text:
Uncommon Schools is a nonprofit network of high-performing, public charter schools providing an outstanding K-12 education in historically under-resourced communities. We have proudly built schools that reflect our student population, with more than 60% of our teachers and staff across our network identifying as a person of color. Uncommon currently manages 55 schools serving more than 21,000 students in six cities: Boston, Camden, New York City, Newark, Rochester, and Troy. We are proud that Uncommon graduates persist in and graduate from college at five times the rate of their peers nationally. We achieve this by offering strong academic, co-curricular, and social-emotional learning that prepares students for success in college and beyond.
Uncommon Schools in Brooklyn currently manages twenty four schools serving students in grades K through 12.We believe in strong authentic relationships between teachers and students, supported by effective school systems and an engaging instructional model that enables students to flourish academically and personally. Our students in Brooklyn have an impressive 99% college acceptance rate.
Uncommon Elementary School Teachers cultivate a love for learning in every student from the very start. Our teachers and students engage in a culturally-responsive, fast-paced, and fun learning environment. We have built a community where teachers encourage our core values of respect and hard work while celebrating the uniqueness of each student and laying the academic foundations that carry students to and through college.Responsibilities1. Instruction
2. Data Analysis
- You'll co-teach and build an engaging and joyful classroom environment that encourages mastery and empowers students to engage in academic discourse.
- You'll teach the basic principles of mathematics.
- You'll teach reading and writing to build students' literacy skills: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension.
- You'll teach an ELA curriculum that prioritizes meaningful texts and topics that are interesting and relevant.
- You'll teach a Science curriculum that prioritizes knowledge of geology, astronomy, ecology, and cycles in nature to ensure students understand climate change and how to take care of the Earth.
- You'll teach a Social Studies curriculum that incorporates analyses of America's diverse histories, with an emphasis on cultural and civic awareness.
3. School Culture
- You'll meet weekly with your principal and/or instructional coach to analyze and respond to trends in student work samples and assessments.
- You'll learn and implement strategies to differentiate instruction for all learners in your classroom.
- You'll build positive relationships with students to ensure they feel seen, loved, and heard.
- You'll partner with students' families to ensure appropriate resources are available to support their children's learning needs.
- You'll engage in practice-based professional development, mentorship, and coaching sessions.
- You'll support morning arrival, lunch duty, student assemblies, class transitions, and after-school dismissal.
- You'll participate in weekly, school-wide meetings to foster community, model our core values, and encourage student achievement.
- You'll partner with your grade level team to develop academic goals and practice instructional strategies.
- A commitment to the mission of Uncommon Schools and investment in our vision for being an anti-racist organization
- A demonstrated commitment to supporting students' social emotional and academic development
- An enthusiasm for working with families in the best interest of students
- A self-directed learner who solicits and implements feedback to improve outcomes and achieve objectives
- Required Experience:
- A demonstrated interest in impacting K-12 students in urban schools and communities (1-2 years experience preferred).
- Academic expertise in Elementary Education, Humanities, English, Social Sciences, or other related fields of study.
- Prior to the start of employment, you must have a bachelor's degree from an accredited college or university. Certification is not required to be hired at Uncommon, but you do need to meet NY state certification eligibility requirements. To meet these requirements, you must enroll in a teacher preparation program and maintain a GPA of 2.5 or higher during your employment with us if you do not have a degree in education. Uncommon Schools teachers are required to become certified in the state of New York within a reasonable period after beginning employment.
Uncommon Schools offers salaries commensurate with experience and a comprehensive benefits package. All staff members receive extensive professional development, and are equipped with a laptop computer and all necessary supplies.
Uncommon believes in the importance of being a diverse, equitable and inclusive organization that enables our students and staff to thrive. We are committed to building an exceptional team that reflects the diverse backgrounds and experiences of our students. We also strive to ensure an inclusive community by creating a space for meaningful dialogue about issues of race and identity for our staff and students. As an equal opportunity employer, we hire without consideration to race, religion, creed, color, national origin, age, gender, sexual orientation, marital status, veteran status or disability. We also ensure that individuals with disabilities receive all privileges and benefits associated with employment and are provided reasonable accommodations for the interview process and to perform core job functions.


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This paper presents a methodology to process airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data to measure surface velocity fields (SVFs) of temperate glaciers, and applies it to data acquired over the Aletsch glacier. The first part of this paper deals with the main limitation in airborne interferometric SAR to retrieve reliable interferometric products, namely, the existence of the so-called residual motion errors - inaccuracies on the order of a few centimeters in the navigation system. An extended multisquint approach is proposed for their estimation in the case of nonstationary scenes. The second part of this paper expounds an efficient methodology to derive SVFs with airborne systems, where the line-of-sight displacement is estimated using differential interferometry and the along-track component by estimating the azimuth coregistration offsets. The necessary steps to finally obtain the 3-D SVF are also presented, as well as the possibility of combining different acquisition geometries. Airborne interferometric SAR data acquired by the Experimental SAR system of the German aerospace center over the Aletsch glacier, located in the Swiss Alps, are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach. The motion of the corner reflectors deployed in the scene is retrieved with an accuracy between 1 and 5 cm/day using L-band data.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
You are here
6.4.4 Specific Conditions: Driving Devices and Modifications Grant
Driving devices and modifications grants are issued for the modification of VAS vehicles. In specific circumstances, driving lessons may be approved (refer to the end of this section for further information).
When determining whether to approve a driving devices and modifications grant, a number of issues must be considered as outlined in Part 6 of the VAS instrument. These issues include:
1. Are the proposed driving devices and modifications necessary to enable the veteran to drive safely, or be transported safely, in reasonable comfort?
In order to receive a driving devices and modifications grant, the proposed driving devices and modifications must be necessary to enable the veteran to drive safely or be transported safely in the vehicle, in reasonable comfort.
This requirement can only be satisfied if the vehicle has been assessed, and the modifications have been recommended, by a Driver Trained Occupational Therapist (OT).
2. What amount of grant can be provided?
The amount of a driving devices and modifications grant is an amount the Commission considers reasonable, in all the circumstances, having regard to all relevant matters. Matters which may be considered relevant are listed under s6.1.2 of the VAS instrument and are summarised below:
- the nature of the incapacity of the veteran from war-caused injury, or war-caused disease, or both; and
- the nature of the proposed driving devices or modifications; and
- whether there are alternative suitable driving devices or modifications that are reasonably available and cost effective; and
- whether there are alternative providers of suitable driving devices or modifications that are reasonably accessible and cost effective.
3. Requirement for three quotes
The VAS delegate can only give due consideration to the matters under s6.1.2 of the VAS instrument after three quotes for the recommended modifications have been obtained from three independent and authorised vehicle modifiers.
4. Choice of dealer
The choice of dealer will ultimately be determined by the delegate, after consideration of the factors under s6.1.2 of the VAS instrument and three independent quotes have been obtained from independent and authorised vehicle modifiers.
5. Direct payment to the supplying dealer
The amount of the grant is to be paid directly to the supplying dealer who will be fitting the driving devices and modifications.
6. What are the client's responsibilities?
The veteran must provide to the VAS contact person or the VAS delegate:
- a copy of a drivers licence demonstrating that the primary driver of the VAS vehicle (the veteran, or if the veteran does not drive – their partner or carer) continues to hold a valid drivers licence;
- evidence showing that the veteran has comprehensively insured the vehicle for it's full market value*; and
- a payment summary or receipt showing that the driving devices and modifications grant was used to purchase the necessary driving modifications and devices.
*Note: The insurance may be taken out in the name of the veteran and the partner or carer, but the name of the veteran to whom the financial assistance under the VAS must appear on the insurance certification.
Driving lessons may be approved where a Driver Trained OT:
- has recommended a modification or device be provided to a client under the VAS;
- has recommended driving lessons, to enable a client to learn how to drive with the modification or device;
- has specified how many lessons are required by the client, in order for them to drive in safely and relative comfort with the modification; and
- has provided three quotes for lessons or if three quotes are not possible, reasons why less than three quotes could be obtained.
Where these conditions are met, funding for lessons can be provided as part of the devices and modifications grant.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Picard's Belt (world)
|Picard's Belt/Cinder (Gateway 2440)|
|Classic Era (1115)|| |
Picard's Belt is a ring of many small worldlets (planetoids AKA an "asteroid belt"), not capable of retaining an atmosphere or water, and nonindustrial in nature.
- Life in a vacuum requires great discipline. After all, it only takes one forgotten seal on a vacuum suit to spell death. Those who survive tend to be very methodically-minded and attentive to small detail.
- The worldlets require extensive imports of outside technology to maintain a modern, star-faring society.
- It is a Non-Aligned world dominated by human sophonts located in the Cinder Subsector of Gateway Sector.
- The worldlets contain several xeno-archaeological site with suspected high-tech remnants of the now-vanished Ancients precursor race.
A vast cloud of asteroids circles this F6 star in numbers so great the star itself seems lost in a thick, smokey haze. Several hundred asteroid colonies have been established in the outer fringes of the system, which sustains itself by mining various ores for export, primarily to the Viyard Concourse.
Point of interest: Mystery of Picard's Belt
Of particular interest are the ruins, artifacts, and anomalies discovered on numerous planetoids within the belt.
- None can be identified, and the intelligence behind them is unknown.
- A featureless 20-cm sphere of unknown alloy and purpose
- Pyramidal buildings with no accessible entrances
- A 50-km asteroid which has been cored by some process which left only a ring of nickle iron with mirror-polished inner walls.
It has been suggested that the artifacts are the product of an alien civilization inhabiting asteroids deeper within the Belt, but the theory remains unproven and speculative.
History & Background (Dossier)
No information yet available.


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This week's edition of Tombstone Tuesday covers those tombstones that aren't stone — they're metal. Specifically, we're going to discuss zinc or "white bronze" markers.
Zinc markers have a characteristic blue/gray color and feature raised lettering. If you're in doubt as to whether a marker is zinc, tap on it. If it sounds hollow, it's zinc.
These markers were made by only one company — the Monumental Bronze Company of Bridgeport, Connecticut. Monumental Bronze had subsidiaries/distributors in Detroit, Chicago, and Des Moines and their work can be found across the United States. However, their years of production were very short — 1875 to 1912.
Customers could chose a variety of motifs (such as the anchor shown above). Panels on the sides of the marker could bear words or motifs (and sometimes both). Customization, such as the inscription, was cast in separate plates that would be screwed into a standard base.
The monument itself is hollow. Although the markers remain extremely legible, they are not immune from damage, such as being hit by lawnmowers or a fault in a seam causing the obelisk to fall. Such is the case of the marker shown below.
Zinc markers did not come in only obelisk form. Other shapes and styles included chest-like monuments, books, lambs, and even praying children.
There are several good articles about zinc monuments on the Internet. Two of them are:
- "Metal Monuments of Greenwood Cemetery" by Mark Culver at _URL_
- "What are White Bronze Monuments?" at _URL_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


EGU23-1920, updated on 28 Dec 2023
_URL_
EGU General Assembly 2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Monitoring the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Arctic Winter Snow/Ice with MoonlightRemote Sensing
Di Liu and Qingling Zhang
Di Liu and Qingling Zhang
 - Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shenzhen, China (_EMAIL_)
The Arctic region has been experiencing significant climate change, with the loss of snow and ice accelerating at an alarming rate. Accurate monitoring of the spatiotemporal dynamics of snow and ice is essential for understanding and predicting the impacts of climate change on Arctic ecosystems and their feedback on global climate. In this paper, we use the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite to monitor the spatiotemporal dynamics of snow and ice in polar regions. The VIIRS/Day/Night Band (DNB) is a unique instrument that can provide high-resolution imagery of the Earth's surface at night, with a spatial resolution of 750 m and a sensitivity of 0.01 nW/cm2/sr. This enables the detection of faint moonlight and artificial light and allows for mapping snow and ice in polar winter when no sunlight is available for months. Our aims demonstrate the potential of moonlight remote sensing for continuous monitoring of snow/ice in the Arctic region and analyse the importance of continuous monitoring and research on the impacts of climate change on the Arctic ecosystem and the potential for Arctic seaway.
How to cite: Liu, D. and Zhang, Q.: Monitoring the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Arctic Winter Snow/Ice with MoonlightRemote Sensing, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-1920, _URL_ 2023.


the compressor's buffer is flushed
 self.fileobj.write(self.compress.flush(zlib_mode))
- self.fileobj.flush()
+ self.fileobj.flush()

 def fileno(self):
 """Invoke the underlying file object's fileno() method.
 """
 return self.fileobj.fileno()

- def isatty(self):
- return False
-
- def tell(self):
- return self.offset
-
 def rewind(self):
 '''Return the uncompressed stream file position indicator to the
 beginning of the file'''
 self._new_member = True
 self.extrabuf = ""
 self.extrasize = 0
+ self.extrastart = 0
 self.offset = 0

+ def readable(self):
+ return self.mode == READ
+
+ def writable(self):
+ return self.mode == WRITE
+
+ def seekable(self):
+ return True
+
 def seek(self, offset, whence=0):
 if whence:
 if whence == 1:
 self.read(1024)
 self.read(count % 1024)

+ return self.offset
+
 def readline(self, size=-1):
 if size < 0:
+ # Shortcut common case - newline found in buffer.
+ offset = self.offset - self.extrastart
+ i = self.extrabuf.find('\n', offset) + 1
+ if i > 0:
+ self.extrasize -= i - offset
+ self.offset += i - offset
+ return self.extrabuf[offset: i]
+
 size = sys.maxint
 readsize = self.min_readsize
 else:
 self.min_readsize = min(readsize, self.min_readsize * 2, 512)
 return ''.join(bufs) # Return resulting line

- def readlines(self, sizehint=0):
- # Negative numbers result in reading all the lines
- if sizehint <= 0:
- sizehint = sys.maxint
- L = []
- while sizehint > 0:
- line = self.readline()
- if line == "":
- break
- L.append(line)
- sizehint = sizehint - len(line)
-
- return L
-
- def writelines(self, L):
- for line in L:
- self.write(line)
-
- def __iter__(self):
- return self
-
- def next(self):
- line = self.readline()
- if line:
- return line
- else:
- raise StopIteration
-

 def _test():
 # Act like gzip; with -d, act like gunzip.


text:
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Parks and Historic Sites Division
Sherry D. Hearn
Use of State Quality Core Curriculum Objectives for various grade levels
and suggested activities
before and during visits are designed to ensure a quality learning experience.
Soft Drink Machine
Special Park and Historic Site Rules:
Fort Morris is owned by the state of Georgia and operated by the Department
of Natural Resources, Parks and Historic Sites Division. Visitors are
reminded that others may also be touring the site. All plants, animals
and historic features are protected by law.
Preparing Your Students:
Prior to the visit, students should receive background information about
the site. Following is an outline of content related to the site. Teachers
may use whatever portions are suitable for their classes.
QCC objectives from the State Department of Education that may be met
through this field trip are also identified for teachers' convenience.
Finally, a list of suggested activities, including maps and vocabulary
is included. Copies may be made for classroom activities.
Field Trip Presentations, Including "Living History" Programs
Standard Presentation includes:
After visiting the site students' learning may be extended and reinforced
with additional activities. A suggested list is included for teachers'


text:
Everything you need to understand or teach The Story of Roland by James Baldwin.
Baldwin's Story of Roland is an excellent example of a medieval romance. It is a long narrative work comprising loosely connected episodes and involving a large cast of colorful characters, headed by Roland and Charlemagne.
The story illustrates the chivalric ideal of behavior expected of kings, knights, and courtiers during the Middle Ages. Its various episodes portray many deeds of courage and gallantry, fantastic adventures in exotic settings, and the romantic involvements of the central figures.
Most of the tales in the book have been adapted directly from original medieval and Renaissance sources, with a few transitional pieces which are original to Baldwin. This collection of tales is best read in its entirety, but individual stories can be read as self-contained pieces.(read more)


12) Business Valuation and market efficiency Flashcards Preview
Financial Management > 12) Business Valuation and market efficiency > Flashcards
Flashcards in 12) Business Valuation and market efficiency Deck (63)
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What are the reasons for business vauation
- The business may want to list on a stock market so need to decide the share price
- Valuing a target company in an acquisition
- When a parent company wishes to dispose of its subsidiary
- When a shareholder wishes to dispose of their investment in a privately owned company
divorce settlements, etc
What is market capitalisation?
The market capitalisation is the term given for the market value of the equity in a company that is listed on a stock market.
The market capitalisations is:
The share price x number of ordinary shares in issue
What are the three methods of equity caluation?
Asset-based – based on the tangible assets owned by the company.
Income/earnings-based – based on the returns earned by the company.
Cash flow-based – based on the cash flows of the company
What are the three types of asset based valuation?
- NBV (total assets less total liabilities)
- Net Realisable Values (realisable value of assets less liabilities)
- Replacement CostGoing concern
What is NBV Historic Basis and advantage and disadvantage?
This will normally be a meaningless figure, as it will be based on historical costs. However, with fair value accounting the book value of many assets and liabilities will be the fair value and therefore will be relevant for valuation purposes. It represents effectively a MINIMUM price for a seller.
Adv: Book values are relatively easy to obtain
Disadv: Historic cost value (although could be fair value which is less of a problem)
(Ignores Intangible assets e.g. Good will as well as future because it is historical and in a point in time
What is net realisable value?
the break-up value of the assets in the business will often be considerably lower than any other computed value.
It normally represents the minimum price that should be accepted for the sale of a business as a going concern, since if the income based valuations give figures lower than the break-up value it is apparent that the owner would be better off by ceasing to trade and selling off all the assets piecemeal.
It should be noted that the market values of debt, such as bonds are calculated pre-tax.
What are the advantage and disadvantage of NRV?
Adv: Minimum acceptable to owners. Asset Stripping
Disadv: Valuation problems especially if quick sale. Ignores good will
What are the advantage and disadvantage of Replacement basis?
Adv: Maximum to be paid for assets by buyer
Disadv: Valuation problems – similar assets for comparison and also ignores good will
What are the disadvantages of Asset based valuations?
Asset based methods usually give a value lower than market value of all the company's shares.
it ignores future cash flows generated by the assets
Market/Investors do not normally buy a company for its statement of financial position assets, but for the earnings/cash flows that all of its assets can produce in the future. we should value what is being purchased, i.e. the future income/cash flows.
The asset approach also ignores non-statement of financial position intangible 'assets', e.g.:
 highly-skilled workforce
strong management team
competitive positioning of the company's products.
It is quite common that the non-statement of financial position assets are more valuable than the statement of financial position assets, especially for service organizations, which may not hold many non-current assets at all.
When are asset based valuation useful? 3 points
Asset strippingTo value companies that are going to be asset stripped or closed down; company is going to be purchased to be broken up and its assets sold off. Valued the assets at realizable value
To set a minimum price in a takeover bidShareholders will be reluctant to sell at a price less than the net asset valuation even if the prospect for income growth is poor. A standard defensive tactic in a takeover battle is to revalue statement of financial position assets to encourage a higher price. Valued the assets at replacement value
To value property investment companies The market value of investment property has a close link to future cash flows and share values, i.e. discounted rental income determines the value of property assets and thus the company.
When are Earnings/Income-based methods the most useful and the types?
Earnings/Income-based methods of valuation are when valuing a majority shareholding/Controlling interest:
ownership bestows additional benefits of control not reflected in the dividend valuation model
majority shareholders can influence dividend policy and therefore are more interested in earnings as you value that more
PE ratio
Earnings Yield Method
What is Price/Earnings method?
This is where the value of the company= Total earnings x P/E ratio
Price per share/Earnings per share (EPS)
Value of company = Total earnings × PE ratio
Value per share = EPS × PE ratio
Why would an adjustment to the PE ratio of the similar company be necessary?
To make it more suitable if the company being valued is:
A private company; their shares are less liquid
The company is more risky i.e. fewer control, management knowledge,
The company has a higher projected growth level
Why would an adjustment to the earnings be necessary?
- Earnings are taken as profit after tax and preference dividends (because the earnings must be the future maintainable earnings i.e. everything after the obligations)
the valuation should reflect future maintainable earnings prospects and therefore should be adjusted to reflect this
What does a high PE ratio indicate?
growth stock – the share price is high because continuous high rates of growth of earnings are expected from the stock
no growth stock – the PE ratio is based on the last reported earnings, which perhaps were exceptionally low yet the share price is based on future earnings which are expected to revert to a 'normal' relatively stable level
takeover bid – the share price has risen pending a takeover bid
high security share – shares in property companies typically have low income yields but the shares are still worth buying because of the prospects of capital growth and level of security.
What does a low PE ratio indicate?
losses expected – future profits are expected to fall from their most recent levels
share price low – as noted previously, share prices may be extremely volatile – special factors, such as a strike at a manufacturing plant of a particular company, may depress the share price and hence the PE ratio.
What are the Advantage and disadvantage of PE method?
* It is forward looking. by multiplying by PE ratio, - it's potentially looking at earnings and having an estimate of where we think we are going to be in the future
- establishing PE ratio
- difficulty deciding which earnings to uselatest, last 5 years, what we might earn in the future?
- Difficult to find a similar company with similar growth prospects
- reported earnings are based on historical cost accounts, which makes no sense when trying to compare two companies.
What is earnings yield valuation method
The earnings yield is the inverse of the price/earnings ratio. (Earnings/Price).
To value a comapny using this, divide the earnings by the yield: Earnings/Earnings yield
As with the P/E method this is used to value a controlling interest in a company.
What are the TWO cash flow based valuations?
Dividend valuation model-> Cash to shareholders
Discounted cash flow-> Cash flow generated by the business (Value of company = PV of the future cash flows at WACC)
What is Dividend valuation
It values the company/share based on the the PV of the expected future dividends discounted at the shareholder's required rate of return
What is Dividend valuation model used for
This method can be used for valuing minority shareholdings in a company, since the calculation is based on dividends paid, something which minority shareholders are unable to influence.
What is Dividend valuation formula
[ D0( 1+g) ]
(Ke- g)
if it's a constant dividend, what formula can you use instead?
Perpetuity formula
What are the disadvantages of Dividend valuation
Investors make rational decisions
- It assumes that there is constant dividends growth or constant dividend OR or zero growth
Problems estimating future growth rate
- Assumes future dividend growth is predicted from past results
- Cost of Equity may fluctuate in the future
- It assumes that the growth rate is lower than the shareholder's required rate of return. What if Ke is less than the growth rate?
The dividend growth rate is less that the cost of equity
It is highly sensitive to changes in its assumptions
What is Discounted cash flow
Value of company = PV of the future cash flows at WACC
the value of the firm should be the present value of its future cash-flows discounted at the weighted average cost of capital or enough information so that we can use CAPM to calculate it
Theoretically it is the best method of valuation. It is based on forecasting future cash flows and effectively calculating an NPV.
tell me discounted cash flow method steps
1) Identify relevant 'free' cash flows i.e. excluding financing flows
- Operating flows
- Revenue from sales of assets
- Tax
- Synergies arising from the merger
2) select a suitable time horizon
3) calcuate PV over this horizon. This gives the value to all providers of finance i.e. equity + debt
4) deduct the value of debt to leave the value of equity
When is Discounted cash flow used
This alternative


The munitions of terroristic attacks in Europe
Research Paper (postgraduate), 2019
19 Pages, Grade: 1,7
Table of contents
1. How can we stay ahead of a terrorist's arsenal?
2. How can the weaponry of a terrorist be categorised?
3. What terroristic attacks occurred since the year 2000 in Europe and what arms were used?
4. Did the terrorists in Europe change their arsenal?
5. Literature
The aim of this paper is to present and outline the munitions terrorists in Europe are using in order to harm innocent people. From the recent terrorist attacks in Europe we know that they were very lethal and we must stay updated about their arsenal in order to prepare our defensive against those different kinds of weapons. Therefore, I have got the following thesis that needs to be proven.
The arms of terrorists who are targeting Europe have changed in the 21st century.
The purpose of this paper is to analyse if the weaponry of terrorists in Europe has changed within the 21st century and to prepare better against those new threats. In order to approach this thesis statement, it is important to ask the right research question for that. The question is:
What munitions are terrorists in Europe using today and did they change since the beginning of the 21st century?
In order to answer this question, I will analyse the terrorist attacks in the recent years and find out what weapons the terrorists have used. Then I will count how often the different weapons were used in the attacks and compare them to each other. Then, it must be examined, if there is a rising number of a special kind of weapon that was not so often used before the year 2000.
Based on this research, I can point out my hypothesis:
If we know what arms the European extremists are using for their attacks nowadays beforehand, we can prevent those attacks better.
In order to question this hypothesis some specific scientific methods are used in this paper. Foremost, a quantitative research approach is used in order to rank how often what type of munition was used in a recent terroristic attack. As a basis for the data of the different incident's articles from the newspapers USA today and Süddeutsche Zeitung are examined. They list all the recent attacks in a chronological order and it offers also an insight what type of munitions was used by the terrorists. From there, hard empirical data can be generated. In addition, a table will be created in order to quantify the number of the arms that were used. To answer the posed research question the numbers have to be compared to each other at the end.
But before we can start to examine the different weapons, we have to categorise them first. Therefore, the book of Cindy Combs, 'Terrorism in the Twenty First Century', is very helpful.
2. How can the weaponry of a terrorist be categorised?
Firstly, each arm has to be carefully put into a category in order to examine how often a weapon from each category is used in the 21st century. To do this, we should focus on the categories that Cindy Combs has given us in her book.
The first category of munitions we think about in our mind when it comes to terrorism are explosives. But what types of explosives are available to a terrorist? According to Cindy Combs, many explosives are homemade devices with a focus on a big blast rather than being a conventional bomb. (Combs, 2017) That allows the terrorists to smuggle them into airplanes because metal detectors are useless against them. In addition those handmade explosives can be easily assembled locally at the terrorists home. (Combs, 2017) It should also be pointed out that one can count a fully fuelled airplane as an explosive device as well as a truck that is loaded with flammable chemicals and explosive material in order to trigger a blast. (Combs, 2017) Terrorists are also very efficient to do a lot of damage by using only small amounts of explosives. Combs named this method the so called 'shaped-charge principle'. (Combs, 2017) That means that terrorists are ' focusing the force of the explosion in a desired direction' (Combs, 2017, p.163) A new type of bomb should also be added to the category of explosives. The newly emerged so called improvised explosive device (IED). This kind of explosive device can be described as 'a homemade bomb, designed to maim or kill an enemy, typically thrown or left concealed on the side of a road' (Combs, 2017, p. 163) Those devices are easy to manufacture and the terrorist can get the components from a local hardware shop. That makes IED's widely accessible for a wide range of potential terrorists. They can be thrown at a target or triggered by a civil device like a cell phone. (Combs, 2017) This makes them also very easy to handle.
Secondly, the category of assassinations and ambushes have to be added to our list. They can also be a kind of munition against innocent people. Terrorists are choosing their targets who they want to assassinate very wisely. Because of their publicity and symbolic value politicians can be a very interesting target to aim for. The terrorists are doing this in a long and detailed planning phase in order to surprise the victim and to secure the execution. (Combs, 2017)
Thirdly, the destructive potential of small firearms shouldn't be underestimated and they can be identified as another category of munition. Under this category one can find pistols, rifles and sawed-off shotguns. (Combs, 2017) Terroristic groups who lack capital like them because they are low in purchase costs and they are easy to handle as well. A long training process is no longer needed. They are also easily to obtain because of the loose gun regulation laws in many countries. (Combs, 2017)
The fourth category of munitions that has to be considered are automatic weapons. Those arms are the preferred ones under terrorist groups for several reasons. They are highly available to them as well as easy to hide. Moreover, they have a high rate of fire and they are dealing a devastating psychological harm to the targets like civilians or security forces. (Combs, 2017) Assault rifles and submachine guns are the most widespread types of this category (Combs, 2017) The most popular assault rifles amongst terrorists is the AK-47 that was easily accessible after the demise of the Soviet Union. Terrorists like it because of the durability and the reliability of this automatic weapon. („Why has the AK-47 become the jihadi terrorist weapon of choice? | World news | The Guardian", n.d.) Mark Mastaglio, a UK-based ballistics expert expressed it like this: 'It's very easy to use, that's why you see 12-year-olds carrying them. It is tough, it works in all kinds of environments – hot and sandy deserts, or in Siberia. Wherever it is stored it is resilient, and this is why it is so popular. ' („Why has the AK-47 become the jihadi terrorist weapon of choice? | World news | The Guardian", n.d.)
Portable rockets are marking a fifth category of a terrorists arsenal. This category includes so called precision-guided munitions (PGM's) that can be explained best in Cindy Combs words, are 'devices that can launch missiles whose trajectories can be corrected in flight' (Combs, 2017, p. 167) These munitions are very harmful because they can even destroy aircrafts and tanks. According to Brian Jenkins, terrorists like the PGM's because of their widespread military use, high rate of production and they are relatively cheap. (Jenkins, 1978)
A sixth category can be assessed as aerial and naval hijacking. To hijack a civil airplane can generate a lot of public attention on the terrorist group and on their aims. (Combs, 2017) In addition the psychological impact of those skyjacks are devastating even when there are not much casualties. (Combs, 2017) Naval piracy is also rising because of the economic failure in some failing states like Somalia. Piracy has become a well-developed criminal enterprise in some regions and it is a very lucrative business for terrorist groups. (Combs, 2017)
Sabotages and cyber-attacks can be counted as a seventh category. Foremost, western nations with their vulnerable infrastructure are a target of such terroristic activities. (Combs, 2017) By sabotaging the infrastructure terrorists can also disrupt whole governments. When they are able to launch a cyberattack successfully against critical infrastructure, like the power grid, innocent people can also die as a consequence when their basic needs are not satisfied. Those kinds of attacks should be regarded as very dangerous because their damage potential is rising with the widespread of digitalisation.
Another very feared category of munitions is the category of weapons of mass destruction. We count those weapons as the eight category in this research paper. The potential damage of those weapons is devastating and can cost the lives of thousands to millions of casualties. Biological, chemical, radiological and nuclear weapons are falling in this category. (Combs, 2017) Governments and experts are in fear of terrorist groups getting those devastating devices. It is generally assumed that terrorist groups are not able to get their hands on nuclear material to construct a proper working atomic weapon. (Champion & Mattis, 2003) But it is still concerning that the illegal trade of non-fissile nuclear materials rose since the demise of the Soviet Union. (Champion & Mattis, 2003) More dangerous to innocent people are chemical and biological weapons of mass destruction


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Cubs Disability Awareness Activity Badge
Cubs Disability Awareness Activity Badge
As Scouts we believe in inclusion, which means everyone is welcome and nobody gets left out. Play your part by learning about additional needs and disabilities.
How to earn your badge: Choose one thing to do from each of the four lists.
 1. Disability awareness
 1. Explain what a disability is. What are the different types of disability?
 2. Research a famous person with a disability.
 Make a poster or write about their life and achievements.
 3. Visit a local community building like a library, town hall or cinema. How accessible is it for someone with a disability?
 Write down what you find out.
 4. Show how you could help someone with a disability to make the Cub Promise.
 Think of a different example to the ones in steps 2, 3 or 4.
 2. Physical disability awareness
 1. Find out about two different aids that can assist a disabled person. How do they help? You could find out about things like wheelchairs, computers, rising chairs or adapted cars.
 2. Find out about three ways to make it easier for a wheelchair user to use public places, like shops, parks, hospitals or libraries. How could your meeting place be made better for a wheelchair user?
 3. Make a sandwich using only one hand or draw a picture using only your feet to hold the pen.
 3. Deaf awareness
 1. Learn the alphabet using fingerspelling. Show you understand a word communicated to you using fingerspelling.
 2. Learn a song in Makaton or British Sign Language.
 3. Explain what equipment a deaf person might use in the home. You might look at special features on things like fire alarms, telephones or TVs.
 4. Show how you would approach a deaf person and speak to them so they can lip-read.
 4. Sight awareness
 1. Describe two different ways a blind or visually impaired person can read. You could talk about how they would use computers, Braille or Moon.
 2. Explain what guide dogs for blind people do. How are they trained?
 3. Learn and read your name in Braille.
 4. Show how to approach a blind or visually impaired person. How would you identify yourself?
January 2015.
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Vegetable Greens, 62 Phytonutrients, Golden Maple, 510 Grams, By Ultimate Nutrition
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Vegetable Greens 62 Phytonutrients!
Ultimate Nutrition Vegetable Greens Product Guide Vegetable Greens 62 Phytonutrients
Everyone wants to look good, feel better, and have more energy. Yet we often overlook simple dietary changes that can provide our bodies with the nutrients they need to achieve the goals we want. Vegetable Greens 62 Phytonutrients A large body of scientific literature suggests that the consumption of a diet of whole grains, legumes, vegetables, nuts, and fruits along with a regular exercise program can help you live a healthier lifestyle. Vegetable Greens 62 Phytonutrients
Even with the best of intentions, few of us eat the recommended five to eight servings of fruits and vegetables everyday. Even the most sensible diet may still lack a number of vital nutrients important to good health. Also, the foods we eat impact the delicate acid/alkaline balance of our bodies. Factors, such as stress, can increase the level of acidity within our bodies. Vegetable Greens 62 Phytonutrients By contrast, most fruits, land and sea vegetables, herbs and spices are alkalizing, which can help to bring our systems back into balance. Vegetable Greens 62 Phytonutrients
Your body needs Essential Fatty Acids (EFA's) just like it needs other essential vitamins and minerals. Essential fatty acids play a role in everything from carbohydrate metabolism and proper immune function, to brain and cardiovascular health and energy production.* Essential fatty acids regulate a large number of mechanisms including increasing the fluidity of cell membranes and improving their "gate-keeping" abilities.* These mechanisms help keep toxins out and bring nutrients into your cells. Vegetable Greens 62 Phytonutrients Essential fatty acids also influence the activation of cell genes, act as second messengers and produce good eicosanoids.* Vegetable Greens 62 Phytonutrients
Studies suggest green foods well established, health-enhancing effects, including: boosting of levels of good bacteria (such as Lactobacilli) and boosting of immunity.* Green food concentrates such as barley greens, alfalfa, buckwheat, spinach, wheat grass and aloe vera help to balance the body's pH level, offsetting the acidity caused by many environmental factors.* In addition to its nutritional value, green foods may help detoxify our bodies of unwanted metals and impurities.* Ounce for ounce sea vegetables are higher in vitamins and minerals than any other food group. They are particularly high in vitamins A, C, E, B1, B2, B6, and B12. Seaweed also contains ergesterol, which converts to vitamin D in the body. In addition to key nutrients, seaweed provides us with carotene, chlorophyll, enzymes, fiber and iodine. Seaweed's saltiness comes from sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, and a multitude of trace minerals found in the ocean. Spirulina also has phycocyanin, a powerful antioxidant.* Vegetable Greens 62 Phytonutrients
Land vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals and phytonutrients and have powerful antioxidants. In the last few years, phytonutrients have been getting greater attention, as more and more research uncovers just how powerful these nutrients are for our health. Vegetable Greens 62 Phytonutrients
The Standardized Herbs in Vegetable Greens work collectively to help strengthen the immune system, act as powerful antioxidants, and energize the body.* The active ingredients in cranberry include chemical compounds called proanthocyanidins; potent antioxidants that decrease bacterial adherence to the bladder epithelium cells.* Dandelion root has properties that can help detoxify the body.* Polysaccharides from Astragalus are used in the enhancement of the immune system by the use of glyconutrients.*
Fiber acts as a broom, sweeping the inside of the colon, taking with it all the toxins and free radicals with it.* Inulin, along with other dietary fiber, has been suggested to promote regularity.* Scientists have suggested that inulin and other fibers have potential health benefits that include improving or maintaining colon health as a prebiotic, increasing the absorption of minerals, particularly calcium, and improving immune function.* As a dietary fiber, apple pectin is helpful in maintaining good digestive health.*
Other Ingredients Stevia Leaf, Organic Maple Syrup Powder.
Contains: Soy, Wheat And Tree Nut (Ginko Nut).
Directions For Vegetable Greens: Mix one level scoop of Vegetable Greens into 8 ounces of cold water or your favorite juice. Consume one serving daily or as recommended by a health care professional.


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While alcohol problems and antisocial behavior tend to decrease in women as they age, depression does not, U-M study finds
Unlike alcohol problems and antisocial behavior, depression doesn't decline with age in addiction-prone women in their 30s and 40s – it continues to increase, a new study led by University of Michigan Health System researchers found.
The longitudinal analysis examined the influences of the women's histories, family life and neighborhood instability on their alcoholism symptoms, antisocial behavior and depression over a 12-year period covering the earlier years of marriage and motherhood.
The research, published in Development and Psychopathology, is part of an ongoing project focusing on families at high risk for substance abuse and associated disorders that has already collected more than 20 years worth of data.
Among the current study's other top findings:
* The women's partners' struggles with addiction and antisocial behavior, such as run-ins with the law, worsened the women's own symptoms and behaviors.
* Children's behavior also had a negative impact on their mothers. When children exhibited behaviors that included acting out and getting into trouble, their mothers' alcohol problems and antisocial behavior tended to worsen. Meanwhile, when children were sad, withdrawn or isolated,their mothers' depression increased.
* Living in an unstable neighborhood, where residents move in and out frequently, also had a significant effect on the women's alcoholism symptoms and level of depression.
"Our findings demonstrate the complexity of the factors affecting changes in alcohol problems, antisocial behavior and depression for these women," says the study's senior author Robert Zucker, Ph.D., a professor of psychiatry and psychology at the University of Michigan Medical School and director of the U-M Addiction Research Center.
The findings challenge common notions that depression, alcoholism and antisocial behavior, are either just genetic disorders, or alternatively, that they are caused by environmental factors, Zucker adds.
"It's really the network of these relationships -- at the biological, social and at the community level -- that influences these disorders over time," he says.
The research also shows that unlike alcoholism symptoms and antisocial behavior, depression does not, by itself, moderate over time – it actually gets worse, at least in this high risk population, Zucker notes.
"Unlike the other two disorders, biological differences appear to be more of a constant factor in depression," he says.
The research sample included 273 adult women and their families from communities in the Midwest. Drunk driving convictions involving the father were used to find the highest risk portion of the sample; a blood alcohol content of.15 was required to help ensure that the men had long standing difficulties with alcohol abuse, rather than just having been out drinking heavily for one night. The remaining families were recruited from the neighborhoods where the drunk drivers lived.
The findings also underscore the relationship between alcohol abuse and antisocial behavior over long periods of time, says study lead author Anne Buu, Ph.D., Ph.D., a research assistant professor in the Substance Abuse Section of the U-M Department of Psychiatry. As a result, she notes, interventions targeting antisocial behavior could benefit by also systematically targeting addiction.
"Based on these findings, interventions for women with young children might have the most impact if they improve social supports, educational opportunities, access to family counseling and neighborhoods environments," Buu says.
Funding: grants from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
Additional U-M Authors: Wei Wang, M.P.H.; Jing Wang, M.S.; Leon I. Puttler, Ph.D.
Additional Authors: Hiram E. Fitzgerald, Ph.D., Michigan State University.
Citation: "Changes in women's alcoholic, antisocial, and depressive symptomatology over 12 years: A multilevel network of individual, familial, and neighborhood influences," Development and Psychopathology. DOI: 10.1017/S0954579410000830


Hierarchical Matrices
HLib Package
What is HLib?
HLib is a program library for hierarchical matrices and H2-matrices. It provides
 - routines for the construction of hierarchical matrix structures (i.e., of cluster trees, block cluster trees, low-rank matrices and block matrices),
 - discretization functions that fill these structures by approximations of FEM or BEM operators,
 - arithmetic algorithms that perform approximative matrix operations like addition, multiplication, factorizations and inversion,
 - conversion routines that turn sparse matrices and dense matrices into H-matrices and H-matrices or H2-matrices into H2-matrices and
 - service functions that display matrix structures, perform numerical quadrature or handle files.
The library is written in the C programming language and requires BLAS and LAPACK to perform lower-level algebraic operations (like performing dense matrix-matrix multiplications or solving eigenvalue problems).
On Unix-type systems, we use Autoconf, Automake and Libtool in order to provide the user with a fully automatic build process.
If GTK+, OpenGL and GTKGLArea are installed, a visualization program for surface meshes and cluster trees is provided that can be quite useful for debugging BEM applications. We are currently working on a comprehensive GUI that will offer the more interesting functions of the library.
Since HLib was developed (at least partially) at the Max-Planck-Institut Leipzig, we cannot use an open source license and turn it into free software. But we can give it away for free to scientist interested in doing research if they sign an appropriate license agreement.
Steffen Börm and Lars Grasedyck
Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik in den Naturwissenschaften
Inselstrasse 22-26, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
Valid HTML 4.01


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Oak mortality associated with crown dieback and oak borer attack in the Ozark Highlands
Oak decline and related mortality have periodically plagued upland oak–hickory forests, particularly oak species in the red oak group, across the Ozark Highlands of Missouri, Arkansas and Oklahoma since the late 1970s. Advanced tree age and periodic drought, as well as Armillaria root fungi and oak borer attack are believed to contribute to oak decline and mortality. Declining trees first show foliage wilt and browning, followed by progressive branch dieback in the middle and/or upper crown. Many trees eventually die if severe crown dieback continues. In 2002, more than 4000 living oak trees 11 cm dbh in the relatively undisturbed mature oak forests of the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project (MOFEP) were randomly selected and inventoried for tree species, dbh, crown class, crown width, crown dieback condition (healthy: <5% crown dieback, slight: >5–33%, moderate: 33–66%, and severe: >66%) and number of emergence holes created by oak borers on the lower 2.4 m of the tree bole. The same trees were remeasured in 2006 to determine their status (live or dead). In 2002, about 10% of the red oak trees showed moderate or severe crown dieback; this was twice the percentage observed for white oak species. Over 70% of trees in the red oak group had evidence of oak borer damage compared to 35% of trees in the white oak group. There was significant positive correlation between crown dieback and the number of borer emergence holes ( p < 0.01). Logistic regression showed oak mortality was mainly related to crown width and dieback, and failed to detect any significant link with the number of oak borer emergence holes. Declining red oak group trees had higher mortality (3 or 4 times) than white oaks. The odds ratios of mortality of slightly, moderately, and severely declining trees versus healthy trees were, respectively, 2.0, 6.5, and 29.7 for black oak; 1.8, 3.8, and 8.3 for scarlet oak; and 2.6, 6.5 and 7.1 for white oaks.
Requesting Print Publications
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French Empire GIlt Bronze Cloc Called " The Library Clock "
A fine and rare French Empire clock in gilded bronze called The Library, featuring a boy and a girl dressed in classical attire diligently studying in a library, both are sitting on a stool in front of a clock which is integrated into a column which also serves as a bookshelf. The oval clock base is decorated with garlands. The white enamel dial has Roman numerals; the silk string movement rings the hours and halves on a bell. A similar example is in the Palazzo Reale De el Pardo in Madrid, (Ref. French Bronze Clocks by Elke Niehuser, page 184).
Dimensions: 15″H (38cm) x 12″W (31cm) x 6″D (15cm)


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|Latitude 34 North|
Historic Markers Across Georgia
Gantt House C. 1880
John D. Gantt came to Cobb County in the 1850s with his parents and siblings, and married in 1858. Although the family's farm was destroyed during the Civil War, they rebuilt and continued to acquire land. Years later, the family built this house, which featured 6 rooms, 2 porches and 4 fireplaces. After John's passing in 1903, the property remained in the Gantt family. John's son Jasper eventually became sole owner and in 1922 owned approximately 195 acres. Jasper died in 1937 without heirs. The land including the house was soled in 1950, but the vast majority of the estate was eventually developed into the surrounding subdivisions.
Cobb County Historic Preservation Commission - Source Information


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In the years following the First World War, Alberta witnessed an
explosion of economic growth in
the area of aviation as the real
commercial potential of air travel began to manifest itself
throughout the province.
Pilots and other aviation personnel had returned to Canada
from their war service, and they brought with them ambitions of
applying all that they had learned about aviation towards the creation
of new entrepreneurial ventures. Over the 1920s and 1930s, many
companies sprang up to compete for a place in the growing market
of commercial air transport. Some companies, like May Airplanes
Ltd. formed for the purposes of promoting air travel, and
offered flying demonstrations at country fairs and other special
events. Others, like The Edmonton Aircraft Company provided
passenger or cargo air service between cities like Edmonton and
Calgary, and to points in Alberta's north country.
Some of the commercial air ventures went on to become
resounding successes, while others failed to find their niche in
the market and were either swallowed up by a bigger company, or
completely vanished away by the dawn of the Second World War.
But whether or not the business flew or crashed, each one in its
turn left its mark upon Alberta's aviation legacy.


text:
Avo trials in Chile
Excellent results on avos
Nursery trials conducted in Chile and Mexico, with Kelpak application on avocado, showed improved young tree growth. Field trials in Chile, with Kelpak application on bearing trees when compared to the control, showed significant yield improvement on both poor and strong flowering trees. Kelpak used in a tank-mix with Sunny®, also improved yields above applications where Sunny® was applied alone.
A comparison of treatments with and without Kelpak showed an average yield increase of 12% over all trials. Improved fruiting (more fruit per tree), better fruit shape improved quality and ultimately higher yields were observed in these trials.
- Improved young tree growth
- Better fruit development and retention
- Increased weight and yields


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Forces of Flight
Explainer with kid in How Things Fly
Monday, February 24
1:30 pm
How Things Fly
Museum in Washington, DC
How do lift, weight, drag, and thrust affect everything flying in Earth's atmosphere and space? Learn what a force is, test your strength against air pressure, explore Bernoulli's principle, and investigate different forms of propulsion. Discover how things fly while experimenting with the four forces of flight.
Directions to the Museum in Washington, DC
Museum Floorplan
Add to my Calendar
See February 2014 Calendar


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The position of women within the Church is undergoing change. This is also true within monasticism. The changes center around various aspects of monastic life. One of these aspects is equality. The Code itself recognizes this equality. How does this legal recognition affect monasticism?
Canon 606 states: "Whatever is determined about institutes of consecrated life and their members applies equally to either sex, unless the contrary is apparent from the context of the wording or the nature of the matter." It seems that men and women as monastics should be treated the same since inherently there in nothing in the wording or the nature of monasticism which would demand a difference. Therefore let us examine some of the previous inequalities and how they can be treated now in light of the Code of Canon Law.
The history of Benedictine monasticism in North America reveals that the monks and nuns came to live, pray and work in a similar fashion. Basically the style of monasticism was not to be different for the monks and the nuns. But within the legal structures of the Church, the monks and the nuns were treated differently. While both had many members living and working outside the enclosure of the monastery, the monks retained their monastic status, while the nuns were re-categorized as sisters governed by the norms for apostolic communities. The women monastics lost solemn vows, titles of abbey and abbesses, lifetime superiors, the monastic office, and legal effects of monastic profession such as total renunciation.
In light of the provisions of the new Code, monastic women can reclaim their heritage and do so on an equal basis with monastic men. First, the Code permits each religious institute to define the effects of profession. For monastic women this means that they can reclaim their heritage of total renunciation within monastic poverty. Many of the monasteries are already doing this.
Second, the Code permits monastics to establish a tenure of office for the head of the community which is different from the requirements for an apostolic community (canon 634.1).Since the wording and nature of the canon indicate an equality between men and women, both have leeway in light of the lived monastic tradition to determine life tenure or shorter tenure. Men have moved away from life tenure while women have moved to permit longer tenure than previously observed.
Third, the legal effect of monastic chastity is now the same for both men and women, namely that all finally professed monastics cannot validly marry without a dispensation. Previously monks could not, but sisters could as their profession only caused the marriage to be illicit.
Fourth, the controversy of the nineteenth century over cloister is ended. The Code establishes a category of cloister which applies equally to Benedictine men and women. Recognition is made that there is a monastic lifestyle "ordered to the contemplative life" but not strictly cloistered (canon 667.2). This is the lifestyle of both North American Benedictine men and women. This is further recognized in the paragraph on papal cloister for women strictly ordered to the contemplative life. This paragraph also states that "other monasteries of nuns are to observe cloister adapted to their own character and defined in the constitutions" (canon 667.3). This latter statement clarifies the fact that now there can be nuns who do not observe papal cloister. This surely indicates that present-day Benedictine women can be considered nuns.
The above leads to an obvious conclusion. If Benedictine women can reclaim their heritage as monastics under the law, they should also be able to reclaim the outward symbols of this heritage, namely abbey and abbess. Why should a monastic community of men and a monastic community of women existing side by side with similar lifestyles have a different status for the monastery and the head of the monastery: Abbot John Smith of St. Ivan's Abbey and Prioress Jane Doe of St. Hildegard's Priory? The rite for the blessing of an abbot/abbess does not indicate that only women with papal cloister may have an abbess. It does indicate that there must be a cloister, but then monastic women are to have some form of cloister since they are ordered to the contemplative life. It seems that the rite would permit monastic women to reclaim the title of abbess. Of course, this also presupposes reclaiming the title of abbey and the other aspects of the monastic tradition mentioned above which contrast monastic and apostolic religious institutes.
Women monastics seem to be on the road to equality with their brother monastics. Many women's monasteries have reclaimed the tradition of total renunciation. The women's federations refer to the member communities as monasteries. At the last meeting of the conference of prioresses, the request was made to study the reclaiming of the terms abbey and abbess. It seems to me that all of this is based not only on the right to equality, but also on the authenticity of reclaiming the lived monastic tradition.


Definitions for bombardment
Definitions for (noun) bombardment
Main entry: bombardment, bombing
Definition: an attack by dropping bombs
Main entry: bombardment
Main entry: barrage, barrage fire, battery, bombardment, shelling
Definition: the heavy fire of artillery to saturate an area rather than hit a specific target
Usage: they laid down a barrage in front of the advancing troops; the shelling went on for hours without pausing
Main entry: onslaught, outpouring, bombardment, barrage
Definition: the rapid and continuous delivery of linguistic communication (spoken or written)
Usage: a barrage of questions; a bombardment of mail complaining about his mistake
Visual thesaurus for bombardment


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Willow sex breakthrough bodes well for biomass
Farmers in the Northeast and Midwest may soon be growing willow trees for biomass power, according to a recent announcement from Hazel R. O'Leary, Secretary of Energy. Part of the Clinton administration's "Biomass Power for Rural Development" initiative, the program is estimated to cost almost $14 million over six years, with a 45 percent federal investment. Niagara Mohawk Power Corp. of Syracuse, N.Y., representing the Salix Consortium, is being awarded the first cost-shared cooperative research and development agreement to grow energy feedstock willows and generate electricity from this fuel.
Hybrid willow species are being developed to be fast growing and resistant to drought and disease. Male willow trees are fast growing and can thrive in soils and climates less suitable for other crops. Until recently, the commercial potential of willow trees was severely limited by scientific difficulties in determining the gender of the trees at a young age. But researchers at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory, working with Swedish scientists through the International Energy Agency, have identified a DNA marker which determines sex in hybrid willow trees, facilitating early gender knowledge.
The Salix Consortium pools the combined research and investment power of more than 25 corporations, associations, academic institutions and regional government agencies with five power generating companies. Together they will develop the new energy crop on 2,600 acres of land. Twenty-six local farmers have committed land and resources for the enterprise. The various facilities involved are expected to produce between 37 and 47 MW of electricity through co-fired applications. The project is a multiphased endeavor to establish willow trees as one of the first commercial energy crops for power production by 2000.
Identifying new feedstocks and developing environmentally friendly, commercially viable biomass energy systems will be a primary focus of the new project. One of its major goals will be the achievement of a delivered cost of willow feedstock without subsidies at less than $2/MBtu by 2001.
The projected 40,000 to 60,000 acres in central and western New York expected to be planted with willow by 2010 is expected to produce crop fuel sales of almost $20 million annually, with electricity sales derived from biomass fuels approaching $135 million yearly. Willow crops will also be evaluated at field test sites in states to include Wisconsin, Minnesota, Pennsylvania and Vermont.


Event Definitions can be created by taking the following steps:
 1. Click the goto the Configuration Desktopon the left part of the sreen.
 2. On this Desktop open the Event Definitions Listbox.
 4. Fill out the information on the Event Definitions Form. Where You can add Triggers and Actions directly to this form, or use their tabs in the following steps.
 5. Click the 'Trigger' Tab, and Add Trigger to Event,
 6. Click the 'Action' Tab, and Add Action to Event
 7. Move the Event Definition to the Active Object State by pressing the 'Next' Icon.
The step sequence is shown in the following figure:
How to Create a New Event Definition
Information on the General Tab
 - Event Name: (required) Use a descriptive name so that it is easy to add event records to Step Definitions.
 - Description: A short description for this event.
Trigger Tab
Action Tab
Useful Links


High-quality data is the first step for training Machine-Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms, but obtaining this information is difficult as most knowledge about drugs exists within scientific publications in an unstructured text format.
This is where DrugBank comes in. Drugbank's data solutions solve this problem by providing detailed, machine-readable information that lets customers explore AI strategies for drug discovery, development, and repurposing and incorporate extensive scientific knowledge to make their customer's models more powerful.
DrugBank interviewed Richard Smith, Senior Software Developer at Healx, an AI-powered biotech company from Cambridge (UK), to illustrate how a company might utilize DrugBank data in their products...
View the full case study here.


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Feathered trees are profitable
This second-leaf Gala tree produced the equivalent of 300 bushels per acre.
Does it pay to plant a more expensive, but highly feathered tree rather than a one-year graft, bench graft, or sleeping eye tree?
Cornell University's Dr. Terence Robinson, who has studied the economics of planting different types of trees, believes that most growers are better off planting a finished tree.
While unfinished trees are half to one-third the cost of feathered trees, his analysis of the effect of tree price and its influence on profitability showed that the differences between the cost of using finished versus unfinished trees were small when trees were planted at low densities.
At low densities, the feathered trees were the most profitable. The optimum tree density for feathered trees was around 950 trees per acre, whereas the optimum density for low-cost trees was more than 2,000 trees per acre.
"In large measure, you're trading dollars at all the densities—you buy cheaper trees, you get less yield, or you buy more expensive trees and you get early yield," he said.
Moreover, in many locations, such as New York, the smaller trees do not produce fruit in the second year.
For those who have the management and knowledge to grow sleeping eyes or one-year grafts, they can work well, he said. But there is greater risk in growing bench grafts in a new planting. In a Cornell trial, they had a 98 percent survival from feathered trees, but he has heard of as low as 50 percent takes in bench-graft plantings.
"You're less likely to fail if you plant highly feathered trees," Robinson said.
He reminds eastern growers that micro-drip irrigation must be available to supply the highly feathered trees with water within two weeks of planting. "Highly feathered trees experience water stress in late May and June due to limited root systems and extensive leaf area," he stated, adding that water must be applied frequently to the newly planted trees.
Fertigation can also improve tree growth to the young trees, as they have limited nutrient uptake due to damaged root systems.
He recommends providing the young trees with 60 to 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre through the drip system over the course of about ten weeks. A liquid nitrogen product like CAN 17 works well, he said. About 60 pounds per acre per year of potassium is needed in the third year of planting.


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MPG or mpg is a three letter abbreviation with multiple meanings, including:
- miles per gallon, see fuel efficiency. Used alone, "mpg" is ambiguous, because US and imperial gallons are significantly different (quoted vehicle fuel efficiency is therefore significantly different for the same vehicle in the US and UK). Miles per gallon is the common measure used for fuel efficiency in the UK even though all road fuel is now sold there in litres. An unambigious measure is kilometers per litre (km/l though it may also be found written as kpl).
- MPEG – MPG is a common shortened file extension


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1. What is the general meaning of "accidental injury"? If I was injured but did not have a visible bruise or wound, can I still submit a claim for such an injury?
An accidental injury is a mishap that is unusual, fortuitous, unexpected or unforeseen resulting in damage or injury to the body.
The admission of a claim is based on medical certification by a licensed medical practitioner. Therefore, if your doctor, who is qualified, has certified that you have sustained an accidental injury, then regardless of whether or not there is a visible mark of your injury, your insurance company is bound to admit your claim based on the medical certificate.
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by Msgr. Ildebrando Jesus Aliño Leyson
This coming 21 October 2012, Pope Benedict XVI will enlist the name of another Filipino in the roster or Canon of the Saints of the Church. The baptismal name of this second Filipino to become a saint is "Pedro". He may have taken his name from the saint of the day when he was born, like for example, from Saint Peter the Apostle on June 29.
His surname is variedly spelled in the manuscripts of his Spanish companions and contemporaries as "Calonsor", "Calongsor", "Calansor" and "Calangsor". The present version of the surname is "Calungsod", with the accent falling on the "u" – "Calúngsod".
The surname is of Visayan origin. It comes from the Visayan word "lúngsod" which means "town" or "citizenry". The affix "Ca-" forms a noun which means "one's co-[noun]". Therefore, "Calungsod" means "one's townmate" or "one's fellow town citizen". While today the Visayans normally use the word "katagilúngsod" (the "Ca-" is substituted with "ka-" plus the affix "tagi-" functioning as an indicative of a place of origin) to refer to one's townmate, the surname remains to be "Calungsod". The Spaniards may have written the surname according to how they could pronounce it, that is, perhaps with some difficulty in enunciating the "ng" and the terminal "d" – Calonsor – or it may have been actually the old version of the surname. Even today, when "lungsod" is inflected, the terminal "d" is alternated with an "r"; for example, "kalungsóran" (towns); "lungsoránon" (town citizen[s]). The same is true with other Visayan words that end in "d", like for instance: "búkid" (mountain) > "kabukíran" (mountains); "tubúd" (spring) > "tuburán" (source, springs, having source or spring); "tíkad" (cultivate) > "tikáron" (will cultivate; will be cultivated).
Ignacio Francisco Alcina, S.J., a Spanish missionary who lived and wrote in the Visayas from _PHONE_, that is, during the time of Pedro Calungsod, spelled the word "lungsod" as "longsor" to refer to a "populated place" or "población". Alcina was very familiar with the Visayan language because he lived in the Visayas for thirty-six years and did learn and speak the Visayan language, the words of which, he said, were easy to pronounce. He was well aware of the common occurrence of the union of the consonants "n" and "g" in many Visayan words. However, he complained that the Visayan natives somehow confused in their writing and pronunciation the letters "o" and "u" as well as the letters "l", "r" and "d".
Hence, "Calungsod" became "Calongsor". And as it was further heard and pronounced by different persons of different tongues, ears and years, it became "Calonsor" and even "Calangsor" or "Calansor". The confusion between the "o" and the "u" in the Visayan pronunciation is true even today. One can hear the surname "Calungsod" pronounced also as "Calungsud" or "Calongsod" or something halfway between these two ways of pronouncing it.
"Pedro" is a rather common Christian name. It is no wonder then that there had been, and still there are, other Visayans named "Pedro Calungsod". There was a Pedro Calungsod who was baptized in the town of Ginatilan in Cebu on 23 May 1909. Much earlier, there was a Pedro Calungsod who was baptized in the town of Hinunangan in Leyte in 1854. There was also a Pedro Calungsod, Sr., who was born in the same town of Hinunangan in 1909. His son is Pedro Calungsod, Jr. In Molo, Iloilo City in Panay, there was only a Petrona Calonsod [sic] who was baptized on 30 June 1894, but one of her nephews was named Pedro Calunsod [sic] Cadunay. Andres Calungsod, who was baptized in Ginatilan on 17 October 1894 begot a son named Peter Calungsod who in turn begot Peter Calungsod II.
"Pedro Calungsod" may be a rather common name. But what makes this name very special today is how that boy from the Visayas of the 1600s gave it great honor. It has become like a royal robe too splendid to wear!


Food for Fort: On soya cream and Freedom Food
Can I use soya cream instead of double cream in a quiche? Plus what, exactly, is Freedom Food?
Can you really make a decent quiche without using double cream? Photograph: Colin Campbell for the Guardian
I made my first quiche the other night. Next time, can I substitute soya cream or something similar for the double cream in most recipes? I know it sounds awful, but I want to have my quiche and eat it, too.
It's not something I'd do myself, but having consulted several authorities on the subject, there's no reason you can't substitute soya cream for double cream (or a mixture of tofu and soya cream, to produce the fluffy effect you get from cream). It won't have the same taste or texture of a classic quiche but, yes, you can have your quiche and eat it.
What, exactly, is Freedom Food? It's an increasingly popular label, yet seems to be shy of being free-range.
Freedom Food is a scheme introduced by the RSPCA in 1994. The five basic criteria are: freedom from hunger and thirst; freedom from discomfort; freedom from pain, injury or disease; freedom to express normal behaviour; freedom from fear and distress. It is designed to ensure that animals reared for food are treated to specified welfare standards. Free-range and organic practices are not part of the criteria. For some animal rights organisations, those standards do not go far enough; others say they tacitly endorse meat consumption. There have been criticisms, too, that the scheme has cost implications for the foods labelled, and that there may be a gap between the rules and their enforcement. On the other hand, you could say that it shines like a beacon in a world fed through dubious farming practices.
Got a culinary query for Matthew? Email Visit Matthew's blog, Fort on Food


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Board of Governors' Award for Excellence in Teaching
The winner receives a citation and a one-time stipend of $12,500. One recipient is selected by each of the 16 constituent institutions of the UNC system. Letter of Recommendation required.Submit a Nomination
- Any tenured faculty member who has taught at UNC-Chapel Hill for at least seven years is eligible. This includes faculty members in Academic Affairs, Health Affairs, and professional schools.
- Nominees must be teaching undergraduates in the academic year in which they are selected.
- Recipients must have demonstrated excellent or exceptional undergraduate teaching over a sustained period of time, and nominations should document that record.
- Nominees must be teaching in the academic year in which they are nominated.
- Faculty members may receive this award only once. Check the list of previous winners to be sure.
The committee screens nominations and selects several finalists, who are asked to submit a portfolio for review. The portfolio includes, but is not limited to, the following:
- A current curriculum vitae
- A statement articulating the nominee's teaching philosophy and methods used to achieve educational goals. This statement may include contributions the nominee has made to the intellectual environment at UNC-Chapel Hill and any special or innovative methods they employ.
- Copies of syllabi and other relevant course materials from three courses the nominee has taught and samples of materials from other teaching and learning activities
- A summary of student ratings of courses and other educational experiences that have been evaluated in the previous two years
- Copies of any peer teaching observations
- Names of two or three colleagues and up to five former students of the nominee from whom the selection committee may request evaluations. Nominees are also asked to provide class rolls so current students may be contacted.
The committee may also collect additional data or materials about the nominees' teaching, including videotapes, classroom observation by committee members, and telephone interviews with alumni and current students. The committee will forward its recommendations to the Chancellor.


look up any word, like pussy:
1. A small house, structure, or dwelling which is defined as being so small, that if one were to point a shotgun at the door and fire, everybody within the dwelling would be hit or killed.
2. A temporary home or living quarters for a criminal or runaway.
1. Man, that family's house is so small, it might as well be a shotgun shack.
2. After robbing the bank, the robber headed back to his shotgun shack to count his ends and plan his next heist.
by Deus Ex Magna June 16, 2005


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they should be checked on a regular basis.
Use the user mode command show processes cpu to find out how busy the CPU is and what IOS processes are running.
<<<Figure 5-15 Show Processes CPU Partial Output>>>
Line 2 of Figure 5-14 shows CPU utilization averages over the last five seconds, one minute, and five minutes. On the five-second utilization, there are two numbers separated by forward slashes. The first number is the average utilization, and the second number is the percent of CPU time spent processing interrupts, for example, processing packets.
Starting on Line 4 of Figure 5-14, we are shown all of the processes currently running. The display shows the Process ID (PID), name, and statistics for each process. The "Runtime" for a process is the CPU time it has used in milliseconds (ms). The number of times the processes has been invoked is shown in the "Invoked" column, and the "uSecs" columns shows the average amount of CPU time, in microseconds (usec), each invocation has used. If we multiply the number of invocations by the amount of time for each invocation, the result should be the total amount of CPU time used.
If you believe CPU utilization is too high, check the list of processes to determine which one is using the most CPU time. Much of the output is not shown here; there can be hundreds of processes running on a router.
Memory, RAM, is one of those resources that is extremely valuable to IOS. Monitoring memory utilization can be done with the user mode commands show processes memory and show memory. Figure 5-16 shows part of the output from the show process memory command.
<<<Figure 5-16 Show Processes Memory Partial Output>>>
In Figure 5-16, Line 2, we see a couple of things very important to the health of our router - how much RAM is being used and how much RAM is free. IOS does not put many constraints on how much RAM a process can use; therefore, it is up to us to keep track of it. After all, we do not want messages like the one below showing up when we attempt something from the console.
%% Low on memory; try again later
The output in Figure 5-16 shows the processes and their memory statistics. The amount of RAM currently being used by a process is shown in the "Holding" column. If the free memory is constantly going down for no apparent reason, check to see which process is holding more and more memory. That process may have what is called a memory leak; memory leaks will eventually cause the IOS to run out of RAM and die. We can normally repair memory leaks by upgrading IOS on a router.
To get detailed statistics on memory utilization, use the show memory command to show the characteristics for all of the IOS memory blocks. Part of the output from the show memory command is in Figure 5-17.
<<<Figure 5-17 Show Memory Partial Output>>>
The output shown in Figure 5-17 has three sections: memory utilization, processor memory, and I/O memory. The information in the processor memory and I/O memory sections may be a little more than we really need for normal IOS monitoring. With that in mind, here is a word of warning. The complete output of the show memory command can be lengthy; the output that was used for Figure 5-17 was over 2400 lines before it was cut down. If we set our terminal length to zero (0) to avoid having to deal with the More prompt, we will be waiting a very long time for the output to be displayed on our terminal screen.
The memory utilization section of the Figure 5-17 output is Lines 2 through 4. Memory has been divided into processor (system) memory and I/O (shared) memory. See the show version explanation in Section 5.1 (Figure 5-1, Line 15). The total amount of processor memory is about 5.7 million bytes, and the total amount of I/O memory is about 2 million bytes. The number of bytes used and free for each type of memory is shown also. The sum of free processor memory and free I/O memory is about 6.25 million bytes (see Figure 5-16, Line 2). The "Head" column shows the hex address of the beginning of each memory type. The head of processor memory matches the address of the first memory block shown in the processor memory section (Line 9). The head of I/O memory matches the address of the first memory block shown in the I/O memory section (Line 18).
The processor memory and I/O memory sections of the output in Figure 5-17 shows the beginning address, the size in bytes, and the owning process for each block of memory. Again, this is probably more than the average person needs to know.
IOS uses many types of buffers. The most common buffers that we need to keep an eye on are the network packet buffers. There are six types of network packet buffers, each with a different size; some routers have only five types of packet buffers. IOS keeps a pool for each type of buffer. Monitoring these pools is useful during troubleshooting of lost or dropped packets. We can use the user mode command show buffers to check the buffer pools. Figure 5-18 shows a sample output.
<<<Figure 5-18 Show Buffers Output>>>
Each public packet buffer can hold a network packet that is being processed by IOS. When a packet is received, a buffer from the appropriate pool is allocated and the packet is placed into the buffer. The appropriate pool is selected based on the packet's size. The packets are placed into the smallest buffer in which they will fit. The sizes of buffers are described as Small, Middle, Big, VeryBig, Large, and Huge. Suppose, for example, that a 450-byte packet were received. IOS would allocate a Middle buffer (600 bytes) because a Small buffer (104 bytes) does not have enough space to hold the packet. On the display's first line for each buffer pool are the size of the buffers in the pool, the number of buffers currently in the pool, and the number of permanent buffers in the pool. Permanent buffers are allocated at boot time and are never removed from the pool.
We will examine the Middle buffers in Figure 5-18 to describe the fields of each pool's description. The number in the free list is the number of buffers that are currently not being used, in other words, the number of buffers that do not contain a packet for processing. On Line 11, we see that the pool contains 90 Middle buffers, and on Line 12, we see that 81 of those are available; therefore, we can calculate that 9 Middle buffers are allocated. Also on Line 12, the minimum and maximum number of free Middle buffers allowed is given. The minimum is shown as 10; therefore, if the Middle buffer free list goes below 10, IOS will create more Middle buffers. The maximum is 200; this means that IOS is allowed to have up to 200 Middle buffers if they are needed for a burst of Middle-buffer sized packets.
On Line 13 of Figure 5-18, we see counters for the number of buffer hits, the number of buffer misses, the number of buffer trims, and the number of buffers created. A buffer hit is a successful attempt to allocate a buffer when a packet needs to be placed in one. A buffer miss is an unsuccessful attempt to allocate a buffer; this is the result of not having enough buffers in the free list. A buffer miss usually results in a new buffer being created unless the maximum number of buffers allowed has been reached. The number of trims is the number of buffers destroyed because they are no longer being used. The number of buffers created is the times a buffer was created as a result of a buffer miss. Line 14 shows the number of failures; this is the number times a buffer allocation failed as a result of not having have a free buffer and not creating another buffer to accommodate the request. The "no memory" counter shows the number of failures resulting from not having enough memory.
The user mode command show stacks shows information that only a programmer could love; however, if a router crashes, the show stacks command provides information that is valuable for finding out what caused the crash. Figure 5-19 shows a sample output after a crash.
<<<Figure 5-19 Show Stacks Output After a Crash>>>
Lines 23 through 35 have information that can be used to trace the cause of the crash. The Cisco TAC will most likely ask for the output of the show stacks command if you call them after a router crashes and reboots.
Routing and bridging tables are stored in RAM. IOS maintains a routing table for each routed network protocol that has been configured on a router. Without a routing table for a network protocol, IOS cannot route packets for that protocol. If bridging has been configured on a router, IOS maintains a bridging table; without a bridging table, IOS cannot bridge frames. We can examine these tables with the user mode commands show route and show bridge.
The show route command requires a protocol keyword before the word "route". The protocol keyword tells IOS which routing table it should display. The general form of the command looks like this:
Where protocol is the name of a routed protocol such as ip, ipx, appletalk, or decnet. For example, to examine the IP routing table, the complete command


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Funding Available for Zika Virus Research
Contribute to Understanding a New Global Health Threat
The NSF has posted a "Dear Colleague Letter" noting the interest of the Ecology & Evolution of Infectious Diseases (EEID) program in proposals for research investigating the Zika virus. Proposals addressing a wide range of aspects of this new global health threat are encouraged, including issues that geographers will play an important role in answering such as determining and depicting the spatial distribution of Zika virus vectors and modeling the regional to continental scale spread of the virus. Geographers with research interests and skills in medical geography, ecological modeling, and/or spatial modeling, among others, should consider this opportunity to contribute to the research dialogue of this evolving "public health emergency of international concern" (World Health Organization). Work proposing medical research angles (e.g. disease transmission, pathophysiology, diagnostic methods) have a different agency contact so proposals by geographers and others, and the perspective they provide, are not in direct competition with medical researchers for funding consideration. View the full NSF letter for proposal submission information.


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Among the numerous traditions associated with these weddings, the mehendi ceremony is probably the most prominent. This is when the brides, and in some cases the grooms, apply mehendi on their hands and feet. While the groom needs to stay happy with a token design, the brides are given an elaborate treatment.
The significance of mehendi
According to popular belief, mehendi is a representation of the bond of matrimony existent between couples and is thus regarded as a sign of good luck. It signifies the love and affection prevalent between them and their immediate families. Some of the popular beliefs associated with a mehendi tradition are as follows:
- The darkness of the color of the mehendi on the bride's hands is a representation of the deep love existing between the would-be-couple
- The color of the mehendi also reflects the love and understanding the bride shares with her mother-in-law
- Longer the mehendi color stays on, more auspicious it proves to be for the newlyweds
- mehendi is also looked upon as a symbolic representation of fertility
How to make mehendi at home?
Henna, the main constituent for a mehendi paste, is usually sold in the form of a dry powder. It is usually prepared by drying, milling, and sifting the leaves of the henna plant. This powder needs to be blended with strong tea, lemon juice, or other liquids that have an acidic content so that the silky smooth consistency is obtained.
Henna paste should ideally be allowed to stand for twenty-four hours so that the dye is released. Essential oils that contain a high level of monoterpene alcohol such as eucalyptus, cajeput, lavender, and tea tree can be added to the henna paste so as to produce a dark color. This paste can now be applied to the palms and feet of the bride for creating intricate designs using cones.
In case you don't wish to prepare cones at home, ready-made cones are readily available in the market.
Modernization of the mehendi designs
The traditional mehendi patterns have become intensely intricate and decorative over time. Today, there are a large number of mehendi patterns to choose from such as Arabic, Rajasthaniand black mehendi designs. Besides, you have the choice of jazzing up a simple design using crystals, beads etc.
DulhaDulhan and Shehnai designs are particularly popular amongst brides. But if you are a modern bride, you might just want to try out some awesome arm tattoos for your big day!
Applying a mehendi and getting a design right may sound very easy but is far from being so! You need a lot of effort and practice before you can get it right. It is thus advisable that you try out the design on rough to see if you have mastered it perfectly before you go ahead and apply it for the big occasion. Mehendi expert Jigna Mehta explains some amazing and easy to do henna designs in this step-by-step mehendi tutorial.
Mehendi designs on feet
Doing a bridal mehendi pattern for the feet is not much different from any other conventional form of mehendi design. While we are used to seeing the hands and arms being covered by such designs it is not unusual to have mehendi art on one's legs and feet. This design can be in coordination of what you have on your hands or have a totally different look and feel to it. Either way, dainty feet and delicate ankles brandishing traditional mehendi designs with a pair of toe rings and an anklet makes for a complete bridal look.
Over the course of the wedding celebrations, there will be numerous occasions when the bride will be called upon for exposing her feet and ankles. Having a great bridal mehendi pattern gracing her feet will help in bringing the whole look together and complement her ensemble of jewelry and makeup.
Before you get started
Here are some helpful tips to ensure that you are fully prepared before applying the bridal mehendi design on your hands. Trust me, following these tips will make life a whole lot easier for you and you will get that dark bridal mehendi glowing for days !
- You should ideally get the bridal mehendi done a couple of days before the wedding day since the henna will require around 48 uneventful hours to produce the darkest possible stain
- It is not a good idea to exfoliate before the mehendi is applied. More the number of skin layers, better will be the absorption of the henna
- All your manicure, pedicure, and waxing should be done before the mehendi is applied, as they impact the longevity and stain of the design. If your preference is for shaving over waxing, do so lightly in order to avoid razor burns or open wounds. Also, the harsh chemicals used in these manicures and pedicures can prevent the stain from developing so you won't get the guarantee of a suitably bright bridal mehendi pattern
- Avoid the use of any lotions before applying the mehendi and for another couple of days after you have applied it so that it does not interfere with the stain
After Application Care – How to Make Sure Your Mehendi Stays for Long
Once the mehendi dries off, dab it with a solution of lemon juice and sugar which helps in increasing the intensity of the mehendi color. The dried henna will slowly fall off from the hand and leave behind an orange hue that slowly turns into reddish brown.
The remainder of the dried paste can be scraped off from the hand using the blunt edge of a knife.
Chlorinated water and soap solutions should be avoided at all costs as they hinder the darkening of the mehendi color. After applying the mehendi, you can steam or warm your hands to give a darker color to the design. It is best to make the henna paste at home for creating mehendi designs and tattoos on your hands and feet. This way, you can keep yourself from harm of the harsh chemicals that are predominant in the readymade cones you get in the market.
Well, I hope these tips come handy and you look and feel beautiful. Happy wedding in advance!
About the Author of this Post – Surbhi Kanur
I am a girl in my twenties, trying to discover myself and wish to get surprised by every move of my life. Writing for me I believe, relieves stress, helps me concentrate better, and lets me re-invent myself. It enchants me like meditation and lets me harness my energy in a positive way.
She is also a blogger. Her blog is called Senescence where she talks about everything from relationships, philosophy and more.
For more inspirations, check out Frugal2Fab's Pinterest Board on Bridal Mehendi Designs.


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Accelerate Learning Through Peer Networks and Exchanges
Learning exchanges and other events that expose local community members and conservation professionals to one another and to tangible examples of conservation successes and failures are powerful tools that provide both immediate and long-term benefits. Well-designed and executed exchanges accelerate learning and provide participants with experiences that have diverse, profound, and lasting effects on people and conservation programs.
Peer learning networks are especially powerful tools to accelerate learning, sharing, and action at all scales, and they facilitate continuity for long-term conservation. For examples of the many ways networks are used, see Scaling Up: Networks Amplify Impact and the three case studies. A partial list of effective peer learning networks serving the Pacific is also provided Helpful Resources,