Ultrafast laser experiments pave way to better industrial catalysts
November 10, 2020
Arizona State University's Scott Sayres and his team have recently published an ultrafast laser study on uncharged iron oxide clusters, which could ultimately lead to the development of new and less-expensive industrial catalysts. It might also contribute to a better understanding of the universe since iron oxides are observed in the emission spectra of stars.
Sayres is an assistant professor in ASU's School of Molecular Sciences and a faculty member in the Biodesign Institute's Center for Applied Structural Discovery.
Most chemical industries utilize catalysts to enhance the rate of reaction and selectivity in obtaining their desired products. For example, catalytic converters in the exhausts of our vehicles commonly use platinum, palladium and rhodium to help break down pollutants.
All three of these metals are significantly more expensive than gold, which is in turn a lot more costly than iron. On average a catalytic converter costs $1,000 but can be as high as $3,000 per vehicle.
"Transition metal oxides are widely used as heterogeneous catalysts in the chemical industry," Sayres said. "The photocatalytic process proceeds through a series of complex reactions, and a fundamental understanding of these catalytic mechanisms is still lacking. Gas-phase studies on molecular scale clusters allow us to probe chemical activities and mechanisms in an unperturbed environment. The atomic precision of clusters can be utilized to identify preferred adsorption sites, geometries or oxidation sites that enable chemical transformations."
The FenOm clusters under investigation here have different compositions: n and m vary but are less than 16. Fe is the chemical symbol for iron and O refers to oxygen.
"This research has not only revealed the stable fragments of bulk iron oxide materials but has shown how the change in atomic composition may affect stability and reactivity of these fragments," said Jake Garcia, graduate student and first author of this paper.
"By resolving the excited state dynamics of atomically precise materials such as iron oxides, we move one step closer to creating more directed molecular catalysts and understanding the reactions which may take place in interstellar media."
Garcia continues that he has found a passion for building experimental instruments in Sayres' lab, and loves studying materials relevant to planetary and earth science.
Ryan Shaffer, who was an undergraduate student working in Sayres' lab, is the second author of the current work.
Detecting iron oxide clusters
Experiments with electrically charged clusters have been common because they can be mass selected with electric or magnetic forces and subsequently reacted individually. Cluster ions are clearly much more reactive than their condensed-phase analogues and neutrals because of their net charge.
Far less work has been done with neutral clusters reported here, which are even better mimics of the true active sites of condensed phases and their surface chemistry. The net charge significantly affects cluster reactivity, and the influence becomes more important as the cluster size decreases due to charge localization.
"The timeframe of electron transitions following excitation is of fundamental interest to the understanding of reaction dynamics. Clusters are atomically precise collections of atoms, where the addition or subtraction of a single atom may drastically change the reactivity of the cluster," Sayres said. "In this work we apply ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy to study the speed at which energy moves through small iron oxide clusters."
The laser pulses are extremely short: one thousandth of a billionth of a second.
Sayres concludes that the excited state lifetime is strongly affected by atomically precise changes to the cluster composition. Specifically, the higher the oxidation states of the metal, the faster the photoexcitation energy is converted into vibrations. They have found that the excited state lifetimes rely heavily on size and oxidation state.
Catalysts are also extensively used to minimize the harmful byproduct pollutants in environmental applications. Enhanced reaction rates translate to higher production volumes at lower temperatures with smaller reactors and simpler materials of construction.
When a highly selective catalyst is used, large volumes of desired products are produced with virtually no undesirable byproducts. Gasoline, diesel, home heating oil and aviation fuels owe their performance quality to catalytic processing used to upgrade crude oil.
Intermediate chemicals in the production of pharmaceutical products utilize catalysts, as does the food industry in the production of every day edible products. Catalysts are playing a key role in developing new sources of energy and a variety of approaches in mitigating climate change and controlling atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Arizona State University
Related Iron Articles from Brightsurf:
How stony-iron meteorites form
Meteorites give us insight into the early development of the solar system.
Bouillon fortified with a new iron compound could help reduce iron deficiency
Iron fortification of food is a cost-effective method of preventing iron deficiency.
Iron nanorobots go undercover
Customizable magnetic iron nanowires pinpoint and track the movements of target cells.
Iron deficiency in corals?
When iron is limited, the microalgae that live within coral cells change how they take in other trace metals, which could have cascading effects on vital biological functions and perhaps exacerbate the effects of climate change on corals.
Blocking the iron transport could stop tuberculosis
The bacteria that cause tuberculosis need iron to survive. Researchers at the University of Zurich have now solved the first detailed structure of the transport protein responsible for the iron supply.
Observed: An exoplanet where it rains iron
Nature magazine is publishing today a surprising study about the giant, ultra-hot planet WASP-76b in which researchers from the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) have taken part.
An iron-clad asteroid
Mineralogists from Jena and Japan discover a previously unknown phenomenon in soil samples from the asteroid 'Itokawa': the surface of the celestial body is covered with tiny hair-shaped iron crystals.
It's Iron, Man: ITMO scientists found a way to treat cancer with iron oxide nanoparticles
Particles previously loaded with the antitumor drug are injected in vivo and further accumulate at the tumor areas.
The brain may need iron for healthy cognitive development
Iron levels in brain tissue rise during development and are correlated with cognitive abilities, according to research in children and young adults recently published in JNeurosci.
The regulators active during iron deficiency
Iron deficiency is a critical situation for plants, which respond using specific genetic programmes.
Read More: Iron News and Iron Current Events


Tiny BASIC is a programming language created in 1975. Tiny BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language that can fit into as little as 2 or 3 KB of memory. This small size made it invaluable in the early days of microcomputers in the mid-1970s, when typical memory size was only 4 to 8 KB. To meet these strict size limits, math was purely integer based and it lacked arrays. Read more on Wikipedia...
45Years Old 20Users ?Jobs
Example code from Wikipedia:
line ::= number statement CR | statement CR

 statement ::= PRINT expr-list
 IF expression relop expression THEN statement
 GOTO expression
 INPUT var-list
 LET var = expression
 GOSUB expression
 RETURN
 CLEAR
 LIST
 RUN
 END

 expr-list ::= (string|expression) (, (string|expression) )*

 var-list ::= var (, var)*

 expression ::= (+|-|ε) term ((+|-) term)*

 term ::= factor ((*|/) factor)*

 factor ::= var | number | (expression)

 var ::= A | B | C ... | Y | Z

 number ::= digit digit*

 digit ::= 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ... | 8 | 9

 relop ::= < (>|=|ε) | > (<|=|ε) | =
 string ::= " (a|b|c ... |x|y|z|A|B|C ... |X|Y|Z|digit)* "
Last updated June 22nd, 2020
Edit Tiny BASIC on GitHub


text:
Modulation of laser induced-cracks inside a LiF single crystal by fs laser irradiation at multiple points
Spotlight summary: One of the most attractive and unique capabilities in laser material processing is that of selectively modifying the optical and physical properties of materials through structural changes constrained to within the focal volume. Femtosecond (fs) laser processing in transparent materials has received special attention since the laser beam can be tightly focused, and therefore induce various nano and microscale structures such as cracks, dislocations, and voids inside the material without compromising the properties of other regions not so highly excited by the laser, including the material's surface. Such structural changes inside the material are extremely difficult to achieve through other processing technologies. To make use of this unique benefit of fs laser processing with a higher precision, the size and shape of the structures need to be well controlled, since they critically affect the volume and properties of the laser-processed region. Therefore, finding new ways for accurately controlling these structures and achieving a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that lead to structural changes following fs laser pulse irradiation is of great importance.
Recently, the authors of this article showed that thermal stress waves can be generated inside rock salt crystals following fs laser pulse irradiation. These waves then propagate away from the fs laser-excited region, and subsequently induce permanent dislocations in certain orientations of the crystal structure. Cleverly using their previous discoveries, the authors reveal in this Optics Express article how the fs laser-induced dislocations and thermal stress waves affect the formation of fs laser-induced cracks, and find a way to control the size and shape of these cracks in LiF by irradiating with three pulses, either sequentially or simultaneously. First, to understand the effects of dislocations on the formation of fs laser-induced cracks, two sequential pulses are applied inside the LiF crystal, producing dislocation bands in the crystal. A third pulse is then applied for which the dislocation bands can either affect or not the formation of cracks, showing that these bands, due to the higher mechanical strength, can prevent the formation of fs laser-induced cracks. Next, the authors use three simultaneous pulses instead, and control the interference of the fs laser-induced stress waves where the crack formation is expected. If compression waves are generated by the interference of the pulses and propagate from the tip to the center of a fs laser-induced crack in the time range of 2400-3000ps, the formation of fs laser-induced cracks is highly disturbed by the compression waves, and the length of the crack is shorter than the one without the waves. On the other hand, with a different distribution of the three simultaneous pulses, the authors generate tensile stress near the crack at 3500ps without strong compression waves, and find that this tensile stress helps the propagation of the crack, leading to the production of longer fs laser-induced crack.
In summary, the authors demonstrate sophisticated control of fs laser-induced cracks by using the permanent and transient change of mechanical properties in LiF: the dislocation bands and thermal stress waves, induced by fs laser pulse irradiation. The results reported in this article not only show control of fs laser-induced cracks but also potentially provide a new way of controlling many other types of fs laser-induced structures, possibly leading to the generation of new optical and physical properties in materials.
--Taek Yong Hwang
Technical Division: Optoelectronics
ToC Category: Lasers and Laser Optics
|OCIS Codes:||(_PHONE_) Lasers and laser optics : Laser materials processing|
|(_PHONE_) Lasers and laser optics : Ultrafast lasers|
|(_PHONE_) Materials : Ionic crystals|
|(_PHONE_) Ultrafast optics : Picosecond phenomena|
|(_PHONE_) Ultrafast optics : Ultrafast processes in condensed matter, including semiconductors|
|(_PHONE_) Fourier optics and signal processing : Spatial light modulators|
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


How To Start A Husqvarna Chainsaw
Before Start A Husqvarna Chainsaw, be sure to understand the operator's handbook for your particular saw since charges may differ among various models. Also, produce sure you perpetually observe ordinances in your city.
The chain brake should be initiated when you commence the chainsaw. It can begin many chainsaw models in what is perceived as a 'half-throttle position. In this situation, the chain can twist – if the cable brake is not initiated. There are two safe locations to begin your chainsaw: on the ground or with the chainsaw between legs
Ttarting husqvarna chainsaw
ps: Check our list of best 50cc chainsaw
On the ground
1.Confront your right foot in the back handle and hold a firm grip on your left hand's front arm. Save your left arm continuously.
2.Remove the author's name with your right hand. Iterate the engine fires continuously.
Begin the chainsaw within your legs
1.Install the rear arm within your left thigh and following your right knee.
2.Maintain the front grip firmly with your left palm. Make sure to have your left arm through.
Starting stihl chainsaw
1.Enter the cable drag.
2.If the saw (not hole saw) is provided with Air Purge/combustible pump, handle the bulb (prime) several times continuously. The fuel becomes visible and opens the carburetor.
3.Begin the choke and (on specific models) squeeze the decompression lever.
4.Pull the author handle continuously the engine fires. Push these choke (half-throttle) and draw again unto the saw starts.
5.Quicken (rev) so that the motor idles and then releases the train check.
We are beginning a hot engine.
The chainsaw begins without the choke if the generator is hot. Watch the instructions before, but ignore the details linking to the choke. If the motor is hard to start, apply a half-throttle. You enter the half-throttle use by first completely arousing the choke. Then move the government back.
Inertia function inspection
1.Please turn off the saw and keep it with the model bar over a projection or any other stable object. The distance between the projection and the design bar is subordinate to the chainsaw and model bar height.
2.Loosen the front arm and allow pressure to produce the chainsaw down, rotating around the rear handle towards the piece.
3.If the design bar hits the end, It should trigger the chainsaw brake.
Series damper inspection
1.Begin the saw. Take the chainsaw securely by the first and rear arms.
2.Quicken and then clear the feed.
3.push start chainsaw brake by turning your left wrist towards the keeper. Do not let go of the forward arm.
4.The cable should now stop quickly.
5.If the saw is provided with TrioBrake™, reform but now begin the rear brake protector by moving your best wrist upwards continuously, it touches and stimulates the brake. The chain should stop quickly.
Link(s) lube inspection
1.Begin the chainsaw. Take the saw above a stump or a block of wood and rev up the engine.
2.The cable lube is working if there is a line of oil moved on the projection or account.
1.Why will my Husqvarna chainsaw not start?
If the glow plug provides a spark and you still possess problems starting your chainsaw, it's time to reduce the gap. The glitter plug gap is an air gap within the ground terminal and the common electrode. If the gap is too short, the spark strives to light the fuel and air infiltration.
2.How do you start a Husqvarna 350 chainsaw?
Check the head grip firmly with your remaining hand. Pull the opener handle with your right palm. Repeat until the engine fires. Push the choke (half-throttle) and extract until the saw excites.
3.How do you start a chainsaw that won't start?
To resolve this dilemma:
 1. Remove the spark connection hole folding away from you to empty all the fuel in the container.
 2. Deactivate the choke by starting in button, then pull the author cord 6-8 times as you clasp in the accelerator control.
 3. Dry off the spark hydrant and refit it, pursuing in the station.
4.How do you warm up a Husqvarna chainsaw?
Fervent beginning, a chainsaw ( check our best chainsaw mills here) boils feathers to doing so when the engine is hot. While the plan is the same as freezing starting, bound everything to do with the choke. In the situation of a difficult start, we support warm lighting the engine on a half-throttle.
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Belonging to the Erodium genus, Erodium has a botanical name of Erodium. a Perennial grower, it grows best over a period of time (3 years and greater). Keep in mind when planning your garden that Erodium is known for growing to a ground covering habit.
This plant info is provided by the myfolia gardener's wiki. All details about Erodium have been kindly provided by our members.
These plants have been known to grow well alongside Erodium so consider planting:
These plants will not grow well with Erodium so avoid planting these within close proximity:
These problems, diseases and pests are known to affect Erodium plants:
Erodium L'HÈr. ex Aiton


from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A talisman from the pen of the Persian religious founder Bab
A talisman (plural: talismans ) is a small object or a memento to which magical, good luck properties are attributed. This distinguishes it from the amulet, which is also used to ward off disaster.
Colloquially, the words talisman, lucky charm, amulet and mascot are used almost synonymously today.
The word talisman was borrowed in the 17th century from the Italian "talismano", which means the Arabic طلسم / ṭillasm goes back and means "magic picture". The Arabic word, in turn, can be traced back to the Middle Greek "τέλεσμα (télesma)", which means "tax, consecrated object" or, in Byzantine, "magic object".
The talisman plays an important role in Arabic tales. Similar items were the scarab of the Egyptians, the Abraxasgemme the Gnostics, the mandrake and the Allermannsharnisch the Middle Ages, the Victory Stone Wieland forecast and the amulet described mostly with magical characters and sayings. The Ruyi scepter is one of the most common talismans in the Chinese culture.
The hare's paw, four-leaf clover, horseshoe and lucky penny are symbols of luck. A special feature is the temporal constancy with which a talisman should develop its effect - in contrast to the simple lucky charm, which often only has a selective function. A talisman is chosen and owned by its user with regard to its hoped-for future effect, a simple lucky charm, on the other hand, is not so closely connected to the recipient of the luck and can also be interpreted as such in retrospect. Something or someone then presumably brought luck in a situation.
Unlike simple found objects that serve as symbols of luck, a talisman is traditionally made by a person who specializes in this for a specific client.
Significant works
Among the most important works of western style that deal with the production and use of talismans, Das Schwarze Huhn also counts Black Pullet or La poule noire. The grimoire from the French cycle of Napoleon's time deals with the story of a French officer who is said to have been cut off from the troops during Napoleon's Egyptian campaign and introduced to the art of talismans in the Great Pyramid.
While the first part of the work is fictional, the second part deals with talismans, their nature and manufacture. A second work is the "Introduction to the Entire Area of Occultism" by Manfred Kyber. The work, published at the beginning of the 20th century, treats talismans as the lowest form of the occult, before it goes on to divination, the prophecy of Nostradamus and out-of-body experiences.
See also
Web links
Commons : Talisman - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Talisman - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Individual evidence
 1. a b c Talisman, in: Duden online. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
 2. Editor Wolfgang Pfeifer : Talisman, in: Etymological Dictionary of German, 2nd edition, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 1993, ISBN 3-423-03358-4.
 3. Peter Fiebag, Elmar Gruber, Rainer Holbe : Mystica - The great riddles of humanity, Verlagsgruppe Weltbild GmbH, Augsburg 2005, pages 528, 540-543, 545, 737, 783, ISBN 3-8289-0804-7.
 4. Manfred Kyber : Introduction to the entire field of occultism in the Gutenberg-DE project


Why was clemency trending last week?
[muhl-cher] /ˈmʌl tʃər/
a person or thing that mulches.
a machine or device that cuts up grass, leaves, etc., for use as mulch.
Origin of mulcher
mulch + -er1 Unabridged
Cite This Source
Examples from the web for mulcher
 - At first they bought a mulcher for small bales but soon realized they needed a mulcher for the round bales.
 - In addition to the no-till drills and mulcher, the district also has prescribed burning equipment for rent.
 - The mulcher is mostly used to spread straw or hay over newly seeded areas.
 - Additionally, they are purchasing a leaf loader and mulcher to expand community clean-up events.
 - Turn your existing mower into a mulcher by purchasing a mulching kit available from your local power equipment dealer or retailer.
Word of the Day
Difficulty index for mulcher
Few English speakers likely know this word
Word Value for mulcher
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Sand Burs Control in Austin, TX
Magic Pest and Lawn's weed control experts provide Austin's safest, most effective weed killer for Sand Burs in grass and gardens.
Magic Pest and Lawn's Austin weed control and lawn care professionals have the experience to help you with your Sand Burs control and weed management problems–no matter how big or small.If you spot a plant in your Austin lawn or garden that be out of place that has laid like carpet and has flat blades with hairy, thin outgrown leaf stalks, you may need Magic Pest and Lawn's Crabgrass control services before this weed takes over your landscape.
Sand burs, or sometimes called sticker burs, are a type of grass in the flowering plant called Poaceae. Animals feed on sand burs when the plant is young, but as they mature, they produce sharp seed pods that catch onto clothing and scratch children or grazing animals.
Sand burs are considered an annual weed. They are native plants found in the warm and sandy areas of North America. Austin, Texas makes for a great location for sand burs. Sand burs love dry, sandy soil and patchy lawns. They can grow up to 40 inches tall and they spread quickly.
Identifying Sand Burs
Sand burs lay like carpet and have flat blades with hairy, thin outgrown leaf stalks. Sand burs blend into regular grass because they are light green and look very similar to your grass. Sand burs have sharp seed pods that fall off the flower when it is ripe. Sand burs spread quickly, especially when they get stuck on clothing, animals, or people. Unfortunately, you may not know you are dealing with sand burs until the burs are evident. The ends of the sand burs present themselves and detach easily in August.
Sand Burs Weed Control
Controlling sand burs is important to prevent well-maintained lawns from being ruined by weeds. This can be quite a challenge in the middle of summer when people and animals are most active. Mowing your lawn can help prevent the weed from forming its burs. Raking and picking up discarded yard waste can help keep them from spreading.
At Magic Pest and Lawn, we provide steps to help identify Sand burs and to come up with a customized plan to keep Sand burs off your lawn and out of your landscape. We know you are proud to have a green, healthy, lush lawn and landscape that is properly nourished and protected, and we want to help you maintain it.
Contact Magic Pest and Lawn's Austin Sand bur control experts today for help controlling Sand burs in your Austin yard today!

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
FringeReview UK 2017
Read Not Dead ground rules are simple: actors volunteer, are given scripts and then assemble on a Sunday morning, and scripts in hand, enact at four p.m. or afterwards. This production directed by Philip Bird, Massinger The Unnatural Combat was performed at Gray's Inn on October 29th. After that Jason Morell directs The Great Duke of Florence back at the Globe Wanamaker on November 12th.
Philip Massinger's The Unnatural Combat is a savage 1625 state-of-the-nation assault on Barbary pirates, court corruption, the scandalous treatment of returning soldiers – especially after the disaster of the Cadiz expedition – and above all James I's loathed favourite, the Duke of Buckingham
Directed by Philip Bird it features the heightened language and situations Massinger's famous for with a complex very flawed protagonist. The scabrous comedy almost persuades us this mightn't end badly.
As Read Not Dead suggests, Elizabethan, Jacobean and Caroline play texts sometimes not revived for 400 years are dedicated to dragging plays out of a quattrocento sleep; sometimes it's like cutting ancient paper to reveal a text never seen. At Gray's Inn, an acoustic as challenging as it is evocative, we're blessed with a gallery where Graham Kent's trumpet and Kate Elliott's accordion punctuate the drama where both players then join the ensemble for small parts. Emily Baines has researched and arranged all the music.
The Unnatural Combat features a towering central role, that of Malefort Senior, take toweringly by Tim Frances, always superb in character parts and here allowed a basso profundo of Boris Godonov complexity. Frances uses the whole gallery to stride ferociously up and down the three-side-seated audience, turning the space to an echo chamber of forbidden lust. The hall needs this treatment to keep a production airborne. Accused of complicity in his son's treacherous turn to piracy, he's arraigned by his old enemy the governor Beaufort Senior, but ably takes up the challenge on 'the field of honour' to defeat his own son in single combat: hence the title. Tok Stephen (another regular) ably throws verbal challenges to his father though quickly dispatched he only returns stripped to the waist as a ghost, and in smaller parts.
Quite why the son's turned to piracy and challenge isn't revealed till the end, his accusation of his father's 'deed of horror' unexplained: verbally it neatly subverts the homophonous 'field of honour' too. In another seemingly gratuitous act, Malefort mutilates his son's body – Frances emulates this death with slashings with suitable ferocity before the body's released for burial.
There's a sister though, Theocrine played with a contained woe flecked with joy by Emily Barber. Affianced – despite Beaufort Senior's displeasure – to Beaufort Junior, the marital arrangements look simple. Alex Boxall another returning actor, gives excellent clarity and a youthful ardent appeal to his part. Roger Eastman's unbending father keeps his anxieties gruffly in check.
The canker though is Frances' incestuous agonizing. Frist confining her, he seeks support from his supposed friend Montreville, Colin Manning's close-weaved conniver at ruin. He hands Theorcrine over to her care, unable to keep his lusts secret any further. Commander of the fort, he's impregnable and in one of those set-ups Malefort implores him not to listen to any subsequent pleas of his own to release her. Montreville though has designs of his own. how could Malefort have forgotten the second of his three wives was Montreville's beloved mistress, and Malefort poisoned his first wife – Malefort Junior's mother – to marry her.
This indeed explains both friend and son's actions. Theorcrine was the third wife's offspring, the only wife to die naturally – Theocrine's resemblance being one of the inflammatories. At this point of revelation, two ghosts pointing, towards the end, and Malefort almost inviting divine retribution, you wonder if Massinger suddenly needed to invent reasons to dispatch his central character, and hesitated.
By this time the main villainy has been committed elsewhere. Theocrine appears dishevelled, traumatised by something terrible, and is thrust out of the fortress. Barber's dramatically transformed here. No need for Malefort to plead. When he sees his daughter now, all lust vanishes. The scene with Barber and Frances is one of the most riveting.
The subplot collides with the main one at banquets only. Belgarde, a poor captain, seeks redress fro the state as well as back-pay for all his men too. Surprisingly the celebratory meal upstage (as much as the hall in the round permits this) showers him with gold, which he promptly loses to creditors. Michael Burton appropriately trinketed with a garish scarlet uniform and then a hunting green attire romps through his part with aplomb and rare panache.
There's fine opportunities at least for Hannah Parker's Page, who gamines about outrageously leavening the lugubrious moments. The three assistants to the governor are happly assigned to Sandra Villani as the grave Montaigne, Chantelle Staynings as a sparky Chamont, and Gillian Geddes as sensible Lanour. All revel in their opportunities to shine contrastingly as fashionable types, and Theocrine's waiting women Julia Winwood and Kate Elliott revel as cackling women of the night. As does Graham Kent's Usher doubling with a handkerchief on his head out of Monty Python. Most of all he plays the trumpet through a variety of period and other material, often with Elliot's accordion. Bruce Houlder as a sea captain seconding Stephen's Young Malefort, dragging him off after he's killed, stays a melancholy moment as touchingly Kent's trumpet plays The Three Ravens, that elegy for a fallen knight needing burial. Philip Bird himself lurks in a couple of walk-ons, once as a unused priest.
To experience this play in these surroundings is a special occasion. It's not an ideal theatrical space though looks splendid, and the gallery allowed some superb musical effects. It's certainly graced by one of Massinger's most remarkable plays, and with Frances bestriding his part and leading the company, it's a winning combination.


text:
By: Tony Barnes P.E., Senior Structural Design Engineer
Staging Concepts continues to invest in R&D that delivers the most highly engineered staging systems to our customers. The engineering department at Staging Concepts represents more than 15% of the company's overall headcount and remains the cornerstone of the added value Staging Concepts delivers to its customers.
Notable seismic events have occurred across the globe over the past few years and earthquakes of magnitude 4.0-6.0 occur with a surprising frequency of approximately 35 per day (USGS- United States Geological Survey). Whether events cause significant damage and risk to life and property or simply discomfort to people, Staging Concepts has responded to the need for increased safety by conducting a study on the performance of our staging products in seismic conditions. As expected our SC90 platforms, SC90 legs and SC9600 bridging understructure perform well when subjected to even the most severe seismic forces typically prescribed by building codes used in the United States.
More specifically, the platform systems were analyzed using the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP) recommendations by applying a seismic load equal to 2.5 times the weight of the structure plus a 150 psf vertical live load. The seismic load of 2.5 times the weight of the structure is derived under the assumption that the platform is constructed near a fault zone and in low stability soil.
Under these conditions, we calculated the performance of a 21' x 30' overall stage system. The stage system was constructed using 35 (qty), 6' x 3' SC90 platforms attached to one another using roto-lock devices. Our simulation compared the performance of three heights and configurations:
a) 14" height using legs and no bracing
b) 30" height using legs and perimeter bracing
c) 48" height using our bridging understructure and alternating bracing
Using structural analysis software, we were able to calculate the anticipated sway and the degree to which each configuration resists instability and collapse. In each case, our staging met the recommended requirements and achieved factors of safety as high as 13.9. Our technical summary is attached and a more detailed report is available upon request.
We are committed to bringing facts and data to our industry, so our customers can make informed decisions. We hope this study helps our customers construct the safest staging structures possible. If you have more questions, please contact us _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_.


text:
The Department of Defense, and each of its components, faces a daunting challenge with the decline in health among the military community as a whole, including military personnel, their families, military retirees, and other Government employees. This health challenge has significant implications on military readiness and also contributes to the increased cost of health care.
The Secretary of Defense launched the Healthy Base Initiative (HBI) in 2013 to explore various initiatives that could contribute to positive health outcomes. One result of the HBI was an endorsement to create farmers markets on military installations to improve the nutritional offerings and encourage individuals to make healthier food choices.
The goals of this guide are to enable installation leadership to:
- help installations improve healthy food options and build effective community partnerships that improve combat readiness and advance the overall health of the military community;
- understand the nature of farmers markets, how they benefit a community, and the different types and structures of markets that exist;
- determine if it is appropriate and feasible for an installation to host a market;
- determine the optimal type, frequency, and management of a market on an installation;
- develop a plan of action that sets a market up for success; and
- provide resources to facilitate the establishment and implementation of a market.


text:
Prepare yourself spiritually
As you prepare, prayerfully study these scriptures and resources. What do you feel inspired to share with the young women?
D&C 20:38–60 (Duties of priesthood holders)
Henry B. Eyring, "The Comforter," Ensign or Liahona, May 2015, 17–21
Dallin H. Oaks,"The Keys and Authority of the Priesthood," Ensign or Liahona, May 2014, 49–52
"Relief Society: A Restoration of an Ancient Pattern," Daughters in My Kingdom: The History and Work of Relief Society (2011), 3–7
At the beginning of each class, invite the young women to share, teach, and testify about the experiences they have had applying what they learned in the previous week's lesson. This will encourage personal conversion and help the young women see the relevance of the gospel in their daily lives.
Introduce the doctrine
Choose from these ideas or think of your own to introduce this week's lesson:
- Write on the board, "What are the duties of priesthood holders?" Ask the young women to list as many duties as they can think of and then add to their list the duties they find in Doctrine and Covenants 20:46–60. Invite them to consider which of these responsibilities they share with young men.
- As a class, read the paragraph at the beginning of this outline, and invite the young women to write on the board words and phrases that help them understand what the work of the priesthood is. What connections do they see between the Young Women theme and the duties of priesthood holders listed in Doctrine and Covenants 20:46–60?
Each of the activities below will help inspire the young women to be participants in the work of the priesthood. Following the inspiration of the Spirit, select one or more that will work best for your class:
- In Doctrine and Covenants 20:53 and 59, we learn that the duties of the priesthood include being with and strengthening Church members and inviting all to come unto Christ. Invite the young women to review portions of President Henry B. Eyring's talk "The Comforter." What does he teach about how the Holy Ghost can help us keep our covenants and participate in the work of the priesthood?
- Before class, invite the young women to learn about an influential woman—in the scriptures (such as those suggested in this outline), in Church history, or in their own families—who has been an example of ministering, teaching the gospel, or inviting others to come unto Christ. At the beginning of class, invite them to share what they learned. In what ways were these women participating in the work of the priesthood? What inspires the young women about these stories? How do they see themselves in the work of the priesthood?
- As a class, read "Relief Society: A Restoration of an Ancient Pattern." Invite the young women to share their impressions about the role of women in the work of the priesthood. How does reading about what women have done throughout history inspire the young women to participate in this work today? Encourage the young women to read the rest of Daughters in My Kingdom on their own. If possible, you may want to provide copies for them.
- Read together section IV in Elder Dallin H. Oaks's talk "The Keys and Authority of the Priesthood," and ask the young women to share statements that impress them. With permission from the bishop, invite a sister in the ward to talk with the class about how priesthood authority has increased her capacity to fulfill her calling. You may want to invite this sister several days in advance.
- Show one of the videos suggested in this outline and invite the young women to identify ways in which women in the videos are participating in the work of the priesthood. How do these examples and the counsel of Church leaders in these videos inspire them to participate more fully in this work?
Ask the young women to share what they learned today. Do they understand how they can participate in the work of the priesthood? What feelings or impressions do they have? Do they have any additional questions? Would it be helpful to spend more time on this doctrine?
Live what we are learning
Invite the young women to consider how they will live by what they have learned today. For example, they could:
- Make a plan to fulfill their responsibilities in the work of the priesthood.
- Share with their families what they learned today about the work of the priesthood.


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Resource Centre Network Nepal (RCNN)
A network of organisations involved in water, sanitation and hygiene sector, which intends to facilitate the sharing of information and promote the use thereof to improve the performance of the sector as a whole. The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene-Resource Centre Network Nepal (WASH-RCNN) in association with Nepal Library Association (NLA) organised a training workshop on Information Management for decentralised WASH Resource Centres from 25-27 December 2011. Eleven participants responsible for managing decentralised WASH Resource Centres participated in the training. The main objective of the training was to strengthen information management capacity of resource centres for increased learning and sharing at decentralised level. The training covered different aspects of information management such as sourcing information, documentation (classification and indexing), packaging and dissemination through conventional and web based social media. Overall, this training helped participants to have a better understanding on why information management is required and has helped to enhance the skills for better acquisition and dissemination of information.


Basis of the bargain test
Under section 2-313 of the Uniform Commercial Code, when determining whether an express warranty exists or is valid in a sale of goods between two parties, the court asks if any promise or affirmation, any description of the goods or any sample or model of the goods displayed by a seller "became a basis of the bargain" between a buyer and a seller thereby creating an express warranty on the goods.
Though this test is used by the courts to determine if an express warranty exists, it is unclear in the case law how precisely basis of the bargain is defined, if actual buyer reliance on the promise or description is required, or if the information is something that a reasonable buyer can rely on will suffice to meet the requirment.


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Mental Mondays: Adjust For The Wind
The general rule for dealing with breezes is to add or subtract one club for each 10 mph of wind. The trick is knowing just how fast the wind is blowing.
The Beaufort Wind speed scale can give you an idea of wind speed:
Wind Speed: Indicators
4 - 7 mph :Win felt on exposed skin. Leaves rustle, vanes begin to move.
8 - 12 mph :Leaves and small twigs constantly moving, light flags extended.
13 - 17 mph :Dust and loose paper raised. Small branches begin to move.
18 - 24 mph: Branches of a moderate size move. Small trees in leaf begin to sway.
25 - 30 mph: Large branches in motion. Whistling heard in overhead wires. Umbrella use becomes difficult. Empty plastic garbage cans tip over
31 - 38 mph: Whole trees in motion. Effort needed to walk against the wind.
Anything Faster: You shouldn't be on the course.
So, with twigs and small branches moving, add one club. If larger branches are swaying add two.
It's important to notice not only how things are on the ground, but also what's happening up in the air. On tree lined fairways, there are dead zones where the wind is screened. High flying golf shots, however, still can be caught up in the breezes. While assessing the situation, notice how the wind is affecting the upper branches of the trees.
Hitting the ball harder into the wind isn't a solution. A harder shot will increase the spin and exaggerate the wind conditions. Take more club.
Estimating what to do in a crosswind is a lot more tricky. In a crosswind, your ball will not only lose distance (though likely not as much as directly into the wind), but also drift in the direction it's blowing.
If you've got the game, you can try to spin the ball into the wind to hold the line. For most of us, though, the solution is to try to compensate for the drift by aiming more left or right. A rule of thumb is to aim five yards left or right for every 10 mph of wind speed.
Crosswinds will exaggerate your ball's natural flight. If you're a slicer, a wind blowing to the right will carry your ball right off the course. Remember to compensate for that, also.
This all creates some very interesting calculus as you're not only trying to figure how much club, but also how far left and right.
A final solution—again, if you've got the game—is to hit a punch shot, keeping the ball on a boring trajectory under the wind.
This tip is an excerpt from The Five Inch Course: Thinking Your Way To Better Golf. The complete book is available in Kindle format at Amazon.com.
Golf Blog Category:
Mental Golf Tips

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


= Hello World Video = [[TOC(REPLACE_WITH_PAGE_URL , depth=2)]] This task can be performed once per student. It should be done only by a student who has already finished the related Coding task for Hello World Improvement. === Task Description === This task consists of following the instructions at [wiki:GSoC/GettingStarted GSOC Getting Started] and recording and editing a video with audio to demonstrate how to get RTEMS working. === Directions for Students === Follow the instructions at _URL_ and show how to * Build your own tools using the [wiki:Developer/Tools/RSB RTEMS Source Builder (RSB)] * Run RTEMS. Edit your video to eliminate time spent waiting for compilation. === Directions for Mentors === Check the video for quality of editing, clarity of explanation, and correctness.


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List of Contents
In the past year, the prices of edible oil increased significantly. There are many internal and external reasons behind the price rise. So, the government has to pay attention to the edible oil prices.
In India, Edible oil prices have risen sharply in recent months. According to the data from the Department of Consumer Affairs, the prices of six edible oils — groundnut oil, mustard oil, vanaspati, soya oil, sunflower oil and palm oil — have risen between 20% and 56% at all-India levels in the last one year.
India's Demand of Edible Oil:
- India's production of oilseeds is too little to fulfil the domestic demand. Therefore, India is dependent on imports.
- India is one of the largest importers of oilseed and edible oils in the world. About 56% of the domestic edible oil demand is met from imports.
- The major sources of these imports are
- Argentina and Brazil for soybean oil;
- Indonesia and Malaysia palm oil; and
- Ukraine and Argentina for sunflower oil.
- Therefore, any increase in global prices of oilseeds and edible oil is bound to be transmitted into domestic prices.
Why are International Prices of Edible Oil rising?
- Firstly, Demand on making biofuel from Soybean oil: There has been a demand on making renewable fuel from soybean oil in the US, Brazil and other countries. This increased the demand for edible oil in these countries and increased prices globally.
- Secondly, Aggressive Buying by China: China uses soybean for extracting oil as also to prepare the animal feed. Hence, aggressive Chinese buying of soybean depleted inventories in the market. This in turn put upward pressure on prices.
- Thirdly, Labour issues in Malaysia: Malaysia's palm oil sector is dependent on migrant foreign workers. However, pandemic induced border closure meant the palm oil sector faced a severe labour shortage causing the output to fall.
- Fourthly, Impact of La Niña on palm and soya producing areas
- Fifthly, Imposition of Export duties on crude palm oil in Indonesia and Malaysia.
Suggestions to reduce prices of edible oil
- Firstly, Short Term Measures:
- Lower Import Duties: India can lower the import duties on the edible oil prices. This can lower the prices immediately.
- Subsidise Edible Oil: Government can subsidise edible oils and make them available to the poor under the Public Distribution System.
- Secondly, Long Term Measure: India needs to reduce its dependence on imports of edible oils. This can be feasible by incentivising farmers to diversify wheat and paddy crops to oilseeds.
Source: The Indian Express


Sponsored By GenealogyBank
21 December 2012
Perhaps They Did Not Really Know
It is possible that a relative knew nothing about their grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc. Depending upon how closely they lived to where those relatives lived and how emotionally connected their parent was to their own family, a person may have little knowledge of their relatives.
And no matter how often you ask, it won't change that.
It doesn't mean you don't look for clues, but remember that sometimes people really do know nothing about their mother or father's family. This is particularly true if their mother or father had some reason for not wanting them to know.
There may be little clues--so keep looking.
 1. Such is the case with the early deaths of parents -- there is no one to pass on the family history. In some cases, several generations of early deaths in the family line lead to zero knowledge of the family.
 2. I have that situation with my mother's side of the family. There was an adoption in her mother's lines and two early deaths of fathers in her father's line. My parents divorced when I was young, so I wasn't sure of my father's name when I started; nor did I know when and where he was born, the date he died, or his parents' names. It was tough getting started on his lines.
 3. I had the same problem. My mother being 1 of 3 and asking all 3 I kept getting "I don't know" or little snips here and there that you had to piece together to figure out what records to use because all 3 had no interest in researching the family.
 On my father's side, his grandfather, who was born in Ireland died before he was born. His father, my grandfather died when I was a year old so he was my only hope regarding Ireland info. The sad thing was my grandmother, who could be the nastiest "B" all the time "claimed" she didn't know anything thing because she acted like my grandfather never existed. Yet ask her something and she can remember something from when she was 5 and she was 85 at the time.
 Being Irish they would not talk about their homeland but my father thought he heard County Kerry. To date, I'm unable to locate Emigration into Castle Garden, find Nationalization Paper etc. Since Patrick, Mary and Michael are commons names, 2 of their 12 were born there and I thought it would be easier to locate Nicholas. How wrong I was. The hardest I was told finding info on my line is Patrick Day who m Mary O'Dea, since Day comes from O'Dea.
 My question is do you think their accent was heavy and hard to understand and I'm looking for the wrong surname? I only just started looking for DEA and DEE.


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Ebook Size : 19 MB
Download : Classical Mechanics - by Goldstein.pdf
For thirty years this has been the acknowledged standard in advanced classical mechanics courses. This classic book enables readers to make connections between classical and modern physics - an indispensable part of a physicist's education. In this new edition, Beams Medal winner Charles Poole and John Safko have updated the book to include the latest topics, applications, and notation, to reflect today's physics curriculum. They introduce readers to the increasingly important role that nonlinearities play in contemporary applications of classical mechanics. New numerical exercises help readers to develop skills in how to use computer techniques to solve problems in physics. Mathematical techniques are presented in detail so that the book remains fully accessible to readers who have not had an intermediate course in classical mechanics. For college instructors and students.


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The mission of the Birmingham City School System is to guide all students to achieve excellence in a safe, secure and nurturing environment.
The Birmingham City School System offers a standards-based aligned curriculum to its students. Standards-based reform is the driving force behind most federal, state and local education policy. Under the standards-based reform, students will have access to more challenging curriculum content that they will be expected to learn at a proficient to high level of performance.
The focus of the Birmingham City School System is to raise academic standards for all students. The standards guiding the selection of curriculum materials and classroom instruction are determined by the following:


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Foreign direct investment
Multiple pathways to upgrading in global value chains in Asia
Published 14 September 2022
Upgrading is the acquisition of technological capabilities and market linkages that allows firms to enhance their supply chain competitiveness and move to higher-value activities. This upgrading occurs in many different forms representing opportunities for decision-makers in Asia.
Countries upgrade GVCs in different forms. In Asia, Vietnam represents one trajectory, its economic model led by foreign direct investment (FDI) but focused on assembly tasks that depend on imports. Foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) are heavily involved in the country's economy. South Korea followed a different trajectory. Here, the country experienced a much larger role for domestic MNEs, and the economic model is more dependent on the exports it provides others. Both are widely deemed successful cases of development in their own right, highlighting the multiple potentially beneficial pathways to GVC involvement in Asia. Importantly, the pathway is right for the technological and socioeconomic context — not all countries achieve this.
When considering this context, there are two broad pathways regions can upgrade – both horizontally and vertically. Horizontal upgrading refers to the development of a new GVC product or industry in a region that is related to an existing area of specialisation of the local economy. For example, the manufacturing of mobile phones may follow from the existing production of laptops. Horizontal upgrading includes 'entry into the supply chain' upgrading that is the initial participation of firms in a local, regional, or global value chain.
Vertical upgrading offers a new function for the local economy, for example, R&D, or marketing, logistics, headquarters management, and perhaps production in an existing value chain. If horizontal upgrading describes a movement from laptop production to mobile phone manufacturing, vertical upgrading describes the movement from laptop production to laptop design. A particular form of vertical upgrading is backward linkages upgrading. Local firms become active in an industry supplying goods and services to an MNE in a foreign country already engaged in an existing value chain.
The types of linkages and the direction of upgrading are important to consider. Economies can upgrade through forward and backward linkages. Forward linkages, also known as downstream linkages, refer to linkages with firms further along the value chain; that is, firms closer to final goods or eventual export. Backward linkages, also known as upstream linkages, refer to linkages closer to suppliers or initial goods, or creation of services. Upgrading does not necessarily mean moving upstream or downstream. Rather, it is the process of climbing up the value chain in terms of value-add and skills.
Figure 1 makes it possible to visualize the diversity of possible patterns to upgrading in terms of backward and forward linkages. Backward integration is captured by the country's vertical specialization share, measured by the import content of the country's exports. Furthermore, a country also participates in GVCs as a supplier of inputs used in foreign countries' exports. Hence it is important to account for the share of exported goods and services which are used as intermediate inputs in other countries' exports – that of forward integration. The combination of these two shares offers a first description of an economy's participation in GVCs. This contribution is both as a user of foreign inputs – upstream links, that of backward participation – and as a producer of intermediate goods and services used in other countries' exports; that is – downstream links, that of forward participation.
Figure 1 below shows the position of a set of Asian economies covered by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Trade in Value-Added, or TiVA, indicators in terms of backward and forward linkages for all industries. Backward and forward integration in 2005, represented by the blue dot, is compared with the current position, shown by 2018's orange dot. Interestingly, no country records an increase in both backward and forward linkages during this period. This evidence is in line with evidence on 'global stagnation' of GVCs that predates the Covid-19 crisis.
On the contrary, Thailand and, to a lesser extent, Cambodia have decreased their shares in both measures of GVC participation; both have become generally less integrated over the past decade. Convincing evidence shows GVC participation facilitates economic development. Therefore, these countries may be losing out by decreasing shares. Public policy can help reverse this outcome.
Figure 1 further shows another group of countries – composed of China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and South Korea (our initial example) – that increased their forward linkages while decreasing backward linkages. The economies in this group all rely less on imported value-add for their own exports but have become increasingly relevant in value generation in countries importing intermediate goods from them. For example, the significant movement recorded by Malaysia might reflect one of these two shifts. Either the country's shift towards automobile component manufacturing, as inputs into final car construction, or the increase in oil and gas exports, as inputs into petroleum products. Similarly, it reflects the country's shift into high-tech, with semiconductor devices and electrical products all inputting into mobile devices, storage devices, and photovoltaic panels.
Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and more marginally, India showed a drop in forward linkages while increasing their backward linkages. Vietnam makes a considerable movement towards the bottom right corner, that being a larger share of backward linkages compared to forward linkages. This could be due to increases in the tasks for final stage assembly and seems to reinforce the specificity of this particular model of upgrading as discussed above.
For all examples, each country will be competing and trading on different comparative advantages; therefore, there is no ideal GVC direction with increases or decreases in linkages important to consider in local context. What matters is that policy decision-makers are making active GVC-sensitive public policy and investment to encourage task-based specialties.
Early studies of GVCs observed nation states as largely passive and restricted to facilitating the recruiting of lead firm investment. Yet today, there is agreement to act upon this ideal and to deliver on a more pro-active interpretive approach. Active mediation helps to advance national policy priorities and facilitate the coordination of actors. In addition, policymaking for GVCs should include designing and developing policy interventions for local development.
The design of evidence-based GVC-sensitive policies requires an understanding of both the position, and the origin of that position, of each economy. Yet today, there is agreement to deliver on a more pro-active interpretive approach.
 See Fernandez-Stark, K., P. Bamber and G. Gereffi (2011). "The offshore services value chain: upgrading trajectories in developing countries." International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development 4(1-3): 206-234.
 Taken from the companion White Paper to this blog available at _URL_
 Hummels, D., J. Ishii and K.-M. Yi (2001). "The nature and growth of vertical specialization in world trade." Journal of International Economics 54(1): 75-96.
 Gereffi, G. (1994). "The organization of buyer-driven global commodity chains: how US retailers shape overseas production networks." Contributions in economics and economic history: 95-95.
 UNCTAD (2020). World Investment Report 2020: International Production Beyond the Pandemic. UNCTAD.
© The Hinrich Foundation. See our website Terms and conditions for our copyright and reprint policy. All statements of fact and the views, conclusions and recommendations expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the author(s).


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2005/7/2, Juri Linkov <juri@jurt...>:
> > The diff-mode colors on a dark-background terminal (gnome-terminal or
> > generic xterm) are:
> > These colors work very well and should not be changed
> Bold text is unreadable on terminals with small fonts.
I have not found this to be the case.
> The changed lines is the base text which users mostly read in the
> diff-mode, so it makes sense not to highlight it at all and to use the
> default foreground. Most other modes do the same and don't highlight
> normal text. As for the context lines, to distinguish them from the
> changed lines, dark-background terminals could use yellow-on-black,
> and light-background terminals - maybe, green.
Indeed that's just stupid. Making the context lines green or whatever
would make them stand out over the changed lines, which is _precisely
the opposite_ of what we want to do.
On a high-color display (like X11, usually), we can dim the context
lines, and so achieve our goal of making the changed lines stand out
while keeping them in the normal default face; the latter point,
however, is _not_ the main goal! On a low-color terminal, we often
simply don't have the flexibility to do those two things at the same
time; in such a case, we must discard the less important guideline,
and pick something which at least makes the important lines stand out.
The current dark-background colors achieve this, and should not be


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One after another natural calamity has affected the mango production this season. Although mangoes are expected to be available from the third week of the month (May), the presence of mangoes in the market has already been noticed.
Mango growers have already started harvesting mangoes from the trees to avoid natural disasters. Yet, they fear losses. Experts said that there might be a shortage of mangoes this year and the price can increase.
In addition, naturally if the mango is produced more in one year, the next year the mango production goes down. Last year was 'On Year' for mango production that is why the yield was higher. But this year mango production going through 'Off Year' schedule and production is likely to low.
The mango production was 24.90 lakh tonnes last year, this time the production target has been set at 24.60 lakh tonnes.
Department of Agriculture Extension's (DAE) 'Nutrition Development through Year-round Fruit Production Project' Director Mehedi Masood said that last season, the country had produced 24.90 lakh tonnes of mangoes, but this time the production target has been reduced to 23.60 lakh tonnes.
He said mango production was good last year. This time it will be less due to natural reasons and hostile weather.
According to mango growers in many parts of the country, production of regular varieties of Langra, Gopalbhog and Fazli mangoes will be produced less as there was (on-year) good production last year. However, they will try to compensate the loss with Baromasi mango.
Cultivators of Satkhira district including Tala upazila of Satkhira District have harvested mangoes ahead of schedule due to fear of cyclone.
According to the Satkhira District Agriculture Extension Department, mango saplings have been planted on about 4,500 hectares of land in the district this year. There are 5,299 government registered mango orchards and 13,000 mango farmers in the district. But mango saplings have been planted on 715 hectares of land in Tala Upazila and there are more than 1300 mango orchards, according to the agriculture office.
According to the Rajshahi Agriculture Department, this time the target has been set to produce 217,000 tonnes of mangos on 18,515 hectares of land. However, the farmers said that the production would not be good this time as the weather is not favourable.
According to the Department of Agricultural Extension, there is a possibility of Tk 901.64 crore worth of mango trade in Rajshahi this season.
Rajshahi University Professor of Agronomy and Agricultural Extension Md Gias Uddin Ahmed said, "Naturally, the current season is off-season for mangoes. Naturally, if there is a bumper production of mangoes in one year, the next year the mangoes will be less. But if the farmers get a good price this time, they will be able to make up their losses."
This time it rained when the buds appeared at the end of winter. Besides, the heat suddenly comes down from the cold at that time. Early buds are damaged due to rain and fog. When the weather suddenly starts to get colder, new leaves emerge instead of buds.
According to the Agriculture Department in Naogaon, mango production is increasing in the district. This time mango has been cultivated on 29,475 hectares of land in this district and the production target has been set at 368435 metric tonnes. The estimated selling price of this mango will be around Tk 2,000 crore.
Govindabhog variety of mango has been sold in the market since last Thursday. There are allegations that many people were selling green Himsagar mangoes in the market.


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1. Drag the Drum Rack file (with extension ending in .adg) into an empty column within the clip view.
2. This will create a Drum Rack instrument within Ableton, as well as an orange prompt at the bottom of your screen in ableton suggesting that media files are missing.
3. Click the orange/red prompt message on the bottom of your screen to bring up an option menu on the right hand asking you to find the missing files.
4. Under the search folder function, press the Set Folder button. Navigate to the folder containing your samples - unless you have moved them, this will be within the download folder of your Sample Magic purchase.
5. As a final step, click the go button within the missing media files to re-sync the samples with the Drum Rack.
6. In order to retain the sample mapping in your current project make sure to save the project first.
7. To utilize your racks with linked samples in other projects please save the rack to your user library.
Ableton Racks -
In regards to Ableton Racks there's two ways to install your racks.
1. Simply drag .adg file into a MIDI or Audio file in Ableton. If your racks contain samples (such as in the Ableton Instrument racks) these will have to be linked in the same way as described in the drum racks section.
2. Copy the files to the 'Audio Effect Rack' folder of your Ableton user library. The exact location of your library will depend on where you chose to install it, but common locations are:
Windows Vista/7: usersDocuments|AbletonUser LibraryPresetsAudio Effects Audio Effect Rack
Mac OS: MusicAbletonUser LibraryPresetsAudio EffectsAudio Effect Rack
For information on how to find your User Library, go here:
Ableton products which come contained in Projects are opened by double clicking the .als file. From there all racks and instruments can be saved to the user library and used in other projects by clicking the "save" icon on the rack itself.


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Home> Data Across States> Rankings/Maps/Trends by Topic
Definitions: Children and youth waiting for adoption from birth up to age 20 by race or Hispanic origin. Most states allow children to remain in the foster care system until their 18th birthday, though some states have age limits that extend a few years beyond this. The current indicator includes children up to age 20 regardless of their state limit.
Race or Hispanic origin is reported according to mutually exclusive categories. Children who are of Hispanic origin are not classified as any other race. For this indicator, missing data are explicitly included. That is, the number and percentage of children whose race and Hispanic origin are unknown are included in the analysis. National estimates include Puerto Ric
Data Source: Child Trends analysis of data from the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS), made available through the National Data Archive on Child Abuse and Neglect.
Updated May 2013.
N.A. - Data not available.
Note: The District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands are
not included in maps and rankings because they are not states and therefore comparisons on many
indicators of child well being are not meaningful.
The Annie E. Casey Foundation
701 St. Paul Street
Baltimore, MD 21202


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9 Principles of Safe-Fail Probes
In a fail-safe environment, the key objective is to prevent things going wrong. It is a system that has been structured such that it cannot fail (or that the
probability of such failure is extremely low) to accomplish its assigned mission. High levels of planning and predictability accompany any such initiatives. Indeed, some contexts demand this kind of rigour - take for example the recent serious of "could-have-been-worse" incidents in the South African civil aviation arena. Every eventuality must be covered, and when there is the slightest doubt, get the plane onto the ground, even if it is only the backup system that has given a warning.
However, not all environments are as predictable the engineering surrounding an aircraft.. ; (not that all of civil aviation is predictable - just consider the number of planes, people, airports, weather phenomena, passenger behaviour patterns, and the like - I refer here mainly to the technical safety of an aircraft). Some contexts require a different approach completely. This is is the realm, not of the complicated but predictable, but of the complex and unpredictable.
In the complex world (now we can talk about all those other things in civil aviation), we rather need to create ways that allow unpredictable things to happen, and then to have a plan to deal with them, and learn from them. Moreover, we can even create situations that will test the stability (or lack thereof) of a complex system, and then observe the results. If it goes wrong, that is OK - it is allowed to. We can call these types of interventions or events, Safe-Fail.
I would like to suggest that when we are deliberately setting about to the test the patterns that exist in complex systems by means of these experiments, or Probes, we should consider the following 9 principles:
- Don't be afraid to experiment - some will fail.
- Every experiment will be different - don't use the cookie-cutter approach when designing interventions.
- Don't learn the same lesson twice - or maybe I should say, don't make the same mistake twice.
- Start with a low-risk area when you begin to experiment with a system.
- Design an experiment that can be measured. That is, know what the success and failure indicators of each experiment are.
- Don't be afraid - did I mention that already?
- Try doing multiple experiments on the same system - even at the same time. Some will work, some will fail - good. Shut down the ones that fail and create variations on the ones that work.
- Introduce dissent. Maximize diversity in the experiment design process by getting as many inputs as possible.
- Learn from the results of other people's experiments.
- Teach other people the results of your experiments.
These, um... 9 (actually 10, but you see that I repeated one for emphasis) principles should be a good start to experimenting.
Don't be afraid.


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9 sentence worksheetsStudents read the sentence and figure out which work completes the sentence. They write the word in the blank. Then they draw a picture in the box after the sentence to illustrate what the sentence says.
1 sound poster
6 cut and paste sound worksheetsStudents write the name of the picture on the line. Then they cut out the pictures and sort them according to their sound.


Intracranial pressure
Use of the CRASH study prognosis calculator in patients with severe traumatic brain injury treated with an intracranial pressure-targeted therapy
Authors: Olivecrona M, Olivecrona Z.
Based on the Corticosteroid Randomisation after Significant Head Injury (CRASH) trial database, a prognosis calculator has been developed for the prediction of outcome in an individual patient with a head injury. In 47 patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) prospectively treated using an intracranial pressure (ICP) targeted therapy, the individual prognosis for mortality at 14 days and unfavourable outcome at 6months was calculated and compared with the actual outcome. An overestimation of the risk of mortality and unfavourable outcome was found. The mean risk for mortality and unfavourable outcome were estimated to be 44.6±32.5% (95% confidence interval, 35.1-54.2%) and 69.3±23.7% (95% CI, 62.3-76.2%). The actual outcome was 4.3% and 42.6% respectively. The absolute risk reduction (ARR) for mortality was 33.1% and for unfavourable outcome 29.8%. A logistic fit for outcome at 6months shows a statistically significant difference (p<0.01). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis shows an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.691. The CRASH prognosis calculator overestimates the risk of mortality and unfavourable outcome in patients with sTBI treated with an ICP-targeted therapy based on the Lund concept. We do not advocate the use of the calculator for treatment decisions in individual patients. We further conclude that patients with blunt sTBI admitted within 8hours of trauma should be treated regardless of their clinical status as long as the initial cerebral perfusion pressure is >10mmHg.
Cerebrovascular Pressure Reactivity and Cerebral Oxygen Regulation After Severe Head Injury
Authors: Jaeger M, Lang EW.
BACKGROUND: To investigate the relationship between cerebrovascular pressure reactivity and cerebral oxygen regulation after head injury.
METHODS: Continuous monitoring of the partial pressure of brain tissue oxygen (PbrO2), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and intracranial pressure (ICP) in 11 patients. The cerebrovascular pressure reactivity index (PRx) was calculated as the moving correlation coefficient between MAP and ICP. For assessment of the cerebral oxygen regulation system a brain tissue oxygen response (TOR) was calculated, where the response of PbrO2 to an increase of the arterial oxygen through ventilation with 100 % oxygen for 15 min is tested. Arterial blood gas analysis was performed before and after changing ventilator settings.
RESULTS: Arterial oxygen increased from 108 ± 6 mmHg to 494 ± 68 mmHg during ventilation with 100 % oxygen. PbrO2 increased from 28 ± 7 mmHg to 78 ± 29 mmHg, resulting in a mean TOR of 0.48 ± 0.24. Mean PRx was 0.05 ± 0.22. The correlation between PRx and TOR was r = 0.69, P = 0.019. The correlation of PRx and TOR with the Glasgow outcome scale at 6 months was r = 0.47, P = 0.142; and r = -0.33, P = 0.32, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest a strong link between cerebrovascular pressure reactivity and the brain's ability to control for its extracellular oxygen content. Their simultaneous impairment indicates that their common actuating element for cerebral blood flow control, the cerebral resistance vessels, are equally impaired in their ability to regulate for MAP fluctuations and changes in brain oxygen.
Magnetic Resonance-Based Estimation of Intracranial Pressure Correlates With Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Valve Opening Pressure Setting in Children With Hydrocephalus
Authors: Muehlmann M, Koerte IK, Laubender RP, Steffinger D, Lehner M, Peraud A, Heinen F, Kiefer M, Reiser M, Ertl-Wagner B.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the pressure setting of the ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt valve and a magnetic resonance (MR)-based estimate of intracranial pressure (ICP) in children with shunt-treated hydrocephalus without clinical signs of shunt malfunction.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval was obtained before the study, and all subjects and/or their legal guardians provided written informed consent. In this prospective study, 15 consecutive patients (median age, 8.25 years; range, 2.2-18.4 years; 6 girls and 9 boys) with shunt-treated hydrocephalus without signs of shunt malfunction were examined with retrospectively gated phase contrast sequences to quantify arterial inflow, venous outflow, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow to and from the cranial vault. The ratio of the maximal intracranial volume change and the pulse pressure gradient change was used to derive MR-ICP. Spearman ρ was used to test for the association of setting of the shunt valve opening pressure and MR-ICP.
RESULTS: Shunt valve opening pressure settings and MR-ICP were positively correlated (Spearman ρ = 0.64, P < 0.01). Median MR-ICP was 8.67 mm Hg (interquartile range, 1.59 mm Hg) and median setting of the VP-shunt valve was 6.62 mm Hg (IQR, 1.47 mm Hg). The median MR-ICP was 1.9 mm Hg (IQR, 0.73 mm Hg) higher than the setting of the shunt valve.
CONCLUSION: There is a positive correlation between MR-ICP and VP shunt valve opening pressure setting. The systematically higher assessment of MR-ICP is most likely a result of outflow resistance within the shunt tubing system and well within the known fluctuation rates of VP shunt systems.
Euronews: Deep inside the brain (noninvasive intracranial pressure measurement)
Spectral analysis of intracranial pressure signals recorded during infusion studies in patients with hydrocephalus
Authors: García M, Poza J, Santamarta D, Abásolo D, Barrio P, Hornero R.
Hydrocephalus includes a number of disorders characterised by clinical symptoms, enlarged ventricles (observable using neuroimaging techniques) and altered cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics. Infusion tests are one of the available procedures to study CSF circulation in patients with clinical and radiological features of hydrocephalus. In them, intracranial pressure (ICP) is deliberately raised and CSF circulation disorders evaluated through measurements of the resulting ICP. In this study, we analysed seventy-seven ICP signals recorded during infusion tests using four spectral-based parameters: median frequency (MF) and relative power (RP) in three frequency bands. These measures provide a novel perspective for the analysis of ICP signals in the frequency domain. Each signal was divided into four artefact-free epochs (corresponding to the basal, early infusion, plateau and recovery phases of the infusion study). The four spectral parameters were calculated for each epoch. We analysed differences between epochs of the infusion test and correlations between these epochs and patient data. Statistically significant differences (p<1.7×10-3, Bonferroni-corrected Wilcoxon signed-rank tests) were found between epochs of the infusion test using MF and RP. Furthermore, some spectral parameters (MF in the basal phase, RP for the first frequency band and in the early infusion phase, RP for the second frequency band and in all phases of the infusion study and RP in the third frequency band and in the basal phase) revealed significant correlations (p<0.01) between epochs of the infusion test and signal amplitude in the basal and plateau phases. Our results suggest that spectral analysis of ICP signals could be useful for understanding CSF dynamics in hydrocephalus.
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Teradata Database supports Inline and Deferred Large Object Retrieval modes. The LOB retrieval modes control the content of rows and accessibility of LOB columns.
TdCommandBuilder class, part of the.NET Data Provider for Teradata, generates Insert, Update and Delete commands for a Batch Update. But How can you associate a Transaction with CUD commands given that you have no direct control over the Command generation?
Data Source with Fully Qualified Domain Name can speed up logons plagued with slow "Name to IP-Address resolution".
Microsoft Visual Studio DataSet designer generates code (C#/VB.NET) to read data from a.NET Data Provider data source or apply changes to the data source. DataSet designer generates parameterized queries and sets the properties of DbParameter object to the corresponding column data type attributes. For example it sets DbParameter.DbType to DbType.String or DbType.Decimal. It also sets the DbParameter.Size to the column size which is the maximum number of characters for Char/VarChar columns.
Microsoft and Teradata worked together last year to integrate SQL Server Reporting, Analysis and Integration Services with Teradata Database. Some MSDN links that provide additional information:
.NET Framework has a very broad support for Asynchronous operations including a well defined Asynchronous Programming Model. All asynchronous operations are started by invoking a Begin method; later a corresponding End method is invoked to retrieve the result..NET Application can use three different techniques to rendezvous with the asynchronous operation: a) Callback Method b) Poll for status and c) Wait on a thread synchronization handle.


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Jymn Magon: «Know your hero!»
Our guest from the USA, creator of the cartoon series "DuckTales", Jymn Magon told us how to create a story for an animated film. He started his career at Walt Disney where he worked on such world-famous cartoon series as "Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears", "Goof Troop" and "Chip 'n' Dale".
Every story has a setup, conflict and resolution, Jymn said. The setup tells the viewer who the main character is and what he wants. At this phase it is important for the creator to know all of this, for it otherwise becomes impossible to plan the main character's follow-up actions. The "conflict" forces him or her to meet various obstacles that are growing bigger and bigger. At the "resolution" phase the character finally gets what he really needs. But probably it is not what he wanted at the very beginning.
Magon noticed that besides the main plot, the story may have some more storylines that lead to the culmination at the exact same moment as the main line. He also advised the creators to see what happens to similar characters in other stories.
It is important to make a cartoon with a simple plot because children perceive information visually. While watching they learn certain moral principles.
Do not forget: tomorrow at 10AM Jymn Magon is holding the workshop "Dissecting Animation Comedy". We welcome everyone who wants to talk to the scriptwriter, producer and director of the popular cartoons.


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Definitions of vindication
n. - The act of vindicating, or the state of being vindicated; defense; justification against denial or censure; as, the vindication of opinions; his vindication is complete. 2
n. - The claiming a thing as one's own; the asserting of a right or title in, or to, a thing. 2
The word "vindication" uses 11 letters: A C D I I I N N O T V.
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text: At the electrode–electrolyte interface, hydrogen shows peculiar behavior being influenced by the dipole layer called Helmholtz layer. For the understanding of this system, first-principles methods have been intensively developed and applied to the benchmarking interface like Pt(111)-water; however, controversy still exists even on the hydrogen adsorption although being the simplest and most-studied problem. After giving introductory explanation of the electrochemical interface and reaction, we briefly review the advance of the theory. It has been revealed that the typical density functional calculations are occasionally not accurate enough and need to advance the description of electron correlation and nuclear quantum effect. The advanced calculation shows a promise of elucidating some... experimental data providing therewith further theoretical challenges.


Does 'deplatforming' work to curb hate speech and calls for violence? 3 experts in online communications weigh in
15 Jan 2021
Twitter's suspension of Donald Trump's account took away his preferred means of communicating with millions of his followers. AP Photo/Tali Arbel
In the wake of the assault on the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 6, Twitter permanently suspended Donald Trump's personal account, and Google, Apple and Amazon shunned Parler, which at least temporarily shut down the social media platform favored by the far right.
Dubbed "deplatforming," these actions restrict the ability of individuals and communities to communicate with each other and the public. Deplatforming raises ethical and legal questions, but foremost is the question of whether it's an effective strategy to reduce hate speech and calls for violence on social media.
The Conversation U.S. asked three experts in online communications whether deplatforming works and what happens when technology companies attempt it.
Sort of, but it's not a long-term solution
Jeremy Blackburn, assistant professor of computer science, Binghamton University
The question of how effective deplatforming is can be looked at from two different angles: Does it work from a technical standpoint, and does it have an effect on worrisome communities themselves?
Does deplatforming work from a technical perspective?
Gab was the first "major" platform subject to deplatforming efforts, first with removal from app stores and, after the Tree of Life shooting, the withdrawal of cloud infrastructure providers, domain name providers and other Web-related services. Before the shooting, my colleagues and I showed in a study that Gab was an alt-right echo chamber with worrisome trends of hateful content. Although Gab was deplatformed, it managed to survive by shifting to decentralized technologies and has shown a degree of innovation – for example, developing the moderation-circumventing Dissenter browser.
From a technical perspective, deplatforming just makes things a bit harder. Amazon's cloud services make it easy to manage computing infrastructure but are ultimately built on open source technologies available to anyone. A deplatformed company or people sympathetic to it could build their own hosting infrastructure. The research community has also built censorship-resistant tools that, if all else fails, harmful online communities can use to persist.
Does deplatforming have an effect on worrisome communities themselves?
Whether or not deplatforming has a social effect is a nuanced question just now beginning to be addressed by the research community. There is evidence that a platform banning communities and content – for example, QAnon or certain politicians – can have a positive effect. Platform banning can reduce growth of new users over time, and there is less content produced overall. On the other hand, migrations do happen, and this is often a response to real world events – for example, a deplatformed personality who migrates to a new platform can trigger an influx of new users.
Another consequence of deplatforming can be users in the migrated community showing signs of becoming more radicalized over time. While Reddit or Twitter might improve with the loss of problematic users, deplatforming can have unintended consequences that can accelerate the problematic behavior that led to deplatforming in the first place.
Ultimately, it's unlikely that deplatforming, while certainly easy to implement and effective to some extent, will be a long-term solution in and of itself. Moving forward, effective approaches will need to take into account the complicated technological and social consequences of addressing the root problem of extremist and violent Web communities.
Yes, but driving people into the shadows can be risky
Ugochukwu Etudo, assistant professor of operations and information management, University of Connecticut
Does the deplatforming of prominent figures and movement leaders who command large followings online work? That depends on the criteria for the success of the policy intervention. If it means punishing the target of the deplatforming so they pay some price, then without a doubt it works. For example, right-wing provocateur Milo Yiannopoulos was banned from Twitter in 2016 and Facebook in 2019, and subsequently complained about financial hardship.
If it means dampening the odds of undesirable social outcomes and unrest, then in the short term, yes. But it is not at all certain in the long term. In the short term, deplatforming serves as a shock or disorienting perturbation to a network of people who are being influenced by the target of the deplatforming. This disorientation can weaken the movement, at least initially.
However, there is a risk that deplatforming can delegitimize authoritative sources of information in the eyes of a movement's followers, and remaining adherents can become even more ardent. Movement leaders can reframe deplatforming as censorship and further proof of a mainstream bias.
There is reason to be concerned about the possibility that driving people who engage in harmful online behavior into the shadows further entrenches them in online environments that affirm their biases. Far-right groups and personalities have established a considerable presence on privacy-focused online platforms, including the messaging platform Telegram. This migration is concerning because researchers have known for some time that complete online anonymity is associated with increased harmful behavior online.
In deplatforming policymaking, among other considerations, there should be an emphasis on justice, harm reduction and rehabilitation. Policy objectives should be defined transparently and with reasonable expectations in order to avoid some of these negative unintended consequences.
Yes, but the process needs to be transparent and democratic
Robert Gehl, associate professor of communication and media studies, Louisiana Tech University
Deplatforming not only works, I believe it needs to be built into the system. Social media should have mechanisms by which racist, fascist, misogynist or transphobic speakers are removed, where misinformation is removed, and where there is no way to pay to have your messages amplified. And the decision to deplatform someone should be decided as close to democratically as is possible, rather than in some closed boardroom or opaque content moderation committee like Facebook's "Supreme Court."
In other words, the answer is alternative social media like Mastodon. As a federated system, Mastodon is specifically designed to give users and administrators the ability to mute, block or even remove not just misbehaving users but entire parts of the network.
For example, despite fears that the alt-right network Gab would somehow take over the Mastodon federation, Mastodon administrators quickly marginalized Gab. The same thing is happening as I write with new racist and misogynistic networks forming to fill the potential void left by Parler. And Mastodon nodes have also prevented spam and advertising from spreading across the network.
Moreover, the decision to block parts of the network aren't made in secret. They're done by local administrators, who announce their decisions publicly and are answerable to the members of their node in the network. I'm on, an academic-oriented Mastodon node, and if I don't like a decision the local administrator makes, I can contact the administrator directly and discuss it. There are other distributed social media systems, as well.
The danger of mainstream, corporate social media is that it was built to do exactly the opposite of what alternatives like Mastodon do: grow at all costs, including the cost of harming democratic deliberation. It's not just cute cats that draw attention but conspiracy theories, misinformation and the stoking of bigotry. Corporate social media tolerates these things as long as they're profitable – and, it turns out, that tolerance has lasted far too long.
Jeremy Blackburn has received funding from a Facebook Content Policy Research on Social Media award.
Robert W. Gehl received funding from Fulbright Canada to support his research on alternative social media. He is currently funded by the Louisiana Board of Regents Endowed Chairs for Eminent Scholars program.
Read the full article here.
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I'm fairly new to programming in a 3d world.
I'm trying to create a canvas where all the objects are drawn in order of furthest-to-closest and from bottom to top - so they don't overlap each other, but there are problems.
enter image description here
As you can see, some of the objects are overlapping each other. None of the objects in the screen will be moving so I was wondering: is there an algorithm available to sort the objects in the correct order? At the moment I have them sorting in the Z axis ascending, then X descending and Y descending.
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i'm just going to arbitrarily ask, since you said you're new to 3d programming, doesn't the engine you're using support depth testing? depth sorting is only going to get you so far. even if you solve this one issue you're having, L or T shaped blocks, for example, will cause artifacting – dreta May 10 '12 at 16:50
+1 because this is a topic of broad interest to 3d in general and your illustration is great. – Patrick Hughes May 10 '12 at 17:28
3 Answers 3
In general, the answer to your question ('is there an algorithm available to sort the objects in the correct order?') in arbitrary 3d settings is no - no such algorithm can exist, even when the objects are as simple as triangles. It's easy to construct three triangles with a cyclic overlap; for instance, imagine looking down the Z axis at three long, thin triangles:
 - A: (2.1, 1.9, 1), (1.9, 2.1, 1), (-1, -1, 0)
 - B: (-2.1, 1.9, 0), (-1.9, 2.1, 0), (1, -1, 1)
 - C: (2.1, 1, 0), (1.9, 1, 0), (-2, 1, 1)
Then where A and B overlap on-screen (near the XY point (0,0)), B will be on top (have the higher Z value): its Z value will be approximately 0.66 whereas A's will be approximately 0.33. Similarly, where A and C overlap (near the XY point (1, 1)), A will be on top; and where B and C overlap (near the XY point (1, -1)), C will be on top. There's no way of ordering these three triangles such that drawing them to screen in the specified order will give the correct result.
As Nathan Reed suggests, the fact that you're in an isometric view means that you would probably be able to avoid this particular issue; the question is whether it's worth avoiding or not, and that's more contingent on your environment and the particular functionality you have available. Most platforms you could be developing on have at least some form of 3d rendering readily available, though, and my first inclination would be to just piggyback on top of that for your purposes.
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As _USER_ mentioned in the comments, the typical way 3D engines solve this is with a depth buffer and using the hardware depth test, which allows you to draw arbitrarily-shaped objects in any order and will keep track of the closest surface at each pixel. Manually sorting objects is also possible, but will not necessarily handle nonconvex objects or overlapping objects correctly.
However, if you do want to sort objects, you'll need to calculate a depth value for each object, then sort by descending depth. To get the depth, if you're using a typical 3D engine setup, you'll need to transform each object's center point through your view matrix (which goes from world space to view space), then take the negative of the Z coordinate of the result. (Negative because in right-handed coordinates with X and Y aligned with the screen, Z will be pointing out of the screen.)
If it's always an isometric view like this, you can probably get away with calculating depth = ±X ± Y - Z, where the ± means: pick the sign that makes depth increase as you get further away from the camera. That will depend on the orientation of your X and Y axes.
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Even with an isometric view it's not possible to sort shapes using a depth value. The only thing you can do, provided the shapes and scene organisation aren't too convoluted (and they usually are), is build a partial order (ie. given two shapes, tell which one should be drawn first). From that, you would need to sort the shapes (using for instance topological sort) and that alone is usually a O(n²) operation when you are lucky but I'm betting on O(n²logn) instead. – sam hocevar May 10 '12 at 22:42
_USER_ Yes, as I noted in my answer, object sorting by depth will not handle all cases correctly, especially (but not limited to) nonconvex or overlapping objects. It's an approximation at best. BTW, I believe topologically sorting a graph can always be done in O(V+E) (it's pretty much just DFS). The edge count can be O(V^2) but I suspect it's usually not that bad. – Nathan Reed May 10 '12 at 23:15
_USER_ In an isometric view with all objects non-intersecting axis-aligned rectangles, though - which is what the example shows - it seems likely that you probably can sort shapes? Do you know of any construction of a figure that can't be sorted (e.g., something that has a cyclic overlap) under those constraints? – Steven Stadnicki May 10 '12 at 23:45
_USER_ Here's a case where naive sorting by depth wouldn't work. The correct draw order in that diagram would be red, green, blue, but depth sorting based on the center of each rectangle (black dots) would give you blue, green, red. (The dotted line runs perpendicular to the view, so you can clearly see the relationship between the depths of the centers.) Sam's topological sort would work here, given a way to determine the "is-behind" relations amongst the rectangles. – Nathan Reed May 11 '12 at 1:45
Here is an example of axis-aligned objects that you cannot sort: – sam hocevar May 11 '12 at 5:32
Check out the Painters Algorithm and its disadvantages.
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