text:
It was given the name marinara not because it was once a seafood sauce, but because it was the favorite food of Italian merchants during long expeditions at sea. Marinara (lit. Variations include capers, olives, spices and a dash of wine. Widely used in Italian-American cuisine, in Italy it is known as alla marinara, where it is usually made with tomatoes, basil and oregano, but also sometimes with olives, capers and salted anchovies.
It is used for spaghetti and noodles, but also with meat or fish. Marinara sauce is a quick sauce, seasoned only with garlic, chopped red pepper and basil. It's best when made with whole San Marzano tomatoes or plums, shredded by hand or passed through a food mill. The marinara can be left in pieces; the texture of the finished sauce is quite loose and the flavor is that of fresh tomatoes.
While you can add quite a few things to marinara sauce and still call it marinara sauce, it never contains meat, anchovies, or cheese. When you start adding these things, you start creating Bolognese or spaghetti sauce. A sauce similar to Italian-American marinara sauce is known in some areas of central Italy as sugo finto, literally fake sauce (without meat). The traditional Italian-style marinara sauce is quite fine, while many Americanized variations become quite thick.
When cooking, you can usually take a marinara sauce recipe and add meat to get the spaghetti sauce. If you're adding seafood to pasta, consider using marinara sauce instead to make the seafood flavors look better. This means that you usually add more tomatoes to a spaghetti sauce than to a marinara sauce and you'll reduce the spaghetti sauce a little more for the characteristic thicker texture. The name "marinara" comes from the word "sailor" and describes how fishermen used the sauce on their freshly caught fish.
If the tomato sauce in the pasta is thick, it's spaghetti sauce or Americanized marinara. If it's fine, it's most likely a more traditional Italian-style marinara sauce. You can also take a spaghetti sauce recipe, take out the meat and you'll usually get marinara sauce. If you don't have meat but have the other ingredients, making marinara sauce can save you a trip to the store.
Good explanation. In fact, in the last few days I met someone who had never heard of marinara sauce, and then I thought, hmm, what's the difference, so thank you for the explanation and now I'll be happy to tell you. This means that spaghetti sauce is best used when you want to flavor a dish and marinara is best used when you want to accentuate it.


text:
Raw Water Line and Creek Bank Stabilization, Elkin, NC
The Town of Elkin's 12-inch emergency raw water line, installed in 2004, withdraws water from the Yadkin River and conveys it directly to the drinking water treatment plant (WTP). The raw water line was installed in reaction to severe drought conditions during 2001. During this time of drought, the town's primary raw water source, Big Elkin Creek, reached low levels preventing withdraw. While the primary infrastructure is in place, the existing WTP can't effectively treat the raw water from the Yadkin River due to high turbidity levels. State regulations require pre-settling of raw water having the water quality characteristics of the Yadkin River.
The project, funded by the state Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF), consists of approximately 3,690 LF of 12-inch ductile iron emergency raw water line that is being extended from the Town of Elkin WTP to their raw water reservoir. The alignment generally follows Big Elkin Creek along an existing greenway trail. The project provides an important emergency raw water supply for the Town of Elkin. An existing 24-inch gravity raw water line from the reservoir to the WTP also follows the same corridor.
Improvements will also be made to the existing raw water intake pump station. The primary improvements causing land disturbance consist of a backwash line extending from the reservoir to the pump station. The installation of these appurtenances and water line will be on the reservoir dam and will be reviewed and permitted by the state dam safety engineer.
Approximately 100 LF of the existing 24-inch raw water line has been exposed as a result of stream bank erosion of Big Elkin Creek. The project design utilizes natural channel design practices including root wads, rock toes and j-hooks to re-establish the channel banks to protect the raw water line and to direct the stream energy away from the banks. In addition, a tributary confluence is being relocated to prevent further erosion. Design challenges include achieving a no-rise condition despite altering the channel cross-section.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


CDC::GetTextExtentExPointI
TOC
Collapse the table of content
Expand the table of content
CDC::GetTextExtentExPointI

Retrieves the number of characters in a specified string that will fit within a specified space and fills an array with the text extent for each of those characters.
BOOL GetTextExtentExPointI( LPWORD pgiIn, int cgi, int nMaxExtent, LPINT lpnFit, LPINT alpDx, LPSIZE lpSize) const;
pgiIn
A pointer to an array of glyph indices for which extents are to be retrieved.
cgi
Specifies the number of glyphs in the array pointed to by pgiIn.
nMaxExtent
Specifies the maximum allowable width, in logical units, of the formatted string.
lpnFit
A pointer to an integer that receives a count of the maximum number of characters that will fit in the space specified by nMaxExtent. When lpnFit is NULL, nMaxExtent is ignored.
alpDx
A pointer to an array of integers that receives partial glyph extents. Each element in the array gives the distance, in logical units, between the beginning of the glyph indices array and one of the glyphs that fits in the space specified by nMaxExtent. Although this array should have at least as many elements as glyph indices specified by cgi, the function fills the array with extents only for as many glyph indices as are specified by lpnFit. If lpnDx is NULL, the function does not compute partial string widths.
lpSize
Pointer to a SIZE structure that receives the dimensions of the glyph indices array, in logical units. This value cannot be NULL.
Nonzero if the function is successful; otherwise 0.
This member function emulates the functionality of the function GetTextExtentExPointI, as described in the Windows SDK.
Requirements
Header: afxwin.h
Show:
© 2015 Microsoft


text: This paper describes a systematic shape tuning procedure of adaptive structures for MEMS actuator applications. Due to fabrication process variations, MEMS devices can have different shapes with varied deflections. Such shape variations should be corrected for specific applications. As a result, it is necessary to establish a shape tuning procedure. Finite element modeling and optimization approach were used to minimize the shape variations. The procedure integrated Python programming, ABAQUS, and optimization algorithm for engineering applications. It used the powerful Python scripts programming, the vast library of ABAQUS functions, and a robust preexisting optimization algorithm, NLPQL, which provides more efficient, flexible, and systematic tools for optimization problems. Optimization was used in the adaptive structural designs and the shape tuning procedure after the assembly. Using this approach, three bimorph, gold-on-polysilicon, samples with different initial shapes were studied for shape tuning. The shape was characterized by maximum tip deflection resulting from thermo-mechanical deformations. The standard deviation of the shape variations was reduced from 1.21 to 0.05 μm after tuning. This reduction was verified by experimental data. Another case with ten devices was studied to confirm the effectiveness of the procedure. The standard deviation of the deflections was reduced from 0.81 to 0.02 μm after tuning. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of the optimum procedure for shape tuning. This general-purpose systematic methodology can be applied to adaptive structures for a variety of aerospace applications.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


The goal of the {dm} package and the dm class that comes with it, is to make your life easier when you are dealing with data from several different tables.
Let's take a look at the dm class.
Class dm
The dm class consists of a collection of tables and metadata about the tables, such as
 - the names of the tables
 - the names of the columns of the tables
 - the primary and foreign keys of the tables to link the tables together
 - the data (either as data frames or as references to database tables)
All tables in a dm must be obtained from the same data source; csv files and spreadsheets would need to be imported to data frames in R.
Examples of dm objects
There are currently three options available for creating a dm object. The relevant functions for creating dm objects are:
 1. dm()
 2. as_dm()
 3. new_dm()
 4. dm_from_src()
To illustrate these options, we will now create the same dm in several different ways. We can use the tables from the well-known {nycflights13} package.
Pass the tables directly
Create a dm object directly by providing data frames to dm():
library(nycflights13)
library(dm)
dm(airlines, airports, flights, planes, weather)
#> ── Metadata ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#> Tables: 'airlines', 'airports', 'flights', 'planes', 'weather'
#> Columns: 53
#> Primary keys: 0
#> Foreign keys: 0
Start with an empty dm
Start with an empty dm object that has been created with dm() or new_dm(), and add tables to that object:
library(nycflights13)
library(dm)
empty_dm <- dm()
empty_dm
#> dm()
dm_add_tbl(empty_dm, airlines, airports, flights, planes, weather)
#> ── Metadata ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#> Tables: 'airlines', 'airports', 'flights', 'planes', 'weather'
#> Columns: 53
#> Primary keys: 0
#> Foreign keys: 0
Coerce a list of tables
Turn a named list of tables into a dm with as_dm():
as_dm(list(airlines = airlines,
 airports = airports,
 flights = flights,
 planes = planes,
 weather = weather))
#> ── Metadata ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#> Tables: 'airlines', 'airports', 'flights', 'planes', 'weather'
#> Columns: 53
#> Primary keys: 0
#> Foreign keys: 0
Turn tables from a src into a dm
Squeeze all (or a subset of) tables belonging to a src object into a dm using dm_from_src():
sqlite_src <- dbplyr::nycflights13_sqlite()
flights_dm <- dm_from_src(sqlite_src)
flights_dm
#> ── Table source ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#> src: sqlite 3.38.2 [/tmp/RtmpODHkT4/nycflights13.sqlite]
#> ── Metadata ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#> Tables: 'airlines', 'airports', 'flights', 'planes', 'sqlite_stat1', … (7 total)
#> Columns: 62
#> Primary keys: 0
#> Foreign keys: 0
The function dm_from_src(src, table_names = NULL) includes all available tables on a source in the dm object. This means that you can use this, for example, on a postgres database that you access via src_postgres() (with the appropriate arguments dbname, host, port, …), to produce a dm object with all the tables on the database.
Low-level construction
Another way of creating a dm object is calling new_dm() on a list of tbl objects:
base_dm <- new_dm(list(trees = trees, mtcars = mtcars))
base_dm
#> ── Metadata ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#> Tables: 'trees', 'mtcars'
#> Columns: 14
#> Primary keys: 0
#> Foreign keys: 0
This constructor is optimized for speed and does not perform integrity checks. Use with caution, validate using validate_dm() if necessary.
validate_dm(base_dm)
Access tables
We can get the list of tables with dm_get_tables() and the src object with dm_get_src().
In order to pull a specific table from a dm, use:
tbl(flights_dm, "airports")
#> Warning: 'tbl.dm()' was deprecated in dm 0.2.0.
#> Use 'dm[[table_name]]' instead to access a specific table.
#> # Source: table<'airports'> [?? x 8]
#> # Database: sqlite 3.38.2 [/tmp/RtmpODHkT4/nycflights13.sqlite]
#> faa name lat lon alt tz dst tzone
#> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr> <chr>
#> 1 04G Lansdowne Airport 41.1 -80.6 1044 -5 A Amer…
#> 2 06A Moton Field Municipal Airport 32.5 -85.7 264 -6 A Amer…
#> 3 06C Schaumburg Regional 42.0 -88.1 801 -6 A Amer…
#> 4 06N Randall Airport 41.4 -74.4 523 -5 A Amer…
#> 5 09J Jekyll Island Airport 31.1 -81.4 11 -5 A Amer…
#> 6 0A9 Elizabethton Municipal Airpo… 36.4 -82.2 1593 -5 A Amer…
#> 7 0G6 Williams County Airport 41.5 -84.5 730 -5 A Amer…
#> 8 0G7 Finger Lakes Regional Airport 42.9 -76.8 492 -5 A Amer…
#> 9 0P2 Shoestring Aviation Airfield 39.8 -76.6 1000 -5 U Amer…
#> 10 0S9 Jefferson County Intl 48.1 -123. 108 -8 A Amer…
#> # … with more rows
But how can we use {dm}-functions to manage the primary keys of the tables in a dm object?
Primary keys of dm objects
Some useful functions for managing primary key settings are:
 1. dm_add_pk()
 2. dm_get_all_pks()
 3. dm_rm_pk()
 4. dm_enum_pk_candidates()
If you created a dm object according to the examples in "Examples of dm objects", your object does not yet have any primary keys set. So let's add one.
We use the nycflights13 tables, i.e. flights_dm from above.
dm_has_pk(flights_dm, airports)
#> [1] FALSE
flights_dm_with_key <- dm_add_pk(flights_dm, airports, faa)
flights_dm_with


text:
Creativity and Floral Design
Students in Mrs. Kendra Rowland's Floral Design class put their creativity and design skills to task as they learn how to build dried flower arrangements.
The floral materials are plants collected from farms, fence rows and school property such as Goldenrod, Iron Weed, Sunflowers, hydrangeas, daisies, and dried in a dark, cool room such as a basement or garage. Containers were provided by students and the dried flower arrangements required students to apply Principles of Floral Design that were covered in class.
Posted: Monday, October 23, 2017


Hepatic artery embolisation for carcinoid | Cancer Research UK
Cancer Research UK on Google+ Cancer Research UK on Facebook Cancer Research UK on Twitter
Hepatic artery embolisation for carcinoid
Men and women discussing carcinoid cancer
This page has information about hepatic artery embolisation for carcinoid (neuroendocrine) tumours that have spread to the liver.

A quick guide to what's on this page
Hepatic embolisation for carcinoid
Hepatic embolisation aims to block the blood supply to the carcinoid tumour in the liver. The tumour can't survive without a blood supply. Blocking the blood supply also stops the tumour releasing its hormones into the blood system. Your doctor may give chemotherapy directly into the liver at the same (called chemoembolisation).
Your doctor may recommend hepatic embolisation if
 - You have a carcinoid tumour that has only spread to your liver
 - You can't have surgery to remove the liver tumour
 - Your tumour is producing a lot of hormones
 - Other drug treatments have not controlled your carcinoid symptoms
 - You have one main tumour in the liver rather than several small ones
How you have hepatic artery embolisation
You usually have this treatment under sedation. Your doctor makes a small cut (incision) into your groin and gently pushes a thin tube into the main blood vessel (the femoral artery). Watching on a scan, the doctor then guides the tube into the main blood vessel of the liver, the hepatic artery.
The doctor injects a substance to block the blood supply, such as a gel or tiny beads. They may give chemotherapy into the liver beforehand. Or they may add beads that are loaded with chemotherapy.
After the treatment you usually need to stay in hospital for 1 or 2 nights.
Side effects of hepatic embolisation
The side effects of this treatment include flu-like symptoms, feeling sick, feeling hot, and pain around your liver or shoulders. The effects usually last for a few days. Rarely, some people have more serious side effects such as an infection, a liver abscess, kidney damage or liver failure.

CR PDF Icon You can view and print the quick guides for all the pages in the treating carcinoid section.

What hepatic embolisation is
Hepatic arterial embolisation (HAE) aims to block the blood supply to the carcinoid tumour in the liver. The tumour can't survive without a blood supply. Blocking the blood supply also stops the tumour releasing its hormones into the blood system. Doctors may give a chemotherapy drug directly to the liver at the same time. This is called chemoembolisation or trans arterial chemoembolisation (TACE).

Hepatic embolisation for carcinoid
Your doctor may recommend hepatic embolisation if
 - You have a carcinoid tumour that has only spread to your liver
 - You can't have surgery to remove the liver tumour
 - Your tumour is producing a lot of hormones
 - Other drug treatments have not controlled your carcinoid symptoms
 - There is one main tumour rather than several small ones
Hepatic embolisation can help shrink carcinoid tumours in the liver and also reduces the amount of hormones the tumour makes. It helps to control symptoms for most people. You can have the same treatment again when the tumour grows back.

Having hepatic embolisation treatment
You have this treatment in the X-ray (radiology) department of the hospital. The doctor who does this procedure is called an interventional radiologist.
You cannot eat for 4 hours before the procedure, but you can usually drink water for up to 2 hours beforehand.
Your doctor puts a drug (sedation) into a small tube in your arm (cannula) to make you drowsy and relaxed. They then inject a local anaesthetic into your groin to numb the area. Once the area is numb, they make a small cut (incision) into your groin and gently push a thin tube into the main blood vessel (the femoral artery).
Watching on a scan, the doctor then guides the tube into the main blood vessel of the liver, the hepatic artery. They inject a substance, such as a gel or tiny beads, to block the blood vessels. They may put a chemotherapy drug into the tube first. Or they may inject tiny beads that are already loaded with chemotherapy.
You have to lay flat for about 4 hours after the procedure. This is to reduce the risk of bleeding from the femoral artery.
You usually stay in hospital for 1 or 2 nights after the treatment.

Side effects of hepatic embolisation
The side effects of hepatic embolisation include
 - Flu-like symptoms
 - Feeling sick
 - Feeling hot
 - Pain around your liver (the upper right side of your abdomen) or shoulders
Side effects usually last for a few days after you've had the treatment. Your doctor can give you anti sickness drugs and painkillers if you need them.
Tiredness (fatigue) is a common side effect and usually lasts around 2 weeks.
Rarely, some people have more serious side effects from this treatment, for example
 - Infection or a liver abcess - you will have antibiotics before and after the procedure to reduce this risk
 - Bleeding - your doctor and nurses will monitor you regularly so if this does happen they can deal with it straight away
 - Kidney damage - you may have fluids through a drip before the procedure to reduce this risk
 - Liver failure - you have blood tests before and after the procedure to check how well your liver and kidneys are working
Rate this page:
Submit rating

Rated 4 out of 5 based on 14 votes
Rate this page
Rate this page for no comments box
Please enter feedback to continue submitting
Send feedback
Question about cancer? Contact our information nurse team
No Error
Updated: 25 June 2016


text:
CET's flagship program for entrepreneurs, Square One (SQ1), is a hands-on training program designed to provide support to early-stage and first-time business owners in the St. Louis region actively engaged in the development of a bioscience, information technology or advanced manufacturing/consumer product enterprise.
SQ1 offers two training options: SQ1 Ignite is a 4-week program created to help founders quick-start their business model validation process. With emphasis on the business model canvas, this process introduces entrepreneurs to the local ecosystem of support, challenges them to form and test the assumptions about their business idea, connects them with mentors, and helps them identify the crucial next steps in launching their business.
SQ1 Boot Camp is an in-depth 10-week, 50-hour program that combines formal instruction with hands-on learning, networking, and mentoring. The program's structured curriculum seeks to instill in entrepreneurs the confidence and skills needed to succeed in high-growth industries. Sector experts lead the bioscience, information technology, and advanced manufacturing tracks, respectively. Participants work on specific deliverables such as a business model canvas, financial statements, pitch deck, 2-minute elevator pitch, and planning checklist.


text:
Initially, I thought it was just a typo of iteration, as searching online for eteration yields no significant results.
But, then, I came across references that state that the term is coined by Crockford himself, in one of his talks.
Online, the only place where I could find an explanation is on his page, in The Factorial Tutorial, an article where, in Act 2, as a comment to a code sample, he states:
Act 2a: message iteration (eteration)
This seems to be part of a related pair of terms, as his next code sample, that performs recursion without using a stack, contains the other member of the pair:
Act 2b: message recursion (ecursion)
So, it seems that eteration and ecursion are terms invented and defined by Crockford himself to refer to message iteration and recursion in the context of the E Programming Language, designed on top of Java for developers who write distributed applications.
The fact that the language is called E is perhaps a reason to give its specific iteration and recursion flavors the chosen terminology (eteration and ecursion).
Eteration means to break a task into multiple turns so that on each
eteration, instead of going through a conventional loop, at the bottom
of the loop we call
setTimeOut, passing it a function which causes
us to do the next eteration. That means that the turns are going to be
short — the turn's only as long as one eteration – and we can do as
many eterations as we want and not lock up the event loop.
Check out the full talk in much better quality and accompanied by a full-text transcript here.
Also, for a reference on how such a technique might be implemented, consider the following scenario:
var feedbackDiv = document.getElementById("feedbackDiv");
feedbackDiv.innerHTML += "The Interface is Still Responsive!";
var currentNumber = 0;
var loopStepDelay = 30;
var numbersDiv = document.getElementById("numbersDiv");
numbersDiv.innerHTML = currentNumber++;
Try Me
There are two
divs, one displaying the indices of the ongoing eteration, the other appending the text The Interface is Still Responsive! on each Try Me button press. As you can see from the code, the eteration steps are scheduled by
setTimeout some time interval apart, allowing for user interaction to take place and be processed as well. Thus, the eteration steps will continue to run as the user clicks on the button and triggers the update of the second div, maintaining the page's responsiveness while doing real progress with the work it has to perform (in this case, simply displaying indices).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


command:
 /parseline -iotbqpnuN [text|&binvar]
 -i or -o = required to specify an in/out line.
 -t or -b = required to specify text or &binvar.
 -q = add a new line to the end of the in/out queue. It can be used
 inside and outside the PARSELINE event. New lines are processed
 after the script/event exits.
 -p = use with -q to indicate that the new line should trigger the
 PARSELINE event.
 -n = add a CRLF to the end of the line if it does not have one.
 -uN = where N is 0 or 1 and either disables or enables UTF-8
 encoding/decoding for the line.
 1) A script must check $parseutf to know whether mIRC will be UTF-8
 encoding/decoding a line. For outgoing lines, if $parseutf is $true,
 after the PARSELINE event, mIRC will UTF-8 encode the line before
 sending it to the server. You can prevent this by using -u0. For
 incoming lines, if $parseutf is $true, after the PARSELINE event,
 mIRC will UTF-8 decode the line before processing it. You can prevent
 this by using -u0.
 2) This feature should only be used, for example, to support features
 and/or protocols that mIRC does not already support, not to modify
 standard lines. mIRC maintains internal states based on incoming and
 outgoing lines. If lines are modified, mIRC may not work correctly.
30.Fixed Options/Sounds Event Beeps beep value not being applied,
 resulting in repeated beeping during a flash event.
31.Extended script editor editbox limit to 1MB.
32.Fixed $intersect() bug that was rounding floating point values.
28/02/2015 - mIRC v7.41
1.Added $calc() // floor divide operator.
2.Optimized script parser recursion to make better use of reserved
 stack space, enabling slightly deeper recursion.
3.Optimized SSL event processing speed.
4.Fixed $input() maximum editbox limit being off by one.
5.Extended hotlinks to correctly parse channel names in a channel
 message/notice prefix format.
6.Fixed file handling bug that would have caused mirc.ini to be reset
 if there was a drive error, such as the drive being full.
7.Fixed another while loop bug.
8.Fixed MDI window transparency bug under Windows 8.
9.Extended SSL support to allow connecting to SNI servers.
28/01/2015 - mIRC v7.39
1.Extended /dll -u to allow use of a partial path.
2.Reverted Channels List window change so that modes are included in
 the listing again.
3.Fixed hash table bug that would have caused a gpf if mIRC was
 unable to allocate memory for the table.
4.Fixed INI file bug where mIRC was not unloading an INI file if it
 no longer existed, ie. when deleted by another application.
5.Added $comchar identifier to return the command prefix character.
6.Fixed connection timeout not being applied while a STARTTLS handshake
 is in progress.
7.Fixed script editor bug that caused popups text not to be displayed
 correctly in some situations.
8.Fixed confirm exit dialog bug that was not detecting if any DCC
 gets were in progress.
9.Updated many routines to use 32/64-bit compatible types as a first
 step in preparing for a 64bit version of mIRC.
10.Fixed icon loading routine bug that may have caused an incorrect
 icon size to be loaded.
11.Changed threaded critical sections from InitializeCriticalSection
 to InitializeCriticalSectionAndSpinCount to improve performance
 in some contexts.
12.Fixed custom dialog limit text option not being applied to simple
 combo boxes.
13.Changed internal icon format for both the mIRC and connect tray
14.Changed checkbox/radio button in Options/Lock/Disable features
 listbox and in custom dialog listboxes to use the correct Windows
15.Fixed MDI windows not maximizing fully to the right in some contexts
 when main mIRC window is also maximized.
16.Fixed $* bug with // and other prefixes not being parsed correctly.
17.Updated file dialog routines, which includes the DCC Send file
 dialog, in preparation for switching to modern file dialogs in a
 future version.
18.Fixed /dcc send/chat/fserve bug when parsing the port number that is
 specified at the end of an ip address, ie. address:port.
19.Fixed Log and Buffer submenus in window system menus not being set
 correctly when toggling between mdi/desktop modes.
20.Fixed Shift-F3 bug under Wine that caused mIRC to freeze.
21.Extended file dialogs to include more file types in the file types
22.Fixed log reload bug that caused logs not to be reloaded before the
 start of a new year.
23.Added $chan(_USER_) wid support.
24.Added $window().idle property, returns idle state for window type.
25.Updated libraries to OpenSSL 1.0.1l.
26.Fixed while loop bug when multiple nested while loops are used on
 a single line separated by | line separators.
27.Fixed $reptok() bug that may have caused intermittent results.
28.Fixed $mode() bug that may have caused intermittent results.
29.Fixed empty parameter handling in $instok(), $puttok(), $remtok(),
 and $reptok().
30.Fixed $ini() bug that limited the index to a maximum of 9999.
31.Fixed log viewer bug that caused it to freeze during a log search
 if a log file contained a line longer than mIRC's maximum internal
 line length.
32.Fixed $mp3().bitrate bug that returned an incorrect value.
27/11/2014 - mIRC v7.38
1.Added $envvar(N/name) identifier with.name and.value properties
 to return environment variables.
2.Added $notify identifier, returns $true or $false based on whether
 the notify list is enabled or disabled.
3.Fixed treebar status window folders being expanded when they should
 not be in some situations.
4.Updated the default DCC accept and ignore file types lists.
5.Extended /close -@ to handle _USER_ window id values.
6.Fixed switchbar lines "auto" bug that was causing the switchbar to
 auto-expand incorrectly for large numbers of windows.
7.Fixed DCC Get/Fserve not using path of existing DCC Get window when
 resuming a failed transfer.
8.Fixed DCC Get window not being updated when a resume begins in some
9.Fixed DCC Fserve get not applying "sort files by nickname into own
 folders" option for received files.
10.Added /close -axdnu switches, where a = apply to all server
 connections, x = apply to current server connection, d = single
 message window, n = notify list, and u = urls list.
11.Fixed DCC Chat speech bug that caused text in a DCC Chat window not
 to be spoken if speech was enabled only for that nickname.
12.Changed /server to search servers list using combination of server
 address, group, and description.
07/11/2014 - mIRC v7.37
1.Fixed /window -dC bug not centering _USER_ on the same the
 monitor as the main mIRC window.
2.Fixed Window Order dialog not allowing entry of long channel names.
3.Fixed $sockerr being incorrectly set in some socket events.
4.Fixed font display bug that caused mIRC to use a blank font if the
 font name was empty in the [fonts] section in mirc.ini.
5.Fixed channels list display bug when list reply includes channel
 modes. The modes are no longer displayed in the channels list.
6.Updated compiler options to improve buffer overrun defenses and
 enabled heap metadata protection on Vista onwards.
7.Added check for numeric 447 issued by some servers when a /list
 request is sent.
8.Added Windows entering sleep/hibernation detection at which point
 mIRC will immediately save unwritten INI settings as a precaution.
9.Added STARTTLS support using the CAP tls protocol.
 To initiate a secure connection to a STARTTLS capable server, you
 can use the /server -t switch or prefix the port number with a
 star sign, eg. *6667.
 On connecting to a server, mIRC now sends CAP LS and waits for a
 reply from the server before logging on. This allows mIRC to
 determine if STARTTLS is supported and to initiate STARTTLS before
 logon credentials are sent.
 If a server replies with a CAP reply, mIRC processes the CAP reply,
 initiates STARTTLS if supported, and then logs on. If STARTTLS is
 not supported, mIRC cancels the connection.
 If a server replies with numeric 451 (not registered), indicating
 it does not recognize CAP, mIRC cancels the connection.
 If a server does not reply at all, after a few seconds of waiting,
 mIRC sends a PING. If a server replies with a PONG or numeric 451,
 indicating it does not support CAP, mIRC cancels the connection


text:
The scientific name of camwood is Baphianitida. It is a shrubby, erect small tree that belongs to the Fabaceae/Leguminosae family. This plant is a widespread forest plant that is spread all around the globe and it is more common within the coastal region of central West Africa and Asia. In these parts of the world, camwood is issued for managing a wide range of disorders. The camwood is more common in the underwood of the African dense forests. The camwood is also known as Doro, Dolo, shiny camwood, and Barwood. It is normally grown as an ornamental shade hedge or tree.
The bark and heartwood are wonderful sources of a high-quality red dye which is used to dye raffia and cotton textiles. Apart from these usages, it is used as a medicinal plant. It has been used in traditional African medicine for ages. The wood of camwood is extremely hard, heavy and durable, close-grained, and of fine texture. The camwood was formerly distributed to Europe for turnery and cabinetry. The paste of camwood can be used as a cosmetic for the skin. Twigs of camwood are used as chewing sticks.
The bark decoction is drunk in Sierra Leone to cure cardiac pain. Both leaves and bark are used for healing wounds and sores. In some regions of the world, the camwood is considered sacred and it is gifted with the power to protect against evil spirits and attract benevolent ones. The camwood wood is used for making rafters, house posts, farm implements, and tool – handles. In the United Kingdom, camwood was used to dye silk pink. Here are some health benefits of camwood:
Health Benefits of Camwood
The camwood powder has powerful antioxidants. Also, it is an anti-inflammatory agent which can help to improve blood circulation to your face. It can remove toxins and fight against the formation of wrinkle-causing free radicals. Also, camwood can be used to treat insect bites and swelling.
When the camwood is mixed with raw black soap, honey, and turmeric, then it can help to lighten the skin. Also, it can help to keep the skin toned and if escalated, it can even bleach the skin.
Soothes the skin:
The camwood is rich in natural skin-soothing properties which can help to enhance the skin beautifully. The camwood can help to remove the dead, dull skin and it will help you to reveal your glowing, beautiful inner skin naturally. The camwood has the ability to restore skin elasticity. It can help you to get your natural glow without using hundreds of cosmetic products which can make your skin to be ruined even more. You can make a face mask of camwood.
You should mix a teaspoon of camwood powder with warm water and rose water and make it as a paste. You should apply this mask to your face and let it dry for 15 minutes. You should rinse it off using warm water. You will notice that your skin will have a better glow and it will be free of skin problems. Also, you can mix a banana into a smooth paste, add two tablespoons of yogurt and two tablespoons of honey and mix them. Then, add one tablespoon of camwood and mix thoroughly. Then, apply this mask on your face for 15 – 20 minutes and rinse. It will make your skin shine as never before.
The camwood is rich in anti-aging and detoxifying properties. It can help to reduce your wrinkles. It is known that camwood is a good cosmetic product that can help to remove or reduce the signs of aging. When the camwood is mixed with almond oil and coconut oil, then it can help to tighten the skin. Also, the camwood can be mixed with several homemade beauty products like scrubs, natural face moisturizers, and masks and it will give you a brilliant outcome.
Heals sunburns and acne:
The camwood powder can help to heal the damages on the skin which are caused by the sun. It is a natural beauty ingredient that can be used for treating sunburns. Most teenagers have to deal with eczema, acne, and pimples. Here comes the camwood. It is a great help when it comes to the skin routine.


text:
Jesse Hale letter
Jesse Hale letter
Typescript of a signed letter dated March 30, 1845 and addressed to Emma Hale Smith, wife of Joseph Smith (_PHONE_). Hale comments on Joseph Smith's generosity to him.
- Extent: 1 item (3 p.)
- Creator: Hale, Jesse
- Call Number: MSS 1009
- Repository: L. Tom Perry Special Collections; 19th Century Western & Mormon Manuscripts; 1130 Harold B. Lee Library; Brigham Young University; Provo, Utah 84602; _URL_
- Access Restrictions: Open for public research.
- Languages and Scripts
- Conditions of Use
- It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain any necessary copyright clearances. Permission to publish material from Jesse Hale letter must be obtained from the Supervisor of Reference Services and/or the L. Tom Perry Special Collections Board of Curators.
- Preferred Citation
- Initial citation: MSS 1009; Jesse Hale letter; 19th Century Western & Mormon Manuscripts; L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University. Following citations: MSS 1009, LTPSC.
- Subject Terms
- Smith, Emma Hale; Smith, Joseph, Jr., _PHONE_; Church Government; Mormonism (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints); Religion; Mormon Church--Presidents--History--Sources; Mormon women--Illinois--Nauvoo--History--Sources; Mormons--Illinois--Nauvoo--History--Sources; Nauvoo (Ill.)--History--Sources
- Genre / Form
- Appraisal Information
- 19th Century Western and Mormon Manuscripts.
- Finding Aid ID Number
- Finding Aid Title
- Hale (Jesse) letter
- Finding Aid Author
- Finding aid prepared by Andrea Wyss
- Finding Aid Creator
- This finding aid was produced using the Archivists' Toolkit 2013-07-08T12:26-0600
- Finding Aid Language
- Biographical Info:
Jesse Hale was a Latter-day Saint man who lived in Illinois.
comments powered by Disqus


publisher can work with many authors. Similarly, one book can be published by many publishers, and one publisher can publish many books.
Handling this situation in the database is more involved than a one-to-many relationship because the relationship goes both ways. Many-to-many relationships are created by an association table acting as a bridge between the two related tables.
The association table contains at least two foreign key fields, which are the primary keys of each of the two associated tables. This SQL statement creates the association table relating the author and publisher tables:
CREATE TABLE author_publisher (
 author_id INTEGER REFERENCES author,
 publisher_id INTEGER REFERENCES publisher
);
The SQL statements create a new author_publisher table referencing the primary keys of the existing author and publisher tables. The author_publisher table is an association table establishing relationships between an author and a publisher.
Because the relationship is between two primary keys, there's no need to create a primary key for the association table itself. The combination of the two related keys creates a unique identifier for a row of data.
As before, you use the JOIN keyword to connect two tables together. Connecting the author table to the publisher table is a two-step process:
 1. JOIN the author table with the author_publisher table.
 2. JOIN the author_publisher table with the publisher table.
The author_publisher association table provides the bridge through which the JOIN connects the two tables. Here's an example SQL query returning a list of authors and the publishers publishing their books:
 1sqlite> SELECT
 2 ...> a.first_name || ' ' || a.last_name AS author_name,
 3 ...> p.name AS publisher_name
 4 ...> FROM author a
 5 ...> JOIN author_publisher ap ON ap.author_id = a.author_id
 6 ...> JOIN publisher p ON p.publisher_id = ap.publisher_id
 7 ...> ORDER BY a.last_name ASC;
 8Isaac Asimov|Random House
 9Pearl Buck|Random House
10Pearl Buck|Simon & Schuster
11Tom Clancy|Berkley
12Tom Clancy|Simon & Schuster
13Stephen King|Random House
14Stephen King|Penguin Random House
15John Le Carre|Berkley
16Alex Michaelides|Simon & Schuster
17Carol Shaben|Simon & Schuster
The statements above perform the following actions:
 - Line 1 starts a SELECT statement to get data from the database.
 - Line 2 selects the first and last name from the author table using the a alias for the author table and concatenates them together with a space character.
 - Line 3 selects the publisher's name aliased to publisher_name.
 - Line 4 uses the author table as the first source from which to retrieve data and assigns it to the alias a.
 - Line 5 is the first step of the process outlined above for connecting the author table to the publisher table. It uses the alias ap for the author_publisher association table and performs a JOIN operation to connect the ap.author_id foreign key reference to the a.author_id primary key in the author table.
 - Line 6 is the second step in the two-step process mentioned above. It uses the alias p for the publisher table and performs a JOIN operation to relate the ap.publisher_id foreign key reference to the p.publisher_id primary key in the publisher table.
 - Line 7 sorts the data by the author's last name in ascending alphabetical order and ends the SQL query.
 - Lines 8 to 17 are the output of the SQL query.
Note that the data in the source author and publisher tables are normalized, with no data duplication. Yet the returned results have duplicated data where necessary to answer the SQL query.
The SQL query above demonstrates how to make use of a relationship using the SQL JOIN keyword, but the resulting data is a partial re-creation of the author_book_publisher.csv CSV data. What's the win for having done the work of creating a database to separate the data?
Here's another SQL query to show a little bit of the power of SQL and the database engine:
 1sqlite> SELECT
 2 ...> a.first_name || ' ' || a.last_name AS author_name,
 3 ...> COUNT(b.title) AS total_books
 4 ...> FROM author a
 5 ...> JOIN book b ON b.author_id = a.author_id
 6 ...> GROUP BY author_name
 7 ...> ORDER BY total_books DESC, a.last_name ASC;
 8Stephen King|3
 9Tom Clancy|2
10Isaac Asimov|1
11Pearl Buck|1
12John Le Carre|1
13Alex Michaelides|1
14Carol Shaben|1
The SQL query above returns the list of authors and the number of books they've written. The list is sorted first by the number of books in descending order, then by the author's name in alphabetical order:
 - Line 1 begins the SQL query with the SELECT keyword.
 - Line 2 selects the author's first and last names, separated by a space character, and creates the alias author_name.
 - Line 3 counts the number of books written by each author, which will be used later by the ORDER BY clause to sort the list.
 - Line 4 selects the author table to get data from and creates the a alias.
 - Line 5 connects to the related book table through a JOIN to the author_id and creates the b alias for the book table.
 - Line 6 generates the aggregated author and total number of books data by using the GROUP BY keyword. GROUP BY is what groups each author_name and controls what books are tallied by COUNT() for that author.
 - Line 7 sorts the output first by number of books in descending order, then by the author's last name in ascending alphabetical order.
 - Lines 8 to 14 are the output of the SQL query.
In the above example, you take advantage of SQL to perform aggregation calculations and sort the results into a useful order. Having the database perform calculations based on its built-in data organization ability is usually faster than performing the same kinds of calculations on raw data sets in Python. SQL offers the advantages of using set theory embedded in RDBMS databases.
Entity Relationship Diagrams
An entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is a visual depiction of an entity-relationship model for a database or part of a database. The author_book_publisher.db SQLite database is small enough that the entire database can be visualized by the diagram shown below:
ERD diagram for the author_book_publisher Sqlite database produced with JetBrains DataGrip application
This diagram presents the table structures in the database and the relationships between them. Each box represents a table and contains the fields defined in the table, with the primary key indicated first if it exists.
The arrows show the relationships between the tables connecting a foreign key field in one table to a field, often the primary key, in another table. The table book_publisher has two arrows, one connecting it to the book table and another connecting it to the publisher table. The arrow indicates the many-to-many relationship between the book and publisher tables. The author_publisher table provides the same relationship between author and publisher.
Working With SQLAlchemy and Python Objects
SQLAlchemy is a powerful database access tool kit for Python, with its object-relational mapper (ORM) being one of its most famous components, and the one discussed and used here.
When you're working in an object-oriented language like Python, it's often useful to think in terms of objects. It's possible to map the results returned by SQL queries to objects, but doing so works against the grain of how the database works. Sticking with the scalar results provided by SQL works against the grain of how Python developers work. This problem is known as object-relational impedance mismatch.
The ORM provided by SQLAlchemy sits between the SQLite database and your Python program and transforms the data flow between the database engine and Python objects. SQLAlchemy allows you to think in terms of objects and still retain the powerful features of a database engine.
The Model
One of the fundamental elements to enable connecting SQLAlchemy to a database is creating a model. The model is a Python class defining the data mapping between the Python objects returned as a result of a database query and the underlying database tables.
The entity-relationship diagram displayed earlier shows boxes connected with arrows. The boxes are the tables built with the SQL commands and are what the Python classes will model. The arrows are the relationships between the tables.
The models are Python classes inheriting from an SQLAlchemy Base class. The Base class provides the interface operations between instances of the model and the database table.
Below is the models.py file that creates the models to represent the author_book_publisher.db database:
 1from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, Table
 2from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship, backref
 3from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
 4
 5Base = declarative_base()
 6
 7author_publisher = Table(
 8 "author_publisher",
 9 Base.metadata,
10 Column("author_id", Integer, ForeignKey("author.author_id")),
11 Column("


text:
Table of Contents :
Top Suggestions Rat Spelling Worksheet :
Rat Spelling Worksheet A rat and a cake designed for a first grade literacy curriculum this worksheet is an appealing hands on way for children to learn about grammer phonics and spelling patterns Worksheets and follow up activities suitable for use at home and at school mole leaves his spring cleaning to explore the world above there he meets the rat and the two set off for a leisurely A rat and a cake designed for a first grade literacy curriculum this worksheet is an appealing hands on way for children to learn about grammer phonics and spelling patterns.
Rat Spelling Worksheet
Spelling At Words 1st Grade Spelling Worksheets All
This Set Of At Word Spelling Worksheets Will Help Children Practice Words With The At Sound These Spelling Worksheets Contain The Words Cat Hat Sat Rat Bat And Flat We Have Five Different Worksheets So You Can Do A Different One Each Day Of The Week
Spelling Worksheet Colour The Set Of Rhyming Words With Same Colour Worksheet Moat Rat Hit Boat Cake Cat Bit Rake Bake Coat Mat Circle The Rhyming Words Pot Wet Pin Dot Pit Cat Fog Mop Bob Pen Tin Pun Pot Hut Cot Lip Red Hot Rat San Vet Ted Dog Top Hot Pit Sat Don Pop Sin Try How Bun Set Bun Cot Sit Sat Ran Tow
Word Family Activities At Words Super Teacher Worksheets
Word Family Worksheets Featuring At Words Contains Bat That Sat Rat Flat Cat Mat And Hat Printable Games Reading Sliders Word Wheels And More
Spelling Words That Sounds Like Cat Bat Rat Activity
Fun And Simple Activity To Help Children Better Pronounce And Understand Words That Sound Like Cat Bat Rat Etc Thank You To All Of Our Fans And Supporters We Sincerely Hope That All Of
4th Grade Missing Letters K5 Learning
Rat Ra Fore T A Rather B Retain C Celebrate D Rainforest E Deposit F Rolled G Pumpkin H Bargain Online Reading Math For K 5 K5learning 4th Grade Missing Letters Grade 4 Spelling Worksheet There Is A Letter Missing In Each Word Below Print The Complete Word On The Blank Line Beside Each Word With The Missing Letter Ol E Rolled Pu Ki Pumpkin Re IRat Lesson Plans Worksheets Lesson Planet
Here Is A Two Page Worksheet On Rats And Mice Learners Answer Nine True False Questions About Rats And Mice Then Compose Answers To Seven Short Answer Questions About These Two Rodents Finally They Must Compose A Fictional Story Get Free Access See Review Lesson Planet Rat Round Up For Teachers 3rd 8th Students Build A Device That Captures And Carries A Pet Rat Safely Back To ItsSpelling Grade 1 Spelling Words First Grade 1 Spelling
Rat Fat Pat Title Spelling Grade 1 Spelling Words First Grade 1 Spelling List Author K5 Learning Subject First Grade 1 Worksheet 1st Grade Spelling Words At Words Keywords First Grade 1 Spelling Spelling Lists For Grade 1 Spelling Words At Learn To Spell For Grade 1 Created Date 11 27 1 12 36 PmCommon Spelling Errors Activity Sheet Whitmore High
Common Spelling Errors Activity Sheet Answers 1 Oh It S No Problem I M Sure We Can Accommodate Your Mother S Chihuahua If It Really Must Sleep On Her Bed I Was Relieved That Was One Problem Solved 2 I Can T Believe You Didn T Write It On The Calendar You Know I Can T Remember Anything Unless It Is Written Down
Spelling Worksheets Sports At Enchantedlearning
Spelling Worksheets What Toy Am I For Each Toy Choose The Word That Best Describes It Or Go To The Answers Match The Syllables Sports Words Match The Two Syllables To Make 10 Sports Words The Words Are Football Tennis Athlete Rugby Racket Soccer Compete Skating Arrow Hockey Or Go To The Answers Match The Syllables Sports Words Match Three Syllables To Make 10 Sports Words
Spelling Grade 2 Worksheets Lesson Worksheets
Displaying All Worksheets Related To Spelling Grade 2 Worksheets Are 2nd Grade Spelling Words 2nd Grade Spelling Words Grade 1 Spelling Work Master List List 1 List 2 List 3 List 4 Spelling Bee Grade 2 Word List Spell Master Grade 4 Journeys Spelling Lists 2nd Grade Spelling Click On Pop Out Icon Or Print Icon To Worksheet To Print
People interested in Rat Spelling Worksheet also searched for :
Rat Spelling Worksheet. The worksheet is an assortment of 4 intriguing pursuits that will enhance your kid's knowledge and abilities. The worksheets are offered in developmentally appropriate versions for kids of different ages. Adding and subtracting integers worksheets in many ranges including a number of choices for parentheses use.
You can begin with the uppercase cursives and after that move forward with the lowercase cursives. Handwriting for kids will also be rather simple to develop in such a fashion. If you're an adult and wish to increase your handwriting, it can be accomplished. As a result, in the event that you really wish to enhance handwriting of your kid, hurry to explore the advantages of an intelligent learning tool now!
Consider how you wish to compose your private faith statement. Sometimes letters have to be adjusted to fit in a particular space. When a letter does not have any verticals like a capital A or V, the very first diagonal stroke is regarded as the stem. The connected and slanted letters will be quite simple to form once the many shapes re learnt well. Even something as easy as guessing the beginning letter of long words can assist your child improve his phonics abilities. Rat Spelling Worksheet.
There isn't anything like a superb story, and nothing like being the person who started a renowned urban legend. Deciding upon the ideal approach route Cursive writing is basically joined-up handwriting. Practice reading by yourself as often as possible.
Research urban legends to obtain a concept of what's out there prior to making a new one. You are still not sure the radicals have the proper idea. Naturally, you won't use the majority of your ideas. If you've got an idea for a tool please inform us. That means you can begin right where you are no matter how little you might feel you've got to give. You are also quite suspicious of any revolutionary shift. In earlier times you've stated that the move of independence may be too early.
Each lesson in handwriting should start on a fresh new page, so the little one becomes enough room to practice. Every handwriting lesson should begin with the alphabets. Handwriting learning is just one of the most important learning needs of a kid. Learning how to read isn't just challenging, but fun too.
The use of grids The use of grids is vital in earning your child learn to Improve handwriting. Also, bear in mind that maybe your very first try at brainstorming may not bring anything relevant, but don't stop trying. Once you are able to work, you might be surprised how much you get done. Take into consideration how you feel about yourself. Getting able to modify the tracking helps fit more letters in a little space or spread out letters if they're too tight. Perhaps you must enlist the aid of another man to encourage or help you keep focused.
Rat Spelling Worksheet. Try to remember, you always have to care for your child with amazing care, compassion and affection to be able to help him learn. You may also ask your kid's teacher for extra worksheets. Your son or daughter is not going to just learn a different sort of font but in addition learn how to write elegantly because cursive writing is quite beautiful to check out. As a result, if a kid is already suffering from ADHD his handwriting will definitely be affected. Accordingly, to be able to accomplish this, if children are taught to form different shapes in a suitable fashion, it is going to enable them to compose the letters in a really smooth and easy method. Although it can be cute every time a youngster says he runned on the playground, students want to understand how to use past tense so as to speak and write correctly. Let say, you would like to boost your son's or daughter's handwriting, it is but obvious that you want to give your son or daughter plenty of practice, as they say, practice makes perfect.
Without phonics skills, it's almost impossible, especially for kids, to learn how to read new words. Techniques to Handle Attention Issues It is extremely essential that should you discover your kid is inattentive to his learning especially when it has to do with reading and writing issues you must begin working on various ways and to improve it. Use a student's name in every sentence so there's a single sentence for each kid. Because he or she learns at his own rate, there is some variability in the age when a child is ready to learn to read. Teaching your kid to form the alphabets is quite a complicated practice.
Tags: _TAG_ spelling worksheets#4th grade spelling worksheets#second grade spelling worksheets#kids spelling worksheets#spelling worksheets for grade 2#year 4 spelling worksheets#grade 6 spelling worksheets#spelling worksheets for 3rd graders#grade 5 spelling worksheets#animals spelling worksheet


Server Fault is a question and answer site for system and network administrators. It's 100% free, no registration required.
Sign up
Here's how it works:
 1. Anybody can ask a question
 2. Anybody can answer
 3. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top
There is a Microsoft KB article that talks about best practices for running a DC on a VM. One of the notes is "Do not use the Export feature on a virtual machine that is running a domain controller". In order to export a VM, the VM needs to be turned off. If you turn off a DC VM, export it, import it on another server and then power the VM back on, there should be no risk as long as the original (exported) VM is never powered back on. Can someone explain to me why this isn't supported? After doing some searching on Google, the sites I found just regurgitated this line from the KB article, but didn't offer any explanation as to why this isn't supported.
share|improve this question
up vote 5 down vote accepted
The core of the issue lies around the way each domain controller is uniquely identified by the domain, and how domain information is replicated through the system.
It's vital that:
A) Each domain controller retain its own unique ID, unchanged, at all times. Operations that clone a DC or alter its SID will break this.
B) New DCs are only added to the domain via the DCPROMO process. The domain depends on the information that this process adds into the domain, to identify a DC on the network. Any operation which brings a machine online which appears to be a valid DC, but has not been uniquely promoted in the domain, is going to cause all kinds of headaches.
C) A DC is never restored to a point backwards-in-time. So no snapshots etc. This is because the domain relies on an increasing ticket number type system to identify changes to the domain. A DC reverted to a previous state will have a lower ticket ID while the domain is on a higher ticket ID. this gets you into the USN rollback scenario that Grizly described.
So summary: Running virtual DCs is possible but you must take extra care not to perform VM operations which will violate DC operational requirements.
share|improve this answer
1
I don't see how there would be a USN rollback on a DC that's exported and imported. Exporting a VM doesn't change the SID, disk signatures, ect. Since the VM has to be turned off in order to export, there is no possibility of a USN rollback. This is why I'm trying to understand why this can't be done. Exporting a VM doesn't change anything because the VM setting are part of the export. If I were to just copy the VHD to another server and add it to Hyper-V, then the VM settings would be reset which could result in a USN rollback. But not when the VM is exported. – AndyM Apr 9 '10 at 15:06

Good point. But then these are broad recommendations, and there are exceptions where you can perform some of the other 'dangerous' VM-related tasks on a DC without bad things happening. For example, reverting snapshots on a DC happens to work fine if it's the only DC in the domain. Perhaps it's just for brevity. – Chris Thorpe Apr 11 '10 at 10:23
I think I found the KB you are referring to,_URL_
All these recommendations are made to help avoid the possibility of an update sequence number (USN) rollback.
USN Info: _URL_
share|improve this answer
Your Answer

discard
By posting your answer, you agree to the privacy policy and terms of service.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.


text:
Prices of seafood have constantly been increasing over the years, making it one of the most expensive, if not the most costly, protein sources on the market.
Seafood is expensive due to many factors, including increasing demand, cost of transportation, cost of preservatives, difficulty in preparation, how difficult the resources are to obtain, etc.
It doesn't seem like the prices aren't going down anytime soon especially seeing as the possibility of the fish becoming rare is possible.
The seafood prices range widely, usually depending on the type of animals involved and whether they are raised on a fish farm or gotten from the wild. While seafood quality diminishes quickly, there are some steps to ensure that they are delivered and cooked in the top condition possible.
Check out some of the reasons why seafood is so expensive below.
Top 8 Reasons Seafood is So Expensive
1. Transport Logistics
You can deliver food from land sources by fast and cheap means of transportation such as trucks and rails, but this is not so with seafood. Since the high demand for seafood is because people want it fresh, there is difficulty transporting it from one location to another. Seafood doesn't last very long fresh, so this brings the need to transport it by air or with overnight buses for quick delivery.
Another factor that pushes the transport price up is preserving the product from source to destination. Many of these preservation methods aren't cheap, and all of these play a factor in the final price you purchase from restaurants.
The flavor of seafood changes within 24 hours, and stale products are usually not acceptable cause they are needed as fresh as possible from the ocean. Manual labor required for all these activities is another factor that increases the cost because it involves a lot of workforce, and you need to pay the laborers need to be paid.
2. Supply and Demand
Seafood has a very high demand, especially as a good source of proteins. The laws of demand and supply affect the prices of goods a lot. In the case of seafood, we have high demand and low supply, which makes the prices rise. Increased costs will balance the supply with demand and meet what is needed.
Since we can't increase seafood supply as quickly, we can do the same for meat; this problem will continue for a while. Also, due to water pollution and overfishing, we face a case where the resources (animals) are reducing and slowly becoming extinct. Meanwhile, the population of people keeps increasing exponentially, and as a result, the prices will keep growing.
3. High Mortality Rate (Difficult to maintain)
The two options for seafood are farm-raised and wild-caught. Even though catching seafood out in the wild is difficult, it doesn't mean farm-raised seafood isn't without its challenges. Fish farming needs a lot of resources and proper management for success.
Fish farming requires more skill than plant farming or livestock rearing, even under desirable weather and climate conditions. Aquaculturists need to place the fishes in specific places so that they do not die and have the right conditions for survival.
Also, this task requires a high level of skill, so the few fish farms available usually charge more for their products due to the quality service that isn't easily gotten elsewhere.
4. Difficult to Obtain
As we highlighted in the previous point, catching seafood in the wild is challenging and requires a high skill level. You will need big fishing setups (rigs) and costly equipment.
The laborers or fishers typically go out into the sea and cast the huge nets from their boats. After that, they have to wait till the trap has caught a considerable amount, usually at least half the net, before they can withdraw it and get the fish/animals.
Since the sea where they are going to fish has no medical facilities or any facility, they usually treat fishing as a massive exhibition that they plan correctly for a long time, so there are no hitches in execution. To prepare for any unforeseen circumstances, they also take medical supplies in case of any incident out at sea.
5. Health Food Sources
People have been becoming more and more aware of the consequences of eating meat in recent times, such as high cholesterol. This has caused people to look for other sources of nourishment, and seafood is the easy answer to that.
Seafood has high amounts of protein, Vitamin D, Phosphate, Calcium, Zinc, Vitamin B2, and Omega-3 fatty acids, amongst other healthy minerals. Seafood is the healthier choice for meals, and as people are increasingly more concerned for their health, the demand rises.
6. The Rarity of the Seafood
As we've previously explained, seafood is generally difficult to obtain, but some more than others. There is very rare seafood, and you can only find these in specific places. Some examples are caviar, oysters, lobsters, etc. These are examples of seafood that are usually more expensive than others because they aren't readily available.
It isn't uncommon for some people to wait for specific seasons for some seafood as that is the only time they are available in their locality. If you encounter these varieties of seafood off-season, the restaurants will charge a premium for it.
7. Cooking Difficulty
There are many different types of seafood categories, and there are some that require a lot of effort and resources to cook correctly. Some of the preparation techniques usually require expensive cooking lessons. It takes the highest level of skills and chefs to prepare seafood, so quality raises the price.
An example of a seafood dish that requires special skills is Japanese pufferfish. These are poisonous fishes, and chefs must have cooked for themselves or others multiple times before serving them at a restaurant. Another example of this is octopuses that need a lot of heat within a short time to cook properly without getting burnt.
8. No Subsidies for Fishermen
Fishers do not receive the same benefits farmers receive from the government. Farmers have access to loans to start their business, tax cuts in some places, or even sponsorship to begin farming. On the other hand, Fishermen don't have such luxury, and it doesn't seem like that will be changing anytime soon.
Government regulations also determine which fishes they can farm, the number of fishes that anglers can catch, and the processes used to get the fish. They need licenses for people to take part in fishing, and these licenses are usually expensive, costing a lot of money straight from their pockets.
Flouting any rules or refusing to get approvals can lead to sanctions. All these sanctions and limitations, including the risks involved, raise the cost of production, which increases the prices of seafood.
Why is Seafood So Expensive: FAQs
What seafood is the most expensive?
Blue-fin Tuna is the most expensive type of seafood right now. Blue-fin tuna is the crucial ingredient for making tuna; this makes it one of the seafood in highest demand. There is also a risk of this seafood going extinct because it is a rare commodity. This fish has a very exquisite and luxurious taste that you can't find anywhere else.
Why is shrimp so expensive?
Shrimp is expensive because of its very high demand. It is an excellent source of protein, but the supply is low primarily due to horrible farming activities and the type of shrimp. Some reasons why they are expensive are:
- The cost importation
- High demand
- High mortality rate
- Shrimps are good for Human health
- Prices vary according to the type and sizes
- Time-consuming to harvest
Why did crab get so expensive?
Crabs, like most other seafood, are expensive and also seen as food for the Elite "fine dining." Just shrimp, crabs rank high on the most demanded seafood. Some other reasons they are expensive are:
- Rules and regulations concerning catching them
- High cost of importation and exportation
- High demand
- Lower supply than demand
- Different variations of crabs make them have separate prices
Why are lobsters so expensive?
Lobsters are very expensive due to only being gotten from water or riverine areas. Their natural habitat is ocean water, making it difficult to rear them because creating a similar condition to a place for them to live and grow would be very expensive and impossible for most.
The average cost of lobster in 2021 was $10/pound, but in 2022, it is $20 – $150+/ pound, depending on the part and size. Lobsters also have a lot of uses, and as a result, they are high in demand. The increased demand coupled with the low supply contributes to the increasing price. In summary, Lobsters are expensive because:
- Cost of Transportation
- High demand
- Low supply
- Lobster being a meal for the elites
Is seafood more expensive than meat?
Seafood is usually more expensive than most types of meat because, unlike meat such as cow, turkey, goat, etc. is relatively easier to rear and transport.
How to Save Money on Seafood?
- Choose white, flaky fishes in the store; they are usually cheaper than other options.
- Buying frozen foods instead of fresh helps cut down cost
- Bulk buying also helps cut down costs.
- Can watch out for sales from stores to get them when they are cheaper
- Filling your stomach at all-you-can-eat seafood restaurants can save your money too.
There is a noticeable increase in the number of factory farms, and wild-caught seafood has been reducing. This helps close the gap between the supply and demand of seafood, increasing prices. Hopefully, this trend continues and effectively reduces the costs of seafood.


Note: I received a free copy of this product for review purposes. Some links in this review might be affiliate programs, so I'll make some coffee money if you buy. You get it at the normal price though!
Rocket German Review
Reviewed by: The German Project
Rocket German "dashboard" screenshot
Rocket German is an online German course and app from Rocket Languages. It comes in three levels making it suitable for beginner to intermediate German learners.
Rocket German doesn't have quite the same flashy marketing as bigger names like Rosetta Stone, Pimsleur or Fluenz. It's also nowhere near as cute as that Duolingo owl. But you'll see a lot of people talking about it because it seems to offer a whole lot, without costing the earth.
On first glance it can be a bit hard to understand exactly what you're getting with Rocket German: There are podcast-style lessons, a grammar course, and a bunch of other tools for each lesson with a sugar-dusting of gamification, badges, awards and other trinkets.
So how does it actually work?
Let's take a look.
The interactive audio course
The first place you start in Rocket German is with the "Interactive Audio Course".
The Interactive Audio lessons are essentially podcasts. You can listen to them on your computer, download them to a music device, or access them through the app. They're all around 20 minutes long, which is a good length for me: Long enough to learn something, but not so long that it gets dull.
Rocket German interactive audio lesson screenshot
Confession time: In the past I've hurled a lot of criticism at language audio courses for teaching useless stuff at the beginning. Stuff like how to book a hotel room over the phone. Who does that anymore?
But Rocket German teaches you something much more useful: Within the first three interactive audio lessons you've learned how to how to order both tea and coffee in German. Now that's some useful language skills.
The Interactive Audio lessons are structured around a conversation. When the lesson starts, you'll hear a Pretty Intimidating Conversation, and then over the next twenty minutes Lena and Paul will break it down.
Rocket German audio lesson transcript
Part of a conversation from an audio lesson. (The actual lessons are like podcasts, but you also get written transcripts and notes to practice with.)
In these audio lessons you'll do a lot of pronunciation practice (occasionally right down to individual syllables — useful for those really long German words) and you'll learn a bit about how the words work.
Most importantly, you'll learn how to use all those words and constructions in a variety of other ways, so you can quickly start joining in real life conversations.
Update: The Interactive Audio lessons were re-written and re-recorded in 2020 with a new (American) host and two native German speakers. The previous host was a little grating. If you read other reviews that mention an annoying host... they're probably referring to the old versions of the lessons.
Overall I found the audio lessons taught me a surprising amount of useful German in a short space of time. They strike a nice balance between:
 1. Essential and usable German building blocks
 2. Cultural insights
 3. Pronunciation practice
Most importantly, what you get out of these lessons is a whole lot of motivation. Motivation comes from being able to see great results in a short space of time, and that's what these lessons deliver.
They don't necessarily go into a whole lot of depth, but that's where the next course component comes in...
The "language and culture" course
The audio course covers the most essential German you need to survive, and it gets you "functional" fast. But if you want to become fully fluent in German, the audio course isn't going to get you all the way there.
So Rocket German also comes with a more detailed written grammar course that can be used alongside the audio course. (They call it the "language and culture" course, but it's mostly grammar and vocabulary, with a few extra cultural insights included.)
This is more like a traditional-style German course. They cover in greater depth all of the nitty-gritty that the audio course skims over. The explanations are straightforward, and there's a lot of that lovely clear audio built-in, so you can practice hearing and speaking the words.
Rocket German grammar course layout
The "language and culture" lessons go into more depth than the audio course. There's audio and pronunciation practice for almost every audio example.
If you don't like learning all the technical grammar points in these lessons — that's ok. I'd recommend that you just stick to the interactive audio lessons, which are much easier to digest.
Once you start to get a little bit more curious, or you bump up against something you can't figure out, you can come back to these lessons.
(Curiosity is the best fuel for learning!)
Practicing and reinforcing what you've learned
One of my biggest weaknesses when learning a new language is that it's tempting to skip through the material too quickly. I think I understand it, so I move onto the next section. Then it all evaporates from my memory when I need it most.
Rocket German gives you a bunch of tools at the end of every lesson to make sure you've fully mastered every single angle of the material before you move onto the next step.
It tests your listening, your writing, your pronunciation, and your ability to find the right words when you're under pressure!
The tests use a self-rating system (so it's up to you to be honest) and spaced-repetition (so if something is difficult, you'll keep seeing it until it's easy). I've found these exercises challenge me to slow down and really learn the material, and my recall and confidence is better.
One of my favorite tools is the flash card game — simple but effective.
Rocket German flash cards example
Each lesson comes with a corresponding set of flashcards, or you can create your own to focus on words and phrases that you really want to practice.
Testing your pronunciation
If you've ever been afraid to speak your German out loud, for fear that nobody would understand you... you'll like this next feature.
Every single audio example in Rocket German has a voice-recording tool built in, so you can record your pronunciation and see how good it is.
Rocket German pronunciation tool example
In the first example, I got it right. In the second example I said the wrong name. Rocket German uses red text to highlight where you went wrong.
The tool is based on similar voice recognition technology to the technology in your phone that lets you give it voice commands.
The idea is that if you can get it to understand your German... you'll probably be easily understood by an actual German-speaking person. Right?
There are three difficulty levels that are supposed to require more refined pronunciation. In my testing I didn't notice much difference between the levels, but it could simply be that my German pronunciation is sehr gut.
You can try it out on the Rocket German website, about halfway down the page.
Who is Rocket German suitable for?
 - Anyone who needs a fast grasp of some German basics: The Interactive Audio Course is a great introduction. It's fun to listen to, teaches you a surprising amount, and it gives you real, usable German building blocks from very early in the course.
 - Anyone who wants to become fluent: The addition of the "language and culture" lessons means you can dig deeper and learn more grammar and vocabulary. Rocket German comes in three levels so you can go all the way from beginner to advanced.
 - German learners who have trouble getting German to "stick": The testing tools are really useful for locking the material into your memory, and they're fun as well.
 - Anyone taking a German course who wants extra help: The "language and culture" courses and testing tools can be used alongside another course for revision and practice.
The things I really like are...
 - It gives you meaningful results, fast: The course is front-loaded with useful language, so you can actually start using it from day one. This is a lot more motivating than courses that start with grammar basics, and it means you're more likely to stick with it.
 - But it's also includes a really comprehensive grammar course: So that after that initial burst of accomplishment, you can also dig down and learn the finer details of the language. This is a course that just keeps giving.
 - It's good for different learning styles: Rocket German offers different approaches to learning German. You might learn best through tests and games, or through listening to the audio course, or by reading through the lessons. You can pick the strategy that works best for you.
 - But it's not a gimmick: Some language courses are little more than fancy games that make you feel like you're doing well, but don't really help you become fluent in German. Rocket German is, underneath, a rock solid traditional German course with some fun ways of approaching the tried-and-true material. (Yes, there are 16 ways of saying "my" in German. Yes, Rocket German will teach you all of them.)
 - There's an app for iOS and Android so you can do the entire course from your smartphone or tablet.
 - No software to install on a laptop/desktop. It's an online course, so you just go to their website, log in, and it all works. No need to download anything or muck around installing things. It just works.
 - Good bang for buck: At the time of writing this, you can get the first level for under a hundred bucks. That gets you 29 interactive audio lessons, 34


text:
Researchers at Western University have just found a way to show you more insect than you've probably ever wanted to see.
The new technique, published last week in BioMed Central, can provide spectacularly detailed images of a living insect's insides. The key: knocking the insects out with carbon dioxide before imaging.
Insects have previously been imaged using X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), but the resulting images are usually blurry because the insects tend to move around during the scan. The alternative – killing the insects first – results in better images, but only provides static snapshots in time.
That's not what Joanna Konopka wanted. The PhD candidate in Jeremy McNeil's lab in the Department of Biology, wanted to study the internal development of the same insect over its full life cycle. To achieve this goal, she partnered with Danny Poinapen, a biophysicist at the micro-CT lab at Robarts Research Institute.
Poinapen knew imaging, but knew nothing about insects, Konopka was an insect expert, and together, they formed the insect imaging dream team.
Taking advantage of insects' unique ability to withstand low oxygen environments, Poinapen and Konopka decided to try putting the insects into a state of suspended animation using carbon dioxide. The result were breathtaking, detailed images of an insect's insides, down to a 20 micron (20 thousandths of a meter) resolution. The organs, reproductive system, and airways are clearly visible.
If you look at these pictures, you may never look at an insect the same way again. I, for one, never anticipated such complexity underneath an insect's shell.
But the best part for science? There was no significant effect on the insect's life history.
Get ready for your close-up
Using the technique, Konopka and Poinapen got high resolution images of the interior of adult Colorado potato beetles and true armyworms, but they expect it can be expanded to study the different development stages of these bugs. It is also detailed enough to determine mating status by looking for the presence or absence of a spermatophore – a capsule of sperm transferred from the male to the female.
Overall, this technique could have profound impact on the study of insects.


text:
Stem cell factor is a multifunctional cytokine, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of renal interstitial fibrosis.OBJECTIVE:
To detect serum stem cell factor levels in rat models with chronic renal failure, and to study the relationship between serum stem cell factor and the pathogenesis and progression of renal interstitial fibrosis.METHODS:
Thirty-six healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into model group (adenine lavage in order to establish the rat model with chronic renal failure) and control group (physiological saline lavage at equal volume). Six rats from both groups were sacrificed respectively at weeks 4, 8 and 12. Some serum and urine indicators were detected. Serum stem cell factor levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The extent of renal interstitial fibrosis was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining, and the renal interstitial fibrosis indices were calculated. Correlation between the serum stem cell factor and renal interstitial fibrosis indices was analyzed.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:
Compared with control group, the blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, serum stem cell factor and renal interstitial fibrosis indices were significantly higher in model group at different time points (P < 0.01). Moreover, the above indicators were gradually increased with the extension of lavage days, the serum stem cell factor level was positively correlated with blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and the degree of renal interstitial fibrosis (P < 0.01). The results suggest that stem cell factor may participate in the pathogenesis and progression of renal interstitial fibrosis.


text:
Given a Binary Tree, the task is to print all the Exponential Levels in the given Binary Tree.
An Exponential Level is a level whose all nodes of that levels equals to xy, & where x is a minimum possible positive constant & y is a variable positive integer.
Input: 20 / \ 9 81 / \ / \ 3 10 70 243 / \ 81 909 Output: 20 9 81 Explanation: There are 2 exponential levels: 20: 201 = 20. 9, 81: 32 = 9, 34 = 81. Input: 8 / \ 4 81 / \ / \ 5 125 625 5 / \ 81 909 Output: 8 5 125 625 5
Approach: To solve the problem mentioned above the main idea is to use Level Order Tree Traversal.
- Perform level order traversal of the given Binary tree and store each level in a vector.
- Then, in each level, if every node can be expressed in the form of xy, for y ≥ 0.
- If any value of the node of this level is not equal to xy, then skip to the next level.
- Print all such levels in which the above condition is true.
Below is the implementation of the above approach:
20 9 81 3 9 81 243
Attention reader! Don't stop learning now. Get hold of all the important DSA concepts with the DSA Self Paced Course at a student-friendly price and become industry ready. Get hold of all the important mathematical concepts for competitive programming with the Essential Maths for CP Course at a student-friendly price.


text: In this work, we present MapLite. a one-click autonomous navigation system capable of piloting a vehicle to an arbitrary desired destination point given only a sparse publicly available topometric map (from OpenStreetMap). The onboard sensors are used to segment the road region and register the topometric map in order to fuse the high-level navigation goals with a variational path planner in the vehicle frame. This enables the system to plan trajectories that correctly navigate road intersections without the use of an external localization system such as GPS or a detailed prior map. Since the topometric maps already exist for the vast majority of roads, this solution greatly increases the geographical scope for autonomous mobility solutions. We implement MapLite on a full-scale autonomous vehicle and exhaustively test it on over 15km of road including over 100 autonomous intersection traversals. We further extend these results through simulated testing to validate the system on complex road junction topologies such as traffic circles.


2pEA1. Applications of the combustive sound source.
Preston S. Wilson
Thomas G. Muir
John A. Behrens
Appl. Res. Labs. Univ. Of Texas, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, TX 78713-8029
Janet L. Elizey
Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX 78712
The combustive sound source (CSS) can be used to generate high-intensity, low-frequency acoustic energy in a variety of mediums by using deployment configurations suitable to each medium. The basic principle of operation remains configuration independent. A gaseous fuel/oxidizer mixture is introduced into a combustion chamber and ignited with a spark. The ensuing combustion produces a bubble of expanding gas which, in turn produces high-intensity, low-frequency acoustic pulses. Three different deployment configuration experiments will be discussed, including water column, ocean-bottom seismic, and earth-surface seismic. In-situ measured energy levels and spectra produced by CSS are compared to other sources typical to each medium, including explosive and inertial. It is shown that CSS is capable of producing bulk waves in both water and earth mediums, as well as seismic interface waves for both air/earth and water/sea floor cases. It is demonstrated that CSS is a truly versatile acoustic energy source with a low cost deployment configuration which can be tailored easily to different environments. [Work supported by the U.S. Navy Office of Naval Research.]


text: following sections to optimize external components for a particular application. IOUT(MAX) = (ILIM x (1.45 − 0.9 x Duty)) VIN x η x VOUT − 0.5 × Duty x VIN fOSC x L where: ILIM = current limit specified at 50% (see Electrical Characteristics) DUTY = DUTY CYCLE = VOUT − VIN + VDIODE VOUT − ILIM x RON + VDIODE Inductor Selection Inductor selection depends on input voltage, output voltage, maximum current, size, and availability of inductor values. Other factors can include efficiency and ripple voltage. Inductors are specified by their inductance (L), peak current (IPK), and resistance (RL). The following step-up circuit equations are useful in choosing the inductor values based on the application. They allow the trading of peak current and inductor value while considering component availability and cost. The equation used here assumes a constant LIR, which is the ratio of the inductor peak-to-peak AC current to average DC inductor current. A good compromise between the size of the inductor versus loss and output ripple is to choose an LIR of 0.3 to 0.5. The peak inductor current is then given by: VDIODE = catch diode forward drop at ILIM, (V) fOSC = oscillator frequency, (Hz) L = inductor value, (H) η = conversion efficiency, 0.85 nominal VIN = input voltage, (V) VOUT = output voltage, (V) 6 IOUT(MAX) x VOUT LIR IPK = x 1 + η x VIN(MIN) 2 where: IOUT(MAX) = maximum output current, (A) VIN(MIN) = minimum input voltage, (V) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 1.4MHz SOT23 Current-Mode Step-Up DC-DC Converter L = [VIN(MIN)2 x η x (VOUT VOUT 2 − VIN(MIN) )] x LIR x IOUT(MAX) x fOSC The MAX1896 operates with an adjustable output from VIN to 13V. Connect a resistive voltage-divider from the output to FB (see Typical Operating Circuit). Choose a value for R2 between 10kΩ and 50kΩ. Calculate R1 using the equation: Diode Selection The output diode should be rated to handle the output voltage and the peak switch current. Make sure the diode's peak current rating is at least IPK and that its breakdown voltage exceeds VOUT. Schottky diodes are recommended. If a junction rectifier is used, it must be an ultra-fast type (trr < 50ns) to prevent excessive loss in the rectifier. Input and Output Capacitor Selection The MAX1896 operates with both tantalum and ceramic output capacitors. When using tantalum capacitors, the zero caused by the ESR of the tantalum is used to ensure stability. When using ceramic capacitors, the zero due to the ESR will be at too high a frequency to be useful in stabilizing the control loop. When using ceramic capacitors, use a feedforward capacitor to increase the phase margin, improving the control-loop stability. Figure 3 shows the circuit with ceramic capacitors and the feedforward capacitor, CFF. Use the following equation to determine the value of the feedforward capacitor: C k1 x VOUT 2 CFF = x OUT R1 VIN 0.5 − 1 where VFB, the step-up regulator feedback set point, is 1.24V. Connect the resistive-divider as close to the IC as possible. Soft-Start Capacitor The soft-start capacitor should be large enough that the current limit does not reach final value before the output has reached regulation. Calculate CSS to be: CSS > k 2 x COUT x VOUT 2 − VIN x VOUT VIN x IINRUSH − IOUT x VOUT where: k2 = 21 x 10-6, (S) VOUT = maximum output voltage, (V) IINRUSH = peak inrush current allowed, (A) IOUT = maximum output current during power-up stage, (A) where: Ω x F k1 = 7.14 x 10−4 with units of A V R1 = R2 x OUT VFB 0.5 VIN = minimum input voltage, (V) The soft-start duration (tSS) is the time it takes the current limit to reach its final value. The soft-start duration can be calculated by the equation: R1 = see Figure 3, (Ω) COUT = total output capacitance including any bypass capacitor on the output bus, (Farads). See Figure 3. VOUT = output voltage, (V) VIN = input voltage, (V). tss = k3 ✕ CSS where: k3 = 6.67 ✕ 105Ω _______________________________________________________________________________________ 7 MAX1896 Setting the Output Voltage The inductance (H) value is then given by: MAX1896 1.4MHz SOT23 Current-Mode Step-Up DC-DC Converter Application Circuits Layout Procedure 1-Cell to 3.3V SEPIC Power Supply Figure 4 shows the MAX1896 in a single-ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) topology. This topology is useful when the input voltage can be either higher or lower than the output voltage, such as when converting a single lithium-ion (Li+) cell to a 3.3V output. L1 and L2 are two windings on a single inductor or two separate inductors. The coupling capacitor between these two windings must be a low-ESR type to achieve maximum efficiency, and must also be able to handle high ripple currents. Ceramic capacitors are best for this application. Good PC board layout and routing are required in highfrequency switching power supplies to achieve good regulation, and stability. It is strongly recommended that the evaluation kit PC board layouts be followed as closely as possible. Refer to the MAX1896 EV kit for a good layout. Place power components as close together as possible, keeping their traces short, direct, and wide. Avoid interconnecting the ground pins of the power components using vias through an internal ground plane. Instead, keep the power components close together and route them in a star ground configuration using component side copper, then connect the star ground to internal ground using multiple vias. Chip Information VIN 2.6V TO 4.5V CIN C1 10µF 10V L 10µH SUMIDA CD43-100 TRANSISTOR COUNT: 970 C2 0.1µF VOUT 5V IN ON/OFF SHDN LX NIHON EC10QSO2L 0.1µF MAX1896 COUT 22µF 16V GND SS FB CSS 33nF R1 36kΩ R2 12kΩ Figure 1. Typical Application Circuit 8 _______________________________________________________________________________________ 1.4MHz SOT23 Current-Mode Step-Up DC-DC Converter MAX1896 ENABLE COMPARATOR SHDN IN 4µA BIAS SOFTSTART ENABLE TRANSCONDUCTANCE ERROR AMPLIFIER SS ERROR COMPARATOR FB LX CONTROL AND DRIVER LOGIC 1.24V N CLOCK GND SLOPE COMPENSATION OSCILLATOR CURRENT SENSE Σ MAX1896 Figure 2. Functional Diagram VIN 2.6V TO 5.5V L 10µH CD43-100 IN ON/OFF 10µF CERAMIC 0.1µF CERAMIC C1 D1 NIHON EC10QSO2L IN ON/OFF COUT 10µF CERAMIC MAX1896 L1 VOUT 13V LX SHDN VIN 2.6V TO 5.5V SHDN VOUT LX C2 MAX1896 COUT CFF 100pF SS CSS 33nF FB GND GND SS R3 10kΩ R2 12kΩ R1 115kΩ Figure 3. MAX1896 with Ceramic Output Capacitor and Feedforward Capacitor L