text: Mnyundo Primary School Mnyundo Primary School - the challenges Mnyundo was one of the worst performing schools in the Mtwara area – its particularly remote location creates additional challenges such as extremely poor access, lack of clean water (closest pump is several kilometres away), high levels of preventable sanitation-related illness, poor teacher retention due to neglected facilities and a shortage of even the most basic resources. High drop out rates When we first visited Mnyundo Primary School in 2011 there were only 236 children enrolled but we were aware that many more children living in the area who should have been attending – many had dropped-out due to the appalling facilities. British and Foreign School Society - school renovation Thanks to funding from the British and Foreign School Society EdUKaid was able to completely transform the school environment - repairing and decorating classrooms, repainting blackboards, renovating latrines, installing rainwater harvesting and supplying much needed furniture. We have also provided capacity building activities for teachers and trained the local community to maintain the school long-term. As a result, attendance has improved, enrollment increased and children are performing better in school. Mnyundo Primary School is a fantastic example of how an improved environment combined with capacity building activities can significantly improve educational outcomes. Do you feel passionate about children and education? Please donate now and make education a reality for them too.


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Magnetic materials: a journey from finding north to an exciting printed future
The potential implications/applications of printing technologies are being recognized worldwide across different disciplines and industries. Printed magnetoactive smart materials, whose physical properties can be changed by the application of external magnetic fields, are an exclusive class of smart materials that are highly valuable due to their magnetically activated smart and/or multifunctional response. Such smart behavior allows, among others, high speed and low-cost wireless activation, fast response, and high controllability with no relevant limitations in design, shape, or dimensions. Nevertheless, the printing of magnetoactive materials is still in its infancy, and the design apparatus, the material set, and the fabrication procedures are far from their optimum features. Thus, this review presents the main concepts that allow interconnecting printing technologies with magnetoactive materials by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of this joint field, trying to highlight the scientific obstacles that still limit a wider application of these materials nowadays. Additionally, it discusses how these limitations could be overcome, together with an outlook of the remaining challenges in the emerging digitalization, Internet of Things, and Industry 4.0 paradigms. Finally, as magnetoactive materials will play a leading role in energy generation and management, the magnetic-based Green Deal is also addressed.
- This article is part of the themed collection: Recent Review Articles

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Herefordshire Look up Herefordshire at
Old English Herefordscir, from Hereford (958), literally "ford suitable for the passage of an army" (see harry (v.) + ford (n.). Probably so-called in reference to the Roman road passing over the Wye River. Herford in Germany has the same etymology. As the name for a type of cattle, first bred there, it is attested from 1789.


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Resonance Repatterning Works with Your Inner Software
In the past week I received an email asking what technology or machine did I have to measure a change before and after a Resonance Repatterning session? This question is not new, however, the answer is actually simple. Resonance Repatterning® does not use any machines. The process relies on the inner software of your body-mind system to register change.
Your inner software is responsive and sensitive to your environment, your emotions, the food you eat, the messages you give your self, your stress level, as well as to the patterns and habits you have learned and practiced over time. Science and consciousness technology are moving towards being able to study and register the outcomes of the impact, effect and healing of natural modalities including color, light, sound, movement, meditation, breath, and energetic contacts all included in the process of Resonance Repatterning.
This brings up a good point about trusting your own body. What has happened in your life that has numbed down or taken away your sense of trusting your inner guidance, feelings, or biofeedback? It isn't that your body-mind system isn't reporting. Your autonomic nervous system allows you to digest, blink, and breath on your own. Your heart beats independently 24/7.
The importance of this vital information is that your autonomic nervous system is connected to every organ, tissue, muscle and gland in your body. A Resonance Repatterning® session works with a resonance muscle checking system that accesses this information relayed in the binary muscle response. This means that when the muscle is flexed it is reporting that you are dedicating life energy to the information. When the muscle is relaxed, your body-mind system is reporting that you are not dedicating life energy to the statement or situation.
Internal Wisdom by Kimberly Rex
Inner Listening by Kimberly Rex
One of the most important revelations that comes from a session is the change in where your life energy is dedicated. At the beginning of a session, a client is usually muscle-checking with a flexed response to their issues. In turn, they muscle check with a relaxed response to their positive intention.
The beauty of this process is that it examines the non-coherent aspects of established patterns in your life related to the issues that are brought to the session. Identifying where and when the pattern was initiated, and how it came forward in your life through life-depleting beliefs, habits, attitudes, as well as how this has impacted your life physically, emotionally, mentally at core levels then establishes the potential for building greater coherent new pathways and possibilities.
Working with all the systems of the body, Resonance Repatterning® updates and illuminates movement towards a new way of thinking, feeling, believing, and living. This allows you to restore and update the information in your body-mind system to create greater vital life energy for your positive intentions re-routing where your positive life energy is dedicated in the present. Your body-mind system is designed for success and self-healing.
During the day, I work in an office that has two light switches. When I walk in, both lights are off, and it is very dark! If I turn on one, but not the other, the light in the room is still dim. However, if I switch on both, the room fills with light that makes it possible to do so much more. In the same way, when checking for shifts at the completion of a session, we check both the coherent and non-coherent statements as these changes are registered in the muscle-checking responses. The client can feel the difference in the muscle-checking process registered in the muscle-check. Where the person was resonating with an issue at the start, they now resonate with the positive intention instead. By turning the non-coherent statement OFF, they have added more life energy for their positive intention. When the positive intention registers as ON, they have literally created a new pathway with new opportunities filled with greater ease and clarity.
Not only do clients feel the difference in the muscle-checking process, they see a difference. Clients report that they feel more relaxed, less anxious, more hopeful, more energized and open! This gets translated into tangible experience that takes you to the next steps in realizations, insights, awareness and positive change.
This is your invitation to experience a 45-90 minute personal session with Kimberly Rex, MS to tap into the innate wisdom of your body to create sustainable and positive change. Personal sessions are powerful energetic tune-ups for greater wellness and well-being! Sessions can be done by phone, Skype, or in-person. Get more information about how this works here.
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Arrhenius Equation Calculator is a free online tool that displays the rate of the chemical reaction. BYJU'S online Arrhenius equation calculator tool makes the calculation faster and it displays the rate constant in a fraction of seconds.
How to Use the Arrhenius Equation Calculator?
The procedure to use the Arrhenius equation calculator is as follows:
Step 1: Enter the temperature, activation energy, frequency factor in the input field
Step 2: Now click the button "Calculate Rate Constant" to get the rate of chemical reaction
Step 3: Finally, the rate constant for the chemical reaction will be displayed in the output field
What is Meant by the Arrhenius Equation?
In Chemistry, the Arrhenius equation is an equation which provides the relationship between temperature, rate constant and the activation energy. The Arrhenius equation is mostly used to find the rate and activation energy of the chemical reaction. The formula to calculate the temperature dependence rate constant using the Arrhenius equation is given by
K = Ae(-Ea/RT)
A is the pre-exponential factor
Ea is the activation energy
T is the absolute temperature
R is the universal gas constant
K is the rate constant.


why is copper T used for?
Asked by | 12th Feb, 2010, 12:19: AM
Expert Answer:
Copper Tis a method of contraception.
Copper T (Cu-T) is a small T-shaped Intrauterine Device (IUD) made of soft plastic and copper, that is placed in the uterus to prevent pregnancy.
It releases copper in the uterine cavity, which prevents the sperm from fertilising the egg. It reduces the number and viability of sperms reaching the egg. In case of fertilisation it stops the fertilised egg from making its way to the uterus because the copper kills the fertilised egg.
Answered by | 12th Feb, 2010, 04:58: PM


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|relevant research · login|
We Just Disagree - Billy Dean
So let's leave it alone,
As the song notes, sometimes "we just disagree". In economic life people often disagree about how resources should be used. Some may want to use a tract of land to build houses, another to farm, and still another may want to have the land used as a nature preserve. In his article, The Problem of Social Cost, Ronald Coase talks about the "reciprocal nature of the problem". What does Coase's insight tell us about how disagreements can be settled efficiently? What barriers exist to solving these problems efficiently in real life?
[Will Luther assisted with this assignment.]

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Take this example, which uses the Leaflet mapping library. When viewed in Firefox, the map fails to appear, so the immediate response is to press F12 and view the Console, which tells me I have a syntax error and in particular there is a missing closing parenthesis after an argument list:
This sounds promising, so I click on the line number (56) on the right hand side and the debugger is opened at the problem line:
However, the debugger points to the line where the the closing script tag appears rather than where the missing parenthesis should be. This is probably no more than what we can expect from Firefox but it is not enough to help us identify the problem. We could work our way through the code looking for the missing parenthesis but if the code is long, and not all our own work, this will not be easy.
One way to resolve this is to use some of the features of the free and open source Atom text editor. The first thing to do, after opening the problem HTML file in Atom, is to check for an inbalance in the parentheses. This can be done by using the Find in Buffer tool:
Here there are 35 instances of the left parenthesis but there were only 33 instances of the right parenthesis. So, in fact, I have two missing. But where should they go?
From the Bracket Matcher, I select Select Inside Bracket. If the code within the function is sound then all of that code will be highlighted. That it isn't shows that there is a problem within the function and I can iterate towards a solution.
I put the cursor at the start of the first block of code (a call to the JQuery getJSON method) within my main init function (line 29) and repeat the process:
Again, the editor fails to recognise the bracket pair, but this time there is a lot less code to examine manually. In fact the error was caused by a failure to close a list of arguments in the call to the Leaflet geoJSON object (line 30), as hinted at by the original Firefox error. A new line (35 below) was added:
Now if I put the cursor inside my function and use Select Inside Bracket, the whole function is highlighted, which shows it is balanced out:
Remember I had two missing parenthesis, so I repeat the Select Inside Brackets for my next major code block:
Here I have a slightly different problem – the two calls to getJSON (line 39 and line 47) should be separate, whereas here they are nested. So I need to add some code to separate them (line 47 below):
Repeating the Select Inside Brackets will now show two separate code blocks and my script is finally fixed; I can check this by repeating the search for opening and closing parentheses – the totals should match.
Finally, another useful feature of Atom that does a similar thing is the matching bracket/parenthesis highlighter:
Here I have put the cursor to the right of a curly bracket (line 49) and Atom underlines it and its matching pair (line 54). If the two are not where you expect them to be then you have a problem. This technique also works with parentheses.
Nick Gould – February 2017


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in what paragraph does Irving specify the time period in which the action of "Rip Van Winkle" is set? How does he link the time setting to the major theme of the story "petticoat government"?
Answers 1Add Yours
Page 34, 1st Paragraph
This portion of the book finds the characters living after the Revolutionary Warthis links the two time periods of the story by 1) referring to the fight and break between America and the yolk of England, and 2) the yolk of petticoats which Van Winkle sees as the yolk of matrimony.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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New York Ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis) is found in moist areas in the wild but will also flourish in a garden with medium soil. Native to the eastern portion of the United States, this species is hardy up to zone 5. The species tolerates clay and acidic conditions well. It attracts butterflies and the seed heads are a food source for birds. New York Ironweed's tall, narrow growth habit makes it ideal for placement in borders or to fill in tight spaces in the garden. The species has a naturally low germination rate, hence over-seeding is recommended.
Cold, moist stratification required. Mix seeds with moist substrate (vermiculite, perlite or moss) and place in a plastic bag and refrigerate for 6-8 weeks. Sow seed at 1/8 inch depth. Do not let seedling dry out while it is establishing.
Sow directly outdoors in late fall to overwinter.


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What does this mean?
This refers to the Council's goal of monitoring and improving resident satisfaction with their local area. The measure is based on responses to the Residents Survey which asked people to advise how satisfied or unsatisfied they were with 20 aspects of their local area.
Why is this important?
It is important to have an accurate understanding of the views, opinions and perceptions of local residents. Local residents are best placed to tell the Council what the key issues are for their local areas. This information is used to improve local neighbourhoods.


St Lawrence
St Lawrence was a major Terran world first colonized in the early 21st century

Location
St Lawrence is the fourth planet in the Ross 159 star-system, located around 35 light years from the Sol system. Ross 159 is a late stage red dwarf star. The other nine planets in the system are all uninhabitable but there is some mining on the moons around Anak, a gas giant.
Colonization
St Lawrence was first scouted in the 2060's and considered one of the best prospects for colonization due to its size, its good climate and the large amounts of natural resources. There were concerns, however, that due to the large numbers of hostile life-forms, the planet would be difficult to colonize. A joint colonization effort was created between the Federation and several major corporations, with VENTRISS UDC chief among them. The first colonists arrived on St Lawrence in June of 2082. The first major settlement was assembled from the broken down components of the colony ship and was named "Standard City" by the city-council. Standard became the planetary capital and eventually home to the main downport.
Climate
St Lawrence has a generally fairly warm climate with highs of around 35 degrees and lows during the winters of around -5 degrees. The temperatures are, of course, far lower at the planets polar ice-caps. St Lawrence has dense vegetation across the planet and around 50% of the planet was covered with deep jungle on the arrival of the first colonists.
Native Flora and Fauna
St Lawrence has a dense and complex eco-system, with large numbers of "giant insects" forming the main part of the planets eco-system. There are many truly facilitating and unique life-forms on the planet.
 - Hell's Hornet - a large insect resembling an Earth wasp or hornet. Hell's Hornet average at around seven to ten inches long and are generally hostile, becoming murderously so if their nest is disturbed. Hell's Hornets tend to build their nests inside old trees or in holes in cave walls but they have been known to build them in the corners of old buildings
 - Hookjaw - a very large insect resembling an Earth ant or termite with large powerful jaws. The Hookjaw is one of the most commonly spotted native life-forms on St Lawrence. Averaging between one and two and a half metres long and up to a metre off the ground, these huge insects generally just avoid humans but can become aggressive if their nest is threatened. Super-colonies of hookjaws can consist of millions of insects and are often considered extremely dangerous.
 - Lawrence Beetle - a large insect resembling an Earth beetle. Averaging around two to four inches long, Lawrence beetles are commonly encountered and are generally totally harmless.
 - Shield Super Beetle - a very large insect resembling an Earth beetle, the Shield Super Beetle is usually around twenty to forty inches in length. Slow and relatively docile, they can give a strong bite if interfered with but are generally harmless. Interestingly, Shield Beetles are able to emit a very low grade electrical shock at night which they use to communicate and to keep warm. This electricity can be "super-charged" by groups to ward of large predators.
 - Riding Beetle - a massive insect resembling an Earth beetle or weevil, the Riding Beetle stands around four or five feet tall and around eight or nine feet long. A lumbering herbivore, it has razor-shark teeth to cut through bark and can be dangerous if antagonized. Despite its name, it is not a suitable mount and most Riding Beetles will attack anyone trying to ride them
 - Vitter's Giant - one of the strangest animals found on St Lawrence, Vitter's Giant is a massive ten metre plus herbivore that glows with blue or green bio-luminescence. Vitter's Giant feeds on moss, plants and other small objects that it will pick up with one of its hundreds of small tentacles and pass it into one of its dozen mouths. The food is slowly digested and its possible to remove food from its mouth if a person wears thick gloves. Vitter's Giant is not dangerous itself and easily warded away from crops by loud noises, bright UV light or with fire. Vitter's Giant does tend to attract predators at night.
 - Hollow's Razor - the most feared native animal on the planet, Hollow's Razor (sometimes referred to as Aiakann or Hooded Death) is a tall, slender Mantis like creature that tends to fold itself into gaps in trees, holes in the ground or sometimes into the roof or basement of an old building. Capable of staying still for days, Hollow's Razor stand around six feet tall though is very thin. It has two long serrated claws and another set of smaller claws that it uses to move food to its mouth. Razor's have been known to pick off isolated travelers, pets and live-stock and considered incredibly dangerous. Razor's also put a "hood" of carapace over themselves when threatened that is able to resist small-arms fire below 10mm in calibre.
The sheer wealth of native life-forms on St Lawrence led many to speculate that the planet was a "Gaia" world, teraformed by the Taur'lier. Later studies by archaeologists confirmed that this was the case with the planet's ecological system only estimated to be 20,000 years old, despite its incredible complexity and variety.
Demographics
As a large, resource rich world with a good climate and a location fairly close to the Sol system, St Lawrence was a very successful colony. As of 2530 it had a population of 1,294,330,000.
 - 1,004,330,000 humans
 - 200,000,000 Indirians
 - 650 AIs
 - 5,500 other aliens
Government
St Lawrence has had a long history of intense and competitive politics, with the first colonists forming a Colony Council in 2083 and then wider politics after that. St Lawrence was officially led by a Governor who would be elected and then work with the Colonial Legislature who were elected to five or seven year terms. St Lawrence was a part of all the prior Terran polities until the fall of the The Terran Empire . It was then part of the St. Lawrence Compact until that group was formally dissolved. After the referendum of 2525, St Lawrence formally became a member of the The Free Worlds Protection Pact In 2530, St Lawrence held an election and elected a new Governor.
 1. Dr Mose Ahaddi - Vishnu Elpis - 2530-2540
 2. Daphne de Haan -Libertarian -2540-
St Lawrence Politics
St Lawrence has a legendary reputation for robust and competitive politics and many top political minds first cut their teeth on the planet. St Lawrence has generally had a large number of elected positions including elected Sheriffs, Tax-Inspectors, City-Councillors, Mayors and Governors. The oldest and most successful political party on St Lawrence is the Libertarian Party which has waxed and waned in terms of its success in the wider Terran sphere but has always been able to win elections on St Lawrence. The planet was also home to the Democratic-Farm Labor Party which was later co-opted into a radical right wing party that ended up being at least partially responsible for the fall of the Terran Federation. Politics on St Lawrence was dominated for hundreds of years by the Collingwood family, who named several governors among their number. However, with the betrayal of the Terran Empire by Lord Decius Collingwood and his formation of the breakway Karkouri protectorate of the St Lawrence Compact, there was a bloody coup which resulted in the shocking massacre of everyone found to have Collingwood blood, effectively wiping that dynasty out forever.
Corporate Involvement
St Lawrence has a well deserved reputation for corporate involvement, with the initial colony co-founded by several major corporations and the VENTRISS corporation having a large amount of influence on the development of the colony. St Lawrence's government is generally friendly with the corporations and its considered good practise to keep them onside and work with them wherever possible. However, this has led to what is felt to be outsized influence by the Hansa members on St Lawrence and a lack of proper regulations, which resulted in devastating deforestation and pollution.
The Black Dragon Yakuza
Since its founding, St Lawrence has had issues with crime and the Black Dragon Yakuza. The Yakuza became heavily involved in smuggling weapons, drugs and "slaves" to the planet and were also involved in extortion, political corruption and murders. Many top law enforcers have attempted to end the influence of the Yakuza on St Lawrence but all that is generally achieved is a temporary disruption in their efforts. St Lawrence is considered such rich territory to the Yakuza that there is a long-standing convention that the Daiymo of St Lawrence is expected to pay a small additional tribute to the other clan-chiefs.
The Ranchers
Due to the huge amount of grass-land and rich grazing territory, St Lawrence became a huge hit with ranchers and ag-business, with massive herds of cattle, pigs and sheep exported to the planet. Sheep didn't do very well but the other animals adapted and thrived, despite the dangers from predators. Rancher culture is a key part of St Lawrence culture and horses are seen as a common form of transport, as well as vehicles. Ranchers can operate for hundreds of miles away from civilisation and have to contend with hookjaws, hell's hornets, raiders and rustlers so being well armed is another key part of Rancher life The "Rancher-Vote" is a massively powerful demographic on the planet and ranchers, who skew somewhat libertarian on average, are strongly courted during each electoral cycle. Tens of millions of Ranchers live permanently away from the main


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Group work. Seminar project.
In collaboration with Haotian Zhang and Fenghao Lu
Fall 2018 at The Cooper Union.
Instructed by Tamar Zinguer
Toy: City Of Circle
Architecture In Play
The toy "City of Circle" is the abstracted construction of a city.
Upon the bowl-like plywood base as the landscape, the toy provided an open-ended game: leveled or tilted, higher or wider, the children as a group can always find a way of interpreting the process of building.
The basic units of the toy are dual 2" cylinders. Each pair of cylinders are connected by colorful canvas, which could be rotated within 270 degree to accommodate different angles across the landscape. Positioned by rounded 3/4" dowels, the toy could be constructed via stacking.


For example, to open a new read, waiting up to 500msec for an item:
 GET work/t=500/open
 Or to close an existing read and open a new one:
 GET work/close/open
 - DELETE
 Drop a queue, discarding any items in it, and deleting any associated journal files.
 - FLUSH
 Discard all items remaining in this queue. The queue remains live and new items can be added. The time it takes to flush will be linear to the current queue size, and any other activity on this queue will block while it's being flushed.
 Discard all items remaining in all queues. The queues are flushed one at a time, as if kestrel received a FLUSH command for each queue.
 Display the kestrel version in a way compatible with memcache.
 Cleanly shutdown the server and exit.
 Reload the config file and reconfigure all queues. This should have no noticable effect on the server's responsiveness.
 Dump a list of each queue currently known to the server, and list the config values for each queue. The format is:
 queue'master' {
 The last queue will be followed by END on a line by itself.
 Display server stats in memcache style. They're described below.
 Display server stats in a more readable style, grouped by queue. They're described below.
 - MONITOR
 Monitor a queue for a time, fetching any new items that arrive. Clients are queued in a fair fashion, per-item, so many clients may monitor a queue at once. After the given timeout, a separate END response will signal the end of the monitor period. Any fetched items are open transactions (see "Reliable Reads" below), and should be closed with CONFIRM.
 - CONFIRM
 Confirm receipt of count items from a queue. Usually this is the response to a MONITOR command, to confirm the items that arrived during the monitor period.
Reliable reads
Normally when a client removes an item from the queue, kestrel immediately discards the item and assumes the client has taken ownership. This isn't always safe, because a client could crash or lose the network connection before it gets the item. So kestrel also supports a "reliable read" that happens in two stages, using the /open and /close options to GET.
When /open is used, and an item is available, kestrel will remove it from the queue and send it to the client as usual. But it will also set the item aside. If a client disconnects while it has an open read, the item is put back into the queue, at the head, so it will be the next item fetched. Only one item can be "open" per client connection.
A previous open request is closed with /close. The server will reject any attempt to open another read when one is already open, but it will ignore /close if there's no open request, so that you can add /close to every GET request for convenience.
If for some reason you want to abort a read without disconnecting, you can use /abort. But because aborted items are placed back at the head of the queue, this isn't a good way to deal with client errors. Since the error-causing item will always be the next one available, you'll end up bouncing the same item around between clients instead of making progress.
There's always a trade-off: either potentially lose items or potentially receive the same item multiple times. Reliable reads choose the latter option. To use this tactic successfully, work items should be idempotent, meaning the work could be done 2 or 3 times and have the same effect as if it had been done only once (except wasting some resources).
GET dirty_jobs/close/open
(receives job 1)
GET dirty_jobs/close/open
(closes job 1, receives job 2)
Server stats
Global stats reported by kestrel are:
 - uptime - seconds the server has been online
 - time - current time in unix epoch
 - version - version string, like "1.2"
 - curr_items - total of items waiting in all queues
 - total_itmes - total of items that have ever been added in this server's lifetime
 - bytes - total byte size of items waiting in all queues
 - curr_connections - current open connections from clients
 - total_connections - total connections that have been opened in this server's lifetime
 - cmd_get - total GET requests
 - cmd_set - total SET requests
 - cmd_peek - total GET/peek requests
 - get_hits - total GET requests that received an item
 - get_misses - total GET requests on an empty queue
 - bytes_read - total bytes read from clients
 - bytes_written - total bytes written to clients
For each queue, the following stats are also reported:
 - items - items waiting in this queue
 - bytes - total byte size of items waiting in this queue
 - total_items - total items that have been added to this queue in this server's lifetime
 - logsize - byte size of the queue's journal file
 - expired_items - total items that have been expired from this queue in this server's lifetime
 - mem_items - items in this queue that are currently in memory
 - mem_bytes - total byte size of items in this queue that are currently in memory (will always be less than or equal to max_memory_size config for the queue)
 - age - time, in milliseconds, that the last item to be fetched from this queue had been waiting; that is, the time between SET and GET; if the queue is empty, this will always be zero
 - discarded - number of items discarded because the queue was too full
 - waiters - number of clients waiting for an item from this queue (using GET/t)
 - open_transactions - items read with /open but not yet confirmed
Kestrel as a library
You can use kestrel as a library by just sticking the jar on your classpath. It's a cheap way to get a durable work queue for inter-process or inter-thread communication. Each queue is represented by a PersistentQueue object:
class PersistentQueue(val name: String, persistencePath: String,
 _USER_ var config: QueueConfig, timer: Timer,
 queueLookup: Option[(String => Option[PersistentQueue])]) {
and must be initialized before using:
def setup(): Unit
specifying the path for the journal files (if the queue will be journaled), the name of the queue, a QueueConfig object (derived from QueueBuilder), a timer for handling timeout reads, and optionally a way to find other named queues (for expireToQueue support).
To add an item to a queue:
def add(value: Array[Byte], expiry: Option[Time]): Boolean
It will return false if the item was rejected because the queue was full.
Queue items are represented by a case class:
case class QItem(addTime: Time, expiry: Option[Time], data: Array[Byte], var xid: Int)
and several operations exist to remove or peek at the head item:
def peek(): Option[QItem]
def remove(): Option[QItem]
To open a reliable read, set transaction true, and later confirm or unremove the item by its xid:
def remove(transaction: Boolean): Option[QItem]
def unremove(xid: Int)
def confirmRemove(xid: Int)
You can also asynchronously remove or peek at items using futures.
def waitRemove(deadline: Option[Time], transaction: Boolean): Future[Option[QItem]]
def waitPeek(deadline: Option[Time]): Future[Option[QItem]]
When done, you should close the queue:
def close(): Unit
def isClosed: Boolean
Here's a short example:
var queue = new PersistentQueue("work", "/var/spool/kestrel", config, timer, None)
// add an item with no expiration:
queue.add("hello".getBytes, 0)
// start to remove it, then back out:
val item = queue.remove(true)
// remove an item with a 500msec timeout, and confirm it:
queue.waitRemove(500.milliseconds.fromNow, true)() match {
 case None =>
 println("nothing. :(")
 case Some(item) =>
 println("got: " + new String(
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Online bajo sexto tuning Pet sex cams
Luthiers eventually picked up on this practice and began leaving off the low E course during construction, producing instruments with only five courses—bajo quintos.Bajo sextos are traditionally tuned in fourths, what a guitarist would call all fourths tuning.Bajo sexto (Spanish: "sixth bass") is a Mexican string instrument with 12 strings in 6 double courses.A closely related instrument is the bajo quinto (Spanish: "fifth bass") which has 10 strings in 5 double courses.So, take a stroll down memory lane to remember all of our past Word of the Year selections.The sound is projected either acoustically, using a hollow wooden or plastic and wood box (for an acoustic guitar), or through electrical amplifier and a speaker (for an electric guitar).The term "finger-picking" can also refer to a specific tradition of folk, blues, bluegrass, and country guitar playing in the United States.The acoustic bass guitar is a low-pitched instrument that is one octave below a regular guitar.
When played in older styles of music where the instrument assumes the role of a bass, the strings are usually plucked with the fingers.The electric guitar has had a major influence on popular culture.The guitar is used in a wide variety of musical genres worldwide.The modern guitar was preceded by the gittern, the vihuela, the four-course Renaissance guitar, and the five-course baroque guitar, all of which contributed to the development of the modern six-string instrument.There are three main types of modern acoustic guitar: the classical guitar (nylon-string guitar), the steel-string acoustic guitar, and the archtop guitar, which is sometimes called a "jazz guitar".
Search for online bajo sexto tuning:
In modern chordal and melodic styles, a pick is frequently used. There are few written sources, and until very recently most music dictionaries and encyclopedias didn't even mention the instrument.


text:
Windows XP can cause the taskbar icons for applications opened with the same program to be grouped together. If you open a Word document, an Excel spread sheet, another Word document, Notepad, and another Word document, grouping similar taskbar buttons would show the 3 Word icons together, instead of the default order, the sequence of opening the applications. To group similar taskbar icons:
1. Right-click the Taskbar and press Properties.
2. Select the Taskbar tab.
3. Check the Group similar taskbar buttons box.
4. Press Apply and OK.


text:
Can Allergies Thwart Fatal Colon Cancer?
THURSDAY, Oct. 18 (HealthDay News) -- A new study suggests that people who suffer from both hay fever and asthma may be less likely to die from colon cancer.
The research found that people with both hay fever and asthma were 17 percent less likely to die from colon cancer compared with people who have neither condition. But individuals with hay fever or asthma had little reduction in their risk of fatal colon cancer, according to the report.
People with hay fever and asthma are primed to develop allergic responses, which is why they have hay fever and asthma in the first place. The new theory is that they also mount an allergic response to colon cancer cells, said study author Eric Jacobs, strategic director of pharmacoepidemiology at the American Cancer Society in Atlanta.
"We are trying to understand how the immune system might be helping to slow down or prevent cancer," Jacobs said. "Further research is needed in this area, and if it supports the idea that a naturally occurring immune response can attack some colorectal cancers, vaccines could be developed to treat these cancers."
The study findings were scheduled for presentation Thursday at a cancer prevention meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research in Anaheim, Calif.
To arrive at their findings, the researchers analyzed data from two studies comprising about one million people each. None of the participants in either study had cancer when the studies began, but 19,000 died from colon cancer during the course of the studies.
The American Cancer Society estimates that about 52,000 Americans will die from colorectal cancers this year.
Dr. Andrew Chan, program director of the gastroenterology training program at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, said the new study marks an important first step.
"The hope is that we can build on this research and eventually develop a vaccine to treat colon cancer," Chan said. "We need to understand better what it is that is [lowering the risk of dying from] colon cancer," he said. "It's possible that hay fever and asthma are markers of robust immune response."
Chan added that eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly might also help people to prime their immune response and fight cancer.
Nearly 8 percent of U.S. adults have hay fever, according to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. People with seasonal hay fever are allergic to pollen and spores. Some suffer from hay fever-like symptoms year-round, usually because of an allergy to dust mites, pets, certain chemicals or some foods.
These same allergens can lead to asthma symptoms -- wheezing and cough -- caused by inflammation of the airways.
The data and conclusions of research presented at medical meetings should be considered preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed medical journal.
And, while the study found an association between having hay fever plus asthma and a reduced risk of fatal colon cancer, it did not prove cause-and-effect.
The American Cancer Society has more about colon cancer.
SOURCES: Eric Jacobs, Ph.D., strategic director, pharmacoepidemiology, American Cancer Society, Atlanta; Andrew Chan, M.D., M.P.H., program director, Gastroenterology Training, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; presentation, American Association for Cancer Research, Anaheim, Calif., Oct. 18, 2012


text:
The Costa's Hummingbird is named for the French nobleman Louis Marie Pantaleon Costa, and this particular species of hummingbird is native to parts of the desert southwest in the United States and sections of northern Mexico.
The Costa's Hummingbird's normal heart rate is between 500 and 900 beats per minute. At night, when the bird goes into a state of torpor, which is similar to hibernation, the heart rate can go as low as 50 beats per minute.
It is quite often difficult for researchers to study this particular species of hummingbird. The reason for this is due to the close resemblance of the young and the female Costa's hummingbird to two other types within their range—the Anna's and the Black-chinned hummingbird.
The photo for this post was taken from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The factual information was gathered from other sources and put into my own words.


Encyclopedia > Leg
 Article Content
Leg
In biology, a leg is the part of an animal's body (most commonly in one of the even numbers of 2, 4, 6 or 8, and many more in millipedes) that separates the body from the ground and is used for locomotion.
In an extended sense, a leg is any part of an object that connects it with the ground. An example is the legs of a table or a chair.
Strictly speaking, in human anatomy, the leg only includes everything between the knee and the foot, and is a part of the lower limb.
Table of contents
Bones of the human leg (from hip joint to ankle joint):
Muscles of the human leg:
Muscles of the thigh
Anterior compartment of the thigh
Posterior compartment of the thigh
Muscles of the calf
The anterior compartment
The posterior compartment
The lateral compartment
The deep posterior compartment
Vasculature of the leg
The arteries
Common femoral artery[?]
Deep femoral artery[?]
Superficial femoral artery[?]
Popliteal artery[?]
Anterior tibial artery[?]
Posterior tibial artery[?]
Peroneal artery[?]
Arcuate artery[?]
The veins
Greater saphenous vein
Lesser saphenous vein[?]
Femoral vein[?]
Popliteal vein[?]
Anterior tibial vein[?]
Posterior tibial vein[?]
Peroneal vein[?]
All Wikipedia text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License

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text:
Streambank and Stormwater Projects
Nakoma Channel Before. Photo by Phil Gaebler.
The City of Madison completed two major channel restorations in 2015, including 2,000 feet of Wingra Creek and 500 feet in the Nakoma Channel, north of Lake Wingra. The city also completed stormwater pollution prevention plans for eight public work sites, and implemented control structures at two of these sites. These include a stormwater catch basin and screen structures and separators, which trap debris and sediment from high-volume runoff.


text:
You are presenting to a group of high school students on the dangers of substance abuse.
Create a 12-slide MicrosoftÂ® PowerPointÂ® presentation with graphics and speaker notes on substance-related disorders that includes the following:
Describes treatment options based on theoretical models and current research
Explains the behavioral criteria
Discusses potential causes and incidence rates
Include a minimum of two peer-reviewed sources.


, b \in \mathrm{A}$ and any integer $n$, one has $a(n b)=n(a b)=(n a) b$. This is proved by induction on $n$ : if $n=0$, then all three terms are 0 ; if $n \geq 1$, then $a(n b)=a(b+(n-1) b)=a b+a((n-1) b)=a b+(n-1)(a b)=n a b$ and similarly for the other equality; finally, if $n \leq-1$, then $a(n b)=a(-((-n) b))=$ $-a((-n) b)=(-n)(-a b)=n a b .$
Similarly, the multiplicative monoid $(\mathrm{A}, \cdot)$ has exactly one neutral element, usually denoted by 1 , or by $1_{\mathrm{A}}$ if it is necessary to specify the ring, and called the unit element of $\mathrm{A}$.
If $a$ belongs to a ring A and $n$ is any positive ${ }^1$ integer $n \geq 0$, one defines $a^n$ by induction by setting $a^0=1$, and, if $n \geq 1, a^n=a \cdot a^{n-1}$. For any integers $m$ and $n$, one has $a^{m+n}=a^m a^n$ and $\left(a^m\right)^n=a^{m n}$, as can be checked by induction.
However, one should take care that $a^n b^n$ and $(a b)^n$ are generally distinct, unless $a b=b a$, in which case one says that $a$ and $b$ commute.
数学代写|交换代数代写Commutative Algebra代考|MAT4200 Definitions. First Examples
交换代数代写
数学代写|交换代数代写Commutative Algebra代考|Definitions. First Examples
定义 (1.1.1) 。一环是一个集合 $\mathrm{A}$ 具有两个二元定律，一个加法 $(a, b) \mapsto a+b$, 和一个乘法 $(a, b) \mapsto a b$ ，满足以下公理。
(i) 关于加法定律的公理并说明 $(\mathrm{A},+)$ 是一个阿贝尔群:
对于每一个 $a, b$ 在一个， $a+b=b+a$ (加法交换律)；
对于每一个 $a, b, c$ 在 $\mathrm{A},(a+b)+c=a+(b+c)$ (加法的结合性) ；
存在一个元㭌 $0 \in \mathrm{A}$ 这样 $a+0=0+a=a$ 对于每个 $a$ 在A中 (添加的中侏元螦)；
对于每一个 $a \in \mathrm{A}$, 存在一个元责 $b \in \mathrm{A}$ 这样 $a+b=b+a=0$ (存在加法逆)；
(ii) 关于乘法定律的公理并说明 $(\mathrm{A}, \cdot)$ 是一个半群:
存在一个元拜 $1 \in \mathrm{A}$ 这样 $1 a=a 1=a$ 对于每个 $a \in \mathrm{A}$ (乘法的中性元睋)；
对于每一个 $a, b$ ，和 $c$ 在 $\mathrm{A},(a b) c=a(b c)$ (乘法的结合性)；
(iii) 加法和乘法的公理:
对于每一个 $a, b$ ，和 $c$ 在 $\mathrm{A}, a(b+c)=a b+a c$ 和 $(b+c) a=b a+c a$ (乘法分布在加法上)。
(iv) 有人说环 $A$ 是可交换的，如果，此外:
对于每一个 $a$ 和 $b$ 在一个， $a b=b a$ (交换性)。
通过它们通常的加法和乘㹤，整数、实数和矩阵是环的其本示例。事实上，环公理准确地指定了人们羽盨的相关计算规则。 稍后我们将給出更多示例，但我们首先陈述一些从所述公理得出的计算规则。
数学代写|交换代数代写Commutative Algebra代考|Let $A$ be a ring
具有加法定律， $A$ 特别是一个阿贝尔群。因此，它只允许一个零元麦，通常用 0 表示，或者用 $0_A$ 如果有必要指定它是零元表的 环。此外，任何元膆 $a \in \mathrm{A}$ 恰好有一个加法逆元，它表示为 $-a$. 确实，如果 $b$ 和 $c$ 是两个加法逆元，那么 $b=b+0=b+(a+c)=(b+a)+c=c$
对于每一个 $a \in \mathrm{A}$ ，个有 $a \cdot(0+0)=a \cdot 0+a \cdot 0$ ，因此 $a \cdot 0=0$; 相似地， $0 \cdot a=0$. 那么，对于任何 $a, b \in \mathrm{A}$, 个有 $a(-b)+a b=a(-b+b)=a \cdot 0=0$ ，因此 $a(-b)=-(a b)$; 相似地， $(-a) b=-(a b)$. 因此，写作没有歧义 $-a b$ 对于 任何一个 $(-a) b,-(a b)$ 或者 $a(-b)$.
对于任何整数 $n ，$ 一定义 $n a$ 通过归纳，通过设置 $0 a=0 ，$ 和 $n a=a+(n-1) a$ 如果 $n \geq 1$ 和 $n a=-(-n) a$ 如果 $n \leq-1$. 观察任何 $a, b \in \mathrm{A}$ 和任何整数 $n$, 个有 $a(n b)=n(a b)=(n a) b$. 这通过归纳证明 $n$ : 如果 $n=0$, 那么这三个项都是 0 ; 如果 $n \geq 1$ ，然后 $a(n b)=a(b+(n-1) b)=a b+a((n-1) b)=a b+(n-1)(a b)=n a b$ 对于另一个平等，同样如此; 最后，如果 $n \leq-1$ ，然后 $a(n b)=a(-((-n) b))=-a((-n) b)=(-n)(-a b)=n a b$.
如果 $a$ 属于环 $\mathrm{A}$ 并且 $n$ 是任何积极的 1 整数 $n \geq 0$,一定义 $a^n$ 通过设置 $a^0=1$ ，而如果 $n \geq 1, a^n=a \cdot a^{n-1}$. 对于任何整数 $m$ 和 $n$ ，一个有 $a^{m+n}=a^m a^n$ 和 $\left(a^m\right)^n=a^{m n}$ ，可以通过归纳来检龺。
但是，应该注意的是 $a^n b^n$ 和 $(a b)^n$ 通常是不同的，除非 $a b=b a$ ，在这种情况下，


Image via Poojycat.
The Seven Sisters are a series of chalk cliffs by the English Channel, in Sussex (doh!). In case you didn't know, chalk is actually a porous sedimentary rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite forming in somewhat deep underwater conditions from the gradual accumulation of minute calcite plates (coccoliths) shed from micro-organisms called coccolithophores.
Image via Poojycat.

The southern and south-eastern coast of the UK is known for spectacular chalk formations, and the Seven Sisters are an excellent example. The geology if east-Sussex, of which the sisters are a part of, is defined by a large anticline, the Weald–Artois anticline, a 60 kilometres (37 mi) wide and 100 kilometres (62 mi) long fold within which caused the arching up of the chalk into a broad dome.
Of course, in order for chalk to form there, it means that the coast was actually well submerged under water.
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Estimate my solar savings!


text: AquaLock is a soil sampler, vibrated down directly to sampling depth for a 1,5 m long virtually undisturbed sample. It can be used for continuous or discrete sampling. Prior to drilling, the AquaLock is pressurized with water to lock the piston down in the cutting shoe. When the desired sampling depth is reached, water pressure is released via push rods. Drilling continues an additional 1,5 meter. Vacuum holds the sample in the tube while retrieved. Above ground water pressure is applied such that the piston pushes the soil out of the tube.


text:
True 3D Display Using Laser Plasma in the Air
|This display device uses the plasma emission phenomenon near the focal point of focused laser light. By controlling the position of the focal point in the x, y, and z axes, it displays real 3D images constructed by dot arrays in the air.|
This is the first successful attempt to use laser plasma to display "true 3D images" in a space where there is nothing but air.
Make laser-produced characters or images for information, amusement, emergency information, or advertising in the sky.
Laser-produced plasma in the air is used to creates dots that are assembled into true 3D images floating in space.
kimura (at) burton-jp.com
The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology


text:
Wilson Bigaud, the celebrated Haitian artist, left an indelible mark on the world of art with his unique and captivating works. Born in Port-au-Prince in 1931 (though the exact year remains a point of contention), he embarked on his artistic journey as a sculptor in clay. His talents were nurtured by the influential Dewitt Peters, who introduced him to the Centre D'Art, where he honed his skills under the guidance of the accomplished artist Maurice Borno.
At the age of 18, Bigaud's artistic journey took a pivotal turn. He joined the Centre d'Art, where he initially showcased his remarkable talent in densely detailed drawings. His dedication to mastering color and creating a sense of volume through light and shadow soon became evident. Notably, at the tender age of 21, he created the magnificent painting "Terrestrial Paradise," a masterpiece that won him second prize at an international art exhibition in Washington, D.C. This remarkable achievement earned him a place in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York, alongside other esteemed Haitian artists such as Gourgue, Philomé Obin, and Georges Liautaud.
In 1951, Bigaud was chosen as one of the few artists to contribute to the iconic murals adorning the Episcopal Cathedral of Sainte Trinité in Port-au-Prince, a tragedy that was destroyed in the devastating earthquake of January 12. His masterpiece, "The Marriage at Cana," exhibited many of the themes he had explored in his earlier works, infusing Christian subjects with vivid details from Vodou rituals. Bigaud's art was a reflection of his life and culture, portraying the vibrant festivals of carnival and Rara in colorful and dynamic detail. His love for lush details and golden hues was evident in his "Self-portrait in the Carnival Costume of the Fancy Indian."
Bigaud's genre scenes were rooted in reality, characterized by their materiality and respect for the principles of naturalism. He skillfully portrayed the rituals and mysteries of Vodou as he had observed them, offering viewers a unique glimpse into the rich tapestry of Haitian culture.
Despite his undeniable talent and early success, Bigaud faced a prolonged battle with severe depression that halted his artistic endeavors from 1957 to 1962. Some believe that he never fully regained the brilliance of his earlier work, attributing his creative hiatus to a pact he may have made with a houngan, a Vodou priest, in a desperate bid to preserve his artistic gift.
Wilson Bigaud's legacy endures through his art, which remains an integral part of the finest Haitian art collections worldwide. His paintings provide a window into the soul of Haiti, capturing the subtleties of its culture with every brushstroke on canvas. Though his life was marked by personal struggles, his artistic contributions continue to inspire and captivate art enthusiasts, ensuring that his name will forever be synonymous with the world of Haitian painting. Wilson Bigaud's story is a testament to the enduring power of art and its ability to transcend personal tribulations to speak to the hearts and minds of generations to come.


%0 Journal Article %A Michot, Benoit %A Lee, Caroline %A Gibbs, Jennifer L. %T Evaluation of TRPM8 and TRPA1 participation in dental pulp sensitivity to cold stimulation %D 2017 %R 10.1101/212688 %J bioRxiv %P 212688 %X Sensory neurons innervating the dental pulp have unique morphological and functional characteristics compared to neurons innervating other tissues. Stimulation of dental pulp afferents whatever the modality or intensity of the stimulus, even light mechanical stimulation that would not activate nociceptors in other tissues, produces an intense pain. These specific sensory characteristics could involve receptors of the Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP) family. In this study, we evaluated 1) the expression of TRPA1 and TRPM8 receptors in trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the dental pulp compared to sensory neurons innervating the oral mucosa or the skin of the face, and 2) the involvement of these receptors in dental pulp sensitivity to cold stimulation. We showed a similar expression of TRPM8 and CGRP in sensory neurons innervating the dental pulp, the skin or the oral mucosa. However, the proportion of neurons expressing TRPA1 was higher in the neuronal population innervating the mucosa (43%) than in the neuronal population innervating the dental pulp (19%) or the skin (24%). Moreover, neurons innervating the dental pulp had a higher proportion of large neurons (24%) compared to neurons innervating the skin (8%) or the mucosa (10%). The evaluation of the relation between TRPM8, TRPA1 and cold stimulation in trigeminal ganglion neuron culture, showed that a significant proportion of neurons innervating the skin (10%) or the mucosa (37%) were sensitive to cold stimulation but insensitive to TRPM8 and TRPA1 activation, indicating that perception of stimuli would be in part independent to TRPA1 and TRPM8 receptors. Similarly, the application of a cold stimulation on the tooth induced an overexpression of cFos in the trigeminal nucleus that was not prevented by administration of a TRPA1 antagonist or the genetic deletion of TRPM8. However, the pretreatment with the local anesthetic carbocaine abolish the cold-induced cFos overexpression. In conclusion, the unique sensory characteristics of the dental pulp would be independent to TRPA1 and TRPM8 expression and functionality. %U _URL_


Configuration Files
HvTrans uses configuration files to receive a set of data requests and settings from the user. These files can be created manually or by using the HvTrans GUI.
Save Settings to a Configuration File
From the File menu, select Save Config File.
Open a Configuration File
 1. From the File menu, select Open config file.
 2. To reselect the desired result type from what you previously defined in the configuration file, load the solver result file first, then load the configuration file in HvTrans.
 The selection is now set as it is defined in the configuration file.
 Note: If a configuration file which has derived subcases defined like "Linear Superposition" or "Envelope" is opened, a warning message is displayed stating that these derived subcases will be ignored in translation.
Configuration Files Example
A description of some of the commands in the configuration file is provided below.
Table 1.
BeginParts/EndParts block This block lists part IDs that identify which model and result information will be translated to the new file. If this block is missing or all parts are listed, the data selected in the Subcase block (described below) will be translated for the whole model.
BeginSubcase/EndSubcase block This block defines which subcase (referenced by subcase ID or (all) for all subcases) should be used for the following list of simulations (described below).
BeginDerivedSubcase/EndDerivedSubcase block Used for defining a derived subcase (basic, superposition, or envelope). This block defines which subcase, referenced by subcase ID or all (for all subcases), should be used for the following list of simulations (described below).
BeginSimulation/EndSimulation subblock of <Subcase> This block defines which simulations (referenced by index, beginning with "1" for the first simulation, or (all) for all simulations) should be accessed to extract the list of datatype requests that follows (described below).
Note: Even if the list is empty, datatypes that can be used for animation will be automatically extracted.
Strings in the form, datatype|layer|component or its variations, define data requests (see example).
Format The type of derived subcase defined inside a BeginDerivedSubcase/EndDerivedSubcase block. Valid options are: basic, superposition, or envelope.
Title The label used for a derived subcase defined inside a BeginDerivedSubcase/EndDerivedSubcase block.
Scale The scale factor applied to a simulation step which is included in the derived subcase block.
EnableCompression = %error, ziplevel This command defines compression. If the command line argument, -z %error, is provided, it takes precedence over configuration settings.
Note: Regardless of user-defined settings, a default of 7 is always used for ziplevel.
ResultReader = "reader name" This command enforces the use of a particular reader for results data. Otherwise, HvTrans automatically detects which reader to use.
ModelReader = "reader name" This command enforces the use of a particular reader for model data. Otherwise, HvTrans automatically detects which reader to use.
Extended Info This command contains information for the "All" check boxes (On or Off) of the Result type, Entity with layers, and Result components. There will be information for these check boxes for each result type requested.
In the example below, there are two result types requested.
ExtendedInfo: {{3 0 1 1}}{{3 0 1 1}}
{{3 0 1 1}} means->For the first result type requested:
3 - Subcase ID
0 - "All" check box for Result type is Off
1 - "All" check box for Entity with layers is On
1 - "All" check box for Result components is On
The configuration file may contain other settings that could be used by other HvTrans modules.
A typical configuration file created by the HvTrans GUI is shown below.
---------------------------------------------------
EnableCompression = 0.0100, 7
BeginParts
 BeginPool:Shell
 8
 1
 5
 2
 4
 EndPool
EndParts
BeginSubcase:1
 BeginSimulation:1
 Stress
 EndSimulation
 BeginSimulation:4
 Stress
 EndSimulation
EndSubcase
BeginSubcase:2
 BeginSimulation:(all)
 (all)
 EndSimulation
EndSubcase
BeginSubcase:3
 BeginSimulation:(all)
 Stress|(Max)|vonMises
 Stress|(Max)|P1
 Stress|(Max)|P2
 Stress|(Max)|P3
 Stress|(Min)|vonMises
 Stress|(Min)|P1
 Stress|(Min)|P2
 Stress|(Min)|P3
 EndSimulation
EndSubcase
ExtendedInfo: {{3 0 1 1}}{{3 0 1 1}}
----------------------------------------------------------
A typical configuration file with derived subcases is shown below:
-------------------------
BeginParts
 BeginPool:Shell
 8
 1
 5
 2
 4
 EndPool
EndParts
BeginSubcase:1
 BeginSimulation:1
 Displacement
 Stress
 Velocity
 EndSimulation
 BeginSimulation:4
 Displacement
 Stress
 Velocity
 EndSimulation
 BeginSimulation:5
 Displacement
 Stress
 Velocity
 EndSimulation
EndSubcase
ExtendedInfo: {{1 0 1 1} {1 0 1 1} {1 0 1 1}}
##############################################
// Defining a basic derived subcase
BeginDerivedSubcase : 2
 Format = basic
 Title = Derived Loadstep 2
 BeginSimulation : 4
 subcase = 1
 simulation = 4
 scale = 1
 EndSimulation
 BeginSimulation : 1
 subcase = 1
 simulation = 1
 scale = 1
 EndSimulation
EndDerivedSubcase
##############################################
// Defining a linear superposition derived subcase
BeginDerivedSubcase : 3
 Format = superposition
 Title = SuperPosition Subcase
 BeginSimulation : 1
 subcase = 1
 simulation = 1
 scale = 1
 EndSimulation
 BeginSimulation : 5
 subcase = 1
 simulation = 5
 scale = 1
 EndSimulation
EndDerivedSubcase
##############################################
// Defining an Envelope derived subcase
BeginDerivedSubcase : 4
 Format = envelope
 Title = Derived Loadstep 4
 Function = max
 BeginSimulation : 1
 subcase = 1
 simulation = 1
 scale = 1
 EndSimulation
 BeginSimulation : 5
 subcase = 1
 simulation = 5
 scale = 1
 EndSimulation
 BeginSimulation : 4
 subcase = 1
 simulation = 4
 scale = 1
 EndSimulation
EndDerivedSubcase
##############################################


text:
Hot Hot Hot
With the normal code editors, you could get a reading of the temperature of the microprocessor on the micro:bit. You can do that in MicroPython too. The reading is quite precise but, because it is reading the temperature of the silicon die on the main CPU, it is not an accurate reading of temperature of the room. If you use an actual thermometer, you can find out the difference between the reading that you get on the micro:bit and the one on your thermometer. That difference is likely to be pretty consistent when the temperature of the room changes and, if you subtract that number from the reading you get with your program, you will have a good measure of the temperature of the room.
It is pretty easy. Press the REPL button before you flash this to see the temperature in degrees Celsius displayed.
from microbit import * while True: sleep(5000) print(str(temperature())+"degC")
- Think of a better way to display the information.
- Create a temperature-sensitive device that sounds an alarm or lights/flashes an LED or image when certain temperatures are reached.


Class properties
When you define a class completely in PHP, you can add properties (member variables) to it. When you add member variables to a native C++ class however, you better use regular native member variables for that, instead of PHP variables. Native variables have an immensely better performance than PHP variables, and it would be insane to store integers or strings in Php::Value objects if you can store them in int's and std::string objects as well.
Normal member variables
It is difficult to imagine that someone in the world would like to create a native class, with regular non-typed public PHP properties on it. However, if you insist, you can use the PHP-CPP library for this. Let's take an example class in PHP, and see what it would look like in C++.
<?php
/**
 * PHP example class
 */
class Example
{
 /**
 * Define a public property
 */
 public $property1;
 /**
 * Constructor
 */
 public function __construct()
 {
 // initialize the property
 $this->property1 = "xyz";
 }

 /**
 * Example method
 */
 public function method()
 {
 // do something with the public property (like changing it)
 $this->property = "abc";
 }
}
// create an instance
$example = new Example();
// overwrite the public property
$example->property1 = "new value";
?>
The above example creates a class with one public property. This property can be accessed by the Example class, and because it is public also by everyone else, as is shown in the example. If you like such classes, you can write something similar with PHP-CPP.
#include <phpcpp.h>
/**
 * C++ Example class
 */
class Example : public Php::Base
{
public:
 /**
 * c++ constructor
 */
 Example() {}

 /**
 * c++ destructor
 */
 virtual ~Example() {}

 /**
 * php "constructor"
 * @param params
 */
 void __construct()
 {
 // get self reference as Php::Value object
 Php::Value self(this);

 // initialize a public property
 self["property1"] = "xyz";
 }

 /**
 * Example method
 */
 void method()
 {
 // get self reference as Php::Value object
 Php::Value self(this);
 // overwrite the property
 self["property1"] = "abc";
 }
};
/**
 * Switch to C context so that the get_module() function can be
 * called by C programs (which the Zend engine is)
 */
extern "C" {
 /**
 * Startup function for the extension
 * @return void*
 */
 PHPCPP_EXPORT void *get_module() {
 // create static extension object
 static Php::Extension myExtension("my_extension", "1.0");

 // description of the class so that PHP knows which methods are accessible
 Php::Class<Example> example("Example");

 // register the methods
 example.method("__construct", &Example::__construct);
 example.method("method", &Example::method);

 // the Example class has one public property
 example.property("property1", "xyz", Php::Public);

 // add the class to the extension
 myExtension.add(std::move(example));

 // return the extension
 return myExtension;
 }
}
The example code shows how you initialize the properties inside the get_module() function.
Instead of public properties, you can also define private or protected properties, but even that is probably not what you want, as storing data in native C++ variables is much faster.
Static properties and class constants
Static properties and class class constants can be defined in a similar way as properties. The only difference is that you have to pass in either the flag 'Php::Static' or 'Php::Const' instead of one of the Php::Public, Php::Private or Php::Protected access modifiers.
#include <phpcpp.h>
// @todo you class definition
/**
 * Switch to C context so that the get_module() function can be
 * called by C programs (which the Zend engine is)
 */
extern "C" {
 /**
 * Startup function for the extension
 * @return void*
 */
 PHPCPP_EXPORT void *get_module() {
 // create static extension object
 static Php::Extension myExtension("my_extension", "1.0");

 // description of the class so that PHP knows which methods are accessible
 Php::Class<Example> example("Example");

 // the Example class has a class constant
 example.property("MY_CONSTANT", "some value", Php::Const);

 // and a public static propertie
 example.property("my_property", "initial value", Php::Public | Php::Static);

 // add the class to the extension
 myExtension.add(std::move(example));

 // return the extension
 return myExtension;
 }
}
The class constant can be accessed from PHP scripts using Example::MY_CONSTANT, and the static properties with Example::$my_property.
Besides using the property() method, you can also create class constants using the constant() method, or using the Php::Constant class. More information about this can be found in our article about constants.
Smart properties
With the magic methods __get() and __set() you can make more advanced properties that are directly mapped to C++ variables, and that allow you to perform additional checks when a property is overwritten, so that an object always remains in a valid state.
On top of that, with the PHP-CPP library you can also assign getter and setter methods to properties. Every time a property is accessed, your getter or setter method is automatically called.
#include <phpcpp.h>
/**
 * C++ Example class
 */
class Example : public Php::Base
{
private:
 /**
 * Example property
 * @var int
 */
 int _value = 0;

public:
 /**
 * c++ constructor
 */
 Example() {}

 /**
 * c++ destructor
 */
 virtual ~Example() {}

 /**
 * Method to get access to the property
 * @return Php::Value
 */
 Php::Value getValue() const
 {
 return _value;
 }

 /**
 * Method to overwrite the property
 * @param value
 */
 void setValue(const Php::Value &value)
 {
 // overwrite property
 _value = value;

 // sanity check: the value should never exceed 100
 if (_value > 100) _value = 100;
 }

 /**
 * Method to retrieve the double property value
 * @return Php::Value
 */
 Php::Value getDouble() const
 {
 return _value * 2;
 }
};
/**
 * Switch to C context so that the get_module() function can be
 * called by C programs (which the Zend engine is)
 */
extern "C" {
 /**
 * Startup function for the extension
 * @return void*
 */
 PHPCPP_EXPORT void *get_module() {
 // create static extension object
 static Php::Extension myExtension("my_extension", "1.0");

 // description of the class so that PHP knows which methods are accessible
 Php::Class<Example> example("Example");

 // register the "value" property, with the methods to get and set it
 example.property("value", &Example::getValue, &Example::setValue);

 // register a read-only "double" property, with a method to get it
 example.property("double", &Example::getDouble);

 // add the class to the extension
 myExtension.add(std::move(example));

 // return the extension
 return myExtension;
 }
}
The following PHP script uses this. It created an example object, sets the value property to 500 (which is not allowed, values higher than 100 are rounded to 100), and then it reads out the double value.
<?php
// create object
$object = new Example();
// set the value
$object->value = 500;
// show the double value
echo($object->double."\n");
// update the double value
// (this will trigger an error, this is a read-only property)
$object->double = 300;
?>


text: Process monitoring and control methods during direct metal deposition (DMD) are used to ensure a consistent manufacturing quality of the process. In the optical regime, naturally occurring process emission provides therefore selective and specific element lines, which can be obtained by optical spectrometers. However, DMD processes are in the heat conduction regime and superimposed broad spectral emissions dominate the wavelength specific signals. The aim of this work is to investigate the occurrence of different elemental lines in DMD processes as well as deposition track cross-sectional dimensions. Therefore, experiments were simultaneously conducted by using a high-resolution spectrometer (resolution = approx. 47 pm FWHM at 522 nm and 55 pm FWHM at 407.5 nm) and a medium resolution spectrometer (resolution = 0.73 nm FWHM), which were coupled by a bifurcated optical fibre. A parameter study of 27 single track DMD experiments using Co-Cr-based (MetcoClad21) powder on low-alloyed tool steel C45W (1.1730) substrate material, varying laser power, scan velocity and powder feed rate was conducted. Series of spectra were obtained for all sets of parameters with a scan rate of 100 Hz. The individual wavelength spectrum was analysed and classified by an algorithm into two types. Type-A spectra, with specific element emission lines and Type-B spectra, without significant emission lines with mostly predominant thermal emission radiation. Each deposition track was coupled to cross-sectional dimensions, including height, welding depth and melted areas. In addition, certain elemental lines contained in Type-A spectra were verified by using data from the NIST atomic spectra database. The investigation indicates that the relative number of Type-A spectra with respect to the total quantity of spectra, correlates significant to the process parameters. All detected and identified element lines occurred to be non-ionised elements, especially Cr I, Fe I and Mn I lines were frequently observed.


thra Leo, Death-Ghidorah
Long before Godzilla: Final Wars (2004), we see the first appearance of a four-legged Ghidorah monster. Millions of years ago, a huge monster, Death-Ghidorah arrives to destroy Earth. The invader is stopped, however by giant monster moths who are the guardians of a race of tiny people called Elias. Death-Ghidorah is imprisoned in the Earth under a magical seal. Only three Elias sisters survive, Moll, Lora, and Belvera. The first two stay with the last Mothra, but the last sister becomes twisted and vengeful at the extinction of her race. In modern day, Mothra lays an egg and is weakened. Also, a group of loggers unintentionally uncover Death-Ghidorah's prison and Belvera releases him. Mothra attacks, but is losing. Her egg hatches and Mothra Leo larvae emerges to help its mother. Death-Ghidorah mortally wounds the larvae and Mothra saves her child, but dies as a result. Mothra Leo spins a cocoon and transforms to adult form. Mothra Leo returns with a vengeance and defeats Death-Ghidora, imprisoning him once more.
Rebirth of Mothra II (Mothra 2: The Undersea Battle)
Monsters: Mothra Leo, Dagahra
The coast of Japan is ravaged by poisonous starfish-like creatures called Barem. With the help of some children and a strange creature "Gorgo", the fairies uncover the hidden temple of an ancient undersea kingdom called the Ninai Kanai that rises out of the sea. This civilization created a sea monster guardian called Dagahra, which has turned evil and is releasing the Barem. Mothra Leo attacks, but is severely wounded and covered in Barem. The children and fairies try to find the hidden treasure that will save Mothra an belvera and some brainwashed fisherman try to top them. It is discovered that Gorgo is the hidden treasure and they use his power to revive Mothra. He transforms into Rainbow Mothra to fight Dagahra and again into AquaMothra to take the battle underwater. AquaMothra defeats the monster. Everyone escapes as the temple sinks beneath the waves again. The world is saved.
Rebirth of Mothra III (Mothra 3: King Ghidorah Attacks)
Monsters: Mothra Leo, Cretaceous King Ghidorah, Grand King Ghidorah
A huge meteor lands on Earth containing Grand King Ghidorah who has visited Earth's ancient past and is believed to have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. A boy, Shota plays hooky from school to investigate the meteor. Meanwhile, school children all over start dissapearing and are taken by Ghidorah to an organic dome near the meteor. Rainbow Mothra arrives to battle, but King Ghidorah is far too powerful and Mothra only just escapes. Later, Lora is turned evil by Ghidorah and attacks her sister Moll, trying to pull her into the dome. Fairy mothra saves Moll and Belvera is trapped inside. Moll teams up with Shota and tells him Ghidorah needs the energy of the children. As Ghidorah is far too powerful, it is decided that Mothra must travel to Earth's past to battle the older form of Ghidorah. Using Moll's energy, Mothra transforms to Light Speed Mothra. He travels to the past and battles Cretaceous King Ghidorah and defeats him, but not before a piece of it's tail falls off burying itself in the earth. Mothra is exhausted, however and encased in a suspended animation cocoon by the other prehistoric Mothra larvae. In the present, Ghidorah disappears, but is soon replaced by a new Ghidorah hat grew from the broken tail from the past. Mothra revives in the present and transforms to Armor Mothra who finally defeats Ghidorah. In the end, the three Fairy sisters are reconciled.
6. Varan The Unbelievable (1962)
Monsters: Varan
A group of scientists journey to a remote saltwater lake to catch rare butterflies. The local villagers worship a monster diety Varan who lives in the lake and scientists are killed by the monster. The millitary arrives, but his only results in angering Varan. It destroys the village before spreading the membranes between its limbs like a flying squirrel and flies at supersonic speed to Tokyo. Varan seems unstoppable but is tricked ino eating bombs which explode inside. The monster returnes to the sea before the last bomb goes off.
This is a really solid Kaiju Eiga film with good special effects and music. It was made in black and white, which really adds to the dark atmosphere. I'm just guessing here, but I think the name Varan comes from the word varanoid, which is the scientific name of a class of large lizards which includes prehistoric mosasaurs and modern day Komodo dragons. Varan made a tiny cameo in Destroy All Monsters(1968), with only a glimpse on screen. There were several other planned projects and appearances that were later scrapped. Varan remains one of the most unknown and under appreciated kaiju from Japan. He really deserves a comeback.
5. King Kong Escapes (1967)
Monsters: King King, Robot Kong, Gorosaurus, giant snake monster
This movie is so much fun to watch and has great action. An evil genius, Dr. Who (not to be confused with the other doctor from England) has succeeded in creating a giant robot version of King Kong. The purpose, dig up a special radioactive substance "Element X", which is somehow associated with his 007-like plot of world domination. What better way to mine a radioactive ore than by using a giant robot gorilla? The only problem is, the radioactivity makes Robo Kong short circuit. The solution? Kidnap the real Kong to work in the mine, of course! At the same time a submarine crew with some Americans have gone to Mondo island to look for the real Kong. Instead, they find Gorosaurus, a giant dinosaur that advances toward the female crew member Susan Watson. Kong suddenly appears and saves her, killing the dinosaur in almost exactly the same way King Kong did in the original 1933 film. He also saves the crew from a giant sea snake. Dr. Who succeeds in kidnapping Kong and the submarine crew. Dr. Who uses a special flashing light on top of Robo Kong's head to hypnotize Kong into working in the mine. Kong soon recovers and all escape back to Tokyo. Robo Kong pursues and catches Susan. Kong goes to the rescue and the battle rages as the two giants climb up Tokyo Tower. Who will win?
This was Kong's second film appearance after the immensly popular King Kong vs. Godzilla. The Kong suit was much improved over the first film. A little known fact was that the story was loosely based on an American, Rankin/Bass TV cartoon, The King Kong Show. It was the first appearance of Gorosaurus, who despite being killed, reappeared in Destroy All Monsters, destroying the Arc de Triumph in Paris, a role originally meant for Baragon. He also gave a famous kangaroo kick to King Ghidorah in the climactic battle scene. The confident and arrogant Dr. Who was wonderfully played by Eisei Amamoto, well known to Kaiju fans and instantly recognizable for his incredibly bad teeth. He had many small roles in Godzilla films including the kindly toymaker in All Monsters Attack and Princess Salno's short lived butler in Ghidorah, the Three Headed Monster right before the plane blows up. In 2001 he starred in Godzilla GMK, my all time favorite kaiju film, as a strange old man who prophesies the coming of the guardian monsters against a very evil Godzilla. It was his last film role before his death in 2003.
 4. War of The Gargantuas (1970)
Monster: Gaira, Sanda
This film was a kind of sequel to Frankenstein vs. Baragon. The two giant monsters are said to have grown from Frankenstein's cells, though this is not clear in the film. They are described as brothers. The story is sublime and takes on almost mythic proportions. It is a giant version of Caine vs. Able, a battle of dualities. One monster is green and aggressive, a man-eater whose domain is the ocean. Its name is Gaira, derived from the Japanese word for "sea". The other monster is brown, peaceful and kindly towards humans. It lives on land and name is Sanda, derived from the word "mountain".
One day, a giant green humanoid monster Gaira appears in the sea. Part hairy, part scaly. it battles a giant octopus before destroying the ship it was attacking and eats most of the crew.Later, it invades an airport and eats more people. The Japanese military attacks it with electricity and nearly kill it, before its brother Sanda appears and helps. It comes to light that Sanda was found in its youth by some scientists and spent some time with humans before escaping to the mountains and growing to gigantic size. Later, Sanda discovers his brother's bloodlust for humans, and enraged, attacks him. The two giants battle until they are finally destroyed by a volcanic eruption.
There are subtle emotions that play out between the two monsters. Sanda is the most


London Piano Institute on Pianist Artur Schnabel
London-Piano-Institute-Artur-SchnabelLondon Piano Institute is the U.K.'s only piano school for adults only. Located in central London, London Piano Institute offers the highest quality instruction in classical, jazz, pop, rock and blues piano using the latest and most effective adult instructional methods developed by renowned piano pedagogue Celine Gaurier-Joubert. Here a top instructor at London Piano Institute discusses one the greatest masters of the keyboard, Artur Schnabel.
A Gathering of Experts: Who was Artur Schnabel?
London Piano Institute: He was an Austrian classical pianist, teacher and composer.
A Gathering of Experts: In what era did he live?
London Piano Institute: He was born April 17, 1882, and died April 15, 1951. He was one of the great pianists of the 20th century.
A Gathering of Experts: What was his specialty?
London Piano Institute: He specialized in the great Austrian and German composers, specifically Beethoven and Schubert, although he played others as well.
A Gathering of Experts: What set him apart?
London Piano Institute: He was recognized for his intellectual seriousness when approaching the repertoire and avoiding pure technical bravura.
A Gathering of Experts: Was that received well?
London Piano Institute: Yes, indeed. He has been hailed for his "interpretive penetration." Harold C. Schonberg, once chief music critic for the New York Times, called him "the man who invented Beethoven," meaning that he established authoritative interpretations that have stood the test of time.
A Gathering of Experts: Where was he born?
London Piano Institute: Born in Lipnik near Bielitz, Galicia, Austro-Hungarian Empire (today a part of Poland), Schnabel was the youngest of three children born into a Jewish family. At an early age, however, his family moved to Vienna, Austria.
A Gathering of Experts: Was he a child prodigy?
London Piano Institute: Evidently, yes. At the age of 2 he took an interest in his older sister's piano lessons and his talent became obvious. At age 6 he began piano studies at the prestigious Vienna Conservatorium and by age 9 was a student of the famed pedagogue Theodor Leschetizky.
A Gathering of Experts: What came next for him?
London Piano Institute: He continued to study piano and music theory and became acquainted with famous pianists and composers of his day, including Johannes Brahms. He made his concert debut in 1897 in Vienna.
A Gathering of Experts: Did he become a touring artist?
London Piano Institute: Yes, he gave concerts throughout the region including Budapest, Prague and Brunn (in today's Czech Republic). In 1898 he moved to Berlin where he gained fame as an orchestral soloist.
A Gathering of Experts: Did he tour outside of central Europe?
London Piano Institute: After World War I he gave concert tours in Russia, England and the United States.
A Gathering of Experts: Was there a focus to his performing during this time?
London Piano Institute: He became known for his chamber music and formed a number of variations of the Schnabel Trio with famous violinists and cellists of his day. He also performed with contralto Therese Behr, who became his wife.
A Gathering of Experts: Did he leave Germany before World War II started?
London Piano Institute: Yes, with the rise of the Nazi party, he left Berlin in 1933 for England and finally America in 1939.
A Gathering of Experts: Did he ever return to Germany or Austria after the war?
London Piano Institute: No, despite many concert tours in other parts of Europe he never did.
A Gathering of Experts: What were the standards of his repertoire?
London Piano Institute: He remained devoted to the core German composers but also included the piano masterworks of Bach, Mozart, Schumann, Weber and Liszt.
A Gathering of Experts: He is known for the difficult late Beethoven piano works, is he not?
London Piano Institute: Yes, indeed, although he recognized that as enjoyable as they were for the pianist to master, they could be challenging for an audience to enjoy.
A Gathering of Experts: How about Schnabel as composer?
London Piano Institute: As conventional as his repertoire was, it is interesting to note that his compositions were very modern in style, since he wrote in the atonal and 12-tone style, which feature the dissonance typical of mid-20th century classical music.
Speak Your Mind


text:
overlap the skycell. Click the Visible button and then the Set Region button to get only the catalog sources that are in the currently visible region of the image. That is much faster when only a small portion of the image is being viewed. The selected region remains fixed as you zoom and pan the image until you click the Set Region button again to change it to match the current viewport. When the region is changed, any catalogs that have been overlaid on the image are automatically reloaded.
Additional options for the PS1 catalog are available by clicking on PS1 controls. Currently the only option is to filter the catalog using the number of filters & epochs at which objects were detected. That is useful for filtering out single-epoch detections, which are often spurious. The default is nDetections>2, which produces a clean catalog but omits some faint objects.
Scripted image downloads and image cutout extractions
This section describe how to extract images using a script. In the near future an example Python script will be shown that finds and downloads FITS cutout images. Currently a high level description of the necessary web services is presented. Please ask _EMAIL_ if you need more details.
There are three basic services for accessing the PS1 images:
|Get list of images||_URL_ a table with a list of available images at a given RA, Dec position or for a given skycell.|
|Download a file||_URL_ access a single file identified using the above query.|
|Get image cutout||_URL_ a cutout image with a portion of a particular image. The image can be returned in FITS or JPEG format. For JPEG images, the image can be shrunk or expanded to a target output size.|
Image List Service
The image list service, _URL_ has a few parameters to determine which images are returned:
|skycell||skycell=1405.053||Any PS1 mmmm.nnn skycell||Return images associated with a known PS1 skycell|
|ra, dec||ra=334.0&dec=2.0||J2000 RA & Dec in degrees||Alternative to skycell: Return the image that covers the specified RA/Dec position.|
|filters||filters=griz||Any subset of grizy||Return only images from the specified filters. Default is all 5 PS1 filters (grizy).|
|type||type=stack,stack.wt||Comma-separated list of many choices||Include various auxiliary images. Default is stack; some common choices include stack.wt (weight image), stack.mask, and stack.exp (exposure time). The other available options are stack.num, stack.expwt, stack.psf, stack.mdc, and stack.cmf. Currently we do not have documentation for the different file types.|
|sep||sep=,||tab, comma, space||Separator used between columns in the output table. Default is space.|
The Image List Service returns a table of values with a row of column headings followed by information on all images that match the requested criteria. If no images match, an empty table is returned. Here is a sample result from the query _URL_
The projcell and subcell columns give the skycell information, and the RA and Dec are the position. If the query specified a skycell as input, the RA and Dec are the central position of the image. The next three columns give the filter, Modified Julian Date, and the type of this image (stack, stack.wt, etc.) The MJD is zero for stack images (which are a combination of images taken at many different epochs). The 8th column is the filename for the image (which typically is very long with lots of gibberish). The last column, shortname, is a short filename that we are adopting: it includes the skycell, information on the type of image, and the filter.
Currently if RA & Dec are specified, only the best skycell image (where the position is farthest from the edge) is included. A possible future enhancement would be to include other nearby images. Note that the naming and positions of the images follows a regular tessellation pattern so that it is fairly simple to determine the names of neighboring images.
Download a FITS File
The filename returned by the above service can be used to retrieve the FITS image directly from the web server by prepending the server name, "", before the "/data". So the URL to retrieve the first file in the table above is
Since the filenames are very long and complex, we recommend using the shortname when saving it. Then you will have a file with the same name when using a script as would be retrieved through the web interface.
The _URL_ interface can be used to retrieve cutout images in FITS or JPEG format. To get a single band image, use the filename from the above table as the red parameter of fitscut.cgi. Additional files using other filters can be specified for the green and blue parameters to get color JPEG images. (To get color FITS images, download the files directly.) The format parameter specifies the output format (fits or jpeg). This script has many additional parameters; see the HLA fitscut documentation for more details, including control of the position, cutout size, contrast, etc.
The image cutout interface works on any type of image (including masks, weights, etc.)
Plans for future additions & improvements
We plan to make a number of improvements and additions to this interface in the future. Suggestions for other additions are also welcome (send to _EMAIL_).
- Enable bulk downloads of files from the web interface (e.g., download all FITS cutouts on the web page as a tar file).
- Fill in blank pixels from neighboring skycells so that larger image cutouts are useful.
- Give the user the ability to select which filters are used to create the color image.
- Give the user the ability to adjust the contrast in the JPEG cutout images.
- Include more accurate footprints for the warp sky coverage in the database so that blank warp cutouts are rare.
- Speed up the interactive display and access to image cutouts either by recompressing the FITS skycell images to use blocks or by caching uncompressed versions of recently accessed images. Currently the images are compressed row by row, which is inefficient for access to randomly located blocks of pixels.
- Add documentation for all the different file types (stack.wt, etc.)
- Add a service that returns a model PSF at the search position.
Color 6.9x5.3 arcmin image of M8 using the PS1 riz filters created using the image cutout interface.
|PS1 Image Cutouts|


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What people are saying
10 thoughts on "Watch Noam Chomsky Literally Explain Ferguson In Less Than 60 Seconds
 1. Gerald Clark says:
 …a good example of the difference between those, however well meaning, who are primarily academics and not primarily Organizers. Chomsky speaks of the twenty enslaved Africans sold by Dutch slavers to a English colony in Virginia as the beginning when We know the oldest record of permanent settler colonies in what is now the U.S. says that Enslaved African and Enslaved First Nation(Native Americans) joined together to escape Spanish colonists in 1553 in what is now South Carolina. Bennett's Before The Mayflower.
 2. He didn't even answer the question. Plus his dates on slavery are waaayyy off! A prominent ass with false facts! Typical. I don't expect anything else. From someone with book smarts and no common sense about another's culture or true history.
 3. Unfortunately, you are sooooooooo correct!!
 4. Gus Andrews says:
 Regardless of the accuracy of historical data! The basic premise is indisputable!
 5. Garrett Tedeman says:
 One of the best clips of Chomsky giving this explanation and history. Until the country can find the honesty and courage to come to terms with its past, there won't be real progress.
 6. Terrance Amen says:
 So now that we know this, what are we going to do about it? We've been protesting for more than 50 years, now it's time to take the next step. Black Unity is the solution, is the plan.
 7. Hank Wilson says:
 Yeah whiteboy under cover…lol
 8. yea Chomsky is a living Encyclopedia and the most quoted person alive etc, but he is hardly the most thorough Philosopher alive.
 9. Peggy Hall says:
 what is your evidence, sources? don't be so fast to downgrade NOAM.
 10. 1555 was when whites first brought slaves over here, for the most part his explanation was ok
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Ehrhart polynomial
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In mathematics, an integral polytope has an associated Ehrhart polynomial that encodes the relationship between the volume of a polytope and the number of integer points the polytope contains. The theory of Ehrhart polynomials can be seen as a higher-dimensional generalization of Pick's theorem in the Euclidean plane.
These polynomials are named after Eugène Ehrhart who studied them in the 1960s.
Definition[edit]
Informally, if P is a polytope, and tP is the polytope formed by expanding P by a factor of t in each dimension, then L(P, t) is the number of integer lattice points in tP.
More formally, consider a lattice in Euclidean space and a d-dimensional polytope P in with the property that all vertices of the polytope are points of the lattice. (A common example is and a polytope for which all vertices have integer coordinates.) For any positive integer t, let tP be the t-fold dilation of P (the polytope formed by multiplying each vertex coordinate, in a basis for the lattice, by a factor of t), and let
be the number of lattice points contained in the polytope tP. Ehrhart showed in 1962 that L is a rational polynomial of degree d in t, i.e. there exist rational numbers such that:
for all positive integers t.
The Ehrhart polynomial of the interior of a closed convex polytope P can be computed as:
where d is the dimension of P. This result is known as Ehrhart–Macdonald reciprocity.[1]
Examples of Ehrhart polynomials[edit]
This is the second dilate, , of a unit square. It has nine integer points.
Let P be a d-dimensional unit hypercube whose vertices are the integer lattice points all of whose coordinates are 0 or 1. In terms of inequalities,
Then the t-fold dilation of P is a cube with side length t, containing (t + 1)d integer points. That is, the Ehrhart polynomial of the hypercube is L(P,t) = (t + 1)d.[2][3] Additionally, if we evaluate L(P, t) at negative integers, then
as we would expect from Ehrhart–Macdonald reciprocity.
Many other figurate numbers can be expressed as Ehrhart polynomials. For instance, the square pyramidal numbers are given by the Ehrhart polynomials of a square pyramid with an integer unit square as its base and with height one; the Ehrhart polynomial in this case is 1/6(t + 1)(t + 2)(2t + 3).[4]
Ehrhart quasi-polynomials[edit]
Let P be a rational polytope. In other words, suppose
where and (Equivalently, P is the convex hull of finitely many points in ) Then define
In this case, L(P, t) is a quasi-polynomial in t. Just as with integral polytopes, Ehrhart–Macdonald reciprocity holds, that is,
Examples of Ehrhart quasi-polynomials[edit]
Let P be a polygon with vertices (0,0), (0,2), (1,1) and (3/2, 0). The number of integer points in tP will be counted by the quasi-polynomial [5]
Interpretation of coefficients[edit]
If P is closed (i.e. the boundary faces belong to P), some of the coefficients of L(P, t) have an easy interpretation:
 - the leading coefficient, , is equal to the d-dimensional volume of P, divided by d(L) (see lattice for an explanation of the content or covolume d(L) of a lattice);
 - the second coefficient, , can be computed as follows: the lattice L induces a lattice LF on any face F of P; take the (d − 1)-dimensional volume of F, divide by 2d(LF), and add those numbers for all faces of P;
 - the constant coefficient a0 is the Euler characteristic of P. When P is a closed convex polytope, }.
The Betke–Kneser theorem[edit]
Ulrich Betke and Martin Kneser[6] established the following characterization of the Ehrhart coefficients. A functional defined on integral polytopes is an and translation invariant valuation if and only if there are such that
Ehrhart series[edit]
We can define a generating function for the Ehrhart polynomial of an integral d-dimensional polytope P as
This series can be expressed as a rational function. Specifically, Ehrhart proved (1962)[citation needed] that there exist complex numbers 0 ≤ jd, such that the Ehrhart series of P is
Additionally, Stanley's non-negativity theorem states that under the given hypotheses, will be non-negative integers, for 0 ≤ jd.
Another result by Stanley[citation needed] shows that if P is a lattice polytope contained in Q, then h*
i
(P) ≤ h*
i
(Q)
for all i.
The h*-vector is in general not unimodal, but it is whenever it is symmetric, and the polytope has a regular unimodal triangulation.[7]
Ehrhart series for rational polytopes[edit]
As in the case of polytopes with integer vertices, one defines the Ehrhart series for a rational polytope. For a d-dimensional rational polytope P, where D is the smallest integer such that DP is an integer polytope (D is called the denominator of P), then one has
where the are still non-negative integers.[8][9]
Non-leading Coefficient Bounds[edit]
The polynomial's non-leading coefficients in the representation
can be upper bounded:[10]
where is a Stirling number of the first kind. Lower bounds also exist.[11]
Toric variety[edit]
The case and of these statements yields Pick's theorem. Formulas for the other coefficients are much harder to get; Todd classes of toric varieties, the Riemann–Roch theorem as well as Fourier analysis have been used for this purpose.
If X is the toric variety corresponding to the normal fan of P, then P defines an ample line bundle on X, and the Ehrhart polynomial of P coincides with the Hilbert polynomial of this line bundle.
Ehrhart polynomials can be studied for their own sake. For instance, one could ask questions related to the roots of an Ehrhart polynomial.[12] Furthermore, some authors have pursued the question of how these polynomials could be classified.[13]
Generalizations[edit]
It is possible to study the number of integer points in a polytope P if we dilate some facets of P but not others. In other words, one would like to know the number of integer points in semi-dilated polytopes. It turns out that such a counting function will be what is called a multivariate quasi-polynomial. An Ehrhart-type reciprocity theorem will also hold for such a counting function.[14]
Counting the number of integer points in semi-dilations of polytopes has applications[15] in enumerating the number of different dissections of regular polygons and the number of non-isomorphic unrestricted codes, a particular kind of code in the field of coding theory.
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
 1. ^ Macdonald, Ian G. (1971). "Polynomials associated with finite cell-complexes" (PDF). Journal of the London Mathematical Society. 2 (1): 181–192. doi:10.1112/jlms/s2-4.1.181.
 2. ^ De Loera, Rambau & Santos (2010)
 3. ^ Mathar (2010)
 4. ^ Beck et al. (2005).
 5. ^ Beck, Matthias; Robins, Sinai (2007). Computing the Continuous Discretely. New York: Springer. pp. 46–47. MR _PHONE_.
 6. ^ Betke, Ulrich; Kneser, Martin (1985), "Zerlegungen und Bewertungen von Gitterpolytopen", Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, 358: 202–208, MR _PHONE_
 7. ^ Athanasiadis, Christos A. (2004). "h*-Vectors, Eulerian Polynomials and Stable Polytopes of Graphs". Electronic Journal of Combinatorics. 11 (2).
 8. ^ Stanley, Richard P. (1980). "Decompositions of rational convex polytopes". Annals of Discrete Mathematics. 6: 333–342. doi:10.1016/s0167-5060(08)70717-9. ISBN 9780444860484.
 9. ^ Beck, Matthias; Sottile, Frank (January 2007). "Irrational proofs for three theorems of Stanley". European Journal of Combinatorics. 28 (1): 403–409. arXiv:math/_PHONE_. doi:10.1016/j.ejc.2005.06.003.
 10. ^ Betke, U.; McMullen, P. (1985-12-