text:
Common Understanding Wiki
A Common Knowledge Source of Terms and Definitions
CloudSocket Common Understanding Wiki
Common Technical Understanding of Business Process as a Service #
This Wiki offers a BPaaS taxonomy as well as an explanation of background material in order to create a common understanding with respect to technical realisation for business process as a service in the cloud.


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wireless card faster than ethernet wire?
I have a lynksys WRT54G router...is a same brand wireless card faster than a thirty foot ethernet wire???
Quote:Your wireless card will run at 54mbitish max whereas the ethernet will probably have no problems at all running 100mbit over 10 metre cat5e cable provided you have a 10/100 or greater network card.
With wireless you will never hit the peak rate specified on the box, its sad but true. The problem is error correction (if i remember my networking class right). Wired has much better tolerance for packet collision than wireless. If you want raw performance and dont mind lots of cabling then go wired
As long as your NIC is capable of at least 100Mbps, wired will be several times faster. Here's why:
1. Higher top speed. Wireless's rated maximum transmission speed is 54Mbps and Fast Ethernet is 100Mbps, which is almost twice as fast.
2. Better throughput/fewer losses. Wired Ethernet generally has a throughput around 90% of the rated line speed, maybe more if you tuned it well. Wireless is lucky to throughput 50% of the packets it sent. And wired Ethernet can have a throughput of 100Mbps in both TX and RX, while wireless is limited to half-duplex operation that splits the ~27Mbps between transmission and reception.
3. Almost no interference from external sources. If you are within cable range, you're getting full speed on Ethernet. Wireless speed degrades with distance and interference from microwaves, cordless phones, and other WLANs.
Quote:I DID AN ON LINE CHAT WITH LINKSYS TECH SUPPORT, THE HARD WIRE IS MUCH FASTER THAN WIRELESS, WIRE GIVES YOU UP TO 100MP (THIS IS THE SPEED OF YOUR ETHERNET CARD/ADAPTER), THE ADAPTERS ARE LIMITED,
Now then.... thank you for wasting your bandwidth (and Linksys tech support's time) on a question that has already been answered.
Quote:I have a lynksys WRT54G router...is a same brand wireless card faster than a thirty foot ethernet wire???
Wired will always be faster than wireless. Period. Wired has up to 10Gb capacity as I recall, and wireless is Draft 802.11n at 240 Mbps. That is of course bandwidth-wise only. Most people will only do up to 54 MAXIMUM in a burst, not that it makes a difference anyway, sicne everyone just uses them to split the internet, and nobody's connection goes to 54 Mbps yet. Wired always gives you at least 100 Mbps unless you have a crappy ass router and comp or a really good router and comp. 100 is the norm, not to mention all wireless lags, including the Logitech G5 or G7 gaming, whichever it is, the wireless one lags and the wired does not. Simply the same reason all us gamers use wired equipment. It's faster, and it pretty much always will be until someone can find a way to puch radio waves and electrons faster than just electrons.
thanks The_Prophecy , do you have an absolute resolution to why linksys wrt54g wireless has so many drops and will not stay connected? ive read cordless phones,adapters,channels,isp and maybe the router, with the advise of linksys tech support. twice or more, ive replaced hardware, multiple setting changes,;done them all ,still drops.
The hardware changes have been, two B Routers two g routers one b pcmcia adapter and two g pcmcia adapters for the laptop one usb adapter all linksys. Used 3 different ISP, two which were cable and one was a DSL. The last time I purchased the notebook router and adapter in the same package. Settings-- almost all the channel's. The tech at linksys had me goto properties from "My Network Places". Then he had me verify check marks and type in some numbers. I attempted to navigate from advanced areas and was to determine where I entered these numbers. I was unable determine what I changed. If you have some good techniques please give me some cook book guide to success. Do you own and operate one of these linksys systems? I am not the only person on this site with linksys drop issues. Cells and cordless phones are not the issue. I have come to the conclusion that this linksys wireless system is junk.
I have two PCMCIA slots on this laptop, I have interchanged the adapters. I running a legal XP sp2 Home Edition OS. I did not have issues with networking when I was hard wired to the router. I am considering wasting more of linksys tech support time.
The people posting here obviously don't run their own Wifi networks, and haven't setup wireless networks either.
Wireless 802.11g is a great thing to have for your laptop, music streaming device, and PDA . It sucks for everything else.
There's no such thing as "packet collision" on an ethernet network, unless you are using HUBs instead of switches - and who in blue blazes would be dumb enough tobuy a 100Mb HUB??? Even with HUBs, there are no collisions on a radio device.
The big thing with Wireless is "packet loss" (not collision!) and loss can be as high as 75% on a dodgy Wifi connection. Even with very little (5% - which is massive when compared to the 0% of wired ethernet) loss, a wireless entwork is HIGHLY unlikely to achieve more than 20% of rated throughput. Not 80%, not 50% - you will be LUCKY to average 20%.
That's less than 10Mb/s - and in actual fact, don't be surprised when transfering files, if your Wifi averages 1Mb/s - 1 tenth of the 30% I just mentioned!
Remember, that "54Mb/s wireless router" means "54Mb/s SHARED BETWEEN ALL CLIENTS!"
So, if you have 4 Wifi devices connected, then, at most, they'll handshake with the router, at 13.5Mb/s - but more likely, is 8Mb/s or less. Then, once again, except less than 20% of that rate for file transfers. Don't be surprised if you get 1/10th of THAT rate either!
Wifi is freaking great where you can't install wires - have devices which will be useless with an ethernet cable attached (Lapto, PDA) but it is utterly useless for speed, reliability, and robustness. Ask anyone who actually runs Wifi networks.
Gaming on a wifi connect would be insane - because of the lossy nature of the connect.
well, actually i have setup a wireless network already, so what? you may have setup 1 million wireless networks, then what? you'll never be the only one right, as nobody will...
now, if you have 75% packet loss on your network i dont think you have too much of experience with these type of networks... even 20% is insanely stupid.
i've seen connections from 1 mile, using the right antenna, no packet loss.
the only thing i agree with you is:Quote:Wifi is freaking great where you can't install wires
the other stuff you said you're just generalizing too much.
I had that router and found it was bad for large file transfers(would crash it streaming 8-mbit pvr data). I just got an SMC and it was fixed. As for wireless speed. it is always slower due to lag. Also the mentioned error correction/collision avoidance(CSMA/CA). The damn thing send an ack for every packet it gets. So 54mbits becomes cut in half in almost all cases.
In general 2.4ghz is an over crowded area. It has to put up with phones,bluetooth,and worst of all microwaves.
On the topic of mice and keyboards. If u stay away from bluetooth (ie stick with FastRF @ 27mhz?). In my experience fastRF does not lag at all unlike blue tooth. Now that is nothing but lag.
On wireless... If u need it get it...If you can avoid it, get wired

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
KS X 1001 (Korean Graphic Character Set for Information Interchangecitation needed) is a South Korean coded character set standard to represent hangul and hanja characters on a computer. It is arranged as 94×94 table (similarly to 2-byte code words in ISO 2022 and EUC), therefore its code points are pairs of integers 1–94. KS X 1001 contains ASCII, Korean, typography, Greek, Cyrillic, Japanese (Hiragana and Katakana) and some other characters.
This standard was previously known as KS C 5601. There have been several revisions of this standard. For example, there were revisions in 1987, 1992, 1998 and 2002. Several computer operating systems encode various versions of this standard several ways. Not all of them encode the standard the same way, like replacing the typical backslash at byte 0x5C with the won currency sign (₩).citation needed Some operating systems extend this standard in other non-uniform ways. Possible encoding schemes of KS X 1001 are: EUC-KR, windows-949 (superset of EUC-KR), ISO-2022-KR and JOHAB. However, the latter two encodings are rarely used.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Date of Conferral
Public Policy and Administration
A lack of effective communication structures within local communities could have devastating consequences during an emergency. Therefore, the key problem addressed in this study was that the most effective methods (channels) of communication between law enforcement officials and the general public in the event of a natural disaster has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to weigh the benefits of three types of communication media—social media, radio, and word-ofmouth— to provide a framework for promoting effective communications between local government emergency responders and civilians. This single case study focused on a large county in the State of Virginia. The chosen instruments were a survey of 25 community leaders and semistructured interviews with 10 members of local governance and law enforcement (all participants were over the age of 30). Thematic analysis was conducted using NVivo software. Additionally, supporting documentation from open-access governmental or law enforcement websites were collected and analyzed. Collated data and findings were compared across the surveys, interviews and documentation. The notions of community resilience, adaptive capacity and coping capacity were the theories used to frame this research. Six themes emerged from the data, these were (a) involving the public, (b) availability of public information, (c) being more proactive than reactive, (d) collaboration among stakeholders, (e) proper emergency management system, and (f) avoiding miscommunications. The results are relevant to local government officials and law enforcement leaders when they consider various methods of communication. This will assist law enforcement officials to organize the community and minimize damage in the event of a natural disaster.
Perez, Amanda, "The Role of Law Enforcement-Community Communication in Disaster Readiness" (2018). Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies. 5929.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Crystals and minerals of Wales
[image: Wesh mineral]
Minerals have played a major role in the economic and social development of Wales since the Bronze Age. Since these ancient times, mineral outcrops and mines have been worked throughout Wales; by Romans and Cistercian Monks, and on into the heyday of Welsh metal mining in the mid nineteenth century, when virtually every outcropping vein or fault was tried by the drivage of adits or the sinking of shallow shafts.
There are currently around 4,000 officially recognized mineral species known to occur globally, of which, 365 have been confirmed from Wales.
Here we present a gallery of Welsh minerals for you to enjoy the incredible colours, forms and lustre of these magnificent museum specimens.
Please click on the images below for more information.
Crystals and Minerals
- 1 July 2009
Over 400 different mineral species occur in Wales, approximately ten percent of all those known. Ten minerals were first discovered in Wales and have been named after famous Welsh geologists, mineralogists, places and even the Museum itself.
- 25 October 2008
- 21 August 2007


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Anson County, North Carolina
From FamilySearch Wiki
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==== Record Loss ====
==== Record Loss ====
'''1868--'''A courthouse fire destroyed many records.
'''1868--'''A courthouse fire destroyed many records
== Places/Localities ==
== Places/Localities ==
Revision as of 20:34, 31 December 2012
|Anson County, North Carolina|
Location in the state of North Carolina
Location of North Carolina in the U.S.
Anson County Courthouse
N Green Street P O Box 352
Wadesboro, NC 28170
Death & Register of Deeds has birth records from 1913
marriage records from 1869 and land records
Clerk Superior Court has divorce from 1868
Probate records from 1750 & court records from 1770
"The county was formed in 1750 from Bladen County. It was named for George Anson, Baron Anson, a British admiral, who circumnavigated the globe from 1740 to 1744, and later became First Lord of the Admiralty. Like its parent county, Anson County was originally a vast territory with indefinite northern and western boundaries. Reductions in its extent began in 1753, when the northern part of it became Rowan County. In 1762 the western part of Anson County became Mecklenburg County. In 1779 the northern part of what remained of Anson County became Montgomery County, and the part east of the Pee Dee River became Richmond County. Finally, in 1842 the western part of Anson County was combined with the southeastern part of Mecklenburg County to become Union County."
Anson County was named in honor of British Admiral Lord George Anson, a First Lord of the Admiralty. He commanded the vessel which brought Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Germany, to her future husband King George III. Germans to the area around Anson County, as did many settlers from the British Isles, Africa, and Moravia. In 1750 Anson County was formed from Bladen County. At that time, it reached all the way to the Mississippi River. Although it has been cut in physical size five times since then, the people of that county have enabled its presence to reach beyond the Mississippi to the far corners of the world.
1868--A courthouse fire destroyed many records.
Retired North Carolina State Archivist Thornton Mitchell's article can help you discover your Anson County ancestors despite record loss:
- Mitchell, Thornton W. "Problems of Anson County Records," The North Carolina Genealogical Society Journal, Vol. 15, No. 2 (May 1989):66-68. FHL Book 975.6 B2s v. 15 (1989).
- Chesterfield County, South Carolina
- Marlboro County, South Carolina
For tips on accessing Anson County, North Carolina census records online, see: North Carolina Census.
- Beaverdam. Constituted 1790.
- Cartledge Creek aka Dockery's Meeting House, near Rockingham, N.C. Organized about 1774. Currently located in Richmond County.
- Fork of Little River. Church built 1758. Later located in Montgomery County.
- Hitchcock. Constituted 1772. Edwards published a membership list dated 1772 in Materials Towards a History of the Baptists... (1772), 128. Later located in Richmond County.
- Pee Dee River. Constituted 1785.
- Rocky River, Burnsville, N.C. Began before 1772.
Church of England
- St. George's Parish. Established 1749.
- Anson County Heritage, North Carolina, 1995. Wadesboro, N.C.: Don Mills & Anson County Heritage Book Committee, 1995. FHL Book _PHONE_ H2ac.
- [Burns] Kelman, Helen Parker. Parkers of Anson Co., N.C. with the Burnses and Curlees. Raleigh, N.C.: H.P. Kelman, c1993, 2001. FHL Collection.
- [Curlee] Kelman, Helen Parker. Parkers of Anson Co., N.C. with the Burnses and Curlees. Raleigh, N.C.: H.P. Kelman, c1993, 2001. FHL Collection.
- [Gulledge] Wiggins, Marie Gulledge. "Anson County, North Carolina Marriages," "Anson County, North Carolina Records," and "Anson County, North Carolina Court Records," Marie G. Wiggins Genealogical Collection Including Variant Surnames. MSS. Microfilmed 1993: FHL Film _PHONE_ Items 3-5.
- [Hardin] Craig, Marion Stark. Benjamin Hardin (IV): _PHONE_ (Revolutionary War Soldier and Pensioner) and Wife, Elizabeth Scott and Their Family Connections: A Genealogical Compilation. Little Rock, Ark.: M.S. Craig, 1991. FHL Book 929.273 H219c.
- [Helms] Myers, Sara M. and Sallie C. Pressley. George Helms and Tilman Helms, _PHONE_: History & Genealogy of the Helms Family, Pioneers of Anson & Meck. Counties, North Carolina, Five Generations. Cassopolis, Mich.: S.M. Myers, 1981. FHL Book 929.273 H369m.
- [Huntley] Redfearn, Daniel Huntley. History of the Redfearn Family. Miami, Fla.: n.p., 1942. FHL Book 929.273 R247 1942.
- [Jarman] German, John L. "Finding the Father of David German of North Carolina and Shelby County, Indiana," The American Genealogist, Vol. 68, No. 2 (Apr. 1993):87-94.
- [McLendon] Redfearn, Rosalind McLendon. The McLendons of Anson County. Wadesboro, N.C.: n.p., 1957. FHL Film 496748 Item 1.
- [Moore] Austin, Nancy Jane Moore and Mary Lois Moore Yandle. The Moore Families of Anson and Union Counties, North Carolina: _PHONE_. Charlotte, N.C.: N.J.M. Austin, c1988. FHL Fiche _PHONE_ (5 fiche).
- [Parker] Kelman, Helen Parker. Parkers of Anson Co., N.C. with the Burnses and Curlees. Raleigh, N.C.: H.P. Kelman, c1993, 2001. FHL Collection.
- [Preslar] Dunn, Edwin C. Some Genealogical Notes on the Preslar/Presley Family of Anson Co., N.C. Albuquerque, N.M.: E.C. Dunn, 1985. FHL Book 929.273 P926d.
- [Presley] Dunn, Edwin C. Some Genealogical Notes on the Preslar/Presley Family of Anson Co., N.C. Albuquerque, N.M.: E.C. Dunn, 1985. FHL Book 929.273 P926d.
- [Redfearn] Redfearn, Daniel Huntley. History of Redfearn Family. Miami, Fla.: n.p., 1942. FHL Book 929.273 R247 1942.
- [Redfearn] Redfearn, Daniel Huntley. History of the Redfearn Family. Miami, Fla.: Redfearn, 1954. FHL Book 929.273 R247 1954.
- [Redfearn] Redfern, Michael Robert. The History of the Redfearn Family Revisited. Louisville, Colo.: M.R. Redfern, c2005. FHL Book 929.273 R247rm.
- [Reed] Craig, Marion Stark. Benjamin Hardin (IV): _PHONE_ (Revolutionary War Soldier and Pensioner) and Wife, Elizabeth Scott and Their Family Connections: A Genealogical Compilation. Little Rock, Ark.: M.S. Craig, 1991. FHL Book 929.273 H219c.
- [Reed] Craig, Marion Stark. Joseph Reed (Died 1751) of Anson County, NC & Wife, Elizabeth, Who Married James Deacon and Lived in Rowan County, NC: A Genealogical Compilation. Little Rock, Ark.: M.S. Craig, 1991. FHL Book 929.273 R251cm.
- [Sheppard] Sheppard, Thomas C. The Sheppard Family: Descendants of William Sheppard of Anson County, North Carolina. Fairmont, W.Va.: T.C. Sheppard, 1992. FHL Film _PHONE_ Item 6; digital version at Family History Archives.
- [Taylor] Taylor, James L. Stephen Taylor and Descendants, Johnston and Anson Counties, North Carolina and Westward 1750's-1996. Typescript. Microfilmed 2001: FHL Film _PHONE_ Item 14; digital version at Family History Archives.
- [Wall]] Thomas, Anne Wall. The Walls of Walltown: The Known Descendants of James Wall of Anson County, North Carolina. Carrboro, N.C.: A.W


text:
Robert Sternberg. Cognitive Psychologist 1949 - Present. Education 1972 - Yale University, B.A. in psychology 1975 - Stanford University, PhD Career 1968 – 1969 - The Psychological Corporation, Research Assistant 1970 - 1970 - Educational Testing Service, Research Assistant
1949 - Present
- Metacomponents - used in problem solving and
decision making. They tell a person how to act.
- Performance components – the basic processes that let a person carry out actions dictated by metacomponents.
- Knowledge-acquisition components – used to obtain new information. They decide what information is relevant to sustain.
1. novelty - A novel situation is one that has a person confronting a new and inexperienced situation.
2. automation - this is a situation that a person has performed numerous times and can be done without much thought.
Sternberg (1997) believes that being adept at one component does not ensure adeptness in the other.


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Learn about nursing two different aged children.
InteliHealth Medical Content
Tandem nursing is when a mother breastfeeds two or more children of different ages. This may occur if a mother becomes pregnant while she is still nursing her other child. Or, mothers have described instances where a weaned toddler begins to regress in behavior and wants to nurse along with the newborn.
Nursing both infant and toddler can provide an excellent teaching opportunity for the toddler. Tandem breast-feeding enables the toddler to learn to share, to learn gentle touching of the newborn, and allows for periods of affection between the two children with supervision by the mother. Both mother and toddler may not want to give up the special time that they enjoy through breast-feeding.
In deciding whether to tandem nurse, consider whether the nurturing at the breast will provide an important emotional benefit to the toddler. But also consider your own comfort and physical well-being. If you begin to feel resentment toward the toddler, it is better to wean so as not to transmit negative feelings toward him.
While nursing, it is important to maintain a nutritious diet. When nursing two children, the breasts will be well stimulated and produce an ample milk supply. You can reserve a particular breast for each child each day and then rotate. You will be at less risk of engorgement because of the efficient nursing of the toddler. If you have a very strong letdown (initial flow of milk) the toddler can nurse for a few minutes first to reduce the flow of the milk. If the physical logistics of nursing two children at once are difficult, a nursing sling or carrier for the newborn can help.
Mood swings are very common during the early weeks. Mothers often say that they feel "touched out" by the continual nurturing of both children. These feelings are very common. Your partner can help by arranging for you to have some personal time every day.
Last updated December 02, 2011


The Open XML SDK 2.0 Community Technology Preview (CTP) is here!
You can find the documentation for it here and the SDK download here.
Zeyad Rajabi, a Program Manager for the Open XML SDK, has begun a series of posts covering the Open XML SDK design goals and architecture, sprinkling in some sample code as he goes along.
Also, Eric White, a Microsoft Technical Evangelist, has a great write up on the new version of the SDK.
This new version of the SDK is an amazing leap forward.The Open XML SDK version 1 greatly simplified working with packages. Developers could manipulate Open XML file format compliant documents at the package and part levels using strongly typed.NET classes. To access the file formats at the element level, you still had to work directly with the underlying XML.
In the Open XML SDK version 2, the development team has taken most of the elements in the various schemas for the Open XML file formats (WordprocessingML, SpreadsheetML, PresentationML, etc., etc.) and made first-class managed objects out of them. Not to mention the fact that they've "linq-ified" the entire API so you have the power of Linq, as well.
This makes things much easier if, like me, working with XML directly isn't your strong suit. With the Open XML SDK v2, I can work with objects that represent the XML elements instead of having to work in the underlying XML itself (although the SDK also supports LINQ to XML, as well). For instance, suppose I needed to locate the first table in a Word document. I could easily locate the first table present in the document with code like this:
 1: using (WordprocessingDocument theDoc = WordprocessingDocument.Open(location, true))
 2: {
 3: MainDocumentPart mainPart = theDoc.MainDocumentPart;
 5: Table theTable = mainPart.Document.Descendants().First();
You can see the advantage of using this new version of the SDK in line 5 of the code snippet where, by specifying that I want to filter for descendants of the Document object (which represents the element in the Microsoft implementation of the Open XML WordprocessingML) where the descendant is of type Table (that is, I want all elements), I can immediately get to the tables in my Word document. Then, by using the First() extension method, I can select the first table element in the returned list of descendant table elements. All without having to do the detailed work of traversing the underlying XML directly; the API handles the XML work for me.
Or how about trying to get to the text in a specific cell in the Word 2007 table? I'm simplifying things a great deal, but let's assume I know which cell has the data I want (the cell in the 2nd row and 1st column):
 1: TableRow theRow = theTable.Elements().ElementAt(1);
 3: TableCell theCell = theRow.Elements().ElementAt(0);
 5: string cellText = theCell.InnerText;
 7: Console.WriteLine("The 2nd row, 1st cell text is {0}", cellText);
So here I just use the same technique that I used above to find elements of a given type (by using the provided generic methods) in order to find the 2nd row of the table (().ElementAt(1)) and the first cell (().ElementAt(0)). Then I just pull the value of the Cell object's InnerText property and it's done! Although there are other ways to use the SDK to get the same data, you can still see that with only a few lines of code, I'm able to do quite a bit without working directly in the underlying XML. And remember, we can do this type of manipulation WITHOUT running the client application (in this case Microsoft Word 2007).
The Office Client Developer Content team (my team) has some great examples on the MSDN web site here. Check it out!


text:
CORVALLIS, Ore. – Tropical herbivorous fish are beginning to expand their range into temperate waters – likely as a result of climate change – and a new international study documents the dramatic impact of the intrusion in the Mediterranean Sea.
Temperate waters are typically dominated by algal "forests" and have naturally low levels and limited diversity of herbivores, the researchers say. But as tropical fish move into these waters, they are consuming much of the plant life and changing the habitat as well as the manner in which different species interact.
Results of the study, which was funded primarily by the Pew Foundation, have just been published in the Journal of Ecology. It builds on a previous study documenting the move of tropical fish species into temperate waters that recently was published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
"The introduction of tropical fish into more temperate regions is troubling and this new study gives a vivid example of what can happen when non-native species occupy a new ecosystem," said Fiona Tomas Nash, a courtesy professor of fisheries and wildlife at Oregon State University and a co-author on both studies.
"We now know that the arrival of tropical fish into temperate areas is occurring on an increasing basis around the world," she added. "This is the first attempt to characterize what impacts these fish are having – and the mechanisms driving these impacts."
In this latest study, an international research team surveyed roughly 1,000 kilometers of coastline in the eastern Mediterranean to study two species of tropical fish called rabbitfish. They were introduced to the region through the Suez Canal and now have become a dominant component of the total fish biomass in the southernmost part of the eastern Mediterranean.
This part of the Mediterranean has two distinct areas – one with warmer regions that attract abundant numbers of rabbitfish, and colder regions where they are very rare or completely absent. Where abundant, their damage has been striking: a 65 percent reduction in canopy algae, a 60 percent reduction in overall benthic biomass (algae and invertebrates) and a 40 percent decrease in the total number of plant and animal species.
"The fear is that if the colder regions warm just a bit through climate change or some other mechanism, rabbitfish will begin moving into those areas as well," Tomas Nash said.
To learn more about how the rabbitfish changed the ecosystem, the researchers videotaped fish feeding in the Mediterranean off Turkey in two areas – one dominated by tropical rabbitfish and the other dominated by native temperate fish. They were surprised by what they found. Native temperate herbivorous fish actually had higher consumption rates than the tropical rabbitfish. "We did not expect to see that," Tomas Nash said.
But while native fish targeted only adult macroalgae, the two species of rabbitfish fed complementarily – one targeted the mature kelps while the other fed almost exclusively on emerging algal "recruits," or juvenile plants.
"The result is that one species denudes the forest and the other prevents it from recovering," said Tomas Nash, who also has a faculty appointment with the Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies in Spain.
A study off Japan by collaborators found that the introduction of tropical species there, including rabbitfish and parrotfish, resulted in the loss of kelp forests and the emergence of non-native corals in as little as 20 years.
In the first paper, the researchers outlined how tropical herbivorous fish primarily along west boundary currents are moving into temperate zones, including South Africa, Brazil, the Gulf of Mexico, Australia and Japan, as well as the Mediterranean. Other areas, including the Pacific Northwest of the United States, have not seen sustained spread of tropical species likely due to prevailing currents and because surface waters are too cold due to seasonal upwelling.
The researchers found algal forests in the waters off Greece had not been severely affected because only the rabbitfish that feeds on adult algae is present and in relatively low densities. They have just begun studies of rabbitfish and chub arrivals in Australia.
"The greatest damage that we documented was off Turkey, which may be serving as the proverbial canary in the coal mine," Tomas Nash said. "The barrenness of the underwater habitat is unique and quite striking – it is spread over hundreds of kilometers."


The vomiting baby
F L Cameron, R Hansen, A Abdelhadi
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
1 Citation (Scopus)
Abstract
A 7 day old baby, born at term, presented to the neonatal unit with a history of vomiting with each feed and 10% weight loss (birth weight 3270 g). The vomiting started soon after birth and it was described by the parents as being projectile; it occurred during or after feeds and was non-bilious. The baby was dehydrated on admission, with dry skin and mucous membranes, but was otherwise well. Clinical examination was otherwise unremarkable including no visible peristalsis and no masses palpable. The parents interacted appropriately with the baby and there were no causes for concern among the nursing or medical staff. Initial capillary blood gas analysis showed a metabolic alkalosis.
Original languageEnglish
Article numberb4966
JournalBritish Medical Journal
Volume339
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 12 Dec 2009
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text:
Create a Recursive Hierarchy Group (Report Builder and SSRS)
Applies To: SQL Server 2016
In Reporting Services paginated reports, a recursive hierarchy group organizes data from a single report dataset that includes multiple hierarchical levels, such as the report-to structure for manager-employee relationships in an organizational hierarchy.
Before you can organize data in a table as a recursive hierarchy group, you must have a single dataset that contains all the hierarchical data, You must have separate fields for the item to group and for the item to group by. For example, a dataset where you want to group employees recursively under their manager might contain a name, an employee name, an employee ID, and a manager ID.
In Design view, add a table, and drag the dataset fields to display. Typically, the field that you want to show as a hierarchy is in the first column.
Right-click anywhere in the table to select it. The Grouping pane displays the details group for the selected table. In the Row Groups pane, right-click Details, and then click Edit Group. The Group Properties dialog box opens.
In Group expressions, click Add. A new row appears in the grid.
In the Group on list, type or select the field to group.
In the Recursive Parent list, enter or select the field to group on.
Run the report. The report displays the recursive hierarchy group, although there is no indent to show the hierarchy
Click the text box that contains the field to which you want to add indent levels to display a hierarchy format. The properties for the text box appear in the Properties pane.
If you do not see the Properties pane, click Properties on the View tab.
In the Properties pane, expand the Padding node, click Left, and from the drop-down list, select .
In the Expression pane, type the following expression:
=CStr(2 + (Level()*10)) + "pt"
The Padding properties all require a string in the format nnyy, where nn is a number and yy is the unit of measure. The example expression builds a string that uses the Level function to increase the size of the padding based on recursion level. For example, a row that has a level of 1 would result in a padding of (2 + (1*10))=12pt, and a row that has a level of 3 would result in a padding of (2 + (3*10))=32pt. For information about the Level function, see Level.
Run the report. The report displays a hierarchical view of the grouped data.
Creating Recursive Hierarchy Groups (Report Builder and SSRS)
Filter, Group, and Sort Data (Report Builder and SSRS)
Aggregate Functions Reference (Report Builder and SSRS)
Tables (Report Builder and SSRS)
Matrices (Report Builder and SSRS)
Lists (Report Builder and SSRS)
Tables, Matrices, and Lists (Report Builder and SSRS)


text:
A new resolution on energy-efficiency regulation of ships was adopted at the 65th session of the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) of the International Maritime Organization (IMO),...
The charted position of a wreck buoy will usually be offset from the actual geographic position so that the wreck and buoy symbols do not coincide. Only on the largest scale chart will the actual and charted positions of both wreck and buoy be the same. Where they might overlap, it is the wreck symbol which occupies the exact charted position and the buoy symbol which is offset.
Wreck buoys are required to be placed by the owner of the wreck, but they may be placed by the Coast Guard if the owner is unable to comply with this requirement. In general, privately placed aids are not as reliable as Coast Guard aids.
Sunken wrecks are sometimes moved away from their buoys by storms, currents, freshets, or other causes. Just as shoals may shift away from the buoys placed to mark them, wrecks may shift away from wreck buoys.


Hiking the Top of the Falls-Murchison falls national park
Hiking the top of the falls trail in Murchison falls national park is one of the most adventurous and great activity that visitors in Uganda needs to do in order to have a complete Safari adventure. The top of the falls hike offers you breathtaking views of the Murchison falls from above as you watch the Nile waters force through a small 7-meter gorge with a lot of force and creating the beautiful Murchison falls.
You also get to see the sister falls to Murchison falls known as Uhuru falls that were formed after water breaking away from the origin Murchison falls around 1962 when Uganda got independence. Therefore getting its name Uhuru a Swahili dialect to mean independence and the nature of the park.
Murchison falls are found in Murchison falls national park the largest and oldest park in Uganda known to have the African big five animals. It is also a home to over 75 mammals and over 450 bird species. Some of these can be seen during hike.
The park is divided into two by the Albertine Nile. The top of the falls can be accessed by car but it's more rewarding and chosen by visitors to take a hike to the falls after a boat trip that brings you to the start point. Most times the top of the falls hike is combined with boat cruise to the bottom of the falls and this gives you double experience on the boat and during the hike.
Hiking the top of the Falls
Hiking to the top of the falls takes about 45 minutes and needs one to be physically fit but can be hiked by everyone though the time taken may vary. People interested in hiking set off at 2pm on boat cruise where several wildlife is seen like elephants, antelopes, hippos, crocodiles and many bird species like the shoebill, pelicans, pied kingfishers, red throated bee eaters take, nice photographs can be taken.
On arrival at the bottom of the falls by boat, a professional ranger guide meets you and briefs you before starting the hike. He still hikes with you to provide all the necessary information and history about the place, he also provides answers for all the questions that visitors may ask.
Hiking through the footsteps of the early explores such as Sir Samuel Baker, enables you to know the history and also have panoramic views of the falls, River Nile and Murchison falls national park.
Once on top of the falls you will be amazed at how the nature around is beautiful having a full view of the park and the river Nile as it transforms from Victoria Nile to Albert Nile, the sound of water gushing out the gorge and how the water falls down over a 43m cliff to the rocks and bounces back forming a rainbow and whitish snow. This hike booked as an activity on your safari itinerary arranged by the trusted tour agency and costs a small fee which is paid either before or after the hike.
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Case in grammar
From Hull AWE
Jump to: navigation, search
The grammatical term case refers to a marker of the function a noun, or noun phrase, performs in a clause. In Present-day English, there are three cases. These can only be seen in a few pronouns which inflect for case. (Other languages can have up to fifteen cases, and nouns and adjectives may also inflect for case. In these languages - but not in English - adjectives tend to agree with the nouns they qualify.)
The three cases in English are listed below, with examples from the 1st person singular personal pronoun, I, me, my.
 - The subjective (traditionally 'nominative') case. This is the case for the Subject of a clause - the 'do-er' of the verb. Example: "I' did it."
 - The objective (traditionally 'accusative') case - the case used for the Direct Object of a Clause: the person on whom the action of the verb was performed. E.g. "The dog bit me."
 - The possessive (or 'genitive') case - the case that marks the 'possession', or ownership, by the person. E.g. "My family."
Case in English is only marked in the pronouns. For some examples and common problems that arise, see:
You are unlikely in ordinary use to hear of many of the other cases. Three exceptions apply when academics may be talking about Latin or Greek, or many other more modern languages.
 - the vocative case marks the person to whom you are speaking. (It is sometimes shown, in older English, with the syllable 'O!' or 'Oh!' before it.)
 - the dative case, which marks the Indirect Object - the person to whom something has been given, or said, etc. This has not existed in English for a thousand years.
 - the ablative case, which was used to mark the cause, instrument or agent of a passive verb; and various other relations of time and place. (Etymologically it means'motion from [a place]', being derived from the root ablātus, the past participle of the Latin verb auferre 'to carry away' (there is a rare English verb 'to ablate', meaning 'to take away').) The ablative is known particularly for its use in an absolute construction.
For those who are studying foreign languages and find the concept of case difficult - particularly in languages such as Finnish, which has 15 cases - it may help to think of a case marker as having the same essential function as a preposition, only as an inflection rather than a separate word.
See also case for other meanings of the word.


text:
Document Type : Special Issue Manuscripts
Saveetha Engineering College
University College of Engineering
The exciting coolants have reached their limitations of heat dissipating capacity. It is studied from the literature review that nanofluids are the novel and alternate heat transfer medium with significant temperature-dependent thermal conductivity even at very low particle concentrations than the conventional heat transfer fluids. In this experimental investigation, the multi walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) water is used as a coolant in four stroke single cylinder diesel engine to assess the performance of the engine. The MWCNT/ water nanofluid is prepared with surfactant to get the stable suspension of nanofluid. Tests are performed by constant the mass flow rate 330 LPH of coolant nanofluids and by changing the load and by keeping the speed constant. It is found that the brake thermal efficiency increases by 10 to 15%, exhaust temperature decreases by 8 to 10% decreases and the specific fuel consumption decreases when compared to water as a coolant at the same testing condition.


and directly send and receive data on it by using the create_connection() method on the SSHClientConnection object. In this example, a connection is attempted to port 80 on _URL_ and an HTTP HEAD request is sent for the document root.
Note that unlike sessions created with create_session(), the I/O on these connections defaults to sending and receiving bytes rather than strings, allowing arbitrary binary data to be exchanged. However, this can be changed by setting the encoding to use when the connection is created.
import asyncio, asyncssh, sys
from typing import Optional
class MySSHTCPSession(asyncssh.SSHTCPSession):
 def data_received(self, data: bytes, datatype: asyncssh.DataType) -> None:
 # We use sys.stdout.buffer here because we're writing bytes
 sys.stdout.buffer.write(data)
 def connection_lost(self, exc: Optional[Exception]) -> None:
 if exc:
 print('Direct connection error:', str(exc), file=sys.stderr)
async def run_client() -> None:
 async with asyncssh.connect('localhost') as conn:
 chan, session = await conn.create_connection(MySSHTCPSession,
 '_URL_', 80)
 # By default, TCP connections send and receive bytes
 chan.write(b'HEAD / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n')
 chan.write_eof()
 await chan.wait_closed()
try:
 asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(run_client())
except (OSError, asyncssh.Error) as exc:
 sys.exit('SSH connection failed: ' + str(exc))
To use the streams API to open a direct connection, you can use open_connection instead of create_connection:
import asyncio, asyncssh, sys
async def run_client() -> None:
 async with asyncssh.connect('localhost') as conn:
 reader, writer = await conn.open_connection('_URL_', 80)
 # By default, TCP connections send and receive bytes
 writer.write(b'HEAD / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n')
 writer.write_eof()
 # We use sys.stdout.buffer here because we're writing bytes
 response = await reader.read()
 sys.stdout.buffer.write(response)
try:
 asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(run_client())
except (OSError, asyncssh.Error) as exc:
 sys.exit('SSH connection failed: ' + str(exc))
Forwarded TCP connections
The client can also directly process data from incoming TCP connections received on the server. The following example demonstrates the client requesting that the server listen on port 8888 and forward any received connections back to it over SSH. It then has a simple handler which echoes any data it receives back to the sender.
As in the direct TCP connection example above, the default would be to send and receive bytes on this connection rather than strings, but here we set the encoding explicitly so all data is sent and received as strings:
import asyncio, asyncssh, sys
class MySSHTCPSession(asyncssh.SSHTCPSession):
 def connection_made(self, chan: asyncssh.SSHTCPChannel) -> None:
 self._chan = chan
 def data_received(self, data: bytes, datatype: asyncssh.DataType):
 self._chan.write(data)
def connection_requested(orig_host: str,
 orig_port: int) -> asyncssh.SSHTCPSession:
 print('Connection received from %s, port %s' % (orig_host, orig_port))
 return MySSHTCPSession()
async def run_client() -> None:
 async with asyncssh.connect('localhost') as conn:
 server = await conn.create_server(connection_requested, '', 8888,
 encoding='utf-8')
 if server:
 await server.wait_closed()
 else:
 print('Listener couldn\'t be opened.', file=sys.stderr)
try:
 asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(run_client())
except (OSError, asyncssh.Error) as exc:
 sys.exit('SSH connection failed: ' + str(exc))
To use the streams API to open a listening connection, you can use start_server instead of create_server:
import asyncio, asyncssh, sys
async def handle_connection(reader, writer):
 while not reader.at_eof():
 data = await reader.read(8192)
 writer.write(data)
 writer.close()
def connection_requested(orig_host, orig_port):
 print('Connection received from %s, port %s' % (orig_host, orig_port))
 return handle_connection
async def run_client():
 async with asyncssh.connect('localhost') as conn:
 server = await conn.start_server(connection_requested, '', 8888,
 encoding='utf-8')
 await server.wait_closed()
try:
 asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(run_client())
except (OSError, asyncssh.Error) as exc:
 sys.exit('SSH connection failed: ' + str(exc))
SFTP client
AsyncSSH also provides SFTP support. The following code shows an example of starting an SFTP client and requesting the download of a file:
import asyncio, asyncssh, sys
async def run_client() -> None:
 async with asyncssh.connect('localhost') as conn:
 async with conn.start_sftp_client() as sftp:
 await sftp.get('example.txt')
try:
 asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(run_client())
except (OSError, asyncssh.Error) as exc:
 sys.exit('SFTP operation failed: ' + str(exc))
To recursively download a directory, preserving access and modification times and permissions on the files, the preserve and recurse arguments can be included:
await sftp.get('example_dir', preserve=True, recurse=True)
Wild card pattern matching is supported by the mget, mput, and mcopy methods. The following downloads all files with extension "txt":
await sftp.mget('*.txt')
See the SFTPClient documentation for the full list of available actions.
SCP client
AsyncSSH also supports SCP. The following code shows an example of downloading a file via SCP:
import asyncio, asyncssh, sys
async def run_client() -> None:
 await asyncssh.scp('localhost:example.txt', '.')
try:
 asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(run_client())
except (OSError, asyncssh.Error) as exc:
 sys.exit('SFTP operation failed: ' + str(exc))
To upload a file to a remote system, host information can be specified for the destination instead of the source:
await asyncssh.scp('example.txt', 'localhost:')
If the destination path includes a file name, that name will be used instead of the original file name when performing the copy. For instance:
await asyncssh.scp('example.txt', 'localhost:example2.txt')
If the destination path refers to a directory, the origin file name will be preserved, but it will be copied into the requested directory.
Wild card patterns are also supported on local source paths. For instance, the following copies all files with extension "txt":
await asyncssh.scp('*.txt', 'localhost:')
When copying files from a remote system, any wild card expansion is the responsibility of the remote SCP program or the shell which starts it.
Similar to SFTP, SCP also supports options for recursively


text:
Background: We are living in an era that is in general characterized by a lot of data but little
information. An enormous amount of biological data collected over several years is now presented as
annotations and databases. In this context, all this data properly combined and grouped has great
potential for enabling novel discoveries which would then, finally and hopefully, lead to advances in
biology and medicine. The inference of different kinds of relations between pathways constitutes a
challenging step towards the analysis of all these sources of biological data.
Objective: This review article aims at outlining several methods that analyze associations between
pathways starting from different sources of information, namely the internet, databases, and/or gene
Methods: The article consists of a summary of the most important methods for pathway networks
inference and arranges them according to the data they use as well as the findings they provide.
Results: The advantages and drawbacks of each considered methodology are presented, as well as a
taxonomy tree and summary table as an overview of the discussion.
Conclusion: The methods explained in this paper consist especially of those that explore the concept of
associations between pathways using microarray experimental data and/or topological or curated
information. Each strategy was introduced, classified and analyzed.
The identification of different kinds of associations between pathways plays a central role in systems
biology, revealing information which is undetectable at a gene level. Therefore, a comprehensible
understanding of the benefits and limitations of these approaches could be the key to the development of
new computational strategies for genome-wide analysis.


text: Floral bud abortion was found to be an undesirable source of non-genetic variation in breeding trials directed on the improvement of individual flower longevity in Asiatic hybrid lilies. It increased the longevity of the remaining flowers of the inflorescence. A similar response was found after elimination of developing terminal flower buds by hand, which significantly increased the longevity of the remaining flowers in inflorescences of eight of the eleven Asiatic hybrid lilies studied. The response to bud reduction was independent of the original flower longevity, so ranking of the cultivars based on longevity values will change due to bud abortion and selection results will be disturbed. Preharvest and postharvest influences of bud removal on flower longevity were distinguished by comparing longevities of undetached and detached flowers within four cultivars. Our data suggest that the increase in flower longevity of the remaining flowers after bud removal was mainly attributed to a decrease in sink strength within the harvested inflorescence. In two of the four cultivars tested the increase in flower longevity was partly caused during cultivation and was accompanied by an increase in methanol soluble sugar content in the flower petals at harvest. Bud opening and flower longevity were not significantly influenced by defoliation after harvest, indicating that within lily inflorescences translocation of metabolites mainly takes place between developing flower buds. Flower longevity and carbohydrate content in open flowers at harvest did not correspond between the two cultivars studied probably due to differences in developmental stage of the other flower buds of the inflorescence and, therefore, sink strength.


text:
Gas operated marine engines have the particularly high potential to reduce harmful emissions such as NOx, SOx and particles paired with reduced CO2 emissions compared to standard diesel engines. Worldwide operating ships on the other hand shall be able to accept differing natural gas compositions of different bunker sources. To address this challenge LEDF 2 therefore contributes to the development of new technologies enabling the automatic adaptation of the combustion process on the basis of cylinder pressure measurement and next cycle control.
FVTR is a partner in the BMWi-funded research project with LKV of Rostock University as the coordinator and operator of the LEDF single cylinder engine. Caterpillar, Schaller Automation, Kolbenschmidt and KBB are associated partners.
Our tasks are the development and the application of LES simulations methods to large engines in order to quantify cyclic variations in the mixture formation and combustion processes.


text:
Northward-bound bugs studied
'Excellent barometers for environmental change'
(Originally published by CBC North July 6, 2010)
Canadian researchers have scattered across the North this summer to study insects not normally found in the region, like wasps and hornets, and figure out how those bugs got to the Arctic in the first place.
Biologist Donna Giberson of the University of Prince Edward Island has set up teams of graduate students in various northern communities to collect insects.
"If you see people swinging butterfly nets in the Arctic this year, this is basically the team that's doing it," Giberson told CBC News on a recent flight from Norman Wells, N.W.T., where one team has been based.
(Our website and blog were also linked to the article…neat!)


Navigation
User Objects
On this page
 - Overview
 - Schema
 - Summary
MongoDB Realm represents each application user internally with a User Object that includes a unique ID and additional metadata that describes the user. You can access user objects in the following ways:
User objects have the following form:
{
"id": "<Unique User ID>",
"type": "<User Type>",
"data": {
"<Metadata Field>": <Value>,
...
},
"custom_data": {
"<Custom Data Field>": <Value>,
...
},
"identities": [
{
"id": <Unique Identity ID>,
"provider_type": "<Authentication Provider>",
"data": {
"<Metadata Field>": <Value>,
...
}
}
]
}
Field
Type
Description
id
string
A string representation of the ObjectId that uniquely identifies the user.
type
string
The type of the user. The following types are possible:
Type
Description
"normal"
The user is an application user logged in through an authentication provider other than the API Key provider.
"server"
The user is a server process logged in with any type of Realm API Key.
"system"
The user is the system user that bypasses all rules.
data
document
A document that contains metadata that describes the user. This field combines the data for all identities associated with the user, so the exact field names and values depend on which authentication providers the user has authenticated with.
Note
System Functions Have No User Data
In system functions, the user.data object is empty. Use context.runningAsSystem() to test if the function is running as a system user.
custom_data
document
A document from your application's custom user data collection that specifies the user's ID. You can use the custom user data collection to store arbitrary data about your application's users. If you set the name field, Realm populates the username metadata field with the return value of name. Realm automatically fetches a new copy of the data whenever a user refreshes their access token, such as when they log in. The underlying data is a regular MongoDB document, so you can use standard CRUD operations through the MongoDB Atlas service to define and modify the user's custom data.
Note
Avoid Storing Large Custom User Data
Custom user data is limited to 16MB, the maximum size of a MongoDB document. To avoid hitting this limit, consider storing small and relatively static user data in each custom user data document, such as the user's preferred language or the URL of their avatar image. For data that is large, unbounded, or frequently updated, consider only storing a reference to the data in the custom user document or storing the data with a reference to the user's ID rather than in the custom user document.
identities
array
A list of authentication provider identities associated with the user. When a user first logs in with a specific provider, Realm associates the user with an identity object that contains a unique identifier and additional metadata about the user from the provider. For subsequent logins, Realm refreshes the existing identity data but does not create a new identity. Identity objects have the following form:
{
"id": "<Unique ID>",
"provider_type": "<Provider Name>",
"data": {
"<Metadata Field>": <Value>,
...
}
}
Field Name
Description
id
A provider-generated string that uniquely identifies this identity
provider_type
The type of authentication provider associated with this identity.
data
Additional metadata from the authentication provider that describes the user. The exact field names and values will vary depending on which authentication providers the user has logged in with. For a provider-specific breakdown of user identity data, see User Metadata.
Note
In general, MongoDB Realm creates a user object for a given user the first time that they authenticate. If you create a test Email/Password user through the Realm UI, Realm creates that user's user object immediately.
 - The user object contains relevant information about the user that you can use in your app logic.
 - The exact information contained in the user object depends on the authentication providers used.
Give Feedback
On this page
 - Overview
 - Schema
 - Summary


text:
Women's repressions pursued both economic and political goals during World War II. On the one hand, the significant reduction in the male labor force, on the other hand, the widespread suspicion of its own citizens, and especially foreigners, led to the second major wave of repressions towards women.
The study carried out in the framework of this article allows highlighting some patterns of purges on the entire territory of the USSR and a few features of the repressions in the Armenian SSR. The dynamics of women's repressions have increased compared to previous years in all observed regions between 1941 and 1945. However, as opposed to other regions, the number of purged women in Soviet Armenia was greater than that of the 1930s.
Along with a relatively higher rate of women's repressions in Soviet Armenia during
the war, the rate of their release was much higher than the one in Tambov region. Also, unlike men, women were released more often. This circumstance could be conditioned both by physical features, such as old age, the existence of an infant and by some cultural features (the patriarchal approach of not considering a woman as a subject) and serving the state in good faith (in case of having a family member who received a medal in war).
Table of contents
Quantitative Analysis of women's repressions in WWII 7
Family members of the traitors to the motherland (CHSIRS) 13
Women, making Anti-Soviet or pro-fascist agitation and spreading false news 16
The members of illegal Youth Organizations 20
Women, hiding/not denouncing Deserters/ Bandits 21
Reasons for releases 23


text:
Historian and compiler of Italian saint iconography. Kaftal was raised in Russia. At the Bolshevik revolution, he fled across the snows of Russia initially to Paris, where many émigrés fled. There he worked briefly as a stockbroker, then studied for the preisthood before moving to Florence in the 1930s. In Italy, he devoted himself to the systematic study of the iconography of Italian saints. His research began during the same time Richard Offner was issuing his Critical and Historical Corpus of Florentine Painting and both works used each other, though unacknowledged. During World War II he lived in Oxford, England. He returned to Italy after the war, making research trips to the United States. On one such trip in the 1950s, Kaftal met and married Marian Averell Clark in New York. His first volume, The Iconography of the Saints in Tuscan Painting was published in 1952. A second volume, The Iconography of the Saints in the Central and South Italian Schools of Painting appeared in 1965. This second volume looks at the relationship between Roman mosaics and religious painting. Two subsequent volumes on northeast Italy and the northwest were issued in 1978 and 1985.Kaftal's work, as he cites in the first volume to the Iconography, builds on the earlier iconographic studies, Poetry of Sacred and Legendary Art, 1848, of Anna Jameson and Karl Künstle. Symbolism compendia such as these were relatively new when Kaftal began his work however and his volumes became both the standard starting point for research on art historical iconography in the Italian renaissance.
St. Dominic in Early Tuscan painting. Oxford: Blackfriars, 1948; St. Francis in Italian Painting. London: Allen and Unwin, 1950; Iconography of the Saints in Tuscan Painting. Florence: Sansoni, 1952; Iconography of the Saints in Central and South Italian Schools of Painting. Florence: Sansoni, 1965; and Bisogni, Fabio. Iconography of the Saints in the Painting of North East Italy. Florence: Sansoni, 1978; and Bisogni, Fabio. Iconography of the Saints in the Paintings of North West Italy. Florence: Casa Editrice le Lettere, 1985.
[obituary:] Pope-Hennessy, John. "George Kaftal." Apollo 127 (February 1988): 145.


General Question
longgone's avatar
Will you help me with this (easy) maths question?
Asked by longgone (8274 points ) December 11th, 2013
I am tutoring my sister. Both of us understand the question, we've solved it, and now we're stuck.
Here it is:
Lanor and Matt are having a race on a 400m track. Lanor runs 220m/minute, Matt 180m. How long until Lanor laps Matt?
Now, obviously, the answer is 10 minutes. Lanor needs to run 400m more than Matt to lap him, and she covers forty extra metres per minute. So, 400/40, which is ten. What I can't do is express this in an equation, explaining how I got there. Can anyone help?
Observing members: 0 Composing members: 0
4 Answers
ragingloli's avatar
180X+400=220X |-180X
400=40X |:40
longgone's avatar
Yes. Of course. I, uh…I knew that all along.
Can't believe it's that easy. Many thanks!!
LostInParadise's avatar
You can also go with your original idea using relative velocity. Relative velocity is not usually taught in school, but it is completely legitimate and simplifies a lot of problems. Relative to Matt, Lanor runs 220 m/min – 180 m/min =40m/min. You want to know when the relative distance is 400 m. 400m / 40 m/min = 10 minutes.
longgone's avatar
Thanks, _USER_, that could be useful for further explaining.
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Migration Summary
Your segmentation inside FT CRM will be updated through real-time events. Once an event is sent, all segmentation which is based on that type of data will be instantly updated for that player. From the date the event stream is fully implemented, the integration will ensure that all segmentation is updated.
However, if you want to get segmentation capabilities of the player's activity before the live stream was implemented, the historical data needs to be migrated into FT CRM. Below you can find an explanation of the process to achieving a successful data migration.
Please make sure that the below points are correct with your data exports: - All timestamps have RFC 3339 format - There are no unicode glyphs or emojis in the files
Pre-Requisites
The following is needed prior to migration.
1. Real-time events
Events needs to be sent on a production environment and the data flow needs to be reconciled so it matches against your database. You can for instance take a few sample users which registered after the event stream was enabled and compare that the segmentation in FT CRM matches your database.
The most common causes for data discrepancies are setup issues with the events, certain events are not being sent, events getting lost or our segmentation mapping doesn't match the definition you expect.
2. SFTP
The operator needs to provide Fast Track access to an SFTP where the data files can be uploaded. The most common is an S3 Bucket on your AWS account.
3. Dry-run
Your Integrations Manager will provide you with a template CSV file which will be used for a dry-run exercise, this is done to prevent any issues with the real migration. We expect you to send us an extract of data in the exact same format as in the template, it's ideal that you include the full history of data.
The dry run will include two different types of data sets.
Data set Description
Data set
Description
Event Table
Individual transactions
Activity Table
Aggregated values
Once the file is received, Fast Track can plan a dry-run migration and provide you with the results. It's important that the results are properly reconciled before the actual migration takes place.
Migration
Once the pre-requisites are ready, you will need to schedule in a date and time to migrate the data into the Fast Track system, please contact your Integrations Manager to reserve a slot.
Process
 1. Fast Track will scale down the services on the agreed timestamp, this is done to avoid any new events being processed during the time of the migration.
 2. The operator will generate the migration files and upload it to the SFTP. It's important that the file uploaded follows the same format as the verified dry-run and that the extract is until the exact time when we scaled down the services.
 3. Fast Track will download the file, import the data into temporary tables, ready to be verified. We will then upload the results to your SFTP for reconciliation.
 4. The operator verifies the migration results and informs Fast Track once completed.
 5. Fast Track can run the import against the real database.
 6. Once completed, Fast Track will scale up the services and events will start getting processed again and the migration is completed.
Services will be scaled down during the migration process, no Activities based on real-time events will be able to fire during this period.


Ford's "Pinto" Memo
The following figures are drawn from the 1973 memorandum* written for and circulated amongst senior management
at the Ford Motor Company concerning cost-benefit analysis of retrofitting or altering production of autos and light
trucks susceptible to fires from leaking gas tanks after roll-over.
Fatalities Associated with Roll-Over-Induced Fuel Leakage and Fires
Expected Costs of producing all US cars and light trucks with fuel tank modifications:
Expected Costs of producing vehicles without fuel tank modifications:
Thus, the costs for fixing the roll-over problem was $137 million, while the computed cost of cases where injuries occur was only $50 million.
It is unclear exactly how this information was utilized by Ford management, and controversy remains about how early in time senior managers were aware of the problem of crash-induced fires in the Pinto, which became the focus of civil and criminal litigation.
What would you do? Why?
*"Fatalities Associated With Crash Induced Fuel Leakage and Fires," by E.S. Grush and C.S. Saundy, Environmental and Safety Engineering.
**By the way, the $200k and $67k figures for the average value of a lost or injured adult life is drawn from the NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) calculation of the estimated costs to society of automobile accidents. It is not a low-ball figure fabricated by Ford. (For example, the $200k for death was calculated by adding estimated direct costs of $163k -- such as loss of future earnings, plus $37k of indirect costs -- such as hospital and insurance costs, legal and court costs, victim pain and suffering, funeral costs, and property damage.) This is the calculation typically used by the U.S. Federal government for performing cost-benefit analyses of highway construction projects (e.g. determining how safely we should build our roads and highways). Even today, such figures are commonly used by many state and local, as well as federal, government agencies to weigh costs of various tax-supported programs.


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How to build a 8x8x8 led cube (English version)
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THANKS TO ISACCO THAT HELPED ME TO TRANSLATE THIS INSTRUCTABLE
Probably you have reached this page because you have seen one of the video clips on led cubes, which are spread in the internet, and you have decided to build one by yourself.
Well, I am happy to let you know that you have got to the right place. Here you will find my notes, the pictures for crafting, the source code for the software that I developed for controlling the cube, and many demonstration videos.
Before you start, please read the whole instructable. This is advisable to have a global view of the project.
Prior to enter in the practical steps, a short theoretical introduction is necessary to well understand what we are talking about.
How the cube is made:
The dimensions of the cube will be 8 led by 8 led, by 8 led, for a total of 512 leds. The whole structure will be based on a wood board.
The concept of persistence of vision:
In this project we will exploit the persistence of vision. This phenomenon is a feature of the human eye and is responsible for the illusion that a movie is not composed by individual still images. All the animations are based on this biological dis-functioning of the human eye. If we can switch on and off the leds in a sufficiently quick time, (a few milliseconds) they will appear as if they were simultaneously on.
We use the persistence of vision because simultaneously switching all the cube leds on would require a very high electric current (in ampere). Actually, if we consider that the high brightness leds of this project require about 20 mA, we can calculate that 512 leds would require 10.24 A. This high current is hard to manage. So, what we do? We switch on a cube layer at each time! In this way the current consumption will never exceed 1.28 A (20 mA x 64 leds), which is easily supplied by a good voltage transformer. Let us suppose that we want to make the cube appear as completely switched on. To achieve that we simply have to switch on the different layers one by one at high speed. To a human eye the cube will appear as completely lighted.
How to control each led:
In order to independently control each led, we divide the cube into horizontal layers and vertical columns.
All the leds of a horizontal layer will have the cathodic contact (-) in common.
All the leds of a vertical column will have the anodic contact (+) in common.
Overall, it will be necessary to control 8 cathodic contacts to select the layers and 64 anodic contacts to select the columns. The combination layers by column will select and switch a single led.
The 8-bit shift registers:
The shift registers are composed by 1-bit memory cells connected one each other. At each clock impulse, they allow the bit flowing from a cell to the next-one. The registers used in this project are SIPO (serial input-parallel output) type. The data are charged one by one through the input bits and the output bits are simultaneously collected from the 8 outlets.
Power supply':
To power the cube and the control circuit it is necessary a power supplier with the following specifications:
- voltage: 5 volts (stabilized)
- current: 2 ampere (4 is better)
Pictures:
The finished cube functioning.

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how can i get the circuit of
an 8x8x8 "LED Cubeplease send me a text on my mail id _EMAIL_
dkaran12 years ago
hi this is dev from new delhi, India. i liked this 8*8*8 led cube but not able to make it can i buy it from any where i am ready to pay the cost of it and other expanses. please help me with it. please revert me on _EMAIL_.
thanks & regards
Dev
This MIGHT be the right thing for you :-
_URL_
sir small doubt regarding the power supply!
im doe with ther cube and im using our clg LAB RPS to power my cube.now im planing to use pc smps.ca i dircetly conect the smps 5v rail same as rps? smps has very high current ratings,does it make any damaga to my cube?
thankyou
Can i have the code ? I would really appreciate it :)
_EMAIL_
Geekaton2 years ago
Here is a time-lapse video that shows me making my LED cube 8x8x8 (with this technique):
_URL_
Let me know what you think of it.
Scroll012 years ago
quien me puede pasar el PDF gracias
_EMAIL_
navi20122 years ago
hello friends I can not download the pdf .. who can send me my mail porfa ... <>
matiasvan2 years ago
can I use an Arduino Mega 2560?
killerone2 years ago
agofi you tell me why I turn on the LEDs should be slightly off during the animation? I double-check the circuit and everything is properly asseblato .. please it's urgent.
razamatraz3 years ago
Nice instructable but it has some very missized components. The 2n3904 transistors are only rated for 200ma but you have them running layers that are otherwise sized for 1.28 amps.
Also, you are using 100 ohm resistors with the intention of getting 20ma per LED. This is too much. Each shift register can only handle 50ma TOTAL so with eight outputs you should not be putting more than 6.25 ma out per pin meaning 330 ohm resistors are a better choice.
I think you got lucky and the current limit provided by the layer transistors is dropping it enough to stop you from blowing your shift registers, I suspect the LEDs are not actually running anywhere near the calculated 20ma each.
Luna!3 years ago
Great Instructable, congrats!!
I have a few doubts, if you allow me..
- Can I start/control it from a web browser (chrome, i.e., etc..)?
- If I put some sensors on it, it is possible to "trigger" it when someone walks into the room?
Thanks!!!
What are the three wires going across each LED layer for? Are they the ground wires, and if so what are they connected to?
Those are just brace wires. they only serve the purpose of supporting the frame of the cube. They dont connect to anything. they are just soldered to each leg. Thats it.
Quem souber portugues tem como entrar em contato, to querendo construir mas tá osso. multiplexação tá foda. Nao to entendendo direito.
Meu email é : _EMAIL_
Obrigado.
gomas2113 years ago
REUPLOAD VIDEOS
That has to be one of the coolest things I have ever seen in my life! About 10 years ago I did a lot less impressive project using RGB multi color LEDs when they first became widely available. If you could add multi color LEDs you could create some amazing 3d effects! ...I hope someone tries it! :)
I was planning on attempting that with a 4*4*4
kieth3 years ago
wow. thanks guys!!!!
4uguyzz.in3 years ago
very good attempt i have a request to provide the circuit diagram for the cub
u can use an arduino..now a lot of cheap options r available, chk freeduino..
huoyunjie3 years ago
Its cool!
But Im thinking how let it make easily!
huoyunjie3 years ago
Hi.cool!!
Im starting.I want do it.thanx.....
Vick Jr4 years ago
For each 'frame" of the cube it looks like your bit-shifting in all 64 bytes, using the shift registers in series.
Why not connect each shift register to a pin on the parallel port - you have plenty extra - and load all the first bits for each register at once, then the second bit, then the third, etc. It should be 8 times faster.
Do you have a video?
dangadave4 years ago
hi guys...i have no idea how to get the software to work on my pc... im running windows 7... need help... do i have to download a program to run the software...? cause my itunes wants to try open it... but no success...:(
thanx
MrGentlemen4 years ago
I Have a Question about the vcc connection:
Did this Circuit doesnt need a VCC connection to work?
The only positive volt connection is just on the led, and nowhere else.
the shift register needs vcc too, but Pin 14 is nowhere connected
nate13574 years ago
Would using a parallel to usb adapter still work with the given software. I no longer have any computers with parallel or serial ports.
stevonr5 years ago
so what would the circuit for an rgb 24x24x24 cube look like?
Aru3 stevonr4 years ago
It would be quite possible if you can get an active addressing matrix in your cube. Control of huge numbers would be possible


text:
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Click on a grade level under Health Education for a list of media-related outcomes and links to supporting resources from the MediaSmarts site. (Note: as many of our lessons can be adapted to suit different grade levels, specific lessons may be listed for more than one grade. Teachers should also note that individual lessons often satisfy a number of learning outcomes.)
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My application receives a jpeg file as a MemoryStream from a webservice. I need assign the image to image.Source. How can this be done?
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up vote 1 down vote accepted
In here it is described:
void proxy_GetImageCompleted(object sender, GetImageCompletedEventArgs e)
 MemoryStream stream = new MemoryStream(e.Result);
 BitmapImage b = new BitmapImage();
 imgImage.Source = b;
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The System.Windows.Controls.Image.Source property is of type System.Windows.Media.ImageSource A System.Windows.Media.Imaging.BitmapImage is derived from ImageSource.
And BitmapImage has a SetSource(Stream streamsource) method.
So with the following code you can add an image from a stream:
Stream inStream = [your MemoryStream];
BitmapImage tempImage = new BitmapImage();
YourControlsImage.Source = tempImage;
MSDN links:
Image.Source Property
BitmapSource.SetSource Method
BitmapImage Class
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text:
can change TCP/IP configuration without rebooting.
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text:
Due to the growing development in urban areas, the percentage of impermeable ground surface is being increased substantially. The greater runoff rate and volume caused by increased impermeable surface can lower the effectiveness of rainwater sewerage system. Thus green building and water retention methods are proposed to reduce runoff in the urban areas. This study applied various water retention methods to evaluate the effectiveness of flood mitigation in urban areas. Study area was chosen as Shi-Mei watershed at San-Chong district, New Taipei City. Proposed water retention methods were applied comprehensively in National San-Chong Senior High School in the watershed to demonstrate the process and results of the flood mitigation and economic benefits. Analytical results reveal that increasing the shallow retention basin is the best way to flood mitigation in the study area, and the underground flood detention pond ranks the second. Moreover, this study conducted the cost-effective analysis and revealed the advantage of the water retention method over the traditional structural method in flood mitigation. The traditional structural method by increasing rainwater sewerage and pumping station capacity costs 355 million to increase the return period of flood protection from three years to five years in the study area. However, using the water retention methods proposed by this study costs only 66.9 million, and the water retention method is easier to be implemented than the traditional structural method is. Finally, this study proposes the use of water retention methods as a feasible and efficient approach to reducing the floods in well developed urban areas.
|Number of pages||14|
|Journal||Taiwan Water Conservancy|
|Publication status||Published - 2012 Mar|
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Environmental Engineering
- Water Science and Technology


text:
ACHTUNG – PRIVATISATION A NAZI LEGACY
Achtung – Privatisation a Nazi legacy!! ~ Michael Gold.
Mrs Thatcher is universally credited with creating the privatisation regime that now extends across most of the planet – yet the real roots of privatisation originated in Nazi Germany. The Spanish economist Germà Bel1 has traced the origins of the word 'privatisation' to the German word, reprivatisierung – denationalisation – and the term was first used in English by the Berlin correspondent of the Economist in 19361 to describe how the Nazi economy worked.


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In python I can do this:
def f((a, b)):
 return a + b
d = (1, 2)
f(d)
Here the passed in tuple is being decomposed while its being passed to f.
Right now in scala right now I am doing this:
def f(ab:(Int, Int)) : Int = {
 val (a, b) = ab
 a + b
}
val d = (1, 2)
f(d)
Is there something I can do here so that the decomposition happens while the arguments are passed in? Just curious.
Thanks.
share|improve this question
1
Interesting. I didn't know this was even possible in Python. – Debilski Jul 23 '12 at 15:40
1
Also: issues.scala-_URL_-813 – Debilski Jul 23 '12 at 15:43
2 Answers 2
up vote 27 down vote accepted
You can create a function and match its input with pattern matching:
scala> val f: ((Int, Int)) => Int = { case (a,b) => a+b }
f: ((Int, Int)) => Int
scala> f(1, 2)
res0: Int = 3
Or match the input of the method with the match keyword:
scala> def f(ab: (Int, Int)): Int = ab match { case (a,b) => a+b }
f: (ab: (Int, Int))Int
scala> f(1, 2)
res1: Int = 3
Another way is to use a function with two arguments and to "tuple" it:
scala> val f: (Int, Int) => Int = _+_
f: (Int, Int) => Int = <function2>
scala> val g = f.tupled // or Function.tupled(f)
g: ((Int, Int)) => Int = <function1>
scala> g(1, 2)
res10: Int = 3
// or with a method
scala> def f(a: Int, b: Int): Int = a+b
f: (a: Int, b: Int)Int
scala> val g = (f _).tupled // or Function.tupled(f _)
g: ((Int, Int)) => Int = <function1>
scala> g(1, 2)
res11: Int = 3
// or inlined
scala> val f: ((Int,Int)) => Int = Function.tupled(_+_)
f: ((Int, Int)) => Int = <function1>
scala> f(1, 2)
res12: Int = 3
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Looks nice! I didn't realize I could use a case statement without an enclosing match. – verma Jul 23 '12 at 15:40
How about:
 ab._1 + ab._2
The _1, _2 etc. access the different elements of the tuple.
share|improve this answer

Well, this would be analogous to do doing def f(a): a[0] + a[1] in python. I am really not trying to avoid that additional val (a, b) = ab assignment here. – verma Jul 23 '12 at 15:35
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@article { author = {Mohajeri, A. and Manshour, P. and Mousaee, M.}, title = {A Novel Topological Descriptor Based on the Expanded Wiener index: Applications to QSPR/QSAR Studies}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Mathematical Chemistry}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {107-135}, year = {2017}, publisher = {University of Kashan}, issn = {2228-6489}, eissn = {2008-9015}, doi = {10.22052/ijmc.2017.27307.1101}, abstract = {In this paper, a novel topological index, named M-index, is introduced based on expanded form of the Wiener matrix. For constructing this index the atomic characteristics and the interaction of the vertices in a molecule are taken into account. The usefulness of the M-index is demonstrated by several QSPR/QSAR models for different physico-chemical properties and biological activities of a large number of diversified compounds. Moreover, the applicability of the proposed index has been checked among isomeric compounds. In each case the stability of the obtained model is confirmed by the cross validation test. The results of present study indicate that the M-index provides a promising route for developing highly correlated QSPR/QSAR models. On the other hand, the M-index is easy to generate and the developed QSPR/QSAR models based on this index are linearly correlated. This is an interesting feature of the M-index when compared with quantum chemical descriptors which require vast computational cost and exhibit limitations for large sized molecules.}, keywords = {topological index,Graph theory,Expanded Wiener index,QSPR,QSAR}, url = {_URL_ eprint = {_URL_ }


Fishing pole bait ark
How do you bait a fishing pole in Ark?
Once you have the fishing rod, bait, and the chair/bench, you are ready to find a body of water. Drag bait onto your fishing rod to apply the bait. Place and sit down in your chair facing the fish. You can use the fishing rod from your hot bar or inventory.
What is the best fishing bait in Ark?
Can you catch sabertooth salmon with SAP?
The bait will determine which kind of fish you will be able to catch. The most basic of bait is Sap. Sap is used to catch only Coelacanth. … Leech Blood allows you to catch Coelacanth, Sabertooth Salmon, and Piranha.
What does unicorn poop do in Ark?
Where do you find leech blood or sap in Ark?
You might be interested: How to get fishing bait in terraria
Do fish like ham?
The bacon, ham or sausage you didn't finish at breakfast might be just the tidbit that will make fish bite after sunrise. Crispy bacon is hard to hook, but an uncooked strip cut into pieces will often entice fish.
How do you tame a coelacanth?
The Coelacanth can only be tamed using a Fish Basket in Aberration.
What do you do with leech blood ark?
Leech Blood is a resource in ARK that is obtained by killing/Harvesting Leeches or Deathworms. Leech Blood is needed to craft Lesser Antidote. Lesser Antidote is needed to cure Swamp Fever. Leech Blood is also used in Fishing as Bait.
Can you tame a sabertooth salmon in Ark?
The Sabertooth Salmon can only be tamed using a Fish Basket in Aberration.
Where can I find SAP in Ark?
What do sabertooth salmon eat in Ark?
How far should the weight be from the hook?
Hook, Line, and Sinker
Why is my fishing pole not reeling in?
Leave a Comment


text:
A new book by local historian Susan Well
When Calvin Coolidge is mentioned, a few stereotypes come to mind -- quiet, if not silent; frugal, if not cheap; dignified, if not wooden. This work of local history describes the thirteenth president's seven homes in Northampton, Massachusetts, the people he roomed with, and neighbors he encountered -- set within the context of the small New England city where they lived. Which stereotypes are true or did those who knew him in this intimate way have a completely different view? Some of them have interesting insights about Coolidge, and all of them have fascinating life stories of their own.
Using original material from collections at the Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library and Museum, Well presents the daily life and residences of Calvin Coolidge in Northampton, Massachusetts. Well uses new sources to document the unique and interesting personal life stories of Coolidge's landlords and neighbors. Most of the Museum's visitors ask where the former President lived, and now we have a definitive answer for them. -- Julie H. Bartlett, Archivist
or pick up a copy at the library for $16.


Juniperus horizontalis 'Blue Chip'
Tried and Trouble-free Recommended by 3 Professionals
Common Name: creeping juniper
Type: Needled evergreen
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Height: 0.50 to 0.75 feet
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Bloom Time: Non-flowering
Sun: Full sun
Water: Medium
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Suggested Use: Ground Cover
Leaf: Evergreen
Other: Winter Interest
Noteworthy Characteristics
Creeping juniper is a procumbent evergreen shrub that is native to Canada and the northern U. S. where it typically occurs in sandy and gravelly soils, sand dunes, rock outcroppings, slopes, prairies and stream banks. It forms a low ground cover that generally rises to 6-18" tall but spreads by long trailing branches with abundant short branchlets to form an often-dense, 4-10' wide mat. Foliage is primarily scale-like (adult) with some awl-like (juvenile) needles appearing usually in opposite pairs. Foliage is typically green to blue-green during the growing season, but often acquires purple tones in winter. Fleshy seed cones (dark blue berries) generally mature in two years, but are often absent on cultivated plants. 'Blue Chip' is a prostrate cultivar that features steel-blue foliage throughout the year with purplish tips in winter. It typically grows up to 8-10" tall but spreads to 10' wide.
Garden Uses
A versatile, sprawling ground cover. Rock gardens. Foundations. Slopes. Mass plantings.


text:
Ancient Egyptian Weight Systems
This paper presents an analysis of three of the ancient Egyptian weight systems.
This paper presents an analysis of three of the ancient Egyptian weight systems.
Key words: Weights, Egyptian, ancient, Petrie, Peyem, Qedet, Stater
In "Ancient Weights and Measures", Flinders Petrie1 lists stone and metal weights recovered from excavations in Egypt. This paper presents an analysis of some of these stone weights which start with catalogue number 2001. These are tabulated in plates 27 to 42 of Petrie's publication. The metal weights and the stone weights from earlier finds are not included in this analysis.
There are over 2700 stone weight specimens listed in these tables. Of these, about 2100 pieces are purchased items. Just over 600 pieces have provenance2.
Petrie classified this collection of stone weights under eight systems. Information in the tables includes details about the material of the specimens, form of each specimen, weight in grains, assigned ratio and the unit value for each specimen. Some of the specimens are damaged. Listed weight for such pieces is corrected by estimating the damage. The amount added to the weight is listed separately in the last column headed "Details". Corrected weights are used in this analysis.
In the tables, the specimens are sorted in an ascending order of the calculated unit value. In the first column is the catalogue number for each specimen. This starts at 2001 to avoid mix up with previously published lists of ancient Egyptian weights. Under each weight system, a few specimen do not have a catalogue number. These appear as an alternative fit with this weight system and full details of such specimen, including the catalogue number, are given under the weight system they are identified to belong. A note in the final column identifies that weight system.
Analysis of the ancient weight systems can be carried out by different methods and this paper examines some of them. These methods are illustrated with three of the ancient Egyptian weight systems. These are: Peyem, Qedet and Stater. The Peyem is the first of the eight systems and has the lowest unit value, Qedet has the most numerous specimens and the Stater weights show the best accuracy of the eight systems.
A log chart is a plot of the logarithm of the weight values. The weight list is sorted in ascending order. This way the lowest weight appears on the left of the chart, with heavier weights progressing towards the right.
The logarithm (log for short) of a number is the power to which another number, called the base, is raised. The most common base is 10. Any number can be used as a base. In the ancient weight systems, multiples and submultiples of 2 are fairly standard. Hence the whole list of weights is expressed as log to base 2 and plotted on a chart. With base 2, logarithms of 2, 4 and 8, for example, are 1, 2 and 3, respectively. A number between the exact multiples of 2 will have its logarithm between the logarithms of those multiples. For any two numbers, the logarithm of smaller number is smaller than that of the larger number.
The log chart displays the weight list in a compressed form. This permits such a large range to be displayed on a reasonable size chart. Hemmy used a log chart to display a wide range of Harappan weights on a single chart3. He displayed the number of specimens lying within a short range of nominal weight values for the weights from 0.5 grams to 550 grams. This required some processing of weight data before the charts could be prepared. In the charts presented here nothing more than sorting the weight data in an ascending order is required.
In the charts, the vertical scale is adjusted such that the grids are a unit apart. This means that an increase of 1 on the chart represents a doubling of the weight value. Similarly, a decrease of one represents halving of the value.
A log chart suitably prepared can identify the systematic nature of any weight system and point to different multipliers used in the system. The frequency at any particular value is also easily observable. Such information can be gleaned without processing the weight data. In the end the raw data needs to be processed to gather further information about the make up of the system.
Table of Ratios
A table listing the ratios and frequencies of weights at those ratios is another way of examining the weight system. Petrie assigned a ratio to every weight specimen in each system and then using the weight of the piece, calculated the unit value for each specimen.
Since a specific value is not assigned to the unit of the system, an average of all the unit values is used as the system's unit weight. The nominal weight for each ratio is simply the product of this unit value and the assigned ratio. An additional column lists the logarithm to base 2 of each nominal weight. This should help to identify the plotted points on the log chart.
The frequencies are determined by counting the number of specimens that are allocated to each nominal weight. This is accomplished as follows. Any weight between two adjacent nominal weights A and B will be allocated to A if it is less than (A+B)/2, otherwise it is allocated to B. Continuing this way, all the weights between the lowest and the highest nominal weights are allocated to one or the other weight ratio. The weights lighter than the lowest nominal value are assigned to the lowest ratio. Similarly, those heavier than the highest nominal value are assigned to the highest ratio.
This method of allocation of weights ensures that each specimen belongs to only one ratio and that no specimens are left out.
Another way of displaying the characteristic of a weight system is by means of a histogram or a frequency distribution chart. This displays the number of specimens in a given interval of weight. To cover the entire range of the system, the whole collection of weights is first normalised. To do this, each specimen allocated to a ratio or nominal weight is divided by that nominal weight. This will give a value of 1 for specimens that are exactly equal to the nominal weight. Those specimens below nominal weight will return a value less than 1 and those above greater than 1.
The number of pieces within 1% interval of the normalised value is counted. The interval at the centre spans the range from 0.995 to 1.005 of the normalised value and the rest of the range is similarly divided. The count of specimens in each interval is displayed on a chart. This is the histogram or frequency distribution of the weight system.
There are 269 specimens in this weight system. The unit value of these weights ranges from 112.0 grains to 125.2 grains and their average value is 119.6 grains.
Chart 1a is a log plot of these Peyem weights. The binary scale of the weight system, in parts, is apparent, as is the fact that the whole system does not follow the binary scale.
The vertical axis is set to start at 3.90 = log2(15). The first six steps in the chart, up to 8.90 on the vertical scale, represent a sequence of binary multiples as they all lie on successive grid lines. The steps or flats are made of weights very close in value.
The next flat is below the expected 9.90, indicating a multiplier less than 2 is involved. An inspection of values in Table 1 shows that this multiplier is 1.25. Starting from this step, there are four flats that form another sequence. There are a few odd groups that are not part of this sequence. Of these, two are on the grid line and therefore belong to the sequence starting with the lowest weight. Another single weight, also on the grid line, appears very near the top.
By setting the vertical scale to different values, successive flats that form a sequence can be identified. In the chart above, three separate groups that follow a binary sequence can be seen.
Table 1 is constructed using 119.6 grains as the unit of the Peyem system. An examination of the table shows the basic scale of 1, 2, 4, 5 repeating over the next two decades. The expected ratio of 500 is absent and that at 1000 has only one specimen. There are also three fractional ratios of a half, a quarter and an eighth.
There are a few odd ratios: 3, 8, 12, 16, 60 and 1500. Their frequencies are low. They do not form part of any sequence as their decimal multiples are absent. Altogether, 17 specimens out of a collection of 269 do not follow the basic 1, 2, 4, 5 scale.
Chart 1b is a histogram of the Peyem system. The set of nominal weights, as listed in Table 1, occurs at the normalised value of 1.00 and there are four values where the frequency is higher than at the nominal weights. The peak frequency occurs at 0.96 of the normalised value.
The collection of the Qedet system comprises 861 specimens. The unit value ranges from 135.5 grains to 153.5 grains with the average equal to 144.5 grains.
Chart 2a displays the whole collection on a log scale to base 2. The unit value of 144.5 grains can be seen on the grid line at 7.17. The collections on the following two succeeding grid lines form part of the binary sequence of 1, 2, 4. The presence of a large number of specimens just above the grid line at 9.17 shows a non-binary multiple of 5. Like Peyem, Qedet also follows a


text:
Introduction: Grow Silver Crystals by Electrochemistry
In this video we grow crystals of pure silver metal by electochemistry.
The procedure is fairly simple. Just apply an electric current between a silver anode and an aluminum or silver metal cathode while they are immersed in silver nitrate solution. The silver ions from the anode will deposit on the cathode.
The crystals are microscopic so to see them the solution is placed under a microscope. A glass slide may be placed over the solution to keep the surface flat so you can see it better.
The crystals grow in different shapes depending on concentration and current applied.