text:
Shaping the Dialogue
The primary purpose of an ACCJC-accredited institution is to foster learning in its students. An effective institution ensures that its resources and processes support student learning, continuously assesses that learning, and pursues institutional excellence and improvement. An effective institution maintains an ongoing, selfreflective dialogue about its quality and improvement.
An institution-wide dialogue must be at the heart of the self-evaluation process for the college community to gain a comprehensive perspective of the institution. Although the standards are presented in four parts, they work together to facilitate this dialogue on the institution's effectiveness and on ways in which it may improve. The self study provides the Commission with the institution's assessment of itself as a whole.
The institutional mission provides the impetus for achieving student learning and other goals that the institution endeavors to accomplish. The institution provides the means for students to learn, assesses how well learning is occurring, and strives to improve that learning through ongoing, systematic, and integrated planning (Standard I). Instructional programs, student support services, and library and learning support services facilitate the achievement of the institution's stated student learning outcomes (Standard II). Human, physical, technology, and financial resources enable these programs and services to function and improve (Standard III). Ethical and effective leadership throughout the organization guides the accomplishment of the mission and supports institutional effectiveness and improvement (Standard IV).
A collegewide dialogue that integrates the elements of the Standards provides the complete view of the institution that is needed to verify integrity and to promote quality and improvement.
Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges (ACCJC)
Western Association of Schools and Colleges
For comments, suggestions or contributions contact:
Accreditation Liaison Officer: Marisa Spatafore


text:
A chocolate is such a thing that everyone loves to eat whether young or old. Many of us eat ferrero rocher chocolates as they are very yummy and filled with the crunchiness of hazelnuts. But it is a good idea to know how many calories are present in it before one puts this wonderful piece of tasty food into ones mouth.
The total calories present in 3 pieces of ferrero rocher chocolates of serving size of 41 grams is about 220 calories. A closer look at the segregation of the calories that it is filled with can be obtained as follows:-
- The three pieces of ferrero rocher chocolates have about 144 grams of fat.
- The total fat content is about 16 grams which is 25% of the daily assigned value of calories that an average person consumes on a daily basis.
- These chocolates even have saturated fat and cholesterol of about 5.0 grams and 3.0 mg respectively which accounts for 25% and 1% in the total calories assigned per day.
- Besides these the ferrero rocher chocolates also have sodium of 20 mg, carbohydrates of 16.0 grams and dietary fiber of 1.0 grams accounting for 1%, 5% and 4% respectively in the calories.
- One can also get protein of about 3.0 grams and sugars of about 15.0 grams from these chocolates. Apart from these one can also get additives of calcium and iron wherein both are present to the extent of 4% in these chocolates.
The best part of consumption of these hazelnut chocolates is that it has least content of cholesterol and is also low in sodium content which is a blessing for people suffering from heart and blood pressure problems. But there are also certain minus points in it for people suffering from diabetes as it has high content of saturated fat and sugar present in it.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The following page has been updated, through her generosity.
Failing / Zimmerman Cemetery
Town of Tonawanda, Erie County, New York
ATKINSON, Willie Ross
BELLINGER, Ada L.
Frederick Bleyle, a veteran of the Civil War was born January 9, 1806, and died August 27, 1890.
Mrs. ( Jane ) John Cherry, born 1791, died February 19, 1860.
- David and Jeremiah Faling's graves are marked by large pillars.
- Jeremiah and David Faling's graves are marked by large pillars.
- The Failing homestead was settled about 1815. Mary Ann,
- Michel Martin, born in France, died January 27, 1898.
- Jacob Wire, born 1772 - died June 21, 1857.
- Adam Zimmerman, the first settler on Delaware Road, born 1786, died August 30, 1839.
- Peter Zimmerman, died December 20, 1854.
- Richard Failing, died August 27, 1868.
- William Zimmerman, born January 14, 1796, died July 31, 1871.
Amid the tidy homes along the east side of Delaware Road at Willowbreeze Road in the Town of Tonawanda sits a most unusual site; the Faling Cemetery, one of the oldest burial grounds in Western New York. According to Town Historian John W. Percy, the Faling and Zimmerman families were among the first to settle along the old Indian trail that would become Delaware Avenue
When Richard Faling's daughter, Mary Ann, died at 6 weeks of age in 1816, his wife conducted the funeral and interred the baby on their property. Additional burials followed during the remaining years of the century. More than 180 years later, time has taken its toll on the small cemetery. Many of the names on the weather-beaten markers are indecipherable, spindly trees nearly outnumber the number of graves, and a black iron fence casts an ominous barrier around the cemetery.
Still, the gravestones of several war heroes, along with a number of distinguished pioneers, are identifiable at the cemetery. A Civil War soldier, Frederick Bleyle, who died in 1890, is buried here, as are four veterans of the War of 1812. Jeremiah and David Faling's graves are marked by large pillars. And a prominent black column marks the grave of former town supervisor Jacob Wire, who died in the 1850s.
Toward the end of the 19th century, Faling Cemetery was a popular burial ground for local residents, Percy said. But in 1901, the plot thickened. With the opening of Elmlawn Cemetery, many families moved their graves to that site and Faling fell into disrepair. Under state law, the Town of Tonawanda is charged with maintaining the cemetery, Percy said. In 1976, as part of the nation's bicentennial, the graveyard was rededicated by the Historical Society
Article in the Sunday "Magazine"
section of the Buffalo News, 1996
Buffalo, New York, author - Brenda Alesii
Return to Home page

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Nitrogen deficiency in cannabis is actually quite easy to spot, leaves turning yellow during flowering and fan leaves turning yellow during veg are key signs. Find out all the symptoms, effects and discover how to solve a cannabis nitrogen deficiency.
Since nitrogen is a mobile nutrient, it can move across the plant as needed. Cannabis plants require nitrogen to keep their leaves green and generate energy from light. Nitrogen helps with photosynthesis and keeps new leaves turn green. The plant "wants" to provide the most recent, youngest leaves precedence in getting light because they receive the most light. Nitrogen boosts plant growth; therefore, growth would come to a standstill quickly.
Cannabis cultivation is a constructive activity that demands careful attention to detail. Applying the proper amount of nitrogen nutrients is one of the conditions for successfully growing a huge cannabis crop of good quality. If your plant starts to lack the necessary amount of nitrogen nutrients at any time during its growth cycle, it may show signs of insufficiency. Should nitrogen deficiency remain unattended, it can affect the plant's health and decrease productivity.
If you detect lower cannabis leaves are turning yellow during the vegetative or early flowering stages. Then, your plant may be suffering from a nitrogen deficit, which you must address. If your cannabis shows signs of nitrogen deficiency late in the flowering period, do not panic! In the late flowering period, low nitrogen levels help support optimal cannabis bud growth and enhance yields!
Nitrogen deficiency in cannabis signs include older, mature leaves darkening and eventually yellowing, particularly around the plant's base. In severe deficiency, the plant will yellow, with potential discoloration and brown blotches at the outer edges; finally, the leaves will droop and fall. When cultivating cannabis, excessive nitrogen feeding might cause the following symptoms:
1. The hue of the leaves changes to dark green.
2. Late flowering
3. Fragile stems
4. Leaves that appear to be weak bow downwards.
5. Plants have low disease and pest management requirements.
6. The result has a green tinge.
Yellowing leaves are one of the most apparent symptoms of nitrogen deficiency in cannabis plants. Your plants' older and lower leaves will begin to yellow, wilt, and fall off. The nitrogen will be stolen from the older leaves by the younger leaves higher up on the plant. The plant prioritizes higher leaves because they receive the most light and contribute considerably to photosynthesis.
Root health is critical for nitrogen uptake: roots absorb nutrients poorly when damaged by pests or illnesses. Roots grow faster than shoots. The so-called feed response to nitrogen deprivation occurs when plants search for the essential nutrient in new places. On the other hand, plants restrict root growth in the presence of sufficient nitrogen to reduce toxicity. Furthermore, if the nitrogen is there and the pH in the plant root zone is too low, indicators of cannabis nitrogen deficiency can develop. This is because your plant roots can't absorb nutrients effectively if the pH at the roots is not right.
This is just another symptom of cannabis nitrogen deficiency. Plant development is delayed, and new leaves are tiny when nitrogen levels are low. This is because nitrogen encourages the growth of green, leafy plants.
Without enough nitrogen, plant growth is stunted and new leaves will grow small when nitrogen levels are low. Also, you will notice leaves turning yellow during flowering and veg without correct nitrogen levels. This is because nitrogen encourages the growth of green, leafy plants.
Some inexperienced gardeners may be startled by the appearance of nitrogen deficiency symptoms, leading them to over-apply nitrogen to their soil. However, if there are too many nitrogen-creating problems, the equilibrium can shift in the opposite direction. Nitrogen poisoning occurs when a farmer mistakenly adds much too much of the nutrient to their soil. Plants rarely develop nitrogen toxicity during the vegetative phase of their growth cycle unless they are given a large amount of nitrogen. Nitrogen intoxication is more common during the flowering period because plants take lower nitrogen levels. Give heed to the PH content of cannabis leaves to help them become beneficial. Cannabis leaves curl up due to an overabundance of nitrogen. Their color can stay green, but the withered vegetation's surface indicates leaves in poor condition. It is recommended to allow soil drying; then, you should use an enzyme solution for watering.
There are two methods for correcting nitrogen deficiency in the soil: organic and non-organic.
1. Organic technique
Organic methods take longer to correct a nitrogen deficiency, leading to an equitable distribution of extra nitrogen over the duration. Adding composted manure to the soil is one organic approach to adding nitrogen to the soil.
2. Non-organic technique
When purchasing chemical fertilizer, nitrogen is a frequent plant fertilizer. Choose a fertilizer with a high first number in the NPK ratio when applying nitrogen to your plant. The NPK ratio will be 10:10:10, with the first number indicating the quantity of nitrogen present. Using a nitrogen fertilizer to repair a nitrogen deficiency in the soil will result in a considerable, massive rise in nitrogen in the soil, but the impact will fade quickly.
To correct a nitrogen deficiency as quickly as possible, water-soluble nitrogen should be used to provide the nutrients straight to the roots.
Sulphur deficiency symptoms are similar to nitrogen deficiency symptoms in that the leaves turn pale yellow or light green. Sulphur deficiency symptoms, unlike nitrogen deficiency, emerge initially on the younger leaves and continue even after nitrogen administration.
It is also worth noting that the cannabis plant should not be without nitrogen at any time during its development. Of course, nitrogen is most crucial for growth during the vegetative stage. Many people believe that nitrogen should be removed during the flowering period, although not the case. While there should be less nitrogen during the flowering stage, there should still be adequate nitrogen to produce essential amino acids.
If you have any cannabis deficiencies – we are here to help!
Ed Rushford's impact on cannabis growing is undeniable. Though he tends to focus primarily on 2 areas, plant training techniques and dealing with disease, pests, and other problems, he has offered many insights into how cannabis plants live and grow. That's not to say that Ed is unfamiliar with the complete life cycle of cannabis, from seed to harvest, but he uses his widespread knowledge to hone in on the minutia and niche areas of growing cannabis. Ed's goal is to spread knowledge and allow for everyone to become better growers. About this Author

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
By now the tools exist to effectively quantify the influence of weather, wear and chemicals on road surface quality and to model how often those surfaces need maintenance or replacement. Less familiar to highway engineers are the tools used to measure and model the lifetime of the retroreflective elements painted or embedded along roads to help guide drivers at night.
The science of electronically measuring retroreflective pavement markings is still in its early days, but quickly evolving. Visual analysis of retroreflective elements by human observers is giving way to portable and vehicle-mounted measurements that provide reproducible data more compatible with data management tools, such as computer modeling. Despite this, the nature and measurement of retroreflectivity remains an unfamiliar topic to many highway contractors and maintenance authorities. But it will not remain so for long.
Accident data from the Highway Safety Information System (HSIS), a multistate database, shows that although only 25% of travel occurs during the nighttime, about 55% of fatal accidents occur at night. At least part of this discrepancy stems from inadequate and poorly maintained signs and markings.
Such statistics help explain why the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) specifies that highway markings required to be visible at night should be retroreflective. That is, they should reflect light back toward the general direction of its source. Retroreflectivity is simply a measure of how efficiently a marking achieves this.
Retroreflectance measurement helps ensure new highways are marked according to established standards, which improves safety. It also helps engineers estimate when to replace retroreflective roadside elements. Replacing these elements too soon increases maintenance costs; replacing them too late compromises safety, driving comfort and tort exposure.
Also, many states and municipalities that contract pavement marking have begun to offer bonus payments based on the quality of retroreflective pavement markings immediately after installation and for several years afterwards. Roadway striping contractors, therefore, stand to benefit if they can provide hard data that shows their markings continue to meet specified retroreflectance values.
Typical retroreflectors, such as cube corners or transparent microspheres, have structures that produce multiple reflections. Whatever its mechanism, a perfect retroreflector would reflect all light directly back to its source. Fortunately, such efficiency is not only impossible for highway applications, it's impractical. In order for retroreflection to be useful, the driver would need to see it—putting the ideal location for the head lamp on a driver's forehead between the eyes, which is not only impractical, it would likely meet some market acceptance resistance.
In reality, headlamps are limited to a non-optimum location for drivers to view retroreflected light. So, standard illumination and viewing geometries have been defined to objectively evaluate performance of different materials and installation methods. A key factor in this evaluation is an understanding of the concept of luminous intensity of a light source.
The main goal of replacing and repainting highway signs and delineations is to maintain their visibility at night, but those who fund or perform highway maintenance can appreciate the value of predicting the service life of retroreflective elements.
It is intuitive to measure retroreflection as a ratio of the intensity of retroreflected light against the intensity of its origin. This ratio would provide a scale for retroreflection that consisted of a similitude (dimensionless number) between 0 and 1. This, however, requires a system of units to define light flux, intensity and other optical quantities.
Most important is the geometrical unit of a solid angle, which resembles an ice cream cone. The tip of the cone is the apex, the distance from the apex to the open end is the radius (r) and the open end has some defined surface area (S). Solid angles are measured in steradians (?), units that represent the ratio of the area of the open end of the cone over the radius squared (r2). In strict math terms, the area of the opening is a spherical surface, like the half-sphere of ice cream fitting into a cone's open end.
Widening the apex of this cone until it formed a half-sphere would represent a solid angle measuring 2? steradians. So a complete sphere, such as one surrounding a light source, would have a total of 4? steradians.
In Figure 1, the solid angle subtended by the area "ABCD" is equal to the area of "ABCD" divided by the total area of the concentric sphere multiplied by the total number of steradians in the sphere. The equation looks like:
1m2 x 4? (w)
————— = 1 steradian
Roadway markings and signs are measured using different but related units of measure. Retroreflective measurement of roadway markings most commonly relies on the coefficient of retroreflected luminance (RL), which is the ratio of the luminance (L) of a surface to the normal illuminance (E) on the surface.
Normal illuminance, in this case, is the illuminance of a car's headlights on the marking measured on a plane perpendicular to the direction of the headlight beams. For the car shown in Figure 2, the observation and illumination angles are fixed and, let's assume, the headlights direct light of a specific intensity along the illumination axis. Let's also assume that point B represents the single point on the marking where RL will be examined. This allows a precise definition of the illumination axis, directed along line AB.
By the time the light reaches point B, it has spread out and has established a specific illuminance. If a plane is placed at point B with an area of one square meter and a normal vector in the same direction as line A, then the value of illuminance at B will equal the amount of light that would fall on this plane if it were illuminated entirely by the same intensity of light as that directed at point B.
The light will be reflected back in a cone shape around the direction of the headlight and it will have a specific luminous intensity in the observation direction along line BC.
These two values enable calculation of the coefficient of luminous intensity. Missing is the luminous intensity's per unit area, which must be calculated to provide an appropriate area to use as a divisor. Up to this point, all the quantities have been directional, dealing with infinitesimal areas. The challenge is to accurately illuminate the sample at the proper angle, 88.76°, and collect the light at the proper angle, 1.05°, from the illumination axis. These angles simulate the illumination of the pavement marker by a car with headlights 0.5 m above the pavement and 30 m in front of the car and the driver's eye 1.5 m above the pavement. Precisely setting this measurement geometry minimizes the largest error-contributing factor because the projected measurement area changes a great deal with a small change in the 88.76° illumination angle.
Commercial retroreflective materials are generally measured in a laboratory and provide material samples that can serve as transfer standards outside the lab. These measurements include the ratio of illumination at a retroreflector's sample position, its retroreflected light and the projected area of the sample. All this provides a direct determination of the coefficient of retroreflection that can then be applied in the field as a calibration standard to accurately set the intensity scale of a portable measurement instrument.
However, the sample area of portable instruments differs from one manufacturer to another, which introduces the possibility of non-uniform retroreflection of samples on the road-pavement stripes, for example. It is not unusual for the center of a 4-in.-wide retroreflective stripe to have a 2-in.-wide section down the middle with a coefficient of retroreflection value higher than those to either side.
The unit used in roadway measurements is millicandelas per lux per square meter (mcd/lx/m2). This is equal to 1/1000 of the basic unit, which was given before as candelas per lux per square meter (cd/lx/m2). Retroreflective measurement of road signs relies on a different standard, the coefficient of retroreflection (RA). A description of RA is available in ASTM Standard E808-91, which defines it as the coefficient of luminous intensity (RI) of a flat retroreflecting surface to its area. The metric unit for RI is candelas per lux per square meter (cd/lx/m2) and it is the ratio of the luminous intensity of the retroreflector in the direction of observation (I) to the illuminance at the retroreflector on a plane perpendicular to the direction of the incident light.
After taking into account all of the units and other considerations, RA is conceptually identical to the coefficient of retroreflected luminance (RL) used to measure roadway markings. Like RL, it is still a ratio of returned intensity to incident illumination divided by the area of the retroreflector.
RA, however, is simpler to apply to measure the retroreflectivity of signs because signs have a fixed area. Also, the measured geometry is arranged so that the plane of the sign is more perpendicular to car headlights, so its area does not change as fast as near horizontal angles. This makes the measurement much simpler and more accurate.
The retroreflectometry ride
The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has established controlled procedures for measuring retroreflective materials in the laboratory. These procedures require the use of a tungsten lamp operated at a correlated color temperature of 2,855.6°K. The spectral power distribution of a tungsten lamp operated at this color temperature approaches the ideal CIE Illuminant A, an internationally agreed upon standard type of illumination used for comparison and specification of colors. Photoreceptor measuring illuminated retroreflective surfaces must match the CIE 1931 human eye response function—also called


Method for detecting wrapping oil
A detection method and packaging technology, applied in the direction of color/spectral characteristic measurement, etc., can solve the problems of enterprise loss, unqualified appearance of large quantities of DAP, inability to distinguish the quality of packaged oil, etc., and achieve the effect of improving the pass rate
Active Publication Date: 2018-04-10
WENGFU DAZHOU CHEM CO LTD
6 Cites 0 Cited by
AI-Extracted Technical Summary
Problems solved by technology
The wrapping oil is a dark green paste-like solid, and the quality of different batches of wrapping oil cannot be distinguished from the appearance. After wrapping DAP with wrapping oil, if the quality of the wrapping oil is unqualified, it will cause a large amount of DAP appearance Unqualified products have brought great losses to the company. Therefore, to s...
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for detecting wrapping oil. The method comprises 1, measuring L0 and b0 values of DAP of unwrapping wrapping oil through a colorimeter, 2, wrapping the DAP treated through the step 1 with the wrapping oil, 3, measuring the L value and b value of the DAP treated through the step 2 with the colorimeter, 4, calculating the values of delta L=L-L0 and delta b=b-b0, and5, determining whether the wrapping oil is qualified, wherein when the delta L is greater than -2.0 and delta b is greater than -2.0, the wrapping oil is qualified and when the delta L is less than orequal to -2.0 and delta b is less than or equal to -2.0, the wrapping oil is unqualified. The method can detect the appearance quality of wrapping oil and measure whether different batches of wrapping oil are qualified. The DAP wrapped by the qualified wrapping oil has the bright yellow surface and beautiful appearance and satisfies the DAP appearance requirements.
Application Domain
Color/spectral properties measurements
Technology Topic
Environmental geology
Image
 - Method for detecting wrapping oil
Examples
 - Experimental program(1)
Example Embodiment
[0019] A method for detecting coated oil, which is characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
[0020] Step 1. Use a colorimeter to measure the L of DAP that is not wrapped in oil 0 Value and b 0 value;
[0021] Step 2: Wrap the DAP that has passed through step 1 with wrapping oil;
[0022] Step 3. Use a colorimeter to measure the L value and b value of DAP after step 2;
[0023] Step 4. Calculate △L=L-L 0 And △b=b-b 0 The value of
[0024] Step 5. Determine whether the quality of the package oil is qualified by the following method: △L> -2.0 and △b> -2.0, judged as qualified, △L≤-2.0 and △b≤-2.0, judged as unqualified.
[0025] The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the embodiments. The described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative work shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
[0026] Weigh 0.78g of the evenly stirred coating oil raw material into 200g of DAP, mix well, measure with a colorimeter, and read L and b values. Comparing with the DAP sample without coating oil and calculating it, it can be judged whether the quality and color of the coating oil of this batch are qualified.
[0027] The test data of DAP without oil package is shown in Table 1:
[0028] Table 1, L of DAP without oil 0 And b 0 Value of
[0029] L0
[0030] The test data of DAP after adding coating oil is shown in Table 2:
[0031] Table 2. DAP test data after adding coating oil
[0032]
[0033] It can be easily seen from the above table that the package oil of batch 3 is unqualified, batches 1 and 2 are qualified, especially batch 1 has the best appearance quality. Using the above methods to determine the appearance quality of the wrapping oil is simple, convenient and accurate, and solves the technical problem that the company has always wanted to solve: how to ensure the appearance quality of the DAP after wrapping the oil.
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Are seasons opposite south of the Equator?
The seasons in the Northern Hemisphere are the opposite of those in the Southern Hemisphere. This means that in Argentina and Australia, winter begins in June. The winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere is June 20 or 21, while the summer solstice, the longest day of the year, is December 21 or 22.
Do countries near the Equator have 4 seasons?
Countries near the equator don't experience the four seasons like other places on Earth do. Countries on, or near, the equator have the same amount of daylight and darkness throughout the year. Generally, there are two seasons in equatorial countries, wet and dry. The wet season lasts most of the year.
Are the seasons opposite in South America?
It is also important to remember that the seasons in South America are the reverse of that in the Northern Hemisphere, meaning that summer falls between December and February and winter between June and August.
Why are there only 2 seasons near the Equator?
Equatorial Climates Twice a year, during the spring and autumn equinoxes, the sun passes directly over the Equator. Even during the rest of the year, equatorial regions often experience a hot climate with little seasonal variation. As a result, many equatorial cultures recognize two seasons—wet and dry.
Why are seasons opposite in Southern Hemisphere?
Notice that when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun, the Southern Hemisphere is tilted away from it, and explains why the hemispheres have opposite seasons.
Which country has no seasons?
This is the second time I've lived in Colombia. The second time I've lived in a world of "no seasons." Because of Colombia's latitude and longitude (in other words–it's closeness to the equator) there is VERY little, if any, change in temperature throughout the year.
Does South Africa have opposite seasons?
Unlike Africa's equatorial countries, where the year is split into rainy and dry seasons, South Africa does have four seasons—summer, fall, winter, and spring—only they are flipped from the seasons in the Northern Hemisphere.
What season is it in Africa?
African seasons are opposite of North America, so autumn there is March through May and spring is September through November. Africa's lower half gets down to 40 or 50 degrees in the winter, while equatorial Africa ranges from temperate to hot.
Is there summer and winter at the equator?
Near the Equator, there is little temperature change throughout the year, though there may be dramatic differences in rainfall and humidity. The terms summer, autumn, winter and spring do not generally apply.


text:
This paper describes an attempt on the word recognition using a matrix of feature vectors as a description unit for a time pattern. Pseudo-phoneme patterns represented by the matrices are extracted in advance by a vector quantization. The connected words recognition is conducted using these pseudo-phoneme patterns and Continuous Dynamic Programming. Distance measures among matrices and an algorithm of the vector quantization are described. Results of preparatory experiment are shown for 54 city names.
|Number of pages||4|
|Journal||Denshi Gijutsu Sogo Kenkyusho Iho/Bulletin of the Electrotechnical Laboratory|
|Publication status||Published - 1986|
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Condensed Matter Physics
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering


5
$\begingroup$
Suppose I have a matrix $A$ of size
$n_1 \times n_2 \times n_3$
Now, I have another matrix $B$ of size $n_1 \times n_2 \times n_3 \times N$ where $N<n_3$
I'd like to create the following matrix $C = [A(m,l,B(m,l,k,:))]_{1 \le m \le n_1, 1 \le l \le n_2, 1 \le k \le n_3}$. What is the most efficient way of doing this without having to create loops?
B essentially tells me which elements to pick out of the 3-rd dimension given an m,l and k. So a loop would go along the lines of:
for m=1:n1;
 for l=1:n2;
 for k=1:n3
 C(m,l,:,k)=A(m,l,B(m,l,k,:))
 end
 end
end
Thanks!!!
$\endgroup$
6
 - $\begingroup$ Can you give an explicit example? Your wording still seems ambiguous. $\endgroup$ – Phillip Nordwall Jul 26 '12 at 20:06
 - $\begingroup$ Should not your example be 'for m=1:n1; for l=1:n2; for k=1:n3; C(m,l,:,k)=A(m,l,B(m,l,k,:)); end, end, end' i. e. 'A' has only three indexes? $\endgroup$ – Stefano M Jul 26 '12 at 21:54
 - $\begingroup$ You mention in the question that 'A' had only 3 dimensions where as the 'A' in the center of the loop has 4 indices. $\endgroup$ – Phillip Nordwall Jul 27 '12 at 0:46
 - $\begingroup$ You are all right - I haphazardly wrote this question without reviewing. @StefanoM is correct. It should be C(m,l,:,k)=A(m,l,B(m,l,k,:)). I've corrected the text. Thanks a bunch for pointing this out. C(m,l,:,k)=A(m,l,B(m,l,k,:)). I started creating the matrix C(m,l,:) via C = A(repmat(reshape(1:n1*n2,n1,n2),[1,1,N])+(n1*n2)*(B-1)). Any suggestions on how to extend this matrix? $\endgroup$ – palmmeasure Jul 27 '12 at 1:50
 - $\begingroup$ On another note, I'm new to this stackexchange, and I'm not entirely sure how Godric (awesome sn, btw/happens to be my fave TB character) edited my question so that the code looks like the way it is now. $\endgroup$ – palmmeasure Jul 27 '12 at 1:53
5
$\begingroup$
If I got the question right, the problem is given $a_{ijk}$ and $b_{ijkl}$ to form
$$ c_{ijkl} = a_{ijb_{ijlk}} $$ or in matlab notation
C(i,j,k,l) = A(i,j,B(i,j,l,k));
4 nested loops
Without colon notation this would require 4 nested loops over variables i,j,k,l:
C(n1,n2,N,n3) = 0.0; % equivalent to C = zeros(n1,n2,N,n3);
for i = 1:n1,
 for j = 1:n2,
 for k = 1:N,
 for l = 1:n3,
 C(i,j,k,l) = A(i,j,B(i,j,l,k));
 end,
 end,
 end,
end,
Note the preallocation of array C: having variable sized arrays inside a for loop is normally the main reason for inefficiency. In fact matlab is pretty good (compared to python) in evaluating for loops, provided that the l.h.s. does not change size during the iterations.
2 nested loops
Now let's go for the easy vectorization, eliminating the loops over k and l. The main problem here is that k,l are swapped in C and B so we have to permute the array dimensions:
C(n1,n2,n3,N) = 0.0;
for i = 1:n1,
 for j = 1:n2,
 C(i,j,:) = A(i,j,B(i,j,:));
 end,
end,
C = permute(C, [1 2 4 3]);
(Remember that a trailing colon in an array squeezes all remaining dimension into a single one: size(C(i,j,:)) == [1 1 n3*N] ; correct stride is preserved, so that C(i,j,:) is OK as a l.h.s.)
no loops
Edited: corrected error and inserted final solution.
Now for the hard part of the question: how to eliminate the loops over i and j. The idea is simple: find an integer array indx such that C == A(indx): in fact A(indx) is an array with the same shape of indx and elements taken from A regarded as a single column.
In order to construct this array, we have to remember that matlab follows fortran convention:
size(A) == [n1 n2 n3]
A(i,j,k) == A(i + (j-1)*n1 + (k-1)*n1*n2)
So here is how to construct this matrix with 2 nested loops:
indx(n1,n2,n3,N) = 0.0;
for j=1:n2,
 for i=1:n1,
 indx(i,j,:) = i+(j-1)*n1+(B(i,j,:)-1)*n1*n2;
 end,
end,
or with two instructions
indx = (B-1)*n1*n2;
indx(:) = indx(:) + repmat(1:n1*n2, n3*N)'
The no loops code reads
indx = (B-1)*n1*n2;
indx(:) = indx(:) + repmat(1:n1*n2, 1, n3*N)';
indx = permute(indx, [1 2 4 3]);
C = A(indx);
conclusions
In my opinion the most efficient way of computing C should be the 2 nested loops version. In the no loops version we put a great effort in computing indx instead of letting matlab do his own pointer arithmetic, so I would discourage it, unless the same array B and therefore the same vector indx can be used multiple times with different A arrays.
If this is the case I would still recommend to compute indx by two nested loops, instead of the no loops version. (Here Godric Seer is right: it is almost impossible to understand the logic behind.)
Let me stress out an important point: if array C is pre-allocated, two nested loops will be very fast in matlab, and there will be no substantial advantage in going to a no loops version, unless we have a fast method of computing the indx vector. (E.g. by using integer arithmetic.)
Hope this lengthy reply will be useful.
Edited previous wrong no loops version:
C(n1,n2,n3,N) = 0.0;
indx = ... % to be defined later
C(:) = A(indx);
C = permute(C, [1 2 4 3]);
Here we have to exploit the fact that C(:) is the multi-dimensional array viewed as a single column, and A(indx) is a single column of elements picked from A. We have to know how pointer arithmetic works in matlab
size(C) == [n1 n2 n3 N]
C(i,j,k,l) == C(i + (j-1)*n1 + (k-1)*n1*n2 + (l-1)*n1*n2*n3 )
Now
C(i,j,k,l) = A(i,j,B(i,j,k,l))
can be written as
C(i,j,k,l) = A(i + (j-1)*n1 + (B(i,j,k,l)


text:
Graffiti writers, subcultural graffiti or graffiti subculture is just over 30 years old. Originally from New York, it has evolved synergistically with hip hop's dance and music cultures and now enjoys status as a global phenomenon.
The graffiti subculture has its own status structure, its own criteria for placing individuals on this and its own symbolic, but highly valued, rewards. What differentiates it from many other youth groups or subcultures is its explicitness, its open recognition of its own point and purpose. Fame, respect and status are not naturally evolving by-products of this subculture, they are its sole reason for being, and a writer's sole reason for being here.
Graffiti as a career
Graffiti writers are not particularly vocal about what they do, and the tabloid press, who comment more than most, rarely tell the whole story. Graffiti writer's experience of this subculture is a highly structured one. Most follow an established route or career path if you like.
Just like an employee in a large company, graffiti writers start their careers at the bottom rung of this ladder and, through hard work, try to move up. The higher they rise, the greater the apparent rewards. Similarities aside, some important differences do indeed separate them:
– Graffiti writers are younger than most wage earners and their careers are considerably less enduring.
– Graffiti writers' careers do not usually offer material gain: They are not being financially rewarded, their work is reward.
Fame and respect, there's the two driving forces. Graffiti culture translates financial reward into symbolic capital, namely fame, recognition or, the respect of total
strangers. Symbolic or not, this is a highly valued wage in graffiti culture. As writers earn fame and respect, their self-concepts begin to change. At the beginning, when graffiti writers start off doing graffiti they are more or less like a nobody and they just work their way up to be someone. In this light, a writer's career might be better
described as a moral career. If moral careers can be defined as available structures in a youth culture for the establishment of self, then graffiti represents a moral career in its purest form. Gaining respect, fame and a strong self-concept is openly expressed as a graffiti writer's primary objective and the subculture is fully set up to support this goal.
Writers face the same arduous climb up the career ladder as any individual who wants success. The only difference is they probably put in a lot more overtime. A graffiti career is no nine to five vocation.
A graffiti writers career path
Seeing the ad
Graffiti involves the public inscription of one's name or 'tag' : Each graffiti writer had his own tag, kind of like a logo in advertising. These names, 'tags' are visible like advertising written on the walls of your road/block or perhaps lining the street or tube/subway route you take to get to school everyday. It is this repeated exposure which seems to inspire a new graffiti writer's interest. Rather than blend into the background, names pop out and become familiar. In recognizing these names, new graffiti writers begin to recognize the point of the subculture – fame. They are also presented with an element of challenge. The graffiti-covered walls and surfaces of the city act as a form of subcultural advertisement. They tell a new graffiti writer what can be achieved with a little time, effort and commitment and they provide a guideline for these goals.
Choosing a name
Having developed an interest, graffiti writers must now decide upon the name or 'tag' they plan to use. The name is the basis of graffiti culture. It is the most important
aspect of a graffiti writer's work and the source of their fame and respect. Graffiti is illegal so writers do not usually use their real-life names. A new name also provides them with a new start and another identity. Writers choose their names on the basis of a whole range of reasons. Every writer will try to find and keep an original name and claims of ownership are not uncommon. While most writers have one main name, highly 'active' illegal writers with a high police profile might 'have another name, so if one name was hot, wanted by the authorities, they write under another name.
Illegal graffiti involves a celebration of the self. An individual graffiti writes his/her name and effectively says 'I am', 'I exist'. In graffiti culture, however, it is not enough simply to 'be', to 'exist'. One must be and exist stylishly. Style is a centrally important part of graffiti. The way you write your name, the letters you use, their shape, flow and form, the colours you choose, all these things go into making a writer's 'style'. And other writers will judge you, often harshly, on this basis. By developing skills slowly, graffiti writers avoid the risk of peer criticism. In effect, they negotiates one of the 'hazards' that make up a 'moral career'. These are basically occasions 'on which an individual can gain the respect or risk the contempt of his fellows'. An ego is at stake here and new graffiti writers are not taking any chances. Most will start by practising their skills on paper at home.
Making an entrance
Although some older graffiti writers work legally doing gallery or paid commission work, the majority start and sustain illegal careers. Illegality is a natural starting point for a new graffiti writer. First of all their interest in graffiti is usually inspired by seeing other illegal writers' work. Second, the adventure, excitement and release of the illegal exercise play a large part in initially captivating their attention.
Making a name
Claiming fame is referred to as 'making a name' and there are three main graffiti forms that graffiti writers can use to do this; the tag, the throw up and the piece. These are all variations of the name and, at a basic level, involve one of two activities – a stylistic or a prolific inscription of this word. Writers can adopt these different graffiti forms, and with this, different paths to prominence, but their careers tend to follow a fairly standard pattern: Usually every graffiti writer starts off on paper, works their way to paint and bombing and then works their way to doing pieces and they get better as they go on. Following the practice of their skills on paper, graffiti writers generally start by 'tagging' or 'bombing', that is signing their name like a signature. Tagging is the easiest place to start. As a graffiti writer progresses, he/she will probably start to experiment and 'get up' using other forms of graffiti.
A graffiti writer with the experience, skill and desire to meet greater challenges will probably graduate his/her career to more sedate levels as a piecer. Piece, short for masterpiece, is a larger, more elaborate, colourful and stylistically demanding depiction of the writer's name. Piecers are dealing with more complex and time-consuming designs, so their work is assessed for its quality rather than quantity. At this point 'style' comes into play as a central component of a writer's work. As writers move on and search for new ways to push and extend themselves, tagging fades into the background a little. It may still be used to preserve the writer's profile, but it loses its place as a vocation.
Journeys into space
To earn fame graffiti writers need an audience. Accordingly, the places where they paint are usually highly visible. Spots like highways, overpasses, bridges, street and traintrack walls do a good job of putting graffiti writers' work in the public eye. However, the best canvas for their work is one that moves, extending their audience and the reach of their name. Buses and trucks are a popular target for graffiti. The ultimate vehicle, though, will always be the subway/underground trains.
Shifting career gears
When a graffiti writer reaches higher levels of the subculture's status hierarchy, the pace of his/her career starts to settle. By moving through the subculture's recognized stages of activity, writers can make justified changes to their identities. This flexibility allows them to negotiate the difficulties of their illegal position and, indeed, avoid them when they become too much.
At a certain age or life stage, graffiti writers may find themselves at a crossroads. On one side they have 'real life' responsibilities which start to demand more of their time, money and attention. On the other, they have an illegal pursuit which they cherish, but cannot harmonize with their present lifestyle. Commercial legal work moves writers out of the boundaries of the subculture. They no longer paint for their peers or themselves, they have a new audience now; the person or business buying their work.
Graffiti photos by _URL_


text:
ENBIS-18 in Nancy
2 – 25 September 2018; Ecoles des Mines, Nancy (France)
Abstract submission: 20 December 2017 – 4 June 2018
Metrology Modelling Based on Process Parameters in Semiconductor Manufacturing
4 September 2018, 12:00 – 12:20
- Submitted by
- Aabir CHOUICHI
- Aabir Chouichi (Ecole des Mines de Saint-Etienne ( Campus George Charpak )), Jakey Blue (Ecole des Mines de Saint-Etienne ( Campus George Charpak )), Claude Yugma (Ecole des Mines de Saint-Etienne ( Campus George Charpak )), Francois Pasqualini (STMicroelectronics)
- Due to the continuous evolution of microchip applications at a rapid pace, semiconductor companies have faced more and more competitive market demands. In this regard, improving the overall chip performance to meet the specifications from customers has triggered the Integrated Circuit (IC) makers to collect as much data as possible throughout the whole production process. Among the collected data in IC fabrication, two types of data are of particular interest for the optimal process control. First, sensors embedded in the machines send out nearly real-time signals during a wafer process enable the timely actions on the machines. The metrology data retrieved by measuring the quality parameters over the wafers help to characterize the product performance as well as validating the process soundness.
Apart from monitoring the equipment/process faults, machine signals and wafer metrology can be used together to quantify the relationship between the recipe set-up and the metrology measurements. This is especially important given the fact that the leading edge manufacturing technology demands to reduce the measuring time as much as possible. Consequently, our research aims at modeling the link between machine parameters and metrology data. The predicted metrology can be used as the measured features in the daily routines of the process control. The obtained results are further validated in the industrial environment for potential implementation in real practice.
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text:
KAMY is a climate justice and feminist organisation led by young people to push for the climate emergency declaration in Malaysia. We believe that nurturing meaningful partnership, peacebuilding and strengthening constituencies across civil society organisations and vulnerable groups like Indigenous communities, women and youth, set the foundation for people-led climate action.
WHO IS KAMY?
Facilitate civil society discussion across Malaysian grassroots and CSOs in Malaysia to understand how the climate crisis affects their work and resistance. Providing platforms founded on transparency, representation and inclusion in democratic decision-making to compile comprehensive recommendations, guidance, aspirations and reporting to be presented to the government, policymakers and other stakeholders such as UN treaty bodies.
Mainstreaming the core of gender justice across all our operations to safeguard women's leadership in climate governance and foster meaningful climate adaptation and resilience implementations across communities.
RIGHT TO CLIMATE INFORMATION
The radical shift from the urban and Global North narrative of the climate discourse in Malaysia by supporting independent, local and quality climate journalism and community storytelling. Access to climate information is a human right, especially to vulnerable communities such as Indigenous People, farmers, fisherfolk, migrants and undocumented.
Using peacebuilding mechanisms like cultural, creativity, and art partnerships to mend relationships, forge healing and understanding, and build trust with vulnerable communities.
Facilitate coalition building and forming action networks across youth groups, grassroots communities, CSOs and NGOs at the local, national, regional and global levels.
Organising peaceful protests, rallies, discussions, podcasts, documentaries, training and intersectional workshops, etc., capacity building. Create safe spaces to lobby for climate policies that are fair and equitable to the people.
Increasing the resilience of vulnerable communities such as Orang Asli women and youth in improving social and financial security such as; get help during disasters, disaster risk reduction, climate reparation, health, nutrition, education, access to justice and decision making spaces.
KAMY PROGRAM STRUCTURE
Ili Nadiah Dzulfakar
Weaving Hopes researcher
Lensa Iklim Coordinator
Lensa Iklim Intern
Social Media Officer
Research Associate Lensa Iklim
Curator Resource Hub
Special Committee #1


text:
A generalized water table fluctuation model based on precipitation was developed using a statistical conceptualization of unsaturated infiltration fluxes. A gamma distribution function was adopted as a transfer function due to its versatility in representing recharge rates with temporally dispersed infiltration fluxes, and a Laplace transformation was used to obtain an analytical solution. To prove the general applicability of the model, convergences with previous water table fluctuation models were shown as special cases. For validation, a few hypothetical cases were developed, where the applicability of the model to a wide range of unsaturated zone conditions was confirmed. For further validation, the model was applied to water table level estimations of three monitoring wells with considerably thick unsaturated zones on Jeju Island. The results show that the developed model represented the pattern of hydrographs from the two monitoring wells fairly well. The lag times from precipitation to recharge estimated from the developed system transfer function were found to agree with those from a conventional cross-correlation analysis. The developed model has the potential to be adopted for the hydraulic characterization of both saturated and unsaturated zones by being calibrated to actual data when extraneous and exogenous causes of water table fluctuation are limited. In addition, as it provides reference estimates, the model can be adopted as a tool for surveilling groundwater resources under hydraulically stressed conditions.
Bibliographical noteFunding Information:
The associate software and the sample data used (groundwater monitoring and precipitation data) in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author at _EMAIL_. Financial support for this study was provided by the Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute ( KEITI ) (project title: Environmental Management of Geologic CO 2 Storage, project 2014001810004).
© 2018 Elsevier B.V.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Water Science and Technology


text:
1.Bring the fun of you DIY.
2.More Funny and educational for kids.
3.Light and safe plastic easy take for kids.
4.Just need an AA battery power(not include).
5.Educational Development: assembling the learning process through immense interest.
6. Able to feel the joy of feeling constantly conquest and accomplishment.
7.With teaching video of the page, more easy to play with your kids.
8.Can greatly improve the limits of creative thinking ability.
Name: 4 in 1 Self-assembled Transformation Robot
Package Size: 32*20*7cm
Package Weight: 369g
Power: One AA battery power(not include)
Color: Grass Green
Finish Type: Trailer/ Cricket/ Beast/ Robot
Manual: Click here
1x 4 in 1 Self-assembled Transformation Robot Set


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Here is the problem:
Let $S$ $\subset$ $\mathbb{R^{3}}$ be a regular surface with the property that all normal lines meet the z-axis. Prove that S is contained in a revolution surface around z.
I first tried to prove that every curve contained in this surface with a fixed z-coordinate is a circle (by showing that all normal lines to this curve meet at a point, it's a previous exercise), but the normal vector to the surface and to the curve are not the same, and I didn't go further... can you help me?
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1 Answer 1
up vote 3 down vote accepted
Sounds like you have a good strategy. You are looking at the cross section in some plane $z=z_0$, and you want to prove that the cross section here is a circle.
You are given that any normal line will intersect the $z$ axis. Let's write this line as $\vec{p}+\vec{n}t$ where $\vec{n}$ is the normal vector at the point $\vec{p}$ we are discussing. You can then show that a new line $\vec{p} + (\vec{n}-\hbox{proj}_{\hat{z}}\vec{n})t$ will also intersect the $z$ axis (taking away the z component doesn't change the fact that the line is in a radial direction).
Moreover, this new line will be normal to the cross section at $\vec{p}$: the tangent plane projects to a tangent line of the cross section, so must a normal vector of the surface project to a normal vector of the cross section.
This gives you the criteria you wanted -- all horizontal lines orthogonal to cross sections will intersect at the origin. This tells you roughly that the cross sections are circular, and that the overall shape will be a surface of revolution.
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How-To Care for Your Cloth Shower Curtain
Shower curtains made of untreated cotton canvas, hemp or nylon do a great job at stopping water from spraying outside the shower. They work like a wick, channeling water downwards through the cloth into the tub. No liner needed.
A natural fiber or nylon shower curtain will last for years with proper care. Fabric is especially vulnerable to mold and mildew because it can easily retain moisture. When a curtain remains wet and never completely dries, mold/mildew sets in. However, it is possible to control mildew naturally. Here are a few tips for keeping your cloth shower curtain fresh and clean:
1. Allow curtain to dry completely between showers
 2. Wash curtain on a regular basis
 3. Remove mildew build-up and stains
 4. Rotate your curtain


text:
Catholics and Lutherans Growing Together in Faith
On October 31, 2016 Pope Francis, LWF President Bishop Dr Munib A. Younan and General Secretary Rev. Dr Martin Junge led an Ecumenical Commemoration of the Reformation in anticipation of the 500th anniversary of the Reformation in 2017. It highlighted the solid ecumenical developments between Catholics and Lutherans and the joint gifts received through dialogue.
During this year leading up to October 31, 2017, the Vatican and Lutheran World Federation, National Church offices, and dioceses and synods throughout the world will provide opportunities for Lutherans and Catholics together to affirm the gifts of the Reformation, to seek forgiveness from one another and to commit to common witness.
Check this page often for resources and upcoming events.
Please wait while we gather your results.
Various articles to explain the upcoming 500th anniversary of the Reformation in 2017.
Eco-Reformation: Bringing Grace and Hope to the Care for Our Common Home: Catholic and Lutheran Perspectives on Laudato Si.
These study guides and resources can be used to promote dialogue between Catholic and Lutheran Congregations.
Catholics and Lutherans Growing Together in Faith. The Archdiocese and the ELCA are planting trees as a sign of our common commitment to service and care for creation.


text: Riverside Unified School District (RUSD) Nutrition Services Director, Rodney Taylor, knows the face of hunger in his community. On a daily basis, Rodney's team serve lunch to about 34,000 RUSD kids, 61 percent of whom qualify for free or reduced price meals. While the RUSD staff offer these students a fresh, healthy, nutritious meal during the school year, where do students eat during the summer? In previous years, many students ate lunch at summer school. However, steep budget cuts in 2008 and 2009 forced many school districts, including RUSD, to drastically reduce their summer school sites to only three schools, leaving about 25,000 kids without a place to eat. Without the summer school program, where would those kids eat? That is where the RUSD's summer barbeques come in.


text:
The Middle Bayou Macon - Mississippi River Basin Initiative (MRBI) Project is a voluntary program that provides financial and technical assistance to agricultural producers for addressing water quality concerns in the Middle Bayou Macon watershed. The project area encompasses 2,045-square miles.
The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) in partnership with the Desha County Conservation District has received funding for the initiative. This funding is available for landowners in portions of Desha and Chicot counties.
Collaborating partners are the Southeast Arkansas Resource Conservation and Development Council; University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Center of Aquaculture and Fisheries; University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture; Arkansas Game and Fish Commission; Chicot County Conservation District; Scott Equipment; Retail Agronomy and John Deere.
The goal of the project is to improve nutrient management in the watershed, especially the application and utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus; reduce nutrient loads entering the watershed; maintain agricultural productivity; enhance wetlands; improve fish and wildlife habitat; and improve water quality and biological health in streams.
The project has been developed to address the primary resource concern of water quality in the Bayou Macon Watershed. Secondary resource concerns include water quantity, soil erosion, wildlife habitat and stream habitats.
Conservation Practice Funding
Funding will be available to eligible landowners through the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP). NRCS will provide cost-share for a variety of conservation practices for the purpose of reducing the amount of nutrient runoff and soil erosion associated with agricultural production. Land and producer eligibility, adjusted gross income, and all other program criteria for participation in EQIP must be met to participate in this initiative. Agricultural lands are eligible for enrollment in the initiative.
How to Apply for MRBI
NRCS and associated conservation partners will deliver this program collaboratively. Applications may be obtained and filed with the Natural Resources Conservation Service at:
Chicot County Lake Village FSC 3219 Hwy. S 65&82 Lake Village, AR 71653 _PHONE_, ext. 3
Desha County McGehee FSC 3303 Hwy. 65 North McGehee, AR 71654 _PHONE_, ext. 3
Approved Conservation Practices*
324 Deep Tillage
327 Conservation Cover
328 Conservation Crop Rotation
329 Residue Management, No-till
340 Cover Crop
342 Critical Area Planting
345 Residue Management, Mulch Till
346 Residue Management, Ridge Till
381 Silvopasture Establishment
386 Field Border
390 Riparian Herbaceous Cover
391 Riparian Forest Buffer
393 Filter Strip
410 Grade Stabilization Structure
430 Irrigation Pipeline
436 Irrigation Reservoir
441 Irrigation System, Micro Irrigation
442 Irrigation System, Sprinkler
443 Irrigation System, Surface and Subsurface
447 Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery
449 Irrigation Water Management
464 Irrigation Land Leveling
472 Access Control
490 Tree and Shrub Preparation
512 Forage and Biomass Planting
516 Livestock Pipeline
528 Prescribed Grazing
533 Pumping Plant
561 Heavy Use Area Protection
578 Stream Crossing
587 Structure for Water Control
590 Nutrient Management
608 Surface Drain, Main or Lateral
612 Tree and Shrub Planting
614 Watering Facility
633 Waste Utilization
643 Restoration & Management of Declining Habitats
645 Upland Wildlife Habitat Management
646 Shallow Water Development and Management
657 Wetland Restoration
*Some restrictions may apply to some practices.
201 – Edge of Field Water Quality Monitoring and Evaluation
202 – Edge of Field Water Quality Monitoring, Equipment Installation


IMAPIProp::SaveChanges
Last modified: July 23, 2011
Applies to: Outlook
Makes permanent any changes that were made to an object since the last save operation.
HRESULT SaveChanges(
 ULONG ulFlags
);
ulFlags
[in] A bitmask of flags that controls what happens to the object when the IMAPIProp::SaveChanges method is called. The following flags can be set:
NON_EMS_XP_SAVE
Indicates that the message has not been delivered from a Exchange Server. This flag should be used in combination with the IMAPIFolder::CreateMessage method and the ITEMPROC_FORCE flag to indicate to a PST store that the message is eligible for rules processing before the Personal Folders file (PST) store notifies any listening client that the message has arrived. This rules processing only applies to new messages that are created with IMAPIFolder::CreateMessage on a server that is not an Exchange Server, in which case the Exchange Server would have already processed rules on the message.
FORCE_SAVE
Changes should be written to the object, overriding any previous changes that were made to the object, and the object should be closed. Read/write permission must be set for the operation to succeed. The FORCE_SAVE flag is used after a previous call to SaveChanges returned MAPI_E_OBJECT_CHANGED.
KEEP_OPEN_READONLY
Changes should be committed and the object should be kept open for reading. No additional changes will be made.
KEEP_OPEN_READWRITE
Changes should be committed and the object should be kept open for read/write permission. This flag is usually set when the object was first opened for read/write permission. Subsequent changes to the object are allowed.
MAPI_DEFERRED_ERRORS
Allows SaveChanges to return successfully, possibly before the changes have been fully committed.
SPAMFILTER_ONSAVE
Enables spam filtering on a message that is being saved. Spam filtering support is available only if the sender's e-mail address type is Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), and the message is being saved to a store for a Personal Folders file (PST).
S_OK
The commitment of changes was successful.
MAPI_E_NO_ACCESS
SaveChanges cannot keep the object open for read-only permission if KEEP_OPEN_READONLY is set, or read/write permission if KEEP_OPEN_READWRITE is set. No changes are committed.
MAPI_E_OBJECT_CHANGED
The object has changed since it was opened.
MAPI_E_OBJECT_DELETED
The object has been deleted since it was opened.
The IMAPIProp::SaveChanges method makes property changes permanent for objects that support the transaction model of processing, such as messages, attachments, address book containers, and messaging user objects. Objects that do not support transactions, such as folders, message stores, and profile sections, make changes permanent immediately. No call to SaveChanges is required.
Because service providers do not have to generate an entry identifier for their objects until all properties have been saved, an object's PR_ENTRYID (PidTagEntryId) property might not be available until after its SaveChanges method has been called. Some providers wait until the KEEP_OPEN_READONLY flag is set on the SaveChanges call. KEEP_OPEN_READONLY indicates that the changes to be saved in the current call will be the last changes that will be made on the object.
Some message store implementations do not show newly created messages in a folder until a client saves the message changes by using SaveChanges and releases the message objects by using the IUnknown::Release method. In addition, some object implementations cannot generate a PR_ENTRYID property for a newly created object until after SaveChanges has been called, and some can do so only after SaveChanges has been called by using KEEP_OPEN_READONLY set in ulFlags.
If you receive the KEEP_OPEN_READONLY flag, you have the option of leaving the object's access as read/write. However, a provider can never leave an object in a read-only state when the KEEP_OPEN_READWRITE flag is passed.
When a client saves multiple attachments to multiple messages, it calls the SaveChanges method for every attachment and every message. Often clients will set MAPI_DEFERRED_ERRORS for each of these calls except for the last one. You can return errors either with the last call or earlier calls. You can even ignore the flag.
If either KEEP_OPEN_READWRITE or KEEP_OPEN_READONLY is set together with MAPI_DEFERRED_ERRORS, you can ignore the error deferment request. If MAPI_DEFERRED_ERRORS is not set in ulFlags, one of the previously deferred errors can be returned for the SaveChanges call.
Whether a remote transport provider provides a functional implementation of this method is optional and depends on other design choices in your implementation. If you implement this method, do so according to the documentation here. Because folder objects and status objects are not transacted, at a minimum a remote transport provider's implementation of SaveChanges must return S_OK without actually doing any work.
If a client passes KEEP_OPEN_READONLY, calls the IMAPIProp::SetProps method, and then calls SaveChanges again, the same implementation might fail.
After receiving MAPI_E_NO_ACCESS from a call in which you set KEEP_OPEN_READWRITE, you will continue to have read/write permission to the object. You can call SaveChanges again, passing either the KEEP_OPEN_READONLY flag or no flags with KEEP_OPEN_SUFFIX.
Whether a provider supports the KEEP_OPEN_READWRITE flag depends on the provider's implementation.
To indicate that the only call to be made on the object after SaveChanges is IUnknown::Release, set no flags for the ulFlags parameter. An error from SaveChanges indicates that it could not make the pending changes permanent. Different providers handle the absence of flags on the SaveChanges call differently. Some providers treat this state the same as KEEP_OPEN_READONLY; other providers interpret it the same as KEEP_OPEN_READWRITE. Still other providers shut down the object when they do not receive flags on the SaveChanges call.
Some properties, typically computed properties, cannot be processed until you call SaveChanges and, in some cases, Release.
When you make bulk changes, such as saving attachments to multiple messages, defer error processing by setting the MAPI_DEFERRED_ERRORS flag in ulFlags. If you save multiple attachments to multiple messages, make one SaveChanges call to each attachment and one SaveChanges call to each message. Set the MAPI_DEFERRED_ERRORS flag for each attachment call and for all messages except for the last one.
If SaveChanges returns MAPI_E_OBJECT_CHANGED, check whether the original object has been modified. If so, warn the user, who can either request that the changes overwrite the previous changes or save the object elsewhere. If the original object has been deleted, warn the user to give them the opportunity to save the object in another location.
You cannot call SaveChanges with the FORCE_SAVE flag on an open object that has been deleted.
If SaveChanges returns an error, the object whose changes were to be saved remains open, regardless of the flags set in the ulFlags parameter.
Important note Important
The ulFlags NON_EMS_XP_SAVE and SPAMFILTER_ONSAVE might not be defined in the downloadable header file you currently have, in which case you can add it to your code using the following values:
#define SPAMFILTER_ONSAVE ((ULONG) 0x00000080)
#define NON_EMS_XP_SAVE ((ULONG) 0x00001000)
For more information, see Saving MAPI Properties.
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Progress of AccessSTEM - Phase II
Progress from 10/1/08 to 4/30/11
The Northwest Alliance for Students with Disabilities in STEM—Phase II (AccessSTEM) is the second of two Alliances funded by the Research in Disabilities Education program of the National Science Foundation and directed by the DO-IT Center at the University of Washington (UW). The first award (_TAG_-_PHONE_) was much larger in region (Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington) and funding level. The new Alliance (_TAG_-_PHONE_), which continues to be called AccessSTEM, focuses on the local area around the UW.
The following report summarizes project progress half way through the projected five-year current AccessSTEM project. It shares the goal and impact, organizational structure, and progress in reaching the four project objectives.
Goal and Impact
All project activities support the goal of increasing the postsecondary degree attainment of individuals with disabilities in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. The ultimate impact is to make STEM opportunities available to more citizens and enhance STEM fields with the talents and perspectives of people with disabilities.
The project PI and director is Sheryl Burgstahler. The project manager is Scott Bellman. Project partners are the UW, Seattle Central Community College (SCCC), Bellevue College (BC), and Seattle Public Schools. The AccessSTEM logic model and specific partner logic models provide a summary of project Inputs/Context, Goal/Objectives, Activities, and Results for AccessSTEM.
Evidence-based practices employed in AccessSTEM are determined by results of a literature review, outcomes of prior projects hosted by DO-IT, suggestions from practitioners, and input from students with disabilities. Further refinements come from input from staff (Partner Work Group) and student leaders (A-Team) from partner schools, and results from Capacity Building Institutes. The organizational structure for AccessSTEM is as follows:
Objectives 1 and 2
- Implement changes within partner postsecondary institutions–UW, BC, and SCCC–to make STEM programs more welcoming and accessible to students with disabilities (e.g., more accessible websites and science labs, STEM publications that encourage the participation of students with disabilities).
- Create and expand engagement of stakeholders (STEM educators, disability services, veteran associations, projects that broaden participation in STEM, and industry and career services) to foster STEM education and careers that are welcoming and accessible to people with disabilities. Progress in reaching Objectives 1 and 2.
- Implement evidence-based practices (e.g., mentoring, peer support, internships) to increase numbers of individuals with disabilities moving through critical junctures to STEM associate, baccalaureate, and graduate degrees and careers. Progress in reaching Objective 3.
- Support and expand an online resource center that shares research and promising practices worldwide. Progress in reaching Objective 4.


text:
Andara crystals initiate electromagnetic balance and harmony via a positive-charged wave that restores and cleanses. The individual is blessed with greater creativity, enhanced mind body coordination, improved learning ability and less stress. Calmness and serenity can also result as mental clutter gives way to a more focused thought process.
The Andara Spectrum Over 70 Metallic Elements were found in the soil samples where the Andara Crystals were discovered. The metallic elements present mixed with the gemstone itself, makes up its colour. For example, Copper is found in Cuprite (Pink- Red), Malachite (Green), Ajoite (Turquoise-Azure). So the metallic inclusion of copper in those gemstones will give off a spectrum of these 3 different colours. Another quoted example is Chromium, which is also found in Emerald (which is light to dark green and also includes hues of blue to form Aquamarine), Ruby (which gives a Pink to Red Colour when Chromium is mixed with Sapphire), and Alexandrite (shades of Light Grey to Deep Violet). When you have a 'colour palette' that includes over 70 different metallic elements, the colour ranges are now open to us is literally of the rainbow.
Read more about the Andara Crystals here.


a list of forbidden foods. The list included several kinds of fish--the whistle-fish, gurnet, crab, and mullet. In all probabihty the whistle-fish is that known as Scicena aquila, a Mediterranean fish that makes a noise under the water which has been compared to bellowing, buzzing, purring, or whistling, the air bladder being the sound-producing organ. The whistle-fish and crab were held to be impure, the first because it laid its eggs through the mouth, and the second because it ate filth which other fish rejected. The gurnet was rejected because of its fecundity as witnessed in its annual triple laying of eggs, but, according to some riters, it was rejected because it ate a fish which was poisonous to mankind. It may well be that other fish were interdicted, but archeologists and historians agree Porphyry was probably exaggerating when he said that all fish were forbidden.
Birds bred at home, such as chickens and pigeons, were also on the banned list, as were beans and certain vegetables which were forbidden for a mystical reason which Pausanias said he dare not reveal save to the initiated. The probable reason was that they were connected in some way with the wanderings of Demeter. Pomegranates were, of course, forbidden, from the incident of the eating of the pomegranate seeds by Persephone, causing her annual return to the Underworld.
Eggs are a controversial matter. They are attested as banned foods in the Orphic Tradition, appear in lists attested to Pythagoras, and those of several other wise men. While there is no direct relation to the Eleusinian mysteries, Most--if not all--of the other foods listed as banned within the Eleusinian Mystery Tradition also appear on the lists of these other (Mystery) Traditions. As such, for me personally, I abstain from eggs as well. It makes sense seeing as they came to be through the process of a birth--something attested to being miasmic.
We do not encourage our members to go on a ten day fast, eating only ad night. What we do encourage is a one day fast, in the daylight hours of October 2, the day of the actual initiatory rite. Now, a few words of warning and wisdom: fasting is a practice that's reserved for healthy adults and non-pregnant women. It's not suitable for children, the elderly, pregnant women or anyone with medical or psychological conditions which may be triggered by a lack of food. If you're struggling with eating disorders or anything else that may be triggered by a fast, pick something that does not involve food or drink, like electronic devices. Go through the day without using a cell phone, your computer, the radio or the T.V.. Especially in a religious setting, it's the 'going without' part that matters most.
"Is Khaos considered a deity?"
The ancient Hellenic philosophers and mythographers were in agreement that the Gods created the universe--or are the universe itself. There are many variations of the divine family tree, and in the ancient writings, there are also creation stories that range beyond this basic framework. When Hesiod wrote his Theogony, he was adament about the sequence the Gods appeared from Khaos. Within the nothingness, Khaos appeared, then Gaia as the earth Herself, the Tartaros and Eros. The Gods and Godesses who rule over the cycle of night and day followed after and then, slowly, the earth itself took shape. The pre-Olypic and Olympic deities came into being. the universe as we know it was born.
 - Protogenoi
 - Uranides
 - Titanes
 - Olympic Gods
 - Heroes/deified mortals
The Protogenoi are the Gods from which the universe is made. They are Gods like Khaos, Gaia, Ouranos, and Nyx. In general, these Theoi are more abstract and less defined than, say, the Olympians. They are cruder, more powerful Gods who, together, form the tapistry of earth and life. We simply could not live without Them as They are the air we breath, the earth we walk on, the water we drink and the death that eventually lays us to rest. And yet, neither we, nor the ancient Hellenes revered them often. They are distant and have very little to do with the individual's lifecycle. But they are Gods and They deserve due honours.
"I am trying to understamd Nyx's family a bit more. Could you help? And was she worshipped in Greece?"
Nyx (Νυξ) is the deep Night, born from Khaos (Χαος) and the sister-wife of Aither (Αιθηρ, 'Light'). In Hellenic mythology, Nyx draws a veil of darkness between the shining atmosphere of the aither and the lower air of earth (aer) at set times in the day, bringing night to man. In the morning, Her daughter Hêmera (Ἡμερα, 'Day') removes this veil, and exposes the Earth once more to Light.
Nyx and Hêmera continually work to both create and dissolve darkness on Earth; Selene (the Goddess of the Moon) moves with Nyx, and Helios (God of the Sun) with Hêmera, as heralded by Eos. In this recap, it is quite obvious we are yet missing a speciffic time of the day: dusk, or the evening. This was in the domain of the Nymphs, in this case the Hesperides (Ἑσπεριδες), who--depending of source--are either the daughters of Nyx or Atlas.
In ancient Hellas, Nyx was only rarely the focus of cult worship. Pausanias mentions She had an oracle on the acropolis at Megara, but that is about it. More often, Nyx was worshipped in other major cults, alongside the main deity: there was a statue called 'Nyx' in the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the Spartans had a cult of Sleep and Death, conceived of as twins, with Nyx being worshipped as Their mother, etc.
"Hi I'm a Hellenic Polytheism... my family just know that I don't like to go to the church and (I do it anyway - I'm a teenager and live with them) they are Catholics. I'm the only one in the whooole family that don't share that faith. They say to me things about sin, the hell and stuff... they scares me, ok, although I believe in the Theoi and I feel my soul is relatively safe (nobody knows what would happen after dead). But... idk, the fear that maybe I'm doing something "wrong" is there."
You know, I am a hard polytheist; I believe all Gods exist. That includes the Christian God. It's the bible I don't really put much stock into, but I have a healthy dose of respect for the Christian God.
I believe religion is a choice. If all Gods are real, and mythology tells you what They are like, theology is basically marketing for Gods. Eventually, something evokes an emotional response and whatever resonates most with you, you end up sticking with. Without going all philosophical on you, I thus believe that what it says in the brocure is what you get in the end of the day. For us, that means we go to Haides and wander the Meadow. If we did really well, we get a version of paradise on the Isle. If you choose the christian brosure, you get either heaven or hell, depending on the tally against you.
If you believe you are doing something 'wrong', I think you haven't made your final choice yet. You might feel drawn to Hellenismos, but you are still tied to Christianity. Some of us, we can let go of whatever religion we were raised in or wandered into on our own easily. Others take a bit of time. But I truly believe that once you get more comfortable in Hellenismos as a religion and lifestyle, the feeling of 'wrongness' will go away.
What I usually suggest to those breaking away from an existing religous bond in favour of a new one is to conciously say goodbye. Go to church and thank the Lord of Christianity for all He has done for you in the years you were under His protection. And then ask him to kindly let you go so you may present yourself to the Theoi. Then do that, present yourself to the Theoi and ask to be placed under Their protection instead. This way, proper respect is show for all involved and it should be easier for you to fully emerce yourself in Hellenismos.
This was an announcement long in the making: for the first time in the history of Elaion, we will be hosting the celebration of the Eleusinian Greater Mysteries. As a basic viewpoint, Elaion believes that the Mysteries need not be pursued; they are not a spiritual 'formula' that experimentation will eventually rediscover. That said, we also acknowedge that it's a festival many have been drawn to--both then and now--and we want to give our members a chance to celebrate it in a way that is as Recon as possible once you accept that we know far too little about it to ever accurately be so. Since the proceedings of the Eleusinian Mysteries


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PerlMonks
SOAP::Lite
by $code or die (Deacon)
on Jun 26, 2001 at 23:54 UTC ( #91732=modulereview: print w/ replies, xml ) Need Help??
Item Description: Add SOAP capabilities to your applications with ease
Review Synopsis:
Update: Please let me know if the <pre> tags bother you. I wrote this in pod. I'll try and convert it to code tags if you think it's necessary.
SOAP
(Simple Object Access Protocol : _URL_
SOAP is a lightweight protocol for exchanging data using XML. It allows you access methods and properties of remote objects. Each method call is typically a seperate SOAP envelope (xml document). The SOAP server opens the envelope, processes the data, and returns an envelope to the client with a response.
SOAP::Lite does the hard work (creating the envelopes and decoding them), leaving the developer the easy task or writing client and server code which is almost no different to what she would have written before.
Why use SOAP::Lite
* It's much easier that using SOAP where you have to do a lot of the hard work as well
* It supports SOAP 1.1
* It supports lots of protocols other than HTTP. You can even create your own SOAP daemon
* It supports WSDL (Web Service Description Language)
* It supports tracing - so you can see what's going on behind the scenes
* You can use the COM interface on Windows machines
* It's very well documented
Why NOT use SOAP::Lite
* You want a more low-level API - and more work
* SOAP can be slower that methods you may already be using
* You prefer shower gel
Simple Calculator SOAP Server
The SOAP server is a regular Perl script, which instructs SOAP::Lite to dispatch methods to a named package. My example uses SOAP::Lite's CGI implimentation, but you can use SOAP::Lite over many other protocols such as POP3, SMTP and FTP.
 use strict;
 use SOAP::Transport::HTTP;
 SOAP::Transport::HTTP::CGI
 -> dispatch_to('My::SoapServer')
 -> handle;
 package My::SoapServer;
 sub add { $_[1] + $_[2]; }
 sub subtract { $_[1] - $_[2]; }
 sub multiply { $_[1] * $_[2]; }
 sub divide { $_[1] / $_[2]; }
Note that I am ignoring the first parameter for each of the method calls since it is simply the package name. I guess that SOAP::Lite interprets your requests as (in this case): My::SoapServer->methodname.
Client Code to access this Web Service
The client code is quite straightforward. You create a SOAP::lite object, passing it the details on the SOAP service. Then for each method call, it returns an object which has, amongst others, result and fault methods.
 use strict;
 use SOAP::Lite;
 my $soap = SOAP::Lite
 ->uri("_URL_
 ->proxy("_URL_
 print $soap->add(16,8)->result, "\n";
 print $soap->subtract(10,2)->result, "\n";
 print $soap->multiply(5,5)->result, "\n";
 print $soap->divide(1024,2)->result, "\n";
Catching Errors
Suppose I misspell the method call (ADD instead of add):
 print $soap->ADD(16,8)->result;
...prints nothing. Not very helpful. However, if you do the following, you can print the fault, (if there is one)...
 my $res = $soap->ADD(16,10);
 if ($res->fault) {
 print $res->faultstring;
 } else {
 print $res->result;
 }
And this time, it will print ''Bad Method Call''
There are many more error handling functions provided by SOAP::Lite. But you'll need to read the documentation!
Autodispatching
So far, the client code all looks a bit un-friendly. SOAP::Lite has a feature called autodispatch which allows you to write your client code just the same way you would write it if My::SoapServer were a locally installed module. e.g.
 print add(100,-99);
See the SOAP::Lite docs for more information and unexpected side-effects.
Things to note
See the documentation on autodispatch before you use it - or it might have strange side-efects. (It overloads UNIVERSAL::AUTOLOAD)
See the documentation on performance - you may be able to improve performance by base64 encoding the XML;
Useful Links
There is a two part article on perl.com by Paul Kulchenko (SOAP::Lite author):
Part 1: _URL_
Part 2: _URL_
and you can visit Paul's site at the aptly named _URL_, which is an excellent SOAP resource in itself
Update 2: _URL_ and _URL_ both provide listings of Web Services you can play around with.
Comment on SOAP::Lite
Select or Download Code
Re: SOAP::Lite
by Anonymous Monk on Jul 28, 2001 at 16:41 UTC
 Thanks to $code_or_die for this article, respectively for the
 "My::"
 We've been attempting for hours to make Paul Kulchenko's samples work with our own webserver.
 NodeToric
 Frankfurt, Germany
 Don't hesitate to ask. I believe it's documented in UserGuide or Cookbook, but if not, you can always write to soaplite mail list on yahoo or send me a message.
 Best wishes, Paul.
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Density Of Steam Calculator
Density Of Steam Calculator
Are you looking to calculate the density of steam for a specific temperature and pressure? Look no further! Our density of steam calculator provides you with a quick and easy way to determine the density of steam based on the temperature and pressure inputs you provide. Whether you're a student studying thermodynamics or a professional working in the field of engineering, this calculator can help you with your calculations.
What is Steam Density?
Steam density is the mass of steam per unit volume. It is an important parameter in thermodynamics as it affects the performance of steam turbines, engines, and other steam-powered equipment. The density of steam varies with temperature and pressure, so it is crucial to accurately calculate it for any given set of conditions.
Density Of Steam Calculator
How to Use the Calculator
Using our density of steam calculator is simple. Just input the temperature and pressure values in the designated fields, and the calculator will automatically compute the density of steam for you. You can input the values in either Celsius or Fahrenheit for temperature, and in psi or bar for pressure.
Applications of Steam Density
The density of steam is used in various engineering applications, such as in the design and operation of steam turbines, boilers, and heat exchangers. It is also important in determining the heat transfer properties of steam in industrial processes. By accurately calculating the density of steam, engineers and researchers can optimize system performance and efficiency.
Factors Affecting Steam Density
The density of steam is influenced by two main factors: temperature and pressure. As the temperature of steam increases, its density decreases, while an increase in pressure leads to an increase in density. Understanding these relationships is essential in predicting the behavior of steam under different operating conditions.
See also Truck Distance Calculator
Importance of Calculating Steam Density
Calculating the density of steam is crucial for engineers and researchers working with steam systems. By knowing the density of steam at a specific temperature and pressure, they can make informed decisions regarding equipment sizing, heat transfer rates, and overall system performance. Accurate density calculations help in optimizing energy efficiency and preventing operational issues.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the density of steam is a vital parameter in thermodynamics and engineering applications. Our density of steam calculator provides a convenient tool for accurately calculating steam density based on temperature and pressure inputs. Whether you're a student learning about steam properties or a professional designing steam systems, this calculator can assist you in your calculations. Use it to streamline your work and enhance the efficiency of your steam-powered processes.


John Snow's Map Pedro Borges
This Shiny App was developed to showcase how John Snow might have used the data that he collected on the 1854 London cholera attacks if he had access to modern technology. This visualization provides a summary of the historical events that motivated John Snow coupled with graphics in a dashboard that allow the reader to explore the spatial and demographic data collected and draw their own conclusions about what happened during the 1954 outbreak. It also provides an overview of the UK's 1851 census to as context.
A video tour of the visualization is available on youtube.
The Data
All of the data used in to develop the plots and maps in this project are available at
The data includes:
 1. Records of cholera deaths and attacks during this epidemic
 2. Demographic summary of the afflicted
 3. Location of water pumps
 4. Location of attacks and deaths
 5. 1851 UK census
 6. JPEG of John Snow's map
Example of geographic distribution of cholera deaths
The Code
How to run the code locally:
 1. Install R and RStudio
 2. Download the source code
 3. Unzid the folder into an empty directory
 4. Open app.R with RStudio
 5. Download the necessary libraries listed using the command install.packages("LIBRARY NAME")
 6. Push the "Run App" button
The following libraries are necessary to run this visualization: shiny, shinydashboard, ggplot2, DT, jpeg, leaflet, reshape, rgdal, RColorBrewer and ggrepel
Example of a dashboard tab
The Proof is on the Maps
The strongest evidence supporting John snows claim that cholera outbreaks were caused by contaminated water was in the maps. Below it is obvious how the deaths are concentrated around a central pump, on Broadway and Lexington, which was later found to be contaminated.
How the deaths would look in modern London
Another important evidence was the lacks of deaths at the work house, which had its own water source


text:
Air film damping plays a significant part in the design of micro electro mechanical devices. If a stationary surface is placed in close proximity to a mass or another surface which is allowed to move normal to its plane, the air in between the mass and the stationary surface will be squeezed when the suspended mass moves towards the stationary surface developing a pressure gradient across the width of the mass. This will push the air out of the gap. Alternately, when the mass moves away from the stationary surface, the pressure in the gap is reduced and air flows into the gap. The work done in this process would reduce the energy of the suspension and thereby the air acts as a damper and the process is called squeeze film damping.
Forces on the moving surface from gas film can be obtained from linearized Reynolds equation. The coefficient of damping force can be calculated from this provided the air gap is known. If free vibration frequency of the microsuspension is known, the damping ratio can be calculated from it for that particular mode of vibration. The natural vibration frequency can be estimated under Vibration > Free vibration. The vibration mode should be such that the movement of the suspended mass would squeeze the air out of the gap.
This design form can be used to estimate the coefficient of damping force for the given air gap and plate design. Damping ratio is calculated for the given vibration frequency. The quality factor is calculated from the damping ratio for slight damping.
The plot shows the variation of damping ratio with the air gap thickness. Using the crosshair tool, the damping ratio for any air gap thickness upto 20µm can be estimated. It can be used to calculate the air gap that would give a damping ratio of 0.7 for optimum damping of a harmonically forced vibration.


text:
This is a set of random ideas that just want to jump out of my head and onto the internet. Who knows whether office chair philosophy is any more credible than arm chair philosophy, but you decide, and let me know.
Thursday, November 3, 2016
Semi-dimensional shapes and other curves
I just discovered that shapes with half-integer dimensions have a simple square construction by subdividing by 4. An example is labelled the quadratic type 2 curve (or sometimes Minkowski sausage) with dimension 1.5. However this curve comes in a left and right handed form. Another example I made here:
It is also possible to build 2.5D surfaces, an example is here, however this surface intersects. It is possible to make a non-intersecting surface, which is approximately a 3D version of the above:
And here's a 1.5D curve in 3D space:
A 2.5D curve in 3D space is a bit more of a challenge