only insulation and cladding is added to the external face to achieve high standards of thermal performance.
The methodology of layering, stacking and fastening softwood boards to create panels is what differentiates the members of the SWP family. The more common cross-laminated panels are characterised by placing and gluing boards across each other in layers; Another, visually distinctive, technique is to assemble a solid panel through gluing or dowelling together a series of timber 'posts'.
Panels are commonly fabricated up to around 4m in width and 15m in height (dimensions are restricted by road transport requirements), according to technique and manufacturer. The panels can be assembled to create most types of building including housing, which at Murray Grove in London reaches a record nine storeys.
The traditional key advantages of prefabricated components are speed, efficiency and precise tolerances. SWPs tick-off these features and combine them with attractive environmental and energy-efficient attributes such as use of a renewable resource, carbon sequestration, low waste, relatively low embodied energy and an inherent high standard of airtightness.
Though most SWPs are currently manufactured along a timber strip running through Austria, Germany and Switzerland, in the UK efforts are underway to create a home-grown industry to supply the growing number of projects being built using this technology.
The panels are made with softwood species that are usually in the C16 to C24 range but can be found in glulam grades. Face grades can be specified depending on the end use and visual appearance needed (standard, interior residential visible or industrial visible).
Solid wood panels are available for use in dry, humid and exterior situations (service class 1, 2 or 3) and will use adhesive suitable for passing the durability tests to meet the requirements for the desired end use.
Softwood strips are formed into panels, these panels are glued together in a press that covers the whole panel.
Cross laminated panels can be used for both structural and non-structural applications, usually walls, floors or roofs, lift shafts or stairs. The panels can be made with all the doors and windows or service runs already cut out before transporting to site.
SWP products on GreenSpec
GreenSpec accepts no responsibility or liability for any damages or costs of any type arising out of or in any way connected with your use of this web site. Data and information is provided for information purposes only, and is not intended for trading purposes. Neither GreenSpec nor any of its partners shall be liable for any errors in the content, or for any actions taken in reliance thereon.


text:
Kids are baby goats, and giving birth to a baby goat is known as kidding. Kids are born after around 150 days gestation, and twins are most common, although single and triplet births are also fairly common. Kids can show a variety of colors, including bright white.
- Scientific Name: Capra hircus
- Characteristics: This cute kid goat looks ready to explore and play, two activities goats are famous for. It will stay close to its mother for the first several months.
- Size and Color: Kid goats come in many colors, including the bright white of this figure, which also features realistic colors about the face and hooves. The figure measures 2 inches long and 1 ½ inches tall, a little bigger than a jumbo egg.
- The Kid Goat is part of the Safari Farm collection.
- All of our products are Non-toxic and BPA free.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Phase plane
From formulasearchengine
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Template:Differential equations
In applied mathematics, in particular the context of nonlinear system analysis, a phase plane is a visual display of certain characteristics of certain kinds of differential equations; a coordinate plane with axes being the values of the two state variables, say (x, y), or (q, p) etc. (any pair of variables). It is a two-dimensional case of the general n-dimensional phase space.
The phase plane method refers to graphically determining the existence of limit cycles in the solutions of the differential equation.
The solutions to the differential equation are a family of functions. Graphically, this can be plotted in the phase plane like a two-dimensional vector field. Vectors representing the derivatives of the points with respect to a parameter (say time t), that is (dx/dt, dy/dt), at representative points are drawn. With enough of these arrows in place the system behaviour over the regions of plane in analysis can be visualized and limit cycles can be easily identified.
The entire field is the phase portrait, a particular path taken along a flow line (i.e. a path always tangent to the vectors) is a phase path. The flows in the vector field indicate the time-evolution of the system the differential equation describes.
In this way, phase planes are useful in visualizing the behaviour of physical systems; in particular, of oscillatory systems such as predator-prey models (see Lotka–Volterra equations). In these models the phase paths can "spiral in" towards zero, "spiral out" towards infinity, or reach neutrally stable situations called centres where the path traced out can be either circular, elliptical, or ovoid, or some variant thereof. This is useful in determining if the dynamics are stable or not.[1]
Other examples of oscillatory systems are certain chemical reactions with multiple steps, some of which involve dynamic equilibria rather than reactions that go to completion. In such cases one can model the rise and fall of reactant and product concentration (or mass, or amount of substance) with the correct differential equations and a good understanding of chemical kinetics.[2]
Example of a linear system
A two-dimensional system of linear differential equations can be written in the form:[1]
which can be organized into a matrix equation:
where A is the 2 × 2 coefficient matrix above, and x = (x, y) is a coordinate vector of two independent variables.
Such systems may be solved analytically, for this case by integrating:[3]
although the solutions are implicit functions in x and y, and are difficult to interpret.[1]
Solving using eigenvalues
More commonly they are solved with the coefficients of the right hand side written in matrix form using eigenvalues λ, given by the determinant:
and eigenvectors:
The eigenvalues represent the powers of the exponential components and the eigenvectors are coefficients. If the solutions are written in algebraic form, they express the fundamental multiplicative factor of the exponential term. Due to the nonuniqueness of eigenvectors, every solution arrived at in this way has undetermined constants c1, c2,... cn.
The general solution is:
where λ1 and λ2 are the eigenvalues, and (k1, k2), (k3, k4) are the basic eigenvectors. The constants c1 and c2 account for the nonuniqueness of eigenvectors and are not solvable unless an initial condition is given for the system.
The above determinant leads to the characteristic polynomial:
which is just a quadratic equation of the form:
("tr" denotes trace) and
The explicit solution of the eigenvalues are then given by the quadratic formula:
Eigenvectors and nodes
The eigenvectors and nodes determine the profile of the phase paths, providing a pictorial interpretation of the solution to the dynamical system, as shown next.
Classification of equilibrium points of a linear autonomous system.[1] These profiles also arise for non-linear autonomous systems in linearized approximations.
The phase plane is then first set-up by drawing straight lines representing the two eigenvectors (which represent stable situations where the system either converges towards those lines or diverges away from them). Then the phase plane is plotted by using full lines instead of direction field dashes. The signs of the eigenvalues will tell how the system's phase plane behaves:
 - If the signs are opposite, the intersection of the eigenvectors is a saddle point.
 - If the signs are both positive, the eigenvectors represent stable situations that the system diverges away from, and the intersection is an unstable node.
 - If the signs are both negative, the eigenvectors represent stable situations that the system converges towards, and the intersection is a stable node.
The above can be visualized by recalling the behaviour of exponential terms in differential equation solutions.
Repeated eigenvalues
This example covers only the case for real, separate eigenvalues. Real, repeated eigenvalues require solving the coefficient matrix with an unknown vector and the first eigenvector to generate the second solution of a two-by-two system. However, if the matrix is symmetric, it is possible to use the orthogonal eigenvector to generate the second solution.
Complex eigenvalues
Complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors generate solutions in the form of sines and cosines as well as exponentials. One of the simplicities in this situation is that only one of the eigenvalues and one of the eigenvectors is needed to generate the full solution set for the system.
See also
External links
fr:Méthode du plan de phase pl:Metoda płaszczyzny fazowej ru:Метод фазовой плоскости


A* Pathfinding Project 4.0.7
The A* Pathfinding Project for Unity 3D
 All Classes Namespaces Files Functions Variables Typedefs Enumerations Properties Events Macros Groups Pages
NavmeshAdd Class Reference
Adds new geometry to a recast graph. More...
Detailed Description
Adds new geometry to a recast graph.
This component will add new geometry to a recast graph similar to how a NavmeshCut component removes it.
There are quite a few limitations to this component though. This navmesh geometry will not be connected to the rest of the navmesh in the same tile unless very exactly positioned so that the triangles line up exactly. It will be connected to neighbouring tiles if positioned so that it lines up with the tile border.
This component has a few very specific use-cases. For example if you have a tiled recast graph this component could be used to add bridges in that world. You would create a NavmeshCut object cutting out a hole for the bridge. then add a NavmeshAdd object which fills that space. Make sure NavmeshCut.CutsAddedGeom is disabled on the NavmeshCut, otherwise it will cut away the NavmeshAdd object. Then you can add links between the added geometry and the rest of the world, preferably using NodeLink3.
Public Types
enum MeshType { Rectangle, CustomMesh }

Public Member Functions
override void ForceUpdate ()
 Forces this navmesh add to update the navmesh.

void GetMesh (ref Int3[] vbuffer, out int[] tbuffer, Pathfinding.Util.GraphTransform inverseTransform=null)
 Copy the mesh to the vertex and triangle buffers after the vertices have been transformed using the inverse of the inverseTransform parameter.

void RebuildMesh ()

override bool RequiresUpdate ()
 Returns true if this object has moved so much that it requires an update.

- Public Member Functions inherited from NavmeshClipper
 NavmeshClipper ()

Public Attributes
Vector3 center

Mesh mesh
 Custom mesh to use.

float meshScale = 1

Vector2 rectangleSize = new Vector2(1, 1)
 Size of the rectangle.

MeshType type

float updateDistance = 0.4f
 Distance between positions to require an update of the navmesh.

float updateRotationDistance = 10
 How many degrees rotation that is required for an update to the navmesh.

bool useRotationAndScale
 Includes rotation and scale in calculations.

Static Public Attributes
static readonly Color GizmoColor = new Color(94.0f/255, 239.0f/255, 37.0f/255)

Protected Member Functions
override void Awake ()

- Protected Member Functions inherited from NavmeshClipper
virtual void OnDisable ()

virtual void OnEnable ()

- Protected Member Functions inherited from VersionedMonoBehaviour
virtual int OnUpgradeSerializedData (int version)
 Handle serialization backwards compatibility.

Protected Attributes
Transform tr
 cached transform component

Package Functions
override Rect GetBounds (Pathfinding.Util.GraphTransform inverseTransform)
 Bounds in XZ space after transforming using the *inverse* transform of the inverseTransform parameter.

override void NotifyUpdated ()
 Internal method to notify the NavmeshAdd that it has just been used to update the navmesh.

Properties
Vector3 Center [get]

- Properties inherited from NavmeshClipper
static bool AnyEnableListeners [get]

Private Attributes
Vector3 lastPosition

Quaternion lastRotation

int[] tris
 Cached triangles.

Vector3[] verts
 Cached vertices.

Additional Inherited Members
- Static Public Member Functions inherited from NavmeshClipper
static void AddEnableCallback (System.Action< NavmeshClipper > onEnable, System.Action< NavmeshClipper > onDisable)

static void RemoveEnableCallback (System.Action< NavmeshClipper > onEnable, System.Action< NavmeshClipper > onDisable)

Member Enumeration Documentation
enum MeshType
Enumerator:
Rectangle
CustomMesh
Member Function Documentation
override void Awake ( )
protectedvirtual
Reimplemented from VersionedMonoBehaviour.
override void ForceUpdate ( )
virtual
Forces this navmesh add to update the navmesh.
Note
Dynamic updating requires a Tile Handler Helper somewhere in the scene. This update is not instant, it is done the next time the TileHandlerHelper checks this instance for if it needs updating.
See Also
TileHandlerHelper.ForceUpdate()
Implements NavmeshClipper.
override Rect GetBounds ( Pathfinding.Util.GraphTransform inverseTransform)
packagevirtual
Bounds in XZ space after transforming using the *inverse* transform of the inverseTransform parameter.
The transformation will typically transform the vertices to graph space and this is used to figure out which tiles the add intersects.
Implements NavmeshClipper.
void GetMesh ( ref Int3[] vbuffer,
out int[] tbuffer,
Pathfinding.Util.GraphTransform inverseTransform = null
)
Copy the mesh to the vertex and triangle buffers after the vertices have been transformed using the inverse of the inverseTransform parameter.
Parameters
vbufferAssumed to be either null or an array which has a length of zero or a power of two. If this mesh has more vertices than can fit in the buffer then the buffer will be pooled using Pathfinding.Util.ArrayPool.Release and a new sufficiently large buffer will be taken from the pool.
tbufferThis will be set to the internal triangle buffer. You must not modify this array.
inverseTransformAll vertices will be transformed using the Pathfinding.GraphTransform.InverseTransform method. This is typically used to transform from world space to graph space.
override void NotifyUpdated ( )
packagevirtual
Internal method to notify the NavmeshAdd that it has just been used to update the navmesh.
Implements NavmeshClipper.
void RebuildMesh ( )
override bool RequiresUpdate ( )
virtual
Returns true if this object has moved so much that it requires an update.
When an update to the navmesh has been done, call NotifyUpdated to be able to get relavant output from this method again.
Implements NavmeshClipper.
Member Data Documentation
Vector3 center
readonly Color GizmoColor = new Color(94.0f/255, 239.0f/255, 37.0f/255)
static
Vector3 lastPosition
private
Quaternion lastRotation
private
Mesh mesh
Custom mesh to use.
The contour(s) of the mesh will be extracted. If you get the "max perturbations" error when cutting with this, check the normals on the mesh. They should all point in the same direction. Try flipping them if that does not help.
float meshScale = 1
Vector2 rectangleSize = new Vector2(1, 1)
Size of the rectangle.
Transform tr
protected
cached transform component
int [] tris
private
Cached triangles.
MeshType type
float updateDistance = 0.4f
Distance between positions to require an update of the navmesh.
A smaller distance gives better accuracy, but requires more updates when moving the object over time, so it is often slower.
Note
Dynamic updating requires a TileHandlerHelper somewhere in the scene.
float updateRotationDistance = 10
How many degrees rotation that is required for an update to the navmesh.
Should be between 0 and 180.
Note
Dynamic updating requires a Tile Handler Helper somewhere in the scene.
bool useRotationAndScale
Includes rotation and scale in calculations.
This is slower since a lot more matrix multiplications are needed but gives more flexibility.
Vector3 [] verts
private
Cached vertices.
Property Documentation
Vector3 Center
get
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:


Fix: Unable to initialize OpenGL window
Open Graphics Library is a cross-platform application programming interface (API) which is used in rendering 3D and 2D vector graphics. The API is usually used for interaction with a graphical processing unit (GPU) which in turn helps achieve hardware-accelerated rendering.
Many heavy games rely on this API for their graphics operation and use them in the gameplay. Recently, many users experienced a problem where they were unable to play the game because an error occurs which states "Unable to initialize OpenGL window". This error is mostly associated with graphics drivers or with the game's resolution settings. We will go through all the workarounds one by one. Check them out.
Each game has a dedicated file which is used for loading settings whenever it is launched. These settings include the resolution, shadow details, texture details etc. We will open this file in notepad, make some changes according to your system and try launching the game.
 1. Right-click anywhere on your Desktop and select Display settings.
 1. Check the resolution which your computer is currently using. Here it is '1920 x 1200'. Note this down as we will need it further in the solution.
 1. Press Windows + E to launch the File Explorer. Navigate to the following directory:
Do note that your directory will be different. Here Steam is installed in Local Disk D. Your Steam might be installed on another hard drive. Make sure you change the navigation address according to your system.
 1. Right-click on the file 'MXML' and select "Edit with Notepad++". This is if you have that editor installed. Otherwise, you can select Open with > Notepad.
 1. Now once you have opened the configuration file, search for the tag 'ResolutionWidth' and 'ResolutionHeight'. Check if the current resolution is set. If the values don't match, you should change the value to what you saw earlier on.
For example, if your resolution is 1920 x 1200, the 'ResolutionWidth' should be '1920' and the 'ResolutionHeight' should be '1200'. As you can see in the example below, the resolution set was incorrect.
 1. Save changes to the file and exit. Restart your computer properly, launch Steam and try playing the game.
If you still encounter an error when trying to launch the game, you can try changing the attribute 'Fullscreen'. Change the attribute to "false". Save changes and try launching the game.
Solution 2: Installing latest client for PS4
If you experience this error on PS Now on your PC, it is probably because the client is outdated and a new one is out. Every now and then, developers release a new version to counter some bugs or add new features to the platform. If you have an outdated client, this may introduce discrepancies.
 1. Download the latest PS Now client from the official website.
 2. Now do not uninstall the older version. Install this new version on top of the existing version.
 3. Once done with the installation, restart your computer completely and check if the problem at hand got solved.
Solution 3: Changing user/ logging in again
There is also a known workaround where simply relogging into Steam fixes the issue. The reason behind this is not well known but it makes sense to deduce that the currently logged in user may have some problems with the display configurations stored. Relogging might fix this issue.
 1. Launch your Steam client using Steam.exe
 2. Log out of Steam by clicking on the option of "Change User" present if you click your account title on the top right corner of the Steam client.
 1. After clicking the option, you will be given a login screen where you have to enter your credentials. After inputting your credentials, check the box which says Remember my password. Click the button Login.
 1. Once logged in, launch the game you were trying to play and check if OpenGL error still persists.
Solution 4: Updating Graphics Drivers
If you have corrupt or outdated drivers, it may be the reason why your game fails to launch or the OpenGL message pops up. Now there are two ways through which you can update the drivers: either manually or automatically. In manually, you have to personally download the driver after searching for it at the manufacturer's website.
Before updating drivers, we will check if installing the default drivers solve the problem for us.
 1. Boot into Safe mode. Type "devmgmt.msc" in the dialogue box and press Enter. Here navigate to Display Adapters, right-click on your adapter and select Uninstall Device.
 1. Boot your computer into normal mode, press Windows + R, type "devmgmt.msc" in the dialogue box and press Enter. Most probably the default drivers will be installed. If not, right-click on any empty space and select "Scan for hardware changes". Now check if the game works without any problems. If it does without any problems, good for you. If it doesn't, carry on.
 2. Now there are two options. Either you can search online for the latest driver available for your hardware from the manufacturer's website such as NVIDIA etc. (and install manually) or you can let Windows install the latest version itself (search for updates automatically).
 3. We will take a look at installing automatically. Right-click on your hardware and select "Update driver". Select the first option "Search automatically for updated driver software". Choose the second option if you are updating manually and select "Browse for driver" and navigate to the location where you downloaded.
 1. Restart your computer after installing the drivers, launch the game and check if you can successfully launch the game without the error message.
Kevin Arrows
Expert Tip
Fix: Unable to initialize OpenGL window
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text:
PRINT THIS DATA
Under the Köppen Climate Classification climate classification, "dry-summer subtropical" climates are often referred to as "Mediterranean". This climate zone has an an average temperature above 10°C (50°F) in their warmest months, and an average in the coldest between 18 to -3°C (64 to 27°F). Summers tend to be dry with less than one-third that of the wettest winter month, and with less than 30mm (1.18 in) of precipitation in a summer month. SMany of the regions with Mediterranean climates have relatively mild winters and very warm summers.
The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Csb". (Mediterran Climate).
The average temperature for the year in Springerville is 48.4°F (9.1°C). The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of 66.9°F (19.4°C). The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of 31.4°F (-0.3°C).
The highest recorded temperature in Springerville is 100.0°F (37.8°C), which was recorded in June. The lowest recorded temperature in Springerville is -28.0°F (-33.3°C), which was recorded in December.
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Springerville is 11.9" (302.3 mm). The month with the most precipitation on average is August with 3.0" (76.2 mm) of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is April with an average of 0.4" (10.2 mm). There are an average of 64.0 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in August with 13.0 days and the least precipitation occurring in April with 3.0 days.
In Springerville, there's an average of 18.6" of snow (47.2 cm). The month with the most snow is January, with 4.4" of snow (11.2 cm).


Publication
USENIX ATC 2013
Conference paper
MutantX-S: Scalable malware clustering based on static features
Abstract
The current lack of automatic and speedy labeling of a large number (thousands) of malware samples seen everyday delays the generation of malware signatures and has become a major challenge for anti-virus industries. In this paper, we design, implement and evaluate a novel, scalable framework, called MutantX-S, that can efficiently cluster a large number of samples into families based on programs' static features, i.e., code instruction sequences. MutantX-S is a unique combination of several novel techniques to address the practical challenges of malware clustering. Specifically, it exploits the instruction format of x86 architecture and represents a program as a sequence of opcodes, facilitating the extraction of N-gram features. It also exploits the hashing trick recently developed in the machine learning community to reduce the dimensionality of extracted feature vectors, thus significantly lowering the memory requirement and computation costs. Our comprehensive evaluation on a MutantX-S prototype using a database of more than 130,000 malware samples has shown its ability to correctly cluster over 80% of samples within 2 hours, achieving a good balance between accuracy and scalability. Applying MutantX-S on malware samples created at different times, we also demonstrate that MutantX-S achieves high accuracy in predicting labels for previously unknown malware.
Date
26 Jun 2013
Publication
USENIX ATC 2013
Authors
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text:
The Education Library at Wayne State University has a long and storied history. From its beginning at the Detroit Normal School to its final merger with the general library, the Education Library has been at the heart of not only Wayne State University, but also in the development of the College of Education. This paper chronicles the history of the library, and the people who created it, from its very beginning to its final place among the volumes of the Purdy/Kresge Library.
Library and Information Science | Other Education | Other History
Alteri, Suzan A., "From Laboratory to Library: The History of Wayne State University's Education Library" (2009). Library Scholarly Publications. 5.


text:
the article covers conditions for creating a system of additional education in the field of project management and information modeling technologies in a format of electronic educational resource as a contemporary base for digital economy's spheres development.
Event logs collected by modern information and technical systems usually contain enough data for automated process models discovery. A variety of algorithms was developed for process models discovery, conformance checking, log to model alignment, comparison of process models, etc., nevertheless a quick analysis of ad-hoc selected parts of a journal still have not get a full-fledged implementation. This paper describes an ROLAP-based method of multidimensional event logs storage for process mining. The result of the analysis of the journal is visualized as directed graph representing the union of all possible event sequences, ranked by their occurrence probability. Our implementation allows the analyst to discover process models for sublogs defined by ad-hoc selection of criteria and value of occurrence probability


Year 8 students had a thoroughly enjoyable week of their residential field trip at Kaeng Krachan. They started by visiting the Wildlife Friends Foundation of Thailand and the students had a great time with the animals and the volunteers.
After that they continued their trip to the resort. It was a busy week filled with lots of activities and experiences that none of the students would forget easily. Scuba diving and lake kayaking were mixed with more gentle pursuits such as archery and Thai cooking.
In the evenings, the staff entertained the students with a variety of drama, games and team building exercises. They returned to SISB happy but exhausted after a really fun week. All the students behaved impeccably well and were a credit to SISB. Together, they made many happy memories for everyone


H5P Guides
Drag the Words Tutorial
Drag the Words question type allowing creatives to create text-based challenges where users are to drag words into blanks in sentences. Excellent for language training among other things.
In this tutorial you will learn:
 - When to use Drag the Words
 - How to create a Drag the Words
Not using H5P yet?
Here's the Drag the Words we'll create in this tutorial:
When to use Drag the Words
Drag the Words allows content designers to create textual expressions with missing pieces of text. The end-user drags a missing piece of text to its correct place, to form a complete expression.
May be used to check if the user remembers a text she has read, or if she understands something. Helps the user think through a text.
Step 1: Topic
Let's say you want to ask a question:
What are the colors of these berries when they are ripe?
Blueberries are _______________
Strawberries are _______________
Cloudberries are _______________
And suggest colors: blue, red and orange.
Step 2: Create Drag the Words
Select the New content option and choose Drag the Words from the list of Content types:
Step 3: Drag the Words editor
The Drag the words editor should now appear. The top part of the editor looks like this:
Step 4: Title and Task description
The Task description should give the learner a short introduction or some instructions. A default Introduction text, which works fine in most cases, is suggested: "Drag the words into the correct boxes". However, you may modify it. In this example, we will type in the text: "What are the colors of these berries when they are ripe?"
Step 5: Add an exercise
The Text field is where you will type your exercise. Type in the following text:
Blueberries are *blue*.
Strawberries are *red*.
Cloudberries are *orange*.
Add (*) character in front and behind all the words/phrases that you want to display as droppables. For the learner, the word/phrase between (*) characters will appear as a blank inside the text and as a droppable item next to the text. Like shown here:
Step 6: Adding tips
Optionally, you can provide a tip for each word/phrase to help the learner find the correct answer or to provide some additional information about the word/phrase. Let's add some tip for the word "blue". A tip is defined by adding :tip_text next to the word.
So type in :Check the name of the berry! next to the word blue, as shown here:
For the learner, the tip will appear like shown here:
Step 7: Adding feedback
Optionally, you can add correct feedback and incorrect feedback for each word/phrase. This feedback will show below the exercise once the student click "Check".
Feedback is defined by typing \+correct_feedback and \-incorrect_feedback next to the word.
Step 8: Instructions
If you need a reminder of how tips and feedback are defined you can click on "Show information" button, which is placed next to the Text label:
The box with instructions will appear:
Step 9: Finishing up
Press Save when you are done!
You should now have the same result as this example


text:
Faculty Talk: How "Free-Market Capitalism" is Overwhelming Democratic Institutions
Watch this event:
CASI faculty co-director Anat Admati brought her unique perspective on capitalism and democracy to an all-female audience attending the March 4 Women's Leadership Conference held in the CEMEX auditorium at the Stanford Graduate School of Business (GSB). The day-long conference was hosted by the Stanford GSB Alumni Association.
Admati, who is the George G.C. Parker Professor of Economics and Finance at the GSB, began her slide presentation with a simple, probing question.
"Why is a finance and economics professor talking about democracy?"
Her interest, she explained, arose from an in-depth examination of the 2008 financial crisis with a focus on the power dynamics that led to it. "It's not a word we typically use in a finance course," she said, "but power matters."
Power dynamics shape the financial system and determine economic and political outcomes, Admati explained. Effective governance opposes corruption in all its forms and is essential to a thriving democratic society.
She spoke about a recent course she co-taught with Dr. Heiner Shulz at the GSB. Their Power in Finance class explored the complex interactions among individuals, corporations and governments, and covered topics from regulating financial markets to whistleblowers and justice. The course featured several guests who came to class to speak about power dynamics, including former SEC Commissioner Allison Herren Lee, Founder and CIO of Safkhet Capital Management Fahmi Quadir and Tariq Fancy, the former Chief Investment Officer (CIO) for Sustainable Investing at BlackRock.
Admati emphasized that a major takeaway from the class was that the profoundly damaging distortions we have in the financial system are created and maintained by "enablers." Included in her long list of enablers are banker managers, institutional investors, executives and boards of financial firms, auditors and ratings agencies.
"The people who work in the industry have no incentives to disrupt the system," she said, "but there are people who are supposed to help society, and they, too, enable." In this category, Admati included central bankers, politicians, the media and many academics.
She then offered a governance framework for the audience to think about when faced with power imbalances.
"Who has power? What information do they have? What constraints do they face? And, what about their incentives?"
"The social responsibility of managers is to make as much money as possible while conforming to the basic rules of the society, both those embodied in law and those embodied in ethical custom."
"So, basically, just play by the rules and make as much money as possible. That's what we teach. We operationalize that through finance courses, and that's what I did for 25 years in a little bubble, teaching and writing papers. Everything seemed fine in that bubble, but then the 2008 financial crisis hit and the Great Recession, and I decided to unpack what he (Friedman) was saying."
Admati explained that Friedman's claim would be valid if:
- Shareholders agree that managers should focus on "making as much money as possible" for them.
- Markets are "free and competitive".
- Managers don't engage in deception and fraud.
- The "rules of society" (contracts, laws) protect everyone impacted by managerial decisions.
This protection extends to shareholders, employees, customers, creditors, and the public. "But what if these assumptions are wrong?" Admati asked.
"What if, instead, shareholders have other preferences and, or have limited impact on managerial decisions? What if governments fail to write and enforce proper rules to ensure competition and protect all stakeholders?"
"What if corporations actually help write those rules? What if they cause harm and nothing happens, and they get away with it? What then?"
Admati told the audience that this led her to write an essay in the October 2021 Oxford Review, titled: "Capitalism, Laws, and the Need for Trustworthy Institutions."
"My conclusion was that in markets and in politics, deception is a tool, and if you can confuse people about what is actually going on, that is a way to make money."
"This idea that markets are great, and governments are evil, that you have to choose between the two, is wrong," she stated. "You can't have corporations, let alone any market, without functioning legal systems and government."
As with everything else we have in our lives, the markets really depend on having competent and effective government, she said.
Admati then flashed a quote on screen from Senate Mitch McConnell, who warned corporate America during an April 2021 debate on voting laws in Georgia and elsewhere, to "stay out of politics. It's not what you are designed for … "
His quote included one clarification, "I am not talking about political contributions," which prompted a ripple of laughter from the auditorium.
Admati pressed her case. "Just stay quiet about these political debates, you're just a corporation, make money, that's it, ok? So, you see the ridiculousness of it."
At this point, Admati turned to the notion of democracy. "Do we love democracy? Do we care about democracy?"
A healthy democracy, she said, requires committed citizens who support distributed power, informed debate, and compromise. A set of rules is also essential, ones that are enforced across interlocking institutions, including media, legislatures, and courts. This is the best way to guard against accumulation of power in the hands of a few.
"A lot of democracies are in crisis right now," she said. "We have this dual crisis, but my thesis is that they are related. Part of what's ailing democracy is the overwhelming forces of capitalism, that you can make as much money as possible by taking over democracy."
Admati argued that effective rules can help build trust.
"We accept that we need rules. Rules are useless without enforcement. But there's also the question of who writes the rules."
She shared an image taken during a Golden State Warriors basketball game that showed the players arguing over a referee's clearly unpopular call.
"There's a game and the game has rules. There's a market that has rules. No rules, no game. No rules, no markets."
Admati offered as another example our use of speed limits and the rules against driving under the influence. "We accept that if we disobey the rules, the police will stop us because we want other people to be stopped if they drive recklessly in the street. And that's how we can function in a society. "
She claimed that another important guardrail is robust, truthful journalism. Journalism in the public interest is essential for transparency and accountability. Recognizing the power of corporate influence in politics and its potential to corrupt must be addressed to instill greater trust in institutions.
As Admati advanced her slide presentation, the question that began her talk appeared again:
Admati explained to the women in the audience that when the events of 2008 unfolded, she started to question how the global system could implode and why bailouts were needed.
"I actually started looking at banking and it was only then that I realized it's a crazy world."
Her book, "The Bankers New Clothes" was written a decade ago with co-author Martin Hellwig as a way to tutor journalists and the public about the complexities of the banking industry. The book is currently being updated with new chapters and will be published next year.
"In 2013, we were just going to explain the basic stuff, the issues around risk in the global banking system and outline specific beneficial reforms. Now, we're trying to say what happened during the last decade as vested interests, flawed claims, and capture prevail. And, we'll add more context on the governance issues and challenges that go beyond banking."
Admati stressed that we live in a post-truth world where we must be honest about facts. She said we can't have hope otherwise. Admati encouraged the audience not to get discouraged, but rather to recognize "you actually do have power" and to asked themselves, "What would you change? What can you do? How can we (as women leaders) give power to truth?"
She turned to a quote from Arjay Miller, who served as Dean of Stanford Graduate School of Business from 1969 to 1979.
"Making money is the easy part – making the world a better place is the hard part."
Admati concluded her lecture by showcasing the Corporations and Society Initiative (CASI), launched five years ago at Stanford GSB. Admati explained that she originally wanted to engage faculty on the issues with guest speakers and special events, but the students showed an even greater interest.
"The students are hungry, but the GSB is hard to change. Some of what we've taught students, without even realizing it, some of it may be causing harm."


text:
Links Between Hydrothermal Environments, Pyrophosphate, Na+, and Early Evolution
The discovery that photosynthetic bacterial membrane-bound inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase) catalyzed light-induced phosphorylation of orthophosphate (Pi) to pyrophosphate (PPi) and the capability of PPi to drive energy requiring dark reactions supported PPi as a possible early alternative to ATP. Like the proton-pumping ATPase, the corresponding membrane-bound PPase also is a H+-pump, and like the Na+-pumping ATPase, it can be a Na+-pump, both in archaeal and bacterial membranes. We suggest that PPi and Na+ transport preceded ATP and H+ transport in association with geochemistry of the Earth at the time of the origin and early evolution of life. Life may have started in connection with early plate tectonic processes coupled to alkaline hydrothermal activity. A hydrothermal environment in which Na+ is abundant exists in sediment-starved subduction zones, like the Mariana forearc in the W Pacific Ocean. It is considered to mimic the Archean Earth. The forearc pore fluids have a pH up to 12.6, a Na+-concentration of 0.7 mol/kg seawater. PPi could have been formed during early subduction of oceanic lithosphere by dehydration of protonated orthophosphates. A key to PPi formation in these geological environments is a low local activity of water.


Homework Help
What are some good quotes that show how Leggatt and the captain are related? What are...
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What are some good quotes that show how Leggatt and the captain are related? What are some things that the captain learns from Legatt? Does Leggatt learn anything from the captain?
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Leggatt and the captain are not so much related as they are symbolic representations of each other. According to Lionel Trilling:
the two young men are virtually the same person.
In literary terms, Leggatt is the captain's doppelganger, or his ghostly twin. In Freudian psychology, Leggatt is the "Id" (the emotional, secret desires) to the captain's "Ego" (the logical side which mediates the emotional). Remember, when the captain first sees Leggatt? He says:
He was complete but for the head. A headless corpse!
Leggatt is the headless version of the captain. The head is the logical; the body is the emotional. So, Leggatt is the side of the captain which he hides from the crew, his secret desires and fears.
The word "double" is used 19 times in the novella. Obviously, Leggatt is a mirror-image doppelganger who confesses that which the captain has wished to keep secret. The captain harbors the fugitive and dresses him like himself:
Later, he connotes the dark side of his double:
The Captain's ("Ego's") goal then is too conceal his Leggatt ("Id") from Captain Archibald, the "Superego," or moral construct that projects social values.
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PWM clock registers:
 - 000: master / 512
 - 001: master / 1024
 - 010: master / 2048
 - 011: master / 4096
 - 100: master / 8192
Answers from Winbond tech support
>
> 1) In the W83781D data sheet section 7.2 last paragraph, it talks about
> reprogramming the R-T table if the Beta of the thermistor is not
> 3435K. The R-T table is described briefly in section 8.20.
> What formulas do I use to program a new R-T table for a given Beta?
>
We are sorry that the calculation for R-T table value is
confidential. If you have another Beta value of thermistor, we can help
to calculate the R-T table for you. But you should give us real R-T
Table which can be gotten by thermistor vendor. Therefore we will calculate
them and obtain 32-byte data, and you can fill the 32-byte data to the
register in Bank0.CR51 of W83781D.
> 2) In the W83782D data sheet, it mentions that pins 38, 39, and 40 are
> programmable to be either thermistor or Pentium II diode inputs.
> How do I program them for diode inputs? I can't find any register
> to program these to be diode inputs.
You may program Bank0 CR[5Dh] and CR[59h] registers.
=============================== =============== ============== ============
 CR[5Dh] bit 1(VTIN1) bit 2(VTIN2) bit 3(VTIN3)
 thermistor 0 0 0
 diode 1 1 1
(error) CR[59h] bit 4(VTIN1) bit 2(VTIN2) bit 3(VTIN3)
(right) CR[59h] bit 4(VTIN1) bit 5(VTIN2) bit 6(VTIN3)
 PII thermal diode 1 1 1
 2N3904 diode 0 0 0
=============================== =============== ============== ============
Asus Clones
We have no datasheets for the Asus clones (AS99127F and ASB100 Bach). Here are some very useful information that were given to us by Alex Van Kaam about how to detect these chips, and how to read their values. He also gives advice for another Asus chipset, the Mozart-2 (which we don't support yet). Thanks Alex!
I reworded some parts and added personal comments.
Detection
AS99127F rev.1, AS99127F rev.2 and ASB100: - I2C address range: 0x29 - 0x2F - If register 0x58 holds 0x31 then we have an Asus (either ASB100 or AS99127F) - Which one depends on register 0x4F (manufacturer ID):
 - 0x06 or 0x94: ASB100
 - 0x12 or 0xC3: AS99127F rev.1
 - 0x5C or 0xA3: AS99127F rev.2
Note that 0x5CA3 is Winbond's ID (WEC), which let us think Asus get their AS99127F rev.2 direct from Winbond. The other codes mean ATT and DVC, respectively. ATT could stand for Asustek something (although it would be very badly chosen IMHO), I don't know what DVC could stand for. Maybe these codes simply aren't meant to be decoded that way.
Mozart-2: - I2C address: 0x77 - If register 0x58 holds 0x56 or 0x10 then we have a Mozart-2 - Of the Mozart there are 3 types:
 - 0x58=0x56, 0x4E=0x94, 0x4F=0x36: Asus ASM58 Mozart-2
 - 0x58=0x56, 0x4E=0x94, 0x4F=0x06: Asus AS2K129R Mozart-2
 - 0x58=0x10, 0x4E=0x5C, 0x4F=0xA3: Asus ??? Mozart-2
You can handle all 3 the exact same way :)
Temperature sensors
ASB100:
 - sensor 1: register 0x27
 - sensor 2 & 3 are the 2 LM75's on the SMBus
 - sensor 4: register 0x17
Remark:
I noticed that on Intel boards sensor 2 is used for the CPU and 4 is ignored/stuck, on AMD boards sensor 4 is the CPU and sensor 2 is either ignored or a socket temperature.
AS99127F (rev.1 and 2 alike):
 - sensor 1: register 0x27
 - sensor 2 & 3 are the 2 LM75's on the SMBus
Remark:
Register 0x5b is suspected to be temperature type selector. Bit 1 would control temp1, bit 3 temp2 and bit 5 temp3.
Mozart-2:
 - sensor 1: register 0x27
 - sensor 2: register 0x13
Fan sensors
ASB100, AS99127F (rev.1 and 2 alike):
 - 3 fans, identical to the W83781D
Mozart-2:
 - 2 fans only, _PHONE_/RPM/div
 - fan 1: register 0x28, divisor on register 0xA1 (bits 4-5)
 - fan 2: register 0x29, divisor on register 0xA1 (bits 6-7)
Voltages
This is where there is a difference between AS99127F rev.1 and 2.
Remark:
The difference is similar to the difference between W83781D and W83782D.
ASB100:
 - in0=r(0x20)*0.016
 - in1=r(0x21)*0.016
 - in2=r(0x22)*0.016
 - in3=r(0x23)*0.016*1.68
 - in4=r(0x24)*0.016*3.8
 - in5=r(0x25)*(-0.016)*3.97
 - in6=r(0x26)*(-0.016)*1.666
AS99127F rev.1:
 - in0=r(0x20)*0.016
 - in1=r(0x21)*0.016
 - in2=r(0x22)*0.016
 - in3=r(0x23)*0.016*1.68
 - in4=r(0x24)*0.016*3.8
 - in5=r(0x25)*(-0.016)*3.97
 - in6=r(0x26)*(-0.016)*1.503
AS99127F rev.2:
 - in0=r(0x20)*0.016
 - in1=r(0x21)*0.016
 - in2=r(0x22)*0.016
 - in3=r(0x23)*0.016*1.68
 - in4=r(0x24)*0.016*3.8
 - in5=(r(0x25)*0.016-3.6)*5.14+3.6
 - in6=(r(0x26)*0.016-3.6)*3.14+3.6
Mozart-2:
 - in0=r(0x20)*0.016
 - in1=255
 - in2=r(0x22)*0.016
 - in3=r(0x23)*0.016*1.68
 - in4=r(0x24)*0.016*4
 - in5=255
 - in6=255
PWM
 - Additional info about PWM on the AS99127F (may apply to other Asus chips as well) by Jean Delvare as of 2004-04-09:
AS99127F revision 2 seems to have two PWM registers at 0x59 and 0x5A, and a temperature sensor type selector at 0x5B (which basically means that they swapped registers 0x59 and 0x5B when


text:
In Access, the Max function returns the maximum of a set of values in a select query.
The syntax for the Max function is:
Max ( expression )
The expression argument represents a string expression identifying the field that contains the data you want to evaluate or an expression that performs a calculation using the data in that field. Operands in expression can include the name of a table field, a constant, or a function (not one of the other SQL aggregate functions). You can use Max to determine the largest values in a field based on the specified aggregation, or grouping.
In Access, you can use the Max function in the query design grid, in an SQL statement in SQL view of the Query window, or in an SQL statement within Visual Basic code. It is used in conjunction with the Group By clause.
Select SellerID, Max(Price) as MaxPrice From Antiques Group by SellerID


text:
in disturbance evaluation systems based on disturbance extraction, which apparatus (1) comprises measuring means for obtaining signal...
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM MAPPING UTILIZING PLUG-IN MODULES
A system for testing an electrical circuit includes a handheld device, and first and second plug-in modules. The handheld device includes a first sensor that...
Presence and Operability Test of a Decoupling Capacitor
Electronic device (101) comprising a power source (110), a power management unit (102) coupled to the power source, and a set of loads (103a,103b, 103c,103d),...
MOTOR DRIVING APPARATUS INCLUDING LIFE DETERMINING UNIT OF DIRECT-CURRENT
A motor driving apparatus includes: a voltage detecting unit for detecting a voltage of each direct-current capacitor; a current detecting unit for detecting...


suffix ciun /sjuːn/ "-tion" could perhaps be described as a hyperforeignism. The pronunciation with /s/, which displaced the native pronunciation with /t/, is of French origin; since /s/ is commonly spelled c before front vowels in French loans and French t very rarely represents /s/ outside of this particular suffix, the c spelling appears to have been adopted erroneously in Tunisian to preserve the supposed French form.


The Great Gatsby
Great Gatsby questions
1. At the beginning of the chapter, what sight does Nick discover upon returning home late the night of his talk with Jordan?
2. Even more nervous now that he is in the same room as Daisy, what does Gatsby almost knock off the mantelpiece? Could it be a symbol of anything?
3. What change did Nick witness in Gatsby after rejoining him and Daisy during tea?
4. Where does Gatsby insist on taking Nick and Daisy? What might be his motivation in doing this?
5. Gatsby mentions absentmindedly that it took him "just three years to earn the money" to buy his impressive house. Why does this comment strike Nick as strange, and how does Gatsby explain his comment?
6. Why do you think Daisy broke down and cried over Gatsby's shirts?
7. Nick wonders if the significance of the green light is lost to Gatsby now that he has met with Daisy.
Describe briefly what the green light has meant to Gatsby, and why it might be less significant now.
8. Nick ruminates at the end of chapter, after Gatsby and Daisy finally meet, that "[t]here must have been moments even that afternoon when Daisy tumbled short of his dreams...." Why does Nick say this? What does he mean?
9. The unique quality of Daisy's voice is emphasized in the novel. At the end of this chapter, what does Nick say makes her voice so important to Gatsby?
10. How does Nick feel at the end of the chapter, after figuring in the reunion of Gatsby and Daisy?
Asked by
Last updated by Aslan
Answers 1
Add Yours
Hey I'd love to answer all your questions but you need to submit them one at a time. I'll do your first one here,
Gatsby is waiting at Nick's place. He is all excited about meeting Daisy.


text:
Waste Characterization Physical and Visual Solid Waste Sorting Procedures
The purpose of this document is to provide guidelines for performing visual and/or physical sorts of nonhazardous solid waste from selected garbage dumpsters, transfer stations, and sanitary landfills.
2. Table of Contents:
2.0 Table of Contents
3.0 Specific Procedure
- 3.01 Recommended personal safety/protective equipment
- 3.02 Recommended sorting equipment
- 3.03 General sorting protocol
- 3.04 Physical, nonhazardous solid waste characterization
- 3.05 Visual, nonhazardous solid waste characterization
3. Specific Procedure:
The following section lists some of the personal safety/protective equipment recommended for a visual and physical sort of solid waste.
- Tyvek or equivalent, disposable coveralls
- Chemical resistant coveralls, if appropriate
- Hard bottomed, non-slip, steel toe boots
- A supply of outer rubber (cut and puncture resistant) gloves
- Chemical goggles or safety glasses with splash shields
- Dust masks
- A supply of inner (latex) gloves
- Snake guards, if appropriate
- Insect repellent
- Dog repellent
Hearing protection (if site has equipment or activities that generate
Other safety equipment:
- Supportive back belt for heavy lifting
- Industrial first aid kit
- Field blanket
- Eye wash kit
- Moist, disposable towelettes (e.g., baby wipes)
- Six foot pole
- Small fire extinguisher
- Cell phone
- High visibility traffic cones and tapes
- Site-specific safety plan
- Liquids to replenish fluids (water and cups for dehydration)
- Knife with a fixed blade.
- Small bins or buckets (5 gal and/or larger) for weighing sorted materials.
- Sorting table.
- A scale that is accurate to one-tenth of a pound. Depending upon the waste stream, a larger capacity scale may be useful.
- Permanent markers.
- Clipboard and data sheets.
- Large magnets.
- Trash bags.
- Step ladder.
- A long stick, approximately 6' in length.
- Rake with a long handle.
- Rake with a short handle.
- Shovel with a long handle.
- Duct tape
- Plastic sheeting (minimum of 10 mm thick)
- If physical sampling is to be performed at the business site of a generator, try to minimize interference with normal operations.
- Place traffic cones or high visibility warning tape around the active sorting area.
- Make noise when approaching the actual waste site to allow any insects/pest animals to flee. Look for snakes, bees, wasps, and poisonous spiders around and inside a dumpster/bin by probing with a long stick.
- Always wear the following before beginning the sorting procedure: both pairs of gloves (outer rubber and inner latex), chemical goggles or safety glasses with splash shields, a dust mask, and disposable Tyvek overalls.
- There will be absolutely no eating, smoking or drinking during sorting activities in the sorting area. Plenty of fluids (e.g., water, sports drinks, etc.) must be available away from the sorting area. Hands and faces should be washed before eating or drinking. Frequent rest, drink and food breaks should be given during hot days.
- Do not attempt to identify unknown chemical substances present in the waste stream: vials of chemicals, unlabeled pesticide/herbicide containers, and substances (e.g., chemicals, or needles) in unlabeled plastic/glass bottles/jugs.
- The "line of sight buddy system" must always be maintained at the sorting site. The "line of sight buddy system" is as follows: sorters are grouped into pairs and each member is to periodically assess the physical condition of his/her "buddy".
- Set up the sorting table. It is recommended that the labeled buckets be placed around the table so that the buckets that will receive the most material are nearest to the table. To reduce reaching distances, all buckets within a broad material category (i.e. paper) should be positioned close together.
- Place plastic sheeting or tarp over the surface where the solid waste is to be sorted. Tape the edges of the cover down with duct tape or weight it down. The cover will protect the surface from stains.
- When removing only part of the contents of a dumpster/bin, use a shovel (and a ladder, if needed) to remove the sample all the way to the bottom to insure that smaller, more dense elements are included. Remove sub samples of approximately 50 pounds from a preselected dumpster/bin until an appropriate sample weight has been sorted. If there is not enough material in a dumpster/bin, sort the entire contents. It is recommended that sampling occur when the dumpsters/bins are at their fullest, right before pick up.
- Tear open garbage bags (not red bags) with rakes or other equipment and visually inspect for potential hazards. If hazardous or bio-hazardous wastes are detected, the sort will be halted and the Site Safety Officer must be notified.
- Begin the sort by removing and characterizing the largest, bulkiest elements. Sort the remaining items into the categories and material types shown on the sample sheet. If a bucket becomes full, the full bucket is weighed; the data recorded on the data sheet, and the bucket is emptied and reused. Weigh and record the total mass (contents + bucket) on the data sheet. Record the type of bucket used so that later, the mass of the buckets can be subtracted from the total weight.
- When sorting glass, remove and sort the larger pieces that are on top first. Never use your hands to dig down through the waste. Use a rake or small shovel to pull/push the material to the side and continue sorting.
- When a sorter has a question regarding the material category or type into which an element should be placed, the Crew Leader will be consulted. For composites or multi material items, the predominate material type (as measured by weight) determines which material type it belongs to.
- Return all sorted materials to their dumpster/bin. If sorting at a solid waste facility, place sorted materials where they will ultimately be disposed.
- At the end of each shift, remove all disposable clothing into a plastic trash bag, and place the bag into a solid waste receptacle. Reusable equipment should be cleaned and sanitized after use. All sorters must shower at the end of each shift.
- For the following wastes; a visual sort (not a physical sort) is appropriate: wastes that contain large quantities of bulky or heavy items (e.g., concrete demolition material), consist of materials too small to be sorted (e.g., ash), consist of materials that may be too dangerous to sort (e.g., chemical or biohazards), or are of primarily one type of material.
- Photographs can be taken to document waste types or, used when other constraints (such as odor or business hours) sharply limit field-sampling time. Photographs should be taken from as close to a vertical position as possible above the spread-out sample. Mark out a rectangle on the image in which the waste types are to be identified. Some have found that subdividing the rectangle helps with keeping track of the sample areas and in identifying components.
- For "in-bin" visual characterizations, solid waste in dumpsters/bins can be visually inspected by personnel standing outside the dumpster/bin on a stepladder. Do not remove bags/material from the dumpster or bin. Use a rake or other equipment to break open bags and expose materials for visual characterization.
- A recommended minimum of 2 persons shall conduct each sort, one person to characterize the solid waste, the other to record data. Independent observations and estimates of the volumes of the various waste materials should be attempted.
- The average of the volume estimates should be used along with a density conversion table to convert the volume data to weight percentage. The sum of the average volumes should total 100%, so some adjustment in the 100% volume may be necessary. For materials with no published density conversion data, a sample can be weighed and volume measured to develop a conversion factor. Refer to section 3.04 above for physical sort guidelines.
- Unidentifiable materials can be put into the "miscellaneous/unsorted" category. The rules for composites and multimaterial waste characterization should be followed. For composites or multimaterial items, the predominate material type as measured by weight determines which material type it gets classified as. When a sorter has a question regarding the material category or type into which an item should be placed, the Crew Leader should be consulted.
- For visual characterization samples that are removed from the bin, ensure that smaller, denser items are included in the sort by sampling all the way to the bottom of the dumpster/bin. Do not sort only the top layers and consider the sampling procedure completed.
- A load that is to be visually characterized should be spread into a thin layer (approx. 6-8 inches) so that nothing is covered by other objects. Periodically rake through the layer to determine if there are hidden waste types. If the lower layers are significantly different, remix them.
The above procedures are from the California 1999 Statewide Waste Composition Study by the Cascadia Consulting Group, Inc. for the California Integrated Waste Management Board (now CalRecycle).
Comments, suggestions, questions? Contact CalRecycle waste characterization staff at _EMAIL_
Solid Waste Characterization: _URL_


Updating a relational database php adult dating in kidder south dakota
Doctrine 2 is an object-relational mapper (ORM) for PHP 5.4 that provides transparent persistence for PHP objects.It uses the Data Mapper pattern at the heart, aiming for a complete separation of your domain/business logic from the persistence in a relational database management system.These trigger types are referred to as "Schema-level triggers". Performing conditional actions in triggers (or testing data following modification) is done through accessing the temporary Inserted and Deleted tables. The following functionality in SQL:2003 was previously not implemented in Postgre SQL: Firebird supports multiple row-level, BEFORE or AFTER, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE (or any combination thereof) triggers per table, where they are always "in addition to" the default table changes, and the order of the triggers relative to each other can be specified where it would otherwise be ambiguous (POSITION clause.) Triggers may also exist on views, where they are always "instead of" triggers, replacing the default updatable view logic.(Before version 2.1, triggers on views deemed updatable would run in addition to the default logic.) Firebird does not raise mutating table exceptions (like Oracle), and triggers will by default both nest and recurse as required (SQL Server allows nesting but not recursion, by default.) Firebird's triggers use NEW and OLD context variables (not Inserted and Deleted tables,) and provide UPDATING, INSERTING, and DELETING flags to indicate the current usage of the trigger.
What we often stumble across, though, is the naiive approach of synchronizing both data storages.
My SQL is the most popular database system used with the PHP language.
My SQL is one of the most popular relational database system being used on the Web today.
It boils down to: The problem with this approach is, as in any distributed system, that both the first and the second write will fail at some point.


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The purpose of Washburn's report is to stimulate much needed rigorous research and lead to resolution of a many facetted problem that has long puzzled observers of Mima mounds and similar features. In doing so, Washburn lays out twelve critical characteristics of mounds and compares several of the existing hypothesis against this table in order to prove his thesis that all Mima-like mounds are not necessarily of the same origin. I used this resource extensively to understand and make specific reference to the Puget Mima Mound Prairie.
Washburn, A.L., Mima Mounds: An Evaluation of Proposed Origins with Special Reference to the Puget Lowlands. Washington: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Report of Investigations 29, 1988.


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It's estimated that about 7 billion rats roam the planet on any given day. One of the more common species — the Norway rat — can produce up to 2,000 descendants per female in a year. Given these high numbers, it's no wonder rodents can cause a lot of damage to agricultural crops and property, as well as spread disease.
In many parts of the world, people try to prevent rodent damage by using rodenticides to reduce rat populations. These poisons, however, are non-specific and hazardous to non-target species, such as dogs, cats, hawks, and owls that may feed on rodents.
In an effort to find a nonlethal damage management method, NWRC scientists teamed up with SenesTech Inc. and The University of Arizona to test the effectiveness of a liquid bait to control fertility in Norway rats. Two chemicals (4-vinylcyclohexane diepoxide and triptolide) known to target ovarian function in female rats were fed to captive Norway rats via the liquid bait. Triptolide is also known to affect spermatogenesis in males.
No offspring were born to treated females that were mated with treated males, while control pairs produced normal litter sizes of 9-10 offspring. The number of primordial follicles in ovaries collected from treated females were less than control females; and the weights of testes and epididymis taken from treated males were lower than in control males.
Researchers are optimistic that these results show the liquid bait inhibits fertility in both male and female rats and may be a feasible alternative to rodenticides for reducing rat populations.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recently granted a registration for the liquid bait formulation for use with Norway rats and black rats under the product name ContraPest.
For more information, please contact _EMAIL_.


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Arent Fox Partner Timothy Feighery Talks with On the Money about Cuba Settling Unpaid Claims with US Businesses
Arent Fox International Arbitration & Dispute Resolution partner Timothy J. Feighery was interviewed by Mike Vitoria, host of the radio program On the Money, about the United States' normalizing of diplomatic relations with Cuba. They also talked about the impact that might have on American corporations who have asset claims there.
During the interview, Mr. Feighery spoke about his experience as a former Chairman of the United States Foreign Claims Settlement Commission, which included defending United States' interests internationally in the areas of state-to-state arbitration, investor-state arbitrations, US citizen foreign investment disputes, and international claims mechanisms. He also spoke about how the US has a long history of working to compensate citizens who were victimized by overseas governments, beginning with the British during the American Revolution and including Nazi Germany and Iraq during the 20th Century. Mr. Feighery explained that compensation given to US citizens from these circumstances would come from foreign countries as opposed to US tax dollars.
Mr. Feighery elaborated on the types of assets that US citizens and companies once held in Cuba prior to that nation's communist revolution. Those assets included sugar, alcohol, vacation properties, and casinos. He also explained that there are claims involving US citizens who were injured or murdered by the regime of Fidel Castro.
Mr. Vitoria asked, now that the US has normalized relations with Cuba, whether US citizens and companies would be compensated for their losses in that country. He also asked whether they would be able to return to Cuba with "credit" or "money in the bank." Mr. Feighery answered that it is "yet to be determined," explaining, "There's going to be some pressure on the US side to make sure all the companies are taken care of." He added, "The Cubans are probably going to want legal peace in the long term, which would mean getting rid of all the claims."
To listen to the On the Money segment, click here.


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In this case, you can simply create a CSV file with the new team member names, then upload the file to AccessAlly.
How To Upload Multiple Team Members With a CSV File
1. Prepare Your CSV File
Prepare your CSV file. You can do this in either of two ways:
- Export the CSV file from your CRM
- Create the CSV file manually using a spreadsheet app (Google Sheets, Microsoft Excel, Apple Numbers, etc.). For proper formatting, the first row must be the header that includes the following columns: "First Name", "Last Name", and "Email"
Then, save the CSV file in a place that is easily accessible for Step 3 of this tutorial.
2. Locate the Team
Go to: AccessAlly > Teams > Manage
Here, you can search for the leader of the team by contact ID or email.
3. Import Your CSV File
Now, scroll down to the Batch Import section. Here, you can click on the Choose File button to search for and upload the file you created in step 1 of this tutorial.
Once the file is uploaded, you will see the names and emails of each user from the CSV file. Please review this carefully to make sure the information is correct.
4. Review Import Status
As each user is imported properly, the status will say Client added successfully, as in this screenshot:
NOTE: If the number of imports exceeds the number of available team spaces, you will see an error message:
In this case, simply increase the team size (tutorial here), then re-import your CSV file.
Once the import is completed successfully, the team leader will see each user listed on the management page.


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Starting blocks are a device used in the sport of track and field by sprint athletes to hold their feet at the start of a race so they don't slip as they push out at the sound of the gun. For most levels of competition, including all high level International competition, starting blocks are now mandatory equipment for the start of sprint races.
Prior to their invention, runners would dig holes in the dirt track. Trowels were provided at the start of races. This was not the most consistent or stable system. It also was destructive to the track surface with the holes having to be filled for subsequent runners.
Wood was the first material used, with some tracks having permanently placed wooden starting blocks with golden structures at the start line. Portable blocks were held by long metal spikes that needed to be pounded into the ground. These devices evolved to metal blocks. The common blocks of the 1960s were heavy and adjusted by screws that were frequently broken or became rusted over the years. Lighter weight blocks were made of sheet metal.
The rubberized surfaces of new All-weather running tracks that became common starting in the 1970s, made the old blocks even less secure. Original Tartan tracks left long holes to secure the blocks but most tracks required blocks to be held by small spikes similar to the ones used in shoes. Block slippage was common enough, it is an allowable loophole in the rules to recall the start of a race, without calling a "false start" against an athlete. In some amateur settings, such as high school track, since block slippage is much more common due to lower quality track surface material and/or starting blocks' spike quality, it is a commonly accepted practice to allow another person (usually a teammate) to sit on the ground behind the starting block and place their feet behind each block, using their leg power to further reduce the chance for the blocks to slip back upon the runner launching out of them.
Modern blocks used for world records now must have sensors that detect the pressure from the athlete and can be used to time their reaction to the starting gun. Athletes who react faster than 100/1000ths of a second (one tenth of a second) can be charged with a false start and the race recalled. Many also carry electronic speakers so the sound of the gun arrives at the ears of the athletes at exactly the same time.


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Joseph Lincoln Steffens (April 6, 1866 – August 9, 1936) was an American journalist and one of the most famous practitioners of the journalistic style called muckraking. He is also known for his 1921 statement, upon his return from the Soviet Union: "I have been over into the future, and it works."
A better known version of his famous quote, "I've seen the future, and it works," can be found on the title page of the 1933 edition of Red Virtue, written by his wife, Ella Winter.
Steffens was born April 6, 1866, in San Francisco and grew up in Sacramento, California. He studied in France and Germany after graduating from the University of California, where he was first exposed to what were known then as "radical" political views.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Lincoln Steffens."


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生物多样性和生态工程教育部重点实验室（Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering）成立于2000年，挂靠在复旦大学生物多样性科学研究所和北京师范大学生态研究所，是我国第一个以生物多样性为研究主题的教育部重点实验室。主要研究方向包括：生物多样性与环境变化、生物入侵及其后果、生态工程原理及其应用。现任实验室主任为李博教授。
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering
The Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering of the Ministry of Education was founded in 2000 jointly by the Institute of Biodiversity Science at Fudan University and the Institute of Ecology at Beijing Normal University. The main research themes include biodiversity and environmental change, biological invasions and their consequences, and principles and applications of ecological engineering. Professor Bo Li is the current director of the lab.


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Pete Daniel: Named new incoming president-elect of the OAHHistorians in the News
Stanford's Richard White took over from Vicki Ruiz today as president of the OAH. He in turn will be succeeded by Princeton's Nell Irvin Painter. And she will be succeeded by Pete Daniel.
In 2005 after the Katrina disaster he gave an interview to HNN about the flood of 1927, which he has researched.
His official entry on the OAH website says this about Mr. Daniel:
Pete Daniel is a curator in the division of industry and transportation at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History. He specializes in the history of the twentieth-century South, in particular agriculture, labor, culture, and civil rights. He has curated exhibits that deal with science, photography, and music. His most recent book, Lost Revolutions: The South in the 1950s (1999), won the Elliott M. Rudwick Prize. Currently vice president of the Southern Historical Association, he will be its president in November 2005. In spring 2004, he delivered the Walter Lynwood Fleming Lecture at Louisiana State University about pesticides and health.
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- The House just passed a bill to create a women's history museum. Only one congresswoman voted against it.
- For hundreds of years, enslaved people were bought and sold in America. Today most of the sites of this trade are forgotten.
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On October 3, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources Secretary Cindy Adams Dunn joined officials from the Department of General Services and Bureau of State Parks to highlight major energy- efficient upgrades at Ohiopyle State Park's visitor center.
The heavily visited Fayette County facility is the first in the three-stop Sustainability Tour planned by the secretary to announce DCNR's extensive, long-term investment in energy conservation.
"We have upgraded our lighting and HVAC systems in a building that already is at the highest efficiency standards," said Dunn. "With these improvements to its LEED Gold visitor center, DCNR signals a commitment to sustainability that will see less electricity consumed in state park and forest buildings throughout Pennsylvania.
"Here at Ohiopyle, we expect an annual CO2 reduction of over 2,000 tons, that is the equivalent of planting 600 acres of forest every year. And, that is just the first step. Looking ahead to mid-2019, DCNR will begin infrastructure improvements benefitting about 50 state parks and 12 forest districts."
Working in cooperation with the Department of General Services, and using the Guaranteed Energy Savings Act (GESA) program, DCNR contracted with Energy Systems Group of Portersville to provide infrastructure investments that will save $7.5 million over 20 years, the secretary said.
"Under the Wolf Administration, we have made significant strides in revising and revitalizing our energy savings and sustainability programs," Department of General Services Deputy Secretary for Property and Asset Management Julien Gaudion said. "Through our work with agencies, including DCNR, we have reduced our overall energy consumption, while at the same time investing in $87 million in new construction and generating savings of $4.6 million annually.
The commonwealth currently has nine GESA projects underway. Once they are all complete, the energy savings from those projects will be the equivalent of planting more than 37,000 trees annually or removing more than 3,100 cars from the road for a year.
Secretary Dunn noted DCNR oversees more than 4,500 buildings in its parks system, more than a hundred wastewater treatment facilities, and thousands of vehicles, and spends millions of dollars a year in electricity.
"When we started DCNR's Sustainability Initiative in 2015, we knew there were many opportunities to save money and reduce our carbon footprint," Dunn said. "I am proud to say our team has gotten off to a fast start and is already making a big impact. These improvements here at Ohiopyle are a key part of this important work in sustainability — a major beginning if you will, in bigger and better things to come."
Over $200,000 in LED lighting upgrades and building insulation/weatherization improvements have been installed at the visitor center to replace high-efficiency fluorescent lighting, further enhancing efficiency/sustainability. Additionally, park-wide LED upgrades include barns, cottages, maintenance facilities, residences and yurts.
Continuing her "Sustainability Tour," Dunn was to visit Moraine State Park on Thursday to help dedicate a solar power installation that will save the Butler County park $25,000 annually by providing enough energy to operate its sewage treatment plant. On Friday, she will visit Prince Gallitzin State Park, where an electric charging station has been installed to service the Cambria County park and its visitors.
As the state's leading conservation agency, DCNR strives to follow practices that conserve and sustain natural resources. Through its green and sustainable initiative, DCNR exemplifies best practices through its buildings, vehicle fleet, purchases, land management and business operations.
For more information on Pennsylvania's 121 state parks visit the DCNR website.


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Nicotine Pouches and Testosterone: Explaining the Connection
Nicotine Pouches
Nicotine pouches have increased rapidly in popularity in recent years as a less harmful, smoke-free, and tobacco-free nicotine alternative. As these pouches gain traction in the market, questions arise regarding their potential impact on various aspects of health, including hormone levels. One such hormone that has piqued the interest of researchers and users alike is testosterone.
This brings us to one question in particular: nicotine pouches and testosterone. How do nicotine pouches impact testosterone and is there any connection between them?
This article delves into the intriguing connection between nicotine pouches and testosterone, seeking to unravel the complexities of this relationship.
Understanding Nicotine Pouches
Nicotine pouches are innovative smokeless alternatives designed for nicotine delivery. Unlike traditional tobacco products, these pouches contain no tobacco and are not combustible, making them much more convenient and less harmful than traditional tobacco products.
Nicotine Pouches are simply placed under the upper lip where they release nicotine into the bloodstream, completely discreetly.
The typical composition includes nicotine, food-grade fillers, pH adjusters, and flavorings. The absence of combustion distinguishes nicotine pouches from traditional smoking methods, eliminating harmful byproducts associated with burning tobacco.
The popularity of nicotine pouches has seen a global surge, particularly due to an increase in health consciousness and a growing understanding of the detrimental health consequences of smoking. This has led to many new and innovative nicotine products on the market that aim to offer less harmful nicotine alternatives to smoking.
The Basics of Testosterone
Testosterone is primarily produced in the testes in men and ovaries in women and belongs to the class of hormones known as androgens. It plays an important role in the development of male reproductive tissues, muscle mass, bone density, and overall well-being.
Beyond its role in reproductive health, testosterone influences different physiological processes, including the development of secondary sexual characteristics, maintenance of muscle mass, regulation of mood, and support for cognitive functions.
Testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive organs during fetal development and puberty. It contributes to the deepening of the voice, the growth of facial and body hair, and the development of the Adam's apple.
Testosterone also plays a role in maintaining muscle mass and bone density. It supports the production of red blood cells and helps regulate fat distribution.
Testosterone levels typically peak during adolescence and early adulthood and gradually decline with age. This decline is a natural part of the aging process. Various lifestyle choices like diet, exercise, and sleep patterns can influence testosterone levels. Chronic stress and inadequate sleep, for instance, may contribute to hormonal imbalances. Lastly, certain medical conditions, such as hypogonadism, can lead to low testosterone levels. Conversely, conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women may result in elevated testosterone levels.
Now, do nicotine pouches have any impact on testosterone levels one way or the other? Let's take a closer look at what the research suggests.
 Existing Research on Nicotine and Testosterone
Before we dig in, it's important to highlight the fact that more studies need to be conducted that specifically look at the relationship between nicotine pouches and testosterone. This is because nicotine pouches are still a relatively new product on the market. There are plenty of studies that have looked at the relationship between smoking and testosterone but these findings can obviously not be directly applied to nicotine pouch use. This is because smoking is obviously a lot different from nicotine pouches and there are many other factors, in addition to the nicotine, that impact the body and health. The inhalation of smoke comes with a long list of health consequences that nicotine pouches simply do not have.
This is why we want to raise a warning that when you look at studies that study the relationship between nicotine and testosterone, it's important to look at the method through which the nicotine was administered.
Some studies have, for example, indicated that smoking might lead to a reduction in testosterone levels, which is likely linked to the impact of various toxicants in tobacco smoke.
In a study conducted by Umeå University in Sweden, they stated the following:
"We found no associations between snus use and established cardiometabolic risk factors, but there was evidence of lower concentrations of inflammatory and vitamin D-status biomarkers in both men and women, and higher testosterone concentrations in men who were currently using snus." (Source)
This study looked specifically at Swedish tobacco snus and not nicotine pouches, however, nicotine pouches and snus are quite similar. Bear in mind that nicotine pouches are a product development of snus and are used in the same way, albeit without the tobacco. This is why this result is likely very relevant for nicotine pouches as well.
Another study that also looked at snus found that "After adjustments, total sperm count was 24% lower (P = 0.03) and testosterone 14% higher (P < 0.001) in 109 users of snuff than in non-users, whereas cotinine was positively associated with testosterone and oestradiol (P < 0.001). Numbers of boxes of snuff used per week were associated with testosterone and FSH (P < 0.001)."
Moreover, the study concluded that "Applied to the general population, the consumption of smoke-free tobacco by the use of snuff was associated with a lower sperm count and a higher testosterone, for which the extent seemed to play a role." (Source)
Whilst this relates to smoking, a 2016 research review looked at the effects of nicotine on more than 13,000 men and 6,000 women. They found that men who smoked appeared to have higher testosterone levels than nonsmokers but there was no significant association between smoking and testosterone changes in women.
Another study of more than 3,000 men published in the International Journal of Andrology found a positive correlation between smoking and increased testosterone levels. The participants involved in this research exhibited a mean smoking duration of 42.8 years, engaging in a daily consumption of approximately 11.6 cigarettes, in contrast to their non-smoking counterparts. Remarkably, individuals who smoked displayed a 15% elevation in total testosterone levels and a 13% rise in free testosterone levels when compared to those who had never indulged in smoking. Furthermore, it was unexpectedly observed that an escalation in the daily cigarette intake corresponded with a concurrent increase in both total and free testosterone levels. At the same time, it's important to note that smoking has many harmful health consequences in the long term and equally so on testosterone levels.
For example, a study published in the American Journal of Epidemiology found that heavy smokers (meaning 36.5 packs or more per year) show a faster age-related decline in testosterone than non-smokers.
Again, this study only looked at smoking and not nicotine pouch use.
As you can see, the research results are somewhat mixed, and the fact that there are limited studies specifically on nicotine pouches makes it even more difficult to draw any definite conclusions. Moreover, it's important to note that it's difficult to draw any conclusions about nicotine from smoking and testosterone levels due to the many other factors involved in smoking. With nicotine pouches, the only "active" ingredient is nicotine, nothing else.
Potential Mechanisms of Interaction
Receptor Activation: Nicotine is a potent alkaloid found in nicotine pouches and interacts with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the central and peripheral nervous systems. These receptors play an important role in neurotransmission and can influence the release of various hormones, including those involved in the endocrine system.
Hormonal Signaling: Activation of nAChRs can trigger the release of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine. This, in turn, may impact hormonal signaling pathways. The connections between the nervous and endocrine systems raise questions about how nicotine could influence the production and regulation of hormones like testosterone.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis: Testosterone production is regulated by the HPG axis and involves interactions between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and testes. Nicotine's influence on this axis is a subject of interest, with some studies suggesting that it may affect the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), both integral to testosterone synthesis.
Testicular Function: Nicotine's impact on Leydig cells within the testes, responsible for testosterone production, is another potential pathway. Changes in Leydig cell function could influence the overall testosterone levels in the body.
Lifestyle and Behavioral Factors
It's important to note that other factors can play an even greater impact on your testosterone levels than nicotine.
Dietary habits play a key role in overall health, including hormone regulation. Nutrients like zinc, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids are known to influence testosterone levels. It's useful to understand how dietary choices interact with nicotine pouch to get a more comprehensive picture of the collective impact on your hormonal balance.
Physical Activity: Regular exercise has been associated with higher testosterone levels. Something that would be interesting to explore for researchers in the future would be physical activity, nicotine pouch use, and hormonal regulation in order to determine the broader lifestyle factors influencing testosterone.
Patterns of Use: