Siberian Ibex
Siberian Ibex
Altai ibex, Central asia(n) ibex, Gobi ibex, Himalayan ibex, Mongolian ibex, Tian shan ibex
Kingdom
Phylum
Subphylum
Class
Order
Family
Subfamily
Genus
SPECIES
Capra sibirica
Population size
Unknown
Life Span
10-22 years
Weight
34-130
74.8-286
kglbs
kg lbs
Height
67-110
26.4-43.3
cminch
cm inch
Length
130-165
51.2-65
cminch
cm inch
The Siberian ibex (Capra sibirica ), also known as the Altai ibex, Central Asia(n) ibex, Gobi ibex, Himalayan ibex, Mongolian ibex or Tian Shan ibex, is a species of ibex that lives in central Asia. It has traditionally been treated as a subspecies of the Alpine ibex, and whether it is specifically distinct from other ibex is still not entirely clear. It is the longest and heaviest member of the genus Capra, though its shoulder height is surpassed by the markhor.
Di
Diurnal
He
Herbivore
Fo
Folivore
Gr
Graminivore
Te
Terrestrial
Cu
Cursorial
Gr
Grazing
Br
Browsing
Co
Congregatory
Po
Polygyny
So
Social
He
Herding
Do
Dominance hierarchy
Mi
Migrating
Pa
Partial Migrant
S
starts with
Appearance
Siberian ibexes are large and heavily built goats. Their coats vary in color ranging from dark brown to light tan, with some reddish individuals. There is usually a stripe of darker hair down the center of the back and onto the tail, and some males have saddle-like patches on the back in the winter. The undersides are paler, and, in the winter, mature males becoming much darker with white patches. Females and infants are generally blander in color and do not always have the stripe down the back. Siberian ibexes typically molt between April and July, developing their paler summer coat, which continues to grow and become darker during the year, reaching the full winter condition around December. Both sexes have beards and horns. The female's horns are relatively small, and grey-brown in color. Those of fully-grown males are black. Both sexes have circular rings around their horns that represent annual growth, but males also have large transverse ridges along the front surface.
Distribution
Geography
Siberian ibexes are found in Afghanistan, western and northern China (Primarily Xinjiang), north-western India, south-eastern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, eastern Uzbekistan, Mongolia, northern Pakistan, and south-central Russia. These animals live mostly above the tree line, in areas of steep slopes and rocky scree. Their habitat consists of a mixture of high altitude tundra, alpine meadows, and regions of semi-desert. In the Gobi Desert, they may be found on hills as low as 700 m (2,300 ft) in summer, descending to lower, sometimes sparsely forested, slopes during the winter.
Climate zones
Habits and Lifestyle
Siberian ibexes live in herds that vary in size depending on the local population; about 5-30 is most common, although they can become much larger during the rut. Outside of the rut, most herds are single-sex, although some mixed-sex herds persist throughout the year. Siberian ibexes are diurnal and spend much of the day grazing, staying an hour or more at each location before moving on. Usually living at high elevations, Siberian ibexes seek out lower slopes during the winter in search of food. They seek out shaded areas with vegetation on hot days but do not enter forested areas, preferring to return to their alpine habitat when the weather has cooled. When snow is heavy, they will paw away snow to reach the vegetation below. Siberian ibexes communicate with each other during the breeding season, when warning about predators, and for recognition between mother and young. Females usually recognize their newborn through scents and also call their young for feeding. Communication during the rut is based mainly on physical posturing in which males perform flehmen. Flehmen includes raising and curling of the upper lip, along with shutting the external nares.
Seasonal behavior
Diet and Nutrition
Siberian ibexes are herbivores (folivores) and their diet mainly consists of alpine grasses and herbs. During spring and summer, they feed mainly on grasses and sedges, while during winter they eat more tall herbs, and the twigs and needles of trees such as aspen, spruce, juniper, and willow. During the summer, they often visit salt licks.
Mating Habits
MATING BEHAVIOR
REPRODUCTION SEASON
late October-early January
PREGNANCY DURATION
170-180 days
BABY CARRYING
1 kid
INDEPENDENT AGE
6 months
FEMALE NAME
doe, nanny
MALE NAME
buck, billy
BABY NAME
kid, billy
Siberian ibexes are polygynous which means that males mate with more than one females. Courtship rituals consist of licking, ritualized postures, and flehmen. Males compete for dominance during the rut, rearing up on their hind legs and clashing their horns together. The rut takes place from late October to early January. The gestation period lasts 170-180 days, after which usually a single kid is born, although twins and triplets may also be born but on rare occasions. Newborn kids weigh about 3 kg (6.6 lb) and grow rapidly during their first year. The horns are visible after about 3-4 weeks. They begin to eat at 8 days after birth, but do not do so regularly until they are about one month old, and are not fully weaned until 6 months. Males reach reproductive maturity at 18 months of age but do not reach their full adult size for 9 years. Females first breed in their second year.
Population
Population threats
Main threats to Siberian ibexes are hunting for food and poaching in some areas by military personnel, road maintenance workers, and others. Other threats include competition with livestock for food and habitat, and in some areas by local predators among which are wolves, dholes, snow leopards, lynxes, foxes, and eagles.
Population number
According to IUCN, the Siberian ibex is abundant and widespread throughout its range but no overall population estimate is available. However, there are estimates of its populations in the following areas: China: Tian Shan - 40,000-50,000 individuals; Bei Mountains (northern Gansu) - 3,000-4,000 individuals. India: Ladakh - 6,000 individuals; south side of the main Himalaya - 4,000 individuals; Kanji-Boodkharbu Wildlife Sanctuary - 330 individuals; Lungnag Wildlife Sanctuary - 225 individuals; Rangdum Wildlife Sanctuary - 250 individuals; Rizong Wildlife Sanctuary - 174 individuals; Pin Valley National Park - 174 individuals. Former Soviet Republics of Central Asia: Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan - 70,000 individuals; Kazakhstan - 17,000 individuals; southern Siberia - 8,000-9,000 individuals; Altai - 3,000-3,500 individuals; Tannu Ola mountains of Tuva - 2,500 individuals; Western Sayan - 1,500 individuals; Eastern Sayan - 2,000-2,500 individuals; Uzbekistan - 2,400 individuals. Mongolia - around 80,000 individuals. Northern Pakistan - 2,545 individuals; Azad Jammu and Kashmir - 375 individuals. Currently, this species is classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List.
References
1. Siberian Ibex on Wikipedia - _URL_
2. Siberian Ibex on The IUCN Red List site - _URL_
More Fascinating Animals to Learn About


text:
NIOSH Analytical Method, Furfuryl Alcohol, S365, (Set 2).
NIOSH 1977 Jul:9 pages
The method is described for determining furfuryl-alcohol (98000) in the air, including the principle, range and sensitivity, interferences, precision and accuracy, advantages and disadvantages, apparatus, reagents, calibration and standards, and calculations. The principle is based upon gas chromatography of a sample drawn through a glass tube containing Porapak Q and desorbed with acetone. The range is 120-470 milligrams per cubic meter with a precision of milligrams per cubic meter.
NIOSH-Author; NIOSH-Analytical-Method; Standards-Completion-Program; SCP; Analytical-Method; Standards; Sampling; Set-2; Air-quality-measurement; Air-sampling; Procedures; Exposure-limits; Alcohols;
Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, NIOSH, Cincinnati, Ohio, 9 pages, 3 references

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Kia Forte: Automatic climate control system / Manual heating and air conditioning
Kia Forte 2019-2020 (BD) Owners Manual / Features of your vehicle / Automatic climate control system / Manual heating and air conditioning
The heating and cooling system can be controlled manually by pressing buttons or turning knob(s) other than the AUTO button. In this case, the system works sequentially according to the order of buttons or knob(s) selected.
1. Start the engine.
2. Set the mode to the desired position. For improving the effectiveness of heating and cooling;
- Heating:
- Cooling:
3. Set the temperature control to the desired position.
4. Set the air intake control to the outside (fresh) air position.
5. Set the fan speed control to the desired speed.
6. If air conditioning is desired, turn the air conditioning system on.
Press the AUTO button in order to convert to full automatic control of the system.
Mode selection
The mode selection button controls the direction of the air flow through the ventilation system.
The air flow outlet port is converted as follows:
Refer to the illustration in the "Manual climate control system".
Face-Level
Air flow is directed toward the upper body and face. Additionally, each outlet can be controlled to direct the air discharged from the outlet.
Bi-Level
Air flow is directed towards the face and the floor.
Floor-Level
Most of the air flow is directed to the floor, with a small amount of the air being directed to the windshield and side window defrosters.
Floor/Defrost-Level
Most of the air flow is directed to the floor and the windshield with a small amount directed to the side window defrosters.
Defrost mode
When you select the defrost mode, the following system settings will be made automatically:
To turn the defrost mode off, press the mode button or defrost button again or AUTO button.
Instrument panel vents
■ Type A
■ Type B
- Type A
The outlet port can be opened or closed separately using the horizontal thumbwheel. To close the vent, rotate it downward to the maximum position. To open the vent, rotate it upward to the desired position.
Also, you can adjust the direction of air delivered from these vents using the vent control lever as shown.
- Type B
The outlet vents can be opened or closed separately turning the knob right or left. Also, you can adjust the direction of air delivery from these vents by moving the knob in any direction.
Automatic heating and air conditioning
1. Press the AUTO button. The modes, fan speeds, air intake and air-conditioning will be controlled automatically by setting the temperature. 2. Turn the temperature control knob to the d ...
Temperature control
The temperature will increase to the maximum (HI) by turning the knob all the way to the right. The temperature will decrease to the minimum (Lo) by turning the knob all the way to the left ...
Other information:
Kia Forte 2019-2020 (BD) Owners Manual: Tire pressure
Always observe the following: Check tire pressure when the tires are cold. (After vehicle has been parked for at least three hours or hasn't been driven more than 1.6 km (one mile) since startup.) Check the pressure of your spare tire each time you check the pressure of other ...
Kia Forte 2019-2020 (BD) Service Manual: Disc Brakes and Pads
Repair procedures Inspection Check the pads for excessive wear, discs for run out and wear, and calipers for fluid leakage. Front Brake Front brake disc thickness check 1. Check the brake pads for wear and fade. 2. Check the br ...
Copyright © _URL_ 2017-2020


text:
9.8 Church of the Holy Trinity, Carnish, North Uist
Teampull na Trianaid (Church of the Holy Trinity) sits on a mound beside the village of Carinish. There are views west towards the low-lying island of Baleshare
The remains of the Teampull na Trianaid dominate the site. There was probably a series of settlements on this site before the chapel was built here in the early 13th century.
The Book of Clan Ranald says that Teampull na Trianaid belonged to the Prioress of Iona, Beathag. She was daughter of Somerled who was the Norse rí Innse Gall – king of the Hebrides – in the 12th century. 'The Book of Clan Ranald' was written in the 17th century by Niall MacMhuirich. It is one of the earliest known Gaelic books and gives a Gaelic view of the events of the time.
It is thought that the site was enlarged in the late 14th century by Amy MacRuairi (c._PHONE_) who had been married to John, Lord of the Isles.
The chapel and graveyard are enclosed by a stone wall. There is another chapel – the Teampull Clann a'Phiocair – Chapel of the MacVicars – on the north side of the main church. This building may date from the 16th century and used as a priest's house. It was later used as a burial place for the MacVicar family of scholars.
According to oral tradition, the site is said to have been a place of learning since early medieval times. In the 14th century it was granted to the Abbey of Inchaffray in Perthshire but by the 16th century it was under control of the Abbot of Iona.
In 1601, Carinish was the site of a battle between the local Macdonalds and the MacLeods from the Isle of Harris. As you walk towards the church site, you cross a ditch signposted Fèith na Fala – Ditch of Blood. During the battle, the church and grounds may have been used as a refuge for animals and belongings.
Bòrd na Gàidhlig
Great Glen House
Scotland, IV3 8NW
(+44) 01463 225454
Foras na Gaeilge, 2-6 Queen Street
(+44) _PHONE_ 0970
Foras na Gaeilge, An Chrannóg
Na Doirí Beaga
Donegal, Ireland. F92 EYT3
(+353) _PHONE_


text:
This is our re-write based on an article by Amber Bonefont.
While the national housing market has slowed down, South Florida continues to witness positive gains in home values, albeit at a slower pace. According to a report by ATTOM Data, a provider of nationwide property data, approximately 65.3% of residential properties with mortgages in South Florida were classified as "equity rich" in the first quarter of this year.
To determine the number of properties building equity, researchers analyzed mortgaged residential properties in the area with varying loan-to-value ratios. To be considered "equity rich," the combined estimated loan amount could not exceed 50% of the estimated market value, indicating that homeowners possessed at least 50% equity.
The data reveals a steady increase from the previous two quarters in the tri-county area: in the fourth quarter of 2022, around 64.5% of homes were classified as equity rich, while in the third quarter of 2022, approximately 63% of homes fit the criteria.
South Florida's sustained rise in equity can be attributed to its population growth, with out-of-state buyers flocking to the area to escape larger metropolitan regions with higher housing costs.
"Our real estate values are being upheld by population growth because people are quickly absorbing the limited remaining inventory," explained Whitney Dutton from the Dutton Group in downtown Fort Lauderdale. "When they sell their million-dollar home elsewhere and see what they can get here, they say, 'I'll take it since it offers more space than what I'm accustomed to.' This drives up the resale value of homes."
On a national level, however, there has been a slight decrease in the number of homes classified as "equity rich," as noted in the report. In the first quarter of 2023, approximately 47.2% of mortgaged homes were equity rich, a small decline from the previous quarter's 48%.
"The small equity downturn serves as the latest indication of how declining home prices in many parts of the country are beginning to impact homeowners following a decade-long market boom. This comes at a time when home-seller profits have dropped to their lowest point in two years," the report explained.
In South Florida, it is unlikely that equity gains will diminish, as the market is still expected to see increases in the coming year.
"We may witness a 3-5% rise in property values over the next year, which will impact equity. While we won't see the double-digit increases we experienced in recent years, price hikes will be more stable," added Dutton. "The southeast of the country is projected to be one of the most active regions in terms of population growth, and people need a place to live. They will continue to invest in real estate here."
© 2023 South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.


Rhe PeaterPiPyr – a simplex repeater using the Raspberry Pi
This page describes how to use at $25-$35 Raspberry Pi single board computer, a USB sound card, some Python code, and a two-way radio to create a simplex repeater. A simplex repeater is also known as a store-and-forward voice repeater. Unlike a traditional duplex repeater that receives and transmits at the same time on two different frequencies, a simplex repeater first receives a voice message, stores it, and then retransmits it out. Often this is done on a single frequency, although it can be done using different frequencies for receive and transmit. The advantage of a simplex repeater is that it is very small and compact, since no complex tuned filter cavities are needed. The disadvantage is that there is a delay between when a user speaks and when their message is repeated, and this can lead to confusion and "doubling" unless all operators are well-disciplined and understand how the system functions.
Rhe PeaterPiPyr – a simplex repeater using the Raspberry Pi
Overview
The Raspberry Pi is a single board computer that runs Linux. A Python script uses PyAudio to read in audio from an attached USB sound card, which is in turn attached to the audio output of the two-way radio. When audio is detected, the script will record audio until a silence of predetermined duration is detected, and will then key up the radio (using a GPIO pin on the Raspberry Pi) and replay the audio to the radio's microphone input. The video below shows the system in action.
Hardware
To interface the Raspberry Pi with a two-way radio, you need to connect the audio output of the radio to the audio input of the Pi and vice versa. You also need an interface circuit to allow one of the General Purpose I/O (GPIO) pins of the Raspberry Pi to key the push to talk (PTT) line of the radio. Below are example schematics for interfacing the Raspberry Pi with Icom and Kenwood handheld radios. Other radios should be similar to one of these.
Future versions of the PeaterPiPyr will also include provisions to use the COR output of a radio to trigger recording, but for now it is audio level triggered (VOX operation).
Software
To get started using your Raspberry Pi as a simplex repeater, first follow the steps on this page to get your Pi configured and to install the necessary prerequisites. If you follow the steps on that page you'll end up installing a few things you don't really need for the PeaterPiPyr, but that's ok.
Once you have all of the prerequisites installed, you can download the source files here. Simply and copy this tarball into a directory on your Pi and uncompress it:
tar zxf PeaterPiPyr2.tgz
Rhe PeaterPiPyr – a simplex repeater using the Raspberry Pi schematicThere are some parameters that you'll need to set up by editing the config.cfg file. You can do this by using the built-in nano editor (from the command line) or Leafpad (in the XWindows GUI). Before editing the config.cfg file, you'll need to determine the index of the pulseaudio input and output so that you can set the input_device_index and output_device_index parameters accordingly. You'll also need to determine what level to set the audio_threshold parameter to. To help with these tasks, I've include a LevelMeter utility. To start it, navigate to your PeaterPiPyr directory and type:
python LevelMeter.pyc
The utility will list all of your input and output sound devices. You want to find the input and output named pulse. Make note of the index (number) of these, as this is what you'll want to specify for the input_device_index and output_device_index in your config.cfg file.

For more detail: Rhe PeaterPiPyr – a simplex repeater using the Raspberry Pi
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What does augmented unipolar limb leads mean?
What does augmented unipolar limb leads mean?
The augmented unipolar limb leads aVR, aVL, and aVF, introduced by Goldberger in 1942, are an integral part of the 12-lead ECG [1,2]. Leads I, II, and III have 2 dedicated electrodes, but the other 9 leads have a single dedicated electrode, and another one constructed from the averaged inputs of multiple electrodes.
Are augmented limb leads unipolar?
In addition to the three bipolar limb leads, there are three augmented unipolar limb leads. These are termed unipolar leads because there is a single positive electrode that is referenced against a combination of the other limb electrodes.
How do unipolar limb leads work?
Unipolar leads (augmented leads and chest leads) have a single positive recording electrode and utilize a combination of the other electrodes to serve as a composite negative electrode. Normally, when an ECG is recorded, all leads are recorded simultaneously, giving rise to what is called a 12-lead ECG.
What is the purpose of augmented leads?
The three augmented leads are designated aVR, aVL, and aVF. An impulse directed toward a limb lead records a positive or upright deflection in that lead.
What is a unipolar lead?
[ lēd ] n. A lead of an electrocardiograph in which one electrode is placed on the chest in the vicinity of the heart or on one of the limbs, while the other is placed at an area of zero potential. A record obtained from such a lead.
What is augmented lead?
Augmented limb leads. The potential difference between the reference electrode and an exploring electrode constitutes the augmented lead. The three exploring electrodes are the right arm (R), the left arm (L), and the left leg (F).
What is an augmented lead?
What does augmented lead mean?
aug·ment·ed lead electrocardiogram recorded between one limb and two other limbs.
What is the meaning of augmented lead?
aug·ment·ed lead electrocardiogram recorded between one limb and two other limbs. The augmented leads are designated aVF, aVL, and aVR for recordings made between the foot (left), left arm, and right arm, respectively, and the other two limbs.
What is the difference between unipolar and bipolar limb leads?
Unipolar or bipolar? The leads can be either bipolar or unipolar. Unipolar leads register activity in the heart which is directed towards, or located below the electrode, whereas bipolar leads register the voltage between two electrodes.
Which chest leads are unipolar?
In addition to the three standard limb leads and the three augmented limb leads that view the electrical activity of the heart from the frontal plane, there are six precordial, unipolar chest leads….Electrocardiogram Chest Leads (Unipolar)
Leads Ventricular Region
V1-V2 anteroseptal
V3-V4 anteroapical
V5-V6 anterolateral
What are the limb leads?
Limb leads are made up of 4 leads placed on the extremities: left and right wrist; left and right ankle. The lead connected to the right ankle is a neutral lead, like you would find in an electric plug. It is there to complete an electrical circuit and plays no role in the ECG itself.
How are augmented leads formed?
Augmented limb leads They are derived from the same three electrodes as leads I, II, and III, but they use Goldberger's central terminal as their negative pole. Goldberger's central terminal is a combination of inputs from two limb electrodes, with a different combination for each augmented lead.
What are augmented voltage leads?
The same three leads that form the standard leads also form the three unipolar leads known as the augmented leads. These three leads are referred to as aVR (right arm), aVL (left arm) and aVF (left leg) and also record a change in electric potential in the frontal plane.
What is unipolar and bipolar lead?
A unipolar lead is a single conductor lead with an electrode located at the tip. A bipolar lead has two separate and isolated conductors within a single-lead; the distal electrode is located at the tip of the lead and the other one is usually about 2 cm more proximal.
How do limb leads work?
Principles of the limb leads. Leads I, II, III, aVF, aVL and aVR are all derived using three electrodes, which are placed on the right arm, the left arm and the left leg. Given the electrode placements, in relation to the heart, these leads primarily detect electrical activity in the frontal plane.
What is the augmented unipolar left leg lead?
- aVF—the augmented unipolar left leg lead, orientated to the inferior surface of the heart Precordial Chest Leads. These are horizontal plane, unipolar leads, placed as follows: • V1—fourth intercostal space immediately right of the sternum • V2—fourth intercostal space immediately left of the sternum
What are the unipolar limb leads aVR?
Unipolar Limb Leads aVR aVL aVF 1 V1—fourth intercostal space immediately right of the sternum 2 V2—fourth intercostal space immediately left of the sternum 3 V3—exactly halfway between the positions of V2 and V4 4 V4—fifth intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line 5 V5—same horizontal level as V4 but on the anterior axillary line
What is a unipolar limb lead in ECG?
Electrocardiogram Augmented Limb Leads (Unipolar) In addition to the three bipolar limb leads, there are three augmented unipolar limb leads. These are termed unipolar leads because there is a single positive electrode that is referenced against a combination of the other limb electrodes.
What is a unipolar lead in EEG?
These are termed unipolar leads because there is a single positive electrode that is referenced against a combination of the other limb electrodes. The positive electrodes for these augmented leads are located on the left arm (aV L ), the right arm (aV R ), and the left leg (aV F ).


text:
|The Pulaski Project
by Betsey Russell
Ed Pulaski may be best known for the firefighting tool he invented, a cross between an ax and a hoe that bears his name and. still is used in firefighting today. But Pulaski's heroics during the 1910 wildfIres that devastated the forests of North Idaho, Eastern Washington and Montana tell an even more compelling story, one - that Silver Valley residents hope will draw tourists and others to a historic site, trail and interpretive center.
|Photo courtesy of Museum of North Idaho|
This undated photo was taken at the mouth of War Eagle Mine, now known as the Pulaski Tunnel, near Wallace. The tunnel is named for Ed Pulaski, who invented the handy tool that kept forest firefighters from having to carry both an ax and a hoe. He was a Forest Service ranger in Wallace in August 1910 when the woods exploded into a firestorm, trapping 1,800 firefighters between Wallace and Avery. Drawingbn his knowledge of the area, Pulaski led his45-man crew to safety in the abandoned mine. Pictured are Joe Helm, left, and a man identified only as McKay.
Long before he invented the handy tool that kept forest fire-fighters from having to carry both an ax and a hoe, Pulaski was a Forest Service ranger in Wallace in August 1910 when the woods exploded into a fIrestorm, trapping 1,800 firefighters between Wallace and Avery.
Drawing on his knowledge of the area, Pulaski led his 45-man crew to safety in an abandoned mine, now known as the Pulaski Tunnel. There, they lay face down through a suffocating night of smoke and heat. Their leader kept some from panicking and heading outside to certain death with the end of his pistol. He beat, out flaming timbers at the mine's entrance with horse blankets and mine water he gathered in his hat.
Though the whole group lost consciousness during that night, including Pulaski, nearly all survived, and crawled back through the smoking, charred woods to Wallace in the morning.
"The fire was so hot that it killed the fish in the creek," said Jim See, a guidance counselor and teacher at Mullan High School. "When the firefighters came out, they could not sit on the rocks because they were so hot beside the creek."
See is an avid hiker and amateur historian who noticed that the historic tunnel site and the trail leading to it have been deteriorating, and feared they could soon be lost forever.
Now, a Silver Valley group is working to restore the historic site and trail, build a new trailhead and historic markers and eventually create a national wildfire education center and museum at the trailhead site.
"It's already on the National Register of Historie Places," See said. "And so is the escape route."
The project is now known as the Pulaski Project, and work is scheduled to start this summer on restoring, realigning and marking the trail and the tunnel entrance. At the behest of Idaho Sen. Larry Craig, Congress has appropriated nearly $300,000 for the Forest Service to take on the project.
Rep. Mary Lou Shepherd, D-Prichard, this month told the House State Affairs Committee about the project and the story. Eventually, a $15 million interpretive center and museum is envisioned to serve as a national center for wildfIte education.
A "fire room" would give visitors the experience of the sights, sounds and smells of a raging wildfire, she said.
The House committee agreed to introduce a resolution Shepherd proposed to "express support and encouragement for the efforts of the Pulaski project, and acknowledge the dedication of the wildfire fighters, past, present and future."
Former Rep. Don Pischner, R-Coeur d'Alene, has been working with the project.
"My dad knew Ed Pulaski," Pischner said. "In my generation, Ed Pulaski was this big hero."
When the backers had access problems to part of the trail, Pischner discovered that the land is now owned by his employer, Stimson Lumber. Soon, there was a letter of agreement for access, including easements and possibly a land sale.
Idaho Historical Society Director Steve Guerber said he thinks the Pulaski Project is "a great idea," that could both preserve and make more accessible "the site where a significant historic event took place."
The trailhead is about half a mile south of Wallace. From there, the trail runs about two miles to the tunnel.
See said, "We're going on a hike with the engineers in April, once the snow allows that to happen, so we can identify exactly where the trail is."
The tunnel itself is too dangerous for public access, he said, but possibilities include an overlook or structure where visitors would be able to peer into the old mine.
For more information,
Pulaski Tunnel: _URL_.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Ramsay's Nobel Prize
In 1904, Ramsay was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 'for his discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the Periodic system'.
As a result Ramsay became a considerable celebrity in London and was cartooned both by Spy for Vanity Fair (reproduced elsewhere) and by Henry Tonks, Head of UCL's Slade School of Art.
We also have his medals and decorations, including the Nobel Medal, which we kept in the safe as we thought it was solid gold - until we read that he had his gold medals melted down and the proceeds given to charity, and what we had were the duplicates that he had made.
Ramsay's Nobel Medal The reverse of Ramsay's Nobel Medal.
Ramsay was also an accomplished pianist, composer, and poet. Here is a copy of letter from Rudyard Kipling, where Kipling thanks him for a march tune that Ramsay has composed to which Kipling hopes to write the words. Look at the date: it is 13 August, 1914, 10 days after Germany crossed the border into Belgium, and 9 days after Britain had declared war on Germany.
Letter to Ramsay from Rudyard Kipling


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Numerically Solving the 1D Transient Heat Equation
A project log for RepKiln
A small and inexpensive kiln for melting metals and firing clay
Matt MosesMatt Moses 08/19/2017 at 17:180 Comments
In an earlier log we looked at the steady-state conditions to get an idea for how hot the inside of the kiln would get. This helped us get an idea for what thermal conductivity, wall thickness, and heater wattage were acceptable for getting the kiln to the desired temperature. But the steady state analysis does not tell us anything about the rate of heating. It is useful to have an estimate for how long will it take the kiln to warm up and cool down. In this project log we estimate this time-dependent behavior by numerically solving an approximate solution to the transient heat conduction equation.
As we did in the steady-state analysis, we use a 1D model - the entire kiln is considered to be just one chunk of "wall". We want to model the temperature of the wall material as we move from inside to outside.
Other assumptions: material properties are constant across x, t, and T. In other words: density, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity are constant for the entire wall, for all time, for all temperatures.
The partial differential equation that describes heat flow in the wall is
where T is temperature, t is time, k is thermal conductivity, c is specific heat, rho is density, and x is distance through the wall, from inside the kiln to outside. We also need to specify the boundary conditions (heat flow at inside and outside surfaces) and the initial conditions (initial temperature profile of wall) in order to find a solution to this differential equation.
There are many ways to solve this equation analytically. However, we have kind of funny boundary conditions that make an analytical solution somewhat mathematically involved. An alternative way to solve this is to approximate the system as a finite difference equation, and then numerically integrate it using a simple python script.
The first step is to convert the partial differential equation into a recurrence relation with finite differences. The first derivative in time, evaluated at location x, becomes
The second derivative in space, evaluated at time t, becomes
Now we can plug these approximations into the original equation to get the recurrence relation that gives us an approximate solution
The above relation holds for the internal pieces of the wall, but not for the boundaries. At the inside surface of the wall, we need to look at the heat transfer from the heater. At the outside surface, we need to look at the convective and radiative heat transfer to the surroundings.
For the volume element on the inside boundary, where x = 0, we have
For the volume element on the outside boundary, where x = L, we have
where
and
where T_inf is the temperature of the surroundings, sigma is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and h is the convective heat transfer coefficient.
Now we have all we need to write a little script to iterate the recurrence relation. You can find a python script that does this called kiln_heatup.py on the RepKiln GitHub repo.
The two plots below show the output of the python script. In the first plot, showing warmup, the initial condition has the wall at a uniform temperature of 300K. Heater power is 1500 W. It takes about 14 hours for the temperature inside to rise to 1100K (830C or 1520F). The x coordinate is distance through the wall from inside (x = 0 cm) to outside (x = 10 cm). A minor note: x actually defines the location of the center of each discrete volume element, so the actual inside and outside wall surfaces are located at -dx/2 and L+dx/2 respectively. But since dx is pretty small, this error is negligible, or at least negligible compared to all the other errors in the model!
We can solve for the temperature during cooldown. We set the initial condition to the wall temperature profile after warmup, set the heater power to 0W, and iterate again.
The take home message from this analysis is that the kiln is going to be slow. Fourteen hours is a long time to wait to get up to 1100K. We can hope that perhaps the model is conservative and the kiln will heat up faster. Or perhaps we can look at ways to increase the heater power to get a higher temperature.
Discussions


Why Are Catheters Lined with PTFE? - Fluorotherm™
Why Are Catheters Lined with PTFE?
If you have ever been to the hospital before for a surgery, you might have been catheterized. A catheter is used for a wide variety of different medical applications. One is urinary incontinence. If a patient is unable to control his/her bladder or can't urinate on his/her own, the doctor will order a catheterization to ensure the bladder is emptied.
Another common reason is immobility. If a patient is hospitalized for a long time and can't move or is in a coma, a catheter will be needed as well. Finally, if the doctor needs to measure the output of urine, he/she will likely order a catheter.
As we mentioned above, catheters are used to empty a patient's bladder. In order for them to work, catheters are inserted into the patient's urinary system so the bladder can empty continuously from the catheter into a connecting tube that eventually goes into a waste bag. Obviously, catheters will come in different shapes and sizes and differ between men and women, but they will all this same basic function.
How Does PTFE Figure into the Design of Catheters?
If you're imagining how a catheter is used, you might wonder if catheter insertion hurts. It usually doesn't but it can cause some discomfort. In order to minimize any pain or distress of insertion, catheter manufacturers are always looking for new methods and materials that will reduce friction. One material that is being used more often in catheter design is PTFE.
PTFE is a fluoropolymer that is featured in many different applications for various industries. You will often find PTFE tubing used in medical devices because it is incredibly flexible; in fact, it is the most flexible of all the fluoropolymer tubing out there. In addition to that, it has a smooth surface and low coefficient of friction.
Catheters are often lined with PTFE to reduce friction and to ensure other devices can pass through with ease. PTFE improves torque control and stiffness, which will allow insertion to occur much easier for the patient.
At Fluorotherm, we carry PTFE tubing for many different uses. Contact us today to request a quote and ask any questions you might have about PTFE or other fluoropolymer tubing.
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You deserve to smell good—all the time. However, have you ever experienced your favorite perfume fading away too soon? Here are some simple tips to make your perfume last longer and keep you smelling great.
1. Start with a Shower Ritual. It is super important to prep your skin properly for your perfume to last. Be sure to exfoliate properly to remove any dirt and dead skin cells, creating a smooth canvas for your scent. Also, you may want to use a scented body wash or soap in the shower that matches the scent of your perfume. The warm water opens up your pores, allowing the fragrance to absorb better into your skin.
2. Hydrate Your Skin. After showering, pat your skin dry (don't rub!) and moisturize with an unscented or a scented one that complements your perfume. Hydrated skin retains fragrance better. Focus on pulse points like wrists, neck, and behind the ears. For better results, layer a body oil on top to lock in hydration and create a strong bond for your perfume to bind to.
3. Work in Layers. Once completely moisturized, enhance your fragrance by layering oil and alcohol perfumes. Start with an oil-based perfume that is the same or complementary to your alcohol-based perfume. As alcohol-based perfumes have lower oil concentrations, this will increase your final perfume longevity.
4. Place on Pulse Points. Concentrate on pulse points where your blood vessels are closer to the skin, generating heat. These include wrists, neck, inside elbows, and behind the knees. The warmth intensifies the scent, making it more noticeable throughout the day.
5. Don't Rub, Pat. When applying your perfume, resist the urge to rub your wrists together. Rubbing generates heat, which can alter the scent and break down the molecules. Instead, pat your wrists gently, ensuring an even distribution without altering the fragrance composition.
6. Scent your hair for a lasting trail. For an enduring fragrance trail, consider spraying a hair mist or lightly misting your hair with your favorite scent. Hair holds onto fragrance exceptionally well, and the subtle release as you move adds to the overall allure.
By incorporating these steps into your perfume routine, you'll not only make your perfume last longer but also enjoy a more captivating and enduring scent experience.


Question: What Does FTA Mean?
What does FTA mean in slang?
from the articleacronym for "from the article." Used on link aggregation and discussion websites (such as and to introduce a quote from the article being discussed.
FTA: The prime minister of….
What does FTA mean in the Army?
Federal Tuition AssistanceFederal Tuition Assistance. Overview. FTA is financial assistance provided for voluntary off-duty education programs in support of a Soldier's professional and personal self-development goals. ( Reference: AR 621-5, Army Continuing Education System)
Can you bond out on a FTA?
A failure to appear charge is a serious infraction in which a commercial bail bond most likely will not be granted. However, if the FTA (Failure to Appear) charge is deemed eligible for a surety bond, finding a bonding company to take on that risk will prove to be a challenge.
Which country has the most FTA?
MexicoMexico offers more Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) than any other country and is a trading partner with more than 50 countries.
What is the benefit of FTA?
Free trade agreements don't just reduce and eliminate tariffs, they also help address behind-the-border barriers that would otherwise impede the flow of goods and services; encourage investment; and improve the rules affecting such issues as intellectual property, e-commerce and government procurement.
What crime is FTA?
FTA in court under PC 1320.5 is charged as a felony. The crime is punishable by: imprisonment in the county jail for up to three years, a maximum fine of $10,000, or.
What does FTA after bail mean?
failure to appear for trialA bench warrant is typically issued in the case of a failure to appear for trial, sometimes abbreviated "FTA." The "bench" is the traditional term for the judge's seat. … Typically, bail on a bench warrant for failure to appear will be enough to cover the fines and court costs for both the original offense and the FTA.
Which country has FTA with India?
India has bilateral agreements with the following countries and blocs:Afghanistan.ASEAN (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam)Bhutan.Chile.European Union (negotiations stalled)EFTA (Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway, Switzerland) (negotiations stalled)_TAG_.More items…
What does FTA stand for in transportation?
Federal Transit AdministrationThe Federal Transit Administration (FTA) provides financial and technical assistance to more than 1,000 local public transit systems that operate buses, subways, light rail, commuter rail, trolleys, and ferries.
What is the consequence for FTA or FTP?
What is a Failure to Pay? If you don't pay your fine before the court's deadline, you have failed to pay. A failure to pay may also result in your bail being increased, a $300 Civil Assessment being imposed pursuant to PC 1214, and your case being referred to collections.
What happens when you have a failure to appear?
If you fail to appear in court when ordered, the judge can issue a warrant for your arrest. You could be taken into custody at any time after the warrant is issued. … Once in custody, you may have to stay in jail until a hearing on your failure to appear. Jail sentence and fines.
How long do you go to jail for FTA?
As a misdemeanor, a FTA charge can add six months in county jail and $1,000 in fines to the penalties you are already facing. As a felony, it is punishable by up to three additional years in prison and fines of up to $10,000. What is 'Failure to Appear'?
What does FTW mean?
Is Army an acronym?
The Term Army is an acronym that came about in the17 century in England.
What does RTB mean in the military?
Return to BaseGenerally refers to any service member who is lazy and ineffective, typically those weeks or months away from leaving the military. RTB – Return to Base.
What does FTA stand for in medical terms?
What are FTA countries?
Free Trade AgreementsAustralia.Bahrain.Canada (included in the North American FTA [NAFTA])Chile.Colombia.Costa Rica (included in the Dominican Republic – Central America FTA [CAFTA-DR])Dominican Republic (included in CAFTA-DR)El Salvador (included in CAFTA-DR)More items…
What charge is FTA?
"FTA" – Failure to Appear. A criminal defendant has failed to appear at his hearing and the judge has issued a warrant for his arrest so that he may be brought before the court. When you see an FTA and FTP on the arrest report, the underlying charge usually follows.
How long does a FTA stay on your record?
Any hit and run or DUI points take 13 years to come off your records and a failure to appear in court will stay on your record for 5 years. Different penalties are associated with different infractions and violations.
What does FHx mean in medical terms?
family historyFHx. family history (in medicine, meaning specifically the medical histories of family members and ancestors)
What does FTA eligible mean in court?
Failure To AppearWhat Is A Failure To Appear (FTA) Charge? When a person is obligated to show up for court for any reason, but does not appear, the judge may choose to issue a warrant for their arrest, known as a Failure to Appear or an FTA Bench Warrant.


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by H. E. the Ambassador of Austria, Dr Emil Brix
The LSE Annual Austrian History Lecture, launched in 2007 by Professor Gerald Stourzh of Vienna University, aims to broaden the understanding of the complexities of Austria's rich and multifaceted history, starting from the Habsburg Empire to today's recent developments. In many ways the late Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was faced with problems of competing identities and loyalties which resemble present day European integration dilemmas. The lecture will present Habsburg successes and failures as a role model for multinational integration in Europe.
Emil Brix received his Doctorate in History from Vienna University and published several books and articles on Austrian and European History. Before joining the Austrian Diplomatic Service in 1990 he was Head of Cabinet in the Ministry of Science and Research. His postings include Austrian General Consulate in Cracow, Poland, Director of the Austrian Cultural Institute in London, and Director-General for Cultural Policies at the Ministry of European and International Affairs in Vienna.


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Identification of Lanius species and subspecies using tandem repeats in the mitochondrial DNA control region
Abstract:The number of tandem repeats in the mitochondrial control region were used to differentiate the Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio, Woodchat Shrike Lanius senator, Great Grey Shrike (subspecies Lanius excubitor excubitor) and the Southern Grey Shrike (subspecies L. meridionalis meridionalis, L. m. koenigi, L. m. pallidirostris and L. m. aucheri). The Red-backed and Woodchat Shrikes lacked repeats whereas the Great Grey and Southern Grey had two, three and 2 + 3 repeats. A subspecies of Southern Grey (L. m. koenigi) had 2 + 3 + 4 repeats. These findings are discussed in terms of the taxonomy of the Lanius genus, especially with respect to the Great Grey and Southern Grey Shrikes.
Document Type: Research Article
Affiliations: Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, E-31080 Pamplona, Spain
Publication date: April 1, 2004

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Sean was so happy with making the giraffe as our first track out project, that we repeated the activity with S for Snake as the subject.
Materials we used:
- Foam board – red for the tongue
- Champagne Cork for the head
- White paper for the teeth
- Wood stick (picked up from Lowes, then cut at various sizes)
- Bottle caps (6)
- Two eyes (picked up from AC Moore or any craft store)
- Super Glue or Wood Glue (for the teeth and eyes)
- Drill a hole in approx. center of the Champagne Cork, wood and Bottle tops.
- Tie a knot at the end of the string (big enough to make sure the string does not slip through). You may need to melt the end depending on what type of string you use.
- Wrap the other end of the string with a small piece of duck tape – try to get a slightly narrow end at the tip – it makes it easier to thread through.
- Sean was able to thread the string through the pieces easily enough (with assistance). Start with the bottle caps for the tail (it rattles 🙂 ), then the wood pieces and finish with the champagne cork.
- Tie another knot on the string, but you will want to bend the snake to make sure you tie it loose enough. If needed melt the end of the string on this end as well.
- Cut a strip of the red foam and double it up to cut the tongue shape. Take of the backing and press the tongue pieces together with the string in the middle (like a sandwich).
- Glue on the eyes and teeth.
- Use paint, crayons, markers or paper to decorate the pieces of wood.
Here was his journal entry, his picture, the word snake he sounded out and wrote and his story.
"Snakes curl around whatever it finds and squeezes it. The snake opens its mouth and swallows whatever it finds. His body is then very big."
Now to come up with the next one….I think we will do "Caves" or "B for Bats" based on our trip to the blue mountains.


Princess Isabella: A Witch's Curse (Macintosh)
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Princess Isabella returns from a ride to find her castle completely ruined and locked under an evil spell. While she was away, a wicked witch trapped the castle residents inside mirrors, shattered the glass and scattered the pieces. With the help of a fairy, the princess must rescue her people and restore the place to finally marry Prince Adam.
Princess Isabella: A Witch's Curse is a hidden object game with adventure elements. The main objective is to collect several key objects from the castle grounds, to solve puzzles and free the castle folk. The castle can be explored in a typical point-and-click manner, where each location is represented by an static image of the scenery, and the player moves from room to room by clicking on the exit hotspots, usually placed over obvious and logical areas like doors and entrances. Some portions of the building are locked, and can only be accessed after solving one of the puzzles.
The objects can be found laying around in the background, or in some separate close-up views of the scenery. These zoom windows show another angle of the scene, with a list of objects to be found and collected at the bottom. Some of the collected items are stored in the inventory slots, from where they can be dragged and dropped on puzzles and other portions of the screen to interact with the environment. Mirror shards have to be inserted in one of the empty frames at the grand hall, and reassembled as jigsaw puzzles to liberate one of the captive souls. The rescued character usually unlocks a castle passage as a reward.
Each room has several puzzles that have to be solved to lift the curse and move to the next place. Some of the puzzles are self-contained mechanisms that can be solved through direct manipulation. Others block access to other parts of the castle, and require the use of inventory objects. After solving all the pending puzzles, the room is restored to its pristine condition.
One unique feature is the fairy assistant. She is the hint button, flying towards one of the required items when selected, and can also perform a series of special actions. She gradually learns new abilities that can be used to reveal hidden objects and solve puzzles. With the rock ability, she can break small containers like bottles and vases. The flame ability can be used to light something on fire, or attack an enemy. The wind ability blows away dust and other deposits, often revealing some obscured item. The water ability can be used to nourish plants. The hint option take some time to recharge after use, and becomes a skip option when playing one of the puzzles.
Princess Isabella: A Witch's Curse Macintosh Piano Lounge main floor - Piano notes puzzle
Princess Isabella: A Witch's Curse Macintosh Tea Room main floor (curse removed)
Princess Isabella: A Witch's Curse Macintosh Observatory main floor (curse removed) - objects
Princess Isabella: A Witch's Curse Macintosh Options
Alternate Titles
 - "Принцесса Изабелла. Проклятие ведьмы" -- Russian spelling
 - "Prinzessin Isabella und der Fluch der Hexe" -- German title
 - "A Witch's Curse: Princess Isabella HD" -- iPad title
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Macs Black (77847) added Princess Isabella: A Witch's Curse (Macintosh) on Sep 08, 2009
Other platforms contributed by Macs Black (77847)


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Column: Enjoying the sights and sounds of the season
WORTHINGTON -- What does this phrase mean to you? "The sights and sounds of the season."
Quite often we connect this phrase to Christmas and all of the wonder, fascination, and joy that goes with it -- the ringing of Christmas bells, the twinkling of lights, the merry laughter of family get-togethers and the cha-ching of the cash register as we all seek to find that perfect present. But to me and my students at Worthington Christian School, this phrase takes on new meaning much earlier in the school year than Christmas.
Right from the first day of school the fifth- through eighth-grade music students are busy preparing for one of the biggest music events of the year -- the annual United Christian Schools Fall Music Festival. Worthington Christian, Chandler Christian, Edgerton Christian and Hills Christian will spend several hours in an afternoon rehearsal and then perform an evening concert for parents, grandparents, friends, teachers and anyone who wishes to come.
This festival features all fifth- through eighth-graders in the mass choir, mass band or both. The sounds created by over 70 instruments and voices are so appropriate for autumn, invoking a sense of joy and appreciation as this harvest season comes to a close and we anticipate the coming of Thanksgiving. Imagine the feel of a crisp autumn breeze, the sound of children playing and laughing outdoors and see the random falling of red, orange and brown leaves swirling down to the ground as you hear the band play "A Beautiful World," written specifically for the students at this year's event.
The Fall Music Festival will be Monday, Nov. 14 at 7:00 p.m. at Worthington Christian School. All are welcome to attend.
Of course, Christmas is still on its way, and preparations for the Christmas program will begin soon. In just a matter of a few short weeks, all students from kindergarten through eighth grade will be intently focused on learning recitations, rehearsing band numbers, and learning old and new songs to ring in the joys of the season. It is always exciting to celebrate Christmas with school-age children, but this excitement takes on an added dimension at Worthington Christian as we are able to freely share the Gospel message of salvation in word and song.
The wonder of the Christmas season here is not just the glittering packages under the tree, but celebrating the grandest gift we could ever receive. It isn't just singing holly, jolly songs, but singing with the angels as they herald the Savior's birth. You may know the story, but you may not have heard it the Worthington Christian School way. We invite you to join us on Friday, Dec. 16 at 7:00 p.m. as the students share with you the many sights and sounds of the season.
Another upcoming event at Worthington Christian School is the Annual Donation Auction on Dec. 10
Brenda Matasovsky is the music teacher at Worthington Christian School.


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This is not a sci-fi movie character, up against off-world battles, evil rivals and extreme challenges. You are looking at a power amplification robot, called Power Loader, currently under development by Activelink, a Panasonic subsidiary venture.
This exoskeleton links people with construction machinery: worn as if it was a superhero's armor it gives the wearer a force and a power beyond human strength. "Power Loader receives the force input by a person through its force sensors, and amplifies it using motors. In this way, it assists the person, by producing a large force that the person can't achieve alone. The concept we've used to develop Power Loader is, you get into it, rather than wearing it. Using this concept makes it safer to operate" explain the creators.
With robot arms and legs that follow human movements, it works like a sort of artificial muscle system to help humans in heavy work, such as lifting heavy objects in emergencies or on construction sites.
According to Activelink Company the future of superhuman strength is not far behind, as they claim on their website: "Using Robotic Technology equipment anybody can become a superman. We are bringing this dream one step closer to reality."
Here a video demonstration of how it works:


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The Power of the Stop Shot (Part 2)
The Power of the Stop Shot (part 2 of 2)
In Part 1 of this 2-part series, we defined the stop shot and all its wonderful benefits. You learned to use the stop shot to calibrate your stroke, stop the cue ball, and control the slide in the early stages of position play. I promised you that once you were able to execute the stop shot from any distance at any speed, then you would always be able to predict which direction the cue ball is going. By now, I'm assuming you've had the opportunity to shoot hundreds, maybe thousands of stop shots. Have you mastered it yet? Are you able to consistently get that cue ball to slide and stop at the point of contact? If you've grasped the concept of a sliding cue ball then you're ready for part 2.
In this lesson, we will use the same speed and tip position that we learned, to execute a stop shot, to cut shots. Before, when the shot was lined up straight in, the cue ball had nothing to do but to stop. It transferred 100% of its energy into the object ball. Now, if you apply that same speed and tip position to cause a sliding ball at the point of contact, you can predict which direction the cue ball will be traveling.
Where is Whitey Going?
As a basic rule of thumb, when the cue ball is sliding at the point of contact with the object ball, you can trust it will travel at an imaginary perpendicular line from the line of which the object ball is traveling.
This diagram illustrates the direction the cue ball slides when it contacts the object ball. Obviously, the more extreme the cut angle, the less energy the cue ball transfers to the object ball. Therefore, the cue ball will come off at a greater speed. To keep that cue ball on the perpendicular line while controlling the speed, the same theory applies that we used with the stop shot.
To achieve the same results, LOWER SPEED = LOWER TIP POSITION.
All position play begins with understanding the slide zone. When you know which direction the neutral cue ball is going, you can manipulate that line simply by aiming higher or lower. Aiming above center causes a rolling cue ball and moves the line forward, above perpendicular. Aiming lower to cause backspin brings the cue ball backward below the perpendicular line.
When you're able to control the rock, not only does it mean you can play better position for your next shot, but think how handy it will be when you need to avoid a scratch or break out a group of balls. These fine points are what keep players from finishing a run out.
Things to Consider
- How clean are the balls? If the balls are dirty they will act as gears upon contact and cling together for a fraction of time before the cue ball slides on the perpendicular line. Likewise, if the balls are newly washed, they can become much more responsive. If the balls were just cleaned, you may want to aim a little higher than you would think or bring your speed down.
- How worn is the cloth? Slippery, new cloth will also make a surprising difference. When a table is freshly recovered, the cue ball tends to slide in place, even though it may be rolling. Therefore, this will shift the slide window. You'll need to bring your speed down to achieve the desired results.
- Is the cue ball actually sliding at the point of contact? Playing with the Aramith Pro Cup Measle Cue Ball helps you see exactly where the cue ball is sliding at various speeds and distances. You can also easily identify if you've inadvertently hit too high or low based on the cue ball's response after it contacts the object ball.
- Did you cheat the pocket? Object balls can still go in even if they don't enter the center of the pocket. Whichever side of the pocket the object ball enters will shift the perpendicular line of the cue ball. This can be used to your advantage when you need to create more or less angle but always be specific with exactly where you intend to pocket the ball.
Understanding how to adjust your speed and tip position to manipulate the slide zone will help you predict the path of the cue ball.
The next time you're in the mile high area and looking for a Denver billiard instructor, be sure to look me up.


Sable
Martes zibellina
Last updated: March 15, 2023
Verified by: AZ Animals Staff
© Wang LiQiang/Shutterstock.com
Their fur has been considered a luxury item since the Middle Ages
Sable Scientific Classification
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Family
Mustelidae
Genus
Martes
Scientific Name
Martes zibellina
Read our Complete Guide to Classification of Animals.
Sable Conservation Status
Sable Locations
Sable Locations
Sable Facts
Prey
Molluscs, hares, rodents, musk deer
Name Of Young
Cub
Group Behavior
 - Solitary
Fun Fact
Their fur has been considered a luxury item since the Middle Ages
Estimated Population Size
2.3 million
Biggest Threat
Poaching
Most Distinctive Feature
Luxurious fur
Gestation Period
245 to 298 days
Litter Size
1 to 7
Habitat
Dense forest
Predators
Wolves, foxes, wolverines, tigers, lynxes, eagles, owls
Diet
Omnivore
Type
Mammal
Common Name
Sable
Location
Russia, Mongolia, parts of China and Korean Peninsula
Group
Solitary
Sable Physical Characteristics
Color
 - Brown
 - Black
Skin Type
Fur
Lifespan
18 to 22 years
Weight
2 to 4 pounds
Length
35 to 36 centimeters
Age of Sexual Maturity
2 years
Age of Weaning
7 weeks
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View all of the Sable images!
Sable Fur Has Long Been Cherished for Its Texture and Color
With their smooth, finely tinted coats, sables have long been objects of desire — or, at least, their fur has. The Sable is a forest-dwelling animal that sports a lush, silky coat and spends most of its time alone. Today, sables are animals that are commercially farmed, but large populations still exist in Russian and Mongolian forests. Smaller communities can also be found in other pockets throughout Asia.
5 Incredible Sable Facts!
 - Sable fur has been a luxury item since medieval times.
 - In heraldry, sable is the word for black.
 - Henry VIII, England's famous Tudor king who married six times, declared that this fur could only be worn by nobles with ranks of a viscount or higher.
 - Russia's Siberian conquest was in large part fueled by the sable fur trade.
 - Sable hunting was a job done by Russian convicts exiled to Siberia.
Scientific Name
The scientific name for the sable is Martes zibellina. It's a faux Latin combination derived from the Old French word "martre," meaning "sable martin," and zibellina, which comes from the Italian name for the animal, zibellino.
Colloquially, the word "sable" has Slavic roots and entered Western European vocabularies during the medieval fur trade. Germans adopted the term "zobel," the Dutch used "sabel," and the Spanish "cibelina." In Medieval Latin, the language used by the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages, created the word "sabellum" to describe the animal.
Evolution And History
The martes genus, to which the sable belongs to, first evolved around 7 million years ago, during the Miocene era. The use of its fur has been highly prized since the early Middle Ages and was revered as an item of great wealth. Famous leaders in history said to have prized the sable's fur were Ghengis Khan, King Henry VIII, and Emporer Charles V.
Appearance And Behavior
Gray-black sable cub on a wooden background
Sables have silky, fine fur that is smooth in all directions.
©Ermolaeva Olga 84/Shutterstock.com
These animals are between 13 and 22 inches long from head to backside. Their tails tack on an additional 5.1 to 7.1 inches. They usually tip the scales between two and four pounds. And typically, males are larger than females.
Sable fur is unique in that it's smooth in all directions. When you brush it against and with the grain, it feels the same. However, the texture changes slightly with the seasons. Winter pelage is longer and lusher than summer fur. Coloring is geographically dependent, but all species are some shade of brown or black. Several populations also sport lighter patches around their throats.
Genetic cousins to pine martens, these animals are similar looking, except their hair is silkier, their heads and ears are shorter, and their tales are proportionally shorter.
Depending on food availability, their home territories are between 1.5 and 11.6 square miles. Most of the year, they're crepuscular hunters — meaning they're most active at dawn and dusk. However, during mating season, sables are out and about during the day as well.
For the most part, Sables are solitary animals and only convene for breeding and child-rearing.
Most species of sables have either brown or black fur that is uniquely smooth.
©Wang LiQiang/Shutterstock.com
Types Of
The Sable is a species of marten that belongs to the genus martes, of which there are 8 different species. The marten is a weasel-like animal that, in addition to the sable, is made up of the following species:
 - Yellow-Throated Martin (Martes flavigula)
 - Beech Martin (Martes foina)
 - Japanese Martin (Martes melampus)
 - American Martin (Martes Americana)
 - Pacific Martin (Martes caurina)
 - European Pine Martin (Martes martes)
 - Nilgiri Martin (Martes gwatkinsii)
Habitat
Forest-dwelling residents of Russia and Mongolia, these animals are most plentiful in the Ural and Altai Mountains. Smaller populations also exist in parts of China and the Korean Peninsula.
As great climbers, they prefer habitats filled with spruce, pine, larch, cedar, and birch. Typically they burrow near riverbanks and deep in thick woods. Sables build lodges around tree roots, which serve as structural reinforcement. Inside, they carpet their dens with grass and shed fur.
Predators And Threats
These animals are omnivores whose diets change seasonally. Because of their relatively small size, they are prey for larger carnivores.
What Eats Sables?
These animals fall prey to wolves, foxes, wolverines, tigers, eagles, lynxes, and large owls.
What Do Sables Eat?
During the summer months, sables will eat eggs, hares and small mammals.
©_URL_ bowman
In the summer, sables primarily feast on hares, eggs, and other small mammals. During winters, they incorporate wild berries and rodents into their nutrition rotation. Sometimes, they stalk wolf and bear tracks in search of leftovers. And occasionally, they'll eat fish caught with their front paws.
Currently, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature categorizes sables under Least Concern. The populations remain stable, and some are even growing.
Reproduction, Babies, And Lifespan
Reproduction
June through mid-August is the sable breeding season. To win over mates, males rumble like cats — often violently. When pairs form, they couple for eight straight hours! However, females don't become engorged immediately. Instead, it takes eight months for implantation to occur. As such, their gestation periods are 245 to 298 days, but embryonic development only lasts 25 to 30 days.
Babies
These animals give birth in hollowed trees. To prepare for the event and ensure newborns' comfort — they build nests of moss, leaves, and dry grass. Litters can range in size from one to seven cubs, but two or three is the norm. Babies are born with closed eyes and weigh between .88 and 1.23 ounces. Typically, they're about 3.9 to 4.7 inches long.
After about a month, pups' eyes open, and they leave the nest shortly after that. At two years old, they reach reproductive maturity and start having cubs of their own.
During the baby's early days, mothers nurture and suckle the young, while fathers defend the nest and forage food.
Lifespan
How long do these animals live? In the wild, the average individual makes it to 18. In captivity, sables' lifespans are about 22 years.
Pine martens and sables can and do interbreed in the wild. Their offspring are called "kidus." Smaller than full sables, the hybrids also have coarser hair, and almost all are sterile. However, there is one known instance of a female kidu successfully mating with a pine marten.
Population
Sable subspecies is a hotly debated topic. One school of thought insists only seven exist. Others believe there could be 17 or as many as 30.
By the 20th century, these animals were nearly extinct from excessive hunting and poaching. However, commercial farming supplanted wild hunting, and sables experienced a resurgence. Their growth was aided by a Russian reintroduction initiative that lasted from 1940 to 1965.
In terms of population numbers, researchers estimate that over 2 million individuals are thriving in the wild. According to some accounts, their numbers are rising, not declining.
View all 289 animals that start with S
About the Author
Melissa Bauernfeind was born in NYC and got her degree in Journalism from Boston University. She lived in San Diego for 10 years and is back in NYC. She loves adventure and traveling the world with her husband but always misses her favorite little man, Peanut, half Chihuahua/half Jack Russell, all trouble. She got dive-certified so she could dive with the Great White Sharks someday and she's hoping to swim with the Orcas as well.
Sable FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
Are Sables Carnivores, Herbivo


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the feed stays fresh.
If possible, use of a waterproof, seal-able container to store your feed. The container should be able to keep pests such as mice and insects from enjoying an "All You Can Eat Buffet" on your dime. A waterproof container will insure the feed stays dry if there is unexpected water leakage into the area.
The location that the feed bin or container is kept is also important. If you have a designated feed room or area in your facility, check to see that it is not exposed to unnecessary moisture such as a leak in the roof or sweating pipes overhead. Elevating the bin off the floor will help keep feed dry should there be rain-in or minor flooding. Also, check to see if your feed bin is sitting in the hottest part of your barn or shed. For metal sided buildings, this could be the South or West wall which receive the strongest of the sun's rays and tend to hold heat longer. Relocating the bin to a cooler or dryer area will go a long way in keeping your feed fresh.
Whenever possible, try to practice inventory management of feed in the form of FIFO; an acronym which stands for First In First Out. FIFO is a method to manage the freshness of perishable goods such as produce, baked goods or dairy products. The premise can also be applied to feed, where feed already in the bin is fed prior to the feed that was just purchased. Also, between feed rotations, periodically wash and thoroughly dry the container to help get rid of build-up at the bottom. Using this method can ensure that the feed you are scooping has not aged beyond its ideal shelf life.
Taking some time to check these few steps will go a long way in keeping your horse feed fresh. Stay tuned for a future post regarding factors that impact the shelf life of your feed! Until then, happy riding!


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In this solution:
- "Availability Zone" as a Failure Domain
- "Availability Zone" as a Cloud Concept
- AZs Based on Host Aggregates
- Attaching Instances to Logical AZs
The term "Availability Zone" has two definitions in Metacloud, and this can cause confusion. It is helpful to know the context for each definition so that you can:
- Understand the purposes and capabilities of Availability Zones (AZs) in each context.
- Troubleshoot and manage AZs in each context.
- Communicate more clearly with Metacloud Support about AZs in each context.
Note: In Metacloud, "Availability Zone" is used differently from Amazon Web Services (AWS), where it refers to an isolated location within a geographical region.
"Availability Zone" as a Failure Domain
In the context of Metacloud physical infrastructure, an AZ is a failure domain, or a physical cluster of machines in your datacenter that host the processes running in your cloud. This includes Metacloud Control Planes (MCPs), Metacloud Hypervisors (MHVs), routers, and switches, as well as external storage devices if your organization uses them.
When Metacloud Support communicates with you about maintaining or troubleshooting AZs in this context, they may refer to them as "clusters" or "environments".
"Availability Zone" as a Cloud Concept
In the context of Metacloud operations, AZs are logical groupings of devices assembled for various purposes. Metacloud administrators can view these groupings in the Metacloud Dashboard or by using the command-line interface (CLI) or Metacloud API.
Internal and Default AZs
Your initial view of your Metacloud environment includes two logical AZs created by the Metacloud Support Team during the build process. Only Support can alter these two AZs in any way:
- The internal AZ, includes the Metacloud Control Planes (MCPs), which handle the scheduling and orchestration functions of your cloud.
- The default AZ contains the Metacloud Hypervisors (MHVs), which run the instances created in your environment. The name of this AZ typically contains three to five letters selected by your organization.
The following screenshot shows these two AZs in a Metacloud Dashboard:
AZs Based on Host Aggregates
Metacloud administrators can add logical AZs, which are actually host aggregates, to your virtual environment. A host aggregate is a unique grouping of MHVs with associated metadata that an administrator can define for various purposes. One application might be to support different device grouping subsets.
For example, your organization could have one host aggregate for instances running Solid State Drive (SSD) storage and another for instances running Hard Disk Drive (HDD) storage. Or you can associate host aggregates with specific flavors or images, depending on their varying capacities or operating systems. Then, users can launch instances based on those flavors or images.
Host aggregates are not visible in Metacloud to non-administrative users; however, administrators can "expose" a host aggregate by labeling it an "Availability Zone," using the Compute service (Nova). For more information, see Creating and Managing Host Aggregates.
The following screenshot shows two host aggregates that have been labeled as AZs and two that have not.
Note: An MHV can be associated with multiple host aggregates, but it can be associated with only one AZ that is based on a host aggregate. As the following screenshot shows, mhv3* and mhv5* are included in two host aggregates that are not tagged as AZs (host_agg_mg_3 and host_agg_mg_4). They are only included in one AZ that is based on a host aggregate, az_mg_2.
As mentioned earlier, your newly delivered cloud includes a default AZ, which contains all the MHVs to be used for hosting instances.
Attaching Instances to Logical AZs
When launching instances, non-administrative users can associate them with the default AZ or any AZs associated with host aggregates. If a user associates an instance with a specific AZ when launching it, that AZ is permanently associated with the record of the instance in the Metacloud database.
If a user selects the option for Any Availability Zone when using the Dashboard to launch an instance, or does not specify an AZ when using the command-line interface (CLI), the Compute service "assigns" the instance to the AZ with the most available hosting resources; however, the instance shows a value of NULL for Availability Zone in the database and is not permanently associated with any AZ.
The following screenshot shows the launching of an instance in the Dashboard with Any Availability Zone selected.
For more information about how host aggregates and AZs work with instances, see Troubleshooting VMs From Deleted Host Aggregates Tagged as AZs.
If you are a Metacloud administrator, and you are reporting issues to Support regarding AZs created with the Compute service, it is helpful to refer to them as "host aggregates" to distinguish them from the default AZ.


text: Schizophrenia is a relapsing and evolving condition, which requires treatment continuity. Increasing evidence shows that antipsychotic discontinuation is associated with relapse in most patients, and that early interventions have a positive impact on long-term outcomes. Poor adherence to antipsychotics is a major factor in the treatment of schizophrenia and a relevant risk factor for relapse. Considerable effort has been made toward improving adherence, including the development of long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics. LAIs have traditionally been reserved for patients with repeated nonadherence; currently, several misconceptions prevent their more widespread use. The recent introduction of LAI formulations of atypical antipsychotics and the encouraging results in terms of the reduction in relapse rates and avoidance of hospitalization warrant a reassessment of the role of LAIs in the management of schizophrenia. This paper presents the position of a panel of nine Italian schizophrenia experts on the use of novel LAI medications, with a focus on community-based services, the prevailing setting of schizophrenia treatment in Italy. The need to change the attitude toward LAIs – no longer a treatment of last resort, but a component of multimodal strategies leading patients to remission and rehabilitation – is emphasized. The paper also presents recommendations for LAI atypical antipsychotic use in the community setting.


text:
|Nov9-12, 07:24 AM||#1|
Thermodynamic - water/ice piston help!
An inventor proposes to make a heat engine using water/ice as the working substance inside a cylindrical piston and taking advantage of the fact that water expands as it freezes and can therefore lift a piston supporting some mass m. The engine process consists of four steps as shown in the schematic below.
(i) Load: The weight to be lifted is placed on top of a piston over a cylinder of water held at a temperature of 1oC. The piston sits at height hw.
(ii) Lift: The system is then placed in thermal contact with a low temperature reservoir at −1oC until the water freezes into ice, lifting the weight to a height hi.
(iii) Unload: The weight is then removed at height hi while the ice remains frozen.
(iv) Reset: The ice is melted by putting it back in contact with the high-temperature reservoir at 1oC, returning the piston hw. Another mass is added to the piston and the cycle is ready to be repeated.
The inventor is pleased with this device because it can seemingly perform an unlimited amount of work (by lifting an unlimited mass m) while absorbing only a finite amount of heat each cycle.
Assuming that the piston has a cross-sectional area of 10 cm2 and contains 50 cm3 of liquid H2O (i.e. hw = 5 cm), calculate:
(i) The work done by the piston in raising a mass of 10 g.
(ii) The mass required to stop the engine working (i.e., reduce the freezing point of the water to −1oC).
physics news on PhysOrg.com
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|Nov9-12, 08:00 AM||#2|
Interesting idea. For your questions:
2. You will have to look into the compressibility of water and ice.
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text:
This question already has an answer here:
- How does accepting an answer work? 1 answer
When viewing a question where the accepted answer has the same score as non-accepted answers, the accepted answer does not appear first in the list.
Viewing this question on the Gaming SE and refreshing it will result in the accepted answer migrating up and down the list. Note that the sort order is by votes. Reproducable on Stack Overflow as well.


Question: What Was The First Word Ever Made?
What is the oldest word in the world?
Mother, bark and spitMother, bark and spit are just three of 23 words that researchers believe date back 15,000 years, making them the oldest known words..
Why is bloody a bad word?
What is the oldest swear word in the English language?
Does bloody mean the F word?
Is Bloody a bad word in the UK?
Still, to Americans bloody remains the quintessential British swear word, and one of the only ones they have not adopted themselves (except when they're being pretentious or ironic). Both countries share a fascination with swear words' that reference the male anatomy.
What was the 1st word?
This earliest form of the language was Sumerian cuneiform, which consisted of "wedge-shaped" glyphs. We don't know which exact words came first in this language, but based on example charts showing the evolution of Sumerian cuneiform, it may have been symbols for god, earth, man or woman.
What was the first English word ever made?
Why do British say bloody?
Who created word?
Microsoft Word, word-processor software launched in 1983 by the Microsoft Corporation. Software developers Richard Brodie and Charles Simonyi joined the Microsoft team in 1981, and in 1983 they released Multi-Tool Word for computers that ran a version of the UNIX operating system (OS).
Is Frick a bad word?
Is the word "frick" considered a swear? My son used to say this word repeatedly. … So no, it is not "a swear." It is a similar-sounding word substituted for a vulgar term, when using the actual vulgar term would be inappropriate.


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Published: 27 April 2010
A total of 2.3 million tonnes (57,000 TJ) of hard coal were consumed as fuel in the generation of electricity and heat in the January to March period of 2010. The consumption increased by 31 per cent from the previous year. Use of hard coal went up especially in separate production of electricity. The growth in the consumption was due to diminished production of hydro power from the year before.
Consumption of Hard Coal, million tonnes
In the first quarter of the year, the consumption of hard coal was a third up on the average for the 2000s. The consumption of hard coal was last this high in 2004.
The consumption of electricity increased by 7 per cent from the previous year. The consumption of electricity in industry, which was brought down by the economic downturn, began to rise again in the latter half of 2009 and the growth continued through the January-March period. The weather was also colder than in the year before, and this put electricity consumption up. At the same time the worse than average water situation lowered the production of hydro power in Finland in the first quarter.
Source: Since 2005 Statistics Finland, _PHONE_ Coal User's Committee/Finergy, Statistics Finland
Inquiries: Anssi Vuorio 09 _PHONE_, _EMAIL_
Director in charge: Leena Storgårds
Publication in pdf-format (191.9 kB)
Tables in databases


Beginners Guide to Corda Development
101 BlockChains
4 min readFeb 18, 2021
Corda Development
Corda is a powerful open-source Blockchain platform designed to solve business issues by facilitating individuals with interplay and interactivity within the given network of Blockchain. The platform is known for its efficiency, advanced contract technology, and highly secured privacy rules. Corda tutorial for beginners will help you gain in-depth knowledge of the technicalities involved in developing this platform.
The Corda contracts are usually written in Java, Rexx, Ruby, Python, and R. Its dApps are popularly termed as CorDapps. The platform uses P2P networking architecture for sequencing and validating the transactions. Its advanced system eliminates the need for marketing broadcasting on the peers that there connected with the network.
It also features the Flow framework required for communicating and negotiating with other participants. Follow the Corda Blockchain tutorial to learn about the platform's development process.
Corda Ledger Overview
Corda Ledger is different from the traditional ledger that is used in creating other Blockchain platforms. For this reason, beginners must gain a clear idea about its working. In the Corda Blockchain tutorial, you'll understand both data and functional perspectives of Corda Ledger. The Corda ledger is similar to a graph.
All its nodes are interlinked with each other directly or indirectly. Additionally, the nodes are capable of building communication as and when needed. The Corda tutorial for beginners will help you learn about graph use and develop a platform that ideal for broadcasting global transactions.
Corda Blockchain Tutorial — Identifying the Nodes
The nodes identify each other using a map of network. It's more or less like a telephone book. It includes the metadata of every node used for locating various services. As a result, the nodes discover their peers.
The consensus is one of the significant challenges faced by Blockchain network broadcasters, especially those who don't have a global presence. The nodes verify the data and discover their peers through the shared facts.
When the node overlapping takes place, the information of the shared facts is saved in the ledger system of the Corda, and this data can be used for verification of the facts. There are different sets in the Corda ledger. If you want to strengthen your roots in R3 Corda Blockchain Fundamentals, it's essential to gain in-depth knowledge of the ledger sets.
The nodes serve the function of a proxy in cases where things are not required to be verified. The information of every node is stored in a vault. Once the facts/info is stored in these vaults, the data becomes unchangeable.
R3 Corda Blockchain Fundamentals — Corda Blockchain States
Corda Blockchain's states are unchallengeable. They store node facts and details of contracts and transactions that took place at a particular time frame. There are different transaction types, including Updates, Exits, and Insurances.
Insurance is used to create new states, Exits are used to free the ledger from the states, and Updates helps change the state's properties. Know that it's not possible to divide or reduce the transactions. Also, it is essential to execute the transactions in the right order with the right parameters.
Corda Blockchain tutorial — Shared Fact
Let's understand this with the help of an example. Say, a Corda ledger is being used by two individuals, and the shared fact stands I Own You (it is used when the borrower owes due money to the lender). Both the individuals shared the same info through the shared fact, and the same is represented on the platform.
The platform allows the users to represent all kinds of information. Moreover, the platform can store use-cases info as well. The developers can use it for storing KYC data and other information related to finance and loans. Furthermore, it is also efficient in storing various attributes.
Corda Tutorial for Beginners — Evolvement and Immutability
States are immutable. It is to be noted that the immutability of the states pertains to time. For this reason, different states are presented at other times. Developers can easily create new states alongside the original states where further changes are required for a particular state.
In such cases, the original state is deemed to be historical. Say, for example — if a borrower clears off his debt and pays the due amount to the lender, a new state is needed for storing the information of debt clearance. However, IOU expires on completion of a form.
The essential tools required for Corda Blockchain Development include Oracle JDK 8 JVM — v8u171, IntelliJ IDEA, and Git. The process involves cloning the local repository, Corda transactions, Corda flows, Corda Contacts, and more.
Corda development is a test-driven process involving modern techniques and procedures. Also, the process is designed in a manner that it can eliminate bugs from the beginning of the process. The article covers all significant aspects of Corda Development. However, documentation of the facts is always recommended to get started with the learning process.
To learn more about R3 Corda Blockchain Fundamentals, you may visit 101 Blockchains.
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101 BlockChains
101 Blockchains is the world's leading online independent research-based network for Blockchain, Web3, & AI Practitioners. 101blockchains.com


text:
WASHINGTON (AP) -- What athletes take in may dry them out. Fast foods like hamburgers and carbonated drinks such as sodas can wind up causing dehydration, experts say.
Sugary, caffeine-packed soft drinks, in particular, can cause trouble, said Dr. Gary I. Wadler of New York University School of Medicine. A cola's sugar and the carbonation can make a person feel full without providing enough liquid.
''They are very sweet, so you get bloated. They are gaseous, so they distend you, so you get more bloated,'' Wadler said. And caffeine, which tends to increase the flow of urine, ''is a double whammy,'' he said. ''You lose on all counts.''
Former tennis star Jimmy Connors used to be one of Wadler's patients.
''He used to get these horrific total body cramps. It was sort of a mystery,'' Wadler said. ''I found out he was drinking cola drinks in great quantity, and he was getting bloated. Because he was bloated, he was not drinking adequate fluids.''
The risk is not limited to sodas, researchers say. Protein breakdown requires water, and the protein in a couple of fast-food hamburgers can leave people dehydrated, a researcher said.
''We didn't have to make them sweat,'' said nutrition researcher Catherine Jackson who conducted a dehydration study. ''The hamburger meat was enough.''
Although her study did not measure athletic performance, the amount of dehydration would have been enough to make an endurance athlete perform worse, said Jackson, who works at California State University, Fresno, and is also spokeswoman for the American Dietetic Association. The study was conducted to help NASA develop rehydration fluids for astronauts. It was published as a NASA internal memo in 1992.
Time spent sleeping also leaves people dehydrated, so the researchers had their test subjects eat the burgers before bedtime, to make the dehydration worse.
A separate study presented last month in New Orleans at Experimental Biology 2002, a conference of seven research-oriented professional societies, found that athletes who took in more protein wound up more dehydrated.
''The concern is that increasing protein increases the work the kidney has to do, and can impact the amount of fluid needed to get rid of waste,'' said researcher Nancy Rodriguez of the University of Connecticut.
That study, led by graduate student William F. Martin, examined five members of the university's track team. The athletes were placed on supervised high-, mediumand low-protein diets. All the athletes spent a month on each level. ''We fed them everything they ate for the four weeks of the diet,'' said Rodriguez, senior author of the preliminary report.
The low-protein diet worked out to about 68 grams a day for a 150-pound person; the medium-protein, to 123 grams, and the high-protein, to 246 grams.
The low protein diet was mostly grains, augmented by some beef and dairy foods, Rodriguez said. The medium-protein diet was equivalent to the level that athletes -- and most Americans -- normally have, she said. The high-level diet was mostly meat, supplemented by nutrition bars to add to the protein intake, she said.
The high level would be very unusual, but not uncommon for body builders, football players and others trying to add much muscle, Rodriguez said.
The athletes also got bottled water, and filled out forms each day on how much water they drank from any source, Rodriguez said. ''I was very conscious of keeping them hydrated,'' she said.
As the amount of protein rose, the athletes' kidneys had to work harder as the body tried to get rid of the excess protein, the study found. There was a higher proportion of protein breakdown chemicals such as nitrogen in the urine of athletes on the high-protein diet.
The researchers took those findings as signs that athletes on high-protein diets were losing more water. And because there was no evidence the athletes were drinking more, the scientists concluded the men were dehydrated.
It doesn't take much dehydration to reduce an athlete's ability to perform. Being about 1 percent below optimal fluid level can reduce exercise performance. Rodriguez said her study did not test performance because testing could have impaired the athletes' readiness to compete.
But the athletes did not notice being more thirsty, and did not report drinking more, as their protein levels rose, the study found.
On the Net:
American College of Sports Medicine statement on dehydration: _URL_
American Dietetic Association: _URL_
Peninsula Clarion ©2013. All Rights Reserved.


text:
The effects of process and outcome accountability on judgment process and performance
This article challenges the view that it is always better to hold decision makers accountable for their decision process rather than their decision outcomes. In three multiple-cue judgment studies, the authors show that process accountability, relative to outcome accountability, consistently improves judgment quality in relatively simple elemental tasks. However, this performance advantage of process accountability does not generalize to more complex configural tasks. This is because process accountability improves an analytical process based on cue abstraction, while it does not change a holistic process based on exemplar memory. Cue abstraction is only effective in elemental tasks (in which outcomes are a linear additive combination of cues) but not in configural tasks (in which outcomes depend on interactions between the cues). In addition, Studies 2 and 3 show that the extent to which process and outcome accountability affect judgment quality depends on individual differences in analytical intelligence and rational thinking style.
|Keywords||Raven matrices, analytical intelligence, cue abstraction, dual-process models, epistemic motivation, exemplar memory, multiple-cue judgment, outcome accountability, process accountbility, rational–experiential inventory|
|Persistent URL||_URL_.1016/j.obhdp.2011.02.003, _URL_|
de Langhe, B, van Osselaer, S.M.J, & Wierenga, B. (2011). The effects of process and outcome accountability on judgment process and performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115(2), 238–252. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.02.003


learning, and HPC applications. Each container comes with SDKs, trained models and running scripts, and Helm charts for rapid deployment on Kubernetes.
Learn more in our detailed guide to NVIDIA DGX
GPU Virtualization with Run.AI
Run:AI automates resource management and workload orchestration for machine learning infrastructure. With Run:AI, you can automatically run as many compute intensive experiments as needed on NVIDIA A100 and other data center grade GPUs.
Here are some of the capabilities you gain when using Run:AI:
Learn more about the Run.ai GPU virtualization platform.