European Murder Rates Compared to the United States: Demographics vs Guns
By Dean Weingarten
Gun Crime
European Murder Rates Compared to the United States: Demographics vs Guns
Dean Weingarten
Dean Weingarten
Arizona – -( This has been one of my most popular articles. I wrote it a year ago and published it on the 3 January, 2013 and it is good to take alook again one year later.
It shows the fallacies of comparing murder rates in the United States to Europe.
Link: Homicide Rates Before Guns?
Yale Study Shows Culture the biggest factor in Homicide (2013)
Dean Weingarten
Link to Gun Watch
About Dean Weingarten;
 - 7 thoughts on "European Murder Rates Compared to the United States: Demographics vs Guns
 1. The argument is often phrased as "gun violence" instead of simply "violence." A country that has less gun ownership may have less "gun violence" and yet have more violence overall. The victim does not care if he is robbed at knife point instead of gun point.
 2. I'm ok with this analysis. You could go even deeper with it and attribute the violence to blacks that are of Southern heritage. The South and particularly upper class Southerners value and respect violence as a means to resolve issues. Many Latin cultures have similar cultural values to the old South. Mexico is a culture that values the man on the horse for example, and glorifies violent drug gangsters or guy like Zapata that go down fighting. What is the connection between upper class violent Southern whites and lower class blacks? Easy black slaves adopted the values and vices of their masters including a propensity for violence and other traits such as living in debt, gambling, etc.
 3. There is certain something missing in your report. Its the fact that blacks and Hispanics are much more likely to grow up in poverty than whites. That is a major contributing factor that you have left out of your analysis. As such your analysis does not tell the whole story. A study on Income levels and gun violence would tell a m ore comprehensive story than a simple demographics model. Also if you take a group of people and remove them from poverty, you will likely see in at least some cases that after a few generations their murder (Whether by gun violence or other means) and crime rates would drop significantly to a level similar to what is for nonhispanic whites. If we are to reduce crime in the future we need to address the contributing factors to crime and poverty is a big one.
 1. Excuses for 'criminal behavior' are like 'azzholes', everybody has one! Morality is always left out of the equation.
 4. You are a racist. Your article was reprinted word for word from American Renaissance, a known racist organization. I could not find the DOJ report you referenced. The link went nowhere. You are also a liar and you disgust me!
 1. Wow didn't take long for a liberal to throw the race card. Childish response when facts don't agree with their world view and distorted reality. link works for me. If you look at FBI and USDOJ crime statistics (requires math skills and thinking skills beyond reciting party lines) they show the massive difference in crime/murder rates between races.
 Leave a Reply


text:
What You Need:
- A turkey body, plus a lot of feathers
- I cut mine out of scrapbooking paper so they were already in cute patterns.
- If you want to be able to reuse it for multiple purposes, laminate everything. Otherwise, don't bother.
- Flashcards with the notes of the staff.
- Some kind of timer (only needed for version 2)
- Write on the back of the feathers. (Use a whiteboard marker if you laminated.)
- About three should say "Teacher Loses a Turn"
- About three should say "Freebie"
- Half of the rest should say "N" for name the note.
- All of the rest should say "P" for play the note.
- Lay out your turkey on the floor.
How to Play (Version 1, the competitive way):
- The first player plucks a feather from the turkey and draws a note flashcard.
- If the feather says "N," the player should name the note on the flashcard.
- If it says "P," the player should play the note on the piano.
- If it says "Freebie," they get the feather for free.
- Take turns until the turkey is completely plucked. Count the feathers to see who has the most.
- The teacher loses a turn cards guarantee that the student will always have more. None of my kids picked up on this.
How to Play (Version 2, the timed way):
- With input from the student, determine how long the student will need to completely pluck the turkey. (The amount of time varied from 1 to 5 minutes, depending on the level of the student and the number of feathers on the turkey.)
- When the timer starts, the student plucks one feather at a time and plays or names the note. In this version, the teacher loses a turn feathers are just like a freebie feather.
- (Occasionally, I surreptitiously stop the timer while they aren't looking to make sure they finish in time.)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a well-established analytical technique used to study chemicals and their transformations. However, high-eld NMR spectroscopy necessitates advanced infrastructure and even cryogen-free benchtop NMR spectrometers cannot be readily assembled from commercially available components. We demonstrate construction of a portable zero-field NMR spectrometer employing a commercially available magnetometer and investigate its applications in analytical chemistry. In particular, J-spectra of small representative biomolecules [13C]-formic acid, [1-13C]-glycine, [2,3-13C]-fumarate, and [1-13C]-D-glucose were acquired and an approach relying on the presence of a transverse magnetic eld during the detection was investigated for relaxometry purposes. We found that water relaxation time strongly depends on the concentration of dissolved D-glucose in the range of 1-10 mM suggesting opportunities for indirect assessment of glucose concentration in aqueous solutions. Extending analytical capabilities of zero-field NMR to aqueous solutions of simple biomolecules (aminoacids, sugars and metabolites) and relaxation studies of aqueous solutions of glucose highlight the analytical potential of non-invasive and portable ZULF NMR sensors for applications outside of research laboratories.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Paying It Forward
As each woman breeds her pig, she "passes forward" three piglets, two go to women in other groups and one goes to their Path From Poverty Women's Group. The pigs are sold and the profits go to their group account to buy more pigs. In some cases, when the pig of a woman in their own group has died, the passing forward of their pig may go to another woman in her same group.
In 2016, a new initiative was launched where each woman in a group would work towards building a new secure, safe pig pen for breeding their pigs, with a small loan given by the group funds. This is a great stride in taking their investment into income generation to a new level, by not just selling their pigs, but learning to care for and breed them.
Family Health Fund
An ongoing project is the Family Health Fund. Each group member has the opportunity to invest in the Family Health Fund, by giving a piglet, in order to receive financial help when they, or a member of their family, falls ill. There is a lack of access to health care in the Siborongborong region, so many families put tending to their and their families' health needs to the side. These leaders see the need for encouragement to healthier living, and the Family Health Fund is incentivizing this way of thinking.


Role of volunteering in choosing a career path
May 13, 2020 | by Brigita Natasha
Role of volunteering in choosing a career path
For those who have just graduated, either from high school or university you might be facing a big question of 'so then, what's next?' There are no specific figures about this, but you don't have to worry because you are not alone. It is a very common question that almost everyone at this stage wonders about, after all choosing a career is not a piece of a cake. But how about volunteering?
Confused on what to do after graduating? - Try volunteering!
Confused on what to do after graduating? Try these options
A lot of options are out there for you, but to find the right one, it's not easy. In order to make a decision for your career and your growth, you have to go through networking, exploring, and experiencing different capacities and roles in the area that you are interested in. Some professions might look glamorous or exciting from far, but when you actually start working in them, you realize that they are not meant for you.
But often, it's difficult to accept that and to try to look for a change. More than anything else, our own psychological barriers stop us from accepting that and trying to make a change. Or in some cases, practical reasons like having responsibilities to take care of and starting a new profession might mean starting from scratch or taking a risk. Either way, sometimes it's better to have a more clear idea about what to do while committing to a job than regretting it later on.
There's a lot of ways for you to explore your career pathway and figure out which one that you enjoy the most before formally entering a profession, such as:
Consider your hobbies and turn it into a career
What's better than earning money doing what you love, right? But what is important is not to just consider what your hobbies are, but also why you are enjoying them. With understanding the reason, you can open up to more career options down the road.
Try Aptitude test
Aptitude test will help you understand better your career preferences, what you are good at, and your style of work. However, you should have someone professional analyse the test results for you and keep in mind, what you are good at does not necessarily mean you will enjoy doing it for a living. So keep an open mind and use it just as a guidance and not as a definite answer.
Go to a Career Resource Center
Colleges usually have this center where you can check different job roles and opportunities. Besides that, they will have a Career Counselor that can help point you in the right direction.
Interview a professional or shadow them
Call someone that has been working in your area of interest and someone that you admire in that field. and try to understand their day-to-day activities, or even ask them if you could tag along even just for a day. As unnerving as it might be to contact one of your idols, their positive response to help you might surprise you. And how great would it be to have them as a mentor for you!
Find an internship
If you already have some interest area in mind, then go find an internship in that field. This helps you to get exposure, build your track record, and open the door for future jobs. From this, you will not only gain actual experience but realistically evaluate if you enjoy that profession and also network!
Volunteer for a cause or area that you believe and interested in
Volunteering does not just give you a place to contribute back to society but also gives you a lot of benefits to shape your career path.
Download Artemis Impact app to connect with NGOs and build your social resume.
How volunteering can help your career?
The main benefit from volunteering is actually to give you exposure and a lot of experience in different and as many capacities in areas that you are interested in, without having to commit to a nine-to-five job or commit every day for several months like when you join an internship program.
For example, a graduate from a mathematics program was confused about which field to pursue her career. Then, she tried to join a volunteer program for 6 months, where she had to teach mathematics every Sunday to kids that lived in slums and couldn't go to school.
From this experience, she figured out that mathematics was her true passion, and teaching this to kids in primary school age was what makes her even more excited.
So volunteering can help you to figure out:
 - Which area that you are passionate about?
 - Type of work that excites you the most, and
 - The working style that you enjoy
But, not just that. Actually, volunteering can bring you a lot more other benefits, such as:
Learning new skills
Volunteering can teach you a lot of new hard and soft skills. There are a lot of new things that you weren't able to learn when you were in school; you can learn it here for free, e.g., photography & videography, art, digital marketing, making donation proposals, and pitching your program to donors or upper management.
Beside that, you will learn on how to adapt in new environments, manage your time, be responsible, and multitasking – since volunteers usually don't have specific job roles, and are instead required to be flexible and work on a lot of things that they can get involved in.
One skill that you might not be able to find in other activities is persuading and exciting people to join activities that do not promise them any incentives whatsoever. It is really hard to do, but once you nail it, it will boost your leadership skills.
Expanding your network
This type of activity often brings a lot of people from different backgrounds or even different parts of the world together. From them, you will be able to gain a lot of knowledge and insights.
It is also part of expanding your career network. You will never know, the person you are volunteering with, the people that you help, or the donors that donate in your initiative, can be your mentor, the one that will share and connect you with your dream job, or even your future employer.
Build your personal brand
Branding is not just for corporations. As a person, you should be building your personal brand in order to stand out in the job market. And you should start to build that now, by understanding your unique value propositions.
A lot of volunteering programs will include a screening process, where you have to be able to figure out and display your interest, strengths & weaknesses, motivation, personality, and responsibility.
You will need to also start managing your social media, along with organizing your resume and portfolio in order to attract the organizer to choose you as a volunteer. It might sound difficult, but it could be good preparation and experience for your job recruitment process later on.
Read about Social Volunteering Activity Based on Your Zodiac
Add value to your resume
Putting your volunteering experience into your resume is actually a great way, especially if you are a fresh graduate or have been away from the workplace for such a long time, to present your key skills, such as on how you manage an event or a team, and your problem-solving skills.
A lot of major corporations right now put more interest in their future employee's volunteering experience. It is not just about finding people that have the same value with the company, but they believe people that are volunteering have high empathy, work ethic, leadership skills, and ability to be a team player.
Get new ideas for your own business
For those who may not be interested in joining a company, volunteering could also help you to find fresh business ideas. When you are working in underserved communities or rural areas, you will be able to see real-life needs and challenges.
These challenges can be an opportunity for you to create revenue and also create an impact on the community, or we usually call it as a sociopreneur. You will also never know, maybe you will meet your co-founder among your group of volunteers!
Volunteering can be beneficial not just for you that would like to start your career path, but also for you that are trying to change your career, without putting too much risk of leaving your current job. Doing volunteer work is also good for your soul and lessens the stress in your life, therefore it can build a better you!
Close Bitnami banner


#!/bin/sh ## ## Nautilus ## SCRIPT: 01_multi-level-JPEG-files_COPY_zenity-get-TO-dir_find-f-file-grep_cp-loop.sh ## ## PURPOSE: 1) Finds ALL the files (non-directory) at ALL LEVELS under ## the current directory whose file-type contains the string ## 'JPEG image data' --- using 'find', 'file', and 'grep'. ## ## Example outputs from 'file' on JPEG files: ## ## JPEG image data, EXIF standard ## JPEG image data, JFIF standard 1.01 ## JPEG image data, JFIF standard 1.02 ## ## ## 2) Uses a 'zenity -file-selection' prompt to prompt for ## a TO directory for the copy. ## ## 3) Uses a 'for loop' ## Shows the files with an image viewer --- currently 'eog' --- ## by passing a list of filenames to 'eog' on the command line. ## ## METHOD: Builds a list of JPEG filenames --- found by the 'find-file-grep' ## combo --- performs the zenity prompt --- then performs the ## 'cp' command in a loop on the list of JPEG filenames. ## ## Note that this technique works even if the JPEG files ## have no suffix, such as '.jpg' --- or a wrong suffix. ## ## HOW TO USE: Right-click on the name of any file (or directory) in ## a Nautilus list, after navigating to a 'base' directory. ## Then choose this Nautilus script (name above). ######################################################################### ## MAINTENANCE HISTORY: ## Created: 2013may28 ## Changed: 2013 ######################################################################### ## FOR TESTING: (show statements as they execute) set -x ######################################################################## ## Use 'find-file-grep' to get the JPEG filenames. ######################################################################## FILENAMES='find . -type f -exec file {} \; | grep "JPEG image data" | cut -d: -f1' if test "$FILENAMES" = "" then zenity --info --title "NO MATCHES." \ --text "No JPEG files found. EXITING." exit fi ## FOR TESTING: # xterm -fg white -bg black -hold -geometry 90x24+100+100 -e \ # echo "FILENAMES: $FILENAMES" JPEGcnt='echo "$FILENAMES" | wc -l' ## FOR TESTING: # xterm -fg white -bg black -hold -geometry 90x24+100+100 -e \ # echo "JPEG FILES FOUND: $JPEGcnt" #################################### ## Get the TO directory name. #################################### DIR_TO="" DIR_TO=$(zenity --file-selection \ --title "Select the 'TO' directory for the COPY of the found JPEG files." \ --text "\ Select the 'TO' directory for the COPY of $JPEGcnt JPEG files that were found, by using the 'find' command with 'file' and a 'grep' for the string 'JPEG image data' in the output for each execution of the 'file' command. " \ --directory --filename "$CURDIR" --confirm-overwrite) if test "$DIR_TO" = "" then exit fi ######################################################################## ## LOOP thru the set of JPEG filenames to 'cp' the files to ## the 'TO' directory. ######################################################################## for FILENAME in $FILENAMES do ## Could add a check here to prompt whether to continue, ## for each JPEG after the first copy. ## See VIDEOtools/02f_multi-movie-files_PLAY-in-ffplay_for-loop-playEachFile.sh cp $FILENAME $DIR_TO/ done


text:
Liquid fuels are combustible or energy-generating molecules that can be harnessed to create mechanical energy, usually producing kinetic energy. Liquid fule also must take the shape of their container.
It is the fumes of liquid fuels that are flammable instead of the fluid. Most liquid fuels in widespread use are derived from fossil fuels; however, there are several types, such as hydrogen fuel (for automotive uses), ethanol, and biodiesel, which are also categorized as a liquid fuel. Many liquid fuels play a primary role in transportation and the economy.
Some common properties of liquid fuels are that they are easy to transport, and can be handled with relative ease. Physical properties of liquid fuels vary by temperature, though not as greatly as for gaseous fuels.
Some of these properties are: flash point, the lowest temperature at which a flammable concentraion of vapor is produced; fire point, the temperature at which sustained burning of vapor will occur; cloud point for diesel fuels, the temperature at which dissolved waxy compounds begin to colesece, and pour point, the temperature below which the fuel is too thick to pour freely. These properties affect the safety and handling of the fuel.


text:
Apache Mahout is the service on Hadoop that is in charge of what is often called "data science". Mahout is all about learning algorithms, pattern recognition and alike. An interesting fact about Mahout is that under the hood MapReduce was replaced by Spark.
Mahout is in charge of the following tasks:
- Machine Learning. Learning from existing data and.
- Recommendation Mining. This is what we often see at websites. Remember the "You bought X, you might be interested in Y"? This is exactly what Mahout can do for you.
- Cluster data. Mahout can cluster documents and data that has some similarities.
- Classification. Learn from existing classifications.
A Mahout program is written in Java. The next listing shows how the recommendation builder works.
|DataModel model = new FileDataModel(new File("/home/var/mydata.xml"));
RecommenderEvaluator eval = new AverageAbsoluteDifferenceRecommenderEvaluator();
RecommenderBuilder builder = new MyRecommenderBuilder();
Double res = eval.evaluate(builder, null, model, 0.9, 1.0);


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Stack Overflow is a question and answer site for professional and enthusiast programmers. It's 100% free.
I'm a newbie in expert systems and in CLIPS in particular (besides in English language too :-) ).
I'm trying to find a maximum (in some meaning) among facts using complicated comparsion predicate. A comparsion predicate is implemented as a function which takes two facts as an arguments. In simple words I need CLIPS to run over all facts, make comparsion using my predicate and give back one fact that is maximum.
One solution might be to evaluate next expression using CLIPS rules:
( Exists x) and not ((Exists y)(y != x) and (y>x))
where ">" stands for my predicate, x and y are facts, like that:
(deftemplate fact (slot name ... ) ... )
(deffunction my-predicate ""
(?fact1 ?fact2)
...
)
(defrule find-max ""
 ?fact1 <- (fact (name ?name1) )
 ( not (test (my-predicate ?fact1 (fact (name ?name2 )))))
=>
...
)
But this example isn't working because of error message about 2nd argument in my-predicate function call.
Another solution is to make intermediate facts that represents base facts with particular name and value of comparsion function for predicate. But this will need several iterations to accomplish final result.
I prefer 1st solution but i don't understand how to code it. I think I need something like in answer to this question. The difference is that my question is about comparsion of whole fact, not just one slot.
Is it possible to find maximum for one activation of rule? If possible, please explain how.
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Here's how you would typically do it with a simple comparison:
CLIPS> (clear)
CLIPS>
(deftemplate fact (slot name) (slot value))
CLIPS>
(deffacts test-data
 (fact (name data-1) (value 3))
 (fact (name data-2) (value 1))
 (fact (name data-3) (value 2))
 (fact (name data-4) (value 2))
 (fact (name data-5) (value 4))
 (fact (name data-6) (value 3)))
CLIPS>
(defrule find-max-value
 (fact (name ?name1) (value ?value1))
 (not (fact (value ?value2&:(> ?value2 ?value1))))
 =>
 (printout t "Fact " ?name1 " is the maximum" crlf))
CLIPS> (reset)
CLIPS> (run)
Fact data-5 is the maximum
CLIPS>
The same basic approach also works if you bind all of the slot values needed for comparison and pass them into a function:
CLIPS> (clear)
CLIPS>
(deftemplate fact (slot name) (slot value))
CLIPS>
(deffacts test-data
 (fact (name data-1) (value 3))
 (fact (name data-2) (value 1))
 (fact (name data-3) (value 2))
 (fact (name data-4) (value 2))
 (fact (name data-5) (value 4))
 (fact (name data-6) (value 3)))
CLIPS>
(deffunction my-predicate (?value1 ?value2)
 (> ?value1 ?value2))
CLIPS>
(defrule find-max-value
 (fact (name ?name1) (value ?value1))
 (not (fact (value ?value2&:(my-predicate ?value2 ?value1))))
 =>
 (printout t "Fact " ?name1 " is the maximum" crlf))
CLIPS> (reset)
CLIPS> (run)
Fact data-5 is the maximum
CLIPS>
Passing in a fact to the function, however, is problematic because you can't bind the pattern to a fact address inside a not conditional element. If the fact has a slot that serves as a unique identifier, you can use this to retrieve a pointer to the fact (although I wouldn't recommend this approach):
CLIPS> (clear)
CLIPS>
(deftemplate fact (slot name) (slot value))
CLIPS>
(deffacts test-data
 (fact (name data-1) (value 3))
 (fact (name data-2) (value 1))
 (fact (name data-3) (value 2))
 (fact (name data-4) (value 2))
 (fact (name data-5) (value 4))
 (fact (name data-6) (value 3)))
CLIPS>
(deffunction my-predicate (?fact1 ?fact2)
 (> (fact-slot-value ?fact1 value) (fact-slot-value ?fact2 value)))
CLIPS>
(defrule find-max-value
 ?fact1 <- (fact (name ?name1))
 (not (fact (name ?name2&:(my-predicate (nth$ 1 (find-fact ((?fact2 fact))
 (eq ?fact2:name ?name2)))
 ?fact1))))
 =>
 (printout t "Fact " ?name1 " is the maximum" crlf))
CLIPS> (reset)
CLIPS> (run)
Fact data-5 is the maximum
CLIPS>
What I would suggest doing is to use the fact query functions to iterate over the facts to find the maximum value:
CLIPS> (clear)
CLIPS>
(deftemplate fact (slot name) (slot value))
CLIPS>
(deffacts test-data
 (fact (name data-1) (value 3))
 (fact (name data-2) (value 1))
 (fact (name data-3) (value 2))
 (fact (name data-4) (value 2))
 (fact (name data-5) (value 4))
 (fact (name data-6) (value 3)))
CLIPS>
(deffunction my-predicate (?fact1 ?fact2)
 (> (fact-slot-value ?fact1 value) (fact-slot-value ?fact2 value)))
CLIPS>
(deffunction find-max (?template ?predicate)
 (bind ?max FALSE)
 (do-for-all-facts ((?f ?template)) TRUE
 (if (or (not ?max) (funcall ?predicate ?f ?max))
 then
 (bind ?max ?f)))
 (return ?max))
CLIPS>
(reset)
CLIPS> (facts)
f-0 (initial-fact)
f-1 (fact (name data-1) (value 3))
f-2 (fact (name data-2) (value 1))
f-3 (fact (name data-3) (value 2))
f-4 (fact (name data-4) (value 2))
f-5 (fact (name data-5) (value 4))
f-6 (fact (name data-6) (value 3))
For a total of 7 facts.
CLIPS> (find-max fact my-predicate)
<Fact-5>
CLIPS>
(defrule find-max
 =>
 (bind ?fact (find-max fact my-predicate))
 (if ?fact
 then
 (printout t "Fact " (fact-slot-value ?fact name) " is the maximum" crlf)))
CLIPS> (run)
Fact data-5 is the maximum
CLIPS>
Although CLIPS does not, many languages do support accumulation conditional elements which makes it easier to perform this type of calculation. For example, in Jess you can do this:
Jess>
(deftemplate fact (slot name) (slot value))
TRUE
Jess>
(deffacts test-data
 (fact (name data-1) (value 3))
 (fact (name data-2) (value 1))
 (fact (name data-3) (value 2))
 (fact (name data-4) (value 2))
 (fact (name data-5) (value 4))
 (fact (name data-6) (value 3)))
TRUE
Jess> (if FALSE then 3 else 4)
4
Jess>
(defrule find-max-value
 ?c <- (accumulate (bind ?max FALSE)
 (if (or (not ?max) (> ?value ?max))
 then (bind ?max ?value))
 ?max
 (fact (value ?value)))
 =>
 (printout t "The max is " ?c crlf))
TRUE
Jess> (reset)
TRUE
Jess> (run)
The max is 4
1
Jess>
share|improve this answer
Your Answer

discard
By posting your answer, you agree to the privacy policy and terms of service.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.


frac{dy_{Pi}}{dt}|_{t=0} t + O(t^2)$$
so that, exploiting (2):
$$y_{Pi}(t) = y_{Pi}(0) + \frac{dy_{Oi}}{dt}|_{t=0}t + \sum_{j=1}^n \frac{dR_{ij}}{dt}|_{t=0} x_{Pj}t + O(t^2)\qquad (3)\:.$$
Using the Lie group structure of $O(3)$ (or also by direct inspection), it is possible to prove that, as $R(0)=I$, there exists a vector $\omega(0)$ such that ($^*$):
$$\frac{dR}{dt}|_{t=0} = \omega(0) \times \qquad (4)\:.$$ Finally evaluating (1) for $t=0$ we find $${\bf y}_P(0) = {\bf y}_O(0) + {\bf x}_P(0)\qquad (5)$$ where all vectors are indifferently decomposed w.r.to the basis of the ${\bf e}_i$s or that of ${\bf k}_i$s, just because they coincide for $t=0$. Inserting (4) and (5) in (3), we eventually achieve:
$${\bf y}_{P}(t) = {\bf y}_{P}(0) + {\bf v}_O(0) t + \omega(0)\times {\bf y}_p(0)t + O(t^2)\qquad (6)$$
where, obviously ${\bf v}_O(t):= \sum_i \frac{dy_{Oi}}{dt}|_{t=0} {\bf e}_i$.
For a generic instant $t_0$, defining $\Delta t = t-t_0$ we would similarly obtain:
$${\bf y}_{P}(t) = {\bf y}_{P}(t_0) + {\bf v}_O(t_0) \Delta t + \omega(t_0)\times ({\bf y}_P(t_0)- {\bf y}_O(0))\Delta t + O(\Delta t^2)\qquad (7)$$
Eq.(7) says that, in the neighbourhood of every instant ($t=t_0$ in our case), the motion of ${\cal B}$ is the superposition of a spatial translation along ${\bf v}_O(t_0)$ and a rotation around the unit vector parallel to $\omega(t)$ passing through the instantaneous centre $O(t)$. The axis is the instantaneous rotation axis by definition.
Using (7) that is valid for every choice of $O$, if the motion of not of pure translation, we can always change $O$ in order that at the interesting time ${\bf v}_O(t_0) \times \omega(t_0)=0$ so that ${\bf v}_O(t_0)$ and $\omega(t_0)$ are parallel. Notice that the new $O(t_0)$, in general, is not a point of matter of ${\cal B}$ but a geometric point in the space. In this case (7) reduces to a pure rotational motion around $O(t_0)$ plus a translation along the rotational axis (in a neighbourhood of the considered instant of time). This point $O(t_0)$ is an the instantaneous rotation center. Actually there is a whole axis with the same property: that passing for the found $O(t_0)$ directed along $\omega(t_0)$.
$(^*)$ As $t \mapsto R(t)\in O(3)$ and $R(0)=I$, then $dR/dt|_{t=0}$ is an element of the Lie algebra of $O(3)$. The Lie algebra of $O(3)$ is made of all real antisymmetric $3\times 3$ matrices. If $A$ is such a matrix, it immediately arises that there is a vector $\omega_A$ such that $A{\bf u} = \omega_A \times {\bf u}$ for all vectors ${\bf u}$.
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ You mentioned using the Lie group structure of $O(3)$.Could you please elaborate further on that subtle point?.Because that statement was really the crux of your proof. $\endgroup$ – Sandesh Kalantre Jan 27 '14 at 16:12
 - $\begingroup$ The Lie algebra of $O(n)$ is made of all antisymmetric $n\times n$ matrices (this can be easily proved). For $n=3$ an antisymmetric matrix $A$ is always of the form $\omega_A \times$ for some vector $\omega_A$. $\endgroup$ – Valter Moretti Jan 27 '14 at 16:16
 - $\begingroup$ As $t \mapsto R(t)\in O(3)$ and $R(0)=I$, $dR/dt|_{t=0}$ is an element of the Lie algebra of $O(3)$. $\endgroup$ – Valter Moretti Jan 27 '14 at 16:17
The fact you are stating is quite general in fact and even extends in a related form to 3 dimensions also.
It is known as Chasles's rotation theorem: Any general displacement of a rigid body can be represented by a translation plus a rotation.
In the case of motion of a body in a plane,the axis intersects the given plane in a point which we can call the instantaneous centre of rotation.Even in the case if doesn't intersect,we say the centre of rotation is at infinity.
So,yes any motion of a body in a plane has an instantaneous axis of rotation.
Your Answer


text:
8-3/4 x 10-1/2
Inscribed stones and stone sculpture form the most prolific body of material evidence from early medieval Wales, c. AD 400–1100. Crucial to our understanding of the region's degree of continuity with the preceding Roman culture, Irish settlement, and the development of the early Welsh kingdoms, these Latin or Old Irish inscribed memorial stones instruct us on the language, literacy, and development of the church, among other areas. These two volumes allow us to identify a range of early medieval ecclesiastical sites within a wider landscape and the trace the church's patronage by the secular elite. Accompanied by more than 170 line drawings and elaborate illustrations, this corpus provides fresh new studies of these aspects, revised interpretations of the stones, and many previously unpublished and newly discovered examples.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
VAZISUBANI ESTATE - SAPERAVI QVEVRI 750 ML
Shipping calculated at checkout.
Saperavi grape originated in Kakheti region of Eastern Georgia and now is spread throughout its entire territory. Georgia is known as one of the oldest wine-making regions of the world, Saperavi grape variety is one of the oldest cultivars from the region, and has consistently been the most important in Georgia's commercial wine-making industry. Despite modern technological advancements, Qvevri egg-shaped pots – known as amphora in other wine-making regions – range in size from 200 to 10,000 liters, and are painstakingly hand-crafted. Before use, Qvevri are carefully cleaned and coated with beeswax before juice is added, and then completely sealed to further prevent contamination and oxidation. The natural yeasts of the grapes allow fermentation without additives, and the natural tannin prevent spoilage without artificial preservatives. The vessels' conical shape allows yeast and sediment to settle to the bottom freely while the wine is allowed to circulate within the wider center. When buried underground, Qvevri maintain the temperature of fermenting wine like modern temperature-controlled tanks do. the Qvevri is a reminder that wine-making in Georgia is not a borrowed tradition.


text:
Thursday, May 24, 2012
Striking a chord: Music education symposium, June 18-21, focuses on how students learn through music
MANHATTAN -- What sparks students to learn through music is the focus of this year's Kansas State University Music Symposium, June 18-21, in Manhattan.
Music educators of all levels -- from general music and instrumental teachers to vocal/choral teachers -- can enhance their teaching based on current research in how the brain reacts to music.
Jana Fallin, a professor of music education and distinguished teaching scholar at Kansas State University, says researchers are finding that music sparks the brain in many different areas, sometimes affecting the brain in more areas than any other curricular subject.
"We are beginning to know so much about how the brain works due to advanced technology with brain scanning," Fallin said. "We know that the brain has to turn on in order to learn. Music does this turning on for our thinking and learning."
Now in its 24th year, the Music Symposium has featured national experts in music education, performance, history, pedagogy, ethnomusicology and curriculum development. This year's speaker, Richard Edwards, coordinator of music education at Ohio Wesleyan University, is known nationally for neuromusical research.
"He's created an extensive database of research studies and is able to explain how the brain functions and what music does to the brain in very understandable ways," Fallin said.
Additional speaker sessions cover teaching strategies, use of technology in the classroom and the latest music available for use in the music classroom. The symposium also will include performances from public school groups and regional artists, dance and creative movement sessions and the chance to network with music education professionals from all across Kansas.
Last fall, the symposium received a regional award from the University Professional and Continuing Education Association for being an innovative noncredit program serving educators in rural areas.
"To be successful today, students must be able to think of many answers, many solutions to problems. Music education does this," Fallin said. "It teaches creativity and critical thinking skills. It teaches the whole person."


What is Fasting Tea?
Stacy C.
Fasting tea is an herbal drink marketed to help people maintain a fast, or period of not eating, by suppressing appetite and performing a variety of other functions. The tea is made of a special blend of herbs that are purported to help suppress the hunger that dieters typically experience while fasting or maintaining a very low-calorie diet. Other herbs included in the tea are said to help detoxify the body, cleanse waste from the body's system and increase energy and stamina.
A cup of fasting tea.
A cup of fasting tea.
Ingredients commonly found in fasting tea include licorice root for taste; garcinia fruit extract, which is said to slow fat production and suppress the appetite; yellow dock root and burdock root, which are said to help cleanse the liver; cinnamon bark and black pepper, which are thought to help increase circulation and metabolism; red clover, a blood purifier; and Indian bacopa leaf, hawthorn berry and alfalfa leaf, which are said to aid the body in waste elimination. Popular brands cost about $5 US Dollars for 16 tea bags. The tea is prepared much like other hot teas: pouring boiling water over a tea bag and allowing it to steep for five to 10 minutes.
Licorice root is often used to flavor fasting tea.
Licorice root is often used to flavor fasting tea.
Fasting teas are not approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) because they are considered herbal supplements, which do not need FDA approval before being sold over the counter. The FDA does monitor the safety of a product and can take action against the company manufacturing the product if it is deemed to be unsafe. Fasting tea is not intended to prevent, cure, diagnose or treat any disease but merely to aid in the faster's desire to abstain from eating. It is not recommended that fasting tea be used by those who are pregnant or nursing or have other health problems. A doctor should be consulted before one decides to drink fasting tea exclusively.
Burdock root is one ingredient in fasting tea.
Burdock root is one ingredient in fasting tea.
Fasting is the act of purposely abstaining from eating, and sometimes also abstaining from drinking, depending on the type of fast. When the body does not receive glucose for an extended period of time, it will take from its own fat storage to supply energy. Studies have shown that fasting for short periods of time can be beneficial to one's health, including a decrease in low-density liproprotein, which is commonly called LDL cholesterol or "bad" cholesterol; reduced risk of disease; and the possibility of increased life span. Fasting for a week or longer, however, can produce serious side effects such as low blood pressure, blackouts, heart problems and kidney failure.
Red clover is a common ingredient in fasting teas, as it is thought to purify the blood.
Red clover is a common ingredient in fasting teas, as it is thought to purify the blood.
Fasting teas are classified as herbal supplements.
Fasting teas are classified as herbal supplements.
Discuss this Article
Post your comments
Login:
Forgot password?
Register:


Tsuga canadensis (Canadian Hemlock, Eastern Hemlock)
SKU: tsuga_canadensis_001 Categories:,
Tsuga canadensis (Canadian Hemlock, Eastern Hemlock) Seeds
Zones: 3 to 7.
Native to eastern North America.
The Canadian or Eastern Hemlock is native to northeastern North America, thriving in its natural habitat of moist woods, wooded ravines and valleys. It is a is a dense, pyramidal conifer having short, dark green needles with two lines of white stomata underneath, arrayed in flat sprays giving it a graceful form. Small, egg-shaped, pendant, cones 3/4 inch (2 cm) long are tan-brown. The bark is greyish-brown, scaly and fissured.
It prefers part shade to shade and can therefore be planted where other conifers would not grow. It likes moist, well-drained soils and is intolerant of drought. It is ideal for shady areas of the landscape, as a lawn specimen or as a screen.
Size: Height 40 to 70 ft; Width 25 to 35 ft.
Germination Instructions
Stratification: Provide about 60 to 120 days cold, moist stratification at 3° C (37° F) to 5° C (41° F).
 1. Soak seeds in water for 24 hours.
 3. Place the bag(s) with seeds in refrigerator for about 60 to 120 days.


text:
Sunday is the Lantern Festival, the provincial meteorological observatory chief forecaster said that in the next few days, there will be no cold air affect our province, the temperature will slow recovery. The Lantern Festival people go out Shangding, godsend.
since last week after the cold air transit, the province in recent days around the weather is good, the highest temperature is also slow recovery process. This weekend holiday, the weather will continue to maintain a good state, are sunny or cloudy weather, the highest temperature in some areas above 10 degrees celsius. The day of the Lantern Festival, Xining is expected to the highest temperature reached 14 degrees, the minimum temperature of minus 8 degrees Celsius, while the temperature is still great, but for many times, the temperature difference between day and night are maintained at 20 degrees Celsius in Xining, this gap should be "used to" the people of Qinghai. Provincial Meteorological Station Chief forecasters also said that the night of the Lantern Festival 8 points to 10 points, Xining temperature is expected at zero degrees Celsius; in 11, 12 in the evening, the temperature will gradually decline, close to zero degrees Celsius, the overall weather conditions more suitable for people to go out shangding. (author: Rong Lijun)


text:
Conservation work completed on one of Glasgow's most historic buildings
27 February 2013
Glasgow Cathedral has recently received £30,000 worth of conservation work by Historic Scotland to repair the damage inflicted by last year's gales.
Despite being the only medieval cathedral on the Scottish mainland to have survived the 1560 Reformation virtually complete, the weathercock and spike on top of the landmark did not escape last year's merciless strong winds unscathed.
The spike of the church was no longer vertical due to corrosion and a closer examination of the weathercock showed damage to some of the rivets with the tail being completely blown off. A further structural inspection also found an area of the steeple was in need of re-pointing.
Overseeing the conservation work was Historic Scotland's District Architect, Ian Lambie. While the conservation itself was a fairly simple task, it was made more complex by the height of the building and the narrow conditions.
Ian Lambie said: "The only way of accessing the spire head was by climbing up inside the steeple using steep narrow ladders and squeezing and crawling through small windows at the apex. Making repairs at this sort of height has its challenges but it's always worth it for the view!"
Now that the necessary repairs are complete, the weathercock should be able to withstand the worst of the wind and the re-pointing should hold for at least another ten years.
Notes for editors:
Historic Scotland around the web:
- Historic Scotland is an executive agency of the Scottish Government charged with safeguarding the nation's historic environment. The agency is fully accountable to Scottish Ministers and through them to the Scottish Parliament.


text:
Unveiling Hope: Celine Dion's Inspiring Journey Through Stiff Person Syndrome
In a world captivated by the mesmerizing voice of Celine Dion, there lies a story of resilience and triumph that has yet to be fully told. We delve into the remarkable journey of the legendary artist and her battle with Stiff Person Syndrome (SPS). This article not only sheds light on Celine Dion's personal struggles but also offers insights into this rare neurological disorder, raising awareness and fostering understanding.
Understanding Stiff Person Syndrome: A Closer Look
Stiff Person Syndrome, a rare and often misunderstood neurological disorder, impacts the lives of those who experience it in profound ways. Characterized by muscle stiffness and spasms, SPS challenges individuals on both physical and emotional levels. Though relatively uncommon, its effects are far-reaching, as exemplified by Celine Dion's sister, Claudette Dion.
Celine Dion's Personal Connection
Within the backdrop of Celine Dion's international fame lies a deep and emotional connection to the cause of Stiff Person Syndrome. Claudette Dion, Celine's sister, has bravely confronted SPS, and her journey has ignited a passionate commitment within Celine to raise awareness and support research for this condition. This family bond has transformed Celine Dion into an advocate, using her influence to make a difference in the lives of those affected by SPS.
The Power of Celebrity Influence: A Force for Change
Celine Dion's unparalleled influence extends beyond her musical prowess; she is a beacon of hope for countless individuals. Through her advocacy and support, she has been able to shine a spotlight on Stiff Person Syndrome like never before. This celebrity-driven initiative has led to increased research funding, heightened awareness, and a sense of community among those who are impacted by the disorder.
Collaborative Efforts: Breaking Barriers and Dispelling Myths
In collaboration with medical experts, researchers, and advocacy groups, Celine Dion has embarked on a journey to dispel the myths surrounding Stiff Person Syndrome. Through funding and promoting studies, she is fostering a better understanding of the disorder within both medical circles and the general public. This collaborative approach is driving progress and fostering hope for a future where SPS is better understood, diagnosed, and treated.
Charting a Path Forward: A Vision for the Future
The impact of Celine Dion's efforts reaches far beyond the present moment. By using her platform to amplify the voices of SPS patients and their families, she is creating a legacy of compassion and progress. As research advances and understanding deepens, the vision for the future becomes clearer: a world where Stiff Person Syndrome is no longer a mystery, where diagnosis comes early, and effective treatments abound.
The story of Celine Dion's journey through SPS is one of inspiration, unity, and the transformative power of using one's platform for the greater good. As her melodious voice continues to resonate on stages around the world, her advocacy for SPS ensures that the voice of hope resonates even louder.
Conclusion: A Harmonious Symphony of Advocacy and Hope
As the curtain falls on this exploration of Celine Dion's remarkable journey through Stiff Person Syndrome (SPS), a resounding melody of advocacy and hope continues to echo. We have traversed the landscape of a rare neurological disorder, illuminating its challenges and unveiling the power of unity in the face of adversity.
Celine Dion's unwavering commitment to her sister Claudette Dion and her dedication to the cause of SPS has not only elevated awareness but has ignited a global movement. The harmonious symphony of celebrity influence, medical collaboration, and compassionate advocacy is composing a narrative of progress that reverberates far beyond the confines of this article.
As we bid adieu to these words, let them serve as a testament to the potential of humanity to create change, uplift spirits, and transform lives. The journey towards a world where Stiff Person Syndrome is better understood, diagnosed, and treated continues, and with each passing day, the notes of hope crescendo. Let us remember that in the cadence of Celine Dion's resounding voice and steadfast dedication, we find not only a source of inspiration but a call to action, a call to champion the cause of those who may have been silenced by the rarity of their struggles.
In the end, the story of Celine Dion and Stiff Person Syndrome is not merely an article; it is a movement, a symphony of empathy, education, and empowerment. So let us continue to play our part, joining this global chorus of change, as we work together to create a world where every voice, regardless of the challenges it carries, can be heard and celebrated.
Click here: _URL_


Copywork: How Benjamin Franklin Taught Himself to Write Well
Benjamin Franklin, 1767, by David Martin
Benjamin Franklin, 1767, by David Martin
Although copywork is often seen as an exercise for young students, it's a classic tool that is useful for almost anything you want to learn to do well. Artists copy the works of great masters in order to study their techniques, musicians play the works of great composers, and writers copy masterworks they hope to learn from.
In The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Franklin relates how, after his father pointed out his lack of "elegance of expression," he taught himself to write more elegantly and expressively. Although this is not exactly like the copywork method used by Charlotte Mason for younger children, it is a related method of learning from the masters. Here is his technique in his own words. I have added paragraph breaks to make the paragraph a bit easier to scan online, and have extracted his steps and listed them below the quoted passage.
"About this time I met with an odd volume of the Spectator – I thought the writing excellent, and wished, if possible, to imitate it.
With this view I took some of the papers, and, making short hints of the sentiment in each sentence laid them by a few days, and then, without looking at the book, try'd to compleat the papers again, by expressing each hinted sentiment at length, and as fully as it had been expressed before, in any suitable words that should come hand. Then I compared my Spectator with the original, discovered some of my faults, and corrected them.
But I found I wanted a stock of words, or a readiness in recollecting and using them. Therefore I took some of the tales and turned then into verse; and, after a time, when I had pretty well forgotten the prose, turned them back again.
Franklin apparently pursued his lessons in writing during his early teens, which is a reasonable age for students with a strong foundation in reading to begin working with more challenging assignments.
 Ben Franklin's Writing Lessons
 1. Read an article.
 2. Write short hints about each sentence (you could also outline the piece) and set it aside for awhile.
 3. Rewrite the article in his own words.
 4. Compare with the original.
 5. Revise and improve your essay.
Additional things he did:
 1. Turn prose to poetry
 2. Turn poetry to prose
 3. Jumble hints; wait; reorganize; rewrite
More Benjamin Franklin EIL resources
%d bloggers like this:


the reversible component is state dependent and coupled with the irreversible component (e.g., by mean field interactions) which, in these cases, are requiring more sophisticated methods to include correctly the reversible component in the determination of the total moment of the sample [56,57,58,59,60]. Taking into account these aspects, we have identified the physical significance of all parameters from capillary hysteresis in order to be able to use the FORC technique for real situations.
4. Results of FORC Identification
In the present case, we have decided to identify both reversible and irreversible components from a well-known set of experimental data published by Morrow and Harris in 1965 [61], which has been used as input data by many other researchers since. In Figure 5, we show the FORC diagram with both reversible and irreversible components, as obtained from the mentioned set of experimental data using a customary numerical technique, developed by Pike and collaborators [39].
Supplementary information can be obtained from the irreversible FORC distribution by providing two perpendicular sections (A and B lines), as observed in Figure 5. Taking into account the observed asymmetry on these sections we have chosen a Chesler-Cram peak function [62] for a fit (Figure 6). The Chesler-Cram function is a convolution of a Gaussian, exponential and hyperbolic tangent functions:
P ( x ) = P 0 + A { exp [ ( x μ 1 ) 2 2 σ ] + B [ 1 1 tanh ( k 2 ( x μ 2 ) ) 2 ] × exp [ k 3 | x μ 3 | + ( x μ 3 ) 2 ] } P i r r e v ( z , z r ) = P ( z ) P ( z r )
and depends on a number of nine parameters: P 0 , A , B , μ 1 , μ 2 , μ 3 , σ , k 2 , k 3 .
The reversible component was fitted with a Gaussian Equation (6):
P r e v ( z ) = P 0 _ r e v + A r e v exp [ ( z μ r e v ) 2 2 σ r e v 2 ]
The parameters of irreversible and reversible distributions for which the best fit were obtained are presented in Table 1.
Certainly, the major question that can be asked at this point is about the relation between the FORC distributions obtained from the experimental data and the physical reality of the samples that are analyzed here. A first step could be to see if a GPM with the reversible and irreversible Preisach distributions found from the fitting process of the experimental FORC distributions can provide a good approximation for the experimental data used in the identification process. If the answer is positive, the GPM could be an efficient tool for calculating the filling parameter for this pore system after any sequence of variations of the input parameter, which is the level of the liquid. In this way, a model with a strong predictive power can be developed and this can give a solid motivation for this type of identification technique.
We used the adapted Generalized Preisach Model in order to simulate the experimental data of drying FORC curves for soil samples. The Preisach distributions are formed by irreversible behavior of water in pores described by Equation (5) and the reversible pore water variation included in the model as Equation (6).
The reversible processes have proven to be an effective method that significantly increases the ability of the model to fit the experimental curves (Figure 7). In the figure we show the simulated curves using GPM and the experimental data.
An important point in the Preisach modeling is that in the absence of the reversible component, the non-zero initial slope observed in most published data concerning experimental first scanning curves cannot be reproduced correctly. The Classical Preisach Model without reversible component will always give a zero starting slope of these reversal curves.
5. Conclusions
We have calculated, from a set of experimental data from literature, the reversible and irreversible FORC distributions for the hysteretic capillary retention of liquid by soil. The experimental FORC distributions have been used as input in a Generalized Preisach Model with appropriate fitting functions. The results show the importance of the correct inclusion of the reversible component in the evaluation of the total results of simulation. The Preisach model with this architecture could reproduce with a high degree of accuracy the experimental data using a unique FORC distribution found from experimental data. This fact is suggesting that this procedure can be a practical method to use experimental data to generate a model able to provide significant prediction ability. From this point, additional techniques could be used to extend the method for other similar systems and for hysteretic processes in which kinetic effects could become important. In a further article, we shall provide quantitative comparison between our model and various other hysteresis models used in describing soil-moisture hysteresis in order to supplement and clarify the advantages and the limits of this approach.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, A.S.; Formal analysis, I.B.; Investigation, I.B.; Software, I.B.; Supervision, A.S.; Writing—review & editing, A.S. and I.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation, CNCS-UEFISCDI, grant number PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2016-2336.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Research and Innovation, CNCS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2016-2336, within PNCDI III.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
 1. Hong, W.T.; Jung, Y.S.; Kang, S.; Lee, J.S. Estimation of soil-water characteristic curves in multiple-cycles using membrane and TDR system. Materials 2016, 9, 1019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
 2. Vafai, K. Handbook of Porous Media, 3rd ed.; CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
 3. Albers, B. Main drying and wetting curves of soils: On measurements, prediction and influence on wave propagation. Eng. Trans. 2015, 63, 5–34. [Google Scholar]
 4. Klomkliang, N.; Do, D.D.; Nicholson, D. Hysteresis loop and scanning curves for argon adsorbed in mesopore arrays composed of two cavities and three necks. J. Phys. Chem. C 2015, 119, 9355–9363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
 5. Yuan, Y.; Lee, T.R. Contact angle and wetting properties. In Surface Science Techniques; Bracco, G., Holst, B.E., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2013; Volume 51, pp. 3–34. [Google Scholar]
 6. Liu, Y.; Jeng, D.S. Pore structure of grain-size fractal granular material. Materials 2019, 12, 2053. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
 7. Ward, R.C.; Robinson, M. Principles of Hydrology, 3rd ed.; McGraw-Hill: London, UK, 2000. [Google Scholar]
 8. Haines, W.B. Studies in the physical properties of soil. V. The hysteresis effect in capillary properties, and the modes of moisture distribution associated therewith. J. Agric. Sci. 1930, 20, 97–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
 9. Hillel, D. Introduction to Soil Physics; Academic Press: New York, NY, USA, 1882. [Google Scholar]
 10. Nimmo, J.R. Unsaturated zone flow processes. In Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences; Anderson, G., McDonnell, J.J., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar]
 11. Wang, C.Y.; Yu, L.H. Darcy flow through bumpy tubes. J. Porous Media 2015, 18, 457–461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
 12. Enderby, J.A. The domain model of hysteresis. Part 1.—Independent domains. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1955, 51, 835–848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
 13. Enderby, J.A. The domain model of hysteresis. Part 2.—Interacting domains. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1956, 52, 106–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
 14. Preisach, F. Über die magnetische Nachwirkung. Z. Phys. 1935, 94, 277–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
 15. Weiss, P.; de Freudenreich, J. Étude de l'aimantation initiale en fonction de la température. Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat


R or Python on Text Mining
rpythontextmining
I have seen more than enough debates about R or Python. While I do have a preference towards Python, I am happy with using R as well. I am not agnostic about languages, but we choose tools according to needs. The needs may be about effectiveness, efficiency, availability of tools, nature of problems, collaborations, etc. Yes, in a nutshell, it depends.
When dealing with text mining, although I still prefer Python, I have to fairly say that both languages have their own strengths and weaknesses. What do you do in text mining? Let me casually list the usual steps:
 1. Removing special characters,
 2. Removing numerals,
 3. Converting all alphabets to lower cases,
 4. Removing stop words, and
 5. Stemming the words (using Porter stemmer).
They are standard steps. But of course, sometimes we perform lemmatization instead of stemming. Sometimes we keep numerals. Or whatever. It is okay.
How do u do that in Python? Suppose you have a list of text documents stored in the variable texts, which is defined by
texts = ['I love Python.',
 'R is good for analytics.',
 'Mathematics is fun.']
. Then
# import all necessary libraries
from nltk.stem import PorterStemmer
from nltk.tokenize import SpaceTokenizer
from nltk.corpus import stopwords
from functools import partial
from gensim import corpora
from gensim.models import TfidfModel
import re
# initialize the instances for various NLP tools
tokenizer = SpaceTokenizer()
stemmer = PorterStemmer()
# define each steps
pipeline = [lambda s: re.sub('[^\w\s]', '', s),
 lambda s: re.sub('[\d]', '', s),
 lambda s: s.lower(),
 lambda s: ' '.join(filter(lambda s: not (s in stopwords.words()), tokenizer.tokenize(s))),
 lambda s: ' '.join(map(lambda t: stemmer.stem(t), tokenizer.tokenize(s)))
 ]
# function that carries out the pipeline step-by-step
def preprocess_text(text, pipeline):
 if len(pipeline)==0:
 return text
 else:
 return preprocess_text(pipeline[0](text), pipeline[1:])
# preprocessing
preprocessed_texts = map(partial(preprocess_text, pipeline=pipeline), texts)
# converting to feature vectors
documents = map(lambda s: tokenizer.tokenize(s), texts)
corpus = [dictionary.doc2bow(document) for document in documents]
tfidfmodel = TfidfModel(corpus)
We can train a classifier with the feature vectors output by tfidfmodel. To do the prediction, we can get the feature vector for a new text by calling:
bow = dictionary.doc2bow(tokenizer.tokenize(preprocess_text(text, pipeline)))
How about in R? To perform the preprocessing steps and extract the feature vectors, run:
library(RTextTools)
library(tm)
origmatrix<-create_matrix(textColumns = texts, language = 'english',
 removeNumbers = TRUE, toLower = TRUE,
 removeStopwords = 'TRUE', stemWords = TRUE,
 weighting=tm::weightTfIdf, originalMatrix=NULL)
After we have a trained classifier, and we have a new text to preprocess, then we run:
matrix<-create_matrix(textColumns = newtexts, language = 'english',
 removeNumbers = TRUE, toLower = TRUE,
 removeStopwords = 'TRUE', stemWords = TRUE,
 weighting=tm::weightTfIdf, originalMatrix=origmatrix)
Actually, from this illustration, a strength for R stands out: brevity. However, very often we want to preprocess in other ways, Python allows more flexibility without making it complicated. And Python syntax itself is intuitive enough.
And there are more natural language processing libraries in Python available, such as nltk and gensim, that are associated with its other libraries perfectly such as numpy, scipy and scikit-learn. But R is not far away in terms of this actually, as it has libraries such as tm and RTextTools, while R does not have numpy-like libraries because R itself is designed to perform calculations like this.
Python can be used to develop larger software projects by making the codes reusable, and it is obviously a weakness for R.
However, do perform analysis, R makes the task very efficient if we do not require something unconventional.
In the area of text mining, R or Python? My answer is: it depends.
Advertisements
One thought on "R or Python on Text Mining
Add yours
Leave a Reply
Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in:
WordPress.com Logo
You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Log Out / Change )
Google photo
You are commenting using your Google account. Log Out / Change )
Twitter picture
You are commenting using your Twitter account. Log Out / Change )
Facebook photo
You are commenting using your Facebook account. Log Out / Change )
Connecting to %s
Blog at WordPress.com.
Up ↑
%d bloggers like this:


text:
Justice Charles V. BardeenWisconsin Supreme Court Justice: 1898–1903
"In his early youth he attended a session of this court, and upon his return home from Madison expressed to his parents his determination and ambition to become a member of the supreme court." — Marvin B. Rosenberry, Bardeen's memorial service (1903)
Charles Valdo Bardeen was born September 23, 1850, in Brookfield, New York. In 1854, his family moved to a farm in Wisconsin.
Bardeen graduated from high school in 1870. He worked in a law firm and taught school in Edgerton for a year until he received an urgent invitation from the governor of Colorado (a former schoolmate) to pursue a business venture in Colorado Springs. Bardeen found a substitute teacher and left immediately.
Two years later, he returned to Wisconsin and graduated from the University of Wisconsin Law School in 1875. He was in private law practice and served as city attorney in Wausau for the next 17 years. Active in public affairs, Bardeen was superintendent of public schools in Wausau and occasionally wrote for local newspapers.
In 1891, he was elected judge for the newly created 16th Judicial Circuit and served until his appointment to the Wisconsin Supreme Court in 1898. At his memorial service, it was said that Bardeen was not considered a genius but had common sense and a capacity and willingness for hard work.
"His words, whether written or spoken always rang true. He had not the graces of the orator or the poet, yet what he said or wrote was effective because it was sound and true," said Marvin B. Rosenberry, a Wausau attorney who later became a Wisconsin Supreme Court justice. Bardeen and his wife Frances Miller had three children: Eleanor, Charles and Florence. He died March 20, 1903, shortly before the end of his term on the Supreme Court.


text:
Joe Haldeman is the winner of multiple Hugo and Nebula Awards, has been named a Grand Master by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA), and is a member of the Science Fiction Hall of Fame.
Haldeman is best known for The Forever War, a military sci-fi novel that began as his thesis project at the Iowa Writer's Workshop. But his bibliography is far more extensive than just this acclaimed work—he's written over 20 novels, as well as short fiction, poetry, and essays. Want to explore his galaxy of writing? Below, we recommend 13 Joe Haldeman books that are must-read classics.
13 of the Most Important Joe Haldeman Books
The Forever War
One of the most influential war novels in any genre, The Forever War was inspired by Haldeman's time in Vietnam. The story follows William Mandella, a man from Earth conscripted to fight against the alien Taurans. Due to time dilation, when Mandella returns home, the world has changed drastically during his time away.
The Forever War's sci-fi concept perfectly captures the alienation and disorientation many soldiers experience when returning to civilian life. It was followed by the novella A Separate War and the sequel Forever Free.
Judging by the title, you might think that Forever Peace is a direct sequel to The Forever War. But while both stories deal with similar themes of futuristic warfare, the two works are not directly linked. Where The Forever War follows reluctant physics student William Mandella as he's conscripted into service, Forever Peace tells the story of burned-out soldier Julian Class who's searching for a way out.
The Forever War may be Haldeman's best-known work, but Forever Peace is no slouch either. The work won the 1998 Awards for the Hugo and the Nebula.
The Worlds Trilogy
Stephen King himself wrote of the first novel in this sci-fi trilogy, "there are scenes in Worlds I will remember forever."
The series is set after humans leave Earth to inhabit free-floating artificial habitats, or 'Worlds.' The Worlds Trilogy centers around Marianne O'Hara from childhood through adulthood as she rebels against the universe's status quo to fulfill her destiny as a leader.
The message reads only "we're coming...."
In the opening of this first contact novel, Earth is in the midst of climate change, World War III, and a renewed surge of fascism. But when an American scientist receives a cryptic message from extraterrestrials, Earth's future is changed forever in this novel Locus praised as "compelling and provocative."
Blood Is Not Enough
Readers looking to explore Haldeman's poetry should seek out Ellen Datlow's anthology Blood Is Not Enough. The collection features contributions around the theme of 'vampirism' from authors like Haldeman, Dan Simmons, Tanith Lee, Fritz Leiber, and other legends.
Haldeman's contribution is "Time Lapse," a dark poem about a voyeuristic father who pushes his daughter to the brink.
All My Sins Remembered
Otto McGavin used to be a pacifist who truly believed he could help others through working for the Confederación. But now that he's nearing the end of his career, Otto must acknowledge he's been transformed into someone sinister by the mysterious, powerful agency.
Otto hasn't helped the universe as he planned—instead he's been an agent of chaos. And time is running out for him to find peace with his sins.
A thought-provoking novel about life, death, and the role that class plays in both, Buying Time is set in a post-mortality world. The Stileman Process allows those who can afford it to live forever.
Dallas Barr has paid for this procedure numerous times. But as his next Stileman Process approaches, Earth's oldest man uncovers shocking secrets about what it really means to live forever....
This collection of 13 short stories features work from early in Haldeman's career, including the Hugo Award-winning "Tricentennial." Publishers Weekly said that Infinite Dreams "amply demonstrates" the author's domination of the sci-fi genre.
What if aliens came to Earth before the dawn of humanity? Haldeman's Camouflage explores the idea that two immortal, shapeshifting aliens might have been among us all along. The status quo is disrupted when an artifact is discovered on the ocean floor off the coast of Samoa. It draws the aliens, though each of them has a different purpose in obtaining it. One alien wants to help humanity, the other intends to harm it.
Camouflage won the 2005 Nebula Award for Best Novel.
Since its discovery, the Levant-Meyer Translation has allowed humans to travel throughout the universe searching for planets to colonize. The humans entrusted with exploring the galaxy are called 'Tamers.'
But when newly-appointed Tamer Jacque Lefavre discovers a mysterious, mind-reading creature on the planet Groomsbridge, his first mission may be his last.
War Year isn't a sci-fi/fantasy novel, but those who love Haldeman's work will appreciate this insight into the author's experience. Haldeman served in the Vietnam War, and his time there shaped him into the author we know today. War Year follows combat engineer John Farmer during one year in Vietnam. While the story is fiction, it undoubtedly reflects Haldeman's own time in the military, which helped shape his thoughts about war and peace that we see reflected in his better-known works.
There Is No Darkness
There Is No Darkness is a family affair, co-written by Haldeman and his biologist brother, Jack.
In this coming-of-age story, Carl earns a scholarship to Starschool and has an opportunity to explore life throughout the galaxy. But he soon realizes that his background puts him at a disadvantage compared to his affluent peers, and Carl is forced to earn money as a fighter if he wants to continue his education.
Carl's adventures take readers across the universe to reveal the secrets behind the galaxy's most prestigious school.
More Than the Sum of His Parts
The best of the best of Haldeman's short fiction and poetry, More Than the Sum of His Parts brings together his anthologies None So Blind and Dealing in Futures.
Standout works include his award-winning poem "Saul's Death"; short story "The Hemingway Hoax," for which Haldeman won both the Nebula and the Hugo Award; and "Graves," which took home the Nebula and Locus Award.
This post is sponsored by Open Road Media. Thank you for supporting our partners, who make it possible for The Portalist to celebrate the sci-fi and fantasy stories you love.


If a life insurance company is delaying payment of your claim, you may be owed interest.
When an insurance company denies or delays your claim, they can continue investing the proceeds and accruing interest that would otherwise be in your pocket. The insurer may owe you that interest under certain circumstances.
To find out if you are entitled to interest on your delayed life insurance payout, contact our life insurance beneficiary lawyers. We have over 25 years of experience getting clients paid and getting clients interest on their delayed payout. We can tell you if you are owed interest during your free, no-obligation case evaluation.
How Long Does it Take to Receive Life Insurance Death Benefits, Usually?
Wondering how long insurance companies take to process claims, or how long does it take for a life insurance company to pay out? An uncontested claim for death benefits, where the death of the insured does not require investigation, is usually paid within 30 days. Most states require life insurance companies to respond to a claim within thirty days, whether that response is approval, denial, or a request for more information.
Insurance companies are required to tell claimants which of the reasons life insurance won't pay out. And when life insurance does not pay promptly, you have a right to know why.
How Can a Beneficiary Get Interest on a Delayed Life Insurance Payout?
If an insurance company unreasonably delays its response to your claim for death benefits, you may be entitled to interest. Whether you are owed interest on life insurance death benefits depends upon the terms of the policy and the jurisdiction governing the policy.
Some life insurance policies include a provision that entitles a beneficiary to interest after a specified delay in payout.
Many states have enacted statutes that grant interest to a beneficiary of a life insurance policy when an insurer unreasonably delays a claim determination. For example, this Iowa statute explains the circumstances that allow a beneficiary to collect interest and the rate at which the interest is calculated.
Some delays in payment of the death benefit are considered inherently unreasonable, including:
Delay in Life Insurance Payment after Claim has Been Approved
Occasionally, an insurer or a company's agent will tell a beneficiary that a claim has been approved, but the insurer delays sending payment. The longer an insurer retains the funds, the longer an insurer is able to continue investing those proceeds and reaping the profits for its shareholders. Under these circumstances, a beneficiary may be entitled to interest.
Delay in Payment of Claim Because Life Insurance Company Does not Contact the Beneficiary
Frequently an insurance company has reason to know that an insured died but fails to reach out to the beneficiary of the life insurance policy. Often a beneficiary is unaware that they are named in a policy or that a life insurance policy even exists.
If an insurer has reason to know that an insured has died, for example, because they use the Social Security Death Master File to identify policyholders who have died, that insurer should notify the beneficiary promptly.
Recently, several states have brought lawsuits against insurance companies that knew of policyholder deaths but failed to notify beneficiaries, retaining the death benefits and the interest accruing on them instead. Under these circumstances, a beneficiary may be entitled to interest due to the unreasonable delay.
Why Would a Life Insurance Payout Be Delayed?
Payout may be delayed six to twelve months or longer if the insurance company must investigate because:
If you are a beneficiary to a life insurance policy and you've submitted your claim and all required paperwork but haven't been paid, know that the insurance company has no incentive to pay you quickly. In fact, any delay means your payout is accruing interest and benefitting the insurance company's shareholders.
In the past there were many examples of life insurance companies not paying claims without delay. Fortunately, laws have been enacted to incentivize insurers to pay life insurance claims promptly, and if they do not, they may have to pay you interest.
How Long Does a Life Insurance Investigation Take?
What is the typical timeline for insurance companies to investigate claims? It varies, depending upon the circumstances of the death. Beneficiaries should be sure to respond promptly to all information and documentation requests from the life insurance company.
After the insured has died, beneficiaries of the life insurance policy file a claim with the insurance company and include a copy of the death certificate with their claim, keeping at least one original death certificate for their records in the event that the life insurance company misplaces the one sent to them.
When the insurance company receives the claim form and a certified copy of the death certificate, insurers have 30 days to deny the claim, pay the claim, or ask for more information.
In some situations, insurers will need to investigate a claim and the payout will exceed 30 days. Depending on the terms of the insurance policy and the laws that govern the policy, sometimes a beneficiary will be entitled to interest that has accrued during the delay of payment.
If your claim has been pending for more than thirty days, whether you have heard from the life insurance company or not, contact our experienced life insurance beneficiary attorneys. We help beneficiaries nationwide get paid with interest when their claim has been unreasonably delayed.
When Will Life Insurance Companies Investigate Claims?
In most cases, an insurer will either deny a claim or pay a claim within 30 days. When there is a delay in life insurance payout instead of denying or approving, it may mean that an insurer requires more time to investigate the claim. Delays will likely occur in the following situations:
Delay in Life Insurance Payout When the Insured Died by Homicide.
When an insured is murdered, the insurance company often waits to pay any benefits until the investigation is completed. Depending on the type of policy in question (term life, whole life, or AD&D insurance), the insurance company may need to know whether the beneficiary is associated with the murder or whether the insured was engaged in a felony at the time of his or her death
Delay in Life Insurance Payout When the Insured Died in a Foreign Country.
If the insured dies while abroad, an insurance company may take longer to investigate the circumstances of the death.
Insurers always require proof of death when a claim is made. In the U.S., a death certificate is acceptable proof of death. However, customary practices, records, and technologies vary across countries and continents, and a foreign death certificate may not satisfy the insurance company. Also, to ensure a claim for overseas death is not fraudulent, an insurance company may attempt to confirm the circumstances of the insured's death independently. Depending on where the insured died, this may extend the investigation period significantly.
Delay in Life Insurance Payout When there is a Beneficiary Dispute.
If the insurance company is notified that multiple parties might have a claim to life insurance proceeds, it will postpone paying the benefit until a rightful beneficiary is established. Often, the insurance company will not make this determination itself. The insurer may file a life insurance interpleader action, and a court will decide the lawful beneficiary.
Case Study #1: the insurance company delayed paying for over two years because the insured had a girlfriend and child and neither was named in his policy. Luckily for our client, Illinois law prevents such improper claim practices and unreasonable or vexatious delay in paying claims, and we were able to get our client paid.
Delay in Life Insurance Payout When the Insured Died Within the Contestability Period.
The contestability period lasts for two years. During this time, an insurer is authorized to investigate to look for evidence of fraud and misrepresentation in life insurance application and medical questionnaire. If the insured dies within this two-year period, a payout of benefits may be delayed while the insurer examines medical records, financial records, or other relevant evidence.
Delay in Life Insurance Payout When the Insurance Company Makes an Administrative Error.
Case Study #2: payment of our client's claim for death benefits was delayed because the insurance company never received medical records from a doctor that the insured never visited.
If your claim is denied, please get all the details you can about the reason for the denial: it may be something as simple as a mistake such as this preventing you from getting your life insurance payout.
Delay in Life Insurance Payout When the Insured Never Received Notice of Lapse or Termination.
Case Study #3: Our client's claim was denied because the policy lapsed and terminated due to non-payment of premiums. We investigated and found that the insured never received the statutorily-required notices. We got our client paid.
What Can a Lawyer Do if a Life Insurance Payout is Delayed?
An experienced life insurance lawyer will be able to tell you whether the delay can be turned into approval and whether you are entitled to interest for the time of the delay. Do not rely on an insurance company to tell you that you are entitled to interest – they have no incentive to do so.
Our life insurance attorneys can demand and obtain the full death benefits you are legally entitled to. Again, your right to interest depends on the jurisdiction in which the policy was issued and the terms of the policy itself, and we help beneficiaries get paid in jurisdictions across the nation.
For more information about your rights to interest on a delayed payout of benefits, contact a trusted life insurance attorney at the Boonswang Law Firm with your questions. Your initial case evaluation is free of charge, and if we take your case, know that we don't get paid unless you do.


text:
The electrical and optical characteristics of a 370 nm AlGaN light-emitting diode based on a microring geometry is presented. By structuring the light emission area into an interconnected array of microscale rings, current spreading in the n-type cladding layers is improved. A reduction of differential series resistance is observed, and the device saturates at a higher current as the carriers are injected efficiently and uniformly across the junction areas. As a result, optical output power from the microring light-emitting diode is improved compared to a conventional device of broad area geometry.
- applied physics


text:
I love using fill-in-the-blank stories to work on parts of speech. The problem I find with most of them is that they address too many different parts of speech in a single story. Friendship Soup is fun, winter story for practicing just naming singular and plural nouns.
If you are just introducing nouns, discuss what they are and come up with a list of them together. Then have the students fill in the story with words from the list. You can also have the students come up with their own lists of singular and plural nouns if they are able to. Read the story back to them with their answers filled in and talk about what parts do and don't make sense. Have fun and remember that in this case the sillier the story is the better!


text:
Most blood collection agencies require a 56-day minimum interval between donations of whole blood to allow hemoglobin levels to return to normal. However, new insight from recent studies, including research published in Blood, suggest that the deferral should be lengthened to prevent iron deficiency. Researchers compared hemoglobin levels and iron parameters over 180 days in 24 new male donors and compared them to 25 regular male donors who have donated more than 10 times. Over the 180 day observation period, regular donors had lower levels of hemoglobin, ferritin and hepcidin, while erythropoietin and soluble transferrin receptor were higher compared to new donors. Although hemoglobin indices returned to normal by day 57, both groups of donors had low levels of ferritin at day 57 compared to pre-donation levels. Only 25% of new and 32% of regular donors had returned to baseline levels. After 180 days, all regular donors and 82% of new donors had reached baseline ferritin levels. The study authors suggest ferritin levels may be used to determine personalized donation intervals, or the donation interval should be increased to 180 days to avoid iron deficiency in all donors. More research is needed to confirm these results and investigate trends in female donors.
Schotten N, Pasker-de Jong PC, Moretti D, Zimmermann MB, Geurts-Moespot AJ, Swinkels DW, van Kraaij MG. The donation interval of 56 days requires extension to 180 days for whole blood donors to recover from changes in iron metabolism. Blood 2016;128: 2185-8.


text:
We report on experimental branching fractions (BFs) for 19 transitions from the three 3d 5( 6S)4s4p( 3P) y6P levels in Fe II, measured in Fourier transform spectra of a Penning discharge lamp and a hollow cathode lamp. The transition wavelengths span the interval between 1600 and 2850 Å. Absolute oscillator strengths ( f-values) have been derived by combining the BFs with experimental radiative lifetimes recently reported in the literature. Theoretical f-values have been calculated using configuration interaction wavefunctions. The new experimental and theoretical f-values are compared with data available in the literature and in databases. The strongest lines measured belong to the UV 8 multiplet of Fe II, which has one ground state transition appearing as a prominent feature at 1608 Å in interstellar spectra. The line is accompanied by a satellite at 1611 Å due to a level mixing, which is discussed in the paper.
- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology
- atomic data -- line: identification -- techniques: spectroscopic -- stars: abundances -- ISM: abundances


text:
Lately I've been trying to run a fun "energizer" activity to play with the team before we get into the nitty gritty of retro. This gives everyone the chance to get up, move around, laugh and interact with each other in a fun and non-serious way. After all, retro can get serious sometimes.
For today's retro energizer game, we played "Collaborative Face Drawing". We had an even number of participants which is important for this game, since there is pairing that takes place. This is how it works:
- Give each participant a piece of paper and a pen.
- Instruct each person to write their name on the bottom of their piece of paper.
- Ask everyone to walk randomly in the room until you tell them to stop.
- Each person should pair up with someone who ended up near by them.
- Instruct the pair to exchange their papers with each other.
- Everyone should draw the other person eyes to start.
- Once they're finished drawing the eyes, instruct the pairs to give each other their pieces of paper back (now each person should have the paper with their name again).
- Repeat steps 3 to 7 for all face parts (nose, ears, chin, hair, facial hair and accessories).
We had a grand ol' time with this activity. The result is a drawing of your entire face, collaboratively drawn by everyone on the team. Here some examples of the results:


text:
split step is a very important part of a tennis
player's ability to play an all court game, particularly
when you are closing into the net.
The most important part of the split step is to
be sure that you are stepping forward and that your
weight is going in the direction of the ball coming
towards you. You should split as your opponent's
about to hit the ball, quickly assess the direction
of the ball, and come down moving towards it with
your racket extended. If you have served and are
about to volley, a split step helps you balance
yourself to make an effective shot, and keep moving
in. Good players are constantly making small splits
to help change direction.


text:
Vadose zone, region of aeration above the water table. This zone also includes the capillary fringe above the water table, the height of which will vary according to the grain size of the sediments. In coarse-grained mediums the fringe may be flat at the top and thin, whereas in finer grained material it will tend to be higher and may be very irregular along the upper surface. The vadose zone varies widely in thickness, from being absent to many hundreds of feet, depending upon several factors. These include the environment and the type of earth material present. Water within this interval, which is moving downward under the influence of gravity, is called vadose water, or gravitational water.
Learn More in these related articles:
hydrosphere: Distribution of precipitation
…the overlying unsaturated zone (vadose zone) is called the groundwater table. The water balance equation for change of moisture storage in a soil is given asRead More
…water. There is also a zone of aeration where the interstices are occupied partially by water and partially by air. Groundwater continues to descend until, at some depth, it merges into a zone of dense rock. Water is contained in the pores of such rocks, but the pores are not…Read More
Artesian wellArtesian well, well from which water flows under natural pressure without pumping. It is dug or drilled wherever a gently dipping, permeable rock layer (such as sandstone)Read More
EarthEarth, third planet from the Sun and the fifth in the solar system in terms of size and mass. Its single most-outstanding feature is that its near-surface environments areRead More
GroundwaterGroundwater, water that occurs below the surface of Earth, where it occupies all or part of the void spaces in soils or geologic strata. It is also called subsurface water toRead More


HomeDocumentationAPI Reference
Getting StartedAPI ReferenceHelp CenterVideo Tours
Crash Reporting
This page contains an overview of the information available in the Crash Reporting sections of the Instabug Docs for Flutter apps.
📘
Integrating Instabug
To be able to use Instabug's Crash Reporting product, you must first integrate the SDK.
Instabug automatically captures every crash of your app and sends relevant details to the crashes page of your dashboard when the app is launched again. Below you can find a breakdown of Instabug's crash reporting features.
1. Reporting Crashes
This section covers how to report crashes both automatically and manually, as well as an explanation of the information contained in your crashes list.
2. Crash Report Content
Detailed here is what you can expect with every crash report, such as stack traces and number of affected users.
3. Occurrences Content
Every crash has an occurrence. Each occurrence has details, such as logs and user attributes, as well as a Session Profiler. All of this data is explained in this section.
4. Symbolication/Obfuscation
Learn how to symbolicate and deobfuscate your crashes so that your stack traces are easier to read.
5. Reply to Affected Users
In this section, you'll find instructions on how to reply to any given crash occurrence in order to communicate with your users.
6. Disabling/Enabling Crash Reporting
Prefer to use Instabug for products other than crash reporting? No problem, just follow the instructions here to disable crash reporting.
Watch it in action:


text:
Problem code: MANYLEFT
All submissions for this problem are available.
The classical game of OneLeft is played as follows. Some pegs are placed on an NxN grid. Initially, at least one cell is empty and at least one contains a peg (each cell contains at most one peg). A move consists of jumping one peg over an adjacent peg to an empty cell, and removing the peg that was jumped over. Formally, if there is a peg in cell (x1, y1), and cell (x2, y2) is empty, and (x1-x2, y1-y2) is one of (0, 2), (0, -2), (2, 0), or (-2, 0), and there is a peg in cell ((x1+x2)/2, (y1+y2)/2), then the peg in cell (x1, y1) may be moved to cell (x2, y2) and the peg in cell ((x1+x2)/2, (y1+y2)/2) removed. The coordinate (0, 0) indicates the top-left corner, (N-1, 0) indicates the top-right corner, (0, N-1) indicates the bottom-left corner, and (N-1, N-1) indicates the bottom-right corner.
The game continues until no more moves are possible. Normally the goal of OneLeft is to leave a single peg on the grid. However, in this problem the goal is to leave as many pegs as possible. Optimal solutions are not required, but solutions that leave more pegs will score more points.
Input begins with an integer N, the size of the grid. N lines follow with N characters each, representing the grid. A '.' character indicates an empty cell, and a '*' character indicates a peg.
For each test case, first output the number of moves in your solution. Then output each move in the form "x1 y1 x2 y2", which indicates a peg moving from (x1,y1) to (x2,y2). Any whitespace in your solution will be ignored.
Your score for each test case is the fraction of cells containing pegs after performing the moves in your solution. Your overall score is the average of your scores on the individual test cases. Invalid solutions will be judged as "wrong answer". In particular, if any legal moves exist after the moves in your solution have been performed, your solution will considered invalid.
Sample Input 1
6..*..* *..*.* ***.**.***.. ****.. **.*.*
Sample Output 1
13 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 3 0 5 0 3 0 2 0 0 3 5 3 3 5 2 3 2 5 0 5 2 3 2 3 0 2 4 0 4 0 3 0 5 3 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 2 5
Sample Input 2
5.*.*...*.. *...*...*..*...
Sample Output 2
The first sample output scores 8/36 = 0.2222.
The second sample output scores 7/25 = 0.28.
Recall that the goal is to maximize your score.
Test Case Generation
For each official test file, N is chosen randomly and uniformly between 10 and 30, inclusive. A real number D is chosen randomly and uniformly between 0.5 and 0.95, then each cell is independently chosen to contain a peg with probability D.
|Time Limit:||1 sec|
|Source Limit:||50000 Bytes|
|Languages:||ADA, ASM, BASH, BF, C, C99 strict, CAML, CLOJ, CLPS, CPP 4.0.0-8, CPP 4.3.2, CS2, D, ERL, FORT, FS, GO, HASK, ICK, ICON, JAR, JAVA, JS, LISP clisp, LISP sbcl, LUA, NEM, NICE, NODEJS, PAS fpc, PAS gpc, PERL, PERL6, PHP, PIKE, PRLG, PYTH, PYTH 3.1.2, RUBY, SCALA, SCM guile, SCM qobi, ST, TCL, TEXT, WSPC|
Fetching successful submissions


The agencies responsible for enforcement of the Affordable Care Act issued final regulations on the ACA rule that requires employers to provide health insurance to eligible new hires within 90 days of the date an employee becomes eligible for coverage. Group health plans and insurers may not impose a waiting period that exceeds 90 days after an employee otherwise attains eligibility for coverage. Eligibility conditions based solely on the passage of time cannot exceed 90 days. Other conditions for eligibility are generally allowed, such as meeting licensing requirements, attaining a particular job classification, or successfully completing an orientation period (not to exceed one month), but may not be used to evade the waiting period limit.
Additionally, an employer may require employees to complete a certain number of hours in order to become eligible for coverage, but the hourly requirement must be capped at 1200 hours.
When an employer cannot determine whether a new employee will be working full-time, it may implement an initial measurement period to determine whether the employee meets the plan's eligibility conditions. However, coverage must made effective no later than 13 months from an eligible employee's start date (or, if the employee's start date is not the first day of a calendar month, the time remaining until the first day of the next calendar month).
However, California employers should note that California law prohibits waiting periods in excess of 60 days. Like ACA's 90-day rule, this period is measured by calendar days and begins on the day that an employee first becomes otherwise eligible for coverage. Coverage must start on either the first day of the month following the date of eligibility, or on the first day of the month following a 30-day waiting period.
The final regulations can be found at


text:
Precise intensity and phase characterisation of optical telecommunication signals.
University of Southampton, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Optoelectronic Research Centre,
In this thesis, the accurate characterisation of a range of high speed optical telecommunication signals is presented. The main technique used to determine both the intensity and the phase profiles of these signals is based on spectrograms, and various developments and extensions of this method are presented. Finally, data modulated pulses in a 40 Gbit/s system are characterised before and after propagation in an installed fibre link, and excellent agreement is found between the information retrieved from the spectrogram method, independent intensity measurements and theoretical expectations.
Actions (login required)


text: We assessed trends in the relative prevalences of HIV-1, HIV-2 and dual HIV-1/HIV-2 infection in 10,321 women attending outpatient clinics in Senegal between 1990 and 2009. The relative prevalence of HIV-1 (defined as the proportion of seropositive subjects having HIV-1) rose sharply from 38% in 1990 until 1993 (P < 0.001), whereupon it continued to rise, but at a slower rate, reaching 72% of HIV infections in 2009. As compared with HIV-1, the relative prevalence of HIV-2 decreased sharply from 54% in 1990 until 1993 (P < 0.001) and continued to decrease at a slower rate through 2009. The relative prevalence of dual infection, as compared with HIV-1, was stable from 1990 to 1993, but decreased slightly thereafter (P < 0.001). These study findings indicate that during the early 1990s, the relative prevalence of HIV-1 increased markedly, while the relative prevalence of HIV-2 decreased and the relative prevalence of dual infection remained stable in Senegal. From 1993 to 2009, the relative prevalence of HIV-1 increased at a slower rate, while the relative prevalences of HIV-2 and dual infection decreased. These results confirm trends in HIV prevalence observed in other West African populations and provide a critical update on HIV transmission risk among women in Senegal.