text:
If you are frustrated about how to transfer your Kodak videos from Kodak Camera to Mac, then you can try this, the Mac Video Converter for Kodak Camera. This is the specifically designed video converter for those who are using Mac OS and want to convert their Kodak videos from Kodak Camera on Mac. With it, you can convert your Kodak videos from Kodak Cameras to all the current used formats, like avi, mp4, mkv, mov wmv, mpg, , dv, flv, swf, 3gp, mov, etc. In addition, you can also extract the audio files from Kodak videos and save them in mp3, aac, ac3, aiff, amr, flac, mka audio format.
More than running the conversion between video or audio formats, this Mac Video Converter for Kodak Camera can also serve as a Kodak Camera Video Converter for you to customize your own Kodak videos by, for instance, trimming, cropping, splitting, or merging.
As to trimming and cropping, you can just cut down your preferring part of the video; splitting, you can divide your video into several sections; merging, you can joint two video into one with the video converter.
Since it's such a useful and all-in-one Kodak Camera video converter for Mac, how can we use it? You can follow the specific steps below to have a try:
In this step, you can download the video converter free on trial and remember to have it installed.
In the second step, you can simply double click the converter icon to launch it and then import your Kodak videos on it. You can load the videos by hitting the "Add Files" in the upper-left corner of the interface, then you should single click your to-be-convert video to import them. Batch conversion is available.
This is the most important step here, you should choose the target format to output. You can make it just striking the "Convert to" bar and choose the exact output format you need. Also, you can select your output path by hitting the "Save to" bar.
In the last step, you should start to convert your Kodak video by clicking the big round orange button, that is, the "Convert" button. After the conversion, you can find your converted videos by hitting the "Open" button in the bottom of the interface.
Best program to convert AVCHD MTS, M2TS , AVCHD Lite to MOV, MP4,etc.on Mac with original quality.
Transfer videos from portable cameras to any other popular format file on Mac for further use.
Mac DVD burning program to burn videos to DVD on Mac and create DVD menu with stylish template.


5 essential things you should know before you go to Tibet
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Even though there are many things you should know before you going to Tibet, here are 5 essential things you should know before you go to Tibet since Tibet is absolutely unique and different in its culture, religion, customs and the landscape so on,. Tibet is one of the five national autonomous regions of the People's Republic of China. It is located in the southwest of China and the southwest of Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The land area of the whole region is more than 1.22 million square kilometers, accounting for 12.8% of the total area of the country. The oldest Bon religion in Tibet and the Tibetan Buddhism, which dominate the politics, economy and culture of Tibetan society, permeate all aspects of social life, thus forming the folk customs and aesthetic tastes different from other nationalities. Tibet's folk culture is rich in content and rich in cultural relics.
Tibet not only has a unique high plateau with countless snow-capped mountains' scenery, but also has a charming green natural landscape, beautiful lakes and vast grassland, inhabited by thousands of Tibetan nomads. Up to now, there are many Tibetan people whose living customs are far away from the modern people outside the plateau. Just because of the distance, everything in Tibet has an ornamental value.
 1. How to get to Tibet?
One of the 5 essential things you should know before you go to Tibet is how to get to Tibet. There are three ways to travel to Tibet, you can choose by plane, train or by land. You can fly to Lhasa, the capital city of Tibet from almost all the cities in mainland China and internationally, from Kathmandu to Lhasa. You can also take train to Tibet from most parts of the cities in mainland China but the best way to get to Tibet by train is from Xining which is located in the northwest of China and the capital city of Qinghai Tibetan plateau. The train from Xining to Lhasa takes 21 hours and it is the best part of the high plateau train trip landscape. You can come to Tibet by land by taking Sichuan Tibet highway overland tour, Qinghai Tibet highland overland tour and Yunnan Tibet highway overland tour. Internationally, there are two ways to go to Tibet by land, one is from Kathmandu to Kyirong border and another is from Kashgar to Kailash.
 - When is the best time to trip to Tibet?
The best time to go to Tibet is from April till end of October because during this period of time, the weather warms up, all the scenery turns into green and little bit of rain to fresh up and gives more oxygen for the sunny and dried weather in Tibet. The best time for trekking in Tibet is from May to June and September to end of October but for a short trekking around Mount Kailash is available from May till end of October.
 - When is the cheapest and less touristic time when you go to Tibet?
One of the 5 essential things to know before you go to Tibet is to know when the cheapest and less touristic time when you go to Tibet. The cheapest and less touristic time when you go to Tibet is in the winter time and nowadays, we highly recommend Tibet winter tour because the tourism supply and nationwide facility has been improved a lot and in many major cities including Lhasa, the capital city of Tibet, Tsetang, cradle of Tibet located to the south of Lhasa city, Shigatse, fertile land and western cultural center of Tibet located to the west of Lhasa, Nyingtri, the eastern forest region of Tibet located to the east of Lhasa city, we can provide very good hotels with 24 hours hot water, rooms are heated for 24 hours as well.
There are also plenty of restaurants and most of the scenic spots are opened like summer. The price of the flights are 50% cheaper, it is very easy to get train tickets, most of the scenic spots and vehicle transportation is 30% cheaper and human resource including Tibet travel guide is around 20% cheaper. During winter in Tibet, the sun shines so brightly and during the day time, as long as there is sunshine, you never feel very cold. In every scenic spots, you will see thousands of Tibetan pilgrims coming from different regions of Tibet including Amdo, the far north eastern part of Tibet and Kham, the far south eastern part of Tibet. There are thousands of Tibetans, doing prostration in front of Jokang temple to do their daily Buddhist practices. There are also quite many religious and other Tibetan traditional festivals are going on during winter time in Tibet so traveling to Tibet in winter makes your Tibet trip more cheaper and gives more authentic experience of Tibet travel.
 - What are the things to see during your Tibet travel?
One of the 5 essential things to know before you go to Tibet is there are many beautiful natural scenic sights and famous monasteries and temples in Tibet. During your travel in Tibet, you can't miss visiting the Potala Palace and Jokhang temple in Lhasa. The Potala Palace is located in the center of Lhasa city. The Potala Palace was built in 7th century by the 33rd King of Tibet called Songtsan Gampo during Tubo Dynasty. The king married two princes Princess, princess Bhrikuti Devi from Nepal and Princess Wencheng of the Tang court. Both princess brought the most sacred statues of Buddha Shakyamuni as their dowry. The Potala Palace was destroyed badly by fire in around 9th century and in around 17th century, the 5th Dalai Lama rebuilt the Potala Palace into the present size and since then the Potala Palace has become the winter palace of the Dalai Lama and now it has been listed as the UNESCO world heritage site.
Jokhang Temple also known as "zulakang" (In Tibetan, means Buddha Hall), located in the center of the old urban area of Lhasa, is a Tibetan Buddhist temple built by Tibetang King Songtsan Gampo, with a history of more than 1300 years, and has the supreme status in Tibetan Buddhism. Jokang temple is the most brilliant building in Tibet, and also the earliest Tibetan traditional building in Tibet.
There are many important and interesting monasteries and temples to visit in Tibet including Drepung and Sera monasteries, Ramoche temple, Ganden monastery inside Lhasa, Samye monastery, Palchoe monastery, Tashi Lhunpo monastery, Traduk temple and Yumbu Lhakang so on. During your Tibet trip, you should not miss visiting the most important scenic sights including the Mt Everest, Mt Kailash, several most famous sacred lakes of Tibet including Namtso lake, Yamdrok lake, Mansarovar lake, Dhangra Yumtso lake, Tso Ngonpo lake ( Kokonor ) etc.
 - What are the etiquette and Taboos in Tibet that you should know before going to Tibet?
One of the 5 essential things to know before you go to Tibet is etiquette and Taboos. Tibet is divided into different regions but the most important place that you should not miss visiting when you are going to Tibet is Lhasa so today we are going to give some information about etiquette and Taboos of the Tibetans in Lhasa.
Lhasa has a pleasant climate and has long been the political, religious, economic and cultural center of Tibet. There are so many interesting scenic spots and cultural sights to visit in Lhasa. The area is known for its strict dress code. Lhasa women use wool to make short sleeved summer clothes.
Lhasa women wear the most beautiful Tibetan gowns made of the best used wool and the women who are married wear a waistlines or known as apron made of various colors of wool or silk. Whenever there is a traditional festival or during Tibetan new year, all the Lhasa women, including young generations will have to wear this beautiful Tibetan traditional gown and Tibetan traditional hat made of the best woolen cloth and a little bit murmured hair. In Tibet, to dress in a beautiful traditional way is to give a respect to the older ones, leaders or your friends. Especially when they have special celebration. Tibetans believe that people who come to your home with beautiful clothes can bring you good luck.
The people in Lhasa are very polite and when you are talking to older people, teachers, leaders, monks or nuns, you always speak softly and use the respectful words in Tibetan. The younger generations always touch their right hand on their head and as if they are scratching on their head when they are talking to older people, teachers, leaders so on, It is also another way of paying respect. People in Lhasa raise their hands and bow their head when they meet some friends or people they know in the market or street, that is to greet the people. Tibetans take off the hat during their visit to the monasteries or temples which is also respect to Buddha. Tibetans don't have any entertainment or parties if someone dies in their family for 49 days. They also don't sing or dance during those 49 days. Tibetans offer white scarf to Buddha or statues of Bodhisattva during their visit inside the monastery which is a respect to Buddha and symbol of displaying their white and pure heart to Buddha in order to clear their sin.
When people have parties, Tibetans always touch the glass with each other before you drink. They


may cause wind (flatulence).
2.2 Measuring pH The next activity gives you the opportunity to measure pH by looking for a change in colour of a solution that you can make from red cabbage. First, watch the following video to see how to carry out the experiment. Please note this video has no spoken audio. The video goes through the process of making a solution from red cabbage. The video begins with a quarter of red cabbage being chopped. The cabbage is then placed in a blender and 250 ml of water is added before blending it all together. The liquid is then strained through a sieve into a measuring jug. The liquid is then poured equally into four sample glasses. Each glass is labelled differently, one being bicarbonate of soda, a teaspoon of bicarbonate of soda is then added to the relevant glass.
Activity 2 Using an indicator to test pH Allow approximately 45 minutes. Chop up a quarter of a red cabbage. Place the chopped cabbage in a blender with 250 ml of water and blend well. Strain the indicator liquid and pour into sample glasses. Clearly label each glass before adding the samples you wish to test. Test samples that you think may be acid or alkali. Which colours indicate that an acid is present and which colours indicate an alkali? Try other substances from the kitchen, such as washing-up liquid, liquid soap, dishwasher powder (be especially careful not to get that on your hands), cola drink, tomato ketchup, etc. You can probably think of many more. Write two or three sentences in the box below to describe what your tests discovered. Click 'Save and Reveal Discussion' when you are satisfied with what you have written. We mentioned using an alkali to neutralise an acid (in antacid medicines). You could try that for yourself now. Take one of your acid solutions (lemon juice, for example) with the indicator, and start adding an alkali (such as baking powder or an antacid tablet). You should see the colour change from the acid colour, through the neutral colour, to the alkali colour. You may also see a lot of fizzing as carbon dioxide is released.
2.3 Why is the stomach so acidic? There seem to be two important reasons why the stomach produces so much acid. Firstly, it kills most of the bacteria that we accidentally take in with our food which might cause food poisoning. Unfortunately, some kinds of bacteria can resist the stomach acid and go on to cause problems, often because of the toxins they produce. More importantly in terms of digestion, the stomach acid coagulates some of the proteins in the food that you eat, this makes it easier for the enzymes to attach and digest them. It's not just in the stomach that acids coagulate proteins. Many people add a splash of vinegar (acetic acid) to the water when they boil eggs (Figure 4). Have you ever thought why?
Figure 4 Vinegar can help when boiling an egg An image of three eggs in a bowl next to a bottle of vinegar.
Egg white is mostly a mix of protein and water. If the egg shell cracks while the eggs are being boiled, the liquid white begins to escape from the crack. Vinegar makes it coagulate faster than it otherwise would and seals up the crack in the shell, so that no more escapes. Similarly, vinegar is often added to the water in which poached eggs are cooked, to make the white coagulate more quickly and spread out less in the water. A teaspoon of lemon juice or vinegar added to egg whites when making meringues has the same effect. It helps the meringue to keep its shape better by slightly solidifying the egg white protein. The coagulation effect is the same on any proteins in your diet. For instance, the proteins in meat are made more solid. Once the proteins are solidified, the enzymes produced by the stomach wall act on them.
2.4 Stomach ulcers Stomach acid is produced by some special cells in the stomach wall. But why doesn't the acid attack the stomach wall and coagulate the proteins in the cells of the stomach wall? The answer is that the stomach wall also produces a thick lining of sticky mucus, which generally keeps the acid away. But sometimes this barrier does not work, the acid gets through and an inflamed and sore patch called an ulcer develops in the stomach wall. Until the mid-twentieth century, it was thought that stress, a poor diet or both caused stomach ulcers. Eating a lot of spicy foods was also considered a possible cause. However, changes in diet and lifestyle rarely made any difference. Then it was suggested that ulcers were caused by excess acid in the stomach. A drug called ranitidine, which blocked acid production, was commonly prescribed. In the 1980s, ranitidine was the world's number one drug, with several billion pounds being spent on it annually. But it did not cure the problem – as soon as people stopped taking it, the ulcers came back. But things were changing. In the late 1950s, Dr James Likoudis, working in a small town in Greece, diagnosed himself with an ulcer. He successfully treated himself, and subsequently several of his patients, with a mix of antibiotics. However, his work was not well received by the medical establishment and it was another 30 years before it was widely recognised that he was right. A common bacterium, found in about half of the world's population, was the primary cause of most stomach ulcers. It doesn't have a common name but its scientific name is Helicobacter pylori, or H. pylori for short. The pioneering work on the role of H. pylori in causing stomach ulcers was done by two Australian scientists, Barry Marshall and Robin Warren in the 1980s. To convince the scientific world of their hypothesis that H. pylori caused stomach ulcers, Marshall deliberately infected himself with a culture of the bacteria. As expected, his stomach became painful and inflamed until he took the right antibiotics. It appears that the bacteria can burrow through the lining of mucus that normally protects the stomach wall from damage. Ultimately, the stomach wall becomes inflamed (Figure 5).
Figure 5 Bacterium penetrating the protective layer in the stomach and damaging cells in the wall A two-step diagram of the Helicobacter pylori bacterium burrowing through the mucus lining of the stomach.
Within a few years, the treatment of stomach ulcers was revolutionised. In 2005, Marshall and Warren were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
2.5 Enzymes Have you ever noticed that if you keep chewing potatoes or rice for a few moments, you get a faintly sweet taste in your mouth? This is the effect of a digestive enzyme in your saliva called salivary amylase. It begins the breakdown of starch to sugars such as glucose which is what tastes sweet. Digestive enzymes, such as amylase, are specially shaped protein molecules that can latch on to a particular type of molecule (carbohydrate, protein or fat) and break it down into smaller molecules (Figure 6). Eventually, the molecules are small enough to be absorbed into the bloodstream through the cells of the intestines.
Figure 6 Enzyme (blue) breaking down some food (yellow) The diagram is of digestive enzyme. It shows four stages. The first stage shows the substrate and enzyme apart, with the active site labelled, and the label: substrate entering active site of enzyme. Second stage shows the two now together and points to the fact that the enzyme slightly morphs so the substrate fits. It has the label: enzyme/substrate complex. The third stage shows the enzyme breaking the substrate into products with the label: enzyme/products complex. The final stage shows the two products leaving the active site of the enzyme, with the label: products leaving active site of enzyme.
Each particular type of enzyme usually only works on one type of food molecule. They are named according to the sort of molecule that they affect. For example: enzymes that break down proteins are proteases those that break down fat are lipases (fats are also called lipids) those that break down carbohydrates are amylases (amylose is a component of starch).
2.6 Enzymes in washing powder If you use a biological washing product for your clothes, you are using enzymes to help to digest any food (and other) stains on the clothes (Figure 7). The product may contain one, two or all three of the types of enzyme (proteases, lipases and amylases).
Figure 7 Preparing to wash clothes with a biological washing powder An image of washing powder being poured into a washing machine.
Activity 3 How does a biological washing powder work? Allow approximately 15 minutes. Answer the following questions. What sort of food stains are likely to be removed by a biological washing powder? Why do you think the powder works best at low temperatures of around 40 °C and does not work well in boiling water? Why should you not use this washing powder on clothes made of silk? (Hint: think about what silk is and how it is made.) Write your answers in the box below. Click 'Save' when you are satisfied with what you have written.
2.7 Digestion inside and outside the body Biological washing powder contains enzymes that, although extracted from microbes such as bacteria, are very similar to those produced in our digestive system. Proteases work in much the same way inside and outside the body, by breaking down proteins. These proteins could be inside the digestive system – a po


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Woodland Fox is the cunning shape-shifter creature of the woodlands. She peers through the tangled woods, long red tail curling through the bracken ferns, poised, sniffing the autumn air as the resourceful squirrel gathers nuts and the wise hunter owl watches over the mice hidden in the undergrowth. Intelligently negotiating the forces and challenges of the Wilde, the elusive fox is aware and adaptable, providing well for her cubs in her carefully hidden den. Both predator and prey, the skillful fox was known to symbolize the struggle of the ordinary common folk against the feudal barons. Wild, shape-shifter Fox is the wise and shrewd guide through the Mysteries – illuminated by the silver light of the feminine moon. Owl is the solitary wise bird of the night, whose keen sight penetrates the darkness as Squirrel collects the sacred nuts from the Oak Tree – doorway to the Mysteries. Woodpecker's sharp beak taps into the Tree of Life for sustenance as the timid yet resourceful Mice peep out from their burrow in Mother Earth, carrying her secrets from the Underworld. These are our companion guides as we find our path through the often dark, tangled woodlands of our psyche. Llwynog Coch – the beautiful and cunning Red Fox!
Original Design & Text by Jen Delyth ©2011
Featured Artwork Products: Fine Art Print Wall Hanging Bamboo Hoodie artPATCH Bag more...

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Turning on the Enable Short Links for Processes feature allows administrators to share a direct short link to the initial form in a process. When this setting is enabled, follow the steps below to copy the short link for a process:
From the Edit Process Summary dropdown in the process, click the link icon next to the name of the process.
Make sure the toggle switch is green, indicating the link is active. Click the copy icon to copy the link to your clipboard. This can now be pasted into an email or other communication with applicants.
- If a user who has not already created a profile within the site uses this link, they will first be brought to the registration page.
- For a process with Restricted visibility, the applicant will not need to enter an Access Code if they use this short link.
The short link will lead to an "Inactive Link" message in the following instances:
- Process is turned off
- Not within the process start and end date range
- The process is set to Internal visibility
- Link has been deactivated in the process by an administrator


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tuber, meaning swelling or lump, which later became tufer and eventually evolved to the current term in French, truffe.
The black truffle, referred to as l'or noir (black gold), are actually tuber melanosporum,
a fungus that are harvested at the base of oak trees in winter and
summer. Truffle production depends on just the right combination of soil
pH, precipitation, and sunlight for a warm, dry environment and
therefore, is rare. This makes them a highly prized and priced delicacy,
commanding from $250 to $450 per pound.
Last summer I saw prices
at 120 Euros for 100 grams. Summer harvested truffles are less
flavorful, and therefore, are a little less expensive than in winter –
Christmas demand can elevate the price from 500 to 1000 Euros per kilo
(1 kil0 = 2.2 lbs.).
Truffles are hunted and harvested with pigs or trained dogs that able to
detect the mature truffles strong odor from underneath the ground at
the base of the oak trees. The odor is similar to a pig's sexual
pheromone, making their reaction a telltale sign - the trouble is trying
to prevent the pig from eating the truffle...

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Canada – but most tough it out right here. If you're a good "landlord", they'll reward you by hanging out in your yard; maybe even raising a family there.
Caring for birds during extreme heat
Birds need to get through our blowtorch summer, same as we do. Unfortunately, they don't have AC in their homes. A few spend summers where it's cooler – like
First and foremost; they need water. Lots of water – clean water. Without it, they may not make it to Fall. They'll be bathing in it, drinking it and splashing around in it. A typical birdbath is fine, but it should be no deeper than about 2 inches. Moving water is even better for many reasons. The temperature is always cool. The mosquito that causes West Nile can't lay eggs in moving water. The continual movement keeps it fairly clean. And the sound attracts curious birds. A birdbath can easily be fitted with a dripper or mister that just clips on the side.
Some birds of summer:
Common Yellowthroat Scissortailed Flycatcher
E. Kingbird E. Bluebird
Especially during the heat of summer, birds absolutely need shade. They need shrubs, trees and tall grasses (over a foot) where they can get away from our relentless sun. Very, very few birds are attracted to a manicured lawn, where there's absolutely no shade, and they're easy picking for a hungry hawk.
Fresh food is vitally important to birds. It provides energy to fight off disease, supports reproduction, and fuels all other aspects of their incredible little bodies. If fresh food isn't available in your yard, they'll simply go somewhere else to get it. Unlike humans, birds can instantly tell if a seed is stale or dried out. So avoid any kind of seed that's been sitting on a shelf or in a warehouse too long. Even if it's a little cheaper.
Oh, did I mention that WATER is essential to birds?
Denton's Wild Bird Center
Nancy Collins & Owen Yost

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text: Large-area electronics (LAE) enables the formation of a large number of sensors capable of spanning dimensions on the order of square meters. An example is X-ray imagers, which have been scaling both in dimension and number of sensors, today reaching millions of pixels. However, processing of the sensor data requires interfacing thousands of signals to CMOS ICs, because implementation of complex functions in LAE has proven unviable due to the low electrical performance and inherent variability of the active devices available, namely amorphous silicon (a-Si) thin-film transistors (TFTs) on glass. Envisioning applications that perform sensing on even greater scales, this work presents an approach whereby high-quality image detection is performed directly in the LAE domain using TFTs. The high variability and number of process defects affecting both the TFTs and sensors are overcome using a machine-learning algorithm known as Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost) to form an embedded classifier. Through AdaBoost, we show that high-dimensional sensor data can be reduced to a small number of weak-classifier decisions, which can then be combined in the CMOS domain to generate a strong-classifier decision.


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Ce projet est réalisé par Perrine Tcheeko Nzetchou et Nikeethan Selvaratnam.
The project is devoted to the study of mutation testing methods and tools. Mutation testing is
based on test sequence derivation via a fault injection into the original program. However,
equivalent mutants can be also provided even if a given mutant differs syntactically from the
original source code. In this project, we plan to perform an experimental study of the
percentage of such mutants as well as of their nature. The effect of such equivalent mutants
for various aspects of software engineering should also be investigated.
Mutation testing techniques in Python are not as documented as in C or Java. There are three
mutation testing methods in Python: MutPy, Mutmut, Comic Ray which were recently
developed. Thus, we decide to study mutation testing methods in Python using one of the
tools adapted to Python named MutPy. During this project, we will use python3 and MutPy
In Mutpy, we can find the list of the different mutations possible and the code associated to
them. At the beginning, we won't look carefully the code behind mutants, but analyze
mutants and what their behaviours are.
First of all, we plan to test basic programs and see how MutPy works, then find all the
mutants possible in short algorithms and establish whom are equivalent mutants. We will
dress a short list containing the eventual equivalent mutants. We plan in this step to find
equivalent mutants in very easy algorithms such as sorting algorithms.
After becoming familiar with Python and MutPy, we will test on more complex algorithms
and search all equivalent mutants. We will produce a table containing the equivalent mutants,
the programme and how it affects it in terms of performance (speed, use of memory, ...).
Finally, we will conclude about the impact of equivalent mutants in engineering software.


What Is Population Density Formula?
Which country has the lowest population?
Vatican City1.
What are the 3 methods of calculating population density?
Population density is often measured in three different ways. There is arithmetic density, physiological density, and agricultural density.
What is the purpose of population density?
Population density allows for broad comparison of settlement intensity across geographic areas. In the U.S., population density is typically expressed as the number of people per square mile of land area.
Why is India so densely populated?
Reasons for high population: Thus, the population growth experienced in India can largely be explained by variations in birth and death rates. … The fertility rate due to the population policies and other measures has been falling but even then it is much higher compared to other countries.
Which country has the highest density of population?
BangladeshOf the larger countries1, Bangladesh is the most densely-populated with 1,252 people per square kilometer; this is almost three times as dense as its neighbour, India. It's followed by Lebanon (595), South Korea (528), the Netherlands (508) and Rwanda (495 per km2) completing the top five.
How is population density calculated?
To calculate the population density, you will divide the population by the size of the area. Thus, Population Density = Number of People/Land Area. The unit of land area should be square miles or square kilometers.
What city has the highest population density in the world?
75,000 people per square mile? These are the most densely populated cities in the worldMumbai, India.Kolkata, India.Karachi, Pakistan.Lagos, Nigeria.Shenzhen, _URL_, South Korea.Taipei, Taiwan.Chennai, India.More items…•
What is the largest city in the world 2020?
TokyoWorld City Populations 2020RankName2020 Population1Tokyo37,393,1282Delhi30,290,9363Shanghai27,058,4804Sao Paulo22,043,02874 more rows
Which country has lowest population density?
MongoliaThe world's least crowded sovereign state, Mongolia has a population density of 4.9 people per square mile (for the UK, the figure is 710).
What is the unit of population density?
Population density is the number of individuals per unit geographic area (e.g., number per m2, per ha, or per km2).
What are 4 methods of determining population size?
Wildlife managers use 4 general approaches to estimate population sizes of wildlife: total counts, incomplete counts, indirect counts, and mark-recapture methods. We shall examine each of these methods and detail some of their advantages and disadvantages.
What do you mean by population density?
Population density is the number of individuals per unit geographic area, for example, number per square meter, per hectare, or per square kilometer.
What is population density example?
Population density is the average number of individuals in a population per unit of area or volume. For example, a population of 100 insects that live in an area of 100 square meters has a density of 1 insect per square meter.
What is population density in simple words?
Population density is the number of people per unit of area, usually quoted per square kilometre or square mile, and which may include or exclude for example areas of water or glaciers. Commonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country, another territory or the entire world.
What is the ideal population density?
An analysis by Journal of Global Economics pegs optimum population density (300 persons/km) An analysis by World Conference on Transport Research mentions optimal densities can range from 20-40 residents per hectare, optimal vehicle ownership can range from 300-400 vehicles per 1,000 residents.
What is the most populated place on Earth?
Tokyo, Japan1. Tokyo, Japan. As of 2016, Tokyo is the most populated city on Earth. Known for its modern design, dedication to cutting-edge technology, and crowded streets, Tokyo has long had a reputation of being densely populated.
Why is population density higher in some parts of the world?
Throughout history some parts of the world have been found to be more densely populated than others, for a large number of reasons, most of which revolve around the availability of food and water.
What are the types of density?
Density of massDensity, mass per unit volume. … Area density or surface density, mass over a (two-dimensional) area.Linear density, mass over a (one-dimensional) line.Relative density or specific gravity, a measure of density in comparison to the density of something else.


text: Aging and deterioration of existing structures and the need for rapid assessment and evaluation of these structures for hazard mitigation has significantly expanded the research efforts in the field of structural health monitoring (SHM). SHM involves monitoring of a structure using periodically sampled measurements, extraction of damage sensitive features from these measurements, and assessment of the current health state/integrity of the system. The approach known as the Damage Locating Vector (DLV) technique is an SHM tool that interrogates changes in the flexibilities synthesized at sensor locations using the vibration data with respect to the location of damage. This paper presents the damage identification results of the Phase II Experimental Benchmark Structure of the IASC-ASCE Task Group on Structural Health Monitoring. © RILEM 2013.


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/A where there haven't been any reported cases in the New York Times dataset.
In C2, paste in this formula, which will bring in the latest deaths data:
=INDEX('us-counties'!F:F, MATCH(A2,'us-counties'!D$1:D$2887, 0))
(If you changed the reference to cell 2887 before, you'll need to change it here, too.)
Apply this formula to the entire column by selecting the cell you just created (C2), and doubleclicking the small, blue box again to apply it to the entire column. Congrats, you have successfully joined all three datasets!
- Finally, we're going to create our own column to calculate the number of COVID-19 cases per 100,000 people for every county. Once again, insert a new column, this time, to the right of the
covid_casescolumn. Name it
covid_cases_rate. To calculate this number, we're using going to do: (cases/population) * 100000, so the formula to use is:
Just in case you haven't been putting your columns exactly in the same place as this guide, you want to do:
=(cases column/population column)*100000
Again, to apply the formula to the whole column, select the cell you just created and doubleclick the small, blue box. Now you should have the COVID-19 case rate per 100,000 people for every county. Jump past the R instructions below to see how we can make sense of this.
We'll combine our datasets with a short program. I'll describe each step we'll be doing first, and then I'll show you how to do it in R:
- First, we'll load the three datasets you now have downloaded into R. To make things easier, make sure you have these three datasets in the same folder for your R working directory:
- SVI data from the CDC
- COVID-19 data from the NYT
- Next, we'll join all three datasets together.
- Using FIPS codes, join the SVI data to the KHN data. From the SVI data, we want the overall Social Vulnerability Index variable, named 'RPL_THEMES'.
- Filter down the COVID-19 case data so we're only grabbing the latest day of COVID-19 cases, which we can find by filtering or sorting on the date column.
- In the combined SVI/KHN dataset, remove the original columns that contain COVID-19 data,
covid_cases_rate, since those will be out of date.
- Join the filtered down COVID-19 case data with our combined SVI/KHN data.
- Once the data is joined, we can easily calculate the case rates per 100,000: (cases/population) * 100000. You can now also look in the data to see which counties in your coverage area have a higher number of cases per capita and higher social vulnerability. You'll also be able to immediately see the population's racial breakdown, income and uninsured rates.
- Now, to take all those steps yourself, copy this entire block into a new R script and run it in R. You can also run each section one at a time if you'd prefer, but it will also work all together!
# Loading the dplyr R package # If you don't have it installed yet, first run: install.packages("dplyr") library(dplyr) # Loading in the KHN data county_dt <- read.csv("KHN_County_vulnerability/KHN_County_vulnerability_data.csv", stringsAsFactors = F, colClasses = c("fips_county" = "character", "fips_state" = "character", "cz_code" = "character")) # Loading in the SVI data - if you downloaded a state-based file you might have a different file name svi <- read.csv("SVI2018_US_COUNTY.csv", stringsAsFactors = F, colClasses = c("FIPS" = "character")) # Loading in the New York Times latest COVID-19 case data # You can load the version you downloaded, or directly from their github like I did: covid_full <- read.csv("_URL_ stringsAsFactors = F, colClasses = c("fips" = "character")) # Join overall SVI score to the KHN county data svi_min <- svi %>% select(fips_county = FIPS, svi = RPL_THEMES) county_dt <- left_join(county_dt, svi_min, by = "fips_county") # Clean up COVID data for joining covid_full <- covid_full %>% mutate(date = as.Date(date)) %>% rename(fips_county = fips, covid_cases = cases, covid_deaths = deaths) # Get just the latest day, just necessary columns for joining covid_latest <- covid_full %>% filter(date == max(date)) %>% select(fips_county, covid_cases, covid_deaths) # Remove older COVID data from county dataset and join the latest county_dt <- county_dt %>% select(-starts_with("covid_")) county_dt <- left_join(county_dt, covid_latest, by = "fips_county") # Calculate and store the number of cases per 100,000 for every county county_dt <- county_dt %>% mutate(covid_cases_rate = (covid_cases/population) * 100000) # Select just your state, for example Texas. Using April 30th data we saw covid_cases = 6161 and covid_cases_rate = 130.7 in Harris County, TX. Your newly updated numbers will be a little different. texas <- county_dt %>% filter(state_code == "TX")
Analyzing the Data
With our KHN, CDC, and NYT datasets joined together, we've already created some powerful reporting tools. Here are the new data columns we could start using right away:
- covid_cases: Raw number of cases.
- covid_cases_rate: Rate per 100,000 people gives us a way to compare the outbreak's spread in large and small counties.
- covid_deaths: Raw number of deaths.
- svi: This score from the CDC ranges from 0 to 1, with 1 being the most vulnerable to disease outbreaks and disasters.
Next, we'll look for another important figure, the racial and/or ethnic breakdown of COVID-19 cases in your area.
Check your state, city, or county COVID-19 resources to see if they've released cases by race and/or ethnicity. If they have, you can now compare them to the data you have on overall population in your region. If you don't have COVID-19 data by race and ethnicity, you can still do this story. (Though ask your local officials for the data—they should publish it.) In our story, we first chose regions to focus on by overall COVID-19 case rates and the other data discussed here, including poverty, hospital access, social vulnerability, demographics, and infrastructure. We used cases and deaths by race to supplement that social determinants data, but we could have told the story without it.
In our story, we presented race and ethnicity data for Mississippi and Shelby County, Tenn. Both showed an outsized COVID-19 burden among black residents.
Some states, like New York, combine race and Hispanic ethnicity in their reporting while others, like Tennessee, keep them separate. Most records keep race and ethnicity as separate variables. If your state combines them, jump straight to Scenario 2, where we explain how to handle that.
Scenario 1: Separate race and ethnicity
If your region reports race separately from ethnicity, you'll find race data in ACS table B02001, and data on Hispanic or Latino origin in ACS table B03003. (You can also get this data from data.census.gov, but I find censusreporter.org much easier to use! Or if you program, use the Census Bureau APIs.)
For example: Tennessee reports COVID-19 data for Hispanic ethnicity and for race separately. In the April 30 data, 27% of cases had pending race. We'll want to exclude those for comparisons, so we only added up cases with a known race for our denominator.
Enter the number of cases by race, excluding pending, into an Excel or Google Sheet or your favorite statistical program. Then make a percentage column that divides each case number by the total. These numbers should add up to 100%. See columns A, B, and C below:
Then we can compare these COVID-19 percentages by race to the state's racial makeup using the ACS data in Census Reporter. (Enter your own county, city, or state name in the "Add a geography" field on the left to view data for your area). Enter these percentages into Excel too, for any groups that are reported in the state data. We did that in column D, "Population."
Unfortunately Tennessee, like most states, does not report COVID-19 data for American Indian and Alaska Native or Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander populations. Take 100% minus the other groups that are available to make your "Other" group percent number.
If the COVID-19 distribution mirrored the state's population you'd expect to see these percentage columns look roughly the same. Now you can see black residents make up just 16.8% of the state's population but 28.6% of cases. You can do the same calculations for deaths by race.
Now we'll repeat this process for Hispanic ethnicity in a separate tab, using ACS table B03003.
In Tennessee, only 5.5% of the state's population is Hispanic or Latino, but


ship.
 5. Have a musical conversation with someone.
 1. Try playing with your back to your partner so you can't see each other
 2. Use any kind of percussion instrument, recorders, body percussion or your voice singing nonsense syllables on one pitch
 3. Try converting a sentence or poem into rhythm
 4. Play the syllables of the words adding accents for the strong syllables and playing lightly for the weak syllables
How did you know when it was your turn to give a response in your musical conversation? What instrument did you choose and why?
 - Watch a video of a Jew's harp performances: Temir Komuz (Iron jew's harp) Performance by a woman from Kyrgyzstan freely available on video sites online.
 - Learn to play the Jew's harp!
Additional Resources:
Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Ed. By Eric Blom
Volume IV H-K, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1960, fifth edition, pp. 636-637


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I had always thought low pH foods had a noticeable sour (acid) taste, and vice-versa.
But when reading The Bread Builders by Daniel Wing & Allan Scott, on page 54, it says:
The sour taste of especially sour naturally leavened bread comes more from the total amount of acid in the bread than from the pH of the bread.
After knowing that, someone I know made the following experiment:
- Measured the pH of vinegar with a ph-meter.
- Prepared a solution of Spirits of salt with the same pH.
- Drink both.
Pure vinegar tastes much more acid than spirits of salt. In fact, the last one has almost no acid taste.
So, it seems my initial thoughts were wrong. Why? Also, what makes we perceive foods as acid tasting?
After some research (thanks to rumtscho's comment) I have found that taste buds detect the presence of H+ ions (as cited in the Wikipedia article on Gustatory system).
But still don't know why when drinking Acetic Acid (vinegar) sourness is sensed more than when drinking HCl (Spirits of salt), if both of them are diluted to have the same pH.
Update 2: After _USER_ Stranger's answer it is clair that sour taste is given by anions (and not H+ ions), as written in this question's last update.


Associations to the word «Mao»
MAO, noun. The ma'oma'o, Gymnomyza samoensis, a large passerine bird native to Samoa.
MAO, proper noun. A common surname, from Mandarin, usually referring to Mao Zedong.
MAO JACKET, noun. Mao suit
MAO SUIT, noun. A type of jacket popularized in China in the 20th century, with two breast pockets and two waist pockets.
Dictionary definition
MAO, noun. An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of many body compounds (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine and serotonin).
MAO, noun. Chinese communist leader (_PHONE_).
Wise words


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|WCED Home page | Media Releases Index page|
21 July, 2011
Replacing inappropriate school structures with brick and mortar buildings
Statement by Minister Donald Grant, Minister of Education, Western Cape
Today I visited Oaklands High School in Lansdowne to inspect the building site of their new school.
The school is one of 20 schools that are being "replaced" in terms of our infrastructure program in the current MTEF.
In 2010 the WCED released its infrastructure plan which aims to address the backlogs in school infrastructure in this province.
This plan includes, among other things, the building of 25 new schools and hundreds of additional classrooms over the next three years. It also includes the replacement of unsafe and unsuitable school structures - which is also a priority for this government.
Therefore, the new plan included targeting schools where there has been a decline in the quality of infrastructure over a long period of time. In most instances, these structures are made from wooden or chipboard materials that were built during the apartheid era.
Replacing inappropriate structures requires building a new school on the existing property. In some projects the new structure is built adjacent to the old structure, therefore learners continue to use the premises of the old school while building is taking place. In other instances, the placement of alternative accommodation such as mobiles is required for learners during the building process. The old inappropriate structures are torn down to make way for the new building site.
Replacing inappropriate structures carries extra costs compared to building a new school on a new site. One has to take into consideration costs such as demolition fees to tear down existing structures. These costs vary from project to project and we have allocated, approximately, an additional R3.5 million on top of the new building costs to each project to make provision for this. Erecting provisional mobile units to house the learners while the building process is underway also carries further costs.
Over the next three years, the WCED have identified and planned to replace 20 schools that were built with inappropriate materials and replace them with brick and mortar structures.
Eight schools are currently under construction. These include:
Twelve schools are in planning stages and include:
At Oaklands High School in Landsdowne, building is currently underway to replace their old school which is a 57 years old wooden, chipboard structure. The project began in February 2010 and is expected to be completed by the end of the year. The total cost of the project is R29.5 million.
The new structure will be brick and mortar and will include the necessary specifications of materials used today. It will also be able to accommodate more learners (1 200 learners).
The new school will include 27 classrooms, 2 computer rooms, a library, school hall, new admin building, new staff/visitor parking, 5 laboratories, 2 specialist classrooms and additional sports facilities to be built on the old existing site once the new building is completed.
We are pleased with the progress of the "replacement plan" and that more learners will now have the opportunity to learn in a more suitable and safe environment where quality teaching and learning can take place.
For enquiries, contact Bronagh Casey: _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_.
Visit our website: _URL_
|© 2011 WCED|


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Published in News
Italians discover pasta shaped radio waves
Fusilli provides an infinate number of channels
Italian boffins have solved the problem of radio congestion by twisting radio waves into the shape of fusilli pasta.
They have demonstrated the technology, which means that you can have an infinite number of channels broadcast and received in real-life conditions across the waters of Venice. According to the Institute of Physics and German Physical Society's New Journal of Physics which we get for the cross the quark competition, lead author Dr Fabrizio Tamburini from the University of Padova, Italy devised a solution to this by manipulating waves so that they can hold more than one channel of information.
Apparently a wave can twist about its axis a certain number of times in either a clockwise or anti-clockwise direction, meaning there are several configurations that it can adopt. A phase twist looks like a fusillli-pasta-shaped beam, only there are a limited number of sauces that can go on it. Each of these twisted beams can be independently generated, propagated and detected even in the very same frequency band, behaving as independent communication channels," Tamburini continued.


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According to a new study by researchers at the University of Maryland, College Park, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, University of Maryland at Baltimore County and the Universities Space Research Association:
Roughly half the aerosols that affect air quality and climate change in North America may be coming from other continents, including Asia, Africa and Europe, according to a new study.
Most of the pollution migrating into the North American atmosphere is not industrial emissions but dust from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, , Yu found. Out of the total annual accumulation of foreign aerosols, 87.5 percent is dust from across the Pacific, 6.25 percent is composed of combustion aerosols from the same region and 6.25 percent is Saharan dust from across the Atlantic.
Although they did not discuss the ratio of dust to combustion aerosols from North America, I would not be surprised if the ratio was even larger for particulate pollution in North America. In a previous post, The Battle over Clean Air Standards, I found it easy to conclude from the EPA site on asthma that combustion aerosols have a weak link to asthma. If dust is the major contributor to our problem with particulates then the regulations on coal plants are a very small part of the solution. Every time I look at the science behind the increased coal plant regulations is I find the argument for stronger regulations is just not there.
Half of the particulate pollution in North America comes from other continents
Wed, 22 Aug 2012 23:07:07 GMT


Reasons to Choose Pure Wool Bedding
 Purchasing good quality bedding is an investment that should be made carefully. Choosing the right bedding will ensure that you get a good night's sleep and that you are as comfortable as possible all through the night. In Australia wool duvets or 'Doonas' as they are called are a popular choice and for good reason! If you are curious about this type of bedding here are some of the top reasons why they re becoming increasingly popular in the UK.
 1. Temperature Regulation
 Wool pillows, duvets and toppers are filled with natural wool fibres that, by their very nature, are the perfect insulators. However, in addition, wool allows the body to regulate its temperature ensuring that you don't get too hot or too cold. The perfect year round bedding.
 2. Moisture Control
 Wool has the ability to draw moisture away from the body and allow it to evaporate into the air resulting in less sweaty nights for you. In this way, wool ensures that your bedding does not become a breeding ground for bacteria and dust mites, which is especially important to those with sensitive skin or with skin allergies such as eczema.
 3. Hypo Allergenic
 Wool bedding is a great choice for those with allergies, especially asthma. Other types of duvet fillings can disintegrate over time and create dust that can aggravate an asthma condition. Therefore, over time, wool will benefit those suffering with such allergies.
 4. Perfect for Couples
 If you and your partner have differing preferences when it comes to how you like to sleep, wool is the perfect choice of bedding. If you like to be warm and cosy but your partner prefers to be cool and airy, wool bedding will regulate each person's body temperature, ensuring the perfect night's sleep for both of you.
 5. Easy to Care For
 Our wool bedding is washable, thus eliminating the need to have it professionally dry cleaned. Wool bedding does not always require a full cleaning and in some cases, spot washing and a good airing outdoors will suffice.
 6. Can be Used all Year Round
 Because of varying temperatures throughout the changed seasons of the year, many people switch between duvets of differing warmth ratings, selecting a lighter duvet during the summer and a heavier duvet during the winter months. A wool duvet can be used all year round due to its ability to create the optimum-sleeping environment based on ones body temperature.
 Choosing wool bedding makes perfect sense for the aforementioned reasons and many more. Overall, wool bedding is most definitely a purchase that will give you many years of enduring comfort and luxury.


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Sealing/painting cut ends, back coating, and adding an air gap to act as a capillary break
became necessary (Photo 7).
The alliance will create a range of products for civil and environmental applications such as landfills, gas venting systems, vertical and horizontal drainage, roof gardens, salt barriers and capillary break
ALYAF recently joined forces with GEOfabrics Limited, a UK-based company specillizing in the manufacture of geocomposites to create a range of products for a variety of civil and environmental engineering applications like landfills, gas venting systems, vertical and horizontal drainage, roof gardens, salt barriers and capillary break
Good drainage is critical and the installation of a capillary break
layer also can be beneficial.
the presence of vertical gradients in terms of temperature and moisture content in the gypsum board, the role of the air space as a capillary break
Rain-screen construction incorporates a WRB and the space between the back of the siding and the WRB serves as a capillary break
Signal of the capillary break
was calculated by MatLab with the same length and sampling parameters as real signal and validated by the noisy signal from interferometer.
a capillary break
under the foundation, a waterproof roofing system, windows with low potential for condensation, and newly developed mechanical ventilation systems).
Impacted areas to be reinstated with capillary break
, gravel and geomembrane layer at base and capped with clean imported material to meet defined human health and quality standards, preventing exposure pathways by installing a subsurface physical barrier system for the purposes of removing human health risks posed by shallow soils in garden areas of these dwellings.
By comparing the predicted epicentral velocity signal for a glass capillary break
with the observed, he concluded these sensors to be of velocity-sensitive type.
You absolutely have to install them over a granular capillary break
The air space or gap also acted as a capillary break
and allowed airflow to redistribute the penetrating absorbed water and subsequently vent it out of the assembly.


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Jørgen Rheinlænder, Company Director and Silvia Morar, International Marketing and Sales Coordinator, InnospeXion ApS discuss X-ray contamination detection of large products and packages.
X-ray systems are widely applied for numerous applications relative to foreign body contamination of products. Typically, inspection is aimed at un-packaged and minor products. The problem is, that large products requires a higher energy and the detector must cover a larger area. This leads to lower contrast and reduced resolution.
A novel low-energy X-ray imaging technology offers a higher resolution and a higher contrast, while retaining a high speed of scanning.
This imaging principle has now been implemented into a large product X-ray inspection system. This system aims at detecting non-conforming products, such as wrapped cheese blocks, stacked fish blocks, meat blocks, carton boxes with multiple packages, large sealed bags and pouches, etc. The solution integrates a reject system with full control of in- and out-feeding, and is designed in conformity with EHEDG guidelines for unpackaged as well as packaged products.
An X-ray system image displays the attenuation of the X-rays having passed the scanned item. The attenuation depends on the composition and thickness (or density). Therefore, the grey level value of a pixel can be correlated to details in the item that are relevant to control, or monitor. This may e.g. concern the distribution of various compounds in a mixture, to ascertain the homogeneity of a product. It may also be used to quantify the structure and the dimensions of holes, voids or cavities in cheese, in order to provide a measure of the maturity development of the cheese.
In general, the X-ray image information content is large and it can enable a close monitoring of the product tolerances being satisfied, and provide an alarm at the moment one or more parameters reach the boundary tolerance limits. This enables the on-time reaction and correction of a process, avoiding faulty production.
There is a large demand for X-ray scanning of finished boxes with product/packages. The X-ray inspection of packaged carton boxes may provide very valuable information:
- the number of packages in the box;
- the integrity, completeness, and the weight of each package;
- the presence of non-conforming packages or objects in the box;
- any contamination in each package or outside the individual packages;
- the overall packaging integrity.
In the case of large individual products, e.g. large pouches, products in bags or sacks, or products in blocks (such as cheese blocks), the need is particularly to:
- assess the contents for contamination (foreign object detection);
- verify the overall structural conformity of the product (e.g. holes in cheese);
- verify correct product representation and correct product distribution;
- verify packaging conformity and integrity (e.g. seal inspection).
X-ray inspection is an obvious choice for these applications. However, the problem is that ordinary X-ray systems offers an X-ray image quality that compromises the detection capability, and which provides too poor contrast and definition to quantify the required details of the product. The new low-energy X-ray technology provides a detection capability down to the pixel size of 0.1 mm, and with the highest sensitivity (i.e., a 40-50 per cent improved contrast that gives the ability to discriminate between different compositions and their quantitative distribution, inside the product).
The tailoring of this technology facilitates a wide conveyor inspection capability. Optimised X-ray source emission characteristics provides a high quality X-ray image of even tall and thick packaged items and products. The result is a system that detects non-conformities down to 0.2 mm even in thick and compact products (such as cheese blocks).
A modern X-ray inspection system is not necessarily a stand-alone system. In most applications, it is a requirement that the X-ray system is integrated in the production line. This requires a control of the in- and out-feed and careful consideration of the product flow. The X-ray system may be based on a specific timing control, which may be devised and monitored by the production line central control. Therefore, there are handshakes and timing parameters in accordance with the overall production line control.
When the X-ray system encounter a non-conforming sample, it will be rejected. The reject reasons (X-ray image details) will be saved, and the sample is conveyed onto a reject conveyor. The reject conveyor status is monitored and reported to the X-ray system PLC for local action, and to the central line control. The latter may issue an alarm if multiple rejects occur, or if the reject lane is in risk of being full.
This automatic functioning can be tailored to any application and any line control lay out. In some applications, intelligent usage of the X-ray system product diagnosis may be used as early warning of processes that are in danger of reaching their outer tolerance boundaries. This functionality brings savings since defects are corrected for before they emerge.
X-ray systems placed on the production floor will today acquire a very substantial amount of information which relates to the products passed through the system.
Unfortunately, X-ray systems are mainly used for detection of foreign objects of various sorts, and typically used in the food sector where retailers impose a demand for inspection, owing to consumer safety and the costs of recalls. Traditionally, there has been very little interest in using information pertaining to the products, and the X-ray systems have not had significance for the process control, only for (final product) quality control.
The novelty is that the significant improvement in contrast and resolution has opened for new applications for X-ray systems. The special low-energy X-ray systems have thus proven their capability integrated to the production line, where non-conformities are detected, before they end up as a defect. In some applications, the ability to make a quantitative quality assessment has implied a better use of the raw materials, leading to a more rational manufacturing.
These benefits of new technology is that the X-ray technology now offers much more than a final "go/no go" inspection tool. The commercial value of using the technology for control rather than discard, is substantial. Deviations can be corrected for, before they end up as defects. This leads to savings, higher product value, less scrap, better use of resources, and less downtime.


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Giant Green Anemone
The Giant Green Anemone is found in the waters off the west coast of North America from Alaska to Baja California. It can grow to a size of over seven inches in diameter. The bright green color comes from a symbiotic algae that lives inside the anemone. This algae uses sunlight to make food for both itself and the anemone.


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A swimming pool is 260 m long and 140 m wide. If 54600 cubic metres of water Is pumped into it, find the height of the water level in it.
Length of pool =260 m
and width =140 m.
Volume of water =54600m3
∴ Height of water =Volumelength×breadth


Dahomey Gap
Last updated
In West Africa, the Dahomey Gap refers to the portion of the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic that extends all the way to the coast in Benin, Togo, and Ghana, thus separating the forest zone that covers much of the south of the region into two separate parts. The forest region west of the gap is called the Upper Guinean forests or Guinean forest zone, and the portion east of the gap is called the Lower Guinean forests, Lower Guinean-Congolian forests, or Congolian Forest Zone.
The major city in the Gap is Accra. Several other cities, such as Kumasi, exist on the fringe of the Gap.
Causes of dryness
The dryness of the Dahomey Gap is unusual, given that it lies surrounded by a very wet monsoon belt on all sides, and no mountains block moisture. Yet, Accra, which is in the heart of the Gap, receives only 720 mm (28 in) of rainfall per year — less than half the amount needed to sustain tropical rainforest (which would be expected at a latitude of N).
The cause of the dryness of the Dahomey Gap can simply be explained thus:
Geological history
Evidence from biogeography suggests that the Dahomey Gap has had significance for up to 90 million years. Murphy and Collier, in their analysis of the Aplocheiloid fishes show a split in the African species which they attribute to the presence of an epicontinental sea between the late Cenomanian and early Eocene. [1] This discontinuity had earlier been noted in plant species by White [2] and is supported by an analysis of the Coffea clade by Maurin et al. [3]
The Dahomey Gap has existed in its present form for only about four thousand years. [4] For most of the Quaternary, dry conditions due to a much colder Atlantic Ocean (aided by extensive cold currents from ice sheets in Europe and North America) have meant that the present-day forest zone has supported very little or no rainforest. In interglacial periods, however, rainfall throughout West Africa has often been so heavy that the Gap has become wet enough to support rainforest, thus eliminating the savanna.
 1. Murphy WJ; Collier GE (April 1999). "Phylogenetic relationships of African killifishes in the genera Aphyosemion and Fundulopanchax inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 11 (3): 351–60. doi:10.1006/mpev._PHONE_. PMID _PHONE_. S2CID _PHONE_. as PDF [ permanent dead link ]
 2. White, F. (1983), The vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany the Unesco/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa., Paris: Unesco
 3. Maurin O; Davis AP; Chester M; Mvungi EF; Jaufeerally-Fakim Y; Fay MF (December 2007). "Towards a Phylogeny for Coffea (Rubiaceae): identifying well-supported lineages based on nuclear and plastid DNA sequences". Ann. Bot. 100 (7): 1565–83. doi:10.1093/aob/mcm257. PMC _PHONE_. PMID _PHONE_.
 4. Weber, William (2001). African Rain Forest Ecology and Conservation: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Yale University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-300-08433-7.
Related Research Articles
Geography of Cape Verde
Cape Verde is a group of arid Atlantic islands which are home to distinct communities of plants, birds, and reptiles. The islands constitute the unique Cape Verde Islands dry forests ecoregion, according to the World Wildlife Fund.
Geography of Nigeria
Nigeria is a country in West Africa. Nigeria shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. It also shares a border with the self-declared, but internationally unrecognized state of Ambazonia in the southeast. Its coast lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the south and it borders Lake Chad to the northeast. In the southeast, it also shares a border with the breakaway state of Ambazonia. Noted geographical features in Nigeria include the Adamawa highlands, Mambilla Plateau, Jos Plateau, Obudu Plateau, the Niger River, River Benue and Niger Delta.
Afrotropical realm One of Earths eight biogeographic realms
The Afrotropical realm is one of Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Africa south of the Sahara Desert, the majority of the Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, southern Iran and extreme southwestern Pakistan, and the islands of the western Indian Ocean. It was formerly known as the Ethiopian Zone or Ethiopian Region.
Tropical climate Climate in the tropical region
Tropical climate is one of the five major climate groups in the Köppen climate classification. Tropical climates are characterized by monthly average temperatures of 18 ℃ (64.4 ℉) or higher year-round and feature hot temperatures. Annual precipitation is often abundant in tropical climates, and shows a seasonal rhythm to varying degrees. There are normally only two seasons in tropical climates, a wet season and a dry season. The annual temperature range in tropical climates is normally very small. Sunlight is intense.
Wet season
The wet season is the time of year when most of a region's average annual rainfall occurs. Generally, the season lasts at least a month. The term green season is also sometimes used as a euphemism by tourist authorities. Areas with wet seasons are dispersed across portions of the tropics and subtropics.
In West Africa, the forest zone refers to the southern part of the region once covered by tropical rainforest. Sometimes this region is referred to as Guinea to distinguish it from the grassland-covered Sudan, drier Sahel and per-arid Sahara.
Aspect (geography)
In physical geology, aspect is the compass direction that a slope faces. For example, a slope on the eastern edge of the Rockies toward the Great Plains is described as having an easterly aspect. A slope which falls down to a deep valley on its western side and a shallower one on its eastern side has a westerly aspect or is a west-facing slope. The direction a slope faces can affect the physical and biotic features of the slope, known as a slope effect. The term aspect can also be used to describe the shape or alignment of a coastline. Here, the aspect is the direction which the coastline is facing towards the sea. For example, a coastline with sea to the northeast has a northeasterly aspect.
The Upper Guinean forests is a tropical seasonal forest region of West Africa. The Upper Guinean forests extend from Guinea and Sierra Leone in the west through Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana to Togo in the east, and a few hundred kilometers inland from the Atlantic coast. A few enclaves of montane forest lie further inland in the mountains of central Guinea and central Togo and Benin.
The Lower Guinean forests is region of coastal tropical moist broadleaf forest in West Africa, extending along the eastern coast of the Gulf of Guinea from eastern Benin through Nigeria and Cameroon.
Guinean forest–savanna mosaic
Congolian rainforests
The Congolian rainforests are a broad belt of lowland tropical moist broadleaf forests which extend across the basin of the Congo River and its tributaries in Central Africa.
Monsoon trough Weather phenomenon
The monsoon trough is a portion of the Intertropical Convergence Zone in the Western Pacific, as depicted by a line on a weather map showing the locations of minimum sea level pressure, and as such, is a convergence zone between the wind patterns of the southern and northern hemispheres.
A tropical marine climate is a tropical climate that is primarily influenced by the ocean. It is usually experienced by islands and coastal areas 10° to 20° north and south of the equator. There are two main seasons in a tropical marine climate: the wet season and the dry season. The annual rainfall is 1000 to over 1500 mm. The temperature ranges from 20 °C to 35 °C. The trade winds blow all year round and are moist, as they pass over warm seas. These climatic conditions are found, for example, across the Caribbean; the eastern coasts of Brazil, Madagascar and Queensland; and many islands in tropical waters.
Tropical Africa
Although tropical Africa is mostly familiar to the West for its rainforests, this biogeographic realm of Africa is far more diverse. While the tropics are thought of as regions with warm to hot moist climates caused by latitude and the tropical rain belt, the geology of areas, particularly mountain chains, and geographical relation to continental and regional scale winds impact the overall parts of areas, also, making the tropics run from arid to humid in West Africa. The area is experiencing negative effects of rapid human population growth.
Wildlife of Togo
The wildlife of Togo is composed of the flora and fauna of Togo, a country in West Africa. Despite its small size the country has a diversity of habitats; there are only remnants of the once more extensive rain forests in the south, there is Sudanian Savanna in the north-western part of the country and larger areas


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Lake Lanier (officially Lake Sidney Lanier) is a reservoir in the northern portion of the state of Georgia in the U.S.A. It was created by the completion of Buford Dam on the Chattahoochee River in 1956, and is also fed by the waters of the Chestatee River. The lake encompasses 38,000 acres (150 km2) or 59 square miles of water, and 692 miles (1,114 km) of shoreline at normal level, a "full summer pool" of 1,071 feet (326 m) above mean sea level.
Named for American poet Sidney Lanier, it was built and is operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for flood control and water supplies. It is patrolled by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GDNR).


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I'm trying to learn about relativistic electrodynamics on my own, and I am struggling with derivatives of the 4-potential and index (Einstein) notation.
I think I understand expressions such as $\partial_\mu A^\mu$. The index is repeated and is once up and once down, so I would expand the sum as: $\partial_0 A^0 + \partial_1 A^1 + \partial_2 A^2 + \partial_3 A^3$, which gives me a scalar.
 1. How am I to interpret something like this: $(\partial_\mu A_\nu)(\partial^\mu A^\nu)$? We are summing over the two indices this time, which is fine. What confuses me is that we are taking a covariant derivative of a covariant vector. Does one need to "convert" $A_\nu$ in the first term to contravariant, like so: $(\partial_\mu A^\rho \eta_{\nu\rho})(\partial^\mu A_\sigma\eta^{\nu\sigma})$?
 I guess my doubts arise from the fact that I see a covariant vector as being an entirely different object from a contravariant one. The covariant derivative $\partial_\mu = \frac{\partial}{\partial x^\mu}$ differentiates with respect to the components of the contravariant vector $x$. So I don't understand how such an operation can be applied to a vector that isn't also contravariant.
 2. How should I interpret terms such as $(\partial_\mu A^\mu)^2$? Is it just $\left(\partial_0 A^0 + \partial_1 A^1 + \partial_2 A^2 + \partial_3 A^3\right)^2$ or is there something else going on?
 3. According to some textbook, $(\partial_\mu \phi)^2 = \eta^{\mu\nu}\partial_\mu \phi\partial_\nu\phi$, but I don't understand why. For me $\partial_\mu \phi$ is just the derivative of a scalar $\phi$ with respect to some (unspecified) component $\mu$ of a contravariant 4-vector $x$. Instead, judging from the right-hand side, it is to be interpreted as a vector $(\frac{\partial}{\partial x^0},\boldsymbol{\nabla})\phi$ which is then squared. Is it just sloppy notation, or am I being stupid?
 1. Are the following then true? $$\frac{\partial}{\partial(\partial_\mu A_\nu)} \left(\partial_\mu A_\nu\right) = 1$$ $$\frac{\partial}{\partial(\partial_\mu A_\nu)} \left(\partial^\mu A^\nu\right) = 0$$
 2. Can I also raise and lower the indices of a partial derivative?
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yes, you can definitely raise and lower the indices of a partial derivative, but $\partial_{\mu}$ is the one that you know and love. – Jerry Schirmer Oct 12 '12 at 22:08
1 Answer 1
up vote 3 down vote accepted
1) You have the right idea about $\partial_{\mu}A^{\mu}$ and 2) $(\partial_{\mu}A^{\mu})^2$.
For the rest of it, you're goign to have to be careful about covariant and contravariant indices of $\partial_\mu$ and $A^{\mu}$. Since you are already going with $A$ having vector indices, I think you should stick to that as your "base" version of $A$ for now. Now, you correctly seem to note that lowering and raising is done with $\eta_{\mu\nu}$ and its inverse $\eta^{\mu\nu}$ (which are the same matrix for Mikowskian coordinates). Thus, you will find that an expression like $A_{\mu}A^{\mu} = \eta_{\mu\nu}A^{\mu}A^{\nu} = -(A^{0})^{2} + (A^{1})^{2} + (A^{2})^{2} + (A^{3})^{2}$, and you can extend this to most of the other examples you cite.
3) applying $\partial_\mu$ to a scalar $\phi$ gives you a result $\partial_{\mu}\phi$ that is best interpreted as a one form, not as a scalar--that's because you have the free index $\mu$ floating around, and if you change coordinates, you will have to apply the chain rule to get the right answer for your new $\partial_{\mu}\phi$. this is why you have to apply the inverse metric to "square" $\partial_{\mu}\phi$.
4) If you are taking variations of vector valued quantities, you should leave a dummy index for your variational term:
$\begin{equation} \frac{\delta}{\delta A^{\mu}}A^{\nu} = \delta^{\nu}{}_{\mu} \end{equation}$
This will give you terms like
$\begin{equation} \frac{\delta}{\delta A^{\alpha}} A^{\mu}A_{\mu} = \frac{\delta}{\delta A^{\alpha}}(\eta_{\mu\nu}A^\mu A^{\nu}) = \eta_{\mu\nu}\delta^{\mu}_{\alpha}A^{\nu} +\eta_{\mu\nu}A^{\mu}\delta^{\nu}_{\alpha} = 2 A_{\alpha} \end{equation}$
which should seem pretty reasonable from your calculus I based intuition. Similarly, you should probably think of $\frac{\delta}{\delta \partial_{\alpha}A_{\beta}}\partial_{\mu}A_{\nu} = \delta^{\alpha}_{\mu}\delta^{\beta}_{\nu}$. If you're taking a variation of the up version of a quantity with respect to the down version of the quantity, just use the metric to raise/lower the target before taking the variation, and fix everything after the fact using raising and lowering conventions and the Kroneker deltas.
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Thank you so much, that was most helpful and I am finally starting to makes sense of it. I have added a #4 to my questions, I hope I am not abusing your kindness. – kdfc Oct 12 '12 at 21:48
_USER_: there's a lazy attempt at an answer. – Jerry Schirmer Oct 12 '12 at 22:08
Again, thank you very much! – kdfc Oct 12 '12 at 22:30
Your Answer


A stand in the desert
A stand in the desert
Orchestra of Exiles' depicts pre-war Jewish flight to Palestine and the origins of the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra
By Jana J. Monji 11/02/2012
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Josh Aronson's documentary "Orchestra of Exiles" is the story of opportunities lost and found during desperate times, specifically Germany of the 1930s under the Nazis.
Using old photos, black and white newsreel clips, re-enactments filmed in color and current day interviews — mostly with the children of the original musicians — the documentary lovingly recounts how violinist Bronislaw Huberman, a Polish-born child prodigy, used his fame to form the Palestine Symphony Orchestra.
After visiting Palestine in 1929, Huberman, who was 47 and world-renowned at the time, began working toward establishing classical music there. By that time, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party were rising to power in Germany.
Come 1933, the Nazis had seized the German government. That year, internationally known Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini canceled an engagement in Germany to protest fascism, which had also long gripped his own country under Benito Mussolini. Although he was a fascist in the 20s, Toscanini abandoned those beliefs and came to despise Mussolini and Hitler.
Hitler wrote a letter to Toscanini, who later came to the United States to head the NBC Symphony Orchestra, to reconsider, but it did not alter the conductor's decision. Huberman, who was living in Switzerland when he was invited back to preach a "musical peace" with the Nazi government, also refused to perform in Germany, where other Jewish musicians were either being fired or shut out of work.
Determined to form an orchestra in Palestine, Huberman began auditioning musicians, especially Jewish musicians. He toured at a hectic and unhealthy pace in order to raise the necessary funds, but he was unable to come up with it all, eventually asking Albert Einstein for help. Einstein, an amateur violinist who was friends with Huberman and often read music with him, obliged and a benefit dinner raised the necessary funds.
Yet, other political issues still had to be dealt with. Palestine at that time was under British control and the increased immigration of Jews to Arab lands resulted in violent protests. But eventually things worked out and in 1936, a year before his departure for New York City, Toscanini was in Palestine, conducting the new Palestine Philharmonic Orchestra. In 1948, three years after World War II and one year after Huberman's death, the orchestra would become the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra.
Aronson provides us with a lot of facts here. The depth of his research is impressive, and even some archival footage of both Hitler and Huberman is included. If only he had trusted the authentic voices of the survivors and their children to carry the film instead of using re-enactment voice actors. Perhaps the most poignant moments are the stories of the people almost saved by Huberman, who, according to the film, rescued about 1,000 Jews from certain death in Germany.
But what about the ensuing issues created as a result of Jewish immigration? Would things have been different if Huberman had shown equal concern for the Arabs under occupation by the British imperialists? One cringes when an interviewee states, "It must have been hard to come to a place where culture was almost nonexistent." I imagine Arab Palestinians (Muslim or Christian) would disagree vehemently with that statement.
Despite its faults, "Orchestra of Exile" is well worth seeing. Imagine yourself in a similar situation: Would you recognize a life-saving opportunity when it was offered?
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The Archives of the Jewish Community of Ecuador
Contains records of various Jewish communities and Jewish organizations in Ecuador. Includes records of the laws and constitution of Ecuador mainly dealing with immigration regulations, minutes and reports of the Board of Directors, correspondence with and between community members and Jewish organizations such as the World Jewish Congress and other organizations, lists of community members, commemoration books, circulars, photographs of various festivities, reports and invitations from the B'nai B'rith Lodges in Asuncion, Bogota, Caracas, Havana, La Paz, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and Santiago de Chile, records on Zionists activities in all Jewish communities in Ecuador, documents regarding restitution from Germany to the community members, and various materials like Hebrew poems written in Siberia, German theater manuscripts, the Ecuadorian painting exhibition catalog, newspaper clippings dealing with Arab-Jewish-British conflict in Palestine, and other newspaper clippings in German.
Record last modified: 2021-05-25 09:19:36
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"The town that aluminum built;" "the Aluminum Capital of the World;" "the definitive company town in its heyday:" these all describe the central Arkansas community of Bauxite. According to Ernie Deane's "Arkansas Place Names," the Pittsburg Reduction Company is credited as founder of the town named for the famous ore in 1907, though the General Bauxite Company had opened a mine and plant a few years earlier in 1897. The mining industry is gone today but the town remains a thriving community.
At the peak of mining, Bauxite had more than 7,000 residents who lived and worked there. Most of the company town no longer exists except for the community center. Today the community center houses the Bauxite Museum, dedicated to the history of the town and the industry that built it. Displays at the museum cover three decades, from the 1920s through the 1950s, and deal with such topics as family/community, the mining industry, the area's ethnic diversity, military heritage, school days and sports. One of the most unusual and popular exhibits is what is known as "Bauxite Teeth," a problem that affected both workers and residents in the early days of mining. Though the local water stained teeth an unpleasant brown, doctors found the "Bauxite Teeth" to have harder enamel and be healthier than normal.
Other ways Bauxite honors its heritage is the naming of the high school athletic teams – "The Miners" -- while two main thoroughfares are named Alcoa and Reynolds after the major aluminum producers who mined there during the prime days of the industry. The ore also serves as the official state rock which is hard enough to have been used in various types of construction. It was used in 1887 to surface the road from Sweet Home to Little Rock. And in 1893 residents of the next-door-neighbor town of Benton used the then unknown substance to build a home for Dr. Gann in lieu of payment for bills. The solid structure still stands and houses the Gann Museum of Saline County.


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Map of Alberta Townships in Canada
You can easily create a map of Alberta Townships in Canada using Mapline. The township system was first introduced in Canada in the late 1700s. Township is the basic land survey division of land. It refers to the district or area associated with a town. Using Mapline, you can easily create a map of Alberta townships in Canada. In Alberta province, townships are not used in administrative units. Rather, they are used for the purpose of land division by Dominion Land Survey. They are recognizable by their township number and range number.
Steps to Create a Canada Township Map
- Create a Mapline account and login.
- Click the orange "Add New Items" button.
- Select "New Map" on the drop down arrow.
- Give your map a name and click "OK."
- Click the "Add" button from the left sidebar.
- Select the "Territories" option.
- Click "From Mapline's Repository."
- From the "Territories" select "Canada Townships – Alberta."
- Select how you want your boundaries to be colored in "Fill Color" (Random Colors, Uniform Color, Dynamic heat map colors, or Custom colors from spreadsheet).
- Click "OK."


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Posted on July 05, 2011 3:07 PM
Report on accessible pedestrian signals
The Transportation Research Board's (TRB) National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) published a new report, "Accessible Pedestrian Signals: A Guide to Best Practices (Workshop Edition 2010)." The report provides an introduction to accessible pedestrian signals (APS) and highlights issues related to the design, installation, operation, and maintenance of APS.
The report also addresses public education, issues related to travel by pedestrians who are blind or who have low vision, traffic signals, and modern intersection design.
The report is a web-only document. A companion document, appendix (including a tool for intersection prioritization for installation of APS), and documentation of the research used to develop the training course and tool are available on TRB's website.


anode and cathode, with a 6 V dc supply on 200 ml solutions. The carbon electrodes used were cylindrical and of the same length, 12 cm and different radii (0.5 and 1 cm radii).
2.6. Effect of Distance between Electrodes on the Extraction of Lead
The electrodeposition processes were carried out at 6 V, 20˚C, on 400 ml solutions in a bigger container than the one that had been used for other processes. The distances between electrodes were varied from 1 to 7 cm electrode distance [15] .
2.7. Comparing the Effectiveness of Acetic Acid and EDTA on Leaching and Electrodeposition
EDTA (Skylabs) was used to compare its extraction efficiencies with those of acetic acid. Leaching was done at pH 4 on 5 × 5 g samples using 100 ml of 0.1 M solution portions on each extraction. 0.1 M HCl was used to adjust the pH of the solution [11] . A magnetic stirrer was used to stir the solution and maintain heat at 55˚C for 24 hours. A 5 ml solution sample was collected for analysis on the AA. Electrodeposition was then carried out at 25˚C, 8 V dc, 4 cm distance between electrodes, with a 0.5 cm radius carbon electrode on a 200 ml solution for 2 hr 30 minutes [19] .
Acetic acid leaching was carried out at room temperature with 10% acetic acid on 5 × 5 samples using 100 ml sample portions [4] . Extraction was done for 30 minutes with shaking. A 5 ml solution sample was collected for analysis on the AA. Electrodeposition process was carried out as with that of the EDTA solution [8] . Results obtained were compared and leaching extraction efficiencies calculated using the formula shown below;
Leaching extraction efficiency:
where; [S]―concentration of lead in leachate after leaching (ppm).
[C]―concentration of lead in cupel before leaching (ppm).
2.8. Analysis on the XRF
A handheld XRF analyser (Delta Dynamic-OLYMPUS) was used to analyse samples of:
1) The pulverized cupel.
2) Lead metal extracted from the lead acetate electrodeposition process.
3) Lead metal extracted from the Pb-EDTA electrodeposition process.
2.9. Analysis of Pre and Post Samples on the FAAS
An AA was used to analyse samples collected before and after electrodeposition [20] .
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Voltage on the Extraction of Lead
The results in Figure 1 show that an increase in the voltage from 4 V to 12 V, resulted in an increase in weight gain. Equation (8) shows that as the voltage increases the current density increases and the resistance decreases,
Figure 1. Mass of lead deposited with time.
which means more metal deposition. These observations gave similar results to those of Aygar [16] who concluded that an increase in the current supplied resulted in an increase in the metal plated. Popoola et al.'s research also gave a general increase in the weight gained at the cathode as the voltage was increased from 0.5 V to 1 V [21] .
As time increases the rate of lead deposited remains constant, this shows that as the film grows the film forming rate diminishes and finally trends to a limiting as was discovered by Fayomi et al. [21] . This may be due to the decrease in lead concentration in solution with increase in time and from effect of concentration it was seen that as concentration decreases the amount of metal deposited decreases. At 2 V there was no reaction observed. On carrying out experimental procedure at 2 V, no significant change was observed except for the slight dissolution of the anode, which was seen to occur even in the absence of any voltage.
During electrodeposition, as time increased an increase in electrolyte temperature was observed, this seemed to lead to solution evaporation and further carbon electrode dissolution. The higher the voltage the higher the temperature increase, the higher the electrolyte volume decrease and the higher the rate of carbon electrode dissolution. This showed that during electrodeposition a small amount of heat was formed [22] and that with increase in voltage the amount of heat formed increased. Higher voltages, 8 - 12 V, seemed to cause higher levels of solution heating as they experienced higher levels of solution vaporization as compared to 6 V and 4 V solutions.
Dissolution of the anode was observed; this resulted in the solution eventually turning brown black, with some of the solid settling at the bottom of the electrolytic cell which according to Lalvani [23] was to be expected. Level of dissolution seemed to increase with increase in voltage and it should be noted that an increase in voltage meant an increase in solution heating. It is concluded that as the temperature increase the rate of carbon dissolution occurred and as acetic acid is said to be corrosive it may have contributed to the dissolution. Impurities were found to inhibit electrodeposition by Mazana et al. [15] .
Figure 2 shows the solution extraction efficiencies and from the graph it is noted that with increase in voltage there was a significant increase in the extraction efficiency, giving a nearly linear graph. 6 V seemed to have high extraction efficiency, this fact combined with the fact that at 6 V there was less solution heating and evaporation and less carbon dissolution, 6 V was concluded to be the optimum voltage.
From the observations it was concluded that a directly proportional relationship existed between the voltage and metal plated and also between the voltage and extraction efficiency with the optimum voltage being at 6 V.
3.2. Effect of Temperature on Lead Electrodeposition
Figure 3 shows the graphs of metal plated with time at different temperatures. It is noted that there exists a general increase in metal plated as temperature increases, from 10˚C to 30˚C. However, at 30˚C it is noticeable that the level of weight gained has reduced as values are almost similar to those of metal plated at 25˚C. At 35˚C there was a huge decrease in the level of metal plated as graph was below that of 25˚C. As temperature increased there was an increase in the level of carbon dissolution resulting in the brown humic. Levels of carbon dissolution seemed to be very high from 25˚C - 35˚C. With increase in temperature solution heating increased and it seemed to increase acetic acid's corrosive nature towards the carbon electrode. The existence of the humic acid in solution posed as an impurity which inhibited electrodeposition rates by increasing the resistance [15] and possibly resulting in the occurrence of side reactions [14] . As carbon dissolution increased from 25˚C at 30˚C
Figure 2. Lead extraction efficiencies at different voltages.
Figure 3. Mass of lead deposited with time.
and 35˚C it had reached a point where its effects became significant enough to hinder rate of electrodeposition. The temperature during electrolysis process would cause insignificant changes due to electrode puffing [16] .
The general increase in metal plated with increase in temperature was expected as it is stated that electrical efficiency increases with increase in temperature [14] . Ntengwe and coworkers observed an increase in the current density with increase in temperature from 24˚C to 65˚C [15] . If this is equally true for the research being carried out then with increase in temperature an increase in the metal plated was expected. Extraction efficiencies increased with temperature and became constant from 20˚C - 30˚C and a sharp decrease being observed at 35˚C (Figure 4). Extraction efficiencies of 20˚C and 25˚C were both at 54% with that of 30˚C being at 53% and these were the highest extraction efficiencies experienced. There was a sharp decrease to 37% at 35˚C. This comes as no surprise as it is said that the lead electrodeposition temperature is between 20˚C and 40˚C [10] , therefore higher electrodeposition rates are expected in this range [10] .
It is then concluded that the lead leaching temperature is surely between 20˚C and 30˚C, with the optimum temperature being chosen as 20˚C as it is more economic, that is power saving, and gives the highest extraction efficiency 54% at a considerably average rate of metallic deposition. Studies on how temperature affects the electrodeposition process should be carried out further so as to get a more detailed explanation for the behaviors observed.
3.3. Effect of Concentration on the Extraction of Lead from Lead Acetate
As concentration of the solution increased the amount of lead deposited at the cathode increased, Figure 5, this was due to the fact that as concentration decreases the cell resistance increases and the current density decreased [15] . Meaning at lower concentrations, in this case 637.1 ppm a lower rate of metallic plating was observed.
It was observed that extraction efficiencies decreased with increase in concentration (Figure 6).
Extractions were carried out for the same time lengths, therefore lower concentration had higher extraction efficiencies as the lead ratios were low compared to those of higher concentrations. Highly concentrated solutions would need more time to reach higher extraction efficiencies. Despite the higher extraction efficiencies for dilute solutions, that is 1147.1 ppm and 637.1 ppm, higher masses of lead were extracted from solutions with higher concentrations. However, fordilute solutions several extractions need to be carried out to achieve the same results as a single extraction at higher concentration. For example at 2271 ppm an overall of 0.5875 g of lead was extracted in 2 hrs and at 637.1 ppm a mass of 0.1477 g was collected in the same time period. This means that roughly 4 extractions have to be conducted at 637.1 ppm to obtain the same results as those obtained at


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Travel Vaccinations for Cuba
Yellow fever vaccination certificate required for travellers aged 9 months or over arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and for travellers having transited for more than 12 hours through the airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission.
- Yellow Fever vaccination £60 per dose
How much will it cost?
Per Dose £60 Doses per course 1 Price per course £60
- Hepatitis A vaccination £55 per dose
Hepatitis A is a viral infection which causes an inflammation of the liver. In countries where hep A is prominent, many people catch it as a child. The infection tends to be mild in children but can occasionally cause complications. In adults, however, it can lead to liver damage or even liver failure. Although infection rates appear to be on the decrease, hepatitis A is endemic to Sri Lanka and the vaccination is recommended for all travellers.
Per Dose £55 Doses per course 1 Price per course £55
- Hepatitis B vaccination £49 per dose
Hepatitis B is a blood borne disease. It is transmitted during sex as well as via contaminated needles (for example when undergoing a medical procedure or a cosmetic procedure involving equipment that hasn't been sterilised). The vaccine is usually recommended for travellers who are visiting a country where hepatitis B is endemic for a longer period of time as well as anyone likely to come in close contact with the local population (for example aid workers and volunteers). The nurse or pharmacist may also recommend it if you're planning any activities that put you at a higher risk of injury. Hepatitis B can cause a range of symptoms. It can become chronic and cause liver damage.
Per Dose £49 Doses per course 3 Price per course £147
Why do I need a consultation?
It is difficult to say which vaccines you need without asking a medical professional. Your itinerary, your medical history and the activities you have planned all affect which vaccinations you need. It is important that a trained travel nurse or pharmacist checks what you need.
Exactly the travel vaccinations you need - no more, no less.
During your consultation, our nurse or pharmacist will talk you through the health risks at your travel destinations to check which vaccines you need. If a vaccine is not essential, we will explain your options so you can decide whether you would like to have it.
Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal disease transmitted by mosquitoes. You cannot be vaccinated against malaria.
- Malaria not normally present unless the illness was contracted abroad.