, Su Yeon; Won, Yu-Ho; Jang, Ho Seong
 2015-01-19
 LiYF4:Eu nanophosphors with a single tetragonal phase are synthesized, and various strategies to enhance the Eu(3+) emission from the nanophosphors are investigated. The optimized Eu(3+) concentration is 35 mol%, and the red emission peaks due to the (5)D0 →(7)FJ (J = 1 and 2) transitions of Eu(3+) ions are further enhanced by energy transfer from a sensitizer pair of Ce(3+) and Tb(3+). The triple doping of Ce, Tb, and Eu into the LiYF4 host more effectively enhances the Eu(3+) emission than the core/shell strategies of LiYF4:Eu(35%)/LiYF4:Ce(15%), Tb(15%) and LiYF4:Ce(15%), Tb(15%)/LiYF4:Eu(35%) architectures. Efficient energy transfer from Ce(3+) to Eu(3+) through Tb(3+) results in three times higher Eu(3+) emission intensity from LiYF4:Ce(15%), Tb(15%), Eu(1%) nanophosphors compared with LiYF4:Eu(35%), which contains the optimized Eu(3+) concentration. Owing to the energy transfer of Ce(3+) → Tb(3+) and Ce(3+) → Tb(3+) → Eu(3+), intense green and red emission peaks are observed from LiYF4:Ce(13%), Tb(14%), Eu(1-5%) (LiYF4:Ce, Tb, Eu) nanophosphors, and the intensity ratio of green to red emission is controlled by adjusting the Eu(3+) concentration. With increasing Eu(3+) concentration, the LiYF4:Ce, Tb, Eu nanophosphors exhibit multicolor emission from green to orange. In addition, the successful incorporation of LiYF4:Ce, Tb, Eu nanophosphors into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) facilitates the preparation of highly transparent nanophosphor-PDMS composites that present excellent multicolor tunability.
 15. A Strategy to enhance Eu3+ emission from LiYF4:Eu nanophosphors and green-to-orange multicolor tunable, transparent nanophosphor-polymer composites
 NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
 Kim, Su Yeon; Won, Yu-Ho; Jang, Ho Seong
 2015-01-01
 LiYF4:Eu nanophosphors with a single tetragonal phase are synthesized, and various strategies to enhance the Eu3+ emission from the nanophosphors are investigated. The optimized Eu3+ concentration is 35 mol%, and the red emission peaks due to the 5D0 -->7FJ (J = 1 and 2) transitions of Eu3+ ions are further enhanced by energy transfer from a sensitizer pair of Ce3+ and Tb3+. The triple doping of Ce, Tb, and Eu into the LiYF4 host more effectively enhances the Eu3+ emission than the core/shell strategies of LiYF4:Eu(35%)/LiYF4:Ce(15%), Tb(15%) and LiYF4:Ce(15%), Tb(15%)/LiYF4:Eu(35%) architectures. Efficient energy transfer from Ce3+ to Eu3+ through Tb3+ results in three times higher Eu3+ emission intensity from LiYF4:Ce(15%), Tb(15%), Eu(1%) nanophosphors compared with LiYF4:Eu(35%), which contains the optimized Eu3+ concentration. Owing to the energy transfer of Ce3+ --> Tb3+ and Ce3+ --> Tb3+ --> Eu3+, intense green and red emission peaks are observed from LiYF4:Ce(13%), Tb(14%), Eu(1-5%) (LiYF4:Ce, Tb, Eu) nanophosphors, and the intensity ratio of green to red emission is controlled by adjusting the Eu3+ concentration. With increasing Eu3+ concentration, the LiYF4:Ce, Tb, Eu nanophosphors exhibit multicolor emission from green to orange. In addition, the successful incorporation of LiYF4:Ce, Tb, Eu nanophosphors into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) facilitates the preparation of highly transparent nanophosphor-PDMS composites that present excellent multicolor tunability.
 16. Ca(2+) Enhanced Nacre-Inspired Montmorillonite-Alginate Film with Superior Mechanical, Transparent, Fire Retardancy, and Shape Memory Properties.
 PubMed
 Liang, Benliang; Zhao, Hewei; Zhang, Qi; Fan, Yuzun; Yue, Yonghai; Yin, Penggang; Guo, Lin
 2016-10-11
 Inspired by nacre, this is the first time that using the cross-linking of alginate with Ca ions to fabricate organic-inorganic nacre-inspired films we have successfully prepared a new class of Ca(2+) ion enhanced montmorillonite (MMT)-alginate (ALG) composites, realizing an optimum combination of high strength (∼280 MPa) and high toughness (∼7.2 MJ m(-3)) compared with other MMT based artificial nacre. Furthermore, high temperature performance of the composites (with a maximum strength of ∼170 MPa at 100 °C) along with excellent transmittance, fire retardancy, and unique shape memory response to alcohols could greatly expand the application of the mutilfunctional composites, which are believed to show competitive advantages in transportion, construction, and insulations, protection of a flammable biological material, etc.
 17. Enhanced light extraction of GaN-based light-emitting diodes with periodic textured SiO2 on Al-doped ZnO transparent conductive layer
 NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
 Yu, Zhao; Bingfeng, Fan; Yiting, Chen; Yi, Zhuo; Zhoujun, Pang; Zhen, Liu; Gang, Wang
 2016-07-01
 We report an effective enhancement in light extraction of GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with an Al-doped ZnO (AZO) transparent conductive layer by incorporating a top regular textured SiO2 layer. The 2 inch transparent through-pore anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane was fabricated and used as the etching mask. The periodic pore with a pitch of about 410 nm was successfully transferred to the surface of the SiO2 layer without any etching damages to the AZO layer and the electrodes. The light output power was enhanced by 19% at 20 mA and 56% at 100 mA compared to that of the planar LEDs without a patterned surface. This approach offers a technique to fabricate a low-cost and large-area regular pattern on the LED chip for achieving enhanced light extraction without an obvious increase of the forward voltage. ).
 18. Price transparency: building community trust.
 PubMed
 Clarke, Richard L
 2007-01-01
 With the push from policymakers, payers, and consumers for hospitals to make their prices public, healthcare executives need to recognize two central issues related to price transparency: 1) meaningful price transparency involves helping patients and consumers understand their financial obligation for an episode of care, and 2) price transparency is key to the most critical success strategy for healthcare providers: building trust. This article reviews the history of pricing and billing practices and explores why price transparency is not easily achieved in today's environment. Pricing is a mystery even to those of us who work in the field, yet despite its complexity, the call for price transparency is not going to go away. For transparency, the goal should be to establish a rational pricing system that is easily explainable and justified to all stakeholders. Healthcare executives must make pricing a priority, understand cost, develop a pricing philosophy, understand the overall revenue requirements, examine market conditions and prices, and set up systems for review. A rational process of price setting should enhance community trust. In this matter there is nothing less at stake than the hearts of our community members.
 19. Hydrogen Sulfide Regulates the Cytosolic/Nuclear Partitioning of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase by Enhancing its Nuclear Localization.
 PubMed
 Aroca, Angeles; Schneider, Markus; Scheibe, Renate; Gotor, Cecilia; Romero, Luis C
 2017-06-01
 Hydrogen sulfide is an important signaling molecule comparable with nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide in plants. The underlying mechanism of its action is unknown, although it has been proposed to be S-sulfhydration. This post-translational modification converts the thiol groups of cysteines within proteins to persulfides, resulting in functional changes of the proteins. In Arabidopsis thaliana, S-sulfhydrated proteins have been identified, including the cytosolic iso


Can You Add To A Notarized Document?
How do you add a notary to a document?
Once the type of notarization is decided (either by the document recipient or by the signer), you can add a notary certificate by attaching a loose one, writing it by hand on the document, or, if your state allows it, using a rubber stamp..
How do I write a notarized statement?
Personal notarized letterYour full names and address.Dates of signing the letter.A section for the notary to sign the letter.Details of the _URL_ of the letter.
Agreements do not have to be written to be legally binding. However, it is a good idea to have a written record of what you have agreed to.
Can I notarize the same document twice?
You may notarize the signature of one person appearing before you and then the second person can appear before a Notary in their city/state and have their signature notarized.
Can you void a notarized document?
Since 1933, the Supreme Court has ruled that these documents are considered illegal, immoral and void. … If ever judges, lawyers and notaries-public have prepared and signed this kind of document, they will be reprimanded by the Court. Penalties such as suspension or disbarment will be imposed.
What is required on a notarized document?
The notary must know and follow state notary laws. The notary must write his/her official signature and stamp or seal the document according to state law. The notary fills out a notary certificate that includes the date and the type of notarial act, an acknowledgement or a jurat.
Does a notarized title expire?
What Happens When The Seal Date Has Expired? … Just because the commission seal date has expired, however, doesn't mean the notarized document is invalid. As long as the notary notarized the document before the commission expiration date, the document is valid.
What makes a notarized document invalid?
Illegible/ Expired Notary Seal: Stamp impressions that are too dark, too light, incomplete, smudged, or in any way unreadable may cause an otherwise acceptable document to be rejected for its intended use.
Is it illegal to change a notarized document?
Any changes to a notarial certificate must always be made by the Notary who performed the original notarization. A certificate with more than one person's handwriting on it may cause suspicions of tampering.
Will a notarized will hold up in court?
How long is a notarized letter good for?
A notarized document is just any document where a notary witnesses the signers signature. There is no expiration on the fact that it was witnesses by a notary.
What happens when something is notarized incorrectly?
How do you correct a mistake on a notarized document?
The only way to fix a mistake is for the Notary and signer to meet again to complete a new certificate.
A document that's notarized is a secure way to sign the contract, but the document will still be legally binding without being notarized. … If you forget to include an item in the document, it doesn't exist in the agreement. The wording clarifies what each party is legally bound to do.


text:
2-6, see text
The Sardinian Warbler (Sylvia melanocephala) is a common and widespread typical warbler from the Mediterranean region. Like most Sylvia species, it has distinct male and female plumages. The adult male has a grey back, whitish underparts, black head, white throat and red eyes. Plumages are somewhat variable even in the same locality, with the intensity of a reddish hue on upperand/or underside varies from absent to (in some subspecies) pronounced. The female is mainly brown above and buff below, with a grey head. The Sardinian Warbler's song is fast and rattling, and is very characteristic of the Mediterranean areas where this bird breeds.
Taxonomy and systematics
Together with Menetries' Warbler it forms a superspecies. Both thave white malar areas and light throats, and otherwise black theads in adult males, as well as a naked ring around the eye. The Subalpine Warbler, which seems the superspecies' closest relative, has a dark throat and breast and a dark gray upper head in males, but otherwise shares these characters. These three species are related to a dark-throated superspecies consisting of Rüppell's Warbler and the Cyprus Warbler, which also share the white malar area with blackish above.
The geographical variation in the Sardinian Warbler conforms to some extent with Gloger's Rule, though not as strongly as in some other typical warblers. The validity of leucogastra and norissae is not accepted by some authors, and valverdei has been described very recently. On the other hand, leucogastra might be more than one subspecies.
- Sylvia melanocephala melanocephala (Gmelin, 1789)
- Iberia across the northern Mediterranean to western Turkey. Extends into the Maghreb from Iberia, and into Libya from Italy via Sicily. Migrates to the Sahel and oases in the Sahara in winter.
- Large, long wings, tail tip rather pointed. A dark form, usually lacking any reddish in males but flanks extensively grey. Females' uppersides vary between deep olive brown and greyish olive.
- Sylvia melanocephala leucogastra (Ledru, 1810) - often included in melanocephala; phylogenetic status requires review
- Canary Islands, resident, probably some vagrancy between eastern islands and Maghreb.
- Medium size, short-winged and large-billed. Tenerife and La Palma (western) birds are most distinct, being dark above with some rusty/beige hue on the underside in males. Eastern birds (Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and Gran Canaria) are more like melanocephala and momus but differ in measurements.
- Sylvia melanocephala momus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833)
- Near East. Resident, some local movements.
- Smallish, short-winged. Varies between brownish grey and rusty above; underside almost always has reddish hue. Females rusty to rusty olive.
- Sylvia melanocephala norissae Nicoll, 1917: Fayyum Warbler - probably only a local morph of momus
- Sylvia melanocephala valverdei Cabot & Urdiales, 2005 - recently split from melanocephala
Distribution and habitat
It breeds in the southernmost areas of Europe and just into Asia in Turkey and the eastern end of the Mediterranean. This small passerine bird, unlike most "warblers", is not particularly migratory, but some birds winter in north Africa, and it occurs as a vagrant well away from the breeding range, as far as Great Britain.
Behaviour and ecology
This is a bird of open country and cultivation, with bushes for nesting. The nest is built in low shrub or brambles, and 3-6 eggs are laid. Like most "warblers", it is insectivorous, but will also take berries and other soft fruit.
- Cabot, J. & Urdiales, C. (2005): The subspecific status of Sardinian Warblers Sylvia melanocephala in the Canary Islands with the description of a new subspecies from Western Sahara. Bull. B.O.C. 125(3): 165-175.
- Helbig, A.J. (2001): Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Sylvia. In: Shirihai, Hadoram: Sylvia warblers: 24-29. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.. ISBN 0-691-08833-0
- Jønsson, Knud A. & Fjeldså, Jon (2006): A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri). Zool. Scripta 35(2): 149–186. doi:10.1111/j._PHONE_.2006.00221.x (HTML abstract)
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sylvia melanocephala|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Nusselt Number Prediction for Oil and Water in Solar Tubular Cavity Receivers
Keywords:Nusselt number prediction, solar cavity receivers, thermal oil, water
In this study, a numerical model was developed for prediction of Nusselt number in solar cavity receivers. Thermal oil and water were used as the working fluid. A dish concentrator with different shapes of the cavity receiver, including hemispherical, cylindrical, and cubical, was investigated. The different shapes of cavity receiver were studied under the same operating conditions for prediction of the internal heat transfer coefficient correlation for each cavity receiver. The system is investigated under the variation of solar radiation, flow rate, and inlet temperature of solar working fluids. The developed thermal model is validated based on the experimental data for the cylindrical cavity receiver using thermal oil. The results reveal that the hemispherical cavity receiver had the highest cavity heat gain, heat transfer coefficient, and Nusselt number values compared to two other cavity receivers. It could be concluded that the cavity heat gain, and heat transfer coefficient, and Nusselt number amounts had improved with increasing solar radiation, increasing flow rate, and decreasing inlet temperature of the working fluid. Some equations were suggested for prediction of Nusselt number with the variation of solar radiation, flow rate of the working fluid, and inlet temperature of working. It was concluded that application of thermal oil had resulted in higher Nusselt numbers than the use of water as the solar working fluid. Consequently, the application of oil is suggested for high-temperature systems.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Moving a Chrome Device to another Organizational Unit
An important feature of the Admin Console and Chrome Device Management is the ability to organize and move devices using the Organizational Unit structure.
 1. After logging in to your Admin console, go to Devices > Chrome Devices.
 2. Click the checkbox next to the device you wish to move.
 3. Click the Folder with an arrow in the upper right to bring up the Move device(s) dialog. Highlight the OU you want to move it to and click on [MOVE] to move the device to that OU.
Please visit Getting started with Chrome Device Management for more information regarding Chrome Device Management.
Creating an Organizational Unit (OU)
Creating an Organizational Unit (OU) for your Chrome Devices is an easy way to organize groups of devices and users.
 1. Use the main navigation menu in the upper left hand corner of the admin console to navigate to the Organizational units page under the Directory heading.Creating an Organizational Unit
 2. Click the yellow circle with a plus in it in the upper left.
 Organizational Unit
 3. In the Create new organizational unit dialog box, put in the name you are wanting to give your new OU, make sure that it has the correct Parent OU, and then click [CREATE].
 Creating an Organizational Unit
Please visit Getting started with Chrome Device Management for more information regarding Chrome Device Management.

Preconfiguring a wireless network through the Google Admin console
A useful feature of Chrome Device Management is the ability to pre-configure networks on Chrome devices.
 1. After logging in to your Google Admin console, go to the Device Management section.
 2. On the column on the left side of the screen, click Networks. (Your console may say Network instead, under the Device Settings heading)
 3. Click CREATE WI-FI NETWORK.
 4. In Platform access, check the box next to "Chromebooks (by device)"
 5. In Details, create a name for your network. Then add the Network Name (SSID) for your wireless network, check the box for "Automatically connect" and if the SSID is not broadcast (hidden), select the correct Security Type, and lastly the password for the network.

Please visit Getting started with Chrome Device Management for more information regarding Chrome Device Management.
Rebooting a Chrome device and taking screen captures and viewing the screen remotely
An important feature for troubleshooting device issues, is the ability to remotely reboot a Chrome device or take a screenshot of the screen.
 1. After logging in to your Admin console, go to Devices > Chrome Devices and click a serial number to get into the individual device settings.
 2. On the left side of the screen you'll see your options for Reboot, Remote Desktop, and Take a Screenshotscreen capture for digital signage troubleshooting
 3. This screen also has information regarding system information, and troubleshooting features like Remote Desktop, Capture Logs, and Move.
 4. Pressing [Reboot] will send a command to the Chrome device to reboot. You will either get a success message, or an error if the device is offline or it's unable to communicate with the device.
 5. Pressing [Remote Desktop] will start a dialog for you to remotely view your screen in real time.
 6. Pressing [Take a Screenshot], next to Screen Capture will take a screenshot of what is currently on the screen. This can be used to determine what is showing on the screen currently.
The Screen Capture and Remote Desktop functions will return an error if a user has interacted with the Chrome device, pressed a touch screen, used a keyboard or mouse, etc. This is a security feature to prevent sensitive information from being accessed on a user's screen.
Please visit Getting started with Chrome Device Management for more information regarding Chrome Device Management.
How do I see information about each Chrome device?
Need to see your Chrome Device information? Access model, chrome version, serial number and much more with device management.
 1. After logging in to your Google Admin console, go to the Device Management section.
 chrome device information and chrome management
 2. Click Chrome Devices.
 chrome devices
 3. If your Admin console was set up by Arreya, you will see your devices in the top-level organization on the left side of the screen.google admin console
 4. The right hand side of the screen has a list of the devices in that organizationchrome device information
 5. Clicking the serial number of the device will bring you into the information screen for the selected device.chrome device information

Please visit Getting started with Chrome Device Management for more information regarding Chrome Enterprise Management.


SupaLite Tiled Roof System
living spaces
What is the Difference Between a Conservatory and an Orangery?
difference between a conservatory and an orangery
A question we hear a lot is, "What is the difference between an orangery and a conservatory?".
At a glance, modern orangeries and conservatories don't seem that different. Their visual similarities can make the task of identifying what roof conversion or extension style you want confusing.
We're going to make things more straightforward. Here is a concise history and description of orangeries and conservatories and what makes them different.
What is an Orangery?
what is an orangery
Classic Orangeries
Both orangeries and conservatories date from around the 17th to the 19th century. Orangeries got their name from their original purpose – to provide shelter for citrus trees during the harsh winter months.
A typical staple of homes on affluent estates, orangeries were a sign of wealth and were often stand-alone structures made from both solid materials such as brick and glass.
Notable examples include the large orangeries at Kensington Palace and Kew Royal Botanical Gardens.
Both of these orangeries were intended to house exotic fruit but were also entertaining spaces – a function they serve to this day.
Modern Orangeries
Most domestic orangeries don't mimic the grandiosity of Kensington Palace, but the mixture of brick and glass make them attractive pieces of architecture.
While modern orangeries will retain most of the original features of a classic orangery, they're likely to be smaller in size and used as a room or home extension instead of a tree shelter zone.
They blend into contemporary and classic styles, and with the correct roof choice, they'll look more like an extension than a conservatory because of their brick structure.
What is a Conservatory?
what is a conservatory
Classic Conservatories
Conservatories were first built to protect plants and shrubs, and similar to orangeries also became to be associated with the wealthy.
The Palm House at Kew Gardens and the iconic Crystal Palace are Georgian and Victorian examples of conservatory-style structures.
Constructed from glass and iron, old-style conservatories were susceptible to rust and fluctuating temperatures, and they fell out of fashion by World War II.
Modern Conservatories
With advancements in building materials, conservatories became popular for homeowners as extension-style rooms around forty years ago.
Companies offered full design, installation and warranties. The materials were cheap too (polycarbonate and glass or plastic), which made them appealing for homeowners that wanted to add an extension to their home or garden.
Technological advances in flooring, blinds and roofing mean that homeowners have more options available when trying to regulate the temperature in the room, making the rooms accessible at all times of the year.
What is the Technical Difference Between a Conservatory and an Orangery?
technical differences between conservatory and orangery
The main difference in conservatories and orangeries comes in the glass-to-other-materials ratio in the structure.
For example, if your structure contains less than 75% glass in the roof structure and less than 50% glass in the wall structure, you have an orangery.
If your structure contains more than 75% glass in the roof structure and less than 50% glass in the wall structure, you have a conservatory.
What Are the Other Differences Between a Conservatory and an Orangery?
other differences between conservatory and orangery
You can use percentages as a guideline, but they're difficult to quantify. And when it comes to the details behind what defines a building as a conservatory or as an orangery, there aren't any specific rules.
You could use the shape as an indicator; orangeries are more likely to be rectangular or square. Conservatories can be rectangular or square, but there are other shapes such as P, L and T-Shaped conservatories.
The bottom line is that they're very similar, and with the various styles and home improvement options available today, the names are becoming more interchangeable.
An orangery has more brickwork than a conservatory and is a hybrid between a traditional conservatory and a reliable extension.
Orangeries often have flat roofs with a raised roof lantern. However, there are other options on the market, such as a pitched tiled orangery roof.
Conservatories are mainly made from glass or polycarbonate, are attached to the main house, and usually have a pitched roof.
Are Orangeries Warmer Than Conservatories?
are orangeries warmer than conservatories
While orangeries contain more brick than conservatories, it's often a marginal amount. Both structures will suffer from the poor insulation qualities of glass, so they'll usually be hot in the summer and cold in the winter.
Orangeries may be slightly warmer than conservatories, but it won't make it inhabitable in the winter months unless you'll need another heat circulating method.
Can You Turn a Conservatory into An Orangery?
can you turn a conservatory into an orangery
While it is possible to convert a conservatory into an orangery, it isn't an easy job and may require building regulations and planning permission.
You would probably have to rebuild the structure anyway, so you'd be starting from scratch after dismantling your conservatory.
A cheaper, quicker and more straightforward option would be to install a roof on your conservatory.
A roof will give the impression of an extension and will help to regulate the temperature in the room. You'll also be able to use the room all year round.
You need to ask yourself where you think you should invest your money and what you want the room to do.
SupaLite Conservatory & Orangery Roofs
If you make the smart choice to replace your original glass or polycarbonate conservatory roof with a tiled replacement roof from SupaLite, you no longer have a conservatory, but an extension.
You also have the option to add roof lanterns (traditionally seen on orangeries) or vents to your replacement tiled roof.
You can see how our various options allow you to create your own ideal conservatory/orangery/extension hybrid and make the names more interchangeable.
Whatever style you currently have or want to build, choosing a SupaLite Roof will ensure you have a comfortable, energy-efficient and robust living space, suitable for enjoying all year round.
If you are unsure of which SupaLite roof you should choose, don't hesitate to get in touch with our friendly team on 01772828060.
Speak to the experts 01772 828060


text:
In the following, we demonstrate how to get the most out of Datup forecasts to increase accuracy levels and decrease lead times in demand planning. To do this, the basic, intermediate and advanced journey and usage scenarios will be described.
These use cases will allow the analyst to take into consideration various fields of the results cubes, which will better guide decision making with respect to sales, demand, supply or similar behaviour.
Basic Use Case: Suggested Forecasts
This use case guides better decision making for:
Know the volume of demand required by customers for each item for one or more future months.
Propose in S&OP sessions demand volumes according to optimistic, conservative or pessimistic sales conditions.
Assess the certainty or uncertainty of demand forecasts.
Prioritise portfolio forecasting by top-selling items, turnover and demand variation.
This scenario focuses on suggested forecasts, automatically generated and selected by the platform. First, you must locate the date and the item of interest, by means of the columns
Itemrespectively. The column
Pronóstico Sugerido shows the suggested forecast for the date and item under analysis, based on historical demand behaviour (
Demada Histórica); considering seasonality, levels, trends and even relationships with other items in the portfolio.
In addition, the column
Pronóstico Sugerido Supwhich presents an alternative scenario to the suggested forecast when there are indications or a substantial increase in demand for the item is anticipated for the specific period. The
Pronóstico Sugerido Sup is often very useful for S&OP sessions, where the trading counterpart often arranges higher values for forecasts of certain items, subject to marketing campaigns or higher consumption strategies. Instead of opening the space for speculation for such a possible higher level of demand, the platform offers an alternative value that contemplates such an over-demand scenario. On the other hand, the solution also presents an alternative value for the under-demand scenario, where the trading partner foresees a discouragement in the consumption of the item for future periods. The field
Pronóstico Sugerido Inf contains the amount of demand to be considered.
WMAPEThe error expected for the forecast period, based on the errors obtained by testing the backtestsThis is to simulate the demand forecast for previous periods, where the actual behaviour is known, hence it is possible to measure performance. By default, Datup performs 5 of these simulations, or backtests in each iteration of the models.
Finally, it is suggested to take into account the column
RankingThis allows us to determine the items with the highest consumption, turnover and stability in demand. In other words, it identifies the items of highest and lowest value for the business.
Intermediate Use Case: Suggested Intervals
This use guides better decision making for:
All the advantages of the basic journey.
Know which items are recurrently over-predicted with respect to their historical demand to prevent excessive inventory losses.
Know which items are recurrently under-predicted with respect to their historical demand to prevent out-of-stock losses or stock-outs.
The second scenario accompanies the suggested forecasts with suggested ranges, allowing the demand analyst to know which items have been consistently underor over-forecast in the past. The column
Intervalo Sugerido indicates the forecast interval associated with the suggested forecast in column
Pronóstico Sugerido. Accordingly, the suggested upside forecasts (
Pronóstico Sugerido Sup) and downward (
Pronóstico Sugerido Inf) are also accompanied by their suggested intervals
Interval Sugerido Supy
Intervalo Sugerido Infrespectively.
The forecast intervals
Intervalo Sugerido Sup y
Intervalo Sugerido Infare not only calculated for the periods to be forecast, but also for each forecast period. backtest or simulation. It is precisely in this way that it is possible to determine what is the forecast interval, and hence the most likely suggested forecast, based on its repetition in the observed demand history.
As a practical matter, the demand analyst or planner can determine whether an item is susceptible to over-demand if the suggested range
Intervalo Sugerido has one of the following values:
Lo60. On the contrary, the item is susceptible to overdemand if the
Intervalo Sugerido presents either
Up95. In both cases, the over-demand is set with respect to the forecast point that lies in the middle of all forecast intervals.
Using forecast intervals allows the demand planning process to anticipate and avoid overproduction or oversupply events, as well as stock-outs or stock-outs.
Advanced Use Case: Naive Forecasting and Forecast Intervals
This use guides better decision making for:
All the advantages of the intermediate journey.
Examine naïve forecasts, i.e. averages or last observations, to plan demand on items with high variation or intermittency and increase their accuracy.
Examine the suggested forecasts for each item and period to see how high or low demand may behave in different market circumstances.
Evaluate the MASE error to determine in which cases it is advisable to use naïve forecasts to increase planning accuracy.
The third and final scenario involves the naïve forecast and all the associated forecast intervals estimated by Datup. This collection of values allows the analyst to know all possible scenarios of high and low forecasted demand.
The forecasts point
Pronóstico Puntolower 95
Pronóstico Inf 95, lower 80
Pronóstico Inf 80, lower 60
Pronóstico Inf 60, higher 60
Pronóstico Sup 60, higher than 80
Pronóstico Sup 80 and above 95
Pronóstico Sup 95 The total number of points Datup estimates for each date and item to consider the different scenarios of high, medium and low demand. The algorithm automatically selects the scenario, and in turn the most likely value. However, the cube results are presented in an open way to the analyst to enable possible additional exercises.
For its part, the naïve prognosis in the column
Pronóstico Naive calculates the forecast value by means of a rolling window average. The size of the window coincides with the number of periods to forecast. For example if you want to forecast 4 weeks, the rolling window calculates the naive forecast by taking the average of 4 weeks at a time from history. Datup compares the performance of its model against the naïve forecast, as there are items whose stability in the demand history suffers from high intermittency and/or random sharing that prevent their forecasting through traditional or advanced statistical methods. The value of the
MASE shows the result of this comparison. Values close to 1 (above or below) confirm the superior performance of the Datup model, while values well above 1 favour the use of the naive forecast.
Pronóstico Naive. If this is the scenario, in the bucket, the naïve forecast will be the value suggested as the forecast for the period evaluated.
Advanced Use Case: Impact, Correlation and Causality
This journey guides decision making to:
Identify the variables or indicators that have the greatest impact on the forecast for one or more items of interest. Upward or downward changes in the associated variables are most likely to produce significant variations in the planning forecasts.
Determine the variables or indicators correlated with the items of interest. That is, the variables whose upward or downward changes produce changes in the Items of Interest, in the same proportion.
Determine the causal variables or indicators for the items of interest. That is, the variables whose upward or downward changes are a direct cause for the future behaviour of the items of interest.
In conjunction with demand planning, it is possible to know the items, variables or indicators that have the greatest impact on the forecasts, accompanied by a percentage of importance; the higher the percentage, the greater the importance of the variable. Datup automatically identifies and orders the determining variables in the planning. In this way, analysts can focus their efforts on tracking key indicators whose changes have a direct and considerable influence on forecasts. In the example in the graph, US Existing Home Sales is the most important indicator for the generated forecasts with a 15% share, followed by the Acetic Acid Index (7.4%), Acetic Acid RMB (6.4%) and US Ethanol Price (6.2%). Thus, analysts can identify among hundreds of variables, which are the top-n that really influence purchase prices, sales quantities or demand units for future periods, in order to put in place better targeted trading, purchasing, production or distribution strategies in advance.
Correlation provides a second criterion in the selection of the variables or indicators that deserve greater attention in the decision-making processes for purchasing, negotiation, production or distribution, as it determines which are the variables whose upward or downward trends generate a direct or inverse behaviour in an item of interest. In general, variables with a direct correlation between 0.7 and 1 or an inverse correlation between -1 and -0.7, deserve to be taken into account. In this case, the item or indicator of interest is the purchase price of the raw material Vynil Acetate Monomer (VAM). The directly correlated indicators are: Price VAM ADC (0.9), VAM Index (0.86), Acetic Acid Index (0.85) and Acetic Acid RMB (0.85). At this point, special attention should be paid to those variables that appear with high percentages of importance and high correlations, i.e. Acetic Acid Index and Acetic Acid RMB, as their upward variations will most likely produce upward variations also in the price of VAM. It is important to check if there are variables with high negative correlations (-1 to -0.7), as they may indicate an inverse behaviour, a rise in

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


The New World Depends Upon You!
Dr. Michael LaitmanQuestion: People used to think that the leaders, the heads of the people, change the social order and economy.
Answer: In general the leaders do this and today the Creator is doing this.
Furthermore, there will be no leaders in our world; their time has passed. A leader is someone who manages the world by force and only a little by common sense. This no longer works! A modern leader needs to understand the new structure of the world that is approaching and there are no leaders like this!
Therefore, the elite are searching. They need you. You will see how you will be able to come to the leaders and explain to them what needs to be done, and they will listen to you. They will implement what you advise them to do through their forceful methods and actively will realize all the integral exercises.
They will begin to manage integral education within the population and in schools and will organize roundtables, give a green light to programs on these subjects through television, in all the communications media, and so forth. They will be forced to do this because the entire economy will begin to collapse. In every corner there will be bloody incidents of violence. People will not settle for this while the leaders have nothing to give them.
Also, only you will be allowed to come and say something intelligible and no one else; everyone will see that the old principles, agreed upon and known to all, no longer work. Therefore, the new world depends upon you.
From the Convention In Krasnoyarsk 6/14/13, Lesson 4
Related Material:
Leaders Of The New Century
Reaching Out To Leaders
The Teachers Of The World
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text:
Castle Fleury-en-Bière is located in the town ds Fleury-en-Biere, in the department of Seine-et-Marne. In 1550, Cosimo Clausse, Secretary of Finance and royal secretary of state Henry II acquired the lordships of Fleury and Courances. He chose immediately to rebuild the old castle and loads the master mason Gilles Le Breton to perform two residential wings at right angles. The first building is three-fifths of the present castle.
Clad in brick, the facade is enhanced rubble sandstone bands, which emphasize the rhythm of the bays. The north wing dates from 1553 and was raised by the son of the architect, Simon Guillain and Jean Saulvaige. It houses two superimposed galleries joining an old square corner tower. Pierre Lescot, architect of the Louvre, is involved in the management of the site from 1553. He is the designer of the scheduling of the majestic forecourt, inspired by the court of Fontainebleau. In 1770, Jerome Argouges new owner undertakes modernization and completion of the castle.
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Wastewater characteristics
Nidal Mahmoud
Institute of Environmental and Water Studies, Institute of Environmental and Water Studies,,,
Birzeit University Birzeit University
_EMAIL_
Ecological Sanitation Training Course
SWITCH PROJECT
IEWS, Birzeit University, 25-27 January 2011
Outline Outline
Introduction Introduction
General characteristics
Wastewater parameters Wastewater parameters
Characteristics of domestic sewage
Introduction
Why wastewater characterization y
Wastewater characteristics for a certain community
could change with time depending on technologies
available.
Introduction
Water quality is described by a series of water quality Water quality is described by a series of water quality
parameters
A water quality parameter refers to a property of water A water quality parameter refers to a property of water
(such as color, taste, turbidity) or to the composition of
water.
The composition of water can be expressed in the
concentration of individual compounds or it can be
expressed in the concentration of a group of related expressed in the concentration of a group of related
compounds, such as Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD), these are called lump parameters.
Substances present in water are either in solid, liquid, or
gas form.
Introduction
Water Quality Q y
Parameters
Physical parameters Chemical parameters Microbiological
parameters
TS COD lif TS COD coliform
VS BOD
TSS Nkj-N
pH NH4-N pH NH4 N
Turbidity NO3
conductivity PO4
SO4
Water analysis is essential in:
The design and operation of collection, treatment, and reuse facilities
To asses reactor performance
To comply with standards
others
Main components of wastewater characteristics Main components of wastewater characteristics
A distinction can
also be made also be made
according to
particle size
(important in (important in
water
treatment as
the required the required
treatment
process
d d th depends on the
size of particles
to b e
d l removed; also
in water
treatment).
COD fractions
Raw sewage
Suspended COD
(CODss)
4.4 m paper-filtered sewage
(CODss)
Colloidal COD (CODcol)
0.45 m membrane filtered
sewage
Dissolved COD
(CODdis)
sewage
(CODdis)
Main components of wastewater characteristics Main components of wastewater characteristics
Physical- Chemical
Parameters
Importance
Parameters
________________
1 Temperature
o
C
___________________________________
Affects chemical reactions and reaction
1. Temperature C
rates. Low temperature affects bacterial
growth.
2. pH
Affects chemical biochemical reactions as
well as biological activities.
3. Turbidity Due to presence of colloidal matter. When
high SS concentration present in WW it high SS concentration present in WW, it
could be resistant to removal when
treating under anaerobic conditions.
Main components of wastewater characteristics Main components of wastewater characteristics
Physical- Chemical
Parameters
Importance
_______________
4. Suspended Solids
(SS)
_____________________________
Hydrolysis of suspended solids may be the
rate limiting step under anaerobic
(SS)
rate limiting step under anaerobic
conditions especially at low
temperatures. They also cause
disintegration of granular sludge and disintegration of granular sludge and
results in lower methanogenic activity.
Aff t i ki ti f th d d
5. Particle size
distribution
Affects conversion kinetics of the suspended
solids.
Main components of wastewater characteristics p
Physical- Chemical
Parameters
Importance
________________
6. Polymeric
tit t
___________________________________
They consist mainly of carbohydrates,
proteins and lipids and should be
constituents
(COD)
proteins and lipids and should be
removed with treatment. They constitute
the main part of the COD of wastewater.
7. Refractory organics
These compounds tend to resist
conventional wastewater treatment.
T i l l f t t Typical examples are surfactants,
phenols and agricultural pesticides. The
presence of surfactants also affects
stabilization of colloids and the surface stabilization of colloids and the surface
properties of particles.
Main components of wastewater characteristics
Physical- Chemical Importance y
Parameters
________________
p
___________________________________
Organic and inorganic compounds selected
8. Priority pollutants
Organic and inorganic compounds selected
on the basis of their known or suspected
carcinogenic, high acute toxicity. Many of
these compounds are found in these compounds are found in
wastewater.
Hi h t ti i hibiti f
9. Sulphate
High concentration causes inhibition of
methanogenesis.
10. Chloride
It may have an impact on the final use of
treated wastewater
Main components of wastewater characteristics p
Physical- Chemical
Parameters
Importance
________________
11. Heavy metals
___________________________________
Toxic to bacteria.
I t i t
11. Heavy metals
12 N i
Impact on environment.
12. Nutrients
Macro (N,P,K) and
micronutrients
Important for biological treatment
processes.
13. Biological
Parameters
Includes pathogenic microorganisms, and all
th i ti i ti i
Parameters
other organisms participating in
biological conversions.
Effect of Temperature
Three ranges of temperature
Effect of low temperature: low methanogenic activity;
low hydrolysis rate.
Temperature has also a direct impact on the physical
chemical characteristics of the solids and solution,
including the ability to form a scum layer It also affects including the ability to form a scum layer. It also affects
the solubility of gases.
Effect of pH Effect of pH
Many inhibitory substances for methanogenic bacteria are controlled
by pH. For example, organic acids are inhibitory to methanogenic
b t i l i th i i d f hi h i i l d t i d b bacteria only in the unionized form which is mainly determined by
the pH of the solution.
Optim m pH fo mic oo ganisms g o th Optimum pH for microorganisms growth
pH optimum for hydrolysis of organic polymers
Turbidity of wastewater
Turbidity is an indication of the
clarity of a water
Turbidity is as an optical
property
Light source Light source
property
Presence of colloidal particles.
Slit Slit
Determination of colloidal
fraction
Sample
Phototube
Sample
Phototube
fraction.
Colloidal particles in anaerobic
Schematic diagramof a nephelometer
p
reactor.
Schematic diagram of a nephelometer
Turbidity of wastewater
Measurement
of gas production
Primary
ffl t
From: Mels (2001)
Turbidity measurements are often
used to monitor the performance
of treatment works processes: on
R t
effluent
Turbidity measurement
( )
TSS mg/l TSSfx T
of treatment works processes: on
line measurement
Reactor
with filter material
Clarifier
Primary effluent
Polymer dosing pump
TSS, mg/l TSSfx T
Where,
TSS = total suspended solids,
mg/l
Influent
Coagulation
mixing
Flocculation
mixing
Sludge
discharge
Sludge
discharge
Relation
mg/l
TSSf = factor used to convert
turbidity readings to total
suspended solids, (mg/l
200
250
300
350
D
(
>
0
.
4
5
m
)
between
turbidity
and
ti l t
suspended solids, (mg/l
TSS)/NTU
T = turbidity, NTU
y = 2.46x
R
2
= 0.986
0
50
100
150
P
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
t
e
C
O
D
particulate
COD (>
0.45 m) as
found in the 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
NTU
found in the
jar test
experiments
Total SuspendedSolids Total Suspended Solids
Definition: portion of solids retained on the p
Whatman glass fiber filter, which has a
nominal size of about 1.58 m
Determination: Filtration, drying (105 C),
weighing
Problems with the test: sensitive to moisture
Importance of the test: biological and p g
physical processes
Particle Size Distribution
There is no universal agreement on particle size distribution
Type of matter Particle size
Suspended matter > 1 m
There is no universal agreement on particle size distribution
Type of matter Particle size
Suspended matter > 4.4 m
p
Colloidal matter 0.001 1 m
Dissolved (or soluble) <0.001 m
Colloidal matter 0.45 4.4 m
Dissolved (or soluble) <0.45 m
Importance Importance
First step in biodegradation
process
Treatment method Treatment method
Sulphate concentration
Sulphate reducing bacteria are able to oxidize part of the COD
present in the wastewater by utilizing sulphate as an electron
acceptor. acceptor.
When sulphate concentration is high, then sulphate reducing
bacteria will compete methanogenic bacteria and little CH4 is bacteria will compete methanogenic bacteria and little CH4 is
produced.
f Sulphate reducing bacteria grow at a wide range of pH (5-9).
Sulphate reduction can not be controlled in anaerobic reactor except
when the SO4- concentration is limited. Fortunately, in domestic
l h t t ti i ll l f l 50 sewage, sulphate concentration is generally low, for example, 50-
200 mg/


text:
a person who not present contributes as an assistant or instigator towards the fee of an offense
- Accompanying as a subordinate additional accessory esp uniting in or causing a crime although not as primary star See Accessory
- aiding and abetting in a crime
- somebody who assists someone else dedicate a crime
- Accompanying, as a subordinate; additional; accessory; esp., uniting in, or adding to, a crime, yet not as primary actor. See Accessory.
- person who, not being current, contributes as an assistant or instigator towards the payment of an offense.
(n.) A person who, not being present, contributes as an assistant or instigator to the commission of an offense.


What is Pyrosequencing?
Pyrosequencing is a method of DNA sequencing that detects light emitted during the sequential addition of nucleotides during the synthesis of a complementary strand of DNA.
By ustas7777777Image Credit: ustas7777777 / Shutterstock
Pyrosequencing can be used to detect DNA and RNA from almost any source, and has applications in bacteria resistance screening, drug development, epigenetics, and many other fields.
Process of Pyrosequencing
Pyrosequencing occurs in six major steps:
 1. The DNA that is to be sequenced is broken up into fragments of around 100 base pairs of single-strand DNA.
 2. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is run to create millions of identical copies of each DNA fragment, which are split across thousands of wells, with just one type of DNA fragment per well.
 3. The DNA fragments are incubated with DNA polymerase, ATP sulfurylase, and apyrase enzymes, and adenosine 5' phosphosulfate and luciferin substrates.
 4. One of the four types of nucleotides that make up DNA are added to the wells, which begin to be incorporated onto the single-strand DNA template by DNA polymerase at the 3' end, releasing pyrophosphate.ATP sulfurylase then converts pyrophosphate to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the presence of adenosine 5' phosphosulfate. ATP then takes part in the luciferase-mediated conversion of luciferin to oxyluciferin. This process emits light proportionately to the amount of ATP taking part in the conversion, which is picked up by a detector.
 5. Unused nucleotides and ATP degrade to apyrase, allowing the reaction to start again with another nucleotide. This process is repeated, adding each nucleotide one after the other until the synthesis is complete.
 6. A detector picks up the intensity of light emitted by the process, which is then used to infer the number and type of nucleotides added. For example, if three cytosine nucleotides are added sequentially to the same fragment of DNA, the light emitted will be three times more intense than fragments of DNA with only one cytosine nucleotide added.
If no light is emitted upon the addition of cytosine, then the next complimentary base in the single-strand DNA template must be one of the other three nucleotides.
It should be noted that of the four nucleotides added during pyrosequencing, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (A) is replaced with deoxyadenosine α-thio triphosphate to avoid a false signal from early reaction with luciferase.
The method is limited to around 300-500 nucleotide base pairs, compared with the greater chain lengths of over 1000 base pairs achievable using Sanger sequencing. It is, however, less expensive and commercially available.
Applications of pyrosequencing
Pyrosequencing
Pyrosequencing is used to reveal the genetic code of a section of DNA. It is also able to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertion-deletions or other sequence variations, in addition to being able to quantify DNA methylation and allele frequency.
For example, genome regions associated with a genetic disorder can be narrowed down further to identify specific genes and variations within them, or an inherited negative response to certain drugs can be checked for before the drug is prescribed.
The method of drug resistance in a new strain of bacteria can be determined by its genetic change compared to an ancestor, or epigenetic methylation of DNA in a cancer cell can be detected in order to determine the best course of treatment.
Further Reading
Last Updated: Oct 31, 2018
Michael Greenwood
Written by
Michael Greenwood
Michael graduated from Manchester Metropolitan University with a B.Sc. in Chemistry in 2014, where he majored in organic, inorganic, physical and analytical chemistry. He is currently completing a Ph.D. on the design and production of gold nanoparticles able to act as multimodal anticancer agents, being both drug delivery platforms and radiation dose enhancers.
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Matthew Newman
Mental Health Peer Support Worker, Worcestershire Health and Care NHS Trust
This conversation is closed.
What is the best 4th dimensional representation of a gravitational singularity?
Octachorons represent geometric concepts in 4D space. If a blackhole had such a shape, what would it be? I'm looking for links, because I'm a bit stumped as to what to Google for.
The idea that I had is that a blackhole is said to portend infinite density, but what if that could become infinite complexity? Infinite complexity to my mind could portend an irreplenishable fuel cell. I'll elucidate more if asked, but for now I've just woken up and am trying to string thoughts together.
 - thumb
 Jul 29 2013: I don't know about representations. And I have troubles accepting the idea of an infinitely dense singularity... That would imply even Planck's constant is violated... I tend to see it as something very finitely small and finitely dense.
 This means it also has finite complexity and it can only generate a finite amount of energy.
 - thumb
 Jul 29 2013: Well, I didn't say a black hole was infinitely dense, particularly, just that I see the possibility of infinite density reflected in a gravitational singularity. The 4D part is important, here; I do have a hypothesis based on the mass of gravitons which would tie that together, however.
 As for infinite complexity, I think you're thinking about this all wrong. You need to be thinking inside out. I believe infinite motion + infinite possibilities == infinite complexity without them being part and parcel of the other side of the equation.
 As for 4D representations of gravitational singularity, it might be moot to say that a black hole can be represented by a 4D figure, but the existence of 4D geometric figures in of themselves is hypothetical to their greater extent. In the end, 4D figures only exist to us as mathematical formulae in the first place. 1 + 1 = 2?
 - thumb
 Aug 3 2013: Isn't adding another dimension in mathematics adding a degree of freedom?
 in that sense, you should be able to say what that parameter is or implies.
 as for infinite: what kind of infinite are you referring to?
 Infinite motion depends on infinite time, which we don't seem to have in our universe.
 Infinite possibilities... I think possibilities are at least bounded... and given the idea that there is no real infinity, any finite permutation is still finite...
 I can make 3D projections of 4D objects, though I could simulate such an object if I take time as part of the object and even rotate the axis of time/spatial to change perspectives. This would give you short existing objects so it can be rendered (with difficulty of course)
 - thumb
 Aug 7 2013: Sorry it's taken me 4 bloody days to get back to you... it's been a madhouse around here.
 Infinity, to me, is only a concept in of itself. Infinity is immeasurable because we do inhabit finite space and our linear conception of time gradually evolves. I do, however, think finite permutations only exist as we find them in relative space.
 Although we can profess to have limited capacity for movement, a true permutation is not something which I see as needing to exceed finite boundaries, but multiplying with those finite boundaries infinitely. I'd always thought of the universe as a square of limited proportion continually expanding into itself. It's all down to how complicated you want/need to make it.
 'Degrees of freedom' are important here. Since our perception of space-time is stilted we, to cut a long story short, cannot be privy to all of this majesty at once. Hence we have to find a hypodimensional representation of what's going, which would be the algorithm to describe the changes of your 3D representation of a 4D object, which hence exists in concept to us only.
 I realise this leads to more questions rather than a finite answer, but this is why I hold that infinite possibilities are what it says on the label. I'll try to make more sense at a later time.
 - Comment deleted
 - Jul 29 2013: and how can you believe in a soul when you have not seen it.
 - thumb
 Jul 28 2013: I think time stops differentiating into past, present and future and complete breakdown of temporal causality.


CapoVelo.com - - "An Ounce off the Wheels is Worth a Pound off the Frame": Is Rotational Weight Crucial?
30854
post-template-default,single,single-post,postid-30854,single-format-standard,no_animation
"An Ounce off the Wheels is Worth a Pound off the Frame": Is Rotational Weight Crucial?
article by Kraig Willett
Sir Isaac Newton proposed his second law of motion nearly 350 years ago. This law elegantly describes the behavior of many systems, bicycles included. It is difficult to argue with the analytical results of this equation. It is my goal to use Newton's law to demonstrate what variables determine wheel performance and their order of significance. Furthermore, I will show how wheels rank in the big picture of overall cycling performance.
Newton declared that the sum of all the forces on a system (F) are equal to its mass (m) times its acceleration (a), or: F=ma
everal companies offer power-measuring devices to help you quantify cycling performance. Power is defined as how much work is done during a given period of time, and it is a more convenient variable for illustrating wheel performance effects quantitatively. We can easily manipulate Newton's law to incorporate this rider power variable. Our once simple equation now becomes:
 - Aerodynamic drag resulting from
 Rider, frame, front wheel, rear wheel
 - Inertial forces
 Bike and rider mass
 - Front and rear wheel mass and its distribution (wheel inertia)
 - Rolling resistance
 Total system mass
 - Tire pressure and width
 - Gravitational forces
 - Bike and rider mass, front and rear wheel mass
 - Miscellaneous
 Drive train losses
 Component flex
The details of this equation are beyond the scope here, so I will spare you the agonizing math (see Appendix A if that kind of stuff cranks your chain). The starred variables above are the only ones that matter when determining wheel performance. The question then becomes, which is the most important?
The obvious answer is that it's the rider pushing the pedals that matters most. This may not be the answer you were looking for, but swapping out your wheels will not make you the next Eddy Merckx. They may, however, help out a bit in your next race.
Based on the model developed in Appendix A, and data I have collected while riding (velocity and elevation profiles), it is possible to quantify the effect your wheels have on the average power required to complete a given ride/race. I will look at the following three course examples:
 1. 6.5 hour solo training ride with 1200m/3940ft of climbing (31 kph/19 mph average speed from El Cajon, CA to Mexicali, B.C. Mexico)
 See Appendix B for more details
 2. Uphill portion only of training ride above (similar to an uphill TT – 27 kph/16.8 mph average speed)
 See Appendix C
 3. 11999 Barrio Logan Grand Prix – 50 minute Pro 1,2 criterium with 10 m elevation change per lap (45 kph/28mph average speed – sitting in the pack)
 See Appendix D
With my model, I varied the wheel mass, wheel inertia, and wheel aerodynamic variables independently to come up with the data in the following table:
imgF
So, what do all these numbers mean? It means that when evaluating wheel performance, wheel aerodynamics are the most important, distantly followed by wheel mass. Wheel inertia effects in all cases are so small that they are arguably insignificant.
How can it be that wheel inertial forces are nearly insignificant, when the advertisements say that inertia is so important? Quite simply, inertial forces are a function of acceleration. In bike racing this peak acceleration is about .1 to .2 g's and is generally only seen when beginning from an initial velocity of 0 (see criterium race data in Appendix D ). Furthermore, the 0.3kg/0.66lb difference in wheels, even if this mass is out at the rim, is so small compared to your body mass that the differences in wheel inertia will be unperceivable. Any difference in acceleration due to bicycle wheels that is claimed by your riding buddies is primarily due to cognitive dissonance, or the placebo effect (they paid a lot of money for the wheels so there must be some perceivable gain).
Corima-Aero-plus-MCC-wheelset-04
The following table illustrates how other variables in the power equation affect overall performance.
img11
It can be seen that rider aerodynamics dominates the power requirements of racing bikes. Frame and combined wheel effects are roughly equivalent, and it is interesting to note how power requirements are affected by rolling resistance changes in the examples.
Roughly, the average rider power requirements on a course with a zero net elevation gain is broken down into 60% rider drag, 8% wheel drag, 8% frame drag, 12% rolling resistance .5% wheel inertia forces and 8% bike/rider inertia. The uphill TT example given is a special case where the rider aerodynamics and the bike/rider weight have nearly equal contributions to power – somewhere around 35% each with wheel mass contributing around 1%. The steeper the hill, the more important mass becomes and the less important aerodynamics becomes. In all cases, however, there is approximately 3% of the average power unaccounted for.
Drive train losses and flexing of bicycle components can be placed into the miscellaneous term of the power equation. Even though these flexural losses are miniscule when compared to wheel inertial power requirements, lateral stiffness/deflection of wheels has its place in a performance analysis. My requirements are rather simple: road wheels should not rub brake pads during sprints and out of the saddle climbing, provided there is 2mm/0.079in of pad/rim clearance on either side. For reference, 2mm is the clearance when your dual pivot brakes are opened up, yet they still have sufficient braking power available.
In summary, wheels account for almost 10% of the total power required to race your bike and the dominant factor in wheel performance is aerodynamics. Wheel mass is a second order effect (nearly 10 times less significant) and wheel inertia is a third order effect (nearly 100 times less significant). The best wheels in terms of performance are the ones that are lightweight, aerodynamic, don't rub brake pads and are strong enough to get you to the finish line. The problem with these high performance wheels, though, is that they sacrifice on the other two key variables important in wheel selection: durability and price. High performance wheels are neither durable nor cheap. Nothing is ever easy, is it?

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text:
INTRODUCTION: To assess the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), mean platelet volumes (MPV), platelet–lymphocyte ratios (PLR) and other complete blood count parameters (CBC) as indicators of inflammation in patients with pterygium.
METHODS: This study was carried out retrospectively in 111 consecutive pterygium patients and 106 control subjects. Laboratory and clinical parameters were obtained from the patient data management system. NLR and PLR were calculated by dividing neutrophil and platelet count by lymphocyte count.
RESULTS: A significant difference was found in NLR and lymphocyte values between the pterygium and control groups (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference found in MPV, PLR and other parameters between groups (p>0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: NLR may have an association with pterygium, which should be investigated at larger subgroups in further studies.


text:
A team of 13 LSU researchers and students, led by faculty at the LSU Center for Computation & Technology, or CCT, conducted a presentation and demonstration that won first prize at the SCALE 2009 challenge at CCGrid09, a premier conference for cluster and Grid computing. The SCALE 2009 competition, which took place in Shanghai, China, involved researchers demonstrating real-world problem solving using scalable computing, in which scientists use computer systems that can easily adapt, or scale up, to provide greater performance and computing power and give them greater capability to solve complex problems. The CCT-led demonstration showcased a scalable, interactive system to simulate and visualize black holes to study the physics of gravitational waves. This complex process involves many challenges that scientists are only now able to address with modern cyberinfrastructure, including scalable computing systems.
Click here for the video


text:
We have recently begun collecting personal stories from people all across Europe relating to migration, following on from our successful Europeana _PHONE_ project.
This new, short blog series, Love across borders, is inspired by collections discovered during this project, with stories of romance and love at the time of World War 1. Read on to see how new connections and relationships would not have been possible without people moving across the globe!
This postcard, dating from 1916, was sent from Corsica by a young Serbian woman called Ljubica who lived there during World War 1.
Serbia was at the centre the First World War. It was a Serbian student who attacked the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. As there had been earlier troubles between Austria and Serbia, this was used as an excuse to finally declare war on Serbia. Many Serbians fled to escape from the terrors of war – including Ljubica, along with her sister and brothers. The young woman managed to escape to Greece where she met the French army. They took her to the French island Corsica and later on to Nice and Beaulieu-sur-Mer. There, on the French riviera, she met the love of her life: Blagoje Ristić.
Blagoje was also Serbian, and a teacher in the small city Beaulieu-sur-Mer. They met at the local school for teachers where several Serbian students studied. Together, they stayed several years in the South of France.
When the war was over, they went back to Serbia, where a new kingdom was announced: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. They continued working as teachers in Serbia, the profession that bond them together. But they did not stay alone: They had three children, seven grandchildren, eleven great-grandchildren and five great-great-grandchildren. A story with a happy ending that could not have been told without them meeting far away from home.


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Modify Cloud Compute Infrastructure: Delete Cloud Instance
An adversary may delete a cloud instance after they have performed malicious activities in an attempt to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence. Deleting an instance or virtual machine can remove valuable forensic artifacts and other evidence of suspicious behavior if the instance is not recoverable.
Routinely check user permissions to ensure only the expected users have the capability to delete new instances.
|User Account Management||
Limit permissions for deleting new instances in accordance with least privilege. Organizations should limit the number of users within the organization with an IAM role that has administrative privileges, strive to reduce all permanent privileged role assignments, and conduct periodic entitlement reviews on IAM users, roles and policies.
The deletion of a new instance or virtual machine is a common part of operations within many cloud environments. Events should then not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities. For example, detecting a sequence of events such as the creation of an instance, mounting of a snapshot to that instance, and deletion of that instance by a new user account may indicate suspicious activity.
In AWS, CloudTrail logs capture the deletion of an instance in the
TerminateInstances event, and in Azure the deletion of a VM may be captured in Azure activity logs. Google's Admin Activity audit logs within their Cloud Audit logs can be used to detect the usage of
gcloud compute instances delete to delete a VM.


can be processed as a group. The fan_in number specified is the number of seconds to wait and collect machines in the same state.
Our machine YAML (fsm.yaml) becomes the following:
state_machines:
- name: SendSubscriberEmail
states:
- name: SendEmail
 action: SendEmail
 continuation: True
 initial: True
 transitions:
 - to: CountEmail
 - event: ok
- name: CountEmail
 action: CountEmail
 final: True
 fan_in: 3
The only change is the presence of the fan_in attribute. It means that every 3 seconds, all machines in the state CountEmail will be processed as a group. The only difference to the state action code is that, instead of receiving a single machine context, you will receive a list of machine contexts, one for each machine being fanned in.
In this particular example, the number of machines fanning in represents the number of emails successfully sent — a bit of a subtle point. Because of this, we can use the length of the context list to increment our counter. Our state action method becomes the following:
class CountEmail(object):
 def execute(self, list_of_contexts, obj):
 """Transactionally update our batch counter"""
 def tx(count):
 batch = EmailBatch.get_by_key_name('1') # key simplified for example
 if not batch:
 batch = EmailBatch(key_name='1')
 batch.counter += count
 batch.put()
 emails_sent = len(list_of_contexts)
 db.run_in_transaction(tx, emails_sent)
We now only have to execute a Datastore transaction once every 3 seconds. Fan-in is a powerful technique to execute items in batch and is an important tool in our scalability arsenal.
Next steps
One of the motivations for Fantasm is operational regularity and visibility. Today, the Fantasm implementation achieves this through regular URLs (with visible context if invoking with GET) and task naming.
On the latter point, tasks are named for the machine instance name which includes when the machine was created, as well as the current state and event being dispatched. App Engine's Task Queue console displays these task names as well as how many times they have been retried.
On the road map for Fantasm is statistical tracking of machine instances, execution time, failure rates, state invocations. This will help find long-running or fragile states. In addition, we intend to develop an operational console highlighting machines that are currently in-flight and their current state, possibly including a visual representation of the finite state machine.
Summary
Fantasm is a framework that allows you to build scalable, resilient workflows and leverages the Task Queue API to achieve retries as well as large scale-out across multiple App Engine instances. We hope it is a benefit to your organization. Additional features and docs can be found at its GitHub project location: _URL_
Was this page helpful? Let us know how we did:
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App Engine Documentation


text:
Municipality of Pointe-Calumet
Location: Municipality of Pointe-Calumet, QC
Project Type: Shorelines & Waterways
Application: Riverbank Stabilization
Product Used: PYRAMAT 75
The Municipality of Pointe-Calumet, QC, is located on the northern shore of the Ottawa River. High water levels caused overtopping of existing concrete walls along the shoreline, which lead to severe flooding. To support the community in adapting to more frequent and intensifying weather events, federal funding was granted to protect the municipality from future flooding. The Disaster Mitigation and Adaptation Fund (DMAF) is a 10-year program to help communities build the infrastructure they need to better withstand natural hazards such as floods, wildfires, earthquakes and droughts.
Utilizing DMAF, the Town extended the concrete walls an additional 700 mm in height. The walls stretch 2.5 km in length and run through around 150 lots. To provide erosion protection for the homeowners who live on the landside of the wall, PYRAMAT® 75 High Performance Turf Reinforcement (HPTRM) was installed. PYRAMAT 75 is engineered to provide superior erosion control on vegetated waterways for up to 75 years. It promotes reinforced vegetation and has been recognized as a Best Management Practice (BMP) by the EPA for improving water quality. Once installed, a combination of sod was placed over the PYRAMAT.
The vegetated solution provides homeowners with a natural aesthetic, and supports Canada's vision of a more resilient, low-carbon economy. Green infrastructure supports community growth while combating the effects of climate change.
Interested in learning more about Pyramat® 75?View Product


text:
Carmina Burana (IPA: ['karmɪna bu'raːna]; note that the stress is on the first syllable of Carmina, not the second) also known as the Burana Codex is a manuscript collection, now in the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Munich, of more than 1000 poems and songs written in the early 13th century.
The Latin title Carmina Burana or Songs of Beuern was assigned by Johann Andreas Schmeller in 1847. Beuern (from OHG bur = "small house") refers to Benediktbeuern, a village in the foothills of the Bavarian Alps about thirty miles south of Munich which takes its name from the abbey of Benediktbeuern founded there in 733. Subsequent research has shown that the manuscript did not originate there; Seckau Abbey is regarded as a likely earlier location.
The pieces are almost entirely in Latin, though not in Classical Latin meter, with a few in a dialect of Middle High German, and some snatches of Old French. Many simply are macaronic, a mixture of Latin and German or French vernacular of the time. They were written by students and clergy about 1230, when the Latin idiom was the lingua franca across Italy and western Europe for travelling scholars, universities and theologians. Most of the poems and songs appear to be the work of Goliards, clergy (mostly students) who lampooned and satirized the Church. The collection preserves the works of a number of poets, including Peter of Blois, Walter of Châtillon, and the anonymous one referred to as the Archpoet.
Between 1935 and 1936 German composer Carl Orff set 24 of the poems to new music, also called Carmina Burana. The most famous movement is "O Fortuna" (Fortuna meaning Fortune in Latin, as well as a Roman goddess). Orff's composition has been performed by countless ensembles.
Other musical settings include:
- Several German bands (including Corvus Corax, Estampie, Finisterra, Helium Vola, In Extremo, and Qntal) regularly use poems from the manuscript as lyrics.
- Swedish symphonic metal band Therion played O Fortuna on album Deggial.
- German band Corvus Corax recorded "Cantus Buranus", a full-length opera set to the original Carmina Burana manuscript in 2005.
- The RPG videogame Final Fantasy VII's most famous musical piece, "One-Winged Angel" (composed by Nobuo Uematsu), utilizes lyrics from Carmina Burana (specifically from "O Fortuna", "Estuans interius", "Veni, veni, venias", and "Ave formosissima.").
- Pieces by German/Norwegian doom/gothic metal band Theatre of Tragedy, such as "Amor Volat Undique" and "Circa Mea Pectora" in the song Venus (album Aégis)
- Synth/Medieval, French band Era recorded a Mix called "The Mass" featuring pieces of "O Fortuna" from the original Carmina Burana.
- Pieces by the Norwegian gothic metal musical group Tristania ("Wormwood" from album "World Of Glass" 2001)
- Pieces by the Swedish medieval inspired band "Rävspel och Kråksång" translated into Swedish.
- The manuscript is referred to in the musical RENT, in the song La Vie Boheme, with the line, "German wine, turpentine, Gertrude Stein, Antonioni, Bertolucci, Kurosawa, Carmina Burana."
Carmina Burana is a scenic cantata composed by Carl Orff between 1935 and 1936. It is based on 24 of the poems found in the medieval collection Carmina Burana. Its full Latin title is Carmina Burana: Cantiones profanae cantoribus et choris cantandae comitantibus instrumentis atque imaginibus magicis ("Songs of Beuern: Secular songs for singers and choruses to be sung together with instruments and magic images.") Carmina Burana is part of Trionfi, the musical triptych that also includes the cantata Catulli Carmina and Trionfo di Afrodite. The best-known movement is the bracketing "O Fortuna" chorus that opens and closes the piece.
- 1 Text
- 2 Instrumentation
- 3 Structure
- 4 Musical style
- 5 Staging
- 6 Reception
- 7 Notable recordings
- 8 Carmina Burana in popular culture
- 9 References
- 10 Bibliography
- 11 External links
- Fortuna Imperatrix Mundi [Fortuna, Empress of the World]
- Primo vere [Spring] - includes the internal scene Uf dem Anger [In the Meadow]
- In Taberna [In the Tavern]
- Cours d'amours [Court of Love]
- Blanziflor et Helena [Blanziflor and Helena]
Much of the compositional structure is based on the idea of the turning Fortuna Wheel. The drawing of the wheel found on the first page of the Burana Codex includes four phrases around the outside of the wheel:
- "Regno, Regnavi, Sum sine regno, Regnabo" [I am reigning, I have finished reigning, I am without reign, I shall reign]
Within each scene, and sometimes within a single movement, the wheel of fortune turns, joy turning to bitterness, and hope turning to grief. O Fortuna, the first poem in the Schmeller edition, completes this circle, forming a compositional frame for the work by consisting of both the opening and closing movements.
Le chœur et l'orchestre de l'opera National de Bordeaux interpretent un extrait de "Carmina Burana" de Carl Orff, à l'occasion de l'émission "tenue de soirée" sur France 2, présentée par Michel Drucker.


3 Uploading Content
The upload process, also called ingestion, involves creating an electronic image of your document, using a predefined application in Oracle I/PM to associate metadata to the document, and manually assigning values to required metadata by completing fields on the Oracle I/PM document upload page.
This chapter covers the following topics:


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Influence of Soil Moisture on the Planetary Boundary Layer and on Cumulus Convection Over an Isolated Mountainm Part I. Observations, The
Data collected around the Santa Catalina Mountains in Arizona as part of the Cumulus Photogrammetric, In Situ and Doppler Observations (CuPIDO) experiment during the 2006 summer monsoon season are used to investigate the effect of soil moisture on the surface energy balance, boundary layer (BL) characteristics, thermally forced orographic circulations, and orographic cumulus convection. An unusual wet spell allows separation of the two-month campaign in a wet and a dry soil period. Days in the wet soil period tend to have a higher surface latent heat flux, lower soil and air temperatures, a more ...
(For more, see "View full record.")


text:
ECU geography poster details hurricane phenomena
(Dec. 4, 2003)
A poster about the particulars of hurricanes was developed this year by East Carolina University's Department of Geography and the student organization Geoclub. The poster, "Tempests from the Tropics: Atlantic & Gulf Coast Hurricanes," was produced by ECU students as part of an annual project designed to educate the public about issues in current events. The free map will be available in area schools, public libraries and Barnes & Noble Booksellers.
In the past two years, faculty and students worked together to produce and distribute map posters on Afghanistan and Iraq, respectively. This year, the group chose to design an informational poster on hurricanes because of the traumatic impact that these events have on life in North Carolina.
"This is particularly the case in light of the continuing aftermath of Hurricane Floyd in 1999 and the more recent damage caused by Hurricane Isabel in 2003," said ECU Geography professor Derek Alderman.
Made with state of the art geospatial data and technology, the poster contains graphic illustrations and photographs and explains how hurricanes form, how much death and property damage they can cause, how they are named and why hurricanes take the unique geographic path they do toward North Carolina.


I am slightly confused bu the notion of upward-monotonicity and downward-monotonicity.
I cannot understand what exactly can be defined as upward-monoty and down-ward-monotony, is this definition of relation between two phrases, or definition of some keywords that change monotonicity.
For example, "I eat banana"->"I eat fruit" this is example of upward-monotonicity (more specific phrase entail more common phrase), so the whole sentence is called upward-monotony?
Then apply negation, "I don't eat banana"<-"I don't eat fruit"
What happens, can I call this relation downward-monotony, or applying negation is downward-monotonicity? or "don't" itself is downward-monotony.
Negation is known for it's property to reverse the monotonicity.
"Driving is dangerous" -> "Fast driving is dangerous". Here, no negation, and still is downward-monotonicity.
Apply negation,
"Driving is not dangerous" -> "Fast driving is not dangeroius".
So here, negation didn't reverse the monotonicity, so not always negation reverse monotonicity, maybe negation can only change from upward to downward, here what can be called downward-monotonicity, it looks the relation itself is whether [downward-monoty|upward-monotony|no monotony], and some "keyword" could change monotonicity only in one direction.
Please, help me to understand the notion of monotonicity.
Addendum: I am competely confused, I found the following examples in Monotonicity. page 7.
It's dangerous to drive in Rome ➝ It's dangerous to drive fast in Rome.
According to inference relation, reading the first part must imply the truth of the second part. If my understanding is wrong, please write a correct definition.
Let's check the following example.
It's safe to drive fast in Des Moines ➝ It's safe to drive in Des Moines.
I am not sure that it's a correct instance of inference relation, however it's in the manual, as a counterexample I might assume highway in Des Moines, where driving slow is not safe.
Where my understanding is wrong or example is not successful.
You are addressing two problems:
 - why is there, apparently, a monotonicity reversal when negating your first example ("banana"), but not the second ("driving")?
 - why is your first example upward-monotonic, while the second is downward monotonic?
The problem has to do with understanding that general terms like "fruit" or "driving" may refer to elements of sets that are quantified existentially or universally, while specific elements, like "banana" or "fast driving" refer to themselves.
I do not address the examples in your addendum. This answer should tell you how to deal with them
What is quantification?
Please skip this part if you already know
This is only a sketch. You may find more details on the web or in textbook. Note that the wikipedia article states that:
This is part of the problem you encounter.
Many natural language statements are actually predicate over some entities that may be element of sets.
For example you may use the predicate Eat which takes two arguments, the subject who eats and the object that is eaten.
Then the sentence "I eat banana" can be interpreted semantically as Eat (I,banana), which establishes a relation between I and banana.
But when you say "I eat fruit", "fruit" stand for Fruit which is the set of all fruits, that include banana and many others. But, how do you interpret this sentence: does it mean that you eat all fruits or that you eat some fruits. This is not obvious though it seems that most people interpret that as meaning that you eat some fruits? Furthermore this has to be your interpretation since you deduce it from the fact that you are eating banana, which cannot imply that you eat any other fruit. All you know is that you eat one fruit: banana. So for you, "I eat fruit" must mean that there is a fruit that you eat, which can be formally written as
∃ f ∈Fruit, Eat (I,f)
or less formally
There is a Fruit f such that Eat (I,f)
In this interpretation, the predicate Eat is exitentially quantified on its second variable. This mean that we state the existence of at least one fruit such that the predicate holds.
The predicate could also be universally quantified on its second variable which one writes logically as
∀ f ∈Fruit, Eat (I,f)
or less formally
For any f that is Fruit, Eat (I,f)
This would probably be stated in English as "I eat all fruits" or "I eat any fruit".
Now, when you state "I don't eat fruit", it does not mean that ther is a fruit you do not eat, but rather that you do not eat any fruit, which one can write formally as:
∀ f ∈Fruit, ¬ Eat (I,f)
or less formally
For any f that is Fruit, not Eat (I,f)
You see that this is a universally quantified statement, using the negation of the previous predicate.
This is a general rule: if you want to negate a quantified statement, you change the quantification (from universal to existential, or the converse) and you use the negation of the predicate.
The rule is simple to use in logic. It is a bit more complex in natural language in general, and English in particular. What may seem to be a negation in English is not necessarily a negation of the logical semantics of the sentence. This can be illustrated by your second example analyzed in the next section.
Things can be even more complex when there is multiple quantification.
About non-reversal of monotonicity in the second example
Your inference "Driving is dangerous" -> "Fast driving is dangerous" shows that you understand "Driving is dangerous" as "All driving is dangerous". Here, "Driving" stands for the set of all forms of driving.
Then, logically, the negation of "Driving is dangerous" is not "Driving is not dangerous" but "Some driving is not dangerous".
Then this would not imply that "Fast driving is not dangerous".
But if it were true that "Fast driving is not dangerous", that would imply that "some driving is not dangerous¨.
i.e. you have the same reversal of monotonicity:
"Some driving is not dangerous" <- "Fast driving is not dangerous".
Your problem is with incorrect negation of quantifiers, not with monotonicity.
"Driving is dangerous" means "all forme of driving are dangerous", which is a universally quantified assertion. When you negate universal quantification, you have to use existential quantification on the negation of the predicate.
The negation of "for any x, P(x)" is "there is x, not P(x)".
About the fact that the two examples have opposite monotonicity
The second issue still has two do with quantification, and the respective properties of existential and universal quantification.
To make it more visible I will use two other examples, where I make quantification explicit. Your examples are harder because they both have implicit quantification (which I already explicited above for the "driving"example).
The two examples are chosen to be very similar.
"A banana is good" -> "There is a good fruit"
"All fruits are good¨ -> "A banana is good"
You see that you have upward monotony in the first case because the more general phrase is existentially quantified.
You have downward monotony in the second case because the more general phrase is universally quantified.
Your first example is upward monotonic for that reason. If you expland the semantics of "I eat fruit", it is really "There is a fruit I eat". And we have seen your second example is universally quantified, hence downward monotonic.
Negation does reverse the monotonicity, as it exchanges universal and existential quantification.
But I do not think negation has itself an intrinsic role, at least in your examples:
"Driving is not dangerous" is negative, but has exactly the same meanind as "Driving is safe" which is not negative. Recall that the general/specific opposition here is on "driving".
 - Thank you very much for your answer, could you please take a look at addendum, it looks like I have a problem with the concept itself. Thank you. – user16168 Jun 18 '14 at 17:23
 - _USER_ Can you apply my answer to the analysis of the examples in your addendum. The "Des Moines" example is of course wrong... it could be unsafe to drive slowly (but I never went there:). – babou Jun 18 '14 at 18:03
Your Answer


text:
Add this page to your book
Remove this page from your book
Sources are the most complex input data in ENVI-met as the following information must be provided:
- Location of the sources
- Emission rate
- Type of emitted component
The location of the sources is defined in the Area Input File and their emission rates and heights are defined in the database SOURCES.DAT in a Local Database. Finally, the type of source (gas, particle) is defined in the configuration file.
At the moment, you can only have one sort of emitted component in the model (but you can have different sources at different locations). So the settings in the configuration file are applying to ALL sources in the model.
One special case are CO2 sources. As ENVI-met must calculate the CO2 concentration in the air when using the A-gs model (see section [PLANTMODEL]), CO2 sources will be added to the internal CO2 model, not to the gas/particle model.
ENVI-met can handle sources of particulate matter (PM) as well as gas sources. For the latter one, no chemical transformations are calculated in the model. The simulation of particle dispersion includes sedimentation and deposition at surfaces and plant leafs depending on the size and density of the particles.
00: [SOURCES] _____________Type of emitted gas/particle 01: Name of component =PM10 02: Type of component =PM 03: Particle Diameter in [µm] (0 for gas) =10 04: Particle Density [g/cm³] =1 05: Update interval for emission rate [s] =600
What do the lines mean?
01: Name of component
Name of component (only for information use)
02: Type of component
Defines of what kind the sources are.
Valid types in Version 4.0 are:
"PM": Particulate matter "CO": Carbon oxide "CO2": Carbon dioxide "NO": Nitrogen oxide "NO2": Nitrogen dioxide "SO2": Sulfur dioxide "NH3": Ammonia "H2O2": Hydrogen peroxide
Please enter the IDs exactly as shown above!
The types of source are fixed in the code of ENVI-met. If you need to simulate a component that is not included in the list, chose the component with next similar properties. Click here for more information
03: Particle Diameter in micrometre
Diameter of particle if your emitted substance is particulate matter. (only for particles)
04: Particle Density in g/cm³
Density of particle if your emitted substance is particulate matter.
For normal particles, 1 g/cm³ is a good assumption.
05: Update interval for emission rate in s (Default 600)
For each hour of the day the emission rate of the sources can vary (see SOURCES.DAT).
Enter in which time intervals the emission rate should be updated in the model.
Using too long intervals can cause numerical problems!


text:
Presentation of ACER's Conclusions Paper 'Energy Regulation: A Bridge to 2025'
What is it about?
ACER and CEER are holding a joint event to present the ACER Conclusions Paper: 'Energy Regulation: A Bridge to 2025' on 23 September 2014.
The ACER Conclusions Paper covers a wide range of aspects and is structured principally along sectoral lines: the gas and electricity sectors, including the changing face of electricity generation in the European Union; the changing role of Distribution System Operators; and consumer empowerment and protection and the achievement of retail markets. The document also includes a chapter on the governance of the process for the development of the internal European gas and electricity market.
You can also follow the event via web stream: the link will be visible here on the date of the event. To follow the event via webstreaming, no registration is necessary.
You can access the responses on the consultation here.


text:
Most items ship same day.
in the Continental U.S. and most items ship same day.
A groovy, technicolor ice cream for kids and adults alike.
This techno-colored, swirled dream of a dessert is definitely the easiest ice cream I've ever made. It is surprisingly well-textured, given the direct-to-freezer method instead of churning in an ice cream maker. It's the perfect experiment for kids and comes together in just 15 minutes (not including chill time of course).
All that's required is to simply whip together cream, sweetened condensed milk and vanilla. Then divide into bowls, color with your food dye of choice, swirl together and freeze! This project is a great way for kids to let their creativity loose. Don't forget to top with sprinkles, candy and even edible glitter for a true Unicorn Ice Cream!
1. In a large bowl, whip together the sweetened condensed milk and cream until stiff peaks form.
2. Divide into 4 bowls and color each as desired.
3. Alternately pour each colored mixture into a freezer-safe container, and swirl together with a spoon or butter knife.
4. Top with sprinkles, candy and/or edible glitter.
5. Place in the freezer until firm, 3-4 hours.
Hey, before you go, make sure you're signed up to get the latest posts from our blog, Inspired Cooks. Cook more. Eat better. And have more fun!


text:
Dudley explains why TBTF firms need to shrink
William Dudley claims that there are two sources of instability inherent to financial intermediation. The first is universally recognized: maturity transformation. The second is not:
The second inherent source of instability stems from the fact that firms are typically worth much more as going concerns than in liquidation. This loss of value in liquidation helps to explain why liquidity crises can happen so suddenly. Initially, no one is worried about liquidation. The firm is well understood to be solvent as shown in Figure 1. But once counterparties start to worry about liquidation, the probability distribution can shift very quickly toward the insolvency line, as shown in Figure 2, because the liquidation value is lower than the firm's value as a going concern.
In his analysis Dudley fails to ask one very important question: When is there a big difference between the liquidation and the "going concern" value of financial firms?
I would posit that for old-fashioned banks that hold loans on the balance sheet and take deposits the difference between the liquidation and the "going concern" value of the bank is not necessarily large. Simple loans are relatively easy to value. Branches can be sold off. Key employees who know the borrowers and have relationships with large depositors can be kept on by the firm that purchases a branch.
Almost certainly too big to fail firms have much higher liquidation costs than old-fashioned banks. Complex asset portfolios are harder to liquidate than simple loan portfolios and are likely to be particularly hard-hit when markets are unstable. Furthermore too big to fail firms are frequently too large to be managed well even when they are going concerns and thus must be split in many, many pieces in liquidation. The process of selling off divisions will inevitably lead to some loss of information as employees with broad experience must go in one direction or another.
I read Dudley's second source of instability as a reason to protect the financial system from oversized financial supermarkets.