text:
This review examines the UK digital system in a transport context.
It explores emerging areas in data use and the impacts on transport by:
- providing an overview of the UK digital system
- looking at future considerations and data requirements, especially for connected and autonomous vehicles
- the implications for future digital skills


text:
Water and phosphorus (P) are two critical resources for high nature value farming in semi-dry mountains.
ey are major drivers of grassland productivity but can negatively aect plant diversity. Soil moisture
is known to aect soil microbial activity and plant P nutrition but the eects of irrigation on soil P
status, soil microbial P and plant P nutrition in semi-natural grasslands remain largely unexplored, which
impedes the optimization of fertilization. e aim of this study was to assess the mid-term eects of
irrigation on P availability in the soil, the size of the soil microbial P pool and plant P nutrition in semi-dry
mountain grasslands. At the end of a ve-year irrigation-fertilization factorial experiment on eleven seminatural
grasslands of an inner-alpine valley, soil P availability and herbage P content did not signicantly
dier between the irrigated and the not irrigated treatments. Fertilization increased herbage P content
from 2.2 to 3.1 mg P kg-1 dry mass (P<0.001). e size of the microbial P pool remained unaected by
irrigation and fertilization. We conclude that for semi-natural mountain grasslands, no correction factor
for irrigated compared to not irrigated meadows is necessary to estimate the P fertilization requirement
per unit of herbage yield.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Index monitors records the n and k value as a function of frequency/wavelength in a simulation. In the future, the index monitor will be able to capture the time-evolution of the physical properties profile for nonlinear media.
In FDTD, it is possible to preview the index profile while still in Layout mode (i.e. without running the simulation). Note that the index preview returns a slightly simplified version of what the index monitor provides after running the simulation. Some advanced settings (such as the spatial interpolation setting) will be ignored in the preview.
Notes : Memory and computation time
Index monitors generally have modest memory requirements. To minimize the amount of memory required, use 1D or 2D rather than 3D monitors. Similarly, try to minimize the number of frequency points recorded. By default, only one frequency point is recorded. It is also possible to use spatial downsampling to record less spatial resolution.
Generally, Index monitors don't have a large effect on the simulation time, except when recording a very large amount of data. All the index monitor data is calculated at the beginning of the simulation.
Simulation type: Record the type of simulation data, default setting is ALL
Override global monitor settings:
A toggle to override the global monitor settings. If checked, users can specify the frequency range and number of points at which frequency-domain information will be recorded (using the options described below). If unchecked the options below are set from the global monitor settings.
SAMPLE SPACING: This combo-choice parameter determines how the sample frequency/wavelength will be selected. The three sample options are "uniform", "chebyshev" and "custom".
- USE WAVELENGTH SPACING: By default, data is recorded at certain spaced points with respect to frequency. Selecting this option spaces data at certain spaced points with respect to wavelength.
- USE SOURCE LIMITS: When checked these monitors use the source limits. When unchecked, the frequencies/wavelengths at which to record data can be set using the pull down menus and boxes below them.
- FREQUENCY POINTS: Set to choose the number of frequency points at which to record data.
When sample spacing is selected to be "custom", all the above settings will be disabled and a "custom frequency samples" table will be shown. Properties of the table are:
- ADD: Adds an entry above the selected entry to the "frequency (THz)" table
- REMOVE: Removes the selected entry from the "frequency (THz)" table
- SORT: Sorts the table with frequency from low to high
- set global monitor settings: Access to global properties
Monitor type: The monitor type and orientation, this option will control the availablity of spatial settings below
- X, Y, Z: The center position of the simulation region
- X MIN, X MAX: X min, X max position
- Y MIN, Y MAX: Y min, Y max position
- Z MIN, Z MAX: Z min, Z max position
- X SPAN, Y SPAN, Z SPAN: X, Y, Z span of the simulation region
The DOWN SAMPLE X, Y, Z option is used to set the spatial downsampling performed by the monitor. A down sample value of N corresponds to sampling (recording) the data every Nth grid points. Setting the down sample value to 1 gives the most detailed spatial information (i.e. information at each grid point).
|WARNING: This tab includes options which should only be changed if you are quite familiar with the meshing algorithm and techniques used.
- SPATIAL INTERPOLATION: In FDTD generally, the electromagnetic field components and material properties are not known at the same point in space. Instead each component of the vectorial electric and magnetic fields are recorded at different locations in the Yee cell. Therefore, the material properties are also known at various locations within the Yee cell. This setting controls how the index monitor calculates the refractive index data. The SPECIFIED POSITION (Default) returns the index data where the monitor is located. This type of data is convenient for many purposes, but it is important to remember that the actual FDTD engine calculates the fields at locations other than the Yee cell origin. The NEAREST MESH CELL option is very similar, but the monitor location is snapped to the nearest mesh cell. The NONE option records the index data at the locations actually used by the FDTD engine.
Note: Spatial interpolation - NONE setting
Disabling the spatial interpolation is a very advanced feature. Only expert users who are very familiar with the FDTD method should consider using this feature. Most standard analysis functions (such as the transmission script function, the data visualizer, etc) assume that the spatial interpolation is enabled. They may not give the most accurate result when used to analyze such monitor data. All analysis must be done manually.
- RECORD DATA WITHIN PML: This option is as described above for time domain monitors.
- RECORD CONFORMAL MESH WHEN POSSIBLE: Enabled by default. The index monitor will record the the effect of the conformal mesh. It is helpful to disable this option when doing absorption calculations. The conformal mesh information can only be recorded when using the 'NEAREST MESH CELL' or 'NONE' spatial interpolation setting, and when the spatial downsampling option is set to 1.
- RECORD SURFACE CONDUCTIVITY: The index monitor will record the surface conductivity which is used in the simulation and return this as the SURFACE CONDUCTIVITY result. This may be used if you want to record the surface conductivity components over space when using SPECIFIED POSITION, or NONE as the spatial interpolation option.
The results that index monitors return depends on the modes the simulation is in.
In ANALYSIS mode:
- INDEX: Refractive index as a function of position and frequency/wavelength.
- INDEX_DETAIL: A matrix dataset with parameters x,y,z,f. This is a result when the "spatial interpolation" is set to "none". It also contains duplicate parameter entries for x,y,z called x_offset, y_offset and z_offset, respectively. These are the positions offset in the Yee cell. To obtain data at the correct spatial locations for index_x, you should use parameters (x_offset,y,z,f), for index_y you should use parameters (x,y_offset,z,f) and for index_z you should use (x,y,z_offset,f). This is useful in the script and can also be done in the visualizer. This type of capability would make absorption calculations like this example easier. For further information about why different positions in the Yee cell are used for each field component, please refer to the FDTD Solver Physics page.
- SURFACE CONDUCTIVITY: This will return the same result as the surface conductivity preview by default. If the RECORD SURFACE CONDUCTIVITY option under the ADVANCED TAB is enabled, this will instead return the surface conductivity used in the simulation which will include the effect of the selected spatial interpolation option.
In LAYOUT mode:
In addition to the "index preview" result, the index monitors have "index" results and (when spatial interpolation is set to None) "index_detail" results. All of these 3 results require meshing in the UI when the user asks for the results and therefore could trigger a big calculation, especially for large 3D index monitors. The difference is:
- "index preview" does not try to keep track of conformal meshing or any yee grid offsets. It is therefore the fastest and useful to ensure that the structure is basically correct.
- "index" and "index_detail" are guaranteed to give exactly the same results that you will get in ANALAYSIS mode, as if the simulation had been run. This can be slower if, for example, you are recording conformal mesh properties.
- INDEX PREVIEW: Refractive index as a function of position and frequency/wavelength before the simulation runs. It is important to note that the preview data is not exactly the same as the data returned after the simulation runs. Some advanced settings, such as spatial interpolation options and conformal meshing are ignored when calculating the index preview.
- INDEX: Refractive index as a function of position and frequency/wavelength. Same as in ANALYSIS mode.
- INDEX_DETAIL: Refractive index dataset including the positions offset parameters. Same as in ANALYSIS mode.
- SURFACE CONDUCTIVITY PREVIEW: Surface conductivity as a function of position and frequency/wavelength before the simulation runs. This is useful tool to make sure the graphene object is positioned as desired.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


On the official webcast of SpaceX's Iridium-4 mission a "throttle down and throttle back up of the Falcon 9 first stage engines" is mentioned. Why would one throttle down at a crucial time during steep ascent, way before MECO? Is it to weaken the effect of max Q?
 - 9
 $\begingroup$ For those that aren't regulars on Space.SE, MECO - Main Engine Cut Off, Max Q - Maximum Aerodynamic Pressure. $\endgroup$ – JPhi1618 Jan 3 '18 at 15:40
Yes, exactly that. The engines are throttled up to the highest extent possible during all phases of flight to reduce gravity losses; but must be throttled down during at least two points during flight:
 1. When Falcon passes through Maximum Aerodynamic Pressure (Max-Q) which is a combination of atmospheric density and velocity that puts the greatest strain on the vehicle. This effect is more prominent during Dragon launches due to the frontal shape of Dragon.
 2. As Falcon nears MECO to limit acceleration on the payload, if necessary.
These two flight aspects can be seen very clearly in this exceptionally detailed graph produced by /u/veebay on r/spacex:
enter image description here
The graph on the right hand side shows a reduction in net acceleration for Dragon missions around Max-Q, along with a tailoff in net acceleration just before booster cutoff.
 - 6
 $\begingroup$ Technically, you don't have to throttle down during Max-Q. You could also build a stronger rocket. But you don't want to lift a stronger (and thus heavier) rocket for the entire 2 minutes just because you need strength for literally a couple of seconds, and that's why you opt to throttle down. $\endgroup$ – Jörg W Mittag Jan 3 '18 at 20:19
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ Anything's true if you put it in the right context. Technically you could build a stronger payload too and not need to throttle down prior to MECO, also. But, alas, we live in reality and have technical, physical, and structural constraints, so Falcon does have to throttle down :) $\endgroup$ – ReactingToAngularVues Jan 3 '18 at 21:29
 - 3
 $\begingroup$ Technically, you don't have to do either. You simply have to reduce atmospheric density to reduce the stress incurred during Max-Q. Oh, sorry, thought this was World Building SE. $\endgroup$ – corsiKa Jan 4 '18 at 1:33
 - $\begingroup$ /u/veebay made several more interesting graphs. Worth studying! $\endgroup$ – asdfex Apr 3 '18 at 18:12
Your Answer


text:
For developers like Divyesh, one of the most popular features of PHP is real-time image generation. That is, we can create a new image canvas, "paint" it, and either save it to a file, or send it directly to the browser. In this article, Divyesh will show you how to create an image in real-time with PHP.
Generating Images on the Fly With PHP - Changing the font of our random number (Page 6 of 7 )
To control the look and style attributes of our random number, we can replace the imagestring function with the imagettftext function, which lets us control some of the aspects of the font used to render the text.
The imagettftext function takes eight arguments, as described below:
array Imagettftext (int im, int size, int angle, int x, int y, int col, string fontfile, string text)
im: A reference to an image canvas created using the imagecreate function
size: The height of the font, in pixels
angle: The rotation of the font. Use 0 for standard horizontal display
x: The starting x co-ordinate of where the text will be drawn
y: The starting y co-ordinate of where the text will be drawn
col: A reference to a color created using the imagecolorallocate function
fontfile: The path and filename to the font that the text will be rendered in (more on this in a minute)
text: The actual string of text to be drawn
So, for our example, we would used the imagettftext function instead of the imagestring function, like this:
Notice the seventh argument? Itís the location of the true-type font file that will be used to render our text onto the image. In our example, the file trebuchet.ttf is in the same directory as our script. Trebuchet.ttf is contained in the support material at the end of this article.
The Imagettftext file uses the FreeType font support, which is built-in to all of the latest releases of the GD image library. You can read more about the FreeType project at _URL_
Once you have saved the random_number.php file with the new Imagettftext function instead of the imagestriing function, reload the page in your browser. You should see something like this:


MMU proposals to English-speaking countries
MMU1 (Mini Mini USL1) to end the math poverty in your districts, cities, or states of all English-speaking OECD (developed) countries in a few years, not generations
Our main summary:
 1. Our motto: to end the math poverty is to end the poverty itself, not in 50-200+ years, but to take care of math poverty in 5-10 years and the poverty itself in 10-20 years, nothing more, if the governments (cities, states, or nations) can collaborate with us and support the causes.
 2. What MMU1 if supported can do: to raise the math poverty (about 25 percentile of the student population) to the math prosperity (about 75 percentile of population), starting at the district, city levels and then to the states and then perhaps nations in 2-4 years, not 50-100-200 years.
 3. Normally how long does it take to raise the national or state math average the way MMU1 can? 50-200 years (if we use the global math assessment data for the past 15-20+ years from the PISA, TIMSS, and for the NAEP (or the Nation's Report Card) from the USA).
 4. What will be the economic impacts? If fully utilized the average annual real income per capita rise will be at least 4-10 times, depending on the level of the economic developments of the nations.
MMU1 visual impacts for various language or economic groups
In this basically 8 minutes video, you can see the MMU1 (yellow arrows) impacts on your country vs. the past 12-15-20 years of the math trajectories of selected English-speaking or Latin American countries. Please watch this as it will be very education whether you decide to embrace MMU proposals or not.
Some 5 minutes of video evidence summary (which is a playlist and this leads to the MMU1 evidence video). Although this video was geared more for the USA state DoEs, basically similar rules apply to all the developed English-speaking OECD countries with some minor changes, especially for Australia, New Zealand, UK, and the math poorer half of Canada and Ireland..
To propose MMU1 pilot study proposals to the districts, cities, governments, philanthropists, NGOs, investors, media people, and other like-minded people (summarized in this 1 page highglight) who are rational, efficient to go directly to the ultimate causes of troubles instead of whining and complaining, praying with the never ending wishful thinking that haven't bear fruits and will not bear fruits.
Introduction about MMU1 (Mini Mini USL1) is an appetizer version of USL1, which is still just a first step of the full USL.
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text: In this work, 10 processing type Hungarian tomato gene bank accessions were investigated in a 3-year open-field experiment together with three commercial varieties for quantifying the genotype × environment interaction for their total soluble solids, total acid, dry matter, lycopene, total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity. Results showed remarkable differences of accessions in phytonutrient content over the 3 years (environments). Genotype main effect plus genotype × environment interaction biplots were created for the visualization of the best performing samples and of their relation to a theoretical best variety. Obovate fruit-shaped accessions (especially RCAT031257 and RCAT060349) reached outstanding nutritional results in every environment. According to extremities in weather conditions, two landraces (RCAT060348 and RCAT060349) with higher drought tolerance, and two (RCAT031257 and RCAT029837) less prone to excessive rainfalls were identified. The results can contribute to the enrichment of tomato nutritional phenotypic data banks, facilitating the utilization of gene bank accessions in genomic studies.


grade the Outlook user experience. In addition, IT administrators are concerned that in unmanaged environments they do not always know which add-ins users are running, and poorly written add-ins contribute to help-desk calls and the cost of ownership. Because all Outlook object model calls execute on the main foreground thread in Outlook, it is important that you write your code with performance as a paramount goal. If your code makes Outlook run slowly or suspends it indefinitely, users will be frustrated and abandon your solution.
Add-in Inventory and Boot Time in the Windows Event Log
Outlook 2010 gives users and IT administrators the ability to determine which add-ins load when Outlook starts, and the impact that those add-ins have on that startup time. When Outlook starts up, detailed information about the identity of each connected add-in is written to the Windows event log. In addition, the boot time for each connected add-in is written to the event log in milliseconds.
Figure 1. Outlook 2010 add-ins and boot time per add-in in the Windows event log
Add-ins in the Windows event log
Add-in Fast Shutdown
Outlook 2010 enforces a new fast shutdown process for add-ins. The new shutdown process prevents add-ins from causing long delays by holding on to resources after the user exits Outlook. Although this change could adversely affect a small number of existing add-ins, add-in vendors and IT administrators can mitigate those effects by forcing Outlook to revert to the standard add-in shutdown process.
The following list describes some key facts about the fast shutdown process for add-ins:
 - When a user action shuts down Outlook, the OnDisconnection event of IDTExtensibility2 interface will not occur when the RemoveMode parameter is set to ext_DisconnectMode.ext_dm_HostShutdown.
 - For managed Microsoft Visual Studio Tools for Office add-ins, the Shutdown method of the ThisAddin class will not be called when a user action shuts down Outlook.
 - When a user action in the COM Add-ins dialog box disconnects the add-in, the OnDisconnection event of the IDTExtensiblity2 interface occurs when RemoveMode equals ext_DisconnectMode.ext_dm_UserClosed.
 - When a user action shuts down Outlook, the Quit event of the Outlook Application object occurs.
For more information about add-in shutdown and best practices, see Shutdown Changes for Outlook 2010.
Outlook 2010 provides the following ways to extend the UI that developers have often requested:
 - Add a hierarchy of custom folders to the new Solutions module in the Navigation Pane. In the Outlook object model, the Solutions module is represented by the SolutionsModule object. The SolutionsModule object exposes the AddSolution method that you can use to add a solution root folder. Outlook 2010 automatically adds all subfolders of the solution root folder to the solution folder hierarchy that is displayed in the Solutions module. See Figure 2 for an example of the Solutions module.
 - Customize folder icons for solution folders. You can use the SetCustomIcon and GetCustomIcon methods of the Folder object to set and get folder icons.
 - Use Office Fluent UI extensibility to customize the Outlook UI, including the following:
 - Explorer ribbons
 - Inspector ribbons
 - Context menus
 - New item menus
 - Contact Card context menus
 - Contextual tabs
 - Microsoft Office Backstage view
Figure 2. Example Solutions module in Outlook 2010
Example Solutions module in Outlook 2010
If your existing code customizes Office command bars, those UI customizations appear in the Add-Ins tab, which users might not easily find. Follow the Office Fluent UI extensibility guidelines and rewrite your code to take advantage of Explorer ribbons, Office Fluent UI context menus, and Backstage view. For comprehensive information about UI extensibility in Outlook 2010, as well as sample code, see the following articles:
The goal of a comprehensive object model is to ensure that developers can write professional solutions without using MAPI code directly. In managed code, you cannot develop Outlook solutions that use MAPI.
Object Model for Conversations
Outlook 2010 introduces a powerful new feature called the conversation view, and a new object called the Conversation object. You can use the Conversation object to execute conversation verbs and to traverse the conversation tree. Items in the conversation can be in different stores and folders.
To access items in a conversation thread, call the GetConversation method on an item to return a Conversation object. The Conversation object represents a conversation to which the parent item belongs.
GetConversation returns Null (Nothing in Visual Basic) if no conversation exists for the item. No conversation exists for an item under the following conditions:
 - The item has not been saved. An item can be saved programmatically, by user action, or by AutoSave.
 - If an item can be sent, but has not been sent (for example, a mail item, appointment item, or contact item).
 - All conversations have been disabled through the Windows registry.
 - The store does not support conversations (for example, when Outlook is running in classic online mode against a version of Microsoft Exchange that is earlier than Microsoft Exchange Server 2010). Use the IsConversationEnabled property of the Store object to determine whether the store supports conversations.
The following DemoConversation function obtains the Conversation object for a selected item in the Outlook explorer window. To list items in a conversation, use the GetTable method on the Conversation object to return a Table object. You can then add columns, if necessary, to the Table object, or call GetNextRow to return each row in the Table.
void DemoConversation()
 {
 object selectedItem = Application.ActiveExplorer().Selection[1];
 // For this example, you work only with
 // MailItem. Other item types such as
 // MeetingItem and PostItem can participate
 // in a conversation.
 if (selectedItem is Outlook.MailItem)
 {
 // Cast selectedItem to MailItem.
 Outlook.MailItem mailItem =
 selectedItem as Outlook.MailItem; ;
 // Determine store of MailItem.
 Outlook.Folder folder = mailItem.Parent
 as Outlook.Folder;
 Outlook.Store store = folder.Store;
 if (store.IsConversationEnabled == true)
 {
 // Obtain a Conversation object.
 Outlook.Conversation conv =
 mailItem.GetConversation();
 // Check for null conversation.
 if (conv != null)
 {
 // Obtain Table that contains rows
 // for each item in the conversation.
 Outlook.Table table = conv.GetTable();
 Debug.WriteLine("Conversation Items Count: " +
 table.GetRowCount().ToString());
 Debug.WriteLine("Conversation Items from Table:");
 while (!table.EndOfTable)
 {
 Outlook.Row nextRow = table.GetNextRow();
 Debug.WriteLine(nextRow["Subject"]
 + " Modified: "
 + nextRow["LastModificationTime"]);
 }
 Debug.WriteLine("Conversation Items from Root:");
 // Obtain root items and enumerate Conversation.
 Outlook.SimpleItems simpleItems
 = conv.GetRootItems();
 foreach (object item in simpleItems)
 {
 // In this example, enumerate only the MailItem type.
 // Other types such as PostItem or MeetingItem
 // can appear in a conversation.
 if (item is Outlook.MailItem)
 {
 Outlook.MailItem mail = item
 as Outlook.MailItem;
 Outlook.Folder inFolder =
 mail.Parent as Outlook.Folder;
 string msg = mail.Subject
 + " in folder " + inFolder.Name;
 Debug.WriteLine(msg);
 }
 // Call EnumerateConversation
 // to access child nodes of root items.
 EnumerateConversation(item, conv);
 }
 }
 }
 }
 }
 void EnumerateConversation(object item,
 Outlook.Conversation conversation)
 {
 Outlook.SimpleItems items =
 conversation.GetChildren(item);
 if (items.Count > 0)
 {
 foreach (object myItem in items)
 {
 // In this example, enumerate only MailItem type.
 // Other types such as PostItem or MeetingItem
 // can appear in a conversation.
 if (myItem is Outlook.MailItem)
 {
 Outlook.MailItem mailItem =
 myItem as Outlook.MailItem;
 Outlook.Folder inFolder =
 mailItem.Parent as Outlook.Folder;
 string msg = mailItem.Subject
 + " in folder " + inFolder.Name;
 Debug.WriteLine(msg);
 }
 // Continue recursion.
 EnumerateConversation(myItem, conversation);
 }
 }
 }
If you want to navigate each node of the conversation, an alternative approach is to call the GetRootItems method to return one or more root items of the conversation. A conversation can have multiple root items if the original single root item was deleted, and child items were promoted to become root items. Once you have the root items, you can obtain the SimpleItems collection for all child nodes of each root item. SimpleItems is a collection


text:
The laser cutting machine itself uses a flying optical path system. During long-term work, the optical path will have a slight deviation, which will have a great impact on the cutting effect. Therefore, it is very necessary to check the light path and adjust it regularly. How to adjust the optical path of the laser cutting machine? Have you got these tips?
- 1. Check whether the laser can hit the first reflecting lens, if not, adjust the position of the first lens.
- 2. Check whether the laser can hit the second and third mirrors. If not, adjust the M1, M2, and M3 screws behind the upper mirror.
- 3. Move the laser head to the upper left corner and hit a laser spot to see if it is in the same position as the spot hit on the upper right corner. If not, adjust the M1, M2, and M3 screws of the second reflector to make the hit spot match The point in the upper right corner is in the same position.
- 4. Paste at least two layers of double-sided adhesive on the light entrance of the laser lens barrel, move the laser head to the upper right corner of the table and press the TEST button on the control panel to hit a laser spot.
- 5. Move the laser head to the lower left corner, observe whether the dot is at the same position as the upper right corner, and adjust the second reflector.
- 6. Repeat the adjustments described in 4 and 5 above, so that the three final laser dots hit the same position.
- 7. Check whether the focus is in the center: Put a mirror below the focusing lens, and place a transparent plastic machining sheet close to the lens barrel under the lens barrel (ie, hold it in hand) and press the TEST button to hit the laser to see if the laser spot hits the focusing lens. center of. Be careful of laser burns when holding the plastic sheet, and do not put your hands in the vertical plane of the lens.
Get the above seven tips to ensure that we adjust the optical path of the laser cutting machine. For us, the adjustment of the optical path of the laser cutting machine is very important, but his adjustment process is also very complicated, so we are setting It should be careful enough, only careful settings can ensure the accuracy of the fiber laser cutting equipment is the best.


text:
Rheology of slurries and effects of polymer volume ratio in aqueous PZT tape casting
- Rheology of slurries and effects of polymer volume ratio in aqueous PZT tape casting
- 신효순; 이동균; 강종윤; 최지원; 김현재; 윤석진
- polymer volume ratio; PZT; Aqueous tape casting; Binder; Plasticizer
- Issue Date
- Korean Journal of Ceramics
- VOL 7, NO 1, 16-19
- For the fast dry of the aqueous tape, the process which water was reaplaced by organic solvent was proposed. Socalled, it was the solvent washing dry. Three organic solvents (methanol, ethanol and acetone) were selected for the washing solvent. The weight loss of the washed tapes was measured to evaluate the dry rate of the tapes and dried tapes were examined the generation of the cracks with the variations of the organic solvent and the washing time. Methanol, ethanol and acetone were available organic solvents for this method. The tapes washed in methanol, ethanol and acetone were dried rapidly for twenty minutes. After thirty minutes, the weight losses were not found any more, The solvent of the lower surface tension can decreases the crack of dried tape. If solvent substitutes water completely, though it was fast dried, crack can be eliminated.
- Appears in Collections:
- KIST Publication > Article
- Files in This Item:
There are no files associated with this item.
- RIS (EndNote)
- XLS (Excel)
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How to get feats in DnD 5e: a simple guide
Medieval Knight – Jousting. Castle Gniew. Poland.
When playing Dungeons & Dragons (DnD), you'll want to find all the possible ways to improve the power levels and capabilities of your character. There are many ways in which you can do this, and one of them, known as 'feats,' allows you to improve their abilities and roleplaying. This is an optional gameplay rule that is noted in the Player's Handbook.
How do you get feats in DnD 5e? There are multiple ways you can get feats throughout the game:
 - Have a Dungeon Master that allows them/plays house rules
 - Become a Variant Human at Level 1
 - Gain feats every time you have an ability score improvement
We will dive into the details of each of these options for using feats in DnD 5e and how they can help enhance gameplay with your character. Because this is an optional rule in the game, not all players use them, and your ability to do so will be largely based on your Dungeon Master and the rules they have established for the group.
Ways to Get Feats in DnD 5e
Feats can make your DnD experience more exciting by allowing your character to do things outside of their traditional abilities and roles. This is a feature in the game that can result in more combative and successful gameplay.
What Are Feats in DnD 5e?
According to the DnD Player's Handbook, a feat "represents a talent or an area of expertise that gives a character special capabilities. It embodies training, experience, and abilities beyond what a class provides." You can find this on page 165 in the Player's HandbookOpens in a new tab..
Feats give characters additional abilities that transcend their race or class. When a character has an ability to gain a feat, they are doing this instead of choosing a new feature or an ability score increase. Unlike features, different classes can access feats that are not specific to their race or class.
While features will enhance the abilities of your character, you may choose a feat instead because it provides additional advantages beyond the feature or ability increase score itself. They can lead to increased levels of customization that traditional features and traits cannot achieve.
How Can You Get Feats in DnD 5e?
There are multiple ways in which you can get feats in DnD 5e, and you may choose one path or another based on the type of character you want, the rules of the game, and your priorities in gameplay.
These are the different ways in which you can get feats in the game:
 1. Dungeon Master rules: Dungeons & Dragons is refereed and moderated by dungeon masters (DMs) that will set the rules for the players. The ability to use and gain feats within the game will be dictated by the DM, and you must make sure they include this optional rule in their game.
 If they are not allowing them (many will), you will have to stick to more traditional methods to increase your character's capabilities. If your DM plays specific house rules, they can just give all characters feats in the first level.
 2. Become a Variant Human: Characters typically are not allowed to use feats at Level 1 unless they are Variant Humans. You will gain a feat, but this only occurs with the creation of your character. If you are looking to build the power of your character, consider a Variant Human race when playing. This will depend on if your DM allows variant traits within your game.
 3. Ability Score Improvement: For all characters, there are key points at which you can gain feats, and this is whenever your character is eligible for an ability score increase. Instead of opting for an additional feature, you can choose a feat (which may give you more than the value of the feature). Ability score improvements occur at levels 4, 8, 12, 16, and 19 (at every 4 levels or when your character is eligible).
It is important to note that some feats will require specific prerequisites in order for your character to be eligible. If you do not qualify, you will not be able to take advantage of gaining the feat. If at any point, during the game, you no longer have the prerequisite, you will not be able to use the feat (even if you already have it).
Most feats are only designed to be taken advantage of once unless the feat specifies other rules. The Player's Handbook is the best place to find these specifics if your DM chooses to play with feats during the campaign.
Types of Feats in DnD 5e
There are a wide variety of feats that can allow you to customize your character in ways that go beyond the traditional features and ability increases that apply to your class or race. With this optional gameplay rule, your character's capabilities can improve substantially.
These are the major categories of feats and how they can help your character during play:
 - Combat Feats: These can be broken down even further into attacking and defensive, but they are all feats designed to assist your character in fighting or combat situations. These will give you additional weapons or shields (or expands their powers) in combative situations that you wouldn't have access to otherwise.
 - Roleplaying Feats: The most general and broad category of ability options, these feats can help to increase overall playing ability and character customization across a wide range of player attributes. Typically, these apply outside of fighting situations.
 - Health Feats: These feats are particularly helpful in keeping your character at full health. You may have the ability to heal yourself or others in combat or other threats posed to your well-being.
 - Spell Feats: As these suggest, they are related to magic and can be used in a variety of situations. Many of these feats have a prerequisite of being able to cast spells.
HereOpens in a new tab. you can find a useful list of the feats and their descriptions as well as rules associated with each of them. This can help you decide which feats will be helpful to your character and help them to excel in the game. It may be beneficial to review these feats before selecting your character to see which ones you would be best suited for.
Why Use Feats in DnD 5e?
If feats are an optional rule, why should you consider taking advantage of them? Well, they add another layer to the game. Many DMs allow them but ask players to incorporateOpens in a new tab. ones that fall into the storyline of their characters rather than using them solely to build power. Some DMs will not allow for specific feats but are perfectly fine with characters using others.
Feats can be a really cool addition to the rules set out by the DM because they enhance character abilities and customization and force players to make choices within the game. They enable the game to reach more exciting levels from a combat perspective as players have more tools in their arsenal for the character to use.
Feats usually offer more capabilities and powers than choosing features or increasing your character's ability score. You may receive all the benefits of a feature plus a bit more when you select a feat.
Getting Feats in DnD 5e
From the perspective of the player, getting feats can make your character more dynamic during play. For DMs, allowing feats offers more options and possibilities for players, which can make the overall atmosphere more engaging! Make sure you check in with your DM to see if feats are allowed and then strategize at power-ups to take advantage of their unique possibilities.
Jousting – Medieval Knights © Argestes |
ID 170745614 © Yaroslav Veretin |
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We are currently looking for an experienced Office Admin for a full time, direct hire position in the Annapolis, MD area. Position is available to start immediately.
- Answers and directs telephone calls.
- Processes mail.
- Performs clerical tasks such as typing, filing, copying and faxing.
- Orders supplies for the office.
- Maintains and updates various databases.
- Provides administrative support to Contract, Project and Office managers.
- Processes transmittals, submittals, purchase orders, change orders.
- Accounts Payable and account reconciliations.
- Verifies and processes invoices, maintains vendor files.
- Orders plans and tracks status.
Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities required:
- Knowledge of standard accounts payable policies and procedures.
- Ability to understand and interpret vendor invoices, statements, and other request for payments.
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- Strong communication and interpersonal skills.
- Knowledge of general accounting principles.
- Microsoft Word, Excel, and Outlook.
- Timberline Accounting Software
Please apply for immediate consideration. Thank you!


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Sustainability and the return to regional products are becoming more important in gastronomy and the hotel industry. According to a study of the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 70 per cent of guests would like indications of source to be transparent and comprehensible. Consumers are asking themselves: "Where does the meat come from? And the eggs, and the vegetables, the potatoes, the fish…?"
The AMA gastronomic quality seal in the menu informs guests of regional specialities and the origin of the agricultural resources, increasing the consciousness for rural tradition and culture worthy of preservation, and ensuring the successful synergy of agriculture and gastronomy in Austria.
The close cooperation with local farmers, food manufacturers and distributors does not only increase the added value in the region but also takes a strong stand against the globalised standard taste on the plate.
Restaurants are committed to indicate on the menu the origin of the resources from five categories.
MEAT: mandatory indication of source in at least two types of meat (beef, veal, pork, poultry, turkey, lamb)
MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS: mandatory indication of source of milk, butter, curd cheese, whipped cream, sour cream and yoghurt
EGGS: mandatory indication of origin incl. indication of type of husbandry (free-run or free-range husbandry)
POTATOES, VEGETABLES, FRUIT: mandatory indication of source of potatoes as well as three freely selectable all-season or seasonal types of fruit or vegetable
VENISON, FRESHWATER FISHH: mandatory indication of source in at least one of the two product groups


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idants.
Texture and Consistency:
– Refined Kokum Butter: Refined Kokum Butter often has a smoother and more consistent texture, making it easier to incorporate into various cosmetic products.
– Unrefined Kokum Butter: Unrefined Kokum Butter may have a slightly grainier texture due to the presence of natural sediments, but this doesn't affect its efficacy.
Suitability for Different Uses:
– Refined Kokum Butter: Due to its neutral color and odor, refined Kokum Butter is often preferred in cosmetics and skincare products where a specific appearance or fragrance is desired.
– Unrefined Kokum Butter: Unrefined Kokum Butter is popular among those seeking a more natural and organic option in their skincare and hair care routines.
Choosing between refined and unrefined Kokum Butter depends on personal preferences and the intended application. Both variations offer the unique benefits of Kokum Butter, but the choice comes down to the desired characteristics for a specific product or purpose.
IS KOKUM BUTTER SAFE FOR BABIES?
Kokum Butter is generally considered safe for use on baby skin. Its natural, gentle composition makes it suitable for delicate and sensitive skin. However, it's essential to be cautious and perform a patch test before applying it to a baby's skin to ensure there are no adverse reactions.
CAN KOKUM BUTTER CAUSE ALLERGY?
While Kokum Butter is well-tolerated by most individuals, there's always a possibility of an allergic reaction, although it's rare.
Some people may have an allergic response to certain components within Kokum Butter. If you have a known allergy to nuts or seeds, it's advisable to consult a healthcare professional before using Kokum Butter to avoid any potential allergic reactions. Always prioritize safety and conduct a patch test whenever trying a new product.
WHERE TO BUY KOKUM BUTTER?
I highly recommend grabbing your Kokum butter from this trusted supplier, where I personally source mine.
Not only is the quality top-notch, but they also have an array of glowing reviews from satisfied customers. You can choose between 8-ounce or value-packed 1-pound bags, all at good price.
It is absolutely worth splurging on this natural butter as it provides a superior skin feel and absorption compared to Shea and Cocoa butters.
WHY KOKUM BUTTER IS SO EXPENSIVE?
CAN YOU USE KOKUM BUTTER IN SOAP?
For all my fellow soapers, I want to answer a question you may be having – Can Kokum Butter be used in cold process soap making?
You can use Kokum Butter in soap making. It adds firmness to the soap and gives more lather to the soap.
Benefits of using Kokum butter in soap:
Moisturizing Properties: Kokum Butter is deeply moisturizing, which helps in creating a soap that is gentle and hydrating for the skin.
Emollient and Conditioning: It provides a creamy lather, making the soap feel smooth and luxurious during use.
Natural Hardness: Kokum Butter contributes to the hardness of the soap, making it long-lasting and less prone to becoming mushy.
Stable Shelf Life: Kokum Butter has a relatively stable shelf life, enhancing the longevity of the soap.
Disadvantages of using Kokum butter in soap:
Cost: Kokum Butter can be relatively expensive, which might increase the production cost of the soap compared to using other oils or butters.
KOKUM BUTTER SHELF LIFE AND STORING TIPS
Kokum Butter, like many natural products, has a finite shelf life and should be stored properly to maintain its quality and efficacy. Here's a guide on its shelf life and how to store it effectively:
Unopened Package. When unopened and stored in a cool, dark place away from direct sunlight and moisture, Kokum Butter can last up to 2 years or more.
Opened Package. Once opened, Kokum Butter's shelf life is typically around 1 to 1.5 years. It's crucial to monitor its appearance, smell, and texture to ensure it remains suitable for use.
Keep it Cool and Dry. Store Kokum Butter in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and heat. High temperatures can cause it to soften or melt, altering its consistency and possibly reducing its shelf life.
Air-Tight Container. Transfer Kokum Butter to an airtight container after opening the original packaging. This helps prevent exposure to air and moisture, maintaining its freshness and quality.
Avoid Contamination. Use clean, dry utensils or hands when handling Kokum Butter to prevent any contamination that could reduce its shelf life or effectiveness.
Refrigeration. If you live in a warm or humid climate, consider storing Kokum Butter in the refrigerator. The cooler temperature will help maintain its solidity and extend its shelf life.
Regular Check-ups. Periodically check the Kokum Butter for any signs of spoilage, such as unusual odor, changes in color, or mold growth. If you notice any of these, it's best to discard the product.
By following these storage tips and being mindful of the shelf life, you can maximize the usage and benefits of Kokum Butter for an extended period while ensuring its effectiveness and safety.


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medium sized tree with striking white trunk.
Distribution & botanical details
NSW Western Slopes Dry Sclerophyl Forests and Southern Tableland Dry Sclerophyl Forests
Specialises in low-nutrient, dry, rocky, skeletal soils on a variety of substrates including sandstone, granite, and mudstones.
Dominant or co-dominant canopy tree. Old trees frequently shed limbs and are particularly abundant in nesting hollows.
Attractive tree, the trunk is very striking, varying in colour across the year from white, to blothchy grey, salmon and pink. White only reasonably showy. Limb-shedding habit limits its use to broadacre landscapes.
Extremely useful for revegetation of eroded sites, quarries and mines with rocky, skeletal substrates without topsoil, particularly those of sedimentary origin or coarse texture. The timber is light and brittle.
Seed and germination details
-avge no. seeds per gram
-days from first to last germination at

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Pursuant to Illinois law, certain cases are eligible to be "expunged" or "sealed,"thereby removing them from a defendant's criminal history record or accessibility to the public, respectively. Individuals who have criminal records eligible for this procedure might seek to use it in order to obtain a job, protect a current job, help them with certain licensing prospects, or just eliminate the potentially damaging effects of a criminal history record. An individual must meet certain eligibility requirements and pay a mandatory fee in order to expunge and/or seal a criminal arrest or record.
It is helpful to review the process by which these petitions are filed in the Criminal Division and the steps through which they proceed in order to understand the Expungement/ Sealing Procedure. Upon the filing of a Petition to Expunge and/or Seal, the following steps occur:
- A petition is filed with the Office of the Clerk of the Circuit Court on the fifth floor of the Criminal Court Administration Building at 2650 W. California Ave., Chicago, Illinois, and it receives a case number.
- A copy of the petition along with a receipt for the fee is given to the petitioner.
- The Clerk's office sends out three copies of the petition to: the Illinois State Police, the arresting agency and the Chicago Corporation Counsel.
- A court sheet and index card are created for the petition, and it is logged into the Clerk's book and data is entered into the Clerk's computer system.
- The case is then assigned to the Presiding Judge of the Criminal Court who hears these cases at 1 p.m. on Mondays, Tuesdays and Thursdays in courtroom 101.


Sebastian Krings
Learn More
Over the years, PROB has moved from a tool that complemented proving, to a development environment that is now sometimes used instead of proving for applications, such as exhaustive model checking or data validation. This has led to much more stringent requirements on the integrity of PROB. In this paper we present a summary of our validation efforts for(More)
Most state-based formal methods, like B, Event-B or Z, provide support for static typing. However, these methods and the associated tools lack support for annotating variables with (physical) units of measurement. There is thus no obvious way to reason about correct or incorrect usage of such units. We present a technique that analyzes the usage of physical(More)
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Hydroelectric Development on the Illinois Waterwayby John Williams, Tudor Engineering Co, Denver, CO, USA,
Henry Mayer, Tudor Engineering Co, Denver, CO, USA,
Robert A. Rogina, Tudor Engineering Co, Denver, CO, USA,
Document Type: Proceeding Paper
Part of: Waterpower '85
The feasibility studies and FERC License Applications were completed in August and September, 1983 for three hydroelectric projects on the Illinois Waterway at existing U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Locks and Dams. The total installed capacity of all three projects will be about 22,500 kilowatts and the potential average annual energy production will be about 172,000,000 kilowatt-hours per year. This paper discusses the power plant designs and equipment selections that were prepared for the FERC License Applications. The power studies that were conducted which take into account head changes due to tailwater fluctuations, lockage losses and turbine operating characteristics are also discussed. Lastly, the cost estimates for the projects are presented, and the economic value of the power and energy that will be generated by the projects is discussed.
Services: Buy this book/Buy this article
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The Amigo Advisory Board
Our dynamic, young leaders who make up the Amigo Nutrition advisory board are all passionate about making the world a better place and improving nutritional outcomes for all children.
These emerging leaders, all share a significant moral compass; have a deep understanding of the importance of healthy food for children, and are passionate about giving back to our communities so that all children, everywhere may thrive through good nutrition.
The Amigo Nutrition advisory board is putting the power to make better decisions about healthy food options for kids that are good for our planet and our people in the hands of the kids. The Amigo Nutrition advisory board are encouraged to think creatively around product development, brand marketing, and giving back to their fellow amigos who go to school hungry. Children are our future. These bright young minds have the best understanding of their nutrition needs, how to address them and how to build momentum among their peers for better, healthy outcomes.
Meet our Amigo Nutrition advisory board!
Want to be part of the Amigo Nutrition advisory board?
We'd love to hear from you! Send us a message and tell us a little bit about yourself. Remember to outline why you think you'd be a great addition to the Amigo Nutrition advisory board, you might just be!


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Review: Another Round (SFF Summer Season)
Another Round is an alcohol-fuelled dark comedy.
Photo: Henrik Ohsten
Viewers familiar with Thomas Vinterberg's The Hunt (2012) will have a very different experience with the Danish director's latest outing. An alcohol-fuelled dark comedy, Another Round explores the consequences of four high school teachers and their experiments with alcohol during work hours. A simple plot that manages to unfold into tragic carnage, its protagonists are deconstructed by their efforts to dive deeper into their indulgence. Vinterberg has crafted a film that is incredibly funny, whilst remaining acutely aware of the complexities of human emotion. The punchlines are strong and the consequences hit hard. A coming of middle-age drama, Vinterberg uses alcohol as a vehicle to confront the internal anxieties born from our feelings of failure.
The film opens with a scene familiar to many Australians: a teenage drinking ritual. The Danish high schoolers race in a relay around a lake. Each team member must sink a beer at the different benches along the way, incentivised by the prospect of winning the proceeds from the recycled beer bottles. An incredibly catchy pop song blares over the festivities while the adults watch on in glee. Vinterberg doesn't utilise the scene as a condemnation of youth drinking; instead, it represents a moment of joyous mischief, chaos and unity. It is this attitude of ambivalence that makes Another Round both a celebration of the revelry that can come from the consumption of alcohol, and a meditation on the importance of moderation.
This messaging is largely carried by the performance of the film's lead, Mads Mikkelsen. Mikkelsen plays a high school history teacher, Martin. A husband and father of two, Martin has slipped into the monotony of middle age, going through the motions of the day, devoid of spark and charisma. This changes when he attends the birthday party of his friend and fellow staff member, Nikolaj. A psychologist, Nikolaj proposes an experiment where they see if a higher blood alcohol content will improve their quality of life. This experiment brings a new spark to their experiences.
The teacher's experiment leads to an array of inebriated hijinks, filling the cinema with laughter for much of the first act. The teachers enthusiastically lead classes while drunk, coach childrens' soccer matches and try to make their way undetected through staff meetings. This initial comedy escalates into absurdity, making the slowing down that comes afterwards more poignant, as the protagonists reap what they have sowed. As Vinterberg puts his characters through the extremes, he pauses to question if their initial newfound happiness is all placebo. The film is well paced but does take its time to transition into the third act. However, this isn't a bad thing, as Vinterberg's visuals and the dynamics he establishes between characters are a joy to watch.
An important way that Vinterberg's comedy stands apart from its American counterparts is through its attention to the craft of cinema. Beautifully composed, Vinterberg's DOP Sturla Brandth Grøvlen mimics the cerebral uncertainty induced by alcohol. The camera refuses to stay stable, even in the film's most intense moments, with handheld shots and shallow depths of field leaving the audience with a feeling of uneasiness and uncertainty. While these cinematic choices effectively connect the craft of the film to its themes, it also harkens back to Vinterberg's early career. A founder of the Dogme 95 movement with Lars Von Troyer, the young Danish filmmakers railed against the conventions of cinema. Dogme 95 restricted the filmmaking means of its followers through the signing of a vow of chastity. Directors were forbidden from the use of custom props, tripods and special effects, and instead had to 'live in the moment'.
In 2002, David Bowie challenged Vinterberg on the sincerity of the movement, stating that it sounded like a satirical affair. Vinterberg responded that it was in fact a genuine heartfelt attempt to break the conservative mould of film. These naturalistic qualities of filmmaking are resonant throughout Another Round. Vinterberg paints the protagonists as creatures on a knife's edge; teetering on the edge of primality within their urban environments.
Much of Another Round's meditation on alcohol and the rollercoaster of life can be attributed to the personal tragedy faced by Vinterberg during the film's early production, as Ida, Vinterberg's 19 year old daughter, was tragically killed in a car accident. Vinterberg uses Another Round to preach a sermon about life, showing the audience the pleasures of risks and the pitfalls of excess. He invites audiences to realise that they need to take chances, experiment and explore because there is still time left. The film embraces the spectrum of effects of Danish drinking culture, weighing both the positives and negatives of alcoholic escapism. Another Round will continue to resonate as people return to a sense of normalcy following the pandemic, and have to come to terms with how to enjoy the world despite the anxieties and failures of the past.


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'Smoke from Australian fires will not have direct impact on Nepal'
January 18, 2020 09:24 AM NPT
By: Aditi Baral
KATHMANDU, Jan 18: Amid forecast of the US-based National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) that the smoke from Australia's fires will make a full circuit around the world, there are concerns around the world if this would leave impact on other countries as well. Meteorologists and atmospheric scientists in Nepal, however, say there is no need to panic although there are some chances of receiving slightly visible effects in the sky over this Himalayan nation should the fire keep on razing at a dangerous pace.
According to the Metrological Forecasting Division (MFD), there has been no impact of the Australian bushfires on Nepal so far. "Large scale phenomena like Australian bushfires definitely will cause perilous global effects and impact on the global climate. But countries like Nepal that lie far away from the affected region may not be affected directly. However, we might experience less or negligible impact due to climate change that these fires could bring about," said meteorologist Shanti Kandel at the MFD.
Although there has been slight relief with relatively cooler condition and slight rainfall in Australia, reports show that more than 100 fires are still burning in some states like New South Wales and Victoria in Australia.
A recent statement by NASA said that the smoke produced by the Australian fires will make a full circuit around the globe. Satellite images have also shown clouds of smoke formed by the fires traveling beyond the continent, with possibilities of creating their own weather in the form of massive thunderstorms that can later create new fires.
"The smoke from Australian fire will have visible effects in counties of the eastern and western regions but it is less likely to affect countries in the north. So, Nepal will not be affected," said Senior Atmospheric Scientist at ICIMOD Arnico Kumar Panday.
The Australian fire aggravated by climate change has been razing for several months now, prompting global outcry. Unimaginable causalities have been caused by this phenomenon with the burning of an estimated 10 million hectares (100,000 sq km or 15.6 million acres) of bush, forest and parks across Australia. It has also caused an estimated death of one billion animals, death of more than two dozen people including four firefighters and destruction of over 1,400 homes.
As per the reports provided by NASA's research center, the smoke from these fires have somewhat already traveled halfway around Earth, causing haze in the skies of South America and bringing changes to the color gradient of dusk and down. It has also greatly impacted the air quality levels of neighboring nation New Zealand along with reflecting changes in the color patterns of sunrise and sunset.
However, scientists predict that the smoke from the Australian fires might lead to the formation of heavy clouds and rainfall in Nepal. "We might experience gloomy days and excessive rainfall as an impact of the smoke travelling from the Australian fires," Panday further explained.
While the increasing trend of wildfire in recent years has become a serious concern across the world, Nepal itself witnesses about thousands of forest fires every year. According to a report prepared on Wildfire Dynamics in Nepal, the overall recorded wildfire incidences were 35,374 and the burnt area was 1,723,920 hectares from 2000 to 2016. Most of these fires are caused by a long dry spell, windy weather and discarded cigarettes.
Scientists say these forest fires have been creating major impact on the environment by emitting carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that continue to warm the surrounding, bringing change to the weather patterns in various places. "Although Australian fires do not have direct effects in Nepal, we have small forest fires every year within the nation that also tend to add up to become a strong reason for air pollution" said research scientist Sameer Mani Dixit.


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SOLUTIONS TO THE MIDTERM
1. Determine the connected components of the space R' .
Solution. Every connected component of R' consists of just one point, because no
subset X ⊆ R' with at least two points can be connected. Indeed, if a, b ∈ X are
distinct points, say with a < b, then U = X ∩ (−∞, b) and V = X ∩ [b, ∞) are
disjoint open subsets with a ∈ U and b ∈ V . They form a separation of X, which
means that X is not connected.
2. (a) Prove that every compact metric space is second countable. (b) Give an
example of a metric space that is not second countable.
Solution. We first prove (a). For every integer n ≥ 1, the collection of all open
balls of radius 1/n is an open covering of X. Since X is compact, finitely many of
these open balls cover X; let us denote this finite collection by Bn . Their union
B=
∞
[
Bn
n=1
is clearly countable. I claim that it is a basis for the metric topology, which is
therefore second countable. To prove that B is a basis, it suffices to show that
every open set U ⊆ X is a union of open balls in B. Let x ∈ U be an arbitrary
point. By definition of the metric topology, there is some r > 0 with Br (x) ⊆ U .
Take any integer n with 1/n < r/2. Since the finitely many open balls in Bn cover
X, we can find some y ∈ X with
x ∈ B1/n (y) ∈ Bn .
Now d(x, y) < 1/n < r/2, and by the triangle inequality, we get B1/n (y) ⊆ Br (x) ⊆
U . This proves that U is a union of open balls in B.
For (b), we can take any uncountable set X with the metric d(x, y) = 0 if x = y,
and d(x, y) = 1 if x 6= y. In this metric, every one-point set is open; every basis for
the topology has to contain all these sets, and must therefore be uncountable. 3. Let X be a connected and normal topological space with at least two points.
Show that X must be uncountable.
Solution. Let a, b ∈ X be two distinct points. Since X is normal, Urysohn's lemma
gives us a continuous function f : X → [0, 1] with f (a) = 0 and f (b) = 1. Now
suppose for contradiction that X is countable. Then f (X) is countable, too; because
[0, 1] is uncountable, there is a real number c ∈ (0, 1) with c 6∈ f (X). But now
X = f −1 [0, c) ∪ f −1 (c, 1]
is a separation of X, contradicting the fact that X is connected.
1
2
SOLUTIONS TO THE MIDTERM
4. Let X and Y be topological spaces, with Y compact. Show that the projection
p : X × Y → X is closed.
Solution. Let A ⊆ X × Y be a closed subset. We have to show that p(A) is closed,
or equivalently, that X \ p(A) is open. Let x ∈ X \ p(A) be an arbitrary point; we
shall argue that some neighborhood of x is contained in X \ p(A).
Since x 6∈ p(A), we must have (x, y) 6∈ A for every y ∈ Y ; in other words, (x, y)
is a point of the open set X × Y \ A. By definition of the product topology, there
is a basic open set with
(x, y) ∈ U (y) × V (y) ⊆ X × Y \ A.
Note that we have x ∈ U (y) and y ∈ V (y). The collection of open sets V (y) covers
Y , and so by compactness, there are finitely many points y1 , . . . , yn ∈ Y with
Y = V (y1 ) ∪ · · · ∪ V (yn ).
If we define U = U (y1 ) ∩ · · · ∩ U (yn ), then x ∈ U . I claim that U is contained
in X \ p(A). Indeed, any point x0 ∈ U ∩ p(A) would be the projection of a point
(x0 , y 0 ) ∈ A; but then y 0 ∈ V (yi ) for some i, and so
(x0 , y 0 ) ∈ U × V (yi ) ⊆ U (yi ) × V (yi ) ⊆ X × Y \ A,
which is absurd.


text:
Now showing items 1-2 of 2
Studies of electron exchange collisions and polarized electron production in a flowing helium afterglow
A flowing helium afterglow apparatus has been used to study thermal-energy electron exchange collisions between spin-polarized electrons and O$\sb2$ or NO molecules. Penning ionization of CO$\sb2$ by spin-polarized...
Energy dependent electron polarization studies of penning ionization channels
Penning ionization reactions have been studied in a flowing afterglow apparatus to explore the contributions of autoionizing channels in reactions of spin-polarized He(23S) with alkali atoms. Spin polarization analysis of...


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South Africa's gastronomy is coming of age as chef's begin to experiment with indigenous foods and plants to create a cuisine that is bursting with unusual flavours and sharp contrasts, and is quintessentially South African.
We've compiled a list of ten ingredients any South African chef would be proud to include in his palate of basic ingredients …
The Marula, Sclerocarya birrea subsp caffra, is an indigenous drought tolerant tree (the same family as cashew, mango and pistachio) and a prolific bearer of fruit.
These fallen fruits are the essential ingredient for many local foods. They are brewed to make marula beer, the nuts (seed) can be dried and then cracked to eat, or used as a relish for cooking, and the kernel makes an incredible oil used mostly in the beauty industry but often included in the kitchen as well. And yes, the fruits are the main ingredient for Amarula Cream Liqueur.
Endemic to the mountains of the Western Cape, Buchu (boegoe with the 'g' said as though clearing the throat) is used for cooking, for its fynbos flavours, and as a tea.
The San people used to chew the leaves to keep their mouths clean, and they used it as a deoderant. Its mild minty flavour, with just a hint of aniseed, makes it incredible with a rack of lamb. But even served up with baby carrots, or on a bed of mielie pap, this herb is a 'wow'.
The lowly sour fig is known by many names – ice plant, pigface, and Hottentot fig – all of which describe the indigenous creeping, ground cover succulent that produces a bright pink, magenta or yellow flower, and is found growing wild all over the Cape.
Both drought and salt tolerant the plant stabilises sand dunes, the leaves' astringent juices are antiseptic and can help treat cuts, eczema, bites and sunburn, and the flowers are best in jams, pickles and preserves. One can even dry them to use later. The leaves are apparently good as a kind of spinach.
Also known as the cactus pear, prickly pears are an iconic symbol of the Eastern Cape, a common sight along major highways. However, they're indigenous to Mexico and came to South Africa with sailors who used it as an antidote to scurvy.
The plant spreads on its own without much assistance and in some areas of the country grew out of control. Today it's no longer regarded as invasive and is harvested by Xhosa women who use it to brew beer or to sell. The fruit is deeply embedded in both African and Afrikaner culture, and is delicious in salads, salsas, sauces, and syrups.
There are myriad reasons to plant spekboom in your garden. It's water-wise, improves the quality of the air you breathe and is easy to grow, but it's also so versatile in food that you'll want at least two big plants outside your back door.
Eat just two leaves a day, and you'll have consumed your RDA. With a very similar taste to purslane, its lemony flavour lends itself to salads, and soups, whilst served up with cheese and preserve it is heavenly.
Known also as kraaldoring, slangbessie or African boxthorn (Lycium ferrocissimum) belongs to the nightshade family (tomatoes, brinjals, potatoes) and produces fruitlets that can apparently be eaten when ripe, although this is still a relatively little-known practice.
You know you're onto something big when the likes of KWV launches a Kalahari Truffle infused super-premium boutique gin. Kalahari truffles are found underground in semi arid regions of the Kalahari Desert (in South Africa you find them only in the Green Kalahari region). They're naturally occurring, and are known as!N'abbas in the Nama language.
Like the French truffle they are edible fungi that form a symbiotic relationship with the roots of certain plants (usually the Tsamma melon). This indigenous veldkos is also difficult to find in the wild; you'll need a guide. But a company known as Woodford Truffles help South African farmers cultivate truffle orchards.
Nastergal is African nightshade berry, a wild plant that grows only on the Highveld of Mpumalanga and parts of the Free State and KZN. It has numerous names that include popolo and wonder berry, and is interestingly considered a weed. Parts of the plant are toxic to livestock.
Despite this it is used in traditional medicine and one can eat the ripe berries (the green berries are poisonous) and cooked leaves. The purple berries are used to make jam (umsoba) that is delicious on cheesecake, double cream yoghurt and icecream.
Most of us know this as wild rosemary, or Cape snowbush. Commonly found growing wild in the veld wild rosemary is easy to find with its thin, grey leaves, burst of white flowers in winter, and distinctive smell.
With meat and stews it is simply delicious, with baked roots and vegetables it is heavenly, or you can push the food boundaries by doing a Le Quartier Francais to produce a salt and kapokbos roasted guava to impress your guest.
Commonly known as the kei apple because it is native to the Kei River area of South Africa, where it grows wild, the kei apple is bothy a hardy tree that serves as a natural fence, and food. The fruit borne by the shrub is similar to an apple, but smaller (more like the size of a plum) with a high enough vitamin C content to find itself favourably compared to citrus.
Those who like their fruit acidic love this fruit just off the tree, but with a little imagination it flourishes as jam, apple crumble, kei apple, ginger-scented cupcakes or even kei apple tomato chutney.


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Please note that the recommended version of Scilab is 6.1.1. This page might be outdated.
See the recommended documentation of this function
This block is a sawtooth wave generator. The output of the block is described by the equation:
At first event on its activation input, the output increases linearly from 0 with a unitary rate. When the following event occurs, the output goes to 0 and begin again to increase until the next event and so on.
Output: scalar double.
always active: yes
- port 1 : size [1,1] / type 1
number/sizes of activation inputs: 1
number/sizes of activation outputs: 0
continuous-time state: no
discrete-time state: yes
object discrete-time state: no
name of computational function: sawtth
This diagram shows the output of the SAWTOOTH_f block with an event period of 2 seconds and an offset of 1 second on event generation.
SCI/modules/scicos_blocks/src/fortran/sawtth.f (Type 0)
|Report an issue|
|<< RFILE_f||Sources palette||STEP_FUNCTION >>|


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:"outing" usually translated as "adventure"
In Irish myth, an echtrae is an excursion to the Otherworld.
There has long been some confusion between the two genres of echtrai and immrama, due mainly to the mistitled Immram Brain, that is, The Voyage of Bran. I say it is misnamed, for the term immram--"rowing out"--is used to refer to sea voyages, particularly those of the monastic period, such as the Voyage of St. Brendan, the Voyage of Maelduin, or the Voyage of O'Curra. These are tales, although containing fantastic elements, which are not concerned with the otherworld; they are firmly set in this world, and specifically a Christianized world. In each immram, the hero is a Christian, and though he is faced with supernatural elements, he never changes his religion.
However, in The Voyage of Bran, we actually have an echtrae, not an immram. The echtrae is specifically concerned with the adventure of a hero in the Otherworld. It is firmly pagan in nature--gods and goddesses often beckon the hero on the voyage, which leads him to one of the many islands of the otherworld: Mag Mell, Tír na nÓg, Tír inna mBan, etc. The god is often Manannán mac Lir, and the goddesses one of his daughters, such as Niamh, and they are usually bearing a flowering branch of apples. The point of the echtrae is either to lure a hero to the Otherworld for eternity as a husband for one of the goddesses, such as the case of Connla or Oisín; or so as to impart some form of wisdom or power unto the hero, such as the case of Cormac mac Airt. Only the chosen return from the echtrai, and those who return against the will of the gods usually perish, having found that they had been away from Ireland for hundreds of years.
So what of the case of Immram Brain? Why is it called immram instead of echtrae? It was likely that Bran's story became confused with that of St. Brendan, and the term immram was passed on to Bran's story, despite its unsuited nature.
Ancient Irish Tales, ed. and trans. T. Cross & H. Slover. NY: Barnes and Noble, 1996 (reprint). This contains most of the echtrai in the Fionn Cycle and the Irish Cycle of the Kings
Dumville, David N. "Echtrae and Immram: Some problems of Definition." Ériu Vol. XXVII. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1976. pp 73-94.


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PyX — Example: drawing/arrow.py
Adding an arrow when stroking a path
from pyx import * c = canvas.canvas() c.stroke(path.curve(0, 0, 0, 4, 2, 4, 3, 3), [style.linewidth.THICK, style.linestyle.dashed, color.rgb.blue, deco.earrow([deco.stroked([color.rgb.red, style.linejoin.round]), deco.filled([color.rgb.green])], size=1)]) c.writeEPSfile("arrow") c.writePDFfile("arrow")
The example shows how to use an arrow decorator instance to add an arrow to a path when it is stroked. Instead of using a default arrow instance, we create a highly customized arrow head.
Apart from setting arrow specific features like the arrow size, a list of styles and decorators can be passed to the arrow. In this example, the arrow is stroked in red with round corners. In addition, the arrow is filled in green.
Note that style properties are inherited from the outer towards the inner decorators. In this example, the linewidth is also used when stroking the arrow head. We could for example also skip the color.rgb.green value in the
deco.filled decorator and the arrow would be filled in blue.
To continue removing the deco.filled features, it is equivalent to write
deco.filled. This is due to the fact that
deco.filled already is an instance, which can be modified by call. An empty list does not really modify it. But you could even skip
deco.filled completely and the arrow would still be filled with blue color. The reason is that the arrow is implemented in a way that it always merges the
filled decorator. This step in the evaluation of the attributes is transparent to other settings: if we would replace the
color.rgb.green, we would still get a filled green arrow. You could then remove the
deco.stroked inside of the arrow instance and the line would become green as well. Note that the order of the attributes is not important for this style delegation feature.
Since we have learned that the arrow decorators always fill the arrow head by default, the question is now whether and how such a feature can be removed. This is done by clear instances available as a
clear class attribute. Hence in case of
deco.filled, it is available as
deco.filled.clear. When you add this attribute to the earrow call, the arrowhead will not be filled anymore and you will notice that the blue line is not stroked inside the arrowhead.
You might also have noticed, that the dashed linestyle is not used when stroking the arrowhead. This is similar to the default
filled feature of the arrowhead: The arrowhead merges a
style.linestyle.normal to ensure a solid line. Instead of manually setting
style.linestyle.dashed in the arrowhead, you could use
style.linestyle.clear to restore the linestyle setting of the path.
The arrow head is a so-called ornament. Beside attaching stroke and fill styles during the process of converting a path into a decorated path, any number of ornaments can be added to the decorated path. When adding ornaments, parts of the path can also be marked as not-to-be-stroked. While this is taken into account in a final stroke operation, different decorators do not see this information such that decorators always commute.


Are Horses And Ponies Separate Species
Paul Gonzalez
- Thursday, 29 October, 2020
- 74 min read
Both horses and ponies are of the same species (Equus Catullus) and come from the exact same family tree. However, ponies stay small their whole life, maturing more quickly than horses.
horse horsemanship
(Source: _URL_)
Some differences between horses and ponies may not be as easy to spot as the size. They can be quite wily, which is why it's sometimes easier to find a quiet horse for a child than a reliable pony.
They can pull or carry heavy loads with more strength than a horse, relative to their size. Their coats tend to grow thicker in the winter, which often doesn't shed out until the hottest days of summer.
They begin to grow back their thick coats as soon as the days start to shorten. They are heavier boned and shorter legged in proportion to their bodies compared to horses.
ponies horses usborne beginners wild
(Source: _URL_)
In fact, it's very easy to overfeed a pony, which makes them more prone to founder and laminates than horses. While some horses can be 'hard keepers' most ponies are the extreme opposite, apparently putting on weight just looking at the grass on the other side of the fence.
In general, you can ride them, drive them, and most importantly, pamper them like spoiled pets. Horses and ponies alike have shaped human society, letting people make agricultural and industrial advancements and helping civilizations wage wars and.
As any barn rat will tell you, the main difference between a horse and a pony is height. An equine that measures 14 hands, 2 inches at the withers (the ridge between their shoulder blades) is considered a horse, whereas those that fall below this threshold are known as ponies.
But despite the strict height distinction, how people refer to certain horses and ponies is a bit fluid. Minis were essentially designed to resemble their much-larger counterparts, just drastically smaller, as if they'd been shrunk in the evolutionary dryer.
The Icelandic Horse averages a height of 13 to 14 hands and has a heftier build. As The Horse Rider's Journal reports, the Manipur Pony of India was considered the original polo breed.
mating horses spain field brown sunny horse andalucian shutterstock pic
(Source: _URL_)
A person may call their horse a pony in the same way the owner of a full-grown dog may refer to their pooch as a puppy, but it's a term of affection rather than an acknowledgment of age. A popular belief among many non-horse people and beginner equestrians is that ponies are baby horses, which is not true today.
A pony measures 14 hands and 2 inches at the withers (the bump that is between the neck and back)or shorter, whereas taller than that height is considered a horse. Here is a video that also explains a bit about the difference between horses and ponies.
I mentioned above that horses and ponies are measured in hands which is equivalent to 4 inches, from the withers down to the ground. As well as whether they are conditioned and trained to carry themselves in a way that puts more weight onto their hind end lifts the front end, causing the withers to become taller and the horse/pony more uphill over time.
When you go to measure the horse/ ponies height make sure the horse is standing square and on level ground. Affiliate Disclosure: These links to horse.com are affiliate links, so if you click through and end up making a purchase I will earn some coffee money.
Another thing to note is that a horse/pony full-grown height occurs when fully mature. Horses and ponies mature at different rates so it depends on the equine.
birth separated animals wild safe horse give
(Source: _URL_)
Though ponies and horses are generally determined by height, there are exceptions to this rule. There are breeds that are considered horses or ponies that don't always follow the height rule.
But some people still debate whether to determine a horse or pony by height or breed. There are those that would argue and say that Arabian should be considered a pony based on the height.
There are several theories as to why the breed registry calls them horses, such as how much weight they can carry, their bone structure and personality. Other horse breeds that can be at pony height include Fjords, Morgans, Mustangs, Paints, Appaloosas.
Ponies that are well-trained are often great mounts for new and experienced child. They are closer to the ground in the event of a fall, whereas if a child fell off a horse which is much taller injuries could be worse.
Small adults also benefit from riding ponies, which may be more proportionate for there size. It is easier to get on, again less of a fall and the shorter rider is more able to effectively communicate the riding aids than on a horse that may be too big for them.
horses ponies
(Source: bellasvitas.blogspot.com)
Horses tend to be the choice of some upper-level competitions like show jumping, dressage, and evening. But there have been some pony-sized competitors, like Teddy with Karen O' Conner who competed evening internationally and was only just over 14.1 hands.
Before going over the common differences between horse and pony proportions, remember there are exceptions. A ponies head is often shorter in proportion to their body compared to a horse sized head which is usually longer in proportion to their body.
Ponies tend to have thicker bones than horses. Horses are commonly seen as more docile, quiet, willing and easier to work with.
Ponies are commonly seen as more clever, stubborn, cheeky and sometimes need more experienced riders. Ponies tend to have more playful and affectionate personalities compared to horses.
However, the horse and ponies behaviors and temperament can be affected from breeding, age, training, work load, handling, type, feed, care, daily routines and other factors. This also includes how heavy and thick boned the horse or pony is.
ponies horse pony horses types colours markings shetland basics facts pets4homes teach basic children fun information
(Source: imgarcade.com)
" Ponies reach a mature age and experience a shorter and less rapid growth curve than larger horse breeds." Kentucky Equine Research Usually horses / ponies will mature first and then their bone density, tendons, ligaments, and muscles after.
How fast a horse or pony grows typically depends on: Through AGE RANGE OF HORSE/PONY MATURITY Small Pony/ Miniature3-4 overlarge/Drafty Pony4-6 gearshift Horse5-6 yearsWarmblood6-8 aircraft Horse6-9 years Just like small dogs tend to live longer lives than bigger dogs, it is similar with horses and ponies.
However, there are horses that live long lives and have longer riding careers due to quality care and good genetics, it's just not typical. However, many of the pony breeds commonly have strong, hardy feet.
Whereas there are horse breeds that tend to have good feet there are also quite a few horse breeds that tend to have issues with hoof quality, cracking, crumbling, particular prone, sore-footed, thin soles, seedy toe or white line disease, etc. It is common for horses to have thinner manes and tails than ponies.
Horses tend to be able to carry and pull more weight than ponies because they are bigger and heavier. Compared to horses ponies usually have a much slower metabolism known as an easy keeper.
horses penguin herd lost horse touching nose adopt separated moment frosty beak crofts fed spotted sarah scene three she
(Source: _URL_)
Ever heard the saying "a horse that gets fat on air?" Ponies should get enough hay or grass and most will only need a vitamin supplement with no grain or a very small amount of grain. One problem with ponies being such easy keepers is that they are prone to foundering from eating feed that is too rich or too much food including rich grass.
Horses tend to need more hay and grain-based on their work levels, age, and unique metabolism. Equine Cushing's disease's medical term is pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (Paid).
This gland creates hormones in response to signals from the brain. Other symptoms include drinking and peeing a lot, losing weight, sleepiness, increased sweating.
It is believed ponies may have this because of natural selection in the wild. "The longer period of domestication of the horse may have precluded natural selection against poor healing because the wounded horse was/is tended to by man.
Yes in some cases a horse can be considered a pony when they fall under 14.3 hands. Horse and ponies by breed have different characteristics, and personalities.
horse horses truck shows pickup head animals dragging colorado animal disturbing zebras fox flash un charged pair facts imagen imagenes
(Source: animalia-life.com)
Aside from breeds, horses, and ponies, the main differentiation is by height. Welsh Mountain Pony (Section A) the smallest Welsh type Welsh Pony of riding type (Section B) the more refined slightly taller than Section A. Welsh Pony of Cob Type (Section C)- Small and stocky type Welsh Cob (Section D), the tallest type sometimes ridden by adults.
In order to reduce the risk of producing a foal that the mare could have problems giving birth to its better to use a male pony and female horse. This is more likely to result in a foal that isn't


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Researchers at UCLA have built a cheap, optics-free holographic microscope capable of detecting bacteria like E. coli in things like water, food, and blood. And by cheap, we mean really cheap. The researchers say it costs less than $100 to build.
The microscope has two ways of analyzing samples: a transmission mode and a reflection mode. The transmission mode is good for transparent media, like thin slices of a sample or clear liquids. In this case, the microscope's laser can easily penetrate and analyze microscopic objects. For denser, more solid samples the microscope uses holography to generate a 3-D image of the sample that can be beamed to remote computers for further analysis if necessary.In reflection mode, the microscope basically splits the laser beam using a mirror. It then uses one half of the beam to illuminate the sample. On the other side the sample beam and the control beam are recombined. Some "clever mathematics" can then use resulting the changes in the beam to generate a 3-D image of the object sampled.
But while that may sound fairly high-tech, there are no expensive optics or other pricey components required. The photo sensors are of the variety often found in smartphones, and small lasers like the one used in the device are really inexpensive these days as well. That all means that these holographic microscopes could be widely deployed at little cost.
And that's the idea. Places that don't have access to high-tech diagnostic equipment could use these devices to sample food and water--or even human blood--for harmful bugs and beam the images to more powerful computing devices elsewhere for analysis or diagnosis. That could help contain contaminations and outbreaks faster, saving lives while keeping costs down.
Five amazing, clean technologies that will set us free, in this month's energy-focused issue. Also: how to build a better bomb detector, the robotic toys that are raising your children, a human catapult, the world's smallest arcade, and much more.


Seeking Human Kindness
"Seeking Human Kindness" is a compilation of 50 inspirational true short stories gathered from across the world. In moments of need, will you pay it forward?
Escaping Poverty
Inspirational stories of those who have overcome tremendous odds to become successful
The Grumpy Old Man: A World Without Rainbows
The fully illustrated story describes one man's journey to seek happiness. Leaving in the woods alone, the grumpy old man finds no solace. He devises a plan to rid the world of rainbows. In the process, he comes to learn that true joy comes from helping others.
The Beast of Bellevue
This tale as old as time gets a new spin. What if the roles of beauty and the beast were reversed? Young Ava is looking for love and acceptance. She thinks she finds it online. The only trouble is she is locked in an institution and her prince is not necessarily who she thinks he is.
The Bullied Anthologies
"The Bullied Anthology: Stories of Success" is the cumulative work of those who have survived bullying to become wildly successful.
The Wonderful Life of Sam the Snail
In the children's novel, our heroic young snail grows up from a life in the swamps to discover his calling in the outside world. Despite many of his family's warning, he sets out to find his dream.


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Each year, Filmmaker asks the Sundance Film Festival feature directors a question about their filmmaking process. We then compile any and all of the directors' feedback and bring it to our readers courtesy of our "Sundance Responses."
This year we asked:
Attention, our audience's and our own — it's a valued commodity these days. We struggle to command our audience's attention, for them to discover our work and then, once they've discovered it, to actually focus on it. Meanwhile, we struggle to focus our own attention, to fight our society's weapons of mass distraction so we can not just see our work to completion but fully discover the meanings within it. What role does attention play in your work? Can you discuss an instance where you thought about some aspect of attention when it came to your film?
We'll upload the responses individually, the day of each film's premiere. So, as the festival progresses, click the links below. The Sundance Film Festival is being held in Park City, Utah from January 16th to the 26th.


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When it comes to the underwater world, there are countless creatures that captivate our attention. One such creature is the Freshwater Tiger Moray Eel. With its striking appearance and unique characteristics, this eel is a true marvel of nature. In this blog post, we will explore the fascinating world of the Freshwater Tiger Moray Eel and uncover some interesting facts about this elusive species.
What is a Freshwater Tiger Moray Eel?
The Freshwater Tiger Moray Eel, scientifically known as Gymnothorax polyuranodon, is a species of eel that belongs to the Muraenidae family. Unlike its saltwater counterparts, this eel inhabits freshwater environments, such as rivers and lakes, in Southeast Asia. It is known for its vibrant coloration, which consists of dark green or brownish-black spots on a yellowish background, resembling the stripes of a tiger.
How Big Can They Grow?
The Freshwater Tiger Moray Eel is a relatively large species, with adults reaching an average length of 1.5 meters (5 feet). However, some individuals have been known to grow even larger, measuring up to 2 meters (6.5 feet) in length. These eels have a slender body shape, allowing them to navigate through narrow crevices and holes in their freshwater habitats.
What Do They Eat?
As carnivorous predators, Freshwater Tiger Moray Eels have a diverse diet. They primarily feed on small fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. Using their strong jaws and sharp teeth, they are able to capture and swallow their prey whole. These eels are known for their voracious appetite, consuming a significant amount of food in a single feeding session.
How Do They Reproduce?
Reproduction in Freshwater Tiger Moray Eels is an intriguing process. They are oviparous, which means that they lay eggs. The female eel releases her eggs into the water, where they are fertilized by the male. The eggs then develop and hatch into larvae, which eventually transform into juvenile eels. It is worth noting that the reproductive behavior of these eels is still not fully understood, and further research is needed to uncover all the details.
Are They Dangerous to Humans?
While Freshwater Tiger Moray Eels possess sharp teeth and a powerful bite, they are generally not considered a threat to humans. These eels are shy and elusive, preferring to hide in crevices and only venturing out to hunt for food. However, if provoked or cornered, they may defend themselves by biting. It is important to exercise caution and respect their natural habitat when encountering these magnificent creatures.
The Freshwater Tiger Moray Eel is a truly remarkable species that showcases the diversity of life in our planet's freshwater ecosystems. With its striking appearance and unique behaviors, it continues to captivate the interest of researchers and nature enthusiasts alike. By understanding and appreciating these fascinating creatures, we can contribute to the conservation and preservation of their fragile habitats.