);
-
The variable box refers to the new rectangle object created after the statement is interpreted
The class body may contain declaration of fields (data membe
rs), constructors, and methods
-
Methods are known
as member functions
-
A field is an object of some type that we can communicate with via its reference or a primitive type
-
A method is what we kn
ow as a subroutine or function
-
It represents a message that an object can receive
83
-
A const
ructor is a method having the same name as the class of the objects it constructs
-
They are declared as public to enable the system to construct new objects of the class
-
Unlike methods, constructors do not have return values
-
E
xample
:
2
bank account classes (
sto
red in
separate files: BankAccount.java and BankAccountTest.java)
public class BankAccount
{
private double balance;
// can be accessed only by methods of the class
// Construct a bank account with zero balance
public
BankAccount()
{
balance = 0.0;
}
// Construct an account with some initial balance (overload constructor)
public BankAccount(double initBalance)
{
balance = initBalance;
}
// Deposit some
amount
in the bank account
public void deposit (double
amount)
{
double newBalance = balance + amount;
// declare a local variable
balance = newBalance;
}
//Withdraw some
amount
from the bank account
public void withdraw(double amount)
{
double newBalance = balance
-
amount;
// declare a loc
al variable
balance = newBalance;
}
// Get the current balance of the bank account
public double getBalance()
{
return balance;
}
}
// Class to test the B
ankAccount class
public class BankAccountTest
{
// Test the methods of the
BankAccount
public static void main(String[] args){
BankAccount My
Checking = new BankAccount(); // create new account
My
Checking.deposit(120000);
My
Checking.withdraw(20000);
System.out.print
ln("Current Balance: " + My
Checking.getBala
nce());
My
Checking = new BankAccount(50000); // overwrite current account
My
Checking.withdraw(30000);
System.out.p
rintln("New Balance: " + My
Checking.getBalance());
}
}
==> Output: Current Balance: 100000.0
New Balance: 20000.0
One
constructor can call another:
public BankAccount(double initBalance){
balance = initBalance;
}
public BankAccount(){
this(0);
// Call the other constructor of this class with value 0
}
84
The keyword
this
produces a reference to the object the method has been called for
-
It is the implicit parameter of the method
-
In the
balance
method for
BankAccount
class you can say also
this.balance = newBalance;
Java has two types of methods: instance method
s and static methods
-
Instance methods are those defined within a class and they use instance data
members
-
Static methods are those methods than only uses th
e variables passed as arguments
-
They are declared with
the
static
keyword
-
They cannot used instance
variables (
data members
)
, but they can access static variables
-
These methods are used to perform generic computations (e.g,
sqrt(x))
-
S
tatic method
s do not have the implicit parameter
this
-
You call a
static method for a class without any object
-
It is
equivalent to a global function. It can be called from outside the class defining the method
root = Math.sqrt(b*b
-
c);
//Math is a class and not an object,
//
sqrt does not operate on any ob
ject
All classes in the Java library start with an uppe
r
case letter (such as System)
-
Methods and objects start with a lowercase letter (such as out and println)
-
System.out.print is a call to the print method on the out object inside the System
class
-
Math.sqrt() is a call to the sqrt method inside the Math class
Java compiler creates a default constructor for a class with no constructors
-
It will
create
at least a method to build
an object
-
Its implict action is to call the super
class constructor
(predefined class Object is a superclass of all other classes)
class Bird
{ int i; }
public class DefaultConstructor
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{ Bird x = new Bird(); }
}
Java uses three explicit keywords for accessing class members:
public
,
private
, and
protected
-
public
: a member is accessible to all classes
-
private
: member is accessible only within a
class C and its nested classes
-
protected
: member is acces
sible in all classes in the same package (a collection of related classes)
A class has its own set of class modifiers:
public
,
final
, and
abstract
-
public
: accessible outside its package
-
final
: class cannot have subclasses
-
abstract
: class
cannot be instant
iated (a superclass). It can have abstract and non
-
abstract methods.
-
An abstrac
t method has no implementation
-
Method is implemented in the subclass of the superclass
Example of a new class BankAccount that has subcl
asses SavingAccount and CheckingAccount
-
Every account type have some monthly fees represented by method deductFees
public abstract class BankAccount
{
85
public abstract void deductFees();
...
}
A subclass C of class B is declared by an exten
ds
-
clause of the form:
class C extends B { ... }
Example:
public cl
ass CheckingAccount extends Ban
kAccount
{
...
}
public class Saving
s
Account extends BankAccount
{
...
}
Program flow
A variety
of e
xpressions in Java
compute
values
and change
variables, fields, array elements, etc.
Aritmetic operators:
+,
-
, *, /, %, ++x,
--
x, x++, x
--
,
-
x
-
x/0 or floating point overflow do not throw exceptions, but results are infinity or NaN
-
Integer division
x/y
truncates, rounding toward 0 (10/3 i
s 3,
-
10/3 is
-
3)
Logical and relational operators:
&&, ||, !, ==, !=, <, <=, >=, >
Bitwise operators:
~ (complement), & (and), | (or), ^ (exclusive or)
-
Used on integer types
-
For boolean type, the bitwise
&
and
|
have the same effect as the log
ical operators (but no short
-
circuit)
Shift operators:
<< (left), >> (signed right), >>> (unsigned right)
-
Used on integer types
Conditional expression:
e1 ? e2 : e3
(
e1
must be
Boolean
)
Casting operators: Java will change one type t1 of data into
another type t2 when t1 is a subtype of t2
-
The compiler will automatically promote t1 into t2. Casting is necessary when you go from t2 into t1
-
char is a subtype of int, long, float, and double
-
byte is a subtype of short, int, long, float, a
nd double
-
short is a subtype of int, long, float, and double
-
int is a subtype of long, float, and double
-
long is s
ubtype of float, and double
-
float is a subtype of double
long l = (long) i; // it is not necessary the cast (assuming i
is int)
int j = (int) x;
// needed if x is long, float, or double
Literals:
char c = 0xffff;
// max char hex value
byte b = 0x7f;
// max byte hex value
short s = 0x7fff;
int i1 = 0x2f, i2 = 0X2F, i3 = 0177; // last one is octal
long n1 = 200L, n2 =
200l, n3 = 200; // middle one is confusing
float f1 = 1, f2 = 1F, f3 = 1F, f4 = 1e
-
45f, f5 = 1e+9f, f6 = 1.2;
double d1 = 1d, d2 = 1D, d3 = 47e47d, d4 = 405.12;
The if
-
else statement
if (boolean
-
expr) statement;
or
if (boolean
-
expr) statement else
statement;
86
Iterations
while(boolean
-
expr) loop
-
body
do loop
-
body while (boolean
-
expr);
for(initialization; boolean
-
expr; step) loop
-
body
break
and
continue
can control the flow of the loop
-
break
quits the loop without executing the remaining stat
ements in the loop
-
continue
stops the execution of the current iteration
The switch statement
switch (int
-
expr) {
//
int
-
expr must have type int, short, char, or byte
case int
-
value1: statement; break;
case int
-
value2: statement; break;
...
default: statement;
}
The return statement
return;
/


text:
The Federal Communications Commission last week issued a Declaratory Ruling in which it determined that a calling platform does not meet the definition of autodialer under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act — whether it is used for placing calls or sending text messages — if the platform is "not capable of originating a call or sending a text without a person actively and affirmatively manually dialing each one."
The FCC was acting on a petition that was filed in 2018 by the P2P Alliance, a network that uses peer-to-peer text messaging services for schools, non-profits, and other groups. Consumer groups, including the National Consumer Law Center opposed the petition, saying there was not enough information to determine if an autodialer was being used and expressing concerns that the "massive" number of text messages that are sent in "tiny" periods of time indicates that the individual involvement in sending messages "is so vanishingly small as to be meaningless."
But the time it takes a number of text messages to be sent does not factor into whether the platform constitutes an autodialer, the FCC ruled. Rather than ruling specifically on whether the platform used by the P2P Alliance constitutes an autodialer, the FCC opted to provide general guidance.
"We clarify, however, that if a texting platform actually 'requires a person to actively and affirmatively manually dial each recipient's number and transmit each message one at a time' and lacks the capacity to transmit more than one message without a human manually dialing each recipient's number, as suggested in the P2P Alliance Petition, then such platform would not be an 'autodialer' that is subject to the TCPA," the FCC wrote in its ruling.
The FCC also reiterated that as long as the called party has provided consent to be contacted, it does not matter whether an autodialer is used or not.
"The Commission has repeatedly made clear that 'persons who knowingly release their telephone numbers' for a particular purpose 'have in effect given their invitation or permission to be called at the number which they have given' for that purpose, absent instructions to the contrary," it said.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Realtime Client Library API
Rewind
Overview
The rewind parameter allows you to specify, at the time of attaching to a channel, where to start the attachment from.
You can specify either:
 - A given number of messages.
 - A point in time in the past, as a time interval.
The parameter relates to the initial attachment of a connection to a channel, and expresses the intent to attach to the channel at a position, or a point in time, in the past (that is, effectively "rewinding" the channel for the purposes of the present attachment).
The rewind parameter is specified using channel parameters.
Examples
Rewind example with an Ably client library
A rewind value that is a number n (eg rewind=1) is a request to attach to the channel at a position n messages before the present position. If the attachment is successful, and one or more messages exist on the channel prior to the present position, then those messages will be delivered to the subscriber immediately after the attachment has completed, and before any subsequent messages that arise in real time.
If fewer than the requested number of messages exists on the channel (including the case that there are no prior messages), then the available messages are sent; this does not constitute an error.
To subscribe to a channel, getting the most recent message if available:
var realtime = new Ably.Realtime('xVLyHw.LGKueA:hT554nJxccjeCf3ggmJFUo6I1XpTA6azv77FJU85My8');
realtime.channels.get('top-dew-add', {
 params: {rewind: '1'}
}).subscribe(msg => console.log("Received message: ", msg));
var realtime = new Ably.Realtime('xVLyHw.LGKueA:hT554nJxccjeCf3ggmJFUo6I1XpTA6azv77FJU85My8');
realtime.channels.get('top-dew-add', {
 params: {rewind: '1'}
}).subscribe(msg => console.log("Received message: ", msg));
final Map<String, String> params = new HashMap<>();
params.put("rewind", "1");
final ChannelOptions options = new ChannelOptions();
options.params = params;
final Channel channel = ably.channels.get("top-dew-add", options);
channel.subscribe(new MessageListener() {
 @Override
 public void onMessage(Message message) {
 System.out.println("Received '" + message.name + "' message with data: " + message.data);
 }
});
let options = ARTClientOptions(key: "xVLyHw.LGKueA:hT554nJxccjeCf3ggmJFUo6I1XpTA6azv77FJU85My8")
let client = ARTRealtime(options: options)
let channelOptions = ARTRealtimeChannelOptions()
channelOptions.params = [
 "rewind": "1"
]
let channel = client.channels.get(channelName, options: channelOptions)
var clientOptions = new ClientOptions();
clientOptions.Key = "xVLyHw.LGKueA:hT554nJxccjeCf3ggmJFUo6I1XpTA6azv77FJU85My8";
clientOptions.Environment = AblyEnvironment;
var ably = new AblyRealtime(clientOptions);
var channelParams = new ChannelParams();
channelParams.Add("rewind", "1");
var channelOptions = new ChannelOptions();
channelOptions.Params = channelParams;
var channel = ably.Channels.Get("top-dew-add", channelOptions);
channel.Subscribe(message => {
 Console.WriteLine(message.Data.ToString());
});
A rewind value can also be a string that is a time interval specifier. Supported specifier values express an integral number of seconds (eg 15s) or minutes (eg 2m). If that attachment is successful, and one or more messages exist on the channel in the given time interval prior to the present time, then those messages will be delivered to the subscriber immediately after the attachment has completed, and before any subsequent messages that arise in real time.
If you wish to use a time interval rewind but additionally specify a limit on the number of messages to be returned, you can use the rewindLimit channel parameter. For example, to request up to 10 messages in a window 5m before the present time, specify a channel parameter string of rewind=5m&rewindLimit=10. If fewer than the requested number of messages exists on the channel in that interval (including the case that there are no messages), then the available messages are sent; this does not constitute an error.
Rewind example with SSE
To subscribe to a channel, getting the most recent message if available:
var querystring = 'v=1.2&channels=top-dew-add&rewind=1&key=xVLyHw.LGKueA:hT554nJxccjeCf3ggmJFUo6I1XpTA6azv77FJU85My8';
var eventSource = new EventSource('_URL_ + querystring);
Rewind example with MQTT
var mqtt = require('mqtt');
var options = {
 keepalive: 30,
 username: 'xVLyHw.LGKueA', /* API key's name */
 password: 'hT554nJxccjeCf3ggmJFUo6I1XpTA6azv77FJU85My8', /* API key's secret */
 port: 8883
};
var client = mqtt.connect('mqtts:mqtt.ably.io', options);
client.on('connect', () => {
 client.subscribe('[?rewind=1]top-dew-add');
});
client.on('message', (topic, message) => {
 ...
});
Additional information
At most 100 messages will be sent in a rewind request. If the number of messages within the specified interval is greater than that limit, then only the most recent messages up to that limit are sent. The attachment succeeds, but truncation of the message backlog is indicated as a non-fatal error in the attachment response.
Rewind by time (rewind=30s) can only get messages at most 2 minutes old. So, if you specify rewind=3m, you will only get the last 2 minutes of history upon attaching. For now, it's not possible to reach into persisted history using time-based parameters.
Rewind by a certain number of messages (rewind=20) is restricted by the channel's persistence period. If you've not enabled persisted history, this will be 2 minutes. If you have persistence enabled, this will be 24 hours for free accounts, and 72 hours for paid accounts.
The channel position expressed by a rewind parameter only has an effect on an initial channel attachment. Any subsequent reattachment of the same channel on the same connection, in order to resume the connection, will attempt to resume with continuity from the point at which the connection dropped. (There are a few exceptions to this: in particular, client libraries earlier than v1.2 that have been disconnected for over two minutes, and all clients when using recover mode ; in both cases the previous attachment state is not preserved).
Any rewind parameter value that cannot be parsed either as a number or a time specifier will cause the attachment request to fail and return an error.
Persist last message
If you have enabled the persist last message channel rule on a channel, you can attach with rewind=1 to retrieve the last message. Note that only the last message can be stored long-term (up to a year), and persisting the last message does not work for presence messages.
API Reference
View the Channel Options API Reference.
Need help?
If you need any help with your implementation or if you have encountered any problems, do get in touch. You can also quickly find answers from our knowledge base, and blog.


text:
g2f implies g1 = g2 for all morphisms g1, g2 : b → x.
- an isomorphism if it is both monic and epic; equivalently, if there exists a morphism g : b → a with fg = 1b and gf = 1a.
- an endomorphism if a = b. The class of endomorphisms of a is denoted end(a).
- an automorphism if f is both an endomorphism and an isomorphism. The class of automorphisms of a is denoted aut(a).
Relations among morphisms (such as fg = h) can most conveniently be represented with commutative diagrams, where the objects are represented as points and the morphisms as arrows.
Main article functor
Functors are structure-preserving maps between categories. They can be thought of as morphisms in the category of all (small) categories.
A (covariant) functor F from the category C to the category D
- associates to each object x in C an object F(x) in D;
- associates to each morphism f : x → y a morphism F(f) : F(x) → F(y)
such that the following two properties hold:
- F(1x) = 1F(x) for every object x in C.
- F(g o f) = F(g) o F(f) for all morphisms f : x → y and g : y → z.
A contravariant functor F from C to D is a functor that "turns morphisms around" ("reverses all the arrows"). Specifically, F is contravariant if whenever f : x → y is a morphism in C, then F(f) : F(y) → F(x). The quickest way to define a contravariant functor is as a covariant functor from the opposite category Cop to D.
For examples and properties of functors see the functor article.
Natural transformations and natural isomorphisms
Main article natural transformation
A natural transformation is a relation between two functors. Functors often describe "natural constructions" and natural transformations then describe "natural homomorphisms" between two such constructions. Sometimes two quite different constructions yield "the same" result; this is expressed by a natural isomorphism between the two functors.
If F and G are (covariant) functors between the categories C and D, then a natural transformation from F to G associates to every object x in C a morphism ηx : F(x) → G(x) in D such that for every morphism f : x → y in C, we have ηy o F(f) = G(f) o ηx; this means that the following diagram is commutative:
The two functors F and G are called naturally isomorphic if there exists a natural transformation from F to G such that ηx is an isomorphism for every object x in C.
If K is a field, then for every vector space V over K we have a "natural" injective linear map V → V** from the vector space into its double dual. These maps are "natural" in the following sense: the double dual operation is a functor, and the maps form a natural transformation from the identity functor to the double dual functor. If we restrict to finite-dimensional vector spaces, we even obtain a natural isomorphism: "Every finite-dimensional vector space is naturally isomorphic to its double dual."
Consider the category Ab of abelian groups and group homomorphisms. For all abelian groups x, y and z, we have a group isomorphism
- hom(x, hom(y, z)) → hom(xy, z).
These isomorphisms are "natural" in the sense that they define a natural transformation between the two involved functors Abop × Abop × Ab → Ab.
Universal constructions, limits, and colimits
Main articles universal property, limit (category theory)
Using the language of category theory, many areas of mathematical study can be cast into appropriate categories, such as the categories of all sets, groups, topologies, and so on. These categories surely have some objects that are "special" in a certain way, such as the empty set or the product of two topologies. Yet, in the definition of a category, objects are considered to be atomic; i.e. we do not know, whether an object A is a set, a topology, or any other abstract concept. Hence, the challenge is to define special objects without referring to the internal structure of these objects. But how can we define the empty set without referring to elements, or the product topology without referring to open sets?
The solution is to characterize these objects in terms of their relations to other objects, as given by the morphisms of the respective categories. Thus the task is to find universal properties that uniquely determine the objects of interest. Indeed, it turns out that numerous important constructions can be described in a purely categorical way. The central concept which is needed for this purpose is called [categorical] limit, and can be dualized to yield the notion of a colimit.
Main articles equivalence of categories, isomorphism of categories
It is a natural question to ask, under which conditions two categories can be considered to be "essentially the same", in the sense that theorems about one category can readily be transformed into theorems about the other category. The major tool one employs to describe such a situation is called equivalence of categories. It is given by appropriate functors between two categories. Categorical equivalence has found numerous applications in mathematics.
Further concepts and results
The definitions of categories and functors provide only the very basics of categorical algebra. Additional important topics are listed below. Although there are strong interrelations between all of these topics, the given order can be considered as a guideline for further reading.
- The functor category DC has as objects the functors from C to D and as morphisms the natural transformations of such functors. The Yoneda lemma is one of the most famous basic results of category theory; it describes representable functors in functor categories.
- Duality: Every statement, theorem, or definition in category theory has a dual which is essentially obtained by "reversing all the arrows". If one statement is true in a category C then its dual will be true in the dual category Cop. This duality, which is transparent at the level of category theory, is often obscured in applications and can lead to surprising relationships.
- Adjoint functors: A functor can be left (or right) adjoint to another functor that maps in the opposite direction. Such a pair of adjoint functors typically arises from a construction defined by a universal property; it can be seen as a more abstract and powerful view on universal properties.
Many of the above concepts, especially equivalence of categories, adjoint functor pairs, and functor categories, can be situated into the context of higher-dimensional categories. Briefly, if we consider a morphism between two objects as a "process taking us from one object to another", then higher-dimensional categories allow us to profitably generalise this by considering "higher-dimensional processes".
For example, (strict) 2-category is a category together with "morphisms between morphisms", i.e. processes which allow us to transform one morphism into another. We can then "compose" these "bimorphisms" both horizontally and vertically, and we require a 2-dimensional "exchange law" to hold, relating the two composition laws. In this context, the standard example is Cat, the 2-category of all (small) categories, and in this example, bimorphisms of morphisms are simply natural transformations of morphisms in the usual sense. Another basic example is to consider a 2-category with a single object -- these are essentially monoidal categories.
This process can be extended for all natural numbers n, and these are called n-categories. There is even a notion of ω-category corresponding to the ordinal number ω. For a conversational introduction to these ideas, see John Baez: The Tale of n-categories.
- Adámek, Jiří, Herrlich, Horst, & Strecker, George E. (1990). Abstract and Concrete Categories. Originally publ. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-60922-6. (now free on-line edition)
- Barr, Michael, & Wells, Charles (2002). Toposes, Triples and Theories. (revised and corrected free online version of Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften (278). Springer-Verlag,1983)
- Borceux, Francis (1994). Handbook of Categorical Algebra.. Vols. 50-52 of Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Lawvere, William, & Schanuel, Steve. (1997). Conceptual Mathematics: A First Introduction to Categories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Mac Lane, Saunders (1998). Categories for the Working Mathematician (2nd ed.). Graduate Texts in Mathematics 5. Springer. ISBN 0-387-98403-8.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Monday, April 19, 2010
The Monkey's Paw Worksheet
Name: ______________________________________
Teacher: ___________________________________
Class/Period: ________________________________
Date: _______________________________________
The Monkey's Paw
Directions: Please fill in the following chart completely including one piece of textual evidence cited correctly. Be sure to write in COMPLETE SENTENCES.
IMPORTANT NOTE: If this worksheet does not provide enough space for you to write in complete sentences or to write your textual evidence correctly, please use the back of this worksheet or separate piece of paper.
Textual Evidence
Example: "Mr. White was a grumpy old man" (683).
The explanation should include: setting and characters
What is conflict in this story?
Rising Action
What happens to increase the tension leading up to the climax?
What is the turning point of the story and what makes this part the "turning point?"
Falling Action
What happened after the Climax?
Is the conflict solved?


text:
Critical thinking, technology and mock conventions
Instructional simulations give students an opportunity to have a deeper understanding of learning through the process of conducing the simulation.
What's the key element that differentiates instructional simulation from other teaching methods? The specification of a conceptual structure within which students interact and experience - firsthand - the relationships between concepts.
Electing a President: An Instructional Simulation
Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools and GenerationNation are partnering to offer curriculum and other educational resources giving students the opportunity to learn about political conventions by taking part in the process - and then sharing photos, videos and other content so everyone can see civics in action!
In this mock convention instructional simulation, students take on the role of a delegate to a political convention, and run a model convention. Students learn various aspects of the election process, and how each step is interdependent.
Students, schools, families and youth programs have the opportunity to document their civic learning activities - such as the mock convention - and sharing with GenerationNation via social media.
More than Democrat and Republican
During Campaign 2012, there are nine political conventions taking place throughout the United States. Additionally, there could be many candidates from parties on the November 2012 ballot, and the possibility of another 4 independent candidates (without party affiliation). This is why it is important for students to understand the presidential election process.
Critical thinking and creative thinking
This simulation of political conventions involves both critical thinking and creative thinking:
- Critical thinking is analytical, objective and selective. When students think critically, they make choices based on researched information and from personal experiences.
- Creative thinking is generative, subjective and expansive. When students think creatively, they are open to and generate new ideas.
- Each way of thinking is helpful as students' process information and demonstrates their understanding by producing a product that conveys that understanding.
Don Mitchell, Social Studies Specialist in the Department of Humanities in Curriculum and Instruction at Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools


Tuesday, June 7, 2011
Why we eat cheesecake on Shavuot (funny)
As my erev Shavuot posting, I wanted to share with you something deep and meaningful, about the essence of our holy festival... Cheesecake! (or, if you prefer, blintzes). Last week I was invited to offer my thoughts on any number of Shavuot-related questions for the Connecticut Jewish Ledger, and I chose to address the 'Why do we eat dairy?' question. I wanted to take advantage of the opportunity to add my own spin on this question, partly because I've never been satisfied with any of the more 'traditional' answers and, partly, because I believe its possible to make something meaningful out of each and every moment and, therefore, each and every Jewish food, cheesecake being no exception.
So, what does a more traditional take on this question look like? Check out the short video answer provided by the United Synagogue of Great Britain (Orthodox):
To read my take on the background to eating dairy on Shavuot, the Ledger link is here (Scroll down for my answer on eating dairy).
But the best answer I've read this year was the one I received from my father. Encouraged by what is clearly the Jewish tradition of having an endless number of answers to this vital question of Jewish practice, he decided to add a few more of his own. Enjoy!
Qu: Why do we eat cheesecake on Shavuot?
A: There are many answers, most, if not all, of them wrong. Perhaps the most credible answer, in the traditional Yiddish style, is "Why not?' Always answer a question with a question. This sharpens the mind and frays the nerves.
Another answer is that one day it was Shavuot and Rev Nachman was standing before his students wearing a white robe. With his pale skin he was barely identifiable against a pale background. One of his students was heard to remark: "Doesn't he look just like a bit of cheesecake" and this memory has been preserved ever since.
There is a lot more to Rev Nachman than a chair.
Another answer is that in olden times the harvest at Shavuot was celebrated by eating doughnuts. These doughnuts were the original kind, with a ring of dough sprinkled with sugar and a hole in the middle.Our sages and thymes tells us in an unconvincing, yet mystical, way that the ring represents all the Jews in the world and the hole ( which is not only in the middle but also occupies the surrounding space) is where God lives.
So no matter where you are, if you look, you will find God.
One day, around 1400 CE, a woman was buying doughnuts for Shavuot and said in a feigned middle-Eastern voice: "Ach, these fried doughnuts gives me heartburn; same with KFC. Haven't you anything else"
"How about a bit of cheesecake?" replied the baker. "Ok, I'll try a piece" said the lady.
And she never had heartburn again, dying peacefully the following day.
"A miracle" exclaimed the baker and Jews have been eating cheesecake on Shavuot ever since in the hope that they, too, might be delivered from heartburn.
Although this rarely happens, they have not stopped trying.
Simon Gurevitz
(Not a Rabbi)
1 comment:
 1. Your Dad is a wise man (if a bit of a, as we say here in the states, smart-aleck.)


text:
The Magician's Lie
by Greer Maccallister
Sourcebooks Landmark, 2015. 312 pages. Fiction.
Before an audience's eyes, a man is magically hewn in half and then restored to life. Hours later, the magician's husband is found beaten and murdered. When Officer Virgil Holt miraculously finds Arden, the famous illusionist herself, running from the scene of the crime he takes her into his small country jail to find out the truth. In an attempt to save her life, Arden tells the story of her rise to fame. But is Arden telling the truth, or covering up her crime?
This is a fascinating historical conundrum that reads a lot like The Night Circus and Water for Elephants, detailing the magic industry at the turn of the century. Arden weaves an interesting narrative, judiciously interrupted by Officer Holt in the present, his thoughts reflecting the readers' questions about whether they can believe Arden or not. Although there were times when the narrative style strained at credulity at times (it seemed improbable that Arden would share some of the details she did), Maccallister's tale is both fast-paced and intricate, leaving readers to wonder what is truth and what is illusion until the very end.


Change Your Story, Change Your Life
by Carl Greer PhD, PsyD
Using Shamanic and Jungian Tools to Achieve Personal Transformation
Foreword by Alberto Villoldo
Available in bookstores now
Shamanic and Jungian practices help you discover and work with archetypal energies effectively so that you may write a more satisfying life story for yourself.
What if you could be the storyteller of your life, not just an actor playing a role written by someone else but the writer, director, actor, and stagehand all rolled into one? Change Your Story, Change Your Life combines the techniques and ideas of Jungian psychology and shamanism in a unique way to create a program for reclaiming power over your life and achieving personal transformation.


Crime and Punishment (1935): Von Sternberg's Version of Dostoevsky
Sternberg at Columbia Pictures, _PHONE_
The shakeup that followed bankruptcy at Paramount in 1934 led to exodus of talent. Producer Schulberg and screenwriter Furthman were hired by the head of Columbia Pictures, Harry Cohn. As loyal former colleagues, they sponsored Sternberg's work at the low-budget studio for two-picture contract.
Crime and Punishment (1935)
An adaption of the 19th-century Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment was Sternberg's first project at Columbia.
Making literary masterpieces for the mass public was prevalent in the 1930s, and as copyrights on these works were expired, the studio paid no fees.
Sternberg invested Dostoevsky's work with style, but any attempt to convey the complexity of the author's character analysis was suspended in favor of straightforward detective story. However, Sternberg proved an able craftsman, dispelling the myths regarding his eccentricities and the film proved satisfactory to Columbia.
The King Steps Out (1936)
Sternberg's next feature, The King Steps Out, starring soprano Grace Moore, was based on Fritz Kreisler's operetta Cissy. A comedy of errors about Austrian royalty set in Vienna, the production was undermined by personal and professional discord between opera diva and director.
Sternberg was unable to adapt his style to the demands of operetta. Sternberg quickly departed Columbia Pictures after the film's completion. The King Steps Out was the only movie he insisted to be expunged from retrospectives of his work.
From 1935 to 1936, Sternberg travelled in the Far East for future artistic endeavors. During these excursions he made the acquaintance of Japanese film distributor Nagamasa Kawakita – they would collaborate on Sternberg's final movie in 1953. In Java Sternberg contracted abdominal infection, requiring his immediate return to Europe for surgery.
I, Claudius (1937)
The Epic That Never Was, a 1966 BBC documentary by London Films, directed by Bill Duncalf, addresses the making of the unfinished I, Claudius and the reasons for its failure.
The docu includes interviews with surviving members from the cast and crew, as well as director Josef von Sternberg. Contrary to the revised version of the docu, the Sternberg-Laughton quarrels were not central factor in the film's undoing. Despite objections from Merle Oberon, the film was not so far advanced in production that she could not be replaced; a substitute actress was a feasible option.
Moreover, Sternberg "cut in the camera", i.e. he did not experiment on the set with multiple camera configurations that would provide raw material for the cutting room. On the contrary, he filmed each frame as he wished it to appear on the screen.
Film historian Andrew Sarris offers this assessment: "Sternberg emerges from the documentary as an undeniable force in the process of creation, and even his enemies confirm his artistic presence in every foot of the film he shot."
While convalescing in London, the dir
ector, his creative powers still intact, was approached by London Films' Alexander Korda. The British impresario asked Sternberg to film novelist and poet Robert Graves's biographical account of Roman Emperor Claudius. Already in pre-production, Marlene Dietrich had intervened on Sternberg's behalf rather than British director William Cameron Menzies.
Played by Charles Laughton, Claudius is an aging, erudite and unwitting successor to the Emperor Caligula. When thrust into power, he initially governs upon the precepts of his heretofore virtuous life. As emperor, he warms to his tasks as a social reformer and military commander. When his young wife, Messalina (Merle Oberon) proves unfaithful while Claudius is away campaigning, he launches his armies against Rome and signs her death warrant. Proclaimed a living god, the now dehumanized and megalomaniacal Claudius meets his tragic fate: to rule his empire utterly alone. The dual themes of virtue corrupted by power, and the cruel paradox that degradation must precede self-empowerment were immensely appealing to Sternberg both personally and artistically. Korda was eager to get the production underway, as Laughton's contract would likely expire during shooting.
Korda had already assembled a talented cast and crew when Sternberg assumed directorial duties in January 1937. When shooting commenced in mid-February Sternberg, a martinet who was prone to reducing his performers "to mere details of décor," soon clashed with Laughton, the Oscar-winner actor.
Laughton required the intervention of the director to consummate a role–"a midwife" according to Korda. Sternberg, who had clear insight cinematically and emotionally as to the Claudius he wished to create, struggled with Laughton in frequent artistic arguments. The actor announced five weeks into the filming that he would be departing London Film when his contract expired in April 1937. Korda, now under pressure to expedite the production, discreetly sounded Sternberg. With only half the picture done, Sternberg exploded, declaring he was engaged in artistic endeavor, not race to a deadline.
In March, with growing personnel animosities and cost overruns, Merle Oberon was seriously injured in automobile accident. Though expected to recover, Korda seized upon Oberon's mishap as pretext to terminate the ill-fated venture.


text:
First reported by Karin Fischer, the America COMPETES Act of 2022 would have a number of implications for the international education sector if passed.
Along with extending limits on the numbers of international STEM graduates that can gain green cards, it proposed funding alternatives to Confucius Institutes at US universities and the creation of a new visa category for entrepreneurs.
The supplementary fee international STEM PhD students could be required to pay is $1,000, the bill proposes.
NAFSA's deputy executive director of Public Policy Jill Allen Murray pointed to the reauthorising the Higher Education Act Title VI, exempting international STEM PhD graduates from the green card cap, and creating new visa categories for entrepreneurs as pleasing features as positive provisions the Act contains for international education.
"The US is in desperate need of immigration reform and with the Build Back Better bill stalled, this could be a valuable vehicle for achieving some measure of success," Murray noted.
"However, much remains to be seen.
"The America COMPETES Act must be reconciled with the US Innovation and Competition Act passed by the Senate last year, and the two bills differ in significant ways. And neither bill includes language to expand dual intent for F-1 international students, which is a key policy for recruiting and retaining international students," she explained.
"There is broad, bipartisan support for 'stapling a green card' to the diploma of international students"
"We are also concerned about the ramifications of providing only STEM international students a path to a green card, as NAFSA believes strongly in the value of non-STEM majors to the US as well."
However, the Presidents' Alliance on Higher Education and Immigration said the green card provisions for STEM PhD graduates included in the Act is the kind of provision that is part of its legislative recommendations and advocacy for welcoming international students.
The organisation's recent statement reflecting on how the Biden administration has done in its first year suggested that the State Department has implemented a number of vital changes that make it easier for US institutions to welcome international students.
Additionally, it said the Biden administration has defused the threat of pending regulations proposed by the Trump administration that would have deterred prospective international students.
Positive developments in the year leading up to January 2022 included National Interest Exception qualifications for international students, streamlining visa processes and prioritising students for interviews and changes to "duration of status".
The administration has been enacting policies that "would grow the US economy, create jobs, and strengthen national security", the organisation noted, suggesting that the green card proposal is the latest in a range of helpful policies.
The Biden-Harris administration also recently a raft of policies seeking to attract international STEM students and researchers, including widening the fields of study included in the STEM Option Practical Training program.
"We believe that this should include more than STEM PhDs"
"It is a win-win – for students, both international and domestic students, and higher education institutions, and for local economies and the country," executive director, Miriam Feldblum, told The PIE.
"There is broad, bipartisan support for 'stapling a green card' to the diploma of international students graduating from US colleges and universities," she said, adding that a 2020 poll showed majority support for "laws and policies that attract and retain international students and scholars to the US".
However, Feldblum too noted that the green card path should go beyond STEM graduates.
"Our legislative recommendations call for changes that enable a direct path to green cards for international student alumni, eliminate the green card backlogs, and prevent future backlogs," she said.
"We believe that this should include more than STEM PhDs – with priority given to those with PhDs, master's, bachelors and associates degrees from US higher education institutions, and represent the wide range of fields of study needed in our economy," she said.
Executive director of the American International Recruitment Council, Brian Whalen, said that "for too long the US has approached international education policies in piecemeal fashion", and that the Act "tries to take a broader view and a more inclusive approach by proposing to support the international student educational pathway in a more integrated way".
The comprehensive legislation "will help to retain doctoral STEM graduates who have studied and trained at US universities, as well as offer opportunities for those who have earned equivalent STEM degrees from foreign institutions", he noted.
"This is a strong commitment to attracting and retaining the top people globally to advance the STEM fields in the US and the innovation and excellence that shapes so many fields of endeavour. Also, significant funding for Community Colleges will assist these institutions to continue to play a critical role in educating and training international students and professionals."
However, the Act's "major shortcoming is that it does not address many of the international student entry and transition points that need to be valued and supported for the US to truly be leading destination in the world for international students", he suggested.
Entry points for international students, spanning K-12 schools, high schools, community colleges, undergraduate and graduate institutions of higher education, vocational and business training programs, intensive English and pathway language programs, short-term study abroad programs, and volunteer, work and cultural programs, need to be bolstered, he continued.
It is a key theme of AIRC's upcoming two-day Educational Avenues for International Students symposium in April.
"We need to bolster these various entry points through which international students commence their educational avenues in the United States and do a better job of promoting them," Whalen said.
"Likewise, the US needs to support the development and promotion of successful models for how international students transition between educational avenues. Currently, there are still too many roadblocks that adversely impact international student transitions between educational experiences."
The bill would also require US research and development award-grantees to certify they are not a "party to a malign foreign talent recruitment program from a foreign country of concern", while institutions would be required to ensure no research team members participate in the programs.
Contracts or foreign grants of $100,000 or more in one year would have to be disclosed to the government, extending to those that are worth $250,000 over three years.
A vote on the bill is expected this week.


text:
The online EBITDA Margin Calculator is used to calculate the EBITDA margin.
EBITDA margin is a measure of a company's profitability, calculated as EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization) divided by total revenue. The value of EBIT margin measures the extent to which cash operating expenses use up revenue.
The EBITDA Margin calculation formula is as following:
EBITDA Margin = EBITDA / Total Revenue

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Step-by-step instructions for QT and KDE under Linux
WARNING --- This information is obsolete. Go here instead.
1- Introduction
This has been tested on Linux-x86 platforms with binutils >= 2.10.0.
The experimental PPC support is really experimental.
The dynamic loading speed is best measured using the LD_DEBUG=statistics option of the dynamic loader. For instance, the dynamical loading time of konqueror can be measured with the following command:
 bash$ LD_DEBUG=statistics konqueror
 26923: runtime linker statistics:
 26923: total start-up time in dynamic loader: 358288994 clock cycles
 26923: time needed for relocation: 355202059 clock cycles (99.1)
 26923: number of relocations: 53651
 26923: time needed to load objects: _PHONE_ clock cycles (.7)
The critical number is the number of relocations which counts the number of relocations that require a symbol lookup. The time measurements are very dependent on the content of the disk buffers. The most reliable measurements are obtained by repeating the command several times and ignoring the first measurement.
2- Compile objprelink
Download the lastest source code objprelink.c. Uncompress and compile with the following command:
 $ gcc -o objprelink -O2 objprelink.c /usr/lib/libbfd.a /usr/lib/libiberty.a
Then place the binary somewhere in your path (e.g. /usr/local/bin). I suggest using the static libraries because some distributions provide a first package with the bfd shared library and a second package with the include files and the static libraries. These packages do not always match. Using the static libraries ensure that the include file is current with respect to the code.
Slackware 8.0 users can check Rob Kaper's post.
3- Rebuild QT
The following instructions apply to QT-2.3.1 under Linux.
Download the qt source tarball from the usual places. Patch file configs/linux-g++-shared using qt-configs.patch. Then run configure and make.
 qt-2.3.1$ patch <../qt-configs.patch
 qt-2.3.1$ export QTDIR='pwd'
 qt-2.3.1$ configure -shared -xft -gif -system-jpeg -system-libpng
 qt-2.3.1$ make src-moc sub-src
The shared libraries are then found in directory lib.
You can now compare the number of relocations in the installed version of qt (found in /usr/lib/qt-2.3.1/ on my machine) with the new one. This can be achieved with the countreloc shell script.
 $ countreloc /usr/lib/qt-2.3.1/
 16915 R_386_32
 2690 R_386_GLOB_DAT
 5040 R_386_JUMP_SLOT
 4926 R_386_RELATIVE
 $ countreloc./lib/
 4563 R_386_32
 2690 R_386_GLOB_DAT
 5039 R_386_JUMP_SLOT
 21669 R_386_RELATIVE
These numbers depend on your versions of the qt library and on the options selected when doing configure. But the order of magnitude should be correct. Then you can carefully save the installed version and replace it with the new one (danger)
 # mkdir /usr/SAVEDLIBS
 # mv /usr/lib/qt-2.3.1/ /usr/SAVEDLIBS
 # cp ./lib/ /usr/lib/qt-2.3.1/
 # ldconfig
Then run some QT programs and check that everything is working properly. Complete the test by logging out from KDE and logging in again. Here is what you should see if redo the konqueror command:
 bash$ LD_DEBUG=statistics konqueror
 26927: runtime linker statistics:
 26927: total startup time in dynamic loader: 292051810 clock cycles
 26927: time needed for relocation: 288954243 clock cycles (98.9)
 26927: number of relocations: 41299
 26927: time needed to load objects: _PHONE_ clock cycles (.9)
This is a little bit better (but not much yet).
4- Rebuild KDE
It is then time to recompile the KDE packages. The most critical ones are kdelibs and kdebase. Both can be compiled using the following procedure. You must first obtain the KDE source code from the usual places. Read carefully the KDE compilation instructions and run the following commands:
 $ make -f Makefile.cvs
 $ configure --enable-objprelink
 $ make
The option --enable-objprelink hacks the libtool shell script. Versions of KDE older than 2.2.1 do not have this option. You should see the objprelink command run on every object files just before linking a library or an executable. You can then install the new package with the usual precautions. After recompiling kdelibs and kdebase you should obtain the following result:
 bash$ LD_DEBUG=statistics konqueror
 26891: runtime linker statistics:
 26891: total startup time in dynamic loader: 171268316 clock cycles
 26891: time needed for relocation: 168954584 clock cycles (98.6)
 26891: number of relocations: 21143
 26891: time needed to load objects: _PHONE_ clock cycles (1.2)
The dynamic loading time has been reduced by a factor of two. It is time to focus now on konqueror's other bottlenecks.


text:
The government of Belgium is considering a proposal to legalize euthanasia for children and youth up to age 18.
The Flemish Socialist party, a member of Belgium's coalition government, has called for an extension to the country's euthanasia laws to give teenagers under 18 the right to choose assisted suicide, and parents of younger children the right to "choose" it for them.
Euthanasia was legalized in Belgium in 2002. Under the current law, a patient must be over 18, terminally ill and in constant suffering in order to qualify for euthanasia.
The country has considered extending the law to include children ever since the present law was first passed.
Last month the Netherlands announced it would allow the legal euthanasia of babies and children under 12 years. Dutch doctors admitted to the unauthorized killing of infants prior to the legislation; at least 15 babies were killed every year, many of them born with non-fatal genetic disorders.
(This article courtesy of LifeSiteNews.com.)


text:
John Culpepers of Barbados
By Warren Culpepper
The significance of the John Culpepers of Barbados is in the possibility that
one of them may have been John Culpeper of Albemarle, alias the Carolina Rebel (referred
to hereafter as "the Rebel")
It is well documented and accepted that the Rebel did arrive in Charles Town in 1670/1
from Barbados and that he subsequently became involved with the disturbances in Albemarle
that led to his trial and acquittal in England.
Elsewhere on the site, there is a considerable amount of information about the Rebel.
- A biography contained in our section on
- A lengthier treatment is contained in a Master's thesis by William S. Smith, Jr.
entitled, Culpeper's Rebellion: New Data
and Old Problems
The balance of this page will examine the possibilities as to which John
Culpeper the Rebel was. These possibilities are:
- John, friend of Armel. The John Culpeper who wrote and witnessed
the will of Armel Gould in Barbados in 1663.
- John Alleyne. John Alleyne Culpeper, birth date and place
unknown, reportedly the son of the Rev. William and Margaret (Alleyne) Culpeper of
Barbados. This possibility embraces, and is an extension of, the "John, friend of
- English John. A John Culpeper who may have simply passed through
Barbados in 1670 on his way from England to the new Charles Town settlement on the Ashley
River. It is also possible that "English John" is either of the above two Johns,
as their residency in Barbados is not proven.
As background for this examination, all the known facts about Culpepers in
Barbados prior to 1680 have been set forth on the Barbados
Culpeper Facts page. The reader is encouraged to read these before continuing on this
John, friend of Armel
- In Jan 1663/4 in Barbados, a John Culpeper, age 19, gave a deposition regarding the will of Armel
Gould. In it, he said that he had written a will for Armel on 27 Dec 1663. In that will we
find that John Culpeper is identified as both a friend and overseer. Thus we can
conclude that this John was literate and was born circa 1644.
- John Culpeper, the Rebel, arrived
in Charles Town 16 Feb 1670/1 on the ship Carolina from Barbados. He was
literate (appointed as surveyor)
and between January 1672/3 and June 1673, he left Charles Town and
subsequently became involved with the disturbances in Albemarle
that led to his trial and acquittal in England. In the Rebel's deposition
concerning Thomas Miller, it is clear that his birthdate falls between 1641 and 1649. It
has been argued (but not yet to this writer's complete satisfaction) that other facts
concerning this undated deposition places the Rebel's birthdate at 1644.
So both of these John Culpepers were literate, both were born in the 1640's, and
both are connected with Barbados.
However, there is a plausible way to account for
"John, friend of Armel," without his having to be the Rebel. Col.
F.W.T. Attree's pedigree chart, Culpeper of
Barbados shows a John Culpeper, without
identified parents, with a wife and children in Barbados, and who died there in 1676. I have been able to substantiate through birth and marriage
records most of the names and dates on that chart. Over 200 facts match, and I can build
an argument to dispute only one or two. So I'm confident it was not hastily thrown
The preceding reservations not withstanding, if the Rebel's date of birth can be
proven to be c. 1644, then the argument becomes much stronger that the Rebel is one and
the same as "John, friend of Armel".
The support for the Rebel being "John Alleyne" include the facts
stated above for "John, friend of Armel," plus the following additional facts:
- An article in Genealogies of
Barbados Families, states that the Rev. William Culpeper of Barbados and his
wife, Margaret Alleyne, had five children: Abel, Alleyne, Francis, John Alleyne
and Margaret. Most likely the children of a minister would be literate.
- In the Armel Gould will, we find Margaret Culpeper
is identified as a friend of Armel's, and therefore in the same document, both John and
Margaret are identified as friends of Armel.
Difficulties with the John Alleyne Culpeper theory are as follows:
- The claim for the existence of a John Alleyne Culpeper comes only from a 15
page narrative genealogy of the Alleyne family, in which the Culpeper family takes up less
than 1/4 of one page. Since the Culpeper line was not the author's interest or focus, one
has to be quite wary of accepting such claims at face value. Further, the
book in which the article appears (Genealogies of Barbados Families) has no
footnotes, and there are few sources quoted for the purported facts contained in it. This
is not reason to dispute the data, but it does give rise to the need to look for
supporting facts. As detailed on the following points, there are no supporting facts, but
there are facts that call into question the existence of John Alleyne Culpeper.
On 17 Apr 2001, Bill Russell Responded: The
reference in Genealogies of Barbados Families appears to me to be
an abstract of an either misplaced or no longer extant contemporaneous
record from Stowting, Kent. I am inclined to accept it as accurate
because it was not produced for any purpose related to our inquiry -
John of Albemarle or the genealogy of the Culpeper family in general -
and because the mention of John Alleyne Culpeper is in no way related to
anything else the complier was pursuing. That is not to say that it
couldn't be inaccurate or even false, only that standard evidentiary
rules would be inclined to give it reasonable weight as being authentic
given the absence of any evidence to the contrary. The names given for
Margaret Alleyne Culpeper's sons Abel and John correspond to those of
two of her brothers and the son Alleyne is known from Barbados records
as having survived and left descendants, further lending credibility to
the list. If a non-abstracted contemporaneous document were to be found
that contradicted it, evidentiary rules would clearly give heavier
weight to the non-abstracted document. Absent any contrary document of
any kind and absent any motive to include false or misleading
information, the thing speaks for itself.
- Middle names did not come into general use until the later part of the 1700's.
In an extensive, but certainly not exhaustive, review of names in the IGI file
for England and Barbados, I did not find any evidence of anyone who had a middle name
prior to 1740. However, at least three
people of note in Colonial America in the late 17th century did have a middle
name: Edward Henry Lee, 1st Earl of Lichfield; his son-in-law
Benedict Leonard Calvert, 4th Lord Baltimore; and Edward Maria
Wingfield, 1st President of
the Virginia Colony. Also, it is possible that if William Culpeper and Margaret
Alleyne did have a son named John, he could have been called "John
Alleyne", in order to distinguish him from another John
Culpeper. So the validity of the name, John Alleyne Culpeper, along with his actual
existence, must be questioned, but it should not be ruled out on the
basis of having a middle name.
On 17 Apr 2001, Bill Russell Responded: As for the
issue of the use of middle names in the 17th Century, suffice it to say
that I could cite lots of examples - more than I have done in the past.
It does seem to have been a device adopted more frequently in the 18th
century, but its use beginning in the 16th century has been noted as the
discussion indicated - to distinguished between one of many John Does in
a given area. It was also a device necessary for more than simply
convenience. There was a bloody civil war going on at precisely the time
we are looking at where families were split in their allegience and
telling one of the same from another could be a matter of life or death.
- For the five children listed in the book, there is an abundance of evidence
establishing the existence of three: Alleyne Culpeper, Francis Culpeper and Margaret
Culpeper, but there is no evidence that I've been able to find apart from the book for
Abel Culpeper or John Alleyne Culpeper. Here is the record for each of
It should also be noted, however, that John Alleyne Culpeper may never have
emigrated to Barb


text:
- foot (n.)
- Old English fot, from Proto-Germanic *fot (cf. Old Saxon fot, Old Norse fotr, Dutch voet, Old High German fuoz, German Fuß, Gothic fotus "foot"), from PIE *ped- (cf. Avestan pad-; Sanskrit pad-, accusative padam "foot;" Greek pos, Attic pous, genitive podos; Latin pes, genitive pedis "foot;" Lithuanian padas "sole," peda "footstep"). Plural form feet is an instance of i-mutation. Of a bed, grave, etc., first recorded c.1300.
The linear measurement of 12 inches was in Old English, from the length of a man's foot. Colloquial exclamation my foot! expressing "contemptuous contradiction" [OED] is first attested 1923, probably a euphemism for my ass, in the same sense, which dates back to 1796. The metrical foot (Old English, translating Latin pes, Greek pous in the same sense) is commonly taken as a reference to keeping time by tapping the foot.
To get off on the right foot is from 1905; to put one's best foot foremost first recorded 1849 (Shakespeare has the better foot before, 1596). To put one's foot in (one's) mouth "say something stupid" is attested by 1942; the expression put (one's) foot in something "make a mess of it" is from 1823.
- foot (v.)
- c.1400, "dance, move on foot," from foot (n.). To foot a bill is attested from 1848, from the process of tallying the expenses and writing the figure at the bottom ("foot") of the bill.


text:
In assessing reduction of concrete strength under irradiated conditions, reference levels are introduced: 1×1020 n/cm2 for fast neutrons and 2×1010 rad (2×105 kGy) for gamma-rays. Concrete structures are regarded as sound as long as irradiance levels accumulated during long-term operation are less than the reference levels.
Most experimental investigations of irradiation effects on concrete were performed in the 1960's and 1970's. However, there is no good explanation of how concrete deteriorates under neutron and gamma-ray irradiation.
Hilsdorf put the primal irradiation test data together to investigate effects of irradiance levels on residual strength ratio of concrete. The reference levels were obtained from his paper. However, the test conditions in which the data quoted by Hilsdorf were obtained are very different from the irradiation and heat conditions usually found in a Light Water Reactor (LWR).
This paper summarizes the interactions between radiation and concrete components and presents the results of gamma-ray irradiation tests on cement paste in order to provide a better understanding of the deterioration mechanisms of concrete under irradiation and heat conditions in LWRs.


text:
UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA MEDIA ADVISORY
Feb. 6, 2018
Members of the media are invited to an international workshop led by Ocean Networks Canada, an initiative of the University of Victoria, where scientists will discuss the importance of obtaining accurate and reliable data from ocean-observing systems for ocean acidification.
Ocean acidification occurs when atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean, making seawater more acidic. A more acidic ocean has a detrimental impact on marine animals that form calcium carbonate shells, like juvenile oysters, clams and mussels. In a more acidic ocean, shell growth can be stunted and survival rates decreased.
It is important that data collected from autonomous sensors be reliable as it increases the affordability of comprehensive ocean observing systems, allowing scientists to measure ocean acidification over time in diverse areas and to capture episodic or unexpected events. The workshop focuses on the development and calibration of sensors and methods for obtaining accurate and reliable from ocean-observing systems.
The workshop is led by ONC science theme leader Jim Christian, research scientist with Fisheries and Oceans Canada and the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, and an adjunct faculty member at UVic. Workshop participants include researchers from Canada, the US, Japan, the UK and Germany.
What: ONC's international ocean acidification workshop
When: Wednesday, Feb. 7. There will be an opportunity between 8:30-10:15 a.m. for media to interview Christian and other scientists.
Where: Rogers Suite, Inn at Laurel Point, 680 Montreal St., Victoria
Greig Bethel (Ocean Networks Canada media relations) at _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_
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Any way to have a NSButton title to wrap when it's width is longer than the button width, instead of getting clipped?
I'm trying to have a radio button with a text that can be long and have multiple lines. One way I thought about having it work is to have an NSButton of type NSRadioButton but can't get multiple lines of text to work.
Maybe my best alternative is to have an NSButton followed by an NSTextView with the mouseDown delegate function on it triggering the NSButton state?
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Read the Apple Human Interface Guidelines, they should give some insight as to how to deal with the need for descriptive choices. – dreamlax Mar 23 '09 at 23:07
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3 Answers
up vote 7 down vote accepted
I don't believe you can. You'd have to subclass NSButtonCell to add support for this.
That said, it's typically a bad idea to have multiple lines of text on a button. A button label should concisely represent the action performed:
The label on a push button should be a verb or verb phrase that describes the action it performs—Save, Close, Print, Delete, Change Password, and so on. If a push button acts on a single setting, label the button as specifically as possible; "Choose Picture…," for example, is more helpful than "Choose…" Because buttons initiate an immediate action, it shouldn't be necessary to use "now" (Scan Now, for example) in the label.
What are you trying to do?
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I'm with Sören; If you need a longer description, think about using a tool tip or placing descriptive text in a wrapped text field using the small system font below the radio choices if the descriptive text is only a few lines. Otherwise, you could provide more information in a help document.
Figuring out a way to say what you need to say in a concise way is your best bet, though.
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I absolutely need to show the associated text with each radio button option "as is", each is a possible answer to a question shown on top, all coming from db and resuming is not an option. I ended up adding a wrapped text view on the right of each radio button and controlling the height dynamically. – Carlos Barbosa Mar 24 '09 at 20:50
Ah, context. That makes a lot more sense! – Wevah Apr 21 '09 at 20:48
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Well here's my excuse for needing multiline buttons: I'm writing an emulator for an IBM 701, complete with front panel, and, bless their hearts, the designers of that front panel used multi-line labels. Here's my code. You only have to subclass NSButtonCell (not NSButton), and only one method needs to be overridden.
// In Xcode 4.6 (don't know about earlier versions): Place NSButton, then double-click it
// and change class NSButtonCell to ButtonMultiLineCell.
_USER_ ButtonMultiLineCell : NSButtonCell
_USER_ ButtonMultiLineCell
 NSAttributedString *as = [[NSAttributedString alloc] initWithString:[title.string stringByReplacingOccurrencesOfString:@" " withString:@"\n"]];
 NSFont *sysFont = [NSFont systemFontOfSize:10];
 NSMutableParagraphStyle *paragraphStyle = [[[NSParagraphStyle defaultParagraphStyle] mutableCopy] autorelease];
 [paragraphStyle setAlignment:NSCenterTextAlignment];
 NSDictionary *attributes = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:
 sysFont, NSFontAttributeName,
 paragraphStyle, NSParagraphStyleAttributeName,
 NSSize textSize = [as.string sizeWithAttributes:attributes];
 NSRect textBounds = NSMakeRect(0, 0, textSize.width, textSize.height);
 // using frame argument seems to produce text in wrong place
 NSRect f = NSMakeRect(0, (controlView.frame.size.height - textSize.height) / 2, controlView.frame.size.width, textSize.height);
 [as.string drawInRect:f withAttributes:attributes];
 return textBounds; // not sure what rectangle to return or what is done with it
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3D Printing Transmission Line Speakers
Anyone who has played with speakers on the workbench knows the huge difference enclosure design makes to the frequency response of an audio system. Speakerheads spend hours tinkering with designs and calculations, aiming to get the best out of a given set of drivers. [HexiBase] decided to try some experiments of his own, running into some hurdles along the way.
[Hexibase] aimed to 3D print a compact transmission line design, to suit a pair of 1 1/8″ full-range drivers. Being aware of the benefits of high-resolution resin 3D printing, he set out to print a design taking full advantage of the build volume of his Longer 3D Orange 30 printer. Unfortunately, after much fiddling with slicer settings, the printer turned out to have a fundamental fault, leading to unusable prints.
Undeterred, [Hexibase] switched to using his Longer FDM model instead. Printing out the enclosures in PLA. he noted that the different material will have a slightly altered frequency response than originally intended. Regardless, the final result sounds great, and barring some higher-frequency anomalies, the output correlates well with the mathematical model of expected performance.
3D printers make great tools for budding speaker builders, as they make constructing advanced geometries a cinch. Of course, you can even try and 3D print the drivers themselves if you're so inclined. Video after the break.
9 thoughts on "3D Printing Transmission Line Speakers
 1. How do you measure the response without room acoustics having effect on the end result? Hexibase manages that somehow because measured response is so close to the mathematical model.
 1. Well my first thought would be to use a pink noise generator and spectrum analyzer to "map" the room's response curve, then EQ it out or subtract it from the results.
 2. I don't know about this particular speaker and set up, but the standard way in the DIY Audio community is to take very short recordings so the sound can travel from the speaker to the microphone, but by the time it's bounced off anything else the recording is over.
 1. Seems to miss out selective dampening, the all important manual tuning away of the peaks. Faff but fun.
 Open, add fluff, close and test. Open, move fluff, close and test. Repeat.
 2. Room? Just set up outdoors on a grassy hill. Almost as good as an anechoic chamber. Transmission line should start with a symmetrical "Y" to combine both driver's waves as equal in time.
 1. Do you mean a grassy knoll?
 Was once doing measurements in a typical UK box room (how can these count as bedrooms??). Spent ages wondering why there was a hump in the upper bass response. All the room's dimensions were 2.4m, leading to a 3D set of 140 Hz standing waves. Presumably the 70 Hz would have been present too, but microphone and driver placement were close to the floor so might not have excited/measured that mode well.
 3. 3D printing is great for speaker builders who use drivers that are 1 and 1/8″
 I will admit that I have a bluetooth speaker that is around that size and sounds amazingly good for what it it, but really, my real speakers are significantly larger, as in over an order of magnitude. There are a lot of materials you could build the enclosures out of, but I don't see them being 3D printed. At least not with a 3D printer I will ever be able to house or afford. Than again after the shameless ad for the vacuum pump on here, perhaps I should add a ginormous 3D printer to the list of things that I want.
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Strategies for Teaching Based on Autism Research
The STAR Program (Strategies for Teaching based on Autism Research, Arick, Loos, Falco, Krug, 2004) teaches children with autism the critical skills identified by the 2001 National Research Council and uses many of the evidence-based practices identified in the 2009 National Standards Report and 2014 National Professional Development Report.
The ABA (Applied Behavior Analysis) instructional methods of discrete trial training, pivotal response training and teaching functional routines form the instructional base of this comprehensive program for children with autism. The STAR Program is the only curriculum that has been validated by multiple independent randomized control trials (including IES and NIH Grants) on the market today.
- Research Validated
- ABA Based
- Award Winning
The STAR Program includes detailed lesson plans, teaching materials, data systems and a curriculum-based assessment for teaching in the six curricular areas of receptive language, expressive language, spontaneous language, functional routines, academics, and play & social skills.


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These artificial intelligence jobs are in high demand.
The demand for artificial intelligence professionals is exploding as the technology is advancing and organizations are increasingly adopting AI technologies. The number of job postings with AI or machine learning in the title is doubling year by year as employers are scavenging for the best AI talent. From machine learning engineers to data scientists, computer vision engineers, and algorithm engineers, AI jobs boast high salaries than other tech jobs, but they are equally difficult to master as well. In the US, the following are the highest-paying AI job profiles.
1. Director of Analytics
Average Salary: US$140,837
A director of analytics leads the data analytics and data warehousing departments and aligns their tasks to the business objectives. He/she is responsible for managing, developing, and integrating data analytics and business intelligence for supporting the business.
2. Principal Scientist
Average Salary: US$138,271
Principal scientists are responsible for creating high-impact data science projects in accordance with the stakeholders. They act as technical consultants to product managers from different departments. This person is expected to hold leadership skills who can communicate clearly, is empathetic, and has a good eye for detail.
3. Machine Learning Engineer
Average Salary: US$134,449
Machine learning engineers are responsible for building machine learning algorithms that solve business problems. They create computer programs that perform defined tasks without any specific programming. While an ML scientist focuses on the theoretical part of machine learning, an ML engineer applies those approaches for practical problem-solving.
4. Computer Vision Engineer
Average Salary: US$134,346
Computer vision is a sub-field of AI that relates to the "seeing" ability of the machines. This technology powers object recognition systems. A computer vision engineer applies deep learning algorithms to solve problems around image recognition and processing.
5. Data Scientist
Average Salary: US$130,503
A data scientist is someone who extracts value out of data. They analyze data from various sources and understand how businesses perform and build AI tools that can automate certain business functions. The duties typically include creating ML tools or processes within the company that can churn data into insights.
6. Data Engineer
Average Salary: US$125,999
Data engineers are responsible for identifying trends in data sets and developing algorithms that will make the raw data useful to the company. This role demands technical skills and deep knowledge of SQL databases and many programming languages.
7. Algorithm Engineer
Average Salary: US$104,112
Algorithms engineers differ from software engineers as their work focuses on designing, analyzing, and implementing, and optimizing existing algorithms. They usually hold a master's or Ph.D. in computer science-related fields and are fluent in several programming languages like C++ and Java.
8. Computer Scientist
Average Salary: US$97,850
Computer scientists create the main functionings of a device. The role revolves around thinking and conceptualizing computational and mathematical challenges, developing new products and solving computing problems, conducting research on experimentation and modeling, and improving the performance of existing computer systems and software.
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PLD Space Plans to Build a Satellites Plant with European Space Agency's Support5th Feb 2021
PLD Space, a Spanish aerospace company, plans to create a satellites manufacturing plant with the support of the European Space Agency. The project will require an investment of €74 million and should provide additional opportunities for the European space sector development. The plant will be located in Elche, Spain and will produce telecommunication satellites.
PLD Space & European Space Agency Plans for Satellites Plant
PLD Space and European Space Agency are planning to manufacture satellites that would be targeted at companies, aerospace operators, or state agencies looking to put them into orbit. The optical communication technology is an innovative system with which the company seeks to improve the data transmission capacity from small satellites to terrestrial users. In fact, the company closed a round of financing from Venture Capital last November. They received €2 million for the development of small satellite platforms with optical communication links.
Further on, PLD Space will be in charge of launching these satellites into space with the company's own rocket. The rest of the companies working on this project will act as technology and component parts suppliers, ensuring fine-tuned production chain. DAS Photonics takes care of optoelectronics materials, searching for a way to augment electronics and improve their speed and performance; Comet Engineering is responsible for the mechanical parts and antennas, Ienai Space – for propulsion systems, Fentiss – for onboard software, and AISTech Space is interested in implementing constellations to provide communication services.
Another reason why PLD Space and ESA are interested in building this plant is for the economy. The development of the project, which would take three years, will create more than 50 jobs in the process. The construction should start at some point in 2022. The warehouse should be built in the first two years, and the third year is about implementing the production chain. Once completed, the idea is to create at least one satellite per week, so PLD Space and European Space Agency should be able to manufacture about 50 devices per year.
José Antonio Carrasco, CEO of Emxys, a company that has requested funds for the satellites plant, explains that right now, optoelectronic technology and electronics are the future of satellite production, as this technology allows an improved data transmission rate at a much lower cost. Emxys, which is part of PLD Space, have already requested €19 million of the total €74 million investment and hopes ESA will assist with the satellites manufacture grant.


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Cheeses With Weird Names
The Names of Origin
The majority of cheeses have names that represent where they were originally produced – this is an easy one.
A couple of examples: Valençay comes from the village of Valençay, Cantal comes from the Cantal area of the Auvergne region, Comté comes from the Franche-Comté region, and so on and so forth… Cheese names can also come from local geographical landmarks, like Mont d'Or of the mountain of the same name, which literally means the Golden Mountain. There are also compound names, like Ossau-Iraty, which can be produced in the Ossau Valley in the Pyrenees, but also in the forested region of Iraty on the border of France and Spain.
The Visual Names
Some names refer to the cheese's shape: the Bûchette du Bois-Rond, which translates to the Small Log of Bois-Rond (in the shape of a small, wood log), the Pavé d'Auge or Auge's Cobblestone (in the shape of a cobblestone), the Carré de l'Est, which means The Square of the East (in the shape of a square), the Boule de Lille, also known as Mimolette, meaning the Ball from Lille (in the shape of a ball), the Brique du Forez, which translates to the Brick of Forez (in the shape of a brick)… okay, you get the idea…
The Historic Names
Some examples :
In the 5th century CE, the Heathens were wont to burn, rape and pillage, making it difficult to live in Aveyron in Southern France, or anywhere else for that matter. A small village of ferocious and steadfast Aveyronian shepherds decided to fight back by fortifying their village, which consequently became known as Roca forta in Latin, meaning The Fortress. The name of the village morphed into Roquefort, then Roquefort-sur-Soulzon. The cheese originating from this village inherited its name.
In the 7th century CE, Italian Benedictine monks moved into the Fecht Valley in Eastern France and build a monastery in honor of Saint Gregory. The surrounding area came to be called the Valley of Saint Gregory, then the Munster Valley, from the latin monasterium, or monastery. The monks made a washed rind cheese at the monastery which was baptised with the same name.
La cervelle de Canut, or Canut's Brain
It's not a brain but a local specialty from the southeastern French city of Lyon: fresh, soft cheese, also known as fromage blanc, mixed with chives and herbs. This kind of cheese was cheap to make and rich in protein; essentially what the poor ate. And the poor in 19th century Lyon were the silk weavers, also known as "canuts." The "brain" of Canuts' Brain is in reference to the shape of the cheese.
The Dialectal Names
This word comes from the verb "re-blocher" in the dialect of the Savoy region, literally meaning "to pinch again," as in "to milk a second time." Back then farmers were taxed on their milk production, so they would milk a first time while the inspector was watching, then a second time in secret to make Reblochon, or "Second Milking!"
Le Chabichou du Poitou, Chavignol and others
This name derives from the arabic chebli, which means "small goat." In their conquest of land, the Moors raided and conquered the Poitou-Charentes and Limousin regions of France in the 8th century CE. Some of the Moors decided to settle in their newly occupied land, began making goat cheese and taught the local population their techniques — hence the name Chabichou of Poitou.
The name Pélardon comes from "pebre" in the old Occitan dialect, meaning "pepper." The Pélardon is a smal, round, flat cheese made in the South-Central mountainous region of Cévennes which has a spicy and peppery taste.
The Gross Names!
Le vieux puant (also known as vieux Lille, gris de Lille), or Old Stinky (or Old Lille, or The Drunk of Lille).
This cheese is a mutant Maroilles. The French cheese Maroilles, as is, already makes you wrinkle your nose. So now take a Maroilles and soak it in salt water for three long months. Now you've got a good and stinky Vieux Lille.
The cacouyard or shit balls
This name is born of the verb "cacouyer," meaning "to stir or mix cheese" in the old Franc-comtois dialect of the Franche-Comté region. The name in French has a nice ring to it: Shit Balls.
Le trou du cru or Butthole
Yes, okay, sometimes cheese smells bad but it's not what you think…
The "trou de cru," which literally means the "hole in the raw," is actually a byproduct of making Époisses cheese. Since it was difficult to get Époisses to age consistently all the way to the center of the cheese, the center was removed while it was still somewhat raw — that is to say not aged. Quite simply, they made hole in the raw cheese. In French, however, the name sounds almost identical to "butt hole."
Le crottin de chavignol, or The Poop of Chavignol
The Poop of Chavignol got its name from the term "crot" of the central Berry region of France, which refers to the river bank where, back in the day, women used to wash laundry. The clay along the river was used by peasants, first for oil lamps, then as molds to drain cheese curd. "Crot" gave way to "crottin," the container giving its name to the contents. In French, however, "crot" sounds pretty similar to the word for poop…
There are other names that seem to have fallen from the sky. That's because they make people laugh and it sells: le téton de Saint-Agathe or Saint-Agathe's Titty, le bouton de culotte or the Painties' Button, la boule des moines or The Monks' One Ball…
You see, French people can be creative!
The last CheeseNews
Quelques mois après s'être rencontrés, Mathieu et Laure décident de créer un projet commun autour de leur amour pour les produits laitiers. C'est ainsi qu'après un Tour de France des fromages à la rencontre des petits producteurs, la fromagerie Taka & Vermo voit le jour.
Better than Le Tour de France, le Tour de Fromage 🙂 Let's discover French cheese regions one cheese at a time.
Have a nice trip !
Fromagerie Cantin has opened in 1950, originally created by Marie-Anne Cantin's parents. As a child, she enjoyed selling cheeses and when she turned 25, Marie-Anne took over the family business.


text: The idea of being without motion. Though some things that actually appear motionless to the naked eye are not when viewed with an instrument. What exactly am I saying. I'm speaking of moments in the middle of a project that seem or just plain feel motionless. Projects at start can often appear motionless or just after your personal excitement for the project takes a hit or wears out. Either way. Even though an object is in constant motion it's not necessarily going to keep the same speed or movement pattern. Just cause something seems motionless doesn't mean it's dead. Someone in a comma is not necessarily dead. There are different states of even a comma. Ponder this. There are medical signs used to judge the difference between someone who is alive in a comma and someone who is dead. Though keep in mind people that a team of Dr's wrote off as for sure dead have not only woken from commas but come out completely in tact. What am I saying? A business, life, and project are as successful as you are willing to want, believe and desire them to be. Though remember that even though a Dr's ability to predict the outcome of a comma is correct the majority of the time it's not a hundred percent. Make sure or at least consider a check list for when death is certain and then create a clause that allows for what conditions you will go the extra mile for. Happy motion sensing!


Justine Ashbee, abstract hand drawing
Justine Ashbee is an American artist creating large scale free-form sharpie drawings. These drawings are executed purely by hand, using paint pens. Each form grow organically, in an intuitive flow, while maintaining delicate, elegant precision. Much like zen calligraphy, Justine Ashbee's amorphous lines are improvisational, and intuitively composed, where the physicality and the mark making become one.
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How President Biden might use the experience of Thatcher and De Gaulle
How President Biden might use the experience of Thatcher and De Gaulle
Continuing on the theme of last time, I have often wondered if leaders today can still learn from the discourse of transformational public figures of earlier eras.
This is not an easy question to answer. On the one hand, many have argued that the communication challenges for world leaders in 2021 are far more complex and thorny than in years past. They point specifically to the role of the internet and social media in fomenting polarization, fragmentation, and even hatred among the various parts of the electorate.
On the other hand, though, I would contend that at least some of the lessons of outstanding communicators remain timeless, regardless of when these inspirational people lived. And, I do in fact see some ways that the current US president could benefit greatly from studying the examples of legendary leaders such as Lady Thatcher and General De Gaulle.
As we discussed in the previous two entries, both of these remarkable leaders moved others by taking latent stories and symbols—tales of lost greatness from times past—and bringing them back into focus. In addition, if we study their speechmaking closely, we see that it is the melding of three distinct elements that made them so persuasive. Both De Gaulle and Thatcher moved people to change by:
—reviving a dormant national narrative, a collective story of identity that has been somewhat lost in modern times
using personal anecdotes to show themselves as living embodiments of the qualities they espouse
—referring to historical symbols that support the broader narrative
Could a president do something along these lines in 2021, using similar approaches? Let's consider the three elements above and attempt to apply them to Joe Biden, using Margaret Thatcher as our template.
As I attempt to build my scenario for President Biden, I should begin with a caveat. In fact, I know relatively little about his life story, compared to what I know of Mrs Thatcher, a woman whose career I have studied in considerable detail. Nonetheless, what I have gleaned about the president's past—mostly during the campaign and his initial months in office—leaves me confident that I can at least sketch out some ideas that could work for him.
Mr Biden should first strive to find a usable American story of identity from the past, one that a majority of people can understand and even wish to return to. Margaret Thatcher convinced the British electorate that they should bring back some of the "lost" elements of their traditional national character: initiative, self-reliance, collective responsibility and human decency. In the case of Joe Biden, a man who proclaims his desire to unify the nation with bipartisan policies, could he not use a narrative that speaks to that idea?
For example, he might state openly that the current atmosphere of polarization, fragmentation, and even hostility does not correspond to what America has always aspired to be as a nation. In that vein, he could say something like this: "We have always been a people capable of engaging in healthy debate and disagreement. Throughout our history and until very recently, we have been able to hold dissimilar views and respect each other, without the deep animosity I see today. We have always been able to come together to confront our challenges, despite our philosophical or political differences. With your help, this is a lost quality that I would like to find our way back to."
This sort of national identity story has several advantages. First, it speaks to one of his core beliefs. In fact, I recently heard him say in an interview that he was convinced that 70 to 80 percent of both Democrats and Republicans held viewpoints that are centrist, neither far left nor far right. He added that most voters are tired of hostile rhetoric and hatred, the vitriol that comes from the fringes of both parties these days.
Second, this broad national narrative fits well with personal stories that Mr Biden can tell. Just as De Gaulle and Thatcher had tales from their past that they used to inspire others, so does President Biden. In the next entry, I will suggest some anecdotes he can lean on to accomplish this.
Also in the next post, we will look at my third reason for believing that this sort of narrative can work for Joe Biden: American history is indeed replete with symbols that support his arguments.
In fact, I firmly believe that Mr Biden should be taking advantage of the opportunity to use his own stories of identity—along with some shining illustrations from presidents past—to move his agenda of bipartisanship forward.
Image: Flickr user Evonne


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The Tourism Master Plan for the Azores Region (POTRAA) was prepared in order to develop and consolidate a sustainable tourism sector, to contribute to the overall economic development, the preservation of the natural and human environment, the correct landuse distribution and the attenuation of the social-economic differences in the Region. Several scenarios were studied for the growth of the tourist accommodation offer and of its territorial distribution. The scenario adopted for 2015 considered an average annual growth rate of tourism accommodation between 6 and 7%, which means that by 2015 there will be around 18,000 tourist beds in the Azores, roughly twice as many as in 2004.
General project coordination, characterization and diagnosis, land-use planning, communication and presentation to the entities. PLURAL in NRV|Norvia