text:
These are the functions of the Central Bank Of Kenya (CBK). This is a public institution that was established by an Act of Parliament on March 24, 1966, and opened its doors to the public on September 14, 1966. Its head office is located along Haile Selassie Avenue and Dr. Patrick Njoroge is current Governor.
Its main mandate is to formulate and implement monetary policy that promotes price stability, fosters liquidity, solvency, and stability of the banking sector, issue currency notes and coins, and provide banking services to the Government, commercial banks and other financial institutions.
Stability in prices builds confidence the confidence of investors which allows them to make long-term decisions for economic growth.
Below are the main Functions Of The Central Bank Of Kenya
1. The bank is responsible for the issuance of Kenyan currency and ensures that the currency is free from counterfeits, clean and fit for circulation.
2. The Central Bank undertakes economic and financial analysis and monitors a wide range of indicators on the economy to support monetary decisions.
3. The Central Bank uses various tools to manage the supply of money in the economy and the bank also manages the issuances and repayment of treasury bills and bonds.
4. It licenses and monitors payment systems that facilitate funds transfer between parties. In addition, the bank facilitates settlements through the Kenya payments and settlement systems.
5. The Central bank provides banking services to the governments ( national and county ) and commercial banks.
6. It licenses, regulates and supervises financial institutions under its purview, including commercial banks, microfinance institutions, forex bureaus, and representative offices of foreign banks.


text:
2 entries found for shout.
To select an entry, click on it.
Main Entry: 1shout
Function: verb 1: to utter a sudden loud cry 2: to utter in a loud voice - shout·ernoun synonymsSHOUT, SHRIEK, SCREECH mean to utter a loud cry. SHOUT suggests any kind of loud cry that is meant to be heard either far away or above other noise . SHRIEK suggests a high-pitched, shrill cry that is a sign of strong feeling . SCREECH suggests a drawn-out shriek that is usually without words and is very harsh and unpleasant .

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Nov. 20, 2023
To reduce Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) Resolution Advisories (RA) for aircraft on approach to Runway 16R and Runway 16L at Denver International Airport (DEN), the FAA will implement a 3-degree lateral offset for approaches serving Runway 16R.
InFO 23010 notifies pilots of the revised procedures. The FAA will use the offset approach course on Runway 16R when both runways are in use and at least one aircraft is making a visual approach.
It stresses the importance of maintaining course alignment to mitigate TCAS RAs and the use of TCAS Traffic Advisory RA mode. Radar monitored data analysis revealed a high number of TCAS RAs when aircraft are established on straight-in approaches to Runways 16R and 16L. These RAs have led to unstabilized approaches, aircraft being forced down below minimum crossing altitudes, go-arounds, and subsequent resequencing.
"Recent studies have shown that utilizing a 3-degree lateral offset approach course to runway 16R at DEN will prevent TCAS RAs while allowing for the use of TA/RA mode," the InFO said.
Effective Nov. 30, the FAA will publish two RNAV, 3-degree lateral offset approaches to runway 16R, RNAV GPS Y Runway 16R, and RNAV Required Navigation Performance (RNP) Z RWY 16R approaches will also be laterally offset by 3 degrees.
The InFO concludes with a bulleted list of operational considerations, including ATIS guidance, visual approach considerations and using straight-in ILS approaches to Runway 16R.
Operators are encouraged to review their risk assessment of TCAS policy and procedures including the use of TCAS TA/RA mode when DEN ATC is conducting concurrent approach operations to Runways 16L and 16R utilizing the Runway 16R offset procedures.
Photograph provided courtesy of Denver International Airport.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


File Exchange
image thumbnail
Device Drivers
version 1.6.0.1 (1.88 MB) by Giampiero Campa
Developing Simulink Device Driver Blocks: Step-By-Step Guide and Examples
110 Downloads
Updated 01 Sep 2016
View License
Editor's Note: This file was selected as MATLAB Central Pick of the Week
This package contains a guide that explains, in a step-by-step fashion, how to develop device driver blocks (blocks that perform target-specific functions when executed on a target platform).
Example drivers for:
-) Arduino digital output
-) Arduino digital input
-) Arduino analog output
-) Arduino encoder read
are included.
While the examples are built using the Arduino as the hardware platform (specifically relying on the Simulink Support Package for Arduino), the method applies to any other supported target.
In this guide, the first method to develop device drivers is based on the S-Function Builder block. Following chapters also describe different methods based respectively on the Legacy Code tool, the MATLAB function block, and the System Object block. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed in the guide.
Finally, note that for MATLAB 2013b you will need to apply a fix for the S-Function builder to develop blocks with no input. To do so, go to the following page: _URL_ , scroll down to the bottom, and follow the instructions therein.
Cite As
Giampiero Campa (2020). Device Drivers (_URL_ MATLAB Central File Exchange. Retrieved .
Comments and Ratings (139)
Saipraveen
chengbo XU
tony tonx
Hello
i Need your Help:
i want to make device Driver for TFT Nextion. how can i do it?
many thanks.
Has anyone created a block for I2C communication for PX4 Autopilots? I need a light in what should be the best approach.
Perry, yes something similar should work provided you know which library to include and functions to call. For Simulink Real Time in general I would contact our Technical Support, and tell them exactly what you need to accomplish (with examples), they are in general better equipped to help you.
Perry
I am able to use the System Object block method to implement a driver for Raspberry Pi that links a static library. Will this method work with Simulink Realtime? One difference is compilation is done on the Pi whereas for Simulink Real Time, compilation is done on the host.
Amanda P
Hi,
I'm using the encoder S-Function and have modified it so that it'll only trigger on the rising edge of my reference signal to count pulses. I know this has less resolution, but I want to verify carry over functionality from my hand code, to the model I'm creating.
I'm finding that my output results in the same sign, no matter which direction the motor is turning.
Below is the modified code, if any one has thoughts as to why I'm getting the same sign, please share!
Modified "update" code:
if (xD[0]!=1) {
/* don't do anything for MEX-file generation */
# ifndef MATLAB_MEX_FILE
/* enc[0] is the encoder number and it can be 0,1 or 2 */
/* if other encoder blocks are present in the model */
/* up to a maximum of 3, they need to refer to a */
/* different encoder number */
/* store pinA and pinB in global encoder structure Enc */
/* they will be needed later by the interrupt routine */
/* that will not be able to access s-function parameters */
Enc[enc[0]].pinA=pinA[0]; /* set pin A */
Enc[enc[0]].pinB=pinB[0]; /* set pin B */
/* set encoder pins as inputs */
pinMode(Enc[enc[0]].pinA, INPUT);
pinMode(Enc[enc[0]].pinB, INPUT);
attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(Enc[enc[0]].pinA), irsPinAEn0, RISING);
# endif
/* initialization done */
xD[0]=1;
}
Modified Library Code:
# ifndef MATLAB_MEX_FILE
# include <Arduino.h>
typedef struct { int pinA; int pinB; int pos; int del;} Encoder;
volatile Encoder Enc[3] = {{0,0,0,0}, {0,0,0,0}, {0,0,0,0}};
/* auxiliary debouncing function */
void debounce(int del) {
for (int k=0;k<del;k++) {
/* can't use delay in the ISR so need to waste some time
perfoming operations, this uses roughly 0.1ms on uno */
k = k +0.0 +0.0 -0.0 +3.0 -3.0;
}
}
/* Interrupt Service Routine: change on pin A for Encoder 0 */
void irsPinAEn0(){
/* read pin B right away */
int drB = digitalRead(Enc[0].pinB);
/* possibly wait before reading pin A, then read it */
//debounce(Enc[0].del);
int drA = digitalRead(Enc[0].pinA);
/* this updates the counter */
if (drB == HIGH) { /* check pin B */
Enc[0].pos++; /* going clockwise: increment */
} else {
Enc[0].pos--; /* going counterclockwise: decrement */
}
/* end counter update */
} /* end ISR pin A Encoder 0 */
#endif
Hi, any one, who can guide me how to creat custom block for my code. I am totally new to custom Blocks.
unsigned long lastTime;
double errsum, E;
int j=0;
int a;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
PORTB=0x00;
DDRB=0x06;
ICR1=199;
OCR1A=100;
OCR1B=100;
TCNT1=0;
TCCR1A=0x50;
TCCR1B=0x19;
}
void loop() {
int sensorValue = analogRead(A4);
float val = sensorValue* (4.7 / 1023.0);
if(val>= 2.5){
Serial.println("Low to High");
unsigned long now=millis();
double timeChange = (double)(now-lastTime);
int sensorValue = analogRead(A1);
float voltage = sensorValue* (4.9 / 1023.0);
float voltage2 = (9.2*voltage);
Serial.println(voltage2);
float vr = 25;
double E=vr-voltage2;
errsum +=(E*timeChange);
errsum=abs(errsum);
E=abs(E);
if (errsum>50){
errsum=50;
}
j =2.5*E+(0.5*errsum);
if(j>199) j=199;
lastTime= now;
//update ocr registers with the value
TCCR1B=0x18;
if((PINB&0x02)!=00) TCCR1C=0x80;
if((PINB&0x04)!=00) TCCR1C=0x40;
TCNT1=0;
OCR1B = j;
if(j==0) TCCR1C=0x40;
TCCR1B=0x19;
Serial.println(j);
}
else{
Serial.println("High to Low");
unsigned long now=millis();
double timeChange = (double)(now-lastTime);
int sensorValue = analogRead(A2);
float voltage = sensorValue* (4.9 / 1023.0);
// float voltage2 = (9.2*voltage);
float voltage2 = (10.3*voltage);
Serial.println(voltage2);
float vr = 5 ;
double E=vr-voltage2;
errsum +=(E*timeChange);
errsum=abs(errsum);
E=abs(E);
if (errsum>50){
errsum=50;
}
j =2.5*E+(0.5*errsum);
if(j>199) j=199;
lastTime= now;
//update ocr registers with the value
TCCR1B=0


text:
How to Create a Custom Template with Microsoft Word
This guide will explain the basics of creating your own custom label template using Microsoft Word. Included in this guide:
- Adjusting the size of your template
- Adding/positioning text boxes and images
- Adding barcodes
- Printing the final design
This guide is mainly written for Microsoft Word 2007 or newer, but most of the instructions apply to older versions of Word as well. If you'd like to use pre-made label templates, a variety of templates are available on your LabelTac® CD. If you don't have your CD, visit _URL_
Customizing Your Paper Size:
The first step to creating a custom label is adjusting the template size to match the vinyl you will print on. To do this:
- Select Page Layout from the top bar.
- Select Custom Margins from the bottom of the drop-down menu.
- The Page Setup menu will now appear. Change all of the fields under margins to 0.
- Set the Orientation to Landscape.
- Select the Paper tab from the top of the Page Setup menu.
- Change the Height field to the size of the vinyl supply you will be printing on and the Width field to the length you would like your label to be. Then select OK. (If you receive a Margins Warning message, select Ignore.)
Inserting Text Boxes:
You can add text to your label using a text box. Text boxes allow you to adjust your text's position much more precisely.
- From the top menu bar, select Insert.
- Select Text Box from the menu.
- Select Draw Text Box from the bottom of the drop-down menu (or press D on your keyboard).
- To create a text box, click and drag your cursor to the desired size you would like within the template.
- To remove the thick black outline and white back filler, select Format from the top menu.
- Select Shape Outline or Shape Fill.
- From the drop-down menu, select No Outline/No Fill.
- To position the text box, move your cursor along the dotted line until you see a symbol. Then click and drag the box to the desired position.
- To resize the text box, click on one of the the small clear boxes along the dotted line and drag your cursor to the desired size.
Adding/Editing Text for Your Label Template:
- To choose a specific font, click within the text box. Then hit ctrl+shift+f and choose your preferred font/style/size (or select the Home tab from the top menu and change the values in the font section).
- To change the direction your text faces, select Format from the top menu bar. Then select Text Direction from the top right and choose the desired direction.
Adding Images to Your Label Template:
- Select Insert from the top menu bar. Place your cursor over Photo and then select Picture from File from the drop-down menu.
- Navigate to and highlight the desired image file and then select Open to add the image to your template.
3. Click and drag the image to reposition it. To change its size, click a corner of the image and drag to make the image larger/smaller.
- If you don't already have barcode fonts installed on your computer, download our font pack at: _URL_
- To apply barcode fonts to labels, enter the text string you would like to make a barcode.
- Highlight the text and select Font. Scroll through the list of fonts until you find the desired barcode. Select the font and click OK.
- To test the barcode, create a sample barcode label and print it with your LabelTac® printer. Use your barcode or RF scanner to scan the sample label to verify it reads correctly. Depending on your system, you may need to try different barcode fonts until you find one that functions with your scanner. Some RF scanners may require that you add an asterisk (*) before and after your barcode to make it scannable.
Printing Your Label:
- From the top menu bar, select File and then Print (or you can use the hotkey ctrl+p).
- Select your Creative LabelTac® printer from the drop-down menu.
- Enter the number of copies you would like to print and click the Print button to print your label(s).
For additional help creating and printing labels with Microsoft Word, please contact our Support Department at _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Exercise #37 page 2
It's clear to everybody who has followed the course of discussion attentively that there are TWO ships in the Bismark class in the database. That means, this class must not be included in the result set of the query.
To check it, add the following row into the basic database:
All the basic teaching databases you can download from sqlbooks.ru.
The next solution was built by one of the visitors of the site after receiving the above explanation. It also gives the correct result for main database.
Here two queries were combined. The second query selects from the Outcomes table on condition that there exists no other ship of the given leading ship class in the Ships table.
The first query selects all ships from the Ships table except those whose leading ship is present in the Outcomes table. Next, the grouping by class was executed and ship classes with more than one ship are eliminated with the HAVING clause.
Thus, it is assumed that if the leading ship is in the Outcomes table, this class has at least two ships and, therefore, this class does not meet the conditions of the problem. That is a mistake, because nothing implies that the Ships table cannot contain a leading ship. So if a class has one ship in the database, and this ship is a head one and is present in both of the considered tables, then the solution 3.2.2 mistakenly ignores this class.


The Order: 1886 Launch Trailer
By |
The Order 1886
Ready at Dawn's upcoming action-adventure third-person shooter, The Order: 1886 hits the stores globally tomorrow and we've got the launch trailer.
"Rewrite the past in this unique vision of Victorian London where advanced weaponry is used to battle a powerful and ancient foe."
In the game's history, around the seventh or eighth centuries, a small number of humans took on bestial traits. The majority of humans feared these half-breeds and war broke out.
King Arthur and his like-minded knights take the fight to the half breeds, but Arthur soon realizes it's a losing battle. Through a mysterious turn of fate, The Knights discover Black Water, a mystical liquid that significantly extends their lifetimes and gives them remarkable healing abilities.
Despite this new advantage the half breeds continue to win battle after battle until the industrial Revolution turns the tide. Inventors are far ahead of their time, inventing technologies such as thermal imaging, Zeppelins, and wireless communications.
The Order: 1886 is set to launch on February 20, 2015, exclusively for the PlayStation 4.
You must be logged in to post a comment Login


9. Debugging
GPS also serves as a graphical front-end for text-based debuggers such as GDB. If you understand the basics of the underlying debugger used by GPS, you will better understand how GPS works and what kind of functionality it provides.
Please refer to the debugger-specific documentation, e.g. the GNAT User's Guide (chapter Running and Debugging Ada Programs), or the GDB documentation for more details.
Debugging is tightly integrated with other components of GPS. For example, you can edit files and navigate through your sources while debugging.
To start a debug session, go to the Debug ‣ Initialize menu and choose either the name of your executable, if you specified the name of your main program(s) in the project properties, or start an empty debug session using the menu. You can then load any file to debug, by using the Debug ‣ Debug ‣ Load File... menu.
You first need to build your executable with debug information (-g switch), either explicitly as part of your project properties or via the Debug build mode (see The Build Mode for more details).
Create multiple debuggers by using the Debug ‣ Initialize menu several times: this creates a new debugger each time. All debugger-related actions (e.g. stepping, running) are performed in the current debugger, represented by the current debugger console. To switch to a different debugger, select its corresponding console.
After the debugger has been initialized, you have access to two new windows: the data browser (in the top of the working area) and the debugger console (in a new page, after the Messages window). You can now access any of the menus under Debugger, and you also have access to additional contextual menus, in particular in the source editor where you can easily display variables, set breakpoints, and get automatic displays (via tooltips) of object values.
To exit the debugger without quitting GPS, use the Debug ‣ Terminate Current menu, which terminates your current debug session, or the Debug ‣ Terminate menu which terminates all of your current debug sessions.
9.1. The Debug Menu
The Debug entry in the menu bar provides operations acting at a global level. Key shortcuts are available for the most common operations and are displayed in the menus. Here is a detailed list of the items in the menu bar:
 - Debug ‣ Run...
 Opens a dialog window allowing you to specify the arguments to pass to the program to be debugged and whether execution should stop at the beginning of the main subprogram. If you confirm by clicking the OK button, GPS starts the program with the arguments you entered.
 - Debug ‣ Step
 Execute the program until it reaches the next source line.
 - Debug ‣ Next
 Execute the program until it reaches the next source line, stepping over subroutine calls.
 - Debug ‣ Step Instruction
 Execute the program until it reaches the next machine instruction.
 - Debug ‣ Next Instruction
 Execute the program until it reaches the next machine instruction, stepping over subroutine calls.
 - Debug ‣ Finish
 Execute the program until the subprogram running in the selected stack frame returns.
 - Debug ‣ Continue
 Continue execution of the program being debugged.
 - Debug ‣ Interrupt
 Asynchronously interrupt the program being debugged. Depending on the state of the program, it may stop in low-level system code that does not have debug information or, in some cases, even a coherent state. You should use breakpoints instead of interrupting programs, if possible. However, interrupting programs is nevertheless required in some situations, for example when the program appears to be in an infinite (or at least very long) loop.
 - Debug ‣ Terminate Current
 Terminate the current debug session by terminating the underlying debugger (e.g, gdb) used to handle the low level debugging. Control what happens to the windows through the Debugger ‣ Debugger Windows preference.
 - Debug ‣ Terminate
 Terminate all your debug sessions. This is the same as Debug ‣ Terminate Current if you only have one debugger open.
9.1.1. Initialize
This menu contains one item per main unit defined in your project. Selecting that item starts a debug session and loads the executable associated with the main unit selected and, if relevant, all corresponding settings: a debug session opens the debug perspective and associated debug properties (e.g. saved breakpoints and data display).
 - Debug ‣ Initialize ‣
 Initializes the debugger with no executable. Then use one of the other menu entries such as Debug ‣ Debug ‣ Load File or Debug ‣ Debug ‣ Attach.
9.1.2. Debug
 - Debug ‣ Debug ‣ Connect to board
 Opens a dialog to connect to a remote board. This option is only relevant for cross debuggers.
 - Debug ‣ Debug ‣ Load File...
 Opens a file selection dialog allowing you to choose a program to debug. The program to debug is either an executable for native debugging or a partially linked module for cross environments (e.g VxWorks).
 - Debug ‣ Debug ‣ Add Symbols
 Adds the symbols from a given file. This corresponds to the gdb command add-symbol-file. This menu is particularly useful under VxWorks targets, where modules can be loaded independently of the debugger. For example, if a module is independently loaded on the target using windshell, you must use this functionality for the debugger to work properly.
 - Debug ‣ Debug ‣ Attach...
 Instead of starting a program to debug, attach to an already running process. To do so, specify the process id of the process you want to debug. The process might be busy in an infinite loop or waiting for event processing. Like Core Files, you need to specify an executable before attaching to a process.
 - Debug ‣ Debug ‣ Detach
 Detaches the currently debugged process from the underlying debugger; the executable continues to run independently. Use the Debug ‣ Debug ‣ Attach To Process menu to later re-attach to this process.
 - Debug ‣ Debug ‣ Debug Core File
 Opens a file selection dialog allowing you to debug a core file instead of a running process. You must first specify an executable to debug before loading a core file.
 - Debug ‣ Debug ‣ Kill
 Kills the process being debugged.
9.1.3. Data
Most items in this menu need to access the underlying debugger when the process is stopped, not when it is running, so you first need to stop the process at a breakpoint or interrupt it before using the following items. Failure to do so will result in empty windows.
 - Debug ‣ Data ‣ Data Window
 Displays the Data browser. If it already exists, it is raised so it becomes visible.
 - Debug ‣ Data ‣ Call Stack
 Displays the Call Stack view. See The Call Stack View for more details.
 - Debug ‣ Data ‣ Threads
 Opens a new window containing the list of threads currently present in the executable as reported by the underlying debugger. For each thread, it gives languageand debugger-dependent information such as the internal identifier, name, and status. Refer to the underlying debugger's documentation for more details. Like other similar commands, the process being debugged needs to be stopped before using this. If not, GPS will display an empty list.
 When supported by the underlying debugger, clicking on a thread will change the context (variables, call stack, source file) displayed, allowing you to inspect the stack of the selected thread.
 - Debug ‣ Data ‣ Tasks
 For gdb only, opens a new window containing the list of Ada tasks currently present in the executable. Just like the thread window, you can switch to a selected task context by clicking on it, if supported by gdb. See the gdb documentation for the list of items displayed for each task.
 - Debug ‣ Data ‣ Protection Domains
 For VxWorks AE only, opens a new window containing the list of available protection domains in the target. To change to a different protection domain, simply click on it. A * character indicates the current protection domain.
 - Debug ‣ Data ‣ Assembly
 Opens a new window displaying an assembly listing of the current code being executed. See The Assembly Window for more details.
 - Debug ‣ Data ‣ Edit Breakpoints
 Opens an advanced window to create and modify any kind of breakpoint, including watchpoints (see The Breakpoint Editor). For simple breakpoint creation, see the description of the source window.
 - Debug ‣ Data ‣ Examine Memory
 Opens a memory viewer and editor. See The Memory View for more details.
 - Debug ‣ Data ‣ Command History
 Opens a dialog with the list of commands executed in the current session. Select any number of items in this list to replay the selection.
 - Debug ‣ Data ‣ Display Local Variables
 Opens an item in the Data browser containing all local variables in the current frame.
 - Debug ‣ Data ‣ Display Argument
 Opens an item in the Data browser containing the arguments for the current frame.
 - Debug ‣ Data ‣ Display Registers
 Opens an item in the Data browser containing the current value of the machine registers for the current frame.
 - Debug ‣ Data ‣ Display Any Expression...
 Opens a small dialog letting you specify an arbitrary expression in the Data browser. This expression can be a variable name or a more complex expression following the syntax of the underlying debugger. (See the debugger documentation for more details on the syntax.) Enable the check button Expression is a subprogram


text:
ar that offer hiking trails with stunning views of the surrounding landscape.
- Gulkam Canyon – a natural canyon located near Iskandar that is popular for rock climbing and hiking.
- Kyzyl Kum Desert – an expansive desert region near Iskandar where visitors can take camel rides or go on desert safaris.
- Aqua Park Charvak – an amusement park with water slides and pools located near Lake Charvak.
- National Museum of Uzbekistan – a museum in Tashkent (the capital city) which showcases the history and culture of Uzbekistan through its exhibits.
Note: Please check current travel restrictions due to COVID-19 before planning any visits or activities mentioned above as it may change over time based on local regulations/restrictions imposed by authorities to ensure public safety during this pandemic period.


text:
Pitt-Johnstown offers a bachelor of science degree in energy and earth resources with concentrations in energy resource geology and environmental geology. The University also offers a minor in geology, and collaborates with the Education Division to offer a bachelor of science in secondary education – earth and space science. The tracks, with several elective courses in geology, prepare students to pass exams required to become a licensed professional geologist in Pennsylvania and most states.
The department prepares students for professional careers in geology (including preparation for the licensure exam), and to pursue graduate studies, if they wish. The energy resource geology concentrationfocuses primarily on understanding rocks and the stories they tell of past geologic events. This program is designed to prepare students for careers in the oil and gas, coal, aggregate, and minerals industries, for public service in regulating agencies, and for graduate study.
In cooperation with the Geology Club, students may participate in regular outings that include caving, rock and fossil collecting, hiking, and summer excursions to different parts of the United States. Our faculty are committed to providing undergraduate research opportunities. Many of these opportunities are provided as faculty continue with their own research and field studies in their areas of specialization.
_PHONE_ | _EMAIL_


text: Threshold logic is gaining prominence as an alternative to Boolean logic. The main reason for this trend is the availability of devices that implement these circuits efficiently (current mode, differential mode circuits), as well as the promise they hold for the future nanoalldevices (RTDs, SETs, QCAs and other nano devices). This has generated renewed interest in the design automation community to design efficient CAD tools for threshold logic. Recently a lot of work has been done to synthesize threshold logic circuits. So far there has been no efficient method to verify the synthesized circuits. In this work we address the problem of combinational equivalence checking for threshold circuits. We propose a new algorithm, to obtain compact functional representation of threshold elements. We give the proof of correctness, and analyze its runtime complexity. We use this polynomial time algorithm to develop a new methodology to verify threshold circuits. We report the result of our experiments, comparing the proposed methodology to the naive approach. We get up to 189X improvement in the run time (23X on average), and could verify circuits that the naive approach could not.


text:
Educational Psychology M.A. Program
The Educational Psychology Master of Arts program is designed to develop your understanding of student learning and development, measurement and assessment, and program evaluation in educational environments. The curriculum and research opportunities aim to prepare students for a career in educational research, a position of leadership in a school district, or to further pursue their doctoral studies. We offer students an integrative research and training program with strengths in cognitive development, quantitative, and qualitative methods. Our faculty conduct research in classrooms with teachers and students to better understand how to improve current educational practice, and are also involved in interdisciplinary efforts with faculty from other departments at UC Riverside.
This program is not designed for school counselors or school psychologists. If you are interested in becoming a school psychologist, please see our Ph.D. School Psychology program.
Some of the course you may take include:
EDUC 200: Human Differences
EDUC 211A: Cognitive Development
EDUC 214A: Introduction to Quantitative Methods
EDUC 240: Educational Psychology
EDUC 255B: Principles of Academic Behavior Intervention
Each class meets once a week Monday through Thursday 4-7pm. Visit our quarterly schedule for course times.
Students can choose from Plan I (Thesis) or Plan II (Comprehensive Examination).
Plan I (Thesis): Students complete a minimum of 36 upper-division and graduate units. At least 24 units are in graduate courses. A maximum of 12 units may be in graduate research for the thesis.
Plan II (Comprehensive Exam): Students must complete a minimum of 36 units in upper-division and graduate courses in Education and related fields as defined in existing programs. At least 18 of the 36 units must be in graduate courses, and none in graduate research for the thesis.
See our full curriculum overview
Potential career opportunities:
- Educational Researcher
- University Professor
- Educational Psychologist
- School Improvement Facilitator
- Science Content Specialist
- Assessment Technician
Where our alumni work:
- Local and State Government Agencies (U.S. Department of Education, California Department of Education, Riverside Unified School District)
- Educational Testing and Assessment Organizations (ETS, Pearson)
- Institutions of Higher Education (University of California, Riverside)
- Non-Profit Institutions (RAND, American Institutes for Research, WestEd)
All coursework from of our master of arts (M.A.) programs transfers to the Ph.D. in education. For example, if you complete the M.A. in Educational Psychology, you will have already complete one year of coursework for the Ph.D. in Educational Psychology at UCR. Shorten your time to a doctorate by completing an M.A. degree with the Graduate School of Education today.
Visit our admissions page for more information on application materials and deadlines.
Meet the Educational Psychology Faculty
We encourage prospective students to reach out to faculty whose research interests align with their own.
Faculty research areas include:
- Quantitative methods
- STEM teaching and learning
- Teacher and school evaluation and improvement


Fri, 19 Mar 2021 22:05:19 -0700WeeblyFri, 16 Nov 2018 17:40:54 GMThttps://www.danieldrucker.org/blog/indicative-conditionals-cant-be-constrained-by-presuppositionIn his wonderful paper, "Indicative Conditionals", (which I have recently reread because of a great paper on it by Fabrizio Cariani) Stalnaker presents a theory that allows him to maintain a unified semantics of the ordinary-language conditional, that is, without having one semantics (broadly construed) for so-called indicative conditionals like 'if it's raining, the streets are wet' and another for so-called subjunctive conditionals (aka 'counterfactuals') like 'if it were raining, the streets would be wet'. I want to challenge his maneuver here, and I want to suggest that any maneuver won't work, either. In an important sense, supposition is too powerful an attitude; there are too few restrictions on what we may suppose, and thus on what conditionals we may assert.
Among other things, Stalnaker wants to explain why (to take Ernest Adams's example) 'if Oswald didn't kill Kennedy, then someone else did' and 'if Oswald didn't kill Kennedy, someone else would have' have intuitively different truth, acceptability, or assertability conditions without having a very disjunctive semantics. What would count as disjunctive? Not mere difference, since otherwise Stalnaker's would be disjunctive. More disjunctive would be treating indicative conditionals as material conditionals and counterfactuals as variably strict, as with Lewis. In what follows, I will interpret Stalnaker's idea as a kind of contextualism, a partial story about how context determines relevant "selection functions" for evaluating conditionals (on which more in a moment); no matter how we understand Stalnaker on this point, i.e., as giving different truth conditions, or just acceptability or assertability conditions, my arguments will go through the same way.
(More immediately his goal is to introduce his idea of "reasonable inference" and show how it allows the ordinary conditional to not collapse into the material conditional. I won't focus on this aspect, but what I have to say does have implications for his defense.)
In "A Theory of Conditionals", Stalnaker presents this semantics: 'if p, then q' is true at w just in case the contextually specified selection function f is such that f(pw) is a world in which q is true. Intuitively f(p, w) picks out the most similar p-world to w, where similarity is kept cipher-like. All conditionals work this way, according to Stalnaker. The difference between indicatives and conditionals will then arise from which sorts of selection function are relevant for evaluating indicatives, versus which for subjunctives. To understand how these are determined, I'll have to dig a little more into Stalnaker's overall picture.
I'll be brief in explaining the Stalnakerian framework; a highly idealized version will do. Suppose we have conversational participants S1,..., Sn. The common ground is the set of propositions they mutually believe---they all believe (or accept), they all know they all believe, etc. More briefly: it's the stuff all the participants take for granted, know they all take for granted,.... If we interpret propositions as sets of worlds, then the context set is the intersection of all the propositions in the common ground. (If we don't, then the context set will be all the worlds compatible with the conjunction of the propositions in the common ground.)
When it comes to indicatives, then, the relevant selection functions f are such that f(pw) is always in the context set. Stalnaker says: "It is appropriate to make an indicative conditional statement or supposition only in a context which is compatible with the antecedent." Call this the presuppositional constraint. To evaluate 'if Oswald didn't kill Kennedy, someone else did', we remain in worlds in which Kennedy was killed, thus making the conditional rather trivially true; and to evaluate 'if Oswald didn't kill Kennedy, someone else would have', we need not look only at worlds in which Kennedy was killed. So far, so good. A good many philosophers and linguists have found this idea reasonable, too.
But what about examples like this:
(1) If we're presupposing something that's false, we're going to encounter some trouble.
(2) If we were presupposing something false, we would encounter some trouble.
If Stalnaker were right, only (2) would be felicitous; (1) would be unacceptable. This follows from the presuppositional constraint. But (1) is acceptable, and in many contexts it is straightforwardly true. So it seems that indicative conditionals don't require that their antecedents be compatible with the context set.
'Presupposition', etc., as Stalnaker uses them are technical terms. So you might object that I am implicitly equivocating: (1) requires an ordinary-language understanding of 'presupposing', but Stalnaker doesn't need to use that notion. Yet the following are all good:
(1') If we're taking for granted something that's false, we're going to encounter some trouble.
(1'') If we're assuming something that's false, we're going to encounter some trouble.
The point here is just that however Stalnaker explicates his technical term, we can have felicitous conditionals like (1), etc. Seeing this, you might think something is fishy. After all, doesn't the following sound somehow bad?
(3) Tommy's barking. If Tommy's not barking, he might be sick.
I more or less agree that it does. Suggestion:
Identifiability Constraint. If the indicative conditional 'if p, q' is true, felicitous, acceptable, etc, then there is no identifiable presupposition r in the common ground that entails ~p
First point: this means that we cannot do with the flat structure that the context set itself provides. We need the structure of the common ground. Second, identifiability requires clarification to be usable in any satisfying theory. But third, I suspect even this condition does not work. Consider:
(4) If everything we're presupposing is wrong, we've made some truly enormous mistakes.
(4) seems acceptable to me. But so long as we can identify at least one element of our common ground (which of course we should be able to do, publicity being a constraint on the common ground), then even the Identifiability Constraint won't work.
I don't exactly know how to fix Stalnaker's constraint on selection functions. Because of its ability to handle some of these examples so well, including the Oswald example and (3), I think it likely will be fixable. But I can't easily think of a fix. The basic problem is that indicative suppositions are just really easy to make. Supposition is a "powerful", by which I mean relatively unconstrained, attitude. That's why I am not completely convinced that there is a fix.
I suspect this problem has been addressed before, but I don't know where. Any responses, or any pointers toward literature where it has been, would be of serious use!
Fri, 02 Nov 2018 23:17:46 GMThttps://www.danieldrucker.org/blog/november-02nd-2018In my last post, I introduced a principle, Clarity, which is that we ought not to have unclear beliefs. I then tried to define when a belief is unclear. Roughly, what I said there was that a person S's belief is unclear if S doesn't know what it rationalizes or it is rationalized by. In this post, I'm going to make that definition a little clearer, and then get a little further in actually justifying Clarity. (This post is readable without reading the first one.) I'll argue that unclear beliefs generate avoidable epistemic problems; since they are avoidable, we ought to avoid them; so we ought not to have unclear beliefs.
aLet's begin by putting a belief on the table. In the previous post, I had Sperber's example of something Lacanians claim to believe, that the unconscious is structured like a language. I want to switch the example now to get it a little closer to the cases that I really have in mind. So let it be that a given politician lied in saying on a given occasion. I'll call this belief P.
A person who believes P can do so without knowing what lying is in anything like the detail philosophers try to establish. Or rather they can do this without having any explicit knowledge of that sort; likely they don't even need to know it implicitly, either, at least if Burge is roughly right.
One controversy about lying is whether it requires an intention to deceive. Option 1 (O1): Lying is asserting some proposition p while believing ~p. Option 2


the denormal range instead of being flushed to zero as soon as the value is too small to represent with normalization. This default is the same default established by I64 at process startup. LIB$WAIT Problem and Solution
The use of LIB$WAIT in code ported to OpenVMS I64 can cause unexpected results. An example in C follows.
float wait_time = 2.0;
On OpenVMS I64 systems, this code sends an S_FLOATING into LIB$WAIT. LIB$WAIT expects an F_FLOATING, and gives a FLTINV exception.
LIB$WAIT can accept three arguments. The previous code sequence can be rewritten with LIB$WAIT using three arguments to run correctly on both I64 and Alpha systems. The following revised code works correctly when compiled without the /FLOAT qualifier:
_TAG_ __ia64
 int float_type = 4; /* use S_FLOAT for I64 */
 int float_type = 0; /* use F_FLOAT for Alpha */
 float wait_time = 2.0;
A better coding method is to include LIBWAITDEF (from SYS$STARLET_C.TLB) in your application and then specify the floating point data types by name. This code can be maintained more easily.
LIBWAITDEF includes the following symbols:
The following example shows how to include libwaitdef.h in the code and how to specify the floating-point data type names. This example also assumes that the program is not compiled with /FLOAT.
_TAG_
_TAG_ __ia64
 int float_type = LIB$K_IEEE_S; /* use S_FLOAT for IPF */
 int float_type = LIB$K_VAX_F; /* use F_FLOAT for Alpha */
 float wait_time = 2.0;
4.8.5 Incorrect Command Table Declaration
An incorrect declaration of a command table in code ported to OpenVMS I64 can cause unexpected results. For example, for an application, the Command Definition Utility is used to create an object module from a CLD file. The application then calls CLI$DCL_PARSE to parse command lines. CLI$DCL_PARSE may fail with:
%CLI-E-INVTAB, command tables have invalid format - see documentation
The code must be modified so that the command table is defined as an external data object.
For example, if in an application, on VAX and Alpha, the command table (DFSCP_CLD) is incorrectly declared in a BLISS module as:
This should be changed to
Or if it was in a FORTRAN module incorrectly declared as:
then it should be changed to
Similarly, in an application written in C, if the command tables previously were defined as follows:
int jams_master_cmd();
The code should be changed to be an external reference:
extern void* jams_master_cmd;
The changed, correct declaration works on all platforms: VAX, Alpha or I64.
4.8.6 Code that Uses Threads
OpenVMS I64 supports all the thread interfaces that have been supported on OpenVMS since thread support was first introduced. Most OpenVMS Alpha code that uses threads can be ported to OpenVMS I64 without change. This section describes the exceptions. The major porting issue for code that uses threads is the usage of stack space. I64 code uses much more stack space than does equivalent Alpha code. Therefore, a threaded program that works on Alpha might get stack overflow failures on I64.
The default stack size is larger on OpenVMS I64 to help alleviate overflow problems. If the application requests a specific stack size, then the change to the default will be irrelevant, and the application source code might need to be changed to request more stack. HP recommends starting with an increase of three 8-Kb pages (24576 bytes).
Another side effect of the increased stack size requirement is increased demand on the P0 address region. Thread stacks are allocated from the P0 heap. Larger stacks might cause the process to exceed its memory quotas. In an extreme case, the P0 region could fill completely, in which case the process might need to reduce the number of threads in use concurrently (or make other changes to lessen the demand for P0 memory).
HP recommends that you familiarize yourself with the most recent improvements to thread support in OpenVMS, as documented in the HP OpenVMS Version 8.2 Release Notes. One change to the POSIX Threads C language header file PTHREAD_EXCEPTION.H caused problems when porting an application that relied on its former behavior.
The DCL command THREADCP is not supported on OpenVMS I64. For OpenVMS I64, the DCL commands SET IMAGE and SHOW IMAGE can be used to check and modify the state of threads-related image header flags, similar to the THREADCP command on OpenVMS Alpha. For details, refer to the HP OpenVMS DCL Dictionary.
The THREADCP command is documented in the Guide to the POSIX Threads Library.
If you want to change the setting of threads-related image flags, you need to use the new command SET IMAGE. For example:
$ SET IMAGE/FLAGS=(MKTHREADS,UPCALLS) FIRST.EXE Thread Routines cma_delay and cma_time_get_expiration
Two legacy threads API library routines, cma_delay and cma_time_get_expiration, accept a floating point format parameter using the VAX F FLOAT format. Any application modules that call either of these routines must be compiled with either the /FLOAT=D_FLOAT or the /FLOAT=G_FLOAT qualifier to get VAX F FLOAT support. (However, if your application also uses double precision binary data, then you must use the /FLOAT=G_FLOAT qualifier.) For more information about floating point support, consult your compiler's documentation.
If a C language module (which uses either cma_delay or cma_time_get_expiration) is compiled by mistake in an IEEE floating-point mode, a compiler warning similar to the following will be displayed:
cma_delay (
%CC-W-LONGEXTERN, The external identifier name exceeds 31
characters; truncated to "CMA_DELAY_NEEDS_VAX_FLOAT______".
If an object file which triggered such a warning is linked, the linker will display an undefined-symbol message for this symbol. (If a linker-produced image was subsequently executed, the calls to these routines would fail with an ACCVIO.) These compiler and linker diagnostics are intended to alert you to the fact that these CMA routines require the use of VAX format floating-point values, and that the compilation was done in a manner that does not satisfy this requirement.
These routines are no longer documented in user documentation but are still supported for use in legacy applications.
4.8.7 Code With Unaligned Data
HP recommends that you align your data naturally to achieve optimal performance for data referencing. Unaligned data can seriously degrade performance on both OpenVMS Alpha and OpenVMS I64.
Data is naturally aligned when its address is an integral multiple of the size of the data in bytes. For example, a longword is naturally aligned at any address that is a multiple of 4, and a quadword is naturally aligned at any address that is a multiple of 8. A structure is naturally aligned when all its members are naturally aligned.
Because natural alignment is not always possible, OpenVMS I64 systems provide help to manage the impact of unaligned data references. Alpha and I64 compilers automatically correct most potential alignment problems and flag others.
In addition to performance degradation, unaligned shared data can cause a program to execute incorrectly. Therefore, you must align shared data naturally. Shared data might be between threads of a single process, between a process and ASTs, or between several processes in a global section.
Finding the Problem
To find instances of unaligned data, you can use a qualifier provided by most I64 compilers that allows the compiler to report compile-time references to unaligned data.
Table 4-1 Compiler Switches for Reporting Compile-Time Reference
Compiler Switch
Additional assistance, such as an OpenVMS Debugger qualifier to reveal unaligned data at run time, is planned for a future release.
Eliminating the Problem
To eliminate unaligned data, you can use one or more of the following methods:
 - Compile with natural alignment, or, when language semantics do not provide for this, move data to be naturally aligned. Where filler is inserted to ensure that data remains aligned, there is a penalty in increased memory size. A useful technique for ensuring naturally aligned data while conserving memory is to declare longer variables first.
 - Use high-level-language instructions that force natural alignment within data structures.
 - Align data items on quadword boundaries.
Software that is converted to natural alignment may be incompatible with other software that is running translated in the same OpenVMS Cluster environment or over a network. For example:
 - An existing file format may specify records with unaligned data.
 - A translated image may pass unaligned data to, or expect it from, a native image.
In such cases, you must adapt all parts of the application to expect the same type of data, either aligned or unaligned.
Previous Next Contents Index


text:
Background and Identification
The Ford Focus is a compact car (known as the C-segment in Europe) manufactured by the Ford Motor Company, an American automaker, since July 1998. The original Focus vehicles were designed by Ford's British and German teams. The Ford Focus replaced the Mazda Familia in Asia and Oceania and the Escort in North America. Focus production began in North America in 1999. Ford Focus production ended in May 2018 for North American plants, though the production of fourth-generation Ford Focus vehicles started in other countries.
In 1999, the first-generation Focus was awarded the European Car of the year award. The Focus was originally launched as a five-door wagon, four-door sedan, and three-door hatchback. In 2001, a five-door hatchback variant was launched.
The second-generation Focus was launched in 2004 as a three- and five-door hatchback and four-door sedan. Beginning in 2007, Focus was marketed in North America as two-door coupes and four-door sedans. The hatchback and wagon variants were discontinued in North America during this second generation.
The third-generation Focus reunited the North American and international models beginning in 2010. The fourth generation of Focus vehicles was unveiled in 2018 for the European and Asian markets.
Ford vehicles can be identified by the Ford emblem, which depicts the name "Ford" in a cursive font. Focus models include an emblem with the name "Focus" in different fonts throughout its production.


Webpage Workshop: Home » XHTML 1.0 language reference » Directory listing
Directory listing (transitional only)
This element is used to contain an unordered list of items that might form a directory of files or a menu of sorts. It is not part of the strict document type as its use does not provide any benefit over that of a regular unordered list.
<dir
 class="class name(s)"**
 compact**
 dir="ltr | rtl"**
 id="unique identifier"**
 lang="language code"**
 style="style information"**
 title="text"**
>
</dir>
Key:
‡ = Required attribute
** = Transitional only
Explanation of attributes
class**: used to state which class(es) the element belongs to. It is possible to indicate more than one class for an element by separating each class name with a space character. This attribute is normally used in combination with a stylesheet in order to associate the elements with particular styles defined within the stylesheet.
compact**: used to reduce the whitespace between the items in the list. This attribute has only one possible value, and so in HTML can be simply written in the shorthand form; compact.
dir**: used to set the direction of the text in combination with the language set in the lang attribute. The available values are "ltr" (left to right) and "rtl" (right to left), with the default value being "ltr".
id**: used to specify a unique alphanumeric identifier to the element. This is usually used in combination with stylesheets in order to apply a style to one particular instance of an element. Only one element, regardless of type, can be given a particular id.
lang**: used to indicate the language being used in the text contained within the element. The value of this attribute takes on the form of the ISO standard lanuage abbreviations found in RFC 3066. A list of these codes can be found on the ISO language codes page.
style**: used to specify an inline style to apply to the element. The styles defined here override the styles declared in the header section.
title**: used to define an advisory text that may be displayed as a tooltip when a mouse is used to hover over the element.
Event handlers
The following event handlers are defined for this element:
Basic example
<dir>

about.php

contact.php

index.php

</dir>
The above code will display something like:
Compatibility
Description: Support of directory listing and attributes in various browsers
Test Internet Explorer 6+ Netscape 4 Mozilla and Netscape 6+ Opera 6+ MSN TV (WebTV) Konqeuror 3.0+
Basic element support Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Attribute: class Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Attribute: compact No No No No No No
Attribute: dir Yes No Yes No No No
Attribute: id Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Attribute: lang Yes No Yes No No No
Attribute: style Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Attribute: title Yes No Yes Yes No Yes
Key:
The browser icons are explained in the below list:
Internet Explorer 6+ = Microsoft Internet Explorer 6+
Netscape 4 = Netscape Communicator 4
Mozilla and Netscape 6+ = Mozilla and Netscape Navigator 6+
Opera 7+ = Opera 7+
MSN TV (WebTV) = MSN TV (aka. WebTV)
Konqeuror 3.0+ = Konqueror 3.0+


fundamental building blocks and we can proceed with the implementation of the algorithm.
The idea is to have a function that given
 - a key
 - a root interval
 - a list of intervals
it works out the list of notes. In terms of inputs, it seems the above is all we need to correctly work out scales, chords, and - by extension - also harmonizations. Mind that the root interval doesn't have to be part of the list of intervals, that is simply the interval to start from based on the given key.
Giving a note as a starting point is not good enough since some scales simply don't exist for some notes (e.g. G♯ major scale doesn't exist in the major key, and G♭minor scale doesn't exist in any minor key).
Before progressing to the implementation, please consider the following unit tests that should make sense to you:
func test_noteSequence_C_1() {
 let key: Key =.C
 let noteSequence = try! engine.noteSequence(customKey: key.associatedCustomKey,
 intervals: [._1,._2maj,._3maj,._4,._5,._6maj,._7maj])
 let expectedValue: NoteSequence = [.C,.D,.E,.F,.G,.A,.B]
 XCTAssertEqual(noteSequence, expectedValue)
func test_noteSequence_withRoot_C_3maj_majorScaleIntervals() {
 let key = Key.C
 let noteSequence = try! engine.noteSequence(customKey: key.associatedCustomKey,
 rootInterval:._3maj,
 let expectedValue: NoteSequence = [.E,.Fs,.Gs,.A,.B,.Cs,.Ds]
 XCTAssertEqual(noteSequence, expectedValue)
func test_noteSequence_withRoot_Gsmin_3maj_alteredScaleIntervals() {
 let key = Key.Gs_min
 let noteSequence = try! engine.noteSequence(customKey: key.associatedCustomKey,
 rootInterval:._3maj,
 intervals: [._1aug,._2maj,._3dim,._4dim,._5aug,._6dim,._7dim])
 let expectedValue: NoteSequence = [.Bs,.Cs,.Df,.Ef,.Fss,.Gf,.Af]
 XCTAssertEqual(noteSequence, expectedValue)
and here is the implementation. Let's consider a simple case, so it's easier to follow:
 - key = C major
 - root interval = 3maj
 - interval = major scale interval (1, 2maj, 3min, 4, 5, 6maj, 7min)
if you music theory allowed you to understand the above unit tests, you would expect the output to be: E, F♯, G, A, B, C♯, D (which is a Dorian scale).
 1. we start by shifting the notes of the C key to position the 3rd degree (based on the 3maj) as the first element of the array, getting the note sequence E, F, G, A, B, C, D;
 2. here's the first interesting bit: we then get the list of intervals by calculating the number of semitones from the root to any other note in the sequence and working out the corresponding Interval:
 1_perfect, 2_minor, 3_minor, 4_perfect, 5_perfect, 6_minor, 7_minor;
 3. we now have all we need to create a CustomKey which is pretty much a Key (with notes and intervals) but instead of being an enum with pre-defined values, is a struct;
 4. here's the second tricky part: return the notes by mapping the input intervals. Applying to each note in the custom key the accidental needed to match the desired interval. In our case, the only 2 intervals to 'adjust' are the 2nd and the 6th intervals, both minor in the custom key but major in the list of intervals. So we have to apply a sharp accidental to 'correct' them.
👀 I've used force unwraps in these examples for simplicity, the code might already look complex by itself.
class CoreEngine {
 func noteSequence(customKey: CustomKey,
 rootInterval: Interval =._1,
 intervals: [Interval]) throws -> NoteSequence {
 // 1.
 let noteSequence = customKey.shiftedNotes(by:
 let firstNoteInShiftedSequence = noteSequence.first!
 // 2.
 let adjustedIntervals = try noteSequence.enumerated().map {
 try interval(from: firstNoteInShiftedSequence,
 to: $1,
 targetDegree: Degree(rawValue: $0)!)
 // 3.
 let customKey = CustomKey(notes: noteSequence,
 intervals: adjustedIntervals)
 // 4.
 return try {
 let referenceInterval = customKey.firstIntervalWithDegree($!
 let note = customKey.notes[$]
 let accidental = try referenceInterval.type.accidental(to: $0.type)
 return try note.noteByApplyingAccidental(accidental)
It's worth showing the implementation of the methods used above:
private func numberOfSemitones(from sourceNote: Note,
 to targetNote: Note) -> Int {
 let notesGroupedBySameTone: [[Note]] = [
 [.C,.Bs,.Dff],
 [.Cs,.Df,.Bss],
 [.D,.Eff,.Css],
 [.Ds,.Ef,.Fff],
 [.E,.Dss,.Ff],
 [.F,.Es,.Gff],
 [.Fs,.Ess,.Gf],
 [.G,.Fss,.Aff],
 [.Gs,.Af],
 [.A,.Gss,.Bff],
 [.As,.Bf,.Cff],
 [.B,.Cf,.Ass]
 let startIndex = notesGroupedBySameTone.firstIndex { $0.contains(sourceNote)}!
 let endIndex = notesGroupedBySameTone.firstIndex { $0.contains(targetNote)}!
 return endIndex >= startIndex? endIndex - startIndex : (notesGroupedBySameTone.count - startIndex) + endIndex
private func interval(from sourceNote: Note,
 to targetNote: Note,
 targetDegree: Degree) throws -> Interval {
 let semitones = numberOfSemitones(from: sourceNote, to: targetNote)
 let targetType: IntervalType = try {
 switch targetDegree {
 case._1,._8:
 return.perfect
 case._4:
 switch semitones {
 case 4:
 return.diminished
 case 5:
 return.perfect
 case 6:
 return.augmented
 throw CustomError.invalidConfiguration
 case._7:
 switch semitones {
 case 9:
 return.minorMajorDiminished
 case 10:
 return.minor
 case 11:
 return.major
 case 0:
 return.minorMajorAugmented
 throw CustomError.invalidConfiguration
 return Interval(degree: targetDegree, type: targetType)
the Note's noteByApplyingAccidental method:
 let newAccidental = try self.accidental.apply(accidental)
 return Note(naturalNote: naturalNote, accidental: newAccidental)
and the Accidental's apply method:
func apply(_ accidental: Accidental) throws -> Accidental {
 switch (self, accidental) {
 case (.flat,.flatFlatFlat):
 throw CustomError.invalidApplicationOfAccidental
 case (.flat,.flatFlat):
 return.flatFlatFlat
 case (.flat,.flat):
 return.flatFlat
 case (.flat,.natural):
 return.flat
 case (.flat,.sharp):
 return.natural
 case (.flat,.sharpSharp):
 return.sharp
 case (.flat,.sharpSharpSharp):
 return.sharpSharp
 case (.natural,.flatFlatFlat):
 return.flatFlatFlat
 case (.natural,.flatFlat):
 return.flatFlat
 case (.natural,.flat):
 return.flat
 case (.natural,.natural):
 return.natural
 case (.natural,.sharp):
 return.sharp
 case (.natural,.sharpSharp):
 return.sharpSharp
 case (.natural,.sharpSharpSharp):
 return.sharpSharpSharp
With the above engine ready (and 💯﹪ unit tested!), we can now proceed to use it to work out what we ultimately need (scales, chords, and harmonizations).
extension CoreEngine {
 func scale(note: Note, scaleIdentifier: Identifier) throws -> NoteSequence {...}
 func chord(note: Note, chordIdentifier: Identifier) throws -> NoteSequence {...}
 func harmonization(key: Key, harmonizationIdentifier: Identifier) throws -> NoteSequence {...}
 func chordSignatures(note: Note, scaleHarmonizationIdentifier: Identifier) throws -> [ChordSignature] {...}
 func harmonizations(note: Note, scaleHarmonizationIdentifier: Identifier) throws -> [NoteSequence] {...}
There's more to it but with this post I only wanted to outline the overall idea.
The default database is available on GitHub at albertodebortoli


text:
A Fool There Was
Directed by Frank Powell
Widely regarded as the screen's first true sex symbol -- a leading actress
whose charm was built not upon quaint innocence but carnal desire -- Theda Bara
revolutionized the adolescent art of cinematic sensuality. One of the very
few Bara films that exist today, A Fool There Was catapulted the actress to
stardom in 1915 and introduced the term "vamp" (both as a noun and as a
verb) to the American pop culture vocabulary.
Bara plays the "Vampire," a cunning woman who uses her irresistible charms to seduce and abandon a series of influential men. When one lover commits suicide on the deck of a luxury liner, she merely turns her gaze to another passenger, John Schuyler (Edward José), and leads him down a path to moral degradation and public scorn. Schuyler's wife (Mabel Frenyear) never gives up hope for her husband's redemption but has severely underestimated the hypnotic power the Vampire has upon her victims.
One of the most remarkable aspects of A Fool There Was is its uncompromising ending. Rather than offering a syrupy resolution of eleventh-hour moral enlightenment, the film allows its characters to follow their downward trajectories toward less edifying fates.


Insects: How scientists secretly trap flying bugs
Serious scientists use a organic Malaise trap. Rene Malaise invented it in 1934.
It is a "flight intercept" insect trap.
The trap is essentially a portable dining fly with open sides and screened front and back, a screen hanging in the center, and a peaked roof at one end. The bugs fly into the enclosure, hit the middle netting, and fly up to get out. As they follow the peak seam at the top, it leads to a collection device at the top.
The insect trap is checked about weekly and primarily collects flies and wasps, although many other insects find their way to the collection point as well.
The professional bug collectors use an agent in the collection device to stun or knock out the insects, then they fall into alcohol or onto a strip. This leaves the insects in a condition in which comparison of insect populations is easy.
For insects that fall when they hit the center wall, some naturalists put a collecting pan on the ground against the wall with a preservative to retain the insect.
Why not build one in your backyard?


Wiktenauer logo.png
From Wiktenauer
Revision as of 00:01, 10 January 2020 by Michael Chidester (talk | contribs)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Jud Lew
Occupation Fencing master
Ethnicity Jewish (?)
Movement Liechtenauer Tradition
Language Early New High German
Concordance by Michael Chidester
Translations Traducción castellano
Jud Lew is the name (or possibly pseudonym) of a 15th century German fencing master. The appellation "Jude" seems to signify that he was Jewish, though Jude was also a surname of some non-Jewish families, and he seems to have stood in the tradition of Johannes Liechtenauer, though he was not included in Paulus Kal's ca. 1470 list of the members of the Fellowship of Liechtenauer.[1]
Lew is often erroneously credited with authoring the Cod. I.6.4º.3, an anonymous compilation of various fencing treatises created in the 1460s. In fact, his name is only associated with a single section of that book,[2] a gloss of Johannes Liechtenauer's Recital on mounted fencing that is one branch of the so-called Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss. Though some versions of Martin Huntfeltz's treatise on armored fencing are also attributed to Lew, this is almost certainly an error.[3] By convention, the gloss of Liechtenauer's Recital on long sword fencing that generally accompanies this mounted gloss is also attributed to Lew.
Early on in its history, the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss seems to have split into at least three branches, and no definite copies of the unaltered original are known to survive. The gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck also seems to be related to this work, due to the considerable overlap in text and contents, but it is currently unclear if Ringeck's gloss is based on that of pseudo-Danzig or if they both derive from an even earlier original gloss (or even if Ringeck and pseudo-Danzig are the same author and the "Ringeck" gloss should be considered a fourth branch).
Branch A, first attested in the Augsburg version (1450s) and comprising the majority of extant copies, has more plays overall than Branch B but generally shorter descriptions in areas of overlap. It also glosses only Liechtenauer's Recital on long sword and mounted fencing; in lieu of a gloss of Liechtenauer's short sword, it is generally accompanied by the short sword teachings of Andre Liegniczer and Martin Huntfeltz (or, in the case of the 1512 Vienna II, Ringeck's short sword gloss). Apart from the Augsburg, the other principal text in Branch A is the Salzburg version (1491), which was copied independently[4] and also incorporates twelve paragraphs from Ringeck's gloss and nineteen paragraphs from an unidentified third source. Branch A was redacted by Paulus Hector Mair (three mss., 1540s), Lienhart Sollinger (1556), and Joachim Meyer (1570), which despite being the latest is the cleanest extant version and was likely either copied directly from the original or created by comparing multiple versions to correct their errors. It was also one of the bases for Johannes Lecküchner's gloss on the Messer in the late 1470s.
Branch B, attested first in the Rome version (1452), is found in only four manuscripts; it tends to feature slightly longer descriptions than Branch A, but includes fewer plays overall. Branch B glosses Liechtenauer's entire Recital, including the short sword section, and may therefore be considered more complete than Branch A; it also differs from Branch A in that three of the four known copies are illustrated to some extent, where none in the other branch are. The Krakow version (1510-20) seems to be an incomplete (though extensively illustrated) copy taken from the Rome,[5] while Augsburg II (1564) collects only the six illustrated wrestling plays from the Krakow. Even more anomalous is the Glasgow version (1508), consisting solely of a nearly complete redaction of the short sword gloss (assigning it to Branch B), which is appended to the opening paragraphs of Ringeck's gloss of the same section; since it accompanies Ringeck's long sword and mounted fencing glosses, a possible explanation is that the scribe lacked a complete copy of Ringeck and tried to fill in the deficit with another similar text.
Branch C is first attested in the Vienna version (1480s). It is unclear whether it was derived independently from the original, represents an intermediate evolutionary step between Branches A and B, or was created by simply merging copies of the other branches together. The structure and contents of this branch very closely align with Branch B, lacking most of the unique plays of Branch A and including the gloss of the short sword, but the actual text is more consistent with that of Branch A (though not identical). The other substantial copy of Branch C is the Augsburg version II (1553), which was created by Paulus Hector Mair based on the writings of Antonius Rast, and which segues into the text of Ringeck's gloss for the final eighteen paragraphs. A substantial fragment of Branch C is present in five additional 16th century manuscripts alongside the illustrated treatise of Jörg Wilhalm Hutter; one of these, Glasgow II (1533) assigns the text a much earlier origin, stating that it was devised by one Nicolaüs in 1489. This branch has received the least attention and is currently the least understood.
While all branches were originally presented in a single concordance in the pseudo-Peter von Danzig article, the differences between them are extensive enough that they merit separate consideration. Thus, Branch A has been placed here on the page of Jud Lew, to whom is seemingly attributed the gloss on mounted fencing, while Branch B has been retained on the main pseudo-Danzig page and branch C is now on the Nicolaüs Augsburger page.


Open main menu
Diffgeom β
Injectivity radius
This article defines a scalar function on a manifold, viz a function from the manifold to real numbers. The scalar function may be intrinsic or defined in terms of some other structure/functionsTemplate:Radius notion
The term injectivity radius is also used for injectivity radius of a manifold which is the infimum over the manifold of the injectivity radii at all points
The injectivity radius is a scalar function on a Riemannian manifold M is defined as follows: the injectivity radius at x \in M is the supremum of all values r such that the exponential map from the unit ball B_r(x) in T_xM, to the manifold M, is injective.
The fact that the injectivity radius at each point is strictly positive is one of the starting points of Riemannian geometry.


text:
Des Plaines Valley Council
W O O D B A D G
|Wood Badge Course Registration Form||Wood Badge Dinner, 4/17/13|
Baden-Powell took the first steps in the training of Scouters by organizing a series of lectures for Scouters in 1911. He made great strides by devising and instituting Wood Badge training in 1919.
Wood Badge recipients now number more than 100,000 throughout the world.
The object of the Wood Badge course is to demonstrate as practically as possible the aims and methods of Scouting. Upon successful completion of the course, the participant receives a parchment certificate and the Wood Badgetwo wooden beads worn on a leather thong around the neck. These beads replicate the beads found by Baden-Powell during a campaign in Africa in 1888. They belonged to Dinizulu, an African chieftain. In searching for a suitable recognition for those who completed the first course in 1919, Baden-Powell remembered the beads and decided to present a bead to each participant. At that time, the course was called "Wood Badge."
The Wood Badge may be worn only with an official field uniform of the BSA. The Scouter to whom it has been awarded may also wear the tan neckerchief with its patch of Maclaren tartan at the back. The Wood Badge neckerchief may only be worn with the accompanying leather neckerchief slide or woggle.
In 1919, W. F. de Bois Maclaren, a district commissioner in Scotland, purchased Gilwell Park and presented it to The Scout Association of Britain. He wanted "to provide a training ground for the officers of the Scouting movement." Consequently, Gilwell Park became the permanent home of Wood Badge training in England and annually welcomes Scouters from around the world. The ax and log symbol associated with Wood Badge is actually the totem of Gilwell Park. Recently, The Scout Association has announced that it would relocate its headquarters from London to Gilwell Park.
In 1929, at the Third World Jamboree at Birkenhead, England, Sir Baden-Powell was made a baron by his king, and became Lord Baden-Powell of Gilwell.
This is the official site of the Des Plaines Valley Council, Boy Scouts of America
This page was last modified on Friday, September 14, 2012 @ 05:32pm


text:
Structured products as combinations of conventional and derivative financial instruments exist in various forms. In order to be able to classify the different types, the Swiss Structured Products Association (SSPA) has introduced the Swiss Derivative Map. This guidance distinguishes between capital protection, yield enhancement and participation products. Due to the diversity of structured products, however, it is not easy to map them correctly in the processes and systems relating to investment advice, portfolio monitoring, client reports or portfolio management. We are happy to help you with this.
- Correct mapping of the diversity of structured products in the processes and systems relating to investment advice, portfolio monitoring, client reports or portfolio management
- Acquisition of knowledge to understand the composition of the different types of structured products and their behaviour in different scenarios.
- Redesign of control processes to allow for issuance of new structured products
- Introduction of a system and associated processes for the fully automated issuance of customized structured products
- Definition of a structured product risk classification system
- Consideration of structured product issuances in suitability and appropriateness testing according to MiFID I and MiFID II


text:
By Kelly Elder
Well, summer is officially behind us. The first day of autumn was Monday, September 22 which was a beautiful day. Sunny and warm temperatures allowed the farmers to get back into the fields after rain showers on Sunday.
Fall also arrived without any major frosts being reported in the area. The mercury dropped to near freezing on August 23 and on September 14 it dipped again to zero but left no damaging effects.
The first "killing" frost of the year came on September 24 when the low registered was -1.5°C. Andrew Giraudier, who records the daily temperatures for Environment Canada said that the average date for first frost, using data collected over the past 34 years, is September 20.
We got a full 10 days more of frost free weather over last year when Jack Frost put a frosty end to many gardens in the area with an overnight low of -8.5°C. Giraudier also noted that the recorded temperatures could vary slightly around town with different elevations that are present within the town of Coronach.
- Top of the page


Bullying Prevention
Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools is committed to empowering every student, engaging educators, parents and community leaders to work together toward safe and welcoming learning environments. Our goal is to ensure that all schools have the resources to foster social and emotional growth and equip students to confidently contribute to their homes, schools and communities.
A SAFE Space to Report Bullying
140650-f0b7eb09-ae42-4f1d-b26d-a5f73729b0f4.pngCharlotte Mecklenburg Schools empower students and parents to report bullying. Bullying can affect everyone - those who are bullied, those who bully, and those who witness bullying. Bullying is linked to many negative outcomes including impacts on mental health, substance abuse, and suicide. EVERYONE can work together to create a culture where bullying is NOT acceptable.
Let's Safely Stand Up & Speak Out against Bullying!
P.O. Box 30035
Charlotte, NC 28230-0035
Phone: _PHONE_


text:
Gets a Clue
A newly developed mathematical model that figures out the best strategy to win the popular board game CLUE© could some day help robot mine sweepers navigate strange surroundings to find hidden explosives.
At the simplest level, both activities are governed by the same principles, according to the Duke University scientists who developed the new algorithm. A player, or robot, must move through an unknown space searching for clues. In the case of CLUE©, players move a pawn around the board and enter rooms seeking information about the killer and murder weapon before moving on to the next room seeking more information.
"In the same way, sensors -- like the pawn in CLUE© -- must take in information about the surroundings to help the robot maneuver around obstacles as it searches for its target," said Chenghui Cai, who with Silvia Ferrari, assistant professor of mechanical engineering and materials science at Duke's Pratt School of Engineering, published the results of their latest research online in the journal IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. Cai is now a post-doctoral fellow in computer and electrical engineering at Duke.
"The key to success, both for the CLUE© player and the robots, is to not only take in the new information it discovers, but to use this new information to help guide its next move," Cai said. "This learning-adapting process continues until either the player has won the game, or the robot has found the mines."
Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence research refer to these kinds of situations as "treasure hunt" problems and have developed different mathematical approaches to improve the odds of discovering this buried treasure. Games are often used to test or to help illustrate such complex problems, the scientists said.
"We found that the new algorithms we developed can be best illustrated through the board game CLUE©, which is an excellent example of the treasure hunt problem," Cai explained. "We found that players who implemented the strategies based on these algorithms consistently outperformed human players and other computer programs."
Ferrari, who also directs Duke's Laboratory for Intelligent Systems and Controls (_URL_ specializes in developing systems that attempt to mimic human thought processes for use in mechanical systems that must have the ability to react quickly in the face of changing circumstances. This includes not only as mine-sweeping applications, but such activities as security surveillance, airborne drone guidance and even criminal profiling.
The CLUE© connection literally hit Ferrari out of the blue during a family game.
"One night we were playing CLUE© at the kitchen table and it struck me," Ferrari said. "In the game of CLUE©, you can't visit all the rooms by the end of the game, so you need to come up with a way to minimize the amount of movement but maximize the ability to reach your targets. When searching for mines, you want the robot to spend as little time as possible on the ground and maximize its information reward function."
So for the past three years, Ferrari and Cai have worked to develop a mathematical way of representing the choices and acquisition of information that takes place in such activities. After developing the new algorithm, the team tested it against experienced CLUE© players, as well as players employing other types of game-playing algorithms.
For example, when players using the new algorithm played against two players using an artificial intelligence strategy known as constraint satisfaction, they won 70 percent of time. When playing against two players employing a different artificial intelligence strategy using a Bayesian network, the new algorithm led to a winning percentage of 68 percent. Against a player employing Bayesian network and a player utilizing yet another type of neural network, the new algorithm led to a victory rate of 72 percent.
"From these results, we can conclude that success achieved by players utilizing the new algorithm was due to its strategy of selecting movements and optimizing its ability to incorporate new information, while minimizing the distance traveled by the pawn," Ferrari said. "In this manner, it was able to win the game the game as quickly as possible."
The studies were supported by the National Science Foundation.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Let's have a simple code as below
public class Sandbox {
 public static void run(String[] args) {
 int i = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
 int j = i+1;
This will print output
Value at j is overlowed without any notice to me when the code is executed.
I use Netbeans IDE to run this code.
Is it possible to configure the system to notify us when such arithmetic overflow occurs?
share|improve this question
You have to use if-else for this, to check for overflow manually.. Also,you have to create your own exeption. – Rohit Jain Oct 14 '12 at 7:45
add comment
2 Answers
up vote 3 down vote accepted
See the last sentence in the Java Language Specification (Chapter 15.18.2. Additive Operators (+ and -) for Numeric Types) :
Despite the fact that overflow, underflow, or loss of information may occur, evaluation of a numeric additive operator never throws a runtime exception.
For a lengthy article on this problem and the presentation of a tool for workaround see the article Signalling Integer Overflows in Java.
share|improve this answer
add comment
As Rohit Jain mentioned, you have to check it manually, something like this:
if ( j < Integer.MIN_VALUE || j> Integer.MAX_VALUE )
 throw new RuntimeException("Underflow/Overflow occured");
However, if the fluctuation becomes so high that the result comes back in the range, it will not be caught.
share|improve this answer
add comment
Your Answer


text:
How to Complete an Irrigation Audit
Irrigation audits are a deep dive into the efficacy of customers' irrigation systems. This can help you properly identify issues and recommend exact solutions.
August 3, 2022
An irrigation audit is similar to an irrigation site survey but goes more in depth and digs into inefficiencies and issues. The deeper your audit is, the better you can recommend the exact treatment and products needed. This is a great way to show customers your expertise and value.
Materials Needed for an Irrigation Audit
- Marking flags to identify sprinkler head locations
- Measuring tape to measure sprinkler head spacing
- Pressure gauge to check system pressure
- Pressure adapter to ensure regular pressure flow
- Stopwatch/timer to capture run time
- 24 (or more) catchment cans with millimeter measurement increments to capture irrigation water
- A way to track your audit, like the EPA's irrigation audit checklist
Completing an Irrigation Audit
Before running the irrigation system, check that it works properly and complies with all local codes. You'll need to correct any defects if they arise before running your audit, including any adjustments. Look for system damage and any problems in the yard, like dead spots, obvious sprinkler damage, poor drainage, or controller issues. Consider following the steps of an irrigation site survey before starting your irrigation audit.
Winds should be less than 5 mph for accurate testing. Audits should occur at the same time and for as long as the irrigation system typically runs.
Lay out catchment cans in a grid throughout your zone. There should be a minimum of 24 catchments but including more can give you a more accurate reading. They should be placed at the sprinkler heads and halfway between each head. However many catchments you have, the number should be divisible by 4. Ensure you're not blocking the spray; move or lower the catchments if blockage occurs.
Map out the zones you are testing. Ensure you measure the size and shape of the area, marking the locations of the sprinkler heads, type and model of nozzles used, spray head arc and radius, and locations of catchments. Measure and record the distance between catchments.
Attach the pressure adapter and pressure gauge to the furthest sprinkler head from the valve. Start your timer as your turn on the zone. While the zone runs, record the pressure reading from the gauge. Continue to run the zone until there is an average of 25 milliliters in each catchment (the catchments should have measurement marks), then turn off the system, stop your timer, and record the run time.
Record the amount of water in each catchment. Sprinkler efficiency is measured in DULQ, or Distribution Uniformity Low Quarter. To find this measurement, add up the total amount of water in all the catchments, then divide the result by the number of catchments you used to find the average amount of water collected. Next, identify the lowest 25% of catchments, regardless of where they were placed in the zone. For example, if you used the minimum number of 24 catchments, identify the lowest six catchments for the 25%. Add up the total amount of water in those lowest 25%, then divide by the number of catchments (in this case, six). Lastly, divide the average from the lowest 25% of catchments by the average from all the catchments to determine the DULQ of the zone.
Traditional spray heads typically have a DULQ of 40-45%, whereas high efficiency nozzles and rotors typically have DULQ's of 70%. The higher the number, the more efficient the system is. Audits may vary based on type of nozzle used, head spacing, operating pressure, and other considerations.
If the water catchment is below average, distribution is affected. Look at sprinkler location, nozzle performance, and type of sprinkler to see if the correct products are being used. In addition, you may consider increasing pressure. If the water volume is above average, this could indicate excessive pressure, which could damage the entire system. If all the zones have the same heads, spacing, and pressure, you can test half the zones to get the average.
Things to Note
If customers' have a mixture of sprinkler heads and nozzles, consider changing them to the same brand and model for uniformity and to increase efficiency or using matched precipitation rate (MPR) nozzles. Use the manufacturer data sheets to determine sprinkler and nozzle performance. This would also be an excellent time to discuss switching to a SMART irrigation system if customers run a traditional system. SMART irrigation saves customers water and money, and you can upsell.
Ensure you have all data properly recorded for your notes, as these can help you identify any problems in future jobs, as well as recommend exact solutions for any current issues the system is showing. Give a copy of your audit that includes your recommendations for improvement to your customers, so they have time to review the data. Consider suggesting a maintenance schedule as well in your notes.
Some areas also offer financial incentives to switch to SMART technology, which you can also include in your report.
SiteOne Can Help
If you have any questions on how to conduct an irrigation audit, or need supplies for the job, associates are waiting to help in your local branch. You can also order anything you may need on SiteOne.com or in the SiteOne mobile app.


text:
Archaeological Site of Rehman Dheri
Department of Archaeology and Museums
Property names are listed in the language in which they have been submitted by the State Party.
The archaeological site of Rehman Dheri consists of a rectangular shaped mound covering some twenty two hectares and standing 4.5 metres above the surrounding field. The final occupational phase of the site is clearly visible on the surface of the mound by eye and also through air photographs. It consisted of a large walled rectangular area with a grid iron network of streets and lanes dividing the settlement into regular blocks. Walls delineating individual buildings and street frontages are clearly visible in the early morning dew or after rain and it is also possible to identify the location of a number of small-scale industrial areas within the site marked, as they are, by eroding kilns and scatters of slag. The surface of the mound is littered with thousands of shreds and artefacts, slowly eroding out of room fills.
The archaeological sequence at the site of Rehman Dheri is over 4.5 metres deep, and covers a sequence of over 1,400 years beginning at c.3,300 BC. The site represents following periods:
I c.3300-3850 BC
II c.2850-2500 BC
III c.2500-1900 BC
It is generally accept that the settlement received its formal plan in its earliest phases and that subsequent phases replicated the plan over time. Although its excavators have cut a number of deep trenches or soundings into the lower levels, the areas exposed have been too limited to undertake a study of change in layout and the spatial distribution of craft activities. It was abandoned at the beginning of the mature Indus phase by the middle of the third millennium BC and subsequent activities, greatly reduced, are only recorded on the neighbouring archaeological mound, Hisam Dheri. The plan of the Early Harappan settlement is therefore undisturbed by later developments and, as such, represents the most exceptionally preserved example of the beginning of urbanisation in South Asia.


text:
I have 95 students in grades 10-12 and many of them are new to the AP program. I want to be able to give them as many review materials as possible so they will feel confident for their AP Human Geography exam on May 5, 2020. My students are wonderful and so deserving of these materials. They come from many different backgrounds and abilities. They are highly engaged and motivated and really want to do more than ace their AP exam, they want to change the world.
I have many students who are taking an AP exam for the first time and the more review materials they have, the more confident they will feel! This year the college board has change the curriculum for AP Human Geography. This means that much of the information in my textbook is outdated. I have heard from many professionals in the field that the AMSCO Review Book for AP Human Geography has the essential information needed for the exam. I have been teaching this class for 5 years and I am constantly trying to master all the complex vocabulary. So I will use this resource to increase my knowledge as well.
If you donated to this project, you can sign in to leave a comment for Mrs. Hanson.
DonorsChoose is the #1 classroom funding site for teachers.
As a teacher-founded nonprofit, we're trusted by thousands of teachers and supporters across the country. This classroom request for funding was created by Mrs. Hanson and reviewed by the DonorsChoose team.
DonorsChoose makes it easy for anyone to help a classroom in need. Public school teachers from every corner of America create classroom project requests, and you can give any amount to the project that inspires you.


How To Make Au Jus Without Beef Broth? (Explained)
how to make au jus without beef broth
 - Save
how to make au jus without beef broth
Au Jus
Au jus is a term that means "with juice" of the meat. It is most commonly found in French cuisine. Au jus can be found in beef or any meat dishes that are prepared or served along with light gravy, or bouillon that is made from all the fluids dripped out of the meat when it is being cooked.
Au Jus is one of the natural ways to enhance the flavor of meat and sauces. It mainly enhances chicken dishes because the chicken has a light taste, or it can be used with veal and lamb as well. French cuisine prefers having Au Jus in most of their meat dishes.
How To Make Au Jus Without Beef Broth?
Recipe of Au Jus Without Beef Broth
Beef Au jus Gravy
This recipe is perfect for a French dip sandwich. The preparation time of this recipe is 5-minutes and the cooking time requires about 10-11minutes. The total time required in the recipe is 15 minutes. The recipe requires a few steps that are mentioned below.
 1. First of all, you must take a saucepan and boil beef stock (not in the beef broth) in the pan.
 2. You must maintain the heat of the pan to medium-low and whisk the beef base.
 3. Add in Worcestershire sauce along with garlic, salt, and pepper.
 4. To make a thick gravy, add corn starch.
 5. Your beef Au jus gravy without beef broth is all ready to be served.
Substitute of Beef Broth
It's okay if you don't want to use beef broth! There are various substitutes for it. A lot of your favorite recipes are using beef broth, however, you need substitutes that can work well in all your daily recipes. We have mentioned below a few substitutes for beef broth.
1. Beef Stock
If using beef is not a problem for you then you can switch between beef broth and beef stock. Both of these ingredients taste almost the same, however, the difference is majorly in the extracting materials. The difference between beef-broth and beef-stock is, beef broth is made from an extract that is taken out of both meat and bones attached to that meat.
While the beef stock is made with vegetables and beef bones. Most people, in case of running out of beef broth, use beef stock because it is the best replacement for beef broth in any recipe.
2. Bouillon Cubes
Bouillon cubes are also beef extracts but in a different state. Beef broth exists in a liquid form and bouillon cubes are found as a dried extract in cubes form. You can use bouillon cubes by dissolving them in cups of water, and it can replace a cup of beef broth in any recipe if one cube is dissolved in one cup of water.
These cubes of beef bouillon are concentrated to give an enhanced taste when they are dissolved in water.
However, if you are trying to maintain a pure vegan meal, then you can use Vegetable Broth, which tastes a little bit different however it's a great vegan replacement for beef broth.
Hopefully, this blog helped you in making an Au Jus recipe without the use of beef broth.
Read: Au Jus Substitutes
 - Save
Share via
Copy link
Powered by Social Snap


text:
Delaware Information and Facts
|"Delaware State Travel and Visitor Information."|
The population of Delaware in 2002 was 805,945. Its rank was 45th in the nation. (The District of Columbia is included for ranking purposes.)
Per Capita Personal Income
In 2002 Delaware had a per capita personal income of $32,090. This per capita personal income ranked 15th in the United States and was 104 percent of the national average, $30,906. The 2002 per capita personal income reflected an increase of 1.9 percent from 2001. The 2001-2002 national change was 1.2 percent. In 1992 the per capita personal income of Delaware was $22,670 and ranked 9th in the United States. The _PHONE_ average annual growth rate of per capita personal income was 3.5 percent. The average annual growth rate for the nation was 4.0 percent.
Total Personal Income
In 2002 Delaware had a total personal income of $25,862,407. This total personal income ranked 45th in the United States. In 1992 the total personal income of Delaware was $15,753,972 and ranked 45th in the United States. The 2002 total personal income reflected an increase of 3.2 percent from 2001. The 2001-2002 national change was 2.3 percent. The _PHONE_ average annual growth rate of total personal income was 5.1 percent. The average annual growth rate for the nation was 5.2 percent.
Components of Personal Income
Total personal income includes net earnings by place of residence; dividends, interest, and rent; and total personal current transfer receipts received by the residents of Delaware. In 2002 net earnings accounted for 68.2 percent of total personal income (compared with 68.9 in 1992); dividends, interest, and rent were 17.7 percent (compared with 19.6 in 1992); and personal current transfer receipts were 14.0 percent (compared with 11.5 in 1992). From 2001 to 2002 net earnings increased 2.5 percent; dividends, interest, and rent increased 1.6 percent; and personal current transfer receipts increased 9.1 percent. From 1992 to 2002 net earnings increased on average 5.0 percent each year; dividends, interest, and rent increased on average 4.0 percent; and personal current transfer receipts increased on average 7.2 percent.
Earnings of persons employed in Delaware increased from $21,407,523 in 2001 to $21,922,876 in 2002, an increase of 2.4 percent. The 2001-2002 national change was 1.5 percent. The average annual growth rate from the 1992 estimate of $13,292,286 to the 2002 estimate was 5.1 percent. The average annual growth rate for the nation was 5.3 percent.
Climate - Delaware has generally hot and humid summers and
fairly mild winters. In July, average daytime temperatures are usually in the upper 20°s to lower 30°s C (80°s F) or even
higher. But because summer nights tend to be cooler than the days, July averages are about 24° C (about
75° F). In addition, onshore sea breezes can reduce daytime temperatures along the coast by 3° to 6° C
(5° to 10° F). January averages range from -1° C (31° F) at Newark, in the north, to 3° C (38° F) at
Bridgeville, in Sussex County. Nearly three-fifths of Delaware's days are classified as sunny. Precipitation (rainfall and snowfall) in Delaware is evenly distributed throughout the year, with
slightly more in June and July than in any other month. Most of the state receives between 1020 and
1170 mm (40 and 46 in) a year. Severe droughts are uncommon. Thunderstorms occur frequently in summer,
and in winter there is generally light snowfall.
Annie Jump Cannon astronomer, Dover
|The Home Improvement Web Directory
- DIY Tips, Design, Decorating, Repair, and Improvement Information For The Consumer and Professional!
"Find the information and resources you need for your home and property"
|© 2001 - 2022 The Home Improvement Web Directory All rights reserved :: We are a "Family Friendly" site.|


text: Many data analysis and data integration applications need to account for multiple representations of entities. The variations in entity mentions arise in complex ways that are hard to capture using a textual similarity function. More sophisticated functions require the knowledge of underlying structure in the representation of entities. People traditionally identify these structures manually and write programs to manipulate them: such work is tedious and cumbersome. We have built LUSTRE, an active learning based system that can learn the structured representations of entities interactively from a few labels. In the background, it automatically generates programs to map entity mentions to their representations and to standardize them to a unique representation. Furthermore, LUSTRE provides a user-friendly interface to allow user declaratively specify normalization and variant generation functions for downstream applications.


Graph Columns
This node produces a scatter plot to compare any two columns and color by a third. By default, the first factor is plotted versus the first response with data in it or the first two factors if no response data has been entered. The default Color By is the Run column but can be changed to any column on the design layout screen.
The Graph Columns tool has two versions.
 1. The default Grid view is a correlation grid. Click in the cell containing the desired combination to display it on the plot.
 2. The Menu view each axis is assigned a column through a pull down selector.
To fit a trend indicator, enable "Show line on graph". With the slider all the way to the left, the line will fit to the average Y-axis value and appear to follow each point. With the slider all the way to the right, a wider overall trend is shown. There is no test or model associated with the line, it is a guide for the eye to see possible relationships in the data.