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Different materials require different types of blade, but specific conditions can affect the qualities of the material. Read our essential guide, or contact us and we will specify the right product for your requirements.
The length of curing time after concrete is poured greatly affects the way a diamond blade will interact with it during cutting. Curing can be affected by weather (temperature, moisture and time of year) and the composition (admixtures, aggregate and sand). Cured concrete is typically set for at least 48 hours, after which the sand is completely bonded with the mortar and the concrete reaches full hardness.
CUTTING GREEN CONCRETE
Concrete is typically in its green state for 6 to 48 hours after it is poured. In this early state, the sand is not completely bonded with the mortar and the concrete hasn't reached full hardness. When cutting green concrete, the sand loosens more readily, and flows more freely in the slurry, resulting in much more abrasion on a diamond blade.
Undercut protection is critical when cutting green concrete to prevent excessive wear on the steel core at the segment weld. Green concrete sawing is common when working on new construction projects such as motorways, runways, driveways and industrial flooring.
Aggregates are the granular fillers in cement that can occupy as much as 60% to 75% of the total volume. They influence the way all diamond tools perform. Aggregates can be naturally occurring minerals, sand and gravel, crushed stone or manufactured sand. The most desirable aggregates used in concrete are triangular or square in shape; with hard, dense, well-graded and durable properties. The average size and composition of aggregates greatly influence the cutting characteristic of a diamond blade.
Large aggregates tend to cause blades to cut more slowly, and smaller aggregates allow the blades to cut faster.
Aggregate hardness is a very important factor when cutting concrete. As hard aggregate (such as flint) dulls diamond grit more quickly, segment bonds generally need to be softer when cutting hard aggregate. This allows the segment to wear normally and bring new sharp diamond grit to the surface. Softer aggregate will not fracture diamond grit as quickly, so harder segment bonds are needed to hold the diamond in place long enough to use their full potential.
CUTTING STEEL REINFORCEMENT
Further strengthening and structural integrity of concrete is accomplished by introducing concrete reinforcing steel bars (Rebar), steel wire strand or wire meshing into the concrete.
It costs more to cut concrete that contains reinforcing steel because cutting rates are slower and blade life is reduced. If the cross- sectional area of concrete is 1% steel, the blade life will be about 25% shorter than if no steel was present. Concrete with 3% steel can reduce blade life as much as 75%.
Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) is a mixture of Asphalt Concrete (a petroleum-based 'glue' comprising less than 8% of weight of the total pavement mixture) and aggregates of various sizes and sand. Asphalt does not cure as concrete does, and once spread and rolled, it can be cut or drilled almost immediately. Unlike cured concrete, sand in asphalt never bonds as firmly, and the slurry created when sawing will be extremely abrasive.
A metal bond similar to cutting green concrete and undercut protection for the steel core are important factors when undertaking asphalt-cutting operations.
It is common for many operators to cut through the asphalt layer into the sub-base. However, this should be discouraged as generally the sub-base contains high contents of very abrasive materials such as sand and dirt. This undesirable situation causes rapid wear of the diamond blade.
CUTTING BRICK AND BLOCK
Generally, concrete building block tends to have consistently soft, abrasive qualities, while brick tends to be harder and less abrasive. There are a large variety of brick types on the market, each designed and manufactured to provide certain qualities. The degree or hardness is mostly determined by the clay mixture, method of manufacture and the firing temperature.
Natural stone comes in a variety of hardness, so it is important to take care in selecting the appropriate diamond blade. If in doubt ask us to specify the right blade for you.
CUTTING CERAMIC TILES
Ceramic tile is typically on the higher range of the hardness scale, although there are some differences between each type based on clay mixture, manufacturing processes and firing temperature. A common concern when cutting tile is chipping. For this reason, diamond blades with continuous rims, closely spaced segments or turbo segments are often popular choices.
For more information about blades suitable for a wide range of common building materials, download our application guide.


MCQs on Organizational change – Leading and managing change
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In order to respond effectively to opportunities and threats, the organisation may need to make changes to its current products, markets or processes.
MCQs on Organizational change
MCQs on Organizational change
In order to respond effectively to opportunities and threats, the organisation may need to make changes to its current products, markets or processes. Here on MCQs.CLUB we have written easy and understandable Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) on organizational change that fully cover Practice Test Questions on What is organizational change? Definition and examples, meaning, types, levels, organizational change management, organizational change management and implementing change in an organization with change management strategies, process of organisational change, these also cover MCQs on change management culture. These mcq on organizational change with answers is a complete guide to organizational change and are also useful for business management exams, competitive exams and business management exams.
 1. In order to respond effectively to opportunities and threats, the organisation may need to make changes to its current products, markets or processes. The environment can act as a trigger for change in organisations.
 1. True
 2. False
 1. The exact triggers for change will depend on the context of an organisation and its industry. Identify from the following that could act as change triggers:
 1. Arrival of new entrants into the market, or mergers/acquisitions between existing competitors in the industry.
 2. Changes in level or intensity of competition (prompting a need to gain or protect market share).
 3. New laws or regulations affecting an industry; or changes in government legislation more generally.
 4. All of the above
 1. One useful way of prioritising change triggers – and strategic uncertainties more generally – is in relation to their impact and immediacy. The impact (importance) of a strategic uncertainty is related to:
 1. The extent to which it involves trends or events that will impact the organization
 2. The importance to the organisation of the business units or products affected by the uncertainty/trigger
 3. The number of business units or products potentially affected by the uncertainty; i.e. the scale of the impact on the organization
 4. All of the above
 1. Which of the following is correct?
 1. Once it has identified the opportunities and threats present in its environment, an organisation has to decide how to respond to them, and which of them need to be given the highest priority.
 2. The organisation's response to opportunities and threats could then act as trigger for organisational change.
 3. Both A&B
 4. None
 1. It is very hard to ignore the impact of change on contemporary businesses. Implementing and managing change is often an integral part of strategy implementation.
 1. True
 2. False
 1. Change management can be defined as 'the continuous process of aligning an organisation with its marketplace and doing it more responsively and effectively than competitors'.
 1. True
 2. False
 1. For an organisation to respond to the need for change, it needs a way of planning for, and implementing changes. Organisations may need to make strategic changes for lots of different reasons. For example:
 1. Dealing with changes in the global economy and global markets
 2. Allowing an organisation to grow, either organically or through mergers or acquisition
 3. Restructuring or reorganising the business
 4. Implementing new technologies and business processes
 5. All of the above
 1. Change processes usually begin with a change 'trigger' which can either be external to the organisation or can be internal.
 1. True
 2. False
 1. External Triggers for organization change include:
 1. Changes in the economic cycle (for example, an economic downturn)
 2. New laws or regulations affecting the industry
 3. Stiffer competition from rivals or from new entrants
 4. All of the above
 1. Internal Triggers for organization change include:
 1. A new organisation structure which prompts changes to job responsibilities
 2. Implementation of new technologies or working practices
 3. Relocation of the business to different city or country
 4. All of the above
 1. Which of the following is correct?
 1. Internally generated change is likely to be managed more proactively, creatively and effectively than externally generated change.
 2. For internal change the organisation can control the nature and timing of the change in a way it cannot do when it has to react to external triggers.
 3. Both A&B
 4. None
 1. Which of the following is correct?
 1. A consequence of the delegation and discretion allowed to local managers is that senior management at the top of the firm begin to feel a loss of control – a crisis of control.
 2. A successful escape from the crisis of red tape results in a growth of 'interpersonal collaboration'.
 3. Both A&B
 4. None
 1. Changes may be required to help an organisation overcome a decline in performance. There are a number of factors which may contribute to organisational decline such as:
 1. High cost structures, leading to a decline in competitiveness compared with rivals.
 2. Overtrading, leading to excess pressure on the organisation's cash flow.
 3. Too much diversification, causing a business to move away from, and neglect, its core business.
 4. All of the above
 1. Change can occur at the different levels within an organization such as:
 1. Individuals (involves changing their skills, values, attitudes and behaviours)
 2. Structures and systems (involve changing the formal and informal organisational structures in place)
 3. Organisational climate (involves changing the way people relate to each other in an organisation)
 4. All of the above
 1. Successful change management requires more than simply recognising a change trigger and acting on it. Successful exploitation of a change situation requires:
 1. Knowledge of the circumstances surrounding a situation
 2. Understanding of the interactions in that situation
 3. Awareness of the potential impact of the variables associated with the situation
 4. All of the above
 1. A framework for change might be:
 - Recognition – Identify the problem that needs to be rectified
 - Diagnosis – Break down the problem into component parts
 - Solution – Analyse possible alternatives, select preferred solution and apply preferred solution
 1. The above formula is correct
 2. The above formula is incorrect
 1. According to Lewin steps in organisational change are:
 1. unfreeze
 2. change (or move)
 3. freeze or refreeze
 4. All of the above
 1. Which of the following is correct for "Unfreeze" stage of change?
 1. The unfreeze stage involves making people within an organisation ready to change, making them aware of the need (trigger) for change, and creating a readiness to change among the workforce.
 2. A key part of this stage is weakening the restraining forces that are resisting change, and strengthening the driving forces that are promoting change.
 3. Both A&B
 4. None
 1. Approaches to the unfreeze stage include:
 1. Physically removing individuals from their accustomed routines, sources of information and social relationships.
 2. Consulting team members about proposed changes.
 3. Confronting team members' perceptions and emotions about change. Failure to recognise and deal with emotions only leads to later problems.
 4. All of the above
 1. Which of the following is correct for "Change (or 'move')" stage of change?
 1. The change (or 'move') stage involves learning new concepts and new meanings for existing concepts.
 2. It is important that an organisation encourages the participation and involvement of its staff in this phase so that they do not feel alienated by the change process.
 3. The change (or 'move') stage involves learning new concepts and new meanings for existing concepts. This is the transition stage, by which an organisation moves from its current state to its future state.
 4. All of the above
 1. Change (or 'move') stage is facilitated by:
 1. Identification – encouraging individuals to identify with role models from whom they can learn new behaviour patterns.
 2. Internalisation – placing individuals in a situation in which new behaviours are required for success, so that they have to develop coping behaviours.
 3. Both A&B
 4. None
 1. The refreeze stage involves internalising new concepts and meanings. It focuses on stabilising (refreezing) the new state of affairs, by setting policies to embed new behaviours, and establishing new standards.
 1. The above statement is correct
 2. The above statement is incorrect
 1.


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Home >> SEOKeywords >> What are RPET? What are the characteristics of RPET sheet?
What are RPET? What are the characteristics of RPET sheet?
As a leading rPET supplier, we specialize in providing high-quality rPET raw material that can be used to manufacture RPET sheets.
rPET stands for Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate. It is a type of plastic material that is made from recycled PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) bottles and containers. rPET is a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to traditional plastic because it reduces the need for new raw materials and helps divert plastic waste from landfills.
RPET sheets, also known as rPET film or rPET rolls, are thin, flexible sheets made from recycled PET plastic. They possess several notable characteristics:
Transparency: rPET sheets have excellent clarity and transparency, making them suitable for applications where visibility is important.
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Application of RPET sheet
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Food Packaging:
Clear Plastic Containers: RPET sheets are commonly used to manufacture transparent plastic containers for food items such as salads, fruits, deli products, bakery goods, and more. The transparency of RPET sheets allows consumers to easily view the contents.
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Blister Packaging: RPET sheets are utilized in blister packaging, which is commonly used for packaging individual food items such as chocolates, candies, capsules, or small portions of snacks. The thermoforming capability of RPET allows for secure product placement and visibility.
Tray and Lid Systems: RPET sheets are employed to manufacture trays and lids used for packaging food products like meat, poultry, seafood, ready-to-eat meals, and more. The strength and durability of RPET ensure secure storage and transportation.
Film for Wrapping: RPET sheets can be converted into thin films for wrapping food items such as sandwiches, vegetables, or cheeses, providing protection and preservation.
Non-food Packaging:
Electronics Packaging: RPET sheets are used in packaging electronic products, including mobile phones, tablets, computer components, and other delicate devices. The strength and static resistance of RPET help protect the items during storage and transportation.
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Stationery Packaging: RPET sheets are employed in packaging stationery items like notebooks, pens, markers, and other office supplies. The versatility of RPET allows for custom shapes and designs to enhance product presentation.
Consumer Goods Packaging: RPET sheets are used in packaging non-food consumer goods such as toys, household items, hardware, and more. The durability and protective properties of RPET ensure safe delivery and storage of the products.
What are RPET? What are the characteristics of RPET sheet?
As a leading rPET supplier, we specialize in providing high-quality rPET raw material that can be used to manufacture RPET sheets. Our raw materials are 100% post-consumer recycled (PCR). By leveraging our rPET material, customers can create RPET sheets that not only meet their packaging needs but also align with their sustainability goals. Our commitment to quality, sustainability, and customer satisfaction sets us apart as a trusted partner in the production of environmentally friendly packaging solutions.
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MLS to implement concussion substitution initiative
I can't speak specifically to his concussion history, but Elliot Panicco wears the relevant headgear, so. Courtesy Nashville SC?Major League Soccer
From League release:
NEW YORK (Monday, April 5, 2021) – Continuing its role as a leader in prioritizing player safety, Major League Soccer today announced that the league will participate in FIFA's concussion substitute pilot program.
A concussion task force comprised of sporting and medical leaders from MLS, NWSL, U.S. Soccer, the USL, and NISA, have worked collaboratively to implement the initiative and have been approved by The IFAB and FIFA to participate in the trial.
Beginning in 2021, Major League Soccer teams will be allowed to make up to two concussion substitutes during a match to replace players suffering from a concussion or a suspected concussion, regardless of the number of substitutions already used. Providing clubs an additional two concussion substitutes allows teams to make substitutions in the interest of player health and safety, without being placed at a competitive disadvantage.
MLS teams will have the following three types of substitutions available each game:
 - Normal Substitutes: A continuation from 2020, each club hasfive normal substitutes available to make over three separate opportunities. throughout an MLS match. Any substitutions made during halftime, or between regulation and extra time, or between the two halves of extra time in the postseason will not count as one of the three opportunities.
 - Concussion Substitutes: Each team will be permitted to make up to two concussion substitutions only during instances of suspected concussions. A concussion substitution can be made immediately after a concussion occurs or is suspected, after an on-field assessment, and/or off-field assessment, or at any other time when a concussion occurs or is suspected. This includes when a player has previously been assessed and has returned to the field of play.
 - Additional Substitutes : If a team uses a concussion substitution, the opposing team will receive an additional substitution that will be available to use only after all five of its normal substitutions have been made. If a team makes a second concussion substitution, the opponent receives another additional substitution opportunity.
Each club's technical staff will be responsible for designating the substitution type by providing the Fourth Official with the appropriate color substitution card: white for a normal substitution, pink for a concussion substitute, and blue for an additional substitute.
While referees may stop play due to a suspected head injury, the match officials will not be a part of the decision-making process to determine whether a player should or should not be replaced, nor will they determine if a normal substitute or a concussion substitute should be used.
MLS will also continue to utilize the medical spotter program through which trained professionals monitor the match broadcast to identify potential head injuries and possible concussions. Those medical spotters are able to quickly provide video to the Venue Medical Director at the fourth officials table to assist in assessing head injuries and possible concussions.
The IFAB has set an initial 20-month trial period to test the concussion substitutes initiative in competitions around the world through Aug. 31, 2022. During its Annual General Meeting in March 2022, The IFAB will decide whether to extend the trial period or whether to make a decision on implementing concussion substitutes into the Laws of the Game.
Additional information on The IFAB's concussion substitutes trials can be found here.
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Effects of canine breakage on tiger survival, reproduction and human–tiger conflict
Authors
 - Editor: Andrew Kitchener
Correspondence
John M. Goodrich, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10460, USA. Tel: _PHONE_
Email: _EMAIL_
Abstract
Human–tiger conflict (HTC) fuels tiger population declines through retaliation killing by local people and government-sanctioned removal of problem individuals. This may have significant impacts on population persistence. In tigers and other large felids, broken canines are often assumed to be an infirmity that leads to HTC, but peer-reviewed literature does not support this. Thus, removal of animals with broken canines from the wild may result in unnecessary mortality. We examined data from wild Amur tigers to establish a baseline for degree of canine breakage in wild tigers not involved in conflict (referred to as 'research tigers'), to test for sex and age-related patterns in canine breakage and to estimate the impacts on survival and reproduction. We further compared canine breakage in research tigers to that in tigers captured or killed in HTC situations (HTC; 'conflict tigers'). We detected no difference (P=0.76) in the percentage of tigers with broken canines between the two groups (24% in research tigers vs. 27% in conflict tigers) and no difference between sexes (P=0.84), but the proportion of animals with broken canines increased with age class (P<0.001). We detected no impact of canine breakage on survival or reproduction of research tigers and four research tigresses produced one to three litters each, despite one to three broken canines. Broken canines were considered a significant health issue in 2 of 17 cases, resulting in depredation in one case. Our data support the premise that broken canines do not usually represent a serious health issue and are usually not related to HTC. The assumption that broken canines lead to HTC appears invalid and may result in tigers being unnecessarily removed from the wild by managers. Similar results have been found for lions and the trend may be true for other large cats and carnivores as well.
Ancillary


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Fresh poppy seeds
Dill (Anethum graveolens) is a short-lived perennial herb. It is the sole species of the genus Anethum, though classified by some botanists in a related genus as Peucedanum graveolens (L.) C.B.Clarke.
It grows to 40–60 cm (16–24 in), with slender stems and alternate, finely divided, softly delicate leaves 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in) long. The ultimate leaf divisions are 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) broad, slightly broader than the similar leaves of fennel, which are threadlike, less than 1 mm (0.039 in) broad, but harder in texture. The flowers are white to yellow, in small umbels 2–9 cm (0.79–3.5 in) diameter. The seeds are 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long and 1 mm (0.039 in) thick, and straight to slightly curved with a longitudinally ridged surface.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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ERS stands for Energy Recovery System, and it is a fairly new innovation within the world of F1. First bursting onto the scene in 2009, it has evolved over time to become integral to the powertrains within the F1 cars. So, what are the MGU-H and MGU-K, and how do they work?
ERS in F1 stands for Energy Recovery System. The MGU-H uses excess exhaust gases from the engine to feed power to the energy store, which is then used to power the turbocharger's compressor. The MGU-K feeds waste energy from the decelerating wheels back to the energy store for later use.
Although the two systems work in similar ways, there are also some big differences. Plus, they are used in different parts of the car, and so it is key to look at each one individually and consider the benefits that each one gives in terms of power.
What Is ERS On An F1 Car?
ERS is the energy recovery system on an F1 car, made up primarily of the energy store, the MGU-K, and the MGU-H. ERS allows drivers to get a boost of around 160 HP for about 33 seconds per lap, using energy that is harvested from regenerative braking and waste exhaust gases.
The powertrain on an F1 car is the mix of components that drives the car. Most people think of simply the engine powering the car, but instead it is actually known as a Power Unit, or PU, as it is made up of several vital components that work together to give the car an enormous amount of power, about 1000 HP.
The powertrain is made up of many different components, but the main ones to consider are the engine, the turbocharger and both the MGU-H and MGU-K. We will talk about these more specifically in later sections, but MGU stands for Motor Generator Unit, while the H is for Heat and the K is for Kinetic.
Since 2014, the engines used in F1 cars have been 1.6-liter hybrid V6s. These are internal combustion engines, or ICEs, and they work using a traditional 4-stroke system you would find on your normal car. With a few extra components, like special spark plugs and precise fuel injection systems, it draws fuel and air into the cylinders, compresses and ignites them, and discharges exhaust gases.
Where the powertrain differs from your road car's is in the power they can provide to the cars. They are capable of more than 1000BHP, which is a massive amount of power for a car that weighs less than a ton. The engine itself produces around 700BHP, with the remaining power coming from the motor generator units that this article will explain.
These units generate and make use of energy that is stored in an extra Energy Store (ES) or Energy Storage System (ESS), which is essentially a large lithium ion battery. It is regulated to weigh between 20 and 25kg. They are also regulated with regards to how much energy they can store and provide.
F1 batteries work by taking the energy generated by both the MGU-K and MGU-H and storing that energy until the driver needs to use it. When they do, at the press of a button, some of this energy is redirected to the turbocharger and the rear wheels for a power boost of up to around 160 hp.
This power boost can be used for around 33 seconds each lap, which is obviously of massive advantage to the drivers. The MGU-K is used to harvest "waste" energy from the wheels under deceleration and provide this to the energy store to be used later. The MGU-H works in a similar way, although it is linked with the turbocharger.
The MGU-K can harvest 2MJ per lap and deploy 4MJ per lap, while the MGU-H can harvest an unlimited amount, but only deploy 2MJ per lap. Energy from the MGU-H can either be used to power the MGU-K or sent to the Energy Store.
The turbocharger is a key component of these engines, and itself is made up of two main parts. The turbine is the first part, and this is connected to the waste gate of the engine. The exhaust gases from the engine flow out of the waste gate to the turbine, and they then spin the turbine, which is connected via a shaft to a compressor.
This compressor spins with the turbine, drawing in extra air and pushing this air into the engine. This increases the amount of oxygen available to be sent into the engine, which allows the engine to burn more fuel faster for more power. The MGU-H is attached to the turbocharger and works in a similar way to the MGU-K to send "waste" energy to the energy store.
How Do F1 Cars Harvest Energy?
F1 cars harvest energy using the energy recovery system, made up of the MGU-K in the brakes and the MGU-H in the turbocharger. These motor generator units harvest waste energy lost under braking as kinetic energy, and as heat lost in the exhaust gases, before sending it back to the energy store.
We have mentioned the word energy quite a lot already, and especially waste energy. This word has been in inverted commas for a good reason. Essentially, the car's powertrain can only be so efficient, as there is a lot of energy lost at each stage due to friction, which results in heat which is lost to the atmosphere. This is common of all mechanical equipment and is a challenge for engineers.
Thus, the waste energy in question is not wasted just for the sake of it, as it is instead inevitable when it comes to combustion engines. The second idea to note concerns the first law of thermodynamics. This states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transformed. Essentially, it can only be shifted from one form to another, rather than "made" or "lost".
So we need to consider what is happening to the energy within a car when it is being driven. The engine uses fuel and oxygen to generate mechanical energy through combustion. This is a result of the chemical energy of the fuel and oxygen being burned, and the mechanical energy of the pistons is converted into kinetic energy in the wheels, driving the car forwards.
At every stage of the process, heat is generated, which is another form of energy. This occurs due to friction of components rubbing against each other, as well as a by-product of combustion itself. But there is a lot of heat generated at the wheels in particular, most notably when the car is braking intensely. It is friction between the brake pads and the brake discs that slow the car down.
This results in a lot of "lost" heat energy. This is important to consider for the MGU-K. Both the MGU-K and the MGU-H use heat, or thermal, energy to provide power back to the energy store. They do this by converting the thermal energy into electrical energy by means of a motor system. Hence the name, motor generator unit.
A motor is an electrical component that turns when it receives an input of energy. As part of a circuit, that input energy is electrical energy, and the motor turns by converting it into kinetic energy. These motors can be used to turn things like wheels and turbines. Turning the motor mechanically however can also turn the kinetic energy back into electrical energy.
This can be seen with the common dynamo which you might have on your bicycle. Essentially, as the wheels turn, the motor in the dynamo turns, which through some complex electronics that we will hopefully simplify below, provides power to another electronic device, such as your bike light. This energy can also be stored, which is the basis of the MGUs.
The Electronics Of An F1 Car
The last section gave some very basic explanations of energy and some common concepts that relate to the motor generator units we are finally about to discuss in more detail. But just how does the motor in these units turn the kinetic, or rotational, energy of the motor into electrical energy, which can then be stored for a power boost later on?
Understanding The Motor
As mentioned, the motor can turn as a result of electrical energy being applied, or it can turn via the input of kinetic or mechanical energy. Think of a fan on your desk that keeps you cool in the summer. You turn it on, and electrical energy spins the fan's blades. But you can also spin them with your hands even when the power is disconnected.
What happens with both the MGUs in an F1 car is a similar process. They both contain motors, as the name suggests, and these motors can be made to turn via the input of electrical energy from the energy store, like a traditional motor. Or they can be used like a dynamo, using external kinetic energy to turn the motors, and then converting that into electricity.
The way they do this is quite complex. Essentially, the motor consists of wires and magnets. When wires are placed in a rotating magnetic field, current can be generated within the wires, even when they are not connected to a power source. This rotating magnetic field is created by the spinning of the motor, which is being spun by external forces that are different for the MGU-H and MGU-K.
So the movement of a rotor can be used in the opposite direction to generate electrical energy, or simply electricity, from kinetic energy. This is a vital concept for both MGUs. Let us first look at how this works for the MGU-H, and it will hopefully start to make more sense if it does not already.
What Is The MGU-H On An F1 Car?
The MGU-H on an F1 car is the Motor Generator Unit Heat. The MGU-H is connected to the turbocharger,


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Regional Snowfall Index (RSI)
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the Regional Snowfall Index (RSI)?
RSI is a regional snowfall impact scale that uses the area of snowfall, the amount of snowfall, and the number of people living within a snowstorm. Since the index uses population information, it attempts to quantify the societal impacts of a snowstorm. RSI has been calculated for large snowstorms back to 1900 and therefore the index puts a particular event into a century scale historical perspective.
What do the ReSIS values mean?
RSI is reported as both a raw index value and a categorical value from 0 through 5. The raw index value can range from 0.01 to 35.0. These values are converted to categories in the following manner:
RSI Category Definitions Category RSI Raw Score Approximate Percent of Storms 5 >18 1% 4 10-18 2% 3 6-10 5% 2 3-6 13% 1 1-3 25% 0 0-1 54%
So a Category 5 snowstorm is a very rare event while Category 0 and 1 snowstorms are quite typical.
Who uses ReSIS?
RSI is currently a new product produced by the National Centers for Environmental Information. It is envisioned that RSI will be used to help place snowstorms into a century-scale historical index. Some examples of potential include federal and state emergency managers, government and private sector financial agencies, insurance companies, and the transportation industry.
How is RSI different from the Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale (NESIS)?
RSI is calculated for specific regions (Northeast, Southeast, …). Only the snowfall within a particular region is used to calculate the index for that region. NESIS on the other hand uses snowfall and population information from the eastern two-thirds of the U.S. in its calculation. Therefore NESIS is a quasi-national index. The "Northeast" designation is due to the fact that the algorithm used to calculate NESIS has two constants specifying the average area and population affected by 10" or more snowfall. So NESIS can be considered a quasi-national index that is calibrated to the Northeast.


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Bi-directional optical data transmission
Transmit data easily
In electromagnetically-shielded areas, such as in facilities for magnet resonance tomography, the transmission of data is often difficult due to the shielding.
As a rule, moving devices gather important data in the examination room. The device is controlled from an adjacent room, and the data collected should also be available there right away. But due to shielding, it is not possible to transmit data via WLAN between the rooms. An issue that could previously only be solved through extensive and expensive construction measures is now completely simple: transmit data easily with the data)(twin – the innovation from BavarianOptics.
The data)(twin transmits data through shielded and unshielded window panes. It is attached to both sides of the glass pane and functions as an optical interface that makes the bi-directional flow of data directly through the window pane possible. The network in the shielded room is connected to the data)(twin by ethernet and transmits the data to the second data)(twin. In turn, this receives the data and then forwards it to your PC or end device through the ethernet.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
I am assessing subsidence process in a region at Brazilian Northeast using Alos PALSAR (six interferometric pairs).
I followed all steps according to this tutorial:
Evaluating the Phase Unwrapping generated by Snaphu (after a long time to processing), I think there is something wrong:
1) The most of pixel values are incoherent, I think... (see histograms);
2) The presence these patterns of gradients in the images;
With these pixel values, the results of Vertical Displacements are inconsistent!
Someone can help me?


Mode.
 - Make sure to add the relevant Output Mode to your Metric as seen in the Examples
 - Make sure to add the relevant Triggers to your Metric if needed as seen in the Examples
 - For more information please go to Spark Structured Streaming WIKI
Kafka Input
Kafka input allows reading messages from topics
inputs:
 testStream:
 kafka:
 servers:
 - 127.0.0.1:9092
 topic: test
 consumerGroup: testConsumerGroupID # optional
 schemaRegistryUrl: https://schema-registry-url # optional
 schemaSubject: subject # optional
When using kafka input, writing is only available to File and Kafka, and only to a single output.
 - In order to measure your consumer lag you can use the consumerGroup parameter to track your application offsets against your kafka input. This will commit the offsets to kafka, as a new dummy consumer group.
 - In order to deserialize your kafka stream messages with confluent's Schema Registry, add the schemaRegistryUrl option to the kafka input config
 - If your subject schema name is not <TOPIC NAME>-value (e.g. if the topic is a regex pattern) you can specify the schema subject in the schemaSubject section
Topic Pattern
Kafka input also allows reading messages from multiple topics by using subscribe pattern:
inputs:
 testStream:
 kafka:
 servers:
 - 127.0.0.1:9092
 # topicPattern can be any Java regex string
 topicPattern: my_topics_regex.*
 consumerGroup: testConsumerGroupID # optional
 schemaRegistryUrl: https://schema-registry-url # optional
 schemaSubject: subject # optional
 - While using topicPattern, consider using schemaRegistryUrl and schemaSubject in case your topics have different schemas.
File Streaming Input
Metorikku supports streaming over a file system as well. You can use the Data stream reading by specifying isStream: true, and a specific path in the job (must be a single path) as a streaming source, this will trigger jobs for new files added to the folder.
inputs:
 testStream:
 file:
 path: examples/file_input_stream/input
 isStream: true
 format: json
 options:
 timestampFormat: "yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss'Z'"
Watermark
Metorikku supports Watermark method which helps a stream processing engine to deal with late data. You can use watermarking by adding a new udf step in your metric:
# This will become the new watermarked dataframe name.
- dataFrameName: dataframe
 classpath: com.yotpo.metorikku.code.steps.Watermark
 params:
 # Watermark table my_table
 table: my_table
 # The column representing the event time (needs to be a TIMESTAMP or DATE column)
 eventTime: event
 delayThreshold: 2 hours
Instrumentation
One of the most useful features in Metorikku is it's instrumentation capabilities.
Instrumentation metrics are written by default to what's configured in spark-metrics.
Metorikku sends automatically on top of what spark is already sending the following:
 - Number of rows written to each output
 - Number of successful steps per metric
 - Number of failed steps per metric
 - In streaming: records per second
 - In streaming: number of processed records in batch
You can also send any information you like to the instrumentation output within a metric. by default the last column of the schema will be the field value. Other columns that are not value or time columns will be merged together as the name of the metric. If writing directly to influxDB these will become tags.
Check out the [example](examples/movies_metric.yaml) for further details.
using InfluxDB
You can also send metric directly to InfluxDB (gaining the ability to use tags and time field).
Check out the [example](examples/influxdb) and also the [InfluxDB E2E test](e2e/influxdb) for further details.
Elasticsearch output
Elasticsearch output allows bulk writing to elasticsearch We use elasticsearch-hadoop as a provided jar - spark-submit command should look like so:
spark-submit --packages org.elasticsearch:elasticsearch-hadoop:6.6.1 --class com.yotpo.metorikku.Metorikku metorikku.jar
Check out the [example](examples/elasticsearch) and also the [Elasticsearch E2E test](e2e/elasticsearch) for further details.
Docker
Metorikku is provided with a docker image.
You can use this docker to deploy metorikku in container based environments (we're using Nomad by HashiCorp).
Check out this [docker-compose](docker/docker-compose.yml) for a full example of all the different parameters available and how to set up a cluster.
Currently the image only supports running metorikku in a spark cluster mode with the standalone scheduler.
The image can also be used to run E2E tests of a metorikku job. Check out an example of running a kafka 2 kafka E2E with docker-compose [here](e2e/kafka/docker-compose.yml)
UDF
Metorikku supports adding custom code as a step. This requires creating a JAR with the custom code. Check out the [UDF examples directory](examples/udf) for a very simple example of such a JAR.
The only thing important in this JAR is that you have an object with the following method:
object SomeObject {
 def run(ss: org.apache.spark.sql.SparkSession, metricName: String, dataFrameName: String, params: Option[Map[String, String]]): Unit = {}
}
Inside the run function do whatever you feel like, in the example folder you'll see that we registered a new UDF. Once you have a proper scala file and a build.sbt file you can run sbt package to create the JAR.
When you have the newly created JAR (should be in the target folder), copy it to the spark cluster (you can of course also deploy it to your favorite repo).
You must now include this JAR in your spark-submit command by using the --jars flag, or if you're using java to run add it to the -cp flag.
Now all that's left is to add it as a new step in your metric:
- dataFrameName: dataframe
 classpath: com.example.SomeObject
 params:
 param1: value1
This will trigger your run method with the above dataFrameName. Check out the built-in code steps [here](src/main/scala/com/yotpo/metorikku/code/steps).
NOTE: If you added some dependencies to your custom JAR build.sbt you have to either use sbt-assembly to add them to the JAR or you can use the --packages when running the spark-submit command
Apache Hive metastore
Metorikku supports reading and saving tables with Apache hive metastore. To enable hive support via spark-submit (assuming you're using MySQL as Hive's DB but any backend can work) send the following configurations:
spark-submit \
--packages mysql:mysql-connector-java:5.1.75 \
--conf spark.sql.catalogImplementation=hive \
--conf spark.hadoop.javax.jdo.option.ConnectionURL="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/hive?useSSL=false&createDatabaseIfNotExist=true" \
--conf spark.hadoop.javax.jdo.option.ConnectionDriverName=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver \
--conf spark.hadoop.javax.jdo.option.ConnectionUserName=user \
--conf spark.hadoop.javax.jdo.option.ConnectionPassword=pass \
--conf spark.sql.warehouse.dir=/warehouse ...
NOTE: If you're running via the standalone metorikku you can use system properties instead (-Dspark.hadoop...) and you must add the MySQL connector JAR to your class path via -cp
This will enable reading from the metastore.
To write an external table to the metastore you need to add tableName to your output configuration:
...
output:
- dataFrameName: moviesWithRatings
 outputType: Parquet
 outputOptions:
 saveMode: Overwrite
 path: moviesWithRatings.parquet
 tableName: hiveTable
 overwrite: true
Only file formats are supported for table saves (Parquet, CSV, JSON).
To write a managed table (that will reside in the warehouse dir) simply omit the path in the output configuration.
To


text:
The coastal town of Eastport, though small in size, possesses the deepest port on the East Coast. It is located on Cobscook Bay, which is notorious for its ripping tides and powerful currents. The bay's powerful surges have given birth to a rare phenomenon: reversing falls. Near Pembroke, the rapids that course over Cobscook's rocky bottom actually reverse direction with the tide. The churning water kicks food to the surface, supporting rare forms of aquatic life and attracting seals and eagles at high tide. The tidal flats around this area are an excellent place to search for fossils and view migrating shorebirds.
Passengers on the ferry between Eastport and Deer Island will catch sight of another natural wonder—Old Sow, believed to be the biggest whirlpool in the Western Hemisphere. Eastport is also home to America's only remaining mill producing stone ground mustard—Raye's Mustard Mill. Tours of the working museum are available. North of Eastport, more than 700 members of the Passamaquoddy Indian tribe reside in the Pleasant Point Indian Reservation. The Waponahki Museum preserves their history, and authentic native baskets are sold nearby.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


It's important to note that after you remove the drive, it won't be accessible through File Explorer. You'll need to open Disk Management and reformat the drive in question.
1- Simply, right-click the Start button, and click Disk Management, locate the drive with the "Unallocated" label.
2- Right-click the drive, select New Simple Volume and follow the on-screen instructions to format the drive using NTFS file system and performing a quick format.
Now the removed drive should be usable again.
How to delete a Storage Space
If you no longer need a storage space, you can easily delete it. Simply follow the steps below:
1- Open Start, do a search and open Storage Spaces.
2- Under "Storage Spaces" click the Delete option next to the "space" you no longer need. It's important to note that that deleting a storage space permanently deletes the data it contains. The only way to recover is by using a previously made backup.
3- Once you're ready, click the Delete storage space.
How to delete a Storage Pool
You cannot delete a storage pool that contains a storage space. You first need to remove all the storage spaces created in a pool properly. Only then the option to delete the pool will be available.
1- Open Start, do a search and open Storage Spaces.
2- Click the Delete pool on the storage pool you want to remove.
3- Then click the Delete pool to complete the process.
Once you delete the pool, the participating drive will be reinstated to your system, but again, as I have mentioned in the steps, the drives won't be visible in File Explorer until you manually reformat each drive through Disk Management.
Additional information
 - Once set, you cannot change the storage space resiliency or file system.
 - Yes, you can add more drives and upgrade a storage space on-demand without disrupting access and affecting data already in the "space".
 - At any time, you can rename a pool or space.
 - Storage Spaces is available in Windows 10 Pro and Windows 10 Home.
 - The drive has to be around 5GB of size to be available in Storage Spaces.
Wrapping things up
By now, you should be able to use and manage Storage Spaces in Windows 10. If it was a bit confusing, just remember that with Storage Spaces for Windows, you can create one or more pools with the available drives on your system. In each pool, you can create one or more storage spaces (a virtual drive) of any size as available storage. You can always add more drives and upgrade the space as necessary.
Note: If all the options appear grayed out after creating a Storage Space, this is because you need Administrator Rights. To enable this feature simply click the Change settings button in the top-right corner of the settings page.
More resources
If you want to read more about Windows 10, make sure you check these resources:
Do you use Storage Spaces in Windows 10? What's the primary reason you use the feature? Tell us your story in the comments below.


What is the average cost of landscaping?
Quick Answer
As of 2015, the average cost of landscaping is roughly $2,900. The lowest amount is $1,100 and the highest amount is $9,000. Overall costs are often influenced by geographic location and the scope of the landscaping project. Costs are also influenced by whether the homeowner wants to include extra ornamentation.
Continue Reading
Full Answer
The average cost of landscaping is also influenced by whether the homeowner decides to handle a majority of the project on his own or instead consult with a landscape architect, designer or another landscape professional. The homeowner might also decide to hire a landscape surveyor to determine where his property ends and where his neighbor's begins.
Homeowners should also consider the long-term effects of their landscaping plans. For example, homeowners should think about whether the new landscaping features allow for proper draining, otherwise they may experience mold, mildew and water damage. Homeowners can also decide between synthetic grass and xeriscaping. Either option is a good way to save money in the future on labor and water usage.
Homeowners who include extra landscaping features such as ponds, misting systems and gazebos should include the cost of supplies and ongoing care with such additions. Extra costs can stem from continuing maintenance, de-icing in the winter and the initial cost of installation.
Learn more about Landscaping
Related Questions


text:
Metropolitan Cathedral Interior Spiritual Serenity Amidst Urban Hustle
AI Art Image Prompt
церковь внутри мегаполиса
AI Art Prompt Analyze
- Subject: The main subject of the image is the interior of a metropolitan cathedral, showcasing its grandeur and architectural beauty. The focus is on the serene ambiance within the bustling metropolis, creating a unique juxtaposition. Setting: The setting exudes a sacred atmosphere with intricately designed stained glass windows, high vaulted ceilings, and ornate religious artifacts. The metropolis outside serves as a backdrop, emphasizing the contrast between the tranquility of the church and the dynamic urban surroundings. Background: The background features the architectural details of the metropolitan cathedral, highlighting its historical significance and cultural richness. The interplay of light and shadow creates a captivating visual effect, enhancing the spiritual aura of the space. Style/Coloring: The image is characterized by a warm color palette, emphasizing earthy tones and soft lighting to evoke a sense of peace and solemnity. The architectural style reflects a blend of traditional and contemporary elements, symbolizing the harmony between the church's timeless spirituality and the modern metropolis. Action/Items: The image captures worshipers engaged in prayer or quiet contemplation, adding a human element to the scene. Religious items such as candles, pews, and religious symbols are subtly incorporated, enhancing the overall spiritual narrative. Costume/Appearance: Worshipers are depicted in traditional religious attire, contributing to the sacred atmosphere. The clergy may be present, adorned in ceremonial robes, further emphasizing the religious significance of the metropolitan cathedral. Accessories: The image may include religious accessories like prayer books, rosaries, and liturgical vessels, enhancing the visual storytelling and underscoring the spiritual practices taking place within the metropolis.


Rising food prices and household welfare
Working Paper 2011-200
Food price inflation in Brazil in the twelve months to June 2008 was 18 percent, while overall inflation was 5.3 percent. This paper uses spatially disaggregated monthly data on consumer prices and two different household surveys to estimate the welfare consequences of these food price increases, and their distribution across households. Because Brazil is a large food producer, with a predominantly wage-earning agricultural labor force, our estimates include general equilibrium effects on market and transfer incomes, as well as the standard estimates of changes in consumer surplus. While the expenditure (or consumer surplus) effects were large, negative and markedly regressive everywhere, the market income effect was positive and progressive, particularly in rural areas. Because of this effect on the rural poor, and of the partial protection afforded by increases in two large social assistance benefits, the overall impact of higher food prices in Brazil was U-shaped, with the middle-income groups suffering larger proportional losses than the very poor. Nevertheless, since Brazil is 80 percent urban, higher food prices still led to a greater incidence and depth of poverty at the national level.
Authors: Francisco H. G. Ferreira, Anna Fruttero, Phillippe Leite, Leonardo Lucchetti.
Keywords: Food prices, welfare, poverty, inequality, price change incidence curve, Brazil.
JEL: D31, I38, O15.


text:
Federal engineers scoffed at the notion that southwest Palm Beach County and northwest Broward County would ever be much more than scattered farm fields and vast tracts of vacant land.
Most urban development would be grouped closer to the beach along the old coastal ridge, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers said in a 1974 report rejecting plans to increase flood protection along the western Hillsboro Canal.
"Oh wow, were they wrong," said Fran Reich, a leader in civic and political groups west of Boca Raton.
Officials of the South Florida Water Management District expect a corps study next year will find the 1974 projections were just as Reich described.
In what was predicted to be a pastoral setting, urban sprawl has pushed farther and farther west into the 100-square-mile basin drained by the Hillsboro Canal.
In Palm Beach County, for example, the West Boca Community Council has representatives from 51 residential developments, and home building has extended past State Road 7 along the Hillsboro Canal.
In Broward County, the town of Parkland has held off some development pressures to retain its rural charm as a community of 1,700. But Parkland is still struggling to control growth within its boundaries as urban development has inched ever closer to its eastern side. Development has pushed past Powerline Road and extends out to Florida's Turnpike.
"We've asked them to reassess the land uses and development potential" of the area drained by the Hillsboro, said Alan Hall, a deputy planning director for the water management district.
The urban growth in the western areas has created too great a demand on the Hillsboro Canal and its main water-release gates at the old Deerfield Lock, water managers report.
The lock itself is an aging, outdated design that restricts rather than enhances flood control, said Hall.
The district hopes the corps' study will show economic justification for federal funding to replace the Deerfield Lock with a modern, automated floodgate and to widen the canal between the lock and the eastern levees of the Everglades.
The 1974 study said enlarging the canal and replacing the lock would cost an estimated $11 million. Officials expect that more than a decade of inflation will substantially increase that cost.
There is virtually no chance that the enlarging of the canal would include any canal improvements east of the Deerfield Lock, said Hall. The project won't help those Boca Raton residents seeking to have shoals around the Hillsboro and El Rio canals dredged.
The Hillsboro Canal was dug in the 1920s to create a waterway connecting the coast with Lake Okeechobee. The canal allowed farm produce from the area south of the lake to be hauled by boat to the small but growing communities along Florida's lower east coast. Navigation through the lock was discontinued in the 1940s.
With coastal urbanization has come a growing need for both flood control in wet periods and water supply deliveries during dry spells. The water managers can release water to the Hillsboro from both Lake Okeechobee and from the Everglades supplies held in Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge.
The canal separates Loxahatchee from Everglades Conservation Area 2A as it curves to the southeast. East of the Everglades, the canal separates Palm Beach and Broward counties.
Bill Winters, chief engineer for the Lake Worth Drainage District, said he is more anxious to see the Deerfield Lock replaced than to see the canal enlarged. The drainage district operates a secondary canal system that provides interior drainage north of the Hillsboro.
The water release gates -- large, heavy panels -- have to be opened manually. It's a slow, labor-intensive process. When heavy rains move into the area, the drainage district often dumps excess water into the Hillsboro before the gates are open.


text:
Fuel supply is critical to the reliable and efficient operation of any biomass system. It is important that the fuel properties are accurately known and available to the purchaser, and that these properties are appropriate for the energy conversion system to be used.
Many private individuals and companies have access to the raw materials to produce biomass fuels as well and consume them. Again, during fuel production practical considerations include ensuring that the fuel is compatible with the intended market and that a suitable infrastructure is in place to move, store and distribute the fuel once it has been processed. This section highlights these issues and provides advice on standards that biomass producers, suppliers, installers and users should be aware of.


text:
Spence was among a handful of schools nationwide invited to participate in the University of Chicago Freedom of Expression and Open Discourse in High School Conference
. Six members of the Spence community—Juniors Rhea A., Ria J. and Hamida M. attended the three-day conference alongside Head of School Bodie Brizendine, Director of Institutional Equity Rebecca Hong and History Teacher Nathalie Pierre.
Conference participants explored issues of free speech in K-12 schools as part of Q&A sessions and panels. They also discussed case studies and considered the practical application of free speech policies in educational environments.
"The topic of freedom of expression has captured our attention and focus this year," said Brizendine. "This is a wonderful opportunity for us to dig in."
"I had the opportunity to learn about freedom of expression throughout history and its relationship with discovery and truth," Hamida shared. "It was interesting to think about free expression in educational spaces and its effect on the well-being of students."
"The conference was an amazing opportunity to engage with other schools" about their practices relating to free speech, said Rhea. "It gave me real perspective on the complexities of free speech and expression in schools."
Hong similarly emphasized that the conference brought people together who offered many different viewpoints about how free speech in schools should be approached. "Most of the conference proceedings took place at group tables, with students intermixed with adults and heads of school, offering really different perspectives on what's required in K-12 settings," Hong shared, noting that the end goal of this work is to "foster deeper understandings and practices of freedom of expression."
Hong noted that discussions at the conference centered around the following questions: "How do you practice community and civic engagement? What concrete skills are necessary?"
One of the main topics addressed was the difference between debate, discourse and deliberation—and how all three of those skills can be taught and practiced "skillfully, productively and compassionately" in K-12 classrooms.
"For a long time, debate has been focused on as the central form of communication," Hong added. "Dialogue, trying to raise your level of understanding in any given conversation, and deliberation, trying to come to a joint decision around an issue with groups and different perspectives in a room, are also essential skills for students to be in discourse and exchange ideas."
Now back from the conference, this group is considering how to further civic engagement and discourse at Spence.
For Rhea, reflecting on the key differences between those three skills was a helpful exercise as she ponders how to apply her learnings at the conference to ongoing dialogues at Spence. "I am grateful to have had in depth discussions about how debate, deliberation, and discourse can be catalysts for stimulating conversions within our School," Rhea underscored.
"I hope to be able to help our school community take part in discussions about freedom of expression, and practice discourse skills," Hamida added.
For Hong, "responsible civic engagement requires that we as school communities understand how to balance protection of free speech and the protection of people." "This group will continue to take responsibility about how we build awareness of the importance of discourse skills and civic engagement, and the complexities involved."


text:
Last Updated on Wednesday, 13 June 2012 09:33 Posted by Clash Wednesday, 13 June 2012 08:45
Professor Ian Juby explains science/origins better than anyone I have seen. He has produced a 12-hour exhaustive look at the Creation/Evolution debate that can be watched in 30-minute segments on his website, Creation Week.
The video series features tons of props, exhibits, photographs, artifacts, and experiments that explain science and origins and the age of the earth in an extremely compelling manner. The segment on dinosaur tracks with human tracks is jaw-dropping!
He also has The traveling Creation Museum, Creation Exhibition, where you can see the scientific evidence and judge for yourself whether the evidence supports the Biblical account of Creation, or evolution. Showing scientific evidence from the dinosaurs, biology, geology, and fossils, as well as a model of Noah's ark and one of the largest collections on display in the world of fossil human and dinosaur footprints found together, and dinosaurs in ancient art. The footprints show that humans lived right alongside (and according to the evolutionary timescale, even before) the dinosaurs.
You can watch his videos here: Creation Week


Home | | Medical Physiology | Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow
Chapter: Medical Physiology: Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism
| Study Material, Lecturing Notes, Assignment, Reference, Wiki description explanation, brief detail |
Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow
As in most other vascular areas of the body, cerebral blood flow is highly related to metabolism of the tissue.
Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow
As in most other vascular areas of the body, cerebral blood flow is highly related to metabolism of the tissue. At least three metabolic factors have potent effects in con-trolling cerebral blood flow: (1) carbon dioxide concentration, (2) hydrogen ion con-centration, and (3) oxygen concentration.
Increase of Cerebral Blood Flow in Response to Excess Carbon Dioxide or Excess Hydrogen Ion Concentration. An increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the arterial blood per-fusing the brain greatly increases cerebral blood flow. This is demonstrated in Figure 61–1, which shows that a 70 per cent increase in arterial PCO2 approximately doubles cerebral blood flow.
 Carbon dioxide is believed to increase cerebral blood flow by combining first with water in the body fluids to form carbonic acid, with subsequent dissociation of this acid to form hydrogen ions. The hydrogen ions then cause vasodilation of the cere-bral vessels—the dilation being almost directly proportional to the increase in hydrogen ion concentration up to a blood flow limit of about twice normal.
 Any other substance that increases the acidity of the brain tissue, and therefore increases hydrogen ion concentration, will likewise increase cerebral blood flow. Such substances include lactic acid, pyruvic acid, and any other acidic material formed during the course of tissue metabolism.
Importance of Cerebral Blood Flow Control by Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Ions. Increasedhydrogen ion concentration greatly depresses neuronal activity. Therefore, it is for-tunate that an increase in hydrogen ion concentration also causes an increase in blood flow, which in turn carries hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide, and other acid-forming substances away from the brain tissues. Loss of carbon dioxide removes carbonic acid from the tissues; this, along with removal of other acids, reduces the hydrogen ion concentration back toward normal. Thus, this mechanism helps main-tain a constant hydrogen ion concentration in the cerebral fluids and thereby helps to maintain a normal, constant level of neuronal activity.
Oxygen Deficiency as a Regulator of Cerebral Blood Flow. Except during periods of intensebrain activity, the rate of utilization of oxygen by the brain tissue remains within narrow limits—almost exactly 3.5 (± 0.2) milliliters of oxygen per 100 grams of brain tissue per minute.
If blood flow to the brain ever becomes insufficient to supply this needed amount of oxygen, the oxygen defi-ciency mechanism for causing vasodilation immediately causes vasodilation, returning the brain blood flow and transport of oxygen to the cerebral tissues to near normal. Thus, this local blood flow regulatory mecha-nism is almost exactly the same in the brain as in coro-nary blood vessels, in skeletal muscle, and in most other circulatory areas of the body.
Experiments have shown that a decrease in cerebral tissue PO2below about 30 mm Hg (normal value is 35 to40 mm Hg) immediately begins to increase cerebral blood flow. This is fortuitous because brain function becomes deranged at not much lower values of PO2, especially so at PO2 levels below 20 mm Hg. Even coma can result at these low levels. Thus, the oxygen mecha-nism for local regulation of cerebral blood flow is a very important protective response against diminished cere-bral neuronal activity and, therefore, against derange-ment of mental capability.
Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow, and Effect of Brain Activ- ity on the Flow. A method has been developed to recordblood flow in as many as 256 isolated segments of the human cerebral cortex simultaneously. To do this, a radioactive substance, such as radioactive xenon, is injected into the carotid artery; then the radioactivity of each segment of the cortex is recorded as the radioac-tive substance passes through the brain tissue. For this purpose, 256 small radioactive scintillation detectors are pressed against the surface of the cortex. The rapidity of rise and decay of radioactivity in each tissue segment is a direct measure of the rate of blood flow through that segment.
Using this technique, it has become clear that blood flow in each individual segment of the brain changes as much as 100 to 150 per cent within seconds in response to changes in local neuronal activity. For instance, simply making a fist of the hand causes an immedi-ate increase in blood flow in the motor cortex of the opposite side of the brain. Reading a book increases the blood flow, especially in the visual areas of the occipital cortex and in the language perception areas of the tem-poral cortex. This measuring procedure can also be used for localizing the origin of epileptic attacks because local brain blood flow increases acutely and markedly at the focal point of each attack.
Demonstrating the effect of local neuronal activity on cerebral blood flow, Figure 61–2 shows a typical increase in occipital blood flow recorded in a cat's brain when intense light is shined into its eyes for one-half minute.
Autoregulation of Cerebral Blood Flow When the Arterial Pressure Changes. Cerebral blood flow is "autoregulated"extremely well between arterial pressure limits of 60 and 140 mm Hg. That is, mean arterial pressure can be decreased acutely to as low as 60 mm Hg or increased to as high as 140 mm Hg without significant change in cerebral blood flow. And, in people who have hyper-tension, autoregulation of cerebral blood flow occurs even when the mean arterial pressure rises to as high as 160 to 180 mm Hg. This is demonstrated in Figure 61–3, which shows cerebral blood flow measured both in persons with normal blood pressure and in hypertensive and hypotensive patients. Note the extreme constancy of cerebral blood flow between the limits of 60 and 180 mm Hg mean arterial pressure. But, if the arterial pressure falls below 60 mm Hg, cerebral blood flow then does become severely decreased.
Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Controlling Cerebral Blood Flow. The cerebral circulatory system has strongsympathetic innervation that passes upward from the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia in the neck and then into the brain along with the cerebral arteries. This innervation supplies both the large brain arteries and the arteries that penetrate into the substance of the brain. However, transection of the sympathetic nerves or mild to moderate stimulation of them usually causes very little change in cerebral blood flow because the blood flow autoregulation mechanism can override the nervous effects.
When mean arterial pressure rises acutely to an exceptionally high level, such as during strenuous exercise or during other states of excessive circulatory activity, the sympathetic nervous system normally con-stricts the large- and intermediate-sized brain arteries enough to prevent the high pressure from reaching the smaller brain blood vessels. This is important in pre-venting vascular hemorrhages into the brain—that is, for preventing the occurrence of "cerebral stroke."
Study Material, Lecturing Notes, Assignment, Reference, Wiki description explanation, brief detail
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tf.compat.v2.distribute.StrategyExtended
View source on GitHub
Class StrategyExtended
Additional APIs for algorithms that need to be distribution-aware.
The intent is that you can write an algorithm in a stylized way and it will be usable with a variety of different tf.distribute.Strategy implementations. Each descendant will implement a different strategy for distributing the algorithm across multiple devices/machines. Furthermore, these changes can be hidden inside the specific layers and other library classes that need special treatment to run in a distributed setting, so that most users' model definition code can run unchanged. The tf.distribute.Strategy API works the same way with eager and graph execution.
First let's introduce a few high-level concepts:
 - Data parallelism is where we run multiple copies of the model on different slices of the input data. This is in contrast to model parallelism where we divide up a single copy of a model across multiple devices. Note: we only support data parallelism for now, but hope to add support for model parallelism in the future.
 - A replica is one copy of the model, running on one slice of the input data.
 - Synchronous, or more commonly sync, training is where the updates from each replica are aggregated together before updating the model variables. This is in contrast to asynchronous, or async training, where each replica updates the model variables independently.
 - Furthermore you might run your computation on multiple devices on one machine (or "host"), or on multiple machines/hosts. If you are running on multiple machines, you might have a single master host that drives computation across all of them, or you might have multiple clients driving the computation asynchronously.
To distribute an algorithm, we might use some of these ingredients:
 - Parameter servers: These are hosts that hold a single copy of parameters/variables. All replicas that want to operate on a variable retrieve it at the beginning of a step and send an update to be applied at the end of the step. Can support either sync or async training.
 - Mirrored variables: These are variables that are copied to multiple devices, where we keep the copies in sync by applying the same updates to every copy. Normally would only be used with sync training.
 - Reductions and Allreduce: A reduction is some method of aggregating multiple values into one value, like "sum" or "mean". If doing sync training, we will perform a reduction on the gradients to a parameter from all replicas before applying the update. Allreduce is an algorithm for performing a reduction on values from multiple devices and making the result available on all of those devices.
 - In the future we will have support for TensorFlow's partitioned variables, where a single variable is split across multiple devices.
We have then a few approaches we want to support:
 - Code written (as if) with no knowledge of class tf.distribute.Strategy. This code should work as before, even if some of the layers, etc. used by that code are written to be distribution-aware. This is done by having a default tf.distribute.Strategy that gives ordinary behavior, and by default being in a single replica context.
 - Ordinary model code that you want to run using a specific tf.distribute.Strategy. This can be as simple as:
with my_strategy.scope():
 iterator = my_strategy.make_dataset_iterator(dataset)
 session.run(iterator.initialize())
 replica_train_ops = my_strategy.experimental_run_v2(
 replica_fn, args=(iterator.get_next(),))
 train_op = my_strategy.group(replica_train_ops)
This takes an ordinary dataset and replica_fn and runs it distributed using a particular tf.distribute.Strategy in my_strategy. Any variables created in replica_fn are created using my_strategy's policy, and library functions called by replica_fn can use the get_replica_context() API to get enhanced behavior in this case.
 - If you want to write a distributed algorithm, you may use any of the tf.distribute.Strategy APIs inside a with my_strategy.scope(): block of code.
Lower-level concepts:
 - Wrapped values: In order to represent values parallel across devices (either replicas or the devices associated with a particular value), we wrap them in a "PerReplica" or "Mirrored" object that contains a map from device to values. "PerReplica" is used when the value may be different across replicas, and "Mirrored" when the value are the same.
 - Unwrapping and merging: Consider calling a function fn on multiple replicas, like experimental_run_v2(fn, args=[w]) with an argument w that is a wrapped value. This means w will have a map taking replica device d0 to w0, replica device d1 to w1, etc. experimental_run_v2() unwraps w before calling fn, so it calls fn(w0) on d0, fn(w1) on d1, etc. It then merges the return values from fn(), which can possibly result in wrapped values. For example, let's say fn() returns a tuple with three components: (x, a, v0) from replica 0, (x, b, v1) on replica 1, etc. If the first component is the same object x from every replica, then the first component of the merged result will also be x. If the second component is different (a, b, ...) from each replica, then the merged value will have a wrapped map from replica device to the different values. If the third component is the members of a mirrored variable (v maps d0 to v0, d1 to v1, etc.), then the merged result will be that mirrored variable (v).
 - Replica context vs. Cross-replica context: replica context is when we are in some function that is being called once for each replica. Otherwise we are in cross-replica context, which is useful for calling tf.distribute.Strategy methods which operate across the replicas (like reduce_to()). By default you start in a replica context (the default "single replica context") and then some methods can switch you back and forth, as described below.
 - Worker devices vs. parameter devices: Most replica computations will happen on worker devices. Since we don't yet support model parallelism, there will be one worker device per replica. When using parameter servers (see above), the set of devices holding variables may be different, otherwise the parameter devices might match the worker devices.
 - Non-slot devices are some subset of the parameter devices where we put all the non-slot variables. We need to ensure that all non-slot variables are allocated on the same device, or mirrored across the same set of devices. If you have some variable you want to colocate all the non-slot variables with, you can use colocate_vars_with() to get the remaining non-slot variables on the same device. Otherwise you can use non_slot_devices() to pick a consistent set of devices to pass to both colocate_vars_with() and update_non_slot().
When using a tf.distribute.Strategy, we have a new type dimension called locality that says what values are compatible with which APIs:
 - T: different value for each replica (e.g. a PerReplica-wrapped value).
 - M: value is "mirrored" across replicas, i.e. there are copies with the same value on each replica (e.g. a Mirrored-wrapped value).
 - V(v): value is "mirrored" across all the devices which have a copy of variable v (also a Mirrored-wrapped value, but over parameter devices instead of worker devices).
 - N: value is "mirrored" across all the "non-slot" devices
Rules for methods with respect to locality and single-replica vs. cross-replica context:
 - with d.scope(): default single-replica context -> cross-replica context for d
 - with d.extended.colocate_vars_with(v): in replica/cross-replica context, variables will be created with locality V(v). That is, if we write with d.extended.colocate_vars_with(v1): v2 = tf.Variable(...), then v2 will have locality V(v1), i.e. locality V(v2) will equal V(v1).
 - with d.extended.colocate_vars_with(d.extended.non_slot_devices(...)): in replica/cross-replica context, variables will be created with locality N
 - v = tf.Variable(...): in replica/cross-replica context, creates a variable (which by definition will have locality V(v), though will match another locality if inside a colocate_vars_with scope).
 - d.make_dataset_


text:
It is explained on page 4 of the documentation.
Vm is the power supply pin for the chip and the steppers. It takes +7.2 to +16.5 vdc.
Vd is used for a clamping diode between pins 1 and 16.
Any time you turn power on then off with a coil in a circuit (the motors), you will get back voltage returned from the coil. This voltage can rise pretty high and spike components in that circuit if not dealt with.
If you look at figure 12 on page 9 you can see the voltage will be returned to the supply + side.


On this page, you will find out what your life path number, birth sign, and ruling planet really mean. Learn the meaning of your birthstone, birth flower and discover what is G.I. Generation and what happened in 1930s. View the most popular baby names on the day you were born and other untold facts.
Your life path number is 5
What does life path number 5 mean? Life path number 5 represents progress, adventure and opportunity. You possess the curiosity of a cat and long to experience all of life.
September 7 zodiac sign is Virgo
Your ruling planet is Mercury
The birthstone for September 7, 1933 is Sapphire
The birthstone for September 7, 1933 is Sapphire. The sapphire is the official birthstone of September. Named for its rich blue color, sapphire means "blue" in Greek. It is a classic stone that symbolizes trust and honesty, making it one of the most popular engagement gemstones — second only to diamonds. The birthstone for June 2021 is Pearl, Moonstone and Alexandrite.
The birth flower for September is Aster/Myosotis
1933 is a Silent Generation
If you are born on were born in 1933, you are part of Silent Generation. The Silent Generation, which followed after the G.I. Generation. As young adults during the McCarthy Era, many members of this generation felt it was dangerous to speak out. They were too young to see action in World War II and too old to participate in the fun of the Summer of Love.
1933 is the Year of the Rooster
If you are born in 1933, according to Chinese Zodiac, you were born in the Year of the Rooster. Rooster people are honest, observant and hardworking. They seldom rely on other people in daily life, which can make them impatient when dealing with others. This year (2021) is the Year of the Ox.
The above date is September 7, 1933 written in Roman numerals. It is written in the traditional American / Western style and formatted in the order of Month-Day-Year (09-07-1933).
The most popular baby names in 1933: Mary for girls and Robert for boys
There were an estimated babies born throughout the world in 1933. The estimated number of babies born on 7th September 1933 is or about babies every minute. (Source: un.org)
In 1933, the most popular baby girl name was Mary, it was given to 55,507 girls. For boys, it was Robert and was given to Robert times in 1933. (Source: ssa.gov)
The world population in 1933 was (Source: census.gov).
7 September, 1933 birthday summary
How old am I if I was born in 1933?
→ You are 87 years old.
What day was my birthday on?
→ You were born on a Thursday.
How many days until my birthday?
→ There are until your 88th birthday.
What day will my birthday be in 2022?
→ Your birthday will be on a Wednesday in 2022.
What is my birthstone?
→ Your birthstone is Sapphire.
What is my birth flower?
→ Your birth flower is Aster/Myosotis.
What is my life path number?
→ Your life path number is 5.
What is Numerology?
What was the number one song on my birthday?
What was the number one song on my 14th birthday?
What does my birthday mean?
Which celebrities share my birthday?
Who are the famous birthdays celebrating with me?
September 7, 1933 facts
Day index: 250th day of 1933
Day of week: Thursday
Week index: 36th Thursday of 1933
Next same calendar year: 2023
Days until next birthday:
Age on next birthday: 88 years old
Days since birth:
Days spent sleeping: 10,686 days
Months spent sleeping: 351 months
Years spent sleeping: 29.28 years
Part of life spent sleeping: 33%
Full moons since birth: 1,087
First one billion second: was on May 16, 1965
Life path number: 5
Zodiac sign: Virgo ♍
Zodiac ruling planet: Mercury
1933 world population: (Source: un.org)
What day of the week is September 7?
September 7, 2020
September 7, 2021
September 7, 2022
September 7, 2023
September 7, 2024
Other date formats
 - 7 September 1933
 - 7-9-1933
 - September Seventh, Nineteen Thirty-three
 - IX-VII-MCMXXXIII (mm-dd-yyy)
 - September 7th 1933
 - September 7 1933
 - 7th September 1933


text:
Lakefront Lighting Replacement
The City of Kenosha retained Clark Dietz for the investigation of the current condition and integrity of their promenade lighting along Kenosha's lakefront in Harbor Park and to provide Electrical Lighting Design Services. Clark Dietz was tasked to identify the most economical strategy to upgrade this lighting system along the lakefront pathway. The existing lighting limits are from 50th Street and 6th Avenue to 61st Street and 3rd Avenue and consisted of 130 poles along this route. The initial objective was to reuse the existing poles, bases & wiring and to just investigate refurbishing and re-lamping of the poles using current technology.
Lighting Condition Analysis
Clark Dietz provided a visual assessment of the existing pathway lighting conditions including lighting foundations, light poles and luminaires. Additionally, we interviewed City electrical staff to determine what issues they were aware of when repairs were made. With the help of City staff, we assessed the existing wiring and grounding connections, we traced out the electrical circuitry to each pole to determine which lighting cabinet the lights belonged to, and finally measured the loads that were present on each circuit as well as the overall loads on each cabinet. Based on our investigation, we were able to determine if foundations, light poles, and existing wiring could simply be reused. If possible, existing poles in good condition could be refurbished. Clark Dietz coordinated with blast shops on costs and timeline for refinishing and painting. If any poles were in need of replacement due to condition, new poles were required to match the existing style.
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- Concrete bases severely deteriorated with corroded reinforcing bars;
- Circuit wiring was direct buried and had many splices;
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This assessment concluded that reusing and/or refurbishing of the existing lighting system was not economical and a new lighting system should be pursued.
After careful assessment and determining a replacement fixture, Clark Dietz provided lighting design using AGi-32 to coincide with the existing pole base locations to determine what the most optimized photometrics could be for the existing light pole spacing. We analyzed and compared the proper illumination in accordance with IES Standards for urban roadways. The lighting design included:
- Contacting Diggers Hotline for underground survey locates.
- Analyzing existing photometrics using light meters in order to provide comparisons with the new fixtures.
- Providing plan sheets using mostly Aerial photography with supplemental survey.
- We designed the proposed lighting using similar fixtures that were currently in place.
- Showing lighting items and limits.
- Showing all connections for power either to an existing cabinet or a proposed cabinet (coordination with city of Kenosha).
- Providing detail sheets
- Surveying utilities and lakefront pathway.
- Providing voltage drop calculations using existing wire for entire limits of pole replacements or for new wire.
- Providing a staging plan to keep the pathway lit during construction. We coordinated work with the City on the viable options.
- Providing specifications for Bidding
- Providing bid tab of all lighting quantities


{Z} \oplus \mathbb{Z}$ in position $(0,m-1)$ as $\alpha,\beta$ and the $\mathbb{Z}$ in $(m-1,0)$ as $\gamma$ shouldn't we get that the $\mathbb{Z}\oplus\mathbb{Z}$ in $(m-1,m-1)$ is generated by $(\alpha \otimes \gamma,\beta \otimes \gamma)$?
This paper looks useful. I note the comment there that $H^{2(m-1)}(\text{Conf}(\mathbb{R}^3,3);\mathbb{Z})$ is a free $\mathbb{Z}$ module spanned by $A_{21}A_{31}$ and $A_{31}A_{32}$.
One final place that might help is this monograph by Cohen,Lada and May. See specifically page 250.
Hopefully this is of some help!
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text:
Client: Tallinna Linnatranspordi AS
The quality of transport infrastructure between the city centre and its major transport hubs is very important. Tallinn has a plan to extend its tram network to the Tallinn Lennart Meri airport. The analysis focussed on the financial and socio-economic returns from this project, using the EU Guide to Cost Benefit Analysis of Investment Projects as methodical cornerstone.
Two scenarios were compared:
- The demand for public transport is met by using mainly the already established public bus network;
- Substantial part of the demand for public transport is met by extended tram network.
The financial analysis was done from two perspectives: Tallinna Linnatranspordi Aktsiaselts (TLT), and City of Tallinn. In addition to the financial analysis, the socio-economic analysis dwelled more thoroughly on the monetarized time-savings from faster connections, environmental costs and benefits (impacts on the climate, pollution, noise pollution), and accidents.


text:
The description of Voice Recorder with Caller ID
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