text:
Late winter and early spring is one of the best wildlife viewing time periods in the Klamath Basin, which is a major staging area for migratory birds starting their northward migration to primary nesting areas.
NEAR BURNS: The Harney Basin, located near the town of Burns, provides good viewing opportunities during March and April for a variety of migrating birds. Thousands of migrating snow, Ross's, white-fronted and Canada geese as well as ducks, sandhill cranes and tundra swans use the basin during their annual migration north to their breeding grounds. Birds are beginning to arrive in the basin with numbers expected to peak in the next few weeks. Good numbers of bald eagles are currently in the basin but begin migrating north about the end of March. Another attraction is viewing strutting sage grouse which do their annual mating display from mid-March through April. Sage grouse viewing is best during the first hour of daylight on days when the weather is good. The 26th Annual John Scharff Migratory Bird Festival and Art Show will be held in Burns from April 13-15, 2007. The Festival includes events such as birding, cultural and historical tours, workshops and an art show. For more information on the Festival you can contact the Harney County Chamber of Commerce at _PHONE_ or you can visit their web site at _URL_. The
KLAMATH WILDLIFE AREA and LOWER KLAMATH NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE are excellent locations to view thousands of ducks, geese, and swans. Snow, ross's, and white-fronted geese have just returned from the central valley of California. These geese will spend the next two months here in the Basin before continuing north to Alaska and Canada where they nest. These geese can be found foraging in agricultural fields near Midland. Numerous tundra swans (5000-10000)can be observed at Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge and private lands to the north of the refuge. Upper Klamath Lake is another location to view diving ducks including bufflehead, goldeneye, scaup, ruddy duck, redhead and canvasback. Bald eagles can be found anywhere there are concentrations of waterfowl, their primary food source this time of year.
SUMMER LAKE WILDLIFE AREA Viewing opportunities remain good as northward migrants and local breeding species continue return to the Wildlife Area and stage in good numbers. Favorable weather conditions prevailed during the past week and extensive bird use coupled with new spring arrivals made for excellent viewing conditions. Waterfowl species remain very apparent and are widely scattered across the Area.
Ducks are in their brilliant nuptial plumage now, and courtship activities are intensifying. A waterbird count conducted on March 21, 2007 found over 12,000 ducks, nearly 30,000 geese and about 100 swans present at that time. Arctic nesting greater white-fronted and snow geese continue to stage in impressive numbers, but many snow geese have moved on north and others will soon follow. Tundra swans departed during the past week with just a small number remaining at this time. Greater white-fronted geese are widely scattered throughout the Wildlife Area, while snow geese have been actively feeding and roosting throughout the day in shallow emergent marsh areas found on the north and west sides.
Northern pintails have declined since last week, but large numbers of N. shoveler and Am. green-winged teal have arrived. Cinnamon teal (a common Wildlife Area breeder) are increasing. While most diving ducks (canvasback, lesser scaup, ring-necked ducks and bufflehead) have departed, nearly 2,500 were still present during the count and continue to utilize the deeper ponds and lakes to forage for submergent aquatic plants and invertebrates.
Resident Canada geese are becoming very secretive as they disperse to nesting territories while non-breeding birds remain in small flocks. Sandhill cranes continue to increase in number, have moved to breeding territories and are becoming more apparent and vocal. Nesting is underway at this time for some of the established pairs.
Early migrating shorebirds (Am. avocets, long-billed dowitchers, killdeer and yellowlegs) as well as gulls and other waterbirds continue to arrive and increase in number. Resident and wintering raptors remain scattered throughout the Area as well as on private lands along Highway 31.
Northern harriers are especially numerous over marsh and hay meadow areas and both red-tailed and rough-legged hawks are frequently seen. Rough-legged hawks are beginning to depart, heading towards arctic nesting areas.
Prairie falcons, bald and golden eagles are frequently seen during this time of the year. Bald eagles are increasing in number as they following migrant flocks of waterfowl returning north. Great-horned owls have been very vocal during the night, and nesting for some pairs has begun. Passerine species (primarily sparrows) remain fairly common around the Headquarters Complex,
Summer Lake Rest Area, homestead sites and shelterbreak plantings at the north end of the Area where they are attracted to tree and shrub cover found at those locations.
Tree swallows are becoming very numerous, and arrival of other species continues with spring appearance of Am. crow, bushtits, cedar waxwings and yellow-headed blackbirds over the last week. Viewers can expect to see increased numbers and diversity of some species on a regular basis over the next few weeks especially if favorable weather conditions continue. However, as arctic nesting migrants replenish energy reserves they will depart for other northern staging Areas and numbers will decline.
Be sure to check the list at Headquarters for new arrivals and unusual birds. Wetland habitats have returned to excellent condition due to the favorable weather pattern. Ponds and other still water areas remain open and ice-free. Runoff has created shallow temporary wetlands that are highly favored by many migrants. Habitat management actions of controlled burning, drawdowns and drying of semi-permanent and seasonal wetlands are creating favorable forging sites for many species. Natural food sources of seeds, tubers and plant parts remain very abundant and available in nearly all wetland areas. Emergent bulrushes, cattails and other sedges and rushes are lodged over due to strong winds and snow. Bird access and use has increased in these areas and viewing opportunities of these habitats have improved dramatically as well. Upland sites are in excellent condition due to lush green-up of grasses and forb emergence that is beginning to occur.
The Wildlife Viewing Loop is now open and will remain that way until next fall. Other major dike roads (Bullgate, Windbreak and Work Road) are closed to motor vehicle travel from March 15th through August 15th to reduce disturbance to northward migrants and early nesting waterbirds (primarily Canada geese, mallard and sandhill cranes). Viewers are urged to use care when driving roads since many are soft and muddy especially edges adjacent to ponds and canals. Secondary and minor dikes will remain closed to motor vehicle traffic and cross country travel by motor vehicles or ATV's is prohibited. Non-motorized access and viewing opportunities are available across the entire Area at this time. Camping is permitted at four sites on the wildlife area.
For additional information on viewing opportunities please contact the Wildlife Area at phone _PHONE_, fax _PHONE_, or email _EMAIL_


Essential Facts: Lebanon, Maine
The typical family unit size in Lebanon, ME is 3.2 family members members, with 83.9% being the owner of their own residences. The mean home appraisal is $190332. For individuals paying rent, they pay out on average $1036 monthly. 63.5% of households have two sources of income, and an average domestic income of $64896. Median individual income is $27288. 4.7% of inhabitants are living at or beneath the poverty line, and 15.3% are considered disabled. 9.3% of residents are veterans for the armed forces.
A Exploration Pc-mac Simulation About North West New Mexico's Chaco Canyon Park
The labor pool participation rate in Lebanon is 72.3%, with an unemployment rate of 3.5%. For those of you within the labor force, the average commute time is 30 minutes. 3.1% of Lebanon's population have a grad degree, and 9.3% have a bachelors degree. Among the people without a college degree, 35.2% have at least some college, 36.2% have a high school diploma, and just 16.1% have received an education not as much as senior school. 14.6% are not covered by medical insurance.


text:
Fill out the form below to
find out if you have a case.
A new program is making physical and occupational therapy more convenient for adults with cerebral palsy. Using the Internet, the program connects adult cerebral palsy patients to "virtual trainers" who help them complete movement-based training from the comfort of their own homes.
The Upper Limb Training and Assessment Program, also known as ULTrA, is part of a joint research and movement therapy project aimed at helping adults who have upper limb and hand impairment.
"Physical and occupational therapy are the most important treatments for cerebral palsy. The ULTrA program works with the idea of bringing therapy into the home to allow adults to do their therapy at a time that's convenient for them," said Dr. Edward Hurvitz of the University of Michigan.
Patients participating in the program have their homes equipped with the computer-based training unit, a training CD, and a high-speed Internet connection. They then complete five 40-minute training sessions a week over the course of an eight-week period.
"The computer interface in the individual's home includes computer-generated images of people stretching, and we also have people in our lab who are able to coach and provide encouragement to participants via web cameras. Being connected to the patients allows us to modify their program as needed, without them coming into the research lab or clinic," said Susan Brown, Ph.D.
Brown, who directs the Motor Control Lab at the U-M School of Kinesiology, said that the technology has "real potential to open up the world for people who have mobility issues."
One cerebral palsy patient, 41-year-old Laura Grable, praised the project.
"The ULTrA project is a step toward moving cerebral palsy treatment into the 21 st century. There's the potential to figure out how to improve range of motion and daily quality of life for people with CP," she said.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
For my thesis I have been coding in C++. Having to workthrough another persons c++ code is quite the trying task. Especially one that chunks away millions of tuples of just raw numbers. So finding out the stack trace when your c++ code throws the very nice and useful "Segmentation Fault" would be good.
After digging through the net I found a nifty alias for your ubuntu that runs the app in gdb and will throw out the stacktrace if seg fault happens.
Add the following to your .bashrc, source it and your good to go:
alias gcatch='gdb -ex r -ex back -ex q -args'

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Tracking down immigration attorneys after hours is often tricky. However, a large number of law firms now use personal answering services. These services help assist the immigration attorney's clients after hours. The following are a few tips regarding how to work with answering services to locate immigration attorneys after the business day is done.
Immigrants must work through the process of gaining residence or citizenship through their immigration attorney. Usually, simply calling an attorney to make an appointment for help with your legal matter starts the process of protecting yourself. If you need help after normal business hours, you can still contact your attorney's answering service who can both provide you with the needed assistance at that time and place.
For answering services used by immigration attorneys, the following requirements are vital to ensure both the attorney and answering service can assist the client. The answering service should be bilingual, English and Spanish, to ensure clients for whom English is a second language can communicate clearly. Also, the answering service should operate 24/7 to ensure no call is missed. With a bilingual answering service, the staff there can work with the immigration attorneys to translate a client's communications, whether it be over the phone or in print.
When calling an immigration attorney after hours, it is important to understand you are more likely to speak with the immigration attorney's answering service, and not the actual attorney. The receptionist taking the call will collect your contact information and provide everything to an employee working at the firm. This person will then contact you and discuss how the immigration attorneys at their office can assist you.
Clients must be comfortable working with the remote answering service to provide all of the necessary details within your message. Avoid giving away personal information, but still ensure you give the remote receptionists how urgent the current situation is, and how quickly you need the immigration attorney to return your call. If you cannot receive a call (for example, you are in jail), you must tell the answering service this so they understand you need help immediately. Top-quality answering services working alongside immigration attorneys understand the best way to make sure the immigration attorneys are best able to assist you.


text:
Should you visit Australia or Japan?
Australia and Japan are both relatively expensive countries to visit, but Australia is more expensive.
Australia is a large and diverse country both in its landscapes and cultures. On the coasts you'll find great beautiful beaches and big cities. In the north are tropical areas known for wildlife. And in the center is deserts, forests, and geological wonders like no place else on Earth. The Outback, the Great Barrier Reef, the Blue Mountains, Ayers Rock, Surfer's Paradise, and the Sydney Opera House are just a few of the world famous locations to see in Australia.
Japan is a nation of deep history and culture wrapped in a modern technological wonderland. Here you can visit ancient temples and castles and then participate in a sci-fi anime film festival on the same day. Outside of the larger cities, a calm agricultural countryside awaits you. Here you can go biking, hiking, boating, or even relax on a beach.
Which country is cheaper, Japan or Australia?
Should I visit Australia or Japan? This is a popular question for many travelers. By figuring out which country is more expensive, you'll understand where you'll get more bang for your buck. A week in Japan can cost you about $865 (per person), while a week in Australia may cost you around $1,139. These differences become even more noticable if you plan to spend a longer time in the country. 10 days, two weeks, or even one month of travel to Japan or Australia can really add to your travel budget.
Accommodation is often cheaper in Japan compared to Australia ($59 vs. $70). Budget travelers usually stay in less expensive hostels and guest houses, while nicer hotels often appeal to families and upscale travelers.
Compare hotel prices here: Australia Hotel Prices and Japan Hotel Prices.
Or, compare hostel and guesthouse prices between Japan and Australia to find the cheapest accommodation here: Japan hostels and Australia hostels.
When comparing food in Australia vs. Japan they are not just different in cuisine, but also in price. Meal and restaurant costs in Australia ($35) are often cheaper than Japan ($30).
When is the best time to visit Australia and Japan?
Australia, being in the southern hemisphere, experiences warm summer months from November to April, and colder winter months from May to October. However, northern Australia is fairly close to the equator, and experiences warmer weather year-round. At the same time, southern Australia experiences four full seasons (much like the U.S. and Europe), with cold winters and warm, humid summers.
Much of northern Australia can be visited year-round due to the warm tropical climate and mild winters. However, the best time to visit Australia's beaches and big cities of the southeast is in the Spring, Summer, and Fall (avoiding June, July, and August as they are the coldest months). Traveling to Australia in the shoulder seasons can often lead to cheaper prices.
Japan experiences four full seasons, much like Europe and North America. Winters in northern Japan can be quite cold and snowy. The south is generally mild and warmer in the winter, however. Summers are the peak travel time, especially in the larger cities in the central and northern regions of Japan. Visit during the shoulder seasons for mild weather and lower prices.
Why is Australia more expensive than Japan?
Australia is a modern, first world nation with a high cost of living, modern technological and industrial economy, and thriving middle class. All of these factors raise the overall prices for travel in Australia compared to much of the world, especially some of its Pacific and Asian neighbors.
Modern hotels and restaurants can be found everywhere, providing the level of luxury and modern conveniences that western tourists from the U.S. and Europe expect. However, this level of luxury comes at a higher price.
Japan tends to be a little cheaper, not nessasarily because of its cost of living (which is high), but because of its abundance of inexpensive hotels for business travelers and budget tourists. Furthermore, the Japanese islands are easier to traverse than the larger continent of Australia, leading to generally cheaper transportation prices between destinations.
What are the most expensive and cheapest cities and regions in Australia and Japan?
The beach areas of Australia can be fairly expensive, especially in the peak summer months. The east coast beaches in Queensland from Bisbane and the Gold Coast all the way up to Cairns are full of higher-end hotels and restaurants. However, cheaper options can be found as there are also plenty of hostels, budget hotels, and less expensive restaurants. The areas around the Whitsunday Islands and the launching points for the Great Barrier Reef can also be pricey.
The larger cities of Australia, especially those in the southeast, can get expensive as well. While budget options are available, expect prices to be generally higher for most services.
Tours and excursions into the Outback and central areas of Australia can sometimes be expensive due to the great distances that must be traveled as well as the prices for activities such as visiting national parks, hiking and trekking, etc.
The cities in Japan are usually more expensive than the countryside. In larger cities, and tourist destinations, such as Tokyo, Kyoto, and Sapporo, hotels and restaurants have higher prices due to more demand for services. While the countryside is not necessarily cheap, better bargains can be found, especially in rural areas away from heavily touristed areas. Beach and resort destinations are also pricey.
How you can save money when visiting Australia and Japan?
In Australia, booking ahead for hotels and hostels can often save you money and provide the ability to shop around. Also look for budget accommodation in Japan online. This will help with your overall budget, as hotels and hostels tend to be expensive.
Use public transportation in Japan whenever possible. Taxis can be very expensive, and trains and buses go everywhere. Public transportation in Australian cities is cheap and efficient, and sometimes even free. Use it whenever possible. Look for long distance bus routes between major cities if renting a car is too expensive. Also, the train can be an affordable and relaxing option.
Instead of staying at a hotel or hostel, consider alternatives such as camping, couch surfing, or a home stay.
To eat cheaply in Japan, look for one of the many small restaurants that serves up traditional Japanese noodles and soup. Often, these restaurants will have a payment machine that looks like a vending machine. Buy a cheap ticket from the machine, and the cook then prepares your bowl of noodles.


Ordered Trees
An ordered tree is an oriented tree in which the children of a node are somehow "ordered."
If T1 and T2 are ordered trees then T1 ≠ T2 else T1 = T2.
Types of Ordered Trees
There are several types of ordered trees:
Fibonoacci Trees
A Fibonacci Tree (Fk) is defined by
Exercise: Draw the trees F0 through F5.
Binomial Trees
The Binomial Tree (Bk) consists of a node with k children. The first child is the root of a Bk-1 tree, the second is the root of a Bk-2 tree, etc.
Exercise: Draw the trees B0 through B5.
k-ary Trees
A k-ary tree is a tree in which the chilren of a node appear at distinct index positions in 0..k-1. This means the maximum number of children for a node is k.
Some k-ary trees have special names
You have to draw k-ary trees carefully. In a binary tree, if a node has one child, you can't draw a vertical line from the parent to the child. Every child in a binary tree is either a left or a right child; that must be made clear.
Representations of k-ary Trees
Since the subtrees of a node are both indexed and bounded, we can use an array for them. Here is an example for a 4-ary tree:
class Node {
 private Object data;
 private Node[] children;
You can also use an array for the whole tree
1 A
2 B
4 C
5 F
11 E
12 D
13 G
In a binary tree
In a k-ary tree
Exercise: Prove each of these statements.
Complete k-ary Trees
The array representation may waste a lot of space. The maximally space efficient k-ary tree is called a complete tree. A complete tree is completely filled out on every level, except perhaps on the last one, on which all we require is that all its nodes are "as far to the left as possible." Examples:
Complete trees can be packed into an array with no wasted space at all.
Perfect Trees
A perfect k-tree is a k-ary tree in which every node is either a 0-node or a k-node and all leaves are on the same level.
Perfect trees are sometimes called full trees, though some people say a full tree is just one in which every node is a 0-node or a k-node, without caring whether all leaves are on the same level or not.
The Size of k-ary Trees
For k = 2:
Level Nodes on
Nodes on levels
up to and
including this one
0 1 = 20 1 = 20+1–1
1 2 = 21 3 = 21+1–1
2 4 = 22 7 = 22+1–1
3 8 = 23 15 = 23+1–1
4 16 = 24 31 = 24+1–1
h 2h 2h+1–1
For arbitrary k:
Number of nodes on level h = kh, obviously
Let S(h) = the number of nodes in a perfect binary tree of height h. Let's find a closed form.
 S(h) = 1 + k + k2 + k3 +... + kh
 k × S(h) = k + k2 + k3 + k4 +... + kh+1
 k × S(h) - S(h) = kh+1-1
 (k-1) × S(h) = kh+1-1
 kh+1 - 1
 S(h) = ---------
 k - 1


text:
We see so many instruments at the beginning of the school year that have been hiding out in a closet for the last twenty or so years just waiting patiently for someone to play it again. When it emerges from the dust bunny corral and coughs and wheezes it's way to the repair shop for a tune up, it's up to us, the repair technicians to evaluate it and decide: is it worth an investment to get it back into playing condition (an overhaul) or is it ready to be made into a lamp?
Here are several factors that we consider when we evaluate the instruments:
- Who is the manufacturer? Is the instrument still being produced?
- Are there any parts missing? Are the parts still available?
- What is the condition of the pads and corks? Have pad mites invaded the instrument or case?
- How are the mechanics of the keys? Is there a lot of side to side wiggle or are they still tightly fit to the posts?
- Does the cost of an overhaul surpass the value of the instrument?
- Will restoring this instrument be a better investment than purchasing a new one? (In many cases the older model student line instruments are a higher quality than current production)
- Is there any sentimental or historical value of the instrument?
The answers to all of these questions help us to evaluate whether to not your instrument is ready for an overhaul or ready to get fitted for its shade. Bring in your instrument to be evaluated today!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


ABC CienciaMadrid Updated: Save Send news by mail electrónicoTu name *
Your email *
email *
The greater part of the animals survives through hiding, to avoid predators, or due to toxic substances or other defenses that they become a bite unappetizing. But a few animals have another ace in the sleeve: survive even after being swallowed up, as Jonah was in the belly of the whale.
This week, a team of researchers from the University of Kobe, Japan, has documented for the first time one of the most spectacular examples of this type of behavior. In a study published in "Current Biology", have shown how the beetle aquatic Regimbartia attenuata can you escape the cloaca of the frog Pelophylax nigromaculatus, who live in some areas of China, Russia, Korea and Japan.
The novelty is that, unlike other cases, in which the animals escape passively, without moving, through the feces of the predator, this beetle is released actively, that is to say, moving. In addition, it does so just moments after being engulfed, to the distress of the anuro.
But there is still more. As suggested by the researchers, led by Sugiura Shinji, the beetle probably promotes its own excretion, facilitating the opening of the cloaca of the frog, without which she can avoid it.
"living, breathing, and kicking"
unlike other animals, many frogs don't kill their prey when the gobble up, because they lack teeth. For this reason, depend on the fluids from your digestive system to kill their prey. This implies that for many of them the last moments of his life are worthy of a nightmare.
The professor Sugiura Shinji decided to investigate if the insects are defending themselves against this fateful destination. For this reason, he studied in the laboratory the response of the beetle A. attenuata and the frog P. nigromaculatus.
Such as found, in controlled conditions all of the beetles were easily swallowed by the frogs. However, 93.3% of them were released, in a time that was 0.1 to 3.5 hours. And they all came out "living, breathing and kicking."
A long journey to freedom
According to the researcher, these observations indicate that the beetles will move towards the sewer, passing through the digestive tract of the amphibian. And that for them the distance is considerable: if your body is between 3.8 to 5 millimeters, the digestive tract of a frog measured from the mouth to the cloaca, 22.5 to figure of 74.2 mm. In addition, they have to induce the opening of the cloaca of frogs before you enjoy your freedom.
On this occasion, Sugiura Shinji has observed the same behavior in the other four species of frog: Pelophylax porosus, Glandirana rugosa,Hyla japonica, and Fejervarya kawamurai. And the truth is that never until now had documented the release of an insect from the cloaca of a predator, nor were they observed signs that the "hunted" who promoted his departure.
See the comments


text:
ABIGAIL WASHBURN: BUILDING US-CHINA RELATIONS … BY BANJO (00:00 – 06:34)
Before you watch
What is public diplomacy? Do you think it can be more effective than traditional diplomacy?
While you watch
While watching, pay attention to the following words and expressions in context. Use them in your answers to the questions below and discussion.
to be completely obsessed with the mammoth richness of Chinese culture
to collaborate with inspirational musicians
to connect cultures/hearts
our American/Chinese selves
Answer the following questions:
1. What was Abigail's initial plan for her education and future career?
2. Why was Abigail impressed by Doc Watson's singing?
3. How does the American and Chinese audience react to Abigail's Chinese songs?
After you watch
Discuss in pairs:
1. What does Abigail mean when she says that 'U.S.- China relations don't need another lawyer'? Think about possible ways of improving international relations besides diplomacy.
2. What linguistic devices and oratory techniques make Abigail's speech so moving?


3. Introduction
The XFree86 server allows users to configure their video subsystem and thus encourages best use of existing hardware. This document is intended to help you learn how to generate your own timing numbers to make optimum use of your video card and monitor.
We'll present a method for getting something that works, and then show you how you can experiment starting from that base to develop settings that optimize for your taste.
If you already have a mode that almost works (in particular, if one of predefined VESA modes gives you a stable display but one that's displaced right or left, or too small, or too large) you can go straight to the section on Fixing Problems with the Image. This will enlighten you on ways to tweak the timing numbers to achieve particular effects.
Don't assume that you need to get all the way into mode tuning just because your X comes up with a scrambled display first time after installation; it may be that most of the factory mode lines are OK and you just happened to default to one that doesn't fit your hardware. Instead, cycle through all your installed modes with CTRL-ALT-KP+. If some of the modes look OK, try commenting out all but a 640x480 and check that that mode works. If it does then uncomment a couple of other modes, e.g. an 800x600 and a 1024x768 at a frequency that your monitor should be able to handle.


Geo Metro Ignition Wiring Diagram
Geo Metro Ignition Wiring Diagram – Let's begin by looking at the various types terminals found on the ignition switch. These terminals comprise the Ignition switch and Coil and the Accessory. Once we know the terminals that are utilized, we can begin to identify the different components of the Geo Metro Ignition Wiring Diagram. We'll also discuss the roles of both the Ignition Switch and the Coil. The next step is to focus on the accessory terminals.
Terminals for the ignition switch
Geo Metro Ignition Wiring Diagram
An ignition switch contains three different switches that direct the battery's current to different locations. The first is utilized to power the choke through pushing it. Then, the second is for the ON/OFF position. Different manufacturers have different colors-coding systems to match the conductors. OMC employs this system. The connector permits the attachment of a speedometer to the ignition switch.
While most ignition switch terminals can be duplicated, the numbers may not be consistent with the diagram. Before plugging into the ignition switch, be sure to test the continuity. This can be accomplished with a simple multimeter. When you're satisfied with the integrity of your wires, you will be able to install the new connector. If your car is equipped with an original factory-supplied ignition switch (or a wiring loom) the wiring loom might differ from that in the car.
The first step is to understand the distinctions between ACC and the auxiliary outputs. The ACC/IGN connections function as the default connection on the ignition switch. The START/IGN terminals connect to the radio or stereo. The ignition switch switches the engine of your car ON and off. On older vehicles the terminals of the ignition switch are marked with the initials "ACC", and "ST" (for individual magnetic wires).
Terminals for coil
Geo Metro Ignition Wiring Diagram
Understanding the terms is the first step towards finding out what kind of ignition coil you own. The diagram of the basic ignition wiring shows a number different connections and terminals. There are two primary and one secondary. Each coil has an operating voltage. The first step in determining which kind of coil you have is to check the voltage of S1 or the primary terminal. S1 must also be subjected to resistance tests to determine if it is an A or B coil.
The chassis' negative needs to be connected to the low-tension side. This is also the ground in the diagram of ignition wiring. The high tension part supplies positively directly to the spark plugs. The aluminum body of the coil has to be linked to the chassis for suppression however it's not electrically required. The diagram for the ignition wiring will also reveal the connections between the negative and positive coil's terminals. In some instances you'll discover that the ignition coil is damaged and can be diagnosed with scanning at an auto parts shop.
The black-and-white-striped wire from the harness goes to the negative terminal. The other white wire has a black trace on it, and it goes to the positive terminal. The black wire connects to the contactbreaker. To verify the connections, make use of a paperclip or pencil to remove them of the housing for the plug. It is also important to ensure that the terminals aren't bent.
Accessory terminals
Geo Metro Ignition Wiring Diagram
Diagrams of ignition wiring show the various wires utilized to power the various components. Typically, there are four different colored terminals for each part. The red color represents accessories, yellow for the battery, and green for the solenoid for starters. The "IGN" terminal is used to turn on the car, turn on the wipers, and other features. This diagram shows how you can connect ACC and ST terminals with the rest of components.
The terminal BAT connects the battery to the charger. The electrical system can't begin without the battery. Additionally, the switch will not be able to turn on without the battery. A wiring diagram can inform you the location of the battery of your car. The accessory terminals in your vehicle are connected to the battery as well as the ignition button. The BAT terminal is connected to the battery.
Certain ignition switches provide an additional "accessory position" that allows users to alter their outputs without the ignition. Customers sometimes want the output of the auxiliary to be operated independently of the ignition. To make use of the additional output, wire the connector in the same colors as the ignition and connect it to the ACC terminal on the switch. This option is useful, but it has one major difference. The majority of ignition switches have an ACC position if the car is in ACC, but they'll be at the START position when the car is in IGN.
Gallery of Geo Metro Ignition Wiring Diagram
Ok Here Goes I Switched Out A 1996 Geo Metro Engine And Put A 1995
Ok Here Goes I Switched Out A 1996 Geo Metro Engine And Put A 1995
Wiring Diagram 1996 Geo Metro Engine Schematic And Wiring Diagram
Wiring Diagram 1996 Geo Metro Engine Schematic And Wiring Diagram
1991 Geo Metro Wiring Diagram Wiring Diagram
1991 Geo Metro Wiring Diagram Wiring Diagram
Related Post to Geo Metro Ignition Wiring Diagram
Leave a Reply


Jump to content
Saab Ursaab
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Saab 92001)
Ursaab
Ursaab (lit. Proto-Saab), also known as 92001 and X9248, was the first of four prototype cars made by Saab AB, which at that time was solely an aeroplane manufacturer, leading to production of the first Saab car, the Saab 92 in 1949. The car is now in the Saab Car Museum in Trollhättan. The name "Ursaab" means "original Saab".
The model was developed by a 16-person team led by engineer Gunnar Ljungström and designer Sixten Sason.
Design
[edit]
An automobile design project was started in 1945 by Saab AB, a manufacturer of warplanes, with the internal name X9248.[1][2] The design project became formally known as Project 92; the 92 being next in production sequence after the Saab 91, a single engine trainer aircraft.[3] The aim was to design a car that would compete with small German cars like Opel Kadett, VW Beetle, DKW and Adler. The target consumer price was 3200 SEK. Bror Bjurströmer, who was then head of the design department, developed a 1:25 scale sketch and the overall design specifications, which included the following: a wheelbase of 2.75 metres (108.3 in) and total length of 4.5 metres (177.2 in); employment of a monocoque design; 50% less drag than other cars; 800 kilogram maximum weight; power from a transverse-mounted two-stroke engine; and front-wheel drive. The choice of rear-hinged doors was made by Gunnar Ljungström (head of the development team) as he wanted to lessen the risk of damaging doors whilst driving out of a garage.[citation needed] The company made four prototypes, 92001 through to 92004, before designing the production model, the Saab 92, in 1949.
Development
[edit]
Ursaab
Development was started in Linköping by a 16-person team led by engineer Gunnar Ljungström and designer Sixten Sason.[4] The immediately preceding Saab production code was for an aeroplane - the Saab 91 Safir. It was for this reason that the first car project was called the Saab 92. Normally the development would have been handled by the testing workshop, but it was busy with the Saab 91 Safir and the Saab 90 Scandia. Thus the tool workshop, which had a lighter workload at that juncture, was given the assignment.
The engineers responsible for making the prototype had no prior experience in making cars, and out of the 16 engineers only two had a driving licence. They needed information about the car manufacturing process, but had to simultaneously keep the project secret. A few visits were made to Nyköpings Automobilfabrik (later ANA), but as the extent of their work involved the simple installation of bodies on imported ladder frame chassis, the engineers were not able to gather as much information as they had hoped. Also, since all available literature only described how cars were made before the war, they realised that much of the manufacturing process would have to be learned on their own. Close to SAAB's factory a junkyard provided the engineers with both parts and inspiration. They also purchased a number of cars to study, including a DKW, a Hanomag, an Opel Kadett and a Volkswagen.
Structural integrity concerns led to other design decisions. The team tasked with that portion of the project was used to building aircraft where every opening was covered with a load-bearing hatch. Since this was not viable on an automobile, it was decided that the body structure should be strengthened through the use of a rear window that was as small as possible and which used a split-window design, and omission of a rear bootlid.
Because the car had to have a very low drag coefficient,0.3, which even today is considered very impressive, aerodynamic tests were part of the early evaluations. Thus, the body was of novel design and, with safety in mind, it provided damage-resistance in the event of an accident. Winter driving capability was enhanced via front-wheel-drive and wide wheel arches which allowed for snow accumulation without obstruction of the wheels.
Construction
[edit]
Transverse two-cylinder two-stroke
Using some carpenters from Motala, a full size mock-up in alder wood was built in the spring of 1946. The model was coloured black using shoe polish. Some extra workers were recruited from Thorells Kylarfabrik in Linköping for building the steel body. Hand-shaping the 1.2 mm thick steel sheets proved to be difficult work. By summer 1946 the first prototype body was ready, hand beaten on a wooden jig. Shaping of the metal was done in Saab's secret factory 30 metres below ground.[5]
The colour was a problem - the Managing Director wanted it painted black, but the vice MD wanted it blue. But the workshop had already purchased black paint, making it a moot point. The SAAB paint workshop did not have the capacity to handle the paint job so the builders contacted Aktiebolaget Svenska Järnvägsverkstäderna (ASJ), the Swedish railroad works in Arlöv. This firm was experienced in painting railway cars and buses. Having been told that their assistance was needed in painting a car, the company was initially reluctant to help since it was thought that the vehicle was a management car such as a DeSoto or something that would take a lot of time. However, when it was learned that the vehicle was a prototype of a new car, ASJ quickly took the job.
The prototype had a borrowed 13 kW (18 hp) two-cylinder two-stroke engine, which was placed transversely in the front of the vehicle. The first engine and gearbox came from a DKW vehicle, but they were later replaced with an engine and gearbox designed by Gunnar Ljungström. The prototype engine blocks were made by Albinmotor. The head of the firm, Albin Larsson, was hesitant to take work since the cooling pipes in the engine block were considered to be complicated. After test driving the prototype, however, Larsson changed his mind.
Ursaab was driven over 530,000 kilometers (330,000 mi), typically in utter secrecy, and usually on narrow and muddy forest roads and in early mornings or late nights. Today it is in the Saab museum in Trollhättan, with a cleaned grille and more roadworthy headlights. The name "Ursaab" means "original Saab".
The Ursaab design was improved by Sixten Sason in 1947, resulting in another prototype: the 92002. The most remarkable difference between 92001 and 92002 is the hood (bonnet). The earlier hood design and the use of a hood mechanism from an Opel Kadett made removal of the engine difficult, as one would have to turn it 90 degrees and bring out the drive package with the gearbox first. Inspired by American cars that had cascading front-ends, the redesigned hood allowed for improved access to the engine bay. After an additional four prototypes the design was ready for production as the Saab 92. Ursaab was first shown to the press on June 10, 1947 at Saab AB's headquarters.[6]
References
[edit]
 1. ^ Bayley, Stephen (Feb 2012). Cars: Freedom, Style, Sex, Power, Motion, Colour, Everything. Hachette UK. ISBN 9781840916065. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
 2. ^ Donnelly, Jim (December 2008). "Sixten Sason | Hemmings Motor News". hemmings.com. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
 3. ^ "Ursaab — The Saab Museum". saabmuseum.com. 2012. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
 4. ^ Saab (2007). "Swedish Aircraft Company: From wings to wheels (Press Release)". Retrieved 20 April 2012.
 5. ^ SvD: Saabberget och kalla kriget
 6. ^ Car and driver. Hachette Magazines, Inc. 1959. p. 65. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
Bibliography
 - The SAAB Way, by Gunnar A. Sjögren
 - Några personliga minnen från tillverkningen av första bilen, by Sigvard Lenngren in Bakrutan 4-2006
 - En katt bland hermelinerna eller Hurledes grunden lades till SAABs bilproduktion vid flygmaskinfabriken, by Hans Osquar Gustavsson and Sigvard Lenngren in Bakrutan 4-2006
[edit]


text:
The Japanese are known for their fondness of long hot bathsbe it in their famous onsens, public baths or even just the tub at home. Now, new research from the country has found that those who regularly take hot baths are significantly less likely to develop heart disease and have a stroke.
For the study, the researchers tracked the bathing habits and rates of cardiovascular disease and events of over 30,076 Japanese adults for 19 years between 1990 and 2009. Altogether over the study period, there were 2097 cases of heart disease, alongside 275 heart attacks, 53 sudden cardiac deaths and 1769 strokes.
After adjusting the results for other lifestyle variables, the researchers found that those who took a bath every day were at a 28% lower risk of developing heart disease, as well as a 26% lower risk of having a stroke when compared to those who took a bath just twice weekly or less. A further analysis of preferred water temperature showed that those who preferred warm water had a 26% lower risk of overall cardiovascular complications, while for those who prefered hot water, their risk reduced by 35%.
Although the study is based upon correlational findings, the researchers believe that the findings come thanks to the hot water lowering blood pressure while maintaining heart rate and regulating how effectively the heart is able to pump blood around the body. Interestingly, the researchers found the same results for people who undertake aerobic activity.
Dr. S. Russell Vester, the chief of the division of cardiovascular surgery at The Jewish Hospital in Cincinnati, Ohio said, "Let's say you do, as you should, 30 minutes of low-level activity (such as walking) 5 days a week. If bathing 5 days a week brings your heart rate up and your blood pressure down, that's a similar result."
However, having not heard of cardiologists prescribing patients hot baths as a preventative measure against heart disease, he urges that people with preexisting cardiovascular issues consult their doctor before taking one. This comes as certain conditions may become aggravated by submersion in hot water.


text:
Ep. 173 - Creating An Allyship + Feminism for All with Rachel Cargle
Today we are joined by Rachel Cargle; activist, writer, and lecturer. Her activist and academic works are rooted in providing intellectual discourse, tools, and resources that explore the intersection of race and womanhood. Rachel also created an organization called The Loveland Group, which houses multiple companies dedicated to lifelong culture, learning, and opportunity. Rachel was in town from NYC, so the girls hopped on the opportunity to spend time with Rachel in person. She is leading the movement on some incredibly issues plaguing our society. In today's episode, we talk about what it was like for Rachel growing up in a predominantly white community, socioeconomic differences between races, and using her platform to create accessible educational lectures. Rachel shares her view on the feminist movement, how the health and wellness space reacts to her, and the way that the welfare system works. We hope this conversation inspires you to have conversations within your community, friend groups, and families—conversations that might not be comfortable but conversations that could, ultimately, change history.


text:
Decibel meters or sound level sensors can be categorized broadly into 2 types – surface mount and external microphone type. This decibel sensor mounting guide covers surface mount (SMD) type sensors only.
A surface mount or SMD decibel meter is designed such that it can be stuck to an enclosure and the meter reads audio levels through a hole in the enclosure.
An external microphone based sound level sensor uses an external microphone that is mounted outside an enclosure. The electronic module that processes the audio signals is located away from the microphone itself. This arrangement is preferable for deployment in harsh outdoor conditions. SMD modules are better used in indoor environments.
Here is an example of our SMD decibel level sensor connected to a Raspberry Pi.
As mentioned before, the sensor module itself integrates a precision MEMS microphone for noise measurement. Therefore, you can simply stick the module to an enclosure for monitoring sound levels.
Why Proper Mounting is Important
The MEMS microphone integrated into the decibel meter module is a precision sound pressure sensing device. MEMS systems are delicate and when subjected to harsh operating environments, it is important to protect them to preserve their accuracy and ensure a long operational life.
By observing proper mounting practices, you can
- Prolong sensor life and maintain accuracy
- Keep reading errors low
- Reduce cost of assembling your product
- Maintain product reliability through harsh operating conditions
How to Mount an SMD Decibel Sensor
The module is designed to be stuck along a flat surface on the interior of an enclosure. A small hole in the enclosure allows sounds to reach the microphone port of the SMD decibel sensor module.
- Plastic enclosures are recommended. A metal enclosure should not be used unless absolutely required.
- Wall thickness of less than 5mm is desirable where the SMD decibel sensor is stuck. This ensures that the sound port hole does not form a long cylindrical cavity, therefore affecting how the microphone receives sound.
- Where protection from dust is required, it is recommended to have the protective mesh installed between the sensor PCB and the enclosure. The closer the protective mesh is to the sensor PCB – the better the accuracy of the sensor.
- The surface to which the decibel sensor is stuck should not flex easily and cause the sensor PCB to bend.
Decibel Sensor Positioning Tips
After you have selected a good enclosure for your product, it is important to pay attention to how the decibel sensor is mounted or positioned inside the enclosure.
Correct positioning will ensure low dust exposure, accurate readings and ease of installation.
Here are some tips on how to mount the sensor optimally.
- Do not mount the sensor with the sound inlet facing upwards. This will cause dust to gather inside the hole and block the sound port quickly.
- Mounting the sensor on a side wall is preferable. This reduces exposure to dust and allows accuracte capture of surrounding noise.
- Mounting the sensor on a sidewall with a small protrusion or roof over the sound inlet is the most optimal as it keeps dust away.
- If your device has cooling fans or air circulation system for applications like air quality monitoring, make sure the microphone inlet is not exposed to dust and vibrations directly. You may still need to turn off all vibration sources in the system momentarily to gain an accurate decibel reading.
- Frequent flexing and bending of the decibel sensor PCB will negatively affect its life and may product momentary glitches in readings. Avoid surfaces that have connector holes or user buttons.
- Avoid placing the sensor where someone will frequently touch or block the audio inlet hole. Even if it does not affect readings, it may eventually cause the inlet hole to clog from frequent contact pushing dust into the hole.
- Avoid placing the audio inlet hole in the middle of large flat plastic surfaces that can attract dust because of static charge.
- 8 July 2023
– Initial release


text:
|Subject:||Rescission of Information Systems Bulletin No. 89-2|
|Date of Memorandum:||04/05/2000|
|Expiration Date:|| |
|Signed By:||Smith, Roland|
|FCA Contact Person:||Holland, Tom|
|List of Attachments:||none|
April 5, 2000
To: The Chief Executive Officer
All Farm Credit System Institutions
From: Roland E. Smith, Director /s/
Office of Examination
Subject: Rescission of Information Systems Bulletin No. 89-2
We are reviewing the 15 Information Systems Bulletins (ISBs) the Farm Credit Administration (FCA) issued from 1988 through 1997. These documents covered various information system (IS) topics relevant to Farm Credit System institutions. However, with rapid changes in computer technology, the guidance contained in the ISBs needs to be revised. ISB guidance that remains current will eventually be consolidated into the FCA Examination Manual (Manual). Our intent is to use the Manual as the single source of examination guidance for all aspects of examinations, including IS.
As a first step, ISB 89-2, titled "Reporting," is rescinded. The reporting requirements previously detailed in ISB 89-2 can be handled by promptly notifying the appropriate FCA field office when:
· The IS disaster recovery plan is activated under actual disaster conditions; or
· Your institution suspects a computer virus attack or other intrusion into the institution's computer systems.
Should you have any questions about this memorandum, please call Tom Glenn at _PHONE_, or correspond on the Internet at e-mail address _EMAIL_.


text:
A Low Power CMOS CORDIC Processor Design for Wireless Telecommunication
Source: Northeastern University
A CORDIC processor for wire telecommunication is integrated in a 0.5ìm CMOS technology. The CORDIC (Coordinate Rotation DIgital Computer) processor reduces the circuit complexity by performing a sequence of elementary rotations using shift and add operations without multiplications. Hard wired-logic eliminates the shifter and includes pre-calculated arctan angle values. The average power consumption is 76mW with 50MHz clock and 5V power supply. The fabricated modulator consumes 24mW at 61.44MHz sampling rate and 5V power supply.


text:
Young people are "most likely" to have a financial adviser, despite common perceptions which suggest otherwise, according to a survey by advice firm Progeny.
While it found the advice gap is still an issue for the industry, its results suggested that the 18 to 34-year-old demographic is "leading the way" when it comes to seeking financial advice.
Of those with an adviser, the largest proportion (41 per cent) comes from the above age group compared with 17 per cent from 45 to 54-year-olds and 18 per cent from the over-65s.
But perhaps more worryingly, only one in four respondents said they had a financial adviser, and of the three-quarters who did not, 83 per cent said they felt that a financial adviser "wasn't for them".
A third said that financial advisers were too expensive and 28 per cent felt that financial advisers were for people with more money than them.
Eleven per cent of respondents said they went to Google for financial advice.
The study also found many people felt they needed to know more about a range of financial products and topics, including pensions (29 per cent) and investments (27 per cent).
Covid-19 has made people less confident about their financial future, and the survey found two in five respondents aged over 45 were worried about not having enough money to retire.
Progeny chief executive Neil Moles says: "As the survey results show, the advice gap persists. On the one hand, people recognise they need to know more about financial matters but at the same time feel that financial advice is not for them.
"Many of the people who would benefit hugely from advice don't realise they need it, which means we, as an industry, are clearly not doing a good enough job of demonstrating the advantages. It's up to us to show how a good financial plan can deliver life-changing results – financially and emotionally – not just for the individual but for future generations of their family.
"There is work to be done but there are also reasons to be optimistic. The fact that 18 to 34-year-olds are the most likely demographic to have a financial adviser is a sign that the young generation get it. But we need build on this so that choosing a financial adviser becomes a natural step in life, and second nature to the next generation."


text:
Select a letter to browse an alphabetical listing of terms and definitions.
Royal Canadian Army Pay Corps (RCASC)
Authorized on December 1, 1903 as Canadian Army Service Corps. Received its Royal title from 1919.
Royal Canadian Army Veterinary Corps
Established on November 2, 1910 as the Canadian Army Veterinary Corps and redesignated Royal Canadian Army Veterinary Corps on November 3, 1919. It was disbanded on November 1, 1940, when mechanized equipment had replaced horses.
Royal Canadian Artillery (RCA)
See: Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery
Royal Canadian Corps of Signals (RCCS)
Militia component authorized on October 24, 1903 as Signalling Corps and became Canadian Corps of Signal in January 1913. The egular component was authorized on April 1, 1919. Received its Royal title in 1921.
Royal Canadian Dental Corps (RCDC)
Militia component authorized as The Canadian Dental Corps on 20 April 1915. It was disbanded in November 1920 but authorized again on June 15, 1921. The Regular component was authorized on 31 August 1939. Received its Royal title in 1947.


text:
The upper (suprarostral) and lower (infrarostral) supportive jaw cartilages have pigmented and keratinized jaw sheaths. The relative amount of dark keratinization (width in longitudinal dimension) of a sheath sometimes is useful for distinguishing among tadpoles.
Narrow Sheaths-dark for less than half the width
Medium Sheaths-dark for about half the width
Wide Sheaths-dark for nearly the entire width
Other jaw sheath characteristics are sometimes useful to distinguish among species.
Tutorial Index|Morphology|Measurements|Eyes|Lateral Process|Tail Musculature|Spiracle
Vent|Oral Disc Morphology|Labial Tooth Row Formula (LTRF)|Back to the Key


External Cache
What Does External Cache Mean?
An external cache is any cache memory that is not built into a CPU chip. External cache is designed to provide high speed data storage and processing services to the computer processor, its primary/native cache and the main memory.
Advertisements
External cache is also known as secondary cache.
Techopedia Explains External Cache
The development of caches is a key event in the history of computing. The system is designed to ensure that the next bit of data a CPU will need is ready in the cache when it is needed.
Advertisements
Related Terms
Margaret Rouse
Margaret is an award-winning technical writer and teacher known for her ability to explain complex technical subjects to a non-technical business audience. Over the past twenty years, her IT definitions have been published by Que in an encyclopedia of technology terms and cited in articles by the New York Times, Time Magazine, USA Today, ZDNet, PC Magazine, and Discovery Magazine. She joined Techopedia in 2011. Margaret's idea of a fun day is helping IT and business professionals learn to speak each other's highly specialized languages.


text:
The Great Eastern Ranges has joined forces with WIRES to assist spotted-tailed quolls, greater gliders, masked owls and other animals which are still recovering from the devastating 2019-2020 bushfires across southeast Australia.
Glideways, Flyways and Stepping Stones will involve a suite of community-led projects to support wildlife and protect, restore and reconnect their habitat in the Border Ranges and Upper Clarence, Greater Blue Mountains and NSW South Coast.
More than 22 species of wildlife impacted by the Black Summer bushfires will be supported through the project over the next two years, including endangered and vulnerable native animals as well as common species.
Activities will include the identification of suitable areas for regeneration of natural habitat, installation of nest boxes and activities that build the resilience of our landscapes to future climate disasters.
WIRES Chief Operating Officer, Kyla Shelley said "GER had the foresight to begin working on connectivity conservation 15 years ago, to protect natural resources across eastern Australia and stem the loss of native species. WIRES is looking forward to working closely with the GER and their regional partners to address the major threat of habitat loss impacting wildlife which has been exacerbated by the recent floods, fires, long-term drought, and climate change."
"Through increased collaboration between landowners, conservation groups and governments at all levels, we can maximise the quality and biodiversity of available habitat in key locations, to rebuild and grow wildlife populations."
According to GER Chief Executive Officer Gary Howling, "Our partnership with WIRES will enable a growing network of landholders and other conservation organisations to work closely with carers to support the recovery of our habitats and wildlife. A focus of our efforts will be to restore locations that can serve as suitable release sites."
"We will be using best practice science and trialling innovative approaches to support the recovery of wildlife and build resilience in the face of future climate disasters. This includes the use of scent detection dogs, drones and acoustic monitors for site assessments and to track the recovery of animal populations."


text:
Hardware Modeling using Verilog
The Hardware Modeling using Verilog course will introduce the participants to the Verilog hardware description language. It will help them to learn various digital circuit modeling issues using Verilog, writing test benches, and some case studies.
Week 1: Introduction to digital circuit design flow (3 hours)
Week 2: Verilog variables, operators, and language constructs (2 hours)
Week 3: Modeling combinational circuits using Verilog (2 hours)
Week 4: Modeling sequential circuits using Verilog (3 hours)
Week 5: Verilog test benches and design simulation (2 hours)
Week 6: Behavioral versus structural design modeling (2 hours)
Week 7: Miscellaneous modeling issues: pipelining, memory, etc. (2 hours)
Week 8: Processor design using Verilog (4 hours)
What Will I Learn?
- Learn everything about Hardware Modeling using Verilog


text:
Masonry workers, crane operators and other construction workers were recently hired to help finish an unusual project — a castle made of 27,000 blocks of ice. Known in St. Paul, Minn., as the Ice Palace, the $1.5 million structure serves as the main attraction at the city's annual Winter Carnival.
Kraus-Anderson Construction of St. Paul had to find additional workers in order to complete the giant structure in time. Work had been delayed because of the weather — it had not been cold enough for the lakes to freeze over. Construction was supposed to begin Dec. 15, but work was halted until ice blocks 1-foot deep could be cut from nearby Lake Phalen. A number of volunteers were waiting to help build the castle, but because it had to be finished quickly, the extra workers and equipment were brought in.
Approximately 16 unionized masons worked three daily shifts, while several crane operators worked to lift ice blocks on top of the five turrets. Although the added expense of the workers was not calculated into the cost of the palace, the festival's board of directors plans to use any surplus money from the admission tickets toward the labor. Kraus-Anderson is doing the work pro-bono. Many of the original volunteers on the project were also construction workers.
Although the first ice palace was constructed in 1886, visitors to the festival haven't been able to walk through the structure since 1941 because of safety concerns. This year, however, a volunteer team of 20 architects and engineers from SSL/Leo A. Daly firm worked to make the palace safe for visitors to tour. The castle contains eight thrones made of ice as well as a giant ice fountain. Lights within the palace's turrets are part of the festival's annual light show. The palace will be open to visitors until Feb. 7.


text:
Using two or more word lists in a single puzzle
You can use any number of word lists in a single puzzle. If any of the
word lists contains the same word as another word list in the same puzzle,
EclipseCrossword will use the clue from the first word list you opened, and
ignore the second clue.
- First, start the EclipseCrossword software. (How
do I do that?) From the EclipseCrossword main page
(in the EclipseCrossword software, not the EclipseCrossword.com website),
click I would like to start a new crossword and then Next.
- Click Let me create a word list from scratch now and then click
- Now you're at the page where you can add words to your word list.
From here, click the Tools button, and then Open word list.
- Choose the first word list you'd like to use and click Open.
- Click Tools again, and then Open word list again.
- Choose the second word list you'd like to use and click Open.
- EclipseCrossword will merge the second word list into the one you're
using. You can repeat steps 5 and 6 as many times as you'd like to add
more word lists to your puzzle. When you click Next, you can
save your big, combined word list as a new word list file if you'd like.
|The Tools button and Open word list
Keywords: Can I merge several word lists (EWL files) into one?


text: This contribution assesses the possibilities of application of volumetric compensation technology on a small three-axis vertical machining centre. These machine tools are designed for machining of small workpieces with various requirements on dimensional and shape accuracy. Small machine tools do not show large volumetric deviations across the entire working space as it is seen with medium-sized and large machining centres. To test volumetric compensation, detailed measurements on a small machining centre (demonstrator) were performed prior to activation of compensation set; other verification measurements were carried out with activated compensation set. Even if volumetric compensation is deployed, it is necessary to verify the achieved results in an appropriate manner. The accomplished study will offer pertinent conclusions on the appropriateness of the technology to be deployed for selected types of workpieces.


text:
Uncaria tomentosa has antimicrobial activity in infected root canal dentin. - GreenMedInfo Summary
Antimicrobial activity and substantivity of Uncaria tomentosa in infected root canal dentin.
Braz Oral Res. 2016 ;30(1):e61. Epub 2016 Apr 26. PMID: 27119588
Daniel Rodrigo Herrera
The aim of this study was to analyze the antimicrobial activity and substantivity of Uncaria tomentosa Willd DC (cat's claw, CC) in root dentin contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis. Forty-eight human premolars were contaminated with E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) and randomly divided into four groups according to the irrigant used during chemomechanical preparation (CMP): CC group: 2% CC gel; CHX group: 2% chlorhexidine digluconate gel (CHX); NaOCl group: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); and SS group: sterile saline (SS). Microbiological samples were collected before (S1) and after (S2) CMP and after 7 days (S3). Colony-forming units (CFU/mL) at the different sampling times and comparisons among the groups were statistically analyzed by Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p<0.05). Significant bacterial reduction was achieved in all groups after CMP (p<0.05). Results show no significant difference between S3 and S2 (p>0.05) in the CC and CHX groups. Bacterial load was higher in S3 than in S2 samples (p<0.05) in the NaOCl and SS groups. Our results suggest antibacterial effect of 2% CC gel against E. faecalis in infected dentin, in addition to antibacterial substantivity of 2% CC and 2% CHX up to 7 days.


Boost logo
Boost :
Subject: Re: [boost] [serialization] How are floating point values handled?
From: John Maddock (john_at_[hidden])
Date: 2013-08-07 13:38:13
> This actually raises a problem when using text archives with floating
> point data - if you want to be able to round trip the values, then how
> many digits precision should you set the stream to? Particularly if
> you're saving a complex structure containing different floating point
> types of differing precisions?
Let me rephrase this somewhat: if I'm the author of a complex data structure
that contains floating point data and I make it serializable, I have no way
to ensure serialization proceeds correctly: instead that burden falls on the
person creating the archive. For sure in small projects these will be the
same person, but clearly not when "library writing". And yes, I realize
that many compilers don't round trip floating point values even when you
print "enough" digits, but at least they get close. The current default
situation is to print just 5 digits, and that certainly doesn't get close!
But, rant over for now ;-)
Cheers, John.


text:
Gold has been known since prehistory. The symbol is derived from Latin aurum (gold).
AuI 9.2 eV, AuII 20.5 eV, AuIII 30.0 eV.
Absorption lines of AuI
In the sun, the equivalent width of AuI 3122(1) is 0.005.
Behavior in non-normal stars
The probable detection of Au I was announced by Jaschek and Malaroda (1970) in one Ap star of the Cr-Eu-Sr subgroup. Fuhrmann (1989) detected Au through the ultimate line of Au II at 1740(2) in several Bp stars of the Si and Ap stars of the Cr-Eu-Sr subgroups. The presence of Au seems to be associated with that of platinum and mercury.
Au has one stable isotope, Au197 and 20 short-lived isotopes and isomers.
Au can only be produced by the r process.
Published in "The Behavior of Chemical Elements in Stars", Carlos Jaschek and Mercedes Jaschek, 1995, Cambridge University Press.


Do foreign keys have "back-pointers"?
Let's discuss the question in the context of this schema:
create table P( p_id int not null primary key, x int ); create table F( f_id int not null primary key, p_id int default null references P, y int );
Table F has a foreign key to table P, via the column F.p_id.
I take the term "back-pointer" to mean a reference or pointer in the other direction, which is certainly not explicit in the schema. I.e., in the declarations above, there is nothing inside P that refers to F.
Why are we talking about back-pointers at all?
Why might you want one?
A back-pointer is definitely not needed to be able to "go the other way" in a query. To repeat a comment from the Jan. 30 lecture, foreign keys have a direction, but joins do not. So the concept of "going the other way" doesn't really make sense. You might need to join F and P for various kinds of queries, and then you have access, in the joined table, to all the columns of both tables. The fact that the join goes from F to P instead of P to F is not that important, and only affects the SQL syntax for expressing the join. (In fact, the relational algebra expression isn't affected, assuming the columns have been named so that the join columns involve only the FK and PK columns.)
In other words, a back-pointer is logically unnecessary. At the logical level -- at the level of table definitions -- a back-pointer is useless.
Actually, a back-pointer is worse than useless. There are two cases to consider: 1) The FK represents a 1:1 relationship; and 2) the FK represents a 1:many relationship.
Suppose the FK represents a 1:1 relationship
Let's add a back-pointer and see what happens. Here is the modified schema:
create table P2( p_id int not null primary key, f_id int default null references F2, x int ); create table F2( f_id int not null primary key, p_id int default null references P2, y int );
(Ignore the fact that the highlighted code is illegal, as it refers to table F2 which has not yet been created. That is easily fixable, but using syntax not yet covered in class.)
We could maintain P2.f_id and F2.p_id so that they represent inverses of each other. This doesn't actually benefit you at all. You can join P2 and F2 using F2.p_id and P2.p_id, as before. (In relational algebra, you would need to use rename to avoid having both columns in each table considered as join columns.)
Or, you could join using P2.f_id and F2.f_id. If the back-pointer (P2.f_id) is being maintained correctly, then the join is the same either way.
Which brings us to the next point: Your applications have to be careful to maintain P2.f_id and F2.p_id to truly be inverses of one another. The update costs something, and applications have to be careful to update the two columns consistently.
To summarize, this back-pointer is a lot of trouble for no benefit at all.
Suppose the FK represents a 1:many relationship
Now suppose that we have 1:many relationship, in which P is the parent, and F is the child, (referring to the original schema). Here is some possible data:
P
p_id x
1 100
F
f_id p_id y
11 1 800
12 1 900
If we add the back-pointer as before (using the second version of the schema, with tables P2 and F2), what does P2 look like? Table P has one row, with p_id = 1. It is associated with two rows in F, also with p_id = 1, but with different values of f_id. So would P2 look like this?
P2
p_id f_id x
1 11 100
1 12 100
That can't be right, because P2.p_id is a primary key, and we now have two rows with the same p_id value.
We are heading down the wrong path, so I'm not going to pursue this idea further. The back-pointer is not logically necessary, (i.e., if it appears in the schema), and in the case of a 1:many relationship, simply unworkable.
So why are we still talking about back-pointers?
The preceding discussion points out that back-pointers are either unnecessary or unworkable at the logical layer. However the idea of back-pointers makes a lot of sense at the physical layer.
By physical layer, I mean the set of data structures that implement tables in such a way that commonly used queries can be executed as quickly as possible.
The most important data structures used for improving database performance are indexes. An index is a mapping from some column values to a row address. The mapping is typically implemented as a search tree (similar to a binary tree), or as a hash table.
The row address is something that identifies a row, and enables retrieval of the row quickly. Consider the data of the F table from before, with rows (11, 1, 800) and (12, 1 900). When stored on disk, each row has a physical address. That could be a disk page address combined with an offset within the page. If the table is small enough, and kept in main memory, the physical address would simply be a virtual memory address. Suppose F is in main memory and looks like this:
F (in main memory)
row address f_id p_id y
0x1000 11 1 800
0x100c 12 1 900
Then an index on F.y would be:
F.y index (hash table, keyed by y)
y row address
800 0x1000
900 0x100c
The key is a y value, and a lookup yields a row address. We use the row address to locate the full F row.
Primary keys, foreign keys, and indexes
When you declare a primary key, you automatically get an index keyed by the columns of the primary key. This is true in every kind of relational database system. The reason for this is that a PK guarantees uniqueness. Every time a new row is inserted to the table, we need to check if the PK in that row is unique. Without an index, each check would require a scan of the table. If a table has n rows, then a scan takes O(n) time. And the time for all inserts would be O(n2). Not good. But with an index, (let's assume a hash index), the time to insert n rows is O(n), because each uniqueness check is just a hash lookup, which costs O(1). (Yes, I know the worst case of a hash lookup is O(n), but in practice, averaging over many keys, O(1) is a safe assumption.)
What about foreign keys? Does creating a foreign key result in the creation of an index? No, and I'm not sure why. It should at least be default behavior, because so many operations involving the FK are unacceptably slow without the index.
Consider this query: What F.y values associated with P.x = 1? which can be answered by the this relational algebra expression:
project( join( select(P, x = 1), F), [y])
Evaluation proceeds as follows:
 1. Find rows in P with x = 1. (This will be faster if we have an index on P.x.)
 2. From each qualifying P row, take the p_id value.
 3. Use the p_id value to find rows of F with matching p_id values.
 4. From each qualifying F row, take the y value.
Focus on step 3. If F has an index on p_id, then that step is going to run quickly, otherwise a scan is required. And remember, we're already in a loop from step 1. So it is really important for the speed of this query to have an index on F.p_id.
Finally, here is the point: Think about the index on F.p_id. It maps p_id values to F row addresses. Hey! That sounds like a back-pointer!
Conclusion
So do foreign keys have back-pointers? Yes, if you want them to, (and you usually do). They exist at the physical level of the database, in the form of an index on the foreign key columns. Here is the original schema, with an additional statement to create the FK index:
create table P( p_id int not null primary key, x int ); create table F( f_id int not null primary key, p_id int default null references P, y int ); create index fp_index on F(p_id); -- fp_index is the name of the index
Note that create table and create index are both part of the DDL (Data Definition Language) part of SQL. However, they are quite different conceptually. create table statements contribute to the logical layer of your database. create index


Knowledge Based Model Transformation
Objective
Even when code is directly developed from requirements, software engineering can be seen as a process of transformation from a source model (e.g requirements) to a target one (e.g program). More generally, there will be intermediate artifacts with development combining automated operations with tasks involving some decision-making. Given the importance of knowledge management in decision-making, it should also be considered as a primary factor for model transformation.
ccccc
What has been transformed, added, abstracted ? (Velazquez-Picasso)
Clearing Taxonomy Thickets
Beside purpose, models transformation is often considered with regard to automation or abstraction level.
Classifying transformations with regard to automation is at best redundant, inconsistent and confusing otherwise: on one side of the argument, assuming a "manual transformation" entails some "intelligent design", it ensues that it cannot be automated; but, on the other side of the argument, if manual operations can be automated, the distinction between manual and automated is pointless. And in any case a critical aspect has been ignored, namely what is the added value of a transformation.
Classifying transformations with regard to abstraction levels is also problematic because, as famously illustrated above, there are too many understandings of what those levels may be. Considering for instance analysis and design models; they are usually meant to deal respectively with system functionalities and implementation. But it doesn't ensue that the former is more abstract than the latter because system functionalities may describe low-level physical devices and system designs may include high level abstract constructs.
A Taxonomy of Purposes
Depending on purpose, model transformation can be set in three main categories:
 - Translation: source and target models describe the same contents with different languages.
 - Rephrasing: improvement of the initial descriptions using the same language.
 - Processing: source and target models describe successive steps along the development process. While they may be expressed with different languages, the objective is to transform model contents.
Translation, Rephrasing, Processing.
Rephrasing, Translation, Processing.
Should those different purposes be achieved using common mechanisms, or should they be supported by specific ones ?
A Taxonomy of Knowledge
As already noted, automated transformation is taken as a working assumption and the whole process is meant to be governed by rules. And if purpose is used as primary determinant, those rules should be classified with regard of the knowledge to be considered:
 - Syntactic knowledge would be needed to rephrase words and constructs without any change in content or language.
 - Thesaurus and semantics would be employed to translate contents into another language.
 - Stereotypes, Patterns, and engineering practices would be used to process source models into target ones.
vvvv
Knowledge with regard to transformation purposes
On that basis, the next step is to consider the functional architecture of transformation, in particular with regard to supporting knowledge.
Procedural vs Declarative KM
Assuming transformation processes devoid of any decision-making, all relevant knowledge can be documented either directly in rules (procedural approach) or indirectly in models (declarative approach).
To begin with, all approaches have to manage knowledge about languages principles (ML) and the modeling languages used for source (MLsrc) and target (MLtrg) models. Depending on language, linguistic knowledge can combine syntactic and semantic layers, or distinguish between them.
cccc
Meta-models can be structured along linguistic layers or combine syntax and semantics.
Given exponential growth of complexity, procedural approaches are better suited for the processing of unstructured knowledge, while declarative ones are the option of choice when knowledge is organized along layers.
When applied to model transformation, procedural solutions use tables (MLT) to document the mappings between language constructs, and programs to define and combine transformation rules. Such approaches work well enough for detailed rules targeting specific domains, but fall short when some kind of generalization is needed; moreover, in the absence of distinction at language level (see UML and users' concerns), any contents differentiation in source models (Msrc) will be blurred in target ones (Mtrg) .
Transformation Policies: Procedural vs Declarative
Transformation Policies: Procedural vs Declarative
And filtering out noise appears to be the main challenge of model processing, especially when even localized taints or ambiguities in source models may contaminate the whole of target ones; hence the benefit of setting apart layers of source models according their nature and reliability.
That can be achieved with the modularity of declarative solutions, with transformations carried out separately according the nature of knowledge: syntactic, semantic, or engineering. While declarative solutions also rely on rules, those rules can be managed according to:
 - Purpose: rephrasing, translation, or development.
 - Knowledge level: rules about facts, categories, or reasoning.
 - Confidence level: formal, heuristic, fuzzy, modal.
That makes declarative solutions more easily assessed and therefore improved.
Assessment
Advances in model transformation call for sound assessment, and that can be done with regard to usual knowledge management capabilities:
 - Primitive operations: how to create, read, update, or delete (CRUD) transformations.
 - Transparency: how to reason about transformations.
 - Traceability: how to record the history of performed transformations and chart the effects of hypothetical ones.
 - Reliability: built-in consistency checks, testability.
 - Robustness: how to deal with incomplete, noisy, or inconsistent models.
 - Modularity, reusability: how to customize, combine, or generalize transformations.
In principle declarative approaches are generally seen as superior to procedural ones due to the benefits of a clear-cut separation between the different domains of knowledge on one hand, and the programs performing the transformations on the other hand:
 - The complexity of transformations increases exponentially with the number of rules, independently of the corpus of knowledge.
 - The ensuing spaghetti syndrome rapidly downgrades transparency, traceability, and reliability of rules which, in procedural approaches, are the only gate to knowledge itself.
 - Adding specific rules in order to deal with incomplete or inconsistent models significantly degrades modularity and reusability, with the leveraging impact of new rules having to be added for every variant.
In practice the flaws of procedural approaches can be partially curbed providing that:
 - Rules apply to a closely controlled domain.
 - Models are built with complete, unambiguous and consistent languages.
Both conditions can be met with domain specific languages (DSLs) and document based ones (e.g XML) targeting design and program models within well-defined business domains.
Compared with the diversity and specificity of procedural solutions, the extent of declarative ones have been checked by their more theoretically demanding requirements, principally met by relational models. Yet, the Model Driven Architecture (MDA) distinction between computation independent (CIMs), platform independent (PIMs), and platform specific (PSMs) models could provide the basis for a generalization of knowledge-based model transformation.
Further Reading
External Links
Advertisements
One Response to "Knowledge Based Model Transformation"
 1. lkafle Says:
 Reblogged this on healthcare software solutions lava kafle kathmandu nepal.
 Like
Leave a Reply
Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in:
WordPress.com Logo
You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Log Out / Change )
Twitter picture
You are commenting using your Twitter account. Log Out / Change )
Facebook photo
You are commenting using your Facebook account. Log Out / Change )
Google+ photo
You are commenting using your Google+ account. Log Out / Change )
Connecting to %s
%d bloggers like this:


Docotic.Pdf Library Help > Samples > Pages and Navigation > Extract text, paths and images
This sample shows how to extract page objects (text, paths and images) from PdfDocument. The sample draws extracted objects on the drawing surface of a System.Drawing.Graphics.
Use PdfPage.GetObjects() method to get all text, paths and images drawn on the page.
The result of this method is an ordered collection. Each subsequent object in the collection is drawn after the previous one.
C#
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Drawing.Drawing2D;
using System.Drawing.Imaging;
using System.IO;
using BitMiracle.Docotic.Pdf;
namespace BitMiracle.Docotic.Pdf.Samples
{
 public static class ExtractPageObjects
 {
 public static void Main()
 {
 // NOTE:
 // When used in trial mode, the library imposes some restrictions.
 // Please visit _URL_
 // for more information.
 const string PathToFile = "ExtractPageObjects.png";
 using (var pdf = new PdfDocument(@"Sample Data\gmail-cheat-sheet.pdf"))
 {
 PdfPage page = pdf.Pages[0];
 const float TargetResolution = 300;
 double scaleFactor = TargetResolution / page.Canvas.Resolution;
 using (Bitmap bitmap = new Bitmap((int)(page.Width * scaleFactor), (int)(page.Height * scaleFactor)))
 {
 bitmap.SetResolution(TargetResolution, TargetResolution);
 using (var gr = Graphics.FromImage(bitmap))
 {
 gr.SmoothingMode = SmoothingMode.HighQuality;
 gr.PageUnit = GraphicsUnit.Point;
 gr.SetClip(page.CropBox.ToRectangleF(page.Height), CombineMode.Intersect);
 foreach (PdfPageObject obj in page.GetObjects())
 {
 switch (obj.Type)
 {
 case PdfPageObjectType.Text:
 drawText(gr, (PdfTextData)obj);
 break;
 case PdfPageObjectType.Image:
 drawImage(gr, (PdfPaintedImage)obj);
 break;
 case PdfPageObjectType.Path:
 drawPath(gr, (PdfPath)obj);
 break;
 }
 }
 }
 bitmap.Save(PathToFile, ImageFormat.Png);
 }
 }
 Process.Start(PathToFile);
 }
 private static void drawText(Graphics gr, PdfTextData td)
 {
 if (td.RenderingMode == PdfTextRenderingMode.NeitherFillNorStroke ||
 td.RenderingMode == PdfTextRenderingMode.AddToPath)
 return;
 if (Math.Abs(td.FontSize) < 0.001)
 return;
 if (Math.Abs(td.Bounds.Width) < 0.001 || Math.Abs(td.Bounds.Height) < 0.001)
 return;
 saveStateAndDraw(gr, td.ClipRegion, () =>
 {
 using (Font font = toGdiFont(td.Font, td.FontSize))
 {
 using (Brush brush = toGdiBrush(td.Brush))
 {
 gr.TranslateTransform((float)td.Position.X, (float)td.Position.Y);
 concatMatrix(gr, td.TransformationMatrix);
 gr.DrawString(td.Text, font, brush, PointF.Empty);
 }
 }
 });
 }
 private static void drawImage(Graphics gr, PdfPaintedImage image)
 {
 // Do not render images with zero width or height. GDI+ throws OutOfMemoryException
 // in x86 processes for regular image size (e.g. 1x51) and very small transformation
 // matrix (e.g. { 0.000005, 0, 0, 0.003, x, y }).
 PdfSize paintedImageSize = image.Bounds.Size;
 if (Math.Abs(paintedImageSize.Width) < 0.001 || Math.Abs(paintedImageSize.Height) < 0.001)
 return;
 // ignore mask images in this sample
 if (image.Image.IsMask)
 return;
 using (var stream = new MemoryStream())
 {
 image.Image.Save(stream);
 using (Bitmap bitmap = (Bitmap)Image.FromStream(stream))
 {
 saveStateAndDraw(gr, image.ClipRegion, () =>
 {
 gr.TranslateTransform((float)image.Position.X, (float)image.Position.Y);
 concatMatrix(gr, image.TransformationMatrix);
 // Important for rendering of neighbour image tiles
 gr.PixelOffsetMode = PixelOffsetMode.Half;
 PdfSize imageSize = new PdfSize(image.Image.Width, image.Image.Height);
 if (imageSize.Width < bitmap.Width && imageSize.Height < bitmap.Height)
 {
 // the bitmap produced from the image is larger than the image.
 // usually this happens when image has a mask image which is larger than the image itself.
 InterpolationMode current = gr.InterpolationMode;
 gr.InterpolationMode = InterpolationMode.HighQualityBicubic;
 gr.DrawImage(bitmap, 0, 0, (float)imageSize.Width, (float)imageSize.Height);
 gr.InterpolationMode = current;
 }
 else
 {
 // bitmap has the same size
 // or one of it's dimensions is longer than the corresponding image dimension
 gr.DrawImage(bitmap, 0, 0, bitmap.Width, bitmap.Height);
 }
 });
 }
 }
 }
 private static void drawPath(Graphics gr, PdfPath path)
 {
 if (!path.PaintMode.HasValue)
 return;
 saveStateAndDraw(gr, path.ClipRegion, () =>
 {
 concatMatrix(gr, path.TransformationMatrix);
 using (var gdiPath = new GraphicsPath())
 {
 toGdiPath(path, gdiPath);
 fillStrokePath(gr, path, gdiPath);
 }
 });
 }
 private static void saveStateAndDraw(Graphics gr, PdfClipRegion clipRegion, Action draw)
 {
 var state = gr.Save();
 try
 {
 setClipRegion(gr, clipRegion);
 draw();
 }
 finally
 {
 gr.Restore(state);
 }
 }
 private static void setClipRegion(Graphics gr, PdfClipRegion clipRegion)
 {
 if (clipRegion.IntersectedPaths.Count == 0)
 return;
 Matrix transformationBefore = gr.Transform;
 try
 {
 gr.Transform = new Matrix();
 foreach (PdfPath clipPath in clipRegion.IntersectedPaths)
 {
 using (var gdiPath = new GraphicsPath())
 {
 toGdiPath(clipPath, gdiPath);
 gdiPath.Transform(toGdiMatrix(clipPath.TransformationMatrix));
 gdiPath.FillMode = (FillMode)clipPath.ClipMode.Value;
 gr.SetClip(gdiPath, CombineMode.Intersect);
 }
 }
 }
 finally
 {
 gr.Transform = transformationBefore;
 }
 }
 private static void toGdiPath(PdfPath path, GraphicsPath gdiPath)
 {
 foreach (PdfSubpath subpath in path.Subpaths)
 {
 gdiPath.StartFigure();
 foreach (PdfPathSegment segment in subpath.Segments)
 {
 switch (segment.Type)
 {
 case PdfPathSegmentType.Point:
 // A singlepoint open subpath produces no output.
 break;
 case PdfPathSegmentType.Line:
 PdfLineSegment line = (PdfLineSegment)segment;
 gdiPath.AddLine(line.Start.ToPointF(), line.End.ToPointF());
 break;
 case PdfPathSegmentType.Bezier:
 PdfBezierSegment bezier = (PdfBezierSegment)segment;
 gdiPath.AddBezier(bezier.Start.ToPointF(),
 bezier.FirstControl.ToPointF(),
 bezier.SecondControl.ToPointF(),
 bezier.End.ToPointF()
 );
 break;
 case PdfPathSegmentType.Rectangle:
 RectangleF rect = ((PdfRectangleSegment)segment).Bounds.ToRectangleF();
 // GDI+ does not render rectangles with negative or very small width and height. Render such
 // rectangles by lines, but respect direction. Otherwise non-zero winding rule for
 // path filling will not


October 21, 2020
6 Low-Value Tasks to Take Off Your Plate
Wasting time with low-value tasks distracts you from getting meaningful work done
Being productive is a typical precursor to achieving our goals. Often, though, we mistake productivity with getting more done instead of getting the most important things done. When that's the case, it's nearly impossible to not feel overwhelmed and overworked.
Assessing your work and recognizing low-value tasks is critical to reclaiming your productivity. Low-value work comprises tasks that mean little or nothing to customers or colleagues. They are typically routine and don't require collaboration, like responding to emails, scheduling meetings, or reorganizing a spreadsheet.
In other words, low-value tasks are not supporting your long-term goals or allowing you to uncover a major breakthrough in your work—they're often simply time-consuming. Crossing off a time-consuming task can make you feel a sense of fulfillment or reward, a "quick win." But in reality, you still have the most important, high-value tasks to do—just in less time.
Identifying low-value tasks can be nuanced and depend on context. Here are a few questions you can ask yourself to determine whether a task is lowor high-value.
Will working on or completing this task…
 - Incrementally drive growth for my business?
 - Unblock my team from getting critical work done?
 - Distract me from my priorities?
 - Be in service of my big-picture goals?
Answering "no" to any of these questions means the task isn't worth your time.
While low-value tasks are not top-priorities, they still may need to be taken care of. Here are examples of common low-value tasks and alternatives to doing them yourself.
Scheduling meetings and calls. Scheduling takes up a considerable amount of time, particularly if you're coordinating with multiple people, juggling different time zones, or learning a new conference calling system. Scheduling is a commonly delegated task to an executive assistant. If you aren't working with an assistant, you may also consider asking a teammate who has the bandwidth to take over logistics for a particular project.
Responding to notifications. Notifications are attention disruptors and sap so much valuable time from your day. Though checking email or clicking on a notification may make you feel productive, the opposite is true. You're now starting over to refocus and concentrate. Notifications are thankfully, in a way, under your control. During your focus time, important meetings, or when you're in the "life" portion of work-life balance, turn your notifications off on all of your devices. You can create a dedicated time in the day to read and respond.
Sorting through emails. Wasting time in your inbox is one of the biggest time-stealers because it gives you the false sense that you're accomplishing something. Delegating your inbox to an assistant will give you back a considerable amount of your day. It's a common misconception that only full-time, salaried assistants can handle email correspondence. In fact, part-time and/or virtual assistants are experts at this specific task. Another option is utilizing automated reply to emails that states you'll reply at the end of the day.
Editing and proofreading. Some leaders and executives have a hard time relinquishing control of editing and proofreading duties, especially if the content is public-facing. While you certainly don't want grammatical errors or typos, you can outsource editing and proofreading to online services, ask an assistant, or appoint a person on your team to double check important messaging before it's released.
Research and data gathering. Good decisions require a level of knowledge that sometimes comes from research. The actual gathering of articles, data, or sources, though, is a low-value task.It should not be mistaken for the high-value task of analyzing and synthesizing the findings. Sometimes, research can be delegated to your social network—asking on Twitter about the best productivity tools can get you the quick answers you need. Alternatively, an assistant or virtual researcher can help you compile information and even write up a report with insights.
Travel details. How many times have you accidentally spent an hour or more trying to find the best flight price/time combination, only to have saved perhaps $100? This low-value task is simple to delegate to an assistant or an online executive travel service. You can easily make sure that whoever is finding your hotels or flights will take price, location, and personal preferences into account for you.
Redesigning your daily workload is possible and is a huge step in becoming more productive. Once you can pinpoint the low-value work that's constricting your time, you'll be able to regain your focus and move toward achieving big-picture goals.
Subscribe to our newsletter


What is u in military alphabet
What is U in the phonetic alphabet?
NATO Phonetic Alphabet
Symbol Code Word Phonic (pronunciation)
V Victor VIK TAH
W Whiskey WISS KEY
What does Charlie Tango Foxtrot mean?
What is the meaning of the military alphabet?
The military alphabet, officially the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, consists of 26 code words. Each represents one letter of the English alphabet. For instance, "Alpha" means "A," "Bravo" means B, and so on. Multiple code words often are combined to form words or expressions.
What is Oscar Tango Mike?
What is Alpha Beta Charlie?
The Nato Phonetic Alphabet, also sometimes referred to as Alpha Bravo Charlie is actually officially called the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) created code words that it connected to the letters of the English alphabet.
What does Oscar Charlie mean?
What is Lima Charlie?
You might be interested: What is the hardest branch of the military to get into
What does Hotel Sierra mean?
What does Bravo Zulu mean?
well done
What is Y in military?
Why is Bravo Zulu well done?
Bravo Zulu is a naval signal originally sent by semaphore flags, and, in English, simply means " Well done." Now, why Bravo Zulu? Its origins are in the Allied Naval Signal Book, which for decades has been used by members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which was created in 1949.


Biochar Cookstove
Nolan Hagge, Benjamin Hofland
Sponsor: Dordt College engineering department
The Biochar Cookstove envisions a world free from unhealthy smoke and painful deforestation pressures brought on by wood-fuel cooking. The project provides experimental research, specifications, and a prototype model of a biochar producing cookstove, focusing specifically on the context of rural Zambia. The social, geographic, and economic contextual factors of the target users come to a head in the need for a fuel efficient, clean emission, inexpensive, and locally made cookstove that is rooted in a culturally appropriate design.