text:
Competitiveness, Income Distribution, and Growth in Thailand : What Does the Long-run Evidence Show?
The paper addresses three fundamental issues under a long-run perspective : (1) growth and productivity, (2) competitiveness, and (3) income distribution. Unit labor costs (ulcs) and unit capital cost (ukcs) are calculated as the indicators of competitiveness in Thailand. Both series explain that Thailand did not gain in competitiveness during its boom period. However, during the 1997 financial crisis, when the Baht currency depreciated, both series dropped significantly. The paper also discusses the dynamics of labor share and capital share in national income as well as the functional distribution of income. Some major features of Thailands long-run economy are the following : (i) increasing average wage rates, (ii) stabilizing profit rates (slightly increasing during the boom decade after having dropped sharply during the 1997 crisis), (iii) substantially increasing capital-labor ratio, (iv) decreasing capital productivity and increasing capital-output ratio, (v) increasing labor productivity, and (vi) increasing mark-up.Functional income distribution can be determined during the periods studied. The gains in labor were greater than that of capital in the Thai economy, especially during the period of crisis when profit rates dropped substantially. The paper also documents the growth in income per capita decomposed by ranges of labor market indicators. Labor productivity is observed as the only factor contributing to per capita output. Overall, to achieve the medium to long-term growth potential projected by the National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB), Thailand needs to improve capital productivity and increase its capital stock. This paper is organized as follows : after the Introduction, Sections II-III construct labors shares, capital share, and ulc series, and observe the long-run pattern of the variables. Section IV analyzes the determinants of long-run competitiveness and growth. The determinants include wage rate, profit rate, capital-output ratio, capital-labor ratio, labor productivity, and capital productivity. Section V observes the degree of functional income distribution including its longterm evolution during the last 20 years. Section VI computes the degree of markup, which also implies the dynamism of the monopoly power of business in the Thai economy. Section VII analyzes the sources of growth in per capita income categorized by different labor compositions. Section IX estimates the medium-term growth potential as projected by the NESDB. Section X concludes the report.
|Date of creation:||Jan 2005|
|Contact details of provider:|| Postal: JG Crawford Building #13, Asia Pacific School of Economics and Government, Australian National University, ACT 0200|
Web page: _URL_
More information through EDIRC
Please report citation or reference errors to, or, if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Alan B. Krueger, 1999.
"Measuring Labor's Share,"
American Economic Review,
American Economic Association, vol. 89(2), pages 45-51, May.
- Alan Krueger, 1999. "Measuring Labor's Share," NBER Working Papers 7006, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Ahluwalia, Montek S., 1976. "Inequality, poverty and development," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 3(4), pages 307-342, December. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)
When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eab:financ:22054. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.
For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: (Shiro Armstrong)
If references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form.


text:
WiFi Explorer Pro takes the code base of WiFi Explorer, and adds a set of features that makes it the right tool for WLAN and IT professionals. You can use WiFi Explorer Pro for preliminary assessments, to help design and validate wireless networks installations, as well as to identify channel conflicts, overlapping, poor signal quality and other issues that may be affecting the connectivity or performance of your home, office or enterprise wireless network.
- Passive and directed scan modes
- Spectrum analysis integration
- Custom filters
- Support for remote sensors
- Support for networks with hidden SSIDs
- Additional columns with advanced information
- Additional organization options for scan results
- Dark and light themes
- Added the DTIM Period column.
- Added back footer showing number of information elements and their total length in bytes for the selected network.
- Improved decoding of the Traffic Indication Map IE.
- Improved spectrum graph to make it easier to identify the primary channel for networks using channel widths greater than 20 MHz.
- Improved vendor name resolution.
- Fixed crash when trying to open certain invalid pcap files.
- Fixed parsing of the channel width field in the HE Capabilities IE.
- Fixed decoding of the country string field in the Country Code IE.
- Fixed units of the Local Power Constraint field in the Power Constraint IE.
OS X 10.10 or later, 64-bit processor

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


KLUEDO RSS Feed KLUEDO Dokumente/documents _URL_ Mon, 26 May 2003 10:49:20 +0200 Mon, 26 May 2003 10:49:20 +0200 Smoothing Splines in Multiscale Geopotential Determination from Satellite Data _URL_ SST (satellite-to-satellite tracking) and SGG (satellite gravity gradiometry) provide data that allows the determination of the first and second order radial derivative of the earth's gravitational potential on the satellite orbit, respectively. The modeling of the gravitational potential from such data is an exponentially ill-posed problem that demands regularization. In this paper, we present the numerical studies of an approach, investigated in [24] and [25], that reconstructs the potential with spline smoothing. In this case, spline smoothing is not just an approximation procedure but it solves the underlying compact operator equation of the SST-problem and the SGG-problem. The numerical studies in this paper are performed for a simplified geometrical scenario with simulated data, but the approach is designed to handle first or second order radial derivative data on a real satellite orbit. Kerstin Hesse; Martin Gutting preprint _URL_ Mon, 26 May 2003 10:49:20 +0200


Forest Degradation Layer
The Forest Degradation layer code creates the degradation layers and disturbance matrix values, including the conservation areas. The parameters input_pf and output_gcbm define the folders where the permanent forest files are and the folder of the output data for the model.
The other parameters include the permanent forest layer in the FREL for two years, 2001 and 2010, defined as year_t1 and year_t2. The number of quantiles to represent the degradation is defined as n_quantiles.
We read the permanent forest shapefile and the codes that indicate degradation are 2,3,4 and 10000, 10001 in the "Carta". Do note that the change in CO2 (CAM_CO2) has to be negative.
pf <- st_read(dsn = input_pf, layer = layer_pf)
degradation <- dplyr::filter(
 pf,
 Carta %in% c("2", "3", "4", "10000", "10001"),
 CAM_CO2 < 0)
A random year is defined for the degradation between 2002 and 2010 and the regional average of CO2 is calculated. The percentage of the regional CO2 that is lost in each degradation pixel is also calculated and the shapefile is divided into two parts: degradation that occurs in conservation areas and degradation that occurs outside of conservation areas.
degradation$year<-sample((year_t1+1):year_t2,nrow(degradation),replace=TRUE)
degradation$year
regional_CO2 <- _PHONE_ * 1.75 * 0.5) * 0.5 * (44/12)
degradation$p_regional <- (degradation$CAM_CO2 / regional_CO2) * (-1)
degradation_c <- dplyr::filter(degradation,ca_ras_erp>0)
degradation <- dplyr::filter(degradation,ca_ras_erp==0)
The quantiles are further calculated and the mean of each quantile is calculated. The name of the disturbance according to the quantile (intensity level) is also fetched.
degradation$quantile <- cut(degradation$p_regional , breaks = quantile(degradation$p_regional, seq(0,1,length.out = n_quantiles+1)),labels=1:n_quantiles, include.lowest=TRUE)
means_quantile <- group_by(as.data.frame(degradation), quantile) %>% summarize(mean_quan = mean(p_regional))
degradation$Perturb <- paste0("Forest ", "Degradation Chile"," intensity lvl ",degradation$quantile)
The same operation is performed with the degradation in conservation areas. Both of the degradations are joined in a single shape, and a shapefile is written which will be used as input for the tiler (GCBM).
degradation <- rbind(degradation,degradation_c)
degradation<-degradation[,c("year","Perturb")]
degradation<-st_transform(degradation, "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +ellps=WGS84 +towgs84=0,0,0")
degradation$year<-as.integer(degradation$year)
We then use the information of each quantile to make the disturbance matrices to insert them into the gcbm_input database. For the same, we create the disturbance type CSV and start the id counting from 9003 (9001 and 9002 are deforestation and substitution).
In a for loop, we will calculate the disturbance in each iteration, with the first degradation outside conservation and then inside conservation areas.
for (i in 1:(n_quantiles*2)) {
 if (i==n_quantiles+1){
 lvl <- 1
 }
 if (i<= n_quantiles){
 name <- paste0("Forest Degradation Chile intensity lvl ",lvl)
 } else {
 name <- paste0("Forest Conservation Degradation Chile intensity lvl ",lvl)
 }
 code <- id
 disturbance_type <- cbind(id,disturbance_category_id,transition_land_class_id,name,code)
 if (i==1){
 disturbance_types_full <- disturbance_type
 } else {
 disturbance_types_full <- rbind(disturbance_types_full,disturbance_type)
 }
 id <- id + 1
 lvl <- lvl + 1
}
The same process is repeated for the disturbance matrix CSV where the data frame just assigns an id and name to the disturbance matrix. It starts from 903 (901 and 902 are deforestation and substitution) and the first degradation is calculated outside conservation and then inside conservation areas.
Finally, the CSV is inputted into the gcbm_input database and the disturbance matrix association CSV is created. The disturbance matrix corresponds to spatial unit 36 (British Columbia and Pacific maritime). The disturbance type ID starts from 9003 while the disturbance matrix ID starts from 903. Similar to prior methods, the first degradation is calculated outside conservation and then inside conservation areas.
for (i in 1:(n_quantiles*2)) {
 disturbance_matrix_association <- cbind(spatial_unit_id,disturbance_type_id,disturbance_matrix_id)
 if (i==1){
 disturbance_matrix_association_full <- disturbance_matrix_association
 } else {
 disturbance_matrix_association_full <- rbind(disturbance_matrix_association_full,disturbance_matrix_association)
 }
 disturbance_type_id <- disturbance_type_id + 1
 disturbance_matrix_id <- disturbance_matrix_id + 1
}
In a similar manner, we calculate the disturbance matrix values CSV where the dataframe includes the proportion of each reservoir that goes to CO2.
for (i in 1:(n_quantiles*2)) {
 disturbance_matrix_id <- rep(dist_id,6)
 source_pool_id <- c(1,2,3,6,7,8)
 sink_pool_id <- rep(22,6)
 if (i<= n_quantiles){
 proportion <- rep(means_quantile$mean_quan[i],6)
 } else {
 proportion <- rep(means_quantile_c$mean_quan[i-n_quantiles],6)
 }
 disturbance_matrix <- cbind(disturbance_matrix_id,source_pool_id,sink_pool_id,proportion)
 if (i==1){
 disturbance_matrix_full <- disturbance_matrix
 } else {
 disturbance_matrix_full <- rbind(disturbance_matrix_full,disturbance_matrix)
 }
 dist_id <- dist_id + 1
}
Finally, we write the CSV that is inserted into the gcbm_input database.


SimVAE: Narrowing the gap between Discriminative & Generative Representation Learning
Published: 02 Nov 2023, Last Modified: 18 Dec 2023UniReps PosterEveryoneRevisionsBibTeX
Supplementary Material: pdf
Keywords: Probabilistic representation learning; Self-supervised representation learning; Variational Methods; Generative Modelling;
TL;DR: Motivated by a theoretical analysis of existing self-supervised representation learning methods, we propose a unifying graphical model which improves the performance VAE-based methods on downstream task.
Abstract: Self-supervised representation learning is a powerful paradigm that leverages the relationship between semantically similar data, such as augmentations, extracts of an image or sound clip, or multiple views/modalities. Recent methods, e.g. SimCLR, CLIP and DINO, have made significant strides, yielding representations that achieve state-of-the-art results on multiple downstream tasks. Though often intuitive, a comprehensive theoretical understanding of their underlying mechanisms or _what_ they learn eludes. Meanwhile, generative approaches, such as variational autoencoders (VAEs), fit a specific latent variable model and have principled appeal, but lag significantly in terms of performance. We present a theoretical analysis of self-supervised discriminative methods and a graphical model that reflects the assumptions they implicitly make and unifies these methods. We show that fitting this model under an ELBO objective improves representations over previous VAE methods on several common benchmarks, narrowing the gap to discriminative methods, and can also preserve information lost by discriminative approaches. This work brings new theoretical insight to modern machine learning practice.
Track: Extended Abstract Track
Submission Number: 51
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DataTable.Merge Method (DataTable)
Merge the specified DataTable with the current DataTable.
Namespace: System.Data
Assembly: System.Data (in
public void Merge (
 DataTable table
public void Merge (
 DataTable table
public function Merge (
 table : DataTable
Not applicable.
The DataTable to be merged with the current DataTable.
The Merge method is used to merge two DataTable objects that have largely similar schemas. A merge is typically used on a client application to incorporate the latest changes from a data source into an existing DataTable. This allows the client application to have a refreshed DataTable with the latest data from the data source.
The merge operation takes into account only the original table, and the table to be merged. Child tables are not affected or included. If a table has one or more child tables, defined as part of a relationship, each child table must be merged individually.
When performing a merge, changes made to the existing data before the merge are preserved by default during the merge operation. Developers can modify this behavior by calling one of the other two overloads for this method, and specifying a false value for the preserveChanges parameter.
In a client application, it is usual to have a single button that the user can click that gathers the changed data and validates it before sending it back to a middle tier component. In this scenario, the GetChanges method is first invoked. That method returns a second DataTable optimized for validating and merging. This second DataTable object contains only the DataRow objects that were changed, resulting in a subset of the original DataTable. This subset is generally smaller and thus more efficiently passed back to a middle tier component. The middle tier component then updates the original data source with the changes through stored procedures. The middle tier can then send back either a new DataTable that includes original data and the latest data from the data source (by running the original query again), or it can send back the subset with any changes that have been made to it from the data source. (For example, if the data source automatically creates unique primary key values, these values can be propagated back to the client application.) In either case, the returned DataTable can be merged back into the client application's original DataTable with the Merge method.
When merging a new source DataTable into the target, any source rows with a DataRowState value of Unchanged, Modified, or Deleted, is matched to target rows with the same primary key values. Source rows with a DataRowState value of Added are matched to new target rows with the same primary key values as the new source rows.
The following console application creates a simple DataTable and adds data to the table. The example then creates a copy of the table, adding rows to the copy. Finally, the example calls the Merge method to merge the data in the second table with the data in the first table.
private static void DemonstrateMergeTable()
 DataTable table1 = new DataTable("Items");
 // Add columns
 DataColumn column1 = new DataColumn("id", typeof(System.Int32));
 DataColumn column2 = new DataColumn("item", typeof(System.Int32));
 // Set the primary key column.
 table1.PrimaryKey = new DataColumn[] { column1 };
 // Add RowChanged event handler for the table.
 table1.RowChanged +=
 new System.Data.DataRowChangeEventHandler(Row_Changed);
 // Add some rows.
 DataRow row;
 row = table1.NewRow();
 row["id"] = i;
 row["item"] = i;
 // Accept changes.
 PrintValues(table1, "Original values");
 // Create a second DataTable identical to the first.
 DataTable table2 = table1.Clone();
 // Add three rows. Note that the id column can't be the
 // same as existing rows in the original table.
 row = table2.NewRow();
 row["id"] = 14;
 row["item"] = 774;
 row = table2.NewRow();
 row["id"] = 12;
 row["item"] = 555;
 row = table2.NewRow();
 row["id"] = 13;
 row["item"] = 665;
 // Merge table2 into the table1.
 PrintValues(table1, "Merged With table1");
private static void Row_Changed(object sender,
 DataRowChangeEventArgs e)
 Console.WriteLine("Row changed {0}\t{1}",
 e.Action, e.Row.ItemArray[0]);
private static void PrintValues(DataTable table, string label)
 // Display the values in the supplied DataTable:
 foreach (DataRow row in table.Rows)
 foreach (DataColumn col in table.Columns)
 Console.Write("\t " + row[col].ToString());
.NET Framework
Supported in: 3.0, 2.0
.NET Compact Framework
Supported in: 2.0
XNA Framework
Supported in: 1.0
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text:
Join a conversation on October 528th with Port of Seattle's Port Commissioner candidates, Norman Sigler and Ryan Calkins (Position 1), Stephanie Bowman and Hamdi Mohamed (Position 3), and Toshiko Hasegawa and Peter Steinbrueck (Position 4) as they discuss their views on pressing climate change and environmental justice issues facing Seattle. As a valued community leader and Environmental Justice partner, we want to ensure you have a seat at the virtual table – and the opportunity to ask your questions to the future leaders of the Port of Seattle.
Twenty years ago, the Duwamish River, Seattle's only river, was designated as a federal Superfund site due to its troubling legacy of pollution challenges. During the Trump administration, the Port of Seattle was among those lobbying the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to gut Duwamish River cleanup efforts and allow more dangerous chemicals to remain. Seemingly in response to this advocacy, the EPA has now made public a proposal to weaken cleanup efforts. The Oct. 28 port commissioners' forum will create critical space for candidates to weigh in on proposed changes to the Duwamish River cleanup efforts, among other timely issues of interest to the local community, which shoulders the burden of Seattle's environmental injustices and is directly impacted by the Port's operations.
This event is presented by Duwamish River Cleanup Coalition and Seattle Parks Foundation but we want your voice to be heard too!
REGISTER HERE for the link
West Seattle, Washington


text:
This dress is an incredible story of survival. In the early 17th century, a ship carrying a wedding dress was caught in a fierce storm and sunk to the bottom of the sea. For centuries, the dress lay forgotten at the bottom of the ocean, until it was recently discovered by divers.
The dress is a beautiful example of 17th century fashion, and is made from silk and velvet. It is embroidered with gold and silver thread and has intricate lace trim. The dress is believed to have belonged to a wealthy family, and is a remarkable example of craftsmanship from the era.
Amazingly, despite spending centuries submerged in seawater, the dress is still intact and in remarkably good condition. Experts believe that the saltwater and cold temperatures of the deep ocean were likely responsible for preserving the dress in its original state.
The dress is now in the hands of conservationists and is on display in a museum. It is an amazing reminder of the power of nature and a testament to the craftsmanship of centuries past.


text:
Mastering Elegance: A Deep Dive into the World of Mother of Pearl Necklaces
Welcome to the epitome of sophistication – the world of mother of pearl necklaces. In this all-encompassing guide, we embark on an exploration of the facets, intricacies, and timeless allure that make these necklaces a pinnacle of elegance. If you're ready to delve into the exquisite universe of mother of pearl, read on to discover the nuances that set this jewelry apart.
The Allure of Mother of Pearl
Unveiling the Iridescent Magic
Mother of pearl is no ordinary gem; it is an organic marvel sourced from the iridescent inner layer of mollusk shells. The mesmerizing play of colors arises from the interplay of aragonite crystals and conchiolin. Each necklace, a unique masterpiece, captivates with its natural luminosity, turning it into a wearable work of art.
A Journey Through Time
Beyond aesthetics, the allure of mother of pearl carries a rich historical tapestry. From ancient civilizations to modern-day fashionistas, this gem has held symbolic significance. Representing purity, protection, and prosperity across cultures, wearing a mother of pearl necklace is not just a style choice; it's a connection to centuries of tradition.
Choosing Your Perfect Mother of Pearl Necklace
Navigating the Sea of Options
1. Quality Beyond Compare
Begin your quest by scrutinizing the quality of the mother of pearl. Seek out pieces with a flawless, lustrous surface, free from imperfections. The true beauty of this gem emerges when it boasts both durability and visual splendor.
2. Designs that Dazzle
Mother of pearl necklaces come in an array of designs. Whether you lean towards a classic single-strand, a pendant masterpiece, or an avant-garde creation, align your choice with your personal style. Let your necklace be an extension of your identity.
3. Metal Harmony
The metal setting of your necklace is the silent conductor orchestrating its overall aesthetic. Choose between sterling silver, gold, or rose gold based on your skin tone and style preferences. The right metal enhances the luminosity of the mother of pearl, elevating its elegance.
Style Tips: Making a Statement with Mother of Pearl
1. Effortless Adaptability
The hallmark of a mother of pearl necklace lies in its adaptability. Elevate casual attire or complement formal wear; this gem effortlessly transitions between settings, providing a touch of elegance to every occasion.
2. Layering Mastery
Experiment with layering to unlock the full potential of your mother of pearl necklace. Embrace a bohemian chic vibe by pairing it with delicate chains or create an air of sophistication by combining it with a longer strand. The possibilities are as endless as your imagination.
Nurturing Your Mother of Pearl Investment
Preserving the radiance and longevity of your necklace requires a delicate touch and careful maintenance.
The Art of Cleaning
1. Gentle Elegance
Avoid exposing your mother of pearl necklace to harsh chemicals, including perfumes. Opt for a soft, damp cloth to delicately wipe away any dirt or residue. This ensures the gem retains its inherent luster without compromise.
2. Secure Storage
To shield your necklace from scratches and sunlight exposure, store it in a soft pouch or jewelry box. Treat it with the same reverence you would any precious possession, and it will reward you with enduring brilliance.
Conclusion: A Testament to Timeless Beauty
In the tapestry of timeless accessories, a mother of pearl necklace stands as a symbol of natural beauty and enduring style. By immersing yourself in its origins, making an informed choice, and embracing versatile styling, you unlock the ability to elevate any ensemble. Whether a nod to tradition or a modern fashion statement, a meticulously chosen mother of pearl necklace becomes a reflection of your unique taste and unparalleled sophistication.


Changes in climate factors such as warmer air temperatures and extreme fluctuations in precipitation as a result of rising CO2 concentration may significantly impact plant growth and crop productivity. Over the past several years a range of research initiatives have been conducted to better understand responses of the cotton system to this changing environment.
This review explores projected climatic changes throughout Australian cotton regions, summarises studies that assess the impact on productivity, and investigations to help mitigate potential negative effects.


text:
This chapter presents an automatic take-off and landing system for an unmanned helicopter using visual servo control. Cameras are placed on the ground, and a static-eye configuration is set up. A vision-based control method with occlusion handling is implemented. The reference for the altitude in take-offs and landings is specialized to operate in ground effect. An experimental result demonstrates that the helicopter is controlled accurately.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Library and Information Sciences


1. Post-it®
 2. Ideas
 3. Boosting Memory with Colour
Boosting Memory with Color
Boosting Memory with Colour
The brain remembers information better when it's presented in colour. But while neon-bright colours are great for grabbing attention, images are most memorable when presented in a palette drawn from the natural world.
 - Because colour has such a profound impact on how our brain perceives our environment, it's used by cultures all over the world to relay important information, send signals and even help improve mood and memory.
 How can colour help our brains remember information? When the brain is stimulated by colour, it increases the chances of the stimuli being transferred to memory. In fact, colour scenes help our brains organise, compare and recall information more efficiently than colourless (black and white) scenes.
 Do certain colours improve memory? In one study, students in British Columbia scored higher on memory tasks when completing them on a red background. But it depends on where you live, researchers say. In North America, for example, red is aligned with danger or stopping, which increases the natural response to red.
 - Activity
 Put the power of colour and memory to the test: Get a set of plain white index cards and coloured Post-it® Super Sticky Notes. Ask a friend to write down historical dates on one side of the card and Post-it® Super Sticky Note, and events that correspond to that date on the other. Read through each three times. The next day, try to recall what you read. How did you organise the information? Were you better able to recall the information on the coloured Post-it® Super Sticky Notes?
 How do you use colour to stay focused and improve memory?
 Share your experience on Facebook and help others gain from your experience!
colour notes_bora_bora_collection super_sticky_notes
 Follow Post-it® Brand
 Post-it Brand is a trademark of 3M.
 Change Location
 New Zealand - English


Organization of a nomadic apiary
Organization of a nomadic apiary
The article tells about the organization of a nomadic apiary. The most important thing for a nomadic apiary is the location of the bees or in the pavilion on the platform. I advise you to immediately exclude the option, when the beehive is on the ground, and for transportation it is required to load them into the car and unload it to a new place, because This method requires the hiring of movers, and the time of transportation of bees at night is reduced because of the time spent on loading. Preference should be given to keeping the bees on the platform because of fire safety, because The inflamed platform can be extinguished, having dumped a beehive from a platform and extinguish a fire on the ground, the pavilion can not be extinguished.
So, you are going to create a nomadic apiary. First, you need to determine the number of hives located in the apiary. The recommended number of beehives to one beekeeper is from 50 to 75, depending on the age. The next step is to choose a platform. You can buy a ready platform, or buy a trailer, then build a platform out of it yourself.
Depending on the configuration of the platform, the time of manufacturing the platform from a conventional trailer is several months. This interval depends on many factors: one or more tiers of hives; with additional retractable modules or not. The next article will be about the construction of single-tier platforms with additional retractable modules (the name "exhaust" will be used later).
Proceeding from the experience of operating various platforms, we give some recommendations for building a platform – it is recommended to make a single-tier platform, since multi-tiered platforms have a high center of gravity, which leads to an increased probability of tipping over. If you still decided to make a multi-tier platform, then it is advisable to make the top tier of the platform pushing to the side, otherwise it is inconvenient to cooperate with families in the lower tiers.
Extraction is desirable to make a retractable behind the platform, since there is no need to disengage the tractor from the platform during daytime idle time, or when traveling over long distances. If you increase the overall rigidity of the platform – during transport the trailer will stop swinging.
At the location of the permanent location of the platform, it is desirable to have an auxiliary apiary. It is a small family or nucleus. Their main purpose is to strengthen the main family at the time of bribery, as well as the operative replanting of the queens to the main family with its loss. For the possibility of strengthening the main families, the size of the framework of the auxiliary and main families should be the same.
Organization of a nomadic apiary


. If you want to forecfully link the two in all cases all the time, you deny users the ability e.g. to left-align or right-align text to an arbitrary (or centered at 50%) offset of the text position along the path.
Or explained differently: Adjusting the text alignment before putting the text on a path gives the user access to three common presets of the layout of a text put-on-path:
 1. Left-aligned text, position of the text anchor at the start of the path (0% offset)
 2. Center-aligned text, position of the text anchor at the middle of the path (50% offset)
 3. Right-aligned text, position of the text anchor at the end of the path (100%)
The text-put-on-path feature is however by far not limited to those 3 presets - thus the position of the text relative to its anchor (left|center|right alignment), and the position of the text anchor relative to the path (startOffset), can be changed freely once the text has been put on path. Inkscape offers GUI controls for both aspects now (alignment of the text, offset of the text anchor along the path).
Edited later: add markup to strike-through off-topic example
The extension 'Visualize Path > Measure path' in 0.92 represents the same options for the text displaying the measured length: the three common presets listed above are available in the drop-down menu of the 'Text Presets' tab; the 'Text on path' tab allows to adjust the offset numerically / with a slider and to set the alignment independently. The only part not supported in GUI of the extension are absolute values for the offset along the path, and values < 0 as well as values beyond the path length (can be useful e.g. in animations).
Last edited by ~suv on Wed Mar 01, 2017 7:31 pm, edited 1 time in total.
Moini
Posts: 2731
Joined: Mon Oct 05, 2015 10:44 am
Re: Text on path, new behaviour
Postby Moini » Wed Mar 01, 2017 11:05 am
Yes, I understand, su_v, thank you!
It would just be nice if 'the obvious and standard' would be easier to access than the 'extra super-duper'.
The implementation that sets the anchor to the middle when the text has been centered first is an additional convenience, from a developer view, but it looks half-hearted from a user view.
If I click on 'center align' or 'right align' when the text is on a path and there is no offset, I don't mean to cut the text in half or to make it vanish. Aside from animation, there is no sane use case for this, as far as I can imagine. Detecting the opposite (e.g. un-center when it's centered) is a lot harder... Would be just guessing...
I have no idea how that would need to be implemented, or what the GUI would need to look like, though... sorry about that. It's tricky.
Maybe there's a way to give a message in the status bar, hinting at where to make the setting, whenever the text is cut off?
Something doesn't work? - Keeping an eye on the status bar can save you a lot of time!
Inkscape FAQ - Learning Resources - Website with tutorials (German and English)
Raspi
Posts: 229
Joined: Fri Oct 21, 2016 12:51 am
Re: Text on path, new behaviour
Postby Raspi » Wed Mar 01, 2017 4:29 pm
~suv wrote:Inkscape offers GUI controls for both aspects now (alignment of the text, offset of the text anchor along the path).
The extension 'Visualize Path > Measure path' in 0.92 represents the same options for the text displaying the measured length: the three common presets listed above are available in the drop-down menu of the 'Text Presets' tab; the 'Text on path' tab allows to adjust the offset numerically / with a slider and to set the alignment independently. The only part not supported in GUI of the extension are absolute values for the offset along the path, and values < 0 as well as values beyond the path length (can be useful e.g. in animations).
I have a hard time following this conversation because at first i didnt understand what these tabs are, you are talking about. Or where to find them...
Then i realized they are in the Measure Path Extension... am i right ?
So this extension is now a new way of adjusting text on a path ???
If so that placement is really weird.
It may make sense for special cases, but the good old Alt and left/right arrows are easier and a lot more intuitive, in my opinion.
~suv
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Re: Text on path, new behaviour
Postby ~suv » Wed Mar 01, 2017 7:29 pm
Raspi wrote:So this extension is now a new way of adjusting text on a path ???
No. You misunderstood. And I should not have mentioned the extension (it was an off-topic example brought up because it uses the same concepts (3 presets for quick usage, and options to define offset and alignment explicitly)).
~suv
Posts: 2272
Joined: Sun May 10, 2009 2:07 am
Re: Text on path, new behaviour
Postby ~suv » Wed Mar 01, 2017 7:55 pm
Moini wrote:I have no idea how that would need to be implemented, or what the GUI would need to look like, though... sorry about that. It's tricky.
Did you look at the section describing text-put-on-path in the SVG2 CR? As far as I understand there has been one special case added in SVG2 for paths with a single closed sub-path (i.e. for cases like putting text on a circle): to wrap the text around once (which avoids that text is being cut off if positioned e.g. at the start (or end of the path), and center-aligned to its text anchor). Inkscape does not (yet) support this, and likely no other SVG viewer, but it's part of the proposed next version of the specification:
For paths consisting of a single closed subpath (including an equivalent path for a basic shape), typographic characters are rendered along one complete circuit of the path. The text is aligned as determined by the text-anchor property to a position along the path set by the 'startOffset' attribute. For the start (end) value, the text is rendered from the start (end) of the line until the initial position along the path is reached again. For the middle, the text is rendered from the middle point in both directions until a point on the path equal distance in both directions from the initial position on the path is reached.
Source: SVG 2: 11.8. Text on a path
Moini
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Re: Text on path, new behaviour
Postby Moini » Thu Mar 02, 2017 2:56 am
Thank you, V.
No, I don't usually read SVG specs (it must have been hard to formulate this unambiguously - hats off to the writers). Sounds like a good idea, though - for animations, there are still clips available.
If I hadn't been told about the offset functionality, I'd also have done it like Raspi, just using kerning if I want to move letters around, and expecting center to center on the path. An updated manual, that is ordered by 'user intention' rather than 'technical coherence' would probably be helpful in this case, and in many others...
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Water Main Break Rates In the USA and Canada: A …Water Main Break Rates In the USA and Canada: A Comprehensive Study 5 March Major Findings been based on a small subset of large utilities. This study provides an increase in accuracy due to the extensive participation of utilities. 9. Four Types of Pipe3 Methods of Fixing Clogs in Water Lines | Bell Pluing …3/3/2014· These clogs usual occur…
According to Health Canada, lead is not typically found in natural water sources or treatment plans in Canada. In most cases, lead seeps into the municipal water supply through aging infrastructure.
3/3/2014· These clogs usual occur because of a build-up of minerals along the interior of the pipes due to impurities in the municipal water supply. When you start to notice a drop in water pressure in your home, or if water ceases coming out of some taps entirely, you may have water supply line clogs.
They used extra strong 1/2" galvanized pipe to supply one of our bathrooms. This pipe is also extra small in inside diameter and thus clogs up easily. I removed some scale from it by pounding on it with a hammer while the water was flowing. My wife observed the
On cutting open the old hot water supply pipe we saw that its interior was blocked to a mere pinhole of remaining water passage. But the cold water line was basically clear. So we replaced the hot water line, including straight runs and all elbows, with a ¾" copper pipe.
My neighbour is refusing access to a water pipe that goes though their garden, what do I do next. This pipe has been there for over 30 years (it has a leak). What is my next course of action, I have tried to reason with them but with no affect.
Supply pipes run from the boundary of the property (where there may be a hdpe pipes stop-tap) up until the first water fitting or stop-tap inside the property. Stop-taps along the length of the supply pipe, and any water fittings, are the property owner's responsibility to maintain.
VANCOUVER, WA, MARCH 11, --Northwest Pipe HDPE pipe for sale (Nasdaq: NWPX), an industry leader of engineered welded HDPE pipe products for the water transmission market, announced today it will provide over 6,500 tons of 8‑foot and 5‑foot diameter water pipe for the Second Narrows Water Supply Tunnel project in Vancouver, British Coluia.
Despite the fact that Canada has the world''s third largest per-capita freshwater reserve, the water many Indigenous communities depend on is contaminated, difficult to access, or at risk due to Puhui Pipe manufacturer in China
I tried using the mains cold water to ''flush'' the pipe but with no success. Ironically my cold water preseure (after the work that the waterboard carried) is not great at all so lacks the Ommph required to shift the blockage.
7/11/2005· Where the water supply pipe is shared, responsibility for pipe maintenance is also shared, so if your pipe was damaged, the cost of repairing it would be split between all three properties.
My supply pipe runs through another private property, who's responsible? Most likely, it's you. So if any pluing work needs to be carried out at your home, it's down to you. Sometimes, we may insist on separate water supplies being installed. For example, if
We have a private water supply, the farmer ''ploughed'' our water pipe!! He has replaced the pipe, water now enters the house, both hot & cold pipess have filled. However we are getting no cold water through any taps or cisterns, hot is fine through everything.
RGR Canada is a Calgary based wholesale/distributor for smoke Vape shops and retailers across Canada. With a wide range of products that include glass bongs, vaporizers, e-cigs, e-liquid, and more, we have what your customers need at great prices!
10/12/2013· Health Canada Estimates that unsafe drinking water causes 90,000 illnesses, and 90 deaths every year. That is the equivalent of 13 Walkerton tragedies. Many of these illnesses occur in municipal areas with large water treatment facilities. We have a tendency in Puhui Pipe manufacturer in China
4/4/2012· Hi, I am working in a project where there is a pipeline filled with water and traces of glycol at 50ºC. That pipeline can be blocked and the client suggests a thermal relief valve. I am trying to justify if this thermal relief valve is needed or not. As per API 521 (6th edition, 2014) section 18.104.22.168: Puhui Pipe manufacturer in China
Water Main Break Rates In the USA and Canada: A Comprehensive Study 5 March Major Findings been based on a small subset of large utilities. This study provides an increase in accuracy due to the extensive participation of utilities. 9. Four Types of Pipe
Pipe network analysis with examples 1. Analysis of Water Supply Distribution Networks Dr. Mohsin Siddique Assistant Professor 1 2. Schematic Diagram of Water Supply System Note: Surface water requires more advanced treatment then for
15/11/· I Have a 1930''s house that has a water supply problem in the second floor bathroom. The cold water supply to the sink has a blockage but the bathtub has a good flow. the hot water is fine to both. I took the on/off valve off of the pipe to make sure it wasn''t the valve or the the faucet. With the Puhui Pipe manufacturer in China
A common cause of blocked drains and sewers is cooking fat or oil poured down the sink. This solidifies and stops waste water from passing. A blocked drain could then back up and cause damage to your home. You should put fat or oil in the bin instead.
ICONIX Waterworks is dedied to providing a wide range of municipal water and wastewater products from pipe and fittings to valves, hydrants, and water meters. We supply products and services to meet the demanding requirements of today's complex municipal appliions and the specific needs of the water and wastewater industry.
It is hard to imagine that in , First Nations in Canada could lack access to clean drinking water in their own territories — but many do. In fact, 400 of 618 First Nations were under at least one water advisory between 2004 and 2014. A recent CBC investigation revealed that 180 homes in Garden Hill First Nation, Manitoba, lack running water and indoor pluing.
13/11/2006· All, Having some trouble with my hot water supply at the moment. I''ve got a standard hot water pipes in an airing cupboard rather than a coi boiler. Check the outlet on your cold water storage pipes is not blocked, sometimes if the lid has not been fitted things like Puhui Pipe manufacturer in China


text:
Sand Castle Craft
is a wonderful Summer craft for kids. The castle is made using empty
paper towel tubes and some play sand from the sand box or the beach.
Children love working with the sand, and the castle can be personalized
with a flag with the child's name. This is a great craft for
summer camps or for summer preschoolers.
- 2 empty paper
- Play sand
- White glue
- Colored construction paper or card stock
craft stick (popsicle stick)
- Paints or markers
1. Begin the sandcastle craft by cutting the paper towel
four different lengths, as shown. The size of each length is not
important, and it makes each sandcastle look unique.
2. Pour some play sand on to the paper plate,
covering the entire
bottom of the plate.
3. Using a paint brush, paint on a thick coat of
white glue all over
the paper towel tube. Or, if you are having a lot of children do this
craft, you could pour the glue on to a plastic plate and have the
children roll their tubes in glue.
4. Next, roll each paper towel tube in the sand
on the plate, to cover
the tube. Shake off the excess and allow each tube to dry thoroughly.
5. Add more sand to the paper plate if
necessary, and add a dollop of
glue to the sand, as shown. Use a spoon and stir the glue into the sand
to create a wet, sludgy sand. Stand the sand covered tubes on the paper
plate, arranging them with the tallest in the back, and the shortest
near the front. Push the glue-sand mix all around the tubes. This helps
support them to stand. Spread the rest of the sand-glue mixture all
over the plate. Allow everything to dry.
6. To make a flag, color or paint the
wooden craft stick (optional).
Fold a small piece of colored construction paper or card stock in half,
and cut out a triangle flag shape as shown. This can be personalized
with the child's name. Glue the wooden craft stick inside the
folded triangle shape, and glue the flag to the inside of one of the
sandcastle craft is complete!
Did You Make This Craft? Do You Have Comments/Questions to Share?
How did you make your craft different? Please tell us! Do you have tips or ideas to make this craft better? Please share your story here! You can even upload a photo of your craft if you like. Feel free to give suggestions, or post any questions you may have related to this craft. I will post my answer for everyone to see.
from Sandcastle Craft to Summer Crafts
to the Crafts For All Seasons Home Page

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Buenaventura, Colombia's main Pacific port, is a strategic city. Most of the Andean country's exports and imports pass through it. The port upgrade is a benchmark for progress, competitiveness and sustainability in the entire region.
Via the SBCC joint venture, Soletanche Bachy Cimas, Soletanche Bachy International (the Group's Major Projects division) and Conconcreto took part in the project.
Substantial technical capabilities went into designing and building the container terminal (SPIA), the bulk carrier terminal (Boscoal) and the associated reclaimed areas. Several innovations improved the efficiency and quality of the onshore and offshore works, optimised costs and accelerated the construction process. The project worked closely with the local population. Virtually the entire team was Colombian.
On 2 December 2016, Boscoal received its first cargo ship carrying maize that had been loaded at the Louis Dreyfus terminal in the port of Bahia Blanca, Argentina – which Soletanche Bachy handed over five years ago.
- Manufacture and installation of prefabricated elements (beams and pre-slabs) on 544 piles.
- Offshore construction of a sheet pile wall (13,230.5 m2) to contain and extend the peninsula. This activity was carried out in four different areas, using two types of sheet piles (AZ28 and AZ36) with lengths ranging from 9.10 m to 17 m, depending on soil type.
- A total of 693 sheet piles were installed, confining 970 lm. This activity was important because a sheet pile curtain had been installed in the arrival area of the quay jetty, which was then filled and compacted to form the platform receiving the quay footbridge.
This project mobilized the port and maritime works expertise from Soletanche Bachy, which is available under the ForSHORE brand, which offers solutions for the main steps of port projects : Financing, Design and resilience, Construction, Asset management.


(Minghui.org) A method of torture known as "Confining Clothes" is one of more than 100 different kinds of torture techniques the Chinese Communist Party uses on Falun Gong practitioners.
Such clothes, which tighten whenever the person moves, are used to restrain people with mental illnesses, in much the same way "straight jackets" have been used in mental hospitals in the West.
In China, confining clothes are made of canvas. They are put on from the front and tightened in the back. The sleeves are about 25 cm long with a ribbon attached to each end. This form of torture can cause fractures of the shoulders, wrists, and elbows; spinal fractures; or even death.
Torture illustration: Confining clothes
This form of torture was first used on Falun Gong practitioners in the Hunan Third Forced Labor Camp (also known as the Xuchang Forced Labor Camp). It was used to try to force Falun Gong practitioners to give up their belief and "reform."
The guards put the confining clothes on practitioners, pull their arms behind their backs, and tie them in place with rope. They tie their legs and then hang the practitioners from the window bars. They would usually also put headphones on them with brainwashing propaganda that slandered Falun Gong. They also stuffed their mouths with rags.


text:
BONElike Combined Transparent/Bony Skull, 8 Part
The new BONElike Skulls are made of a new material that allows an absolutely natural reproduction of even finest anatomical structures for the first time. Bones made of 3B BONElike look real, have an absolutely natural feel and almost exactly the weight of a natural bone.
By combining one transparent and one bony skull half this is the first model to allow especially teachers of anatomy a topographical juxtaposition of the structures that cannot be seen in other skull versions. The right, transparent skull half allows the study of important anatomical details, such as the location of the paranasal sinuses. Therefore, in combination with the left, bony skull half, a direct transfer of the otherwise invisible structures becomes easy and uncomplicated.
The transparency of the jaw allows an exceptional view onto the periodontal pockets and roots. The teeth are removable for detailed studies. In addition, the external masticator muscles (masseter and temporal muscles) are represented on the bony skull half. To demonstrate masticator movement, the lower jaw is mounted flexibly.
These features also make the skull especially valuable for dentists. The skull can be disassembled into both halves of the skullcap and base of skull, the nasal septum, the complete mandible and both masticator muscles.


text:
About Open Access
"Getting back to the umbilical cord": Psychoanalysis, feminism and The Tin Drum
Lookup NU author(s)
Dr Teresa Ludden
Approaches to Teaching Grass's The Tin Drum
Approaches to Teaching World Literature
Full text for this publication is not currently held within this repository. Alternative links are provided below where available.
Theories of subjectivity (Freud, Lacan and Irigaray) are used to examine the representation of the central protagonist's existential crisis in Gunter Grass's novel 'The Tin Drum' (1959). I trace the theme of anxiety surrounding origins and the motif of returning to the umbilical cord. I concentrate on the complex way that imagery works in Grass's text. In 'The Tin Drum' images do not often correspond to just one idea but resonate with multiple meanings, and often a motif can mean two opposing things at the same time. This is true of the motif of returning to the umbilical cord, which at first appears to allude to escapism, and is then associated with an intense mode of remembering. "Getting back to the umbilical cord" thus means both escape from history (not facing reality) and getting back to history (remembering the details of the past that we have repressed or forgotten). The complex character of Oskar alludes to the dangers of both engaging and not engaging with the world and society. In both narrating birth and avoiding thinking it fully, the text suggests Oskar's reluctance to think origins, change and relationality, which is symptomatic of his desire to 'escape' from history. But the text simultaneously emphasizes that this escape is impossible. The motif of escaping/remembering history resonates on other levels of time--such as West Germany in 1959--and can highlight complexities of specific historical moments: the general reluctance to engage with German history during the 1950s, together with the growing realization of the impossibility of avoiding this activity and articulations from some quarters of the critical need to think through the German past.
Modern Language Association of America
Search Newcastle University Library for this item
Newcastle University Library, NE2 4HQ, United Kingdom. Tel: 0044 _PHONE_
©2011 Newcastle University Library

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Presentation on theme: "Development of a laser slit system in LabView"— Presentation transcript:
1 Development of a laser slit system in LabView Students: Paolo Bellandi Emanuele FerrariCourse: Optical Measurements 2007
2 Objectives Design of a laser slit system, using active triangulation Implementation of the demonstratorLaser line projectorCMOS cameraTriangulation geometryImplementation of the measurement procedures in LabViewMetrological validation of the system
3 System layoutThe camera sensor is positioned at the image plane. The reference systems are (xc, yc, zc), and (u,v). The former is centered at point C; the latter is centered at point O'; it is the central point of the image plane.P e C : exit and input pupils for the projector and the camera respectivelyH and V: sensor size along u and v coordinates; N and M: sensor resolution along u and vf: focal length od the camera lensTwo geometrical parameters. Baseline d and standoff distance L. Their relation is:FW and FH represent the dimension of the Field of View (FOV). FW is the maximum length of the laser stripe.(x,y,z) is the global reference system.
4 Layout in the x,z plane Similar triangles: To calculate the value of FH:
5 Triangulation Since the triangles are similar: In the presence of the object, ray PO is deviated at Po and impinges at position A on the image plane. Point B is the corresponding point on the reference plane.The height of object point Po is evaluated with respect to the reference plane. The deformation induced by the object shape is evaluated as the difference with respect to the undeformed line on the reference plane.Consequently:
7 Parameters evaluation 1 The geometry is:This means :dLfLaserCCDHFWdLfLaserCCDHFWzyxhence:
8 Parameters evaluation 2 Input valuesD = 16 cmL = 9.5 cmH = 768 pixelsV = 576 pixelsPixel Size = 8,48 umFW = circa 6,5 cmEvaluation of parameter fWe have used an objective with f=12mm and a 5mm ring. The corresponding value for FW is 7 cm.
9 Triangulation againRay tracing in the presence of an object
10 Triangulation equations O'P is evaluated from the measure in pixels multiplied by the pixel size. Then:The vallues of angles b and g:eNote thatAnd
11 Triangulation equations Applying the sine theorem to we haveSine triangles are similar andWe get:thenThis is the measurement information we want
12 Detection of the light pattern The centre of gravity of the signal acquired along direction v, for each value of the coordinate u must be calculated.The algorithm is:bc : position of the centre of gravity; lc : gray level of the c-element.The method must be iterated for all the columns in the image.
13 Labview subVi "Calcolo_Baricentri_Sub" (example) Application of algorithmAcquire image and calculate number of rows and number of columns.Overlay of the centres on the imageImage thresholdingThis subVi outputs the vector of the centres of gravity and the corresponding imageFiltering of the input image (preprocessing)
14 Threshold to trim the detection algoritm Front panelLive acquisitionFreeze imageVisualization windowThreshold to trim the detection algoritm
15 Gray level visulatization along a profile line Front panelFreezed imageGray level visulatization along a profile line
16 Front panel New acquisition Save image Save the centres of gravity Evaluation of the measurement information. Triangulation is performed here.Error message if the results are not saved
17 Results Deformed profile Reference profile: Threshold equal to 229. Value measured by the system: 4.72 mmThreshold equal to 229.Reference measurement (caliper used): 4.73 mm
20 Other results (influence of texture and of reflectivity bottonProfilesReference measure (mm)System measure (mm)threshold5.114.611125.153.98474._PHONE_.8912.99213
21 ConclusionsFor measurement ranges up to 10mm the measurement uncertainty is 0,1mm.The performances can be increased if absolute calibration is performedCamera modelIntrinsic and extrinsic parameters must be estimatedProjection modelThe projection plane must be estimatedThe front panel is user friendly


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Turn off the water!
Water is as integral to poultry and meat processing as the protein itself, but this essential element is becoming scarcer – and more expensive. Every processor should make a priority out of using less water: It's good for the planet, good for the community, and good for the bottom line. Yet water management has many potential challenges, including maintaining food safety and quality and overcoming ingrained human habits. Our panel of experts will examine water management strategies including reduction, recycling and treatment. This webinar will address how water management can affect your company's finances, product quality, and food safety while also providing some tips on how to effectively implement the right strategy for your operation.
The Issue: Water in Industry
MartinoThe Pacific Institute has researched the use of water by industry, including meat processing, and the effect on the surrounding environment, such as aquifers and sources of surface water. With periods of drought becoming more common — and water getting more expensive overall — Peter will explain why water use reduction and conservation is an urgent issue for all processors. MORE
The Solution: Reduction and Conservation
MartinoActionable techniques for reducing a plant's draw, and making the most of the water once it's in the plant. A lot of the solution involves implementing technologies, but much of it is simply the result of smart employee policies.MORE
BozzoWith a number of plants spread across the country, each with its own water challenges, Cargill serves as a great example for just about any processor. Hartter will explain how Cargill applies these ideas and techniques to its water management, and the value it has created for the company. MORE
zee co


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Irish Red Terrier
The Irish Terrier is a member of the terrier group. They were originally bred as watchdogs and for hunting vermin. Today they are used for coursing, hunting vermin, companions and also seen in the show ring.
£4-7.50 per week
The average cost of feeding will be around £4.00 per week.
The average cost of a puppy is £500 - £550.
9 - 15 years
Irish Terriers usually live 12 - 14 years.
Average Litter Size
The average litter is 7 or 8 puppies.
General Physical Description
Weight Height Range
Dogs should measure 48cms and weigh around 12kgs. Bitches should ideally measure 46cms and weigh around 11kgs.
A healthy, robust breed which has very few documented genetic problems.
Susceptibility To Illness
The Irish Terrier is believed to be one of the oldest Irish breeds originating from the districts around Cork in Southern Ireland. Very little history is documented although it is believed the breed is probably descended from old black and tan and wheaten terriers. The breed was used as messenger dogs in the first World War, which attributed to their fearless reputation.
Having a good memory and wanting to please, this breed is easy to train as long as training is done in a consistent manner. Plenty of variety should be given during the training routine.<
The head should be long with a flat skull and narrow between the ears. The stop should be hardly visible except in the profile. The lips should be well fitting and almost black on the outside and the nose should be black. The small, dark eyes should not be prominent and a light or yellow eye is highly undesirable. The ears should be v-shaped and small, set will on the head and drop forward close to the cheek. The top of the folded ear should sit well above the level of the skull. The ears should be free of fringing and the hair should be shorter and darker in colour than that of the body. The teeth should be even, the jaws strong. With a perfect, level scissor bite. The neck should be a fair length and gradually widen towards the shoulders. It should be carried well and free from throatiness. The shoulders should be fine, long and well laid back. The front legs should be moderately long and perfectly straight with plenty of bone and muscle. The pasterns should be short and straight and hardly noticeable. The hind legs should be strong and muscular with well let down hocks and moderately bent stifles. The hair on the hind legs should be dense and crisp. The chest should be deep and muscular but not full or wide. The body should be moderately long with a straight, strong back. The feet should be strong, moderately small, round with arched toes. Black toe nails are desired. If docked, the tail is customarily docked to three quarters and should be free of fringing or feathering but still be well covered with rough hair. It should be set on fairly high and carried gaily but not over the back or curled. If undocked, the same as above but should be in overall balance with the rest of the dog. Both fore and hind legs should be carried straight and parallel in movement. The coat should be harsh and wiry and have a broken appearance with no shagginess or curl. At the base of these hairs, there should be a growth of finer, softer hair. The most preferable colours are 'whole-coloured' red, red/wheaten or yellow/wheaten. A small amount of white hair on the chest is acceptable, but white on the feet is highly undesirable. Black shading through the coat is also highly undesirable.
Country Of Origin
40 - 60 minutes per day.
Irish Terriers can be boisterous and very energetic, therefore plenty of exercise is a must. However, due to their over-boisterous natures with other dogs, care must be taken when allowed off the lead. They are prone to digging.
Distress if Left Alone
Guard Dog Suitability
Risk of Sheep Worrying
Tendency to Bark
Level of Aggression
Compatibility With Other Animals
Suitable For Children
General Character And Temperament
Courageous and feisty little dogs who have truly earned the nickname 'The Daredevil'. Affectionate and friendly with people – particularly children – this breed will be loyal and devoted to the family. However, that said, great care should be taken in the presence of other dogs as the males of the breed are known to be fearless and will, if antagonised, fight to win.
< Once a week
Requires Professional Groomer
Hand plucking is required 2 or 3 times a year. The hair between the pads of the feet should be regularly trimmed and the ears must be kept clean.
Irish Terriers come in solid colours of red, red/wheaten or yellow/red. White hair can be seen on the chest and some adult dogs will have black shading.
Suffers From Allergies


text:
INVESTIGATION OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE-FREE ACTIVE STATIC DISCHARGING TECHNIQUE FOR FIXED AND ROTARY WING AIRCRAFT.
Final rept. for May-Dec 63,
DYNASCIENCES CORP FORT WASHINGTON PA
Pagination or Media Count:
An active electrostatic discharger was designed and constructed for the elimination of electrostatic charges from aircraft. This discharger maintains the charge potential of any type of aircraft at a very low level. The radio frequency interference generated by the corona discharge through the active discharger is very much lower than the interference generated by discharge from an aircraft equipped with passive dischargers. Corona discharge probes for use with active electrostatic dischargers were studied with regard to their current and R. F. interference characteristics. Characteristics of numerous probe designs were evaluated through wind tunnel tests. A reduction of 40 to 60 db. dependent upon frequence and conditions in the RFI noise due to static charge buildup in helicopters can be anticipated by using active discharging techniques. Author


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With hospitals and healthcare providers overwhelmed by a spike in cases and international travel restrictions closing borders and airspaces, insurers and their support partners have found it increasingly difficult to deal with the crisis as it unfolds.
Their bottom lines have been hit by rising Covid-19-related claims and the general lack of travel and tourism over the last 15 months too. Add to that the financial burden for air ambulances of having to update their equipment in line with the latest national safety guidelines, such as the implementation of onboard Covid testing, isolation chambers, oxygen supplies and ventilators, and the pressure seems immense.
As a result, many providers have drastically scaled back their operations, while others have had to look elsewhere for revenue sources – focusing on private-pay clients rather than insurance payers. However, air ambulances have continued to play a pivotal role in transferring emergency cases and carrying out air evacuations in countries where local healthcare systems have buckled under the strain of Covid-19 cases and admissions.
Pivoting to meet customer needs
"During the pandemic, we have seen noticeable changes to air ambulance provider operations," said Will McAleer, President of World Travel Protection Canada. "While some have scaled back in the face of reduced volumes, we have seen others pivot to ensure they are able to not only serve the needs of our customers, but also to ensure they protect their employees when dealing with Covid-positive patients. Many air ambulance providers have made the decision to service markets that were considered off limits at the onset of the pandemic." As borders started to close and there was little known about how Covid was going to impact their operations, investments were made in implementing procedures for protecting their crews from contamination and outfitting their aircraft with isolation pods to facilitate the transfer of Covid-19 patients.
Encouragingly, many providers have also been using this period of inactivity to build up their capabilities for when travel fully returns, according to Anna Gladman, CEO of nib Travel: "All healthcare providers, including air ambulance companies, had to significantly modify the scale of their operations in light of the Covid-19 pandemic. While some changes have been unavoidable due to the downturn in case volumes as a result of varying international travel restrictions and border closures, our providers have used the downtime to improve their processes and structures in preparation for international travel starting again."
For insurers and healthcare providers, an integral part of being able to deliver their service is having a back-up air ambulance operator in place in the event that their go-to isn't available, or hasn't got the capability to perform the task. This is particularly critical in remote regions where choice is often limited, for example in mountainous and high-altitude areas where specialist propeller-powered aircraft have to be used for air evacuation.
Bernadette Breton, CEO of Alliance International Medical Services, outlined the scale of the problem: "In Africa, there aren't many options when it comes to fail-safes. It's not like Europe where providers can just piggy-back off each other, so we have to really think outside of the box for an answer."
One such solution is using air ambulance brokers, who have a comprehensive understanding of the network of air ambulance partners within their specific region. Another option is to pool resources together and collaborate with other providers operating in those areas.
It's also crucial to draw up a detailed contingency plan, including everything from different evacuation locations to transportation modes and flight routes. Adopting such a flexible approach is paramount as countries introduce new lockdowns and change their travel lists on a continual basis.
"You always have to have a plan B to Z," said Robin Ingle, CEO of Ingle International. "If you have got ill people stuck on a high mountain that is inaccessible to only the most specialist rescuer with the right equipment and means to reach them, then get them in your network right away."
The power of accreditation in selecting a quality provider
Industry bodies such as accreditation providers play a vital role in supplying insurers and assistance companies with a list of alternative air medical operators that operate to a similar – high – standard of care and safety. But in some cases, such as in extreme geographical areas, insurers and assistance companies will have to engage an unaccredited provider, in which case they need to closely assess their documentation and seek legal guidance to ensure they provide the required level of service.
"Accreditation services are certainly important to us, and we do look for providers that have accreditation," said James Page, Chief Administration Officer and Head of Assistance and Claims at AIG Travel. "We have internal standards that we rigorously check with each air ambulance provider, but if they have certification, particularly with a well-regarded accreditation provider, [this] allows us to fast-track our review process, because we know they're holding to the appropriate standards, and we know what those standards are."
Companies need to regularly review their connections and decide which ones are the right ones for them
In these kinds of situations, insurers and assistance companies tend to leverage their industry networks. Regardless of whether they stick with their preferred provider or go outside of that, firms have to do their due diligence to make sure the unknown air ambulance operators are fit for purpose.
"Companies need to regularly review their connections and decide which ones are the right ones for them," said Ingle. "What might have been a good partnership in the 1980s or 1990s may not be now because the provider's aircraft is outdated, for example."
Despite the restrictions of Covid, air medical evacuations remained essential in providing much-needed medical treatment for VIPs and other significant groups throughout the pandemic. That meant that air ambulance services had to make themselves readily available to assistance companies for such events, often operating within extremely short timeframes.
"Even when there was high demand in medical evacuations during the peak of Covid-19, air ambulance providers adapted quickly to help the high volumes of travellers return home safely," said Gladman. "This included providing recommendations for alternative providers, as well as the most up-to-date Covid-19 travel information such as restrictions on air ambulance crew entering another country with a traveller."
Delays and closed borders impact air ambulance operations
The biggest challenges in terms of access for air evacuations and repatriations have undoubtedly been because of reduced staffing and hours among governments, embassies, consulates and civil aviation authorities, resulting in delays issuing the necessary travel permits, and arranging entry and exit requirements. Added to that, many countries haven't allowed sick or infected patients in, or given access to those already within their healthcare system, because they have shut down.
"We were not faced with the challenges of availability this past year as much as we were by restrictions imposed by various countries we were seeking to travel to or operate in," said Page. "Not only did we have to consider if we could physically land in a certain country, we also had to know if the aircraft had the right equipment, if the crew could do onboard testing, and if they could essentially transport a Covid patient in a bubble, so that the staff wouldn't be at risk of infection.
"If the government of a country was not allowing flights to land, or allowing patients to be moved, then that was that and we had to make other plans, but we didn't have any trouble finding a provider that could get a flight in the air for us."
Our approach is to ensure our network remains broad enough to meet the needs of increased volumes, knowing that travel patterns may remain impaired given the disparity of vaccination roll-out programmes
However, as restrictions are lifted in certain parts of the world, vaccination programmes are rolled out to the majority of the population and international travel starts to pick up again, assistance companies are preparing their air ambulance partners for a busy period. To this end, many have been checking to make sure that they have the right resources in place to respond accordingly.
"The return to travel will evolve, and risks of contracting Covid-19 will continue," said Fabia Eberwein, Operations Manager of World Travel Protection Canada. "Our approach is to ensure our network remains broad enough to meet the needs of increased volumes, knowing that travel patterns may remain impaired given the disparity of vaccination roll-out programmes." And as governments react to changing infection rates in different countries, agility is key: "Some destinations may remain closed, with others opening up, and as those travel patterns emerge, so too will the footprint of our global providers," pointed out Eberwein. "Close contact with providers will be important to make sure the air ambulance industry continues to deliver for customers in their time of need."
The travel insurance and assistance provider industry and its air ambulance affiliates have, like many others, clearly gone through an extremely turbulent time over the last 15 months. Yet, as the world starts to recover from the pandemic, there is now a glimmer of light at the end of the tunnel to indicate that operations are, albeit slowly, returning to some kind of normality.


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ESOS (Energy Savings Opportunity Scheme) is an energy assessment scheme that is mandatory for large organisations in the UK with more than 250 employees, turnover in excess of €50m and an annual balance sheet total of €43m, or companies within a group with a company of this size.
1. Measure total energy consumption
Measure total energy consumption across buildings, transport and industrial activities.
2. Conduct energy audits to identify cost-effective energy efficiency recommendations.
Ensure that at least 90% of your total energy consumption is subject to an ESOS compliant energy audit, a Display Energy Certificate, a Green Deal Assessment or a certified ISO 50001 Energy Management System during each phase of the scheme. For the first phase of the scheme, any energy auditing activity dating back to December 2011 may be used to support compliance provided that it meets the minimum standards required of ESOS Energy Audits.
3. Report compliance to the Environment Agency
By 5 December 2015, participants must notify the Environment Agency (as the scheme administrator) of compliance with the scheme. The Assessment must have been reviewed by a Board-level Director and approved by a Lead Assessor. Participants are not required to implement energy efficiency recommendations identified by their ESOS Assessments. However, they will only achieve the financial benefits that arise from avoiding energy waste if they do implement cost-effective recommendations identified.
More detailed guidance is available in the summary document on the UK Government website
ESOS will operate in four-yearly compliance phases. Organisations in the UK must assess whether or not they are required to participate in ESOS on the qualification date of each phase. The qualification date for the first phase is 31 December 2014.
Coles Knapp are registered as Lead Assessors with Elmhurst Energy and can assist you in your ESOS compliance.


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Michel Eugène Chevreul
Chevreul, Michel Eugène (mēshĕlˈ özhĕnˈ shəvrölˈ) [key], 1786–1889, French chemist. He studied under L. N. Vauquelin, was director of the Gobelin tapestry works, and from 1830 was professor, and from 1860 to 1879 director, at the natural history museum at Paris. Noted for his researches in the composition of animal fats (by which he contributed to the development of the soap and candle industry), he discovered and named olein and stearin and wrote Recherches sur les corps gras d'origine animale (1823). He also worked and wrote on color contrasts; the results of his studies influenced the painters Seurat and Signac.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Chemistry: Biographies


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Back to Home Page or Contents Page or Judaism or Index
Nehushta (Hebrew, NChShThN, "brass object") is the serpent of brass made by Moses and placed on a pole (Numbers 21:8-9) to cure the Israelites of the venomous bites of the fiery serpents in the wilderness. The word Nehushtah "thing of brass" contains a Hebrew pun, the first three letters, NChSh, mean "serpent" and the final two, ThN, mean "dragon."
In Christian interpretation, the lifting up of the brass serpent on a pole is generally held to be a prefigurement of Christ, to cure humanity from the "snakebite" of original sin. By Hebrew gematria there is some basis for this assumption, the numerical value of MShICH, "Messiah" and NChSh "serpent" are identical, 358.
During the first and second centuries CE the serpent was worshipped with reverence by the Christian Gnostic sects of the Ophites and Naasseners. These sects worshipped the Biblical serpent of the Garden of Eden that gave knowledge to Adam and Eve. The serpent was considered the hero because he supplied "gnosis" to the first people which God, considered the demiurge, kept from them.
Some magical theorists claim that Nehushtan, the brass serpent, resides in the upper astral plane possesses redemptive powers while Nachash, the serpent of the Tree of Knowledge, resides in the lower astral and possesses negative powers. A.G.H.
Greer, John Michael. The New Encyclopedia of the Occult.
St. Paul, MN, Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 325


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By Bryan Schaaf on Thursday, June 30, 2011.
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The International Crisis Group (ICG) recently released a report summarizes the challenges that the Haitian government has faced in rebuilding Port au Prince and facilitating resettlement of the internally displaced. Chief among these challenges has been the lack of a formal land tenure system. While several communities have developed their own local solutions to land ownership, a strategy from the central government is needed. ICG notes that this will require political will, creativity, and consensus. To put off resettlement further is to put off a transition to development. Read more »
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Fundamentals of lambda tuning
Understanding a particularly conservative PID controller design technique.
04/16/2013
Lambda tuning is a form of internal model control (IMC) that endows a proportional-integral (PI) controller with the ability to generate smooth, non-oscillatory control efforts when responding to changes in the setpoint. Its name derives from the Greek letter lambda (λ), which designates a user-specified performance parameter that dictates how long the controller is allowed to spend on the task of moving the process variable from point A to point B.
Like its more famous cousin, Ziegler-Nichols tuning, lambda tuning involves a set of formulas or tuning rules that dictate the values of the PI parameters required to achieve the desired controller performance. The first step in applying them is to determine how much and how fast the process responds to the controller's efforts (see the bump test graphic).
Part of the appeal of lambda tuning is that it requires characterizing relatively few process parameters for it to do its job. Once you determine the process gain, process time constant, and deadtime, calculating your PI values is reasonably easy. Courtes
Bump test
This 9-step test, also known as an open-loop reaction curve test or step test, gives a PI controller everything it needs to know about the behavior of a non-oscillatory process in order to control it:
 1. Turn off the controller by switching it to manual mode.
 2. Wait until the process variable settles out to a steady-state value.
 3. Manually "bump" or "step" the process by forcing the control effort abruptly upwards by B%—whatever it takes to make the process variable move appreciably but not excessively.
 4. Record the process variable's reaction or step response on a trend chart as above, starting at the time when the bump was applied (step 1) and ending when the process variable settles out again.
 5. Draw an ascending line tangent to the steepest part of the process variable's trend line.
 6. Draw horizontal lines through the process variable's initial and final values.
 7. Mark where the two horizontal lines intersect the ascending line at points 2 and 3.
 8. Record the deadtime D from point 1 to point 2 and the process time constant Tp from point 2 to point 4.
 9. Record the change in the process variable from point 3 to point 4 then divide that by B to get the process gain Kp.
Once the process behavior has been characterized in terms of the process parameters—the process gain Kp, the process time constant Tp, and the deadtime D—tuning the controller is simple. Just plug those values and the user's choice of λ into the formulas shown in the "lambda tuning rules" sidebar to get the required values for the PI parameters Kc and Ti.
Consider a process with an open-loop gain Kp, a time constant Tp, and a deadtime D being driven by the control effort or control output CO(t) from a PI controller given by
where
is the error at time t between the process variable PV(t) and the setpoint SP(t). The rules for lambda tuning call for
and

in order to obtain a closed-loop system with a non-oscillatory setpoint response that will settle out in approximately 4λ seconds.
Note that these tuning rules require the user to specify only one performance parameter: λ. This not only simplifies the calculation of Kc and Ti, but it also allows the user to select the controller's desired performance in terms of a physically meaningful quantity—the time allowed to complete a setpoint change—as opposed to the less intuitive concepts of proportional band and reset time.
Closed-loop performance
A PI controller thus tuned will, theoretically, complete a setpoint change in about 4λ seconds when operating in closed-loop mode, and it will do so without overshoot. That is, it will drive the process variable towards the setpoint gradually enough to guarantee that the error between them will continue to diminish steadily.
This overdamping feature can be especially useful in applications where the process variable must be maintained near some limiting value that the process variable must not cross. The controller will never accidentally violate such a constraint because it will never drive the process variable past the setpoint. Nor will a lambda-tuned controller ever cause unstable oscillations in the process variable because it will never need to reverse course after a setpoint change. The process variable will always proceed steadily upward or steadily downward until the new setpoint is reached.
Overdamping also helps ensure consistency, which is why lambda tuning has become particularly popular for paper-making operations where fluctuations in certain process variables can cause visible irregularities in the finished product. The absence of overshoot also prevents the interacting loops in a paper-making machine from shaking the equipment to death by causing the actuators to oscillate all at once. And individual actuators (especially valves) will be subject to less wear and tear since they will never be required to reverse course unless the setpoint does.
Coordinating multiple loops
Furthermore, since lambda tuning allows a PI controller to achieve its objective over a user-specified interval, it can be used to synchronize all of the controllers in a multi-loop operation so that the process variables will all move at roughly the same rate. This too contributes to uniformity in the paper-making process. It also helps maintain a constant ratio of ingredients in a blending operation.
Conversely, when certain interacting loops are more important than others, the most critical ones can be assigned smaller λ values to make sure that they remain out of spec for the shortest possible interval following a setpoint change. Loops that contribute less to the overall profitability of the operation and loops that have slower or less powerful actuators can be allowed to take their time with larger λ values.
Using highly disparate lambda values for two interacting loops can also help decouple them. The faster loop will see little or no effect from the slower one since the latter will appear to be more-or-less stationary during the interval that the former is completing its latest setpoint change. Conversely, the faster loop will have finished its work by the time the slower one gets underway. The decoupling won't be complete, but the interactions between the loops will be mitigated at least somewhat, thereby reducing the apparent loads that each would otherwise cause the other.
A less obvious advantage of lambda tuning is its robustness. Because a lambda-tuned controller is so conservative, it can withstand considerable discrepancies between the estimated and actual values of the process parameters, whether those discrepancies are due to a poorly executed bump test or a change in the process that occurs after the tuning is complete. The resulting distortions in the calculated PI parameters may well make the controller more or less conservative than if the tuning had been accomplished with perfect knowledge of the process's behavior, but the closed-loop system is likely to remain overdamped either way.
Disadvantages
On the other hand, lambda tuning has its limits, especially when speed is of the essence. It tends to make a slow process even slower, causing the process variable to remain out of spec for a long time. Specifically, λ is generally assigned a value between Tp and 3Tp, making the closed-loop response to a setpoint change up to three times longer than the corresponding open-loop step response. An even larger value of λ is required if the deadtime D is significant. In such cases, λ > D is the practical lower limit since the controller can't be expected to react any faster than the deadtime allows.
But arguably the most challenging drawback to a lambda-tuned controller is its limited ability to deal with an external load on the process. It can still bring the process variable back to the setpoint if a random load should ever upset the process variable, but it will make no effort to do so particularly quickly or efficiently. Even measuring the disturbances won't help because the lambda tuning rules make no provisions for the behavior of the load, only the process.
The best the user can do is to set λ as small as possible in order to increase the controller's speed overall, but doing so will tend to make the controller less robust. And lambda tuning wouldn't be a particularly good choice anyway when a fast response is required since there are other tuning rules that are much more effective for time-sensitive applications.
Mathematical challenges
There are also some subtle limitations to lambda tuning buried deep in the underlying mathematics. For one, it can't be applied to a process that is itself oscillatory. If an open-loop bump test yields a step response that fluctuates before settling out, the process cannot be completely characterized by just the three parameters Kp, Tp, and D and the controller cannot be tuned with the lambda rules, though there are several related IMC techniques that will work just fine in such cases.
The mathematics also break down when the deadtime D is especially large. The calculations required to compute Kc and Ti suffer from an approximation that becomes less and less accurate as D increases. Several alternative approaches have been proposed to improve the accuracy of that approximation, but those efforts have also generated considerable confusion—multiple sets of tuning rules all called "lambda tuning." They all achieve roughly the same closed-loop performance but look nothing alike. Some apply to a PI-only controller while others require a full PID controller equipped with derivative action.
Lambda tuning rules also take on different forms for an integrating process that has no time constant. These occur in applications such as level control where a bump from the controller (opening the inlet valve) results in a process variable (liquid level) that continues to rise without leveling


errno has already been set by the function at the lowest layer of the call stack; use putSysErrmsg (or postSysErrmsg if in a hurry) to describe the nature of the activity that failed. The text of the error message should normally start with a capital letter and should NOT end with a period. Otherwise -- i.e., the failure is due to a condition that was detected within ION -- use putErrmsg (or postErrmg if pressed for time) to describe the nature of the failure condition. This will aid in tracing the failure through the function stack in which the failure was detected. The text of the error message should normally start with a capital letter and should end with a period. When a failure in a called function is reported to "driver" code in an application program, before continuing or exiting use writeErrmsgMemos() to empty the message pool and print a simple stack trace identifying the failure. char *system_error_msg( ) Returns a brief text string describing the current system error, as identified by the current value of errno. void setLogger(Logger usersLoggerName) Sets the user function to be used for writing messages to a user-defined "log" medium. The logger function's calling sequence must match the following prototype: void usersLoggerName(char *msg); The default Logger function simply writes the message to standard output. void writeMemo(char *msg) Writes one log message, using the currently defined message logging function. void writeMemoNote(char *msg, char *note) Writes a log message like writeMemo(), accompanied by the user-supplied context- specific text in note. void writeErrMemo(char *msg) Writes a log message like writeMemo(), accompanied by text describing the current system error. char *itoa(int value) Returns a string representation of the signed integer in value, nominally for immediate use as an argument to putErrmsg(). [Note that the string is constructed in a static buffer; this function is not thread-safe.] char *utoa(unsigned int value) Returns a string representation of the unsigned integer in value, nominally for immediate use as an argument to putErrmsg(). [Note that the string is constructed in a static buffer; this function is not thread-safe.] void postErrmsg(char *text, char *argument) Constructs an error message noting the name of the source file containing the line at which this function was called, the line number, the text of the message, and -- if not NULL -- a single textual argument that can be used to give more specific information about the nature of the reported failure (such as the value of one of the arguments to the failed function). The error message is appended to the list of messages in a privately managed pool of static memory, ERRMSGS_BUFSIZE bytes in length. If text is NULL or is a string of zero length or begins with a newline character (i.e., *text == '\0' or '\n'), the function returns immediately and no error message is recorded. The errmsgs pool is designed to be large enough to contain error messages from all levels of the calling stack at the time that an error is encountered. If the remaining unused space in the pool is less than the size of the new error message, however, the error message is silently omitted. In this case, provided at least two bytes of unused space remain in the pool, a message comprising a single newline character is appended to the list to indicate that a message was omitted due to excessive length. void postSysErrmsg(char *text, char *arg) Like postErrmsg() except that the error message constructed by the function additionally contains text describing the current system error. text is truncated as necessary to assure that the sum of its length and that of the description of the current system error does not exceed 1021 bytes. int getErrmsg(char *buffer) Copies the oldest error message in the message pool into buffer and removes that message from the pool, making room for new messages. Returns zero if the message pool cannot be locked for update or there are no more messages in the pool; otherwise returns the length of the message copied into buffer. Note that, for safety, the size of buffer should be ERRMSGS_BUFSIZE. Note that a returned error message comprising only a single newline character always signifies an error message that was silently omitted because there wasn't enough space left on the message pool to contain it. void writeErrmsgMemos( ) Calls getErrmsg() repeatedly until the message pool is empty, using writeMemo() to log all the messages in the pool. Messages that were omitted due to excessive length are indicated by logged lines of the form "[message omitted due to excessive length]". void putErrmsg(char *text, char *argument) The putErrmsg() function merely calls postErrmsg() and then writeErrmsgMemos(). void putSysErrmsg(char *text, char *arg) The putSysErrmsg() function merely calls postSysErrmsg() and then writeErrmsgMemos(). void discardErrmsgs( ) Calls getErrmsg() repeatedly until the message pool is empty, discarding all of the messages. void printStackTrace( ) On Linux machines only, uses writeMemo() to print a trace of the process's current execution stack, starting with the lowest level of the stack and proceeding to the main() function of the executable. Note that (a) printStackTrace() is only implemented for Linux platforms at this time; (b) symbolic names of functions can only be printed if the -rdynamic flag was enabled when the executable was linked; (c) only the names of non-static functions will appear in the stack trace. For more complete information about the state of the executable at the time the stack trace snapshot was taken, use the Linux addr2line tool. To do this, cd into a directory in which the executable file resides (such as /opt/bin) and submit an addr2line command as follows: addr2line -e name_of_executable stack_frame_address where both name_of_executable and stack_frame_address are taken from one of the lines of the printed stack trace. addr2line will print the source file name and line number for that stack frame. WATCH CHARACTERS The functions in this section offer platform-independent capabilities for recording "watch" characters indicating the occurrence of protocol events. See bprc(5), ltprc(5), cfdprc(5), etc. for details of the watch character production options provided by the protocol packages. void setWatcher(Watcher usersWatcherName) Sets the user function to be used for recording watch characters to a user-defined "watch" medium. The watcher function's calling sequence must match the following prototype: void usersWatcherName(char token); The default Watcher function simply writes the token to standard output. void iwatch(char token) Records one "watch" character, using the currently defined watch character recording function. SELF-DELIMITING NUMERIC VALUES (SDNV) The functions in this section encode and decode SDNVs, portable variable-length numeric variables that expand to whatever size is necessary to contain the values they contain. SDNVs are used extensively in the BP and LTP libraries. void encodeSdnv(Sdnv *sdnvBuffer, uvast value) Determines the number of octets of SDNV text needed to contain the value, places that number in the length field of the SDNV buffer, and encodes the value in SDNV format into the first length octets of the text field of the SDNV buffer. int decodeSdnv(uvast *value, unsigned char *sdnvText) Determines the length of the SDNV located at sdnvText and returns this number after extracting the SDNV's value from those octets and storing it in value. Returns 0 if the encoded number value will not fit into an unsigned vast integer. ARITHMETIC ON LARGE INTEGERS (SCALARS) The functions in this section perform simple arithmetic operations on unsigned Scalar objects -- structures encapsulating large positive integers in a machine-independent way. Each Scalar comprises two integers, a count of units [ranging from 0 to (2^30 - 1), i.e., up to 1 gig] and a count of gigs [ranging from 0 to (2^31 -1)]. A Scalar can represent a numeric value up to 2 billion billions, i.e., 2 million trillions. void loadScalar(Scalar *scalar, signed int value) Sets the value of scalar to the absolute value of value. void increaseScalar(Scalar *scalar, signed int value) Adds to scalar the absolute value of value. void reduceScalar(Scalar *scalar, signed int value) Adds to scalar the absolute value of value. void multiplyScalar(Scalar *scalar, signed int value) Multiplies scalar by the absolute value