text:
As it stands, the green economy in New Hampshire is growing, but still lackluster.
According to a Brookings Institution study released in July of 2011, from 2003 to 2010, New Hampshire's green jobs industry grew at an average of 3.5 percent a year, outpacing the rest of New England. But the result of that growth was lackluster. Only two percent of the state's workforce holds down a green job, which places New Hampshire square in the middle of the national average.
Solar power is one of NH's growing green industries.
There's a lot of disagreement about what, exactly, a "green job" is. The Brookings report notes this lack of consensus is one of the reasons it's difficult to measure national and regional growth. But there is broad agreement that the green economy encompasses renewable energy and technology, environmentally-friendly products manufacturing, and other activities that either benefit the environment, or at least don't harm it.
Some of the most promising sectors developing in New Hampshire focus on developing and manufacturing
technology for alternative energy and energy efficiency. Southern New Hampshire dominates this growing economy, with Merrimack, Hillsborough
, and Rockingham
counties holding down 80 percent of the state's green jobs. Meanwhile, using the North Country's
forests to establish a large-scale biofuels industry has proven difficult.
At this point, the state government isn't pumping a lot of money into growing the green economy, preferring instead to allow private entities to invest where they see fit. But recently, federal stimulus funds passing through the NH Office of Energy and Planning established the Green Launching Pad. The GLP is a green business incubator at the University of New Hampshire. It will receive stimulus funding through April, 2012.


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Re: Encryption and decryption using different keys
by btrott (Parson)
on Sep 01, 2001 at 01:33 UTC ( #109561=note: print w/replies, xml ) Need Help??
in reply to Encryption and decryption using different keys
It really depends on your usage. You say that you want to encrypt with a different key than your decryption key so that if someone finds the encryption key, your data will not be compromised. But couldn't someone just as easily find the decryption key, if you have to use it to decrypt the data?
Assymetric crypto (public/private key crypto) is useful when you, and only you, have access to your private key. It works well in scenarios like sending data from one party to another (eg. through email), because the sender can encrypt using the public key, and the recipient decrypts using the private key.
But I'm not sure if that really applies to what you are doing.
For example, if you're building a system that interfaces with this database, then you are going to have to both encrypt and decrypt the data therein. So your decryption key is going to be just as exposed as your encryption key--in which case it doesn't buy you a whole lot to have two different keys.
I think that you need to determine the scenario of when you are going to be encrypting data, and when you will be decrypting it. This will give you some hints as to use one symmetric key or a public-private key pair. If it is still unclear, describe these scenarios in more detail.
BTW: if you do end up wanting assymetric crypto (which I'm not absolutely sure that you need), you could check out Crypt::OpenPGP or Crypt::RSA.
If you go the symmetric crypto route, Rijndael (Crypt::Rijndael) is a very good cipher.
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10 Top Tourist Attractions of the World
10 Top Tourist Attractions of the World
10 Top Tourist Attractions of the World
Many of the attractions around the world symbolize the destinations they represent, and that makes them more significant. In most cases, it is the site itself that makes them worth visiting a country. Some of these are famous UNESCO World Heritage sites. These destinations just stand out above the rest.
Would-be visitors are always looking for motivation to guide their visits. Coming up with a list of places to visit could be challenging enough. So, if you are planning to start a checklist of places to visit, starting with our list below of the top tourist attractions in the world, might be of great help.
1. The Colosseum in Rome
Reminiscence of the Roman Empire, this famous and colossal structure is also a huge attraction of the modern-day Rome. Located in the heart of the city, a visit to The Colosseum will surely makes your day. Today, it is still the biggest enduring amphitheater in the world and the largest ancient amphitheater ever constructed. So, it is just befitting to every traveler to plan a trip to Italy, wander through the ancient streets of Rome, and tour the colosseum. There are direct daily flights from around the world to Rome. See it, it does not disappoint you!
2. The Eiffel Tower in Paris
Paris, the city where culture and history collide and where every traveler could find the adventures they longed for. Here is the Eiffel Tower, the symbol of Paris and one of the most Instagrammed structures of the modern world is a must to visit for all travelers. At the age of 134 years, it is still the landmark that inspires passion and dedication. This wrought-iron lattice tower was built in _PHONE_ and named after Gustave Eiffel, the engineer whose company designed and built the tower. A visit to Paris is not complete without sojourning the Eiffel Tower, where romance and creativity are always the staples of would-be visitors.
3. The Acropolis in Athens
The Acropolis is a military base and a fortress throughout the Neolithic period and became a religious center dedicated to the goddess Athena. The Acropolis is an ancient fortress perched above the city of Athens. It is 2,460 years old! It also comprises the ruins of several ancient buildings of great historical and architectural significance, such as the most famous Parthenon. Moreover, the views over the city are amazing as you walk amongst the painstakingly restored ancient buildings. Additionally, the site is also so impressive looking up from the city below.
4. The Statue of Liberty in New York City
The Statue of Liberty is a massive neoclassical copper sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor, New York City. The statue is a gift from the French to the people of the United States. It was dedicated on October 28, 1886, and designated as a National Monument in 1924. It was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and its metal framework was built by Gustave Eiffel, who also built the Eiffel Tower. Although America is full of great sites to wander around, it is the Statue of Liberty that represents liberty and freedom like no other. Access to the statue is via ferry, also a highlight of a visit.
5. The Machu Picchu in Peru
According to the Peruvian Official Tourist Board, Machu Picchu is a 15th-century Incan citadel set 2,440 (8,000 ft) high in the Andes Mountains in Peru, directly above the Urubamba River valley. Built in the 15th century but was later abandoned, it is well-known for its sophisticated dry-stone walls-fused huge blocks without the use of mortar. Intriguing as it is, the buildings play on astronomical alignments and panoramic views. In its location high in the jungle-clad mountains, the setting here surreal. So, if the plan is in the offing for a South America trip, this only attraction completes your adventure of a lifetime.
6. The Pyramids of Giza in Egypt
The Pyramids of Giza is a three pyramids complex, where the Great Pyramid of Giza is also located. Sometimes called the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops, it is the oldest and the largest of the three in the pyramids complex. Located in the present-day Giza in the Greater Cairo area in Egypt, it is also the oldest and the only one to remain generally intact of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The pyramids were constructed some 4,500 years ago. It is generally believed that it was built as a tomb for the pharaoh Khufu of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt. Travelers and sightseers coming to see these magnificent structures on a camel ride around the complex is a great added experience. Easy tour plans can be arranged.
7. The Taj Mahal in India
The Taj Mahal is an immense mausoleum of ivory-white marble built on the southern bank of the river Yamuna in the city of Agra, India. It was constructed between _PHONE_ by order of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan to house the tomb of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It also houses the tomb of Shah Jahan himself. A symbol of love, the Taj Mahal is one of the universally revered masterpieces of the world's heritage and is the gem of Muslim art in India. This amazing mausoleum was made with inlaid precious and semi-precious stones. Additionally, a riverfront setting, the surrounding gardens, and the reflecting pools are also what make the Taj Mahal so special. So, a must-see visit to India for this 17th-century Taj Mahal is a complete trip of a lifetime.
8. The Petra in Jordan
The Petra is a renowned archaeological site in Jordan's southwestern desert. Originally known as Raqmu or Raqēmō, it dates to around 300 B.C. when it was the capital of the Nabatean Kingdom. Constructed over 2,000 years ago and forgotten to the outside world for 600 years, the park city was discovered only in 1812. The Petra Archaeologic Park, all 2,640 acres of it, is a must-see and with only some exceptions, you are free to explore everything at your leisure time and will. Though you are free to fully explore everything in 5 days minimum, two days are sufficient. The park can be accessed through a narrow canyon called Al Siq, where tombs and temples are carved into pink sandstone cliffs are easily seen, earning its nickname, the "Rose City." The most famous in the park is the 45m-high Al Khazneh temple with an ornate, Greek-style facade, famously known as The Treasury.
9. The Great Wall of China
The Great Wall of China is a string of battlements that were erected across the historic northern borders of ancient Chinese states and Imperial China. It was built as a fortification against numerous nomadic bands from around the Eurasian Savannah. The Great Wall of China was built between the 14th -17th centuries, is a stark contrast in a land of modern cities and towering skyscrapers, but a stunning image that all visitors to China must-see. A leisurely walk along the top of the wall offers an astonishing view of the structure snaking off into the distance. The wall stretches through some remote areas at an astounding 21,196 kilometers. The longest wall in the world is an awe-inspiring feat of ancient defensive architecture. So, visit the wall on an easily organized tour from Beijing… all in a relatively short motorcoach ride away.
10. The Angkor Wat in Cambodia
The Angkor Wat is primarily a Buddhist temple complex in Cambodia and the biggest religious shrine in the world by land area measuring around 162.6 hectares (around 400 acres). Originally constructed in the first half of the 12th century as a Hindu temple by Emperor Suryavarman II, who ruled the region from 1113 to 1150 as the state temple and political center of his empire. Moreover, the temple was originally dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu but became a Buddhist temple by the end of the 12th century. The complex was surrounded by jungle and, at some point, overgrown with huge trees and roots. There, you will feel like you have entered another era, wandering through Angkor Wat, the main centerpiece of the complex. This is undoubtedly one of the most incredible sites in Southeast Asia and the main reason why you must visit Cambodia.


text:
UBC Theses and Dissertations
Geology of the Garnet Mountain-Aquila Ridge area, Ice River, British Columbia Jones, William Charles
The Ice River igneous complex, exposed in the southern part of Yoho National Park in the Field area, British Columbia, is an asymmetrical laccolith made up of several varieties of undersaturated alkaline igneous rooks. Nepheline- sodalite syenite and urtite, two of the major types, are described. Several theories on the origin of undersaturated alkaline igneous rocks are discussed and it is concluded that Daly's limestone syntexis theory best explains the origin of the Ice River complex. In the vicinity of Garnet Mountain and Aquila Ridge, the north-west extension of the laccolith has contact metasomatised enclosing limestone and limestone inclusions. The mineralogy and petrology of several extensive skarn zones which carry pyrochlore and radioactive minerals are described. The concentration of certain elements in alkaline igneous rooks is considered and the, addition of Na, K, Cb, Zr and others to Ice River limestone is described.
Item Citations and Data

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Are you worried about dry rot affecting your home? You're not alone. Dry rot is one of the most common causes of concern for homeowners in the UK, but in order to deal with it effectively it's important to take the right course of action and seek out professional help.
If you suspect your property is experiencing a dry rot issue, you should start by finding the source of the problem. However, this may not be as simple as you'd think, as the symptoms are not always obvious – which is why having an expert on hand is always advisable.
What is dry rot
Dry rot – or Serpula Lacrymans to give its proper name – is a type of fungus that feeds off the moisture found in wood and timber. As a result, the timber can become 'infected' and eventually start to crumble, destroying materials that were previously considered safe. If it's left unchecked, it could quickly spread and affect the structural integrity of your property, causing long-term problems.
While dry rot spores are always present in the atmosphere, they only really affect damp timber and structural materials as a result of the environmental conditions. It's advised that you fix ventilation issues in the home such as rising damp and condensation, as they can result in excessive levels of moisture spreading throughout the property.
Once the fungus has formed a large enough structure, appearing as a cotton-wool like white substance, it can grow far and wide to find new timber food sources. It can even spread through bricks, mortar, plaster and paintwork, making its way around an entire home if not caught quickly enough.
Dry rot signs
Dealing with the cause of the damp in your property is considered the best way of preventing dry rot from returning. Ideally, catching it before it spreads is the best method, but it can be difficult to spot for the untrained eye. Some potential signs may include:
- A distinct mushroom smell.
- Cracking, splitting, shrinking or darkening of timbers around your house.
- The presence of a musty, damp, mushroom smell close to where these signs have appeared.
- A cotton-wool like, white fluffy growth will then appear at the site, which may be followed by a mushroom-coloured skin over the surface of the wood.
- Eventually, the fungus will release rust-coloured dust spores, which will become visible once enough are produced.
If you've noticed these signs within your home, it's time to call in an expert who can identify the problem. While many of these signs are not unique to dry rot, it's better to be safe than sorry.
What causes dry rot?
As mentioned earlier, dry rot spores are always present. However, this fungus can only thrive under certain conditions according to experts. Dampness and high levels of condensation are thought to be the main consequences, with the damp enabling the fungus to spread.
Common problems that allow dry rot to grow in your home include:
- Condensation. If your home isn't ventilated properly, condensation can begin to build up, creating the damp conditions that enable the rot to grow.
- Penetrating damp. This is when water can breach the exterior of your home, usually as rainwater leaking through cracks in brickwork or a damaged roof. Once it reaches the internal timbers, it can soak them to the point that dry rot can thrive.
- Rising damp. This is where moisture can breach your home through its foundations, often because the damp proof membrane is insufficient or has deteriorated.
- Plumbing leaks. These are very common, and could be anything from a leaky washing machine to a damaged pipe somewhere you can't see.
Why does it impact property values?
Dry rot can affect property values due to its ability to affect the structural integrity of a building. The property could therefore be at risk, resulting in a potentially costly and time-consuming amends process. In this case, it may give potential buyers enough reason to reconsider their options.
If you're selling your home
Homeowners are required to inform potential buyers of the situation, as the problem will eventually be uncovered during the surveying period. Would-be buyers may even be refused their mortgage owing to the presence of dry rot – much like is often the case for Japanese knotweed. The best course of action is to get your dry rot treated before you move forward with selling.
For more advice about selling your home, take a look at our top ten tips.
If you're buying a home
Before entering into the house buying process, you should have a survey conducted of any property in which your offer is accepted. If dry rot is discovered in the building, deciding whether you'd still like to go ahead with the purchase may be your call, but you might find your mortgage lender withdraws their offer.
How do you treat dry rot?
If you suspect dry rot in your home, you should contact a specialist for the best results. Professionals such as Rentokil will send a surveyor to undertake a five-step treatment service, which includes:
- Stopping the source of the moisture
- Removing the damaged area
- Treating the dry rot
- Replacing any timber
Before any work can begin, a qualified surveyor will conduct a thorough inspection to determine the extent of the issue. This will typically involve checking for associated problems such as signs of damp, as well as highlighting other areas of the property that may be at risk.
Once the inspection has been completed, they will be able to provide you with a full report and advise you on what steps to take next.
On the hunt for a new home? Get an estimate of how much Post Office could lend you, when you take a look at our mortgage calculator.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Abstract: Maintaining both a population of native Humpback Chub (Gila cypha) and non-native Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are stated goals for management downstream of Glen Canyon Dam (GCD) on the Colorado River, yet these species have very different habitat requirements and often times the Rainbow Trout prey upon the Humpback Chub. Habitat conditions in the river downstream of GCD have been extremely altered with moderate flows, cold water temperature, and a much reduced sediment load compared to historic conditions. These physical habitat characteristics create ideal conditions for the non-native trout and have reduced the habitat quality for the chub. In addition to the change in habitat, the rainbow trout and other introduced species predate on the chub. Several management actions from mimicking high flow events to mechanical invasive species remove have taken place to date with differing success. It may also be natural fluctuation such as drought can override the management actions in terms of drivers of the humpback chub population. Recent studies have found that under drought conditions, humpback chub populations have been increasing with warmer water. Under such an altered condition, can both of the species coexist and how does societal desire for recreational trout fishing compete with maintaining a non-recreational fish such as the Humpback Chub? This question will ultimately have to be addressed if a longterm solution is to be found.
Can Humpback Chub and a Blue Ribbon Trout Fishery Coexist in the Grand Canyon?


text:
Farming is part of our heritage and we own over 1,250 acres of farmland in the Weald of Kent.
The majority of our farmland is now rented out to neighbouring farmers. The top fruit orchards consist of Bramley, Cox, Russet and Braeburn apples, and conference pears. New varieties recently planted are Reubens and Cameo. Main crops grown on the arable ground are wheat, barley, oil seed rape and winter beans. The strawberry sites consist of intensive "table top" systems, under tunnels.
Grassland next to the River Beult is managed with the aid of a grant via the countryside stewardship scheme. This is done on a low input regime to help protect the area's unique clay river valley environment.
We manage and maintain our farm woodlands and we also operate a small-scale felling and replanting programme. The whole farm is registered under the government's Entry Level Stewardship Scheme (ELS) which enables us to manage the land in an environmentally sensitive way.


text:
Ordinary Solderable Polyurethane EnamelledRound Copper Wire
Productionspecifications range: 0.03~0.80mm; temperature tolerance grade includes 130,155, and 180 grades. The softening breakdown (fixed temperature) temperatureincludes 170°C, 200°C, and 230°C. The insulation thickness includes 3UEW, 2UEW,1UEW, and OUEW. Among them, 3UEW is mainly used in micro motors, relays, laserheads and other products. The 2UEW is mainly used in various electroniccomponents such as electronic transformers and micro motors. The 1UEW and OUEWare mainly used in various electronic components such as transformers andignition coils with high requirements for withstand voltage.


text:
The technique used is patented and has the following advantages:
The muscle micro-biopsy is a minimally invasive procedure.
- The method is minimally invasive, especially in comparison with the samples of bone marrow from which stem cells are usually isolated and cultured.
- The technique is easy to carry out and requires a minimal amount of tissue.
- The protocol is recommended for young horses to build up a stock of stem cells available for future.


text:
- 1820 - Purchase of seven acres of land from John Cochran for $400
This plot of ground, bounded by today's Main, Walnut, College, and Maple streets, comprised the original campus. It was occasionally refered to in the nineteenth century as the "Old Campus".
- 1855 - Purchase of eighteen acres of land south of Walnut Street from John Ford for $2,700
- 1856 - Purchase of house and lot (four acres)from William Dod laying south of Walnut Street for $2,200
- 1876 - Purchase of house and lot (eight acres) from Speed S. Fry laying south of Walnut Street for $5,912
These three purchases gave the College that part of today's campus laying south of Walnut Street. In the nineteenth century it is sometimes called the "New Campus". In 1862 the College built the first Sayre Library on this land, followed in 1871 by Old Main. The Fry house was used for several years as a fraternity house. It was demolished in 1969.
- 1960 - Purchase of several pieces of property laying along and behind the north side of Main Street
By 1960 the College had decided the close the women's campus, and move the students to new residence halls on the men's campus. The acquisition of this land, and the demolition of the houses that stood on it, provided the necessary space for the construction of Acheson-Caldwell, Cheek-Evans, and Yerkes Houses, and provided room for today's Hillside House and soccer field.


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Can anybody suggest a way to process the information and analyze the data from the comments users post on a article in my website.
I exactly want to process the comments as follows:
Example: Like on a article on computerization may get the following comments:
 1. I love computerization as it makes the work easier.
 2. Computerization is spreading unemployment as 1 computer can work better than 4 people.
How i process this information - : I take the comments and try to recognize some predefined[and extensible] keywords in it.
share|improve this question
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1 Answer
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Assuming that you are trying to extract some useful information from the comments, you could apply some machine learning to the comments to classify or categorize the data contained within, the sentiments etc.
There are number of different types of learning you can do on the text, however I personally recommend using support vector machines or a naive bayes classifier to be able to categorize and analyze the comments. You could also possibly use clustering, but there needs to be an element of natural language processing in the solution you choose. There are number of different libraries that you can use to implement the code to use either, i.e. svmlight, javaml, etc. I have personally used javaml and it is a good library.
share|improve this answer
Thanks David.Can You suggest some resources to learn machine learning. – Lokesh Sah Feb 14 '11 at 5:39
What type of resources would you prefer? Research articles, books, web sites, etc? I know of quite a few of all of them. – davidstites Feb 14 '11 at 5:55
articles,ebooks – Lokesh Sah Feb 14 '11 at 9:41
Machine Learning, Introduction to machine learning - Ethem ALPAYDIN. Let me know if you need more, this is a fairly broad topic and definitely not something that can be easily answered on SO without a fair amount of work on your part. – davidstites Feb 14 '11 at 19:25
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PayTraq Blog
The Use of Matching Rules for Bank Reconciliation
Tags: updates, bank feeds, accounting, PayTraq features
Recently, we announced a new Automatic Bank Reconciliation feature available in PayTraq.
With Auto Reconciliation, you can easily match most of your statement lines from your uploaded bank statements just in one click.
Auto Reconciliation is available both for the manually uploaded bank transactions and automatic bank feeds. It saves users a lot of time, while making the process quick, reducing the manual effort and improving accuracy.
As of now you can create your own custom bank reconciliation rules to match even more transactions automatically. These are additional rules that can be set up for automatic reconciliation of those bank transactions for which no matching primary documents or journals have been found. Such transactions include bank fees, money transfers, tax payments, transfers from a merchant account, loan payments, etc.
The bank statement line description may contain certain values that help you identify the transaction. You can use part of this information to setup the rule to enable automatic processing.
If the rule meets specified criteria, all banking transactions corresponding to this rule will be reconciled automatically.
To set up automatic reconciliation matching rules, the following fields can be used:
 1. Business partner name
 2. Contra-account/IBAN (partner's bank account)
 3. Payment Details (or part of)
 4. Amount (+/-)
To create a matching rule, at least one of the fields needs to be filled out. Fill out several fields to improve accuracy.
Custom Rule Example
Let's set up a matching rule for the automatic reconciliation of bank fees.
 1. Under Money -> Bank Accounts, select the tab "Reconciliation Rules". Create a new matching rule and choose a name for it, for example, "Bank Commissions", and select transaction type "Enter a bank charge"
 2. Fill out the transaction details with the line given by the bank for this particular transaction (for example, "Bank fee") and enter the amount with a minus (e.g. "-0.50")
 3. Enable "Activate" checkbox and save your changes by clicking on the "Change" button


text:
Authors: Ryan D. Sochol, Daniel Corbett, Sarah Hesse, William E.R. Krieger, Ki Tae Wolf, Minkyu Kim, Kosuke Iwai, Song Li, Luke P. Lee and Liwei Lin
Continuous flow particulate-based microfluidic processors are in critical demand for emerging applications in chemistry and biology, such as point-of-care molecular diagnostics. Challenges remain, however, for accomplishing biochemical assays in which microparticle immobilization is desired or required during intermediate stages of fluidic reaction processes. Here we present a dual-mode microfluidic reactor that functions autonomously under continuous flow conditions to: (i) execute multi-stage particulate-based fluidic mixing routines, and (ii) array select numbers of microparticles during each reaction stage (e.g., for optical detection). We employ this methodology to detect the inflammatory cytokine, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), via a six-stage aptamer-based sandwich assay.


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First Strike Review
MMOHuts Default Image 604x339
Critic Score: 3 out of 5
How many times have we seen military-themed games circling around the whole concept of weapons of mass destruction? How many Metal Gear games have we finished and run through that aren't about nuclear weapons?
In First Strike, instead of becoming the deterrent, you are the one who has the finger on the trigger in an all-out nuclear war against other nuclear-capable nations. The game basically represents the third world war once the Mexican stand-off between nations has been lifted, and everyone just wants to kill everyone else with their nukes.
First Strike is essentially a simulation-strategy game where you control a nation with nuclear weapons. Your task is to destroy everyone else and survive their attacks to be the last nation standing.
To reach that goal, you need to create missiles that can be launched from different missile bases found (conveniently) on every single country in the world.
The game allows you to research and create three types of missiles: the cruiser missiles, the Intermediate-ranged ballistic missiles (IRBM), and the Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM).
As you start the game you are given a specific amount of missiles, a set of controlled countries, and then you are left to fend for yourself. Depending on the nation you chose, you are either given just one country to control (in Korea's case) or a handful of them (the rest of the playable nations). You can upgrade the nation's capabilities through research. You can also increase the number of countries you control by "expanding" your territory and bringing the target country to your nation.
The one hitch First Strike has is that you can only do one thing at a time. So either you expand, attack, defend, or research on one chosen country or another. This then determines how you play the game and how you challenge the nations in each play through.
The game also slowly opens up nations that you will face against or use in game. You start off with only the United States, Western Europe, and Korea as your starting nations. As you play through the game you then get to unlock other nations such as India & Pakistan, Brazil, and of course, Russia.
The missiles in-game are both your attack and defense mechanic. Cruiser missiles are used to shoot down enemy missiles, while IRBMs have a medium ranged attack. ICBMs, as the name implies, have better and higher range capabilities compared to the IRBMs. Each country you control will have a max number of missiles that it can create. You can increase the number by researching it, which I will touch on later.
The game doesn't fall over its head explaining how much payloads each missile you send out has. As long as the missile hits its intended target, it does its job and that's it. The game does put a little emphasis on "enhancing" the capabilities per missile, but that will be explained later.
As mentioned, you have only one action available to do per controlled country. You can either attack with four countries or defend with three, or you can just unleash your entire payload and hope that the country you're targeting won't be able to hit back.
Another "cool" feature aside from attacking and defending is the first strike capability. First strike allows you to do one big attack on a targeted location using all your missile bases. As long as the target is in range of the missile, it will be released. This is a risky strategy however, since whenever you do a first strike against an AI player, they will immediately counter attack with their own. That pretty much paints the Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) scenario real world "experts" have been saying could happen in a simulated perspective.
As mentioned earlier, you can improve your nation's capabilities by researching them in each country you control. The research tree is segregated into four areas which are efficiency, recon, missile, and nation trees.
Efficiency focuses on cooldowns, the amount of missiles made, and the overall killing efficiency of the missiles you have. Recon focuses on the global map and its capability to provide necessary information on your enemies. The missile tree, on the other hand, focuses on enabling the missiles you can use and increasing their range. Finally, the nation tree focuses on expanding cooldowns and nation defense.
I have to admit that First Strike is a decent sim-strat game. What I didn't like is that the game was not as challenging as I would've liked. I never had a run where I was harassed in the early game and was able to easily amass and increase my nuclear capabilities. I kept playing defensively from the start and just waited till the AIs stopped killing each other. And even then, when I switched to a more offensive strategy, I single-handedly killed off at least two or three nations near me before going toe-to-toe with the most dominating AI in the field.
What I liked about it, however, is that it has tons of replayability since you can go back to the nations you've previously finished playing (and won with) and face against more nations as you unlock them. It also takes a while to unlock nations since I found the unlocking mechanic pretty inconsistent; but it is interesting enough to unlock more nations you can use.
I have to really say that this game would've been better if it had multiplayer. It would've been more enjoyable going against other human players instead of the AI which would make this a more interesting game to play.
If First Strike aims itself to be a more propaganda tool to push for nuclear disarmament, I think the developers could've done better and added more "images," or at least added a more visual repercussion of the effects of a nuclear strike in countries instead of just posting a number of people killed. If they want to evoke a more horrendous look at nuclear weapons, throwing impersonal statistics which I would never really look into since to me, they're just numbers. Call me cold-hearted, but that's how I see it.
Conclusion: Good
Overall however, the game isn't too shabby, and buying would not only give you a good game to spend time on, you'll also be helping out a cause.
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10 Common Questions for Pop Warner Parents
Signing your child up for Pop Warner football is exciting and overwhelming at the same time.
Like any new adventure, playing Pop Warner football will come with lots of questions. Will my child be safe? How big are the kids playing on my child's team? When can I register? What league will my child play in?
Here are some frequently asked questions first-time Pop Warner parents ask, and some answers to get you started as your child embarks on a great experience.
Is there a league in my area?
Pop Warner has football leagues in 42 states from coast to coast, so chances are there's one in your area. Visit Pop Warner's league finder web page to find information--including contact information and web addresses--of the Pop Warner league near you.
When are sign-ups?
It depends on the league, but usually are in the spring and summer months. Check the website of your local league for more information.
What are the different age groups?
Pop Warner has opportunities for players ages 5-15, and they are separated into nine divisions. The youngest, the Tiny-Mite division, features children ages 5-7. The Bantam division features 13-15 year olds with 16-year olds welcome if they are light enough.
My child has a birthday during the season. How does that affect age placement?
With Pop Warner games being played in the fall, the organization has set up a specific guideline: A child's age on July 31st is his/her age for the entire season. So if your son turns 10 on August 1st, he will still be considered a 9-year old for registration purposes.
Does my child's weight matter?
Yes, it does. Pop Warner combines age restrictions with weight restrictions to make an age/weight scale. It is as follows:
 - Tiny-Mite: Ages 5-7. Must be between 35 and 75 pounds.
 - Mitey-Mite: Ages 7-9. Must be between 45-90 pounds.
 - Junior PeeWee: Ages 8-10 must be between 60-105 pounds. 11-year olds are accepted if they weigh between 60-85 pounds.
 - PeeWee: Ages 9-11 must be between 75-120 pounds. 12-year olds are accepted if they weigh between 75-100 pounds.
 - Junior Midget: Ages 10-12 must be between 85-135 pounds. 13-year olds are accepted if they weigh between 85-115 pounds.
 - Midget: Ages 11-14 must be between 105-160 pounds. 15-year olds are accepted if they weigh between 105-140 pounds.
 - Junior Bantam: Ages 12-14 must be between 120-170 pounds. 15-year olds are accepted if they weigh 120-150 pounds.
 - Unlimited: For 12-15 year olds who weigh more than 170 pounds.
 - Bantam: Ages 13-15 year olds who weight 135-185 pounds. 16-year olds can play if they are between 135-165 pounds.
For more information, check out Pop Warner's Age/Weight structure web page.
Are there any other requirements?
Pop Warner demands academic excellence among its participants. Players must receive a 2.0 grade-point average (or 70 percent average) in school to participate. Exceptions are made through Scholastic Eligibility Forms, which are filled out by that child's school to determine whether Pop Warner football would be beneficial to that child.
Are there tryouts?
No. Everyone is allowed to participate and play. All you have to do is sign up.
Is my child safe playing organized football?
Though injury is always possible in any sport, Pop Warner is quick to point out that injury rates are significantly lower in youth football than in high school or college football. That's partly because of Pop Warner's strict age/weight scale that makes sure all the children are playing against players their own size.
Studies have shown that organized football among children produces fewer injuries than soccer.
How many games will my child play?
The regular season schedule is usually between seven and nine games, between late August and late October. Playoffs will follow in certain divisions, and the best teams will play in the Pop Warner Super Bowl in Florida in early December.
If my child isn't the best player on the team, will he/she just sit the bench all season?
Not at all. Pop Warner has mandatory rules of play that requires everyone be able to participate. That means that every player will get in for several plays every game.
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Additional file 1).
Tradeoff between noise filtering and response speed
Each noise-filtering strategy improved the accuracy and extent of polarization in the presence of spatial noise, but at what cost? From systems theory one expects a tradeoff with the speed of the system because a slower frequency response profile would cutoff the higher frequency noise [41, 42]. We wished to examine this tradeoff in greater detail.
To assess response speed, we performed simulations in which we applied the gradient without noise and measured the time for the output to settle to within 5% of the steady-state value, and then we switched the gradient direction and measured the settling time for the directional change. A slower response resulted in a longer settling time t s after both the initial and switched gradient.
Indeed, each of the noise-filtering strategies resulted in a slower response time (Figure 3A). Time-averaging is achieved by slowing the system down which will slow the response. The positive feedback system (PF, t s = 26.1 s) was slower than the system without positive feedback system (NPF, t s = 3.2 s). Adding an additional stage to create a two-module cascade resulted in a summation of the response times. Interestingly, adding an NPF module in front of a PF module resulted in a big improvement in polarization in the presence of spatial input noise (Figure 2B) with the cost of a relatively modest increase in the response time (NPF + PF, t s = 28.8 s) compared to PF alone.
Figure 3
Tradeoff between polarization and response time. (A) The black solid line describes time evolution of a f, value of a at the front; the gray dashed line represents the evolution of a b, value of a at the back. We measured the response time to an initial gradient and then switched the gradient direction. Response time is defined as the time it takes the simulation to settle to within 95% of the steady-state value. The initial gradient was applied and then after reaching steady-state, the gradient direction was switched 180o (L mid = 1 and L slp = 0.01 μm-1). Results for the NPF (left), PF (middle), and NPF+PF (right) models are shown along with the response times. The calculated settling time t s is the average of the initial and switched response times. (B) A comparison of different model architectures in terms of polarization ( a f n o r m ) and response time (t s ). For the NPF models, a larger signal-to-noise (SNR) was needed to observe polarization. In the slow versions of the models, the parameters were scaled 10-fold lower. Two-stage models are indicated by the "+" between the stages. (C) Simulations of yeast model at different speeds for the heterotrimeric G-protein cycle. The speed was normal (wild-type parameter values), 10-fold faster, and 10-fold slower. At least 20 simulations were performed and the mean value of active Cdc42 in the simulations are plotted against the angle of the cell (θ = 0 is the direction of the gradient). The mean ± SEM of cos(θ) is shown above the plot.
We then explored these tradeoffs in greater quantitative detail. We investigated different speeds for the models, compared two stages versus one stage, and examined the filter-amplifier structure of the NPF+PF model. A common feature of the noise-filtering strategies was that an improvement in polarization resulted in a slower system response, although the nature of this tradeoff varied. The positive feedback model exhibited superior polarization but was slower than the no positive feedback model containing similar parameter values (Figure 3B, NPF versus PF); a two-stage system performed better but was slower than a one-stage system (Figure 3B, NPF versus NPF+NPF or PF versus NPF+PF); and taking a model and scaling the parameters to a slower speed resulted in much improved polarization (Figure 3B, NPF+PF versus NPF(slow)+PF(slow)). From these simulations, we observed that the best combination was the NPF filter followed by the positive feedback because the filter did not add too much time delay while removing a significant amount of noise. As a result, the NPF+PF filter-amplifier model produced good polarization at low SNR with a response time in the same range as the single-stage model structures.
Modeling the yeast polarization response to gradient noise
We previously [11, 12] constructed a spatial model of yeast cell polarization (Additional file 1). Here, we tested the ability of this model to filter input noise and polarize in the correct direction. The model contains many features described for the generic model that would help filter noise. First, the system consists of two stages: The heterotrimeric G-protein cycle represents the first stage which then feeds into the Cdc42 cycle, the second stage. Second, there are two positive feedback loops, an inner fast loop involving the scaffold protein Bem1 and the small G-protein Cdc42, and an outer slower loop involving polarized synthesis of receptor [23, 24]. Finally, the system is slow compared to other G-protein systems such as visual phototransduction [43]. The model is presented below:
[ R ] t = D s 2 [ R ] - k R L [ L ] [ R ] + k R L m [ RL ] - k R d 0 [ R ] + p s k R s
[ RL ] t = D s 2 [ RL ] + k R L [ L ] [ R ] - k R L m [ RL ] - k R d 1 [ RL ]
[ G ] t = D s 2 [ G ] - k G a [ RL ] [ G ] + k G 1 [ Gd ] [ Gbg ]
[ Ga ] t = D s 2 [ Ga ] + k G a [ RL ] [ G ] - k G d [ Ga ]
[ Gbg ] t = D s 2 [ Gbg ] + k G a [ RL ] [ G ] - k G 1 [ Gd ] [ Gbg ]
[ Gd ] t = D s 2 [ Gd ] + k G d [ Ga ] - k G 1 [ Gd ] [ Gbg]
[ C 24 m ] d t = D s 2 [ C 24 m ] + k 24 c m 0 ( Gbg n * ) [ C 24 c ] + k 24 c m 1 ( B 1 * ) [ C 24 c ] - k 24 m c [ C 24 m ] - k 24 d [ Cla 4 a ] [ C 24 m ]
[ C 42 ] d t = D s 2 [ C 42 ] - k 42 a [ C 24 m ] [ C 42 ] + k 42 d [ C 42 a ]
[ C 42 a ] d t = D s 2 [ C 42 a ] + k 42 a [ C 24 m ] [ C 42 ] - k 42 d [ C 42 a ]
[ B 1 m ] d t = D s 2 [ B 1 m ] + k B 1 c m [ C 42 a ] [ B 1 c ] - k B 1 m c [ B 1 m ]
d [ C 1 a 4 a ] d t = k C l a 4 a ( C 42 a t * ) - k C l a 4 d [ Cla 4 a ]
Equations 2-1 to 2-6 represent the heterotrimeric G-protein cycle (first stage). Receptor (R) binds ligand (L) to form the activated receptor-ligand complex (RL). This complex catalyzes the production of active G-protein, both Gα-GTP (Ga) and free Gβγ (Gbg). Equations 2-7 to 2-11 represent the Cdc42 cycle (second stage). The inner positive feedback loop is mediated by Bem1-Cdc24-Cdc42 in Equations 2-7 to 2-10: Cdc24 is the activator of Cdc42, and active Cdc42 (C42a) binds the scaffold protein Bem1 on the membrane (B1m), which recruits more Cdc24 (C24m) to a particular location. There is a second slower outer positive feedback loop in which active Cdc42 organizes the actin cytoskeleton to direct transport of new proteins to the mating projection. The key protein affected by this polarized transport is receptor which is endocytosed and exocytosed during the pheromone treatment. Thus, we represented the outer positive feedback loop by the polarized synthesis term p s, which depends on the fractional activation of Cdc42 (i.e. active Cdc42 at position x over the spatial average of active Cdc42) at different positions on the membrane:
p s = [ C42a] C 42 a t *, if C 42 a t * > 0, else p s = 1
More detailed justifications for the model equations and parameters are provided in Additional file 1.
We wished to estimate the noise variance σ 2 for the ligand α-factor in simulations of this model. Yeast cells contain approximately 10,000 receptors evenly distributed over the surface of a sphere with radius 2 μm [44]. In the simulations, each grid point at which


— Published 11 January 2021
Olympic champion and centenary
Superb. Hungarian Ágnes Keleti, the oldest living Olympic champion, celebrated her 100th birthday on Saturday 9 January. With a total of ten medals, including five gold, won at the Olympic Games in Helsinki 1952 and Melbourne 1956, the former gymnast is also the most successful Olympian in her country. Only three fencers (Aladár Gerevich, Pál Kovács and Rudolf Kárpáti) have won more Olympic gold medals for Hungary. At the Melbourne Games in 1956, she won four gold medals at the age of 35, becoming the oldest female gymnast to win an Olympic title. Born Ágnes Klein, the Hungarian started gymnastics at the age of four at VAC sports club, the only Jewish club in Budapest. At 16, she won her first national title. She should have participated in the 1940 Olympics, which were to be held in Tokyo, but the global conflict ended her chances. In 1941, while Hungary fought alongside Germany and Italy, Ágnes Keleti was expelled from her gymnastics club because she was Jewish and forced into hiding with her family in the countryside. She survived after taking on a false identity and working as a housekeeper. When the Nazis occupied Hungary, she married her gym buddy, István Sárkány, believing she would be less likely to be sent to a labor camp. His family found refuge in a "Swedish House" managed by Raoul Wallenberg. After the War, she found a job as a fur worker and was a demonstrator at the gymnastics faculty of the Budapest School of Physical Culture. She was also an accomplished cellist and performed professionally. In 1947, she won her first gymnastics championship in Central Europe. After the 1956 Melbourne Games, she remained in Australia, where she was granted political asylum after the Soviet Union invaded Hungary during the event. She eventually emigrated to Israel, where she remarried and had two children. She taught physical education at the Orde Wingate Institute, then became a coach of the Israeli women's gymnastics team. Ágnes Keleti celebrated his 100th birthday in his hometown of Budapest. "I love life", she says. "Health is the essence of everything. Without it, there is nothing".


text:
What is the CLA Licence?
The CLA (Copyright Licence Agency) was set up by the Authors' Licensing and Collecting Society (ALCS) and the Publishers' Licensing Society Ltd (PLS) to enable creators and publishers of original work to receive a fair recompense whenever their work is re-used. More details here
The University holds a CLA licence which allows content to be re-used within the legal requirements of copyright law. You can check what is covered here


module NLP.GenI.Automaton
 ( NFA(..),
 addTrans, lookupTrans,
 automatonPaths, automatonPathSets,
 numStates, numTransitions )
import qualified Data.Map as Map
import Data.Maybe (catMaybes)
import NLP.GenI.General (combinations)
\end{code} This module provides a simple, naive implementation of nondeterministic finite automata (NFA). The transition function consists of a Map, but there are also accessor function which help you query the automaton without worrying about how it's implemented. \begin{enumerate} \item The states are a list of lists, not just a simple flat list as you might expect. This allows you to optionally group your states into ''columns'' (which is something we use in the GenI polarity automaton optimisation). If you don't want columns, you can just make one big group out of all your states. \item We model the empty an empty transition as the transition on Nothing. All other transitions are Just something. \item I'd love to reuse some other library out there, but Leon P. Smith's Automata library requires us to know before-hand the size of our alphabet, which is highly unacceptable for this task. \end{enumerate} \begin{code}
-- | Note: there are two ways to define the final states.
-- 1. you may define them as a list of states in finalStList
-- 2. you may define them via the isFinalSt function
-- The state list is ignored if you define 'isFinalSt'
data NFA st ab = NFA
 { startSt :: st
 , isFinalSt :: Maybe (st -> Bool)
 , finalStList :: [st]
 -- see chapter comments about list of list
 , states :: [[st]]
finalSt :: NFA st ab -> [st]
finalSt aut =
 case isFinalSt aut of
 Nothing -> finalStList aut
\end{code} \fnlabel{lookupTrans} takes an automaton, a state \fnparam{st1} and an element \fnparam{ab} of the alphabet; and returns the state that \fnparam{st1} transitions to via \fnparam{a}, if possible. \begin{code}
 where subT = Map.findWithDefault Map.empty st (transitions aut)
\end{code} \begin{code}
addTrans :: (Ord ab, Ord st) => NFA st ab -> st -> Maybe ab -> st -> NFA st ab
addTrans aut st1 ab st2 =
 aut { transitions = Map.insert st1 newSubT oldT }
 where oldT = transitions aut
 oldSubT = Map.findWithDefault Map.empty st1 oldT
 newSubT = Map.insertWith (++) st2 [ab] oldSubT
\end{code} % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- \section{Exploiting automata} % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- \fnlabel{automatonPaths} returns all possible paths through an automaton. Each path is represented as a list of labels. We assume that the automaton does not have any loops in it. Maybe it would still work if there were loops, with lazy evaluation, but I haven't had time to think this through, so only try it unless you're feeling adventurous. FIXME: we should write some unit tests and quickchecks for this \begin{code}
-- | Not quite the set of all paths, but the sets of all transitions
--- FIXME: explain later
automatonPathSets aut = helper (startSt aut)
 transFor st = Map.lookup st (transitions aut)
 helper st = case transFor st of
 Nothing -> []
 Just subT -> concat [ (next (catMaybes tr) st2) | (st2, tr) <- Map.toList subT ]
 next tr st2 = case helper st2 of
 [] -> [[tr]]
 res -> map (tr :) res
\end{code} \begin{code}
numStates, numTransitions :: NFA st ab -> Int
numStates = sum. (map length). states


text:
A prototypal PCB board for the EMI characterization of SiC-based innovative switching devices
- Autori: F. Pellitteri ; M. Caruso ; S. Stivala; A. Parisi; V. Vinciguerra; A. Messina; G. Ala; F. Viola; R. Miceli; A. Busacca
- Anno di pubblicazione: 2020
- Tipologia: Contributo in atti di convegno pubblicato in volume
- OA Link: _URL_
In this paper, a preliminary PCB board for the electromagnetic interference (EMI) characterization of innovative silicon-carbide (SiC) based switching devices is presented. Packaging technological issues can determine hurdles in the high-frequency switching and high power regime where wide band gap semiconductors are intended today for Electric Vehicle (EV) applications. In particular, the parasitic inductances that emerge in such devices, must be assessed, by using e.g. EMI techniques. In this specific case, the EMI characterization is supposed to be carried out in a semianechoic chamber, available at the University of Palermo (UNIPA), to assess the electromagnetic disturbances according to the levels of compliance indicated by the standards. The proposed prototype can work properly at the following levels of voltage, frequency and load power: 28.5 V, 2 MHz and 40 W. Details concerning the layout design and the prototype manufacturing are discussed.


text:
The Clackamas County Courthouse in my hometown of Oregon City, Oregon, carries a historical legacy. But modern architects are planning to ruin that.
The red brick building was built in 1936, less than 100 years after settlers founded the town at the end of the Oregon Trail. Scales of justice sit on a facade above the entrance, flanked by two stone columns capped with bald eagles. Beside the building lies Liberty Plaza, which lines the town's historic main street.
But the county has since outgrown its courthouse. The building first served nearly 57,000 residents, according to the 1940 census. During the 2020 census, however, the building tried to serve more than 420,000 residents. Residents needed a new courthouse, but instead of continuing the original building's legacy, officials pursued modern architecture.
The proposed courthouse looks like a prison. Or an industrial park. Or anything, really. The county plans to build a six-story behemoth in a new location that will feature vertical lines of windows, separated by offset stretches of brick. Utility boxes and solar panels will pollute its roof. Its grounds will host modern art and pointlessly geometric walkways. Given a few years of aging, the new courthouse will no longer remind locals of their past, but of Soviet-era apartments.
Classical architecture descends from the Greek and Roman traditions, using techniques such as columns, arches, and light to portray natural beauty, order, and harmony. Former President Donald Trump issued an executive order in 2020 to give classicism preference in any new federal buildings, citing the nation's founders.
"They sought to use classical architecture to visually connect our contemporary Republic with the antecedents of democracy in classical antiquity, reminding citizens not only of their rights but also their responsibilities in maintaining and perpetuating its institutions," the order reads.
This brought condemnation from the world of modern architecture, which rejects classicism in favor of experimentation and free expression. President Joe Biden rescinded the order on Feb. 24, 2021. But in rejecting these rules, modern culture also rejects classicism's inherent beauty.
The Antwerp Port Authority in Belgium was a beautiful, Gothic, tan brick building. The Hanseatic League, a medieval guild, used it as a meeting house, and it later became a fire station. It was still in good condition and offered ample lighting.
But when officials needed a new building for the port authority, modern architects made an addition: a giant glass lump, completed in 2016. This object dwarfs the historic building, sitting askew on its roof on a concrete stilt for support. The glass lump — fittingly — contains bureaucratic offices and fluorescent lights.
The Military History Museum in Dresden, Germany, found itself in a similar situation. The building was built in 1876 as an armory, and through the years it has served as a museum for the Saxon Army, Nazis, Soviets, and East Germans. The original building looks like a more European version of the White House, with a triumphal arch and balcony above its entryway.
Modern architects still couldn't resist ruining a good thing. They stuck a large hunk of metal, resembling a meat cleaver, into the building's side in 2011. The building's exterior otherwise escaped mutilation, but its interior was not so lucky. Tilted, triangular walls of concrete separate rooms at random points. Hallways run in every direction, and visitors use poorly built wooden stairways to reach different floors. One can easily get lost inside the metal Dorito, with no means of escape but through a series of diagonal doors. This may be original, but it is certainly not beautiful.
While well-known and loved by many, the Guggenheim Museum in New York City depicts modern architecture run amok.
This lopsided building, easily mistaken for a parking garage, features incoherent lines leading to a top-heavy spiral staircase that expands as it leads visitors to the top. Overseeing it all sits the "oculus," a circular skylight that makes the space look like a shopping mall. This is a microcosm of modern art: In its attempts to be symbolic, simplistic, and abstract, it appears cheap.
Modern architecture follows suit. It finds its value in human achievement and perception, but nothing more. Modern buildings quickly fall from popularity — and into disrepair — because of their utopian, unnatural design.
Classical structures like the Pantheon, however, have existed for nearly 1,900 years and offer more beauty than anything mentioned before. The Pantheon, built in the early-120s A.D., went from a Roman temple to a Christian church and is the burial site for several Renaissance figures and monarchs. It has featured the largest dome in the world for 1,300 years. At the top of this dome lies an oculus, but unlike that of the Guggenheim, this oculus highlights the building's intricate detail.
The Pantheon's enduring beauty comes from hundreds of years of Western classicism, which offered columns, pillars, and arches to help support the large dome. These elements depict the rules of harmony, order, and continuity that modern architecture defies.
Sometimes, rules are good. A hunk of glass does not belong on the roof, a giant metal spike does not belong on the side of a building, and a parking garage is not a museum. An ugly box cannot carry a town's legacy.


text:
TRANSITION | CONSOLIDATE | FINALIZE functions. There is one predefined MAP function named IDENTITY that returns (key, value) pairs unchanged. Although (key, value) are the default parameters, you can specify other prototypes as needed.
- TRANSITION | CONSOLIDATE | FINALIZE
- TRANSITION, CONSOLIDATE and FINALIZE are all component pieces of REDUCE. A TRANSITION function is required. CONSOLIDATE and FINALIZE functions are optional. By default, all take state as the first of their input PARAMETERS, but other prototypes can be defined as well.
A TRANSITION function iterates through each value of a given key and accumulates values in a state variable. When the transition function is called on the first value of a key, the state is set to the value specified by INITIALIZE of a REDUCE job (or the default state value for the data type). A transition takes two arguments as input; the current state of the key reduction, and the next value, which then produces a new state.
- If a CONSOLIDATE function is specified, TRANSITION processing is performed at the segment-level before redistributing the keys across the Greenplum interconnect for final aggregation (two-phase aggregation). Only the resulting state value for a given key is redistributed, resulting in lower interconnect traffic and greater parallelism. CONSOLIDATE is handled like a TRANSITION, except that instead of (state + value) => state, it is (state + state) => state.
- If a FINALIZE function is specified, it takes the final
state produced by CONSOLIDATE (if present) or
TRANSITION and does any final processing before emitting the
final result. TRANSITION and CONSOLIDATE
functions cannot return a set of values. If you need a
REDUCE job to return a set, then a FINALIZE is
necessary to transform the final state into a set of output values.
- Required. A name for the function. Names must be unique with regards to the names of other objects in this MapReduce job (such as function, task, input and output names). You can also specify the name of a function built-in to Greenplum Database. If using a built-in function, do not supply LANGUAGE or a FUNCTION body.
- Optional. Specifies the full body of the function using the specified LANGUAGE. If FUNCTION is not specified, then a built-in database function corresponding to NAME is used.
- Required when FUNCTION is used. Specifies the implementation language used to interpret the function. This release has language support for perl, python, and C. If calling a built-in database function, LANGUAGE should not be specified.
- Required when LANGUAGE is C (not allowed for other language functions). To use this attribute, VERSION must be 18.104.22.168. The specified library file must be installed prior to running the MapReduce job, and it must exist in the same file system location on all Greenplum hosts (master and segments).
- Optional. Function input parameters. The default type is
MAP default - key text, value text
TRANSITION default - state text, value text
CONSOLIDATE default - state1 text, state2 text (must have exactly two input parameters of the same data type)
FINALIZE default - state text (single parameter only)
- Optional. The default return type is
MAP default - key text, value text
TRANSITION default - state text (single return value only)
CONSOLIDATE default - state text (single return value only)
FINALIZE default - value text
- Optional optimization parameters for the
STRICT - function is not affected by NULL values
IMMUTABLE - function will always return the same value for a given input
- Optional. Specifies the number of rows returned by the function.
MULTI - returns 0 or more rows per input record. The return value of the function must be an array of rows to return, or the function must be written as an iterator using yield in Python or return_next in Perl. MULTI is the default mode for MAP and FINALIZE functions.
SINGLE - returns exactly one row per input record. SINGLE is the only mode supported for TRANSITION and CONSOLIDATE functions. When used with MAP and FINALIZE functions, SINGLE mode can provide modest performance improvement.
- Required. A REDUCE definition names the TRANSITION | CONSOLIDATE | FINALIZE
functions that comprise the reduction of (key,
value) pairs to the final result set. There are also several
predefined REDUCE jobs you can execute, which all operate over a
column named value:
IDENTITY - returns (key, value) pairs unchanged
SUM - calculates the sum of numeric data
AVG - calculates the average of numeric data
COUNT - calculates the count of input data
MIN - calculates minimum value of numeric data
MAX - calculates maximum value of numeric data
- Required. The name of this REDUCE job. Names must be unique with regards to the names of other objects in this MapReduce job (function, task, input and output names). Also, names cannot conflict with existing objects in the database (such as tables, functions or views).
- Required. The name of the TRANSITION function.
- Optional. The name of the CONSOLIDATE function.
- Optional. The name of the FINALIZE function.
- Optional for text and float data types. Required for all other data types. The default value for text is ''. The default value for float is 0.0. Sets the initial state value of the TRANSITION function.
- Optional. Defaults to [key, *]. When using a multi-column reduce it may be necessary to specify which columns are key columns and which columns are value columns. By default, any input columns that are not passed to the TRANSITION function are key columns, and a column named key is always a key column even if it is passed to the TRANSITION function. The special indicator * indicates all columns not passed to the TRANSITION function. If this indicator is not present in the list of keys then any unmatched columns are discarded.
- Optional. A TASK defines a complete end-to-end
INPUT/MAP/REDUCE stage within
a Greenplum MapReduce job pipeline. It is similar to EXECUTE except it is not immediately executed. A task
object can be called as INPUT to
further processing stages.
- Required. The name of this task. Names must be unique with regards to the names of other objects in this MapReduce job (such as map function, reduce function, input and output names). Also, names cannot conflict with existing objects in the database (such as tables, functions or views).
- The name of an INPUT or another TASK.
Optional. The name of a MAP function. If not specified, defaults to IDENTITY.
Optional. The name of a REDUCE function. If not specified, defaults to IDENTITY.
- Required. EXECUTE defines the final INPUT/MAP/REDUCE stage within a Greenplum MapReduce job pipeline.


text:
64 interesting texts to translate from English to French. The 16 topics follow the A Level WJEC topic list, so you can always find a text to match what students are working on.
Each text is accompanied by a series of 3 grammar exercises using the translation as its base. The teacher can choose from two separate methods:
- Use the text-based grammar tasks before translation to familiarise weaker learners with the language needed for the translation
- Use once the translation has been completed to give further language practice.
Each text also includes an example full translation broken down into 15 points. These can be used for the teacher's reference or for students to selfor peer-mark.
- Global warming
- Nuclear energy
- Renewable energies
- The role of the media
- Social exclusion and integration
- The world of work
'It is a thoughtful resource where students can engage actively in current sociocultural topics. It helps them enlarge their vocabulary, gain good understanding of grammar and facilitates teaching the process of translation.' – V Calderon de la Barca, Proofreader, Writer and Independent Reviewer
'It is what I have been trawling the Internet for for three years! A thorough and well planned resource which meets the needs of a busy teacher. It could answer a lot of A level teachers' calls for help!' – S Gibbons, MFL Teacher and Independent Reviewer
Price is £99 — Includes photocopiable master with site licence; electronic copies available. Orders are normally dispatched in 2-5 working days.
Click here for full details and to order.


Flux bicycle kit by Offer Canfi wirelessly
charges electronic devices
Royal College of Art graduate Offer Canfi has envisioned a future for cycling in which inductive bicycle lanes could be used to wirelessly charge electric bikes and other devices on the go.
Flux Bike by Offer Canfi
Offer Canfi's Flux project imagines a near-future scenario where bicycles are powered using resonant inductive coupling – a method of transmitting electrical energy without man-made conductors.
"This project is focused on resonant inductive bicycle lanes as a first step towards wireless power grids," said Canfi. "The road becoming an emitter that can power up electric bicycles, laptops and phones, making batteries redundant."
Flux Bike by Offer Canfi
The designer proposes creating inductive bicycle lanes by laying a high-friction screed surface embedded with emitter coils along sections of road.
The current passing through these coils would transfer electricity wirelessly to similar copper elements on the bicycle mechanism via an oscillating magnetic field.
Flux Bike by Offer Canfi
"The coils that are embedded into the screed turn on when the bicycle comes within range, using a radio-frequency identification (RFID) badge that recognises when the bike is near," Canfi told Dezeen.
Flux Bike by Offer Canfi
This could replace batteries currently used to power electric bikes, and could also be used to charge electronic devices like mobile phones and laptops during journeys.
Flux Bike by Offer Canfi
"Batteries are still the most expensive, polluting and heavy element of any electric vehicle and that is before you consider their short life cycle and problematic recycling procedures," said Canfi.
Flux Bike by Offer Canfi
His alternative Capacitor 1.21 kit is designed to lock on to any diamond-frame bicycle to convert it into an electric model.
Flux Bike by Offer Canfi
The capacitor stores energy without the chemicals found in batteries and the kit connects the series of copper coils to the bike's mechanism so the current can help power the ride.
Once the coils in the road and bike are paired other devices with coils embedded, like mobile phones, could feed off the electricity and use it to power up – similar to how wireless Qi chargers work.
Flux Bike by Offer Canfi
"A fun fact about resonant induction power transfer is that once the primary and secondary coil are in a state of coupled magnetic field, this field itself becomes an emitter and secondary coils can connect to it as well," Canfi explained.
Flux Bike by Offer Canfi
The additional parts are printed in nylon using selective laser sintering (SLS) to keep them as light as possible, as extra weight would require more power.
Flux Bike by Offer Canfi
Canfi's capacitor adds less than two kilograms to the bike, but a lighter model would increase efficiency and lower costs.
He believes that recent developments in the creation of ultracapacitors, which store high amounts of electric charge, using miracle-material graphene have brought his idea closer to reality.
Flux Bike by Offer Canfi
"Looking at the growing market for electric bicycles and the emergence of resonant induction as an efficient way to wirelessly transfer electric power, this project was about describing a truly possible future for urban commuting," Canfi said.
Flux Bike by Offer Canfi
The project was presented at the Royal College of Art's annual degree show last month, along with a man-made biological leaf that could enable long-distance space travel and a proposal to create synthetic foods using nanotechnology.
 - Henry
 The Fox 32 fork strapped to what looks like a lugged steel road frame is the icing on the cake with this one.
 - Damian
 Exactly my thinking as well, haha.
 - Xela C
 How is this ridable? Do you not fall over backwards going up hill?
 - umm
 That frame with that fork is really hard to watch. He probably used what he got, but it totally distracts from the actual idea. Even if you are just remotely into bikes.
 - skinnyfat
 Immediately this image came to my mind:
 Something is just not right here.
 - nad
 Feasibility and usability that is exactly what me and the other commenters are not seeing. And that is why they rather comment on the frame and fork.
 - Idontgetit
 Hub dynamos, very efficient and blend seamlessly into any bike design. Add a battery with a small circuit board and there you have it. Or when we talk about the near future, plug it into your electric bike.
 - Ollie
 Worse still, that frame/fork combination is quite hard to achieve. It didn't just happen by accident. A fork for a lugged frame has a 1″ dia. steerer tube typically, whereas that fork will have at least a 1 1/8″ steerer tube – probably even a tapered steerer.
 Basically, it took some deliberate custom fabrication to achieve this mess.


Bimana - Encyclopedia
Bimana - Encyclopedia
GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES Spanish Simplified Chinese French German Russian Hindi Arabic Portuguese
BIMANA (Lat. "two-handed"), a word first used by the naturalist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach to distinguish the order of man from Quadrumana or other mammals. The term was popularized by Cuvier, and the majority of writers followed him in its adoption. In 1863, however, Huxley in his Man's Place in Nature demonstrated that the higher apes might fairly be included in Bimana. Again and again it has been proved that the human great toe can be by constant practice used as a thumb; artists exist who have painted pictures grasping the brush with their toes, and violinists have been known to play their instruments in the same manner. Among many savage races there is developed a remarkable power of foot-grasp, which in a lesser degree is often so noticeable among sailors. Haeckel calls attention to the fact that a baby can hold a spoon with the big-toe as with a thumb. Man, in a word, is potentially quadrumanous.
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text:
Simufact tutorials provide insights into the practical handling of simulation software
Simulation of Resistance Spot Welding, Laser Beam Welding and Arc Welding
Hamburg, Germany, March 31, 2016 – On the occasion of the latest Simufact.welding 5 release, Simufact Engineering, an MSC Software company, has published three video tutorials on their website aiming at welding experts which strive for optimization of welding processes. These hands-on videos provide a practical and exemplary insight into welding simulation technology. The tutorial series covers Resistance Spot Welding, Laser Beam Welding as well as Arc Welding processes.
How to optimize Resistance Spot Welding processes
One of the key features of Simufact.welding 5 is a new software module specifically designed for the simulation of Resistance Spot Welding (RSW). RSW is a widely employed joining technology in automotive industry and their suppliers. Simufact's RSW software covers both the simulation of the welding processes and the welding structures. Take a look into the RSW software tutorial and understand how the software supports in finding the best welding sequence and the right clamping strategy in order to avoid critical distortions and tensions.
Understand the simulation of Laser Beam Welding and Arc Welding step-by-step
With the current version 5 of the welding simulation software users can also simulate further specific welding processes like Laser Beam Welding, Electron Beam Welding and Arc Welding. The additional video tutorials provide an introduction into the use of the welding processes laser beam and arc welding.
Please find accompanying press pictures for download on the Simufact website.


text:
Year 6 2022 - 2023
At the heart of everything is a personalised approach to each unique individual as part of our Christian Community. The strong family ethos ensures that all children and staff feel valued, respected and grow in self-confidence. Enthusiastic and caring staff with high expectations, demonstrate care of the whole child. Through God's guidance we encourage each and every child to 'let their light shine'.
"The journey of a thousand miles begins with one step" Lau Tzu.
Welcome to Year 6!
Miss Hickson and Mrs Walker are your teachers in Year 6.
We welcome you to your final year at Bunbury Aldersey CE Primary School. Whilst we have lots of fun and enjoy our learning, we will also expect you to work hard and try your best. We expect high standards of work and presentation but are always available should you need to ask about anything.
From The Galapagos to Antarctica!
"It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one that is most adaptable to change."
Our topic for this term is based on the whole school book 'Lots' by Marc Martin. It is a beautifully illustrated celebration of the world we travel far and wide; lots of people, lots of places, lots of different landscapes and cultures.
In Year 6, we are going to focus on the journeys of Charles Darwin and Sir Earnest Shackleton to the Galapagos Islands and Antarctica respectively and the animals and landscape they encounter on their travels.
Our autumn term topic web below provides an overview of what we will be learning across all areas of the curriculum.
We ask that you wear your PE kit to school on your PE days: Tuesdays and Wednesdays.
I am looking forward to making your final year at Bunbury an exciting and unforgettable one!
"Optimism is true moral courage" Sir Earnest Shackleton
Our Class Charter
As a rights respecting school, one of the first activities completed in September is our Class Charter. The children choose a number of articles which they feel must be met at school. It is then discussed how the adults (duty bearers) and the pupils (rights holders) in school ensure that these rights are met. Have a look at our class charter below.
Files to Download
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I've been working on a Microsoft Excel 2007 spreadsheet for several days. I'm working from a master template like sheet and copying it to a new sheet repeatedly. Up until today, this was happening with no issues. However, in the middle of today this suddenly changed and I do not know why. Now, whenever I try to copy a worksheet I get about ten dialogs, each one with a different name range object (shown below as 'XXXX') and I click yes for each one:
A formula or sheet you want to move or copy contains the name 'XXXX', which already exists on the destination worksheet. Do you want to use this version of the name?
 - To use the name as defined in destination sheet, click Yes.
 - To rename the range referred to in the formula or worksheet, click No, and enter a new name in the Name Conflict dialog box.
The name range objects refer to cells in the sheet. For example, E6 is called name range PRE on multiple sheets (and has been all along) and some of the formulas refer to PRE instead of $E$6. One of the 'XXXX' above is this PRE. These name ranges should only be resolved within the sheet within which they appear. This was not an issue before despite the same name range existing on multiple sheets before. I want to keep my name ranges.
What could have changed in my spreadsheet to cause this change in behavior? I've gone back to prior sheets created this way and now they give the message too when copied. I tried a different computer and a different user and the same behavior is seen everywhere. I can only conclude something in the spreadsheet has changed. What could this be and how can I get back the old behavior whereby I can copy sheets with name ranges and not get any warnings?
Looking in the Name Manager I see that the name ranges being complained about show twice, once as scope Template and again as scope Workbook. If I delete the scope Template ones the warning goes away on copy however, I get a bunch of _TAG_ errors. If I delete the scope Workbook ones, all seems okay and the warnings on copy go away too, so perhaps this is the answer, but I'm nervous about what effect this deletion will have and wonder how the Workbook ones came into existence in the first place.
Will it be safe to just delete the Workbook name manager scoped entries and how might these have come into existence without my knowing it to begin with?
share|improve this question
Did you ever find out why these Workbook-scope names were appearing? I'm seeing the exact same thing - I can fix it by deleting the Workbook names, but I'd be happier if I knew what caused them. – Neil Vass Dec 17 '12 at 20:57
No, I just deleted per the answer I gave below. It would be nice to know why this occurs. – WilliamKF Dec 18 '12 at 14:25
5 Answers 5
up vote 2 down vote accepted
Open the Name Manager and find the named items being complained about and delete all those with scope Workbook and the issue with copying sheets goes away and the formulas remain intact.
share|improve this answer
This is not an error, but a warning a conflict exists and offers a choice on what to do
When you copy a range that includes reference to a (typically worksheet scope) named range, and that same name exists on the destination sheet, how is Excel to know which name you want to use in the result?
As to whats changed, I suggest you review all the names in your workbook, especially for scope.
Name Manager - Ctrl-F3
share|improve this answer
I've updated the question to use the word 'warning' instead of 'error', but my question remains. – WilliamKF Sep 17 '12 at 13:55
 Dim nm As name
 On Error Resume Next
 For Each nm In ActiveWorkbook.Names
 If (MsgBox("Delete name- " & nm.name, vbYesNo) = vbYes) Then
 End If
 On Error GoTo 0
End Sub
share|improve this answer
This is useless... you can you the Name Manager for that. What should be the reason for using such a code? – codea Aug 4 at 16:57
These names are mostly the result of a data download through a third-party API. The APIs typically use those names as placeholders for cell referencing.
Once you have processed some data, these names are mostly left behind as a general user does not clean up the hidden (or very-hidden) sheets. The difficulty associated with these names is that they also do not show up in the NAMES box and therefore cannot be deleted through that option.
One way that I go about it is to program it through a VBA script. Sample below
Sub do_loop_names()
Dim vJunkName As Name
Debug.Print ThisWorkbook.Names.Count
For Each vJunkName In ThisWorkbook.Names
Next vJunkName
End Sub
Do note this script will delete ALL names from the workbook, so if there are certain defined names you'd like to keep, please put in the exceptions in the code.
If someone has a more efficient solution, please let me know.
share|improve this answer
I know hidden sheets. But what are very hidden sheets? – nixda Nov 4 '13 at 9:31
_USER_ You can hide or unhide sheets by right clicking on the sheet tabs as you know. You can do the same thing through VBA, and through VBA you have another option to make sheets very hidden which means they are not available to unhide when right clicking on the sheet tabs. – Levi Nov 4 '13 at 23:14
_USER_ gave a good explanation. very hidden sheets are invisible on the workbook unless set visible through VBA. Hidden sheets can be viewed through the spreadsheet Hide / Unhide option but the veryhidden feature makes these sheets inaccessible unless through VBA. – Viquar Nov 12 '13 at 13:38
Same problem here with 27 mystery named ranges. I used Ctrl+F3 (as recommended in another answer) to view the list of named ranges (which I had never set up!). There were many since I had been copying the worksheet tab many times and just clicking "yes" to work around the message. I highlighted and deleted all the named ranges (one little screen at a time, couldn't Select All). The next time I tried to copy the worksheet, the copy succeeded without the warning message.
Be sure to copy your original file before trying this.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Tesem couple.png
A drawing of two Tesems
Other names tsm
Country of origin Egypt
Patronage Egypt
Classification / standards
Dog (Canis lupus familiaris)
Tesem (Dog tsm.png = tsm) was the Ancient Egyptian name for "hunting dog". In popular literature it denotes the prick-eared, leggy dog with a curled tail from the early Egyptian age, but it was also used with reference to the lop-eared "saluki/sloughi" type;,[1] it was one of several types of dogs in Ancient Egypt, particularly the latter type had an appearance most similar to that of a greyhound..
Examples of three different types of dogs shown on Egyptian monuments
Three main types of dogs are shown in Ancient Egypt, these being the pariah dog, the greyhound-like dog and a molosser-type dog.[2] It is assumed that there were two types of greyhound-like breeds, these being the older Tesem [3] and the saluki/sloughi type.[4] The two greyhound-types were clearly distinguished in tomb decorations,[5] with the Tesem thought to be similar to modern pariah dogs.[6] One writer believed that the name Tesem applied to both types of greyhound-like dogs.[1]
The prick-eared Tesem's origins are presumed to be from further south than Egypt, from Nubia and also the Land of Punt,[7] whose location is unclear but thought to be to the south east of Egypt on the Horn of Africa.[8]
A drawing of a Tesem type dog appears in Nagada, dated from the Protodynastic Period of Egypt (dated 3200 BC to 3000 BC). The dogs were drawn with upright ears and a tightly curled tail.[9] One of the earliest known recordings of these dogs is the "Khufu dog" from the tomb of King Khufu,[10] who reigned between 2609–2584 BC.[11] This dog was named Akbaru, and was depicted wearing a collar.[10]
They continued to appear during the Middle Kingdom period (2055 BC and 1650 BC), but by the time of the New Kingdom (1550 BC - 1069 BC), they were replaced by dogs with hanging ears and a straight tail.[9] These dogs were of the saluki/sloughi type.[12]
The Pharaoh Hound of Malta and the Cirneco dell'Etna of Sicily were both popularly and controversially thought to be possible descendants of the Tesem.[13] [14]
Ancient Egyptians gave the name Tesem to the early curly tailed dogs that resembled a sighthound.[15] These dogs were featured on monuments,[15] and in wall paintings that showed their lean body with noticeable prick ears.[7] They had a greyish-yellow coat, with long legs and a broad prominent forehead. Their size exceeded the Pariah dogs of the time. The structure of their skeleton was closer to the modern terrier than that of the modern greyhound.[16]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ a b Brixhe, Jean. 1996 Lévriers, chiens de chasse, de travail et de compagnie dans l'Egypte ancienne. University of Liege
 2. ^ "The manners and customs of the ancient Egyptians". Archive.org. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
 3. ^ "Life in ancient Egypt". Archive.org. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
 5. ^ Goldwasser (2002): p. 106
 6. ^ Goldwasser (2002): p. 93
 7. ^ a b The Origins and Development of African Livestock: Archaeology, Genetics, Linguistics and Ethnography (Blench, Roger; MacDonald, Kevin ed.). Routledge. 1999. p. 317. ISBN 978-1-84142-018-9.
 8. ^ Najovits, Simson (2004). Egypt, the Trunk of the Tree. Algora Publishing. p. 258. ISBN 978-0-87586-256-9.
 9. ^ a b Bard, Kathryn A. (1999). Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. Routledge. p. 359. ISBN 978-0-415-18589-9.
 10. ^ a b Cunliffe, Juliette (1999). The Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds. Bath: Paragon. p. 70. ISBN 0-7525-8018-3.
 11. ^ Hamblin, William J. (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. Routledge. p. 331. ISBN 978-0-415-25589-9.
 12. ^ Goldwasser, Orly (2002). Prophets, Lovers and Giraffes. Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 93. ISBN 978-3-447-04590-2.
 13. ^ Mormino, Vincenzo. "The Sicilian Hound". Best of Sicily Magazine. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
 14. ^ Petr Fismol. "Pharaoh hound - el Negma kennel". Elnegma.com. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
 15. ^ a b Naville, Edouard (1914). The Cemeteries of Abydos. Part 1. _PHONE_. London: Egypt Exploration Fund. p. 40.
 16. ^ Lydekker, R (1916). Wild Life of the World III. London: Frederick Warne and Co. p. 19.
Goldwasser, Orly (2002). Prophets, Lovers and Giraffes. Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04590-2.


The lingua franca of urban disasters—where were you when it happened, did you know anyone there, how did you cope with it—has already been shaped into a dozen works dealing with 9-11 and will surely give rise to hundreds more. Most of them, like Jonathan Bell's Portraits, will follow predictable paths, scattering their predictable characters to cover the story's basic areas. There's no harm in such works, if they stay reasonably within the realm of fact; in the aggregate, they'll serve to give future generations some sense of how we responded.
Frame-up: Dana Reeve and Maxwell
photo: Joan Marcus
Frame-up: Dana Reeve and Maxwell
By Jonathan Bell
Union Square Theatre
100 East 17th Street
Bell frames the monologues of Portraits in the narration of a Soho painter struggling to create 9-11's Guernica. Revealingly, when the cast huddles behind an empty picture frame in the final tableau, director Mark Pinter leaves the painter outside. That's roughly where Bell's writing stands too; his speakers mostly convey lecture truisms or news clips, not human conversation. His actors, especially Roberta Maxwell and Victor Slezak, add what life they can. But the well-intentioned writing smooths away every vital part of the tragedy, from oil politics to the burning hell the rescue teams faced.
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The curve will have a sharp corner if the neighbour control points are not collinear.
General form of a NURBS curveEdit
Using the definitions of the basis functions from the previous paragraph, a NURBS curve takes the following form:[10]

In this, is the number of control points and are the corresponding weights. The denominator is a normalizing factor that evaluates to one if all weights are one. This can be seen from the partition of unity property of the basis functions. It is customary to write this as

in which the functions

are known as the rational basis functions.
General form of a NURBS surfaceEdit
A NURBS surface is obtained as the tensor product of two NURBS curves, thus using two independent parameters and (with indices and respectively):[10]

with

as rational basis functions.
Manipulating NURBS objectsEdit

Motoryacht design.
A number of transformations can be applied to a NURBS object. For instance, if some curve is defined using a certain degree and N control points, the same curve can be expressed using the same degree and N+1 control points. In the process a number of control points change position and a knot is inserted in the knot vector. These manipulations are used extensively during interactive design. When adding a control point, the shape of the curve should stay the same, forming the starting point for further adjustments. A number of these operations are discussed below.[10][11]
Knot insertionEdit
As the term suggests, knot insertion inserts a knot into the knot vector. If the degree of the curve is , then control points are replaced by new ones. The shape of the curve stays the same.
A knot can be inserted multiple times, up to the maximum multiplicity of the knot. This is sometimes referred to as knot refinement and can be achieved by an algorithm that is more efficient than repeated knot insertion.
Knot removalEdit
Knot removal is the reverse of knot insertion. Its purpose is to remove knots and the associated control points in order to get a more compact representation. Obviously, this is not always possible while retaining the exact shape of the curve. In practice, a tolerance in the accuracy is used to determine whether a knot can be removed. The process is used to clean up after an interactive session in which control points may have been added manually, or after importing a curve from a different representation, where a straightforward conversion process leads to redundant control points.
Degree elevationEdit
A NURBS curve of a particular degree can always be represented by a NURBS curve of higher degree. This is frequently used when combining separate NURBS curves, e.g., when creating a NURBS surface interpolating between a set of NURBS curves or when unifying adjacent curves. In the process, the different curves should be brought to the same degree, usually the maximum degree of the set of curves. The process is known as degree elevation.
CurvatureEdit
The most important property in differential geometry is the curvature . It describes the local properties (edges, corners, etc.) and relations between the first and second derivative, and thus, the precise curve shape. Having determined the derivatives it is easy to compute or approximated as the arclength from the second derivate . The direct computation of the curvature with these equations is the big advantage of parameterized curves against their polygonal representations.
Example: a circleEdit

NURBS have the ability to exactly describe circles. Here, the black triangle is the control polygon of a NURBS curve (shown at w=1). The Blue dotted line shows the corresponding control polygon of a B-spline curve in 3D homogeneous coordinates, formed by multiplying the NURBS by the control points by the corresponding weights. The blue parabolas are the corresponding B-spline curve in 3D, consisting of three parabolas. By choosing the NURBS control points and weights, the parabolas are parallel to the opposite face of the gray cone (with its tip at the 3D origin), so dividing by w to project the parabolas onto the w=1 plane results in circular arcs (red circle; see conic section).
Non-rational splines or Bézier curves may approximate a circle, but they cannot represent it exactly. Rational splines can represent any conic section, including the circle, exactly. This representation is not unique, but one possibility appears below:
x y z Weight
1 0 0 1
1 1 0
0 1 0 1
-1 1 0
-1 0 0 1
-1 -1 0
0 -1 0 1
1 -1 0
1 0 0 1
The order is three, since a circle is a quadratic curve and the spline's order is one more than the degree of its piecewise polynomial segments. The knot vector is . The circle is composed of four quarter circles, tied together with double knots. Although double knots in a third order NURBS curve would normally result in loss of continuity in the first derivative, the control points are positioned in such a way that the first derivative is continuous. In fact, the curve is infinitely differentiable everywhere, as it must be if it exactly represents a circle.
The curve represents a circle exactly, but it is not exactly parametrized in the circle's arc length. This means, for example, that the point at does not lie at (except for the start, middle and end point of each quarter circle, since the representation is symmetrical). This would be impossible, since the x coordinate of the circle would provide an exact rational polynomial expression for , which is impossible. The circle does make one full revolution as its parameter goes from 0 to , but this is only because the knot vector was arbitrarily chosen as multiples of .
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
 1. ^ Schneider, Philip. "NURB Curves: A Guide for the Uninitiated". MACTECH. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
 2. ^ Schoenberg, I. J. (August 19, 1964). "Spline Functions and the Problem of Graduation" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. National Academy of Sciences. 52 (4): 947–950. doi:10.1073/pnas.52.4.947. PMC 300377 . Retrieved 2012-02-24.
 3. ^ Foley, van Dam, Feiner & Hughes: Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice, section 11.2, Addison-Wesley 1996 (2nd ed.).
 4. ^ Bio-Inspired Self-Organizing Robotic Systems. p. 9. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
 5. ^ "Rational B-splines". _URL_.
 6. ^ "NURBS: Definition". _URL_.
 7. ^ David F. Rogers: An Introduction to NURBS with Historical Perspective, section 7.1
 8. ^ Gershenfeld, Neil (1999). The Nature of Mathematical Modeling. Cambridge University Press. p. 141. ISBN 0-521-57095-6.
 9. ^ "What are NURBS?". Rhinoceros. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
 10. ^ a b c d Piegl, Les; Tiller, Wayne (1997). The NURBS Book (2. ed.). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3-540-61545-8.
 11. ^ Piegl, L. "Modifying the shape of rational B-splines. Part 1: curves". Computer-Aided Design. 21 (8): 509–518. doi:10.1016/0010-4485(89)90059-6.
External linksEdit


text:
Find instead of search – Fiarch it, the intelligent technical search engine
Find components specifically with a search engine for engineers and designers
Find instead of search is the motto under which the technical search engine Fiarch It was developed by the software manufacturer CADENAS from Augsburg. The search engine was especially designed to find 3D CAD components and offers engineers the possibility to precisely find the desired part under millions of components.
fiarch.it: Object search by sketch, reference model and word
The name "fiarch" says it all: On the one hand it's a slur of "find instead of search" and on the other hand - as the Urban dictionary tells us– also the slang term for "fetch":
The search engine is not only able to detect objects via full text search in more than 6000 manufacturer catalogs and product websites, but also allows to find the desired object with the Geometric Similarity Search via a sketch or by comparing it to a 3D CAD model similar to the object.
In the latter case only an already existing CAD model has to be exported in 3D STL format and then uploaded.