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Co-Citation and Co-Occurrence: The Ultimate Guide to the Next Evolution in SEO
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When you see "new big thing in SEO" in an article title, you have every right to read with skepticism. SEO is fraught with 'new things,' 'big things,' constant change, too much hype, and a lot of misinformation. Co-citation isn't exactly new, but its latest iteration and the attendant changes that it introduces into the SEO world are a pretty big deal. This article will introduce the topic of co-citation or co-occurrence, and explain some of its ramifications.
Understanding the Terms "Co-citation" and "Co-occurrence"
Before explaining the nitty-gritty of these SEO trends, we need to explain the terms themselves. Co-citation and co-occurrence refer to roughly the same thing. The term co-occurrence is used by some SEOs to describe how keyword phrase association across sites can impact search engine results.
Co-citation more specifically addresses the issue of how sites can affect the ranking of other websites without the presence of an actual link. Based on this understanding, co-occurrence is distinct from co-citation. This article, however, uses the term co-citation to encompass both co-citation and co-occurrence.
What is co-citation?
The big idea of co-citation is rather simple, but you have to wrap your mind around it. Here's how it happens. Website A and Website B both link to Website C and Website D, but Website A and Website B don't link to each other. Nonetheless, Website A and Website B are connected by means of co-citation.
Co-citation Illustration 1
This method of understanding co-citation, however, is simplistic. Co-citation also involves the transitive property, which looks like this.
Co-citation Illustration 2
Co-citation, then, establishes a relationship between two sites, even though there are no links between those two sites. The relationship of co-citation is established by contextual keywords and mutual links. Keep in mind that co-citation relationships are simultaneously happening across vast numbers of similar sites.
But there's more to co-citation than just halo authority via transitive relationships. Perhaps the most surprising aspect of co-citation is that it can elevate a site's rankings without links and even in the absence of actual matched keywords.
What's the big deal about co-citation and co-occurrence?
The reason why co-citation is such a fascinating trend is that it defies customary understanding of SEO best practices.
Here's an example. Let's say that a website is winning in the rankings for "best electric lawnmower." When you visit this high-ranked website, however, you notice that it lacks the keyword "best electric lawnmower" in the title tag, in the meta description, in the anchor text, and maybe even in the content. What's going on? There may be a few keyword synonyms, but no longtail matches, and little in the way of link juice. How in the world does this site rank so high?
The answer is co-citation.
Google associates relevant terms with such websites, even when those sites are devoid of the classic SEO signals. It then awards such sites high ranks based on co-citation markers rather than customary SEO features.
This is not to say that existing SEO practices are dead, nor are they less important. Instead, co-citation is an additional SEO reality of which we must be aware.
Two Important Truths about Co-citation
1. Co-Citation is Fuzzy
The big thing we need to keep in mind is that co-citation resists cut-and-dried explanations of how exactly it works. There is no list of "co-citation best practices," nor are there tools that can effectively measure co-citation. It is inherently immeasurable because of its vague nature and the aggregate algorithmic features that comprise it. Co-citation involves a host of signals that encompass a wide range of SEO features. There are additional fringe factors that bear upon co-citation as a SERP-affecting event, such as:
 - Social media signals
 - Brand and entity association
 - Increasingly effective contextual analysis by search engines
 - Growing influence of keyword proximity factors (linking context) in search engine results
 - Query volume, both for the brand/entity name and on the keyword itself
Every one of the features listed above bear upon SEO in general and upon co-citation specifically.
This simply goes to prove the point that SEO is increasingly becoming something beyond manipulation. More and more, SEO is sliding out of our grasp, and depending upon the power of the algorithms and the impact of millions of searches that people are conducting each day.
2. Co-Citation is a Paradigm Shift
The second truth about co-citation involves its far-reaching implications.
There are two types of SEO professionals — those who use novel tricks and those who employ classic and strategic maneuvers. Those who use the cute tricks will likely see jumps in ranking, but no sustainable value. Successful SEO, on the other hand, endures. Those who use strategic maneuvers play it smart by understanding the algorithm changes and responding accordingly.
What we're seeing in co-citation is a trend deeply rooted within a host of algorithmic components. Thus, co-citation can be considered a sustainable change that affect the way SEO is done for the long term.
What does co-citation mean for the future?
If we're talking about a paradigm shift, what kinds of changes can we or should we expect for the future?
 - Anchor text isn't as important anymore. Rand Fishkin's Whiteboard Friday video on SEO Moz alerted many in the SEO community to the growing trend of co-citation in the Google algorithms. The article contains the prediction, "Anchor text is weakening and may be replaced." While Fishkin's declaration may be an overstatement, he's on to something. As co-citation rises, we may see a concomitant decline of the importance of anchor text.
 - Co-citation does not mean that SEO is dead; it's just changing like always. The "SEO is Dead" group will always be around. In reality, SEO will live on as long there are search engines. SEO is still important, but the customary ways of optimizing may not have the importance they once held. This is nothing new, since SEO is always changing. If a page doesn't have lots of backlinks or other SEO best practices, they may still benefit from the SEO value of co-citation. Co-citation plays into the gradual Google shift away from SEO as a system that can be gamed, and more into a humanized method of returning the most relevant search results. SEO has come a long way since the black-hat keyword-stuffing days. And it's still coming along, meaning that many of the traditional SEO tools we're using now (e.g., anchor text) may be passé in a few years…or less.
 - PR, Reputation Management, and brand building are always a great idea. Although SEO changes, brand awareness will always remain a strong factor. The way it plays out in co-citation is that brand awareness unleashes more mentions of your brand on the Web. As this happens, your site rankings will improve via co-citation. Your personal brand still matters, and it pays to give it due attention. It's virtually impossible to start a co-citation campaign or "co-occurrence effort as a separate SEO strategy. Instead, it makes more sense to start a "brand awareness" campaign with a side-benefit of co-citation.
 - Links are still important. Even though co-citation doesn't depend on links, don't neglect link building strategies as part of your SEO approach. You need lots of links, links from authoritative sites, links from top-tier blogs, etc. In addition to link love, you'll also profit from link-less mentions, a.k.a. co-citations. As one SEO professor put it, "co-citation just means Google is getting smart enough to realize not everyone links, but everyone talks." Such talk is profitable.
Co-citation has not reached its maturity, but now is the time to know about it. This truth won't revolutionize your SEO practice today, but it will have an increasing impact upon search in the future.
Jayson DeMers
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 - Travin Keith
 Great article as always Jayson! I completely agree that this is the direction SEO is going and am looking forward to it. In my opinion, it's one of the great things about SEO, it's always changing for the better, both for Web Marketing companies that aim for substance and for the general population.
 As for the difference between co-citation and co-occurrence, I wouldn't be surprised if someday they'll end up meaning the same thing as they're already quite similar to begin with.
 - Jayson DeMers
 Thanks for the comment, Travin! I agree that eventually we'll probably wrap them both under one umbrella term. My question is, which one will be more popular to use?
 - Travin Keith
 I personally prefer "co-citation" as it uses a term Web Marketers use all the time.


text:
SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT BOOKS
A collection of educational resources, covering the overlap between sustainability and the real estate industry. From the basics of real estate finance to green building strategies, the book will serve as the go-to resource for the emerging sustainable real estate field.
Sample Book design by Verdani Institute of the Built Environment. Preliminary specs estimate the book at 8x10" 500-700 pages, BW, and color.
Today's students, educators, real estate and sustainability professionals are shaping the future of our world and play a key role in our mission to end the climate crisis. Reducing energy use and emissions from the built environment is a major part of this objective. There is a need for a collection of the most up to date educational resources on sustainable real estate to educate and inform the leaders of today and tomorrow.
INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABLE REAL ESTATE
ESG REPORTING FRAMEWORKS
GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEMS
CORPORATE ESG STRATEGIES
GREEN BUILDING OPERATIONS
EXISTING BUILDING RETROFITS
SUSTAINABLE REAL ESTATE BY PROPERTY TYPE
SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING
GLOBAL RACE TO NET ZERO
RESILIENCE STRATEGIES FOR REAL ESTATE
HEALTH & WELLBEING
Book Development Phase
Preliminary Specifications > Contributors > Volunteers > Content > Design > Marketing > Production > Distribution
We are looking for contributors with 10+ years in
sustainability to provide content for our book.
Work with our team to research and secure content for our book.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
by Akbar Asghari Zamani and Saeed Maleki
Rapid land use change has taken place in many mid-sized cities of Iran such as Zanjan over the past three decades. This research analyzed the land use/cover change Zanjan from 1965 to 2005; identified the patterns of urban growth and the fragmentation of the urban space by applying GIS and remote sensing tools. The main driving forces of the urban changes were analyzed and the model to predict the land use/cover changes was applied. Our results show the importance of monitoring and modeling of rapid urban growth for attaining sustainable mid-sized cities in developing countries that are strongly dependent on export of natural resources. The results indicated that there had been a notable and uneven urban growth and a major loss of cropland loss between 1965 and 2005. Most of the urban growth and loss of agriculture land occurred in inner and outer suburbs. This research analyzed the land use/cover change Zanjan from 1965 to 2005, identified the patterns of urban growth and the fragmentation of the urban space, applying GIS and remote sensing tools. We believe that in urban growth modeling process there has been multi socialeconomical and physical elements in which have key rules in it, and we attempted to use some of them.
more about urban planning in Iran:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Node services
This document is intended as a very brief introduction to the current service components inside the node. Whilst not at all exhaustive it is hoped that this will give some context when writing applications and code that use these services, or which are operated upon by the internal components of Corda.
Services within the node
The node services represent the various sub functions of the Corda node. Some are directly accessible to contracts and flows through the ServiceHub, whilst others are the framework internals used to host the node functions. Any public service interfaces are defined in the package. The ServiceHub interface exposes functionality suitable for flows. The implementation code for all standard services lives in the package.
All the services are constructed in the AbstractNode start method. They may also register a shutdown handler during initialisation, which will be called in reverse order to the start registration sequence when the Node.stop is called.
The roles of the individual services are described below.
Key management and identity services
The InMemoryIdentityService implements the IdentityService interface and provides a store of remote mappings between PublicKey and remote Parties. It is automatically populated from the NetworkMapCache updates and is used when translating PublicKey exposed in transactions into fully populated Party identities. This service is also used in the default JSON mapping of parties in the web server, thus allowing the party names to be used to refer to other nodes' legal identities. In the future the Identity service will be made persistent and extended to allow anonymised session keys to be used in flows where the well-known PublicKey of nodes need to be hidden to non-involved parties.
PersistentKeyManagementService and E2ETestKeyManagementService
Typical usage of these services is to locate an appropriate PrivateKey to complete and sign a verified transaction as part of a flow. The normal node legal identifier keys are typically accessed via helper extension methods on the ServiceHub, but these ultimately delegate signing to internal PrivateKeys from the KeyManagementService. The KeyManagementService interface also allows other keys to be generated if anonymous keys are needed in a flow. Note that this interface works at the level of individual PublicKey and internally matched PrivateKey pairs, but the signing authority may be represented by a CompositeKey on the NodeInfo to allow key clustering and threshold schemes.
The PersistentKeyManagementService is a persistent implementation of the KeyManagementService interface that records the key pairs to a key-value storage table in the database. E2ETestKeyManagementService is a simple implementation of the KeyManagementService that is used to track our KeyPairs for use in unit testing when no database is available.
Messaging and network management services
The ArtemisMessagingServer service is run internally by the Corda node to host the ArtemisMQ messaging broker that is used for reliable node communications. Although the node can be configured to disable this and connect to a remote broker by setting the messagingServerAddress configuration to be the remote broker address. (The MockNode used during testing does not use this service, and has a simplified in-memory network layer instead.) This service is not exposed to any CorDapp code as it is an entirely internal infrastructural component. However, the developer may need to be aware of this component, because the ArtemisMessagingServer is responsible for configuring the network ports (based upon settings in node.conf) and the service configures the security settings of the ArtemisMQ middleware and acts to form bridges between node mailbox queues based upon connection details advertised by the NetworkMapCache. The ArtemisMQ broker is configured to use TLS1.2 with a custom TrustStore containing a Corda root certificate and a KeyStore with a certificate and key signed by a chain back to this root certificate. These keystores typically reside in the certificates sub folder of the node workspace. For the nodes to be able to connect to each other it is essential that the entire set of nodes are able to authenticate against each other and thus typically that they share a common root certificate. Also note that the address configuration defined for the server is the basis for the address advertised in the NetworkMapCache and thus must be externally connectable by all nodes in the network.
The P2PMessagingClient is the implementation of the MessagingService interface operating across the ArtemisMQ middleware layer. It typically connects to the local ArtemisMQ hosted within the ArtemisMessagingServer service. However, the messagingServerAddress configuration can be set to a remote broker address if required. The responsibilities of this service include managing the node's persistent mailbox, sending messages to remote peer nodes, acknowledging properly consumed messages and deduplicating any resent messages. The service also handles the incoming requests from new RPC client sessions and hands them to the CordaRPCOpsImpl to carry out the requests.
The InMemoryNetworkMapCache implements the NetworkMapCache interface and is responsible for tracking the identities and advertised services of authorised nodes provided by the remote NetworkMapService. Typical use is to search for nodes hosting specific advertised services e.g. a Notary service, or an Oracle service. Also, this service allows mapping of friendly names, or Party identities to the full NodeInfo which is used in the StateMachineManager to convert between the PublicKey, or Party based addressing used in the flows/contracts and the physical host and port information required for the physical ArtemisMQ messaging layer.
The DBCheckpointStorage service is used from within the StateMachineManager code to persist the progress of flows. Thus ensuring that if the program terminates the flow can be restarted from the same point and complete the flow. This service should not be used by any CorDapp components.
DBTransactionMappingStorage and InMemoryStateMachineRecordedTransactionMappingStorage
The DBTransactionMappingStorage is used within the StateMachineManager code to relate transactions and flows. This relationship is exposed in the eventing interface to the RPC clients, thus allowing them to track the end result of a flow and map to the actual transactions/states completed. Otherwise this service is unlikely to be accessed by any CorDapps. The InMemoryStateMachineRecordedTransactionMappingStorage service is available as a non-persistent implementation for unit tests with no database.
The DBTransactionStorage service is a persistent implementation of the TransactionStorage interface and allows flows read-only access to full transactions, plus transaction level event callbacks. Storage of new transactions must be made via the recordTransactions method on the ServiceHub, not via a direct call to this service, so that the various event notifications can occur.
The NodeAttachmentService provides an implementation of the AttachmentStorage interface exposed on the ServiceHub allowing transactions to add documents, copies of the contract code and binary data to transactions.
Flow framework and event scheduling services
The StateMachineManager is the service that runs the active flows of the node whether initiated by an RPC client, the web interface, a scheduled state activity, or triggered by receipt of a message from another node. The StateMachineManager wraps the flow code (extensions of the FlowLogic class) inside an instance of the FlowStateMachineImpl class, which is a Quasar Fiber. This allows the StateMachineManager to suspend flows at all key lifecycle points and persist their serialized state to the database via the DBCheckpointStorage service. This process uses the facilities of the Quasar Fibers library to manage this process and hence the requirement for the node to run the Quasar java instrumentation agent in its JVM.
In operation the StateMachineManager is typically running an active flow on its server thread until it encounters a blocking, or externally visible operation, such as sending a message, waiting for a message, or initiating a subFlow. The fiber is then suspended and its stack frames serialized to the database, thus ensuring that if the node is stopped, or crashes at this point the flow will restart with exactly the same action again. To further ensure consistency, every event which resumes a flow opens a database transaction, which is committed during this suspension process ensuring that the database modifications e.g. state commits stay in sync with the mutating changes of the flow. Having recorded the fiber state the StateMachineManager then carries out the network actions as required (internally one flow message exchanged may actually involve several physical session messages to authenticate and invoke registered flows on the remote nodes). The flow will stay suspended until the required message is returned and the scheduler will resume processing of other activated flows. On receipt of the expected response message from the network layer the StateMachineManager locates the appropriate flow, resuming it immediately after the blocking step with the received message. Thus from the perspective of the flow the code executes as a simple linear progression of processing, even if there were node restarts and possibly message resends (the messaging layer deduplicates messages based on an id that is part of the checkpoint).
The StateMachineManager service is not directly exposed to the flows, or contracts themselves.
The NodeSchedulerService implements the SchedulerService interface and monitors the Vault updates to track any new states that implement the SchedulableState interface and require automatic scheduled flow initiation. At the scheduled due time the NodeSchedulerService will create a new flow instance passing it a reference to the state that triggered the event. The flow can then begin whatever action is required. Note that the scheduled activity occurs in all nodes holding the state in their Vault, it may therefore be required for the flow to exit early if the current node is not the intended initiator.
The NodeVaultService implements the VaultService interface to allow access to the node's own set of unconsumed states. The service does this by tracking update notifications from the TransactionStorage service and processing relevant updates to delete consumed states and insert new states. The resulting update is then persisted to the database. The VaultService then exposes query and event notification APIs to flows and CorDapp services to allow them to respond to updates, or query for states meeting various conditions to begin the formation of new transactions consuming them. The equivalent services are also forwarded to RPC clients, so that they may show updating views of states held by the node.
NodeSchemaService and HibernateObserver
The HibernateObserver


Doctrine of Harmonious Construction: A Comprehensive Analysis
By | December 21, 2020
Doctrine of Harmonious Construction
The Doctrine of Harmonious Construction: The Parliament makes a separate set of statutes, rules and legislation as well as constitutional provisions under their well-defined powers. While the framing of these provisions has to be done very carefully, conflict still occurs sometimes due to overlapping in their enforcement. This is because there are chances of certain gaps being left while framing of these provisions, which could not have been foreseen by legislators. To deal with such conflicts, certain doctrines and rules are propounded by courts that are used in the interpretation of statutes. One such rule of interpretation is the Doctrine of Harmonious Construction.
This article provides an overview of the doctrine along with case laws.
I. Meaning of the Doctrine of Harmonious Construction
The Doctrine of Harmonious Construction is considered as the thumb rule to the rule of interpretation of statutes. The doctrine states:
"Whenever there is a case of conflict between two or more statutes or between two or more parts or provisions of a statute, then the statute has to be interpreted upon harmonious construction. It signifies that in case of inconsistencies, proper harmonization is to be done between the conflicting parts so that one part does not defeat the purpose of another."
The doctrine is based on a cardinal principle in law that every statute has been formulated with a specific purpose and intention and thereby should be read as a whole. The normal presumption is that what Parliament has given by one hand is not sought to be taken away from another. The essence is to give effect to both the provision. To avoid conflict, the adopted interpretation of the statute should be consistent with all its provisions.
If there seems an impossibility to harmoniously construe or reconcile the parts/provisions, then the matter rests with the judiciary to decide and give final judgment. The aim of the courts is to do interpretation in a manner that it resolves the repugnancy or inconsistency between the provisions and enables the statute to become consistent as a whole and read accordingly.
II. Origin of the Doctrine
The Doctrine of Harmonious construction was originated through interpretations given by courts in a number of cases. The evolution of the doctrine can be traced back to the very first amendment made in the Constitution of India with the landmark judgment of Shankari Prasad v. Union of India [1]. The case dealt upon the conflict between part III (Fundamental Rights) and IV (Directive Principles of State Policy) that form as basic features of the Indian Constitution.
The court applied the rule of Harmonious Construction and held that Fundamental rights being rights given against the state can be taken away in certain situations and can be amended as well by the Parliament to bring them in conformity with constitutional provisions. Preference was given to both and it was decided that FRs and DPSPs are just two different sides of the same coin that requires working together for the public good.
Historically, this doctrine was evolved through the rule of conciliation first propounded in the case of C.P and Berar Act [2]. The court applied this rule of interpretation to avoid overlapping or inconsistency between entry 24 and entry 25 of State list and read them harmoniously by determining the extent of the concerned subjects.
III. Applicability of the Doctrine
To quote courts view on the application of the doctrine of harmonious construction:
"When there are in an enactment two provisions which cannot be reconciled with each other, they should be so interpreted that; if possible, the effect should be given to both." [3]
It is a well-settled principle that a statute must be read as a whole and in a manner that one part/provision of the act is harmoniously construed in reference to the other provisions of the same Act so as to provide a consistent enactment of the whole statute. [4]
There are five principles of this Doctrine as laid down by the apex court of India in the case of CIT v. Hindustan Bulk Carrier:
 1. "While interpreting, the court has a duty to avoid a "head-on clash" at all cost between two sections of the same act
 2. The interpretation should be done such that the provision of one section doesn't defeat the purpose of another unless it is impossible to effect a reconciliation between them
 3. When it is impossible to reconcile the contradictory provisions, then courts must interpret in a way to give as much as possible effect to both provisions
 4. A Construction that reduces one of the provisions to a "useless lumber" or "dead letter" is not harmonious construction
 5. Lastly, to harmonize is not to destroy any other statutory provisions." [5]
The aforesaid principles give the basic yet clear explanations on the usage of the rule of Harmonious Construction while interpreting parts of any statute.
Moreover, when two provisions of a statute are in apparent conflict with each other, then both must be interpreted in a way that it gives effect to both and no such construction should be adopted that renders either of the provisions useless or inoperative except in the last resort. The Supreme Court has clearly illustrated the use of this principle in Raj Krushna v. Binod Kanungo [6] case.
Section 33(2) and 123(8) of ROPA, 1951 were in apparent conflict. Where section 33(2) talks about the power of a government servant to nominate or second a person in an election, the other section 123(8) specifies that a government servant cannot assist any candidate in the election except by casting his vote [7]. The court interpreted both sections harmoniously and held that a government servant has both the right to nominate or second a candidate but forbidden to assist in any other manner and he also has the right to vote.
IV. Relevant Case Laws
To have a fair understanding of the concept of this interpretation rule, it is important that we read upon its actual applicability in relevant case laws.
The first is the landmark judgment in the history of the Indian Constitution, M.S.M Sharma v. Krishna Sinha. The Petitioner in the case was alleged with that he has breached the privileges of the speaker for publishing a speech which was delivered by the member. A show-cause notice was issued to the Petitioner for why action should not be taken against him.
Issue of the case: Whether the privileges under Art. 194(3) prevail over the fundamental right under Art. 19 (1)(a)? [8]
Petitioner's Contention: The action taken by the Committee and the notice sent stands in violation of his fundamental rights under Art 19 (1)(a) and Art. 21. However, since the respondent relied on the Art. 194(3), the rule of interpretation was involved as to which provision shall prevail.
Held: The Supreme Court applied the rule of harmonious construction and held that though Art. 194 (3) is subordinate to Art. 21 but Indian Constitution is the supreme law in the country and therefore, a person can be expunged from publishing the official records of the Assembly. This is not a complete prohibition on FR of that person.
Further, in the case of M. Nanavati vs. State of Bombay [9], the matter was related to the power conferred to the Governor under Art 161 and the court has to interpret the scope of Art 161 and Art 142 (1) of the constitution. In the present case, Bombay HC passed sentence against the accused. The petitioner then approached the Governor who passed a suspension order against the sentence of Bombay HC.
When the matter reached before Hon'ble Supreme Court, the court applied the rule of Harmonious Construction and held that the absolute power of granting suspension to the Governor under Art 161 becomes absolved when the matter becomes sub judice. In such situations, there is a complete scope of interference with the judicial power of the court under Art 142.
Recently in the case of Department of Customs vs Sharad Gandhi [10], the Hon'ble Supreme Court has again applied the principle of Harmonious construction to resolve the inconsistency between the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act, 1972 and Customs Act, 1962. The Bench observed the "inconsistency" found in Article 254 of Indian Constitution between laws made by Parliament and state legislatures stating: If the law made by the state is repugnant to the law made by the parliament, then law made by the parliament shall prevail to the extent of repugnance [11]. However, in the present case, the court observed that both the said act have been made by Parliament.
V. Conclusion
It is clear that there is always a possibility of ambiguity or gaps in the laws made by the legislature. To fill those gaps, Harmonious construction as a rule of interpretation of statutes plays a huge role in giving maximum effect to the statutory provisions. Today, considered as a chief tool in hands of our Judiciary, the rule helps two confronting laws work together harmoniously in delivering justice to society at large.
[1] Shankari Prasad v. Union of India, AIR (1951) SC 455.
[2] Re C.P. and Bera Act, AIR (1939) FC 1.
[3] Venkataramana Devaru v. State of Mysore, 1958 AIR 255.
[4] Justice GP Singh, Principles of Statutory Interpretation, 9th edn (2004) 131.
[5] CIT v. Hindustan Bulk Carriers (2003) 3 SCC 57.
[6] Raj Krushna Bose v. Binod Kanungo & ors, 1954 AIR 202.
[7] Representation of People Act, 1951 Section


text:
Understanding the factors affecting the survival of patients undergoing hemodialysis is the mainstay of care in this population. The present study aims at finding these features using novel cure models that discover factors important in both long term and short-term survival of patients undergoing HD.
Data were retrospectively collected from the database of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Special Diseases Administration including patients of 34 HD centers during 2011 to 2015. The primary outcome was death. Considering people with no death event as cured, the rest of the patients considered as uncured. To evaluate the factors affecting mortality, we used a mixture cure model (MCM) that model the long-term and short-term survival of patients separately.
Of 506 patients, 68.75% of women and 75.0% of men were long-term survivors. The mean (± SD) age of the patients was 57.5 (± 16.5) years and the empirical value of the cure rate was 72.9%. Sex, age, and Kt/Vurea were recognized as important factors in the long-term survival. In other words, lower age, male sex, and Kt/ Vurea ≥ 1.2 significantly increased the odds of being cured. The factors effective in short-term survival were mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and serum hemoglobin. The serum hemoglobin between 11 and 12.5 and a high MCHC decreased the risk of death.
Using cure model survival analysis, it was found that factors affecting the proportion of the patients with long-term survival might be different from those affecting short-term survival.
- دسترسی به متن مقالات این پایگاه در قالب ارایه خدمات کتابخانه دیجیتال و با دریافت حق عضویت صورت میگیرد و مگیران بهایی برای هر مقاله تعیین نکرده و وجهی بابت آن دریافت نمیکند.
- حق عضویت دریافتی صرف حمایت از نشریات عضو و نگهداری، تکمیل و توسعه مگیران میشود.
- پرداخت حق اشتراک و دانلود مقالات اجازه بازنشر آن در سایر رسانههای چاپی و دیجیتال را به کاربر نمیدهد.


text:
A 10-liter rotary evaporator refers to a specific type of laboratory equipment used for the evaporation of solvents and concentration of samples. It is commonly used in chemistry, pharmaceutical, and research laboratories for various applications, such as solvent removal, extraction, and purification.
The term "10-liter" indicates the capacity of the evaporation flask, which is the vessel where the sample and solvent mixture is placed. A 10-liter flask can accommodate a larger volume of liquid compared to smaller-sized evaporators. This capacity is beneficial when working with larger sample volumes or when higher evaporation rates are required.
A rotary evaporator, also known as a rotovap, consists of several key components:
Evaporation Flask: This is the primary container where the sample and solvent mixture is placed. The 10-liter flask in this case would have a volume capacity of 10 liters.
Heating Bath: The heating bath provides controlled heating to the flask, allowing the solvent to evaporate at a controlled temperature. The bath is typically filled with a heat transfer fluid, such as water or oil, which is heated using an external heating source.
Rotating Evaporating Flask: The evaporation flask is attached to a rotating mechanism that spins the flask continuously. This rotation increases the surface area available for evaporation, facilitating faster and more efficient solvent removal.
Condenser: The condenser is a cooling system that cools the evaporated solvent vapor, causing it to condense back into a liquid form. This liquid is collected separately from the evaporating flask.
Vacuum System: A vacuum pump is used to create a reduced-pressure environment inside the system. The reduced pressure lowers the boiling point of the solvent, reducing the required temperature for evaporation and minimizing the risk of sample degradation.
Collection Flask: The condensed solvent is collected in a separate flask for further analysis or disposal.
Note that the actual setup and specifications of a 10-liter rotary evaporator may vary depending on the manufacturer and specific model. It's important to refer to the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for proper usage, safety precautions, and maintenance procedures.


52
$\begingroup$
This question has puzzled me for a long time. I understand the use of 'log' in maximizing the likelihood so I am not asking about 'log'.
My question is, since maximizing log likelihood is equivalent to minimizing "negative log likelihood" (NLL), why did we invent this NLL? Why don't we use the "positive likelihood" all the time? In what circumstances is NLL favored?
I found a little explanation here. _URL_ and it seems to explain the obvious equivalence in depth, but does not solve my confusion.
Any explanation will be appreciated.
$\endgroup$
 - 3
 $\begingroup$ Maximum Log Likelihood is not a loss function but its negative is as explained in the article in the last section. It is a matter of consistency. Suppose that you have a smart learning system trying different loss functions for a given problem. The set of loss functions will contain squared loss, absolute loss, etc. To have a consistent list you will add negative log likelihood to the list of loss functions. $\endgroup$ – Cagdas Ozgenc Mar 10 '15 at 8:45
44
$\begingroup$
This is an alternative answer: optimizers in statistical packages usually work by minimizing the result of a function. If your function gives the likelihood value first it's more convenient to use logarithm in order to decrease the value returned by likelihood function. Then, since the log likelihood and likelihood function have the same increasing or decreasing trend, you can minimize the negative log likelihood in order to actually perform the maximum likelihood estimate of the function you are testing. See for example the nlminb function in R here
$\endgroup$
 - 10
 $\begingroup$ I would say this even goes beyond optimizers and is rooted in the conventions in optimization theory. It seems like minimization is often considered to be the default optimization. For example, consider the name "convex optimization", which goes along with minimization but could have just as easily been called "concave optimization". $\endgroup$ – Bitwise Mar 10 '15 at 15:54
50
$\begingroup$
Optimisers typically minimize a function, so we use negative log-likelihood as minimising that is equivalent to maximising the log-likelihood or the likelihood itself.
Just for completeness, I would mention that the logarithm is a monotonic function, so optimising a function is the same as optimising the logarithm of it. Doing the log transform of the likelihood function makes it easier to handle (multiplication becomes sums) and this is also numerically more stable. This is because the magnitude of the likelihoods can be very small. Doing a log transform converts these small numbers to larger negative values which a finite precision machine can handle better.
$\endgroup$
 - 4
 $\begingroup$ As an example, I frequently encounter log likelihoods of order -40,000 in my work. In this regime it's numerically impossible to work with the likelihood itself. $\endgroup$ – Will Vousden Mar 14 '15 at 7:32
4
$\begingroup$
Here minimizing means decrease the distance of two distributions to its lowest: the target Bernoulli distribution and the generated result distribution. We measure the distance of two distributions using Kullback-Leibler divergence(also called relative entropy), and due to the large number theory minimizing KL divergence is amount to minimizing cross entropy(either multiclass cross entropy, see here or binary classification, see here and here).
Thus
maximizing log likelihood is equivalent to minimizing "negative log likelihood"
can be translated to
Maximizing the log likelihood is equivalent to minimizing the distance between two distributions, thus is equivalent to minimizing KL divergence, and then the cross entropy.
I think it has become quite intuitive.
$\endgroup$
1
$\begingroup$
The answer is simpler than you might think. It is the convention that we call the optimization objective function a "cost function" or "loss function" and therefore, we want to minimize them, rather than maximize them, and hence the negative log likelihood is formed, rather than positive likelihood in your word. Technically both are correct though. By the way, if we do want to maximize something, usually we call it "utility function" and hence the goal is to maximize them.
$\endgroup$
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text:
We've all heard about buildings powered by solar or wind energy, but an algae-powered building? Splitterwerk Architects have designed just such a structure, dubbed BIQ, which will be the very first of its kind. Covered with a bio-adaptive façade of microalgae, the distinctive building has been designed for the International Building Exhibition in Hamburg and is slated to open this month!
To create the algae façade, the building is covered in bio-reactive louvers that enclose the algae. These louvers allow the algae to survive and grow faster than they would otherwise while also providing shade for the interior of the building. Additionally, the bio-reactors trap the heat energy created by the algae, which can then be harvested and used to power the building. Once the building is completed, it will be evaluated by scientists and engineers to allow for future research and adaptation for future building projects.
The project is a collaboration between Spitterwerk Architects, Strategic Science Consult of Germany, ARUP and Colt International, who are responsible for the louver design. According to Simon O'Hea, Director at Colt, "It's been a very rewarding scheme to be involved in. We have put a lot of work into meeting the technical challenges and we now have a commercial-scale, effective solution that uses live algae as a smart material to deliver renewable energy. You can't get greener than that."

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Artful Alphabetical Arrays
alphabet stamps + ink = play time
Use alphabet stamps as shapes, as color, as pattern.
My older daughter (11) and I created this page together. We did it in a grid format. Won't this make a cool art journal background?
My daughter stamped RAINBOWS with alpha stamps; for the corners, a square stamp in silver.
Doesn't the stamping ink look like candy?
I've been playing with alpha stamps as patterns and designs. The top photo, above, is a page created with alpha stamps that I plan to use as an art journal background! Not just using them to make words, but to make patterns and textures and designs. Alphabet stamps are a super useful. They seem expensive for such tiny things, but are well-used.
»» Stamp quotes
»» Stamp your journaling onto an art journal background
»» Try white ink on a dark background or dark ink on a colorful background
»» Create an art journal background or a collage background using stamps as a "texture" layer
»» Repeat the same letters in a pattern or to create the look of a shape
»» Hide your journaled words inside random lettering like a Find-A-Word puzzle
»» Add a date or title to a page
»» Make stamps from the hardware store, inspired by the book Print & Stamp Lab by Traci Bunkers.


text:
MATS / Innosat
The first mission to be realised using the InnoSat platform is the MATS scientific mission, created by the Department of Meteorology (MISU) at Stockholm University. MATS, an acronym that stands for "Mesospheric Airglow/Aerosol Tomography and Spectroscopy", will use optical measurements techniques to study the mesosphere. MATS will apply tomography to gain information about atmospheric structures and wave patterns; by looking at the mesosphere from many different directions it is possible to reconstruct three-dimensional pictures. By collecting data from the mesosphere over two years' time, MATS will thus allow us to address a wide range of scientific questions about this remote part of the atmosphere.
OHB Sweden contributions
OHB Sweden acts as the prime contractor for the development of the InnoSat platform, the first flight model for MATS and for the launch and operations of the MATS satellite. OHB Sweden works in partnership with ÅAC Microtec who is responsible for the On-Board Computer (OBC) and the power subsystem.
The Swedish National Space Board (SNSB) is financing the development of the InnoSat platform and the first flight model aimed for the MATS mission.
SNSB is also financing the development of the MATS scientific instrument which is carried out by Omnisys Instruments and KTH in Sweden under the leadership of MISU.
The launch of the MATS mission is planned for 2019.


Case Studies
BUOYANCY: Composite syntactic foam mid-water arch (MWA)
Project location
Ichthys Gas Field, West Australia
Composite syntactic mid-water arch
Time period
Key achievement
 - World's largest syntactic foam mid-water arch
 - 170 msw depth
 - 40 year design life
 - Modular design
Mid-Water Arches (MWA) are large subsea structures suspended between the seabed and the surface to support and provide catenary shape to flexible pipelines or cables as they transition from the sea floor to the surface. Typical MWAs are constructed from steel with steel pressure vessels providing the necessary buoyancy to suspend the structure in the water column. They operate in relatively shallow water (50 to 100 m) and have a design life of up to 20 years.
The Ichthys field required MWAs to be situated in 170 msw of seawater for a design life of 40 years. The deeper the water, the greater the wall thickness needed for conventional steel pressure buoyancy tanks. Coupled with a large corrosion allowance for a 40 year design life, the cost and lead time of a conventional steel buoyancy tank would have made the MWA project technically and economically unviable.
Matrix Composites and Engineering, experts in providing composite solutions in harsh marine environments, were approached by McDermott's to determine if composite syntactic foam material would provide the required buoyancy for the structure for 40 years.
Composite syntactic foam is used extensively in deep water drilling applications to provide buoyancy to drilling risers that stretch from the surface to seabed, distances that can often exceed 3 km. They are also used in long term immersion applications for discrete buoyancy modules located directly on flexibles.
Composite syntactic material does not corrode, is extremely lightweight and has miniscule loss of buoyancy even after 40 years continual submergence at deep ocean depths.
Unlike conventional steel buoyancy tanks, there is also no catastrophic failure mode of the structure due to the loss of integrity of a pressure containment wall, such as those occurring from an impact.
Composite syntactic foam is made from macroscopic and microscopic, pressure rated, hollow spheres encased in a binder. Should one sphere fail, the potential volume loss is virtually negligible in relation to the overall volume of the surrounding structure.
Steel tanks are baffled but each baffled section is still a large percentage of the total volume. A large amount of volume for buoyancy redundancy is required to compensate for any flooding of a compartment.
Each arch contained 40 large blocks made up of six smaller blocks, all containing syntactic composite foam.
A total of approximately 490 mT of buoyancy per arch was supplied. The use of smaller sub blocks enabled hydrostatic testing of the buoyancy to confirm that the correct amount of buoyancy was supplied and that the correct amount was still going to be maintained after 40 years field life.
Matrix constructed the syntactic foam blocks for the project on time and on budget, and met or exceeded the clients demanding quality and technical requirements.
Case Study: Composite syntactic foam mid-water arch (MWA)


Metadata also available as
Frequently-anticipated questions:
What does this data set describe?
Title: Assessor.SDE.Parcel_Points
Label points for parcels. Points contain parcel number attribute.
Supplemental_Information: Maintained by County Assessor's Office Mappers.
 1. How should this data set be cited?
 Boone County GIS Department, March 2001, Assessor.SDE.Parcel_Points: Boone County GIS Department, Columbia, Boone County, Missouri.
 Online Links:
 2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
 West_Bounding_Coordinate: -92.569428
 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -92.105157
 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 39.248107
 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 38.645586
 3. What does it look like?
 Calendar_Date: March 2001
 Currentness_Reference: publication date
 5. What is the general form of this data set?
 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data
 6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
 1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
 - Entity point (58422)
 2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
 Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: State Plane Coordinate System 1983
 SPCS_Zone_Identifier: 2402
 Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999933
 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -92.500000
 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 35.833333
 False_Easting: _PHONE_.666667
 False_Northing: 0.000000
 Planar coordinates are encoded using coordinate pair
 Abscissae (x-coordinates) are specified to the nearest 0.000200
 Ordinates (y-coordinates) are specified to the nearest 0.000200
 Planar coordinates are specified in survey feet
 The horizontal datum used is North American Datum of 1983.
 The ellipsoid used is Geodetic Reference System 80.
 The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is _PHONE_.000000.
 The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222.
 Altitude_Resolution: 1.000000
 Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates
 7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
 Internal feature number. (Source: ESRI)
 Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated.
 Feature geometry. (Source: ESRI)
 Coordinates defining the features.
Who produced the data set?
 2. Who also contributed to the data set?
 3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
 Boone County GIS Department
 c/o Jason Warzinik
 GIS Program Manager
 801 E Walnut
 Columbia, MO 65201
 _PHONE_ (voice)
 Hours_of_Service: 8am-5pm M-F
Why was the data set created?
Necessary for orginal Arc/Info 7.x conversion process.
How was the data set created?
 1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
How can someone get a copy of the data set?
Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
License agreement prevents licensee from selling/redistributing the data.
 Boone County Assessor's Office
 c/o Jeff Davis
 801 E Walnut
 Columbia, MO 65201
 _PHONE_ (voice)
 Hours_of_Service: 8am-5pm M-F
 Parcel Points
 3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
 4. How can I download or order the data?
Who wrote the metadata?
Last modified: 30-Dec-2004
Metadata author:
Boone County GIS Department
c/o Con_Per<-->
GIS Analyst
801 E Walnut
Columbia, MO 65201
_PHONE_ (voice)
Con_email <-->
Hours_of_Service: 8am-5pm M-F
Metadata standard:
Metadata extensions used:
Generated by mp version 2.8.6 on Thu Dec 30 15:55:53 2004


text:
When Can Transformers Ground and Compose: Insights from Compositional Generalization Benchmarks
Ankur Sikarwar | Arkil Patel | Navin Goyal
Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Humans can reason compositionally whilst grounding language utterances to the real world. Recent benchmarks like ReaSCAN (Wu et al., 2021) use navigation tasks grounded in a grid world to assess whether neural models exhibit similar capabilities. In this work, we present a simple transformer-based model that outperforms specialized architectures on ReaSCAN and a modified version (Qiu et al., 2021) of gSCAN (Ruis et al., 2020). On analyzing the task, we find that identifying the target location in the grid world is the main challenge for the models. Furthermore, we show that a particular split in ReaSCAN, which tests depth generalization, is unfair. On an amended version of this split, we show that transformers can generalize to deeper input structures. Finally, we design a simpler grounded compositional generalization task, RefEx, to investigate how transformers reason compositionally. We show that a single self-attention layer with a single head generalizes to novel combinations of object attributes. Moreover, we derive a precise mathematical construction of the transformer's computations from the learned network. Overall, we provide valuable insights about the grounded compositional generalization task and the behaviour of transformers on it, which would be useful for researchers working in this area.


text:
Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
The present study is an investigation of the relationship between irrational beliefs and thought suppression in predicting distress in cancer patients. While there is a significant amount of data supporting their role as vulnerability factors for distress, no attempts have been made so far to study the relationships between these two individual characteristics. Our results show that both irrational beliefs and thought suppression are related to distress, and that the impact of irrational beliefs on distress is completely mediated by thought suppression. Potential mechanisms and implications are discussed.
Key words: thought suppression, irrational beliefs, distress


text:
Overview of Elon Musk's Lawsuit Against OpenAI
Elon Musk, the visionary entrepreneur and tech titan, has once again made headlines with his recent legal battle against OpenAI, the renowned artificial intelligence research lab. The lawsuit, filed in response to OpenAI's latest creation, GPT-4, has sent shockwaves through the AI community and beyond.
Understanding Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and GPT-4
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) refers to the concept of AI systems that can understand, learn, and apply knowledge across a wide range of tasks, much like a human. OpenAI's GPT-4, the latest iteration of its Generative Pre-trained Transformer series, represents a significant leap towards achieving AGI.
GPT-4's advanced capabilities in natural language processing and generation have sparked both excitement and concern among experts in the field. The model's ability to generate human-like text and responses has raised questions about the ethical implications of deploying such powerful AI systems.
Expert Opinions on AGI and GPT-4
Leading AI researchers and ethicists have weighed in on the development of AGI and GPT-4. While some view these advancements as groundbreaking achievements with the potential to revolutionize various industries, others caution against the risks associated with unleashing highly autonomous AI systems.
"The emergence of AGI poses unprecedented challenges and opportunities for humanity. It is crucial to approach AI development with a deep understanding of its societal impacts," remarked Dr. Jane Doe, a prominent AI ethicist.
Implications of Musk's Lawsuit on OpenAI and Microsoft
Musk's legal action against OpenAI has not only cast a shadow over the organization's reputation but also raised concerns about the collaboration between OpenAI and tech giant Microsoft. The lawsuit underscores the complexities and legal ambiguities surrounding AI intellectual property rights and research partnerships.
Microsoft, a key investor in OpenAI, now faces scrutiny over its involvement in the development and deployment of AI technologies. The outcome of the lawsuit could significantly impact the future trajectory of AI research and innovation.
The Future of AI and AGI Development
As the AI landscape continues to evolve rapidly, the legal dispute between Musk and OpenAI serves as a poignant reminder of the ethical and legal challenges that accompany AI advancement. The industry must navigate these complexities with a keen eye on transparency, accountability, and responsible innovation.
- Q: What are the key concerns surrounding AGI development?
- A: The main concerns revolve around AI safety, ethical use of AI, and the potential for AGI to surpass human intelligence.
- Q: How will Musk's lawsuit impact the AI industry?
- A: The lawsuit could influence future AI research directions, partnerships, and regulatory frameworks.
As the AI landscape continues to evolve, stakeholders must collaborate to ensure that AI technologies are developed and deployed responsibly, with a focus on benefiting society as a whole.


We are going to have a look at words that end in 'tion'.
Here are some examples:
Station, fiction, motion, section and education.
Let's begin the activities!
Choose the correct spelling of the words ending in 'tion'.
Here is an example:
Which of these words is spelt correctly, section or sektion?
The correct spelling is section.


text:
Quasi-Static Deformation and Final Fracture Behaviour of Aluminium Alloy 5083: Influence of Cryomilling
The commercial aluminium alloy 5083 was processed via cryomilling to produce nanocrystalline (NC) powders with an average grain size of ∼25–50 nm. The powders were subsequently degassed at 723 K (450°C), pre-heated and immediately quasi-isostatic (QI)-forged to produce a thermally stable bulk ultrafine grain (UFG) material having average grain size values ranging from 190 to 350 nm, depending on the processing conditions used. In this paper, the tensile properties and fracture behaviour of the bulk UFG material are presented and compared with the tensile properties of its conventionally processed counterpart. The specific influence of preheat temperature on strength and ductility of the alloy is briefly discussed. Three different pre-heat temperatures of 523, 623 and 723 K (250, 350 and 450°C) were chosen and used with the primary objective of controlling grain growth during forging. The influence of preheat temperature on tensile deformation and final fracture behaviour is highlighted. The macroscopic fracture modes of the bulk nanostructured material (BNM) prepared following three pre-heat temperatures are investigated. The microscopic mechanisms controlling tensile deformation and final fracture behaviour are discussed with regards to the intrinsic microstructural effects in the UFG alloy, nature of loading, and the kinetics and mechanisms of deformation.
Topping, Troy D.; Hu, Tao; Manigandan, K.; Srivatsan, T. S.; and Lavernia, E. J., "Quasi-Static Deformation and Final Fracture Behaviour of Aluminium Alloy 5083: Influence of Cryomilling" (2012). Mechanical Engineering Faculty Research. 119.


text:
Thinking beyond Jay-Z and Coldplay, researchers at Ohio State University have turned a standard compact disk into a biochemical laboratory. Their specially designed CD completely automates a commonly used assay for classifying HIV and some cancers, eliminating many tedious steps and producing results in one-tenth of the time.
As early as four decades ago, researchers at Monsanto tried to use centrifugal force to push liquids through a series of chambers on a plastic disk, says L. James Lee of Ohio State. His updated "lab on a CD" contains a series of wells and channels, each no deeper than the width of a human hair. Blood or cell samples are placed in one set of the disk's chambers. Test chemicals are then mixed sequentially by changing the speed that the CD rotates: Solutions in wells closer to the outside move outward at lower rotation speeds, while those closer to the center remain in place until the CD spins more quickly.
Besides saving time, the lab CD also uses less of the expensive antibodies needed for common disease tests, cutting material costs by up to 90 percent. Within two years, technicians may be listening to their favorite music CDs while their experiments spin nearby on a similar disk.


text:
Tabular Data Digitizing
Digitizing all your tables
Spreadsheets weren't always made on computers and there are millions of these documents in non-digital files everywhere. We process thousands of these documents a day with our state-of-the-art OCR. It can extract the text from any tabular document using our proprietary algorithms and make that data relevant again.
Digitizing your tabular data in record time.
Just wait until you see what we can do.
Upload your directory to our secure cloud. Our crawler can handle any file type you throw at it. Including PDF, PNG,.DOC, etc.
Using a custom neural net, our crawler is trained to move through all folders and files in your directory looking for specific documents. Gamma ray curves and tabular data are usually the most valuable core data, so these are moved into separate folders.
Using Nspect, our powerful Machine Learning based OCR, text is extracted from the document. The data is extracted and relationships are formed.
The data is then generated and transmitted to the customer in their preferred database format. (.JSON,.csv, etc.)


text:
The problems of the production of potassium hydroxide from local raw materials of Uzbekistan are considered. The methods for producing potassium hydroxide are analyzed. The rheological properties of the intermediate solutions and suspensions formed in the process of obtaining potassium hydroxide by the calcareous method have been investigated. The optimal technological parameters of the process — the content of potassium hydroxide in the liquid phase, the ratio of the solid and liquid phases and the concentration of the washing solution were established to achieve the maximum filtration rate. The effect of the amount and concentration of washing water on the filtration rate during three-time washing of the precipitate in the washing stage and the degree of washing the precipitate relative to potassium hydroxide in dry sediment were studied. A chemical analysis of the initial precipitation and precipitation after the third washing was performed in order to determine the possible transition of potassium hydroxide into them. It is proposed to use the technological scheme for obtaining potassium hydroxide with three times washing the precipitate and returning the washing water to the caustification stage.
- A.A.Kurilkin, V.M.Mukhin, S.G.Kireev, L.A.Kargaltseva, "Carbon adsorbents modified with potassium hydroxide", Received December 24, 2009.
- A.G.Eikmeyet, R.F.Johnson, B.G.Goar, "Carbon Dioxide Removali Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design eds" J.J.McKetta, W.A.Cunningham. New York; Basel: Marcel Dekker Inc., vol. 6, pp. 292-310, 1978.
- B.B.Turakulov, B.X.Kucharov, A.U.Erkayev, Z.K.Toirov, A.M.Reymov, "Improvement of potassium hydroxide production by the lime process", Universum: technical sciences, G. Moskva no. 10(43), 2017.
- Applied electrochemistry, 3rd ed., Pererab. Ed. A.L. Rotnjana. L.: Chemistry, 1974. 536 p.
- D.Schafer, A.P.S.Kamps, B.Rumpf, G.Maurer, "Experimental investigation on the influence of boric acid on the solubility of carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions of potassium hydroxide", Vestnik СПбГУ, Сер. 4, 2013.
- S.A.Zaretskiy, V.N.Suchkov, P.B.Jivotinskiy, "Electrochemical technology of inorganic substances and chemical current sources", Textbook for students of technical schools, Moscow: Higher School, 1980, p. 423.
- M.Z.Kanel, E.V.Konoplev, I.A.Shesterkin, "The method of obtaining pure potassium hydroxide", Patent _PHONE_ Russia. and others Publ, March 21, 2013.
- A.F.Zhukov, I.F.Kolosova, V.V.Kuznetsov, "Analytical chemistry", "Physical and physicochemical methods of analysis", Moskva: Chemistry, 2001, 496 p.
- Guide to practical training on the technology of inorganic substances. Ed. Pozina M.E. L.: Chemistry, 1980, 368 p.
- G.Schwarzenbach, G.Flaška, "Complexometric titration", Moskva: Chemistry, 1970, 360 p.
- Flame phovol. etry: guidelines for laboratory work. Samara. SSTU. 2013. 13 p.
- N.S.Poluektov, "Analysis methods for flame phovol", Moskva: Chemistry, 1967, 307 p.
- N.S.Poluektov, "Methods of analysis by flame phovol", Moskva: Chemistry, 1967, 307 p.
- B.B.Turakulov, A.U. Erkaev, B.Kh. Kucharov, Z.K. Toirov, "The study of some physicochemical properties of potassium hydroxide solutions I International Scientific and Practical Conference "Actual problems of introducing innovative equipment and technologies at enterprises for the production of building materials, the chemical industry and related industries" May 24-25, p. 286, 2019.
- B.B.Turakulov, A.U.Erkaev, B.Kh.Kucharov, Z.K.Toirov, "The decantation of the solid phase of the suspension of the production of potassium hydroxide in a calcareous manner based on local raw materials", International scientific and technical conference "Innovative materials and technologies 2019" Minsk, Republic of Belarus January 9-11, 2019 pp. 500-503.
Turakulov, Behzod Begmatovich; Erkayev, Aktam Ulashevich; Kucharov, Baxrom Xayrievich; Toirov, Zokir Kalandarovich; and Iskenderov, Akhmed Maksetbaevich
"Research of rheological properties and filtrability of suspension in the production of potassium hydroxide by calcareous method,"
Chemical Technology, Control and Management: Vol. 2019
, Article 3.
Available at: _URL_


text:
One of the most difficult genealogical tasks you may face in researching your Italian roots is in tracing the ancestry of an Italian foundling.
Known in Italy as Trovatelli or Proietti, a foundling is a child abandoned at birth, for one reason or another. The most common is that the child was born out of wedlock, but others, such as; the family being to poor to care for another child, are not unheard of.
These infants were usually left at a foundling home. The foundling homes were a place where Italian women could legally abandon their children, with complete anonymity (although, often times, especially in small towns, the identity of at least the mother was generally known). Sometimes children were left with tokens to indicate their parentage, in the event the mother or father should ever want to reclaim them, although, this was rare.
After the child was abandoned, their birth would be registered in the Stato di Civile, under a name the mayor or other town official would give the child. These names were made up by the town official, some of the names were unique (such as one I have in my ancestry, Clemanni), others were generic names given to many foundlings, such as; Esposito (literally meaning "exposed").
After the infant's birth was registered, they were placed in the care of a woman who recently had given birth to a child (usually one that had recently lost a child). These women were called, wet nurses. The roles these women had in the child's life varied greatly. Some took the child in, simply to collect money given to them by the town to care for the child, others treated them as their own, sometimes even giving the child their own surname.
Often times, family lore and myths existed about the child's parents. A common one is that the foundling was the child of a nobleman. These stories, while not always untrue, can stem from a variety of sources. One being that the mother made the claims while pregnant (to dignify to some extent something that was a social taboo at the time). Secondly being that when the child was born, he/she was given a name by the town official, that sounded "noble" (Della Luna, for instance). Whatever the case, while these stories are fun to think about, always take them with a grain of salt.
Birth records for foundlings can be found in the Registri dello Stato Civile, Atti di Nascita (birth acts) of the child's town of origin, usually in Parte II. These records rarely give the parents names (as previously stated, their identity was to be kept secret if they chose it to be).
If his or her parents recognized the child, these records can usually be found in the Atti Diversi (Misc. acts) for the year of the child's birth.
Other records that can help you in tracing your foundling ancestor's genealogy are marriage records and baptism records. Marriage records would be found in the Registri dello Stato Civile, Atti di Matrimonio (marriage acts), whereas baptism records (battesimo) are maintained by the church where he/she was baptized, and can be hard to obtain.
Again, tracing the ancestry of a foundling can be incredibly difficult, and sometimes, impossible, so to familiarize oneself with the common procedures that took place is very important. Foundling history in Italy is complex, and I couldn't begin to go through all the variables in one post. This is just an attempt to help you understand the general process. A valuable resource for further research is the book 'Sacrificed for Honor: Italian infant abandonment and the politics of reproductive control' by David I. Kertzer.


text:
Do you know how many calories in an Apple? although healthy and packed with vitamins and fiber and apple does contain calories. There is no such thing as a free food. So the calories in an apple can be higher
then you estimate aim for five a day. Fruit and vegetable servings of fruit juice or smoothies only count as one portion no matter how much you drink so very the fruits to eat daily. Try super foods like blueberries and red berries calories in fruits such as these is very low.
Apples are packed with nutrition and low in calories plus they provide your body with water. Apples contain at least eighty to ninety percent water and are high in vitamins and antioxidants. They are rich in the following nutrients: Beta carotene,vitamin A, vitamin C (mostly contained in the skin area of the Apple), iron, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and two important antioxidants polyphenols and flavonoids.
You will be able to tell when an apple is at its perfect ripeness by the amount of send it gives off from the skin. Raw apple with skin per 100 grams 52 calories, extra small = 2 ½" diameter (101g) calories 53, raw apple without skin per 100 grams 48 calories small = 2 ¾" diameter (130g) 63 calories, large = 3 ¼" diameter (215g), 103 calories. One cup sliced (110g) 53 calories, boiled Apple per 100 grams 53 calories.
Good points of apples:
- No saturated fat
- No cholesterol
- Very low in sodium
- High in dietary fiber
- Very high vitamin b6
- Very high in vitamin C
I hope you enjoying reading this article about how many calories in an apple. Don't forget to share this article, thank you very much.


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Oracle Primary key problem
I am using the book "Guerilla Oracle" By Richard J Staron to learn some basic Oracle. in the book there is a script to create a table lke this:

 CREATE TABLE ANSWERS (
 ANSWER_QUESTION_ID NUMBER(6) PRIMARY KEY REFERENCES
 QUESTIONS(QUESTION_ID),
 ANSWER_ID VARCHAR2(2) NOT NULL,
 ANSWER VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL
 )
 TABLESPACE TABLESPACE_FOR_WAIVERS
Open in new window
 ;
Then the table is to be populated with the INSERTS below, which cannot work as the PRIMARY KEY VALUE is being repeated. Has anyone figured out how to work around this?
INSERT INTO ANSWERS VALUES (1, 1, 'cassettes, cd-roms, game boy');
INSERT INTO ANSWERS VALUES (1, 2, 'color, lasers, thin paper');
INSERT INTO ANSWERS VALUES (1, 3, 'memory, storage, wireless');
INSERT INTO ANSWERS VALUES (1, 4, 'software, licensing, freeware');
INSERT INTO ANSWERS VALUES (2, 1, 'CERN');
INSERT INTO ANSWERS VALUES (2, 2, 'POP');
INSERT INTO ANSWERS VALUES (2, 3, 'USTP');
INSERT INTO ANSWERS VALUES (2, 4, 'USSM');
INSERT INTO ANSWERS VALUES (3, 1, '1 second');
INSERT INTO ANSWERS VALUES (3, 2, '2 seconds');
INSERT INTO ANSWERS VALUES (3, 3, '4 seconds');
INSERT INTO ANSWERS VALUES (3, 4,
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'8 seconds')

SOLUTION
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Raja Jegan R
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Hi,
I think if you remove the primary key from create table statement then you will be able to load the data sucessfully:
As the primary key is a single field or combination of fields that uniquely defines a record. None of the fields that are part of the primary key can contain a null value. A table can have only one primary key.
So as you have the multiple repeted records in your data for which you are getting the error.
--Create the table as like below:
CREATE TABLE ANSWERS
 (
 ANSWER_QUESTION_ID NUMBER(6) REFERENCES QUESTIONS(QUESTION_ID),
 ANSWER_ID VARCHAR2(2) NOT NULL,
 ANSWER VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL
 )
 TABLESPACE TABLESPACE_FOR_WAIVERS ;
-- Insert the data into table :
BEGIN
INSERT INTO ANSWERS VALUES (1, 1, 'cassettes, cd-roms, game boy');
INSERT INTO ANSWERS VALUES (1, 2, 'color, lasers, thin paper');
INSERT INTO ANSWERS VALUES (1, 3, 'memory, storage, wireless');
INSERT INTO ANSWERS VALUES (1, 4, 'software, licensing, freeware');
INSERT INTO ANSWERS VALUES (2, 1, 'CERN');
INSERT INTO ANSWERS VALUES (2, 2, 'POP');
INSERT INTO ANSWERS VALUES (2, 3, 'USTP');
INSERT INTO ANSWERS VALUES (2, 4, 'USSM');
INSERT INTO ANSWERS VALUES (3, 1, '1 second');
INSERT INTO ANSWERS VALUES (3, 2, '2 seconds');
INSERT INTO ANSWERS VALUES (3, 3, '4 seconds');
INSERT INTO ANSWERS VALUES (3, 4, '5 seconds');
end;
--- check if you are able to select the data
select * from ANSWERS;
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littlegiraffe
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Which approach is most advantageous and why?
How do I create a composite Primary Key?
composite Primary is better rather then removing the key as this can be used as refence further to make any relationship to other entitys.
In my last post I have show how you can create the composite Primary Key in your table.
You can run the attached code and check if you are able to see primary key created and also check for alll the records.
oooops....I see how the create the composite key in pinkuray's code. I'll try that
>> I see how the create the composite key in pinkuray's code
You can create Composite keys as mentioned in pinkuray's code or you can also use ALTER TABLE to create Primary keys as suggested in my first comment..
Thanks for your help, I am splitting the point between you.


text:
CMM Operator/ Inspection/ Bonding Operator
Received fan blades, spacers, and platforms from various steps in production process to measure, calculate, and confirm or reject tolerances designated from customer.
- Operated CMM machine to identify any non-conformances and collect data for customer review.
- Typed up MRR's upon discovery of part defects and passed on documents to Quality Control.
- Created powerpoint presentations with pictures of any non-conformance and entered presentation into Quality Control database.
- Finished carbon fiber composite aircraft parts including fan blades, spacers, platforms, and fan cases.
- Used various adhesives and other bonding agents to attach titanium metal leading edges, wear strips, and fire-protectant materials to parts.
- Performed deflash operations to remove excess cured adhesives from parts using scalpels, grinders, picks, and other electrical tools.
- Inspected finished parts using calipers, micrometers, gauges, and scales to meet required tolerant measurements.


text:
An invisible wall of force appears at a point you specify within casting distance. The direction of this wall of force is up to you: you can make the wall horizontally or vertically bounded, or you can make it incline at an angle. It can float in the air or stand on the ground.
Wall of Force 5e
Casting Time: 1 Action
Range: 120 feet
Components: V, S, M
Duration: Concentration, up to 10 minutes
It can be shaped as a hemisphere or a sphere (with a radius of up to 10 feet), or as a plane of ten 10 ft x 10 ft square plates, each of which must be connected to at least one other plate.
Regardless of the shape, the force field wall is always ¼ inch thick. The force field wall will persist until the spell ends. If the force wall forms through a space occupied by a creature, that creature is pushed to one side of the force wall (it is up to you to decide which side to push to).
Nothing can physically pass through a wall of force. A Wall of Force is immune to all damage and cannot be undone by dispel magic, but the spell disintegrate can cause it to be destroyed immediately. Walls of force can extend into the Etheric plane, and thus can block travel into the Etheric plane through walls.


Identity Resolution Use-Cases
The Personas Identity Resolution feature helps to create a unified view of the user across devices, apps, and unique identifiers. Identity resolution is critical to understanding the customer journey at multiple touch points, which allows brands to deliver personalized experiences to its customers at scale.
Anonymous to Known Identification
Identity Resolution allows a company to link a customer's journey from pre-account creation to post-account activity. This is important to help a brand understand the behaviors that lead a user to convert from a window shopper in the discovery stage to a buyer with intent in the consideration and decision stage to the loyal return customer in the conversion and retention stage.
By linking any anonymous events a user had before creating an account to a user's logged-in activity, a marketing team can now have a complete understanding of a user's past interactions with your app.
This can lead to invaluable insights around the behaviors and triggers in an app that motivate a user to register for an account.
Cross-Device Identification
Users can have multiple touch points with an app ecosystem through more than one device. For example, users might view an eCommerce site through a mobile native app, a mobile web browser or a desktop web browser.
By tracking a user's activity across all platforms, brands will be able to more efficiently target campaigns to users as they'll have the knowledge of funnels that complete across devices.
For example, a user who adds a product to a cart on the iPhone app but completes the checkout on the Android app should not be targeted with abandoned cart push notifications on the iPhone app.
Cross-App Identification
A company's product ecosystem may also spread out across multiple apps.
If a company needs to understand a user's activity across all apps, we recommend connecting all sources to the same Personas space. This will give a comprehensive view of a user's activity across the entire app ecosystem.
If, however, each app should maintain its own metrics and LTV analysis, regardless of the overlap of users between apps, we recommend creating a separate Personas space per app and only connecting sources related to each app to its space. This will give a siloed view of how users interact with each individual app.
Note: Each workspace has two spaces by default. Contact your CSM to enable additional spaces.
For an eCommerce example, see here
Cross-Channel Identification
A user can interact with a brand through multiple channels and departments. A user might have touch points with a sales team, a marketing team and a customer support team throughout her customer journey. It's important for companies to have insights into these cross-functional activities to ensure they understand the complete customer experience.
For example, if a user has logged a complaint with a customer support team, the marketing team should exclude this user from an automatic follow-up email asking for her to leave a public product review on their site.
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Christmas Around the World STEM Challenges
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What is better than mixing a little STEM challenge with Christmas around the world? Christmas Around the World STEM Challenges will engage your students in the traditions of others around the world with six different challenges. Each of the six countries represented include a small blurb of their Christmas tradition. In addition, each country includes a STEM challenge, recording sheet, and example of a completed project. The countries represented within each STEM challenge are: Australia, United States, Germany, Japan, China, and Mexico. Check out the preview for a closer look! If you have any questions, please email me at!
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text: This book investigates variation in the classroom speech of 7-year-old children who are learning Standard Jamaican English as a second language variety in rural Jamaica. For sociolinguists and second language/dialect researchers interested in the acquisition and use of sociolinguistic variables, an important challenge is how to efficiently account for language learning mechanisms and use. To date, this book is the first to offer an interdisciplinary look into phonological and phonetic variation observed in primary school in Jamaica, that is from the perspective of classic variationist and quantitative sociolinguistics and a usage-based model. Both frameworks function as explanatory for the children's learning of phono-stylistic variation, which they encounter in their immediate linguistic environment, i.e. most often through their teachers' speech. This book is intended for sociolinguists interested in child language variation, linguists working on formal aspects of the languages of the Caribbean, applied linguists concerned with the teaching and learning of second language phonology, and any researchers interested in applying variationist and quantitative methods to classroom second language learning.


text:
Horse Hair Mineral Analysis can take the guessing out of diagnosing your horse's health by pinpointing issues that other methods, such as blood testing, can not detect.
Horse Hair Analysis can take the guessing out of diagnosing equine health issues.
Pinpointing health issues in your horse
Many horse owners treat sore muscles and stiffness with time off or NSAIDs (such as Bute) or they constantly battle problems such as hives with a number of prescribed treatments recommended by their attending veterinarian. The effectiveness will be short lived if the real issue is a vitamin or mineral deficiency.
Has your horse been living with deficient levels of essential minerals or possibly exposed to toxic metals?
Horse Hair Analysis® tests 18 critical minerals and metals. The report analyzes if your horse is deficient in any nutritional minerals or metals or possibly toxic with heavy metals. At least 8 out of 10 horses are either deficient in minerals and electrolytes or have toxic levels of heavy metal in their system.
Why blood testing is not as accurate at Horse Hair Mineral Analysis
Blood tests are not nearly as accurate at Horse Hair Analysis® as the test takes a snapshot of the horse's levels at the exact time the blood is taken. Several variables such as food intake, water consumption, time of day or when the last supplement was fed can drastically affect the blood test results. In contrast, Horse Hair Mineral Analysis evaluates the last 90 days of the horse's biochemistry. Minerals and heavy metals are deposited into the hair during assimilation and excretion.
How to correct mineral deficiencies and toxicities
Before major health problems arrive, the Horse Hair Analysis® results can detent vitamin or mineral imbalances that can cause disease or lameness. Most diseases, sore muscles, stiffness, hives and joint pain are nutritionally related and can be helped solely by improving the horse's level of nutrition. A well balanced nutrition supplement or a customized HHA® Personal Supplement will help to bring your horse's nutritional vitamin and mineral imbalances back into normal range.
DePaolo Equine Concepts is pioneering holistic equine health care – an approach that combines traditional veterinary medicine with equine nutraceuticals.
Horse Hair Analysis® is part of that approach: it's a cutting edge process for evaluating the cause of puzzling health problems and horse nutrition deficiencies, culminating with a customized horse supplement. We are passionate about our equine health care products, we know you are too. _URL_


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You are reading the Teku development version documentation and some features may not be available in the stable release. You can switch to the stable version using the version box at the bottom of the screen.
Updated on November 18, 2020
Connect to a testnet
The following instructions describe the process to connect Teku to an Ethereum 2.0 testnet.
Important
This example connects to the Medalla testnet. If connecting to a different testnet (for example Pyrmont), update the --network option in the examples accordingly.
Networks can experience stability issues and are prone to regular resets. We recommend you regularly check network and client documentation for updates.
Prerequisites:
Teku allows you run a beacon chain client only, or you can run the beacon chain client with validators on a public testnet.
Run validators on a testnet
Ethereum 2.0 validators need to access an Ethereum 1.0 client to onboard new validators. Validators make deposits into Ethereum 1.0, and existing Ethereum 2.0 validators must process the deposits to allow the validators to join Ethereum 2.0.
Deposits are made into a deposit contract on the Goerli Ethereum 1.0 testnet.
The steps to run an Ethereum 2.0 validator on a testnet are:
 1. If using a local Ethereum 1.0 client, sync the Ethereum 1.0 network containing the deposit contract.
 Note
 This step is only required if using a local Ethereum 1.0 client such as Besu. If using a cloud-based service such as Infura, proceed to fund your deposit account.
 2. Fund the Ethereum 1.0 deposit account.
 3. Generate the validator keys and send the deposit to the deposit contract.
 4. Create a password file for each validator key.
 5. Start Teku with the validator keys.
Sync the Ethereum 1.0 network
This step is only required if using a local Ethereum 1.0 client.
This example uses Besu to connect to Ethereum 1.0, but any client can be used. Configure Besu to connect to Goerli and expose the RPC-HTTP APIs.
Example
besu --network=goerli --data-path=./goerli --rpc-http-enabled=true --rpc-http-port=8545 \
--rpc-http-api=ETH,NET,WEB3 --sync-mode=FAST --fast-sync-min-peers=2
Load the deposit account with ETH
You need an Ethereum 1.0 Goerli testnet account that contains the amount of Goerli ETH (plus gas) required to activate the validator. The medalla testnet requires 32 Goerli ETH per validator.
Tip
You can create an account on Goerli using Metamask, and use a faucet to fund the account. You can also request Goerli testnet ETH on the Medalla Discord channel.
Generate the validators and send the deposits
Use the Medalla Launchpad to guide you through a step-by-step process to generate your keys and send the deposits.
Note
Remember the passwords that you used to create the validator keys, because you need it to create the validator password files.
Create a password file for each validator key
For each validator key that you create, you need to create a text file containing the password to decrypt the key. The password file must have the same name as the key, but use the .txt extension.
Example
If the Launchpad creates a key named keystore-m_12381_3600_0_0_0-_PHONE_.json, then the password must be named keystore-m_12381_3600_0_0_0-_PHONE_.txt.
Start the validator
Run Teku and specify the validator key files created earlier, and the text files containing the password to decrypt the validator key.
Example
teku --network=medalla --eth1-endpoint=http://localhost:8545 \
--validator-keys=validator/keys/validator_888eef.json:validator/passwords/validator_888eef.txt \
--rest-api-enabled=true --rest-api-docs-enabled=true \
--metrics-enabled
Alternatively, use --validator-keys to specify the directory to load multiple keys and passwords from.
Example
teku --network=medalla --eth1-endpoint=http://localhost:8545 \
--validator-keys=validator/keys:validator/passwords \
--rest-api-enabled=true --rest-api-docs-enabled=true \
--metrics-enabled
Once the validator is activated, view it on the beacon chain explorer at _URL_
Run a beacon chain client only
You can run a Teku beacon chain node on a network without any validators.
Example
teku --network=medalla --metrics-enabled --rest-api-enabled --rest-api-docs-enabled
Add a beacon chain client to Eth2stats
You can add the beacon chain node to Eth2stats for monitoring.
Ensure you enable metrics using the --metrics-enabled option when starting Teku.
Finding help
 - The #medalla channel on the Ethereum Foundation Discord. Invite link
 - The #teku channel on the ConsenSys Discord. Invite link
 - Please raise any bugs or errors on the Teku GitHub repository.
Questions or feedback? You can discuss issues and obtain free support on Teku Discord channel.
For paid professional support by Consensys, contact us at _EMAIL_


text:
2. The softer inorganic matter composing part of the surface of the globe, in distinction from the firm rock; soil of all kinds, including gravel, clay, loam, and the like; sometimes, soil favorable to the growth of plants; the visible surface of the globe; the ground; as, loose earth; rich earth. Give him a little earth for charity. (Shak)
4. Earth is used either adjectively or in combination to form compound words; as, earth apple or earth-apple; earth metal or earth-metal; earth closet or earth-closet. Adamic earth, bitter earth, bog earth, Chian earth, etc. See Adamic, bitter, etc. Alkaline earths. See alkaline. Earth apple.


text:
GUI vs Command Line
Two most popular ways to interact with a computer are the Command Line and the GUI (Graphical User Interface). Command line is a text only interface, while GUI is an Interface, composed of graphical symbols. Most of the times, all the general tasks performed using a GUI can be performed by a Command line and vice versa (although when it comes to advanced tasks Command line may be the only option).
What is a GUI?
GUI (pronounced gooey) is a type of interface that allows users to communicate with operating systems in the form of images/animations/audio as opposed to text. This interface presents the user with the information/actions available through graphical objects (like icons). Both mouse and keyboard can be used for the interaction. The user performs actions by directly manipulating graphical objects on the screen.
What is a Command Line?
Command Line (typically known as Command-line interface/interpreter or CLI) is a mechanism that allows interacting with the computer operating system by inputting (typing) commands. This is a text only interface, which only requires input from the keyboard (usually referred to as "entering a command"). Typically, Enter key is pressed at the end of a command, after which the computer will receive, parse and execute that command. The output of the command will be returned back to the terminal as text lines. Output may include a summery of the task and the actual result as well. To insert command in a batch mode, user can use a script file. A script is a file containing an ordered sequence of commands that will complete en entire job.
What is the difference between a GUI and a Command Line?
Most command line interface tasks only require the keyboard, while GUI systems require both the mouse and the keyboard. Therefore, command line users usually do not have to switch their hands between two places. And command line interface usually requires just few lines of code to perform a complicated task. Command line definitely uses fewer resources than a GUI system as a GUI system will load icons, fonts, I/O drivers and other resources. Because of these three reasons, command line users may be able to complete most tasks relatively faster than a GUI user. Command line users can create scripts and save time, while GUI users can do the same with facilities such as creating shortcuts.
Although new users might have to learn how to operate the mouse, GUI is easier to pickup than using the Command line. Unlike GUI, Command Line users need a fair amount of familiarity and need to memorize a number of commands in order to get their jobs done smoothly. But, a command line user has much more control of the file and operating system. And for performing some advanced tasks, command line may be the only option (sometimes). GUI systems inherently make it easy to multitask, by providing graphical means of monitoring several things (process) at once (many command line environments offer multitasking, but it is harder to view several things at once).


text:
Nike Air Max 90 Id form social aggregations called shoals which
Fish form social aggregations called shoals which often consist of fish with similar morphologies. Experiments using zebrafish pigment variants demonstrate that fish can select shoal mates solely on the basis of their color patterns, and that early experience plays a key role in determining these shoaling preferences.
Synthetic biology can significantly advance metabolic engineering by contributing tools (minimal hosts, vectors, genetic controllers, Nike Air Max 90 Id characterized enzymes). The development of these tools significantly reduced the costs and time to develop the antimalarial drug artemisinin, but the availability of more tools could have reduced these costs substantially.
In this work, we use He's variational iteration method for solving linear and nonlinear Klein–Gordon equations. Also, the results are compared with those obtained by Adomian's decomposition method (ADM). The results reveal that the Air Max Thea Footlocker method is very effective and simple.
Abaseof a permutation groupGis a sequenceBof points from the permutation domain such that only the identity ofGfixesBpointwise. We show that primitive permutation groups with no alternating composition factors of degree greater thandand no classical composition factors of rank greater thandhave a base of size bounded above by a function ofd. This confirms a conjecture of Babai.


#!/usr/bin/perl -w use strict; # # Find an approximate value for Pi using the Pythagorean theorem # # # Start with circle inscribed in polygon # my @circle_in_gon_pi; sub b_from_a ($) { my ($a) = @_; my $b = sqrt((1.0/($a*$a))+1.0) - (1.0/$a); return $b; } print "**************** Circle inscribed in polygon ****************\n"; my $start_b = 1.0; my $sides = 4; my $b = $start_b; foreach my $i (1..20) { my $pi_approx = $b * $sides; push @circle_in_gon_pi, $pi_approx; print "Sides: $sides; side length/2: $b; pi: $pi_approx\n"; $b = b_from_a ($b); $sides *= 2; } print "**************** Polygon inscribed in circle ****************\n"; my @gon_in_circle_pi; sub b_from_a_inside ($) { my ($a) = @_; my $b = sqrt((1.0 - sqrt(1.0 - ($a*$a)))/2.0); return $b; } $start_b = sqrt(2.0)/2.0; $sides = 4; $b = $start_b; foreach my $i (1..20) { my $pi_approx = $b * $sides; push @gon_in_circle_pi, $pi_approx; print "Sides: $sides; side length/2: $b; pi: $pi_approx\n"; $b = b_from_a_inside ($b); $sides *= 2; } print "**************** Averages and bounds at each step ****************\n"; print "Format: sides, interior estimate, exterior estimate, average of them\n"; print "Each entry is formatted as a table line.\n"; my $low = 0.0; my $high = 5.0; my $best = 0; $sides = 4; foreach my $i (0..20) { my $new_high = $circle_in_gon_pi[$i]; my $new_low = $gon_in_circle_pi[$i]; my $out_of_range = 0; if ($new_low < $low || $new_low > $high) { print "Low value for step $i out of range: $new_low\n"; $out_of_range = 1; } if ($new_high < $low || $new_high > $high) { print "High value for step $i out of range: $new_high\n"; $out_of_range = 1; } my $average = ($new_low + $new_high) / 2.0; print "\n"; print "$sides $new_low $new_high $average\n"; print "\n"; ##print "Step: $i; Sides: $sides; Low: $new_low; High: $new_high; Average: $average\n"; if ($out_of_range) { last; } $best = $average; $low = $new_low; $high = $new_high; $sides *= 2; } my $pi = 4.0 * atan2(1,1); print "pi, by taking 4*arctan(1): $pi\n"; my $error = $best - $pi; if ($error < 0) { $error *= -1.0; } print " Error: $error\n";


text:
Search Course Communities:
A Random Walk in One Dimension: Applet Demonstration
Course Topic(s): Probability | Stochastic processes, discrete Markov chains
This applet constructs a histogram of the resulting path of a random walker in one dimension. The user can change the number of steps, the probability of walking to the right, and the number of trials. There is a brief description ad a few guiding questions associated with this demonstration. This is one of the random applications in the Physlets project. (See the related resouces for the link.) The authors notes that the applet may not run on a Mac.
To rate this resource on a 1-5 scheme, click on the appropriate icosahedron:
Creator(s): Macneil Shonle and Shubba Tewari
Contributor(s): Macneil Shonle and Harvey Gould
This resource was cataloged by Ginger RowellPublisher:
Physlets Project at Davidson
Resource copyright: The Physlets applets are released under the GNU General Public License. The source code is readily available as a link off of each Phylet's page.The Physlet framework used by these Physlets itself is not free software and should not be distributed.
This review was published on October 11, 2012
Be the first to start a discussion about this resource.


text:
To use Ring & Bracelet/Anklets sizer correctly you must download the PDF
from link below and then un-check the "fit to page" option when you print. If you've already opened the PDF in adobe reader then select "Actual Size" before printing. After you've printed this page, verify the print was correct using the test bars given in the PDF under Measure.
Please note that below methods are samples to show you what you will find in the PDF Ring & Bracelet/Anklets sizer!
Download and Print This PDF File
There are two ways of finding your ring size with this sheet:
Place a ring that fits comfortably over the circles to measure the inside diameter. Make sure that the circle is completely visible inside the ring.
Cut out the ring sizer and cut the slit out that's marked with an arrow. For best results use a hobby knife.Once you wrap the ring sizer around your finger, insert the pointed end into the slit, tightenthe band slowly until it fits comfortably around your finger. Now check the size that is visible from the slit; if it's hard to read then mark it with a pen or pencil to read once you