Wednesday, October 31, 2012
On Dog Sniffs and Innocent Privacy
By Sherry F. Colb
Today on Verdict appears part 1 of a two-part series of columns in which I discuss the cases of Florida v. Jardines and Florida v. Harris, both of which are set to be argued before the U.S. Supreme Court October 31 (today). Both of the two cases raise questions about dog sniffs for narcotics: the question in Jardines is whether bringing a dog to the front door of a suspect's home to sniff for narcotics constitutes a Fourth Amendment "search" that triggers the probable cause requirement; and the question in Harris is when a dog's positive alert after sniffing a vehicle from the outside for narcotics may be considered sufficiently reliable to support probable cause to perform a conventional search of the vehicle.
In both decisions, the Florida Supreme Court sided with the criminal defendant, holding that (1) a dog sniff from outside the front door of a suspect's residence does constitute a search for which police must have probable cause, and (2) a dog's positive alert to narcotics may not form the basis for probable cause in the absence of a showing that the dog has a demonstrable, reliable track record of drug detection, including a record of avoiding false positives (alerts in the absence of narcotics).
In the column, I discuss some of the case law that bear on the Court's consideration of the case, and I also propose that there is an important distinction between a dog who sniffs for narcotics and an inanimate machine calibrated to detect narcotics -- a distinction that ought properly to play a role in deciding the two cases.
In this post, I want to take up the separate question of when, if ever, a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy in concealing criminal evidence from the police. That is, do individuals have a Fourth Amendment right to keep police officers from learning that they are harboring incriminating evidence, even if police can learn of this fact without having to uncover any law-abiding, non-criminal facts about the individual?
The Supreme Court's response to this question has generally been "no." The Court has said in United States v. Jacobsen, for example, that people lack any reasonable expectation of privacy in the fact that a visible powder is (or is not) cocaine. The Court has also said that people lack a reasonable expectation of privacy in the fact that they are (or are not) in possession of illicit drugs. The latter principle arose specifically in dog sniff cases, in which the Supreme Court concluded that a dog sniff for narcotics is not a Fourth Amendment "search" and can therefore proceed without probable cause (or any level of suspicion). The Jardines case before the Court today (October 31, 2012) asks whether that proposition extends to narcotics within the home, given a history (outlined in my column) of cases distinguishing between the privacy that people have in their homes and the privacy that people enjoy in of other, non-home locations.
Underlying this specific question is the general one of whether the Fourth Amendment protects more than simply innocent privacy. Ordinarily, when police search a home, a car, or any other personal space, they inevitably uncover private, lawful activity in which people have a reasonable expectation of privacy. A house search generally will disclose -- among other things -- the inhabitants of a person's home, the degree to which one's home is neat, clean, and well-organized, and the kinds of books or music or types of furniture the resident might enjoy. A person might also have embarrassing (but perfectly lawful) written communications visible to someone walking through his or her home. It is to protect this kind of privacy (innocent privacy, that is) that police must acquire a warrant (or probable cause and some reason for forgoing the warrant requirement) before entering a home.
But what if police could do a more precise kind of search that would tell them only whether or not the person in the house was in possession of criminal items? Would there then be any legitimate reason to prevent the police from performing this precise search on everyone?
To make the question more concrete, imagine a device that police could point at a house and then receive a readout like this: "contains explosive devices" or "contains a corpse." Assume that civilians were prohibited by law from having either an explosive device or a corpse in their home (with perhaps a special permission for relatives of the recently deceased, who could put up a death certificate to exempt themselves from the law). Would it invade any properly recognized privacy right for police to be able to point a device at every home in the country and thereby find out which homes contain explosive devices, corpses, or both?
I think the answer to this question is no. When the Court says that people lack a "reasonable expectation of privacy," it typically uses the term to mean that one could not realistically expect privacy under the circumstances, even if the police stayed out of the equation. For example, if you yell across a crowded bus to your friend, you cannot realistically (and thus reasonably) expect that your words will remain private. Everyone else on the bus can presumably hear you.
Other times, however, the Court uses "reasonable" in the Fourth Amendment context to mean that an individual has (or lacks) a normatively legitimate expectation that something will remain private, whether or not the expectation is realistic. For example, a person may live in a very modest home with ineffective locks and in a neighborhood in which there are constant break-ins. It might therefore be empirically unrealistic to expect privacy from intrusion in that home, even if police never try to enter. Nonetheless, the Court has recognized a (normatively) reasonable expectation of privacy in the home and requires a warrant for police to enter, notwithstanding the target's vulnerability to civilian home intrusions (and the unrealistic nature of any expectation that such intrusions will not occur).
The issue of whether people have a right to conceal criminality raises the second sort of "reasonableness" question. Plainly, in the absence of special technology, one can "realistically" expect that one's hidden explosives or corpses will remain hidden, so that an empirical approach to the reasonableness question would likely yield the conclusion that use of the hi-tech device is a search. Yet, from a normative standpoint, it does not seem that any valuable interest is at stake in the asserted claim that "I want to keep the fact that I am in possession of explosives and corpses a secret."
Notwithstanding these arguments, I am somewhat uncomfortable with the notion of the government being authorized to use its special device to detect whether individual civilians -- suspected of nothing -- are in possession of incriminating materials. Why the discomfort? I think there are two reasons for it.
First, the criminal law is extremely broad and prohibits and punishes a great deal more than simply violent crimes and other harms. The law in fact prohibits some things that many regard as innocuous conduct (possession of marijuana is one example). As a result, when police use a special hi-tech device (or a trained canine companion) to find out incriminating facts about a person's home, they may be finding things out that are illegal but that may not be legitimately criminal. This fact -- that not everything "criminal" ought to be criminal -- complicates the picture and leads me to think that police surveillance of all illegality would invade a legitimate expectation of privacy, in virtue of the overbreadth of our criminal law.
Granted, this complaint represents an argument against the substantive criminal law, not just an argument against hi-tech, precise searches. If we think that overcriminalization is likely to stay with us for the foreseeable future, though, then protecting the home from precise searches in the absence of probable cause can serve as an imperfect strategy for preserving some degree of valuable, innocent privacy.
The second reason for my discomfort with the precise hi-tech search is that I think that in reality, very little criminality lends itself to the sort of precision at issue. If police are trying to find a kidnapping victim, then yes, a police dog who can track from outside the home whether or not a victim is present inside ought to be allowed to do so, even in the absence of probable cause. But most of the time, incriminating evidence takes forms that are far more messy -- such as the thermal detection device that let police know that people were probably growing illicit drugs inside the house in Kyllo v. United States. As the Court noted there, the heat detector could have revealed other, lawful, private facts -- including such facts as how many people were in the house and what time of day one of the people there takes her daily sauna or bath. Most of the time, technology that detects and exposes one sort of fact (drug-growing, for example) will necessarily exposes other sorts of facts too. The precise search is thus mostly an illusion.
If there were a perfect surveillance tool, then -- one that would single out (1) only criminal evidence and, more precisely, (2) only evidence of crimes that truly ought to be crimes, then I would agree that such a tool would invade no reasonable expectation of privacy. My worry, however, is that we may come to classify tools that fail one or both of these criteria as perfect surveillance tools and thereby lose a great deal of innocent privacy in the process.
Tuesday, October 30, 2012
Cowboys/Giants Game


text:
One of the key aspects underlying the work undertaken by forensic accountants in relation to disputes involving businesses is the availability of evidence that is reliable. Expert accountants therefore need to ensure that any conclusions reached for the purposes of negotiation and Court or other proceedings are not undermined by information which has not been subject to sufficient scrutiny. The reliability of evidence is as important whether the expert is instructed on behalf of the Claimant or the Defendant.
It is important for forensic accountants to consider "corroborative" information when deciding whether evidence provided to them is reliable. The reliability of evidence needs to be construed in a wider context, e.g. it may be necessary to check that transactions have been undertaken on an arm's length basis or to establish, on the balance of probabilities, the evidence to be relied upon where there is conflicting information. On this basis, this article covers below some of the key corroborative questions which could be raised when forensic accountants are instructed to consider the workings of businesses. Such instructions may arise in various types of dispute including loss of profits cases, family law cases where one or both parties are integral to a business, contractual disputes and personal injury cases involving the loss of earnings relating to a business.
Clearly, as the subject matter of each case will be different, not all of the issues listed below will be relevant on all matters on which forensic accountants are instructed. Nevertheless, it is important for expert accountants to underpin their opinions with a solid factual base and a number of the questions listed below will be part of the process in specific cases.
- Have employees been questioned on key aspects to identify conflicting information?
- Have the external accountants' working papers been reviewed to identify exceptional issues and adjustments made in the preparation of the final financial statements?
- Have the business' VAT returns been compared in broad terms with its financial statements?
- Have final signed financial statements been obtained from the directors and compared with those filed at Companies House?
- Have bank statements been obtained for three years to identify recurring transactions?
- Have key customers been contacted regarding aspects of their dealings with the business?
- Can sales invoices be matched with the original orders received from customers to ensure that there have been no deliberate attempts to delay the recording of sales?
- Are sales as recorded in the financial statements consistent with the sales day book, sales invoices and cash receipts from customers so as to identify false invoices and bad debts?
- Have invoices for major purchases been reviewed, e.g. to check that related party purchases are on an arm's length basis and that cars etc. are used only in a business capacity?
- Is documentation available to support exceptionally large or one-off expenses such as legal fees, e.g. invoices and evidence of payments in bank statements?
- Have business tax returns been reviewed to identify expenses which have been disallowed because they are not considered to have been incurred for the benefit of the business?
- Have connected parties been contacted to corroborate data relating to business transactions with the connected parties, e.g. rent paid for property owned by a director's spouse?
- Are payments made to senior employees and consultants supported by employment contracts and consultancy agreements?
- Have directors' current accounts been reviewed to establish reasons for payments to them?
- Have the personal bank statements of business owners or employees been reviewed to check that receipts reflect payments to them as recorded in the business' financial statements.
- Are the amounts attributed to rented properties verifiable by reference to underlying leases and do they relate solely to accommodation used by the business?
- Have Land Registry records been obtained to verify data in relation to owned properties?
- Are amounts attributed to owned properties supported by updated external valuations?
- Have external valuations been obtained in respect of any intangible assets, e.g. trade marks, patents etc.?
- Have internet searches identified aspects of the business which are not consistent with the available documents and information provided by management?
Corroborative information enables decisions to be made on the reliability of the available evidence and provides a basis for requesting further relevant information. Obtaining additional information to underpin the forensic accountant's conclusions is clearly important in ensuring that objective evidence is available in Court and other proceedings.
The information contained in our Newsletters is provided as general information only. It does not constitute professional advice and should not be relied on or treated as a substitute for specific advice relevant to particular circumstances. In addition, since the Newsletters were published in recent years, the information contained in them may not be applicable at the current time.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
F16 WarmUp Sound – SFX Demonstration
F16 WarmUp Sound from F-16 Falcon SFX
Demonstration of the F16 WarmUp, changing RPM from Idle to Afterburner using the F-16 Falcon SFX sound library.
The library includes 33 audio files and the detailed PDF-instruction for developers on how to use it. Total duration: 15 min.
The F110-GE-100 provides around 4,000 lbf more thrust than the F100-PW-200 and requires more air, which led to the increase in the area of the engine intake. The F-16C/D Block 30/32s were the first to be built with a common engine bay, able to accept both engines, with block 30s having the bigger intake and block 32s retaining the standard intake.
Initial orders were for the F110-GE-100 rated at 28,000 lbf (125 kN). Later versions of the F110 include the F110-GE-129 delivering 29,400 lbf (131 kN) thrust and the F110-GE-132 delivering 32,000 lbf.
Some Interesting Facts About The F-16 Fighting Falcon:
- The F-15 was in production, but the Air Force knew it was too expensive to fill all their roles. The smaller, less expensive F-16 was the answer.
- The F-16 was the first fighter jet to use a side-mounted control stick.


text:
"50% Rule" states that if the lowest finished floor of an existing house is below the base flood elevation (BFE) and the cost of repairs or renovations will increase the structures original Fair Market Value by more than 50% , then the lowest finished floor elevation must be raised or elevated to one foot above the BFE. Also note that additional Town floodplain requirements may apply.
- DRAINAGE SYSTEM MAINTENANCE – Besides flood insurance, you should protect your structure by ordinary preventive means. For example, do not sweep or blow yard leaves, pine needles, grass clippings or soil into the street or storm water system. This clogs up the pipes and prevents water from draining. If your property is adjacent to a drainage ditch, please aid the Town by keeping the banks clear of brush and debris. Dumping in ditches and streams is prohibited as stated in the Town's Storm Water Management Ordinance. To report someone dumping trash in the canals, storm drainage system, and drainage ditch or to request needed maintenance of drainage facilities, please contact Town Code Enforcement at _PHONE_.
- TOWN OF THUNDERBOLT FLOOD PRONE AREAS – You can review the flood zone map information at _URL_, _URL_ or by visiting the office of Planning & Zoning located in Town Hall to determine if you are in or near a flood prone area
The Document Center provides easy access to public documents. Click on one of the categories below to see related documents or use the search function.
Categories always sorted by seq (sub-categories sorted within each category)
Documents sorted by HEADER in Ascending Order within category
Documents sorted by HEADER in Ascending Order within category
Flood Information and Web Resources18 documents
- 2018 Hurricane Guide for Southeast South Carolina/Georgia
- 2023 Hurricane Guide for South Carolina English.pdf
- Chatham County Flood Information
- Coastal Health District Emergency Preparedness
- Community Rating System
- Do you know your Potential to be Flooded
- Find Your Flood Risk
- Flood Maps
- GDOT Hurricane Season Safety Information.pdf
- How to Prepare for a Hurricane
- National Flood Insurance - Understanding Costs
- Press Release 2018 Hazard Mitigation Plan for Thunderbolt
- Ready Georgia Mobile App
- South Carolina Hurricane Guide Website
- The Cost of Flooding
- The National Flood Insurance Program
- Tips on Handling Your Flood Insurance Claim


text:
The rise of the Red Mafia in China: a case study of organised crime and corruption in Chongqing
- First Online:
- Cite this article as:
- Wang, P. Trends Organ Crim (2013) 16: 49. doi:10.1007/s12117-_PHONE_-8
- 1.2k Downloads
'Red Mafia' is the collective term for corrupt public officials in mainland China, mainly from the criminal justice system, who attempt to monopolise the protection business in the criminal underworld by abusing power. In contemporary mainland China, the Red Mafia has developed into an alternative system of governance that can control organised crime groups, enable them to flourish, and protect them where strong government and effective self-protection associations are absent. The author examines organised crime and corruption by analysing the Wen Qiang case, one of the most famous and widely publicised cases in Chongqing's latest crime crackdown campaign. Drawing on interview data and extensive published materials, this paper offers a tentative definition of 'Red Mafia', develops a typology of organised crime, describes the emergence of the Red Mafia in China, explores how gangsters developed relationships with public officials, suggests why organised crime groups chose the Red Mafia as their preferred protection and enforcement mechanism, examines patterns of services provided, and explores the differences between the Red Mafia and other Mafia groups.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
加圧方式の床吹出し空調システムに関する研究 第1報, 均一な吹出し気流速度分布を得るための因子解析 Studies on a Pressurized Type Underfloor Air-Conditioning System (1th Report : Analysis of Controlled Factors for Uniform Air Velocity Profile)
Recently, a lower type free-access floor system which realizes improved ease of walking and less sense of confinement has been attracting attention. However, it is known that the lower the design of the air supply chamber, the larger the non-uniformity of the supplied air velocity at each diffuser and the greater the deterioration in room temperature distribution. In this report, an analytical model is proposed for predicting the non-uniformity of supplied air velocity at the design stage. The validity of the analytical model was confirmed by the good-coincidence of results obtained in scale model tests. It was found that the limit of the floor height at which a uniform supplied air velocity is obtained was 50 mm. Moreover, a relation was found whereby the inverse of coefficient of resistance at a diffuser up to a value of 1 is proportional to the maximum non-uniformity. This indicates the possibility that design work aimed at constructing a pressurized type under floor air-conditioning system with a uniform supplied air velocity profile may be readily performed from parameters of the coefficient of resistance at a diffuser by utilizing this relation.
日本冷凍協会論文集 13(2), 133-141, 1996-07-31


text:
Magnetoacoustic detection is a new method for the noninvasive, early detection of cancer. It uses specific superparamagnetic nanoparticles (NPs) that bind to tumor sites together with magnetic excitation and acoustic detection of the tumor-NPs complex. This work tests the feasibility of such method theoretically and experimentally. An extensive analytic model has been developed that shows an ability to detect small tumors, a few centimeters deep inside the tissue. A series of experiments were conducted to validate the theoretical model. The performance of specially designed solenoids was measured, and the detection of the tumor presence in phantom was demonstrated. Experimental results agree well with the theoretical calculations, providing preliminary proof of concept. We demonstrate the ability to detect a 5-mm diameter spherical tumor located 3 cm deep. Instrumentation and measurements are inexpensive and accurate. The accuracy, speed, and costs of this method show the potential for early detection of cancer. From the Clinical Editor: A sensitive and cost effective magentoacoustic tumor detection method is presented in this paper using superparamagnetic nanoparticles. The method is demonstrated in a phantom by detecting a 5-mm diameter spherical tumor located 3 cm deep.
|Number of pages||11|
|Journal||Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine|
|State||Published - Jul 2012|
- Acoustic waves
- Magnetic nanoparticles


text:
What does EADA mean in Non-Profit Organizations?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand EADA in the Community field in general and in the Non-Profit Organizations terminology in particular.
Find a translation for EADA in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss this EADA abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
EADA also stands for:
- English Amateur Dancesport Association
- Escuela de Alta Dirección y Administración
- Executive Assistant District Attorney
... see them all »


Annulment or Divorce, What's the Difference? - Law and Daily Life
Annulment or Divorce, What's the Difference?
Annulments, as a general rule, require at least one of the following: 1) some type of fraud or concealment; 2) a refusal or inability to consummate the marriage (yes, that's pretty much just what it sounds like); or 3) a misunderstanding. Although "misunderstanding" sounds like a fairly broad category, it actually is usually interpreted fairly narrowly to mean a misunderstanding on some kind of a "deal-breaker" type of issue. It doesn't mean an argument or simply "not getting along". One example of a key misunderstanding might be if a couple had never discussed having children and they now found out they disagreed on the issue.
Fraud or hiding key information from a spouse might be grounds for an annulment, as well. For example, if a spouse lies about their ability to have kids (i.e. they physically can't), or hides that they have a sexually transmitted disease, these might be grounds for an annulment based on fraud or concealment.
The above noted requirements and the examples probably demonstrate why most annulments happen shortly after marriage, and in circumstances where the parties didn't know each other too long before marrying. Lastly, if a short term marriage is involved, an annulment would probably not involve any major issues such as division of property, child custody and support, etc. Below are links to more information on the topic, as well as a questionnaire for those looking into annulments.


text:
The Simple Truth: The Monochrome in Modern Art
Hardback | Jun 2020 | REAKTION BOOKS | 9781789142310 | 304pp | 208x156mm | RFB | AUD$44.99, NZD$54.99
The monochrome — a single-colour work of art — is highly ambiguous. For some it epitomizes purity, and is art reduced to its essence. For others it is just a stunt, the emperor's new clothes. Why are monochromes so admired, yet such an easy target of scorn? In this illuminating book Simon Morley unpacks the meanings of the monochrome as it developed internationally over the twentieth century to today. In doing so he explores more general questions such as how artists have understood what they make, how critics variously interpret it and how art is encountered by viewers.
'Simon Morley's book brilliantly explores the labyrinthine complexities of this apparently simple form of abstract art.' – David Batchelor, artist
'An indispensable introduction to the intriguing material, optical and philosophical challenges posed by the monochrome.' – Malcolm Bull, Professor of Art and the History of Ideas, University of Oxford


text:
The relationships between muscle length, fractional change in length (strain) and work output during cyclic contraction were examined in scaphognathite levator muscle L2B of the green crab Carcinus maenas (L.). The muscle was subjected to sinusoidal strain at 2 Hz and to phasic stimulation in the strain cycle.
At an average length and stimulus phase which are optimum for net work output, the work from muscle L2B during shortening rises to a peak or a plateau with increasing strain. The failure of shortening work to increase continuously with strain is due, in part, to the greater shortening velocity associated with greater strain, and to the consequent reduction in muscle force during shortening at higher velocity. The work required to re-lengthen a muscle following contraction is a complex function of strain, with an initial peak followed by a work minimum and then a monotonic rise in work with further increase in strain. The early work minimum is a result of shortening inactivation which reduces muscle force and thus the work which must be done to re-lengthen the muscle. Because shortening work rises to a peak or plateau with increasing strain while lengthening work, for the most part, increases with strain, there is a sharp optimum strain (about 8%) for net work output.
Muscle relaxation becomes slower with increasing muscle length. As muscle length is increased, fusion of tension from cycle to cycle becomes more pronounced and shortening inactivation becomes a more important determinant of optimum strain.
- © 1989 by Company of Biologists


text:
Talking about how can sheave the mortar? – Beef cattle forum – China Animal Husbandry Website – A useful animal husbandry website
This post was last edited by Secret Snow in 2015-12-7 10:45
During the process of cultured meat sheep, the common disease farmers in the meat sheep must understand. Because in the event of a disease, it is not only a bad impact on the growth and development of the meat sheep, but also causing a certain loss on the farm. Winter is the peak season of meat sheep, so special attention should be taken in winter, so as not to cause unnecessary trouble. Let's talk about the rotten mouth of the meat sheep, because this disease is relatively high in winter, belongs to infectious diseases, and farmers need to prevention.
Meat cot's rot no mouth disease is caused by macromolecular viruses, with oral lesions as a main symptom, and the speed of infection is relatively fast, and is the most prone to long-distance transportation. The meat sheep is started from the corner of the mouth, and then gradually spreads to the whole lips, with the herpes of thick, severe oral swelling, ulceration, can't eat symptoms such as symptoms.
Method for treating rotten mouth:
First use bamboo sheet to scrape off, and then treat it. The disinfection method is to remove the skin, wash the affected area with thick saline, 50% of the powder, powder, 30%, potassium permanganate, stir well, apply it to the affected area. Then use the following methods:
1, March bubble lame after drying, after the powder, the ulinating place applied to the meat, every day, it is possible to see it.
2, after mating with wild taro, soak it with human urine, it can be effectively applied in the meat and sheep.
3, with an appropriate amount of grass ash mixed with tung oil into a paste, apply it in the rotten mouth.
4, burn ash with bananas or banana, plus coal oils into paste smeared in the rotten mouth.
Curficing is a common disease. If there is a pathogenesis of meat sheep to isolate the treatment, strengthen feeding management, the contaminated sheep house can be used 2% carnoid, or 20% hot grass, or 20% lime milk Thoroughly disinfected. This disease is mainly prevention, so as not to cause the occurrence of disease, causing more serious consequences.
Original article, author：xinran，If reprinted，Please indicate the source：_URL_


text:
Recognizing the need for a conservation management program for the Bladen Nature Reserve (BNR), the Belize Foundation for Research and Environmental Education (BFREE) was founded in 1995 with the primary purpose of developing and implementing a conservation program for the BNR. To achieve this goal, BFREE acquired a 1,153 area privately protected area and established a biological field station strategically located in the foothills of the Maya Mountains at the gateway to BNR and bordering four national parks and reserves.
Working with multiple stakeholders, BFREE conducts a wide array of conservation activities both within the BFREE privately protected area and in neighboring reserves. BFREE has increased awareness of the Bladen Nature Reserve and the greater Maya Mountains by highlighting their conservation value and biological significance to ensure this tropical wilderness is recognized as a core conservation area within northern Central America and is preserved for future generations in its undisturbed and natural state.
BFREE's mission is, "to conserve the biodiversity and cultural heritage of Belize."
The field station is situated on a 1,153 acre private reserve; access is a 10-km unpaved road that requires passage through the Bladen Nature Reserve. The land borders four protected areas: the Bladen Nature Reserve, Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary Deep River Forest Reserve, and Maya Mountain Forest Reserve. All are part of the larger Maya Mountain Massif which includes 16 protected areas covering almost 2 million acres of continuous tropical forest. The land sits approximately 60 meters above sea level on a rich alluvial soil matrix and is covered entirely in a tropical broadleaf rainforest. Habitats include a variety of tropical forest types and aquatic ecosystems. The average tree canopy height is about 25 meters with emergent trees reaching 45-50 meters. Ancient Mayan archeological sites are found at BFREE; including house mounds and a terraced hillside nearby. The biodiversity found at BFREE is exceptional and shares many of the same characteristics as the Bladen Nature Reserve.
As the only field station in this biologically significant area, BFREE seeks to achieve its mission by successfully integrating scientific research, environmental education, and conservation to help conserve the Maya Mountains, one of the last remaining unspoiled wilderness areas of its kind.
BFREE promotes and facilitates scientific research onsite, within the Bladen Nature Reserve, and other neighboring protected areas. Working collaboratively with international and local partners, BFREE implements both short and long-term research and monitoring programs with a focus on building capacity within Belize. In addition, BFREE offers content-specific learning experiences that often challenge individuals to step outside of their comfort zone. These courses range in length from one week to a full semester and are structured to encourage participants to actively engage with and appreciate their natural environment. Partnerships include research and educational institutions, conservation organizations, government agencies and businesses.


Blame it on the Rain (from Saturn's Rings)
This artist's concept illustrates how charged water particles flow into the Saturnian atmosphere from the planet's rings, causing a reduction in atmospheric brightness. The observations were made with the W.M. Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, with NASA funding. The analysis was led by the University of Leicester, England. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science […]


small text medium text large text
U.S.S. Jenks
Scanned photo of U.S.S. Jenks.
Caption: DE 665, the U.S.S. Jenks, was the first destroyer escort launched
into the Ohio River. Named for a World War II naval hero, the Jenks was one of 28 such vessels built by Dravo during World War II.
Notes: Courtesy of Dravo Corp., Neville Island.
Heading: Pittsburgh. Wars. World War II.
#: P1541.
From the Collections of the Pennsylvania Department,
Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh.
Up Return to the top


text:
85 percent of the world population lives in areas affected by climate change, new study shows – The Washington Post.
How much of the world will be affected by climate change?
Researchers comb through some 100,000 studies documenting climate change's effects around the planet. Climate change could already be affecting 85 percent of the world's population, an analysis of tens of thousands of scientific studies found.
What population is affected by climate change?
Other groups that are particularly vulnerable to the health effects of climate change include: pregnant women, immigrant groups (including those with limited English proficiency), indigenous peoples, the disabled, vulnerable occupational groups, such as workers who are exposed to extreme weather, and people with pre- …
Who is most affected by climate change?
While everyone around the world feels the effects of climate change, the most vulnerable are people living in the world's poorest countries, like Haiti and Timor-Leste, who have limited financial resources to cope with disasters, as well as the world's 2.5 billion smallholder farmers, herders and fisheries who depend …
What is the rate of climate change?
According to NOAA's 2020 Annual Climate Report the combined land and ocean temperature has increased at an average rate of 0.13 degrees Fahrenheit ( 0.08 degrees Celsius) per decade since 1880; however, the average rate of increase since 1981 (0.18°C / 0.32°F) has been more than twice that rate.
How will the climate be in 2050?
Climate shifts like heat waves could restrict the ability of people to work outdoor, and, in extreme cases, put their lives at risk. Under a 2050 climate scenario developed by NASA, continuing growth of the greenhouse emission at today's rate could lead to additional global warming of about 1.5 degrees Celsius by 2050.
What percentage of the world is nature?
Just five percent of the world's land mass is untouched by human activity, according to a new study, highlighting the need to protect areas other than pristine wilderness. Researchers from The Nature Conservancy found 95 percent of the world's land area, excluding Antarctica, had been modified by people.
What will the population be in 2021?
World Population Projections
|Year||World Population||Yearly Change|
What country is least affected by climate change?
Iceland. According to GreenMatch's study, Iceland turned out to be the European country that has been affected by climate change the least. Iceland saw an average change in surface temperatures, with a 0.275 °C increase per decade.
Which countries will be underwater?
Cities that could be underwater by 2030
- Amsterdam, the Netherlands. There's a reason they're called the Low Countries. …
- Basra, Iraq. …
- New Orleans, USA. …
- Venice, Italy. …
- Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. …
- Kolkata, India. …
- Bangkok, Thailand. …
- Georgetown, Guyana.
How much has the earth changed in its history?
Earth's climate has changed throughout history. Just in the last 650,000 years there have been seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat, with the abrupt end of the last ice age about 11,700 years ago marking the beginning of the modern climate era — and of human civilization.
Is global warming the same as climate change?
"Global warming" refers to the rise in global temperatures due mainly to the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. "Climate change" refers to the increasing changes in the measures of climate over a long period of time – including precipitation, temperature, and wind patterns.
Why Is the Earth getting hotter?
Extra greenhouse gases in our atmosphere are the main reason that Earth is getting warmer. Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane, trap the Sun's heat in Earth's atmosphere. It's normal for there to be some greenhouse gases in our atmosphere. They help keep Earth warm enough to live on.


text:
Hydro-ecological Study to Determine the Hydraulic Gradient...
Title: Hydro-ecological Study to Determine the Hydraulic Gradient of Aņasco
Duration: December 1, 2008 - February 15, 2009
Problem and Research Objectives
The Municipality of Aņasco has a landfill system where non-hazardous solid waste are deposited. The landfill system requires the implementation of a management plan that identifies potential groundwater pollution problems of this water and procedures to prevent, mitigate and restore their quality. As part of the necessary information for the development of this plan is required to know the direction of groundwater flow by determining the hydraulic gradient of the aquifer system.
The main objective of the study is to determine the hydraulic gradient in the groundwater surface. Other data of interest, that can be obtained during the test pits driving, is a visual description of the material removed.
To obtain the level of groundwater is necessary the driving of different test pits in strategic locations. A minimum of five test pits are required, these test pits will be located at specific points previously discussed with the Health Department staff and its consultant, engineer Felipe Nazario. Once these levels are obtained through techniques of flow in porous media, the hydraulic gradient will be determinate and then the direction of groundwater flow.
Results and Deliverables
The product of this study is a report with the data obtained in the field and the corresponding analysis for determining the hydraulic gradient and direction of groundwater flow. The report will include a map showing the location of the water surfaces.


text:
During this especially dark and difficult time for Israel and the Jewish people,
we offer these Hanukkah resources to help enhance and bring meaning to your chag:
Our new downloadable Shema Bekolah Hanukkah Reader features divrei Torah by women,
which you can print or read online.
which you can keep handy for candle lighting time.
Finally, we share Eight Ways to Increase the Light of Hanukkah This Year —
eight simple ideas for increasing the light of Hanukkah, as we celebrate its traditions,
appreciate its miracles, and hope for new miracles to come in our own day.


Easy Shell Automation
Regular readers will be familiar with ShutIt, a framework I work on that allows me to automate all sorts of workflows and tools that I publish on GitHub.
This article demonstrates a new feature that uses this platform to make doing expect-type tasks trivial.
Embedded ShutIt
In response to a request, I recently added a feature which may be useful to others.
All this is available in python scripts if you:
pip install shutit
You can now automate interactions in python scripts. This script just gets the hostname and logs it:
import shutit_standalone
import logging
shutit_obj = shutit_standalone.create_bash_session()
hostname_str = shutit_obj.send_and_get_output('hostname')
shutit_obj.log('Hostname is: ' + hostname_str,
 loglevel=logging.CRITICAL)
Since ShutIt is a big wrapper/platform built onpexpect, it takes care of setting up the prompt, figuring out when the command is done and a whole load of other stuff you never want to worry about about terminals.
Log Into Server Example
This example logs into a server, taking the password from user input, and ensures git is installed on it before logging out:
import shutit_standalone
import logging
shutit_obj = shutit_standalone.create_bash_session()
username = shutit_obj.get_input('Input username: ')
server = shutit_obj.get_input('Input server: ', ispass=True)
password = shutit_obj.get_input('Input password', ispass=True)
shutit_obj.login('ssh ' + username + '@' + server,
 password=password)
shutit_obj.install('git')
shutit_obj.logout()
ShutIt takes care of determining what package manager is on the host. If you're not logged in as root it prompts you for a sudo password before attempting the install.
Pause Mid-Flight to Look Around
If you want to insert yourself in the middle of the run, you can add a 'pause_point', which will hand you back the terminal until you hit CTRL+[, after which it continues:
import shutit_standalone
import logging
username = shutit_obj.get_input('Input username: ')
server = shutit_obj.get_input('Input server: ', ispass=True)
password = shutit_obj.get_input('Input password', ispass=True)
shutit_obj.login('ssh ' + username + '@' + server,
 password=password)
shutit.obj.pause_point('Take a look around!')
shutit_obj.install('git')
shutit_obj.logout()
Send Commands Until Specific Output Seen
If you need to wait for something to happen, you can 'send_until' a regexp is seen in the output. This trivial example runs a command to wait 20 seconds and then create a file, and the 'send_until' command does not complete until the file is created.
import shutit_standalone
import logging
username = shutit_obj.get_input('Input username: ')
server = shutit_obj.get_input('Input server: ', ispass=True)
password = shutit_obj.get_input('Input password', ispass=True)
shutit_obj.login('ssh ' + username + '@' + server,
 password=password)
shutit_obj.send('rm -f newfile && sleep 20 && touch newfile &')
shutit.obj.send_until('ls newfile | wc -l','1')
shutit_obj.logout()
Challenge!
This can do a lot more, but I just want to give a flavour here.
I challenge you to give me a real-world automation task I can't automate!
Ad
My book Docker in Practice:
Get 39% off with the code: 39miell
Advertisements
Leave a Reply
Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in:
WordPress.com Logo
You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Log Out / Change )
Twitter picture
You are commenting using your Twitter account. Log Out / Change )
Facebook photo
You are commenting using your Facebook account. Log Out / Change )
Google+ photo
You are commenting using your Google+ account. Log Out / Change )
Connecting to %s


text:
Imagine you're traveling in your car by using the maps on your mobile phone and suddenly the battery of your phone get died. Now, you have neither an electrical socket for charging nor the maps to travel. Hence this situation is difficult to handle and makes you concerned and questionable. But, every problem arises with its solution. So is it possible that there is no answer to your question? And, the answer is hidden in your own car. Yes!! you can charge the mobile device by your own car. You just need a little electronic knowledge. So, in this tutorial, we are making a 5 Volt USB Mobile / Car Charger using LM7805
JLCPCB is the foremost PCB prototype & manufacturing company in china, providing us with the best service we have ever experienced regarding (Quality, Price Service & Time). We strongly recommend ordering PCBs from JLCPCB
How the Circuit Works?
Firstly, make the circuit according to the diagram given. For understanding, watch the video tutorial by clicking the below given link.
The circuit of the car charger uses the LM7805 voltage regulator IC. The Three terminal IC accepts the car battery voltage and regulates it to 5 volts. The regulator works greatly against the voltage fluctuations that may happen due to the battery connected to the circuit. Then it provides the 5V voltage to the USB port where the mobile phone is already connected. Hence the charging gets started. Before connecting the device make sure to check through the multimeter that the circuit is providing 5V.


text:
Search Masters Programs in Computer Engineering in Poland 2019
A Master's degree in Computer Engineering focuses in giving students the ability to deploy powerful and efficient systems in a variety of fields. These include data acquisition, automation manufacturing and communications. It makes and emphasis on the practical applications of both software and hardware design.
Like many other EU countries, Poland offers inexpensive or even free tuition to EU students. Prospective students should apply directly to their chosen Polish institution. The University of Warsaw, for example, charges between £1,300 and £2,500 per year for its English language courses.
Top Master Programs in Computer Engineering in Poland 2019
2 Results in Computer Engineering, Poland Filter
Computer Aided Engineering covers the use of computers in all engineering activities from the design to the manufacture of a product. CAE provides virtual product development environments allowing 3D models to be created, analyzed and optimized.
The Master's program in Computer Engineering at Vistula University is your opportunity to gain expert knowledge and start a career in the IT sector. If you choose this program, you will discover the applications of advanced wireless technologies in organizations, and learn how to design mobile applications for various companies and their products. In addition, graduating with a Master's degree will open the doors to managerial positions in the industry.


text:
Glycemic index of pineapple
The glycemic index (GI) of pineapple equals to 66, which classifies it as a medium GI food.
Glycemic load of pineapple
The glycemic load (GL) of pineapple is equal to 8.6, which classifies it as a low GL food.
Pineapple: Calories and Nutritional info
100 grams of pineapple contain 50 kcal (209 kJ), 0.5 grams of proteins, 13.1 grams of carbohydrates, and 0.1 grams of fats.


text:
Property exposure consists of the yard operations where the equipment is kept. The major fire concern is the repair operations that may take place because gasoline and other fuel sources will be present. Any welding or painting must be done away from all flammable liquids, especially the gasoline. If the areas are remote, there should be adequate fire fighting equipment readily available. Good housekeeping, especially disposal of oily rags, is essential for fire prevention.
Standing timber is a property exposure with considerable value. Fire and wind are the major concerns although theft of valuable trees must be considered along with vandalism, especially from activists.


text:
Unthrottled Engine Operation using Variable Valve Actuation: The Impact on the Flow Field, Mixing and Combustion
The effect on the intake flow field, air fuel mixing processes, thermodynamic performance and emissions output has been investigated for a range of valve operating profiles. A standard speed load point of 2000 rpm and 2.7 bar IMEP720° has been reached by throttling the intake whilst running standard cam profiles, by early closing of both inlet valves (EIVC) and by early closing of each inlet individually to generate bulk swirl motions within the cylinder. Data has been recorded at stoichiometric air fuel ratios for both direct injection and port fuelled operation. The valve profiles have been applied to two single cylinder homogeneous gasoline direct injection (GDI) spark ignition engines, developed to investigate the potential of controlling engine load by limiting the inducted air mass using fully variable valve timing (FVVT) to reduce pumping losses at part load.


Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Not so cheap talk: a model of advice with communication costs
Hertel, Jo and Smith, John (2009): Not so cheap talk: a model of advice with communication costs.
Download (189kB) | Preview
We model a game similar to the interaction between an academic advisor and advisee. Like the classic cheap talk setup, an informed player sends information to an uninformed receiver who is to take an action which affects the payoffs of both sender and receiver. However, unlike the classic cheap talk setup, the preferences regarding the receiver's actions are identical for both sender and receiver. Additionally, the sender incurs a communication cost which is increasing in the complexity of the message sent. We characterize the resulting equilibria. Under an additional out-of-equilibrium condition (Condition L), if preferences for sender and receiver are identical then the only equilibria are the most informative, feasible ones. A similar result appears in Chen, Kartik and Sobel (2008) when their No Incentive to Separate (NITS) condition is applied to the case where communication is costless but preferences diverge. Additionally, we model the competency of the advisee by the probability that the action is selected by mistake. We show that the informativeness of the sender is decreasing in the likelihood of the mistake. When the preferences between players diverge and when there are communication costs, we are not guaranteed uniqueness and we provide an example where an increase in communication costs can improve communication.
MPRA is a RePEc service hosted by
the Munich University Library in Germany.


text:
School of Chinese Medicine
A new application of an aqueous diphase solvent system in one-step preparation of polysaccharide from the crude water extract of Radix Astragali by high-speed counter-current chromatography
Polysaccharide's purification remains challenge to separation technology. Conventional methods involve time-consuming and complicated operations and always cause significant variation in the isolates' chemistry. This paper reports an aqueous diphase solvent system, namely PEG1000-MgSO4-H2O, which succeeded in one-step CCC separation of a polysaccharide (43mg) from the water extract (1.67g) of Radix Astragali. The solvent composition was set as 12:16:72 (w/w/w) of which the lower phase was used as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8mL/min in a 1000mL column. The purified polysaccharide bears an average molecular weight of 1095kDa and consists of galacturonic acid (76.5%), galactose (7.7%), arabinose (4.2%) and glucose (5.0%). Methylation analysis result showed it was composed of 58.4% of 1,4-linked Glcp, 11.8% of T-linked Araf, 10.5% of T-linked Glcp, 9.1% of 1,4,6-linked Galp and 5.1% of 1,3,6-linked Galp, etc. This success shows a short way between the crude water extract and purified polysaccharides, which minimizes the chemical variation caused by purification methods. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
Aqueous diphase solvent system, High-speed counter-current chromatography, Polysaccharide, Radix Astragali
Source Publication Title
Journal of Chromatography A
Link to Publisher's Edition
Yin, J., Jiang, Z., Yu, H., Xie, M., Hsiao, W., Lu, A., & Han, Q. (2012). A new application of an aqueous diphase solvent system in one-step preparation of polysaccharide from the crude water extract of Radix Astragali by high-speed counter-current chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 1262, 92-97. _URL_


text:
Available as Framed Prints, Photos, Wall Art and Gift Items
Choose from 30 pictures in our Error collection for your Wall Art or Photo Gift. Popular choices include Framed Prints, Canvas Prints, Posters and Jigsaw Puzzles. All professionally made for quick delivery.
The Deserted Village by H M Bateman
The Deserted Village by H M Bateman. Speaking recently before a distiguished society, an architect named a village which to his surprise, though near the City, did not seem to be known to the people of London. Fortunately the matter was reported in the Press and the error repaired. This illustration shows the said distinguised society with the Press in attendance. The second half of the illustration is of a quaint village filled with cars and omnibus vehicles as the gentle folk of London descend on the village. Date: 1927
© Estate of H M Bateman/ILN/Mary Evans Picture Library
Russo-Japanese War - Captured Wagons, Office and Train
Russo-Japanese War - Captured Russian baggage wagons, The Head Office of the Military Railways at Dairen (now Dalian, formerly Dalny) and a Railway Train at Liaoyang Station in the Liaoning province of China. Russian Admiral Eugene Alexeyeff was blamed for splitting precious resources shipped 5, 000 miles across the single tracked Trans-Siberian Railway and Manchurian Railway between Dalny and Port Arthur (pictured here). The inset photographs are creatively framed as the windows of a railway carriage! Date: circa 1910s
© Mary Evans / Grenville Collins Postcard Collection


An order book displays all buy and sell orders an exchange has for a certain trading pair. The top section of an order book displays the "Sell" orders, also known as "Asks". The bottom section shows the "Buy" orders, known as "Bids".
Tip: You can click an item in the order book to pre-fill the price in the order entry form as a convenient way to enter the price at which you'd like to buy/sell.
In the middle, the last price at which an order was filled is shown. In the example above, this is 3647.48 for BTC/USDT at Binance. The value shown next to it is this price converted to your preferred currency (in this case USD). Since the price of USDT is not always exactly 1 USD, the converted price is usually different.
For each row in the order book, you can see the Size or the amount available at the Price shown, and the resulting total (price x size). This gives you a sense for the depth of the order book.
As visual guide, the green and red bars on the left show the relative size of each price/size entry in the order book. The larger the bar, the greater the combined size of the orders at a certain price point. This is a convenient way to visualize any buy/sell walls.
Did this answer your question?


Difference between revisions of "WebSchemas/LogoSchema"
From W3C Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
(Oops, I had written 'icon' but meant to write 'logo'. Fixed.)
(domains)
Line 16: Line 16:

* Are there any other types for which we might want to give a 'logo'? Brands, Products, TV channels? Need to look carefully.

* Are there any other types for which we might want to give a 'logo'? Brands, Products, TV channels? Need to look carefully.
 +
* Domain classes: _URL_ _URL_ _URL_

* How does this relate to Good Relations, see [[WebSchemas/GoodRelations]].

* How does this relate to Good Relations, see [[WebSchemas/GoodRelations]].

* Do we constraint dimensions (width/height)? No.

* Do we constraint dimensions (width/height)? No.

* Is SVG allowed? Sure.

* Is SVG allowed? Sure.
Revision as of 00:05, 25 October 2012
This is an archived WebSchemas proposal Logo Schema for schema.org. See Proposals listing for more. Note: active schema.org development is now based at github
This is a proposal to add a 'logo' property to schema.org, and to add ImageObject as an expected value of both.
While we already have a general 'image' property of a Thing. The existing 'image' property has definition "URL of an image of the item.", and expected value "URL".
Schema.org already allows any property to have values that are either an URL or a specific thing whose description is given inline. In this sense, writing "expected value: URL" is not very informative, since it is true of any property that takes non-string values.
Proposal
 - add a property 'logo' that applies to an Organization (and any others?), and whose expected values are said to be both URL (for historical compatibility with Thing's 'image') and ImageObject.
 - add an additional expected property of ImageObject to Thing's image property.
 - definition is "URL of an image for the logo of the item."
Issues and Questions
 - Are there any other types for which we might want to give a 'logo'? Brands, Products, TV channels? Need to look carefully.
* Domain classes: _URL_ _URL_ _URL_
 - How does this relate to Good Relations, see WebSchemas/GoodRelations.
 - Do we constraint dimensions (width/height)? No.
 - Is SVG allowed? Sure.


text:
For Immediate Release: April 19, 2007
Contact: Division of Media Relations
CDC Launches New Home Page and other Web Site Improvements
Usable Layout, New Search Engine and New Features Help People More Easily Find Information and Resources
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) today unveiled a new look for the home page and major topic pages of its Web site. The changes are designed to make it easier for people to find health information and resources quickly. The CDC Web site address is _URL_.
The redesigned site has an improved layout, a more powerful search engine, and other features to help people locate needed health and science information more efficiently. The CDC Web site averages nine million visits a month, with an average of 37 million pages viewed monthly.
"The new CDC.gov home page is our first big step toward a truly interactive web gateway for people seeking personalized information about health issues," said Dr. Julie Gerberding, director of the CDC. "We want all our customers—not just health professionals and scientists, but also parents, students, businesses, and other stakeholders - to get the information they need from CDC where they want it, when they want it, and how they want it."
Among new features on the home page:
- Health and safety information is now grouped in broad, easy-to-browse topic areas. For example, clicking on "Life Stages and Populations" takes visitors to a page with sections including pregnancy, women's health, men's health, minority health, and more (_URL_
- Additional new features provide better access to data and statistics, recent news, tools and resources, and new publications.
- A new Google-based search engine provides more relevant search results.
- An interactive features area at the top of the new home page highlights a number of current issues, events and health topics with relevant photographs or videos. This feature enables CDC to better display health recommendations, guidelines and upcoming events.
- A "Top 20 at CDC.gov" section allows visitors to quickly view a list of the most popular health topics, and access each directly from the home page.
CDC's new Web site improvements were guided by Internet industry studies, analyses of CDC Web site visits, information about how visitors use the CDC Web site and research conducted with a wide range of CDC.gov users. In the user studies, CDC employees, members of the public and individuals from groups that frequently use the CDC Web site (e.g., health professionals) were brought in to test the previous CDC.gov site to identify problem areas and to test different home page designs and potential features.
"The CDC's new home page and Web site improvements were guided by extensive research with people who use it," said Jay Bernhardt, PhD, MPH, director of the National Center for Health Marketing (NCHM), the Center leading CDC's e-health and new media innovations. "We want it to be easy for people to find the health information they are seeking. We believe the millions of people who come to CDC's Web site will be pleased with these changes, and the many innovations we have planned for the months ahead."
Bernhardt pointed out that not every page on the CDC Web site has been changed yet. And he said that additional upgrades will be made in coming months.
For more information and a tutorial about the changes to the CDC Web site, visitors can take a virtual tour at _URL_ Additional information and images can also be found at _URL_
- Historical Document: April 19, 2007
- Content source: Office of the Associate Director for Communication
- Notice: Links to non-governmental sites do not necessarily represent the views of the CDC.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1600 Clifton Rd
Atlanta, GA 30333
TTY: _PHONE_
- Contact CDC-INFO

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Formation of large (≃100 μm) ice crystals near the tropical tropopause
1NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
2SPEC Inc., Boulder, CO, USA
3Centro de Ciencias de la Atmosfera, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Circuito Exterior, Mexico
4Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
5Colorado Research Associates, Boulder, CO, USA
6University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
Abstract. Recent high-altitude aircraft measurements with in situ imaging instruments indicated the presence of relatively large (≃100 μm length), thin (aspect ratios of ≃6:1 or larger) hexagonal plate ice crystals near the tropical tropopause in very low concentrations (<0.01 L−1). These crystals were not produced by deep convection or aggregation. We use simple growth-sedimentation calculations as well as detailed cloud simulations to evaluate the conditions required to grow the large crystals. Uncertainties in crystal aspect ratio leave a range of possibilities, which could be constrained by knowledge of the water vapor concentration in the air where the crystal growth occurred. Unfortunately, water vapor measurements made in the cloud formation region near the tropopause with different instruments ranged from <2 ppmv to ≃3.5 ppmv. The higher water vapor concentrations correspond to very large ice supersaturations (relative humidities with respect to ice of about 200%). If the aspect ratios of the hexagonal plate crystals are as small as the image analysis suggests (6:1, see companion paper (Lawson et al., 2008)) then growth of the large crystals before they sediment out of the supersaturated layer would only be possible if the water vapor concentration were on the high end of the range indicated by the different measurements (>3 ppmv). On the other hand, if the crystal aspect ratios are quite a bit larger (≃10:1), then H2O concentrations toward the low end of the measurement range (≃2–2.5 ppmv) would suffice to grow the large crystals. Gravity-wave driven temperature and vertical wind perturbations only slightly modify the H2O concentrations needed to grow the crystals. We find that it would not be possible to grow the large crystals with water concentrations less than 2 ppmv, even with assumptions of a very high aspect ratio of 15 and steady upward motion of 2 cm s−1 to loft the crystals in the tropopause region. These calculations would seem to imply that the measurements indicating water vapor concentrations less than 2 ppmv are implausible, but we cannot rule out the possibility that higher humidity prevailed upstream of the aircraft measurements and the air was dehydrated by the cloud formation. Simulations of the cloud formation with a detailed model indicate that homogeneous freezing should generate ice concentrations larger than the observed concencentrations (20 L−1), and even concentrations as low as 20 L−1 should have depleted the vapor in excess of saturation and prevented growth of large crystals. It seems likely that the large crystals resulted from ice nucleation on effective heterogeneous nuclei at low ice supersaturations. Improvements in our understanding of detailed cloud microphysical processes require resolution of the water vapor measurement discrepancies in these very cold, dry regions of the atmosphere.


text:
kalash is a common sight in the Indian household, at the
altar. Any auspicious function has the kalash in place
is a kalash?
earthen or brass pot is a pot with an opening at one end
and is blocked to hold things, usually water. A pot is
empty, but has the potential to contain many a thing!
The pot thus represents the inert body, which when
filled with the water of wisdom becomes a fully
functioning body, capable of fulfilling life's needs!
Kalash is a pot which contains water, on which a few
sprigs of mango leaves are placed at the mouth and
finally a full coconut also placed, with its head into
the mouth and the conical part of the coconut springing
out. Sometimes, this coconut is placed on a cloth
containing rice. A pot is tied with a thread across its
length and breath to form
small diamond shaped pattern.
kumbha (pot) when filled with rice representing
fertility and prosperity is called the poorna kumbha,
signifies completeness. It also could mean that water
and food that are needed to nourish our body.
is decorated with a symbol of swastika and filled with
water too. The 'swastika' a Sanskrit word literally
translates as swasti meaning the well-being of all and
'ka' meaning symbol. The swastika symbol that looks
alike from all directions, also represents the Sun-the
life giver. When portrayed on a pot of water, the kalash
automatically symbolizes power, the water being the
water of wisdom.
means prosperity, wisdom and divine consciousness, as it
is the waters of the seas that brings down the rain,
plants need water, and it is in the seas that in days of
yore, people conducted trades. A ship laden with goods,
even today is considered a fortunate symbol. Thus, the
kalash with water in it and the swastika symbol
decorated outside symbolizes the importance of both sun
and rains for a good yield of crops! The coconut placed
at the mouth of the kalash represents the vegetation
that grows with the help of sunlight and water. Although
some kalash contain a lotus flower, most have a coconut.
coconut trees dot the sea-shore and coastal areas are
incomplete without these trees. Coconut also known as
the Kalpa Vruksha is a tree whose every part is used by
humans. Tender coconut water is as sweet as nectar to
the parched throat and the shells in ancient days were
used to produce fire. The leaves are still used to cover
roofs in huts. The fine stalk in between the many leaves
is collected and toed around to form a broom! Need there
be any mention of the famed coconut oil? Little wonder
then why coconut is placed at the mouth of the kalash!
times, instead of mango leaves, the leaves of peepal
tree (bodhi-ficus religiosa), jackfruit leaves are also
placed. While the Bodhi or peepal tree is associated
with Buddha's enlightenment, the mango is a very sweet
and rare fruit and jackfruit also a prosperous tree.
thread across the pot
length and breath of the poorna kumbha is tied with a
thread, to form a diamond shaped pattern. This thread is
the common thread of love that binds all beings across
the world. A smile is a universal symbol of love,
compassion, acceptance and happiness. A smile and love,
is the thread binding the universe.
wisdom of the four Vedas, the waters from holy rivers
and the blessings of all deities are invoked when
anything auspicious is undertaken. Thus, the couple
united in wedlock, the young Brahmachari boy, whose
spiritual journey begins with the tying of the sacred
thread on his torso, the woman who is blessed for the
smooth delivery of her progeny and the family that
enters into a brand new house, all place the Kalash,
seeking the wisdom of the waters, the fertility and
prosperity of the leaves and rice, the omnipotence of
the coconut, well-being of the swastika and the love
that binds all.


text:
What Is Aerial Yoga?
Aerial Yoga is a new type of Yoga that uses a circus hammock as a tool to help students achieve the traditional Yoga positions. Traditional Yoga positions lead us to a calm nervous system.
At its core, the practice of Yoga is a process of calming our nervous system through stretches, deep breathing, and actively letting go of stressful thoughts so that we can stop seeing the world through fear, anger, sadness or desire. Since these emotions determine what attracts, distracts and repulses us, when they are no longer dominant in our minds coloring how we see the world, we are not as easily manipulated by advertising, political agendas, or people with ill intentions. This means we feel more in control of our everyday decisions and therefore our lives.
What Is Unnata® Aerial Yoga?
Unnata Aerial Yoga uses the circus hammock to help students hold their bodies in the shape of traditional Yoga postures, the weight of the body being either partially or fully supported by the hammock. Many Unnata Aerial Yoga postures are designed to help the student better understand the purpose of traditional Yoga postures. Some Unnata Aerial Yoga postures are designed to help students achieve advanced traditional Yoga postures. Advanced Yoga postures can take years to learn, and even more time to understand and glean their benefits. The practice of Unnata Aerial Yoga is meant to help speed up that process in a safe manner.
In an Unnata Aerial Yoga class, students use both the hammock and the floor to immediately feel the improvement in their flexibility, strength and alignment, and to understand how to use the skills and benefits achieved through using the hammock while attending non-aerial Yoga classes and other physical activities.
The Unnata Aerial Yoga technique achieves more than a simple stretch. Our physical posture changes over time to increase our flexibility, develop strength, and forge deep, full breathing. Deep breathing reinforces a calm and serene attitude, which in turn increases our mental flexibility as well – the purpose of practicing Yoga.
Take a sneak peek in this real-time video of a "mini" Unnata Aerial Yoga class:
How is Unnata pronounced?
Unnata is the Sanskrit word for "elevated," meaning both elevated in spirit and physically elevated.
The "U" sounds like the "u" in blue and rhymes with zoo, too. The rest sounds like "not," followed by "ahhh."
Put the emphasis on the second syllable; "ooo-NOT-ah" — Unnata.


Ineed writing this function. i'm not too familiar with vectorslanguage: c++//requires: v is not empty//effects: returns a summary of the dataset as (value, frequency) pairs// in the returned vector-of-vectors, the inner vector is a (value, frequency)// pair. the outer vector contains many of these pairs. the pairs should be// sorted by value.// {// {1, 2},// {2, 3},// {17, 1}// }// this means that the value 1 occurred twice, the value 2 occurred 3 times,// and the value 17 occurred oncestd: : vector > summarize(std: : vector v); we are also given a sorting function that sorts the vector from smallest to largest number.//modifies: v//effects: sorts vvoid sort(std: : vector & v);
Answerpage pane; i believe this is a correct answer/ plz check first/// good luck;
Hdi4nfnfuhdjdurjfjc7fjrnckf snuck fhfjfkfmfjfk4jrhr
Through the process of sedimentation,sediment is turned back to rock to form sedimentation.the process of sedimentation is: > deposition-where fragments were deposited into the river or sea under gravity or travelling agent such as wind or water. > sedimentation-the fragments deposited in the river sedimented and accumulate> compaction-the layers of fragments deposited undergoes compaction due to the weight if the upper layers> cementation-chemical substance of the fragments such as cement dissolved into the water and cement the other fragments together to form sedimentary rock.thus,cementation and compaction are the process.on the other hand, transformation only occur when a rock under goes metamorphism(compaction or extreme heat).while recrystillization occurs when a rock is melted and cooled down,which also requires metamorphism to take place.hope it!
answer; i believe the correct answer to be the parents and primary groups bears most of the responsibility for socialization in the cooley's theory;
Do you know the answer?
Other questions on the subject: Computers and Technology
D. Wireless NetworkExplanation:It is most certainly the Wireless Network as they help the small businesses to get in touch with the clients, manage schedules, set timers. schedule...Read More
1 more answers
a) We showed in (b) that 7.9999... = 8b) The sum of the geometric series that involves 7.9999... = 8c) The number 8 has two decimal representations.d) All real, rational numbers ex...Read More
3 more answers
The correct answer is A. TrueExplanation:The QWERTY keyboard refers to the most design used in keyboards; this has been named "QWERTY" because these are the first six keys containi...Read More
3 more answers


For those new to Fantom BedSheet, this article explains how to create a simple web application with just 3 small text files.
Every project has meager beginnings and web applications are no different. So our Bed Nap application will begin by serving up a single static web page.
Project Structure
To do this, we need 3 files / classes. A build script to build the project, an AppModule to configure BedSheet and a class to generate the HTML.
Create the files in the following directory structure:
 |-- fan/
 | |-- pages/
 | | '--
 | '--
Let contain only the bare essentials:
select all
using build
class Build : BuildPod {
 new make() {
 podName = "bednap"
 summary = "The Bed Nap Tutorial"
 version = Version("1.0.0")
 meta = [
 "" : "Bed Nap Tutorial",
 "afIoc.module" : "bednap::AppModule"
 depends = [
 "sys 1.0",
 "afIoc 3.0.2 - 3.0",
 "afBedSheet 1.5.2 - 1.5"
 srcDirs = ['fan/', 'fan/pages/']
 resDirs = [,]
Our pod is called bednap (all lowercase) and it depends on IoC and BedSheet. We have also declared the location of our AppModule in the meta section. does contain a lot of information, so see Inside a Fantom Pod Build for a more detailed explanation.
Note how for the tutorial we've locked down the versions of IoC and BedSheet by specifying full version numbers. The versions have been locked down to ensure this tutorial will always compile, even if future versions of the libraries aren't backwards compatible.
Make sure you have the correct versions of IoC and BedSheet installed in your current Fantom environment by running these commands:
C:\> fanr install -r "afIoc 3.0.2 - 3.0"
C:\> fanr install -r "afBedSheet 1.5.2 - 1.5"
Every IoC application, and hence every BedSheet application, defines an AppModule. The AppModule is the central configuration point and effectively binds the app together.
select all
using afIoc
using afBedSheet
const class AppModule {
 _USER_ { serviceType=Routes# }
 Void contributeRoutes(Configuration config) {
 config.add(Route('/', IndexPage#render))
Our AppModule adds a single Route to the BedSheet Routes service. The above code states that when a client requests the root URL / then it should return the result of the IndexPage.render() method.
Page classes conceptualise everything that concerns a particular URL, in this case IndexPage is concerned with the index url /. For now, it just returns HTML.
select all
using afBedSheet
class IndexPage {
 Text render() {
 html := """
 Bed Nap Tutorial
 return Text.fromHtml(html)
Text is a special BedSheet object that, when returned from a request handler method such as IndexPage.render(), is converted into an appropriate HTTP response and sent to the browser / client.
As you can see, the render() method just returns a basic HTML string using Fantom's multiline syntax.
The class and method may be any visibility (private, internal, etc...). We'll leave them as default (public) to save on typing!
Build and Run
To build the pod, just run
compile [bednap]
 Compile [bednap]
 FindSourceFiles [2 files]
 WritePod [file:/C:/Apps/fantom-1.0.66/lib/fan/bednap.pod]
Lets start BedSheet and run the web application:
select all
C:\Projects\bednap>fan afBedSheet -env dev bednap -port 8069
[afBedSheet] Found pod 'bednap'
[afBedSheet] Found mod 'bednap::AppModule'
[afBedSheet] Starting Bed App 'bednap' on port 8069
[afIocEnv] Setting from cmd line argument '-env' : dev
 ___ __ _____ _
 Alien-Factory BedSheet v1.5.2, IoC v3.0.2 /___/
IoC Registry built in 287ms and started up in 709ms
Bed App 'bednap' v1.0.0 listening on http://localhost:8069/
Note how we started BedSheet with the option -env dev, this is short for specifying a development environment.
By default, BedSheet starts up in production mode. By specifying -env dev BedSheet starts up in development mode. The main, and currently only, difference between the two is the amount of detail given in the error and 404 pages. Production mode gives a single one-liner whilst development mode gives a bucket load of system debug info. When in development, you'll want development mode, trust me!
Anyway, visit http://localhost:8069/ and you should see:
My First BedApp Screenshot
Tidy Up
The web application works as is, but we're going to address a couple of loose ends.
Const is Cool
Wisp works in the following standard way, when a HTTP request comes in, it assigns an Actor (thread) to handle the processing of that request. Therefore all HTTP requests run in separate requests. That includes page requests, image requests and CSS requests - doesn't matter if they're from the same or different browsers, each request is handled by a different Actor / thread.
In the article From One Thread to Another... I redefine the keyword const as meaning thread-safe. This means that non-const classes are not thread-safe!
IndexPage currently is not const. That means it is not thread safe. Which means it can not be re-used by different threads / HTTP requests. So BedSheet is forced to create a new instance of IndexPage for each and every request for the URL /. While it is not a massive overhead, it is still a waste.
The answer? Make it const.
const class IndexPage {
Now it IS thread-safe and BedSheet will only ever create the ONE instance of IndexPage and will share it between all HTTP requests.
The same principle applies to all Route handlers and IoC services. Non-const classes are re-created for each request whilst const versions are cached and re-used.
Proxy On
After you've updated IndexPage you need to...
 - stop BedSheet,
 - build a new pod,
 - re-start BedSheet and
 - refresh your browser.
That can quickly get annoying in web development where you're constantly making tiny changes. To help you out BedSheet can be started in Proxy mode.
When that happens BedSheet starts its own tiny web app on the port you specify (8069), and the main web application on another port (8070). The tiny web app acts as a simple proxy, forwarding all http requests to the main web app and returning the response; with one important difference...
The proxy app also monitors the pod files in the your Fantom environment. Should any of them change / get updated then it kills the main web app and restarts it.
This means that once BedSheet is running in proxy mode, to see code changes you just need to re-build your pod and refresh your browser!
To use BedSheet's development proxy, just add -proxy to the BedSheet command:
select all
C:\Projects\bednap>fan afBedSheet -proxy -env dev bednap 8069
[afBedSheet] Starting BedSheet Proxy on port 8069
[web] WispService started on port 8069
[afBedSheet] Cached the timestamps of 42 pods
[afBedSheet] Launching BedSheet WebApp 'bednap' on port 8070
[afBedSheet] Executing external process:
java -cp... -Dfan.home=... afBedSheet::MainProxied -pingProxy -pingProxyPort 8069 -env dev bednap 8070
[web] WispService started on port 8070
[afBedSheet] Starting Bed App 'bednap' on port 8070
[afBedSheet] Found pod 'bednap'
[afBedSheet] Found mod 'bednap::AppModule'
[afIoc] Adding module definitions from pod 'bednap'
[afIoc] Adding module bednap::AppModule
[afIoc] Adding module afBedSheet::BedSheetModule
[afIoc] Adding module afIocConfig::IocConfigModule
[afIoc] Adding module afIocEnv::IocEnvModule
 ___ __ _____ _
 Alien-Factory BedSheet v1.5.2, IoC v3.0.2 /___/
IoC Registry built in 387ms and started up in 1,709ms
[afBedSheet] Starting AppDestroyer. Pinging proxy every 1sec...
Bed App 'Bed Nap Tutorial' listening on http://localhost:8069/
In the logs above you can see the proxy starting up first followed by the main bednap web app.
When you rebuild the pod and refresh you will log output like this:
[afBedSheet] Pod 'bednap' pod was updated 8min 20sec ago
[afBedSheet] Killing BedSheet WebApp 'bednap'
[afBedSheet] Launching BedSheet WebApp 'bednap' on port 8070
[afBedSheet] Exec


text: Silt Fences are temporary silt control devices that are designed to prevent the release of silt from a construction site. Silt fences prevent silt contamination of sensitive areas such as neighboring properties, streams, and sewer catch basins. A properly installed and maintained silt fence will collect silts before they can cause contamination requiring expensive clean up. Silt fences create a puddle behind the fence that acts as a "stilling basin" allowing silts to settle. Silt Fences are most often used on construction sites where the soil has been stripped of natural vegetation. The bare soil is easily eroded and can lead to the loss of silt in the event of a run-off event. The silt fence helps to prevent the movement of silt from the bare soil area to an adjacent area.


Do 'bosses' understand packaging's value?
In this question-and-answer interview, Brian Wagner of Packaging and Technology Integrated Solutions (PTIS) articulates the benefits of giving packaging a seat at the product/package development table.
Healthcare Packaging (HCP): Has packaging taken a back seat in the development of a product?
Brian Wagner (BW): Yes, that has been the case in my career going back 24 years, at least in the biggest of companies. In smaller and medium-sized companies, packaging is forced to be part of the upfront discussion. As companies grow and the process becomes more complex, artificial walls grow up between functions. So marketing, product development, package development, and all these separate functions have different goals and languages. If you look at things from the consumer's perspective when they buy and use a product, they are linked. The product is the combination of the product and the package, the brand equity, a consumer's prior experiences, services such as the company's Web site and a 1-800 number, and all of the sustainability components as well. (PTIS's Product Formula = product + package + brand equity + experiences + services + sustainability components.)
HCP: And it may be that packaging is what consumers use to make the final decision about what to buy on the shelf, yes?
BW: Yes, it clearly is. And you really can't ask the consumer, because it's linked in their subconscious, but it's such an important element.
HCP: Who is making packaging decisions in the corporate world?
BW: Marketing is making a lot of decisions on packaging. The way the process tends to start is at the fuzzy front end or what a lot of people refer to as "pre-concept work," which is typically a marketing research function, and sometimes involves gaining consumer insight through focus-group observational research, trends analysis, and ideation. Packaging professionals are seldom invited to participate at this stage. So, if you are in the packaging or the supply chain function, working to get involved at the front end you have to try to help educate your bosses and other key stakeholders on the importance of packaging. It's really new to them. So you need to build a fact-based story. We have been consulting for eight years, and we spend a lot of time doing that, but frankly it's not for the faint of heart. We really believe that packaging is a critical enabler and differentiator, but there are few published reports quantifying the value of packaging. So, one of the things that we often do for these companies is develop simple case stories. They are fact-based, quantifiable, and memorable.
HCP: Packaging can be part of a strategy to reduce costs through light-weighting, down-gauging, or serving as a sustainable material. Why doesn't that convince management of packaging's importance?
BW: That's the piece of packaging that executives tend to understand because it's on the cost-center side of the business. In accounting terms, packaging falls and resides in cost of goods sold. So, the opportunity to reduce costs, make lines more efficient, and focus on sustainability-reduction initiatives are issues companies have been doing for years, because they get that piece.
HCP: What piece don't they get?
BW: They don't get the profit-center side in which packaging is really part of the brand-that it's part of the advertising budget, part of promotion, that it can actually elevate the value of the company's brand. That tends to be where growth and innovation happen. You can innovate on the cost-saving side as well. But it's the profits-center growth side of the world where packaging is not really well understood.
HCP: Now I imagine that affects packaging across all types of industries. Let's look at the over-the-counter pharmaceutical business in particular. This segment would likely lag behind food and beverage in this area, yes?
BW: Yes, very much so. Ten years ago, when we did benchmarking work, I would have told you that if you wanted to look for innovative packaging, look in food and beverage. Five years ago, it started moving more into personal care and health and beauty aids. If you are in a major food and beverage company, you do this preconcept work and develop graphics and branding, and eventually the packaging department gets called in to say, 'We need to put this in a box or a bag or something.' The right way to do that is to involve packaging in the early preconcept work and to provide innovative ideas and opportunities for packaging to create relevant points of difference. This can also lead to speed-to-market and intellectual property benefits.
What we have seen in pharmaceutical OTCs is a different concept of the commercialization process. In the OTC world, you start with very technical needs. The concept stuff is really about a molecule; it's about a drug being developed. Then, for the drug, there is consideration given for packaging, but it tends to be far more functional: How much barrier does it need? How much protection from moisture in the environment? You focus on the efficacy of the product. That process takes months. So then you have put the product into a blister or a bottle or a pouch, and that goes to the Food and Drug Administration. Then there is consideration given around functionality from a child safety standpoint for instance. So it's driven by legislation. Several months go by, and then you have the product in a bottle or a pouch or a blister, and in the last stages, it gets approved and readied for commercialization. Then you thinks about putting 12 of them in a carton or another secondary container. There is really no time to innovate. There is very little time given to things like allowing the package to help with consumer compliance, or allowing the package to help the pharmacist or the doctor who is dosing this or prescribing it. Therefore, take the opportunity to work on those elements early on to identify new alternatives, differentiate your brand, and innovate in your product categories.
HCP: What are some of the key tips or best practices that you might recommend for someone in this pharmaceutical arena with regard to sustainability?
BW: First and foremost is to think much earlier about what is being developed from a triple bottom-line sustainability standpoint. Address end-of-life issues, such as where is the packaging eventually going to go? How is it going to be used-by the hospital, doctor, pharmacist, and consumer? Start with its end of life and work backwards. Understand that sustainability is the environmental piece. Sustainability in its broader sense is about helping the planet. But also think about things like how the package help with patient compliance. By starting this process earlier, you can also work to capture Intellectual Property protection.
HCP: You're asking a lot of pharmaceutical packaging-not only to get the proper molecule out there, but also to package it and have it provide oxygenand moisture-resistance. And now you also want to sell it against comp-eting products and have it be sustainable?
BW: It's a huge challenge, yet I think it's a bigger challenge the way they do it today, which is waiting for certain approvals to happen before they figure out that end-of-life scenario and consumer considerations. It's the last stop, and by the time they get to it, there is little or no chance to innovate. Most new packaging capital projects require at least 18 months to implement. Speed-to-market requirements and late decisions result in the use of the same old packaging and equipment. They have invested millions of dollars in FDA approvals and in all the other aspects of the product. The last thing they do is find the equipment and the package to put it in to rush it to the market.
HCP: What can they do differently?
BW: One thing we do at PTIS with customers is a Consumer Package Roadmap™, where we help them understand the imagery and perceptions about a packaged product's colors, shapes, materials, and fonts-working with specific consumer groups and channels. Where appropriate, we apply Universal Design principals. Does the packaging consider their eyesight, their dexterity, and so on? So, we create a toolbox and work with the company to develop a consumer-based packaging roadmap-that's not product-specific. They can then go to that tool rather than having to retest every time. Companies need to start developing a database of knowledge and insight and allow or consider things such as what kind of symbols work for consumers? When it comes to compliance, create a checklist to put in the 'toolbox.' Will the package contain 24 pills? Will you use RFID (radio-frequency identification) or other technology that actually triggers something electronically? We don't see enough companies building that kind of knowledge, operating guidelines, tools, or processes that they can tap into. They are very reactionary.
HCP: We also hear that some of these OTC products can learn from product packaging used outside the industry, such as food and beverage products. Is this a valuable way to help learn what works or what doesn't work in terms of packaging?
BW: Yes, that's a great example. We lead One Day Solutions workshops for companies at New Product Works []. NPW is a PTIS alliance partner, with a collection of over 100,000 products gathered over the past 30 years, organized and cataloged across different categories, providing a hands-on, tangible stimulus.
HCP: The costs to introduce a drug have been estimated to be in the neighborhood of $800 million. Is it possible that companies are spending that on R&D and are then making packaging an afterthought?
BW: Right, that's what happens! With clinical trials for instance, the primary package is likely to be the same as the commercial version, but the secondary package can change dramatically. Things like sales samples for doctors can change tremendously. For this, research is a lot different than selling it to


text:
When it comes to the world of unique and fascinating inventions, the Tesla coil certainly stands out. This high-voltage, high-frequency electrical transformer is known for producing impressive electrical discharges and has become a popular project for hobbyists, science enthusiasts, and even performers. However, one question that often arises is: "How much does a Tesla coil cost?" In this article, we're going to explore the factors that determine the cost of a Tesla coil and provide you with a better understanding of what to expect when it comes to investing in this captivating piece of technology.
Understanding the Components of a Tesla Coil
Before delving into the cost, it's essential to understand the basic components of a Tesla coil. A typical Tesla coil consists of the following key parts:
|Responsible for transferring power from the power source to the secondary coil.
|Produces the high voltage and frequency output that is characteristic of Tesla coils.
|Stores electrical energy and helps in the discharge process.
|Controls the release of electrical energy from the capacitor to the primary coil.
|Provides the energy needed to power the Tesla coil.
These components, along with other supporting materials and safety features, contribute to the overall cost of building or purchasing a Tesla coil.
Factors Affecting the Cost of a Tesla Coil
Several factors influence the cost of a Tesla coil, and understanding these factors can help you make an informed decision based on your needs and budget. Some of the key aspects that impact the cost include:
- Size and Power Output: The size and power output of a Tesla coil play a significant role in determining its cost. Larger coils with higher power outputs often require more materials and components, resulting in a higher overall cost.
- Quality of Components: The quality of the components used in the construction of a Tesla coil can vary widely, and higher-quality materials and parts typically come with a higher price tag. When considering the cost, it's essential to assess the quality of the components to ensure the reliability and performance of the Tesla coil.
- DIY vs. Pre-Assembled: For those interested in building their own Tesla coil, the cost will largely depend on the availability and cost of raw materials, as well as any specialized tools and equipment required. On the other hand, pre-assembled Tesla coils, while more expensive, offer the convenience of a ready-to-use solution.
- Special Features and Customization: Tesla coils can be equipped with various special features, such as remote control systems, musical modulation capabilities, and aesthetic enhancements. These features and customizations can add to the overall cost but may provide additional value based on individual preferences.
Considering these factors, it's important to carefully assess your specific requirements and goals when determining the budget for a Tesla coil.
Cost Range for Tesla Coils
With the variety of options available, the cost of a Tesla coil can vary significantly. As a general guide, here's an overview of the typical cost range for Tesla coils based on their size and complexity:
|Tesla Coil Type
|Small to Medium-Sized DIY Kits
|$100 – $500
|Larger DIY Builds
|$500 – $2000
|Pre-Assembled Medium-Sized Coils
|$1000 – $3000
|High-End or Custom Coils
|$3000 – $10000+
It's important to note that these cost ranges are approximate and can vary based on individual suppliers, manufacturers, and specific features included in the Tesla coils.
Frequently Asked Questions On How Much Is A Tesla Coil : Uncovering The Cost
What Is A Tesla Coil?
A Tesla coil is an electrical resonant transformer circuit that produces high-voltage, low-current, high-frequency alternating-current electricity.
How Does A Tesla Coil Work?
The Tesla coil works by creating high-voltage electrical currents through resonance, resulting in spectacular electrical discharges known as "sparks. "
What Are The Applications Of Tesla Coils?
Tesla coils are used for educational demonstrations, entertainment, scientific research, and to create high-voltage electricity for various experiments.
Are Tesla Coils Dangerous?
Yes, Tesla coils can be dangerous if not handled properly. They produce high voltage and can cause electric shock if not used with caution.
As you explore the world of Tesla coils, it's clear that the cost can vary widely based on a range of factors. Whether you're a hobbyist looking for a DIY project or a performer seeking a professional-grade coil, understanding the components and key cost determinants will help you make an informed decision. Ultimately, the investment in a Tesla coil can offer an unparalleled level of fascination and entertainment, making it a unique and rewarding addition to your world of innovation and experimentation.