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Clarence Birdseye
Born: 1886, Brooklyn, NY
Died: 1956, New York, NY
Did You Know?
Birdseye devoted the end of his life to improving paper manufacture. He worked for two years on a plantation in Peru to develop a method of converting sugar cane waste into paper pulp, shortening the process from nine hours to twelve minutes.
Photos: (left) Birdseye Foods; (right) WGBH
Retail Frozen Foods
A venturesome biologist brought convenience and variety to American tables when he invented and marketed retail frozen foods.
Labrador Life
An adventurous biologist and a businessman, Clarence Birdseye devised a way to quick-freeze foods and market them to the public. Birdseye was born in 1886 in Brooklyn, New York, and grew up hunting and practicing taxidermy. After studying biology at Amherst College, he took an assortment of wildlife jobs. In 1912, he went to the northeastern Canadian province of Labrador to buy and sell fox furs. During one of the region's cold winters, he came up with the idea of flash-freezing foods.
Freezing Practices
Observing the practices of the native Inuit people, Birdseye saw the preservative effects of extremely cold temperatures on fresh fish. If the fish was frozen fast enough, its cellular structure was minimally affected, and its appearance, taste, and texture were not changed. He experimented with freezing cabbages for his family to eat in the vegetable-poor winter months.
Making a Business
Birdseye returned to the States in 1917, and eventually went into the wholesale fish business, capitalizing on his interest in quick-freezing under extremely high pressure. In 1924, he founded a company, Birdseye Seafoods, Inc., to market his flash-frozen foods such as fish, meat, and vegetables. The foods were test-marketed in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1930, before their national roll-out. Temperature control had to be maintained from factory to point-of-purchase, so the foods went to retailers in refrigerated boxcars, and Birdseye leased retailers specially-designed freezer display cases.
Big Sellers
By the late 1940s, American consumers were buying freezers for their homes, and the convenience of frozen foods made them big sellers. Food companies soon launched more elaborate offerings: frozen hors d'oeuvres, entrees, and pizza. Birdseye was instrumental in bringing the food industry into the modern era. He died of a heart attack in 1956.
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text: Patellofemoral pain syndrome) PFPS) is one of the most common knee injuries at a young age and is more common in women. Because of pain, muscle weakness and proprioception loss of in knee, these people have a deficit balance. The purpose of this study was Comparison of Land-based physical therapy with Aquatic physical therapy to improvement pain, physical function, static and dynamic balance in patient with PFPS. In this present quasi-experimental study twenty patients with PFPS participated and were divided into two groups: physical therapy on land and water. Subjects in both groups performed three sessions of exercise therapy per week for 8 weeks. In the beginning and at the end of the period, the patients' pain, function, static and dynamic balance respectively was assessed by visual analogue scale, kujala score, sharpend Romberg and star excursion balance test. Data was analyzed using SPSS (version 18) at a significance level of (P ≤ 0.05). In this study, pain, function, static and dynamic balance scores of the both groups significantly improved after the exercise period (P ≤ 0.05). However, there was no significant difference of data between the two groups in pain, function, static and dynamic balance (P ≥ 0.05). The results showed that physical therapy in water and land can be used as a useful and effective method to reduce pain, improve function, static and dynamic balance of PFPS patients. Although the results did not show statistically significant differences between the two groups the difference between two groups in the mean percentage change indicates that the clinical effect of exercise in water is higher than the land. According to these results aquatic physical therapy is recommended as an effective method for the treatment of patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The Cook Pine (Araucaria columnaris) is native to Cook Island, which is a small island to the northeast of Australia. It is sometimes called the New Calcedonian Pine or the Coral Reef Araucaria. Since its discovery it has been introduced to regions with similar climates, such as Hawaii, where it grows readily. It is an easily recognized narrow evergreen conifer reaching heights of 60 meters (200 feet) tall. It is one of the most common Araucaria trees seen as ornamentals, and it grows readily in temperate climates, but does not tolerate the cold. They can also make adequate container plants because they are slow-growing. In colder areas they can be easily kept indoors. Known to be tough trees, they are often seen in urban landscapes in Australia, Central America and southern California.
The tree was discovered by Captain Cook during his second expedition to the Pacific. Captain Cook became the namesake of both the island and the tree. The genus name, Araucaria, is derived from the Arauco people of Chile, where other related species grow plentifully. Fossil records show that trees related to the modern Araucaria once also existed in the northern hemisphere during prehistoric times.
The bark of the tree is dark gray and scaly, peeling off easily in flakes, similar to other Araucaria trees like the Moreton Bay Pine. Cook Pines are sometimes confused with the similar Norfolk Island Pine (Araucaria heterophylla). The two species of trees are basically indistinguishable when young. When mature, the Norfolk Island Pine always has a straight trunk, while the Cook Pine will always curve, despite their uniform appearance. Usually a curve can be found near the base of the trunk. The branchlets are short, horizontal and dense, giving the tree its distinct column-like shape. The Norfolk Island pine is less dense and more conical. Juvenile leaves are needle-like, but as the trees age the leaves become wider and ovate, flattening sometimes into layers, contributing to the density of the tree.
Like other conifers, the Cook Pine produces cones. Male cones are small and cylindrical, 6 to 8 centimeters (2 to 3 inches) long. They typically hang on lower branches. The female cones are larger and erect, usually around 12 centimeters (5 inches). They appear in upper branches. When the cones mature, they break apart and release their scales, which have the seeds attached. Cones are initially green, but become reddish-brown before they fall.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Teach children to seek world without Israel
by Itamar Marcus and Nan Jacques Zilberdik
Palestinian parents should teach their children that it is their role or destiny to destroy Israel, according to a cartoon in the official PA daily.
In the cartoon, a mother is showing her son a book with a map that includes all of Israel and the PA areas. The text in the book defines the map as "Palestine."
|Text in book: "Palestine"
Mother's words: "This is your bride...
When you grow up you will know the dowry."
The mother tells her son:
"This is your bride... when you grow up you will know the dowry."
March 31, 2012]
The message of the PA daily is that parents either are educating their children or should be educating their children to see their obligation to replace all of Israel with a state of "Palestine." The dowry - the cost of liberating Palestine - is yet to be learned.
Last week, Palestinian Media Watch reported that the Minister of Social Affairs, Majida Al-Masri, said in a speech that Palestinian unity is needed in order to achieve "the liberation of Palestine - all of Palestine," meaning Israel's destruction.
Official PA daily cartoons regularly represent all of Israel as replaced by "Palestine."
In this cartoon, the text reads "the only red line," conveying the message that the goal to have all of Israel eliminated and replaced by "Palestine," remains the real "red line."
Aug. 21, 2011]
See PMW bulletin
Another cartoon expressed the idea that unity between Hamas and Fatah is all that is needed to eliminate Israel. Two identical fighters portraying Fatah and Hamas unity form the shape of the map of Israel and the PA areas. The Palestinian flag is held above the map, symbolizing Palestinian political sovereignty over all of Israel.
March 21, 2012]
Click here to see many more examples of the PA use of maps that portray a world without Israel.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
My wife and I just returned from our winter home in Gilbert, Arizona. One day the humidity was 1 percent. What's Chicago's lowest humidity? And the world's?
--Bob Hansen, Lindenhurst
Chicago climatologist Frank Wachowski reports that the city's all-time low relative humidity is 13 percent, recorded on three occasions. It first occurred during a dust storm on May 10, 1934, and was tied on April 11, 1956, and April 8, 1971. Chicago's low humidity episodes generally occur on warm, windy afternoons when dry air aloft can easily mix down to the surface. For the record, one of the world's lowest humidities was recorded Oct. 24, 2006, in Coober Pedy, Australia, when a temperature of 93 and a dew point of minus 23 produced a relative humidity of less than 1 percent.


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The VELOMATIC from Schaeffler is an automatic bicycle gearshift system that is suitable for a range of applications. It replaces the conventional manual gearshift system and allows gear hubs in bicycles, pedelecs, and e-bikes to shift gears automatically. The FAG-VELOMATIC automatic transmission is compatible with a wide variety of commonly-used hub gears. It comprises a gearshift actuator and a coupled communications module. The mechanical motion of the bicycle's gearshift system is carried out by the gearshift actuator via a Bowden cable.
The communication module has the function of an information gateway. This intelligent communication allows interaction with almost any conventional electric drive. Thanks to the compact dimensions of its components, it can be installed inside the frame of the bicycle.
The VELOMATIC continuously calculates the optimum gear for the rider based on the bicycle's speed and the incline of the terrain. The gearshift program can be individually adjusted by the rider using the VELODAPTIC bicycle app. The operating software that is installed records the input variables that are needed for regulating the gearshift actuator and derives from them the necessary controlled variables.
- Sensors for uphill and downhill travel
- The system can be integrated into any pedelec with a CAN bus, as it is not dependent on a specific manufacturer
- Automatically switches to the optimum starting gear when the rider comes to a stop based on the incline of the terrain
- Shifting errors are prevented
- Smooth gearshift with no perceptible transition
- Compact and lightweight design
- Extended range for e-bikes due to battery-saving operation
- Premature wear on the bicycle's chain and gearshift system is prevented
- Continuous calculation of the ideal gearshift point using special algorithms
- E-bikes and pedelecs


text:
A photo of a Syrian Child turned into drawing. The photo of Omran caught the world's attention. Omran Daqneesh is an innocent victim of war. How many innocent children affected in Syrian war. I do hope the world will rescue the children and give them a better future. Omran is a reminder that the world should take action to stop war and killings.
What's the sense of fighting for your religion and philosophy if it your actions contradicts your beliefs. Is that what you want people? Children are suffering because of your "religion and philosophy"? Use your brain and conscience.
A boy drawing from Pinoy Artist, Hussain Lulu. Rate this drawing.
Find a pictures of Omran Daqneesh on the internet. You can download them or save it in your computer or smartphone.
Prepare your the drawings tools and materials needed for this piece of art.
- Picture of Omran Daqneesh
- Colored Pencil
How to Draw (Portrait Drawing Tips)
Step 1. Create a graph in your picture. The squares found in the graph should be equally measured. Mark your graphs with Letters (e.g. A-Z) and Numbers (e.g. 0-9).
Step 2. In your clean drawing pad. Create a graph bigger than the one you created in the picture of Omran Daqneesh. Enlarge the measurements in the graphs and mark them with letters and numbers.
Step 3. Draw the lines in each graph or squares. Start with the shape of the head followed by its parts like eyes, nose, lips, hair and ears. Then, draw the body (shoulders) and the clothes.
Step 4. Apply blending of colors. Just make the colors the same to the model picture.
Drawing Tips and Techniques
- Do not draw the picture with haste or in a hurry. Draw the parts of the head one at a time.
- Use light lines when creating graphs. Graphs will serve as your guide when drawing a portrait.
- Spend more time in blending to make your drawing beautiful and look like a real photo. You can apply rough or smooth blending depending on how you want your drawing will look like.
- Do not forget to erase unnecessary lines.


text:
Born: 1919; Married: Norma Joan Bogg
Remarkable Canberran, Lyall Leslie Gillespie (OAM), needs little introduction. He had a distinguished career in public service, rising to the position of City Manager from 1978 to 1982.
But Gillespie is primarily remembered as one of the most prolific and well-respected historians of the ACT, with a particular interest in Ginninderra, where his own family had its pioneering roots. His legacy includes a historical database of 40,000 reference cards (now digitized), 1,600 historical photographs, a large collection of local Indigenous artifacts, and eight volumes on various topics from local history (including his seminal study on Ginninderra itself: Ginninderra: Forerunner to Canberra).
Lyall Gillespie was born at 'Cooee' in Hall Village in 1919, the son of William Gillespie and Lilian (nee Reid). The family moved away shortly after he was born, returning in 1926. He married Norma Joan Bogg in September 1941 and they rented a house together in Reid. He served in the armed forces in the Second World War. He and Norma had four children and remained living in Canberra's inner north for the rest of their lives.
Gillespie's son, Neil, donated the 'Gillespie Collection' to the Hall School Museum and Heritage Centre in 2015.
- Gillespie, N. J., A History of a Pioneer Family of the Limestone Plains: the Gillespie Family, Canberra, 2005


text:
The basic arrangement for cross-laced spokes is thus:
Spoke Length = sqrt[ (RRSP - (HSR * cos(SAA)))^2 + HFO^2 - (HSR * cos(SAA))^2 ]
For radial (straight) spokes, the formula is simpler:
Spoke Length = sqrt[ (RRSP - HSR)^2 + HFO^2 ]
- RRSP (Rim Radius plus Spoke Penetration) is half of the Effective Rim Diameter given by the manufacturer plus 2mm for the spoke's penetration into the nipple
- HSR (Hub Spoke Radius) is the radius from the hub center to the outermost edge of the spoke holes on the hub
- SAA (Spoke Anchor Angle) is the angle of from the hub spoke hole to rim hole that the spoke goes to. It depends upon the lacing pattern and which individual spoke you are calculating for.
- HFO (Hub Flange Offset) is the distance from the hub's flange to the lateral center of the wheel, based upon the dish of the wheel. For a front wheel, this will be the same on each side, but for a rear wheel, which has a dish to accommodate the rear gears, this is different for each side since the hub's own lateral center is different from the wheel's lateral center.
I'll credit this page for the formula; it also has more detail.
There are also a bunch of calculators online, the easiest of which is probably Damon Rinard's spocalc spreadsheet. Other calculators:
As usual, Sheldon Brown has a great page on wheel building and you can learn more about the math from the above mentioned book.


The Guardener Deer Repeller
The Guardner, a new DEER REPELLING DEVICE, has features designed to make it one of the best product on the market today. The Guardener™ A201 uses two proven deer repelling technologies (ultrasound and water spraying) in a package that is environmentally "green" and solves many of the shortcomings of other water sprayers or ultrasonic repelling devices. The product uses BOTH repelling technologies (water and ultrasound), is solar powered, and has a strong battery operated pump to produce a very effective water pattern over a large area.
The A201 Guardener does not require a water hose connection, electrical wiring,or stakes to hold it in place. It contains its own water supply and battery power. This makes it easily portable. It does not create wet or muddy areas, and because there are no hoses it does not interfere with lawn mowing or produce tripping hazards as other products do. Our product can easily be placed far from water supplies or in areas where it would be impractical to run a water hose. Since it uses NO chemicals or irritants is compatible with organic gardening and does anger animal rights activists. We never want our products to harm animals in any way! Satisfaction guarantees and warranties apply.
Watch This Great Video Showing How It Works
There are other similar devices, such as the Scarecrow device. To review all types of mechanical deer controls, check out our mechanical deer control main page Mechanical Deer Repellent
Not sure if your damaged is caused by deer, or need help making a decision about repellent? Check out our Deer Damage, and Deer Control Tips pages. Deer Damage Explained
Deer Repellent Tips
My items on eBay
More Questions About The Guardener?
What is the Guardener? The Guardener is an intelligent device aimed to stop deer and other animals from invading garden crops or precious flowers. It is a solar powered, maintenance free device--- aside from filling the tank with water as needed. It provides an independent water pressure system so your garden is clear of additional water pipes.
How does the Guardener deter animals? The device is equipped with 2 effective yet non-harming weapons to deter animals. First, it issues an ultrasonic alarm which can only be heard by the animals when they approach to a specific area set by the sensitivity. If the animals are not deterred by the alarm, the second weapon—a pressurized water jet will physically scare them away.
How does the device know animals are approaching? The device uses a motion sensor to detect the presence of nearby animals. You can set the detecting area by adjusting the sensitivity knob.
What is the effective range of the motion sensor? The range can be adjusted from a minimum of 15 feet to a maximum of 25 feet. Different weather conditions may slightly alter ranges.
How much area can the the Guardener cover? The sprinkler can rotate up to 170 degrees and shooting pressurized water as far as 17 to 22 feet.
Can I adjust the distance range for the sprinkler? No. The sprinkler is customized for simplicity and cannot be adjusted.
How do I avoid accidentally setting off the device? As long as you approach the device from behind, you will not set it off. Should you accidentally activate the sensor from the front; you still have time to walk away during the buzzing period which signals activation of the ultrasound alarm. If you intend to work around the detecting area for a time period, you can simply press the off button to deactivate the system. Just remember to switch it back on when done.
How I install my Guardener to avoid aiming to other people? In general, the sensor should only face the garden. People working behind the sensor will not activate the sensor.
My garden is near a street. Will the vehicles driving by activate my Guardener? As long as your sensor is not facing the street, it will be fine. In addition, there is a delay time sensor activation such that a fast moving object will not cause the sensor to respond.
What is the advantage of the Guardener compared to other animal repelling system? A unique feature of The Guardener is that it uses both ultrasound and water blast to repel animals. Consequently, it is more effective and reliable than products which use only one feature to deter animals.
Is the water system by the Guardener better than other water blast repelling systems? Another unique and important feature of the Guardener water system is that it does not connect to a water resource through water pipe ensuring the cleanliness and beauty of your yard. the Guardener only needs water refilled into its tank on average of once every 10-14 days.
Then how the water is pressurized? A high pressure, self-operating submersible water pump delivers water pressure of 2 bars to the sprinkler. The sprinkler then rotates to spray the water toward unwanted animals.
How much water is stored in the tank and how many times does a full tank last? The tank itself can hold about 3.5 gallons of water which is enough for 30 to 40 times of pumping.
How long does the sprinkler work in a cycle? Each blast lasts about 4 seconds back and forth when the angle is set to 120 degrees.
Under normal use, how often you need to fill up the water tank? On average, if a deer visits 2 times a day, it would take about 10 days to 2 weeks to empty a full tank. We anticipate you will need to water your garden much more frequently than refilling your Guardener. On the same note, we found that when deer come close enough to be sprayed by the water after hearing the ultrasound, they learn to stay away from the area just from ultrasound alone. This results in less water use over time.
What could be the reason for the water tank to empty unusually fast? Unless you have animals visiting more than 30 times a day, the most probable cause is false triggering from pointing the Guardener at moving water or vehicles or severe wind. You may need to adjust your location if you have false triggering issues.
Except occasionally filling the water tank, is the Guardener a maintenance free system? Yes. The system uses a solar energy panel to recharge the battery power.
What sunshine exposure is sufficient for normal use? For an average use of 3-4 times of triggering the water pump each day, around 2 hours of exposure will be plenty.
What if my location does not provide enough sunlight to power the Guardener? You may need to try alternative locations. If you cannot find an ideal location, you can purchase an additional solar panel from AimerGard which can be easily connected to the Guardener though an existing spare connector.
Will the Guardener be damaged if the water runs out? The pump is capable of running dry for longer than 5 minutes. Since every pumping cycle only lasts 4 seconds, there will be no immediate damage.
Can the Guardener be used the whole year long? The Guardener is designed to operate in conditions that support plant life. The Guardener is not designed to pump frozen water, therefore, it is mandatory to move the Guardener to shelter in freezing conditions.
How do I store the Guardener? The water tank should be emptied. We also recommend charging the solar panel for 1-2 days before storage.
Are the products available in different colors? The products are only available in the green color; this was chosen to both blend in with the natural environment and to allow the customer to easily view the water level in the tank. If you wish to change the color of the product to blend in with your house, etc., you may paint it with any commercial spray paint.
Is there any factor I should consider if I choose to paint the product? The green color of the product allows the water level to be easily seen. If you choose to paint the product & wish to be able to easily view the water level in your tank, then you should consider either 1) leaving an unpainted vertical strip on the product, or 2) choosing a paint color that is light enough or translucent enough to be able to view the water level.
Can I use any paint to change the color of the product? Yes, you can use any commercial outdoor paint available from home improvement stores, etc.


text:
Using Properties Displayed in Compartments, you can select the specific properties to be displayed on the element shape.
To customize the properties to be displayed in compartments
- Create a customization for your DSL element or select an existing one.
- In the element Specification window, under Symbol, locate Properties Displayed in Compartments, and click the button.
- In the Select Properties dialog, select the specific properties you want to see displayed in the compartment of your shape(s).
- Reopen or refresh the project.


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Can someone please tell me how to determine all $\mathbb{Q}$-automorphisms of some splitting field $F$ of $X^3-3 \in \mathbb{Q}[X]$ and to determine $[F:\mathbb{Q}]$?
I think $[F:\mathbb{Q}]=3$, since I can construct a specific splitting field containing the three (complex) roots of the polynomial $X^3-3 $, but I don't know how to prove that it equals $3$. And for the automorphisms, I don't even know how to approach it.
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the reason why you can't prove $[F:\mathbb{Q}]=3$ is that $[F:\mathbb{Q}]=6$ – user8268 Nov 6 '12 at 22:12
yes, once you have in hand one of the roots of the polynomial, you need to write down explicitly what the other roots are. Then you need to notice what other irrationality needs to be adjoined to the setup to get all three in any field. You'll see that there is a unique quadratic extension of $\mathbb Q$ there, and three different cubic extensions. This is an exercise that everyone must do for her/himself. – Lubin Nov 7 '12 at 2:27
1 Answer 1
up vote 4 down vote accepted
Let $F$ be a field. Let $F^\times$ be the multiplicative group of $F$. Let $(a, b) \in F^\times \times F$. We denote by $\lambda(a, b)$ the permutation $x \rightarrow ax + b$ on $F$. Let $(a, b), (c, d) \in F^\times \times F$. Since $a(cx + d) + b = acx + ad + b$, $\lambda(a, b)\circ\lambda(c, d) = \lambda(ac, ad + b)$. Hence $\{\lambda(a, b) | (a, b) \in F^\times \times F\}$ is a permutation group on $F$. We call this group the affine general linear group of degree $1$ on $F$ and denote it by $AGL(1, F)$. Since $\lambda(a, b)(0) = b$ and $\lambda(a, b)(1) - b = a$, $(a, b)$ is uniquely determined by $\lambda(a, b)$. Hence $|AGL(1, F)| = |F^\times \times F|$.
Proposition Let $p, q$ be prime numbers which may or may not be equal. Let $a$ be an integer which is divisible by $q$, but not not divisible by $q^2$. $X^p - a$ is irreducible in $\mathbb{Q}[X]$ by the Eisenstein's criterion. Let $K$ be the splitting field of $X^p - a$ in $\mathbb{C}$. Then the Galois group $G$ of $K/\mathbb{Q}$ is isomorphic to $AGL(1, F)$, where $F = \mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z}$.
Proof: Let $\zeta$ be a primitive $p$-th root of unity. Let $\alpha$ be a root of $X^p - a$ in $\mathbb{C}$. $\alpha,\alpha\zeta,\dots,\alpha\zeta^{p-1}$ are distinct roots of $X^p - a$. Hence $K = \mathbb{Q}(\alpha,\alpha\zeta,\dots,\alpha\zeta^{p-1})$. Since $\zeta = \alpha\zeta/\alpha \in K$, $K = \mathbb{Q}(\alpha, \zeta)$.
Let $\sigma \in G$. Since $\sigma(\zeta)^p = 1$, there exists an integer $b$ such that $\sigma(\zeta) = \zeta^b$. Clearly $b$ (mod $p$) is uniquely determined by $\sigma$ and $b$ (mod $p) \in F^\times$. On the other hand, there exists an integer $c$ such that $\sigma(\alpha) = \alpha\zeta^c$. Clearly $c$ (mod $p$) is uniquely determined by $\sigma$. We denote $\phi(\sigma) = \lambda(b$ mod $p、c$ mod $p) \in AGL(1, F)$. Hence we get a map $\phi\colon G \rightarrow AGL(1, F)$. Let $\sigma, \tau \in G$. Suppose $\phi(\sigma) = \lambda(b$ mod $p, c$ mod $p$) and $\phi(\tau) = \lambda(d$ mod $p, e$ mod $p$). Then $\sigma\tau(\zeta) = \zeta^{bd}$ and $\sigma\tau(\alpha) = \sigma(\alpha\zeta^e) = \alpha\zeta^c\zeta^{be} = \alpha\zeta^{be + c}$. Hence $\phi(\sigma\tau) = \phi(\sigma)\phi(\tau)$. Hence $\phi$ is a homomorphism. It is easy to see that $\phi$ is injective.
It remains to prove that $\phi$ is surjective. Since $[\mathbb{Q}(\zeta) \colon \mathbb{Q}] = p - 1$, $[K \colon \mathbb{Q}(\zeta)] > 1$. Let $H$ be the Galois group of $K/\mathbb{Q}(\zeta)$. Let $\tau \in H$. There exists an integer $c$ such that $\tau(\alpha) = \alpha\zeta^c$. We define a map $\psi\colon H \rightarrow F$ by $\psi(\tau) = c$ mod $p$. It is easy to see that $\psi$ is an injective homomorphism. Hence $|F| = p$ is divisible by $|H|$. Since $|H| > 1$, $|H| = p$, Hence $[K \colon \mathbb{Q}] = p(p-1)$. Hence $\phi$ is surjective. QED
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Seems to me that OP is a real beginner, and that your explanation will be too highfalutin for her/him. – Lubin Nov 7 '12 at 2:29
_USER_ It is a proof rather than an explanation. I believe anyone who knows basics of Galois theory and group theory can understand it. – Makoto Kato Nov 7 '12 at 3:18
Makoto, you may be right. But, reading between the lines, I bet OP doesn't know what a semi-direct product is, and won't derive much benefit from your efforts, at least, not this year. – Gerry Myerson Nov 7 '12 at 5:42
_USER_ If there are people(including the OP or otherwise) who can understand the proof and learn something from it, that would be my pleasure. – Makoto Kato Nov 7 '12 at 21:32
_USER_ +1 for your answer, but it would be good if you added a section that addressed beginners. For example, state all the automorphisms of the extension (in the usual way that we show that the Galois group of the polynomial above is $S_3$). Even for me reading your post takes some time to fully digest what is going on, what about for a beginner? – user38268 Dec 15 '12 at 14:04
Your Answer


text:
Our first Youth and Family episode--with the theme "Cool Careers!"
Kary Henry, our School Outreach Coordinator, joins as co-host to share three interviews she conducted with a youth audience in mind.
First is Ashley Wolff, author and illustrator of many popular books, including Baby Bear Sees Blue and the beloved Miss Bindergarten series. Then it's Peter L., a commercial airline pilot, who tells us what it's like to be a pilot, including going to school, flying around thunderstorms, and why training makes flying safe, even in "emergency" situations. Finally, we talk to Dr. Liz Rampe, a NASA scientist who focuses on Mars geology. Dr. Liz is the deputy principal investigator of the CheMin instrument on the Mars Science laboratory Curiosity rover. She tells us about analyzing minerals with the current rover Curiosity, as well as what scientists like her hope to learn from Perseverance, the new Mars rover that launched in July. We also hear about the excitement and challenges of humans potentially going to Mars.
You can explore a list of books at the library related to this episode, including books by Ashley Wolff, and books about airplanes and air travel, and Mars exploration.


System Administration Guide: IP Services
ProcedureHow to Plan for an IPMP Group
The following procedure includes the planning tasks and information to be gathered prior to configuring the IPMP group. The tasks do not have to be performed in sequence.
 1. Decide which interfaces on the system are to be part of the IPMP group.
 An IPMP group usually consists of at least two physical interfaces that are connected to the same IP link. However, you can configure a single interface IPMP group, if required. For an introduction to IPMP groups, refer to IPMP Interface Configurations. For example, you can configure the same Ethernet switch or the same IP subnet under the same IPMP group. You can configure any number of interfaces into the same IPMP group.
 You cannot use the group parameter of the ifconfig command with logical interfaces. For example, you can use the group parameter with hme0, but not with hme0:1.
 2. Verify that each interface in the group has a unique MAC address.
 For instructions, refer to SPARC: How to Ensure That the MAC Address of an Interface Is Unique.
 3. Choose a name for the IPMP group.
 Any non-null name is appropriate for the group. You might want to use a name that identifies the IP link to which the interfaces are attached.
 4. Ensure that the same set of STREAMS modules is pushed and configured on all interfaces in the IPMP group.
 All interfaces in the same group must have the same STREAMS modules configured in the same order.
 1. Check the order of STREAMS modules on all interfaces in the prospective IPMP group.
 You can print out a list of STREAMS modules by using the ifconfig interface modlist command. For example, here is the ifconfig output for an hme0 interface:
 # ifconfig hme0 modlist
 0 arp
 1 ip
 2 hme
 Interfaces normally exist as network drivers directly below the IP module, as shown in the output from ifconfig hme0 modlist. They should not require additional configuration.
 However, certain technologies, such as NCA or IP Filter, insert themselves as STREAMS modules between the IP module and the network driver. Problems can result in the way interfaces of the same IPMP group behave.
 If a STREAMS module is stateful, then unexpected behavior can occur on failover, even if you push the same module onto all of the interfaces in a group. However, you can use stateless STREAMS modules, provided that you push them in the same order on all interfaces in the IPMP group.
 2. Push the modules of an interface in the standard order for the IPMP group.
 ifconfig interface modinsert module-name
 ifconfig hme0 modinsert ip
 5. Use the same IP addressing format on all interfaces of the IPMP group.
 If one interface is configured for IPv4, then all interfaces of the group must be configured for IPv4. Suppose you have an IPMP group that is composed of interfaces from several NICs. If you add IPv6 addressing to the interfaces of one NIC, then all interfaces in the IPMP group must be configured for IPv6 support.
 6. Check that all interfaces in the IPMP group are connected to the same IP link.
 7. Verify that the IPMP group does not contain interfaces with different network media types.
 The interfaces that are grouped together should be of the same interface type, as defined in /usr/include/net/if_types.h. For example, you cannot combine Ethernet and Token ring interfaces in an IPMP group. As another example, you cannot combine a Token bus interface with asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) interfaces in the same IPMP group.
 8. For IPMP with ATM interfaces, configure the ATM interfaces in LAN emulation mode.
 IPMP is not supported for interfaces using Classical IP over ATM.


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Building a strong Target Account List is vital to Account Based Marketing success, but finding the right accounts means putting together a large database of accounts, trying to understand which accounts are a good fit, and analyzing readiness signals to understand which accounts to prioritize This can be a lot of work, but with RollWorks a strong Target Account List is only a couple of clicks away.
In this Product Snapshot video, you will learn about:
- The data sources you can use to create your TAL.
- Creating logic and rules using those data sources to define your lists.
- Creating dynamic and static Account Lists.
- Segmenting your account lists into groups to create custom audiences for campaigns.
- Creating journey stagebased groups for easy advertising and engagement.


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The use of tools and equipment is increasing in the agricultural sector of Nepal. According to the National Agricultural Census 2078, the number of farmers who use tractors for agricultural work is 40 per cent. During the agricultural census in 2068, it was found that only 22 per cent of the 845,000 farmer families used tractors for farming. According to the latest count, 1.63 million farmers use tractors.
The data shows that the number of tractors owned by farmers has also increased during this period. In the agricultural census of 2068, the farmer families had 37,000 tractors. In 2078, this number increased to 58,000. The use of power tillers/mini tillers is also increasing. In 2068, there were 76,000 farmers using power tillers/mini tillers across Nepal. Currently, the number of farmers using the machine has reached 471,000. The number of power tillers/mini tillers has also increased from 10,000 to 118,000 units.
According to Khojraj Katuwal, the outgoing president of the Nepal Agricultural Machinery Traders Association, when the government gives concessions on agricultural equipment, its use increases widely. The government has been giving subsidies to farmers to buy agricultural equipment for almost a decade. The number of farmer families using threshers and crop pruning tools has increased from 0.83 million in 2068 to 1.17 million in 2078. During this period, the number of threshers owned by farmer families increased from 52,000 to 1,15,000.
Likewise, the number of farmer families using pumping sets/motors has increased from 548,000 to 691,000. Meanwhile, the number of farmers using sprayers has also increased from 574,000 to 1.15 million. According to the Agricultural Census 2078, 30,000 farmer families in Nepal use milking machines. With the increase in the use of tractors, power tillers/mini tillers, it has been observed that the number of farmers using the ploughs has decreased.


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Entry updated 26 October 2021. Tagged: Author.
The pseudonym of UK author Paul Devon (? -? ), of whom nothing is known beyond his authorship of The Fountain of Youth (1891), a Lost World tale set in Borneo, where a race of Hindu giants (see Great and Small) is discovered; they are notable for various Inventions, and for their use of a metal previously unknown to science. The tale is narrated by "Erasmus Dawson" and "edited" by Devon. [JC]
- The Fountain of Youth (London: Chatto and Windus, 1891) [hb/]
previous versions of this entry


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Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-3308.
The sense of smell is highly evolved in mammals, allowing discrimination between a vast number of odorants, with detection thresholds as low as 10(-17) M (ref. 1). Although several features of mammalian olfactory transduction have been revealed by biochemical and molecular biological studies, the odorant-induced membrane current has remained elusive. In amphibians this current is mediated by cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels, which depolarize the cell by Na+ and Ca+ influx and consequent Cl- efflux through Ca(2+)-dependent Cl- channels. The Cl- current may be absent in mammals, however, because its proposed role is linked to the aquatic habitat of amphibians. Here we show that the transduction current in rat olfactory receptor cells is initiated by cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels. The Cl- current is also present and endows the transduction current with a steep sigmoidal dependence on cyclic AMP concentration in both rat and in an amphibian, indicating a new function for the Cl- channel: nonlinear amplification of the transduction signal, whereby suprathreshold responses are boosted relative to basal transduction noise.


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Going from reading textbooks in the academy into the farm brought the curriculum to life. "You see the farm, the cherries on the tree, and the different processing methods," reflects Lin. She laughs and says: "Now I can understand when Shaun says honey - I used to think they actually added honey into it! Now the understanding just comes naturally when we speak, rather than trying to refer back to the text."
It was also Ken's first time on a coffee farm: "It was my first time seeing the red cherries and I brought some back for my friends to see. But the experience harvesting wasn't that fun. We did it for only an hour or two, and it was tiring." Sellrin adds: "I didn't have any expectations, and we didn't know we had to work! We thought it was just for a holiday. It's quite heavy to carry the cherries we harvested." All in all, the students harvested only 16 kg of coffee cherries - imagine the work that goes into exporting hundreds of tonnes!


Understanding CPU Dispatching in the Intel® IPP Library
Note: this article describes the SIMD support in versions 5.3 thru 6.1 of the Intel IPP library. The minimum SIMD requirements have changed with release 7.0 of the Intel IPP libary. For more information regarding the SIMD optimization layers present in the Intel IPP 7.0 library please read the article titled Understanding SIMD Optimization Layers and Dispatching in the Intel® IPP 7.0 Library.
The Intel IPP library contains a collection of functionally identical processor-specific optimized libraries that are "dispatched" at run-time. The "dispatcher" chooses which of these processor-specific optimized libraries to use when your application makes a call into the IPP library. This is done to maximize each function's use of the underlying SIMD instructions and other architecture-specific features.
Note: you can build custom processor-specific libraries that do not require the dispatcher, but that is outside the scope of this article. Please read this IPP linkage models article for information on how to build custom versions of the IPP library.
Dispatching refers to the process of detecting CPU features at run-time and then selecting the Intel IPP optimized library set that corresponds to your CPU. For example, in the \ia32\bin directory, the ippiv8-x.x.dll library file contains version 'x.x' of the optimized image processing libraries for Intel® Core™ 2 Duo processors; 'ippi' refers to the image processing library, 'v8' refers to the Core 2 architecture, and 'x.x' refers to the library's major version numbers.
In the general case, the "dispatcher" identifies the run-time processor only once, at library initialization time. It sets an internal table or variable that directs your calls to the internal functions that match your architecture. For example, ippsCopy_8u(), may have multiple implementations stored in the library, with each version optimized to a specific Intel® processor architecture. Thus, the p8_ippsCopy_8u() version of ippsCopy_8u() is called by dispatcher when running on an Intel Core 2 Duo processor on IA-32, because it is optimized for this processor architecture.
Note: IPP architectures generally correspond to SIMD (MMX, SSE, AES, etc.) instructions sets.
Initializing the IPP Dispatcher
The process of identifying the specific processor being used, and initialization of the dispatcher, should be performed before you make any calls into the IPP library. If you are using a dynamic link library this process is handled automatically when the dynamic link library is initialized. However, if you are using a static library you must perform this step manually. See this article on the ipp*Init*() functions for more information on how to do this.
The following table lists all the architecture codes defined by the Intel IPP library through version 6.1 of the product. Note that some of these IPP architectures have been deprecated and are no longer supported in the current version of the product. Deprecated architectures are identified in the "Notes" column of the table.
Platform Architecture SIMD Requirements Processor / µarchitecture Notes
IA-32 px C optimized for all IA-32 processors i386+
a6 SSE Pentium III thru 5.3 only
w7 SSE2 P4, Xeon, Centrino
t7 SSE3 Prescott, Yonah
v8 Supplemental SSE3 Core 2, Xeon® 5100, Atom
s8 Supplemental SSE3 (compiled for Atom) Atom new in 6.0
p8 SSE4.1, SSE4.2, AES-NI Penryn, Nehalem, Westmere see notes below
g9 AVX Sandy Bridge µarchitecture new in 6.1
Intel® 64 (EM64T) mx C-optimized for all Intel® 64 platforms P4 SSE2 minimum
m7 SSE3 Prescott
u8 Supplemental SSE3 Core 2, Xeon® 5100, Atom
n8 Supplemental SSE3 (compiled for Atom) Atom new in 6.0
y8 SSE4.1, SSE4.2, AES-NI Penryn, Nehalem, Westmere see notes below
e9 AVX Sandy Bridge µarchitecture new in 6.1
Itanium® i7 Intel® Itanium® processor family Itanium
IXP4xx sx C-optimized for IXP4xx processors IXP/XScale thru 5.3 only
s2 IXP4xx optimized IXP/XScale thru 5.3 only
For non-Intel based processors support, please see the article titled Use Intel® IPP on Intel or Compatible AMD* Processors.
For more information regarding Intel IPP library support for XScale* processors, please see the following article:
PXA9xx / PXA27x / XScale -- How to get Developer Support
P8/Y8 Internal Run-Time Dispatcher
Within the 32-bit p8 and equivalent 64-bit y8 architectures there is an additional "run-time" dispatching mechanism, a kind of mini-dispatcher. The Nehalem (Intel Core i7) and Westmere processor families add additional SIMD instructions beyond those defined by SSE4.1. The Nehalem processor family adds the SSE4.2 SIMD instructions and the Westmere family adds AES-NI.
Creating two additional internal versions of the IPP library for the SSE4.2 and AES-NI instructions would be very space inefficient, so they are bundled as part of the SSE4.1 library. When you call a function that includes, for example, AES-NI optimizations, an additional jump directs your call to the AES-NI version within the p8/y8 library. Because the enhancements affect the optimization of only a small number of IPP functions, this additional overhead occurs infrequently and only when your application is executing on a p8/y8 architecture processor.
S8/N8 (Atom) Dispatch
The s8/n8 library (Atom-optimized) is not present in the static libraries, only in the dynamic libraries. However, IPP applications built with the static library will run on an Atom processor with very good to equivalent performance using the v8/u8 library (which is automatically dispatched, you do not need to do anything special for the Atom processor).
The Linux distributions of the IPP library include a separate Atom-specific version of the library. However, you do not need to use this Atom-specific library if you are building an IPP application that will be run on multiple processor platforms, including Atom processors. This Atom-only version of the library is provided as a convenience for building IPP applications that will run ONLY on an Atom, as opposed to IPP applications that may run on a variety of processor platforms.
The fundamental difference between the s8/n8 and v8/u8 libraries are the compiler options used to build them, which accommodates the differences in the construction of the instruction pipelines between the Atom and other SSSE3 processors. Both libraries are Supplemental SSE3 libraries and the s8/n8 version of the IPP library does not use any Atom-unique instructions, so no features are lost by running the v8/u8 slice of the library on an Atom processor. Also, these two variations in the library (s8/n8 and v8/u8) give nearly identical performance on an Atom.
Processor Architecture Table
The following table was copied from an Intel Compiler Pro options article describing some compiler architecture options. It contains a list of Intel processors showing which processors support which SIMD instructions. For the latest table please refer to the original article; it gets updated on a regular basis. Please note that the behavior of the Intel Compiler SIMD dispatcher described in that article does not apply to the Intel IPP library.
The Intel IPP library dispatching mechanism behaves differently than that found in the Intel Compiler products, and may also behave differently than other Intel library products.
Additional information regarding dispatching and how it relates to non-Intel processors can be found here. How to identify your specific processor is described here. To correlate a processor family name with an Intel CPU brand name, use the ark.intel.com web site.
Intel® Core™ i7 processors
Intel® Core™ i5 processors
Intel® Core™ i3 processors
Intel® Xeon® 55XX series
Intel® Xeon® 74XX series
Quad-Core Intel® Xeon 54XX, 33XX series
Dual-Core Intel® Xeon 52XX, 31XX series
Intel® Core™ 2 Extreme 9XXX series
Intel® Core™ 2 Quad 9XXX series
Intel® Core™ 2 Duo 8XXX series
Intel® Core™ 2 Duo E7200
Quad-Core Intel® Xeon® 73XX, 53XX, 32XX series
Dual-Core Intel® Xeon® 72XX, 53XX, 51XX, 30XX series
In tel® Core™ 2 Extreme 7XXX, 6XXX series
Intel® Core™ 2 Quad 6XXX series
Intel® Core™ 2 Duo 7XXX (except E7200), 6XXX, 5XXX, 4XXX series
Intel® Core™ 2 Solo 2XXX series
Intel® Pentium® dual-core processor E2XXX, T23XX series
Dual-Core Intel® Xeon® 70XX, 71XX, 50XX Series
Dual-Core Intel® Xeon® processor (ULV and LV) 1.66, 2.0, 2.16
Dual-Core Intel® Xeon® 2.8
Intel® Xeon® processors with SSE3 instruction set support
Intel® Core™ Duo
Intel® Core™ Solo
Intel® Pentium® dual


table pointer to NULL. Figuring out why the vtable address has been corrupted is not trivial with traditional methods: there are entire tools such as ASAN (which requires recompilation) or Valgrind (which is very slow) that have been designed to find and diagnose memory corruption bugs like this. But in the Pernosco omniscient debugger a click on the object's pointer takes the user to where it was assigned into the global variable of interest, and another click on the value of the vtable pointer takes the user to where the vtable pointer was erroneously overwritten. Walk through the complete debugging session here.
As demonstrated in the examples above, the Pernosco omniscient debugger makes it easy to track down even classes of bugs that are notoriously difficult to work with such as race conditions or memory corruption errors. Try out Pernosco individual accounts or on-premises today!
Wednesday, 14 April 2021
Visualizing Control Flow In Pernosco
In traditional debuggers, developers often single-step through the execution of a function to discover its control flow. One of Pernosco's main themes is avoiding single-stepping by visualizing state over time "all at once". Therefore, presenting control flow through a function "at a glance" is an important Pernosco feature and we've recently made significant improvements in this area.
This is a surprisingly hard problem. Pernosco records control flow at the instruction level. Compiler-generated debuginfo maps instructions to source lines, but lacks other potentially useful information such as the static control flow graph. We think developers want to understand control flow in the context of their source code (so approaches taken by, e.g., reverse engineering tools are not optimal for Pernosco). However, mapping potentially complex control flow onto the simple top-to-bottom source code view is inherently lossy or confusing or both.
For functions without loops there is a simple, obvious and good solution: highlight the lines executed, and let the user jump in time to that line's execution when clicked on. In the example below, we can see immediately where the function took an early exit.
To handle loops, Pernosco builds a dynamic control flow graph, which is actually a tree where leaf nodes are the execution of source lines, non-leaf nodes are the execution of a loop iteration and the root node is the execution of the function itself. Constructing a dynamic CFG is surprisingly non-trivial (especially in the presence of optimized code and large functions with long executions), but outside the scope of this post. Then, given a "current moment" during the function call, we identify which loop iterations are "current", and highlight the lines executed by those loop iterations; clicking on these highlights jumps directly to the appropriate point in time. Any lines executed during this function call but not in a current loop iteration are highlighted differently; clicking on these highlights shows all executions of that line in that function call. Hover text explains what is going on.
This presentation is still lossy — for example control-flow edges are not visible. However, user feedback has been very positive.
Try out Pernosco individual accounts or on-premises today!
Thursday, 4 March 2021
On-Premises Pernosco Now Available; Reflecting On Application Confinement
In November we announced Pernosco availability for individual developers via our debugging-as-a-service platform. That product requires developers to share binary code, debug symbols and test data with us (but not necessarily source code), and we recognize that many potential customers are not comfortable with that. Therefore we are making Pernosco available to run on-premises. Contact us for a free trial! On-prem pricing is negotiable, but we prefer to charge a fixed amount per month for unlimited usage by a given team. Keep in mind Pernosco's current limitations: applications that work with rr (Linux, x86-64), C/C++/Rust/Ada/V8.
An on-premises customer says:
One of the key takeaways for me in our evaluation is that users keep coming back to pernosco without me pushing for it, and really like it — I have rarely seen such a high adoption rate in a new tool.
To deploy Pernosco on-premises we package it into two containers: the database builder and the application server. You collect an rr trace, run the database builder, then run the application server to export a Web interface to the database. Both steps, especially database building, require a reasonably powerful machine; our hosted service uses c5d.9xlarge instances for database building and a smaller shared i3.4xlarge instance for the application servers. If you want to run your own private shared service you are responsible for any authentication, authorization, public routing to the Web interface, wrangling database storage, etc.
To help our customers feel comfortable using Pernosco on-premises, all our closed-source code is bundled into those two containers, and we provide an open-source Python wrapper which runs those containers with sandboxing to confine it. Our goal is that you should not have to trust anything other than that easily-audited wrapper script (and rr of course, which is open source, but not so easily audited, though lots of people have looked into it). Our database builder container simply reads one subtree of the filesystem and drops a database into it, and the application server reads that subtree and exposes a Web server on a private subnet. Both containers should be incapable of leaking data to the outside world, even if the contents were malicious.
This seems like a natural approach to deploying closed-source software — no-one wants to be the next Solarwinds. In fact even if you receive the entire product's source code from your vendor, you still want confinement because you're not really going to audit it effectively. Therefore I'm surprised to find that this use-case doesn't seem to be well-supported by infrastructure!
For example, Docker provides an embedded DNS server to containers that cannot be disabled. We don't need it, and in theory crafted DNS queries could leak information to the outside world, so I'd like to disable it. But apparently our confinement goal is not considered a valid use-case by Docker. (I guess you can work around this by limiting the DNS service on the container host somehow, but that sucks more.)
Another interesting issue is preventing leaks through our Web application. For example when a user loads our application, it could send messages to public Internet hosts that leak information. We try to prevent this by having our application send CSP headers that deny all non-same-origin access. The problem is, if our application was malicious it could simply change the CSP it sends. Preventing that would seem to require a proxy outside the container that checks or modifies the CSP headers we send.
I'm surprised these problems haven't already been solved, or at least that the solutions aren't widely known and deployed.
What Would Jesus Do... About Vaccination?
My thoughts about COVID19 vaccination as a Christian are pretty simple (assuming the Pfizer vaccine or something similar):
 - Is it safe for me?
 Yes. I'm not known to be allergic to vaccine components or immunologically compromised, and the safety data is solid.
 - If I get exposed to COVID19, will the vaccine stop me from getting infected and passing it on to people around me?
 Yes, almost certainly per the data.
 - Knowing this, if I chose to not get vaccinated, caught COVID19, and infected people around me with COVID19, would I have disobeyed Jesus' command to love my neighbour?
 - Is there any other way I can ensure I won't catch COVID19 and infect others?
 - Are there any countervailing ethical issues with taking the vaccine?
 No. None of the vaccines on offer are closely connected to abortion.
Thus it is pretty clearly God's will for me to be vaccinated.
Monday, 22 February 2021
Mercer Bay
West of Auckland, between Karekare beach and Piha beach, there is a small bay called Mercer Bay. It's surrounded by cliffs and there is no marked track to get down to it, but I've known for a long time that there is an unmarked route down the cliff. Last year I met someone who knows the route and she kindly agreed to guide a group of us down it on Saturday morning.
We started from Karekare up the Cowan track to the turnoff. The cliffs look precipitious and I'm not good with heights, but the route is actually not very difficult, and we got down quite easily. Mercer Bay is very pretty. At dead low tide you can walk around the north end of the beach to an inlet with three large sea-caves. The largest goes a significant distance into the hill to a blowhole where the roof has collapsed. It's incredibly impressive.
Climbing back up the cliff is the sensible but strenuous way out, but at dead low tide you can walk south around the rocks back to Karekare beach, and that's what we did. There is some nontrivial (for me) climbing involved — a few narrow ledges, a few overhangs — but the barnacle-covered conglomerate rocks provide excellent footholds and handholds if you have gloves or don't mind a few scrapes. Unfortunately we did not time our walk well and the tide was coming in, so we had to hurry. In a few places we had to cross little inlets with waves surging in and out, and later on we just plunged in when it wasn't too deep. I don't know how close we came to being trapped, but I certainly would have preferred a larger safety margin. Lesson learned! (I was carrying


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The State of Texas is joining the nation in observing National AMBER Alert Awareness Day today.
AMBER stands for "America's Missing: Broadcast Emergency Response," and was named for 9-year-old Amber Hagerman, who was kidnapped and murdered in Arlington, Texas, in 1996.
Shortly after Amber Hagerman's death, law enforcement and media representatives in the Dallas/Fort Worth area created the first AMBER Alert program, serving as a model plan nationwide for alerting the public regarding abducted children. Currently, every state in the U.S. has an AMBER Alert Plan, in addition to several countries around the world. January 13 marks the 17-year anniversary of Amber Hagerman's abduction, which the U.S. Department of Justice has designated as National AMBER Alert Awareness Day.
The Texas AMBER Alert Program was established by Gov. Rick Perry in August of 2002, complementing existing local AMBER Alert programs. DPS manages the statewide program and provides law enforcement a mechanism for rapid notification of the media and the public in these serious child abduction cases.
From 2002 through the end of 2012, 93 children have been recovered during 87 DPS activations of the Texas AMBER Alert Program.


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How to Put an Accent Over a Letter in Word
There may come a time when you'll need to put an accent over a letter in a Word document. After searching your keyboard, you realize you don't have the proper key. If this has happened to you, don't worry, you're not the only one having difficulty figuring out how to add an accent or special character.
So how do you add an accent over letters for a word like "déjà vu?" In this article, we'll show you exactly how it's done.
How to Put an Accent Over a Letter in Word on a Mac
What do you do if you need to use a word that requires an accent over a letter in a Word document? There are certain words you may need to use with a particular character, like an accent. Fortunately, Microsoft Word makes this task easy to accomplish. To learn how to do this on a Mac, follow the steps below:
- Select the "Insert" tab in Word.
- From the drop-down menu, depending on which version of Word you have, choose "Symbol" or "Advanced Symbol."
- Choose the letter you need with an accent over it by tapping on the character.
- The character will be inserted into your Word document where your cursor is located.
Letters with accents are common and should be easily located on the display keyboard. If you can't find the correct character, tap the down arrow next to "Font" and choose a different subset.
How to Put an Accent Over a Letter in Word on a Chromebook
Chromebook users occasionally need to use a word that requires an accent over a letter in a Word document. Without a specialized keyboard, this could pose a problem. You can easily solve this issue by temporarily switching between the US and international keyboards. This is how you do it:
- Launch the "Settings" app.
- Scroll down and select "Languages and Input."
- Tap on "Inputs and keyboards" scroll down and select Add input methods.
- Click on the box next to "US International Keyboard." then Add.
- With the international keyboard selected, type the character with the accent.
- Once completed, you can switch back to the US keyboard by clicking in the bottom-right corner of the screen and switch back to the "US keyboard."
How to Put an Accent Over a Letter in Word on a Windows PC
Although not entirely common, there could come a time when you'll need to put an accent over a letter. You may need to use a Spanish word in your document, but it requires using characters that don't seem to be on the keyboard. Thankfully, Word has an easy way to accomplish this. To do this, follow these steps:
- From the top tabs in Word, choose "Insert."
- Select "Symbol" or "Advanced Symbol," depending on which version of Word you're running.
- A new window will open that displays a keyboard. Click on the character you'd like to use in the document.
- This character will be inserted into your Word document at your cursor's location.
Letters with accents are common and generally found in the default keyboard. If not, tap on the down arrow next to "Font" and select a different subset.
How to Put an Accent Over a Letter in Word on an iPad
Users of the Word app on an iPad could run into a problem if they need to use a letter with an accent. To keep your document professional and accurate, you'll need to find a way to type these letters properly. Although not apparent, these special characters are available. To find them, do the following:
- Within the Word app, press and hold down the key you need for the unaccented letter.
- A small pop-up menu will appear with a list of available accented letters.
- Tap on the one you'd like in your document. It will be inserted where your cursor is placed.
How to Put an Accent Over a Letter in Word on an iPhone
If you're using the Word app on your iPhone, you may need to use a letter with an accent. Your keyboard doesn't show any special characters, but they are there, albeit not visible. Fortunately, there's an easy way to access the letters with accents. To do so, here's what you'll need to do:
- Place your cursor in your Word document where you want to insert the letter.
- Long tap on the letter that needs an accent.
- Just above the letter, a small window will open that will display that letter with accents.
- Select the appropriate accented letter to insert into your document.
How to Put an Accent Over a Letter in Word on an Android Device
If you're using the Word app on your Android and need to type a letter with an accent, you may not think it's possible. Your keyboard doesn't have any characters with accents, but that doesn't mean you can't do it. These special characters are hidden but easily accessible. Here's what you do to find them:
- Place the cursor where you want to insert an accented letter.
- Tap and hold momentarily on the letter you want to add an accent.
- A small window will appear above that letter displaying available accented letters.
- Slide your finger over the one you'd like to use and release it to select it.
I want to add other symbols to my Word document. Where do I find them?
Not only can you add letters with accents over them in Word, but you can also insert special characters. Common ones you may need to use are the symbols for trademark and copyright. You won't find them on a standard keyboard, but Word makes it easy to insert them into your document. This is how you do it:
1. Using Word's top tab menu, tap on "Insert" and then "Symbol" or "Advanced Symbol."
2. A small pop-up window will open.
3. At the top of this new window, tap on "Special Characters."
4. Scroll through the list and click on the one you want to use.
5. The unique character will be inserted where your cursor is pointed in the Word document.
If you use the same special character often, you can easily set up a keyboard shortcut for it. Here's how to do it:
1. From the "Special Characters" window, select the character.
2. Click on "Keyboard Shortcut."
3. Assign a new keyboard shortcut or use the one already set up. You'll see its default setting in the "Current Keys" window.
Easily Find Those Hidden Accented Letters on Your Keyboard
Although they aren't readily visible, you can type letters with accents over them. The process to do so is similar on all devices. For those using mobile or handheld devices, you can find them by pressing down on the letter you need to which you need to apply the accent. You'll be shown which ones are available. For Mac and PC users, you simply need to insert them as a special symbol by utilizing the insert function.
Have you had difficulty finding letters with accents over them in Word? Did you find them using the methods outlined in this article? Let us know in the comments section below.


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Clipping wings is necessary for all of the more social birds that are out of the cage. Birds such as canaries and other finches that stay in the cage don't need their wings clipped. Birds have been known to fly into windows, into pots of boiling water or other food, into ceiling fans, etc. We need to take the responsibility to protect them and this responsibility includes clipping wings.
Watch your veterinarian or bird groomer trim the wings the first time. A proper trim allows the bird to exercise its muscles and to coast to a landing if needed. It should prevent the bird from attaining additional altitude.
One person should restrain the bird wrapped in a towel. The wing should be extended. Using sharp scissors, remove the ends of the outer 6-7 feathers (these are the flight feathers). More of the feather can always be trimmed if needed. If a blood or pin feather is cut, it will bleed. This bleeding usually stops in a short amount of time. If the bird continues to pick at it and it continues to bleed, the feather can be plucked out.
Check the feathers on a monthly basis and trim as necessary. If the outer 2-3 feathers are left unclipped for looks, monitor closely as the bird may be able to fly.
If the bird does manage to escape to the outside world and fly off, immediately put his cage out in the yard with the door open and a big bowl of his favorite food in and on it. Hopefully, within a day or two, your feathered friend will decide the cage isn't so bad after all. Let people know you lost your bird. Put up fliers, call veterinary clinics and humane societies, and put an ad in the paper. Don't give up hope. Some birds are found and caught weeks after the escape. Keep up-to-date photos of the bird. Take pictures from both sides, front, and back. Write down the ID information whether it is from a leg band or a microchip. Having this information will help prove ownership if the need arises.


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According to TheTwelfth Five-Year Plan for Renewable Energy, the total consumption of renewable energy will reach 478 Mtce by the end of 2015, what accounts for 9.5% of the total energy consumption. Also development indicators for different types of renewable energy are outlined:
- the installed capacity of hydropower will reach 290 GW, including 260 GW conventional hydropower and 30 GW pumped storage power station;
- grid-connected wind power will reach 100 GW,including 5 GW offshore wind power;
- solar power 21 GW,
- solar thermal 400 million square meters;
- biomass 50 Mtce per year;
- geothermal energy 15 Mtce;
- ocean energy 50,000 KW.


text:
Stranded Polar Bear Floats Down London's Thames
A very large polar bear was spotted traveling down the River Thames, under the Tower Bridge and past Parliament in London today.
Lifelike as it seemed, the 1.5-ton structure -- built by 15 artists in 18 days -- floated down the river to raise awareness of the melting ice caps and the larger picture… climate change (see video below).
The melting of the ice caps threatens polar bear's lives because their habitat is literally disappearing. The 2 billion people depending on glacial meltwater for irrigation and drinking are also faced with serious consequences.
This 16-foot-high sculpture of a mother and cub holding on to life was commissioned by Eden, a new digital television channel featuring natural history programs. Wildlife broadcaster Sir David Attenborough, narrator of series including Life on Earth and Fragile Earth, said the display spreads the message that our environment is currently unbalanced and events like the polar bears extinction will have extreme repercussions.
Watch a video of the polar bear sculpture on the Thames below:


text:
investigated in each centre by the joinpoint approach in a logistic model. 46,900 women aged 25 to 60 years were included in the analysis.
The HR-HPV age-standardised (on Italian population) prevalence ranged from 5.7% (Trento) to 10.3% (Ravenna). HR-HPV prevalence decreased as a logistic function of increasing age in 6 of 9 centres (Trento, Verona, Florence, Bologna, Imola, and Viterbo). The effect of age on HR-HPV prevalence slopes did not differ significantly among these 6 centres, whereas significant heterogeneity in intercepts (p < 0.001) was found, reflecting different overall HR-HPV prevalence between centres. One significant joinpoint was observed in 2 centres (Padua and Ravenna), indicating that the decrease in HR-HPV prevalence by age was better described using a function composed with two logistic segments. In Padua HR-HPV prevalence decreased only slightly up to 39 years but showed a steep downturn thereafter. In Ravenna HR-HPV prevalence decreased steeply down to 45 years of age and then showed a plateau. Finally, in Turin two significant joinpoints were observed: prevalence decreased only after age 29 and showed a plateau after age 39.
Our results showed substantial differences in overall and age-specific HR-HPV prevalence across Italian areas. These findings may be related to different timing of changes in sexual behaviours across regions. Age-specific HR-HPV prevalence in Italy does not support an influence of age per se.
Full-text · Article · May 2013 · BMC Infectious Diseases


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Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), infestations in most of North America north of Mexico arise from annual migrations of populations that overwinter in southern Texas and Florida. A comparison of the cytochrome oxidase I haplotype profiles within the fall armyworm corn-strain, the subgroup that preferentially infests corn (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), identified significant differences in the proportions of certain haplotypes between the Texas and Florida populations. These proportional differences were preserved as the populations migrated, providing a molecular metric by which the source of a migrant population could be identified. The migratory pattern derived from this method for several southeastern states was shown to be consistent with predictions based on analysis of historical agricultural and fall armyworm infestation data. These results demonstrate the utility of haplotype proportions to monitor fall armyworm migration, and they also introduce a potential method to predict the severity of cotton crop infestations in the short term.
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Vol. 101 • No. 3


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Scenic Loop Road, Boerne
HISTORY: Conrad Adam was born 30 December 1828, in Tiefenbach, Prussia. He came to Kendall County, Texas, with his brother Carl in 1854. His usual occupation was farming but he would often help his brother Carl with his meat business. Conrad also raised horses. It was not unusual for him to have 120 horses at one time.
On 16 February, 1856, he married Adelbertha Bergmann in San Antonio. She was the daughter of Joseph and Theresia Ohnesorge Bergmann from Reichenberg, Boehem. She came to Texas with her parents in 1853. Conrad and Adelbertha had six children. They were Kathinka (Mrs. Paul Toepperwein), Theresa (Mrs. Frederick Voges), Emilie (Mrs. William Schoenert), Julius Conrad, Bertha (Mrs. Hilmar G. Froebel) and Emma (Mrs. Christian Herms).
Conrad acquired the title to the land on which the house was built on 28 January 1874. The land he purchased was part of the estates of Genubath Winn and R.S. Simmons which had been originally granted to Antonio Cruz by the Mexican Government. Conrad purchased 116 acres of the land for $425.00.
He contracted William Schoenert to build the two story rock house. It took one year to build and Mr. Schoenert was paid $1.00 per day plus board. According to the family the house was completed in 1873. Conrad sold his horses so that the house could be built. Fritz Herms, the grandson of Conrad Adam, said the house cost about $1800.00.
The house originally had a widow's walk, a double porch, and an outside staircase. The stage road was near the house and the stage drivers frequently stopped. The Adam family provided a place for the passengers to freshen up and if the need arose a place to stay for the night. The widow's walk was often used as a lookout to watch for incoming stages. The family continued to use the widow's walk well into the nineteen thirties. It was during this time that the roof caught fire and everyone in the neighborhood came to form a bucket brigade. The students from the Balcones Community School house were part of the brigade. The widow's walk was used by the firefighters to gain access to the fire which was quickly extinguished.
A double porch, which faced South was replaced by a single porch shortly after World War II.
The house originally only had an outside wooden staircase. Once a severe storm came through the area and tore these stairs off the house. Two of Conrad's daughters were trapped upstairs. After this the stairs were placed both inside and outside the house.
The house also had a small cellar near the front part of the house. The entrance was near the outside stairs. The cellar was ventilated by small vents placed on the sides of the porch floor. Food and wine which was made by the family was stored there.
The house was built with rock from the area. According to my great-uncle, Julius Bowman, the rock was quarried near his home, by the Balcones Creek.
Conrad and occasional hired help cleared the land and cultivated his crops. He grew Indian corn, wheat, cotton, sorghum, sweet potatoes. Cows, sheep, swine, horses and chickens were also raised.
The house was inherited by son, Julius Adam. Julius and his wife Ida Haufler Adam lived there until 1959. The house was sold by the family. Since then the house was remodelled several times, then left vacant for a while until it underwent a drastic restoration by Pauline and Jim Mutchler in 1983. Pauline wrote about their experience in her book, "Five Acres and Dementia; How to Remodel an Old Texas Farmhouse and Keep Smiling."
Source: Boerne Public Library files.Information and pictures from Kathryn Adam Hurst
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text:
Document Type : Research Paper
School of Irrigation and drainage, Collage of Abouraihan, University of Tehran,Tehran,Iran
Measuring sensitivity of hydraulic structures is considered as an approach for evaluation of water projects performance, due to lower distribution efficiency in Irrigation and Drainage project schemes. Sensitivity analysis approach for irrigation structures is one of flow analysis methods which are developed in recent years in order to measure the behavior of flow in hydraulic structures in an irrigation network. This study examines the sensitivity of offtake structures in Varamin irrigation and drainage network project, which is one of the modern networks in Iran. The sensitivity measurement was carried out by the use of collected data from field in years of 2010, 2011 and 2012, and compared them with the water requirement for crop pattern calculated by CROPWAT model. Flow channel simulation was conducted in the project to identify the most sensitive offtake structures, due to inappropriate allocation of water particularly in downstream of network. Simulation and evaluation were carried out using SOBEK hydrodynamic model, and relationships introduced for sensitivity measures for offtake structures. Investigations and sensitive analysis on hydraulics structures in Varamin Irrigation network showed that Baffle modules have significant sensitivity. According to reviewed equations, sensitivity of Baffle modules is related to upstream depth, and opening of NEYRPIC module gates; which occurred more in terminal structures. The best way to have an optimal operation in this network is supply of required water depth in downstream of each canal. In these circumstances, the water depth in all offtakes is provided, and does not make any changes in the opening modules also.


text:
Design and implementation of a reconfigurable polyphase-fft system
A reconfigurable system design and implementation of Polyphase-FFT circuits for multicarrier wireless applications is presented. The proof of concept circuit realization can be configured to compute IFFT-Polyphase or Polyphase-FFT algorithms for 8, 16, and 32 subcarriers. Furthermore, the system-on-chip circuit can be configured for full-duplex operation and can implement both IFFT-Polyphase and Polyphase-FFT algorithms for 8 or 16 subcarriers. The throughput, hardware requirements, and power consumption for the reconfigurable circuits are presented and compared with conventional realizations.
|, , ,|
|Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Circuits, Signals, and Systems|
|Organisation||Department of Electronics|
Ho, H., Szwarc, V., & Kwasniewski, T. (2004). Design and implementation of a reconfigurable polyphase-fft system. Presented at the Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Circuits, Signals, and Systems.


text:
Finally! You've become a happy owner of an embroidery machine. The euphoria from the purchase is gradually cooling off, and a whole array of questions arises before the new master. What to do next? Which threads to use? Which needles to use and how not to lose your way in a huge variety of stabilizers? In this article, based on my own experience, I'll tell you what's what and indicate issues you should focus upon in the first place and the ones that can be left for later.
High-quality threads guarantee a long life for your new helper. Let me tell you straight away: you should not use sewing threads for machine embroidery designs. Machine embroidery threads are polished in a special way so that very little or no noil appear. (Noil clutters the mechanism, thus reducing the lifespan of an embroidery machine). I must admit that some embroiderers use the ordinary sewing threads and, what's more, advocate for such usage. Well, everybody should decide for themselves. For me, this is unacceptable, because an embroidery machine costs far too much to risk its health by using threads of low quality. The embroidery threads fit into several categories.
1. Rayon threads
These threads are made of rayon. They have a strong sheen. The embroidery is softer than the ones made with other threads. But there are also disadvantages. First, a sheen given by rayon threads in not always appropriate (for example, in the embroidery on men's clothes). Second, rayon can be weakened by chlorine, therefore, items embroidered with rayon threads must not be bleached. Third, when using a water soluble stabilizer and then dissolving it in water rayon threads lose some of their luster and the embroidery becomes dimmer. Almost every manufacturer has an assortment of rayon embroidery threads. I can recommend Gunold Silky threads, because they are good for their money. On the other hand, the threads made by several Chinese manufacturers have left a very unfavorable impression. Better to spend a little more and embroider comfortably than to use cheap threads and have to deal with persistent thread breakage and knots.
2. Polyester threads
Polyester embroidery threads are practically as good as rayon ones, and in some ways even better. Their sheen is more restrained, they are chlorine-resistant and are compatible with water-soluble stabilizers. There are well-established threads by Amann (Isacord), Gunold (Poly) and Madeira, although the last ones are rather pricey.
3. Cotton threads
These threads are matt-finished, thus helping to imitate hand embroidery. This is of vital importance for vyshyvanka (a Ukrainian traditional embroidered shirt), cross stitch, embroidery on men's clothes and so on.
Due to these threads being rather thick, it is recommended to run the machine at a low speed.
Polyester threads with cotton sheath, like the ones made by Amann (Rasant), are a good alternative. They combine the durability of polyester with the matt finish of the cotton threads.
4. Metallic threads
These are essentially durable polyester threads with a metallic sheath.
Special needles should be used with metallic threads. Do not cover large areas with them, because they leave miniature notches, and may lead to loops and thread breakage in future.
Other types of embroidery threads
This type of threads includes acrylic threads that imitate woolen embroidery, various fluorescent threads that glow at night, like Glowy by Gunold, chameleonic threads that change their color in the sunlight, etc.
I'd like to place the embroidery underthreads into a separate category. These are the ultra-thin threads that are reeled on a bobbin. They make the wrong side of the embroidery soft without adding weight.
For a beginner, I'd recommend to first purchase a basic floss palette containing 2 or 3 shades of every color + monochromatic colors + underthreads, and then add the necessary colors on demand.
Edited by diver361


eTech & Art & More
SIGGRAPH is the premier conference for computer graphics. It brings together researchers, professionals, artists, students and teachers. The conference mission says among other things that SIGGRAPH presents "leading-edge theory and practice of computer graphics and interactive techniques". It is an intense week of technical wonders and old friends.
Here are a few reports on life at SIGGRAPH outside of the technical agenda.
Sake Party
Sights and Sounds: Sunday at SIGGRAPH
The Figueroa Hotel
International Scene
Ben's impressions
Food court at LACC
The exhibition (photo Frank Nocke)
You may have heard of the engineering concept, "MTBF," meaning Mean (or average) Time Between Failures. It's a commonly used measure of the expected number of hours a mechanism can work without requiring some sort of repair. A more important measure at SIGGRAPH is "MDBF," or Mean Distance Between Friends. This refers to the distance you can travel down a SIGGRAPH hallway without running into someone you know. As you attend more SIGGRAPHs, your MDBF in a SIGGRAPH hallway declines precipitously.
Since seeing someone you know requires initiating a conversation (however short) with them (see "Upgrading"), as your MDBF declines over the years, you become unable to move effectively around the conference. You need to plan ahead for the ten minute walk over to the panels room, which will take you 45-50 minutes due to MDBF issues. Eventually, you are reduced to standing in the lobby of the convention center, greeting friends and finding out from them what's happening at the conference you won't get inside to see.
See also: upgrading


How Many Wives Did Moses of the Bible Have?
While it is commonly believed moses of the Holy Bible had two wives, that is untrue. Moses was married to one woman, Zipporah. The other woman often mistaken for a wife was an Ethiopian woman, that is actually Zipporah. He was married once and that was the first and last marriage.
Q&A Related to "How Many Wives Did Moses of the Bible Have?"
Moses was a Hebrew prophet who received the 10 Commandments. He led the Hebrew people when they left Egypt. He is a leader with a dramatic story in the bible.
Two. Zipporah (Exodus 2:21) and a Cushite woman (Numbers 12:1)
1. Look up Proverbs 31: 9-31. Here you'll find a series of statements about what makes good wives, but this can also work as expressing virtues about mothers. Choose your favorite
God then starts to speak directly to Moses. He tells Moses that He has heard the cries of
Explore this Topic
According to Exodus 2:21 and Numbers 12:1 in the Bible, Moses had two wives. However, there is debate about the wife from Exodus 2:21, Zipporah, is the same as...
From the bible it is clearly stated that King Ahab had only on wife whose name was Jezebel. After his father death King Ahab and his brother Jeroboam divided the...
The answer to the quiz above is none but instead Noah did take two pairs of each animal on to the ark. According to the Bible, Moses was a religious leader, prophet...


Is An Encroachment A Lien?
Is a lien a charge?
A lien generally entitles the creditor to retain possession of the property, but, unlike a charge not to deal with it (to sell it, for example).
The existence of a power to sell does not convert the lien into a charge as such a charge would require registration (see paragraph 40.126) [note 1]..
How do liens get paid?
Liens against assets must be paid off when the individual using the asset sells it; they can't receive payment for the sale until this happens. In the car example, the lender won't release the title until the lien is paid off in full. You have to use the property while it's being paid off in most cases.
Can you sell a house with an encroachment?
If the structure cannot be removed without great expense — like a garage — you can try to sell the property upon which the structure is encroaching to the encroaching property owner to compensate yourself for the loss of value. You can also try to sell an easement over the property.
What is another word for encroachment?
Some common synonyms of encroach are infringe, invade, and trespass.
How do you fix an encroachment?
Thankfully, you may pursue a few possible options to resolve this problem.Go to court. A court determination can provide a legal order to rectify your encroachment issue. … Negotiate. If you get along with your neighbor, negotiation may be an effective choice in resolving your encroachment issue. … Sell.
Can you sue for encroachment?
A council may even enter the neighbour's property and remedy the situation by cutting down the tree itself should it consider necessary. If you have asked your neighbour and contacted council to no avail, you can personally take legal action against the encroachment.
Which of the following is a lien that will take priority over all other liens?
A real property tax lien has priority over all other liens. The borrower gives the lien to the lender as security for the loan on the property.
Is it illegal to remove property stakes?
Protected by the Law Because of their significance, the Surveys Act of Alberta carefully regulates boundary markers. … It is illegal to remove or tamper with an official boundary marker. Tampering with boundary markers can result in fines up to $10,000.
What is considered an encroachment?
The term encroachment refers to a situation in real estate where a property owner violates the property rights of his neighbor by building on or extending a structure to the neighbor's land or property intentionally or otherwise.
How does lien priority change?
How can a junior lien's priority be changed? The lienee can "promote" one lien above another at the request of a lienee. A lienor can sue to have its lien reclassified as superior. If the holder of a superior lien dies, an inferior lien holder automatically moves up on the schedule of priority.
Which Lien is highest in priority?
The first in time, first in right rule establishes the priorities of liens recorded against your home, which dictates who gets paid in the event of a foreclosure. A general rule in property law says that whichever lien is recorded first in the land records has higher priority over later-recorded liens.
Can I remove encroachment?
Is encroachment a crime?
ENCROACHMENT. An unlawful gaining upon the right or possession of another; as, when a man sets his fence beyond his line; in this case the proper remedy for the party injured is an action of ejectment, or an action of trespass. A Law Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States.
Should I buy a house with an encroachment?
Final Thoughts on a House With an encroachment If you are buying a house with an encroachment make sure that the issue is legally remedied before you close on the house. Whether it be a removal of the structure, an abatement of the property, or an easement agreement you should insist on a resolution before you buy.
Is an easement a lien?
An easement, such as a utility easement, enables others to use the property, regardless of the owner's desires. A lien, such as a tax lien, can be placed on the property's title, thereby restricting the owner's ability to transfer clear title to another party.
How can land encroachment be prevented?
How plot owners can prevent encroachmentKeep all your property documents safe.Ask your neighbours, if there are any in the vicinity, to keep an eye on the plot.In case of encroachment, report it immediately to the police.Hire a local lawyer to keep an eye on the property and manage it.More items…•
Can I remove neighbors fence on my property?
If you can prove the neighbor installed the fence on your property without your permission, the court should be able to issue an order forcing the fence to be removed. … However, a fence that has been installed for that period of time should be more than adequate proof.
How close to a property line can I build?
At least 3 ft. from side or rear property line. No closer to front property line than front wall of main building.


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Anna Koneva
Dr. Dobb's Bloggers
Problems When Linking Objective-C and C++ Code
February 20, 2014
This article explains problems that occur interoperating between C, Objective-C, C++, and Objective-C++ code. All the samples below were tested on XCode 4.6.2 on the Apple LLVM 4.2 (Clang) and LLVM GCC 4.2 compilers, and also on the latest XCode 5. XCode 5.0 does not contain the GCC compiler anymore, so those examples were checked with Apple LLVM 5.0 (based on Clang).
Calling a C++ Function from Objective-C Code
Suppose you have a C++ function, which you need to call from Objective-C code. Here are the header file and the body code:
int DoSomethingCppFunction(int param);
int DoSomethingCppFunction(int param)
 cout << "param = " << param << endl;
 return param;
If you try to call this function from the Objective-C code, you'll get a linker error that says that the symbol is not found.
Solution: This error occurs because of the C++ name mangling. To turn it off, you need to add a specifier extern "C" to the declaration of the C++ function:
_TAG_ __cplusplus
extern "C" {
int DoSomethingCppFunction(int param);
_TAG_ __cplusplus
Calling an Inline C Function from Objective-C Code
Let's say you have this code in the file main.m:
_TAG_
inline void foo()
 printf("Hello, World\n");
 // insert code here...
 NSLog(@"Hello, World!");
 return 0;
Compiling this, you will get a linker error stating that the method foo is not found.
Solution: Inlined C functions are a new feature of C99/GNU99, which is turned on in the XCode project settings by default. If all of the declarations of an inline function in a module do not have a storage class specifier, then the module will not produce a callable copy of the function. This creates linker errors.
One way to fix it is to add a static modifier for the function foo. Another way is to change the C dialect to GNU89 in the settings.
Oddities While Linking an Objective-C Project for Mac OS X and a C++ Static Library
Suppose you have a static C++ library that contains the class:
 int addTwoNums(int a, int b);
File Test.cpp:
int Test::addTwoNums(int a, int b)
 return (a + b);
And you use this library in a simple console Objective-C application. If your compiler is the default Apple LLVM compiler, the result depends on which settings you use for the standard C++ library. Different combinations for using the application, library, and C++ runtime are shown below.
Case 1
app - libc++
library - libc++
Result: No linker errors.
Case 2
app - libstdc++
library - libc++
Result: No linker errors.
Case 3
app - libc++
library - libstdc++
Result: Linker errors
«Undefined symbols for architecture x86_64:
"std :: ios_base :: Init :: Init ()", referenced from:
___cxx_global_var_init in lib01SampleCppLibrary.a (Test.o)
"std :: ios_base :: Init :: ~ Init ()", referenced from:
___cxx_global_var_init in lib01SampleCppLibrary.a (Test.o)
ld: symbol (s) not found for architecture x86_64
clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1
(use-v to see invocation) »
Case 4
app - libstdc++
library - libstdc++
Result: No linker errors.
Solution: Library libstdc++ is a part of GCC. It's old, and Apple has not supported GCC on Mac OS X for a long time. Although you can update it from the ports, you'll be better served by using libc++, which is newer and is supported by Apple.
Future posts will look at a few more kinds of interoperability errors between C/C++ and Objective-C.
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text:
October 10, 2011
Study finds children more accepting of peers who try to change an undesirable characteristic than those believed to be at fault for it
A psychology team at Kansas State University is studying how elementary and middle school youths perceive and anticipate interacting with peers who have various characteristics seen as undesirable, such as being a poor student or being extremely aggressive.
Mark Barnett, a professor of psychology, and psychology doctoral candidates Tammy Sonnentag, Edgar, Wis.; Jennifer Livengood, Marshall, Mo.; and Taylor Wadian, Fayette, Iowa; as well as Adrienne Struble, a spring 2011 bachelor's graduate, Lawrence, recently completed a study on this topic relating to fault attribution. It looks at the extent to which children attribute fault to peers with these undesirable characteristics, and how they anticipate interacting with these peers.
The study, "Role of Fault Attributions and Desire/Effort/Outcome Expectations in Children's Anticipated Responses to Hypothetical Peers with Various Undesirable Characteristics," will be published in an upcoming issue of the Journal of Genetic Psychology.
Researchers evaluated responses from 137 thirdthrough eighth-grade students who responded to statements about six hypothetical male peers for the study. Each peer was either a poor student, poor athlete, extremely overweight, extremely aggressive, extremely shy or had symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
"We led the children to believe that these six male students from another school had gone through interviews about six months apart," Barnett said. "In the first interview each of the hypothetical students described his problem and said whether he desired to fix it. We then told the students that six months later we brought those same kids back and asked if they'd been doing anything to change their undesirable characteristic, and whether they had been successful in doing so."
Participants where then asked to rate their attitudes toward each hypothetical peer on a five-point scale.
Researchers found that the more the students attributed fault to a peer for his undesirable characteristic, the more they would tease and make fun of him, and the less they would like to help him if he needed assistance.
Of those six characteristics, the kids who were overweight and aggressive were disliked more than those who were a poor student, a poor athlete, extremely shy or hyperactive. Students indicated that more so than for the other peers, the obese and aggressive peers were at fault for having their undesirable attribute and that they lacked the desire and motivation to change it.
"Attributions of fault seem to be very important in children's attitudes and anticipated reactions to peers with undesirable characteristics," Barnett said. "The more they attribute fault to peers for being a poor student, a poor athlete or whatever, the more they dislike them and the more they anticipate responding to them in a negative manner."
Additionally, the team found that girls tended to be kinder than boys to peers with undesirable characteristics -- unless the characteristics were obesity and aggressiveness. For peers with those two characteristics, both girls and boys indicated equal dislike, and both believed these peers were at heightened fault for their characteristic.
But the team found there is a silver lining for kids who have an undesirable characteristic.
"If the students think that the child has tried to change, that tends to positively influence how they anticipate interacting with that peer," Barnett said. "They really liked kids who are successful in overcoming their problem, but they also really liked kids who tried and put effort into changing."