What's The Difference Between Car And Home Subwoofers
When it comes to enhancing your audio experience, whether at home or in a vehicle, subwoofers play a significant role. ...
By Dewayne
When it comes to enhancing your audio experience, whether at home or in a vehicle, subwoofers play a significant role. They provide the bass element to your sound system, adding depth and richness to the listening experience. The type of subwoofer you choose might be influenced by where you intend to use it: in your home theater or car.
Subwoofers are categorized into two types: car subwoofers and home subwoofers. Although they share a common purpose, there are critical differences between these two kinds of subwoofers, each designed to suit specific environments. The main variance is due to different power requirements, design requirements, durability, and cost.
This article aims at shedding light on the differences between car subwoofers and home subwoofers while offering guidelines on how to select one that suits your needs. As we dive deeper, you will appreciate the importance of understanding your specific requirements before purchasing any model.
What Are Car Subwoofers?
Car subwoofers, as the name suggests, are audio equipment used in vehicles. They are designed to provide the deep low frequencies that regular car speakers find challenging to produce. Familiar with the intense bass resonating from a car's stereo system? That's the work of a car subwoofer.
Designed to work with the 12V battery system in cars, car subwoofers are often more robust when compared to home subwoofers. The unique design means they have to handle more power, given the high sound proofing in most vehicles. This makes car subwoofers a critical tool for intense bass lovers.
On the other hand, car subwoofers are designed to withstand the tough conditions seen in cars. Consider the heat, cold, moisture, and even constant vibrations; these are conditions your car subwoofer must endure. Hence, they are built to last, offering durability beyond what most home subwoofers can provide.
Lastly, car subwoofers come in different designs, shapes, and sizes. The choice often depends on the size of the car and the preference of the car owner. Despite the variability, the ultimate goal remains the same: to produce high-quality, deep bass sounds to boost the car audio experience.
How Does a Home Subwoofer Work?
Home theater subwoofers function like their car counterparts but with adjustment to suit home use. They are designed to integrate seamlessly with your home theater system, offering rich, deep bass that adds depth to your sound. Essential for any high-quality audio setup, the home theater subwoofer can give life to your audio experience.
Unlike car subwoofers, home theater subwoofers work with electric power supply from your wall socket. They do not need as much power as their car equivalents. Considering that residential environments generally lack the soundproofing seen in vehicles, they do an excellent job at producing sufficient bass with less power.
The design of home theater subwoofers generally takes into account the aesthetics of the room. They come in various shapes and sizes, but always with the goal of blending in with your home decor. This is a significant consideration for homeowners who want a sound system that improves sound quality without disrupting their design scheme.
Installation of home theater subwoofers requires less technical knowledge. They generally come with manuals and guides that allow even the most newbie users to set them up. This accessibility makes them popular among homeowners who want to enhance their audio experience without the need for professional help.
Are Car Subwoofers and Home Subwoofers Designed Differently?
Car subwoofers and home theater subwoofers are designed differently to suit their unique environments. The difference stems from the differing power requirements and the operational circumstances to which they are subjected. As such, these two types of subwoofers are not always interchangeable.
Car subwoofers are designed to withstand the tough conditions of the vehicle environment. They are constructed using heavy-duty materials, built to resist heat, cold, moisture, and even constant vibrations. On the other hand, home subwoofers are typically built with aesthetics in mind. They feature a more stylish design to blend seamlessly into your home decor.
The size is also a critical factor in the design of subwoofers. Car subwoofers often come in larger sizes to counter the soundproofing in vehicles and to produce the intense bass that car audio enthusiasts crave. On the contrary, home subwoofers are generally smaller, optimized for less power consumption and designed to produce enough sound to fill a room.
Power requirements also play into the design differences. Car subwoofers are made to work off a car's 12V battery system, requiring higher power handling. In contrast, home subwoofers operate on wall outlet power, needing less power to produce the bass that makes your audio experience at home more engaging and enjoyable.
Can Car Subwoofers Be Used In Homes?
Simply put, yes and no. Car subwoofers can technically be used in the home setting, but there are several caveats to consider. After all, these devices weren't designed with the home environment in mind. So, while it's possible, short and long-term implications need to be considered.
Firstly, car subwoofers require more power to operate than home subwoofers. This is because they are designed to work off of a car's 12V system. If you plan on using a car subwoofer at home, you'll need to ensure that you have an adequate power supply or risk underpowering the subwoofer which can lead to poor performance or damage.
Secondly, car subwoofers are generally louder and more robust than home models. They are, after all, designed to counter the noise of a running engine and traffic. So, using a car subwoofer at home could potentially lead to noise complaints, especially if you live in an apartment complex.
Thirdly, the design and aesthetics of car subwoofers are not always suitable for home use. They can often be bulkier and heavier, a feature that may not blend well with your home decor. Furthermore, installing a car subwoofer at home could be challenging, given that it's not designed for home use.
Finally, while the durability of car subwoofers is a commendable feature, it may not always be necessary for a home environment. Using a car subwoofer at home will therefore not accrue the full benefits of its durability, as the home environment is not as challenging as a car's interior.
Is Sound Quality Different Between The Two?
The sound quality between car subwoofers and home subwoofers differs to a certain extent. However, it's crucial to note that both are designed to meet specific demands of their target environment, with each achieving incredible sound quality within its intended use.
Car subwoofers are designed to provide a powerful, intense bass experience. This is because a car's cabin is heavily insulated against external noise, necessitating a stronger bass output from the subwoofer. As a result, car subwoofers deliver robust sound quality which is appealing for individuals who appreciate energetic and intense audio experiences.
On the other hand, home subwoofers are designed to deliver a balanced and refined sound that complements the other speakers in your home audio system. Since homes are generally not as insulated as vehicles, home subwoofers are not required to be as powerful. They deliver deep, rich bass notes, perfect for an immersive movie watching or music listening experience at home.
The type of subwoofer you choose ultimately depends on your personal audio preferences. If you prefer a full-bodied, vibrant sound profile, you might find that a car subwoofer suits your tastes. However, if you value relaxed, movie-nights with the family, a home subwoofer may provide the balanced, detailed sound quality that enhances your overall cinema experience.
Power Requirements: Comparison?
One of the critical differences between car and home subwoofers is the power requirement. Car subwoofers are designed to run off of a car's 12V power system, typically drawing far more power than their home counterparts.
Because vehicles have substantial soundproofing and ambient noise (engine, traffic, etc.), car subwoofers need to be more powerful to deliver the desired sound effect. Hence, they may consume more energy, depending on their design and the volume at which they are played.
In contrast, home subwoofers typically work with home power supply specifications (110-240V depending on the country). They are designed to be energy efficient, suiting the quiet and less power-intensive environment of the home. The operating power of home subwoofers is hence lower, but they provide sufficient performance for their intended use.
But power requirements go beyond just energy consumption. These power requirements influence the design, size, and durability of the subwoofers. This is why despite consuming more power, car subwoofers are usually more durable than home subwoofers since they are built to handle higher energy loads.
Which Subwoofer Is More Durable?
The durability of a subwoofer largely depends on the environment and usage conditions. Given the challenges of a vehicle's environment, car subwoof


text:
Nearest city Kuressaare
|Area 24.42 km²|
|Similar Pihla‑Kaibaldi Nature Reserve, Lindi Nature Reserve, Sirtsi Nature Reserve, Järvselja Nature Reserve, Nedrema Nature Reserve|
Laidevahe Nature Reserve (Estonian: Laidevahe looduskaitseala) is a nature reserve situated on Saaremaa in western Estonia, in Saare County.
Laidevahe nature reserve protects an area of coastal wetlands, comprising salt marshes, islets, small lagoons, coastal meadows and so on, but also areas of old-growth forest and alvars. The area is internationally recognized as an important habitat for several species of birds, including the white-tailed eagle which has bred in the area since at least 1995. Other notable bird species found in Laidevahe are dunlin (Calidris alpina), barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis) and little crake (Porzana parva). The coastal nature reserve is also rich in fish, and in addition is a habitat for both otter and grey seal. As for the flora, several species of orchid grow in the nature reserve - for example, early purple orchid, greater butterfly orchid and lady slipper orchids.
The Laidevahe Nature Reserve comprises a myriad of wetland areas. It has lagoons, coastal lakes and saltmarshes, consists of over 40 islets and has large swathes of reedbeds. This diverse vegetation type forms the core of the West Estonian Archipelago Biosphere Reserve (1990). The wetlands are also endowed with small areas of boreo-nemoral broadleaved forests, alvars and dry meadows.
In the vicinity of the Laidevahe Nature Reserve are the Püha and Valjala medieval churches.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
In 3D-wavelet video coding framework temporal filtering is done along the trajectory of motion using Motion Compensated Temporal Filtering (MCTF). Hence computationally efficient motion estimation technique is the need of MCTF. In this paper a predictive technique is proposed in order to reduce the computational complexity of the MCTF framework, by exploiting the high correlation among the frames in a Group Of Picture (GOP). The proposed technique applies coarse and fine searches of any fast block based motion estimation, only to the first pair of frames in a GOP. The generated motion vectors are supplied to the next consecutive frames, even to subsequent temporal levels and only fine search is carried out around those predicted motion vectors. Hence coarse search is skipped for all the motion estimation in a GOP except for the first pair of frames. The technique has been tested for different fast block based motion estimation algorithms over different standard test sequences using MC-EZBC, a state-of-the-art scalable video coder. The simulation result reveals substantial reduction (i.e. 20.75% to 38.24%) in the number of search points during motion estimation, without compromising the quality of the reconstructed video compared to non-predictive techniques. Since the motion vectors of all the pair of frames in a GOP except the first pair will have value ±1 around the motion vectors of the previous pair of frames, the number of bits required for motion vectors is also reduced by 50%.
|Number of pages||6|
|Journal||World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology|
|Publication status||Published - 03-2009|
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: Extreme weather has recently caused many disasters worldwide. In August 8, 2009, Southern Taiwan suffered from serious floods during Typhoon Morakot. In this extreme rainfall event, the Chiuliao first levee in the Laonong River basin experienced catastrophic failure. Therefore, this study focuses on the levee failure mechanisms based on variations in levee water levels. Specifically, this study investigates four mechanisms based on limit state equilibrium. The first mechanism involves the slope stability under hydrostatic conditions at various water levels. The results of this analysis show that the levee cannot fail under this mechanism. The second mechanism involves the levee slope stability with steady-state seepage. Because the water levels are different on the protected and flood sides, the water recedes much faster on the flood side than the protected side. Based on this analysis, the levee slope might fail when the water level at the protected side is close to the top of levee and the water level at the flood side starts to recede. The third and fourth mechanisms involve the levee foundation failure in terms of sliding and overturning failure. The results of this study indicate that the levee foundation is more prone to sliding failure than overturning failure. Based on these results, this study shows that the levee failed when the water level at the protected side neared the top of levee while the water level at flood side started to recede. At this moment, the levee may fail because of both the slope failure with seepage and sliding failure of the levee foundation.


text:
You can type or hand write as well as sketch drawings in OneNote.
With OneNote, you can enter typed and handwritten notes and other information with a keyboard or an inking device such as a mouse, a Tablet PC, or a graphics tablet.
If you use a Tablet PC, handwritten notes can be converted into text (handwriting recognition). If you're using OneNote on a desktop or laptop, you can still use an inking device, or simply, "ink," for writing or drawing, but handwriting recognition is not available. Also, keep in mind that hand writing with a mouse is very difficult and is not recommended.
As with paper, you can write (or type) anywhere on a OneNote page. Just click and write. The inking technology is really great if you'd like to include sketches or diagrams; you can doodle away as you would on paper.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Perl-based Form Mail (Feedback) Script
 Perl-based Form Mail (Feedback) Script
Using a Perl script you may accept feedback from your website visitors and get the results emailed to you. You can use the sample script provided by DOMAIN INDIA and tweak it a bit to suit your requirements.
Sample Script
#!/usr/bin/perl
print "Content-type: text/plain\n\n";
unless(open (MAIL, "|/usr/sbin/sendmail -t"))
{
print "error.\n";
warn "Error starting sendmail: $!";
}
else
{
print MAIL "From: user\@domainname.com\n";
print MAIL "To: user\@domainname.com\n";
print MAIL "Subject: Mail from Enquiry Form\n\n";
print MAIL "Enquiry Form Details";
close(MAIL) || warn "Error closing mail: $!";
print "Mail sent.\n";
}
print "Content-type: text/plain\n\n";

IMPORTANT
 * The .pl file containing the script needs to be uploaded to your web server in ASCII mode only.

 * The .pl file needs to have execute permissions for the normal web user. For example, the .pl file can have permissions 755 or 765.

Sample HTML Feedback Form
 The following lines needs to be added in the form which connects to the above script:
<form action="cgi-bin/script.pl" method="POST">
<input type="hidden" name="recipient" value="_EMAIL_">
<input type="hidden" name="email" value="_EMAIL_">
<input type="hidden" name="realname" value="Feedback Form">
<input type="hidden" name="subject" value="Feedback Form">
<input type=hidden name="redirect" value="_URL_
Following is the explanation about the above mentioned variables:
 * recipient - Here you need to specify the Email address, where the email containing the data submitted through the form, needs to be delivered.

 * email - You would need to change the Email address in the field email to any Email address on the domain name, on which you are incorporating this script. For example, if you are deploying this script on your Domain Name abc.com, then you would define the From Email address as _EMAIL_. This Email address need not be existing on the Mail Server of abc.com, however, the domain name in the email field has to be yours. This implies, that you may use an Email address such as _EMAIL_. This email address will appear as the From email address in the email sent by the script.

 * realname - The value here indicates the name mentioned in the From section of the email, that will be sent to the email address, upon submission of this form. This can be modified as per your requirement.

 * subject - The value in this field can be changed to indicate an appropriate subject for the mail to be sent. For example, you may set this as YourDomainName.com Feedback Form or any other subject that would allow you to uniquely identify from which form on your website this data has been received.

 * redirect - Once the visitor provides feedback, he/she can then be redirected to another page on your website. In order to achieve this, you need to mention the path to the HTML file in the redirect field. Alternately, you can display a message to the visitor thanking him/her for the feedback. Such messages can be displayed in a new page like thanks.htm. Such a page can also contain other information as deemed necessary.
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2.21 1D problem - Using custom class
This example implements a PDE that is only defined in one dimension. Here, we chose the Korteweg-de Vries equation, given by
\[\partial_t \phi = 6 \phi \partial_x \phi - \partial_x^3 \phi\]
which we implement using a custom PDE class below.
pde 1d class
from math import pi
from pde import CartesianGrid, MemoryStorage, PDEBase, ScalarField, plot_kymograph
class KortewegDeVriesPDE(PDEBase):
 """Korteweg-de Vries equation"""
 def evolution_rate(self, state, t=0):
 """implement the python version of the evolution equation"""
 assert state.grid.dim == 1 # ensure the state is one-dimensional
 grad_x = state.gradient("auto_periodic_neumann")[0]
 return 6 * state * grad_x - grad_x.laplace("auto_periodic_neumann")
# initialize the equation and the space
grid = CartesianGrid([[0, 2 * pi]], [32], periodic=True)
state = ScalarField.from_expression(grid, "sin(x)")
# solve the equation and store the trajectory
storage = MemoryStorage()
eq = KortewegDeVriesPDE()
eq.solve(state, t_range=3, solver="scipy", tracker=storage.tracker(0.1))
# plot the trajectory as a space-time plot
plot_kymograph(storage)
Total running time of the script: (0 minutes 2.527 seconds)


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Why ZFC is placed in top of the proof system hierarchy? How it can p-simulate other systems?
share|improve this question
I really would appreciate some definition links to "proof system hierarchy" and "p-simulation". – Hans Stricker Jul 23 '11 at 15:18
_USER_ Stricker, check the Wikipedia pages for "proof complexity" (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_complexity) and "propositional proof system" (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_proof_system). – Kaveh Aug 2 '11 at 6:19
1 Answer 1
It is an open problem if there is an optimal propositional proof system. Therefore we don't know if ZFC as a propositional proof system is optimal either.
ZFC as propositional proof system can p-simulate any propositional proof system whose soundness (if there is proof for a formula then the formula is true) as a propositional proof system is provable in ZFC. The trick (which I think is due to Steve Cook) is based on the fact that proofs are concrete finite objects, if there is a proof for a formula in a proof system, then ZFC can prove its existence (i.e. ZFC is $\Sigma_1$-complete), combining this with the provability of the soundness we derive the truth of the encoded formula in ZFC. The rest of the argument is translating this first order proof in ZFC to a propositional proof in ZFC as propositional proof system and proving the equivalence of a propositional formula with the formula itself in the proof system. This can be done in $\mathsf{TC^0}$-Frege and any system that contains it. See Logical Foundations of Proof Complexity, 2010 by Cook and Nguyen for the details.
share|improve this answer
Strictly speaking, it's the function $F$ that maps ZFC-proofs of $T$ to $T$* (where $T$ is a tautology) that is the propositional proof system, not ZFC itself. Note also that *the assertion that $F$ is a propositional proof system isn't provable in ZFC itself; you need to assume the soundness of ZFC. This is why people put ZFC at the top; conceivably, there could be "stronger" propositional proof systems $F$ that ZFC can't prove are actually propositional proof systems. But if you think that ZFC represents the outer limit of mathematical knowledge, you might have qualms about such $F$. – Timothy Chow Jul 22 '11 at 22:24
_USER_, there are two equivalent definitions for a pps, one is what you described, the other one is a proof checker program (which the one I found more natural). Yes, strictly speaking, but I didn't want to go into too much details. One can add axioms to obtains a possibly stronger pps, e.g. large cardinal axioms. Note that we don't need the full soundness, we only need a very restricted form of it. In fact, as you know :), some proof complexity theorist conjecture that EF is a plausible candidate for the optimal proof system, in which case ZFC will be just equal to it. – Kaveh Aug 2 '11 at 6:13
Your Answer


text:
Eye Lymphoma Symptoms
The most common symptoms for eye lymphoma include:
- blurry vision
- decrease or loss of vision
- floaters (seeing small dots or lines in your field of vision)
- redness or swelling in the eye
- being extra sensitive to light
- eye pain (though this is rare)
Lymphoma usually affects both eyes, though the symptoms may be more obvious in one eye.
Who is at risk for eye lymphoma?
People at risk for getting eye lymphoma include those who:
- have rheumatoid arthritis or other autoimmune diseases
- have certain medical problems that affect their immune system
- have AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
- are taking certain medications to prevent the body from rejecting a transplanted organ
People without any of these risk factors can still develop eye lymphoma.


text:
Avoid Costly Catch Basin Cleanout During Construction
Catch basin donuts (CBDs) are an inlet control device installed on top of a catch basin to collect silt and sediment while letting the water pass through freely. Layfield's newly designed CBDs will prevent water pooling during heavy rainfalls and allow for a much higher flow rate.
What Are The Unique Properties Of A Catch Basin Donut?
Easy to Maintain
Sweep or shovel off the collected sediment from around the catch basin donut, and it will become 100% effective again.
The bright orange and yellow material covering makes it easy for vehicles to see, preventing the catch basin donut from being damaged.
- Prevents silt and sediment from flowing into stormwater systems
- Easy installation and maintenance
- Easy removal and disposal
- An economical and environmentally-friendly solution
Catch Basin Donuts (CBD's) are an inlet control device that is installed on top of the catch basin to collect the silt and sediment while allowing water to pass through freely.


text:
Turning dirty water into gold
A small French start-up company is selling a technology with a hint of alchemy: turning water into gold.
It does so by extracting from industrial waste water the last traces of any rare - and increasingly valuable - metal.
"We leave only a microgramme per litre," said Steve van Zutphen, a Dutchman who founded Magpie Polymers last year with Frenchman Etienne Almoric.
"It's the equivalent of a sugar lump in an Olympic swimming pool," Almoric said.
Magpie Polymers operates from slightly shabby premises at a factory at Saint-Pierre-les-Nemours, 80km southeast of Paris. But it is at the leading edge of technology with a procedure developed at the prestigious Ecole Polytechnique in 2007.
The process is based on the use of tiny pellets of plastic resin through which waste water is pumped.
Gold, platinum, palladium and rhodium little by little stick to the pellets and are thus separated from the waste water. A single litre of this patented resin can treat 5m3 to 10m3 of waste water and recover 50g to 100g of precious metal, "equivalent to $3900 to $6500," Almoric said.
Cellphones, catalytic converters and countless other everyday products contain these precious metals. But once they are scrapped the problem lies in retrieving the precious metals.
"What is complicated is that the amounts are infinitesimal, and so hard to recover," said Van Zutphen.
Once they have been separated and crushed, some industrial waste products have to be dissolved with acid in water. Then the metals have to be recovered irrespective of whether they are valuable. Magpie will not name its chief clients but is active in "France, England, Belgium and Switzerland".


Sociology Index
Ascription is assigning some quality or character to a person or thing. Ascription in a sense is also the assigning to a cause or source. The principle of merit is consistent with liberal theory and assumes equality of opportunity and occupational advancement based on achievement rather than ascription. Meritocracy is rule by those chosen on the principle of merit. Open class ideology claims that society's status system is based on achievement and not on ascription.
What is ascription and third party ascription?
Ascription is the process whereby in the event of a parent failing to return the ethnic group collection form, the school can use its best judgement to determine the ethnic group of the pupil. This process is also known as "third party" ascription. If ascription is to be carried out, there are certain safeguards that need to be in place:
The information should be requested from the parent by post along with a letter that explains that the school will ascribe an ethnic group to their child if there is no response and parents do not formally refuse to provide this information.
If a formal refusal is made, schools must not ascribe an ethnic group.
Parents should be informed of the school's decision and given the opportunity to see, amend or remove the ethnic group record. After such ascription, the ethnic group record will be marked as "ascribed by the school."
When should schools decide if ascription is necessary?
To ensure that schools have a consistent policy on ascription for all pupils, we recommend that the decision to undertake ascription is taken before any correspondence to parents have been sent out. The letter to parents should then be amended to include a paragraph on ascription as shown on the model letter contained in the guidance document.
Why is ascription voluntary rather than compulsory for schools?
We want to give schools the option to carry out ascription if this is the only opportunity that schools will have to collect this data in order to make monitoring possible. Head teachers with the support of their staff are best placed to make the decision whether ascription is desirable or not in their schools. Therefore ascription is voluntary and schools should not be put under pressure to undertake ascription.
What if I am put under pressure to ascribe an ethnic group for those pupils whose parents have not returned the ethnic group data collection form?
Individual members of staff should not be put under pressure to ascribe. However, ascription, if properly conducted according to DfES guidelines, meets the requirements of data protection legislation and has the support the Commission for Racial Equality.


UK's Widest Selection of Commercial Drones
Why is it important to ensure your drones firmware is up to date?
Last updated on
November 15, 2018
Contents
 Firmware is the software at the heart of your drone. It controls everything from flight inputs to battery management and everything in between. So having up to date firmware is important if you are to operate your drone safely and reliably.
 But checking for and applying firmware updates is not a priority for most operators, who have other things to think about. Notifying the relevant authorities about flight activity and creating reports for paying customers are far more pressing matters to most operators than applying software updates.
 This often results in updates being postponed to a later date, but with some drones, this is a mistake because they won't allow you to fly before the update has been applied. Some drone pilots often get annoyed by this failsafe mechanism, claiming that it prevents them from working efficiently and causes embarrassment in front of the customer.
 But the reality is that firmware is so important to the safe operation of your drone that it would be negligent of a manufacturer to allow an old or outdated drone to keep flying. Updates often fix bugs in flight stabilisation algorithms and battery management which could easily cause your drone to fall out of the sky.
 Some manufacturers also include updates to restricted flying areas in their firmware which can prevent you from flying too close to airports or other no-fly zones. So installing that update could prevent you from getting into trouble and receiving a large fine.
 Firmware updates can prevent the loss of your drone
 All computer controlled equipment requires an update at some point. Just think how many times you have to update your smartphone, for example. The difference is that when your smartphone reboots, it doesn't fall out of the sky and risk injuring someone.
 We could cite a number of examples where a firmware update has been used to fix a potentially disastrous fault. But the most recent was implemented by DJI, whose Spark drone began crashing midflight for no apparent reason. The problem was due to a faulty battery connection which came loose during flight, causing the drone to crash.
 While the fault only affected a small number of drones, DJI had no way of knowing which drones were affected. Because safety was a concern, they immediately issued a firmware update which monitored the battery connection, returning the drone to base if the battery reported a fault: a simple, but potentially life-saving, fix.
 Get into the habit of checking your drone for updates every day
 So don't think of firmware updates as an annoying inconvenience, they are there to help protect your drone and your reputation. Try to get into the habit of checking your drone for firmware updates before you go out on a job. This will not only help to keep your drone flying safely, but it will also prevent causing embarrassment in front of the customer.
 Most drones notify you via the control unit when an update is available, but the method for updating varies from manufacturer to manufacturer. In most cases, you can obtain the latest firmware from the support pages on their website. One word of warning: when updating your device it is important that you select the correct model because installing the incorrect firmware can damage your drone.
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text:
A recent study shows that painting your car a cool color could save you money at the gas pump — or the charging station — by keeping your car's temperature lower while in the sun. Now we're not talking about cool as in hip (as in the mind-blowing color of the electric Mercedes SLS AMG E-Cell), but rather a color cool in temperature like shades of blue and violet. The Berkeley Lab's Environmental Energy Technologies Division compared the efficiency of the air conditioners in two almost identical Honda Civics sitting in the California sun and found that the silver car required a 13% smaller output to cool than the black car.
The researchers who conducted the study parked the two vehicles near each other in a parking lot during the middle of the day in Sacramento, California — where temperatures can reach well over 100°F — and put the cars through five cooling cycles where the air conditioner was shut off for 30 minutes and subsequently the car was cooled to 77°F within 30 minutes. The researchers then measured the roof, ceiling, dashboard, windshield, seat, door, vent air and cabin air temperatures of the vehicles after and during each cycle. On the solar reflective scale (a 0-1 scale that measures the solar reflection of a color, with higher numbers being more reflective) the black car scored a 0.05 and silver car a 0.58.
During the hottest moments of testing the silver car's roof was measured at as much as 45°F cooler than the roof on the black car. When translated through modeling to corresponding gas mileage savings, it was found that on average a car with a solar reflectiveness of 0.35 will save 1.1% in gas (0.24 mpg) because of its less heat-absorptive paint job. This level of solar reflectiveness would also reduce emissions by 1.1%.
Meanwhile, a silver or white car with a solar absorption level of 0.60 would save 2% in gas and 1.9% in emissions. These numbers also transfer to the charging station – getting a cool colored electric car will help your battery last longer by saving energy in temperature control. Look out, red – there's a new cool color in town and it could save a significant amount of energy.


text:
Publisher : The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
DOI : 10.5322/JES.2007.16.1.027
Title & Authors
Seasonal Analysis of Odorous Compounds Emitted From the Chemical Plant Cho, Jae-Sung; Kim, Jae-Woo;
In this study, the concentrations of offensive odorous compounds seasonally emitted from the chemical plant at Chongju industrial complex in Korea were determined by the analytical methods of gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and uv/vis spectroscopy. The kinds of offensive odorous compounds examined are formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, butyl aldehyde, propion aldehyde, n-valeric aldehyde, iso-valeric aldehyde, hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, trimethyl amine and ammonia. The seasonally emission levels of all odorous compounds except dimethyl sulfide at 13 sampling points of plant were lower than those of the regulation standard levels of the industrial complex in Korea. The levels were the highest in June, and lowest in December. The propion aldehyde and iso-valeric aldehyde in June and December, butyl aldehyde in December, and n-valeric aldehyde were not detected in all the three seasons at any sampling points of the plant examined. But in June, dimethyl sulfide was emitted up to 16 times than that of the regulation level.


tion should be automatically activated when the computer starts. Click Forward.
5. Select Network to Network encryption (VPN), and click Forward.
6. Select the type of encryption to use: manual or automatic.
If manual is selected, an encryption key must be provided later in the process. If automatic is
selected, the racoon daemon is used to manage the encryption key. If racoon is used, the
ipsec-tools package must be installed. Click Forward to continue.
7. On the Local Network page, enter the following information:
Local Network Address The IP address of the device on the IPsec router connected to
the private network.
Local Subnet Mask The subnet mask of the local network IP address.
Local Network Gateway The gateway for the private subnet.
Click Forward to continue.
Figure 19-24. Local Network Information
144 Chapter 19. Network Configuration
8. On the Remote Network page, enter the following information:
Remote IP Address The publically addressable IP address of the IPsec router for the
other private network. In our example, for ipsec0, enter the publically addressable IP address
of ipsec1, and vice versa.
Remote Network Address The network address of the private subnet behind the
other IPsec router. In our example, enter 192.168.1.0 if configuring ipsec1, and enter
192.168.2.0 if configuring ipsec0.
Remote Subnet Mask The subnet mask of the remote IP address.
Remote Network Gateway The IP address of the gateway for the remote network address.
If manual encryption was selected in step 6, specify the encryption key to use or click Gen-
erate to create one.
Specify an authentication key or click Generate to generate one. It can be any combination
of numbers and letters.
Click Forward to continue.
Figure 19-25. Remote Network Information
9. Verify the information on the IPsec Summary page, and click Apply.
10. Select File => Save to save the configuration.
11. Select the IPsec connection from the list, and click the Activate button.
12. As root at a shell prompt, enable IP forwarding:
a. Edit /etc/sysctl.conf and set net.ipv4.ip_forward to 1.
b. Execute the following command to enable the change:
sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.conf
The network script to activate the IPsec connection automatically creates network routes to send pack-
ets through the IPsec router if necessary.
Refer to Section 19.14.3 Testing the IPsec Connection to determine if the IPsec connection has been
successfully established.
Chapter 19. Network Configuration 145
19.14.3. Testing the IPsec Connection
Use the tcpdump utility to view the network packets being transfered between the hosts (or networks)
and verify that they are encrypted via IPsec. The packet should include an AH header and should be
shown as ESP packets. ESP means it is encrypted. For example:
17:13:20.617872 pinky.example.com > ijin.example.com: \
AH(spi=0x0aaa749f,seq=0x335): ESP(spi=0x0ec0441e,seq=0x335) (DF)
19.14.4. Starting and Stopping the Connection
If the IPsec connection was not configured to activate on boot, start and stop it as root via the command
line.
To start the connection, execute the following command as root on each host for host-to-host IPsec
or each IPsec router for network-to-network IPsec (replace <ipsec-nick> with the one word
nickname configured earlier, such as ipsec0):
/sbin/ifup <ipsec-nick>
To stop the connection, execute the following command as root on each host for host-to-host IPsec
or each IPsec router for network-to-network IPsec (replace <ipsec-nick> with the one word
nickname configured earlier, such as ipsec0):
/sbin/ifdown <ipsec-nick>
19.15. Saving and Restoring the Network Configuration
The command line version of Network Administration Tool can be used to save the systems network
configuration to a file. This file can then be used to restore the network setting to a Red Hat Enterprise
Linux system.
This feature can be used as part of an automated backup script, to save the configuration before
upgrading or reinstalling, or to copy the configuration to a different Red Hat Enterprise Linux system.
To save, or export, the systems network configuration to the file /tmp/network-config, execute
the following command as root:
redhat-config-network-cmd -e > /tmp/network-config
To restore, or import, the network configuration from the file created from the previous command,
execute the following command as root:
redhat-config-network-cmd -i -c -f /tmp/network-config
The -i option means to import the data, the -c option means to clear the existing configuration prior
of importing, and the -f option specifies that the file to import is as follows.
146 Chapter 19. Network Configuration
Chapter 20.
Basic Firewall Configuration
Just as a firewall in a building attempts to prevent a fire from spreading, a computer firewall attempts
to prevent computer viruses from spreading to your computer and to prevent unauthorized users from
accessing your computer. A firewall exists between your computer and the network. It determines
which services on your computer remote users on the network can access. A properly configured
firewall can greatly increase the security of your system. It is recommended that you configure a
firewall for any Red Hat Enterprise Linux system with an Internet connection.
20.1. Security Level Configuration Tool
During the Firewall Configuration screen of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux installation, you were
given the option to enable a basic firewall as well as allow specific devices, incoming services, and
ports.
After installation, you can change this preference by using the Security Level Configuration Tool.
To start the application, select Main Menu Button (on the Panel) => System Settings => Security
Level or type the command redhat-config-securitylevel from a shell prompt (for example, in
an XTerm or a GNOME terminal).
Figure 20-1. Security Level Configuration Tool
Note
The Security Level Configuration Tool only configures a basic firewall. If the system needs to allow
or deny access to specific ports or if the system needs more complex rules, refer to the Red Hat
Enterprise Linux Reference Guide for details on configuring specific iptables rules.
Select one of the following options:
148 Chapter 20. Basic Firewall Configuration
Disable firewall Disabling the firewall provides complete access to your system and does no
security checking. Security checking is the disabling of access to certain services. This should only
be selected if you are running on a trusted network (not the Internet) or plan to do more firewall
configuration later.
Warning
If you have a firewall configured or any customized firewall rules in the /etc/sysconfig/iptables
file, the file will be deleted if you select Disable firewall and click OK to save the changes.
Enable firewall This option configures the system to reject incoming connections that are not in
response to outbound requests, such as DNS replies or DHCP requests. If access to services running
on this machine is needed, you can choose to allow specific services through the firewall.
If you are connecting your system to the Internet, but do not plan to run a server, this is the safest
choice.
Selecting any of the Trusted devices allows access to your system for all traffic from that device;
it is excluded from the firewall rules. For example, if you are running a local network, but are con-
nected to the Internet via a PPP dialup, you can check eth0 and any traffic coming from your local
network will be allowed. Selecting eth0 as trusted means all traffic over the Ethernet is allowed, but
the ppp0 interface is still firewalled. To restrict traffic on an interface, leave it unchecked.
It is not recommended that you make any device that is connected to public networks, such as the
Internet, a Trusted device.
Enabling options in the Trusted services list allows the specified service to pass through the fire-
wall.
WWW (HTTP)
The HTTP protocol is used by Apache (and by other Web servers) to serve webpages. If you
plan on making your Web server publicly available, enable this option. This option is not
required for viewing pages locally or for developing webpages. You must have the httpd
package installed to serve webpages.
Enabling WWW (HTTP) will not open a port for HTTPS, the SSL version of HTTP.
FTP
The FTP protocol is used to transfer files between machines on a network. If you plan on
making your FTP server publicly available, enable this option. The vsftpd package must be
installed for this option to be useful.
SSH
Secure Shell (SSH) is a suite of tools for logging into and executing commands on a
remote machine. To allow remote access to the machine via ssh, enable this option. The
openssh-server package must be installed to access


text:
Effect of Ag grain size on high temperature joint formation in Ag-In system
- Wang P.J, Chu-Hsuan Sha, Lee C.C
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 2010
- Cited Count
- General Works
- Grain size, Temperature, Copper, Bonding, Thermal conductivity, Microstructure, Annealing, Solids, Conducting materials, Electrodes
After many experiments in developing fluxless Ag-In joints, we realize that the success of producing a joint relates to microstructure of the Ag layer. Ag with small grains results in rapid growth of solid Ag2In intermetallic compounds through grain boundary diffusion. Thus, a joint is not obtained because of lack of molten phase, (L). To coarsen Ag grains, an annealing step is added to the Ag-plated Cu substrate. This step makes Ag grains 200 times coarser compared to the as-plated Ag. The coarsened microstructure slows down the Ag2In growth. Consequently, the (L) phase stays at molten state with sufficient time to react with the Ag layer on Si chip to produce a joint. Nearly perfect joints are produced on Ag-plated Cu substrates. The resulting joints consist of pure Ag, Ag-rich solid solution, Ag2In, and Ag3In. The melting temperature exceeds 650°C. Using the present process, high temperature joints of high thermal conductivity are made between Si chips and Cu substrates at low bonding temperature (200°C). We foresee the Ag-In system as an important system to explore for various fluxless bonding applications. This system provides the possibilities of producing joints of wide composition choices and wide melting temperature range. Present study provides preliminary but useful information on how the microstructure of Ag affects the bonding results.
If you register references through the customer center, the reference information will be registered as soon as possible.


text:
Overfishing made the grey nurse shark endangered, but it's the animal's bizarre, cannibalistic embryos that are making it difficult for the species to rebound. The gestating shark pups need a "time out," says Nick Otway, a fisheries biologist at Port Stephens Fisheries Institute in Australia. As a last-ditch effort to keep the species from eating itself into extinction, he built an artificial uterus, a souped-up fish tank that will give each unborn baby its own womb.
Female grey nurse sharks have two uteruses, in which embryos play "king of the uterus": competing for nutrients, with the strong gobbling up weaker kin. The last shark standing in each womb devours any unfertilized eggs during a yearlong gestation, after which the mother gives birth to the two pups. The shark's long pregnancy and low birth rate—along with people killing it because they mistakenly assumed it is a maneater—have knocked its numbers down to just a few thousand worldwide. And caretakers have had trouble keeping pups born in captivity alive, producing only nine sharks in 20 years.
Last September, Otway conducted the first trial of the acrylic uterus with 10-month-old embryos from a pregnant wobbegong shark, a non-cannibalizing, plentiful species whose young develop on the same schedule as the grey nurse's. He replicated a shark's uterus by bathing the embryos in 68˚F seawater. After 17 days, the fake womb "gave birth" to six healthy pups. The team plans to experiment with younger wobbegongs and adjust the mixture in the tank to a watery solution rich in urea, sodium and potassium to match the early stages of a wobbegong pregnancy.
Before Otway rears grey nurse sharks, his crew will study and duplicate the intrauterine solution found in the mothers. Then he'll build separate wombs for each embryo. If all goes well with the 10-year project, he could increase a mother's brood to 20. Otway says he could adapt the device for biologically similar species, but he has no plans to make artificial human uteresus. "That might be possible, but I don't want to get into it because of the ethical issues," he says. "I'll stick with sharks."
Five amazing, clean technologies that will set us free, in this month's energy-focused issue. Also: how to build a better bomb detector, the robotic toys that are raising your children, a human catapult, the world's smallest arcade, and much more.


Elevate Averages 2 (Math Game) - Brain Training Games app for iPhone, iOS and Android
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* Interpret data presented in the news more confidently
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»Nomad Commands (CLI)
Nomad is controlled via a very easy to use command-line interface (CLI). Nomad is only a single command-line application: nomad, which takes a subcommand such as "agent" or "status". The complete list of subcommands is in the navigation to the left.
The Nomad CLI is a well-behaved command line application. In erroneous cases, a non-zero exit status will be returned. It also responds to -h and --help as you would most likely expect.
To view a list of the available commands at any time, just run Nomad with no arguments. To get help for any specific subcommand, run the subcommand with the -h argument.
Each command has been conveniently documented on this website. Links to each command can be found on the left.
Nomad's CLI supports command autocomplete. Autocomplete can be installed or uninstalled by running the following on bash or zsh shells:
$ nomad -autocomplete-install
$ nomad -autocomplete-uninstall
»Command Contexts
Nomad's CLI commands have implied contexts in their naming convention. Because the CLI is most commonly used to manipulate or query jobs, you can assume that any given command is working in that context unless the command name implies otherwise.
For example, the nomad job run command is used to run a new job, the nomad status command queries information about existing jobs, etc. Conversely, commands with a prefix in their name likely operate in a different context. Examples include the nomad agent-info or nomad node drain commands, which operate in the agent or node contexts respectively.
»Remote Usage
The Nomad CLI may be used to interact with a remote Nomad cluster, even when the local machine does not have a running Nomad agent. To do so, set the NOMAD_ADDR environment variable or use the -address= flag when running commands.
$ NOMAD_ADDR=https://remote-address:4646 nomad status
$ nomad status -address=https://remote-address:4646
The provided address must be reachable from your local machine. There are a variety of ways to accomplish this (VPN, SSH Tunnel, etc). If the port is exposed to the public internet it is highly recommended to configure TLS.


Home | | Chemistry | General properties of Lanthanides
Chapter: 11th 12th std standard Class Organic Inorganic Physical Chemistry Higher secondary school College Notes
General properties of Lanthanides
General properties of Lanthanides
The Lanthanide series include fifteen elements i.e. lanthanum (57 La) to lutetium (71 Lu). Lanthanum and Lutetium have no partly filled 4f- subshell but have electrons in 5d-subshell.
The position of f block elements in the periodic table, is explained above.
The elements in which the extra electron enters ( n- 2 )f orbitals are called f- block elements. These elements are also called as inner transition elements because they form a transition series within the transition elements. The f-block elements are also known as rare earth elements. These are divided into two series.

i) The Lanthanide series (4f-block elements)
ii) The Actinide series (5f- block elements )
The Lanthanide Series
The Lanthanide series include fifteen elements i.e. lanthanum (57 La) to lutetium (71 Lu). Lanthanum and Lutetium have no partly filled 4f- subshell but have electrons in 5d-subshell. Thus these elements should not be included in this series. However, all these elements closely resemble lanthanum and hence are considered together.
General properties of Lanthanides
1. Electronic configuration
The electronic configuration of Lanthanides are listed in the table . The fourteen electrons are filled in Ce to Lu with configuration [54 Xe ]4f1-14 5d1 6s2
2. Oxidation states
The common oxidation state exhibited by all the lanthanides is +3 (Ln3+) in aqueous solutions and in their solid compounds. Some elements exhibit +2 and +4 states as uncommon oxidation states.
La - +3
Ce - +3, +4, +2
Pr - +3, +4
Nd - +3, +4, +2
3. Radii of tripositive lanthanide ions
The size of M3+ ions decreases as we move through the lanthanides from lanthanum to lutetium. This steady decrease in ionic radii of M3+ cations in the lanthanide series is called Lanthanide contraction.
Cause of lanthanide contraction
The lanthanide contraction is due to the imperfect shielding of one 4f electron by another in the same sub shell. As we move along the lanthanide series, the nuclear charge and the number of 4f electrons increase by one unit at each step. However, due to imperfect shielding, the effective nuclear charge increases causing a contraction in electron cloud of 4f-subshell.
Consequences of lanthanide contraction
Basicity of ions
i) Due to lanthanide contraction, the size of Ln3+ ions decreases regularly with increase in atomic number. According to Fajan's rule, decrease in size of Ln3+ ions increase the covalent character and decreases the basic character between Ln3+ and OH- ion in Ln(OH)3. Since the order of size of Ln3+ ions
are
La3+> Ce3+ ............... >Lu3+
ii) There is regular decrease in their ionic radii.
iii) Regular decrease in their tendency to act as reducing agent, with increase in atomic number.
iv) Due to lanthanide contraction, second and third rows of d-block transistion elements are quite close in properties.
v) Due to lanthanide contraction, these elements occur together in natural minerals and are difficult to separate.
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U.S. Supreme Court
Can silence before arrest be used against defendant? Supreme Court to decide
The U.S. Supreme Court has agreed to decide whether a defendant who refused to answer an officer's question before a formal arrest can have his silence used against him at trial.
The case is Salinas v. Texas, report the New York Times and the Washington Post. The cert petition (PDF) by Stanford law professor Jeffrey Fisher argues that the Fifth Amendment's right against self-incrimination protects a defendant's pre-arrest silence. State and federal courts are "openly and intractably divided" on the issue, according to the petition.
The case is an appeal by Genovevo Salinas, identified as one of the people who attended a party hosted by two brothers the night before their murders. Salinas accompanied officers to the police station and answered their questions until he was asked whether a shotgun turned in by Salinas' father would match shells at the murder scene. Salinas did not answer.
"When law enforcement agents question someone about his or her potential involvement in criminal activity," Fisher wrote, "the individual has two choices: speak or remain silent. If the latter necessarily creates evidence of guilt, then the right the Constitution grants him to remain silent is little more than a trap for the unwary."
Unusual sentence for would-be juror who Googled murder defendant
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text:
What does ICJ mean in Ocean Science?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand ICJ in the Academic & Science field in general and in the Ocean Science terminology in particular.
Find a translation for ICJ in other languages:
Select another language:
What does ICJ mean?
- International Court of Justice, World Court(noun)
- a court established to settle disputes between members of the United Nations


text:
During WW2 the Nazi's created an "Operation Burghard" with the goal of counterfeiting the British pound sterling and US Dollar and then flooding the market with same to collapse those two economies. This secret operation used Jewish masters of counterfeit in Nazi concentration camps. Ultimately 136 million pounds sterling were counterfeited and passed the test thru the actual Bank of England as being authentic. This amounted to four times Britain's financial reserves. Fortunately the majority of the forgeries were boxed up and ended up in an Austrian lake just before the camp was liberated.
Adolf Burger was one of the master counterfeiters who later wrote his memoirs into the book The Devil's Workshop that was made into the movie. Burger toured Europe telling his story of counterfeiting and of the concentration camps of which he had spent time in three. He lived to be 90 years old.


text:
Pump pulse duration is shown to determine the maximum efficiency of the up conversion process in ytterbium, thulium co-doped fluoride crystals through its role in determining the emitter temperature reached. We show that up-conversion efficiencies should only be measured when using the same pumping conditions as would be used in a proposed application and that thermal management of the up converting material is critical to optimized performance.
©2004 Optical Society of America
The concept of frequency up-conversion (UC) of infrared-to-visible light in rare-earth (RE) doped materials was first reported more than forty years ago . The efficiency that was observed or expected for this process was low in singly doped media, but it was quickly noticed that the mechanism could be made one or two orders of magnitude more efficient by using ytterbium (Yb3+) as a sensitizer ion in addition to the active ion: erbium (Er3+), holmium (Ho3+), or thulium (Tm3+) [2–7]. Efficient UC materials were extensively investigated, as they could make possible such photonic applications as UC lasers (visible lasers that are pumped by infrared diode lasers) or displays. However, because no powerful source existed in the 980-nm region to excite those up-converters, no practical product came out of the research. With the development of powerful 980-nm diode lasers lead by the telecommunication industry, a technology that appeared unworkable in the past now has significant potential applications.
It was noticed in the past that pumping conditions caused heating of the material and that higher efficiencies were obtained with low duty cycle excitation [8, 9] but no systematic study of the effect was conducted. It was also reported that for the same average input power, higher irradiance and thus, higher efficiencies were achieved using pulsed excitation than when using continuous wave (cw) excitation due to the quadratic nature of the process . The specific properties of the pumping conditions in display applications of UC must be understood, as several technologies might be used to form the image. The infrared source can either be scanned (vector-addressed or raster-scanned), or the image can be directly projected using Digital Micromirror Devices (MEMS) such as in the Texas Instrument Digital Light Processing (DLP™) technology. In the first case the materials would be undergoing pulse-excitation, whereas they would be quasi-continuously excited in the second case.
In this paper, we examine the role of temperature on the efficiency of blue light emitting doubly doped fluoride up conversion materials. The materials are studied in the powder form in which they would be used in an UC display application. We concentrate on the blue emitter because it is commonly the least efficient in a UC display. Many phonons participate in the blue emission process due to energy level mismatches and result in increased emitter temperature and a drop in efficiency. In particular, we investigate the effect of various pumping rates and duration on the performance of our best performing blue UC material: Yb, Tm doped yttrium lithium fluoride or Yb,Tm:YLF.
The principle of photonic displays can be found in previous publications [11–14]. In order to help the reader follow the subsequent discussions, the energy diagram of Yb3+ and Tm3+ in YLF is given Fig. 1, along with the possible energy transfers from Yb3+ to Tm3+ and cross-relaxations.
Previously published work showed that the performance of the blue up-conversion material was altered when pumping with a continuous source compared to short pulse excitation. Rate equation analyses illustrated that this behavior could be explained only when transfer and cross-relaxation rates were made temperature-dependent, to include the phonon-assisted fluorescence. Length limitations prevent our including a more extensive description of the numerical simulations. These will be reported in a separate paper, and we now concentrate on the experimental results. To better understand thermal effects, we used the fluorescence intensity ratio technique (FIR) as described in for other rare-earth ions. In thulium was excluded from the list of suitable candidates for thermal sensing. However in fluorides such as YLF, the sublevels of the blue emitting levels are well separated and emission peaks from thermally coupled levels can be resolved. Also the low phonon number in fluorides together with the strong Yb3+ absorption of the pump power allow for high UC efficiencies and strong fluorescence signals.
We now describe how we used FIR to study the role of pumping conditions in the co-doped Yb-Tm system. We recorded the emission spectra obtained for a powder sample of Yb,Tm:YLF when pumped with various intensities and pulse durations. Figure 2 shows the results of such measurements in the case where the output power was the same for three pumping conditions. These were continuous (cw) pumping, and pulse pumping at 30 Hz with pulses having either 2 or 5 ms duration, at average powers of 155, 50 and 54 mW respectively.
In Fig. 2, the blue output power was the same for the three pumping conditions. The peaks at 465.5 and 483 nm originate from the same energy level, the 1G4 but different Stark split sub-levels. Those sub-levels are thermalized and the spectral distribution is therefore a signature of the temperature inside the sample. The emission band centered at 450 nm originates from the 1D2 level of Tm, which is populated via a fourth UC step from the 1G4 level and cross relaxations. However it lies 7000 cm-1 above 1G4 so these two levels are not thermally coupled, which was confirmed by lifetime measurements. Therefore, to correctly estimate the spectral distribution of the 480 nm band as a function of temperature, one has to first subtract the tail of the emission band at 450 nm. From the resulting spectrum, it is possible to say that when the ratio of the emission at 465.5 to that at 483 nm increases, it means that the temperature of the emitting powder is increasing. It can be seen from Fig. 2 that for the same output luminance, the temperature of the sample is much higher when continuous pumping is used than when pulsed excitation is used.
To get more quantitative measurements, we measured the spectral distribution around 480 nm after correction for the 1D2 emission at various pre-set temperatures. A hot plate and a thermocouple were used to vary and record the temperature, and for each temperature the emission spectrum was measured after excitation with a low power laser pulse (no heating due to excitation). After subtracting the emission due to the 1D2 level, the ratio of the 465.5 to the 483 nm emission was determined as a function of temperature. We used the results from this experiment to determine the temperature inside the sample for different pumping conditions while operating at room temperature. The incident power was varied as well as the pump duration. Figure 3 shows the estimated powder temperatures reached when cw pumped and when pumped with a 30 Hz, 5 ms pulse in either an acrylic or a copper powder holder. YLF, acrylic and copper have thermal conductivities of about 6, 0.2 and 400 W/(m.K), respectively [17–19]. The powder was composed of 50 μm size particles and was packed binder-free in a cylindrical hole in the holder that was 750 μm diameter and 500 μm deep. There are two conclusions that can be drawn from that plot: first, for the blue emitting Yb-Tm system at a given output power (or brightness), the temperature reached when pumping continuously is significantly higher than when a short duration excitation pulse is used. Second, using a substrate that extracts the heat produced (e.g., has a high thermal diffusion coefficient) significantly reduces the heating of the powder.
Finally, we can measure the total output power as the temperature of the sample is raised for a fixed input power. The excitation was a 4 ns, 10 Hz pulsed OPO laser operating at 150 μJ and tuned to 959 nm (the peak excitation wavelength for Yb,Tm:YLF). The change in efficiency with temperature of the blue emitting Yb,Tm:YLF is shown in Fig. 4. Higher temperature means higher phonon density which increases the rates of phonon assisted energy transfers, cross-relaxation and energy back-transfer. Above room-temperature the net result of the increased rates of these processes in Yb,Tm:YLF is a decrease in the blue emission. Figure 4 shows that the up-conversion emitter performance diminishes significantly when operated at temperatures above room temperature while other experimental results show that temperatures above 100°C can be reached in this emitter (Fig. 3). Therefore, lowering the operating temperature is key to optimizing blue up-conversion materials performance. Preliminary simulations using FEMLAB™ and a simple heat-conduction model show that using a material with high heat-diffusion-coefficient as a substrate in a UC display (e.g., silver or aluminum coated copper for a reflective display or appropriately coated diamond prepared by chemical vapor deposition for reflective or transmissive displays), and reducing the pixel size will enable up-conversion materials to operate close to room-temperature. The data in Fig. 4 suggests that the efficiency of such a display will be between 2 and 4 times


text:
Who is eligible to vote at a UK general election?
In England, Scotland or Wales, you can register to vote online at _URL_-vote.
In Northern Ireland, visit our Register to vote in Northern Ireland page to download a registration form.To vote in a UK general election a person must be registered to vote and also
- 18 or over
- be a British citizen, a qualifying Commonwealth citizen or a citizen of the Republic of Ireland
- not be subject to any legal incapacity to vote
Additionally, the following cannot vote in a UK general election:
- members of the House of Lords (although they can vote at elections to local authorities, devolved legislatures and the European Parliament)
- EU citizens resident in the UK (although they can vote at elections to local authorities, devolved legislatures and the European Parliament)
- anyone other than British, Irish and qualifying Commonwealth citizens
- convicted persons detained in pursuance of their sentences (though remand prisoners, unconvicted prisoners and civil prisoners can vote if they are on the electoral register)
- anyone found guilty within the previous five years of corrupt or illegal practices in connection with an election


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Located on Brisbane's northern outskirts, Griffin is a suburb that combines residential and agricultural land use. It extends from the northern side of the Pine River to Bramble Bay. Add to Description →
Griffin was named after one of the first settlers of the region. He was searching for hardwood timers for use in dwellings and as posts.
Aboriginal tribes, including the Yugerra and Gubbi speaking people, have inhabited the area north of the Pine River for many hundreds of years. This region was clearly shared by the tribes, as there are a number of bora rings, (places where two or more tribes met to celebrate) nearby.
As seen in the aerial photos of Griffin, some vistas of the Griffin region have fantastic views of the mouth of the Pine River and Bramble Bay, and overlook the Hornibrook Highway and Brighton.
Griffin is the location of Osprey House. Osprey House is a well known environmental education centre, run by the Moreton Bay Regional Council and is located on Dohles Rocks Road. The education centre aims to inform the general public about the impact of our modern lives on our environment. The boardwalks, bbq and picnic facilities are accessible at any time, and the lowlands walks often offer glimpses of Ospreys, Brahminy, Whistling Kites and White-breasted Sea Eagles.


Coperion Newsletter Plastics InFocus Headerimage
How to Handle Liquids in Compounding Applications
While most of the ingredients for compounding processes are in solid form, liquids are also regularly used and can offer advantages in certain situations and particular applications.
Coperion K-Tron Liquid Feeder
Coperion K-Tron's modular liquid loss-in-weight feeders offer high accuracy addition of liquid additives in compounding processes.
Liquid ingredients such as oils or silicas can mix and disperse more effectively and can deliver faster reaction times in reactive processing. However, there are also a number of issues to consider when feeding liquids in plastics compounding operations.
Learn more about benefits and challenges when feeding liquids in these Questions & Answers.
What challenges can be encountered when feeding liquids and how can these be overcome?
Liquids tend to be incompressible, which means when they are fed the physical properties do not change. Variations in bulk density can be a massive issue in feeding bulk solids, but with liquids provided you have a consistent "volumetric" throughput you should get the equivalent "gravimetric" throughput.
Unfortunately, as flow rates and pressures increase the flow becomes less predictable, because of slippage back through the pump and cavitation (irregular filling of pump head), it becomes essential to provide a secondary measurement. As flow-meters suffer in the same way as described above the best way to measure and therefore control these materials is using a precise weighing system such as a loss-in-weight liquid feeder with high accuracy weighing technology.
Viscosity is a challenge because when a liquid is highly viscous it does not want to flow. This affects the type of pump that can be used. In most cases Coperion K-Tron recommends the use of gear pumps because they result in a very linear flow. Depending on the material characteristics we sometimes use membrane pumps instead. When a liquid is too viscous, one solution is to heat it up to reduce the viscosity. Coperion K-Tron then incorporates heating systems in the feeder to keep the liquid flowing as it is fed into the process.
Coperion K-Tron Liquid Feeder
Coperion K-Tron's modular liquid loss-in-weight feeders are available with insulation and heating systems to keep viscous liquids flowing.
What are the latest developments in liquid feeders?
When feeding liquids, the special requirements of each application vary widely. Thanks to the new modular design of the Coperion K-Tron Loss-in-Weight Liquid Feeders, a broad range of pumps and tanks can easily be combined to constitute a reliable liquid feeding system representing the ideal configuration for the specific application.
Although each liquid feeder is custom-designed to meet the desired feed rate, the process demands, the characteristics of the liquid, and the new modular concept streamlines the layout and engineering process of a feeder, thus reducing its lead time and initial cost. The new modularity also provides benefits in terms of a uniform mechanical construction as well as identical operation and maintenance for multiple differently sized units. This simplifies feeder operation, maintenance and spares inventory which in turn saves effort and cost. The same applies for retrofits..
Coperion K-Tron's modular liquid feeders are ideal for accurate gravimetric feeding of liquids in either continuous or batch operation. The liquid is metered by a pump outside the scale area. The feed pump is selected according to the feeding capacity which is required and the characteristics of the liquid to be fed. The modular concept makes it easy to tailor each liquid feeder to the parameters of the customer process.
The foundation of this modular liquid feeder is a base frame, available in various lengths and widths, which can be outfitted with optional feet or casters. The pump and weigh bridge are mounted on the base frame. The pump technology is selected depending on the viscosity of the liquid, for example gear or membrane pump.
The exclusive, patented Smart Force Transducer (SFT) weighing technology features vibrating wire technology and an on-board microprocessor with fine-tuned control algorithms to ensure high feeder accuracy. The storage tank is mounted on the scale; standard sizes range from 7.5 up to 300 liters, but larger custom systems have also been realized. A flexible connecting line is required between tank and pump. Depending on the needs of the application, additional options such as insulation or heating systems to maintain the process temperature can be supplied as well. ATEX configurations are also available.
Coperion K-Tron Liquid Feeder
Anatomy of a mineral oil feeder for an extrusion system
What are the most important key features in liquid feeding for sheet foam manufacture?
Within many compounding processes the liquid component is introduced downstream under melt pressure to avoid early degradation of anti-static properties, for example. Working together with an international customer in the UK, Coperion K-Tron has developed several special configurations to handle low pressure addition to an atmospheric port in the case of cross-linking promoters / catalysts in sheet foam manufacture.
The addition rate is critical, hence the need for accurate gravimetric feeding and the nature of these fluids means that the pump selection is critical, requiring extensive trials to ensure long life. We discovered progressive cavity PD pumps with stainless rotors and fluoropolymer elastomer or EPDM stators worked extremely well, with a linear flow rate, but only for a short time because the elastomer absorbed the fluid and became deformed. Switching to conventional gear pumps with a loading valve worked well until the shaft seals failed due to rubber ingress. The final solution, which is now in production on many foam lines, uses our SFT weighing technology coupled with magnetically driven gear pumps, sealed from all mechanical forces.
Your Contact


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Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) utilizes a number of techniques to determine the health of an engineering component or structure without affecting its usefulness. Much like a doctor may use ultrasound or radiography to assess the health of the body, engineers use these and other techniques to decide if material properties are within an acceptable range, if a component was well manufactured, or if damage has occurred in service that would warrant retirement. NDE professionals are active in all phases of engineering, from design to manufacturing to in-service use, and in all industry sectors including aviation, power generation, transportation, manufacturing, and many others.
How can undergraduates get involved in NDE?
The NDE Minor at Iowa State University is a unique opportunity to get a multi-disciplinary qualification in the rapidly evolving engineering discipline of Nondestructive Evaluation. There are also several summer internship opportunities accessible by students taking the NDE minor. Below is the current list of required and approved courses for the minor, for which 16 credits are required. Courses other than the two required courses can be selected from those listed below according to your interests; you can take courses in various NDE disciplines and at the same time qualify for this important minor.
* MatE/EM 362 Principles of Nondestructive Testing (Cr. 3. S.)
* MatE/EM 362L Nondestructive Testing Laboratory (Cr. 1. S.)
NDE Specific courses (2 needed for at least 6 credits)
* MSE/EM 550 Fundamentals of Nondestructive Evaluation (Cr. 4. F.)
* EM / AerE / MatE 490 + other departments Independent Study (Cr. 3. F.S.SS.)
* EM 350 Introduction to NDE Engineering (Cr. 3. S.)
* Mat E/EE 488 Eddy Current NDE (Cr. 3. F.)
Supporting Courses (2 needed for 6 credits)
* AerE 321 Flight Structures Analysis and Laboratory (Cr. 3. F.)
* AerE 421 Advanced Flight Structures (Cr. 3. S.)
* AerE 423 Composite Flight Structures (Cr. 3.)
* Stat 231 Probability and Statistical Inference for Engineers (Cr. 4. F.S.)
* Stat 305 Engineering Statistics (Cr. 3. F.S.SS.)
* Stat 322 Probabilistic Methods for Electrical Engineers (Cr. 3. F.S.)
* AerE 422 Aeroelasticity (Cr. 3. Alt. F.)
* AerE 426 Design of Aerospace Structures (Cr. 3.)
* EE 424 Introduction to Digital Signal Processing (Cr. 4.)
* EM 424 Intermediate Mechanics of Materials (Cr. 3. F.S.)
* EM 425 Introduction to the Finite Element Method (Cr. 3. S.)
* ME 417 Advanced Machine Design (Cr. 3. S.)
* ME 418 Mechanical Considerations in Robotics (Cr. 3. S.)
* MatE 418 Mechanical Behavior of Materials (Cr. 3. S.)
* MatE 443 Physical Metallurgy of Ferrous Alloys (Cr. 3. F.)
* MatE 444 Corrosion and Failure Analysis (Cr. 3. S.)
For more information including mentor opportunities for 490 projects, contact _EMAIL_ or Nicola Bowler or Lisa Brasche.


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Air Pollution Hurts India's Rice Crop - StudyPublished by MAC on 2006-12-05
Source: PlanetArk US/Reuters
Air Pollution Hurts India's Rice Crop - Study
5th December 2006
WASHINGTON - Air pollution caused by the burning of fossil fuels like coal and diesel has contributed to a worrisome slowdown in rice harvest growth in India in the past two decades, scientists said on Monday.
The researchers said the findings suggest reducing so-called atmospheric brown clouds, formed from soot and other tiny airborne particles belched into the air when fossil fuels are burned, would help improve rice harvests to feed India's 1 billion people.
India has an acute problem with this type of pollution, which previous research showed can cut rainfall and lower temperatures. Writing in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the researchers said harm from this air pollution has combined with broader global warming effects from greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide to squeeze India's rice harvest.
"If we let air pollution levels get worse, these effects are going to get larger," University of California-Berkeley scientist Maximilian Auffhammer, one of the researchers, said in a telephone interview. "If we don't do anything about this, things are not going to get better."
India is one of the world's major producers of rice. Broad agricultural improvements boosted India's rice harvests in the 1960s and 1970s, making it self-sufficient in its staple food. The annual growth rate peaked at 2.7 percent in the mid-1980s. Growth has eroded since then, prompting worry about potential food shortages in the densely populated and poor country.
India's rice harvest would have been more than 14 percent better from 1985 to 1998 without the negative combined effects from the burning of fossil fuels and broader climate warming, the researchers said.
"I don't think it forecasts immediate doom and mass starvation or anything like that," Auffhammer said. But he warned India's rice self-sufficiency could be threatened even as some experts forecast that its population will top China's by the middle of the century. There have been other explanations offered for the slowing rice harvest growth, including falling rice prices, deteriorating irrigation infrastructure and soil degradation.
Auffhammer and University of California-San Diego scientists V. "Ram" Ramanathan and Jeffrey Vincent examined historical data on India's rice harvests and gauged the combined effects of atmospheric brown clouds and greenhouse gases on growing conditions. The combined effects of the two types of pollution were decidedly negative.
The research indicated that the cooling effect of the brown clouds actually helped rice harvests by partially offsetting the warming effects of greenhouse gases, but not nearly as much as the drying effect from these clouds hurt the harvests.
Some climate scientists have worried that reducing brown clouds and their cooling effect could harm crops by intensifying the warming caused by greenhouse gases. But this study indicated any negative impacts of intensified warming would be outweighed by positive effects of greater rainfall.
"I don't want to start some big stink, pointing fingers at the Indian government saying air pollution policy is something that should have been done," Auffhammer said. "But (I'd) rather say, 'Here's the effect,' and this presents an incredible opportunity to (make) policy."
Story by Will Dunham
REUTERS NEWS SERVICE


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Dartmouth researchers studying Vt. stream recovery
Research follows Tropical Storm Irene
Dartmouth College scientists studying the aftermath of Tropical Storm Irene in Vermont hope their work will help communities both predict and plan for future hazards.
Immediately after the 2011 storm, professors Frank Magilligan and Carl Renshaw used a National Science Foundation grant to conduct a rapid damage assessment. They are now a few months into a three-year, $345,000 grant to study the storm's longer-term effects, particularly in areas where overflowing streams washed away roads and houses.
The researchers are combining field analysis with aerial photography and other data to develop faster and more accurate assessment techniques that can be used to pinpoint potential trouble spots along streams. The goal is to give communities tools they can use to make scientifically informed planning decisions, rather than tell them what to do.
Copyright 2013 by WPTZ All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


Networks > Interest Groups
What is an Interest Group?
An Interest Group is a group of planners with a common interest who wish to engage in work in that particular area. This involves sharing best practice, keeping people up to date with developments in the field, offering professional development for planners, promoting the planning voice within and outside of the sector, and providing communities of practice to which others wishing to find out more about that particular topic can be directed. Interest groups are open to all members, and you can join by updating your preferences in your online HESPA profile, ensuring that you tick the name of the Interest Group you wish to join.
As a guide, an Interest Group should:
 1. Have a lead member
 2. Hold meetings
 3. Link to the annual conference, if appropriate
 4. Produce resources for the website
 5. Review its own activity on an ongoing basis to ensure valuable outputs are being delivered and establish relevant next steps
Common features of an Interest Group:
 1. It is a defined, contactable group
 2. It provides a resource bank to those who are interested
 3. It has the ability to offer expertise
 4. It holds virtual sessions to share best practice and enable a forum for questions and discussion
 5. It performs the role of an advisory group
 6. It uses an online discussion forum
 7. It has a clear sense of remit
 8. It offers a sense of what members of the group can get out of it and fulfils these tangible outputs
Our current networks include:
Workload Management
Student Number Planning
Statutory Returns
Data Science
Scottish Planners Group:
Scottish Student Number Planning
Scottish Funding Council Interactions
Data and BI in Scotland
Strategy Development in Scotland
Risk Management in Scotland
Scottish Policy


Captain Corelli's Mandolin
Captain Corelli's Mandolin
Louis De Bernières
Captain Corelli's Mandolin Study Guide
Welcome to the LitCharts study guide on Louis De Bernières's Captain Corelli's Mandolin. Created by the original team behind SparkNotes, LitCharts are the world's best literature guides.
Brief Biography of Louis De Bernières
De Bernières was born just outside of London and grew up in Surrey. Though he joined the army when he was 18, he only made it four months in the officer training course and then moved on to attending several universities, including Victoria University of Manchester and the University of London. He held a number of odd jobs, including that of a mechanic and an English teacher in Colombia, before turning to writing full-time in the late 1980s. His experiences in Colombia influenced his first three novels, known collectively as the Latin American Trilogy. He's most famous for Captain Corelli's Mandolin, though he openly disapproves of the film adaptation. De Bernières has never been married but has two children with the actress Cathy Gill. He also plays a number of instruments and though he considers himself to be just an enthusiastic amateur, a majority of his novels illustrate his love of music.
Get the entire Captain Corelli's Mandolin LitChart as a printable PDF.
Captain Corelli's Mandolin PDF
Historical Context of Captain Corelli's Mandolin
Captain Corelli's Mandolin is based primarily on the Italian occupation of Cephalonia during World War Two and, specifically, the Massacre of the Acqui Division (also known as the Cephalonia Massacre). Prior to occupying Cephalonia, the Italians invaded Albania in what was widely considered to be a poorly thought-out plan; Carlo and Francisco are involved in this invasion, and they also participate in the invasion of Greece from Albania in the fall of 1940. The formal occupation of Greece began in 1941, and the division headquarters moved to Cephalonia in the spring of 1943. In the fall, however, Italy deposed their fascist dictator Mussolini and surrendered to the Allied forces--though things were complicated by the fact that Italy also promised its troops to the Germans. After the Italian troops on Cephalonia threatened mutiny if they were forced to cooperate with the Germans, General Gandin, the commanding officer of the Acqui Division, agreed to stand and attempt to defeat the Germans. This resulted in a conflict that lasted several days in which local Greeks fought alongside Italians but ultimately lost. The Italians that survived the fighting were murdered in what became one of the largest prisoner of war massacres of World War Two. Following the war, Greece descended into a civil war that's considered to be one of the first proxy wars of the Cold War. The pro-west faction effectively won in 1949, though Greece's economy was devastated by the conflict for decades after and still experiences political polarization because of the war today.
Other Books Related to Captain Corelli's Mandolin
De Bernières has specifically cited the work of Gabriel García Márquez as an influence on his own novels; a number of García Márquez's books utilize magical realism and while Captain Corelli's Mandolin doesn't technically utilize the form, critics have noted that the larger-than-life characters in the novel would fit easily in a work that did. The novel itself makes a number of references to classic Greek works, most notably Plato's Symposium. Carlo mentions Dante's Inferno as well. In that the novel deals with civilian life in a time of war, Captain Corelli's Mandolin also shares similarities with Euripides's play The Trojan Women. It also joins a number of contemporary novels that explore love and the human cost of World War Two, including Ian McEwan's Atonement and Mary Ann Shaffer's The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society.
Key Facts about Captain Corelli's Mandolin
 - Full Title: Captain Corelli's Mandolin (Corelli's Mandolin in the U.S.)
 - When Written: 1993-94
 - Where Written: Surrey, England
 - When Published: 1994
 - Literary Period: Contemporary Fiction
 - Genre: Historical Fiction
 - Setting: The Greek island of Cephalonia, 1930s-1990s
 - Climax: Günter Weber's firing squad kills Corelli's division; Carlo saves Corelli
 - Antagonist: Hitler, Mussolini, cold, hunger
 - Point of View: Various
Extra Credit for Captain Corelli's Mandolin
The Earthquake. Though characters in the novel express fear after the great earthquake of 1953 that Cephalonia is going to sink into the sea, the opposite happened: the entire island actually rose two feet higher out of the water.
Cat Haters. Mussolini was a known hater of cats. The American journalist John Gunter wrote in 1936 that "the things that Mussolini hates most are Hitler, aristocrats, money, cats, and old age."


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- An example of a million is the $1,000,000 prize money for a state lottery.
- An example of a million is when large numbers of people protest across the U.S.; a protest of the millions.
The definition of a million is a thousand thousands, expressed as 1,000,000, or is a very large number of people.
- a thousand thousands; 1,000,000
- a million (unspecified but understood) monetary units, as dollars, pounds, francs, etc.
- an indefinite but very large number: a hyperbolic use
Origin of millionMiddle English millioun from Old French million from Italian milione from mille, thousand from Classical Latin
amounting to one million in number
nounpl. million, or mil·lions
- The cardinal number equal to 106.
- A million monetary units, such as dollars: made a million in the stock market.
- often millions An indefinitely large number: millions of bicycles on the road.
- often millions The common people; the masses: entertainment for the millions.
Origin of millionMiddle English milioun from Middle French million from Old Italian millione augmentative of mille thousand from Latin mīlle ; see ghesloin Indo-European roots.
From Old French, from Italian milione ("million"), from mille ("thousand") (from Latin mille) + the augmentative suffix -one.


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|SAS Data Set Options|
|Valid in:||DATA step and PROC steps|
|Restriction:||Cannot be used with the POINT= option in the SET and MODIFY statements.|
|Example 1: Selecting Observations from an Input Data Set|
|Example 2: Selecting Observations from an Output Data Set|
is an arithmetic or logical expression that consists of a sequence of operators, operands, and SAS functions. An operand is a variable, a SAS function, or a constant. An operator is a symbol that requests a comparison, logical operation, or arithmetic calculation. The expression must be enclosed in parentheses.
Use the WHERE= data set option with an input data set to select observations that meet the condition specified in the WHERE expression before SAS brings them into the DATA or PROC step for processing. Selecting observations that meet the conditions of the WHERE expression is the first operation SAS performs in each iteration of the DATA step.
You can also select observations that are written to an output data set. In general, selecting observations at the point of input is more efficient than selecting them at the point of output. However, there are some cases when selecting observations at the point of input is not practical or not possible.
You can apply OBS= and FIRSTOBS= processing to WHERE processing. For more information see Processing a Segment of Data That is Conditionally Selected in SAS Language Reference: Concepts.
If you use both the WHERE= data set option and the WHERE statement in the same DATA step, SAS ignores the WHERE statement for data sets with the WHERE= data set option. However, you can use the WHERE= data set option with the WHERE command in SAS/FSP software.
Note: Using indexed SAS data sets can improve performance significantly when you are using WHERE expressions to access a subset of the observations in a SAS data set. See Understanding SAS Indexes in SAS Language Reference: Concepts for a complete discussion of WHERE expression processing with indexed data sets and a list of guidelines to consider before indexing your SAS data sets.
WHERE-Expression Processing in SAS Language Reference: Concepts


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Wiley Park Flower Delivery
Send beautiful flowers and gifts to Wiley Park. Whether for birthdays, mothers day, valentines day or any other occasion, we can deliver to Wiley Park. Check out our gorgeous creations today.
Wiley Park Name Origin
Wiley Park is named after John Wiley, who bequeathed land for the park to the former Canterbury Council when he died in 1895.
Wiley Park Settlement History
Settlement of the area dates from 1832 when the first land grant was made, with development primarily from the 1940s and 1950s. The park bequeathed by John Wiley to the Council in 1895 was progressively developed through the 1920s and 1930s, and has more recently been redeveloped as a passive recreation area with a pond and amphitheatre. The population fluctuated slightly during the 1990s, and then increased slightly between 2001 and 2011 as new dwellings were added to the area.
Wiley Park Features
Major features of the area include Wiley Park, Defoe Street Reserve, Johnsen Square, the Wiley Park railway station and several schools.


The Relevance of Knowing the Duration for Filling Your Heater with Water
You may be wondering if it is really important to know the time spent for filling your water heater until the water is hot ready for use. Yes, it is, and it means more than you think.
Every household may come up with different results because there are many determinants that can come into play. Consider, for example, the integrity of your pipes, the size for your storage tank, and the volume of water that flows into your tank per second. These are the factors that determine the time spent for filling your water heater. The time spent on heating the water may all depend on the type of water heater you have. Is it gas-powered, or is it electricity that makes it run?
It would take 10-15 while heating will take around 2-3 hours. It may come as trivial to you, but knowing the time spent for filling your water heater until the water is hot for use is indeed relevant for the following purposes.
Time Management
When you do not know the time when the water is hot ready, and you have an appointment, then you have to bath with water that is not yet on its ideal temperature, or you have to wait until it is hot and be late.
Knowing the length of time for filling your heater with water and how long do you have to wait until it's hot will help you manage your time efficiently. You will know when is the right time to wake up early in the morning and start filling the heater. While doing so, you can do other things while being aware of the time when to put off your water source.
You can do the same while you wait for the water to reach its ideal temperature. There will be no time lost in between.
Water Conservation
You will be conserving water if you know the exact time when your heater will be filled to the brim. This will prevent water from overflowing; otherwise, you have to spend time and energy mapping the floor to dry it from the wasted water.
Energy Conservation
Knowing the time when the water is hot ready will let you know when to put off the source of energy. This is a cost-cutting scheme to lower your power bills. By doing this, you are also making sure that you are not letting your device overwork.
Before undergoing the procedure of recording the time on how much time it will require to fill your heater and the water to get hot, be sure to drain all the water left and observe precautionary measures as usual.…


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RETROFITTING OF PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE BEAM USING ULTRA HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE OVERLAYS
Retrofitting is the strengthening of existing structures to enable them in carrying increased external loads. The need for retrofitting arises due to change in utility, expansion, damages due to accidents and environmental conditions. This paper presents an investigation of flexural behavior of plain cement concrete (PCC) beam retrofitted with ultrahigh strength concrete (UHSC) overlay. The proposed study consists of applying UHSC as a strengthening material on the bottom surface of the plain cement concrete beam in order to increase its stiffness and flexural strength. The beam of size 150 mm × 150 mm × 650 mm is tested for the failure load using M25 grade of concrete. Experiments were carried out under displacement controlled loading method.
R. SOWMYA , R. JAYALAKSHMI AND VEMURI LAKSHMINARAYANA