Understanding Pivot Operator in SQL
Understanding Pivot Operator in SQL
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The pivot operator in SQL Server converts each row in the aggregated result set into corresponding columns in the output set. The pivot operator is particularly useful in writing cross-tabulation queries.
Let's take a look at how it works in practice.
Preparing the Data
First, let's create some dummy data which we can then use to implement the pivot operator.
How Does The Pivot Operator Work?
The standard way of grouping SQL data is by using the Group By clause. Let's create a query that calculates the average of the values in the total_score column of the student table, grouped by city.
This gives the following result:
cityAvg_Score
Leeds500
Liverpool481
London547
Manchester522
What if we want a result set where the city names are displayed in columns where each column contains the average value of the total_score of the students belonging to that city? Something like this:
LondonLiverpoolLeedsManchester
547481500522
This is where the pivot operator comes handy.
Selecting the Base Data
The first step when using the pivot operator is to select the base data that the pivot operator will be based on. We want to group our data by city and find the average of the total_score of the students who belong to that city. Therefore, we need to write a simple SELECT statement that selects the city and total_score.
Creating a Temporary Dataset
Now, ideally we would be able to directly apply the pivot operator on the base data that we created in the previous section but unfortunately, we can't. In order for the pivot operator to work, we have to create a table-valued expression that we can apply the pivot operator to. We have a variety of choices here; we could use a derived tabled, common table expressions (CTEs) or we could even create temporary tables.
For this example, we will use a quick, simple derived table. To do that with the basic select statement that we created in the last section, we wrap it in a set of parenthesis and then apply an alias to it. Finally, we select everything from that derived table.
Applying the Pivot Operator
Now that we have prepared our base data and have created a derived table, we will apply the pivot operator to it.
To do this, insert "PIVOT" at the end of the derived table, followed by a set of parenthesis, and give this pivot table an alias.
Inside the parenthesis, we have to specify some important information.
 1. We need to specify the field we want to apply an aggregate function to. In our case, we want to apply the AVG aggregate function in the "total_score" column.
 2. We then have to say which columns from the base data we are pivoting our data onto. We do so by writing "FOR" followed by the column name which is a city in our example.
 3. The final step is a little irritating. We have to list the values from the city column that we want to become headings in our pivot table. We use the IN operator followed by a set of parenthesis. Inside the parenthesis, we use a comma-separated list where we write the name of each column inside a square bracket. In our example, we want London, Leeds, and Manchester as the heading names of the pivot table and so we write them in this format: ([London], [Leeds], [Manchester]).
If you execute the above query, the results will look like this:
LondonLiverpoolLeedsManchester
547481500522
Adding Row Groups in Pivot Table
In the previous sections, we saw how to convert row groups into column groups using pivot operator. However, you can also add row groups along with column groups into a pivot table.
For example, if you want to find the average value of the total_score column of all the students grouped by the city as well as by gender you can use the column group and the row group in conjunction inside a pivot table. Here each column will represent a city name and each row will represent a student gender.
Luckily, you don't have to write any additional script to add row groups to a pivot table. Inside the base dataset, simply add the column name which you want to add as a row group to the pivot table.
In the above script, we simply added "gender" column in the base SELECT statement.
The output of the above query looks like this:
GenderLondonLiverpoolLeedsManchester
Female500450500NULL
Male571543NULL522
This is cross-tabulation. For instance, it can be seen from the results that the average total_score of female students living in London is 500. Similarly, average total score of male students living in London is 571.
Read also:
Creating Dynamic Pivot Table with QUOTENAME Function
Ben Richardson
Ben Richardson
Ben Richardson runs Acuity Training. Acuity is an IT training business offering classroom courses in London and Guildford. It is a leading provider of SQL training the UK and offers a full range of SQL training from introductory training to advanced administration courses.
Ben Richardson


text:
CHIPS Questions and Answers
Why is it important to study diffuse emission in the CHIPS wavelength band?
The CHIPS band contains the significant majority of the radiated
power from diffuse hot interstellar plasma in its most probable
temperature range. Although X-ray and UV studies can detect plasma
at greater distances and map it with better angular resolution,
extrapolation of such measurements to a total plasma luminosity will be
fraught with significant uncertainty until spectroscopic observations
of diffuse emission are carried out in the CHIPS band.
Can observations with CHIPS disentangle all of the cooling mechanisms
that might be taking place in the local interstellar medium?
The various cooling mechanisms make observationally distinct predictions
for the emission in the CHIPS band. In combination with observations of
emission and absorption features at other wavelengths, CHIPS data will be
extremely helpful in disentangling these processes.
CHIPS will do an excellent job of constraining the electron temperature
through measurement of collisionally excited line emission.
Determination of the electron temperature is a crucial step in
understanding the cooling process.
Do current observational limits in the CHIPS band set interesting
constraints on the physical properties of plasma in the local bubble?
No. Current observational limits were set using instruments with
limited spectral resolution and many are well above the expected
emission-line fluxes. The marginal detection in 18 million seconds of
EUVE observations in regions where the soft X-rays are bright does
indicate that diffuse emission is present in our band.
What if the foreground absorption column is higher than you have estimated?
With nominal assumption, the bright iron emission lines will be
detected at 20 to 50 in each sky resel.
A higher absorption would reduce the line flux, but, barring some
wholly unexpected distribution of the local neutral material,
absorption will reduce the EUV emission to undetectable levels
in only a limited number of viewing directions.
The CHIANTI CIE plasma model predicts
somewhat brighter peak iron line fluxes than the Raymond & Smith
code used in our analysis.
Select one of the following for more information:
MISSION - EDUCATION
CHIPS Bibliography -
CHIPS Q&A -
For more information about CHIPS please send an e-mail to Dr. Mark Hurwitz. If you have questions about or problems with this web page, please send an e-mail to the webmaster.
University of California, Space Sciences Laboratory
7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, CA 94720-7450, USA
CHIPS Project Manager: _PHONE_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Logic: Second Edition
An Introduction to Elementary Logic, Second Edition
ISBN 9780141003146 | 304 pages | 28 Dec 2005 | Penguin Global | 5.07 x 7.79in | 18 - AND UP
Summary of Logic: Second Edition Summary of Logic: Second Edition Reviews for Logic: Second Edition An Excerpt from Logic: Second Edition
If a man supports Arsenal one day and Spurs the next then he is fickle but not necessarily illogical. From this starting point, and assuming no previous knowledge of logic, Wilfrid Hodges takes the reader through the whole gamut of logical expressions in a simple and lively way. Readers who are more mathematically adventurous will find optional sections introducing rather more challenging material.
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When seeking a hearty winter warm-up in the Savo region of Finland, a good first step is finding the deeply brown dumplings known as myky. Because these dense patties get their rich color and flavor from animal blood, they were often made when animals were slaughtered or brought back from a hunt, and traditionally found their way into mykyrokka, or blood dumpling soup.
Also called tappaiskeitto, meaning "butchery soup," the hearty meal has a history as an all-village affair. People would gather to distribute the butchered meat from whole animals (typically cows or pigs), making some into sausage and using the scraps for soup. Today, families still gather to assemble mykyrokka, mixing offal and chunks of meat with potatoes and onions, and shaping barley flour and blood into the iconic dumplings. When the soup is done, it provides just the sort of rib-coating warmth a body needs during the dark days of Finnish winter.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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GUATEMALA – Archaeologists have unearthed large carved panels in the jungles of northern Guatemala, that seem to depict two beings surrounding a UFO!
The panels were dug up on the site of El Mirador, the largest known Mayan city ever excavated. Dr. Richard Hansen, the director of the Mirador Basin Project, dated the panels to around 300 BC, when the city was at its peak.
Dr. Hansen is speculating that the above panel is of the famous Hero Twins of Mayan mythology. One of the Twins is in possession of a decapitated head (on top of the right figure's thigh), which is likely that of their beheaded father, Hun Hunahpu. The other figure has a headdress with jaguar features, identifying him as Xbalanque, which means "Young Jaguar Sun".
However, while Mayan mythology and architecture is ripe with serpents and celestial deities, UFOlogists are certain these panels reference contact with extraterrestrials! They believe the two beings are not of this Earth, that their outfits are more technological than decorative, and could have acted as atmosphere transformers or translation tools. The item in the middle, if looked at from a tilt, appears to be a craft, with multiple protusions like a cockpit and landing gear.
Mayan culture has long been a focus for alien and UFO experts, due to their astronomy-heavy mythology and advanced mathematics understanding. The Ancient Astronaut theory attributes their knowledge to contact with extraterrestrials.


text:
The Most Reliable Termite CompanyJanuary 31, 2020
Building Design and Maintenance Guidelines for Pest ControlJanuary 31, 2020
Pest control service in Malibu provides excellent services for dealing with unruly rodents. The qualified technicians follow a distinctive and proven method to control rodents. They have successfully managed rodents issues for many commercial as well as residential clients. The pest control technicians indulge in a lot of activities prior to and during rodent management programs. Have a quick check over the activities in the following:
- Assessment of factors favoring rodent activities
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- A thorough inspection of the premises to identify the rodent activities
- Assessment of storage practices and the sanitation measures
- Identification of the types of rodents and their activities
- Identification of target areas to be treated
- Guidance to the clients for the implementation of the specific rodent management program
- Selection of the particular rodenticide to be used as per the laws of local government
- Preparation for bait
- Treatment on the targeted areas
- Preparation for safeguarding the contamination effects of rodenticide, etc.
These activities ensure the rodents are dealt with firmly and their presence is fully eliminated. If you want to get rid of rodents, contact My Termite experts at pest control company in Altadena. Seek guidance and ask for a quote before hiring the service.


Quick Answer: What Do You Understand By Muta Marriage?
Is Mutah allowed?
No, Mutah is not allowed anymore.
It was allowed at that time when soldiers use to be on borders in war away from their families.
In order to prevent rapes and such things Mutah was introduced (Contract marriage) In which marriage everything is same but the time period was short..
Can a married woman do Mutah?
Mutah is just like normal marriage, and since the Muslim religion allows the marriage to a Christian woman, then Mutah to a Christian woman is accepted as well.
What is a Milka marriage?
The marriage is opening doors for an intimate relationship between husband and wife. There are only two things that are prohibited: The anal way. The prophet said: "Do not have anal sex with your women." (Ibn Majah, an-Nasai, Ahmad) However it is allowed to have intimacy through for example kissing a.
Is Mutah Marriage Haram?
The mut'ah is practised by Shia Muslims while Sunni Muslims generally consider it haram – forbidden. The mut'ah is particularly popular on university campuses and, according to Omar Farooq Khan, president of the Ahlul Bayt Islamic Society at Bradford University, the practice is on the increase among Shia students.
What is the meaning of Mutah?
Mut'ah, literally meaning joy, is a condition where rules of Islam are relaxed. It can apply to marriage (the nikah mut'ah) or to the Hajj (the obligatory pilgrimage) (the Mut'ah of Hajj). … Shias and Sunnis do agree that, initially, or near the beginning of Islam, Nikah mut'ah was a legal contract.
What is Muta marriage and what are its conditions?
A muta marriage is dissolved ipso facto by the expiry of the term. No right of divorce is recognized in muta, but the husband may, at his will, put an end to the contract by 'making a gift of the term' to the wife, even before the terms ends. … Dower is a necessary condition of muta.
Who can Mutah?
Men and women are not on a par in every aspect of mut'a. A man can simultaneously enter into multiple temporary marriages, but a woman can have only one temporary husband at a time. A married man can have a mut'a marriage, but not a married woman. The rule of sexual abstinence too does not apply to men.
Can a Syed girl marry non Syed?
I was born into a Syed family. Since childhood, I've been told that this is a blessing as we are the direct descendants of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Therefore, all Syed girls had a status equivalent to that of mothers of Ummah. Thus, it was forbidden for us to even consider marrying a non-Syed man.
Is Mutah mentioned in the Quran?
Narration. A hadith in Sahih Bukhari states: Narrated 'Imran: The Verse of Mut'ah was revealed in Allah's Book, so we performed it with Allah's Apostle, and nothing was revealed in Qur'an to make it illegal, nor did the Prophet prohibit it till he died.
What is the difference between nikah and marriage?
In Islamic law, marriage – or more specifically, the marriage contract – is called nikah, an Arabic word which already in the Quran is used exclusively to refer to the contract of marriage.
Is Dower essential for nikah?
Mahr is a consideration for marriage only if marriage under Islamic law is purely a civil contract. However, if nikah purely is not a civil contract than dower cannot regarded as consideration for marriage. … However, that is not correct dower (mahr) is not an essential condition of marriage.
What is the period of Iddat?
For a woman whose husband has died, the 'iddah is four lunar months and ten days after the death of her husband, whether or not the marriage was consummated. If a woman is pregnant when she is widowed or divorced, the 'iddah lasts until she gives birth.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Akhdam children Taizz.jpg
Akhdam children in a Ta'izz neighborhood.
Total population
Regions with significant populations
Sana'a, Aden, Ta'izz, Lahij, Abyan, Al Hudaydah, Al Mukalla
Yemeni Arabic
Al-Akhdam, Akhdam or Achdam (singular Khadem, meaning "servant" in Arabic; also called Al-Muhamasheen, "the marginalized ones") is a social group in Yemen, distinguished from the majority by its members' Veddoid-like physical features and stature.[2] They are considered to be at the very bottom of the societal ladder, are socially segregated, and are mostly confined to menial jobs in the country's major cities.[3] According to official estimates, the Akhdam numbered between 500,000 to 3,500,000 individuals.
The caves of Al-Akhdam in Sanaa in 1942
Akhdam man or Khadem in Ta'izz
The exact origins of Al-Akhdam are uncertain. One popular account holds that they are descendants of Nilotic Sudanese people who accompanied the Abyssinian army during the latter's occupation of Yemen in the pre-Islamic period. Once the Abyssinian troops were finally expelled at the start of the Muslim era, some of the Sudanese migrants are said to have remained behind, giving birth to the Akhdam. Another theory maintains that they are of Veddoid origin.[2]
Anthropologists such as Vombruck suggest that Yemen's history and social hierarchy that developed under various regimes, including the Zaydi Imamate, created a caste-like society.[4] The Al-Akhdam formed a kind of hereditary caste at the very bottom of Yemeni social strata.[5] Intermarriage was also traditionally not practiced, as the Al-Akhdam were deemed untouchables.[2] Though their social conditions have improved somewhat in modern times, Al-Akhdam are still stereotyped by mainstream Yemeni society; they have been called lowly, dirty and immoral.[6] They also tend to work menial jobs.[3]
Studies by Al-Serouri et al. report lower education among the Al-Akhdam. Additionally, due to a poorer understanding of HIV risks, group members also have higher reported rates and risks of contracting HIV infections.[7]
Many NGOs and charitable organizations from other countries such as CARE International are reportedly working toward improving the living circumstances of the Akhdam.[8] However, Huda Sief disputes the extent of these efforts.[9]
Most Al-Akhdam live in segregated slums on the outskirts of Yemen's main urban centers.[3] Many of them reside in the capital Sana'a. Others can also be found in Aden, Ta'izz, Lahij, Abyan, Al Hudaydah and Al Mukalla.
According to official estimates, the Akhdam numbered around 500,000 individuals in 2004.[3] Other estimates put their number at over 3.5 million residents in 2013, out of a total Yemeni population of around 22 million.[1]
Besides their social position, the Akhdam are distinguished from the majority by its members' Veddoid-like physical features and shorter stature.[2]
Genetic studies by Lehmann (1954) and Tobias (1974) noted the sickle cell trait at high frequencies amongst the Akhdam.[2][10] According to Lehmann, this suggests a biological link with the Veddoids of South Asia, who also have a high incidence of the trait.[2]
 1. ^ a b Yemen's Al-Akhdam face brutal oppression
 2. ^ a b c d e f Lehmann, Hermann (1954). "Distribution of the sickle cell trait" (PDF). Eugenics Review 46 (2): 113–116. PMC _PHONE_. PMID 21260667. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
 3. ^ a b c d Robert F. Worth, "Languishing at the Bottom of Yemen's Ladder", New York Times, (February 27 2008)
 4. ^ GABRIELE VOMBRUCK (June 1996). "Being worthy of protection. The dialectics of gender attributes in Yemen". Social Anthropology 4 (2): 145–162. doi:10.1111/j._PHONE_.1996.tb00322.x.
 5. ^ "Caste In Yemen". Baltimore Sun. April 25, 2004.
 6. ^ Marguerite Abadjian (April 22, 2004). "In Yemen, lowest of the low". The Baltimore Sun.
 7. ^ Al-Serouri A. W., Anaam M., Al-Iryani B., Al Deram A. & Ramaroson, S. (2010), AIDS awareness and attitudes among Yemeni young people living in high-risk areas, Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 16(3): 242-250
 8. ^ Yemen Times
 9. ^ Huda Seif (2005), The Accursed Minority: The Ethno-Cultural Persecution of Al-Akhdam in the Republic of Yemen, Muslim World Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 2, Issue 1, Art. 9, (pages 10, 29)
 10. ^ Tobias, P.V. (1 June 1974). "An Anthropologist Looks at Malaria" (PDF). S.A. Medical Journal. pp. 1124–1127. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
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When an organization does not keep its assets maintained then asset breakdown occurs eventually. This is where maintenance work order comes into play! A perfect maintenance work order permits you to schedule maintenance that can be performed on time.
So, what is the work order process and what are its advantages from an organization's point of view?
You will find answers to these questions in this blog. Without further ado let us begin!
What Is a Maintenance Work Order?
In a maintenance work order, MRO (maintenance, repairing, operation) activities are performed. It contains all the detail such as work order is assigned to whom, what is the issue in an asset, what activities need to be done when the work order needs to be completed, and so on!
What Is the Objective of the Work Order?
The objective of the work order is to keep assets or equipment in the best shape. If asset failure occurs then reviving it back to the running condition in minimum time or as per the priority. Moreover, keeping the records of issue detection and maintenance history.
What Is a Work Request?
The work request is submitted either by clients or staff itself, they want to perform some particular task in some specific equipment. Once the work request is approved by the maintenance department, a work order is created.
Also Read: Why Remote Maintenance and Monitoring Is Important for Companies?
What Is the Work Order Process?
The work order process is divided into several steps. The first step is identifying the task, either it can be planned maintenance (activity scheduled for future, such as asset inspection, servicing, etc.) or unplanned maintenance (unexpected asset failure occurrence).
The second step is requesting maintenance in which all job specifications are put together and then the maintenance team takes further action.
Then work order priority is decided and scheduling is done accordingly. If work order priority is high then it is scheduled for as soon as possible whereas if work order priority is low then it can be scheduled for a free time slot.
After that, a work order is assigned to the technician and it may complete within ten minutes, hours or days, depending on the job!
At last, a work order is completed and documented, for further improvement or enhancement if needs to be done.
What Are the Different Categories of Maintenance Work Orders?
There are different categories of maintenance work orders are as follow:
Maintenance Work Orders Categories
Inspection work orders emphasize inspecting and reviewing assets, machines, and equipment. It can be considered as an initial part of preventive maintenance. In this process, assets are inspected closely to find if there are any issues.
This maintenance strategy is very effective for those organizations which are equipped with a lot of assets. In this maintenance work order, activities are done such as a routine checkup, lubrication, cleaning, oiling, air filter change, etc.
One of the main goals of the maintenance activity process is to find the potential problem if there are any. It has been proven that this maintenance management strategy has been working better than others. As it provides several advantages to the organization such as optimization of assets and minimizing breakdown occurrence.
When an emergency work order arrives then its work priority is high. In this, assets and machines are brought back in running condition on an urgent basis to save assets & control damage.
Another aim is avoiding all types of threats to human lives, the property of the organization. The emergency work order needs to be finished as quickly as possible.
This type of maintenance comes under scheduled maintenance. Depending on the company size and equipment they have got, routine maintenance can occur on a weekly, monthly basis, as per the company's requirement.
What Are the Advantages for an Organization of Using Work Order Management?
Below we have mentioned advantages for an organization of using work order management software:
Migrate from Paper to Digital
Once the paperwork is done for work order you pass it to the client or worker. After that, you do not have any updates on its current status and those papers might get lost
Furthermore, papers are done by human and messy writing can cause a problem. But with the software, you don't have to worry about writing.
When you use the system for sending data that data document can be found within minutes and you will always have proof of what you have sent.
Prioritization of Work Orders
It's important to provide crucial details about a work order such as work order priority. It will help the maintenance team in finishing work orders quickly or as per the urgency.
Once the priority is decided & according to the deadline of work order scheduling is done.
Accurate Reports
Reports represent data that can help in identifying the potential areas of improvement. You can get all maintenance work order details and statistics such as how many work orders left, how many completed & costs related to it, etc.
Centralized Data
It minimizes the chances of mistakes such as duplication. Work order tasks are identified and it shows the update and status in real-time. The management and technicians can see work order status which keeps the team organized.
According to the website Global News Wire,
"The global online project management software market is expected to reach a value of US$ 6.68 Bn by 2026 due to the increasing adoption of cloud-based project management solutions. The market is projected to expand at a CAGR of 9.4% during the forecast period from 2018 to 2026."
As we can notice from the above data that online project management can be beneficial for business firms. Work order management can assist in easy scheduling and organizing tasks, without making it complicated and overwhelming.
Therefore, you can use asset management software for effective work order management. An efficient system follows each step smoothly that will assist the organization to reduce downtime and work order backlog clearing.
Also Read: How Does Asset Management Software Help in Work Order Tracking?
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. What can you do with Work order management?
You can track and manage all work orders from a single dashboard track real-time status and updates. Also, you can track work order completion as well as create and manage work orders efficiently.
2. Why work order is important?
A work order authorizes, approves, and guides an individual maintenance technician or a whole team to perform a given assignment. The work order is helpful for management in controlling expenses and assessing work execution.
3. How to manage work order?
Set work order category priority, assign it to a specific technician, provide details such as mention what's the issue and what needs to be done. Make sure every step is well defined.
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should override equals is if you are creating an immutable value type, in which case the class should be declared final. Since there will be no inheritance, you are free to implement equals as needed. In the cases where you are allowing inheritance, then objects should compare by reference equality. – TheSecretSquad Mar 17 '15 at 3:29
Correct me if I am wrong, but getClass() will be useful when you want to make sure your instance is NOT a subclass of the class you are comparing with. If you use instanceof in that situation you can NOT know that because:
class A { }
class B extends A { }
Object oA = new A();
Object oB = new B();
oA instanceof A => true
oA instanceof B => false
oB instanceof A => true // <================ HERE
oB instanceof B => true
oA.getClass().equals(A.class) => true
oA.getClass().equals(B.class) => false
oB.getClass().equals(A.class) => false // <===============HERE
oB.getClass().equals(B.class) => true
It depends if you consider if a subclass of a given class is equals to its parent.
class LastName
{
(...)
}
class FamilyName
extends LastName
{
(..)
}
here I would use 'instanceof', because I want a LastName to be compared to FamilyName
class Organism
{
}
class Gorilla extends Organism
{
}
here I would use 'getClass', because the class already says that the two instances are not equivalent.
If you want to ensure only that class will match then use getClass() ==. If you want to match subclasses then instanceof is needed.
Also, instanceof will not match against a null but is safe to compare against a null. So you don't have to null check it.
if ( ! (obj instanceof MyClass) ) { return false; }
 - Re your second point: He already mentioned that in the question. "I usually check the instanceof option, and then go in and remove the 'if (obj == null)' check." – Michael Myers Feb 27 '09 at 20:30
 - Yes, next time more reading and less answering. – Clint Feb 27 '09 at 20:46
instanceof works for instences of the same class or its subclasses
You can use it to test if an object is an instance of a class, an instance of a subclass, or an instance of a class that implements a particular interface.
ArryaList and RoleList are both instanceof List
While
getClass() == o.getClass() will be true only if both objects ( this and o ) belongs to exactly the same class.
So depending on what you need to compare you could use one or the other.
If your logic is: "One objects is equals to other only if they are both the same class" you should go for the "equals", which I think is most of the cases.
Both methods have their problems.
If the subclass changes the identity, then you need to compare their actual classes. Otherwise, you violate the symmetric property. For instance, different types of Persons should not be considered equivalent, even if they have the same name.
However, some subclasses don't change identity and these need to use instanceof. For instance, if we have a bunch of immutable Shape objects, then a Rectangle with length and width of 1 should be equal to the unit Square.
In practice, I think the former case is more likely to be true. Usually, subclassing is a fundamental part of your identity and being exactly like your parent except you can do one little thing does not make you equal.
Actually instanceof check where an object belongs to some hierarchy or not. ex: Car object belongs to Vehical class. So "new Car() instance of Vehical" returns true. And "new Car().getClass().equals(Vehical.class)" return false, though Car object belongs to Vehical class but it's categorized as a separate type.
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text:
We may not miss the phantom shiner, the thicktail chub, the stumptooth minnow or the harelip sucker, but these freshwater fishes are among 39 species (3.2 percent of North America's freshwater fish population) and 18 subspecies that have vanished from the continent's waters over the past century. By 2050 the tally could reach as high as 86, an extinction rate that is about 877 times higher than normal and that has accelerated in the past 20 years, according to a study in the September issue of BioScience. When so many fish disappear in a short period, "you know something's up," says study author Noel M. Burkhead of the U.S. Geological Survey.
Many of the extinct freshwater fishes lived in the Great Lakes region and most likely died off because settlements and cities built on the lakes contributed to pollution, overfishing and the introduction of nonnative species that outcompeted them. As compared with saltwater and terrestrial animals, freshwater species are particularly vulnerable because many depend on small, local water bodies. "The numbers should be a wake-up call that we urgently need to apply freshwater conservation efforts," says Marguerite A. Xenopoulos of Trent University in Ontario, who authored a 2005 study on freshwater fish extinctions but was not involved in the current research.
Scientists are still working to understand what impact these extinctions might have on other populations. Although they understand the dynamics of large ecosystems, ecologists cannot yet "predict what the loss of a certain organism would mean," Burkhead says. These fish are "doing something beneficial. We just don't know what all those benefits are yet."
This article was originally published with the title Dead in the Water.


text:
Durga Devi Zone
Embark on a Spiritual Wilderness Journey in Durga Devi Zone – Corbett National Park
Nestled within the verdant expanse of Corbett National Park, the Durga Devi Zone stands as a testament to the spiritual and natural harmony that defines this iconic wildlife sanctuary. Named after the historic Durga Devi Temple located within its boundaries, this zone offers a unique blend of divine tranquility and untamed wilderness, creating an enchanting destination for wildlife enthusiasts and nature lovers.
1. Durga Devi Temple: The focal point of Durga Devi Zone is the ancient Durga Devi Temple, a sacred site that adds a spiritual dimension to the wildlife experience. Surrounded by the lush greenery of the jungle, the temple is dedicated to the Hindu goddess Durga and attracts pilgrims and visitors seeking both spiritual solace and the wonders of nature.
2. Wilderness Safari Adventures: Explore the diverse landscapes and wildlife of Durga Devi Zone through safari adventures. Jeep safaris are a popular choice, allowing visitors to traverse the rugged terrain in the company of knowledgeable guides. The zone's varied topography, including riverbanks and dense forests, provides a rich tapestry for wildlife encounters.
3. Rich Fauna: Durga Devi Zone is home to a diverse array of wildlife, including elephants, tigers, leopards, spotted deer, and numerous bird species. The opportunity to witness these majestic creatures in their natural habitat adds to the allure of the zone, making it a must-visit destination for wildlife enthusiasts.
4. Mahasheer Fishing: The Ramganga River, which flows through Durga Devi Zone, is renowned for Mahasheer fishing. Anglers can indulge in the thrill of catching this prized freshwater fish while surrounded by the pristine beauty of the jungle.
5. Scenic Landscapes: The picturesque landscapes of Durga Devi Zone showcase the unspoiled beauty of Corbett National Park. From the scenic riverbanks to the dense Sal forests, visitors are treated to breathtaking views that capture the essence of the Indian wilderness.
6. Birdwatcher's Paradise: The diverse ecosystems within Durga Devi Zone make it a haven for birdwatchers. The zone is home to a variety of avian species, providing a captivating experience for those who appreciate the beauty and diversity of birds.
7. Ethereal Sunsets: Witness ethereal sunsets over the Ramganga River, casting a golden glow on the landscape. The tranquil ambiance of Durga Devi Zone creates the perfect setting to enjoy these mesmerizing moments in nature.
Durga Devi Zone in Corbett National Park is not just a wildlife sanctuary; it's a sacred journey into the heart of nature, where spirituality and biodiversity coexist in perfect harmony. Whether you seek a divine connection, thrilling wildlife encounters, or simply the serenity of the jungle, Durga Devi Zone invites you to embark on a journey of discovery and awe.


size of 16384 GiB.
 - gp2 - General Purpose (SSD). General purpose volumes must have a minimum size of 1 GiB and a maximum size of 16384 GiB.
 - st1 - Throughput Optimized hard disk drive (HDD). Throughput optimized HDD volumes must have a minimum size of 125 GiB and a maximum size of 16384 GiB.
 - sc1 - Cold HDD. Cold HDD volumes must have a minimum size of 125 GiB and a maximum size of 16384 GiB.
Iops -> (integer)
For PIOPS volumes, the IOPS per disk.
Encrypted -> (boolean)
Specifies whether an Amazon EBS volume is encrypted. For more information, see Amazon EBS Encryption .


How Many Eyes Do Bees Have? Hint it's more than two!
Bee vision is one of the wonders in the natural world. Bees are actually able to see color much faster than a human being and differentiate individual flowers even when flying at a high speed. They can see in three dimensions, assess depth, and evaluate a distance.
Their unique ability to see ultraviolet light helps them to distinguish flowers with ease, which assists them in seeking out nectar. Amazingly many patterns on the flowers that aren't able to be seen by humans are visible to honey bees. Bees are especially attracted most to purple, blue, and violet colors.
This brings us to our question, how many eyes do bees have?
Bees have five eyes, two large compound eyes, and three simple eyes called ocelli. The ocelli, are on top of the bee's head in a triangular pattern. The compound eyes are on each side of their head and have thousands of tiny lenses (facets). Facets help the bees to detect color, patterns, and movements.
Bee have 5 eyes
Three simple eyes on top of the head and two large compound eyes
But wait; do bees see all the colors that we see? Do they see at night? Do they see shapes? Read on to discover more about these amazing and extraordinary creatures.
The Eyes of a Bee
As indicated earlier, bees have two sets of eyes. The simple eyes collect and focus light through a single lens. The bees use ocelli to orientate themselves towards the sun. The simple eyes also help to evaluate the magnitude of light and to maintain stability while navigating.
Studies show that the lense of a simple eye is more sensitive than a single ommatidium of a compound eye. Although they are single-lensed, they have many sensory cells.
The two large compound eyes are the most visible, located on the sides of the bees head. Each compound eye consists of lots of individual lenses (ommatidia) which lie at different angles. Their numbers range between 1000 and 16000 depending on the bee species.
The video below has some great vision of a bees compound eye under a microscope. You can see the individual facets making up the compound eye.
It is important to note that a larger eye can have more ommatidia, with larger facets than a smaller eye. Each ommatidium has its lens, cones, and cells that collect information about the bees surrounding at slightly different angles. They act as separate sensory devices.
Bees see the world differently than we see. The ommatidia contain three types of photoreceptors, which can see blue-green and blue-violet colors. They are also able to recognize ultraviolet light, which humans can't. Bee's cant however see the color red, it actually appears black to them.
Ultraviolet patterns on flower petals act as visual guides for bees to direct them where the nectar is. Like bees, human beings also have three receptors, which allow them to see blue, green, and red.
Bees' eyes also have a unique ability to detect movements. They can identify movements as quickly as a 1/300th of a second. Humans can only recognize movements divided by 1/50th of a second. However, the bees compound eyes are nowhere near as good as human eyes at picking up details from the same distance. They see these objects as mosaic images.
In addition to their ultraviolet vision, the bee's compound eyes are also able to detect polarized light. This helps them to navigate using the position of the sun. Surprisingly the bees can use polarized light to find direction even in the absence of the sunshine.
According to Karl von Frisch's studies on the navigation of a honey bee, he established that the sun is the favorite way for the bees to find direction. They navigate by the polarization pattern or by the Earth's magnetic field only when the sky is cloudy or inside a dark hive. Other insects with five eyes include wasps, dragonflies, and glass hoppers.
Do Bees See at Night?
Most people tend to think that all bees are only active during the day. This is far from the truth! Although most bees are diurnal, some species mainly in the tropical areas start their day after sunset. Examples of these are Apidae and Genus Apis. Both species are honey bees and can forage all night in the presence of an adequate moon.
For the nocturnal species, the simple and compound eyes have evolved to become relatively larger due to limited light available at night. The latter also contains larger numbers of ommatidia than their diurnal relatives.
Some species like the giant Indian carpenter bee can forage at very dim light levels due to their supersized eyes. Apart from their giant ocelli, they have huge ommatidia facet lenses and huge photo photoreceptors.
Why do some bees become nocturnal? In areas where you find these species, many plants or trees species have flowers that open at night. Another reason is due to low competition from other bees and insects at night. Nocturnal bees can see polarized light and detect the landmarks around the surrounding.
Bees Ability to Detect Polarized Light
Polarized light from the sky displays a vast pattern, which is linked to the sun's position. Honey bees are capable of detecting the skylight polarization and adopt it as a guide in their foraging errands. They will then communicate to other bees about a food source.
When a honey bee discovers flowers with nectar, she returns to the hive, performs a special dance (waggle dance) to inform the other bees where it is by analyzing polarized ultraviolet light.
Interestingly, the waggle dance informs of both the direction and the distance to the flower. The distance is conveyed by the duration of the dance. By dancing more slowly, the bee implies that the distance is greater!
But, what happens when it is cloudy? They still navigate through by use of special photoreceptors in their eyes. Real flower petals display polarized patterns that are invisible to humans but are visible to the bees. This helps them to identify such flowers. About half of the flower species face downwards, so their polarized areas are well visible to the bees.
Do Honey Bees See Moving Objects Better?
Have you ever wondered why bees are more likely to attack those who are running? Honey bees can detect moving objects better than static ones, unlike humans who see stationary objects better.
They are also able to judge distances better while flying. This is because their vision is blurry. Their clarity is 1/60th of human eyesight. They see human faces in a fragmented and blurred way.
They are more likely to visit flowers that are being shaken by the wind. They can recognize 3D images in flight. Bees also detect the slightest movement in 360 degrees and will percieve any looming danger around them. Human beings are only able to see in 180 degrees.
How Do the Hairs on Bees Eyes Help Them?
Bees' eyes are encircled by a dense layer of hair. These help them to steer in windy weather. The nerve extensions within the hair help to sense even the slightest force of the wind and relay the information to the brain, enabling them to move in the right direction.
As they forage, their bodies get covered with pollen grains, which is one of their methods of collecting pollen. The hairs on their eyes also get covered with pollen, these hairs protect the eyes from direct contact with pollen, which can impair their vision.
They can't however, fly and navigate their way back to the hive with pollen on the hairs. What do they do? They remove the pollen from their hair by transferring it to the pollen baskets situated on their hind legs. Amazing!
The Wrap Up
Bees are crucial to an ecosystem and are considered as keystone species due to their role in pollination. This is made possible by the extraordinary eyesight that they possess. Their five eyes, both the simple and compound eyes play unique roles in the bee's navigation and identification of flowers and nectar.
Although bees may not be able to see more detailed information that we do, their eyes excellently serve their needs and the needs of the environment.
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text: At the Western Institute of Technical and Further Education (WITAFE) in New South Wales (NSW), vocational education and training (VET) courses are being delivered to students in isolated homesteads and remote Aboriginal communities by Interactive Distance eLearning (IDL). IDL provides satellite-supported two-way broadband voice, oneway video and Internet access for school-age and adult distance education. Adults commonly access VET courses offered by WITAFE using the equipment provided to their children who are students of a 'School of the Air' or through community facilities in remote Aboriginal communities. By providing lessons via satellite to isolated students TAFENSW is helping to counter long-standing inequities in distance and rural education by decreasing the digital divide and assisting with rural renewal. Through a case study, this paper examines the influence of the provision of IDL and Internet access for adult students in isolated homesteads in NSW and also the benefits and challenges of teaching and learning with IDL.


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160 IBM Application Development Tools for z/OS and OS/390
4.1 Start by validating your software levels
To effectively use DTCU, you must have the correct levels of software installed
on your system. The Authorized Program Analysis Reports (APARs) should be
reviewed to identify the corresponding Program Temporary Fix (PTF)
appropriate for your operating environment.
In this section, we describe what DTCU needs, and what steps are needed to run
4.2.1 What does DTCU require
For coverage analysis, DTCU requires:
The listings created by the compilers and the assemblers. These products
offer options that enables you to include assembler statements in the listings.
These assembler statements in the listing are needed by DTCU.
The object module or load modules. DTCU will create copies with inserted
4.2.2 Running DTCU consists of the following steps
a. Compile the source code, using required compile or assembler options.
b. Generate DTCU JCL using the DTCU ISPF dialog:
- Edit the DTCU control file.
- Create the setup JCL.
- Create the start monitor JCL.
- Create the report or summary JCL.
c. Edit the link edit JCL to include the modified object.
d. Edit the program invocation JCL to point to the modified load module.
a. Run the setup JCL.
b. Run the link edit JCL.
c. Run the JCL to start a monitor session.
d. Run your application using the modified load modules.
e. stop the monitor session.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Here is a spreadsheet with the raw data from the 2010 league tables. Please see the copyright notice included in the file for permissions: use this data at your own risk, and if you publish anything based on it, we ask you to attribute the source. The data is in a single table, allowing you to do your own summaries. Each row in the table has the following:
 - The composer name
 - The composer's date of birth
 - The start of the decade of the composer's year of birth
 - The period as classified in the Bachtrack database
 - The country in which the concert took place (so you can do Germany-only if you want)
 - The "detail id", which is simply a unique identifier for each row
 - The "event id", which is a unique identifier for the concert
If you're feeling particularly strong, the combination of detail and event ids will allow you to analyse how different works are clustered together in the same concert. For example, you could answer questions of the form "which is the work most commonly paired with Beethoven's Symphony no. 7" or "how many concerts contain one modern work in a programme otherwise composed entirely of romantic music".
Happy data hacking...


text:
PET – MRI exhibits properties such as absolute anatomical localization and volume confirmation in the quantity and detection of molecular traget along with its advantages scuh as a reduction in the radiation dose compared to PET – CT.
PET – MRI plays a potential role in imaging atherosclerotic plaques and evaluation of myocardial viability/hibernation. For example, it can present hemodynamic result such as atherosclerotic plaque load and ischemia.
Detection of the threshold for local glucose use by PET and scar transmurality by MRI in determining the size of viable myocardial tissue is a valid method to predict improvement in the regional Wall movement in the subacute period.
With the PET and MRI combination,
PET – MRI in cardiology ensures rapid imaging without exposure to additional radiation.


text:
Lecture on Dragons
Lecture on Dragons (sometimes known as Essay on Dragons) is an unpublished lecture by J.R.R. Tolkien. Extracts have been published in Leaves from the Tree (1991), in J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator (1995) and in The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide (2006).
The lecture was originally given on 1 January 1938 to children at the University of Oxford Museum. Tolkien describred two kind of dragons, "'creeping' and 'winged' but, in general, large, deadly, coiling serpent-creatures."


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percent of reported industrial spills on land.
The fines against companies that violate the law will be based on a number of factors related to the type of violation and the seriousness of the violation. Types of violations include improper reporting and record-keeping, exceeding discharge limits of certain substances and unlawful spills. Average penalties are expected to be about CAD $1,000 for administrative violations and CAD $10,000–20,000 for unlawful spills and spill-related violations. The size of a penalty is determined by an assessment of:
The gravity or the seriousness of the violation and its consequences.
The monetary benefit, if any, that the facility has gained from non-compliance with Ontario's environmental laws.
The number of days the violation continues.
The presence of a toxic substance in an unlawful spill or unlawful discharge increases the gravity portion of the penalty by 35 percent. The "Environmental Penalties – Code of Toxic Substances" provides a list of 113 toxic substances that would result in such an increase.
Revenue collected from environmental penalties is deposited into a Special Purpose Account. All revenue collected will be made available to communities affected by spills for remediation, restoration and related purposes. Environmental proposals from community organizations will be accepted every year and will be assessed by technical experts to ensure they meet the criteria. As the Environmental Protection Act also requires polluters to compensate for losses or damages that result from spills, the fund is not required for compensation of the victims of spills and spill-related violations.
Regulations, whether they prohibit behaviours by imposing penalties or encourage them by offering incentives, are created in a hierarchical relationship in which governors direct the activities of the governed. In contrast, some organizations are considering the use of another type of power arrangement in which parties are equal partners in a negotiated agreement or covenant that benefits all involved.
In a negotiated agreement or contract, violation of the terms of the contract by one party usually releases the other parties from their obligations. A covenant, a concept with a long history, 'is a mutual promise of two (or more) parties that is valid independently of whether the parties deliver on their promise or not. This gives a covenant a higher, more solemn validity than an ordinary contract, treaty or convention'.40
In the field of international law, the term 'covenant' refers to agreements in which one party's non-performance does not affect the other party's duty to perform, unlike in a classic contract, in which rights and duties are mutually linked. Declarations, charters, compacts, conventions, manifestos, constitutions, treaties and even contracts may carry forward disguised forms of covenants and aspirations. 'Compacts' share with covenant, for example, the expectation that parties are obligated to respond to each other beyond the letter of the law, and both require mutual consent to be abrogated, designed as they are to be perpetual.
It has been theorized that all forms of contract between citizen and state involve more than mere mutual self-interest in order to be binding, and that 'social contracts' were therefore deep, sacred agreements reflecting moral relationships believed to be inherent in reality itself. Indeed, no community can long be governed without some form of mutual trust or covenantal bond that provides identity and purpose to its members and that is judged a fair distribution of powers, benefits, rights and obligations. No covenant can be successfully formed and kept that does not provide for a constitution or other legal structure institutionalizing the norms and political processes (or government), by which decisions regarding the relationships between the parties to the covenant will be made and implemented.
In addition to formal written promises officially recognized by governments, compacts and covenants can also originate from systems of local community customs and unwritten agreements. Indeed, as a general rule, the more localized a system is, the less formally regulated is the system of water governance (see Case 5.6).
Case 5.6 Water governance by covenant in the community of Pijal, Ecuador41
The northern Ecuadorian indigenous community of Pijal, population 1,138, is organized communally and has an unofficial system of local governance that includes elements of parliamentary, judiciary and administrative branches. The community assembly (Asamblea de la Comunidad) is a parliamentary body with the highest level of decision making power and includes all members of the community government. Under the Asamblea is the Cabildo (a combined administrative-judicial branch), beneath which sits the powerful Juntas de Agua (Water Board), composed of the most honest citizens in Pijal. The Juntas de Agua convenes mandatory work parties of community members when needed to perform maintenance on canals and ditches in the area, and imposes fines or sanctions on members who do not participate.
Tensions over water in the community have risen in recent years due to the growing problem of drought in the area, and year-round reductions in water flow occurring simultaneously with a growing population. In order to control theft of water (i.e., taking more than the amount allotted each family for US$ 0.50 a month), the community has instituted a graduated system of penalties, which includes fines for one-time offenders and temporary or permanent suspensions of water access for repeat offenders. The Asamblea hears and adjudicates water access conflicts between members of a single community. In the case of conflicts between members of different communities, representatives of those communities who understand the problem are convened and allowed to propose solutions to the issue, which is decided by a vote. The system is not recognized by the Ecuadorian government, but community members maintain that Pijal's water governance mechanisms are accepted by the community, as the underlying concepts and values are understood by all, and punishments determined by the Asamblea General reflect this understanding.
The basis for agreement of covenants is negotiation. A negotiation requires a process in which the parties involved come together to bargain and trade off within their positions aiming to reach an agreement over a disputed or potentially disputed matter. As demonstrated in the IUCN toolkit NEGOTIATE, facilitated processes of negotiation can help to build consensus among parties. Negotiation is thus a means to an end, but in order to be fruitful, the parties involved must be autonomous, while recognizing that there are commonly imbalances in power among parties. Such imbalances can lead to manipulation of processes in favour of the stronger parties. Thus, capacity to negotiate as equal partners must be addressed particularly when civil society actors negotiate with stronger traditional players such as the government or the private sector.
"MONITORING AND INFORMATION MECHANISMS MUST BE COORDINATED BETWEEN NATIONAL AND RIVER-BASIN LEVELS"
Monitoring and information management mechanisms are essential tools for enforcement, as mentioned earlier in Chapter 3 on law and Chapter 4 on institutions. The extent to which this data is made publicly available may support compliance greatly by helping water users who are subject to the law's requirements verify that they are meeting their obligations and to understand the implications if they fail.
What should be monitored?
Physical parameters such as water quality, aquatic biodiversity and habitat must have a baseline established. Ongoing assessment must then be made using the same measurement to deter-mine if they are improving or deteriorating.
Health variables such as access to safe drinking water and sanitation, and incidence of water-borne diseases.
Economic variables such as costs to the government and consumers of providing water, sewer-age and hydropower.
Progress towards goals set in five-year plans or any other government water programmes. These might include the number of water user groups formed, number of additional homes served by sewerage, or agreements reached by various partners.
Compliance with pollution regulations such as discharge limits or fertilizer use near waterways.
Effectiveness of enforcement efforts in terms of fees collected, court cases won, or compliance negotiated.
Monitoring and information mechanisms must be coordinated between national and river basin levels. Given the highly technical nature of monitoring, the results should be expressed in terms that are understandable to lay people.
The costs of monitoring can be high as they are not limited to the installation, operation and maintenance of the necessary infrastructure to support monitoring mechanisms but also extend to training and administration.
"THE COSTS OF MONITORING CAN BE HIGH"
Compliance refers to the conformity of society to the obligations agreed to in water arrangements. When the parties involved are willing to meet their obligations, enforcement is not such an issue.
Enforcement, which is necessary when voluntary compliance fails, fosters security amongst stakeholders because each party knows that if the other party does not abide by the agreement, there are specific mechanisms to force compliance. The State may use police action to assure compliance with a specific law or act.
The incorporation of appropriate regulatory mechanisms to support compliance is accomplished in part by clearly and concisely defining the rights and obligations of all water users (public and private) as well as the State. As discussed in Chapter 3, this may be achieved through the creation of a system that secures 'property rights' to use water. Firm rights can also be established through permit or licensing systems, judicial procedures or customary practices. Clear rights and obligations may also arise indirectly under other legislation with implications for water resources, such as in the case of the Endangered Species Act in the United States.
"ENFORCEMENT, WHICH IS NECESSARY WHEN VOLUNTARY COMPLIANCE FAILS, FOSTERS SECURITY AMONGST STAKEHOLDERS"
The objective of incorporating appropriate compliance mechanisms in a water law is greatly enhanced by measures that ensure a high level of public participation prior to administrative decision making, as well as the right to be heard after decisions have been taken by the authorities. Compliance is also strengthened by incorporating transitional arrangements in legislation that provide opportunities for civil society to arrange their affairs before a new law takes full effect. Such arrangements are often overlooked, however, in the introduction of a new water law regime.
Case 5.7 India's 1974 Water Pollution Act:


text:
Academic IELTS Writing Task 1 – Process Chart & Sample Answers
Paraphrase: Illustrate; the recycling process of waste glass bottles.
Overview/Summary: Mention the three stages in the recycling process.
Paragraph 3: Describe the first and second stages of the recycling process.
Paragraph 4: sent to a glass factory; crushed into pieces; the process continues to get burnt; coupling of molten glass and new liquid glass.
Paragraph 5: Describe the final stage of the recycling process
The diagram illustrates the process of recycling waste glass bottles.
We can observe from the diagram that there are three main stages in the recycling process, beginning with gathering the wasted glass bottles, the recycling of these bottles, and ending with the delivery of new products.
Firstly, wasted glass bottles are gathered at a collecting point. It is then transported to a recycling center/cleaning plant by truck. Next, these are cleaned using high-pressure water to eliminate the dust and other substances before being classified into three kinds of bottles according to their color, such as brown, green and clear.
Later, these bottles are sent to a glass factory to be crushed into smaller pieces. The process continues wherein those pieces are burnt in a specific furnace at a high temperature of 600c – 800c to become molten glass. The recycled molten glass and new liquid glass are coupled together and poured into a glass mould to produce new bottles.
The new bottles are then filled with drinks, and the entire process of recycling glass concludes after these filled bottles are delivered to the supermarket.
Also check :


text:
Procedural genererated polygonal planets. Procedural generated pologonal region terrain maps. Triangulated distances between primary objects, primary and secondary objects, tertersy and secondary objects, and so on. Distance from a ship around a planet is calculated by getting the distance to the planet, distance from the planet to the sun, distance from the sun to the next sun, the next sun to the next planet.
Novel backfill. Use a series of functions and objects to fill out an endpoint objective then after that work backwards in steps to reach that objective. Work backwards at each step while building the novel backbone.
Pandas for data points?
Start making scapy and beautifulsoup bots to get text novels and book descriptors, types of novels, character development traits, all sorts of things.
Pick a database backend.
Pick a web frontend.
Get a logo, just for the hell of it.
Establish the line between cowriter and author?


text:
The Connecticut General Assembly passed a major piece of legislation that will lead to better land conservation throughout the state. Here's our statement about it:
May 10, 2012 – The passage this week by the Connecticut General Assembly of a new open space bill will vastly improve the way the state goes about prioritizing, tracking and protecting land for conservation.
An Act Concerning the State's Open Space Plan (SB 347) will make it easier for Connecticut to reach its goal of protecting 21 percent of the land in the state, which will benefit the state's bird and their habitats – and ultimately the residents of Connecticut.
Connecticut Audubon Society congratulates and thanks the members of the General Assembly, and urges Governor Malloy to sign the open space bill into law.
Many of the bill's specific provisions started as recommendations in Connecticut Audubon Society's annual Connecticut State of the Birds reports. Connecticut's conservation community supported the bill and worked collaboratively to help get it passed.
The bill requires the state Department of Energy and Environmental Protection to prepare a strategy for achieving the 21 percent goal. To ensure that the strategy is comprehensive and has broad support, the DEEP has to consult with the state Department of Agriculture, the state Council on Environmental Quality, municipalities, regional planning agencies, and private land conservation organizations such as Connecticut Audubon Society. The deadline is December 15, and it has to be updated at least every five years.
The strategy must include an estimate of the number of acres preserved statewide, as well as timetables for land acquisition by the state, plans for managing the state's preserved lands, and an assessment of the resources the state will need to acquire and manage open space.
It has to identify the highest priorities for land acquisition, including wildlife habitat and ecological resources that are in greatest need of immediate preservation, and the general location of each priority.
The bill also requires the DEEP to work with other state agencies to identify lands they own that might have conservation value, and to devise a plan for preserving the tracts with the highest conservation value.
Connecticut Audubon Society sends its congratulations and thanks to the Council on Environmental Quality, which drafted the bill and worked closely with the DEEP and elected officials to make sure the bill had broad support; and to Audubon Connecticut (the state office of the National Audubon Society), which made key revisions to the bill as it worked its way through the legislature's committees.
We also thank Senator Edward Meyer, and the bill's House co-sponsors: Rep. Kim Rose, Rep. Terrie Wood, Rep. John H. Frey, Rep. Gregory Haddad, Rep. Roberta B. Willis, Rep. Elissa T. Wright, Rep. Paul Davis, Rep. Bruce Zalaski, Rep. Mike Alberts, Rep. Elaine C. O'Brien, Rep. Gail Lavielle, Rep. Marilyn Giuliano, Rep. Livvy R. Floren, Rep. Roland J. Lemar, Rep. Diana S. Urban, and Rep. Elizabeth A. Boukus.


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The grant is through the Catawba-Wateree Habitat Enhancement Program of Duke Energy.
A large portion of wildlife habitat, including native plant species, can be found on waterfront property in Cowan's Ford Nature Refuge and Latta Plantation Nature Preserve in northern Mecklenburg County and McDowell Nature Preserve in southern Mecklenburg County.
The department will use the grant money for grassland/shrub land management areas on projects that include:
- improving habitat for rare bird species,
- removing invasive plant species, such as Autumn olive,
- and managing non-native animal species, such as feral hogs.
Autumn olive can reduce native plant species and their habitat, and feral hogs have a negative impact on water quality and threaten many desirable plant and animal populations.
"The money will allow Park and Recreation to do some work that it normally couldn't afford and will go a long way toward helping us protect the wildlife who inhabit the nature preserves along the Catawba River," Chris Matthews said. He is division director for Park and Recreation's Nature Preserves and Natural Resources Division.
In 1994 the department's Nature Preserves and Natural Resources Division began actively supporting the protection, management, and restoration of natural communities in Mecklenburg County. The work includes developing and restoring Piedmont Prairie habitat sites and the protection of rare plant and animal species.


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Embedded Systems
New Robotic Systems Development Masters Program
Carnegie Mellon University's Robotics Institute is offering a new master's degree program in robotic systems development that will provide beginning and early-entry practicing professionals with multidisciplinary skills beginning in fall 2011. Graduates of this program will be capable of operating at a higher technical/managerial level within a company, making them extremely desirable job candidates.
"We will be training the next generation of chief technology officers," said Hagen Schempf, a principal systems scientist in the Robotics Institute and director of the new master's degree program. "No matter how good their technical knowledge may be, people must be able to lead teams, which requires both technical and managerial skills, if they want to succeed as entrepreneurs or rise within a larger company."
Schempf said the master's degree in robotic systems development (MRSD) will be useful for anyone who seeks to be a high-tech manager, regardless of whether that position is in the robotics or automation fields.
"Robotics touches on all aspects of mechanical, electrical, and software engineering," he explained. "That's what makes robotics such a great systems discipline and why the ability to manage a robotics development team is applicable to so many high-tech commercial settings," said Schempf.
The Robotics Institute will accept applications for the program this fall. Candidates must have an undergraduate degree in engineering, computer science, physical science, or applied mathematics, and one to three years of practical experience in industry or in a research laboratory is preferred. Applications information will be available at starting September 15.
Since its creation in 1979, the Robotics Institute has been a pioneer in robotics education and research, offering the world's first Ph.D. program in robotics. With 350 fulland part-time employees and an annual research budget of $55 million, it is one of the largest organizations of its kind, with leading programs in such fields as autonomous navigation, mobile and field robotics, computer vision, human-robot interaction and quality of life technologies.
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text:
The Climate Prediction Center, a branch of the National Weather Service, says April is showing equal chances of normal precipitation.
Scott Baker with the National Weather Service in Lincoln indicates the Climate Prediction Center is showing nothing that indicates things are going to above normal wet or below normal wet.
Looking at the rest of the spring season, Baker indicates the rest of the spring is showing an above normal amount of precipitation, however, the amounts above normal are not always certain.
According to Baker, forecasters use a lot of data from 5 to 10 years or even the past 30 years to predict forecasts and rainfall amounts. Additionally, current weather patterns also play into their predictions.


text:
Yi Wang1,2, Jianping Zhang3, Edwin Estrada1, Jing Han1, Nathaniel Reichek1,2
1Research, St. Francis Hospital, Roslyn, NY, USA; 2Biomedical Engineering, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY, USA; 3Applied Mathematics and Statistics, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY, USA
Aortic pulse wave velocity, a measurement of the flow pulse traveling along aorta as a surrogate for aortic compliance, can be assessed using a single plane breath-hold phase contrast imaging technique. Accurate determination of the time delay (Δ;t) between flows in ascending and descending aorta is critical. Various approaches have been studied for & Δ;t, including measuring the intervals between flow onset points, between maximal flow points, and between parallel upslopes after least squares fittings. We compared four automated approaches for time delay detection and evaluated their effects on aortic compliance and their relationship to age in normal volunteers.


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Research Strategy: Working to Australian MS Research Strengths
MS Research Australia implements an informed scientific agenda to accelerate advances that will prevent, better treat and ultimately cure multiple sclerosis.
The MS Research Australia scientific agenda focuses on funding research that will increase our understanding of the biology driving MS and how to stop MS from triggering the disease, causing further damage and how to repair existing damage that can reverse disability. This is a medium to long-term strategy. It requires extensive funding, collaboration and coordination.
In the short term, MS Research Australia funds clinical research that measures the benefits of alternative symptom management approaches. Social research through the Australian MS Longitudinal Study measures the physical, social and economic impact of MS on Australians for advocacy and service development purposes.
MS Research Australia Research Strategy Overview
- What triggers MS? Can we prevent the onset of MS?
- What biology is driving MS? How can we stop it?
- Can existing neural damage be repaired or replaced?
To address these significant unknowns, MS Research Australia invests in five research streams. Funding in these streams includes both investigator-driven applications and 'platform' funding (see a summary in the table, and more detailed information below):
|Research Stream||MS Research Australia Funded Research|
|1. Social and Applied Research||
|2. Genetics and Epidemiology|
|3. Immunology and Virology||
|5. Clinical Trials|
How MS Research Australia Identifies High Quality Research
MS Research Australia identifies significant MS research in two ways; the first is via an annual peer-review process, the second is by proactively identifying, coordinating and funding major collaborative projects called 'Platforms'.
1. Supporting Serendipitous Discoveries
Each year MS Research Australia initiates a rigorous international peer-review process to identify high quality MS research to fund. Annually MS Research Australia will fund approximately $2million in projects and capacity-building grants including fellowships and scholarships.
MS Research Australia grants give scientists an opportunity to focus on generating new insights that inform our understanding of the disease. Capacity building is an investment in the future of MS research by creating opportunities for early career researchers to gain scientific training, to learn from leading MS experts and nurture a commitment to cure MS. These early career researchers are the next generation of MS experts.
For more information on:
2. PLATFORMS: Proactively Accelerating Blue Sky Research
Platforms represent a major investment in infrastructure or a collaboration that will accelerate MS research activity. MS Research Australia acts as a catalyst for blue sky research. We work with researchers to undertake the research that other funding agencies consider 'too risky' to fund but has the potential to yield the greatest outcomes for People with MS.
With guidance from the broader scientific and health professional community, MS Research Australia establishes and maintains national collaborations to address scientific questions that no one researcher could solve in isolation.
Currently, MS Research Australia has several Platforms underway including:
- MSRA Gene Bank and ANZgene Consortium
- MSRA Brain Bank
- MSRA Clinical Trials Network
- Australian MS Longitudinal Study
- Proteomics Collaboration
- PrevANZ - vitamin D MS Prevention Trial
In developing a Platform, MS Research Australia consults with as many relevant Australian and international researchers as possible.
This ensures that we only fund Platforms that:
- complement the world-wide research effort without duplication,
- fund a highly focused initiative with clear goals and timeframes,
- and identify potential obstacles early and solutions to overcome them quickly.
MS Research Australia's research approach has changed the way MS researchers can do MS research in Australia.


How to Record Linux Terminal Sessions?
Introduction
Sometimes it can be helpful to record a terminal session in Linux so that you can review the commands you ran, the output they produced, and any other text that was displayed in the terminal. In this article, we'll discuss three different ways to record terminal sessions in Linux − using the script command, using the ttyrec command, and using the asciinema tool.
Method 1: Using the script command
The script command is a simple and easy-to-use tool for recording terminal sessions in Linux. It captures all the text that is displayed in the terminal, as well as all the commands you enter.
To start a recording with script, simply open a terminal and run the script command followed by the name of the file you want to save the recording to. For example
$ script my_recording.txt
Script started, file is my_recording.txt
The script command will start recording immediately and will display a message indicating that the recording has started and the name of the file where the recording will be saved.
To stop the recording, simply type exit at the prompt and press Enter. The recorded output will be saved to the file my_recording.txt. Here's an example of a simple terminal session that was recorded using script
$ script my_recording.txt
Script started, file is my_recording.txt
$ ls
Desktop Documents Downloads Music Pictures Videos
$ exit
Script done, file is my_recording.txt
Method 2: Using the ttyrec command
The ttyrec command is similar to script, but it creates a binary file that can be played back using the ttyplay command. To start a recording with ttyrec, run the command followed by the name of the file you want to save the recording to. For example
$ ttyrec my_recording.tty
The ttyrec command will start recording immediately and will display a message indicating that the recording has started.
To stop the recording, simply exit the terminal by closing the window or pressing CTRL+D. The recorded output will be saved to the file my_recording.tty.
To play back a recording that was created with ttyrec, use the ttyplay command followed by the name of the recorded file. For example
$ ttyplay my_recording.tty
Method 3: Using the asciinema tool
asciinema is a free and open source tool that allows you to record and share terminal sessions. It produces a file in JSON format that can be played back using the asciinema command line tool or uploaded to the asciinema.org website for sharing.
To install asciinema, run the following command
$ asciinema rec my_recording.json
The asciinema command will start recording immediately and will display a message indicating that the recording has started.
To stop the recording, press CTRL+D or type exit at the prompt and press Enter. The recorded output will be saved to the file my_recording.json, which you can then share with others or play back using the asciinema play command.
To play back a recording that was created with asciinema, use the asciinema play command followed by the name of the recorded file. For example
$ asciinema play my_recording.json
You can also upload the recorded file to the asciinema.org website for sharing. Simply log in to the website, click the "New Cast" button, and select the recorded file to upload.
Comparing the Different Methods
In this section, we'll take a closer look at the pros and cons of each of the three methods for recording terminal sessions in Linux.
The script command is a simple and easy-to-use tool that captures all the text and commands entered in the terminal. One advantage of script is that it produces a plain text file that can be easily read and edited with any text editor. However, the recorded output can be quite verbose, as it includes all the terminal control characters and other low-level details. This can make the recorded file large and difficult to read.
The ttyrec command is similar to script, but it creates a binary file that can be played back using the ttyplay command. One advantage of ttyrec is that it produces a smaller and more compact file than script, as it only captures the text and not the terminal control characters. However, the recorded file is not human-readable and can only be played back using the ttyplay command.
The asciinema tool is the latest and most powerful open source tool that allows you to record and share terminal sessions. It produces a file in JSON format that can be played back using the asciinema command line tool or uploaded to the asciinema.org website for sharing. One advantage of asciinema is that it produces a small and easy-to-read file that can be played back or shared with others. However, it requires the installation of an additional tool and may not be as widely supported as the other two methods.
Overall, the best choice for recording terminal sessions in Linux will depend on your specific needs and preferences. If you want a simple and easy-to-use tool that produces a plain text file, script may be the best choice. If you want a more compact and efficient file that can be played back using a separate tool, ttyrec may be a better option. And if you want a small and easy-to-read file that can be shared with others, asciinema may be the best choice.
Conclusion
In this article, we discussed three different ways to record terminal sessions in Linux: using the script command, using the ttyrec command, and using the asciinema tool. Each of these methods has its own benefits and drawbacks, and the best choice for you will depend on your specific needs and preferences. Whether you want to review a terminal session for your own records, share a session with others, or simply save a copy for posterity, these methods provide an easy way to do so.
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Total Number of words made out of Peats = 61
Peats is an acceptable word in Scrabble
with 7 points.
Peats is an accepted word in Word with Friends
having 8 points. Peats
is a 5
letter medium Word starting with P and ending with S. Below are Total 61 words made out of this word.
Anagrams of peats
1). septa 2). tepas 3). spate 4). tapes 5). pates 6). paste
4 letter Words made out of peats
1). peas 2). pats 3). peat 4). pate 5). pest 6). pets 7). sate 8). seat 9). sept 10). seta 11). spat 12). step 13). taps 14). teas 15). tepa 16). spae 17). east 18). past 19). pase 20). eats 21). apes 22). ates 23). tape 24). etas 25). apse
3 letter Words made out of peats
1). ate 2). spa 3). asp 4). tae 5). tap 6). apt 7). tas 8). tea 9). ape 10). set 11). pat 12). eat 13). pea 14). pas 15). pes 16). eta 17). pet 18). sat 19). sea 20). sae 21). sap
2 letter Words made out of peats
1). pe 2). es 3). pa 4). as 5). at 6). et 7). ta 8). ae
Also see:- | Words ending with Peats | Words Containing Peats
Words made after changing First letter with any other letter in peatsbeats feats heats meats neats seats teats
Words made after changing Last letter with any other letter in peatspeaty
:. Anagrams are meaningful words made after rearranging all the letters of the word.
Search More words for viewing how many words can be made out of them
There are 2 vowel letters and 3 consonant letters in the word peats. P is 16th, E is 5th, A is 1st, T is 20th, S is 19th, Letter of Alphabet series.
Wordmaker is a website which tells you how many words you can make out of any given word in english. we have tried our best to include every possible word combination of a given word. Its a good website for those who are looking for anagrams of a particular word. Anagrams are words made using each and every letter of the word and is of the same legth as original english word. Most of the words meaning have also being provided to have a better understanding of the word. A cool tool for scrabble fans and english users, word maker is fastly becoming one of the most sought after english reference across the web.


Functions and uses of DR equipment What are the functions and uses of DR equipment? - Mobile DR X-ray Machine - Mobile DR X-ray Machine
HomeBlog ›Functions and uses of DR equipment What are the functions and uses of DR equipment?
Functions and uses of DR equipment What are the functions and uses of DR equipment?
The full name of DR is Digital Radiography. After X-rays pass through the human body, they are collected by X-ray detectors and processed by a computer system, which can quickly reproduce X-ray images within seconds. At present, it is mainly used for the initial diagnosis of orthopedics, respiratory, gastroenterology and other diseases. Medical DR equipment consists of five components (detector, tube, high voltage, frame, imaging workstation). The DR detector is used in conjunction with the X-ray machine. Once the DR detector receives the rays from the X-ray machine, it can be directly converted into an image and transmitted to the computer. At present, there are two types of DR detectors on the market, dynamic flat panel detectors and static flat panel detectors. Among them, the most popular is the static flat panel detector, and it is also the DR equipment used by many individual clinics.
portable X-ray machine
X-ray machine
(+86) _PHONE_
_EMAIL_


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To improve the quantitative analysis of Blood flow signal, measured with Laser-Doppler Flowmetry, Wavelet Transforms are used. This proposed algorithm consists of three phases. In the first phase, RBC's in the blood flow signal is measured with the help of the LDF model. In the second phase, the Wavelet Transforms are used to extract the features of the signal. Two signals are used for analysis, one from the normal patient and another from abnormal (diabetic) patient. In the third phase, to identify the abnormal patient, the Euclidean distance algorithm is used.


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In this lesson, we will walk through correcting some of the types of errors that might cause MIRCal to reject your data.
Before you start making corrections, you need to:
- Log on to MIRCal (see Accessing MIRCal in Module 2: Basics for All Users).
- Create the same reporting profile you used when you submitted your data (see Create a Reporting Profile in this module, Lesson 1).
- Determine which edit programs your data failed (see View an Error Summary in this module, Lesson 3).
- Print the edit program Error Reports for the programs your data failed (see View and Print Error Reports in this module, Lesson 3).
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
- Identify the errors in your data and determine the best way to correct them
- Correct errors online in MIRCal
- Submit your corrections to OSHPD
Jane works at CBT2, a large hospital in Central California. Following
the submission process described in Lesson 1, she submitted an ED data
file to OSHPD as a test submission. In Lesson 3, she retrieved her
submission results and found that her data was rejected because it
failed the Standard Edit program and there is a record with a
blank or invalid Principal Diagnosis. She printed the Standard Edit error report,
and that is where this lesson begins.


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From Radiation, Food, EMF
Check your Veggies and Fruits with SOEKS Nitrate Tester! Is your produce really organic? Had your local farmer used chemical fertilizer to accelerate the growth? Afraid that it may be contaminated? Find out with SOEKS Nitrate Tester! SOEKS Nitrate Tester is an indispensable tool that's been developed to calculate the level of nitrates present in fresh food items like fruits, vegetables, fresh meat and child food products.
What are Nitrates?
Nitrates are a primary ingredient in fertilizers used in most industrialized countries. Excess nitrate absorption in your body affects the oxygen carrying capacity of your blood.
Convenient to operate, the tester features a metallic probe which is poked into the food material to examine. Nitrate levels are evaluated by measuring the level of conductivity of high-frequency alternating currents in the product.
The appraised results are displayed in the format of nitrate content in milligrams per kilogram of the analyzed product. It also suggests whether the product analyzed is fit for consumption.
For easy cognizance of nitrate levels, the SOEKS Nitrate Tester displays a message that best describes the degree of nitrate concentration in food objects. The message is either of the following:
- Normal Nitrate Concentration
- Insignificant Nitrate Concentration
- Dangerous Nitrate Concentration
SOEKS Nitrate Tester NUC-019-1 has a preloaded permissible levels of nitrates for the following products:
Apples, Apricots, Bananas, Beets, Early cabbage, Late cabbage, Early carrots, Late carrots, Cucumber soil, Cucumber gr., Eggplant, Grapes, Greens, Pears, Lettuce, Marrow, Melons, Nectarines, Onion Bulbs, Green Onions, Peaches, Sweet Peppers, Persimmon, Potatoes, Black Radish, Garden Radish, Strawberries, Tomato soil, Tomato ground, Watermelons, Fresh Meat.
SOEKS Nitrate Tester can still be used to detect dangerous nitrates levels in fresh vegetables, fruits and meats.
SOEKS Nitrate Tester is a must have device when preparing baby food. Little children are the most affected by nitrates.
- Measures nitrate ion content from 20 to 5,000 mg/kg
- Time to measure: 10 seconds
- Color user friendly display
- 2 AAA batteries or mini USB port
- Two year warranty
- Compact and easy to use
- Measures nitrates in food
- Rechargeable through USB
- Takes 10 seconds to display results
- Vibrant color display
- Weight 9 oz
- Dimensions 7 x 5 x 2 in


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In the Library, your Personal folder is the root folder for all your saved content. Within the Personal folder, you can create subfolders to organize your content.
Then, for example, you could publish a subfolder, and know that all content in this subfolder is now available to your organization.
This topic will show you how to create subfolders in your Personal (root) folder, create new subfolders, organize your saved content by moving it into the subfolders, and publish a subfolder.
- In Sumo Logic, go to the Library. All of your saved content is in the Personal folder, and all of its content is displayed in the list on the right, including saved searches, Dashboards, and any installed Apps. Existing subfolders are listed under Personal, such as the Data Volume and Windows App, as shown.
- Create a subfolder by clicking the blue plus sign in the upper right-hand corner of the Library.
- In the Add Folder dialog, enter My Apps, and click Add.
- The new subfolder is added to the folder list.
- For this example, create another subfolder called Errors. It is added to the folder list under Personal.
Move Content into Subfolders
Now you can organize your saved content in the new subfolders.
- In the list on the right, select the Data Volume App. Click the double arrow to the right of the name, and from the menu, select Move.
- In the Move Item dialog, select the My Apps folder, and click Move.
- Do the same for any other Apps you have installed. They will be moved and then appear under the My Apps folder.
- Now move any searches or Dashboards that deal with errors into the new Errors subfolder. (You can tell what the list items are from their icons: a search uses a magnifying glass icon, a Dashboard uses a picture icon, and an App uses a folder icon.)
When your saved content is organized, you'll need to click the subfolder to view its contents in the list on the right.
Publish a Subfolder to Share Content
If for example, you wanted to publish the apps you have installed in order to share them with your organization, you could publish the new My Apps subfolder itself. This way, any app that you install in the future and add to this subfolder would be automatically published and shared with your team.
To publish a subfolder:
- In the Library, under Personal, select the My Apps subfolder.
- Click the double arrow to the right of the folder, and select Publish.
- In the Publish dialog, click Publish.
- The My Apps folder is added to the Org folder, in a subfolder labeled with your name. Now everyone in your organization can access your published content.
In the future, any Apps that you install in this published folder will be automatically published.
If you want to create a folder hierarchy, create the desired hierarchical subfolders and publish the topmost folder. All subfolders will be published with the parent folder.


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Singapore experiences an average of 167 rain days in a year, including 31 to 73 days classified as heavy rain days (based on 10 years of data).
Today, PUB is relying on 81 units of rain gauges across 710 km2 of land area to monitor rainfall across the entire island. Due to World Meteorological Organization's requirements as well as limited suitable sites for installing rain gauges, there will be locations where rain gauges are sited as far as 3-5km away from each other. This results in the problem whereby the nearest rain gauges are too far to give representative readings of the rain intensity in certain areas.
Due to the convective nature of Singapore's weather system, the rainfall in Singapore can vary significantly spatially and temporally. It is important that PUB obtains adequate rainfall data to support decisions to deploy flood management resources. The existing density of the rain gauge network does not provide enough resolution of the rainfall distribution and therefore, there have been instances in which the nearest rain gauge does not capture the actual rainfall at a location at a particular moment because it is sited outside the localised heavy rain area.
- The sensors must be appropriately sized (in terms of dimensions and weight) to be retrofitted to the top of public infrastructure such as lamp posts, bus stops, moving buses or HDB flats. Their weight shall not exceed the allowable designed loading on top of the infrastructure and in accordance with LTA or other relevant government requirements.
- Each installation shall be approved by a professional engineer (Civil) with endorsed structural calculations as well as relevant government agencies.
- The sensors must be self-powered and can be recharged using solar or renewable sources.
- The sensor should ideally require minimal maintenance. The accuracy or functionality of the sensor must be minimally impacted when subjected to outdoor conditions, for example, falling leaves, bird droppings, extreme heat due to the sun, lightning.
- The transmission of rainfall data must be done in real-time at 5-minute intervals from the onset of rain.
- When drift in data accuracy is observed, rectification works should be carried out within 6 hours.
- The sensors need to measure precipitation (mm) and transmit the data wirelessly in real time.
- Proposed method statements for the calibration and preventive/corrective maintenance to ensure continuous operation of the sensors and the accuracy of the sensors, shall be provided. The method statements shall take into account safety considerations to access the sensors and to carry out the work.
- The rainfall measurements provided by the sensor or proposed technology should be bench-marked with rain gauges for accuracy. This should be tested and verified according to a sound scientific methodology or certified by relevant Qualified Person.
- The rainfall measurements provided by the sensor or proposed technology shall minimally achieve within +/- 15% of rainfall measurements provided by rain gauges
Current Technology Status
Existing Rain Gauge
- Have stringent installation requirements which limits the number of suitable sites.
Use of AI/machine learning to estimate rainfall intensity from CCTV images
- Already being explored by PUB to provide rainfall intensity estimation.
- The number of CCTVs is limited, and it is not cost effective to install new CCTVs solely for the purpose of estimating rainfall intensity
- Technology has limited applications in the evening/at night due to poor lighting conditions of the CCTV images
In order to support companies with innovative solutions to collaborate with PUB, we have lined up pilot funding, mentors, data, test sites, and other resources to support pilot projects.
PUB is committed to providing funding support to help cover the costs of development and test-bedding. This includes manpower, equipment and material costs. Shortlisted companies will receive initial funding of up to SG$250,000 for each pilot project.
Where the company already has basic technological components of the prototype or even a ready solution, the funding can be used to refine the solution based on the site requirements. The solution shall be developed to have systems and processes in place to support actual operations. By the end of the project, a system or process demonstration is carried out in an operational environment.
Where the company needs to perform activities involving design, development and controlled testing of technological components, the funding can be used for hardware and other development and testing. By the end of the prototyping phase, basic technological components shall be integrated to establish that they will work together. The resulting prototype is expected to have relatively "low fidelity" in comparison with the eventual system.
More information on the pilot requirements for each challenge is provided under Challenges.
Upon being selected for funding through the PUB Global Innovation Challenge, companies can submit their funding request along with a detailed pilot proposal. The proposal and funding request will then be reviewed by PUB's Project Evaluation Panel. More than one company per challenge could eventually receive the funding.
The awardees will be required to propose a payment schedule based on significant milestones, so that payment can be made progressively throughout the pilot project upon attainment of each milestone.
If the pilot project proves to be successful, the awardee will have access to additional funding for further development and testing, or contracts for deployment of the solution.
Mentorship by PUB Experts
If selected for the Pilot Phase, companies will be matched to relevant department(s) and receive mentorship from PUB's experts. The companies will be able to leverage on their insights and past learnings to accelerate the development of their solution(s) for the water industry.
For each of the challenges, PUB has prepared test sites, data and other internal resources so that solutions can be tested under real conditions and demonstrate valid results.
Commercialisation of Opportunities
If the pilot proves successful, PUB is best positioned to help commercialise and scale the product. The Singapore Water Exchange, which is run by PUB, houses entrepreneurs, startups, investors, accelerators, incubators, market advisors, technology providers, equipment suppliers, research institutes, system integrators and associations to support R&D and help companies build capabilities.