AMPL > >Faqs
Sets and Indexing
Why doesn't AMPL interpret the expression T..1 as I expect?
In general, AMPL interprets a..b as {a, a+1, a+2,..., b-1, b}. Thus when T is greater than one, T..1 is an empty set. To specify the ordered set that goes from T down to 1, write T..1 by -1.
Why does "set S := 50.. 70″ give me a set of only 3 members?
You have declared set S in your model and set S := 50.. 70 in your data. Set expressions are not recognized in AMPL's data mode, however. Instead AMPL tries to recognize 50.. 70 as a space-delimited list of members of S, with the result that it has found three members: the numbers 50 and 70, and the string "..".
To define S to equal 50.. 70 by use of your data file, first declare S in your model by
param begin;
param end > begin;
set S := begin.. end;
Then state in the data file:
param begin := 50;
param end := 70;
Alternatively, it's legal to give set S = 50.. 70 as your declaration of S. This is a less desirable approach, however, because it moves some of the specific data values into the model.
I have declared "set S" and "param b {S}". How do I write an AMPL expression for the arg min of b[i] — that is, the s in S such that b[s] equals the minimum of b[i] over all i in S?
There's no specific arg min operator in AMPL. However, proceeding directly from the definition, you can define the arg min explicitly by a set expression like
{s in S: b[s] = min {i in S} b[i]}
This expression gives a subset of S, however, containing all of the members of S that achieve the minimum. To get just one member representing the arg min, you can define this to be an ordered set,
set b_argmin ordered := {s in S: b[s] = min {i in S} b[i]};
Then first(b_argmin) is guaranteed to be one member of S that minimizes b[i].
As an alternative, you can use AMPL's for and if commands to write a script that loops over S to compute the arg min explicitly:
param bmin;
param imin symbolic in S;
let bmin := Infinity;
for {i in S} {
 if b[i] < bmin then {
 let bmin := b[i];
 let imin := i;
In general this is a slower alternative than defining b_argmin as above. It admits a greater variety of generalizations in complex cases, however.
How can I get AMPL to index over the "power set" consisting of all subsets of a set?
AMPL can index model components by objects (numbers and character strings) but not by sets of objects. Hence you can't model a power set directly. You may be able to get the same effect, however, by constructing a numbered list of subsets.
As an example, suppose that you want to index over all subsets of the set of the first n nonnegative integers. You can declare:
param n integer > 0;
set S := 0.. n - 1;
set SS := 0.. 2**n - 1;
set POW {k in SS} := {i in S: (k div 2**i) mod 2 = 1};
Since there are n members of S, there are 2**n subsets of S. Hence there exists a one-to-one correspondence between the members of the set SS := 0.. 2**n - 1 and the subsets of S. By use of a simple encoding, you can make this correspondence explicit; the indexed collection of sets POW above is declared such that POW[k] is the kth distinct subset of S. (To see the whole power set, type display POW.)
Much the same can be done for an arbitrary ordered set S:
set S ordered;
param n := card {S};
set SS := 0.. (2**n - 1);
set POW {k in SS}
 := {i in S: (k div 2**(ord(i)-1)) mod 2 = 1};
Either way, you can use indexing over POW to get the effect of indexing over the power set. In the following example, each member s of S has a weight Wt[s], and the average "weight" of all members of any subset of S is constrained not to exceed n/2:
var Wt {S} >= 0;
subj to MaxWt {k in SS}:
 sum {i in POW[k]} Wt[i] <= (n / 2) * card(POW[k]);
A more involved example, which represents a traveling salesman problem as an integer program, is provided in tsp.mod. Constraints like this can be useful for studying and testing certain formulations of combinatorial problems, provided that the underlying set (S in our example) is kept to a reasonably small size.
subject to balance0 {j in PROD}:
Why do I get an "invalid subscript discarded" message when I display an AMPL parameter?
Either a data table gave values for the parameter with incorrect subscripts, or the parameter's indexing set changed, causing some previously valid subscripts to become invalid. For example, in the diet.mod + diet.dat example (Figures 2-1 and 2-2) of the AMPL book, values of parameter cost are supplied for all eight members of set FOOD:
ampl: display cost;
cost [*] :=
BEEF 3.19 FISH 2.29 MCH 1.89 SPG 1.99
 CHK 2.59 HAM 2.89 MTL 1.99 TUR 2.49
If you remove the member CHK from FOOD, using for example a let command, then you get a message that cost["CHK"] has also been dropped from the data:
ampl: let FOOD := FOOD diff {"CHK"};
ampl: display cost;
Error executing "display" command:
error processing param cost:
 invalid subscript cost['CHK'] discarded.
cost [*] :=
BEEF 3.19 HAM 2.89 MTL 1.99 TUR 2.49
FISH 2.29 MCH 1.89 SPG 1.99
Since cost["CHK"] has now been dropped, no further error message will appear if you type display cost again.
To avoid error messages of this sort, you can define a more flexible set structure for your model as shown in dietflex.mod and dietflex.dat. The auxiliary set DIET_DROP defaults to empty, so that the problem is solved for all foods; but you can change DIET_DROP to {"CHK"} to solve without member CHK:
ampl: model dietflex.mod;
ampl: data dietflex.dat;
ampl: option show_stats 1;
ampl: solve;
8 variables, all linear
6 constraints, all linear; 47 nonzeros
1 linear objective; 8 nonzeros.
MINOS 5.4: optimal solution found.
13 iterations, objective _PHONE_
ampl: let FOOD_DROP := {"CHK"};
ampl: solve;
7 variables, all linear
6 constraints, all linear; 42 nonzeros
1 linear objective; 7 nonzeros.
MINOS 5.4: optimal solution found.
3 iterations, objective _PHONE_
Changing FOOD_DROP does not affect the set FOOD_ALL, and consequently all of the subscripts in the data remain valid.


text: The low tidal range of the Mediterranean Sea and the high sediment load of the Rhone induce the formation of an important submarine delta. The 137 Cs inventory in sediment on a 480 km 2 area near the Rhone mouth reached 19.6 TBq in 1990. The spatial distribution of both sediment accumulation rates and 137 Cs concentrations in this area confirm the existence of a spatially well-delimited zone, i.e. the prodelta, where both parameters are the highest. Thus, 40% of the total amount of 137 Cs stored in this 480 km 2 area was found within the prodelta (30 km 2 ) in the close vicinity of the river mouth. This attests to the efficiency of the 137 Cs trapping by the prodelta sediments. A study on the part the different 137 Cs sources in the Mediterranean Sea play in contributing to this inventory has been carried out. These sources are (i) direct deposition from both global fallout and the Chernobyl accident, (ii) indirect inputs arising from the erosion of surface soils of the Rhone catchment area that were also contaminated by the previous fallout, (iii) liquid effluents from the nuclear industry into the Rhone waters. Assuming that direct deposition is evenly distributed over the study area (480 km 2 ) and that the particulate 137 Cs input from the Rhone is entirely trapped in this same area, these sources account for about 50% of the inventory. These hypotheses are unlikely in a coastal area subject to various physical disturbances but they are conservative enough to assess the lower limit of the nuclear liquid releases contribution to this inventory to be 50%.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Atomic Mouse
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Atomic Mouse
Atomic Mouse issue 1.jpg
Atomic Mouse #1 (Mar. 1953). Cover art by Al Fago
Publication information
Publisher Charlton Comics
First appearance Atomic Mouse #1 (Mar. 1953)
Created by Al Fago
In-story information
Abilities Flight, super strength
Atomic Mouse is a funny animal superhero created in 1953 by Al Fago for Charlton Comics,[1] depicted as an ordinary mouse who is shrunk by an evil magician and given U-235 pills that grant him super powers, which he uses in his fight for justice against the evil Count Gatto.[2] The strip bearing his name ran to 54 issues over eleven years, and many of his stories were reprinted during the mid-1980s by the American Comics Group.
In 2001, Atomic Mouse was licensed by the furry comic company Shanda Fantasy Arts.[3]
Fago imitated his own character by creating Atomic Rabbit (a.k.a. Atomic Bunny) and Atom the Cat, both of whom had costumes and powers similar to those of Atomic Mouse.
2000s revival[edit]
Atomic Mouse #1, published by Shanda Fantasy Arts in 2001.
In 2001, Shanda Fantasy Arts licensed the character and gave him a new origin. The City of Rodentia is menaced by an asteroid, so Professor LaSerne invents a machine to bring a drawing to life, and uses an old copy of Atomic Mouse comics. The new redesigned Atomic Mouse stops the asteroid, and takes up life on his new planet. He enters into a romantic relationship with Lil Mouse (a mouse of color) who draws his comic book. A backup feature was about the Legion of Almost Villains, who were always trying to make a reputation for themselves by defeating Atomic Mouse, who was unaware of them. In issue #3, Atomic Mouse met the Atomic Mouse of the old Charlton Comics. And in a one-shot, Atomic Mouse vs. Power Jack and the Lost Menagerie, Atomic Mouse meets and helps a thinly disguised Captain Carrot and his Amazing Zoo Crew from DC Comics.
 1. ^ Donald D. Markstein. "Toonpedia: Atomic Mouse". Retrieved 2007-02-14.
 2. ^ Wisconsin Historical Museum. "Living Under a Mushroom Cloud: Fear and Hope in the Atomic Age". Archived from the original on 29 January 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
 3. ^ Connecticut Historical Society. "Charlton Comics: a brief history". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
External links[edit]


delta.
 * if X occurs after the next point of maximum pressure in the model
 schedule and P' > P, then:
 baseECC (CL, X) = model_spill_cost (CL, MP, MP' + (P' - P))
 That is, if we move X forward across a point of maximum pressure,
 and if X increases the pressure by P' - P, then we conservatively
 assume that scheduling X next would increase the maximum pressure
 by P' - P. Again, the cost of doing this is based on the original
 maximum pressure MP, for the same reason as above.
 * if P' < P, P > MP, and X occurs at or after the next point of
 maximum pressure, then:
 baseECC (CL, X) = -model_spill_cost (CL, MAX (MP, P'), P)
 That is, if we have already exceeded the original maximum pressure MP,
 and if X might reduce the maximum pressure again -- or at least push
 it further back, and thus allow more scheduling freedom -- it is given
 a negative cost to reflect the improvement.
 * otherwise,
 baseECC (CL, X) = 0
 In this case, X is not expected to affect the maximum pressure MP',
 so it has zero cost.
 We then create a combined value baseECC (X) that is the sum of
 baseECC (CL, X) for each pressure class CL.
 baseECC (X) could itself be used as the ECC value described above.
 However, this is often too conservative, in the sense that it
 tends to make high-priority instructions that increase pressure
 wait too long in cases where introducing a spill would be better.
 For this reason the final ECC is a priority-adjusted form of
 baseECC (X). Specifically, we calculate:
 P (X) = INSN_PRIORITY (X) - insn_delay (X) - baseECC (X)
 baseP = MAX { P (X) | baseECC (X) <= 0 }
 Then:
 ECC (X) = MAX (MIN (baseP - P (X), baseECC (X)), 0)
 Thus an instruction's effect on pressure is ignored if it has a high
 enough priority relative to the ones that don't increase pressure.
 Negative values of baseECC (X) do not increase the priority of X
 itself, but they do make it harder for other instructions to
 increase the pressure further.
 This pressure cost is deliberately timid. The intention has been
 to choose a heuristic that rarely interferes with the normal list
 scheduler in cases where that scheduler would produce good code.
 We simply want to curb some of its worst excesses. */
/* Return the cost of increasing the pressure in class CL from FROM to TO.
 Here we use the very simplistic cost model that every register above
 sched_class_regs_num[CL] has a spill cost of 1. We could use other
 measures instead, such as one based on MEMORY_MOVE_COST. However:
 (1) In order for an instruction to be scheduled, the higher cost
 would need to be justified in a single saving of that many stalls.
 This is overly pessimistic, because the benefit of spilling is
 often to avoid a sequence of several short stalls rather than
 a single long one.
 (2) The cost is still arbitrary. Because we are not allocating
 registers during scheduling, we have no way of knowing for
 sure how many memory accesses will be required by each spill,
 where the spills will be placed within the block, or even
 which block(s) will contain the spills.
 So a higher cost than 1 is often too conservative in practice,
 forcing blocks to contain unnecessary stalls instead of spill code.
 The simple cost below seems to be the best compromise. It reduces
 the interference with the normal list scheduler, which helps make
 it more suitable for a default-on option. */
static int
model_spill_cost (int cl, int from, int to)
{
 from = MAX (from, sched_class_regs_num[cl]);
 return MAX (to, from) - from;
}
/* Return baseECC (ira_pressure_classes[PCI], POINT), given that
 P = curr_reg_pressure[ira_pressure_classes[PCI]] and that
 P' = P + DELTA. */
static int
model_excess_group_cost (struct model_pressure_group *group,
 int point, int pci, int delta)
{
 int pressure, cl;
 cl = ira_pressure_classes[pci];
 if (delta < 0 && point >= group->limits[pci].point)
 {
 pressure = MAX (group->limits[pci].orig_pressure,
 curr_reg_pressure[cl] + delta);
 return -model_spill_cost (cl, pressure, curr_reg_pressure[cl]);
 }
 if (delta > 0)
 {
 if (point > group->limits[pci].point)
 pressure = group->limits[pci].pressure + delta;
 else
 pressure = curr_reg_pressure[cl] + delta;
 if (pressure > group->limits[pci].pressure)
 return model_spill_cost (cl, group->limits[pci].orig_pressure,
 pressure);
 }
 return 0;
}
/* Return baseECC (MODEL_INSN (INSN)). Dump the costs to sched_dump
 if PRINT_P. */
static int
model_excess_cost (rtx_insn *insn, bool print_p)
{
 int point, pci, cl, cost, this_cost, delta;
 struct reg_pressure_data *insn_reg_pressure;
 int insn_death[N_REG_CLASSES];
 calculate_reg_deaths (insn, insn_death);
 point = model_index (insn);
 insn_reg_pressure = INSN_REG_PRESSURE (insn);
 cost = 0;
 if (print_p)
 fprintf (sched_dump, ";;\t\t| %3d %4d | %4d %+3d |", point,
 INSN_UID (insn), INSN_PRIORITY (insn), insn_delay (insn));
 /* Sum up the individual costs for each register class. */
 for (pci = 0; pci < ira_pressure_classes_num; pci++)
 {
 cl = ira_pressure_classes[pci];
 delta = insn_reg_pressure[pci].set_increase - insn_death[cl];
 this_cost = model_excess_group_cost (&model_before_pressure,
 point, pci, delta);
 cost += this_cost;
 if (print_p)
 fprintf (sched_dump, " %s:[%d base cost %d]",
 reg_class_names[cl], delta, this_cost);
 }
 if (print_p)
 fprintf (sched_dump, "\n");
 return cost;
}
/* Dump the next points of maximum pressure for GROUP. */
static void
model_dump_pressure_points (struct model_pressure_group *group)
{
 int pci, cl;
 fprintf (sched_dump, ";;\t\t| pressure points");
 for (pci = 0; pci < ira_pressure_classes_num; pci++)
 {
 cl = ira_pressure_classes[pci];
 fprintf (sched_dump, " %s:[%d->%d at ", reg_class_names[cl],
 curr_reg_pressure[cl], group->limits[pci].pressure);
 if (group->limits[pci].point < model_num_insns)
 fprintf (sched_dump, "%d:%d]", group->limits[pci].point,
 INSN_UID (MODEL_INSN (group->limits[pci].point)));
 else
 fprintf (sched_dump, "end]");
 }
 fprintf (sched_dump, "\n");
}
/* Set INSN_REG_PRESSURE_EXCESS_COST_CHANGE for INSNS[0...COUNT-1]. */
static void
model_set_excess_costs (rtx_insn **insns, int count)
{
 int i, cost, priority_base, priority;
 bool print_p;
 /* Record the baseECC value for each instruction in the model schedule,
 except that negative costs are converted to zero ones now rather than
 later. Do not assign a cost to debug instructions, since they must
 not change code-generation decisions. Experiments suggest we also
 get better results by not assigning a cost to instructions from
 a different block.
 Set PRIORITY_BASE to baseP in the block comment above. This is the
 maximum priority of the "cheap" instructions, which should always
 include the next model instruction. */
 priority_base = 0;
 print_p = false;
 for (


Southern Cameroons Crisis and the greatest revelation from Cardinal Tumi 0
Three years ago, Cardinal Christian Tumi revealed how a French diplomat unknowingly hinted him in Rome Italy that France was championing the process of assimilation of British Southern Cameroonians by the French speaking majority in Cameroon.
The French diplomat thought wrongfully that the only Cameroonian Roman Catholic cardinal hailed from French Cameroun. The Cardinal was addressing a small forum summoned by the French embassy in Rome using the French language when the French diplomat added that the skillful change of name from the Federal Republic of Cameroon to Republic of Cameroon is one of the hallmarks of the process of assimilation teleguided from Paris.
Many Southern Cameroons media organizations published their first bombshell story based on Cardinal Tumi's leaked top-secret showing that the French government was directly behind the evil perpetuated on Southern Cameroonians by French Cameroun political elites including the current genocidal campaign against the Ambazonia people.
Many pro French Cameroun and CPDM Southern Cameroons comedians such as Ministers Paul Atanga Nji, Victor Mengot, Paul Tasong and Paul Elung Che dismissed the Cardinal Tumi's revelation as fake news. Then recently in Paris, the truth surprisingly came out from a celebrated French surrogate: His name Paul Biya.
In one of the most outrageous and dangerous statements ever from a leader sitting in a peace conference that held from the 11-13 November 2019 in Paris, French Cameroun head of state Paul Biya claimed that German Kamerun was his country that was divided into the British and French trusteeships. The 86 year old leader noted that he has tried to assimilate and dissolve the English 20% into the French 80% but failed and wants to give a special status to the English 20%, but keep them within one country. It is based on this claim to German Kamerun being his country, which the French government of President Emmanuel Macron think, that Paul Biya and French Cameroun have the duty to kill Ambazonians to force them to belong.
When asked if more revelations were in the pipeline, the Ambazonia Vice President Dabney Yerima said on Sunday that "Even the late President Ahmadou Ahidjo will be telling these truths, with shame and regrets in his grave. Many more were coming including from the double player and tribal thug Fru Ndi and his SDF party, who not long ago dissociated from and smeared Hon Wirba for telling those truths in their terrorist chamber called national assembly."
So the greatest story in the British Southern Cameroons political story from Cardinal Tumi revealed that France had been providing French Cameroun with virtually all political, financial and military apparatus and engineering to assimilate and marginalize the people of Southern Cameroons.
The Cardinal Tumi revelation remains the most insightful, frank and thoughtful key to understanding why France has kept the AU, EU and the UN away from the killings going on in Southern Cameroons.
The uproar caused by the Tumi story led President Biya of French Cameroun to embark on his first international journey of many dangers which saw him humiliated by business tycoon Mo Ibrahim. Nobody in Paris or Yaounde has attempted to deny any knowledge of what Cardinal Tumi said after Biya's poor outing in Paris.
By Asu Isong in London


text:
Utilizing the Hydravent Ventilation System, the Hydraway 2000 can be installed beneath pond and lagoon liners to act as a vent to protect from damage caused by methane gas and water accumulation.
Often times, pond liners float up off the bottom due to excess water or air buildup beneath the liner. Areas of high organic matter soil tend to give off excess methane gas, whereas others have a high water table and/or large rain events. Both of these cause the liner to float away from the bottom to the surface. previously, the only solution would be to cut and patch the flexible membrane liner (FML).
By installing the Hydravent Ventilation System below the liner, the Hydraway 2000 channels any accumulated water or methane gas away from the liner, ultimately preventing floating liners or ???????whale backs?????.
Vendor Information: The superior product line of the Hydraway Drainage System creates the most effective and state-of-the-art waterproofing and soil water management system available on the market today. Hydraway Drain removes water from soils and relieves the Hydrostatic pressure against subsurface structures. Water from the saturated soil passes through a filter fabric enters the core and is conveyed to an outlet pipe. Hydraway is an engineered alternative to conventional pipe and rock systems.
Hydraway Drainage has been manufactured for over 30 years. It was originally invented for highway edge drains and has since been installed in a variety of applications including athletic fields worldwide and tens of thousands of homes each year. Hydraway Drain is American made near St. Louis MO.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
World Bank Publishes Paper on Inclusive Green Growth in LAC
31 May 2012: The World Bank has released a new publication on inclusive green growth in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), highlighting experiences in promoting low-carbon growth within the region.
The paper, titled "Inclusive Green Growth in Latin America and the Caribbean," focuses on LAC as a learning lab for inclusive green growth in terms of urban and infrastructure services, as well as natural resources and rural services. The first section of the publication demonstrates how LAC has been the world's testing ground for inclusive green growth through socially-inclusive innovation, for example by adopting the first regional catastrophic risk insurance facility, as well as rapid bus transit systems, payments for ecosystem services and sustainable cattle ranching practices. It indicates that currently, the challenge is for such innovation to become mainstream in sustainable and urban development policies, infrastructure services, and natural resource use.
The second section focuses on green urban planning, the energy sector, water and sanitation services, and urban transport, noting the challenges these sectors face in adopting low-carbon growth strategies especially in low-lying cities vulnerable to extreme weather events. The third section looks at inclusive green growth objectives and progress in a rural context through reviewing issue areas such as rural transport, market access and connectivity, water resource management, and the agriculture sector, in each case highlighting objectives and challenges for the 'greening' of these sectors. [Publication: Inclusive Green Growth in Latin America and the Caribbean] [World Bank Press Release]

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Bones Move
When you are looking at the analysis of any movement pattern, the common starting point of looking at what the joints are doing that's where I used to start. However, if you want to get a deeper understanding of movement you need to take a few steps back. Here are the steps I see as being important…
Lets assume we are trying to analyse the movement at a right knee:
 - What is driving the movement
 - Is the driving force coming from above or below the knee
 - What are the proximal and distal bones doing in all 3 planes
 - THEN you can determine what is happening at the joint.
This is a serious step forward in our understanding. There are many reasons this helps us out with assessment and treatment and we will work our way through these in this and the assessment and treatment book.
When you are assessing bone motion, there are 12 directions a bone can move in. There are the 3 cardinal planes; Sagittal, Frontal and Transverse. Within this you also have 2 variations of movement in each plane; Translation and Rotation.
The terminology we use to keep it clear is:
 Translation Rotation
Sagittal forward/back anterior tilt/posterior tilt
Frontal left/right left tilt/right tilt
Transverse up/down left rotation/right rotation
The reason we do this is that it makes it clear and distinct from joint movements, because these are bone movements, not joint movements!! Be careful in the transverse plane not to use internal/external rotation for bone movements…because it confuses things with joint motions and can make life difficult when changing from analysing the left and right leg, for example.
Translation is linear movement, so the bone (in this case) will move along one of its' axis. For example, lets say the tibia is going to move forwards in the sagittal plane. If the starting position of the femur is vertical it will move forwards in the sagittal plane, but at the end of the movement it will still be vertical. This translation can occur in all 3 planes all the time with every movement. In the sagittal plane the femur could move forward or back. In the frontal plane it would move left or right and along the transverse axis it can move up and down.
Rotation is movement around an axis. As a result the bone will change its' orientation in space. Lets use the tibia again starting vertically. If the tibia rotates anteriorly around an axis in the mid-shaft the tibial plateau will move forward, and the ankle will move backwards. The point of the axis in the mid shaft will not have moved forward or back, but the tibia will simply have rotated anteriorly.
Again, there are two directions of movement in each plane, sagittal will be anterior and posterior rotation. Frontal will be left and right tilt and in the transverse plane you have left and right rotation.
For bones moving…it's as simple as that. We believe that in functional movement the bones will move in all 3 planes in both translation and rotation. This means that what you see in your patients is not movement in one plane, but a combination of 6 movements (3 translations and 3 rotations), which combine to bring you the movement you see.
When thought of like this it is easy to see how it gets a little complicated at first, however, once mastered, it makes movement so much easier to understand. Obviously, we have only gone through a simple example of the tibia in one plane, but hopefully you can see how it can be applied to all bones in all planes.
The next step is to work out what a joint is feeling. This means you have to first determine what the proximal bone and the distal bone of that joint is doing in all 3 planes. Only then can you try and understand what the joint is feeling. If you want to have a go at a practical example, try work out what the femur is doing in all 3 planes in translation and rotation during the front leg in gait. Feel free to get in touch with your answers and I can send you the answer I have come up with.
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Whittlesey and District Neighbourhood Watch
Whittlesey and District Neighbourhood Watch
Creating safer, stronger and active communities
NHW Ethics and Standards Guidance
Neighbourhood Watch Network
Ethics Guidelines March 2018
The Neighbourhood Watch movement aims to build safer, stronger and more resilient communities.
To further these aims and to ensure public confidence in Neighbourhood Watch, it is appropriate that Neighbourhood Watch members adhere to these Ethics and Standards Guidelines, and Policies adopted by the Neighbourhood Watch Network.
1. Honesty and integrity
You are truthful and trustworthy. You always do the right thing. You will be honest and act with integrity at all times.
2. Fairness, Respect and Courtesy
You act with self-control and tolerance, treating everybody with respect and courtesy. You respect the rights of all individuals.
3. Leadership, Objectivity and Openness
You lead by good example. You make choices based on facts and your best judgement. You are open and transparent in your actions and decisions.
4. Selflessness
You act in the public interest.
5. Responsibilities and Accountability
You will be diligent in the exercise of your responsibilities. You are answerable for your decisions, actions and omissions.
6. Confidentiality
You will treat information with respect, and in accordance with the law.
7. Equality and diversity
You act with fairness and impartiality. You will not discriminate unlawfully or unfairly.
8. Conduct
You will behave in a manner which does not bring discredit upon Neighbourhood Watch or Neighbourhood Watch partners, or undermine public confidence.


text:
ADVANCED IMAGING AND DIFFRACTION TOOLS FOR TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
BATTERIES & ENERGY
Understanding the Li insertion /extraction mechanism at microscopic level is important to design next generation batteries. Orientation and phase mapping with ASTAR sheds light to the mechanism of Li insertion/extraction down to nanometer level where 3D electron diffraction tomography can help to structurally characterize phases formed in battery materials.
ASTAR –BATTERIES & ENERGY
Brunetti, G., et al. "Confirmation of the Domino-Cascade Model by Lifepo4/Fepo 4 Precession Electron Diffraction." Chemistry of Materials, vol. 23, no. 20, 2011, pp. 4515–24,doi:10.1021/cm201783z.
Hadermann, J., et al. "Structure Solution and Refinement of Metal-Ion Battery Cathode Materials Using Electron Diffraction Tomography." Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials, vol. 75, no. 2019, International Union of Crystallography, 2019, pp. 485–94, doi:10.1107/S2052520619008291


Do fish die if you touch them? (Catch and Release Fishing)
Holding Fish Underwater
All anglers will come in contact with fish when landing the fish, removing the hook, or when putting the fish back in the water. Touching fish is just the nature of fishing and can't be avoided.
A common concern among catch-and-release anglers is do fish die if you touch them? A fish will not die when you touch them. By touching fish what is happening is that you are removing fish's protective slime coating. The slime coating has many different functions but its most important function is to provide the fish with protection against toxins and parasites. The longer an angler handles a fish, more of the protective slime coating is removed which increases the risk of the fish to become ill.
Cool Fact: Some fish can use their protective slime coating as a way to defend against predators. Hagfish will secrete excessive amounts of slime as a defensive mechanism when attacked. Check out this video from National Geographic where a shark ended up gagging on a hagfish's slime.
It is so important as a catch-and-release angler to minimize the amount of time you handle a fish in order to maintain the fish's protective slime coating. That is why I can't up with 5 tips on how you can reduce the amount of slime being removed when handling the fish.
Keep The Fish In The Water
Whenever possible always try to remove a hook from a fish in the water. Fish secretes a certain type of protein when it comes in contact with water will create the slime protective layer. By keeping the fish in the water will help the fish maintain their slime layer. Also, the water lubricates your skin which will naturally help reduce the amount of slime being removed.
When a fish is out of the water the slime layer is slowly drying up and being removed by your skin. This increases the fish's risk to not survive once released back in the water.
Pick The Proper Fishing Net
Fish that are too big to be handled in the water needs to be brought out of the water to remove the hook. This is typically done by using a net but not any net will do. That is of course if your goal is to minimize the amount of slime being removed.
Nets made from rough and hard material with a narrow mesh should be avoided. Instead, use a fishing net made from soft material, rubber will work great here, with a wide mesh. Make sure to get these nets wet before use as it will further minimize the amount of slime removed by reducing the friction between the net and the fish.
Wear Them Silly Orange Rubber Gloves
Dry skin will for sure rub off the protective slime layer. In fact, you can feel it on your hands after you are done handling the fish. So at the very least make sure your hands are wet before handling the fish.
Wearing those bright orange rubber gloves works great when trying to minimize removing a fish's protective slime layer. Just like with the rubber netting make sure to get the gloves wet before handling.
Never Place Fish On Dry Surfaces
You netted and landed the fish. Great!
Now you need to place the fish somewhere to remove the hook but where should you place the fish?
If you are fishing onshore then you should never place a fish on dry surfaces or on the ground (dirt, rocks, twigs, etc) directly. There are small sharp objects that could cut into a fish's body which could cause them an infection. Remember, fish are not used to bacteria from the surface.
This is less of an issue on a boat because there are really not sharp objects that can cut a fish. Depending on the style of boat, like an open V type aluminum boat, where the floor can easily become wet will help reduce the friction.
A solution if you are fishing onshore or on a boat is to place a wet towel or cloth on your working surface to lay the fish on. If you place a fish on a bench, then take all the precautions to ensure you don't lose control of the fish when it moves and have it drop onto the floor.
3 … 2 … 1 Say "Cheese!
Any angler wants to take a QUICK photo of their catch of the day. This is only natural but notice how QUICK is emphasized here. Remember the longer you handle the fish and keep it out of the water the more harm you are causing the fish. So make sure you are not taking several photos with different angles and poses looking for that great shot.
If you must take a photo make sure you have wet hands or are wearing rubber gloves.
Is The Slime Safe For Me … What I Need To Know
Angler knows that cuts and scrapes are part of the territory with fishing. Many of the injuries go unnoticed until you get in contact with some lemon juice.
Anglers have been known to develop what is referred to as "Fish-Handler's Disease". This happens with an Angler comes in contact with the fish's slime while having cuts on their hands that are not properly cleaned. According to this research abstract, it showed that a bacteria called Erysipelothrix was found in a fish's slime. Erysipelothrix is one of two types of bacteria that can cause Fish-Handler's Disease.
Fish-Handler's Disease has many different names and can even be caused by handling shellfish or any other aquatic marine life.
Symptoms will typically develop two to seven days after infection. A red-purple circular area will appear around the infected area and will grow in size after each day. Other symptoms include:
 - joint stiffness,
 - lymph node swelling,
 - pain, burning,
 - itching,
 - and swelling.
If you believe that you are having symptoms make sure to go see a doctor right away for treatment.
To avoid infections make sure to thoroughly wash your hands with warm water and soap. If you have a bunch of cuts and want to be on the safe side then sterilize your hands with rubbing alcohol.
This short article from talks more in-depth about this infection. However, with proper hand hygiene, the risk of developing Fish-Handler's Disease is very small.
With all my years of fishing and knowing others who have been fishing even longer have never had this occurred before.
Other Interest Facts About Fish Slime
After doing some research I found an article that dove more in-depth about a fish's slime. Below is some interesting information that I personally thought was pretty cool.
Allows Fish To Swim Faster & Reduces Turbulence
The fish's slime coating provides lubrication between the fish's body and the water. There is friction between the fish and water as the fish swims around. This extra lubrication reduces the amount of energy used to swim around and allows the water to travel around the fish more smoother.
This allows the fish to swim faster and to be able to conserve energy.
The slime helps fish regulate what is called Osmoregulation. This is the process where fish can regulate salts and water being absorbed through the slime coating.
Freshwater fish tends to have bodies contains more salt than what is in the surrounding water. This causes freshwater fish needing to absorb more water to balance out the amounts of salts in the body.
Saltwater fish naturally holds less salt than what is in the saltwater. Therefore, the fish will need to absorb more salts from the water to balance out the amount of water in their body.
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shock tube, shock interaction, high enthalpy gas, ceria, nitrogen-doped, surface reaction
Strong shock wave interactions with ceramic material ceria (CeO2) in presence of O2 and N2 gases were investigated using free piston driven shock tube (FPST). FPST is used to heat the test gas to very high temperature of about 6800–7700 K (estimated) at pressure of about 6.8–7.2 MPa for short duration (2–4 ms) behind the reflected shock wave. Ceria is subjected to super heating and cooling at the rate of about 106 K/s. Characterization of CeO2 sample was done before and after exposure to shock heated test gases (O2 and N2). The surface composition, crystal structure, electronic structure and surface morphology of CeO2 ceramic were examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Results obtained from the experimental investigations show that CeO2 can withstand high pressure accompanied by thermal shock without changing its crystal structure. Reducible CeO2 releases lattice oxygen making it possible to shift between reduced and oxidized states upon the interaction with shock heated gas. Due to such reaction mechanism, CeO2 ceramic undergoes nitrogen doping with decrease in lattice parameter. Investigations reveal that CeO2 retains its crystal structure during strong shock interaction, even at elevated pressure.
Tsinghua University Press
Vishakantaiah JAYARAM, Asha GUPTA, K. P. J. REDDY. Investigation of strong shock wave interactions with CeO2 ceramic. Journal of Advanced Ceramics 2014, 3(4): 297-305.


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Electric heaters are considered one of the most commonly popular types of electronic appliance that is available in almost every household.
It has its significant use in cold climate areas where you need hot water for a variety of purposes. In today's article, we will discuss what size Breaker is recommended to use for an electric heater.
Electric heater breaker size
It is important to use the right-sized breaker for your household electronic appliances because a wrong breaker can cause damage to the circuits and lead to burning. People choose breaker sizes for 220/240V breakers. The ideal breaker size for an electric water heater should be a 20 amps breaker.
If you are living in a cold climate area, having an electric heater for you is a must. The electric heater is considered one of the most commonly used electric appliance that almost every household have.
These electric heaters can provide you with a form of radiant heat that will help you to provide natural air to change its temperature and circulate heat into a room. But before installing the electric heater, you need to determine the breaker size for it.
It is important to determine the size of the breaker for running an electric heater because the wrong sized breaker can damage the electric circuits and can even lead to burning.
In addition to that, the installation of a breaker for an electric heater is considered an advanced household electrical project, which should be done by a proper electrician or heating contractor.
They have a better idea and mind which size heater is important for your house. Depending on that, they will provide you with the proper consultancy of using the right sized breaker for your house.
In most cases, the electric heaters are powered by a 120- or 240-Volt circuit. However, the electricians recommend using 240 Volt circuits to run the electric heaters because it will help them to use lower amperage to become more energy efficient.
Generally, when you determine the breaker size for your electric heater, you need to know the wattage consumption of your electric heater.
In addition to that, if you use a slightly larger breaker compared to the amperage value of an electric heater, it will not interfere with the other appliances running in the circuit.
That is why it is highly recommended to use a 20 amps breaker for a 1500 watts electric heater to run the appliance properly along with the other appliances available in the house.
Below is a brief discussion on the breaker size for different types of electric heaters:
Electric water heater:
Generally, the electric water heater is one of the most common appliances that people tend to have in their house. To run an electric water heater in a 240 Volt dedicated circuit, you need to use a 30-amp double pole breaker.
Electric baseboard heater:
In most cases, the electric baseboard heaters require 240 Volt circuits. To run the electric baseboard heater efficiently using 240 Volt circuits, you need to use a 20- or 30-amp double pole circuit breaker.
Electric garage heater:
Generally, the wattage consumption value of an electric garage heater should be around 4000 watts. Considering that you can use a 20 amps electric circuit breaker to run your electric garage heater efficiently.
How many amps does a 1500w electric heater draw?
As there are several types of electric heaters available to use for a variety of purposes, they have different voltage consumption values. One of the common electric heaters that are used in the most household has a wattage value of 1500 watts.
In addition to that, it is very easy to run a 1500-Watt electric heater on a 120 Volt circuit. A 1500-Watt electric heater requires a breaker of 15.6 amps.
Considering that a 15-amp breaker would be small for the electric heater to operate, that is why it is ideal if you can choose a 20 amps breaker for the electric heater to operate properly.
It is always recommended to go for a slightly large-sized breaker compared to the amperage value of an electric heater because it will enable the electric heater to run properly.
In some cases, it is ideal and efficient to use a slightly large breaker for the electric heater, because if you replace the electric heater with a more powerful one, it will require a higher voltage-consuming electric circuit breaker to run properly.
How many heaters can you run on a 20 amps breaker?
How many electric heaters you can run with a 20 amps electric breaker depends on the wattage consumption of the heater. Generally, electric heaters are available in many different sizes based on the purpose of functionality.
You can either have a garage electric heater or a baseboard electric heater for your house. They do not have the same type of wattage consumption.
That is why to determine how many heaters you can run on a 20 amps breaker; you need to figure out the voltage consumption value that can be provided using a 20 amps breaker.
Generally, a 20 amps breaker can run a combination of electric heaters that have a wattage value of 3840 watts.
So, you can make a combination of multiple electric heaters to run on a 20 amps breaker. That is why, if you want to use one thermostat, you can install two 1500 Watts heaters or three 1000 Watts heaters.
3 factors that determine breaker size for the electric heater
It is important to determine the breaker size for the electric heater that you use regularly to meet your needs. Generally, the electric heater is considered a commonly used household appliance that most people have in their house.
Different types of electric heaters are used for a variety of purposes. Considering that, they have different power consumption rates. Generally, the power consumption of an electric heater is determined by the wattage consumption value.
As there are different types of electric heaters available, they have different wattage consumption values. So, it is important to determine a few things before choosing the right sized breaker for your electric heater.
Having a wrong sized-electric heater can cause damage to the circuit and can even lead to burning.
That is why you should be very careful when determining the size of the breaker for the electric heater. Below is a brief discussion on a few factors that determine the size of the breaker for an electric heater:
Type of heater:
Generally, different types of electric heaters are used for a variety of purposes. Based on that, the breaker sizes may differ.
It is important to install a breaker based on determining the wattage consumption of an electric heater. So, this will help you to figure out the size of the breaker that will enable the other appliances to run efficiently.
Most breakers are compatible with 120- or 240-volt circuits. So, you need to determine the circuit size as well before you choose the right sized breaker for the electric heaters.
How do determine breaker size for an electric heater?
Determining the breaker size for an electric heater is important because it will enable the heater to run efficiently and properly along with the other appliances in the house.
It is important to determine the electric circuit breaker for the heater because having a wrong-sized breaker can cause the circuit to get significantly damaged and even lead to burning.
That is why you should be very careful when determining the breaker size for an electric heater. There are several types of electric heaters in the market that are used for a variety of purposes.
Based on that, you should choose the right sized electric circuit breaker for the heaters. In addition to that, it is important to follow the National Electric Code when choosing the breakers for your electric heater.
You can simply follow the easy, simple steps below to determine the breaker size for an electric heater:
Follow the NEC rule:
Generally, the NEC or National Electric code recommends that the rating of a circuit breaker should be at least 125% larger than the circuit it controls. That is why you should be careful about the NEC rule.
Apply the current by 125%:
To figure out the right sized circuit breaker for your electric heater, you need to multiply the value of current by 125% to determine the value of the circuit breaker that is required to run the electric heater.
Use a slightly larger breaker:
Suppose you're using a 1500 watts electric heater, the amperage value should be 15.6 amps. In that case, you should use a 20 amps breaker.
Several types of electric heaters are used in a household for a variety of purposes. Generally, a standard-sized electric heater should have a power consumption value of 1500 watts. In that case, using a 20 amps breaker will be ideal and efficient for the appliance.


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For the second year, the Edinburgh International Film Festival has prepared a schools' screening guide for teachers and students. The programme offers a range of foreign language films and talks from professionals in the industry.
The programme is designed to complement subjects such as media studies, modern studies and modern languages, giving an insight into other cultures and international opinions.
Promises reflects Middle Eastern conflicts through children's eyes; Samia follows a French Algerian girl struggling to live with two cultures; In July is a romantic comedy about a boy from Hamburg and his Eastern European odyssey to find and win a girl's heart; and Chain Camera is a candid portrait of American teenagers talking about race, gender, drugs, violence and sex.
Four sessions lift the lid on the film industry: "Marketing the Movies: Pop Music and Promotion" explores the link between music, film and fashion; a British Board of Film Classification event explains regulation and censorship issues; and "Internet Revolution" explores cyberspace.
The schools' guide, which has been distributed to secondary schools throughout Edinburgh and the Lothians, offers detailed information on each film and event.
Edinburgh International Film Festival August 12-26. _URL_ Schools' screening guide from the information hotline, 0131 _PHONE_


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Identity Manager allows you to synchronize data between connected systems. Entitlements allow you to set up criteria for a person or group that, once met, initiate an event to grant or revoke access to business resources within the connected system. This gives you one more level of control and automation for granting and revoking resources.
There are two aspects to making entitlements work: creating the entitlement and managing the entitlement. You create entitlements through iManager or through Designer. To create an entitlement through iManager, select the Section 6.4, Writing Entitlements in XML through iManager.Option under the Identity Manager Utilities heading in iManager. For more information, see
You can also use Designer to create entitlements and deploy them into existing Identity Manager drivers. Designer allows you to create entitlements through the Entitlement Wizard, which gives you a graphical interface through which to create the entitlement, and steps you through the process. In iManager, you create entitlements through a simple interface, but you add additional properties through an XML editor. Because it has a graphical interface, we recommend using Designer for creating and editing entitlements.
After you create entitlements (or use entitlements that come already configured with certain Identity Manager drivers), you need to manage them. Entitlements are managed by two packages or agents: through iManager as Role-Based Entitlement Policies or through the User Application in workflow-based provisioning. For entitlements used in workflow-based provisioning, see Section 6.5, Managing Role-Based Entitlements Overview.
Role-Based Entitlement policies allow you to grant business resources if the criteria are met. For example, if a user meets criteria 1, 2, and 3, then through a Role-Based Entitlement policy, the user becomes a member of Group H; but if the user meets 4 and 5, he or she becomes a member of Group I. In order for this entitlement to work through workflow-based provisioning, approval is first required.


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Keep your Fire Hydrants clear from snow
"Clearing snow around fire hydrants keeps them visible and accessible and will save valuable time in the case of an emergency," In order for firefighters to quickly and easily utilize a fire hydrant in the event of a fire, there needs to be a 3 foot radius surrounding the hydrant that is completely cleared of snow. If a hydrant is covered, the firefighters need to clear it themselves and the delay that this causes could mean additional property damage, injuries or even lives lost. Unfortunately, this is sometimes an issue and the main reason for it is that people simply don't know whose responsibility it is to clear the hydrants in their neighborhood. It is your responsibility to clear Fire Hydrants located close to your home.


Formats String Lists the formats in which the chart can be exported. Custom labels indicating the exported format can also be configured. Example: "exportFormats": "PNG=Export as High Quality Image|PDF=Export as Printable|XLS=Export Chart Data"
exportHandler String When a private export server is used, this attribute refers to the path of the Export Handler (the ready-to-use scripts provided by FusionCharts). Make sure to provide the file name along with the path. In case of client-side exporting, this refers to the DOM ID of the FusionCharts Export Component that is embedded in your web page, along with the chart.
exportAction String download, save, download-save When a private export server is used, the action specifies the action that will be taken on export.
The attribute takes the following values:
download: the exported file is only downloaded on the client and not saved on the server
save: the exported file is only saved on the server and not downloaded on the client
download-save: the exported file is downloaded on the client and also saved on the server Default value: download
exportTargetWindow String _self or _blank When a private export server is used and exportAction is set to download or download-save, this attribute lets you configure whether the exported image/PDF/XLS will open in the same window (as an attachment for download) or in a new window.
exportCallback String Sets the name of the JavaScript function that is called when the export process completes
exportFileName String Sets the name (excluding the extension) for the output (exported) file.
Default value: FusionCharts
logEnabled Boolean 0/1 Enables the logging of export statistics when set to 1
Default value: 0 (logging is disabled)
logMode String server, client, auto Used to set the export mode for which the export statistics have to be logged
Default value: auto
logHandler URL Used to set the URL for the log endpoint
Default value: _URL_
The use of http or https will depend on the protocol being used.
Experimental Feature Export with Logo Image
Currently, using the FusionCharts export handler, when a chart having a custom logo is exported as an image, the logo is not present in the generated image. We are introducing an experimental feature, which allows the logo present in the chart to be exported as well and be displayed in the resultant image.
To use this feature, set exportEnabled to 1 (because we are using the server-side export feature), and set exportHandler to the url _URL_ . Using this exporter, the generated output will contain the logo along with the chart.
Note that this is an experimental feature and thus might not be a completely reliable solution.
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Walking away or letting things pass may be an unhealthy way to deal with unfair treatment on the job, research from Sweden shows.
Men who reported using such "covert" coping strategies were more than twice as likely to have a heart attack or die from heart disease over the next 10 years, Dr Constanze Leineweber of the Stress Research Institute at Stockholm University, and her colleagues, found.
Previous investigations have linked covert coping with job conflict to heart disease risk factors, but not heart disease itself, Leineweber and her team note in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.
To investigate further, they looked at 2,755 men participating in a workplace study in Stockholm. Their average age was 41, and none had suffered a heart attack previously. The men enrolled in the study between 1992 and 1995. By 2003, a review of Swedish national records showed that 47 had either suffered a heart attack or died from heart disease.
Overall, the researchers found, men who reported using covert strategies to cope with conflict or unfair treatment were at about double the risk of heart attack or heart-related death.
And when Leineweber and her team looked only at the two strategies that reflected immediate response to such incidents - "going away" during the encounter or letting things pass without saying anything - they found that men who said they often used these coping strategies, were at six-fold greater risk of heart attack or heart-related death, even after the researchers adjusted for factors like age, high blood pressure, work-related demands, and level of autonomy on the job.
When the researchers accounted for level of conflict at the workplace, those who used these two covert coping methods were still at four-fold greater risk.
"The present data provide no answer to the question of what might be a particularly healthy coping strategy," Leineweber and her team note, pointing out that they found no relationship between "open" coping strategies such as protesting immediately, yelling at the person right away, or speaking to the person later after things had calmed down and heart attack or heart-related death.
Ultimately, they conclude, further research should examine whether interventions designed to reduce covert coping would alter the risk of heart attack and heart-related death.


text:
(1 syl., g hard). To stand at gaze. To stand in
doubt what to do. A term in forestry. When a stag first hears the
hounds it stands dazed, looking all round, and in doubt what to do.
Heralds call a stag which is represented full-faced, a "stag at
"The American army in the central states remained wholly at gaze." —Lord Mahon: History.
As the poor frighted deer, that stands at gaze,
Wildly determining which way to fly.
Shakespeare: Rape of Lucrece,
Source: Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, E. Cobham Brewer, 1894
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Articles
How Human Memory Works: Insights for UX Designers
How Human Memory Works: Insights for UX Designers The article giving insights into the ways human memory works and considering the factors of its influence on UX design solutions for websites and mobile apps.
How Human Memory Works: Insights for UX Designers
One of the greatest information processors we deal with in our everyday life cannot be seen or touched. It cannot be bought or sold as well as taken from other people; however, it can be developed and strengthened in many ways. It cannot be easily described but belongs to the most precious features of human life and determines perhaps any step we take and any decision we make. It is a wonder we rarely think about that way. It's a human memory.
Memory presents an amazing natural complex of data storage and processing. It keeps great loads of information through life and is even able to organize it for the sake of the holder. Moreover, it takes the responsibility of setting priorities and keeping some details which could be remembered just off the top of our heads while erasing others which seem not necessary or haven't been used for a long time. Human memory is one of the mechanisms determining a person's interaction with the outer world.
Obviously, this aspect needs to be studied and considered in the sphere of UX design responsible for interfaces of all kinds. Knowing how memory works, designers can create human-centered interfaces that correspond to the natural abilities of the users, save their effort, and boost usability.
UI-design-food-app
Healthy Food App
Basic points about memory
In general terms, human memory is the natural storage for the data right in the human brain. It reacts to the outer stimuli, collects the data, processes it, and organizes it in different ways. Also, it enables a person to access the needed data collected in the memory when it's needed. However, it doesn't present the perfect mechanism as it's influenced by a big number of factors of physical and emotional nature.
Basically, psychologists mention three types of memory:
sensory memory holds the data for a short moment when we perceive it with our physical senses like hearing, vision or touch;
– short-term memory (working memory) allows a person to keep some data remembered for a short period of time without repetitions;
– long-term memory presents the storage for big quantities of diverse data which could be saved for long periods of time, potentially up to the whole lifetime.
The effective methods of getting the information kept in long-term memory are repetitions and associations. Taking a look at the scheme below, which was provided in the article by Learning Solutions Magazine, we can see the basic flow of data from the first outer stimulus to the long-term memory.
memory-work
Creating the flow of interactions with a website or a mobile application, UX designers have to take this factor into account. Surely, they aim at long-term memory which will keep the core data about the app and will allow using the interface easily again and again. Knowing the steps of moving the data to this storage enables designers to set the effective strategy of data perception and necessary repetitions. Also, it helps to organize the data on the screen properly and strengthen information architecture of the product.
Basic laws of memory
Three core aspects of memorizing which are mentioned by specialists in psychology are very simple:
1. Concentration. To remember a thing or chunk of data, a person needs to concentrate on it. Otherwise, the chances are high that the data will be discarded on the level of short-term memory.
2. Association. The memory presents a huge network of links connecting different data. If a person builds the association which links the new data or object with something well-known or kept in long-term memory, the chances of memorizing get higher.
3. Repetition. It is one of the effective ways to activate the data in working memory several times until it moves to long-term memory storage.
Organization of the interface content based on these three points performs with visual hierarchy and perception which can mark important layout elements that should be remembered and make the interaction easier.
cinema_app_interactions_ui_tubik
Cinema App
Expert explorations of memory
There are also some laws and rules which were concluded from various research, experiments, and practical testing. Among them, we would mention Miller's Law and Hick's Law.
Miller's Law
The number of objects an average person can hold in working memory is about seven.
This exploration was offered on the basis of scientific research by George Miller in 1956 psychological review "The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information". In general terms, it states that short-term memory of an average human is able to keep and process about seven objects or chunks of data plus/minus two at once. Obviously, the formulation given here is generalized as the real flow depends on many factors, including the nature of the information.
Later studies, for example, the review by Richard Shiffrin and Robert Nosofsky called "Seven plus or minus two: A commentary on capacity limitations" provided deeper insights into the work of working memory. In particular, the authors mention that the number of objects which a person can remember at once after they were presented is dependent on the nature of the objects, on average with seven for digits, six for letters and about five for words. It gives the brain abilities to quickly process information, recognize its character and connection to the objects already existing in long-term memory and finalize memorizing.
From a design perspective, this information plays a vital role in building up a usable and clear layout. Interfaces, which demand to remember too many options at once, can create the tension and get users irritated even if they aren't able to describe the reason of unpleasant emotions.
magicco_tubik_studio
Magic.co landing page
Hick's Law
The more elements people get, the harder it is to make a choice.
At first glance, it seems that this law is not about memory, still, the connection exists. Memory is one of the mechanisms that protect people from negative experiences. The more options people get at once, the more distracted they get with numerous associations which can be called – and that's impossible to predict how good or bad they can be in this particular case. In addition, giving many options for the choice at once, again we can overload users' memory with the bigger number then the working memory can process. In particular, this factor needs special attention in cases of platforms for e-commerce, which should keep the hard balance between giving the user all the necessary information and overwhelming him or her with too many options. Finding this harmony is one of the major challenges for UX designers.
cafe coupon app ui design
Cafe Coupon App
Tips for memory-friendly UX
On the basis of the factors and explorations given above, let's consider a set of tips applying this knowledge for the sake of usability.
1. Don't make users memorize many items at once.
Definitely, it doesn't mean that all the screens or pages should be limited to 5-9 elements. Still, the number of elements that present core interaction points would rather be considered in these terms. Making several objects in the layout prominent and attractive, designers can follow the law of concentration which will catch the key zones like the menu, call-to-action, an image presenting the product, etc. Visual hierarchy is one of the vital strategies that enables to create an interface containing many elements visually grouped and divided in a way that is digestible for human memory.
It is also effectively applied to the copy content in the interfaces. In the article, devoted to this issue, we mentioned some investigations: according to the research published by one of the popular social media sharing platforms Buffer, the ideal length of the headline is 6 words; Jacob Nielsen provides the study at which shows that headlines of 5-6 words work effectively, not less than extensive headlines presenting a full sentence. One of the reasons for that is obviously connected with the ability of the working memory to process such chunks of data faster and more effectively.
Tubik_Studio_Photography_Workshops
Photography workshops
2. Don't present too many elements for the choice together.
It's important to care about the concentration ratio. If you present several choices, buttons, options at once, you should be ready that it will take more time and effort for the user's short-term memory to work them over and this can distract him or her from making the final decision or interaction. This can be the reason for inefficient landing pages or sales funnels: even if they are stunningly designed, the over-distracted user can go away before the conversion happens. Apply scrolling and transitions based on careful prioritization, dividing the objects on the screen or page into groups of primary, secondary, and tertiary importance – this will help users and make navigation through the interface more natural.
book_swap_shot_tubik_studio
Book Swap App
3. Save memory effort with recognizable patterns and symbols
No secret, people are visually driven creatures, so designers usually master the art of applying images that not only attract attention but also inform users and organize the content. In one of our articles, we gave the details on how users recognize icons and copy. It shows that pictorial elements such as icons and illustrations are perceived faster while copy can be more informative. This can be useful in interface design to apply diverse models and markers which are widely recognizable not only in this particular interface but generally in a variety of them. Magnifier icons for search, shopping cart for the page collecting orders, plus button for creating a new item, flags marking the buttons changing the language – all of them present the elements existing in human memory for a long time and bringing up correct associations without the need to keep


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In a state renowned for its history, this is perhaps one of the most unique sites in Maryland and now there is a plan to protect it.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration released its draft plan to designate Mallows Bay in Nanjemoy, Charles County as a National Marine Sanctuary. If the draft plan goes through, it will be the first National Marine Sanctuary designation in the state of Maryland and the Chesapeake Bay watershed.
Two public meetings to discuss the plan will be held in March. The first at the Charles County Government Building in La Plata on March 7 from 6 p.m. to 9 p.m. The second will be held at Anne Arundel Community College in Arnold from 6 p.m. to 9 p.m.
"Mallows Bay has been a hidden jewel in Charles County for a century. Thanks to President Obama's marine sanctuary nomination, we will be able to share this with not only our residents but with new visitors to the county who will be able to explore and experience first-hand the heritage of our nation," said Commissioner President Peter F. Murphy.
The site is home to the historic World War I Ghost Fleet, as well as shipwrecks dating back to the Revolutionary War, and sacred Native American archeological sites.
The Ghost Fleet is made up of more than 100 wooden steamships. They were built as an emergency fleet between _PHONE_ and are currently listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Officials with Charles County Government say designating Mallows Bay as a National Marine Sanctuary would preserve this history; enhance public access to the site; and create business and job opportunities from tourism and outdoor recreation.


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Presented by the Westerly Historical Society
Christian McBurney, _URL_ Author,publisher and editor-in-chief of The Online Review of Rhode Island History, at _URL_.
Espionage played a vital role during the Revolutionary War in Rhode Island, both when the British and later the French occupied Newport and the rest of Aquidneck Island. The British and Americans each employed spies to discover the secrets, plans and positions of their enemy. Author Christian M. McBurney, for the first time, unravels the world of spies and covert operations in Rhode Island during the Revolutionary War.
At the Carriage House. Non-members $5.00; members free.


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- Can you carry over negative equity?
- Will CarMax roll over negative equity?
- How does negative equity affect a car lease?
- Can I trade in a car that I am still paying for?
- How much negative equity can you roll into a new loan?
- How can I get rid of negative equity on my car?
- Do dealerships pay off negative equity?
- Does Gap Insurance cover negative equity?
- How can you avoid negative equity?
- Can I get a personal loan to pay off negative equity?
- How do I get out of an upside down car loan?
- Is it bad to be upside down on a car loan?
- Can you trade in a car with negative equity?
- How much negative equity will a bank finance on a new car?
- How bad does a voluntary repo hurt your credit?
- How do you calculate negative equity?
Can you carry over negative equity?
Carrying your negative equity over simply increases your risk.
If you want or need to end your agreement early and change your car, you will almost certainly have negative equity to deal with – particularly if you have a PCP..
Will CarMax roll over negative equity?
A: If your pay-off amount is more than the offer for your car, the difference is called "negative equity." In some cases, the negative equity can be included in your financing when you buy a CarMax car. If not, we'll calculate the difference between your pay-off and our offer to you and you can pay CarMax directly.
How does negative equity affect a car lease?
Negative equity can affect a car lease in several ways. If you are looking to lease a new car and you have an existing loan on a current vehicle that you plan to trade, having negative equity means you have no trade value in your current — nothing to use as a down payment on the new lease.
Can I trade in a car that I am still paying for?
You can trade in a vehicle even if you still owe money on its loan. In fact, it's common for dealers to take care of consumers' old financing. They'll pay off the remaining loan balance on your trade-in and obtain the car's title directly from the lender.
How much negative equity can you roll into a new loan?
Then look up the trade-in value of your car at sources like NADA Guides, Edmunds and Kelley Blue Book and compare it to the payoff to see the difference. If your car is worth $10,000 yet you still owe $15,000, that's $5,000 in negative equity that could be rolled over into your new financing.
How can I get rid of negative equity on my car?
You can get out from under a payment you can no longer afford.Refinance if Possible. … Move the Excess Car Debt to a Credit Line. … Sell Some Stuff. … Get a Part-Time Job. … Don't Finance the Purchase. … Pretend You're Buying a House. … Pay More Than the Specified Monthly Payment. … Keep Up With Car Maintenance.
Do dealerships pay off negative equity?
Some car dealers advertise that when you trade in one vehicle to buy another, they will pay off the balance of your loan – no matter how much you owe. … You have negative equity of $3,000, which must be paid if you want to trade-in your vehicle.
Does Gap Insurance cover negative equity?
Does gap insurance cover negative equity? Yes. Negative equity is another term for the gap between what you owe on your auto loan and the car's actual value.
How can you avoid negative equity?
By paying more than your set mortgage repayment, you will reduce the size of the mortgage that much quicker. It will also save you thousands of pounds in interest charges. Overpaying can also work as a good defence against the potential of falling into negative equity in the future.
Can I get a personal loan to pay off negative equity?
If you're in a financial bind, another option is to go through with a private sale, then take out a personal loan to cover the negative equity. The monthly payment could potentially be more affordable, and once it's paid off, you're off the hook entirely.
How do I get out of an upside down car loan?
How to get out of a car loan and keep the carRefinance. If you have a high interest rate and your credit has improved since you signed for the auto loan, you may be able to get a better rate through refinancing. … Pay it off. … Make extra payments. … Make payments every two weeks. … Cancel any add-ons.
Is it bad to be upside down on a car loan?
Our opinions are our own. When you owe more than your vehicle is worth, you are upside-down, or underwater, on your car loan. This doesn't immediately spell trouble, but it can result in less financial flexibility and security. … The difference between the car's value and the loan amount is your negative equity.
Can you trade in a car with negative equity?
However, negative equity isn't much of an issue if you plan on keeping the vehicle long term. … But, negative equity can potentially pose a problem if you plan to sell or trade-in the car. If you sell a car for less than what you owe, you'll end up having to pay the difference to close out your loan.
How much negative equity will a bank finance on a new car?
If your current vehicle has $10,000 in negative equity and your new car costs $20,000, you will take out a $30,000 loan from the lender. $20,000 will cover the cost of your new vehicle, while $10,000 will cover the negative equity on your trade-in.
How bad does a voluntary repo hurt your credit?
A voluntary repossession will likely cause your credit score to drop by at least 100 points. This point drop is due to a couple of factors: the late payments that cause the repo and the collection account that is likely to result from it.
How do you calculate negative equity?
Negative equity occurs when the value of real estate property falls below the outstanding balance on the mortgage used to purchase that property. Negative equity is calculated simply by taking the current market value of the property and subtracting the amount remaining on the mortgage.


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Applies To: SQL Server 2014, SQL Server 2016 Preview
Topic Status: Some information in this topic is preview and subject to change in future releases. Preview information describes new features or changes to existing features in Microsoft SQL Server 2016 Community Technology Preview 2 (CTP2).
[ _USER_ = ] 'name',
[ _USER_ = ] id,
[ _USER_ = ] 'proxy_name'
_USER_ = ]'name '
The name of the SQL Server login, server role, or
msdb database role to remove access for. name is with no default. nvarchar(256)
_USER_ = ] id
The id of the proxy to remove access for. Either
id or proxy_name must be specified, but both cannot be specified. The id is, with a default of NULL. int
_USER_ = ]'proxy_name '
The name of the proxy to remove access for. Either
id or proxy_name must be specified, but both cannot be specified. The proxy_name is, with a default of NULL. sysname
0 (success) or 1 (failure)
Jobs that are owned by the login that references this proxy will fail to run.
To execute this stored procedure, a user must be a member of the
sysadmin fixed server role.
The following example revokes access for the login
terrid to access the proxy Catalog application proxy.
USE msdb ;
_USER_ = N'terrid',
_USER_ = N'Catalog application proxy' ;
( 1500 characters remaining)
Thank you for your feedback


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High Speed Research Car T-16
In November, 2000, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) began operating high speed research car T-16 to investigate methods for providing a safer and smoother ride for passenger and freight trains traveling at higher speeds. FRA's Office of Research and Development uses T-16 to study the dynamics of wheel-rail behavior, to investigate methods for improving track inspection, and to assess potential high speed rail corridors. T-16 also assists Amtrak, local and regional commuter authorities, and individual railroads in assessing their routes.
T-16 is a former Amtrak Metroliner passenger car which was refurbished and instrumented with advanced technology, with capabilities for measurement and data collection at speeds up to 160 mph. Measurement capabilities include track geometry, rail head profile, ride quality, and wheel-rail forces. T-16 can also be used as an instrumentation platform to collect data from sensors mounted on other cars in the train.
T-16 has the capability to process and display collected data in several formats. Monitors throughout the train can be configured to show the various displays. Exceptions are displayed in a list with specific details about each instance and on a GIS map to show their location in reference to other features. Raw data is streamed across a video strip chart that provides a graphical representation of measured parameters. The on-board system calculates and displays Track Quality Indices (TQI) based on track geometry data collected by the car. When requested by track inspectors onboard, data can be printed to an exception report or paper strip chart. Data can also be downloaded to removable media for offline viewing.


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In this lab, the purpose is to measure whether the changes of substrate concentration will affect the rate of anaerobic respiration. Because the rate of reaction refers to how quickly the reactants are used up or how quickly the products are formed, one method is to measure the volume of gas given off, the more gas given off per time interval results faster reactions. Question: Will the changes in substrate concentration affect the rate of anaerobic reaction? Why or why not? What are the independent variable and dependent variable in this lab activity?
What are some other controlled variables? Hypothesis: If substrate concentrations are changed, then as the concentration increase, the rate of anaerobic reaction will also increase, because the increase of the reactant concentration means there are more reactant particles, and there is a greater chance for these particles to collide and let reaction happen.
The independent variable is the concentration of the substrate, and the dependent variable is the one will be measured, which is the volume of gas.
The controlled variables are the temperature, the amount of yeast and water. Materials: Three envelopes of active dry yeast Water Sugar Three 500 ml bottles Three Balloons (Medium-sized) Measuring Cups Measuring Spoons Thermometer Measuring Tape. Procedure: 1) The room temperature water was prepared and measured by using thermometer. 2) The three bottles were labeled 1. 5 ml sugar 2. 10 ml sugar 3. 15 ml sugar 3) 150 ml of room temperature water was added to each 3 bottles 4) One package of active dry yeast was added to bottle labeled 'ml' and solution was swirled.
) 5 ml of sugar was added to the solution and a balloon was placed over the opening of the bottle to minimize the loss of any gas from the yester. 6) The tape was used to measure gas accumulation in the balloon after 1 minute. Measurement and qualitative observations were recorded. 7) The gas accumulation in the balloon was measured and recorded at one minute intervals for a total of 10 minutes (qualitative observations were included) 8) One package of active dry yeast was added to the bottle labeled '10 ml sugar' and solution was swirled by rod gently. ) 10 ml of sugar was added to the solution and the balloon was quickly placed over the opening of the bottle to minimize the loss of any gas from the system. 0) The tape was used to measure gas accumulation in the balloon after Minute. Measurement and qualitative observations were recorded. 1 1) The gas accumulation in the balloon was measured and recorded at one minute intervals for a total of 10 minutes (qualitative observations were included) 1 2) The 8-11 steps for each of the remaining bottle was repeated, the sugar concentration was adjusted accordingly.
Observation: The bottle with higher concentration of sugar tends to produce more carbon dioxide. After 10 minutes, The ml/10% sugar bottle produced carbon dioxide, which occupied the balloon with 4. Inches, while mi/3% sugar bottle only released carbon dioxide that occupied 2. Inches. Results: Concentration (ml/ml) Carbon dioxide produced/ 1 min (Inches) Carbon dioxide produced/mains Carbon dioxide produced/l Onions 3% 0. 0125 1. 1875 2. 25 6. 7% 0. 025 2. 0 3. 3125 0. 0625 2. 24 4. 75 Graphs: Discussion: This lab was designed to prove whether the concentration of the reactants (sugar) would impact the rate of reaction. There are three patterns of the results. ml sugar/ ICC/2. Inches, ml sugar / ICC 13. 1 Inches, ml sugar/ICC/ 4. Inches. According to the statistics, the bottle with highest concentration of bottle produced carbon dioxide that accumulated 4,375 inches of the balloon, compared to ml sugar bottle that only accumulated 2. Inches. The rate of fermentation will increase as the concentration of sugar increase.
In fact, a reaction only occurs when the particles collide with energies greater or equal to the activation energy, so the increasing number of particles means the particles will collide to each other more often, and the kinetic and thermal energies will also increase Therefore, the hypothesis is accepted. There might be some sources of errors, which may occur in the procedures, the first concern is about the controlled variables, temperature does impact the rate of reaction significantly, so it's necessary to make sure that temperature of the water is constant.


Are projectors better for your eyes in 2022? The Ultimate Guide
Projectors have been around in some form since the 1800s. In this era, projectors have become more well-liked to watch movies and shows. But are projectors better for your eyes than TVs? And what should you know before buying the projectors?
Projectors typically use lower light levels than traditional television screens, which can be gentler on your eyes. Moreover, projectors allow you to adjust the image quality and brightness to find a comfortable setting for you.
This can result in less eye weakness overall. If you are looking for an alternative to traditional televisions that is easier on your eyes, a projector may be a good option for you. However, keep in mind that not all projectors are created equally; be sure to do your research before making a purchase.
In contrast, traditional televisions typically have higher levels of light. If you are sitting too close to a television or if the image quality is poor, this can result in blurred vision and headaches after watching for only a short time. It should be noted that there is no solid evidence that projectors are better for your eyes.
Projectors vs. TV screen
Let's discuss are projectors screens are better for your eyes or tv screen is better for your eyes? A projector's brightness allows you to adjust the amount of light so you can find a setting that is comfortable for your eyes rather than working with a back-lit display like your television or computer, projectors shine against a surface and then reflect the image onto your screen.
Projectors are typically used in education, business presentations, tech demos, and home theatres. Many people already have this tech in their homes, but did you know they also have some major benefits for your eyes?
This functionality reduces the amount of light hitting your eyes and allows you to control the settings so you can avoid any discomfort. If you use a projector for business presentations or color grading professional videos, you can change color and contrast settings, so the Image works best for your vision.
Screen size effect on your eyes
Are projectors better for your eyes in terms of screen size? When playing video games on the Internet, you will be recommended to play it with a monitor of 15 inches.
It is for this reason that we recommend you take action as well as those who use large monitors such as computer screens and TVs may be at risk of developing vision problems such as eye fatigue and muscle ache unless they sit further away from the screens.
The angle of view, contrast, color intensity, and distortion may vary depending on screen size (pixel dimensions), but central vision is generally less affected than peripheral vision.
Are projectors better for your eyes in the matter of eye strain?
The article mentions a reader who typically sits very close to a TV or computer monitor and often has headaches afterward. The author does not mention how using a projector would help with eye strain in this case.
In an interview with Neil Hand, MD from the National Institute of Health, there is no information on the direct effect on the body when looking at a projector screen.
However, Dr. Hand mentions that some people are more likely to get distressed due to overall light levels in the room, while others are comfortable with lights on all day long. When the article mentioned "a lower level of light", it seemed to point out that projectors were easier on your eyes.
How do projectors reduce light levels?
Now we are moving to the research of doctors, and you will get the answer to your question " are projectors better for your eyes?" Dr. Hand notes that projecting a large image onto the wall will allow you to adjust the size and brightness of the image as well, which is not typical on a traditional TV or computer monitor.
This allows people to create a more comfortable viewing environment.
Furthermore, because viewers can focus on the image at whatever size works for them, they are not forced to crane their necks in an awkward position. Overall, it seems like projectors may be better for your eyes because you can adjust the level of light exposure and focus on a comfortable viewing mode.
Effect of a direct or indirect source of light on your eyes
Three main factors can cause harm to your eyes.
 - The first is the level of blue light produced by the screen. This type of light is especially harmful because it mimics sunlight, which has an even greater impact on your body.
 - A second factor, flickering, occurs when you watch a digital TV or computer due to differences in frame refresh.
 - Lastly, a third major factor is the viewing angle of the screen. There are only two of these factors with a projected image to be concerned with.
Two main factors when watching a projection
There are two main factors you have to consider if you're searching for are projector better for your eyes? and These are:
There are several ways you can reduce harmful levels of blue light produced from your TV or computer. The easiest way is to take frequent breaks. When you're watching a movie or TV show; your screen doesn't have to be directly in front of you for the damage to occur.
Looking at any screen across the room can cause some blue light secretion, so it's best to get up a look away every 30 minutes. Also, try to avoid looking at your screens in the dark. Your pupils will dilate to receive more light, and then you're at a greater risk for blue-light production.
Since most people are watching TV at home, having a big screen is comfortable and immersive. A projector's maximum size can be anywhere from 50 to 300 inches diagonally. So if you want the whole family to watch the game or enjoy a movie together, then projectors are for you.
TVs and projectors also have different resolutions, which refer to the number of pixels the screen displays. The more pixels a screen has, the higher the quality of the picture it can show. A TV's resolution is typically 720 or 1080 pixels high. Projectors vary from XGA (1024×768) to WUXGA (1920×1200).
A larger projection size allows you to increase the resolution to a higher quality.
Of course, everyone didn't watch movies and shows in a dark room. So why do projectors have lower light levels? Traditional TVs are great for dimly lit rooms because the ambient light from overhead lights will not affect the picture.
But, projectors have significantly less brightness than TVs, so changing lighting conditions may impact your viewing experience. If you would like an RF cable to connect devices such as Blu-ray players, gaming consoles, and cable boxes to your project check out our 5-foot, 10-foot, or 15-foot cables.
The Best Projector That is Less Harmful To Eyes
No more need to search for are projectors better for your eyes? Here we have discussed the best projector that is less harmful to your eyes, If you need a projector to give a presentation in a room with multiple people, the best option is the Optima HD141X. This 1080p projector has been designed for home theatre use and can reduce the strain on your eyes compared to other options.1080P resolution reduces image flicker.
Optoma HD141X Home Theater Projector
Optoma HD141X is the latest in a line of HDTV projectors that have been developed by Optoma. This projector is ideal for those looking for a projector with great picture quality, high brightness, and good features. The HD141X is equipped with a 3LCD display, which allows it to produce a bright image. It also features a DLP chip, which gives it a brighter image than traditional projectors. The HD141X also has a 3D feature, which allows it to project images in three dimensions
In addition, the lamp is designed to last up to 15,000 hours. This gives it an advantage over other projectors that may dim before this time is up. If you want to get the best image quality for your cash, then you have to pay attention to the projector's brightness known as lumens rating.
The Optima HD141X has 2800 lumens, which means it provides a bright image for any room. Color correctness is an especially important feature if you use your projector for work-related presentations. The Optima HD141X has a color wheel that uses six separate colors, which can improve the image quality of this model.
Do projectors emit blue light?
No, this is not correct. Projectors do not emit light at all.
While LED monitors emit blue light, LCD projectors produce a red-green image that does not glow in the blue range. This makes them comfortable for your eyes in a way that TV screens and computer screens cannot match.
However, this does not mean that you should be staring at an LCD projector all day. There are still levels of light that can damage your eyes, so it is also important to take breaks and give yourself a break from the screen.
Are they expensive?
No. Many projectors on the market today offer user controls that you can use to reduce the brightness of the image or change its quality if you want something a little brighter. Even more durable models have a money-back guarantee, so if you find yourself being too bright, you can get your money back and try another unit.
FAQS
At what age can I use it?
Projectors are meant for everyone. There is nothing particularly special about them that makes them useful for children or people of a certain age, and they work just as well regardless of who uses the equipment.
Plus, many projectors provide feedback to tell you when to take a