- About Us
 - Contact Us
 How to paper tune your bow
 Paper tuning your bow is not a necessity in order to shoot your bow, however it does ensure that your bow is shooting straight and as accurate as possible. In most cases it even helps to reduce the amount of difference between field points and broadheads.
 Paper tuning is really nothing more than putting a piece of paper between two posts and then shooting your arrow through the paper into a target located just behind the paper. In doing this you are able to see if the arrow is kicking left,right,up or down.
 1. Lets get started what you need to do is to get 2 posts of some type and secure them so that they cannot move. Your going to want the posts to be about the width of the paper your using minus an inch on both sides because your going to need to fasten the paper to the posts.
 *NOTE make sure that the paper is not creased or wrinkled as this will affect the outcome results.* Also make sure the paper is at the height of the arrow being shot because you do not want to be shooting downwards or upwards into the paper as the results will be inaccurate as well..
 2. Alright so now with the posts firmly in place in front of your target and the paper fastened to the posts you are now ready to start shooting. So what we are going to do is go back about 3-5 yards from the posts. Now what your going to do is shoot an arrow into the sheet of paper making sure that your form good so as not to torque the bow.
 3. After the arrow has passed through the page there may or may not be significant tearing. What your going to do next is to go to the paper take on of your hands and put it behind the paper and put the tears back together so that you can see how its tearing. Once you see how it is tearing then you can make the adjustments to your arrow rest. *NOTE the best way that I have found is to work on one problem at a time so work on either horizontal tears or vertical tears*.
 4. Alright so now what we have to do is read the tear and fix the problem. Now the most important part to remember is that you must move your rest in the direction of the tear, so for example if after getting the paper back together you notice that the tear is going to the left then you need to move the rest to the left, if the tear is going in an upward direction then you need to move the rest up etc.
 Now this could take some time as once you move the rest you must continue shooting into the paper until you shoot the arrow through with no tearing and the end result looks as though your looking at the back of an arrow. You need to do this for both for horizontal and vertical tears.
 5. Once you have the arrows going through properly with the flecthings on we need to get a bare arrow(one without fletchings)and go through the same steps. In doing this we can eliminate even the smallest of tears that may have been covered up by the minor tearing from the fletchings on the previous arrow we used.
 The goal of this new arrow is to get it making what looks like bullet holes, the holes should be round with no tearing at all. If this is done than you have successfully paper tuned your bow, this will ensure maximum accuracy and penetration of the arrow.
 3 Comments | Tags:,,
 The Importance of Paper Tuning your Bow
 Bow tuning is not very commonly practiced by a majority of bowhunters. This is more than likely due to the fact that it is fairly time consuming and does take a bit of knowledge to do. Some archers are under the impression that if they go out and buy the most expensive rest and sight that this will help them to avoid having to tune their bows. Unfortunately it will not work like this.
 It MAY lessen the frequency of tuning you have to do but you will still have to tune your bow. Tuning your bow is just the act of basically moving your rest up/down/left/right so as get your arrow flying out of the bow as smoothly as you can.
 Tuning your bow is not necessary but it is recommended for a few reasons. Tuning your bow not only helps to improve your shooting and reduces the amount of wear to your equipment but also keeps your arrow shooting as straight as possible.
 Now you may be asking yourself does it really make that big of a difference, well let me assure you that it does and could mean the difference between getting your trophy animal and kicking your self in the behind for missing. Let me explain what I mean.
 An arrow that flies from a none tuned bow will most definitely have a wobble in the back of the arrow, now that wobble may not be serious enough to hurt your shot a great deal on a calm day but lets throw some wind in there and you have yourself a huge chance of that wobble becoming worse as it is caught by the wind. The wobble also creates more wind drag that will slow your arrow down causing less penetration.
 An arrow that is shot from a bow that is not tuned has 4 possible outcomes these are that the arrow will either be kicked out so the back of the arrow is pointed down, up, to the right or left. This plays a huge role on how your arrow will fly and how it will hit and enter your target.
 For example if your arrow is kicked out and the back of the arrow is pointing downward the arrow will try to stabilize as much as it can before hitting the target but more times than not when the arrow hits the target the arrow will be going in on an angle, which greatly reduces the penetration of the arrow. Paper tuning makes tuning a bow a whole lot easier and less painful as it serves as a visual aid so that you can see how your arrow is flying from your bow.
 When the arrow goes through the paper if it is not going straight in, it will actually make a tear in the direction that the back of the arrow is pointed. This will take the guessing work out of tuning your bow and cut the time down as well.
 So whether your a competition shooter or a hunter you will benefit greatly by spending an hour or so tuning your bow to guarantee your arrows are flying straight. If you would like to know exactly how to paper tune your bow look in our tutorial section.
 No Comments | Tags:,,,,


text:
Could robots help voters make better decisions? 'RoboVote' looks at pros and cons of arguments to settle debates faster
- The tool can help groups to answer objective or subjective questions
- For subjective questions, participants in a poll rank their preferences
- RoboVote gives each rank a 'happiness value' to determine the result
- For objective questions, RoboVote tries to estimate the true ranking using statistical approaches
Trying to settle a debate in a group can be a difficult task, especially when it comes to subjective questions with no definitive answer.
But a new tool has been developed which could make these discussions easier.
RoboVote is a revolutionary tool that uses artificial intelligence and machine learning to help humans make better group decisions.
To answer objective questions, the system assumes that voters make errors in estimating the true ranking of alternatives, and [it] finds the outcome that is mathematically guaranteed to be as close as possible to the truth (stock image)
The tool has been designed by computer scientists at Carnegie Mellon and Harvard University.
Speaking to Digital Trends, Ariel Procaccia, who led the team from Carnegie Mellon, said: 'There is a large amount of research at the intersection of AI and voting, in part designed to help software agents make decisions.
'The initial inspiration was the realisation that the "killer app" of this type of work is actually helping people — not software agents — make group decisions.'
To use RoboVote, users can create a poll with alternative choices, and invite their friends to participate.
The tool can help with both subjective and objective questions.
For subjective questions – such as which pizzeria makes the best pizzas – an approach called 'implicit utilitarian voting' is used.
Participants rank their preferences in a poll, and the system assigns each rank a 'happiness value.'
This can be used to determine the choice most preferred by the group.
But objective questions – such as which company will have the highest net profit next quarter – are slightly harder for the system to calculate.
These questions have a definitive correct answer, and as people involved in the poll aren't necessarily well informed, the system itself has to uncover the truth.
Trying to settle a debate in a group can be a difficult task, especially when it comes to subjective questions with no definitive answer. But a new tool has been developed which could make these discussions easier (stock image)
Mr Procaccia said: 'The system assumes that voters make errors in estimating the true ranking of alternatives, and [it] finds the outcome that is mathematically guaranteed to be as close as possible to the truth.
'For objective opinions, RoboVote builds on a large body of work in machine learning that tries to estimate the true ranking using statistical approaches, and makes it even more robust by not making any specific assumptions about how voters might make mistakes.'
While it is unclear how the researchers see their system being used, Mr Procaccia added: 'The ambitious primary goal here is nothing less than to transform the way people make certain types of decisions.'
Most watched News videos
- Old home video captures now convicted rapist with his victims
- Over a dozen WWII bombs detonated over the last decade in the UK
- Glass from garden table sent high into the air during tornado
- Moment £450m worth of cocaine seized in huge hit to drug cartels
- Surreal video shows packed pub while WWII bomb sits in back garden
- Western leaders give statements on two year Ukraine war anniversary
- Fired air stewardess flips out on Duty Free products in Rome
- Horrifying moment Russian troops are killed by Ukrainian missiles
- World War II bomb scheduled for detonation near Plymouth Breakwater
- Valencia resident walks onto balcony to see horror Spanish blaze
- Christian Brueckner smiles as he arrives for sex crimes trial
- Tory MP Lee Anderson says Islamists have 'control of Khan and London'

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Theorem: The resolvent set is an open subset of \mathbb{C} on which the resolvent is an analytic operator valued function. Resolvents at different points commute and we have
 R λ(T)R μ(T)=(μλ)R μ(T)R λ(T) R_{\lambda}(T) - R_{\mu}(T) = (\mu - \lambda) R_{\mu}(T) R_{\lambda}(T)
The proof can be done as in the bounded case.
Commuting operators
The concept of commuting operators, which is of no problem in the bounded case, presents a conceptual difficulty in the unbounded one: for given operators AA, BB we would like to be able to say whether they commute, although their composite may not have dense domain. For selfadjoint operators there is a solution to this problem: We know that in the bounded case, two selfadjoint operators commute iff their spectral projections commute. This suggests the
 - Definition: two (possibly unbounded) selfadjoint operators commute iff all their spectral projections commute.
The spectral theorem shows that all bounded Borel functions of two commuting operators will also commute.
The following theorem states the reverse for two of the most important functions and shows that the definition of commutation above is reasonable:
 - Theorem: let AA and BB be selfadjoint operators on a Hilbert space \mathcal{H}. Then the following three statements are equivalent:
(a) AA and BB commute
(b) if Imλ\operatorname{Im} \lambda and Imμ\operatorname{Im} \mu are 0\neq 0, then R λ(A)R_{\lambda}(A) and R μ(B)R_{\mu}(B) commute, as it is defined for bounded operators: R λ(A)R μ(B)=R μ(B)R λ(A)R_{\lambda}(A) R_{\mu}(B) = R_{\mu}(B) R_{\lambda}(A)
(c) for all t,st, s \in \mathbb{R} we have exp(itA)exp(isB)=exp(isB)exp(itA)\exp(itA) \exp(isB) = \exp(isB) \exp(itA)
Strongly continuous one-parameter semigroups
A strongly continuous one-parameter semigroup is an unitary representation of \mathbb{R} on \mathcal{H} where \mathbb{R} is seen as a topological group with respect to multiplication, see topological group. An explicit definition recalling these concepts is this:
 - Definition: a function U:()U : \mathbb{R} \to \mathcal{B}(\mathcal{H}) is a one-parameter semigroup if the semigroup condition U(t+s)=U(t)U(s)U(t+s) = U(t)U(s) holds. If for every xx \in \mathcal{H} and tt 0t \to t_0 we have U(t)xU(t 0)xU(t)x \to U(t_0)x then it is strongly continuous. If every UU is an unitary operator, it is an unitary semigroup.
In the following a semigroup will be understood to be a one-parameter unitary strongly continuous semigroup.
In physics, one-parameter semigroups of this kind often represent the time evolution of a physical system described by an evolution equation.
 - Theorem: a selfadjoint operator AA generates a semigroup via U(t):=exp(itA)U(t) := \exp(itA)
 - Theorem (Stone's theorem): let UU be a semigroup, then there is a selfadjoint operator AA such that U(t)=exp(itA)U(t) = \exp(i t A). This operator is often called the infinitesimal generator of UU.
These two theorems are essential for the Schrödinger picture of quantum mechanics, which describes a system by the Schrödinger equation, we have now a one-to-one correspondence of selfadjoint operators which can be seen as Hamilton operators (only special operators will be seen as describing actual physical systems, of course), and semigroups which describe the time evolution generated by the Hamilton operator.
As a trivial observation we add that Stone's theorem is a (huge) generalization of the Taylor series, let f:f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R} that is (real) analytic in a neighborhood of 00, then we get for xx small enough:
f(h)= k=0 f n(0)n!h n=exp(ih(iddx)) f(h) = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{f^{n}(0)}{n!} h^n = \exp(i h(-i \frac{d}{dx} ))
This shows that the operator iddx-i \frac{d}{dx} generates the semigroup of translations on the real line. Now we could, for example, use Stone's theorem to prove that iddx-i \frac{d}{dx} is selfadjoint by proving that the translation group is strongly continuous.
Subtleties resulting from domain issues
(This rather generic title will have to be revised.)
Nelson's example of noncommuting exponentials
Nelson's example shows that the rather involved definition of commutativity of two unbounded operators is well motivated, because a more naive one will have unwanted consequences. It is a counterexample to the following conjecture:
 - Conjecture (false!): Let AA and BB be selfadjoint operators on a Hilbert space \mathcal{H} and DD a dense subset such that both AA and BB restricted to DD are essentially selfadjoint. Suppose that for all xDx \in D we have ABxBAx=0 A B x - B A x = 0. Then AA and BB commute.
We have already seen that on 2\mathbb{R}^2 we can define two essentially selfadjoint operators i x-i \partial_x and i y-i \partial_y that generate translations along the x-axis and the y-axis respectively. Both the generated translations and the operators commute (the latter if applied to differentiable functions, of course).
The central idea of Nelson's counterexample is to replace 2\mathbb{R}^2 by a Riemann surface with two sheets, such that walking east, then walking north takes you to one sheet, while walking north then walking east takes you to the other sheet.
We use the Riemann surface MM of f(z)=(z)f(z) = \sqrt(z). We give a brief exposition of its construction: take two copies of \mathbb{C}, two "sheets", and call them I and II. Cut both sheets along (0,)(0, \infty), label the edge of the first quadrant along the cut as ++ and the edge of the fourth quadrant as -. Then attach the ++ edge of I with the - edge of II and the - of I with the ++ edge of II.
Let =L 2(M)\mathcal{H} = L^2(M) with respect to Lebesgue measure. As indicated above we define A = i x-i \partial_x and B = i y-i \partial_y, this is with respect to the canonical chart on each sheet that projects it onto \mathbb{C} and then identifies \mathbb{C} with 2\mathbb{R}^2.
Let DD be the set of all smooth functions with compact support not containing 00. Then:
(a) AA and BB are essentially selfadjoint on DD
(b) AA and BB map DD onto DD
(c) for all xDx \in D we have ABx=BAxA B x = B A x
(d) exp(itA)\exp(i t A) and exp(isB)\exp(i s B) do not commute.
Only part (a) needs further explanation…
 - Konrad Schmuedgen, Unbounded self-adjoint operators on Hilbert space, Springer GTM 265, 2012
Chapter VIII of the following classic volume is devoted to unbounded operators:
Nelson's example is taken from the above reference, the original reference is this:
 - Edward Nelson: Analytic Vectors Ann.Math. 70, p.572-615, 1959
category: analysis
Revised on March 1, 2015 22:31:36 by Gabriele Tornetta? (


What Causes Sediment In Urine?
Sediment in the urine can result from urinary tract infection, kidney infection, bladder infection, kidney stones, vaginal bacteria, yeast infections in men and women, prostatitis, and parasites. Sediment has been related to bone mineral loss after spinal cord injury.
 1. How much sediment is normal in urine?
 2. What is the white sediment in urine?
 3. What causes flaky sediment in urine?
 4. How do you treat sediment in urine?
 5. What foods cause sediment in urine?
 6. Is it normal to have some sediment in your urine?
 7. What are the little bits in my urine?
 8. Is it normal to have debris in your urine?
 9. What does sediment in urine indicate?
 10. Is it normal to have a little sediment in urine?
How much sediment is normal in urine?
"Normal" urine sediment contains less than 5 RBC/hpf (seen often in cystocentesis samples) and 5 WBC/hpf, (seen often in voided samples). Voided samples also may contain squamous epithelial cells. A low number of transitional epithelial cells or sperm is normal, as are rare hyaline or granular casts.
What is the white sediment in urine?
If you notice white particles in your urine, it's likely from genital discharge or a problem in your urinary tract, such as kidney stones or possible infection. If you have significant symptoms that accompany the white particles in your urine, you may want to see your doctor.
What causes flaky sediment in urine?
Commonly, flaky debris in the urine comes from casts, which are abnormal cells, parts of cells, or even sloughed off tissue. This typically occurs in children with underlying urinary tract or kidney problems, or children who are catheterized.
Idexx - The Urine Sediment Examination
How do you treat sediment in urine?
- Antibiotics for the treatment of UTIs. - Specific medications or surgical procedures for the treatment of liver disease. - Certain therapies and medications for the treatment of kidney and bladder stones.
What foods cause sediment in urine?
Some foods and drinks may contribute to cloudy urine. These include foods that are high in phosphorus, purines, refined sugars, and salt, as well as alcohol and caffeine. However, sometimes cloudy urine is a sign of something more serious.
Is it normal to have some sediment in your urine?
Sediment looks like tiny white, reddish, and brown particles that settle in a urine collection device. A small amount of sediment can be normal in urine, but it is such a small amount that it is typically not seen. Sediment is not seen if you use the toilet because most toilets are white, as is most sediment.
Understanding Urine Sediment & Kidney Filtration
What are the little bits in my urine?
They're microscopic gritty particles that float in the urine and are often made up of various cell types and debris that sheds from the urinary tract. Most people who suffer from urinary tract infections are prone to sediment in their urine, which may contain bacteria, white blood cells, and protein.
Is it normal to have debris in your urine?
A small amount of sediment can be normal in urine, but it is such a small amount that it is typically not seen. Sediment is not seen if you use the toilet because most toilets are white, as is most sediment. Water in the bowel also dilutes the concentration of urine, so the sediment is not visualized.
White Stuff Or Particles In Urine: What It Means And What To Do
What does sediment in urine indicate?
Often people think sediment is an indication of a urinary tract infection, which is often is but not always. Sediment in the urine can result from urinary tract infection, kidney infection, bladder infection, kidney stones, vaginal bacteria, yeast infections in men and women, prostatitis, and parasites.
Is it normal to have a little sediment in urine?
Sediment looks like tiny white, reddish, and brown particles that settle in a urine collection device. A small amount of sediment can be normal in urine, but it is such a small amount that it is typically not seen. Sediment is not seen if you use the toilet because most toilets are white, as is most sediment.
Understanding Urine Sediment & Kidney Filtration


Reaching Others University at Buffalo - The State University of New York
Skip to Content
Ian Malone
willy waste
Ian is an environmental studies major, a member of Alpha Kappa Chi, UB's professsional environmental fraternity, and an intern with the Office of Sustainability.
What does sustainability mean to you?
Sustainability to me means living in a way that lessens our impact on the planet and not depleting our resources to the point of making life harder for future generations.
What are you doing to help UB become more sustainable?
My contribution for helping UB be more sustainable is using less plastic and buying more locally, recycling more and informing friends about what can be recycled.
I am part of an environmental organization on campus which works towards informing people about sustainable living and how the way we are living now is negatively impacting the environment.
How has sustainability impacted your academic pursuits?
I am now fully invested in pursuing a career that supports living sustainable. My goal is to participate in changing the way we get energy and to move away from conventional gas or oil fuels.
I would like to people to know that even though I have a car, I still bike to as many places as possible. Living sustainable is possible for everyone and starts by changing the little things we do every day.
How could UB improve its sustainability efforts?
UB has made some big efforts to be more sustainable, from the new community bikes around campus to the massive composting facilities that we now have. But I believe that the biggest step towards being more sustainable would be to re-design the campus, around cars and driving everywhere, towards a campus in which students could walk to all of our necessities, such as grocery stores.


the parent facing deportation is the only parent present in the United States.
If the parent being deported is the only parent, the court presumes that the children will leave the country with the parent who is being deported. Because the children are American citizens, the court cannot order the children to leave the country with a parent who is ordered to be deported. In order to rebut the court's presumption that the children will leave with the parent, the parent must present an affidavit in which the parent expresses his or her intention for the children to remain in the United States. The parent has to show how the children will be cared for if they remain in the United States.
When the children's other parent is in the United States, the parent claiming extreme hardship does not have to provide these affidavits. The assumption is that the children will remain in the United States and be cared for by the remaining parent. There is no requirement of supporting affidavits even when the parent with whom the children would remain is also an undocumented immigrant. The court does not consider the remaining parent's undocumented status as a barrier to caring for the children. The parent being deported can still claim the children will face extreme hardship if he or she is deported, even when the children remain in the care of a parent who is also undocumented.
If the parent does not intend to leave the children in the United States upon his or her deportation, he or she can still allege that the children will suffer undue hardship from returning to the parent's country. This may be a more difficult way to prove hardship because the children still have the option of staying in the United States since they are citizens.
As we have discussed before, if a parent of a United States citizen is deported before he or she has the chance to make arrangements for the care of the children, and the children's other parent cannot care for the children, the children may be sent to foster care. It is therefore important for an undocumented parent to have a contingency plan in place for other family members or friends to care for his or her children if the parent is unexpectedly deported.
Contact an Experienced Immigration Attorney
Undocumented immigrants facing deportation generally have a better chance at deportation hearings if they are represented by an attorney than if they represent themselves. If you have a loved one facing deportation, you need to contact our multi-lingual staff to speak to experienced immigration attorney Nathan Wei from Strassburg, Gilmore & Wei, LLP, in Pasadena, California for a consultation.
What Happens Now That the DACA Program is Being Phased Out?
News of the elimination of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program, also known as DACA, has caused widespread disappointment, and in some cases fear, among the hundreds of thousands of immigrants who were offered protection from deportation under the program. Under DACA, undocumented immigrants who were brought to the United States as children by their parents, and who registered with the federal government were able to work and attend school without fear of deportation.
DACA will officially begin to be scaled back in March of 2018. Therefore, DACA recipients whose permits are due to expire have one opportunity to renew them by October 2017. No new applications for DACA work authorization will be accepted. In addition, no applications for advance parole will be granted, allowing a DACA recipient to leave the country and legally return despite his or her undocumented status.
Until the program is phased out, DACA recipients are still entitled to the benefits and protections they receive under the program. This means that an employer cannot fire a DACA recipient on the basis of his or her immigration status if the DACA's recipient work permit is valid. Similarly, a DACA recipient cannot be kicked out of school on this basis.
The end of DACA will mean that DACA recipients can more easily be deported. This is a fear among DACA recipients, that the information they provided in order to gain DACA protection could not be used against them. DACA recipients may also be encouraged to self-deport, that is, voluntarily leave the United States before their permits expire.
However, depending on the circumstances, a DACA recipient may have other legal options to stay in the country despite the end of DACA. If a DACA recipient has another legal avenue for changing his or her immigration status to avoid deportation, this would be the best time to take advantage of that avenue. While it is a good idea to prepare and have a plan ready in case of deportation, it is also important for DACA recipients to speak to an experienced immigration attorney before self-deporting. Speaking to an attorney can help a DACA recipient evaluate his or her legal rights under the law before taking drastic action.
There may be further changes coming that could affect DACA recipients. The University of California system has filed a lawsuit in federal court arguing that the abrupt end of DACA violates the due process rights of the undocumented immigrants who were granted certain rights under the program. Depending on how the court rules on this issue, DACA recipients may be able to retain some of their rights for a while longer. There is also pressure for congress to pass the DREAM Act, which would provide many of the same benefits as the DACA program.
Contact an Experienced Immigration Attorney
If you were registered under DACA and need legal assistance to understand how the program's termination will affect you, or how you can continue working and going to school, contact our multi-lingual staff to speak to an experienced immigration attorney from Strassburg, Gilmore & Wei, LLP today.
Avoiding Deportation by Applying for Cancellation of Removal
Although legal permanent residents in the United States usually enjoy many rights that U.S. citizens have, unlike U.S. citizens, there are certain circumstances under which a legal permanent resident can be deported. For example, legal permanent residents can be deported for committing certain crimes. When a legal permanent resident receives notice that he or she is to be deported, he or she can apply for relief from deportation if he or she can show that he or she meets certain conditions.
Cancellation of Removal
When a legal permanent resident receives a Notice to Appear from the government, it usually means that removal or deportation proceedings against the person may be started. The notice usually has details about removal proceedings and the reason for the proceedings.
Legal permanent residents who are facing deportation have a form of relief available to them known as the cancellation of removal. The legal permanent resident can apply for a cancellation of removal by showing that he meets three conditions.
The lawful permanent resident must show that he or she:
 - Has been an immigrant lawfully admitted for permanent residence for not less than five years;
 - Has resided in the United States continuously for seven years after having been admitted in any status; and,
 - Has not been convicted of any aggravated felony.
Once these three conditions are met, the Attorney General can exercise his authority to cancel the deportation proceedings against a lawful permanent resident. However, even if the three conditions are met, the application may still be rejected.
Stop Time Rule
Under what is known as the stop time rule, the seven years of continuance residence required for a cancellation of removal stops running when the lawful permanent resident commits a crime that makes him eligible for deportation, or at the time he receives a Notice to Appear. If more than one Notice to Appear has been issued, then the stop time rule applies to the most recent notice. Therefore, if the lawful permanent resident began residing continuously in the U.S. in 2000, and received the Notice to Appear that leads to deportation in 2006, he would not have the seven years required to apply for a cancellation of removal.
Other Cancellation of Removal Cases
Other immigrants who do not have lawful permanent resident status can also apply for the cancellation of removal relief, but they must meet different conditions than lawful permanent residents. These conditions are often harder to meet. An applicant for cancellation of removal who is not a lawful permanent resident is required to show that removal will result in exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to the applicant's spouse, parent, or child, who is either a U.S. citizen or a lawful permanent resident.
The residence requirement is shortened to three years for a person who is a victim of domestic abuse by a U.S. citizen or permanent resident. In addition, the victim of domestic abuse must show that he or she was of good moral character during the three years, and that removal will result in extreme hardship to his or her parent or child.
Contact Us for Legal Assistance
If you are a legal permanent resident and have received a notice informing you of deportation proceedings against you, you need to contact an experienced immigration attorney immediately. Deportation will mean a loss of important rights you hold as a permanent resident. Do not delay; contact our multi-lingual staff to speak to experienced immigration attorney Nathan Wei from Strassburg, Gilmore & Wei, LLP, in Pasadena, California.
Exclusionary Rule and Deportation Hearings
When a person is arrested and charged with a criminal offense, evidence collected against the person cannot be used in a trial against him or her if the police got the evidence in violation of the person's Fourth Amendment rights. Fourth Amendment rights are those protections that people have against unreasonable police searches and detentions. Unfortunately, the rules that do not allow evidence collected in violation of the Fourth Amendment to be used against a person accused of a criminal offence do not apply to deportation proceedings.
The United States Supreme Court has decided that deportation proceedings are civil proceedings, and as such, the rules applicable in criminal proceedings do not apply. Therefore, even if a person is arrested after an illegal stop by the police, the fact of the illegal arrest and any evidence of the person's status that was pulled because of the arrest will be admissible at a deportation hearing.
However, even if the exclusionary rule that works in criminal proceedings does not apply in deportation hearings, it is still applicable to everyone in a criminal trial despite their immigration status


text:
TAPS (Taya Arabic Processing Suite) is the core of Taya's digital content platform, covering a multitude of tasks including:
- Arabic morphology
- Language detection
- Named entity extraction
- Stop word removal
- Keyboard layout detection
- Various data banks
- And much more…
A multi-purpose Arabic processing port which facilitates Arabic language analysis through advanced tools and techniques, TAPS is designed to adapt and adjust to all search engines. TAPS has 14 key features:
1. Tokenization & Segmentation
Tokenization of raw text is a standard pre-processing procedure for many NLP tasks.
For English, tokenization usually involves punctuation splitting and separation of some affixes like possessive 's'. Arabic language, however, requires somewhat broader token preprocessing; that is usually called 'Segmentation'.
While tokenization can be described as the task involving separation of words (morphemes) from running text, it also involves dividing a word into clusters of consecutive morphemes, which typically correspond to the word stem and usually include inflectional morphemes.
2. Arabic Normalizer
Orthographic normalization is an activity that researchers involved in Arabic NLP apply with the purpose of reducing "noise" in the data. This is normally the case, especially if it involves preparing parallel text for machine translation, documents for information retrieval or text for language modelling. Normalization can be Tatweel removal (removing the Tatweel symbol), diacritic removal or letter normalization (converting variant forms to one form).
3. Morphology Analyzer
Morphology is the study of how words are structured. Every language has its own morphology that largely differs from other languages. Originally, morphology was the study of the way words are built up from smaller units called morphemes.
The merit of a morphological analyzer is twofold; the first stems from a theoretical (linguistic) point of view and involves being a useful tool for linguistic modelling and testing certain analysis. Secondly, it supports a variety of applications such as information retrieval, search engines and machine translation.
Our exclusive TAPS extracts the stem of any Arabic word entered into a search engine, taking into consideration the lack of vowels in the written script. It narrows a word's multiple meanings into a single and accurate interpretation.
Transliteration involves phonetically converting a text from one language into another. It's a process different from translation. Our transliteration module converts Romanized Arabic words, which are used in unofficial communication, into their Arabic equivalent.
5. Named Entities Recognition
Named entities recognition (NER) involves the identification of proper names in a specific text and then classifies them into sets of pre-defined categories of interest such as: Names of People, Names of Organisations (such as companies, government organisations and committees), Names of Location (such as cities and countries) and Miscellaneous Names (such as date, time, number, percentage, monetary expressions, number expressions and measurement expressions). TAPS' NER module detects named entities according to types like Location, Organization and People.
6. Keyboard Layout Detection / Correction
This software feature improves the quality of spelling suggestions, as well as recognizing a keyboard-mapping mismatch between a computer and a given remote user, based on a defined dictionary. It is therefore capable of automatically detecting written Arabic words without converting the typing language, and then converting them into Arabic letters.
7. Translation of English words into Arabic
Machine translation (MT) is the process of using computer software to translate a text from one natural language to another. Machine translation is based on dictionary entries, which means that the words are translated as they are in a dictionary. This module is responsible for translating English words into Arabic based on the most reliable and trustworthy dictionaries.
8. Spell Correction
Spell Correction is a module devised to pinpoint Arabic/English misspelled words, alert the user to the correction, and provide them with a set of multiple suggestions for every misspelled word.
9. Information Extraction
Our Information Extraction library is a toolkit that detects and extracts metadata and structured text content from various documents. It extracts:
- Text and metadata from PDF, Office Word Documents, Text formats, Audio formats and Video formats
- Article text from HTML pages without headers, footers or ads
- All metadata and open graph metadata
- The best image to represent an article
Other benefits include enabling automatic character set detection and conversion, not based on page metadata (i.e. Windows-1256, UTF-8, etc).
10. Text Summarizer
Text Summarizer is a module that automatically reduces the word count of a text document in order to create a summary retaining the most important points of the original document. It's used to summarize input text using AI algorithms and Natural Language Processing; based on TAPS. Its principal task is picking the most important phrases that represent the input text. This tool was originally designed to summarize texts of news stories and articles.
Currently, Text Summarizer supports texts written in Arabic, English and French, and will soon cover more languages.
11. Language Identification
This process involves determining a set content language. It detects up to 40 languages with high accuracy. It can also detect more than one language within a single document and define which one is the most used in the document.
12. Predefined Topical Grouping
This module can be applied to any document to classify it into a set of predefined categories (i.e. sports, family, lifestyle, etc). Such grouping can be customised for a variety of topics (based on customer need) in Arabic as well as many other languages.
13. Dynamic Document Clustering
Dynamic Document Clustering is unsupervised clustering that gathers similar documents into separate groups, giving them automatically generated labels that represent the newly grouped set of documents.
14. Recommendation System
Recommendation System is a tool that seeks to predict the rating or preference that a user would give to any given item (such as music, books, or movies) or social element (such as people or groups) they have not yet experienced. It uses a model built from the characteristics of an item (content-based approaches) or the user's social environment (collaborative filtering approaches). This module is embedded using content-based approaches which attempt to understand the Arabic text and recommends items (movies, books, news, etc) it expects the user to like.
Seeking to close the gap separating the Arab world and ME region on one hand and the West on the other, Taya IT's research and development team built a powerful set of technologies for Natural Language Processing that led on to a whole set of new tools and subsequent technologies. Such technologies form the foundation on which we build and make products and services available to both businesses and consumers.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Start line:
End line:
Snippet Preview
Snippet HTML Code
Stack Overflow Questions
BAD_BOUNDARYPOINTS_ERR=The boundary-points of a Range do not meet specific requirements.
BadMessageKey=The error message corresponding to the message key can not be found.
CannotCreateDocumentClass=The class named "{0}" could not be constructed as a org.w3c.dom.Document.
CannotQueryDeferredNode=Current element node cannot be queried when node expansion is deferred.
DOMSTRING_SIZE_ERR=The specified range of text does not fit into a DOMString.
FEATURE_NOT_FOUND=The parameter {0} is not recognized.
FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED=The parameter {0} is recognized but the requested value cannot be set.
FormatFailed=An internal error occurred while formatting the following message:
HIERARCHY_REQUEST_ERR=An attempt was made to insert a node where it is not permitted.
INDEX_SIZE_ERR=The index or size is negative, or greater than the allowed value.
INUSE_ATTRIBUTE_ERR=An attempt is made to add an attribute that is already in use elsewhere.
INVALID_ACCESS_ERR=A parameter or an operation is not supported by the underlying object.
INVALID_CHARACTER_ERR=An invalid or illegal XML character is specified.
INVALID_MODIFICATION_ERR=An attempt is made to modify the type of the underlying object.
INVALID_NODE_TYPE_ERR=The container of a boundary-point of a Range is being set to either a node of an invalid type or a node with an ancestor of an invalid type.
INVALID_STATE_ERR=An attempt is made to use an object that is not, or is no longer, usable.
InvalidDocumentClassName=The class name of the document factory "{0}" used to construct the DOM tree is not of type org.w3c.dom.Document.
InvalidXMLCharInDOM=An invalid XML character (Unicode: 0x{0}) was found in the DOM during normalization.
MissingDocumentClassName=The class name of the document factory "{0}" used to construct the DOM tree could not be found.
NOT_FOUND_ERR=An attempt is made to reference a node in a context where it does not exist.
NOT_SUPPORTED_ERR=The implementation does not support the requested type of object or operation.
NO_DATA_ALLOWED_ERR=Data is specified for a node which does not support data.
NO_MODIFICATION_ALLOWED_ERR=An attempt is made to modify an object where modifications are not allowed.
NullLocalAttrName=A null local name was encountered during namespace normalization of attribute {0}.
NullLocalElementName=A null local name was encountered during namespace normalization of element {0}.
STRING_TOO_LONG=The resulting string is too long to fit in a DOMString: ''{0}''.
SYNTAX_ERR=An invalid or illegal string is specified.
TYPE_MISMATCH_ERR=The value type for this parameter name is incompatible with the expected value type.
UNSPECIFIED_EVENT_TYPE_ERR=The Event's type was not specified by initializing the event before the method was called.
UndeclaredEntRefInAttrValue=The attribute "{0}" value "{1}" referenced an entity that was not declared.
VALIDATION_ERR=A call to a method such as insertBefore or removeChild would make the Node invalid with respect to document grammar.
WRONG_DOCUMENT_ERR=A node is used in a different document than the one that created it.
cdata-sections-splitted=CDATA sections containing the CDATA section termination marker "]]>"
doctype-not-allowed=DOCTYPE declaration is not allowed.
jaxp-null-input-source=The source specified cannot be null.
jaxp-order-not-supported=Property ''{0}'' must be set before setting property ''{1}''.
unsupported-encoding=The encoding {0} is not supported.
wf-invalid-character=The text {0} of the {1} node contains invalid XML characters.
wf-invalid-character-in-node-name=The {0} node named {1} contains invalid XML characters.
New to GrepCode? Check out our FAQ X


text:
This accessible and fun story about the causes of harmful algae in water teaches kids about environmental pollutants and how they can help stop them.
LONG ISLAND, NY, July 27, 2021 /24-7PressRelease/ — An engaging and empowering picture book, written by a kid…for kids!
The children of Seaville get a nasty surprise when they go to the beach and find it closed. Is there a monster lurking in the newly murky green water? The kids enlist the help of an environmental scientist to learn the causes of the harmful algae growing in their beloved ocean and what they can do to defeat this destructive monster. Written by sixteen-year-old Dylan D'Agate, a clean water, and environmental activist, Monster in the Water: Fighting Back Against Harmful Algal Blooms encourages kids to tackle water pollution in their communities.
When the young kids of Seaville bring a water sample to Professor Bloomington, she examines it under a microscope and tells them that their ocean's "monster" has a name: a harmful algae bloom. In small amounts, algae in the water are not dangerous. But in large amounts, caused by too many nutrients from pollution, it lowers oxygen levels and releases poisons which harm fish and other creatures including pets and people!
But how does pollution get in the water? Young readers will learn that everyday tasks can contribute to pollution in oceans, including using too much fertilizer, washing your car at home instead of at the car wash where the dirty water is properly disposed of, and polluted runoff ending up in our water sources.
"Some activities can cause pollution to enter the water through runoff. That's when water moves across the land. The water can end up in ponds, lakes, and even the ocean.
The algae eat the pollution, which causes them to grow and harm other living things…The process is also known as eutrophication."
There is a hopeful and empowering conclusion to this book that shows children that even they can help in stopping pollution that harms our waters: Like reminding parents to make sure their septic tanks are in good working condition or cleaning up after our pets outdoors. The book ends with a useful glossary outlining important terms along with an information section about how to learn more about harmful algal and other environmental issues. While using scientific terms and concepts throughout, the book is accessible, easy to comprehend, and fascinating.
Teenage author Dylan D'Agate was motivated to write this story by his deep connection to water and its important value—one that has given him joy living near it in Long Island. When he learned about this environmental problem happening within his own community, he knew he needed to do something to help. To fight back, Dylan researched as much as possible to see what kids could do to combat these harmful algae destroying our oceans. In writing Monster in the Water: Fighting Back Against Harmful Algal Blooms, he hopes to raise awareness and encourage young people to take action in their local communities and beyond, and to remind people that water is an essential resource that we all need—fish, amphibians, pets, and people alike.
With educational and entertaining text combined with painterly and appealing illustrations throughout, Monster in the Water: Fighting Back Against Algal Blooms is available wherever books are sold. A portion of the book sales will be donated to environmental organizations helping with clean water initiatives.
To purchase the book _URL_
In the book Monster in the Water, a teenage author and environmental activist shows how to fight back against harmful water pollutants through this accessible and fun story about the causes of harmful algae in oceans.
For the original version of this press release, please visit 24-7PressRelease.com here


text:
Definition of cateress
n. - A woman who caters. 2
The word "cateress" uses 8 letters: A C E E R S S T.
Direct anagrams of cateress:
Words formed by adding one letter before or after cateress (in bold), or to aceersst in any order:
i - creasiest sectaries l - traceless n - reascents sarcenets s - actresses t - tesseract u - secateurs
All words formed from cateress by changing one letter
Browse words starting with cateress by next letter


F
Ready for the clues? Here they are, in the order they appear in the phishing email
1. The email address associated with the Department of the Treasury is not from a Department of the Treasury internet domain.
2. Tax refunds are not issued under section 501(c)(3). Section 501(c)(3) is the definition of organizations that are tax-exempt on account of being organized and operated for religious, charitable, scientific, and other specific purposes.
3. If a tax refund has been determined, there ought be no need to request it.
4. The acronym IWP makes no sense in the context of the message, and even if one could come up with words that would fit those letters, it is highly unlikely that a message with respect to a tax refund would use the term as an infinitive form of a verb.
5. It is patently absurd to think that a government message sent by email would be written using text messaging shortcuts, as is the case with "If u don't receive."
6. There is no "IRS mailing date shown."
7. The email is purportedly sent by the Department of the Treasury, and thus one would expect a reference to "the original Department of the Treasury mailing date"?
8. The grammar in "If you distribute funds to other organization" suggests that the message writer does not use English as a primary language, and is the sort of error that would not persist in a form letter of the sort that goes through multiple levels of review.
9. Even more incorrect grammar shows up in "If you distribute funds to other organization" because either organization should be in the plural or the word other should be another.
10. The misspelling of "wether" corroborates the thought that this email originates with someone who does not use English as a primary language, and is yet another type of error that would have been caught, as described in #8, above.
11. There is no section 497, so there surely is no section 497(c)(15) and there are no such things as section 497(c)(15) purposes.
12. Yet another misuse of the English language shows up in the phrase "If you distribute fund to individuals."
13. The meaning of the phrase "the maner of section" can be guessed only by making the assumption that the word "selection" was intended but ended up as "section."
14. The word "maner" must come from the same dictionary as does the word "wether" and corroborates the point made in #10, above.
15. If "maner" and "wether" aren't enough to raise suspicions, perhaps "realtionship" does.
16. The URL that shows up under "click here" surely is not a Department of the Treasury or IRS web site.
17. If the notification was sent by the Internal Revenue Service, why is it packaged as a message from the Department of the Treasury?
18. The IRS does not appoint people to be the Director of a Letter.
19. The placement of a period after the word Exempt is yet another grammatical error demonstrating that the email is a deception.
20. Anyone who reads the paper knows that the IRS does not use email to initiate contact with a taxpayer concerning refunds.
Sadly, somewhere someone has clicked on the link in hopes of getting a few dollars, and ended up providing a criminal with sufficient information to permit the criminal to steal the person's identity or to use some other nefarious technique to acquire funds to which the criminal is not entitled. Is it not time to being teaching high school students how to identify phishing emails? Surely that is as important a life skill as are most of the others that are taught in our school systems? Hoping that someone's common sense would be sufficient is asking too much.
So how many clues did you identify?
Monday, March 23, 2009
Tax Concept Spawns Tax Details
Perhaps one of the most frustrating aspects of tax practice is that most clients can understand tax concepts but get lost when they encounter the details. One of the most frustrating aspects of being a tax student is learning how to shift from a concept to the specific provisions implementing that concept. A concept, standing alone, isn't worth much. Without a roadmap for applying it to a specific situation, it remains an abstract idea without force. In all fairness, were it not for the demands of dealing with details, tax practitioners would have fewer clients needing their services, and tax students would have even dimmer prospects of finding a market willing to compensate them for their learning.
An excellent example of concept-turned-statute is H.R. 1586, which passed the House of Representatives on Thursday. This is the legislation that imposes income tax on bonuses at a 90% rate. That's the concept. "Tax those AIG bonuses" was a cry heard throughout the land, even though, as I pointed out in Taxing Bonuses, the tax would do nothing to undo the economic mess created in part by the bonus recipients. The tax passed by the House isn't the 100% tax that was being touted, but a tax scaled back to 90%, presumably to avoid constitutional challenges.
Setting aside the wisdom and efficacy of the tax, what needs to be done to implement the concept of imposing a tax on the bonuses? Let's look at H.R. 1586.
One must begin by identifying those to be taxed. Section 1(a) of the bill applies the tax to any "employee or former employee of a covered TARP recipient." This requires a definition of that phrase. Section 1(c)(1) of the bill defines a "covered TARP recipient" as anyone that fits within one of four possible descriptions. The first is any person who, after December 31, 2007, received "capital infusions under the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 which, in the aggregate, exceed $5,000,000,000." The second is the Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation. The third is any person "who is a member of the same affiliated group" as a person in either of the first two descriptions. The fourth is any partnership "if more than 50 per cent of the capital or profits interests of such partnership are owned directly or indirectly by one or more persons in any of the first three descriptions. In the usual game of defining terms in a definition, the provision defines "affiliated group" as it is "defined in section 1504 …, determined without regard to paragraphs (2) and (3) of subsection (b)." For terms such as employee, former employee, partnership, capital interest, profits interest, and others that are used elsewhere in the Internal Revenue Code, section 1(d) of the bill provides that they are to be given the same meaning they have when used elsewhere in the Code. I haven't checked, but there are more than a few terms in the Internal Revenue Code that have different meanings for different purposes, so there may be more analysis that must be done before one can determine if the tax would apply.
As written, section 1(a) would apply even if the TARP recipient repaid to the government an amount of money equal to the amount used for the bonus. Considering the purpose of the provision, that would not make sense. Accordingly, section 1(c)(2) of the bill provides for an exception with respect to repayments. It tells us that a person "shall be treated as described in paragraph (1)(A)," that is, subject to the tax, "only if the excess of the aggregate amount of capital infusions described in paragraph (1)(A) with respect to such person over the amounts repaid by such person to the Federal Government with respect to such capital infusions, exceeds $5,000,000,000." In other words, the test isn't whether the capital infusions exceed $5 billion, but whether the NET capital infusions exceed $5 billion. As a practical matter, this means that the bonus recipient does not know whether or not the bonus is taxable at 90 percent until and unless the employer makes a determination that the employee cannot make, namely, the amount of the net capital infusions, and shares that information with the employee. That, of course, is true for determining the tax status of all sorts of benefits provided by employers to employees.
Having identified those who are to be taxed, the next step is to provide for the taxation of the bonus. But before the bonus can be taxed, it needs to be defined. That seems to be a simple proposition, but hang on, it's not. Section 1(b) of the bill begins with a general rule. It defines a TARP bonus for any taxable year, which is what section 1(a) taxes, as the lesser of two amounts. The first amount is the "aggregate disqualified bonus payments received from covered TARP recipients during such taxable year." The second amount is the excess of the taxpayer's adjusted gross income over $250,000, or $125,000 for a married individual filing a separate return. This has the effect of sparing taxpayers with adjusted gross incomes of $250,000 (or $125,000) from being taxed on the bonus at a 90 percent rate. It also has the effect of limiting the portion of the bonus taxed at 90 percent for taxpayers whose adjusted gross income exceeds $250,000 (or $125,000) by a relatively small amount. This makes little sense, and it presupposes that adjusted gross income is a good measure of the taxpayer's relative economic position. That presupposition is questionable because the people receiving these bonuses include people who manipulated financial instruments in ways that suggest they very well may have manipulated their adjusted gross incomes.
The definition of a TARP bonus depends


is behind it.
In this envelopes situation, no information is gained after making our initial choice, about the probability of the contents in the other envelope - the expected value is the same as it was at the outset so there is no probabilistic reasoning to employ to justify altering our decision.
Consider different prior probs: in particular assign to ln(2x) probability 1/2 and to ln(x/2) probability 1/2. Then, the expected value of the other envelop becomes
ln(2x) 1/2 + ln(x/2) 1/2 = ln(x)
which is the same as the logarithm of the value on your envelop.
This is a good one! The snag is that there's no uniform probability distribution on positve integers (or reals).
If I instead of taking the envelope, (equivalently) toss a coin. And let us say I choose 'Heads'. Question: This situation above is it not akin to then changing my mind to 'Tails' -- and so on?
What is the fundamental reason that one should keep flipping from 'Heads' to 'Tails' and back-n-forth, and assume there is more money being made from (equivalent) future iterations.
This is a Ponzi scheme. :-)
What if the envelopes contained, say $1 and $100? As far as I understand it, the math above goes out the window, but the decision of whether or not to swap envelopes doesn't change. It's basically 50/50 odds.
x is the amount in your chosen envelope. Let L = lower amount and H = higher amount. H=2L.
Expected value of x is 1/2*L + 1/2*H = 1/2*L + 1/2*2L = 3/2 * L
Expected value of the other envelope is also 3/2 * L by symmetry, so there's no point in switching.
The (deliberate) flaw in the formula they set out is that they say the amount in the other envelope is either 2x or x/2, but this means that one envelope is worth 4 times the other, which we know isn't the case!
Very interesting. If I swap twice do I get 5x/4 squared? Maybe I will get someone to swap on my behalf and go on an expensive holiday knowing full well it will be paid for when I get back!
It's a function of x, which you don't know.
I call my choice of envelope x.
Then the other must be 2x or 1/2x.
I like the sound of that, so I swap.
So my first choice is now the other envelope and is 2(2x or 1/2x) or 1/2(2x or 1/2x) = 4x or x or x or 1/4x = 4x or x or 1/4x
I like the sound of that even better, so I swap again
So the other envelope is now 2(4x or x or 1/4x) or 1/2(4x or x or 1/4x) = 8x or 2x or 1/2x or 2x or 1/2x or 1/8x = 8x or 2x or 1/2x or 1/8x.
Yes, you got it, I swap again... and again till the first term is like (2^100)x or something, then I open the envelope.
That's how I get to be one of those mysterious billionaires.
Instead of thinking about the two outcomes of the situation, it is better evaluated by the amount of change that will be experienced by the switch. You can either hold the 2x or the x with equal odds, so if you don't make the switch, it is fifty/fifty either way. If you hold the x and switch to the 2x, that is a net gain of x. However, if you hold the 2x and switch to the x, that is a net loss of x. Averaging these outcomes, you get 0.5(x - x)= 0, which shows that there is no net gain or loss in making the switch.


text:
Hooper joined STV's oldest predecessor firm, Seelye Stevenson Value & Knecht, in 1946 when he was hired by its founder, Elwyn E. Seelye.
Hooper worked on some of STV's most prestigious projects, many of which are landmarks: NASA's Vehicle Assembly Building, built originally for the Apollo Program that sent U.S. astronauts to the moon, and the Orbiter Processing Facility, used to inspect and prepare the Space Shuttle prior to and following each mission; Enrico Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory; Brookhaven National Laboratory's National Synchrotron Light Source; Macy's Rego Park Parking Garage; the Atlantic City Convention Center; New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority's Grand Central Subway Station Rehabilitation; MTA Long Island Rail Road's John D. Caemmerer West Side Storage Yard and Maintenance Facility; and many other groundbreaking assignments.
Active in the industry, Hooper was a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, American Concrete Institute, American Institute of Steel Construction, Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, and the Society of American Military Engineers, among others. Widely published in professional journals, Hooper lectured on an array of topics that included multi-story frames, plastic design, columns with bending, concrete specifications, fire protection, composite construction, aesthetics, and rapid design methods for steel and concrete.
In 1985, Hooper received the Special Citation Award from the American Institute of Steel Construction. Three years later, the Metropolitan Section of the American Society of Civil Engineers named him Engineer of the Year.
Hooper officially retired from STV in 2005, but continued to be a presence in the office to mentor staff and consult on special projects. "During the course of his remarkable 56-year career at STV, Ira became one of the country's most widely respected structural engineers, inspiring his peers and a generation of young professionals who followed in his footsteps," said STV Executive Chairman Dominick M. Servedio, P.E., Hooper's colleague for many years. "He was one of the leading structural engineers of his time and gained the respect and admiration of everyone throughout the industry, which is a remarkable achievement. He inspired people to become structural engineers. Young engineers came to the firm specifically because they wanted to work with him and learn from him."
Ira Hooper is survived by his wife of 66 years, Sally Lebofsky Hooper.


text:
Background: To date, postoperative prognostic factors for intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB) have not been well-established. This study aimed to examine the histopathologic features and postoperative prognosis of the two IPNB subclassifications, as well as factors affecting prognosis, based on the authors' experience at a single institution. Methods: The study enrolled 83 patients who underwent surgical resection for pathologically diagnosed IPNB at the authors' institution. The clinicopathologic features and postoperative outcomes for these patients were examined. The study also investigated postoperative prognostic factors for IPNB using uniand multivariate analyses. Results: More than half of the tumors (64%) diagnosed as IPNB were early-stage cancer (UICC Tis or T1). However, none were diagnosed as benign. The multivariate analysis showed that lymph node metastasis (hazard ratio [HR], 5.78; p = 0.002) and bile duct margin status with carcinoma in situ (D-CIS; HR, 5.10; p = 0.002) were independent prognostic factors, whereas MUC6 expression showed only a marginal influence on prediction of prognosis (HR, 0.32; p = 0.07). The tumor recurrence rate and the proportion of locoregional recurrence were significantly greater among the patients with D-CIS than among those with negative bile duct margins, including those patients with low-grade dysplasia. The patients with D-CIS showed a significantly poorer prognosis than those with negative bile duct margins (5-year survival, 38% versus 87%; p = 0.0002). Conclusions: Evaluation of resected IPNBs showed cancer in all cases. Avoiding positive biliary stumps during surgery, including resection of carcinoma in situ, would improve the prognosis for patients with IPNB.
ASJC Scopus subject areas


DOC HOME SITE MAP MAN PAGES GNU INFO SEARCH PRINT BOOK

Using the UDK
What system is this?
An application compiled using the UnixWare and OpenServer Development Kit for UnixWare or SCO OpenServer may need to know which system it is running on.
Modifications have been made to the following interfaces to allow UnixWare and OpenServer Development Kit-compiled applications (together with the Binary Compatibility Module, if the application is running on SCO OpenServer Release 5 or SCO UnixWare 2.1.X) to determine the system on which they are running:
The UnixWare 7 uname command is included in the BCM modules for both SCO OpenServer Release 5 and SCO UnixWare 2.1.X. On SCO OpenServer Release 5, it is installed as /udk/bin/uname. On SCO UnixWare 2.1.X, it replaces the standard uname command in /bin/uname.
Applications (shell scripts) that need to know on which of these systems they are being executed should include the /udk/bin directory in the PATH environment variable list before /bin. This way, the application will execute the UnixWare 7 uname command on all systems that support the UDK.
So, in shell scripts, you should use:
 PATH=/udk/bin:$PATH uname
to get the UDK version of uname on all systems.
To check whether a system has the UDK installed, an application can use uname to check for the value of os_provider; if it equals ''SCO'', then the system supports the UDK. For example:
 if [ 'PATH=/udk/bin:$PATH uname os_provider 2>/dev/null' = Caldera ]
 then
 echo "UDK environment present."
 fi
From a C program, the confstr(3C) function is used instead:
 confstr(_CS_OS_PROVIDER)
If the return value equals ''SCO'', then the system supports the UDK.
Additionally, there are some UnixWare 7 features that are supported on SCO UnixWare 2.1.X and UnixWare 7, but not SCO OpenServer Release 5. Applications that want to take advantage of a UnixWare-only feature can test to see if they are running on UnixWare by using:
 uname sysname
in a shell script, or
 confstr(_CS_SYSNAME)
in a C program, and see if it equals ''UnixWare''. If so, the application is on SCO UnixWare 2.1.X (with the BCM installed), or UnixWare 7; if not, the application is running on SCO OpenServer (with the BCM installed).
Note that all the above commands and function calls would fail on an SCO OpenServer system without the UDK installed.
uname -- new and legacy parameters/values
new-style
parameter
-X name legacy option confstr native OSR5 native UW2
architecture _CS_ARCHITECTURE x86at
bus_types BusType _CS_BUSTYPES MCA
EISA
ISA
AT
MCA
EISA
ISA
AT
hostname Node -n _CS_HOSTNAME local hostname local hostname
hw_provider -p
-c
_CS_HW_PROVIDER i386 Caldera
x86at
hw_serial Serial -i _CS_HW_SERIAL OS serial #
kernel_stamp KernelID _CS_KERNEL_STAMP yy/mm/dd yy/mm/dd
machine Machine -m _CS_MACHINE i386 i386
num_cpu NumCPU #CPUs 1
os_base _CS_OS_BASE
os_provider _CS_OS_PROVIDER
release Release -r _CS_RELEASE 3.2 4.2MP
srpc_domain -d _CS_SRPC_DOMAIN
sysname System -s _CS_SYSNAME SCO_SV UNIX_SV
user_limit Users -A
-l
_CS_USER_LIMIT nnn-user
nnnnnnnn
unlim

version -v _CS_VERSION 2 2.x
UDK uname -- parameters and values on Caldera platforms
new-style
parameter
UnixWare 7 UDK on OSR5 UDK on UW2 notes
architecture IA32 IA32 IA32 13
bus_types comma list of:
EISA
ISA
MCA
PCIm.n
PnPm.n
MCA
EISA
ISA
AT
MCA
EISA
ISA
AT
9,16
hostname fully-qualified hostname fully-qualified hostname fully-qual hostname 12
hw_provider Generic AT
Generic MP
Compaq Proliant
Compaq SystemPro
DG NUMALiiNE
...
Generic AT
Generic MP
Generic AT
Generic MP!
13,15
hw_serial HW serial # OS serial # 4,7,8
kernel_stamp yy/mm/dd yy/mm/dd yy/mm/dd 9
machine 486
Pentium
Pentium Pro
Pentium II
5x86
6x86
Am5x86
AMD-K5
AMD-K6
386
486
Pentium
Pentium Pro
Pentium II
5x86
6x86
Am5x86
AMD-K5
AMD-K6
386
486
Pentium
Pentium Pro
Pentium II
5x86
6x86
Am5x86
AMD-K5
AMD-K6
2,11
num_cpu #CPUs #CPUs #CPUs 3
os_base UNIX_SVR5 UNIX_SVR3 UNIX_SVR4 9
os_provider SCO SCO SCO 9
release 5 3.2 4.2MP 10
srpc_domain 15
sysname UnixWare SCO_SV UnixWare 5
user_limit #users
unlimited
#users
unlimited
#users
unlimited
1,6,9
version 7
7.0.1
7.1.0
7.1.1
5.0.x 2.x 10,14
The columns in the table are interpreted as follows:
new-style parameter
This is the name for the parameter in the new extensible uname(1) style, for the -f option and for uname arguments.
-X name
This is the name of the parameter when reported by the legacy (undocumented) -X option.
legacy option
This is the option letter(s), if any, that can be used to report the parameter.
confstr
This is the name of the parameter as given to the confstr routine. For each such name there shall be an exactly equivalent sysinfo parameter with the same name but with the ''_CS_'' prefix replaced by ''SI_''. These confstr and sysinfo parameters are not supported on native SCO OpenServer.
native OSR5
This is the result currently reported by native SCO OpenServer Release 5 systems.
native UW2
This is the result currently reported by native SCO UnixWare 2.1.X systems.
UnixWare
7
This is the result to be reported by the UnixWare 7 uname command and by confstr/sysinfo for UDK applications.
UDK on OSR5
This is the result to be reported by confstr/sysinfo for UDK applications running on SCO OpenServer.
UDK on UW2
This is the result to be reported by confstr/sysinfo for UDK applications running on SCO UnixWare 2.1.X.
notes
See the numbered notes below.
The notes column refers to the following numbered notes:
 1. SCO OpenServer provides the user_limit parameter with the -A option. For consistency with other versions of the UNIX system, user_limit will also be provided via the -l option. The UnixWare 7 uname, however, prints the number of users as a number alone with no suffix (as SCO OpenServer does only when the number is greater than 999). An unlimited user license is represented as unlimited, except for -A and the -X Users option, which prints unlim for SCO OpenServer compatibility.
 2. Native SCO UnixWare 2.1.X uname -X (no options) prints Machine = i386at. Native SCO OpenServer uname -X shows the specific CPU name (as does UnixWare 7), but uses the names i80386, i80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, and others.
 3. Native SCO UnixWare 2.1.X uname -X shows NumCPU = 1 no matter how many CPUs are installed.
 4. Native SCO UnixWare 2.1.X uname -X shows blank Serial =.
 5. Native SCO UnixWare 2.1.X uname -X shows System = UNIX_Sys.
 6. Native SCO UnixWare 2.1.X uname -X shows blank Users =.
 7. The -i option is for compatibility with ksh and other versions of the UNIX system.
 8. UnixWare 7 prints the hardware serial number if available from the Platform Support Module (PSM); if not, it prints the operating system license serial number.
 9. These confstr and sysinfo commands are new for all SCO OpenServer and UnixWare: _CS_BUSTYPES, SI_BUSTYPES, _CS_KERNEL_STAMP, SI_KERNEL_STAMP, _CS_OS_BASE, SI_OS_BASE, _CS_OS_PROVIDER, SI_OS_


text:
There are a few reasons animals might run in front of cars. One reason could be that the animal was chasing something and didn't see the car coming. Another possibility is that the animal is scared and running away from something else, like a predator.
Or, the animal could simply be crossing the road to get to the other side. Whatever the reason, it's essential to be careful when driving and be on the lookout for animals to avoid hitting them.
Why Do Animals Run in Front of Cars? There are a few reasons why animals might run in front of cars. One possibility is that they are startled by the car and its movement and are not used to seeing such large objects moving so fast. Another option is that they're trying to escape from something else – maybe they're being chased by another animal or scared of something else in their environment.
Whatever the reason, it's essential to be aware of animals on the road and try to avoid hitting them if possible.
Why Do Deers Run in Front of Cars?
There are a few reasons why deer may run in front of cars. One reason is that the deer are trying to escape from something chasing them, such as a predator. Another reason is that the deer are trying to cross the road to get to the other side.
If there is a lot of traffic on the road, the deer may become scared and confused and run in front of cars.
Why Do Squirrels Run Out in Front of Cars?
There are a few reasons squirrels might run out in front of cars. One possibility is that the squirrel is trying to cross the road and doesn't see the car coming. If this is the case, the squirrel is probably just as startled by the car as the driver and didn't mean to cause any trouble.
Another possibility is that the squirrel knows there's a car coming and is trying to get away from it. This could be because the squirrel is scared of cars or because it's been hit by a car before and doesn't want to get hurt again. If you see a squirrel running in front of your vehicle, it's best to brake slowly and give it time to get out of the way.
If you're lucky enough to live in an area with lots of trees, you might also see squirrels running along power lines or chasing each other up trees. This isn't because they're trying to commit suicide – it's just what SQUIRRELS DO! So if you see one doing this, don't worry – they know what they're doing (probably).
Why Do Cats Run in Front of Cars?
There are a few reasons cats may run in front of cars. One reason could be that the cat is trying to catch something, like a bird or another small animal. Another possibility is that the cat is scared and running away from something.
Cats are also known to chase after things that move, so a car passing by may trigger their hunting instinct. Whatever the reason, it's essential to be aware of this behavior and keep your pet safe.
Why Do Animals Run Out in the Road?
There are various reasons why animals may run out into the road. Some may chase prey, while others may flee a perceived threat. Still, others may be crossing the road to get to the other side.
Whatever the reason, it's essential to be aware that animals can appear suddenly and without warning on roadsides, so it's always best to drive cautiously in areas where wildlife is present.
Why Do Raccoons Run in Front of Cars
Raccoons are often hit by cars because they will run in front of them. This is likely because raccoons are nocturnal animals and are more active at night. When it's dark, they may not be able to see the approaching car in time to get out of the way.
Why Do Rabbits Run in Front of Cars
Rabbits are prey animals, and their instinct is to run away from anything that could be a predator. Unfortunately, this often means running into the path of oncoming traffic. There are a few theories about why rabbits seem to have a death wish regarding cars.
One is that they're so focused on escaping the perceived danger that they don't even see the cars coming. Another possibility is that the bright headlights of approaching vehicles confused them, making it difficult for them to judge distances accurately. Whatever the reasons, it's essential for drivers to be aware of this potential hazard and take steps to avoid hitting rabbits with their cars.
If you see a rabbit on or near the road, slow down and give it plenty of room to escape. And if you live in an area with many rabbit crossings, be especially cautious at night when visibility is reduced.
Why Do Animals Run in Circles
When animals run in circles, it's often a sign of feeling dizzy or disoriented. This can be caused by various things, including inner ear infections, head injuries, neurological disorders, and even certain types of poison. Occasionally, animals will run in circles because they're chasing their tails!
If you see an animal running in circles, it's essential to observe them closely to see if there are any other signs of illness or injury. If the animal seems distressed, it's best to contact a veterinarian or animal rescue organization for help.
Why Do Deer Run in Front of Cars
Anyone who has ever driven in deer country can attest that it's not uncommon for deer to dart out in front of oncoming traffic. While this may seem like a senseless act on the part of the deer, there is a reason behind their behavior. Deer are most active at dawn and dusk, which coincidentally are also when many people commute to and from work.
This means there is a greater chance of encountering a deer on the road during these times. Deer are also more likely to be found near roadsides with less vegetation to hide in. As cars approach, deer will often run out into the road in an attempt to escape.
Unfortunately, this often leads to tragic results for the deer and the driver. To avoid hitting a deer (and causing severe damage to your car), it's essential to be extra cautious when driving in areas where they are known to live. Be sure to keep your eyes peeled for any movement on or near the road, and always brake if you see a deer ahead of you.
Why Do Foxes Get Run Over
Why Do Foxes Get Run Over? Foxes are beautiful, cunning creatures revered in folklore and legend for centuries. But in recent years, they have become increasingly common roadkill across North America.
A study by the University of Georgia found that foxes are the second most commonly hit animal by vehicles, after deer. So why do foxes get run over so often? There are a few reasons.
First, as urbanization and development continue to encroach on natural habitats, foxes are being forced into closer contact with humans and busy roads. Second, foxes are attracted to roadside debris like garbage and carcasses, which puts them at risk of getting hit by a passing car. And finally, foxes are naturally curious creatures who may approach cars out of curiosity or fearlessness, only to get struck by one.
Sadly, this trend will continue as human populations develop more land. But there are some things we can do to help reduce the number of foxes killed on our roads each year. For example, drivers can be more aware of their surroundings and watch out for animals crossing the street.
We can also work to preserve natural habitats so that foxes have somewhere safe to live away from busy roadsides.
The blog post discusses why animals may run in front of cars. One reason is that the animal may be trying to escape from something, such as a predator. Another reason is that the animal may be unable to see the car coming and is startled by it.
The author also notes that some animals are curious and want to investigate the car.


text:
In the ordinary course of statutory interpretation researchers can usually rely on the plain meaning of the text in hand to identify the statute's intent. However, there are times when the text of a statute can be complicated and/or ambiguous. In that case, the legislative history of a statute can be relevant in determining the legislature's intent at enactment. The types of documents generated during the legislative process can include, inter alia, alternative bills, committee reports, committee hearings, committee prints, and debates. Locating those materials can be very time consuming – unless they have been previously compiled and published. A compiled legislative history, therefore, can save the researcher an enormous amount of time by pulling all the relevant materials together.
This research guide lists compiled legislative histories held by the Chastek Library in print form (check the Other Sources tab for microform and electronic compiled legislative histories).
Chastek Library, Gonzaga University School of Law | 721 N. Cincinnati St. Spokane, WA 99220-3528 | _PHONE_


text:
Annual Academic Testing
Each year, Shelton's Testing Department conducts annual academic testing throughout Shelton's Lower School (LS) Division. The purpose of annual testing is to:
- provide a standardized snapshot of each student's academic ability in specific foundational areas.
- provide a way for parents and teachers to see progress from year-to-year; and
- serve as an additional piece of data that divisional administration and teachers use to assist with designing and informing interventions.
Lower School students are tested in perceptual, visual-motor, pre-reading, reading, spelling, math, and letterand number-writing skills. Annual Testing Report, showing current and previous test scores, is sent to each student's parent(s) in May. Additionally, a meeting is held, where tests and scores are explained, and questions are answered.
Academic planning decisions are made by administrators, department chairpersons, and teachers within your student's division. If you have questions, you should contact the following:
If have a question about your student's identified learning difference and/or test scores, please contact any one of the following:


text:
Session hijacking usually requires XSS vulnerability (or MITM attack). But what to do when there is none? Of course, we might trick the user with UI Redressing!
Yesterday I presented a new way to trigger content extraction. Being UI redressing vector, it requires user intervention, this time tricking user to copy & paste some text through his clipboard to solve a kind of CAPTCHA challenge. Today we'll make a real life example of using this method.
RequirementsFake captcha has some advantages over 'drag & drop hidden page source', however attacker has to:
- find a page with certain CAPTCHA-like text
- the text had to be at exact line / column position in HTML source
- the page source had to contain something relevant for further attack (user id, session id, password text etc.)
- only one line could get copied/pasted
Looks too limiting?
Let's make this easier
We might be able to meet the requirements, when we consider this:
- CAPTCHA might be reflected (the attacker controls the URL to display) - so e.g. search results page would be a good candidate
- if attacker is able to store anything on the target domain (e.g. his profile data on a social network site), maybe he can direct the user to the page with that data?
- CAPTCHA might be e.g. account id for Google Analytics or other services website is using
- sometimes websites compress the HTML source to conserve bandwidth, stripping all whitespaces, including newlines. So all the web page is on a single line - no line positioning and attacker gets full HTML source in the clipboard!
Think big!UI redressing requires user intervention, and that is its weak point. After all, users might not use the clipboard, might just ignore the trap set for them etc.
Sometimes just a single user tricked is enough, but usually attacker needs several victims. The bigger the site, the better (more potential victims). What if you have a pretty big target? Is Alexa top 200 enough? Let's see. Let me introduce:
Imgur.com session hijacking
This is an example of using the fake captcha content extraction to hijack the session of logged in imgur.com user.
What is happening:
- Exploit detects if user runs Firefox (the only vulnerable browser) and if he is logged in to imgur.com (with iframe scrolling position method). If not - it aborts.
- Fake form is displayed. One of the fields, the'security code' is actually part of Google AdSense used by imgur:
- At http://imgur.com?flash this code is always (at least for a few days) at the same HTML position (at least for Firefox). There were differences for other pages
- http://imgur.com?flash also has some nice content:
 This UPLOAD_IDENTIFIER is a session cookie value :) Remember, imgur - Using httpOnly cookies only makes sense if you don't repeat them in HTML!
- To make the exploit easy, I used the API reachable at api.imgur.com that has the nice feature of letting me authenticate with simply passing the cookie from main site.


text:
Harpago chiragra is the second largest of the Strombidae in the Marshalls, second only to Lambis truncata. It is common on both lagoon and seaward reefs, including the large flat-topped lagoon pinnacles. They are typically on sand or rubble, or sometimes on hard substrate. Adults are nearly always seen paired, with a large female accompanied by one, or rarely, a couple of smaller males. Like the large Lambis truncata, this species is protected (at least where divers from Kwajalein are concerned), although the initial protection recommendations from Fish & Wildlife and the Kwajalein Army regulations on the issue both misidentified it as Lambis scorpius, a very different and much smaller species. More comments about this under L. truncata. The individual in the first two photos below had unusually long and recurved "fingers."
The eyeballs peek out over the opeculum in this aperture view.
Juveniles have thin outer lips on the shell and lack the fingers.
Here the green proboscis bearing the mouth can be seen between the two eye stalks in this juvenile specimen.
As the fingers develop, they remain hollow for a while until they eventually fill in.
The specimen below was putting down an egg mass, seen as the whitish sandy area just to the right of the shell. Like some of the other Strombidae species, H. chiragra mixes up its eggs in a sand and mucus slurry the holds together while the eggs develop. What surprised me is that this female is still rather young, with fingers that have not completely filled out.
Here's another young one getting ready to flip.
Created 1 October 2009
Updated 22 November 2011
Return to strombid list
Kwajalein Underwater home

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Why You Need To Visit A Fertility Specialist In Lagos?
For many, getting pregnant can be quite difficult. As a matter of fact, every month there's only 15-20 percent chance of conception even when you are trying actively. What that means is for many couples it's essential to see a fertility specialist in Lagos to be able to conceive and have a baby.
Whether you have been finding it hard to get pregnant or you're just starting out, here are a few reasons why you should visit a fertility clinic in Lagos to evaluate and treat your fertility problems.
- You Have Been Trying To Get Pregnant For More Than A Year
If you have been trying to get pregnant for more than a year, or 6 months if you are 35 years of age or older, with no success, it you probably need a fertility workup. For those crossing the 35 years mark, a fertility specialist in Lagos can determine if their eggs are in perfect condition, if the sperms are normal, if there are any problems with the uterus, and if the fallopian tubes are as they should be. Once both the partners are assessed, the doctor can tell if you need to try a little longer or you need to move forward with assisted reproductive technology or some targeted treatment.
- You Have Irregular Or Really Painful Periods
This often indicates an ovulatory disorder. Most common disorder is PCOS which is a hormonal condition interrupting ovulation and making your periods irregular, painful, and sometimes completely nonexistent. Hypothalamus or pituitary gland malfunction, or problems with the ovaries' follicles, can be the problem behind this condition. Whatever the reason, visiting fertility hospitals in Lagos can help you get the proper treatment.
- You Have Previously Suffered Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
The Pelvic Inflammatory Disease is actually an infection of the fallopian tubes or the uterus. It is caused most commonly due to an STI, such as chalmydia or gonorrhea – which both are usually present with no symptoms and leaving them untreated can result in PID as well as permanent damage to your reproductive organs. Inflammation usually results from infections and can often lead to scarring which, in turn, interrupts ovulation or physically blocks your fallopian tubes due to which the egg and sperm are unable to meet.
- You Have Undergone Several Pelvic Surgeries On The Reproductive Organs
Scarring is also possible due to repeatedly removing the ovarian cysts, several ectopic pregnancies, and invasive surgeries which leave the scar tissue in your reproductive tract. So, if you have undergone several pelvic surgeries, you have more risk of the scar tissue building up and inhibiting fertility.
- You Suffer From Endometriosis
Endometriosis is another major cause of scarring. If you have a history of endometriosis or scar tissue in your pelvis, it is recommended that you consult a specialist at ARK fertility clinic Lagos before you try to conceive or after that. The buildup of scar tissue and adhesions due to endometriosis can seriously impact your fertility. So, only a fertility specialist in Lagos can advise the right treatment option for you.
So, if you have any of these issues, it's time you browse through the list of fertility clinics in Lagos now and pick the best fertility clinic Lagos to treat your condition.


text:
Step 2: Begin Construction
First, begin by folding your your graph paper in half (excluding three boxes on the perforated side). Once the paper has been folded appropriately, make two marks--13 full boxes apart. Use a ruler to make a straight line with the length of 13 boxes directly up 1 row of boxes from the two marks you just made. Then make the elevators, rudder, spars, landing gear and counterweight as shown. Follow the photograph markings. Once all is marked out, cut out the fuselage.
After the fuselage is made, take another sheet of paper that is folded in half along the lines of boxes. Mark out the wing as shown (3 boxes in length and 6 boxes in width).
Solid lines indicate places to cut. Dotted lines indicate fold lines.
Note: 1 box = 0.25 inches


Year: 1847
School: Harvard
Protests broke out after Harvard admitted its first black student, Beverly Garnett Williams, in 1847. Students, faculty, and pro-slavery Southerners (apparently a large faction back then) rioted upon hearing the news. But the anger was all harbored in vain.
Williams died just before the academic year began, and thus never entered the college. Harvard wouldn't accept another black student for 23 years. School higher-ups surely didn't regret admitting Richard T. Greener in 1870. The first African-American to enter the college and complete the undergraduate curriculum went on to win the school's chief prizes in writing and speaking. Not too shabby for someone of any race.


Please donate to support Erowid Center's vision!
San Pedro Preparation
The Preparation of San Pedro Cactus for Consumption
by mjshroomer
v1.1 - Feb 21, 2005
Years ago in the early 1970s I became friends with the employees of a plant shop in the Seattle University District. What was really cool is that I found out that the owner of this plant shop was also the author, as well as the editor of several fine books such as "How to Grow the Finest Marijuana Indoors under Halides" and "How to Grow Pot Hydroponically". They also published "How to Identify and Grow Psilocybe Mushrooms," by Jule Stevens and Rich Gee.
One of the employees and I went to the Seattle Arboretum in 1975 and were playing Frisbee when I dropped the Frisbee to the ground at the Woodlawn Park section of the Seattle Arboretum. As I bent down to pick up the Frisbee I noticed some interesting mushrooms in the field in which we were playing. I then lifted one shroom out of the ground and realized it was Psilocybe semilanceata. That really blew my mind. I showed my friend this shroom and he mentioned to me that since I showed an interest in these special mushrooms, maybe I would be interested in trying a San Pedro Cactus, which he told me, contained mescaline.
At that time in the early to middle 1970s, I learned that this cactus was from Peru and Ecuador and was used ritualistically in ceremonies similar to those associated with the ritualistic use of Peyote. I soon read a few papers and learn that the natives of these countries prepared their cacti as a drink that they knew as Chimora.
Figure 1
The native peoples of Peru who used this cactus for medicinal purposes would slice, dice and chop up the sliced star shaped pieces and then boil the material for hour after hour to get the alkaloids to mix in with the water. Sometimes the cooking preparation took from 8-24 hours. After that the drink would be passed through a cloth and the liquid collected in clay drinking vessels, which enabled the Indians to partake of the sacred juice for a most rewarding experience.
In 1976, the cost of such a cactus in the United States was $3.00 for a one to two pound cutting (see San Pedro Figure 1) and that such size would be equal to or equivalent to the dosage of 4 to 6 buttons of fresh peyote (See Peyote, Figure 2). In chemical terms that amount of the 1-2 pounds of San Pedro cactus was the equivalent and/or equal to 300 to 500 milligrams of pharmaceutical mescaline sulfate. This 1-2 pound San Pedro cacti dose was the same as a dose of 4-6 fresh buttons of peyotl consumed by members of the Native American Church.
My friends at the plant shop told me I would have to slice and cook the cactus for about four hours or so and then drink the remaining liquid. So I purchased about ten of the cacti and planted all but one of them in my home. Several of them I kept at a now out-of-business used bookstore in the University district of Seattle.
Well I chopped up the cactus and placed it into a small 4 quart cooking pot and began to boil the chopped pieces. I let this goop boil for a few hours and then strained off the pulp from the cactus and waited for it to cool off to drink it. And I did. After two hours I felt only a little tingle and I could not sleep the whole night but I never got high from it.
At that time, High Time Magazine was just one and half years old, with about six issues published, and now they were going monthly. In the first year of 12 issues, there were many ads for 6" cuttings of San Pedro Cactus for ten dollars each per cutting. I imagined that hundreds of interested people had bought this cactus, cooked it, drank the liquid (not enough to affect anyone), and then when nothing psychoactive occurred, went on thinking that they had royally been ripped off for their ten dollars. What a shame.
I learned a few days later from my friends that I had not prepared the cactus in the right manner and was apparently in too much of a hurry in my method of preparation. I recalled that the Indians of Peru and Ecuador who use these cacti (13 different species contain mescaline) have to boil the preparation in a black cauldron (kettle) for at least 12 to 24 four hours. However, I of the Western World, know the secret of the blender. Something the Indian does not have access to in his jungle. The magical Electrical Blender.
So here is one of many proper methods for preparing and cooking this cactus. And yes, I have used this method since the late 1970s and found it to be the best method I employ.
The Photographs in this article and the preparation of this cactus were prepared on the Island of Koh Samui where there are no laws against the consumption of this magical drink known as Chimora. After I returned from SE Asia I wrote the text and now I will present here a step-by-step photo pictorial on the preparation process for cooking this beautiful wonderful exotic magical entheogenic gift from the gods.
Items used in the preparation of Chimora include a blender, an 8-quart cooking pot, a spoon or wooden spatula, two empty potato salad containers (equal size) and some clean cloth used for straining.
Figure 3
 1. The process starts with a one-foot section of a Trichocereus pachanoi cactus and yields a single dose.
Figure 4
 1. The end of the cactus is shaped like a star, usually with four to nine ribs.
Figure 6
 1. The one-foot section of cactus is sliced like a cucumber into star sections.
Figure 8
Figure 7
 1. The star sections are then further cut into quarters so they will fit in the blender. The spurs (spines, needles) can be left on the cactus as the boiling process softens them into string-like pieces of material that can be discarded.
Figure 10
 1. A portion of the cactus chunks are put in one container and an equal amount of water is put into another.
Figure 10
 1. The cactus chunks and water are poured into a blender.
Figure 11
 1. This mixture is blended until the cactus bits and water expand to the top of the blender. After it is blended, the resulting mixture is poured into a large 3-5 quart pot. This process is repeated until the whole cactus has been liquefied and poured into the pot.
Figure 12
 1. The blended cactus/water mixture is cooked slowly on low heat until the mixture is even, approximately 30 minutes. Initially, the cactus pulp separates from the water and sits on top of the liquid.
Figure 13
 1. As the mixture cooks, the pulp will rise to the top of the pot, forming a foam that may spill over. A gas stove is preferred as it allows better regulation of the cooking temperature.
Figure 14
 1. As the mixture continues to cook, it re-combines into one liquid and begins to turn green like the skin of the cactus. During this time, it needs to be stirred. Low heat and stirring are especially important during this first half hour of cooking.
Figure 15
 1. Slowly over time, the pulpy green goop remixes with the water until it reaches the consistency of glue or snot.
Figure 16
Figure 17
Figure 18
 1. After the water and pulp have rejoined, the heat can be increased slightly allowing the liquid to simmer (a light boil) continuously but without boiling over onto the stove.
Figure 19
 1. The mixture is allowed to boil lightly for two to four hours until 12 to 16 ounces of goo left are left in the bottom of the pan.
Figure 20
 1. During the 2-4 hour period of boiling the mixture needs to be monitored closely to avoid burning. Another 12 to 16 ounces of water or more may be added to prolong the boiling period. Eventually the mixture becomes a messy glob of gooey gluey goop.
Figure 21
 1. A clean piece of natural-fiber cloth (a piece of a t-shirt is being used in the photo) is placed over the top of the blender, forming a pocket that acts as a filter.
Figure 22
 1. The mixture is poured from the pot into the cloth. The liquid slowly seeps through the cloth and drips into the blender. The pulp material is caught in the cloth pocket. This process is repeated until all of the pulp has been poured into the filter cloth.
Figure 23
 1. A piece of string is used to tie the top of the cloth closed around the pulp. The bag of pulp is suspended over the blender allowing the juice to drain from the pulp, through the cloth, into the blender. After fifteen minutes, when the cactus pulp has cooled down considerably, the remaining liquid is squeezed by hand from the bag into the blender.
Figure 24
 1. The liquid is cooled for a short time until it reaches a temperature that won't burn the